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Plot
----
{{Long plot\|date\=June 2024}}
Starting again with a heroic antic, the story moves ahead from *[Dabangg 2](/wiki/Dabangg_2 "Dabangg 2")* with the corrupt yet much\-loved cop, [ASP](/wiki/Assistant_Superintendent_of_Police "Assistant Superintendent of Police") Chulbul Pandey, preventing a robbery at a wedding, and beating the goons and their leader, Gullu, black and blue. Gullu then agrees to return to his former part\-time job as a wedding band trumpeter, and Chulbul Pandey is seen dealing with the everyday lives of his wife Rajjo, brother Makhanchand "Makkhi" Pandey, also a police officer, and his son, while his father Prajapati Pandey stays at home with Rajjo. Makkhi appears to be enjoying a lavish lifestyle most of the time. One fateful day, a despaired girl, probably injured, arrives in a hurry at Makkhi's station after escaping from somewhere and seeks help; Makkhi, expecting to punish her captors, who tried to sell her and other girls off, is joined by Chulbul, and after a scuffle, the brothers arrest Chinti Walia, who runs a prostitution racket.
While trying to force a confession out of Chinti at the police station, Chulbul intercepts a lawyer and some goons who have come over to release Chinti. Still, he tears off the court order, and in desperation, the leader of the goons keeps his video call going on even as Chulbul smiles into the screen. Minutes later, the leader shows the video call to Bali Singh, who sees Chulbul, who looks back into the phone camera to visit Bali. Shocked beyond words, he reminisces his younger days, recalling his fate with Bali.
Years ago, when he was still young, Chulbul, whose real name turns out to be Dhaakad Chand Pandey, fell in love with a girl, Khushi, who was initially being considered as a potential bride for Makkhi, after he noticed a photo of her in Makkhi's hand, and told his mother, Naini Devi, that he would be a good fit instead of Makkhi; a few days later, Khushi's maternal uncle Prabhat and maternal aunt Janki agreed to the match between Dhaakad and Khushi, and the two began courting each other. At the same time, Bali, a ruthless and violent goon, set his eyes on Khushi and started making arrangements for his marriage with her. However, when he saw Dhaakad with Khushi, he decided to kill Khushi and her family right in front of Dhaakad's eyes after luring him to the spot. Prabhat and Janki were both killed, and Khushi was thrown off a cliff to die. Consequently, Hariya and his daughter Rajjo revealed to be Khushi's friend, were deeply affected; Hariya took to alcoholism, while Dhaakad, who was framed by Bali and spent much time in prison for the death, was taken in by Commissioner Satendar Singh after saving him from attackers, and transformed into an uptight cop, naming himself Chulbul, in Khushi's memory, forming the events of *[Dabangg](/wiki/Dabangg "Dabangg")*.
At present, Chulbul, having relayed this entire episode to Prajapati and Rajjo, decides that he has had enough, and he needs to close the chapter once and for good. Meanwhile, an ill\-attracted Makkhi is misled by Bali into turning against Chulbul, nearly slapping him after he too is promoted to the rank of ASP. The action causes him to be banished from home by Prajapati, and he joins hands with Bali actively. Bali, who is set to become a politician and a minister in the upcoming elections, plans to bring in a truck filled with money. Thus, he gets Makkhi and many other police officers in his circle transferred to one common location to facilitate transportation. Chulbul intercepts the truck and turns Bali's moles in the police force against Bali himself. As revenge, Bali gets several of Chulbul's associates kidnapped and brutally beaten to near death until Chulbul breaks in again and frees them all, even when Bali has run away with Makkhi and some reliable accomplices.
Seeking to lure Bali into counterproductive action, Chulbul kidnaps Minister S. S. Sharma and his brother\-in\-law by staging a ploy with Gullu's help and forcing a confession of them, which is made viral. Bali notices the same, and Makkhi helps him track them down since he recognizes the hideout. Upon arriving there, Bali kills Sharma and injures his brother\-in\-law; in retaliation, he sends wrestlers to attack Rajjo and her son, but Chulbul arrives in time to save the two.
Sometime later, Chulbul receives a call from Prajapati, who tells him that Rajjo hasn't arrived home. Sensing Bali's hand in the matter, he invades a quarry where Bali has held Rajjo, and surprisingly, Makkhi himself, as hostages – Makkhi was always on Chulbul's side, and it was a game by the brothers to incense Bali; after an intense fight, Chulbul kills Bali by impaling him on a metal spike. He then buries Bali in the rubble.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"{{Long plot\\|date\\=June 2024}}\nStarting again with a heroic antic, the story moves ahead from *[Dabangg 2](/wiki/Dabangg_2 \"Dabangg 2\")* with the corrupt yet much\\-loved cop, [ASP](/wiki/Assistant_Superintendent_of_Police \"Assistant Superintendent of Police\") Chulbul Pandey, preventing a robbery at a wedding, and beating the goons and their leader, Gullu, black and blue. Gullu then agrees to return to his former part\\-time job as a wedding band trumpeter, and Chulbul Pandey is seen dealing with the everyday lives of his wife Rajjo, brother Makhanchand \"Makkhi\" Pandey, also a police officer, and his son, while his father Prajapati Pandey stays at home with Rajjo. Makkhi appears to be enjoying a lavish lifestyle most of the time. One fateful day, a despaired girl, probably injured, arrives in a hurry at Makkhi's station after escaping from somewhere and seeks help; Makkhi, expecting to punish her captors, who tried to sell her and other girls off, is joined by Chulbul, and after a scuffle, the brothers arrest Chinti Walia, who runs a prostitution racket.",
"While trying to force a confession out of Chinti at the police station, Chulbul intercepts a lawyer and some goons who have come over to release Chinti. Still, he tears off the court order, and in desperation, the leader of the goons keeps his video call going on even as Chulbul smiles into the screen. Minutes later, the leader shows the video call to Bali Singh, who sees Chulbul, who looks back into the phone camera to visit Bali. Shocked beyond words, he reminisces his younger days, recalling his fate with Bali.",
"Years ago, when he was still young, Chulbul, whose real name turns out to be Dhaakad Chand Pandey, fell in love with a girl, Khushi, who was initially being considered as a potential bride for Makkhi, after he noticed a photo of her in Makkhi's hand, and told his mother, Naini Devi, that he would be a good fit instead of Makkhi; a few days later, Khushi's maternal uncle Prabhat and maternal aunt Janki agreed to the match between Dhaakad and Khushi, and the two began courting each other. At the same time, Bali, a ruthless and violent goon, set his eyes on Khushi and started making arrangements for his marriage with her. However, when he saw Dhaakad with Khushi, he decided to kill Khushi and her family right in front of Dhaakad's eyes after luring him to the spot. Prabhat and Janki were both killed, and Khushi was thrown off a cliff to die. Consequently, Hariya and his daughter Rajjo revealed to be Khushi's friend, were deeply affected; Hariya took to alcoholism, while Dhaakad, who was framed by Bali and spent much time in prison for the death, was taken in by Commissioner Satendar Singh after saving him from attackers, and transformed into an uptight cop, naming himself Chulbul, in Khushi's memory, forming the events of *[Dabangg](/wiki/Dabangg \"Dabangg\")*.",
"At present, Chulbul, having relayed this entire episode to Prajapati and Rajjo, decides that he has had enough, and he needs to close the chapter once and for good. Meanwhile, an ill\\-attracted Makkhi is misled by Bali into turning against Chulbul, nearly slapping him after he too is promoted to the rank of ASP. The action causes him to be banished from home by Prajapati, and he joins hands with Bali actively. Bali, who is set to become a politician and a minister in the upcoming elections, plans to bring in a truck filled with money. Thus, he gets Makkhi and many other police officers in his circle transferred to one common location to facilitate transportation. Chulbul intercepts the truck and turns Bali's moles in the police force against Bali himself. As revenge, Bali gets several of Chulbul's associates kidnapped and brutally beaten to near death until Chulbul breaks in again and frees them all, even when Bali has run away with Makkhi and some reliable accomplices.",
"Seeking to lure Bali into counterproductive action, Chulbul kidnaps Minister S. S. Sharma and his brother\\-in\\-law by staging a ploy with Gullu's help and forcing a confession of them, which is made viral. Bali notices the same, and Makkhi helps him track them down since he recognizes the hideout. Upon arriving there, Bali kills Sharma and injures his brother\\-in\\-law; in retaliation, he sends wrestlers to attack Rajjo and her son, but Chulbul arrives in time to save the two.",
"Sometime later, Chulbul receives a call from Prajapati, who tells him that Rajjo hasn't arrived home. Sensing Bali's hand in the matter, he invades a quarry where Bali has held Rajjo, and surprisingly, Makkhi himself, as hostages – Makkhi was always on Chulbul's side, and it was a game by the brothers to incense Bali; after an intense fight, Chulbul kills Bali by impaling him on a metal spike. He then buries Bali in the rubble.",
""
] |
History
-------
In all rallies, competitors run against the [clock](/wiki/Clock "Clock"), rather than directly against each other. The winner is the crew losing the fewest penalties for failing to maintain the set average speeds (either under or over). However, determining this result in a fair and logistically feasible manner can be quite a challenge, especially as events may cover a wide area and be broken up into many different sections. Targa timing was one of the practical timing systems developed to allow rapid and accurate results calculation to take place.
By the early 1960s, competitors would carry a sealed watch with them, and show it to the [marshal](/wiki/Rally_marshal "Rally marshal") at time controls along the route, who would record the time. The system worked, but was open to tampering and a variety of tricks employed by competitors to cheat. To combat this, the system changed so that each marshal would have his own clock, each of which had been synchronised at the start of the event. In a standard timed event, run to so\-called [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") or "telecom" time, each clock would simply show the time of day to the nearest second. A characteristic of this type of timing is that the average speeds calculated for each section are easy to compute, and if this involved breaking the law with respect of [speed limits](/wiki/Speed_limit "Speed limit"), etc., it could cause problems for organisers, since it could be seen as an incitement. A competitor's time card would list the actual times and stand as a permanent record of the speeds at which they had driven to attain them. In addition, computing results was a slow and laborious process.
Targa timing solved these problems. On a targa\-timed event, each clock is not synchronised to all of the others. Instead, each successive clock is retarded behind by the exact amount that the competitor is due to take to reach that clock en route. Thus, if they are exactly on time, the clock will show exactly the same time at every time control they visit, making it very easy to see whether they are ahead or behind, and if so by how much. In addition, since on most events cars are started at one\-minute intervals, and the cars are numbered and started in sequence, the time shown on the clock will be their [competition number](/wiki/Competition_number "Competition number") if they are on time. To clarify this, imagine a notional car "0" which starts the event at time 00:00 at every point on the route, if they are on time, the clocks will always show 0:00:00\. Likewise car 1 will see 0:01:00, car 2 sees 0:02:00 and so on. If Car 1 sees a time of 0:05:XX, they know instantly that they have lost at least four minutes. Incidentally, this is the origin of rally competition numbering skipping numbers 60–99, then continuing with 100, (1:00:00 on the clock) which corresponds to a due time of \+1 hour. This is still occasionally seen, though it can be a problem for public relations, leading naturally but incorrectly to perceptions of there being "hundreds of cars" in a rally.
### Issues
The original objective of targa timing was to speed delivery of rally results, and the rally paperwork set out the amount by which each control's clock was offset. This always remained the case on the Targa Rusticana, but other organisers soon realised that targa timing could be used to conceal the calculated average speed for a section, since the competitors have no way of knowing by how much each clock has been retarded. This in turn led to a further use of targa timing which in practice was its true advantage to organisers—it allowed them to, untraceably, set very high average speeds for competitive driving. This in turn led to the concept of a "target" or "bogey" time for a section, known only to the organisers—the upshot was that crews basically needed to drive as fast as possible to stay on time. The participants' time cards only showed the recorded targa time, and not the actual time taken, so it was not possible to use it as a permanent record of the speeds driven; no record was left that could incriminate anyone after the event.
For road rallies, targa timing was banned in 1988, along with a number of other rule changes designed to slow such events down—from then on only ordinary "time of day" timing was permitted. Many of the 'old school' competitors lament this change, though organisers have found new ways to keep events fun and challenging for entrants.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In all rallies, competitors run against the [clock](/wiki/Clock \"Clock\"), rather than directly against each other. The winner is the crew losing the fewest penalties for failing to maintain the set average speeds (either under or over). However, determining this result in a fair and logistically feasible manner can be quite a challenge, especially as events may cover a wide area and be broken up into many different sections. Targa timing was one of the practical timing systems developed to allow rapid and accurate results calculation to take place.",
"By the early 1960s, competitors would carry a sealed watch with them, and show it to the [marshal](/wiki/Rally_marshal \"Rally marshal\") at time controls along the route, who would record the time. The system worked, but was open to tampering and a variety of tricks employed by competitors to cheat. To combat this, the system changed so that each marshal would have his own clock, each of which had been synchronised at the start of the event. In a standard timed event, run to so\\-called [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") or \"telecom\" time, each clock would simply show the time of day to the nearest second. A characteristic of this type of timing is that the average speeds calculated for each section are easy to compute, and if this involved breaking the law with respect of [speed limits](/wiki/Speed_limit \"Speed limit\"), etc., it could cause problems for organisers, since it could be seen as an incitement. A competitor's time card would list the actual times and stand as a permanent record of the speeds at which they had driven to attain them. In addition, computing results was a slow and laborious process.",
"Targa timing solved these problems. On a targa\\-timed event, each clock is not synchronised to all of the others. Instead, each successive clock is retarded behind by the exact amount that the competitor is due to take to reach that clock en route. Thus, if they are exactly on time, the clock will show exactly the same time at every time control they visit, making it very easy to see whether they are ahead or behind, and if so by how much. In addition, since on most events cars are started at one\\-minute intervals, and the cars are numbered and started in sequence, the time shown on the clock will be their [competition number](/wiki/Competition_number \"Competition number\") if they are on time. To clarify this, imagine a notional car \"0\" which starts the event at time 00:00 at every point on the route, if they are on time, the clocks will always show 0:00:00\\. Likewise car 1 will see 0:01:00, car 2 sees 0:02:00 and so on. If Car 1 sees a time of 0:05:XX, they know instantly that they have lost at least four minutes. Incidentally, this is the origin of rally competition numbering skipping numbers 60–99, then continuing with 100, (1:00:00 on the clock) which corresponds to a due time of \\+1 hour. This is still occasionally seen, though it can be a problem for public relations, leading naturally but incorrectly to perceptions of there being \"hundreds of cars\" in a rally.",
"### Issues",
"The original objective of targa timing was to speed delivery of rally results, and the rally paperwork set out the amount by which each control's clock was offset. This always remained the case on the Targa Rusticana, but other organisers soon realised that targa timing could be used to conceal the calculated average speed for a section, since the competitors have no way of knowing by how much each clock has been retarded. This in turn led to a further use of targa timing which in practice was its true advantage to organisers—it allowed them to, untraceably, set very high average speeds for competitive driving. This in turn led to the concept of a \"target\" or \"bogey\" time for a section, known only to the organisers—the upshot was that crews basically needed to drive as fast as possible to stay on time. The participants' time cards only showed the recorded targa time, and not the actual time taken, so it was not possible to use it as a permanent record of the speeds driven; no record was left that could incriminate anyone after the event.",
"For road rallies, targa timing was banned in 1988, along with a number of other rule changes designed to slow such events down—from then on only ordinary \"time of day\" timing was permitted. Many of the 'old school' competitors lament this change, though organisers have found new ways to keep events fun and challenging for entrants.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Shorter was born in the [Ironbound](/wiki/Ironbound "Ironbound") District in [Newark, New Jersey](/wiki/Newark%2C_New_Jersey "Newark, New Jersey"). He started on [alto saxophone](/wiki/Alto_saxophone "Alto saxophone"), but switched to [trumpet](/wiki/Trumpet "Trumpet") after graduating from high school. He attended [Howard University](/wiki/Howard_University "Howard University") but soon rebelled against the ultra\-conservative atmosphere and dropped out. He later graduated from [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University "New York University").
He played his first professional gigs with a local [bebop](/wiki/Bebop "Bebop") [big band](/wiki/Big_band "Big band") called the Jackie Bland Band (other members included his brother Wayne, trombonist [Grachan Moncur III](/wiki/Grachan_Moncur_III "Grachan Moncur III"), and pianist [Walter Davis, Jr.](/wiki/Walter_Davis%2C_Jr. "Walter Davis, Jr.")). He was very much a bebop player in his early years, but soon gravitated towards [free jazz](/wiki/Free_jazz "Free jazz"), and with the exception of six months he spent in a [US Army](/wiki/US_Army "US Army") Band, continued to play in that style for the rest of his career.
Shorter recorded two albums as a leader: *[Orgasm](/wiki/Orgasm_%28Alan_Shorter_album%29 "Orgasm (Alan Shorter album)")* (1968\) and *[Tes Esat](/wiki/Tes_Esat "Tes Esat")* (1971\). Both were out of print for many years until re\-issued by [Verve Records](/wiki/Verve_Records "Verve Records") in 2004 and 2005, respectively. He also recorded five albums with saxophonist [Archie Shepp](/wiki/Archie_Shepp "Archie Shepp") (1964–1970\), including the classic *[Four for Trane](/wiki/Four_for_Trane "Four for Trane")* (1964\), two albums with [Marion Brown](/wiki/Marion_Brown "Marion Brown") (1965–1966\), one album with [Alan Silva](/wiki/Alan_Silva "Alan Silva") (1970\), and made an appearance on one of his brother's albums (*[The All Seeing Eye](/wiki/The_All_Seeing_Eye "The All Seeing Eye")* \[1965]). Several of these albums feature his unusual compositions, his most famous being "Mephistopheles".
In the mid\-1960s, Shorter moved to Europe, leading his own [avant\-garde](/wiki/Avant-garde "Avant-garde") gigs in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva") and [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"). His style of [free jazz](/wiki/Free_jazz "Free jazz") sometimes proved to be too far\-out for European audiences (his brother remembered that Shorter's gigs in Europe would often end with him responding to the crowd's boos by yelling, "You're not ready for me yet!"), but he generally found European audiences more receptive than those in the U.S. Eventually, he returned to the United States, where he taught briefly at [Bennington College](/wiki/Bennington_College "Bennington College") but otherwise faded into obscurity. He died of a ruptured [aorta](/wiki/Aorta "Aorta") in [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California") in 1988, at age 55, shortly after becoming engaged to Ruth Ann Hancock, a cousin of [Herbie Hancock](/wiki/Herbie_Hancock "Herbie Hancock").
Shorter's playing is comparable to that of [Don Cherry](/wiki/Don_Cherry_%28jazz%29 "Don Cherry (jazz)"), but with a more aggressive, anarchic bent. His own albums feature his groups functioning as a unit, rather than focusing on his own singular virtuosity. Reportedly, Shorter's musical style was akin to his personality: deep and intellectual, thought sometimes intentionally strange (his childhood nickname was "Doc Strange").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Shorter was born in the [Ironbound](/wiki/Ironbound \"Ironbound\") District in [Newark, New Jersey](/wiki/Newark%2C_New_Jersey \"Newark, New Jersey\"). He started on [alto saxophone](/wiki/Alto_saxophone \"Alto saxophone\"), but switched to [trumpet](/wiki/Trumpet \"Trumpet\") after graduating from high school. He attended [Howard University](/wiki/Howard_University \"Howard University\") but soon rebelled against the ultra\\-conservative atmosphere and dropped out. He later graduated from [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University \"New York University\").",
"He played his first professional gigs with a local [bebop](/wiki/Bebop \"Bebop\") [big band](/wiki/Big_band \"Big band\") called the Jackie Bland Band (other members included his brother Wayne, trombonist [Grachan Moncur III](/wiki/Grachan_Moncur_III \"Grachan Moncur III\"), and pianist [Walter Davis, Jr.](/wiki/Walter_Davis%2C_Jr. \"Walter Davis, Jr.\")). He was very much a bebop player in his early years, but soon gravitated towards [free jazz](/wiki/Free_jazz \"Free jazz\"), and with the exception of six months he spent in a [US Army](/wiki/US_Army \"US Army\") Band, continued to play in that style for the rest of his career.",
"Shorter recorded two albums as a leader: *[Orgasm](/wiki/Orgasm_%28Alan_Shorter_album%29 \"Orgasm (Alan Shorter album)\")* (1968\\) and *[Tes Esat](/wiki/Tes_Esat \"Tes Esat\")* (1971\\). Both were out of print for many years until re\\-issued by [Verve Records](/wiki/Verve_Records \"Verve Records\") in 2004 and 2005, respectively. He also recorded five albums with saxophonist [Archie Shepp](/wiki/Archie_Shepp \"Archie Shepp\") (1964–1970\\), including the classic *[Four for Trane](/wiki/Four_for_Trane \"Four for Trane\")* (1964\\), two albums with [Marion Brown](/wiki/Marion_Brown \"Marion Brown\") (1965–1966\\), one album with [Alan Silva](/wiki/Alan_Silva \"Alan Silva\") (1970\\), and made an appearance on one of his brother's albums (*[The All Seeing Eye](/wiki/The_All_Seeing_Eye \"The All Seeing Eye\")* \\[1965]). Several of these albums feature his unusual compositions, his most famous being \"Mephistopheles\".",
"In the mid\\-1960s, Shorter moved to Europe, leading his own [avant\\-garde](/wiki/Avant-garde \"Avant-garde\") gigs in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\") and [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"). His style of [free jazz](/wiki/Free_jazz \"Free jazz\") sometimes proved to be too far\\-out for European audiences (his brother remembered that Shorter's gigs in Europe would often end with him responding to the crowd's boos by yelling, \"You're not ready for me yet!\"), but he generally found European audiences more receptive than those in the U.S. Eventually, he returned to the United States, where he taught briefly at [Bennington College](/wiki/Bennington_College \"Bennington College\") but otherwise faded into obscurity. He died of a ruptured [aorta](/wiki/Aorta \"Aorta\") in [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\") in 1988, at age 55, shortly after becoming engaged to Ruth Ann Hancock, a cousin of [Herbie Hancock](/wiki/Herbie_Hancock \"Herbie Hancock\").",
"Shorter's playing is comparable to that of [Don Cherry](/wiki/Don_Cherry_%28jazz%29 \"Don Cherry (jazz)\"), but with a more aggressive, anarchic bent. His own albums feature his groups functioning as a unit, rather than focusing on his own singular virtuosity. Reportedly, Shorter's musical style was akin to his personality: deep and intellectual, thought sometimes intentionally strange (his childhood nickname was \"Doc Strange\").",
""
] |
Career
------
### Personal life and early career
Born in [Frascati](/wiki/Frascati "Frascati"), near [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), Fabrizio first raced in [Minimoto](/wiki/Minimoto "Minimoto") at the age of 6, winning several titles before reaching his teens. He won the [Aprilia](/wiki/Aprilia "Aprilia") Challenge in 2001, and raced in the 125 cc World Championship for [Gilera](/wiki/Gilera "Gilera") in 2002, with little success.
He won the 2003 European Superstock championship aboard a Suzuki GSXR 1000\.
### MotoGP and World Supersport
In [2004](/wiki/2004_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season "2004 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season") he made his first appearance in [MotoGP](/wiki/MotoGP "MotoGP"), with the Harris [WCM](/wiki/World_Championship_Motorsports "World Championship Motorsports") team.{{Cite web \|title\=Ducati signs Michel Fabrizio for 2008 season \|url\=https://us.motorsport.com/wsbk/news/ducati\-signs\-michel\-fabrizio\-for\-2008\-season/2230397/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-24 \|website\=us.motorsport.com \|date\=11 September 2007 \|language\=en}} Despite his lack of experience and riding with inferior equipment compared to his racing rivals, Fabrizio managed to impress the paddock with several point scoring finishes and by consistently outpacing his teammate, Chris Burns. His most notable result came in the wet at Jerez, where he scored 10th place despite a small crash during the race. Further points scoring finishes occurred in Italy and Germany.
During the Dutch grand prix at Assen, Fabrizio fractured his ankle in a spectacular crash, forcing him to miss the next round in Brazil. He was replaced by 2003 Harris WCM rider David De Gea.{{Cite web \|last\=Sports \|first\=Dorna \|title\=De Gea replaces injured Fabrizio at WCM {{!}} MotoGP™ \|url\=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2004/07/02/de\-gea\-replaces\-injured\-fabrizio\-at\-wcm/136551 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-24 \|website\=www.motogp.com \|language\=en}} For the Portuguese round in Estoril, Fabrizio was presented with an opportunity to ride for Italian manufacturer [Aprilia](/wiki/Aprilia "Aprilia") on the [RS Cube](/wiki/Aprilia_RS_Cube "Aprilia RS Cube"). Regular rider [Shane Byrne](/wiki/Shane_Byrne_%28motorcyclist%29 "Shane Byrne (motorcyclist)") was suffering from a broken wrist, leading Aprilia to fly both Fabrizio and Anthony West out to Mugello to test the bike alongside [Jeremy McWilliams](/wiki/Jeremy_McWilliams "Jeremy McWilliams"). After impressing the team during the test, Fabrizio was selected to replace Byrne at Estoril. In turn, Fabrizio was replaced by British rider [James Ellison](/wiki/James_Ellison_%28motorcyclist%29 "James Ellison (motorcyclist)") for the race.{{Cite web \|date\=2004\-08\-31 \|title\=Fabrizio to race Byrne's Aprilia. \|url\=https://www.crash.net/motogp/news/74565/1/fabrizio\-to\-race\-byrnes\-aprilia \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-24 \|website\=Crash \|language\=en}}
Realizing his dream of riding for a factory team ended up becoming an unravelling for Fabrizio, as he suffered a violent headshake from the much\-maligned RS Cube during the first lap of the race. Despite continuing for 11 laps, the pain became too much and forced Fabrizio to retire from the race. Luckily, no serious injury was suffered, but this proved to not be the end of Fabrizio's problems during the year.{{Cite web \|last\=Sports \|first\=Dorna \|title\=Fabrizio gets bitten by the Cube {{!}} MotoGP™ \|url\=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2004/09/07/fabrizio\-gets\-bitten\-by\-the\-cube/137012 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-24 \|website\=www.motogp.com \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=2004\-09\-06 \|title\='Big shock' sends Fabrizio into retirement. \|url\=https://www.crash.net/motogp/news/74618/1/big\-shock\-sends\-fabrizio\-into\-retirement \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-24 \|website\=Crash \|language\=en}}
With expectations to return to the Harris WCM team for the next round at [Motegi](/wiki/Mobility_Resort_Motegi "Mobility Resort Motegi") in Japan, he suddenly found himself without a ride, being replaced by 125cc rider [Youichi Ui](/wiki/Youichi_Ui "Youichi Ui").{{Cite web \|date\=2004\-09\-16 \|title\=Ui gets WCM ride, Jacque 'happy to be back'. \|url\=https://www.crash.net/motogp/news/74663/1/ui\-gets\-wcm\-ride\-jacque\-happy\-to\-be\-back \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-24 \|website\=Crash \|language\=en}} With no options left, Fabrizio retired from the MotoGP season, finishing a disappointing 22nd.
To end his 2004 season, he took a ride with Team Italia Megabike in the Supersport World Championship, competing in the final two rounds of the series. In his first appearance, at his home track of Imola, Fabrizio took an impressive 7th place. At the series finale in France, he gained further notoriety after qualifying 2nd in only his second World Supersport appearance. He failed to finish the race, but had done enough to prove himself.{{Cite web \|date\=2009\-01\-23 \|title\=Michel Fabrizio \|url\=https://www.crash.net/wsbk/racer/1704/michel\-fabrizio \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-24 \|website\=Crash \|language\=en}}
In 2005 he raced his first full season in the [Supersport World Championship](/wiki/Supersport_World_Championship "Supersport World Championship"), on a factory [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda"). He was 5th overall, with 9 top 5 results in the 12 races, although without a win.{{cite web\|url\=http://website.lineone.net/\~mouser/motorsport/2005/world\-supersport600/world\-supersport\-600\.htm \|title\=world\-supersport\-600 \|publisher\=Website.lineone.net \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930040654/http://website.lineone.net/\~mouser/motorsport/2005/world\-supersport600/world\-supersport\-600\.htm \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### Superbike World Championship
For {{SBK\|2006}} Fabrizio was teamed with the veteran [Pierfrancesco Chili](/wiki/Pierfrancesco_Chili "Pierfrancesco Chili") on privateer [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") machinery. He started his career with fifth and eighth at [Qatar](/wiki/Losail_International_Circuit "Losail International Circuit").{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/motorbikes/4750136\.stm \|title\=BBC SPORT \| Motorsport \| Motorbikes \| Toseland and Corser win in Qatar \|date\=25 February 2006 \|publisher\=News.bbc.co.uk \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-27}} He stood in for [Toni Elías](/wiki/Toni_El%C3%ADas "Toni Elías") on [MotoGP](/wiki/MotoGP "MotoGP") [Fortuna Honda](/wiki/Gresini_Racing "Gresini Racing") at [Donington Park](/wiki/Donington_Park "Donington Park"), but crashed in practice and broke his collarbone.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.honda\-racing.co.uk/twowheels/motogp/article.asp?a\=3060 \|title\=Honda Racing Communications Centre \|website\=www.honda\-racing.co.uk \|access\-date\=12 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006163428/http://www.honda\-racing.co.uk/twowheels/motogp/article.asp?a\=3060 \|archive\-date\=6 October 2006 \|url\-status\=dead}} He replaced the injured Elías again for the same team in the [2007 German Grand Prix](/wiki/2007_German_motorcycle_Grand_Prix "2007 German motorcycle Grand Prix") at [Sachsenring](/wiki/Sachsenring "Sachsenring") on July 15, 2007\.
At [Brno](/wiki/Brno_Circuit "Brno Circuit") in the 2006 [Superbike World Championship](/wiki/Superbike_World_Championship "Superbike World Championship"), he started tenth, but chose hard\-compound tyres, which remained on the pace as other riders faded. In the first race he passed a fading [Andrew Pitt](/wiki/Andrew_Pitt "Andrew Pitt") as well as [Fonsi Nieto](/wiki/Fonsi_Nieto "Fonsi Nieto"), [Troy Corser](/wiki/Troy_Corser "Troy Corser") and [Noriyuki Haga](/wiki/Noriyuki_Haga "Noriyuki Haga") in the closing laps to score his first [Superbike World Championship](/wiki/Superbike_World_Championship "Superbike World Championship") podium finish. In race two he fared even better \- after passing [James Toseland](/wiki/James_Toseland "James Toseland") for fourth towards the end, he caught the battle for second between Haga and Corser. As Corser attempted a move, Fabrizio dived down the inside of both, slithering and nearly hitting Haga, before edging ahead of them both to the line, immediately improving on his career\-best result with a second. His best results of 2007 were two third places, at [Assen](/wiki/TT_Circuit_Assen "TT Circuit Assen") and Brno. In both seasons he was eleventh overall.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/Racing\_RiderBio.aspx?Series\=14\&Rider\=856\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816133931/http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/Racing\_RiderBio.aspx?Series\=14\&Rider\=856\|archive\-date\=2007\-08\-16 \|title\=MotorcycleUSA.com \- Michel Fabrizio \|publisher\=Motorcycle\-usa.com \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-27}}
In {{SBK\|2008}} he raced alongside [Troy Bayliss](/wiki/Troy_Bayliss "Troy Bayliss") for [Ducati Xerox](/wiki/Ducati_Xerox "Ducati Xerox") Team on the new [Ducati 1098](/wiki/Ducati_1098 "Ducati 1098").{{cite web \|url\=http://londonbikers.com/news/6808/ducati\-corse\-signs\-michel\-fabrizio\-for\-2008 \|title\=Ducati Corse Signs Michel Fabrizio For 2008 \|publisher\=Londonbikers.com \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008041505/http://londonbikers.com/news/6808/ducati\-corse\-signs\-michel\-fabrizio\-for\-2008 \|archive\-date\=2008\-10\-08 \|url\-status\=dead }} He came third in race one at [Philip Island](/wiki/Phillip_Island_Grand_Prix_Circuit "Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), despite a huge crash at the original start.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/mcn/2008/march/1\-9/mar0808worldsuperbikestroybaylissmichelfabriziomissvalenciatest/?\&R\=EPI\-99116 \|title\=World Superbikes: Troy Bayliss and Michael Fabrizio to miss Valencia test \- Motorcycle Sport \|publisher\=Motorcyclenews.com \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-27}} At [Miller Motorsports Park](/wiki/Miller_Motorsports_Park "Miller Motorsports Park"), he qualified on the front row and took a pair of third places, despite dropping to eleventh on lap one of the first race.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/motorcyclenews/view/wsb\_checa\_pulls\_off\_us\_double/4871\.html \|title\=WSB: Checa pulls off US double \- Visordown Motorcycle news : Racing news \|publisher\=Visordown.com \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-27}} He had a double\-DNF at [Assen](/wiki/TT_Circuit_Assen "TT Circuit Assen"), shortly before an arm operation, and finished a career\-best 8th overall.
For 2009, he stays on at [Ducati Xerox](/wiki/Ducati_Xerox "Ducati Xerox"), partnering [Noriyuki Haga](/wiki/Noriyuki_Haga "Noriyuki Haga") after Bayliss' retirement. His first WSBK win (in his 94th start) came at [Monza](/wiki/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza "Autodromo Nazionale Monza") after [Ben Spies](/wiki/Ben_Spies "Ben Spies") ran out of fuel. Seven successive podiums followed, cementing his third place in the standings behind Haga and Spies. This run ended at Brno when he took Spies down as they battled for the lead. He finished the season third overall.
Fabrizio and Haga both continue with the team for 2010\. The bike dominated pre\-season testing at [Phillip Island](/wiki/Phillip_Island_Grand_Prix_Circuit "Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.crash.net/world\+superbikes/news/157051/1/fabrizio\_fastest\_ducati\_dominates\_final\_test.html\|title\=Fabrizio fastest, Ducati dominates final test\|work\=crash.net\|publisher\=Crash Media Group\|date\=2010\-02\-22\|access\-date\=2010\-02\-22}}
After Ducati announced that they would be ending support for their World Superbike operations at the end of the 2010 season,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.carolenash.com/insidebikes/news/ducati\-quit\-wsb/\|title\=Ducati to quit WSB\|work\=Insidebikes\|publisher\=Carole Nash\|date\=2010\-08\-27\|access\-date\=2010\-10\-14}} Fabrizio agreed a contract with [Team Suzuki Alstare](/wiki/Suzuki "Suzuki") to race in the [2011 Superbike World Championship season](/wiki/2011_Superbike_World_Championship_season "2011 Superbike World Championship season").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.carolenash.com/insidebikes/news/fabrizio\-confirmed\-sole\-alstare\-entry/\|title\=Fabrizio confirmed as sole Alstare entry\|work\=Insidebikes\|publisher\=Carole Nash\|date\=2010\-10\-14\|access\-date\=2010\-10\-14}}
### MotoGP World Championship
In August 2009, after [Casey Stoner](/wiki/Casey_Stoner "Casey Stoner") announced his intention to withdraw from the next three Grand Prix, it was announced that his place in the [Ducati Marlboro](/wiki/Ducati_Marlboro "Ducati Marlboro") team would be taken by [Mika Kallio](/wiki/Mika_Kallio "Mika Kallio") whilst the Finn's place at [Pramac Racing](/wiki/Pramac_Racing "Pramac Racing") would be taken by Fabrizio.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.gpupdate.net/en/motogp\-news/217397/stoner\-out\-for\-three\-races\-as\-kallio\-steps\-in/ \|title\=Stoner out for three races as Kallio steps in \|publisher\=GPUpdate.net \|date\=2009\-08\-10 \|access\-date\=2011\-01\-30}} His race was marred by physical difficulties, which caused him to retire from the first race in Brno. Fabrizio then being unavailable for the next race in Indianapolis the ride was given to [Aleix Espargaró](/wiki/Aleix_Espargar%C3%B3 "Aleix Espargaró") for the remaining two races.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/Espargar\+to\+make\+MotoGP\+debut\+at\+Indy\|title\=Espargaró to make MotoGP debut at Indy \| MotoGP™}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Personal life and early career",
"Born in [Frascati](/wiki/Frascati \"Frascati\"), near [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), Fabrizio first raced in [Minimoto](/wiki/Minimoto \"Minimoto\") at the age of 6, winning several titles before reaching his teens. He won the [Aprilia](/wiki/Aprilia \"Aprilia\") Challenge in 2001, and raced in the 125 cc World Championship for [Gilera](/wiki/Gilera \"Gilera\") in 2002, with little success.",
"He won the 2003 European Superstock championship aboard a Suzuki GSXR 1000\\.",
"### MotoGP and World Supersport",
"In [2004](/wiki/2004_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season \"2004 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season\") he made his first appearance in [MotoGP](/wiki/MotoGP \"MotoGP\"), with the Harris [WCM](/wiki/World_Championship_Motorsports \"World Championship Motorsports\") team.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Ducati signs Michel Fabrizio for 2008 season \\|url\\=https://us.motorsport.com/wsbk/news/ducati\\-signs\\-michel\\-fabrizio\\-for\\-2008\\-season/2230397/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-24 \\|website\\=us.motorsport.com \\|date\\=11 September 2007 \\|language\\=en}} Despite his lack of experience and riding with inferior equipment compared to his racing rivals, Fabrizio managed to impress the paddock with several point scoring finishes and by consistently outpacing his teammate, Chris Burns. His most notable result came in the wet at Jerez, where he scored 10th place despite a small crash during the race. Further points scoring finishes occurred in Italy and Germany.",
"During the Dutch grand prix at Assen, Fabrizio fractured his ankle in a spectacular crash, forcing him to miss the next round in Brazil. He was replaced by 2003 Harris WCM rider David De Gea.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sports \\|first\\=Dorna \\|title\\=De Gea replaces injured Fabrizio at WCM {{!}} MotoGP™ \\|url\\=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2004/07/02/de\\-gea\\-replaces\\-injured\\-fabrizio\\-at\\-wcm/136551 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-24 \\|website\\=www.motogp.com \\|language\\=en}} For the Portuguese round in Estoril, Fabrizio was presented with an opportunity to ride for Italian manufacturer [Aprilia](/wiki/Aprilia \"Aprilia\") on the [RS Cube](/wiki/Aprilia_RS_Cube \"Aprilia RS Cube\"). Regular rider [Shane Byrne](/wiki/Shane_Byrne_%28motorcyclist%29 \"Shane Byrne (motorcyclist)\") was suffering from a broken wrist, leading Aprilia to fly both Fabrizio and Anthony West out to Mugello to test the bike alongside [Jeremy McWilliams](/wiki/Jeremy_McWilliams \"Jeremy McWilliams\"). After impressing the team during the test, Fabrizio was selected to replace Byrne at Estoril. In turn, Fabrizio was replaced by British rider [James Ellison](/wiki/James_Ellison_%28motorcyclist%29 \"James Ellison (motorcyclist)\") for the race.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2004\\-08\\-31 \\|title\\=Fabrizio to race Byrne's Aprilia. \\|url\\=https://www.crash.net/motogp/news/74565/1/fabrizio\\-to\\-race\\-byrnes\\-aprilia \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-24 \\|website\\=Crash \\|language\\=en}}",
"Realizing his dream of riding for a factory team ended up becoming an unravelling for Fabrizio, as he suffered a violent headshake from the much\\-maligned RS Cube during the first lap of the race. Despite continuing for 11 laps, the pain became too much and forced Fabrizio to retire from the race. Luckily, no serious injury was suffered, but this proved to not be the end of Fabrizio's problems during the year.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sports \\|first\\=Dorna \\|title\\=Fabrizio gets bitten by the Cube {{!}} MotoGP™ \\|url\\=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2004/09/07/fabrizio\\-gets\\-bitten\\-by\\-the\\-cube/137012 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-24 \\|website\\=www.motogp.com \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2004\\-09\\-06 \\|title\\='Big shock' sends Fabrizio into retirement. \\|url\\=https://www.crash.net/motogp/news/74618/1/big\\-shock\\-sends\\-fabrizio\\-into\\-retirement \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-24 \\|website\\=Crash \\|language\\=en}}",
"With expectations to return to the Harris WCM team for the next round at [Motegi](/wiki/Mobility_Resort_Motegi \"Mobility Resort Motegi\") in Japan, he suddenly found himself without a ride, being replaced by 125cc rider [Youichi Ui](/wiki/Youichi_Ui \"Youichi Ui\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2004\\-09\\-16 \\|title\\=Ui gets WCM ride, Jacque 'happy to be back'. \\|url\\=https://www.crash.net/motogp/news/74663/1/ui\\-gets\\-wcm\\-ride\\-jacque\\-happy\\-to\\-be\\-back \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-24 \\|website\\=Crash \\|language\\=en}} With no options left, Fabrizio retired from the MotoGP season, finishing a disappointing 22nd.",
"To end his 2004 season, he took a ride with Team Italia Megabike in the Supersport World Championship, competing in the final two rounds of the series. In his first appearance, at his home track of Imola, Fabrizio took an impressive 7th place. At the series finale in France, he gained further notoriety after qualifying 2nd in only his second World Supersport appearance. He failed to finish the race, but had done enough to prove himself.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-23 \\|title\\=Michel Fabrizio \\|url\\=https://www.crash.net/wsbk/racer/1704/michel\\-fabrizio \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-24 \\|website\\=Crash \\|language\\=en}}",
"In 2005 he raced his first full season in the [Supersport World Championship](/wiki/Supersport_World_Championship \"Supersport World Championship\"), on a factory [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\"). He was 5th overall, with 9 top 5 results in the 12 races, although without a win.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://website.lineone.net/\\~mouser/motorsport/2005/world\\-supersport600/world\\-supersport\\-600\\.htm \\|title\\=world\\-supersport\\-600 \\|publisher\\=Website.lineone.net \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930040654/http://website.lineone.net/\\~mouser/motorsport/2005/world\\-supersport600/world\\-supersport\\-600\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### Superbike World Championship",
"For {{SBK\\|2006}} Fabrizio was teamed with the veteran [Pierfrancesco Chili](/wiki/Pierfrancesco_Chili \"Pierfrancesco Chili\") on privateer [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\") machinery. He started his career with fifth and eighth at [Qatar](/wiki/Losail_International_Circuit \"Losail International Circuit\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/motorbikes/4750136\\.stm \\|title\\=BBC SPORT \\| Motorsport \\| Motorbikes \\| Toseland and Corser win in Qatar \\|date\\=25 February 2006 \\|publisher\\=News.bbc.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-27}} He stood in for [Toni Elías](/wiki/Toni_El%C3%ADas \"Toni Elías\") on [MotoGP](/wiki/MotoGP \"MotoGP\") [Fortuna Honda](/wiki/Gresini_Racing \"Gresini Racing\") at [Donington Park](/wiki/Donington_Park \"Donington Park\"), but crashed in practice and broke his collarbone.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.honda\\-racing.co.uk/twowheels/motogp/article.asp?a\\=3060 \\|title\\=Honda Racing Communications Centre \\|website\\=www.honda\\-racing.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006163428/http://www.honda\\-racing.co.uk/twowheels/motogp/article.asp?a\\=3060 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2006 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He replaced the injured Elías again for the same team in the [2007 German Grand Prix](/wiki/2007_German_motorcycle_Grand_Prix \"2007 German motorcycle Grand Prix\") at [Sachsenring](/wiki/Sachsenring \"Sachsenring\") on July 15, 2007\\.",
"At [Brno](/wiki/Brno_Circuit \"Brno Circuit\") in the 2006 [Superbike World Championship](/wiki/Superbike_World_Championship \"Superbike World Championship\"), he started tenth, but chose hard\\-compound tyres, which remained on the pace as other riders faded. In the first race he passed a fading [Andrew Pitt](/wiki/Andrew_Pitt \"Andrew Pitt\") as well as [Fonsi Nieto](/wiki/Fonsi_Nieto \"Fonsi Nieto\"), [Troy Corser](/wiki/Troy_Corser \"Troy Corser\") and [Noriyuki Haga](/wiki/Noriyuki_Haga \"Noriyuki Haga\") in the closing laps to score his first [Superbike World Championship](/wiki/Superbike_World_Championship \"Superbike World Championship\") podium finish. In race two he fared even better \\- after passing [James Toseland](/wiki/James_Toseland \"James Toseland\") for fourth towards the end, he caught the battle for second between Haga and Corser. As Corser attempted a move, Fabrizio dived down the inside of both, slithering and nearly hitting Haga, before edging ahead of them both to the line, immediately improving on his career\\-best result with a second. His best results of 2007 were two third places, at [Assen](/wiki/TT_Circuit_Assen \"TT Circuit Assen\") and Brno. In both seasons he was eleventh overall.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/Racing\\_RiderBio.aspx?Series\\=14\\&Rider\\=856\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816133931/http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/Racing\\_RiderBio.aspx?Series\\=14\\&Rider\\=856\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-16 \\|title\\=MotorcycleUSA.com \\- Michel Fabrizio \\|publisher\\=Motorcycle\\-usa.com \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-27}}",
"In {{SBK\\|2008}} he raced alongside [Troy Bayliss](/wiki/Troy_Bayliss \"Troy Bayliss\") for [Ducati Xerox](/wiki/Ducati_Xerox \"Ducati Xerox\") Team on the new [Ducati 1098](/wiki/Ducati_1098 \"Ducati 1098\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://londonbikers.com/news/6808/ducati\\-corse\\-signs\\-michel\\-fabrizio\\-for\\-2008 \\|title\\=Ducati Corse Signs Michel Fabrizio For 2008 \\|publisher\\=Londonbikers.com \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008041505/http://londonbikers.com/news/6808/ducati\\-corse\\-signs\\-michel\\-fabrizio\\-for\\-2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He came third in race one at [Philip Island](/wiki/Phillip_Island_Grand_Prix_Circuit \"Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), despite a huge crash at the original start.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/mcn/2008/march/1\\-9/mar0808worldsuperbikestroybaylissmichelfabriziomissvalenciatest/?\\&R\\=EPI\\-99116 \\|title\\=World Superbikes: Troy Bayliss and Michael Fabrizio to miss Valencia test \\- Motorcycle Sport \\|publisher\\=Motorcyclenews.com \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-27}} At [Miller Motorsports Park](/wiki/Miller_Motorsports_Park \"Miller Motorsports Park\"), he qualified on the front row and took a pair of third places, despite dropping to eleventh on lap one of the first race.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/motorcyclenews/view/wsb\\_checa\\_pulls\\_off\\_us\\_double/4871\\.html \\|title\\=WSB: Checa pulls off US double \\- Visordown Motorcycle news : Racing news \\|publisher\\=Visordown.com \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-27}} He had a double\\-DNF at [Assen](/wiki/TT_Circuit_Assen \"TT Circuit Assen\"), shortly before an arm operation, and finished a career\\-best 8th overall.",
"For 2009, he stays on at [Ducati Xerox](/wiki/Ducati_Xerox \"Ducati Xerox\"), partnering [Noriyuki Haga](/wiki/Noriyuki_Haga \"Noriyuki Haga\") after Bayliss' retirement. His first WSBK win (in his 94th start) came at [Monza](/wiki/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza \"Autodromo Nazionale Monza\") after [Ben Spies](/wiki/Ben_Spies \"Ben Spies\") ran out of fuel. Seven successive podiums followed, cementing his third place in the standings behind Haga and Spies. This run ended at Brno when he took Spies down as they battled for the lead. He finished the season third overall.",
"Fabrizio and Haga both continue with the team for 2010\\. The bike dominated pre\\-season testing at [Phillip Island](/wiki/Phillip_Island_Grand_Prix_Circuit \"Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.crash.net/world\\+superbikes/news/157051/1/fabrizio\\_fastest\\_ducati\\_dominates\\_final\\_test.html\\|title\\=Fabrizio fastest, Ducati dominates final test\\|work\\=crash.net\\|publisher\\=Crash Media Group\\|date\\=2010\\-02\\-22\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-02\\-22}}",
"After Ducati announced that they would be ending support for their World Superbike operations at the end of the 2010 season,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.carolenash.com/insidebikes/news/ducati\\-quit\\-wsb/\\|title\\=Ducati to quit WSB\\|work\\=Insidebikes\\|publisher\\=Carole Nash\\|date\\=2010\\-08\\-27\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-14}} Fabrizio agreed a contract with [Team Suzuki Alstare](/wiki/Suzuki \"Suzuki\") to race in the [2011 Superbike World Championship season](/wiki/2011_Superbike_World_Championship_season \"2011 Superbike World Championship season\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.carolenash.com/insidebikes/news/fabrizio\\-confirmed\\-sole\\-alstare\\-entry/\\|title\\=Fabrizio confirmed as sole Alstare entry\\|work\\=Insidebikes\\|publisher\\=Carole Nash\\|date\\=2010\\-10\\-14\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-14}}",
"### MotoGP World Championship",
"In August 2009, after [Casey Stoner](/wiki/Casey_Stoner \"Casey Stoner\") announced his intention to withdraw from the next three Grand Prix, it was announced that his place in the [Ducati Marlboro](/wiki/Ducati_Marlboro \"Ducati Marlboro\") team would be taken by [Mika Kallio](/wiki/Mika_Kallio \"Mika Kallio\") whilst the Finn's place at [Pramac Racing](/wiki/Pramac_Racing \"Pramac Racing\") would be taken by Fabrizio.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.gpupdate.net/en/motogp\\-news/217397/stoner\\-out\\-for\\-three\\-races\\-as\\-kallio\\-steps\\-in/ \\|title\\=Stoner out for three races as Kallio steps in \\|publisher\\=GPUpdate.net \\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-01\\-30}} His race was marred by physical difficulties, which caused him to retire from the first race in Brno. Fabrizio then being unavailable for the next race in Indianapolis the ride was given to [Aleix Espargaró](/wiki/Aleix_Espargar%C3%B3 \"Aleix Espargaró\") for the remaining two races.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/Espargar\\+to\\+make\\+MotoGP\\+debut\\+at\\+Indy\\|title\\=Espargaró to make MotoGP debut at Indy \\| MotoGP™}}",
""
] |
Majority opinion
----------------
The Court found that the exclusion of the Good News club was based solely on its religious nature. Milford had asserted before the Second Circuit that it would have allowed a public group to use [Aesop's fables](/wiki/Aesop%27s_fables "Aesop's fables") to impart moral values to children. Milford also allowed the [Boy Scouts](/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America "Boy Scouts of America") to "influence a boy's character, development, and spiritual growth". Likewise, the Good News Club also sought to teach moral values to children, albeit from an explicitly Christian viewpoint.
A "[limited public forum](/wiki/Limited_public_forum "Limited public forum")" may "reserve its forum for certain groups or for the discussion of certain topics" but because the exclusion of the Good News Club discriminated against a viewpoint, the Court did not rule on whether the restriction was "unreasonable reasonable in light of the purpose served by the forum". Applying *[Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District](/wiki/Lamb%27s_Chapel_v._Center_Moriches_Union_Free_School_District "Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District")*, {{ussc\|508\|384\|1993\|el\=no}},{{ussc\|name\=Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District\|link\=\|volume\=508\|page\=384\|pin\=\|year\=1993}}. and *[Rosenberger v. University of Virginia](/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia "Rosenberger v. University of Virginia")*, {{ussc\|515\|819\|1995\|el\=no}}.{{ussc\|name\=Rosenberger v. University of Virginia\|link\=\|volume\=515\|page\=819\|pin\=\|year\=1995}}. the Court held that the exclusion of the Good News Club was impermissible viewpoint discrimination.
According to the majority, the Court's prior decisions in *Lamb's Chapel* and *Rosenberger* determined the outcome of the Good News Club's free speech claim. In *Lamb's Chapel*, the Court had ruled that a different New York public school had engaged in unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination when it forbade a religious group from using its facilities to show films that taught "family values from a Christian perspective". It saw no difference between the films that the religious group in *Lamb's Chapel* proposed to show and the songs and lessons the Good News Club used in this case. And in *Rosenberger*, the fact that a state university subsidized the publication of some student newspapers but refused to subsidize a student newspaper with a religious viewpoint was also unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination.
In spite of these decisions, the Second Circuit had ruled in this case that the religious nature of the Good News Club's message meant that it "fell outside the bounds of" speech related to "pure moral and character development", and hence was not entitled to First Amendment protection. The majority on the Supreme Court "disagreed that something that is 'quintessentially religious' or 'decidedly religious in nature' cannot also be characterized properly as the teaching of morals and character development from a particular viewpoint. What matters for purposes of the Free Speech Clause is that we can see no logical difference in kind between the invocation of Christianity by the Club and the invocation of teamwork, loyalty, or patriotism by other associations to provide a foundation for their lessons." Instruction related to morals and values from a religious perspective does not somehow "taint" that instruction so as to alter the viewpoint such instruction takes. Accordingly, Milford's exclusion of the Good News Club constituted unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination.
### The Establishment Clause claim
Milford also argued that its interest in not violating the [Establishment Clause](/wiki/Establishment_Clause "Establishment Clause") justified its excluding the Good News Club from its facilities. In *[Widmar v. Vincent](/wiki/Widmar_v._Vincent "Widmar v. Vincent")*, {{ussc\|454\|263\|1981\|el\=no}}, the Court held that "a state interest in avoiding an Establishment Clause violation may be characterized as compelling, and therefore may justify content\-based discrimination" on the part of the state entity.{{ussc\|name\=Widmar v. Vincent\|link\=\|volume\=454\|page\=263\|pin\=\|year\=1981}}. But in *Lamb's Chapel*, the Court left open the question of whether such a concern could also justify *viewpoint* discrimination. The Court ruled that it could not, and gave four reasons for distinguishing content\-based discrimination from viewpoint discrimination on this score.
First, the exception created in *Widmar* rested on the fact that the government program was neutral toward religion. "The Good News Club seeks nothing more than to be treated neutrally and given access to speak about the same topics as are other groups." Milford's policy was not neutral with respect to religious speech—it allowed some speech that took a particular viewpoint, but forbade speech that took the same viewpoint on the basis of the religious nature of the speech.
Second, to the extent the Club's speech would be perceived as coercive, that coercion would be felt by the parents rather than the children. After all, parents must give their children permission to attend the Club's activities. Milford did not suggest that the parents would be confused about the religious nature of the Club's message.
Third, and relatedly, the Court's Establishment Clause jurisprudence never "extended ... to foreclose private religious conduct during nonschool hours merely because it takes place on school premises where elementary school children may be present." In *[Lee v. Weisman](/wiki/Lee_v._Weisman "Lee v. Weisman")*, {{ussc\|505\|577\|1992\|el\=no}}, the religious speech involved was a prayer at a mandatory high school graduation function.{{ussc\|name\=Lee v. Weisman\|link\=\|volume\=505\|page\=577\|pin\=\|year\=1992}}. In *[Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Independent_School_District_v._Doe "Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe")*, {{ussc\|530\|290\|2000\|el\=no}}, the religious speech involved was a student\-led prayer before a high school football game which, of course, is a school\-sponsored event.{{ussc\|name\=Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe\|link\=\|volume\=530\|page\=290\|pin\=\|year\=2000}}. In *[Edwards v. Aguillard](/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard "Edwards v. Aguillard")*, {{ussc\|482\|578\|1987\|el\=no}}, the religious speech involved was a prohibition on teaching evolution in public school science classes.{{ussc\|name\=Edwards v. Aguillard\|link\=\|volume\=482\|page\=578\|pin\=\|year\=1987}}. Unlike these three cases, the religious speech at issue in this case took place after school and not during a school\-sponsored event.
Fourth, the children required their parents permission to attend the Club's activities; they were not permitted to "loiter outside classrooms after the schoolday has ended". The Club was using space on the school grounds into which elementary school children did not typically venture during school hours, and elementary school students of all grade levels attended the Club's activities. The instructors are not schoolteachers. The Court doubted that even small children would perceive that the school was endorsing religion in these circumstances, and that doubt was even more attenuated by the fact that the children were just as likely to perceive official condemnation of religion from the school's excluding the Club from its facilities.
All these considerations suggested that there was no Establishment Clause violation involved in Milford's permitting the Club to meet on its premises after school hours. Accordingly, Milford's fear of an Establishment Clause violation did not justify forbidding the Club from using its facilities.
### Scalia's concurring opinion
[Justice Scalia](/wiki/Antonin_Scalia "Antonin Scalia") concurred in the Court's opinion, but wrote separately to express his own views. He did not believe that the Club's activities were coercive at all. "As to endorsement, I have previously written that religious expression cannot violate the Establishment Clause where it (1\) is purely private and (2\) occurs in a traditional or designated public forum, publicly announced and open to all on equal terms. The same is true of private speech that occurs in a limited public forum, publicly announced, whose boundaries are not drawn in favor of religious groups but instead permit a cross\-section of uses." Milford could not justify excluding the Club simply because its speech was religious in nature, and so Scalia did not worry whether the discrimination was content\-based or viewpoint\-based. In any event, Scalia stressed that Milford was engaging in viewpoint discrimination.
### Breyer's concurring opinion
[Justice Breyer](/wiki/Stephen_Breyer "Stephen Breyer") disputed the majority's assumption that the perception of the children was irrelevant. Even in *Lamb's Chapel*, the Court had relied in part on the perception of the children in determining whether there had been an Establishment Clause violation. "The critical Establishment Clause question here may well prove to be whether a child, participating in the Good News Club's activities, could reasonably perceive the endorsement of religion" on the part of the school. Breyer pointed out that the Court's decision merely overturned a grant of [summary judgment](/wiki/Summary_judgment "Summary judgment") in favor of Milford, and denying summary judgment to one party was not the same as granting it to the other party. Denials of summary judgment simply mean that there are "genuine issues of material fact" that require a trial. The extent of the coercion perceived by the children was, in Breyer's view, one such issue.
|
[
"Majority opinion\n----------------",
"The Court found that the exclusion of the Good News club was based solely on its religious nature. Milford had asserted before the Second Circuit that it would have allowed a public group to use [Aesop's fables](/wiki/Aesop%27s_fables \"Aesop's fables\") to impart moral values to children. Milford also allowed the [Boy Scouts](/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America \"Boy Scouts of America\") to \"influence a boy's character, development, and spiritual growth\". Likewise, the Good News Club also sought to teach moral values to children, albeit from an explicitly Christian viewpoint.",
"A \"[limited public forum](/wiki/Limited_public_forum \"Limited public forum\")\" may \"reserve its forum for certain groups or for the discussion of certain topics\" but because the exclusion of the Good News Club discriminated against a viewpoint, the Court did not rule on whether the restriction was \"unreasonable reasonable in light of the purpose served by the forum\". Applying *[Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District](/wiki/Lamb%27s_Chapel_v._Center_Moriches_Union_Free_School_District \"Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District\")*, {{ussc\\|508\\|384\\|1993\\|el\\=no}},{{ussc\\|name\\=Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District\\|link\\=\\|volume\\=508\\|page\\=384\\|pin\\=\\|year\\=1993}}. and *[Rosenberger v. University of Virginia](/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia \"Rosenberger v. University of Virginia\")*, {{ussc\\|515\\|819\\|1995\\|el\\=no}}.{{ussc\\|name\\=Rosenberger v. University of Virginia\\|link\\=\\|volume\\=515\\|page\\=819\\|pin\\=\\|year\\=1995}}. the Court held that the exclusion of the Good News Club was impermissible viewpoint discrimination.",
"According to the majority, the Court's prior decisions in *Lamb's Chapel* and *Rosenberger* determined the outcome of the Good News Club's free speech claim. In *Lamb's Chapel*, the Court had ruled that a different New York public school had engaged in unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination when it forbade a religious group from using its facilities to show films that taught \"family values from a Christian perspective\". It saw no difference between the films that the religious group in *Lamb's Chapel* proposed to show and the songs and lessons the Good News Club used in this case. And in *Rosenberger*, the fact that a state university subsidized the publication of some student newspapers but refused to subsidize a student newspaper with a religious viewpoint was also unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination.",
"In spite of these decisions, the Second Circuit had ruled in this case that the religious nature of the Good News Club's message meant that it \"fell outside the bounds of\" speech related to \"pure moral and character development\", and hence was not entitled to First Amendment protection. The majority on the Supreme Court \"disagreed that something that is 'quintessentially religious' or 'decidedly religious in nature' cannot also be characterized properly as the teaching of morals and character development from a particular viewpoint. What matters for purposes of the Free Speech Clause is that we can see no logical difference in kind between the invocation of Christianity by the Club and the invocation of teamwork, loyalty, or patriotism by other associations to provide a foundation for their lessons.\" Instruction related to morals and values from a religious perspective does not somehow \"taint\" that instruction so as to alter the viewpoint such instruction takes. Accordingly, Milford's exclusion of the Good News Club constituted unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination.",
"### The Establishment Clause claim",
"Milford also argued that its interest in not violating the [Establishment Clause](/wiki/Establishment_Clause \"Establishment Clause\") justified its excluding the Good News Club from its facilities. In *[Widmar v. Vincent](/wiki/Widmar_v._Vincent \"Widmar v. Vincent\")*, {{ussc\\|454\\|263\\|1981\\|el\\=no}}, the Court held that \"a state interest in avoiding an Establishment Clause violation may be characterized as compelling, and therefore may justify content\\-based discrimination\" on the part of the state entity.{{ussc\\|name\\=Widmar v. Vincent\\|link\\=\\|volume\\=454\\|page\\=263\\|pin\\=\\|year\\=1981}}. But in *Lamb's Chapel*, the Court left open the question of whether such a concern could also justify *viewpoint* discrimination. The Court ruled that it could not, and gave four reasons for distinguishing content\\-based discrimination from viewpoint discrimination on this score.",
"First, the exception created in *Widmar* rested on the fact that the government program was neutral toward religion. \"The Good News Club seeks nothing more than to be treated neutrally and given access to speak about the same topics as are other groups.\" Milford's policy was not neutral with respect to religious speech—it allowed some speech that took a particular viewpoint, but forbade speech that took the same viewpoint on the basis of the religious nature of the speech.",
"Second, to the extent the Club's speech would be perceived as coercive, that coercion would be felt by the parents rather than the children. After all, parents must give their children permission to attend the Club's activities. Milford did not suggest that the parents would be confused about the religious nature of the Club's message.",
"Third, and relatedly, the Court's Establishment Clause jurisprudence never \"extended ... to foreclose private religious conduct during nonschool hours merely because it takes place on school premises where elementary school children may be present.\" In *[Lee v. Weisman](/wiki/Lee_v._Weisman \"Lee v. Weisman\")*, {{ussc\\|505\\|577\\|1992\\|el\\=no}}, the religious speech involved was a prayer at a mandatory high school graduation function.{{ussc\\|name\\=Lee v. Weisman\\|link\\=\\|volume\\=505\\|page\\=577\\|pin\\=\\|year\\=1992}}. In *[Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Independent_School_District_v._Doe \"Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe\")*, {{ussc\\|530\\|290\\|2000\\|el\\=no}}, the religious speech involved was a student\\-led prayer before a high school football game which, of course, is a school\\-sponsored event.{{ussc\\|name\\=Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe\\|link\\=\\|volume\\=530\\|page\\=290\\|pin\\=\\|year\\=2000}}. In *[Edwards v. Aguillard](/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard \"Edwards v. Aguillard\")*, {{ussc\\|482\\|578\\|1987\\|el\\=no}}, the religious speech involved was a prohibition on teaching evolution in public school science classes.{{ussc\\|name\\=Edwards v. Aguillard\\|link\\=\\|volume\\=482\\|page\\=578\\|pin\\=\\|year\\=1987}}. Unlike these three cases, the religious speech at issue in this case took place after school and not during a school\\-sponsored event.",
"Fourth, the children required their parents permission to attend the Club's activities; they were not permitted to \"loiter outside classrooms after the schoolday has ended\". The Club was using space on the school grounds into which elementary school children did not typically venture during school hours, and elementary school students of all grade levels attended the Club's activities. The instructors are not schoolteachers. The Court doubted that even small children would perceive that the school was endorsing religion in these circumstances, and that doubt was even more attenuated by the fact that the children were just as likely to perceive official condemnation of religion from the school's excluding the Club from its facilities.",
"All these considerations suggested that there was no Establishment Clause violation involved in Milford's permitting the Club to meet on its premises after school hours. Accordingly, Milford's fear of an Establishment Clause violation did not justify forbidding the Club from using its facilities.",
"### Scalia's concurring opinion",
"[Justice Scalia](/wiki/Antonin_Scalia \"Antonin Scalia\") concurred in the Court's opinion, but wrote separately to express his own views. He did not believe that the Club's activities were coercive at all. \"As to endorsement, I have previously written that religious expression cannot violate the Establishment Clause where it (1\\) is purely private and (2\\) occurs in a traditional or designated public forum, publicly announced and open to all on equal terms. The same is true of private speech that occurs in a limited public forum, publicly announced, whose boundaries are not drawn in favor of religious groups but instead permit a cross\\-section of uses.\" Milford could not justify excluding the Club simply because its speech was religious in nature, and so Scalia did not worry whether the discrimination was content\\-based or viewpoint\\-based. In any event, Scalia stressed that Milford was engaging in viewpoint discrimination.",
"### Breyer's concurring opinion",
"[Justice Breyer](/wiki/Stephen_Breyer \"Stephen Breyer\") disputed the majority's assumption that the perception of the children was irrelevant. Even in *Lamb's Chapel*, the Court had relied in part on the perception of the children in determining whether there had been an Establishment Clause violation. \"The critical Establishment Clause question here may well prove to be whether a child, participating in the Good News Club's activities, could reasonably perceive the endorsement of religion\" on the part of the school. Breyer pointed out that the Court's decision merely overturned a grant of [summary judgment](/wiki/Summary_judgment \"Summary judgment\") in favor of Milford, and denying summary judgment to one party was not the same as granting it to the other party. Denials of summary judgment simply mean that there are \"genuine issues of material fact\" that require a trial. The extent of the coercion perceived by the children was, in Breyer's view, one such issue.",
""
] |
### The Establishment Clause claim
Milford also argued that its interest in not violating the [Establishment Clause](/wiki/Establishment_Clause "Establishment Clause") justified its excluding the Good News Club from its facilities. In *[Widmar v. Vincent](/wiki/Widmar_v._Vincent "Widmar v. Vincent")*, {{ussc\|454\|263\|1981\|el\=no}}, the Court held that "a state interest in avoiding an Establishment Clause violation may be characterized as compelling, and therefore may justify content\-based discrimination" on the part of the state entity.{{ussc\|name\=Widmar v. Vincent\|link\=\|volume\=454\|page\=263\|pin\=\|year\=1981}}. But in *Lamb's Chapel*, the Court left open the question of whether such a concern could also justify *viewpoint* discrimination. The Court ruled that it could not, and gave four reasons for distinguishing content\-based discrimination from viewpoint discrimination on this score.
First, the exception created in *Widmar* rested on the fact that the government program was neutral toward religion. "The Good News Club seeks nothing more than to be treated neutrally and given access to speak about the same topics as are other groups." Milford's policy was not neutral with respect to religious speech—it allowed some speech that took a particular viewpoint, but forbade speech that took the same viewpoint on the basis of the religious nature of the speech.
Second, to the extent the Club's speech would be perceived as coercive, that coercion would be felt by the parents rather than the children. After all, parents must give their children permission to attend the Club's activities. Milford did not suggest that the parents would be confused about the religious nature of the Club's message.
Third, and relatedly, the Court's Establishment Clause jurisprudence never "extended ... to foreclose private religious conduct during nonschool hours merely because it takes place on school premises where elementary school children may be present." In *[Lee v. Weisman](/wiki/Lee_v._Weisman "Lee v. Weisman")*, {{ussc\|505\|577\|1992\|el\=no}}, the religious speech involved was a prayer at a mandatory high school graduation function.{{ussc\|name\=Lee v. Weisman\|link\=\|volume\=505\|page\=577\|pin\=\|year\=1992}}. In *[Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Independent_School_District_v._Doe "Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe")*, {{ussc\|530\|290\|2000\|el\=no}}, the religious speech involved was a student\-led prayer before a high school football game which, of course, is a school\-sponsored event.{{ussc\|name\=Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe\|link\=\|volume\=530\|page\=290\|pin\=\|year\=2000}}. In *[Edwards v. Aguillard](/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard "Edwards v. Aguillard")*, {{ussc\|482\|578\|1987\|el\=no}}, the religious speech involved was a prohibition on teaching evolution in public school science classes.{{ussc\|name\=Edwards v. Aguillard\|link\=\|volume\=482\|page\=578\|pin\=\|year\=1987}}. Unlike these three cases, the religious speech at issue in this case took place after school and not during a school\-sponsored event.
Fourth, the children required their parents permission to attend the Club's activities; they were not permitted to "loiter outside classrooms after the schoolday has ended". The Club was using space on the school grounds into which elementary school children did not typically venture during school hours, and elementary school students of all grade levels attended the Club's activities. The instructors are not schoolteachers. The Court doubted that even small children would perceive that the school was endorsing religion in these circumstances, and that doubt was even more attenuated by the fact that the children were just as likely to perceive official condemnation of religion from the school's excluding the Club from its facilities.
All these considerations suggested that there was no Establishment Clause violation involved in Milford's permitting the Club to meet on its premises after school hours. Accordingly, Milford's fear of an Establishment Clause violation did not justify forbidding the Club from using its facilities.
|
[
"### The Establishment Clause claim",
"Milford also argued that its interest in not violating the [Establishment Clause](/wiki/Establishment_Clause \"Establishment Clause\") justified its excluding the Good News Club from its facilities. In *[Widmar v. Vincent](/wiki/Widmar_v._Vincent \"Widmar v. Vincent\")*, {{ussc\\|454\\|263\\|1981\\|el\\=no}}, the Court held that \"a state interest in avoiding an Establishment Clause violation may be characterized as compelling, and therefore may justify content\\-based discrimination\" on the part of the state entity.{{ussc\\|name\\=Widmar v. Vincent\\|link\\=\\|volume\\=454\\|page\\=263\\|pin\\=\\|year\\=1981}}. But in *Lamb's Chapel*, the Court left open the question of whether such a concern could also justify *viewpoint* discrimination. The Court ruled that it could not, and gave four reasons for distinguishing content\\-based discrimination from viewpoint discrimination on this score.",
"First, the exception created in *Widmar* rested on the fact that the government program was neutral toward religion. \"The Good News Club seeks nothing more than to be treated neutrally and given access to speak about the same topics as are other groups.\" Milford's policy was not neutral with respect to religious speech—it allowed some speech that took a particular viewpoint, but forbade speech that took the same viewpoint on the basis of the religious nature of the speech.",
"Second, to the extent the Club's speech would be perceived as coercive, that coercion would be felt by the parents rather than the children. After all, parents must give their children permission to attend the Club's activities. Milford did not suggest that the parents would be confused about the religious nature of the Club's message.",
"Third, and relatedly, the Court's Establishment Clause jurisprudence never \"extended ... to foreclose private religious conduct during nonschool hours merely because it takes place on school premises where elementary school children may be present.\" In *[Lee v. Weisman](/wiki/Lee_v._Weisman \"Lee v. Weisman\")*, {{ussc\\|505\\|577\\|1992\\|el\\=no}}, the religious speech involved was a prayer at a mandatory high school graduation function.{{ussc\\|name\\=Lee v. Weisman\\|link\\=\\|volume\\=505\\|page\\=577\\|pin\\=\\|year\\=1992}}. In *[Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Independent_School_District_v._Doe \"Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe\")*, {{ussc\\|530\\|290\\|2000\\|el\\=no}}, the religious speech involved was a student\\-led prayer before a high school football game which, of course, is a school\\-sponsored event.{{ussc\\|name\\=Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe\\|link\\=\\|volume\\=530\\|page\\=290\\|pin\\=\\|year\\=2000}}. In *[Edwards v. Aguillard](/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard \"Edwards v. Aguillard\")*, {{ussc\\|482\\|578\\|1987\\|el\\=no}}, the religious speech involved was a prohibition on teaching evolution in public school science classes.{{ussc\\|name\\=Edwards v. Aguillard\\|link\\=\\|volume\\=482\\|page\\=578\\|pin\\=\\|year\\=1987}}. Unlike these three cases, the religious speech at issue in this case took place after school and not during a school\\-sponsored event.",
"Fourth, the children required their parents permission to attend the Club's activities; they were not permitted to \"loiter outside classrooms after the schoolday has ended\". The Club was using space on the school grounds into which elementary school children did not typically venture during school hours, and elementary school students of all grade levels attended the Club's activities. The instructors are not schoolteachers. The Court doubted that even small children would perceive that the school was endorsing religion in these circumstances, and that doubt was even more attenuated by the fact that the children were just as likely to perceive official condemnation of religion from the school's excluding the Club from its facilities.",
"All these considerations suggested that there was no Establishment Clause violation involved in Milford's permitting the Club to meet on its premises after school hours. Accordingly, Milford's fear of an Establishment Clause violation did not justify forbidding the Club from using its facilities.",
""
] |
Public policies
---------------
In many jurisdictions, it is compulsory to have vehicle insurance before using or keeping a motor vehicle on public roads. Most jurisdictions relate insurance to both the car and the driver; however, the degree of each varies greatly.
Several jurisdictions have experimented with a "pay\-as\-you\-drive" insurance plan which utilizes either a tracking device in the vehicle or vehicle diagnostics. This could address issues of uninsured motorists by providing additional options and also charge based on the distance driven, which could theoretically increase the efficiency of the insurance, through streamlined collection.Wenzel T. (1995\). [Analysis of national pay\-as\-you\-drive insurance systems and other variable driving charges](http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=125357). Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
### Australia
In [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), every state has its own *Compulsory Third\-Party* (CTP) insurance scheme. CTP covers only personal injury liability in a vehicle crash. *Comprehensive* and *Third\-Party Property Damage, with or without Fire and Theft* insurance, are sold separately.
* *Comprehensive* insurance covers damages to third\-party vehicles, other third\-party property and the insured vehicle.
* *Third\-Party Property Damage* insurance covers damage to third\-party property and vehicles, but not the insured vehicle.
* *Third\-Party Property Damage with Fire and Theft* insurance covers the insured vehicle against fire and theft as well as damage to third\-party property and vehicles.
#### Compulsory Third\-Party Insurance
CTP insurance is compulsory in every state in Australia and is paid as part of vehicle registration. It covers the vehicle owner and any person who drives the vehicle against claims for liability for death or injury to people caused by the fault of the vehicle owner or driver. CTP may include any kind of physical harm, bodily injuries and may cover the cost of all reasonable medical treatment for injuries received in the crash, loss of wages, cost of care services and, in some cases, compensation for pain and suffering. Each state in Australia has a different scheme.
Third\-Party Property insurance or Comprehensive insurance covers the third party with the repairing cost of the vehicle, any property damage or medication expenses as a result of a crash by the insured. They are not to be confused with Compulsory Third\-Party insurance, which is for injuries or death of someone in a motor crash.
In [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales"), each vehicle must be insured before it can be registered. It is often called a 'greenslip',{{cite web\|url\=https://www.sira.nsw.gov.au/insurance\-coverage/CTP\-insurance\-Green\-Slips\|title\=Green Slips\|date\=28 November 2018\|publisher\=New South Wales Government, State Insurance Regulatory Authority\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028231413/http://www.maa.nsw.gov.au/default.aspx?MenuID\=88\#97\|archive\-date\=28 October 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|access\-date\=28 November 2018\|df\=dmy\-all}} because of its colour. There are five licensed CTP insurers in New South Wales. Suncorp holds licences for GIO and AAMI and Allianz holds one licence. The remaining two licences are held by QBE and NRMA Insurance (NRMA). APIA and Shannons and InsureMyRide insurance also supply CTP insurance licensed by GIO.
A privately provided scheme also applies in the [Australian Capital Territory](/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory "Australian Capital Territory") through AAMI, APIA, GIO and NRMA. Vehicle owners pay for CTP as part of their vehicle registration.
In [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland "Queensland"), CTP is included in the registration fee for a vehicle. There is a choice of private insurer – Allianz, QBE and Suncorp and price is government controlled.{{Cite news\|url\=https://maic.qld.gov.au/ctp\-scheme/\|title\=CTP scheme \- MAIC\|work\=MAIC\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-28\|language\=en\-US}}
In [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia "South Australia"), since July 2016, CTP is no longer provided by the [Motor Accident Commission](/wiki/Motor_Accident_Commission "Motor Accident Commission"). The government has now licensed four private insurers – AAMI, Allianz, QBE and SGIC – to offer CTP insurance SA. Since July 2019, vehicle owners can choose their own CTP insurer and new insurers may also enter the market.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/driving\-and\-transport/vehicles\-and\-registration/vehicle\-insurance\|title\=Vehicle insurance\|last\=Australia\|first\=Government of South Australia\|website\=www.sa.gov.au\|language\=en\-AU\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-28}}
There are three states and one territory that do not have a private CTP scheme. In [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 "Victoria (Australia)"), the [Transport Accident Commission](/wiki/Transport_Accident_Commission "Transport Accident Commission") provides CTP through a levy in the vehicle registration fee, known as the TAC charge. A similar scheme exists in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania "Tasmania") through the [Motor Accidents Insurance Board](/wiki/Motor_Accidents_Insurance_Board "Motor Accidents Insurance Board").{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.maib.tas.gov.au/been\-in\-an\-accident/summary\-of\-what\-we\-cover/\|title\=A summary of what we cover \- MAIB\|work\=MAIB\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-28\|language\=en\-US}} A similar scheme applies in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia "Western Australia"), through the Insurance Commission of Western Australia (ICWA). The Northern Territory scheme is managed through Territory Insurance Office (TIO).
### Bangladesh
For all types of motor insurance policies in [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"), the limit of liability has been fixed by the law. Currently, the limits are too low to compensate the victims. In respect of Act Only Liability Motor Vehicle Insurance, the compensation for personal injuries and property damage to third parties is {{BDTConvert\|20\|k\|0}} BDT 20,000 for death, {{BDTConvert\|10\|k\|0}} for severe injury, {{BDTConvert\|5\|k\|0}} for injury, and {{BDTConvert\|50\|k\|0}} for property damage.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2018}} The limits are under review by the governmental bodies.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2018}}
### Canada
Several Canadian provinces ([British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia"), [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan "Saskatchewan"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba") and [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec")) provide a [public auto insurance](/wiki/Public_auto_insurance "Public auto insurance") system while in the rest of the country insurance is provided privately. The third\-party insurance is privatized in Quebec and is mandatory. The province covers everything but the vehicle(s).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ibc.ca/nu/insurance\-101/public\-versus\-private\-auto\-insurance\|title\=Public Versus Private Auto Insurance\|website\=Insurance Bureau of Canada\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-28}} Basic auto insurance is mandatory throughout [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada") (with some exceptions, such as government vehicles{{cite web
\|url\=https://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/70\_2004
\|title\=Forest and Range Practices Act
\|date\=12 October 2012
\|website\=bclaws.ca
\|publisher\=Queen's Printer
\|access\-date\=1 September 2020
\|quote\=Motor vehicles operated by the government that are subject to a government self\-indemnification plan are exempt from the requirements of subsection (1\).
}}) with each province's government determining which benefits are included as minimum required auto insurance coverage and which benefits are options available for those seeking additional coverage. Accident benefits coverage is mandatory everywhere except for [Newfoundland and Labrador](/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Newfoundland and Labrador").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ibc.ca/nl/auto/auto\-insurance\|title\=Newfoundland and Labrador Auto Insurance\|website\=Insurance Bureau of Canada\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-28}} All provinces in Canada have some form of [no\-fault insurance](/wiki/No-fault_insurance "No-fault insurance") available to crash victims. The difference from province to province is the extent to which tort or no\-fault is emphasized. International drivers entering Canada are permitted to drive any vehicle their licence allows for the three\-month period for which they are allowed to use their international licence. International laws provide visitors to the country with an International Insurance Bond (IIB) until this three\-month period is over in which the international driver must provide themselves with Canadian Insurance. The IIB is reinstated every time the international driver enters the country. Damage to the driver's own vehicle is optional – one notable exception to this is in [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan "Saskatchewan"), where [SGI](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Government_Insurance "Saskatchewan Government Insurance") provides collision coverage (less than a $1000 [deductible](/wiki/Deductible "Deductible"), such as a [collision damage waiver](/wiki/Collision_damage_waiver "Collision damage waiver")) as part of its basic insurance policy.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sgi.sk.ca/basic\-auto\-damage\-insurance\|title\=Basic auto damage insurance \- SGI\|last\=SGI\|website\=SGI\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-28}} In [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan "Saskatchewan"), residents have the option to have their auto insurance through a tort system but less than 0\.5% of the population have taken this option.[Insurance Bureau of Canada](http://www.ibc.ca/en/Car_Insurance/SK/index.asp) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109004335/http://www.ibc.ca/en/Car\_Insurance/SK/index.asp \|date\=9 January 2008 }}. Ibc.ca (1 January 2003\).
Facility insurance policies are offered by the "facility association residual market" (or "FARM"), as a last resort since auto insurance is mandatory in Canada, for private and commercial high\-risk drivers who cannot buy a policy in the voluntary market (regular auto insurance). {{cite web \| url\=https://driving.ca/features/insurance/what\-is\-facility\-insurance\-for\-high\-risk\-drivers \| title\=What is facility insurance for high\-risk drivers? }}
### China
Traffic Compulsory Insurance provides protection in the event of third party injuries, third party property losses, etc. The minimum liability cover is RMB180,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\|180000\|CHN\|round\=yes}}}}) for death and injury/per crash, RMB18,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\|18000\|CHN\|round\=yes}}}}) for medical expense, and RMB2,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\|2000\|CHN\|round\=yes}}}}) for physical loss.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.hkfi.org.hk/hzmb/regulations.html\|title\=Hong Kong\-Zhuhai\-Macau Bridge (HZMB) Insurance Corner 港珠澳大橋保險專區 港珠澳大桥保险专区}} Additional 3rd Party Liability Insurance also known as Commercial Motor Insurance provides extra cover up to RMB10,000,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\|10000000\|CHN\|round\=yes}}}}) excluding the driver and passengers.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2021}} Driver and Passenger insurance covers the driver and passengers, whilst Vehicle Damage and Theft Insurance covers vehicle damage and the objects contained inside.{{Cite web \|date\=13 December 2017 \|title\=Information of Car insurance in China \|url\=https://english.visitbeijing.com.cn/article/47ONy5U5xfR \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429223618/https://english.visitbeijing.com.cn/article/47ONy5U5xfR \|archive\-date\=29 April 2022 \|access\-date\=29 April 2022 \|website\=visitbeijing.com.cn \|publisher\=\[\[Beijing Tourism Group\|Beijing Tourism]]}} Excess Waiver Insurance is an additional option that waives any deductibles.
Some differences apply in different regions:
#### Hong Kong
According to section 4(1\) of the Motor Vehicles Insurance (Third\-Party Risks) Ordinance (Cap. 272 of the Laws of Hong Kong), all users of a car, include its permitted users, must have insurance or some other security with respect to third\-party risks. Third party insurance protects the policyholder against liability of death or bodily injury to third party up to {{HKDConvert\|100\|m}} and/or damage to third party property up to {{HKDConvert\|2\|m}} as a result of crash arising out of the use of the insured vehicle.{{cite book \|title\=Chapter 272: Motor Vehicles Insurance (Third Party Risks) Ordinance \|chapter\=Section 4: Obligation on users of motor vehicles to be insured against third party risks \|date\=16 November 2017 \|chapter\-url\=http://www.blis.gov.hk/blis\_pdf.nsf/CurAllEngDoc/2FAACEB71264E66E482575EE00557C31 \|access\-date\= 7 March 2018}} Comprehensive Motor Insurance is also available.
#### Macau
The mandatory minimum legal requirement Third Party Liability ("TPL") Cover is MOP1,500,000 per crash and MOP30,000,000 per year, protecting against the legal liability arising from a traffic crash causing loss and damages to any third party.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2021}}. Comprehensive Motor Insurance is also available.
### European Union
{{See also\|Vehicle insurance in France}}
In the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), from the introduction of Directive 2009/103/EC, insurance cover is mandatory, with the statutory minimum cover being revised every five years, the most recent revision, via Directive (EU) 2021/2118 (the **‘‘Motor Insurance Directive’’** or **‘‘MID’’**) requires:{{Cite web \|last\=alexia \|date\=2022\-04\-06 \|title\=Amendments to the Motor Insurance Directive come into force across the EU \- the Key changes \|url\=https://ganado.com/news/practice\-news/amendments\-to\-the\-motor\-insurance\-directive\-come\-into\-force\-across\-the\-eu\-the\-key\-changes/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-05 \|website\=Ganado Advocates \|language\=en}}
* in the case of personal injury, a minimum amount of cover of €1,300,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\|1300000\|EUR\|round\=yes}}}}) per injured party or €6,450,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\|6450000\|EUR\|round\=yes}}}}) per claim, irrespective of the number of parties;
* in the case of damage to property, €1,300,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\|1300000\|EUR\|round\=yes}}}}) per accident.{{Cite web\|url\=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2009/103/oj/eng\|title\=Directive 2009/103/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 relating to insurance against civil liability in respect of the use of motor vehicles, and the enforcement of the obligation to insure against such liability (Text with EEA relevance)\|date\=7 October 2009}}
In some European languages, comprehensive non\-mandatory insurance is known as *casco* (Casualty and Collision).{{cite book \|last1\=Zavadil \|first1\=Tibor \|title\=Dynamic Econometric Analysis of Insurance Markets with Imperfect Information \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=University of Amsterdam \|location\=Amsterdam \|isbn\=978\-90\-361\-00946 \|page\=12}}{{cite book \|last1\=Eu\-Wong \|first1\=Shirley \|title\=Culture Shock! Switzerland \|date\=2003 \|publisher\=Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company \|location\=Portland, OR \|page\=46}}{{cite book \|last1\=Smart \|first1\=Tim \|title\=Hungary: Leading the Way \|date\=1995 \|publisher\=Euromoney Books \|location\=London \|page\=119}}{{cite book \|title\=Inglese. Dizionario e guida alla conversazione \|date\=2004 \|publisher\=L'Airone \|location\=Rome \|page\=92}}
#### Germany
[thumb\|International Motor Insurance Card (IVK)](/wiki/File:IVK.png "IVK.png")
Since 1939, it has been compulsory to have third\-party personal insurance before keeping a motor vehicle in all federal states of [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"). In addition, every vehicle owner is free to take out a comprehensive insurance policy. All types of car insurance are provided by several private insurers. The amount of insurance contribution is determined by several criteria, like the region, the type of car or the personal way of driving.
The minimum coverage defined by German law for car liability insurance / third\-party personal insurance is €7,500,000 for bodily injury (damage to people), €500,000 for property damage and €50,000 for financial/fortune loss which is in no direct or indirect coherence with bodily injury or property damage.{{Cite web\|url\=http://paguro.net/destinations/moving\-to\-germany/all\-documents\-germany/germany\_carinsurance\|title\=Germany – Car Insurance \|publisher\=Paguro\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-28}} Insurance companies usually offer all\-in/combined single limit insurance policies of €50,000,000 or €100,000,000 (about €141,000,000\) for bodily injury, property damage and other financial/fortune loss (usually with a bodily injury coverage limitation of €8–15,000,000 for each bodily injured person).
#### Hungary
Third party vehicle insurance is mandatory for all vehicles in [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary"). No exemption is possible by money deposit. The premium covers all damage up to [HUF](/wiki/Hungarian_forint "Hungarian forint") 500m (about €1\.8m) per crash without deductible. The coverage is extended to [HUF](/wiki/Hungarian_forint "Hungarian forint") 1,250m (about €4\.5m) in case of personal injuries. Vehicle insurance policies from all EU countries and some non\-EU countries are valid in Hungary based on bilateral or multilateral agreements. Visitors with vehicle insurance not covered by such agreements are required to buy a monthly, renewable policy at the border.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2019}}
#### Ireland
The Road Traffic Act, 1933 requires all drivers of mechanically propelled vehicles in public places to have at least third\-party insurance, or to have obtained exemption – generally by depositing a (large) sum of money to the High Court as a guarantee against claims. In 1933, this figure was set at [£](/wiki/Irish_pound "Irish pound")15,000\.[Road Traffic Act, 1933, Section 61](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724132007/http://193.178.1.79/1933/en/act/pub/0011/sec0061.html#sec61). 193\.178\.1\.79\. The Road Traffic Act, 1961[Road Traffic Act, 1961](http://193.178.1.79/1961/en/act/pub/0024/print.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613091705/http://193\.178\.1\.79/1961/en/act/pub/0024/print.html \|date\=13 June 2011 }}. 193\.178\.1\.79 (29 July 1961\). (which is currently in force) repealed the 1933 act but replaced these sections with functionally identical sections.
From 1968, those making deposits require the consent of the Minister for Transport to do so, with the sum specified by the Minister.
Those not exempted from obtaining insurance must obtain a certificate of insurance from their insurance provider, and display a portion of this (an [insurance disc](/wiki/Insurance_disc "Insurance disc")) on their vehicles' windscreen (if fitted).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1984/si/355/made/en/print\|title\=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)\|first\=electronic Irish Statute\|last\=Book (eISB)\|website\=www.irishstatutebook.ie}} The certificate in full must be presented to a police station within ten days if requested by an officer. Proof of having insurance or an exemption must also be provided to pay for the [motor tax](/wiki/Motor_Tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Motor Tax in the Republic of Ireland").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/travel\_and\_recreation/motoring\_1/motor\_tax\_and\_insurance/motor\_tax\_rates.html\|title\=Motor tax\|last\=Citizensinformation.ie\|website\=www.citizensinformation.ie\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-30}}
Those injured or suffering property damage/loss due to uninsured drivers can claim against the Motor Insurance Bureau of Ireland's uninsured drivers fund, as can those injured (but not those suffering damage or loss) from hit and run offences.
#### Italy
The law 990/1969 requires that each motor vehicle or trailer standing or moving on a public road have third\-party insurance (called RCA, {{Lang\|it\|Responsabilità civile per gli autoveicoli}}). Historically, a part of the certificate of insurance must be displayed on the windscreen of the vehicle. This latter requirement was revoked in 2015, when a national database of insured vehicles was built by the Insurance Company Association (ANIA, *{{Lang\|it\|Associazione Nazionale Imprese Assicuratrici}}*) and the National Transportation Authority (*{{Lang\|it\|Motorizzazione Civile}}*) to verify (by private citizens and public authorities) if a vehicle is insured. There is no exemption policy to this law disposition.
Driving without the necessary insurance for that vehicle is an offence that can be prosecuted by the police and fines range from 841 to 3,287 euros. Police forces also have the power to seize a vehicle that does not have the necessary insurance in place, until the owner of the vehicle pays a fine and signs a new insurance policy. The same provision is applied when the vehicle is standing on a public road.
Minimal insurance policies cover only third parties (including the insured person and third parties carried with the vehicle, but not the driver, if the two do not coincide). *Third parties, fire and theft* is a common insurance policy, while the all\-inclusive policies (*kasko* policy) which include also damages of the vehicle causing the crash or the injuries. It is also common to include a renounce clause of the insurance company to compensate the damages against the insured person in some cases (usually in case of DUI or other infringement of the law by the driver).
The victims of crashes caused by non\-insured vehicles could be compensated by the Road's Victim Warranty Fund (*{{Lang\|it\|Fondo garanzia vittime della strada}}*), which is covered by a fixed amount (2\.5%, as 2015\) of each RCA insurance premium.
#### Netherlands
Third\-party vehicle insurance is a mandatory requirement for every vehicle in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands").{{Cite web \|last\=Zaken \|first\=Ministerie van Algemene \|date\=2021\-01\-06 \|title\=Taking out compulsory third\-party liability insurance for a motor vehicle \- Vehicles \- Government.nl \|url\=https://www.government.nl/topics/vehicles/taking\-out\-compulsory\-third\-party\-liability\-insurance\-for\-a\-motor\-vehicle \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-04 \|website\=www.government.nl \|language\=en\-GB}} This obligation is mandatory based on article 2 of the {{lang\|nl\|Wet aansprakelijkheidsverzekering motorrijtuigen}}.{{Cite web\|url\=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002415/2020\-01\-01\|title\=Wet aansprakelijkheidsverzekering motorrijtuigen\|last\=wetten.overheid.nl\|website\=wetten.overheid.nl\|language\=nl\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-23}} When a vehicle is not insured the owner will receive a fine from the RDW ({{ill\|Netherlands Vehicle Authority\|nl\|RDW (Dienst Wegverkeer)}}).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rdw.nl/particulier/paginas/volgens\-de\-rdw\-heb\-ik\-mijn\-voertuig\-niet\-verzekerd\-wat\-moet\-ik\-doen\|title\=RDW boete\|last\=RDW\|website\=www.rdw.nl\|language\=nl\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-23}} The third\-party vehicle insurance is called a {{lang\|nl\|WA verzekering}} where WA stands for {{lang\|nl\|Wettelijke aansprakelijkheid}} which means legal liability. In general there are three types of auto insurance in the Netherlands: {{lang\|nl\|WA verzekering}} (liability insurance), {{lang\|nl\|WA beperkt casco}} (limited frame coverage), and {{lang\|nl\|WA vollledig casco}} (full frame coverage). Limited frame and full frame coverage will provide more coverage against certain additional risks which are not covered by the mandatory legal third\-party coverage. For example limited frame coverage will provide coverage against damage caused by the weather such as storm and flooding. Also fire damage and theft of the car is covered. Full frame coverage will provide coverage against all risks mentioned plus damage to the car caused by the driver himself.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2020}}
#### Spain
Each motor vehicle on a public road is required to have third party insurance (called {{lang\|es\|Seguro de responsabilidad civil}}).
Police forces have the power to seize vehicles that do not have the necessary insurance in place, until the owner of the vehicle pays the fine and signs a new insurance policy. Driving without the necessary insurance for that vehicle is an offence that will be prosecuted by the police and will receive a penalty. The same provision is applied when the vehicle is standing on a public road.
The minimum insurance policy covers only third parties (including the insured person and third parties carried with the vehicle, but not the driver, if the two do not coincide). *Third parties, fire and theft* is a common insurance policy.
Victims of accidents caused by non\-insured vehicles may be compensated by a Warranty Fund, which is covered by a fixed amount for each insurance premium.
Since 2013 it is possible to contract an insurance by days as is possible in countries such as Germany and the UK.{{cite news\|last1\=EcoMotor.es\|title\=¿Problemas con su seguro tradicional? Ya puede asegurar su coche por días\|url\=http://www.eleconomista.es/ecomotor/motor/noticias/4993016/07/13/Problemas\-con\-su\-seguro\-tradicional\-Ya\-puede\-asegurar\-su\-coche\-por\-dias.html\|access\-date\=4 November 2016}}
### Indonesia
[thumb\|Logo of PT Jasa Raharja (Persero) since {{clarify\|text\=1980\|date\=March 2020}}. This logo has since ubiquitously appeared in many [traffic cones](/wiki/Traffic_cone "Traffic cone") and temporary barriers nationwide.](/wiki/File:PT_Jasa_Raharja_%28Persero%29.svg "PT Jasa Raharja (Persero).svg")
Third\-party vehicle insurance is a mandatory requirement in [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") and each individual car and motorcycle must be insured or the vehicle will not be considered legal; this compulsory auto insurance is legally called the **Road Traffic Accidents Compulsory Coverage Fund** ({{lang\-id\|Dana Pertanggungan Wajib Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Jalan}}, **DPWKLLJ**). Therefore, a motorist cannot drive the vehicle until it is insured. DPWKLLJ was introduced in 1964 and merely covers body injuries, and is operated by a [SOE](/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Indonesia "State-owned enterprises of Indonesia") called **{{ill\|PT Jasa Raharja (Persero)\|id\|Jasa Raharja}}**.[PT. Jasa Raharja \| Asuransi Kecelakaan Lalulintas Jalan dan Penumpang Umum](http://www.jasaraharja.co.id). Jasaraharja.co.id. DPWKLLJ is included, through an annual premium called the *Compulsory Donation to the Road Traffic Accident Fund* ({{lang\-id\|Sumbangan Wajib Dana Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Jalan}}, *SWDKLLJ*),{{Cite journal \|last\=Sitorus \|first\=Budi \|last2\=Sitorus \|first2\=Antoni S. \|last3\=Harsono \|first3\=Tulus Irpan \|last4\=Sitorus \|first4\=Christina Natalia \|date\=2022\-06\-08 \|title\=Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Sumbangan Wajib Dana Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Jalan Dan Kebijakan Perlindungan Kecelakaan Jalan \|url\=https://ktj.pktj.ac.id/ktj/article/view/426 \|journal\=Jurnal Keselamatan Transportasi Jalan (Indonesian Journal of Road Safety) \|language\=en \|volume\=9 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=60–70 \|doi\=10\.46447/ktj.v9i1\.426 \|issn\=2721\-7248\|doi\-access\=free }} in the annual vehicle tax which is paid to the local *Samsat* (*Sistem Administrasi Manunggal di bawah Satu Atap*), which is responsible for cars and roads.
### India
{{Main\|Motor Vehicle Insurance (India)}}
[thumb\|A sample Vehicle Insurance Certificate in India](/wiki/File:Vehicle_Insurance_Certificate_in_India.pdf "Vehicle Insurance Certificate in India.pdf")
Auto insurance in India covers the loss of or damage caused to the automobile or its parts due to natural and man\-made calamities. It provides *accident cover for individual owners* of the vehicle while driving and also for *passengers and third party legal liability*. There are certain general insurance companies who also offer online insurance service for the vehicle.
Auto insurance is a compulsory requirement for all new vehicles used whether for commercial or personal use. Insurance companies have tie\-ups with leading automobile manufacturers. They offer their customers instant auto quotes. Premiums are determined by a number of factors and the amount of premium increases with the rise in the price of the vehicle. The claims of the auto insurance in India can be accidental, theft claims or third party claims. Certain documents are required for claiming auto insurance, like duly signed claim form, Registration Certificate copy of the vehicle, driving license copy, [First information report](/wiki/First_information_report "First information report") copy, original estimate and policy copy.
There are different types of auto insurance in India:
* Private car insurance – the fastest growing sector in India as it is compulsory for all new cars. The amount of premium depends on the make and value of the car, state where the car is registered and the year of manufacture. This amount can be reduced by asking the insurer for a no claim bonus (NCB) if no claim is made for insurance in previous year.{{cite web \|title\=Motor Insurance \|url\=http://www.policyholder.gov.in/Faqlist.aspx?CategoryId\=78 \|website\=Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India \|access\-date\=4 June 2018}}
* Two wheeler insurance – covers accidental insurance for the driver of the vehicle. The amount of premium depends on the current showroom price multiplied by the depreciation rate fixed by the Tariff Advisory Committee at the beginning of a policy period.
* Commercial vehicle insurance – provides cover for all the vehicles which are not used for personal purposes like trucks and HMVs. The amount of premium depends on the showroom price of the vehicle at the commencement of the insurance period, make of the vehicle and the place of registration of the vehicle.
Auto insurance generally includes:
* Loss or damage by crash, fire, lightning, self ignition, external explosion, burglary, housebreaking or theft, malicious act
* Liability for third\-party injury/death, third\-party property and liability to paid driver
* On payment of appropriate additional premium, loss/damage to electrical/electronic accessories
Auto insurance generally does not include:
* Consequential loss, depreciation, mechanical and electrical breakdown, failure or breakage
* When the vehicle is used outside the geographical area covered by the policy
* War or nuclear perils and drunken driving
#### Third party insurance
Third party insurance cover is mandatory under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988\. This cover cannot be used for personal damages. This is offered at low premiums and allows for third party claims under "no\-fault liability". The premium is calculated through the rates provided by the Tariff Advisory Committee. This is a branch of the IRDA (Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India). It covers bodily injury/accidental death and property damage.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2019}}
### Malaysia
In Malaysia, renewing car insurances is a very common thing. In general, there are four types of car insurance available for Malaysians:
* Act cover
This is the minimum cover corresponding to the terms of the Road Transport Act 1987\. The insurance concerns the legal liability for death or physical injury to the third party (not include the passengers), so it is hardly ever written by insurers.
* Third\-party coverage
This type is compulsory to buy for every vehicle so it is the most basic and common car insurance, which insures you against claims for the injury or damage to the third party or its property in a crash.
* Third\-party, fire, and theft coverage
In addition to third\-party coverage, this policy also provides insurance for your own vehicle due to fire, crash or theft.
* Comprehensive coverage
This policy provides the widest coverage, i.e. the third party's physical injury and death, third party's vehicle damage and your own vehicle's damage caused by fire, theft or a crash. This type of insurance is usually designed for luxury vehicles.
### New Zealand
Within [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), the [Accident Compensation Corporation](/wiki/Accident_Compensation_Corporation "Accident Compensation Corporation") (ACC) provides nationwide no\-fault personal injury insurance.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.acc.co.nz/making\-a\-claim/am\-i\-covered/index.htm \|title\= Am I covered? \|publisher\= Accident Compensation Corporation \|access\-date\= 23 December 2011}} Injuries involving motor vehicles operating on public roads are covered by the Motor Vehicle Account, for which premiums are collected through levies on petrol and through vehicle licensing fees.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.acc.co.nz/about\-acc/overview\-of\-acc/how\-were\-funded/index.htm \|title\= How we're funded \|publisher\= Accident Compensation Corporation \|access\-date\= 23 December 2011 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716154615/http://www.acc.co.nz/about\-acc/overview\-of\-acc/how\-were\-funded/index.htm \|archive\-date\= 16 July 2011 \|url\-status\= dead }}
### Norway
In [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), the vehicle owner must provide the minimum liability insurance for his/her vehicle(s) – of any kind. Otherwise, the vehicle is illegal to use. If a person drives a vehicle belonging to someone else and has a crash, the insurance will cover for damage done. Note that the policy carrier can choose to limit the coverage to only apply for family members or persons over a certain age.
### Romania
Romanian law mandates [Răspundere Auto Civilă](/wiki/Civil_Auto_Liability "Civil Auto Liability"), a motor\-vehicle liability insurance for all vehicle owners to cover damages to third parties.{{cite news \| title \= Poliţele RCA se scumpesc în 2009 cu 10 până la 30% \| url \= http://www.realitatea.net/politele\-rca\-se\-scumpesc\-in\-2009\-cu\-10\-pana\-la\-30\-la\-suta\_429721\.html \| work \= Realitatea \| date \= 6 March 2009 \| access\-date \= 11 June 2009 \| language \= ro }}
### Russian Federation
Motor vehicle liability insurance is mandatory for all owners in Russian legislation. Insurance of the vehicle itself is technically voluntary, but may be mandated in some circumstances, e.g. if the car is leased.
### South Africa
[South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") allocates a percentage of the money from fuel into the [Road Accident Fund](/wiki/Road_Accident_Fund "Road Accident Fund"), which goes towards compensating third parties in crashes.{{cite web \| title \= Petrol Structure \| url \= http://www.dme.gov.za/energy/petrol\_structure.htm \| publisher \= Department of Minerals and Energy, South Africa \| access\-date \= 11 May 2006 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20060507063456/http://www.dme.gov.za/energy/petrol\_structure.htm \| archive\-date \= 7 May 2006 \| url\-status \= dead \| df \= dmy\-all }}{{cite web \| title \= South African Road Accident Fund Act of 1996 \| url \= http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/1996/a56\-96\.htm \| publisher \= South African Government \| access\-date \= 4 December 2009 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090924015217/http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/1996/a56\-96\.htm \| archive\-date \= 24 September 2009 \| url\-status \= dead \| df \= dmy\-all }}
### United Arab Emirates
When buying car insurance in the [United Arab Emirates](/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates"), the traffic department requires a 13\-month insurance certificate each time a person registers or renews a vehicle registration. In Dubai, vehicle insurance is compulsory as per the UAE RTA law.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rta.ae/wps/portal/rta/ae/aboutrta\-old/legislationandlaws/Traffic%20and%20Road%20Legislations\|title\=RTA Law in UAE\|website\=RTA AE\|access\-date\=24 July 2019}} There are two types of motor insurance policies in Dubai, Third\-Party Liability Insurance and Comprehensive Motor Insurance.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2019}}
It is mandatory to have third\-party liability insurance for every individual vehicle owner in [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"). This insurance policy is the most basic form of vehicle insurance Dubai as it covers the third\-party property damage or bodily injuries caused by the insured vehicle.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2019}}
Policyholder's own vehicle damage such as fire, theft, and accidental collision is not covered under the third\-party liability insurance policy.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2019}}
### United Kingdom
{{main\|Vehicle insurance in the United Kingdom}}
[thumb\|Uninsured cars \- a [BMW X5](/wiki/BMW_X5 "BMW X5") (left) and [Ford Mondeo](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo "Ford Mondeo") (right) \- seized by [Merseyside Police](/wiki/Merseyside_Police "Merseyside Police") on display outside the force's headquarters in 2006\. In the United Kingdom.](/wiki/File:Uninsured_cars_seized_by_police_in_Liverpool.JPG "Uninsured cars seized by police in Liverpool.JPG")
The [Road Traffic Act 1930](/wiki/Road_Traffic_Act_1930 "Road Traffic Act 1930"), of the [UK Government](/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom "Government of the United Kingdom"), introduced a law that required every person who used a vehicle on the road to have at least third\-party personal injury insurance. Today, this law is contained in the [Road Traffic Act 1988](/wiki/Road_Traffic_Act_1988 "Road Traffic Act 1988"). Section 143 of that Act requires that motorists be insured against liability for injuries to others (including passengers) and for damage to other persons' property, resulting from use of a vehicle on a public road or in other public places.{{Cite legislation UK \|type\=act \|year\=1988 \|chapter\=52 \|act\=Road Traffic Act 1988\|section\=143 \|date\= \|accessdate\=2 August 2023}} The regulations were last revised via The Motor Vehicles (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations 2016 No. 1193, the amendment increased the minimum guaranteed property cover to £1,200,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\|1200000\|GBR\|round\=yes}}}}) per accident, personal injury cover remains unlimited.{{Cite web \|date\=October 2015 \|title\=Explanatory Memorandum to The Motor Vehicles (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations 2016 No. 1193 \|url\=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/1193/pdfs/uksiem\_20161193\_en.pdf \|website\=Legislation.gov.uk}} Failure to insure a vehicle can result in the vehicle being seized, the driver finned a minimum of £300 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\|300\|GBR\|round\=yes}}}}) and issued with [six to eight penalty driving points (IN10\)](/wiki/List_of_UK_driving_licence_endorsements "List of UK driving licence endorsements").{{Cite web \|title\=Vehicle insurance \|url\=https://www.gov.uk/vehicle\-insurance/driving\-without\-insurance \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-05 \|website\=GOV.UK \|language\=en}}
### United States
{{main\|Vehicle insurance in the United States}}
The regulations for vehicle insurance differ with each of the [50 US states](/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state") and other territories, with each U.S. state having its own mandatory minimum coverage requirements (*see separate main article*). 48 U.S. states and the District of Columbia require drivers to have insurance coverage for both bodily injury and property damage, with New Hampshire and Virginia being the exception, but the minimum amount of coverage required by law varies by state. For example, minimum bodily injury liability coverage requirements range from $30,000 in [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona"){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.azdot.gov/motor\-vehicles/faq/vehicle\-services/mandatory\-insurance\|title\=Mandatory Insurance\|website\=www.azdot.gov\|access\-date\=2017\-09\-28}} to $100,000 in [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska "Alaska") and [Maine](/wiki/Maine "Maine"),{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.maine.gov/pfr/insurance/consumer/individuals\_families/auto/general\_information/required\_insurance.html\|title\=Maine Bureau of Insurance: Auto Insurance Required by Law\|website\=www.maine.gov\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-09\-28}} while minimum property damage liability requirements range from $5,000 to $25,000 in most states.
|
[
"Public policies\n---------------",
"In many jurisdictions, it is compulsory to have vehicle insurance before using or keeping a motor vehicle on public roads. Most jurisdictions relate insurance to both the car and the driver; however, the degree of each varies greatly.",
"Several jurisdictions have experimented with a \"pay\\-as\\-you\\-drive\" insurance plan which utilizes either a tracking device in the vehicle or vehicle diagnostics. This could address issues of uninsured motorists by providing additional options and also charge based on the distance driven, which could theoretically increase the efficiency of the insurance, through streamlined collection.Wenzel T. (1995\\). [Analysis of national pay\\-as\\-you\\-drive insurance systems and other variable driving charges](http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=125357). Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.",
"### Australia",
"In [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), every state has its own *Compulsory Third\\-Party* (CTP) insurance scheme. CTP covers only personal injury liability in a vehicle crash. *Comprehensive* and *Third\\-Party Property Damage, with or without Fire and Theft* insurance, are sold separately. \n* *Comprehensive* insurance covers damages to third\\-party vehicles, other third\\-party property and the insured vehicle.\n* *Third\\-Party Property Damage* insurance covers damage to third\\-party property and vehicles, but not the insured vehicle.\n* *Third\\-Party Property Damage with Fire and Theft* insurance covers the insured vehicle against fire and theft as well as damage to third\\-party property and vehicles.",
"#### Compulsory Third\\-Party Insurance",
"CTP insurance is compulsory in every state in Australia and is paid as part of vehicle registration. It covers the vehicle owner and any person who drives the vehicle against claims for liability for death or injury to people caused by the fault of the vehicle owner or driver. CTP may include any kind of physical harm, bodily injuries and may cover the cost of all reasonable medical treatment for injuries received in the crash, loss of wages, cost of care services and, in some cases, compensation for pain and suffering. Each state in Australia has a different scheme.",
"Third\\-Party Property insurance or Comprehensive insurance covers the third party with the repairing cost of the vehicle, any property damage or medication expenses as a result of a crash by the insured. They are not to be confused with Compulsory Third\\-Party insurance, which is for injuries or death of someone in a motor crash.",
"In [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\"), each vehicle must be insured before it can be registered. It is often called a 'greenslip',{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sira.nsw.gov.au/insurance\\-coverage/CTP\\-insurance\\-Green\\-Slips\\|title\\=Green Slips\\|date\\=28 November 2018\\|publisher\\=New South Wales Government, State Insurance Regulatory Authority\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028231413/http://www.maa.nsw.gov.au/default.aspx?MenuID\\=88\\#97\\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2018\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} because of its colour. There are five licensed CTP insurers in New South Wales. Suncorp holds licences for GIO and AAMI and Allianz holds one licence. The remaining two licences are held by QBE and NRMA Insurance (NRMA). APIA and Shannons and InsureMyRide insurance also supply CTP insurance licensed by GIO.",
"A privately provided scheme also applies in the [Australian Capital Territory](/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory \"Australian Capital Territory\") through AAMI, APIA, GIO and NRMA. Vehicle owners pay for CTP as part of their vehicle registration.",
"In [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\"), CTP is included in the registration fee for a vehicle. There is a choice of private insurer – Allianz, QBE and Suncorp and price is government controlled.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://maic.qld.gov.au/ctp\\-scheme/\\|title\\=CTP scheme \\- MAIC\\|work\\=MAIC\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-28\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia \"South Australia\"), since July 2016, CTP is no longer provided by the [Motor Accident Commission](/wiki/Motor_Accident_Commission \"Motor Accident Commission\"). The government has now licensed four private insurers – AAMI, Allianz, QBE and SGIC – to offer CTP insurance SA. Since July 2019, vehicle owners can choose their own CTP insurer and new insurers may also enter the market.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/driving\\-and\\-transport/vehicles\\-and\\-registration/vehicle\\-insurance\\|title\\=Vehicle insurance\\|last\\=Australia\\|first\\=Government of South Australia\\|website\\=www.sa.gov.au\\|language\\=en\\-AU\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28}}",
"There are three states and one territory that do not have a private CTP scheme. In [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 \"Victoria (Australia)\"), the [Transport Accident Commission](/wiki/Transport_Accident_Commission \"Transport Accident Commission\") provides CTP through a levy in the vehicle registration fee, known as the TAC charge. A similar scheme exists in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania \"Tasmania\") through the [Motor Accidents Insurance Board](/wiki/Motor_Accidents_Insurance_Board \"Motor Accidents Insurance Board\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.maib.tas.gov.au/been\\-in\\-an\\-accident/summary\\-of\\-what\\-we\\-cover/\\|title\\=A summary of what we cover \\- MAIB\\|work\\=MAIB\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-28\\|language\\=en\\-US}} A similar scheme applies in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\"), through the Insurance Commission of Western Australia (ICWA). The Northern Territory scheme is managed through Territory Insurance Office (TIO).",
"### Bangladesh",
"For all types of motor insurance policies in [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"), the limit of liability has been fixed by the law. Currently, the limits are too low to compensate the victims. In respect of Act Only Liability Motor Vehicle Insurance, the compensation for personal injuries and property damage to third parties is {{BDTConvert\\|20\\|k\\|0}} BDT 20,000 for death, {{BDTConvert\\|10\\|k\\|0}} for severe injury, {{BDTConvert\\|5\\|k\\|0}} for injury, and {{BDTConvert\\|50\\|k\\|0}} for property damage.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2018}} The limits are under review by the governmental bodies.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2018}}",
"### Canada",
"Several Canadian provinces ([British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\"), [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan \"Saskatchewan\"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\") and [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\")) provide a [public auto insurance](/wiki/Public_auto_insurance \"Public auto insurance\") system while in the rest of the country insurance is provided privately. The third\\-party insurance is privatized in Quebec and is mandatory. The province covers everything but the vehicle(s).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ibc.ca/nu/insurance\\-101/public\\-versus\\-private\\-auto\\-insurance\\|title\\=Public Versus Private Auto Insurance\\|website\\=Insurance Bureau of Canada\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-28}} Basic auto insurance is mandatory throughout [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") (with some exceptions, such as government vehicles{{cite web \n \\|url\\=https://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/70\\_2004 \n \\|title\\=Forest and Range Practices Act\n \\|date\\=12 October 2012\n \\|website\\=bclaws.ca \n \\|publisher\\=Queen's Printer \n \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2020\n \\|quote\\=Motor vehicles operated by the government that are subject to a government self\\-indemnification plan are exempt from the requirements of subsection (1\\).\n}}) with each province's government determining which benefits are included as minimum required auto insurance coverage and which benefits are options available for those seeking additional coverage. Accident benefits coverage is mandatory everywhere except for [Newfoundland and Labrador](/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Newfoundland and Labrador\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ibc.ca/nl/auto/auto\\-insurance\\|title\\=Newfoundland and Labrador Auto Insurance\\|website\\=Insurance Bureau of Canada\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-28}} All provinces in Canada have some form of [no\\-fault insurance](/wiki/No-fault_insurance \"No-fault insurance\") available to crash victims. The difference from province to province is the extent to which tort or no\\-fault is emphasized. International drivers entering Canada are permitted to drive any vehicle their licence allows for the three\\-month period for which they are allowed to use their international licence. International laws provide visitors to the country with an International Insurance Bond (IIB) until this three\\-month period is over in which the international driver must provide themselves with Canadian Insurance. The IIB is reinstated every time the international driver enters the country. Damage to the driver's own vehicle is optional – one notable exception to this is in [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan \"Saskatchewan\"), where [SGI](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Government_Insurance \"Saskatchewan Government Insurance\") provides collision coverage (less than a $1000 [deductible](/wiki/Deductible \"Deductible\"), such as a [collision damage waiver](/wiki/Collision_damage_waiver \"Collision damage waiver\")) as part of its basic insurance policy.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sgi.sk.ca/basic\\-auto\\-damage\\-insurance\\|title\\=Basic auto damage insurance \\- SGI\\|last\\=SGI\\|website\\=SGI\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-28}} In [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan \"Saskatchewan\"), residents have the option to have their auto insurance through a tort system but less than 0\\.5% of the population have taken this option.[Insurance Bureau of Canada](http://www.ibc.ca/en/Car_Insurance/SK/index.asp) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109004335/http://www.ibc.ca/en/Car\\_Insurance/SK/index.asp \\|date\\=9 January 2008 }}. Ibc.ca (1 January 2003\\).",
"Facility insurance policies are offered by the \"facility association residual market\" (or \"FARM\"), as a last resort since auto insurance is mandatory in Canada, for private and commercial high\\-risk drivers who cannot buy a policy in the voluntary market (regular auto insurance). {{cite web \\| url\\=https://driving.ca/features/insurance/what\\-is\\-facility\\-insurance\\-for\\-high\\-risk\\-drivers \\| title\\=What is facility insurance for high\\-risk drivers? }}",
"### China",
"Traffic Compulsory Insurance provides protection in the event of third party injuries, third party property losses, etc. The minimum liability cover is RMB180,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\\|180000\\|CHN\\|round\\=yes}}}}) for death and injury/per crash, RMB18,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\\|18000\\|CHN\\|round\\=yes}}}}) for medical expense, and RMB2,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\\|2000\\|CHN\\|round\\=yes}}}}) for physical loss.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hkfi.org.hk/hzmb/regulations.html\\|title\\=Hong Kong\\-Zhuhai\\-Macau Bridge (HZMB) Insurance Corner 港珠澳大橋保險專區 港珠澳大桥保险专区}} Additional 3rd Party Liability Insurance also known as Commercial Motor Insurance provides extra cover up to RMB10,000,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\\|10000000\\|CHN\\|round\\=yes}}}}) excluding the driver and passengers.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2021}} Driver and Passenger insurance covers the driver and passengers, whilst Vehicle Damage and Theft Insurance covers vehicle damage and the objects contained inside.{{Cite web \\|date\\=13 December 2017 \\|title\\=Information of Car insurance in China \\|url\\=https://english.visitbeijing.com.cn/article/47ONy5U5xfR \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429223618/https://english.visitbeijing.com.cn/article/47ONy5U5xfR \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2022 \\|website\\=visitbeijing.com.cn \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Beijing Tourism Group\\|Beijing Tourism]]}} Excess Waiver Insurance is an additional option that waives any deductibles.",
"Some differences apply in different regions:",
"#### Hong Kong",
"According to section 4(1\\) of the Motor Vehicles Insurance (Third\\-Party Risks) Ordinance (Cap. 272 of the Laws of Hong Kong), all users of a car, include its permitted users, must have insurance or some other security with respect to third\\-party risks. Third party insurance protects the policyholder against liability of death or bodily injury to third party up to {{HKDConvert\\|100\\|m}} and/or damage to third party property up to {{HKDConvert\\|2\\|m}} as a result of crash arising out of the use of the insured vehicle.{{cite book \\|title\\=Chapter 272: Motor Vehicles Insurance (Third Party Risks) Ordinance \\|chapter\\=Section 4: Obligation on users of motor vehicles to be insured against third party risks \\|date\\=16 November 2017 \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www.blis.gov.hk/blis\\_pdf.nsf/CurAllEngDoc/2FAACEB71264E66E482575EE00557C31 \\|access\\-date\\= 7 March 2018}} Comprehensive Motor Insurance is also available.",
"#### Macau",
"The mandatory minimum legal requirement Third Party Liability (\"TPL\") Cover is MOP1,500,000 per crash and MOP30,000,000 per year, protecting against the legal liability arising from a traffic crash causing loss and damages to any third party.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2021}}. Comprehensive Motor Insurance is also available.",
"### European Union",
"{{See also\\|Vehicle insurance in France}}\nIn the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), from the introduction of Directive 2009/103/EC, insurance cover is mandatory, with the statutory minimum cover being revised every five years, the most recent revision, via Directive (EU) 2021/2118 (the **‘‘Motor Insurance Directive’’** or **‘‘MID’’**) requires:{{Cite web \\|last\\=alexia \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-06 \\|title\\=Amendments to the Motor Insurance Directive come into force across the EU \\- the Key changes \\|url\\=https://ganado.com/news/practice\\-news/amendments\\-to\\-the\\-motor\\-insurance\\-directive\\-come\\-into\\-force\\-across\\-the\\-eu\\-the\\-key\\-changes/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-05 \\|website\\=Ganado Advocates \\|language\\=en}}\n* in the case of personal injury, a minimum amount of cover of €1,300,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\\|1300000\\|EUR\\|round\\=yes}}}}) per injured party or €6,450,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\\|6450000\\|EUR\\|round\\=yes}}}}) per claim, irrespective of the number of parties;\n* in the case of damage to property, €1,300,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\\|1300000\\|EUR\\|round\\=yes}}}}) per accident.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2009/103/oj/eng\\|title\\=Directive 2009/103/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 relating to insurance against civil liability in respect of the use of motor vehicles, and the enforcement of the obligation to insure against such liability (Text with EEA relevance)\\|date\\=7 October 2009}}",
"In some European languages, comprehensive non\\-mandatory insurance is known as *casco* (Casualty and Collision).{{cite book \\|last1\\=Zavadil \\|first1\\=Tibor \\|title\\=Dynamic Econometric Analysis of Insurance Markets with Imperfect Information \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=University of Amsterdam \\|location\\=Amsterdam \\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-361\\-00946 \\|page\\=12}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Eu\\-Wong \\|first1\\=Shirley \\|title\\=Culture Shock! Switzerland \\|date\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company \\|location\\=Portland, OR \\|page\\=46}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Smart \\|first1\\=Tim \\|title\\=Hungary: Leading the Way \\|date\\=1995 \\|publisher\\=Euromoney Books \\|location\\=London \\|page\\=119}}{{cite book \\|title\\=Inglese. Dizionario e guida alla conversazione \\|date\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=L'Airone \\|location\\=Rome \\|page\\=92}}",
"#### Germany",
"[thumb\\|International Motor Insurance Card (IVK)](/wiki/File:IVK.png \"IVK.png\")\nSince 1939, it has been compulsory to have third\\-party personal insurance before keeping a motor vehicle in all federal states of [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"). In addition, every vehicle owner is free to take out a comprehensive insurance policy. All types of car insurance are provided by several private insurers. The amount of insurance contribution is determined by several criteria, like the region, the type of car or the personal way of driving.",
"The minimum coverage defined by German law for car liability insurance / third\\-party personal insurance is €7,500,000 for bodily injury (damage to people), €500,000 for property damage and €50,000 for financial/fortune loss which is in no direct or indirect coherence with bodily injury or property damage.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://paguro.net/destinations/moving\\-to\\-germany/all\\-documents\\-germany/germany\\_carinsurance\\|title\\=Germany – Car Insurance \\|publisher\\=Paguro\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-28}} Insurance companies usually offer all\\-in/combined single limit insurance policies of €50,000,000 or €100,000,000 (about €141,000,000\\) for bodily injury, property damage and other financial/fortune loss (usually with a bodily injury coverage limitation of €8–15,000,000 for each bodily injured person).",
"#### Hungary",
"Third party vehicle insurance is mandatory for all vehicles in [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\"). No exemption is possible by money deposit. The premium covers all damage up to [HUF](/wiki/Hungarian_forint \"Hungarian forint\") 500m (about €1\\.8m) per crash without deductible. The coverage is extended to [HUF](/wiki/Hungarian_forint \"Hungarian forint\") 1,250m (about €4\\.5m) in case of personal injuries. Vehicle insurance policies from all EU countries and some non\\-EU countries are valid in Hungary based on bilateral or multilateral agreements. Visitors with vehicle insurance not covered by such agreements are required to buy a monthly, renewable policy at the border.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2019}}",
"#### Ireland",
"The Road Traffic Act, 1933 requires all drivers of mechanically propelled vehicles in public places to have at least third\\-party insurance, or to have obtained exemption – generally by depositing a (large) sum of money to the High Court as a guarantee against claims. In 1933, this figure was set at [£](/wiki/Irish_pound \"Irish pound\")15,000\\.[Road Traffic Act, 1933, Section 61](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724132007/http://193.178.1.79/1933/en/act/pub/0011/sec0061.html#sec61). 193\\.178\\.1\\.79\\. The Road Traffic Act, 1961[Road Traffic Act, 1961](http://193.178.1.79/1961/en/act/pub/0024/print.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613091705/http://193\\.178\\.1\\.79/1961/en/act/pub/0024/print.html \\|date\\=13 June 2011 }}. 193\\.178\\.1\\.79 (29 July 1961\\). (which is currently in force) repealed the 1933 act but replaced these sections with functionally identical sections.",
"From 1968, those making deposits require the consent of the Minister for Transport to do so, with the sum specified by the Minister.",
"Those not exempted from obtaining insurance must obtain a certificate of insurance from their insurance provider, and display a portion of this (an [insurance disc](/wiki/Insurance_disc \"Insurance disc\")) on their vehicles' windscreen (if fitted).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1984/si/355/made/en/print\\|title\\=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)\\|first\\=electronic Irish Statute\\|last\\=Book (eISB)\\|website\\=www.irishstatutebook.ie}} The certificate in full must be presented to a police station within ten days if requested by an officer. Proof of having insurance or an exemption must also be provided to pay for the [motor tax](/wiki/Motor_Tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Motor Tax in the Republic of Ireland\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/travel\\_and\\_recreation/motoring\\_1/motor\\_tax\\_and\\_insurance/motor\\_tax\\_rates.html\\|title\\=Motor tax\\|last\\=Citizensinformation.ie\\|website\\=www.citizensinformation.ie\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-30}}",
"Those injured or suffering property damage/loss due to uninsured drivers can claim against the Motor Insurance Bureau of Ireland's uninsured drivers fund, as can those injured (but not those suffering damage or loss) from hit and run offences.",
"#### Italy",
"The law 990/1969 requires that each motor vehicle or trailer standing or moving on a public road have third\\-party insurance (called RCA, {{Lang\\|it\\|Responsabilità civile per gli autoveicoli}}). Historically, a part of the certificate of insurance must be displayed on the windscreen of the vehicle. This latter requirement was revoked in 2015, when a national database of insured vehicles was built by the Insurance Company Association (ANIA, *{{Lang\\|it\\|Associazione Nazionale Imprese Assicuratrici}}*) and the National Transportation Authority (*{{Lang\\|it\\|Motorizzazione Civile}}*) to verify (by private citizens and public authorities) if a vehicle is insured. There is no exemption policy to this law disposition.",
"Driving without the necessary insurance for that vehicle is an offence that can be prosecuted by the police and fines range from 841 to 3,287 euros. Police forces also have the power to seize a vehicle that does not have the necessary insurance in place, until the owner of the vehicle pays a fine and signs a new insurance policy. The same provision is applied when the vehicle is standing on a public road.",
"Minimal insurance policies cover only third parties (including the insured person and third parties carried with the vehicle, but not the driver, if the two do not coincide). *Third parties, fire and theft* is a common insurance policy, while the all\\-inclusive policies (*kasko* policy) which include also damages of the vehicle causing the crash or the injuries. It is also common to include a renounce clause of the insurance company to compensate the damages against the insured person in some cases (usually in case of DUI or other infringement of the law by the driver).",
"The victims of crashes caused by non\\-insured vehicles could be compensated by the Road's Victim Warranty Fund (*{{Lang\\|it\\|Fondo garanzia vittime della strada}}*), which is covered by a fixed amount (2\\.5%, as 2015\\) of each RCA insurance premium.",
"#### Netherlands",
"Third\\-party vehicle insurance is a mandatory requirement for every vehicle in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Zaken \\|first\\=Ministerie van Algemene \\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-06 \\|title\\=Taking out compulsory third\\-party liability insurance for a motor vehicle \\- Vehicles \\- Government.nl \\|url\\=https://www.government.nl/topics/vehicles/taking\\-out\\-compulsory\\-third\\-party\\-liability\\-insurance\\-for\\-a\\-motor\\-vehicle \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-04 \\|website\\=www.government.nl \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} This obligation is mandatory based on article 2 of the {{lang\\|nl\\|Wet aansprakelijkheidsverzekering motorrijtuigen}}.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002415/2020\\-01\\-01\\|title\\=Wet aansprakelijkheidsverzekering motorrijtuigen\\|last\\=wetten.overheid.nl\\|website\\=wetten.overheid.nl\\|language\\=nl\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-23}} When a vehicle is not insured the owner will receive a fine from the RDW ({{ill\\|Netherlands Vehicle Authority\\|nl\\|RDW (Dienst Wegverkeer)}}).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rdw.nl/particulier/paginas/volgens\\-de\\-rdw\\-heb\\-ik\\-mijn\\-voertuig\\-niet\\-verzekerd\\-wat\\-moet\\-ik\\-doen\\|title\\=RDW boete\\|last\\=RDW\\|website\\=www.rdw.nl\\|language\\=nl\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-23}} The third\\-party vehicle insurance is called a {{lang\\|nl\\|WA verzekering}} where WA stands for {{lang\\|nl\\|Wettelijke aansprakelijkheid}} which means legal liability. In general there are three types of auto insurance in the Netherlands: {{lang\\|nl\\|WA verzekering}} (liability insurance), {{lang\\|nl\\|WA beperkt casco}} (limited frame coverage), and {{lang\\|nl\\|WA vollledig casco}} (full frame coverage). Limited frame and full frame coverage will provide more coverage against certain additional risks which are not covered by the mandatory legal third\\-party coverage. For example limited frame coverage will provide coverage against damage caused by the weather such as storm and flooding. Also fire damage and theft of the car is covered. Full frame coverage will provide coverage against all risks mentioned plus damage to the car caused by the driver himself.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2020}}",
"#### Spain",
"Each motor vehicle on a public road is required to have third party insurance (called {{lang\\|es\\|Seguro de responsabilidad civil}}).",
"Police forces have the power to seize vehicles that do not have the necessary insurance in place, until the owner of the vehicle pays the fine and signs a new insurance policy. Driving without the necessary insurance for that vehicle is an offence that will be prosecuted by the police and will receive a penalty. The same provision is applied when the vehicle is standing on a public road.",
"The minimum insurance policy covers only third parties (including the insured person and third parties carried with the vehicle, but not the driver, if the two do not coincide). *Third parties, fire and theft* is a common insurance policy.",
"Victims of accidents caused by non\\-insured vehicles may be compensated by a Warranty Fund, which is covered by a fixed amount for each insurance premium.",
"Since 2013 it is possible to contract an insurance by days as is possible in countries such as Germany and the UK.{{cite news\\|last1\\=EcoMotor.es\\|title\\=¿Problemas con su seguro tradicional? Ya puede asegurar su coche por días\\|url\\=http://www.eleconomista.es/ecomotor/motor/noticias/4993016/07/13/Problemas\\-con\\-su\\-seguro\\-tradicional\\-Ya\\-puede\\-asegurar\\-su\\-coche\\-por\\-dias.html\\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2016}}",
"### Indonesia",
"[thumb\\|Logo of PT Jasa Raharja (Persero) since {{clarify\\|text\\=1980\\|date\\=March 2020}}. This logo has since ubiquitously appeared in many [traffic cones](/wiki/Traffic_cone \"Traffic cone\") and temporary barriers nationwide.](/wiki/File:PT_Jasa_Raharja_%28Persero%29.svg \"PT Jasa Raharja (Persero).svg\")\nThird\\-party vehicle insurance is a mandatory requirement in [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\") and each individual car and motorcycle must be insured or the vehicle will not be considered legal; this compulsory auto insurance is legally called the **Road Traffic Accidents Compulsory Coverage Fund** ({{lang\\-id\\|Dana Pertanggungan Wajib Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Jalan}}, **DPWKLLJ**). Therefore, a motorist cannot drive the vehicle until it is insured. DPWKLLJ was introduced in 1964 and merely covers body injuries, and is operated by a [SOE](/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Indonesia \"State-owned enterprises of Indonesia\") called **{{ill\\|PT Jasa Raharja (Persero)\\|id\\|Jasa Raharja}}**.[PT. Jasa Raharja \\| Asuransi Kecelakaan Lalulintas Jalan dan Penumpang Umum](http://www.jasaraharja.co.id). Jasaraharja.co.id. DPWKLLJ is included, through an annual premium called the *Compulsory Donation to the Road Traffic Accident Fund* ({{lang\\-id\\|Sumbangan Wajib Dana Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Jalan}}, *SWDKLLJ*),{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Sitorus \\|first\\=Budi \\|last2\\=Sitorus \\|first2\\=Antoni S. \\|last3\\=Harsono \\|first3\\=Tulus Irpan \\|last4\\=Sitorus \\|first4\\=Christina Natalia \\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-08 \\|title\\=Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Sumbangan Wajib Dana Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Jalan Dan Kebijakan Perlindungan Kecelakaan Jalan \\|url\\=https://ktj.pktj.ac.id/ktj/article/view/426 \\|journal\\=Jurnal Keselamatan Transportasi Jalan (Indonesian Journal of Road Safety) \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=60–70 \\|doi\\=10\\.46447/ktj.v9i1\\.426 \\|issn\\=2721\\-7248\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} in the annual vehicle tax which is paid to the local *Samsat* (*Sistem Administrasi Manunggal di bawah Satu Atap*), which is responsible for cars and roads.",
"### India",
"{{Main\\|Motor Vehicle Insurance (India)}}\n[thumb\\|A sample Vehicle Insurance Certificate in India](/wiki/File:Vehicle_Insurance_Certificate_in_India.pdf \"Vehicle Insurance Certificate in India.pdf\")\nAuto insurance in India covers the loss of or damage caused to the automobile or its parts due to natural and man\\-made calamities. It provides *accident cover for individual owners* of the vehicle while driving and also for *passengers and third party legal liability*. There are certain general insurance companies who also offer online insurance service for the vehicle.",
"Auto insurance is a compulsory requirement for all new vehicles used whether for commercial or personal use. Insurance companies have tie\\-ups with leading automobile manufacturers. They offer their customers instant auto quotes. Premiums are determined by a number of factors and the amount of premium increases with the rise in the price of the vehicle. The claims of the auto insurance in India can be accidental, theft claims or third party claims. Certain documents are required for claiming auto insurance, like duly signed claim form, Registration Certificate copy of the vehicle, driving license copy, [First information report](/wiki/First_information_report \"First information report\") copy, original estimate and policy copy.",
"There are different types of auto insurance in India:",
"* Private car insurance – the fastest growing sector in India as it is compulsory for all new cars. The amount of premium depends on the make and value of the car, state where the car is registered and the year of manufacture. This amount can be reduced by asking the insurer for a no claim bonus (NCB) if no claim is made for insurance in previous year.{{cite web \\|title\\=Motor Insurance \\|url\\=http://www.policyholder.gov.in/Faqlist.aspx?CategoryId\\=78 \\|website\\=Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India \\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2018}}\n* Two wheeler insurance – covers accidental insurance for the driver of the vehicle. The amount of premium depends on the current showroom price multiplied by the depreciation rate fixed by the Tariff Advisory Committee at the beginning of a policy period.\n* Commercial vehicle insurance – provides cover for all the vehicles which are not used for personal purposes like trucks and HMVs. The amount of premium depends on the showroom price of the vehicle at the commencement of the insurance period, make of the vehicle and the place of registration of the vehicle.",
"Auto insurance generally includes:\n* Loss or damage by crash, fire, lightning, self ignition, external explosion, burglary, housebreaking or theft, malicious act\n* Liability for third\\-party injury/death, third\\-party property and liability to paid driver\n* On payment of appropriate additional premium, loss/damage to electrical/electronic accessories",
"Auto insurance generally does not include:\n* Consequential loss, depreciation, mechanical and electrical breakdown, failure or breakage\n* When the vehicle is used outside the geographical area covered by the policy\n* War or nuclear perils and drunken driving",
"#### Third party insurance",
"Third party insurance cover is mandatory under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988\\. This cover cannot be used for personal damages. This is offered at low premiums and allows for third party claims under \"no\\-fault liability\". The premium is calculated through the rates provided by the Tariff Advisory Committee. This is a branch of the IRDA (Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India). It covers bodily injury/accidental death and property damage.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2019}}",
"### Malaysia",
"In Malaysia, renewing car insurances is a very common thing. In general, there are four types of car insurance available for Malaysians:",
"* Act cover\nThis is the minimum cover corresponding to the terms of the Road Transport Act 1987\\. The insurance concerns the legal liability for death or physical injury to the third party (not include the passengers), so it is hardly ever written by insurers.\n* Third\\-party coverage\nThis type is compulsory to buy for every vehicle so it is the most basic and common car insurance, which insures you against claims for the injury or damage to the third party or its property in a crash.\n* Third\\-party, fire, and theft coverage\nIn addition to third\\-party coverage, this policy also provides insurance for your own vehicle due to fire, crash or theft.\n* Comprehensive coverage\nThis policy provides the widest coverage, i.e. the third party's physical injury and death, third party's vehicle damage and your own vehicle's damage caused by fire, theft or a crash. This type of insurance is usually designed for luxury vehicles.",
"### New Zealand",
"Within [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), the [Accident Compensation Corporation](/wiki/Accident_Compensation_Corporation \"Accident Compensation Corporation\") (ACC) provides nationwide no\\-fault personal injury insurance.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.acc.co.nz/making\\-a\\-claim/am\\-i\\-covered/index.htm \\|title\\= Am I covered? \\|publisher\\= Accident Compensation Corporation \\|access\\-date\\= 23 December 2011}} Injuries involving motor vehicles operating on public roads are covered by the Motor Vehicle Account, for which premiums are collected through levies on petrol and through vehicle licensing fees.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.acc.co.nz/about\\-acc/overview\\-of\\-acc/how\\-were\\-funded/index.htm \\|title\\= How we're funded \\|publisher\\= Accident Compensation Corporation \\|access\\-date\\= 23 December 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716154615/http://www.acc.co.nz/about\\-acc/overview\\-of\\-acc/how\\-were\\-funded/index.htm \\|archive\\-date\\= 16 July 2011 \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}",
"### Norway",
"In [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), the vehicle owner must provide the minimum liability insurance for his/her vehicle(s) – of any kind. Otherwise, the vehicle is illegal to use. If a person drives a vehicle belonging to someone else and has a crash, the insurance will cover for damage done. Note that the policy carrier can choose to limit the coverage to only apply for family members or persons over a certain age.",
"### Romania",
"Romanian law mandates [Răspundere Auto Civilă](/wiki/Civil_Auto_Liability \"Civil Auto Liability\"), a motor\\-vehicle liability insurance for all vehicle owners to cover damages to third parties.{{cite news \\| title \\= Poliţele RCA se scumpesc în 2009 cu 10 până la 30% \\| url \\= http://www.realitatea.net/politele\\-rca\\-se\\-scumpesc\\-in\\-2009\\-cu\\-10\\-pana\\-la\\-30\\-la\\-suta\\_429721\\.html \\| work \\= Realitatea \\| date \\= 6 March 2009 \\| access\\-date \\= 11 June 2009 \\| language \\= ro }}",
"### Russian Federation",
"Motor vehicle liability insurance is mandatory for all owners in Russian legislation. Insurance of the vehicle itself is technically voluntary, but may be mandated in some circumstances, e.g. if the car is leased.",
"### South Africa",
"[South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") allocates a percentage of the money from fuel into the [Road Accident Fund](/wiki/Road_Accident_Fund \"Road Accident Fund\"), which goes towards compensating third parties in crashes.{{cite web \\| title \\= Petrol Structure \\| url \\= http://www.dme.gov.za/energy/petrol\\_structure.htm \\| publisher \\= Department of Minerals and Energy, South Africa \\| access\\-date \\= 11 May 2006 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060507063456/http://www.dme.gov.za/energy/petrol\\_structure.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= 7 May 2006 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| df \\= dmy\\-all }}{{cite web \\| title \\= South African Road Accident Fund Act of 1996 \\| url \\= http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/1996/a56\\-96\\.htm \\| publisher \\= South African Government \\| access\\-date \\= 4 December 2009 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090924015217/http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/1996/a56\\-96\\.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= 24 September 2009 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| df \\= dmy\\-all }}",
"### United Arab Emirates",
"When buying car insurance in the [United Arab Emirates](/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates \"United Arab Emirates\"), the traffic department requires a 13\\-month insurance certificate each time a person registers or renews a vehicle registration. In Dubai, vehicle insurance is compulsory as per the UAE RTA law.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rta.ae/wps/portal/rta/ae/aboutrta\\-old/legislationandlaws/Traffic%20and%20Road%20Legislations\\|title\\=RTA Law in UAE\\|website\\=RTA AE\\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2019}} There are two types of motor insurance policies in Dubai, Third\\-Party Liability Insurance and Comprehensive Motor Insurance.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2019}}",
"It is mandatory to have third\\-party liability insurance for every individual vehicle owner in [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\"). This insurance policy is the most basic form of vehicle insurance Dubai as it covers the third\\-party property damage or bodily injuries caused by the insured vehicle.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2019}}",
"Policyholder's own vehicle damage such as fire, theft, and accidental collision is not covered under the third\\-party liability insurance policy.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2019}}",
"### United Kingdom",
"{{main\\|Vehicle insurance in the United Kingdom}}\n[thumb\\|Uninsured cars \\- a [BMW X5](/wiki/BMW_X5 \"BMW X5\") (left) and [Ford Mondeo](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo \"Ford Mondeo\") (right) \\- seized by [Merseyside Police](/wiki/Merseyside_Police \"Merseyside Police\") on display outside the force's headquarters in 2006\\. In the United Kingdom.](/wiki/File:Uninsured_cars_seized_by_police_in_Liverpool.JPG \"Uninsured cars seized by police in Liverpool.JPG\")\nThe [Road Traffic Act 1930](/wiki/Road_Traffic_Act_1930 \"Road Traffic Act 1930\"), of the [UK Government](/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Government of the United Kingdom\"), introduced a law that required every person who used a vehicle on the road to have at least third\\-party personal injury insurance. Today, this law is contained in the [Road Traffic Act 1988](/wiki/Road_Traffic_Act_1988 \"Road Traffic Act 1988\"). Section 143 of that Act requires that motorists be insured against liability for injuries to others (including passengers) and for damage to other persons' property, resulting from use of a vehicle on a public road or in other public places.{{Cite legislation UK \\|type\\=act \\|year\\=1988 \\|chapter\\=52 \\|act\\=Road Traffic Act 1988\\|section\\=143 \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2 August 2023}} The regulations were last revised via The Motor Vehicles (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations 2016 No. 1193, the amendment increased the minimum guaranteed property cover to £1,200,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\\|1200000\\|GBR\\|round\\=yes}}}}) per accident, personal injury cover remains unlimited.{{Cite web \\|date\\=October 2015 \\|title\\=Explanatory Memorandum to The Motor Vehicles (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations 2016 No. 1193 \\|url\\=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/1193/pdfs/uksiem\\_20161193\\_en.pdf \\|website\\=Legislation.gov.uk}} Failure to insure a vehicle can result in the vehicle being seized, the driver finned a minimum of £300 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\\|300\\|GBR\\|round\\=yes}}}}) and issued with [six to eight penalty driving points (IN10\\)](/wiki/List_of_UK_driving_licence_endorsements \"List of UK driving licence endorsements\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Vehicle insurance \\|url\\=https://www.gov.uk/vehicle\\-insurance/driving\\-without\\-insurance \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-05 \\|website\\=GOV.UK \\|language\\=en}}",
"### United States",
"{{main\\|Vehicle insurance in the United States}}\nThe regulations for vehicle insurance differ with each of the [50 US states](/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\") and other territories, with each U.S. state having its own mandatory minimum coverage requirements (*see separate main article*). 48 U.S. states and the District of Columbia require drivers to have insurance coverage for both bodily injury and property damage, with New Hampshire and Virginia being the exception, but the minimum amount of coverage required by law varies by state. For example, minimum bodily injury liability coverage requirements range from $30,000 in [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.azdot.gov/motor\\-vehicles/faq/vehicle\\-services/mandatory\\-insurance\\|title\\=Mandatory Insurance\\|website\\=www.azdot.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-28}} to $100,000 in [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\") and [Maine](/wiki/Maine \"Maine\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.maine.gov/pfr/insurance/consumer/individuals\\_families/auto/general\\_information/required\\_insurance.html\\|title\\=Maine Bureau of Insurance: Auto Insurance Required by Law\\|website\\=www.maine.gov\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-28}} while minimum property damage liability requirements range from $5,000 to $25,000 in most states.",
""
] |
### Australia
In [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), every state has its own *Compulsory Third\-Party* (CTP) insurance scheme. CTP covers only personal injury liability in a vehicle crash. *Comprehensive* and *Third\-Party Property Damage, with or without Fire and Theft* insurance, are sold separately.
* *Comprehensive* insurance covers damages to third\-party vehicles, other third\-party property and the insured vehicle.
* *Third\-Party Property Damage* insurance covers damage to third\-party property and vehicles, but not the insured vehicle.
* *Third\-Party Property Damage with Fire and Theft* insurance covers the insured vehicle against fire and theft as well as damage to third\-party property and vehicles.
#### Compulsory Third\-Party Insurance
CTP insurance is compulsory in every state in Australia and is paid as part of vehicle registration. It covers the vehicle owner and any person who drives the vehicle against claims for liability for death or injury to people caused by the fault of the vehicle owner or driver. CTP may include any kind of physical harm, bodily injuries and may cover the cost of all reasonable medical treatment for injuries received in the crash, loss of wages, cost of care services and, in some cases, compensation for pain and suffering. Each state in Australia has a different scheme.
Third\-Party Property insurance or Comprehensive insurance covers the third party with the repairing cost of the vehicle, any property damage or medication expenses as a result of a crash by the insured. They are not to be confused with Compulsory Third\-Party insurance, which is for injuries or death of someone in a motor crash.
In [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales"), each vehicle must be insured before it can be registered. It is often called a 'greenslip',{{cite web\|url\=https://www.sira.nsw.gov.au/insurance\-coverage/CTP\-insurance\-Green\-Slips\|title\=Green Slips\|date\=28 November 2018\|publisher\=New South Wales Government, State Insurance Regulatory Authority\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028231413/http://www.maa.nsw.gov.au/default.aspx?MenuID\=88\#97\|archive\-date\=28 October 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|access\-date\=28 November 2018\|df\=dmy\-all}} because of its colour. There are five licensed CTP insurers in New South Wales. Suncorp holds licences for GIO and AAMI and Allianz holds one licence. The remaining two licences are held by QBE and NRMA Insurance (NRMA). APIA and Shannons and InsureMyRide insurance also supply CTP insurance licensed by GIO.
A privately provided scheme also applies in the [Australian Capital Territory](/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory "Australian Capital Territory") through AAMI, APIA, GIO and NRMA. Vehicle owners pay for CTP as part of their vehicle registration.
In [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland "Queensland"), CTP is included in the registration fee for a vehicle. There is a choice of private insurer – Allianz, QBE and Suncorp and price is government controlled.{{Cite news\|url\=https://maic.qld.gov.au/ctp\-scheme/\|title\=CTP scheme \- MAIC\|work\=MAIC\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-28\|language\=en\-US}}
In [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia "South Australia"), since July 2016, CTP is no longer provided by the [Motor Accident Commission](/wiki/Motor_Accident_Commission "Motor Accident Commission"). The government has now licensed four private insurers – AAMI, Allianz, QBE and SGIC – to offer CTP insurance SA. Since July 2019, vehicle owners can choose their own CTP insurer and new insurers may also enter the market.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/driving\-and\-transport/vehicles\-and\-registration/vehicle\-insurance\|title\=Vehicle insurance\|last\=Australia\|first\=Government of South Australia\|website\=www.sa.gov.au\|language\=en\-AU\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-28}}
There are three states and one territory that do not have a private CTP scheme. In [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 "Victoria (Australia)"), the [Transport Accident Commission](/wiki/Transport_Accident_Commission "Transport Accident Commission") provides CTP through a levy in the vehicle registration fee, known as the TAC charge. A similar scheme exists in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania "Tasmania") through the [Motor Accidents Insurance Board](/wiki/Motor_Accidents_Insurance_Board "Motor Accidents Insurance Board").{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.maib.tas.gov.au/been\-in\-an\-accident/summary\-of\-what\-we\-cover/\|title\=A summary of what we cover \- MAIB\|work\=MAIB\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-28\|language\=en\-US}} A similar scheme applies in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia "Western Australia"), through the Insurance Commission of Western Australia (ICWA). The Northern Territory scheme is managed through Territory Insurance Office (TIO).
|
[
"### Australia",
"In [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), every state has its own *Compulsory Third\\-Party* (CTP) insurance scheme. CTP covers only personal injury liability in a vehicle crash. *Comprehensive* and *Third\\-Party Property Damage, with or without Fire and Theft* insurance, are sold separately. \n* *Comprehensive* insurance covers damages to third\\-party vehicles, other third\\-party property and the insured vehicle.\n* *Third\\-Party Property Damage* insurance covers damage to third\\-party property and vehicles, but not the insured vehicle.\n* *Third\\-Party Property Damage with Fire and Theft* insurance covers the insured vehicle against fire and theft as well as damage to third\\-party property and vehicles.",
"#### Compulsory Third\\-Party Insurance",
"CTP insurance is compulsory in every state in Australia and is paid as part of vehicle registration. It covers the vehicle owner and any person who drives the vehicle against claims for liability for death or injury to people caused by the fault of the vehicle owner or driver. CTP may include any kind of physical harm, bodily injuries and may cover the cost of all reasonable medical treatment for injuries received in the crash, loss of wages, cost of care services and, in some cases, compensation for pain and suffering. Each state in Australia has a different scheme.",
"Third\\-Party Property insurance or Comprehensive insurance covers the third party with the repairing cost of the vehicle, any property damage or medication expenses as a result of a crash by the insured. They are not to be confused with Compulsory Third\\-Party insurance, which is for injuries or death of someone in a motor crash.",
"In [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\"), each vehicle must be insured before it can be registered. It is often called a 'greenslip',{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sira.nsw.gov.au/insurance\\-coverage/CTP\\-insurance\\-Green\\-Slips\\|title\\=Green Slips\\|date\\=28 November 2018\\|publisher\\=New South Wales Government, State Insurance Regulatory Authority\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028231413/http://www.maa.nsw.gov.au/default.aspx?MenuID\\=88\\#97\\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2018\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} because of its colour. There are five licensed CTP insurers in New South Wales. Suncorp holds licences for GIO and AAMI and Allianz holds one licence. The remaining two licences are held by QBE and NRMA Insurance (NRMA). APIA and Shannons and InsureMyRide insurance also supply CTP insurance licensed by GIO.",
"A privately provided scheme also applies in the [Australian Capital Territory](/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory \"Australian Capital Territory\") through AAMI, APIA, GIO and NRMA. Vehicle owners pay for CTP as part of their vehicle registration.",
"In [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\"), CTP is included in the registration fee for a vehicle. There is a choice of private insurer – Allianz, QBE and Suncorp and price is government controlled.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://maic.qld.gov.au/ctp\\-scheme/\\|title\\=CTP scheme \\- MAIC\\|work\\=MAIC\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-28\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia \"South Australia\"), since July 2016, CTP is no longer provided by the [Motor Accident Commission](/wiki/Motor_Accident_Commission \"Motor Accident Commission\"). The government has now licensed four private insurers – AAMI, Allianz, QBE and SGIC – to offer CTP insurance SA. Since July 2019, vehicle owners can choose their own CTP insurer and new insurers may also enter the market.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/driving\\-and\\-transport/vehicles\\-and\\-registration/vehicle\\-insurance\\|title\\=Vehicle insurance\\|last\\=Australia\\|first\\=Government of South Australia\\|website\\=www.sa.gov.au\\|language\\=en\\-AU\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28}}",
"There are three states and one territory that do not have a private CTP scheme. In [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 \"Victoria (Australia)\"), the [Transport Accident Commission](/wiki/Transport_Accident_Commission \"Transport Accident Commission\") provides CTP through a levy in the vehicle registration fee, known as the TAC charge. A similar scheme exists in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania \"Tasmania\") through the [Motor Accidents Insurance Board](/wiki/Motor_Accidents_Insurance_Board \"Motor Accidents Insurance Board\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.maib.tas.gov.au/been\\-in\\-an\\-accident/summary\\-of\\-what\\-we\\-cover/\\|title\\=A summary of what we cover \\- MAIB\\|work\\=MAIB\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-28\\|language\\=en\\-US}} A similar scheme applies in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\"), through the Insurance Commission of Western Australia (ICWA). The Northern Territory scheme is managed through Territory Insurance Office (TIO).",
""
] |
#### Compulsory Third\-Party Insurance
CTP insurance is compulsory in every state in Australia and is paid as part of vehicle registration. It covers the vehicle owner and any person who drives the vehicle against claims for liability for death or injury to people caused by the fault of the vehicle owner or driver. CTP may include any kind of physical harm, bodily injuries and may cover the cost of all reasonable medical treatment for injuries received in the crash, loss of wages, cost of care services and, in some cases, compensation for pain and suffering. Each state in Australia has a different scheme.
Third\-Party Property insurance or Comprehensive insurance covers the third party with the repairing cost of the vehicle, any property damage or medication expenses as a result of a crash by the insured. They are not to be confused with Compulsory Third\-Party insurance, which is for injuries or death of someone in a motor crash.
In [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales"), each vehicle must be insured before it can be registered. It is often called a 'greenslip',{{cite web\|url\=https://www.sira.nsw.gov.au/insurance\-coverage/CTP\-insurance\-Green\-Slips\|title\=Green Slips\|date\=28 November 2018\|publisher\=New South Wales Government, State Insurance Regulatory Authority\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028231413/http://www.maa.nsw.gov.au/default.aspx?MenuID\=88\#97\|archive\-date\=28 October 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|access\-date\=28 November 2018\|df\=dmy\-all}} because of its colour. There are five licensed CTP insurers in New South Wales. Suncorp holds licences for GIO and AAMI and Allianz holds one licence. The remaining two licences are held by QBE and NRMA Insurance (NRMA). APIA and Shannons and InsureMyRide insurance also supply CTP insurance licensed by GIO.
A privately provided scheme also applies in the [Australian Capital Territory](/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory "Australian Capital Territory") through AAMI, APIA, GIO and NRMA. Vehicle owners pay for CTP as part of their vehicle registration.
In [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland "Queensland"), CTP is included in the registration fee for a vehicle. There is a choice of private insurer – Allianz, QBE and Suncorp and price is government controlled.{{Cite news\|url\=https://maic.qld.gov.au/ctp\-scheme/\|title\=CTP scheme \- MAIC\|work\=MAIC\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-28\|language\=en\-US}}
In [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia "South Australia"), since July 2016, CTP is no longer provided by the [Motor Accident Commission](/wiki/Motor_Accident_Commission "Motor Accident Commission"). The government has now licensed four private insurers – AAMI, Allianz, QBE and SGIC – to offer CTP insurance SA. Since July 2019, vehicle owners can choose their own CTP insurer and new insurers may also enter the market.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/driving\-and\-transport/vehicles\-and\-registration/vehicle\-insurance\|title\=Vehicle insurance\|last\=Australia\|first\=Government of South Australia\|website\=www.sa.gov.au\|language\=en\-AU\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-28}}
There are three states and one territory that do not have a private CTP scheme. In [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 "Victoria (Australia)"), the [Transport Accident Commission](/wiki/Transport_Accident_Commission "Transport Accident Commission") provides CTP through a levy in the vehicle registration fee, known as the TAC charge. A similar scheme exists in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania "Tasmania") through the [Motor Accidents Insurance Board](/wiki/Motor_Accidents_Insurance_Board "Motor Accidents Insurance Board").{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.maib.tas.gov.au/been\-in\-an\-accident/summary\-of\-what\-we\-cover/\|title\=A summary of what we cover \- MAIB\|work\=MAIB\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-28\|language\=en\-US}} A similar scheme applies in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia "Western Australia"), through the Insurance Commission of Western Australia (ICWA). The Northern Territory scheme is managed through Territory Insurance Office (TIO).
|
[
"#### Compulsory Third\\-Party Insurance",
"CTP insurance is compulsory in every state in Australia and is paid as part of vehicle registration. It covers the vehicle owner and any person who drives the vehicle against claims for liability for death or injury to people caused by the fault of the vehicle owner or driver. CTP may include any kind of physical harm, bodily injuries and may cover the cost of all reasonable medical treatment for injuries received in the crash, loss of wages, cost of care services and, in some cases, compensation for pain and suffering. Each state in Australia has a different scheme.",
"Third\\-Party Property insurance or Comprehensive insurance covers the third party with the repairing cost of the vehicle, any property damage or medication expenses as a result of a crash by the insured. They are not to be confused with Compulsory Third\\-Party insurance, which is for injuries or death of someone in a motor crash.",
"In [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\"), each vehicle must be insured before it can be registered. It is often called a 'greenslip',{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sira.nsw.gov.au/insurance\\-coverage/CTP\\-insurance\\-Green\\-Slips\\|title\\=Green Slips\\|date\\=28 November 2018\\|publisher\\=New South Wales Government, State Insurance Regulatory Authority\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028231413/http://www.maa.nsw.gov.au/default.aspx?MenuID\\=88\\#97\\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2018\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} because of its colour. There are five licensed CTP insurers in New South Wales. Suncorp holds licences for GIO and AAMI and Allianz holds one licence. The remaining two licences are held by QBE and NRMA Insurance (NRMA). APIA and Shannons and InsureMyRide insurance also supply CTP insurance licensed by GIO.",
"A privately provided scheme also applies in the [Australian Capital Territory](/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory \"Australian Capital Territory\") through AAMI, APIA, GIO and NRMA. Vehicle owners pay for CTP as part of their vehicle registration.",
"In [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\"), CTP is included in the registration fee for a vehicle. There is a choice of private insurer – Allianz, QBE and Suncorp and price is government controlled.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://maic.qld.gov.au/ctp\\-scheme/\\|title\\=CTP scheme \\- MAIC\\|work\\=MAIC\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-28\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia \"South Australia\"), since July 2016, CTP is no longer provided by the [Motor Accident Commission](/wiki/Motor_Accident_Commission \"Motor Accident Commission\"). The government has now licensed four private insurers – AAMI, Allianz, QBE and SGIC – to offer CTP insurance SA. Since July 2019, vehicle owners can choose their own CTP insurer and new insurers may also enter the market.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/driving\\-and\\-transport/vehicles\\-and\\-registration/vehicle\\-insurance\\|title\\=Vehicle insurance\\|last\\=Australia\\|first\\=Government of South Australia\\|website\\=www.sa.gov.au\\|language\\=en\\-AU\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28}}",
"There are three states and one territory that do not have a private CTP scheme. In [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 \"Victoria (Australia)\"), the [Transport Accident Commission](/wiki/Transport_Accident_Commission \"Transport Accident Commission\") provides CTP through a levy in the vehicle registration fee, known as the TAC charge. A similar scheme exists in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania \"Tasmania\") through the [Motor Accidents Insurance Board](/wiki/Motor_Accidents_Insurance_Board \"Motor Accidents Insurance Board\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.maib.tas.gov.au/been\\-in\\-an\\-accident/summary\\-of\\-what\\-we\\-cover/\\|title\\=A summary of what we cover \\- MAIB\\|work\\=MAIB\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-28\\|language\\=en\\-US}} A similar scheme applies in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\"), through the Insurance Commission of Western Australia (ICWA). The Northern Territory scheme is managed through Territory Insurance Office (TIO).",
""
] |
### European Union
{{See also\|Vehicle insurance in France}}
In the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), from the introduction of Directive 2009/103/EC, insurance cover is mandatory, with the statutory minimum cover being revised every five years, the most recent revision, via Directive (EU) 2021/2118 (the **‘‘Motor Insurance Directive’’** or **‘‘MID’’**) requires:{{Cite web \|last\=alexia \|date\=2022\-04\-06 \|title\=Amendments to the Motor Insurance Directive come into force across the EU \- the Key changes \|url\=https://ganado.com/news/practice\-news/amendments\-to\-the\-motor\-insurance\-directive\-come\-into\-force\-across\-the\-eu\-the\-key\-changes/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-05 \|website\=Ganado Advocates \|language\=en}}
* in the case of personal injury, a minimum amount of cover of €1,300,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\|1300000\|EUR\|round\=yes}}}}) per injured party or €6,450,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\|6450000\|EUR\|round\=yes}}}}) per claim, irrespective of the number of parties;
* in the case of damage to property, €1,300,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\|1300000\|EUR\|round\=yes}}}}) per accident.{{Cite web\|url\=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2009/103/oj/eng\|title\=Directive 2009/103/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 relating to insurance against civil liability in respect of the use of motor vehicles, and the enforcement of the obligation to insure against such liability (Text with EEA relevance)\|date\=7 October 2009}}
In some European languages, comprehensive non\-mandatory insurance is known as *casco* (Casualty and Collision).{{cite book \|last1\=Zavadil \|first1\=Tibor \|title\=Dynamic Econometric Analysis of Insurance Markets with Imperfect Information \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=University of Amsterdam \|location\=Amsterdam \|isbn\=978\-90\-361\-00946 \|page\=12}}{{cite book \|last1\=Eu\-Wong \|first1\=Shirley \|title\=Culture Shock! Switzerland \|date\=2003 \|publisher\=Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company \|location\=Portland, OR \|page\=46}}{{cite book \|last1\=Smart \|first1\=Tim \|title\=Hungary: Leading the Way \|date\=1995 \|publisher\=Euromoney Books \|location\=London \|page\=119}}{{cite book \|title\=Inglese. Dizionario e guida alla conversazione \|date\=2004 \|publisher\=L'Airone \|location\=Rome \|page\=92}}
#### Germany
[thumb\|International Motor Insurance Card (IVK)](/wiki/File:IVK.png "IVK.png")
Since 1939, it has been compulsory to have third\-party personal insurance before keeping a motor vehicle in all federal states of [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"). In addition, every vehicle owner is free to take out a comprehensive insurance policy. All types of car insurance are provided by several private insurers. The amount of insurance contribution is determined by several criteria, like the region, the type of car or the personal way of driving.
The minimum coverage defined by German law for car liability insurance / third\-party personal insurance is €7,500,000 for bodily injury (damage to people), €500,000 for property damage and €50,000 for financial/fortune loss which is in no direct or indirect coherence with bodily injury or property damage.{{Cite web\|url\=http://paguro.net/destinations/moving\-to\-germany/all\-documents\-germany/germany\_carinsurance\|title\=Germany – Car Insurance \|publisher\=Paguro\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-28}} Insurance companies usually offer all\-in/combined single limit insurance policies of €50,000,000 or €100,000,000 (about €141,000,000\) for bodily injury, property damage and other financial/fortune loss (usually with a bodily injury coverage limitation of €8–15,000,000 for each bodily injured person).
#### Hungary
Third party vehicle insurance is mandatory for all vehicles in [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary"). No exemption is possible by money deposit. The premium covers all damage up to [HUF](/wiki/Hungarian_forint "Hungarian forint") 500m (about €1\.8m) per crash without deductible. The coverage is extended to [HUF](/wiki/Hungarian_forint "Hungarian forint") 1,250m (about €4\.5m) in case of personal injuries. Vehicle insurance policies from all EU countries and some non\-EU countries are valid in Hungary based on bilateral or multilateral agreements. Visitors with vehicle insurance not covered by such agreements are required to buy a monthly, renewable policy at the border.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2019}}
#### Ireland
The Road Traffic Act, 1933 requires all drivers of mechanically propelled vehicles in public places to have at least third\-party insurance, or to have obtained exemption – generally by depositing a (large) sum of money to the High Court as a guarantee against claims. In 1933, this figure was set at [£](/wiki/Irish_pound "Irish pound")15,000\.[Road Traffic Act, 1933, Section 61](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724132007/http://193.178.1.79/1933/en/act/pub/0011/sec0061.html#sec61). 193\.178\.1\.79\. The Road Traffic Act, 1961[Road Traffic Act, 1961](http://193.178.1.79/1961/en/act/pub/0024/print.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613091705/http://193\.178\.1\.79/1961/en/act/pub/0024/print.html \|date\=13 June 2011 }}. 193\.178\.1\.79 (29 July 1961\). (which is currently in force) repealed the 1933 act but replaced these sections with functionally identical sections.
From 1968, those making deposits require the consent of the Minister for Transport to do so, with the sum specified by the Minister.
Those not exempted from obtaining insurance must obtain a certificate of insurance from their insurance provider, and display a portion of this (an [insurance disc](/wiki/Insurance_disc "Insurance disc")) on their vehicles' windscreen (if fitted).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1984/si/355/made/en/print\|title\=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)\|first\=electronic Irish Statute\|last\=Book (eISB)\|website\=www.irishstatutebook.ie}} The certificate in full must be presented to a police station within ten days if requested by an officer. Proof of having insurance or an exemption must also be provided to pay for the [motor tax](/wiki/Motor_Tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Motor Tax in the Republic of Ireland").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/travel\_and\_recreation/motoring\_1/motor\_tax\_and\_insurance/motor\_tax\_rates.html\|title\=Motor tax\|last\=Citizensinformation.ie\|website\=www.citizensinformation.ie\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-30}}
Those injured or suffering property damage/loss due to uninsured drivers can claim against the Motor Insurance Bureau of Ireland's uninsured drivers fund, as can those injured (but not those suffering damage or loss) from hit and run offences.
#### Italy
The law 990/1969 requires that each motor vehicle or trailer standing or moving on a public road have third\-party insurance (called RCA, {{Lang\|it\|Responsabilità civile per gli autoveicoli}}). Historically, a part of the certificate of insurance must be displayed on the windscreen of the vehicle. This latter requirement was revoked in 2015, when a national database of insured vehicles was built by the Insurance Company Association (ANIA, *{{Lang\|it\|Associazione Nazionale Imprese Assicuratrici}}*) and the National Transportation Authority (*{{Lang\|it\|Motorizzazione Civile}}*) to verify (by private citizens and public authorities) if a vehicle is insured. There is no exemption policy to this law disposition.
Driving without the necessary insurance for that vehicle is an offence that can be prosecuted by the police and fines range from 841 to 3,287 euros. Police forces also have the power to seize a vehicle that does not have the necessary insurance in place, until the owner of the vehicle pays a fine and signs a new insurance policy. The same provision is applied when the vehicle is standing on a public road.
Minimal insurance policies cover only third parties (including the insured person and third parties carried with the vehicle, but not the driver, if the two do not coincide). *Third parties, fire and theft* is a common insurance policy, while the all\-inclusive policies (*kasko* policy) which include also damages of the vehicle causing the crash or the injuries. It is also common to include a renounce clause of the insurance company to compensate the damages against the insured person in some cases (usually in case of DUI or other infringement of the law by the driver).
The victims of crashes caused by non\-insured vehicles could be compensated by the Road's Victim Warranty Fund (*{{Lang\|it\|Fondo garanzia vittime della strada}}*), which is covered by a fixed amount (2\.5%, as 2015\) of each RCA insurance premium.
#### Netherlands
Third\-party vehicle insurance is a mandatory requirement for every vehicle in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands").{{Cite web \|last\=Zaken \|first\=Ministerie van Algemene \|date\=2021\-01\-06 \|title\=Taking out compulsory third\-party liability insurance for a motor vehicle \- Vehicles \- Government.nl \|url\=https://www.government.nl/topics/vehicles/taking\-out\-compulsory\-third\-party\-liability\-insurance\-for\-a\-motor\-vehicle \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-04 \|website\=www.government.nl \|language\=en\-GB}} This obligation is mandatory based on article 2 of the {{lang\|nl\|Wet aansprakelijkheidsverzekering motorrijtuigen}}.{{Cite web\|url\=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002415/2020\-01\-01\|title\=Wet aansprakelijkheidsverzekering motorrijtuigen\|last\=wetten.overheid.nl\|website\=wetten.overheid.nl\|language\=nl\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-23}} When a vehicle is not insured the owner will receive a fine from the RDW ({{ill\|Netherlands Vehicle Authority\|nl\|RDW (Dienst Wegverkeer)}}).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rdw.nl/particulier/paginas/volgens\-de\-rdw\-heb\-ik\-mijn\-voertuig\-niet\-verzekerd\-wat\-moet\-ik\-doen\|title\=RDW boete\|last\=RDW\|website\=www.rdw.nl\|language\=nl\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-23}} The third\-party vehicle insurance is called a {{lang\|nl\|WA verzekering}} where WA stands for {{lang\|nl\|Wettelijke aansprakelijkheid}} which means legal liability. In general there are three types of auto insurance in the Netherlands: {{lang\|nl\|WA verzekering}} (liability insurance), {{lang\|nl\|WA beperkt casco}} (limited frame coverage), and {{lang\|nl\|WA vollledig casco}} (full frame coverage). Limited frame and full frame coverage will provide more coverage against certain additional risks which are not covered by the mandatory legal third\-party coverage. For example limited frame coverage will provide coverage against damage caused by the weather such as storm and flooding. Also fire damage and theft of the car is covered. Full frame coverage will provide coverage against all risks mentioned plus damage to the car caused by the driver himself.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2020}}
#### Spain
Each motor vehicle on a public road is required to have third party insurance (called {{lang\|es\|Seguro de responsabilidad civil}}).
Police forces have the power to seize vehicles that do not have the necessary insurance in place, until the owner of the vehicle pays the fine and signs a new insurance policy. Driving without the necessary insurance for that vehicle is an offence that will be prosecuted by the police and will receive a penalty. The same provision is applied when the vehicle is standing on a public road.
The minimum insurance policy covers only third parties (including the insured person and third parties carried with the vehicle, but not the driver, if the two do not coincide). *Third parties, fire and theft* is a common insurance policy.
Victims of accidents caused by non\-insured vehicles may be compensated by a Warranty Fund, which is covered by a fixed amount for each insurance premium.
Since 2013 it is possible to contract an insurance by days as is possible in countries such as Germany and the UK.{{cite news\|last1\=EcoMotor.es\|title\=¿Problemas con su seguro tradicional? Ya puede asegurar su coche por días\|url\=http://www.eleconomista.es/ecomotor/motor/noticias/4993016/07/13/Problemas\-con\-su\-seguro\-tradicional\-Ya\-puede\-asegurar\-su\-coche\-por\-dias.html\|access\-date\=4 November 2016}}
|
[
"### European Union",
"{{See also\\|Vehicle insurance in France}}\nIn the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), from the introduction of Directive 2009/103/EC, insurance cover is mandatory, with the statutory minimum cover being revised every five years, the most recent revision, via Directive (EU) 2021/2118 (the **‘‘Motor Insurance Directive’’** or **‘‘MID’’**) requires:{{Cite web \\|last\\=alexia \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-06 \\|title\\=Amendments to the Motor Insurance Directive come into force across the EU \\- the Key changes \\|url\\=https://ganado.com/news/practice\\-news/amendments\\-to\\-the\\-motor\\-insurance\\-directive\\-come\\-into\\-force\\-across\\-the\\-eu\\-the\\-key\\-changes/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-05 \\|website\\=Ganado Advocates \\|language\\=en}}\n* in the case of personal injury, a minimum amount of cover of €1,300,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\\|1300000\\|EUR\\|round\\=yes}}}}) per injured party or €6,450,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\\|6450000\\|EUR\\|round\\=yes}}}}) per claim, irrespective of the number of parties;\n* in the case of damage to property, €1,300,000 (US${{Formatnum:{{To USD\\|1300000\\|EUR\\|round\\=yes}}}}) per accident.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2009/103/oj/eng\\|title\\=Directive 2009/103/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 relating to insurance against civil liability in respect of the use of motor vehicles, and the enforcement of the obligation to insure against such liability (Text with EEA relevance)\\|date\\=7 October 2009}}",
"In some European languages, comprehensive non\\-mandatory insurance is known as *casco* (Casualty and Collision).{{cite book \\|last1\\=Zavadil \\|first1\\=Tibor \\|title\\=Dynamic Econometric Analysis of Insurance Markets with Imperfect Information \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=University of Amsterdam \\|location\\=Amsterdam \\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-361\\-00946 \\|page\\=12}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Eu\\-Wong \\|first1\\=Shirley \\|title\\=Culture Shock! Switzerland \\|date\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company \\|location\\=Portland, OR \\|page\\=46}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Smart \\|first1\\=Tim \\|title\\=Hungary: Leading the Way \\|date\\=1995 \\|publisher\\=Euromoney Books \\|location\\=London \\|page\\=119}}{{cite book \\|title\\=Inglese. Dizionario e guida alla conversazione \\|date\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=L'Airone \\|location\\=Rome \\|page\\=92}}",
"#### Germany",
"[thumb\\|International Motor Insurance Card (IVK)](/wiki/File:IVK.png \"IVK.png\")\nSince 1939, it has been compulsory to have third\\-party personal insurance before keeping a motor vehicle in all federal states of [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"). In addition, every vehicle owner is free to take out a comprehensive insurance policy. All types of car insurance are provided by several private insurers. The amount of insurance contribution is determined by several criteria, like the region, the type of car or the personal way of driving.",
"The minimum coverage defined by German law for car liability insurance / third\\-party personal insurance is €7,500,000 for bodily injury (damage to people), €500,000 for property damage and €50,000 for financial/fortune loss which is in no direct or indirect coherence with bodily injury or property damage.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://paguro.net/destinations/moving\\-to\\-germany/all\\-documents\\-germany/germany\\_carinsurance\\|title\\=Germany – Car Insurance \\|publisher\\=Paguro\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-28}} Insurance companies usually offer all\\-in/combined single limit insurance policies of €50,000,000 or €100,000,000 (about €141,000,000\\) for bodily injury, property damage and other financial/fortune loss (usually with a bodily injury coverage limitation of €8–15,000,000 for each bodily injured person).",
"#### Hungary",
"Third party vehicle insurance is mandatory for all vehicles in [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\"). No exemption is possible by money deposit. The premium covers all damage up to [HUF](/wiki/Hungarian_forint \"Hungarian forint\") 500m (about €1\\.8m) per crash without deductible. The coverage is extended to [HUF](/wiki/Hungarian_forint \"Hungarian forint\") 1,250m (about €4\\.5m) in case of personal injuries. Vehicle insurance policies from all EU countries and some non\\-EU countries are valid in Hungary based on bilateral or multilateral agreements. Visitors with vehicle insurance not covered by such agreements are required to buy a monthly, renewable policy at the border.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2019}}",
"#### Ireland",
"The Road Traffic Act, 1933 requires all drivers of mechanically propelled vehicles in public places to have at least third\\-party insurance, or to have obtained exemption – generally by depositing a (large) sum of money to the High Court as a guarantee against claims. In 1933, this figure was set at [£](/wiki/Irish_pound \"Irish pound\")15,000\\.[Road Traffic Act, 1933, Section 61](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724132007/http://193.178.1.79/1933/en/act/pub/0011/sec0061.html#sec61). 193\\.178\\.1\\.79\\. The Road Traffic Act, 1961[Road Traffic Act, 1961](http://193.178.1.79/1961/en/act/pub/0024/print.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613091705/http://193\\.178\\.1\\.79/1961/en/act/pub/0024/print.html \\|date\\=13 June 2011 }}. 193\\.178\\.1\\.79 (29 July 1961\\). (which is currently in force) repealed the 1933 act but replaced these sections with functionally identical sections.",
"From 1968, those making deposits require the consent of the Minister for Transport to do so, with the sum specified by the Minister.",
"Those not exempted from obtaining insurance must obtain a certificate of insurance from their insurance provider, and display a portion of this (an [insurance disc](/wiki/Insurance_disc \"Insurance disc\")) on their vehicles' windscreen (if fitted).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1984/si/355/made/en/print\\|title\\=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)\\|first\\=electronic Irish Statute\\|last\\=Book (eISB)\\|website\\=www.irishstatutebook.ie}} The certificate in full must be presented to a police station within ten days if requested by an officer. Proof of having insurance or an exemption must also be provided to pay for the [motor tax](/wiki/Motor_Tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Motor Tax in the Republic of Ireland\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/travel\\_and\\_recreation/motoring\\_1/motor\\_tax\\_and\\_insurance/motor\\_tax\\_rates.html\\|title\\=Motor tax\\|last\\=Citizensinformation.ie\\|website\\=www.citizensinformation.ie\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-30}}",
"Those injured or suffering property damage/loss due to uninsured drivers can claim against the Motor Insurance Bureau of Ireland's uninsured drivers fund, as can those injured (but not those suffering damage or loss) from hit and run offences.",
"#### Italy",
"The law 990/1969 requires that each motor vehicle or trailer standing or moving on a public road have third\\-party insurance (called RCA, {{Lang\\|it\\|Responsabilità civile per gli autoveicoli}}). Historically, a part of the certificate of insurance must be displayed on the windscreen of the vehicle. This latter requirement was revoked in 2015, when a national database of insured vehicles was built by the Insurance Company Association (ANIA, *{{Lang\\|it\\|Associazione Nazionale Imprese Assicuratrici}}*) and the National Transportation Authority (*{{Lang\\|it\\|Motorizzazione Civile}}*) to verify (by private citizens and public authorities) if a vehicle is insured. There is no exemption policy to this law disposition.",
"Driving without the necessary insurance for that vehicle is an offence that can be prosecuted by the police and fines range from 841 to 3,287 euros. Police forces also have the power to seize a vehicle that does not have the necessary insurance in place, until the owner of the vehicle pays a fine and signs a new insurance policy. The same provision is applied when the vehicle is standing on a public road.",
"Minimal insurance policies cover only third parties (including the insured person and third parties carried with the vehicle, but not the driver, if the two do not coincide). *Third parties, fire and theft* is a common insurance policy, while the all\\-inclusive policies (*kasko* policy) which include also damages of the vehicle causing the crash or the injuries. It is also common to include a renounce clause of the insurance company to compensate the damages against the insured person in some cases (usually in case of DUI or other infringement of the law by the driver).",
"The victims of crashes caused by non\\-insured vehicles could be compensated by the Road's Victim Warranty Fund (*{{Lang\\|it\\|Fondo garanzia vittime della strada}}*), which is covered by a fixed amount (2\\.5%, as 2015\\) of each RCA insurance premium.",
"#### Netherlands",
"Third\\-party vehicle insurance is a mandatory requirement for every vehicle in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Zaken \\|first\\=Ministerie van Algemene \\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-06 \\|title\\=Taking out compulsory third\\-party liability insurance for a motor vehicle \\- Vehicles \\- Government.nl \\|url\\=https://www.government.nl/topics/vehicles/taking\\-out\\-compulsory\\-third\\-party\\-liability\\-insurance\\-for\\-a\\-motor\\-vehicle \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-04 \\|website\\=www.government.nl \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} This obligation is mandatory based on article 2 of the {{lang\\|nl\\|Wet aansprakelijkheidsverzekering motorrijtuigen}}.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002415/2020\\-01\\-01\\|title\\=Wet aansprakelijkheidsverzekering motorrijtuigen\\|last\\=wetten.overheid.nl\\|website\\=wetten.overheid.nl\\|language\\=nl\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-23}} When a vehicle is not insured the owner will receive a fine from the RDW ({{ill\\|Netherlands Vehicle Authority\\|nl\\|RDW (Dienst Wegverkeer)}}).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rdw.nl/particulier/paginas/volgens\\-de\\-rdw\\-heb\\-ik\\-mijn\\-voertuig\\-niet\\-verzekerd\\-wat\\-moet\\-ik\\-doen\\|title\\=RDW boete\\|last\\=RDW\\|website\\=www.rdw.nl\\|language\\=nl\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-23}} The third\\-party vehicle insurance is called a {{lang\\|nl\\|WA verzekering}} where WA stands for {{lang\\|nl\\|Wettelijke aansprakelijkheid}} which means legal liability. In general there are three types of auto insurance in the Netherlands: {{lang\\|nl\\|WA verzekering}} (liability insurance), {{lang\\|nl\\|WA beperkt casco}} (limited frame coverage), and {{lang\\|nl\\|WA vollledig casco}} (full frame coverage). Limited frame and full frame coverage will provide more coverage against certain additional risks which are not covered by the mandatory legal third\\-party coverage. For example limited frame coverage will provide coverage against damage caused by the weather such as storm and flooding. Also fire damage and theft of the car is covered. Full frame coverage will provide coverage against all risks mentioned plus damage to the car caused by the driver himself.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2020}}",
"#### Spain",
"Each motor vehicle on a public road is required to have third party insurance (called {{lang\\|es\\|Seguro de responsabilidad civil}}).",
"Police forces have the power to seize vehicles that do not have the necessary insurance in place, until the owner of the vehicle pays the fine and signs a new insurance policy. Driving without the necessary insurance for that vehicle is an offence that will be prosecuted by the police and will receive a penalty. The same provision is applied when the vehicle is standing on a public road.",
"The minimum insurance policy covers only third parties (including the insured person and third parties carried with the vehicle, but not the driver, if the two do not coincide). *Third parties, fire and theft* is a common insurance policy.",
"Victims of accidents caused by non\\-insured vehicles may be compensated by a Warranty Fund, which is covered by a fixed amount for each insurance premium.",
"Since 2013 it is possible to contract an insurance by days as is possible in countries such as Germany and the UK.{{cite news\\|last1\\=EcoMotor.es\\|title\\=¿Problemas con su seguro tradicional? Ya puede asegurar su coche por días\\|url\\=http://www.eleconomista.es/ecomotor/motor/noticias/4993016/07/13/Problemas\\-con\\-su\\-seguro\\-tradicional\\-Ya\\-puede\\-asegurar\\-su\\-coche\\-por\\-dias.html\\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2016}}",
""
] |
Basis of premium charges
------------------------
{{Main\|Auto insurance risk selection}}
Depending on the jurisdiction, the insurance premium can be either mandated by the government or determined by the insurance company, in accordance with a framework of regulations set by the government. Often, the insurer will have more freedom to set the price on physical damage coverages than on mandatory liability coverages.
When the premium is not mandated by the government, it is usually derived from the calculations of an [actuary](/wiki/Actuary "Actuary"), based on statistical data. The premium can vary depending on many factors that are believed to affect the expected cost of future [claims](/wiki/Insurance_claim "Insurance claim").{{cite web \| title \= Basic Ratemaking \| url \= http://www.casact.org/library/studynotes/Werner\_Modlin\_Ratemaking.pdf \| format \= Article \| publisher \= Casualty Actuarial Society \| access\-date \= 28 March 2013}} Those factors can include the car characteristics, the coverage selected ([deductible](/wiki/Deductible "Deductible"), limit, covered perils), the profile of the driver ([age](/wiki/Ageing "Ageing"), [gender](/wiki/Gender "Gender"), driving history) and the usage of the car (commute to work or not, predicted annual distance driven).{{cite web \| title \= What determines the price of my policy? \| url \= http://www.iii.org/individuals/auto/b/whatdetermines/ \| publisher \= Insurance Information Institute \| access\-date \= 11 May 2006}}
### Neighbourhood
The address of the owner can affect the premiums. Areas with high crime rates generally lead to higher costs of insurance.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.ibc.ca/nt/insurance\-101/critters/insurance\-101\-cost\-of\-insurance\-affected\-by\-neighbourhood \|title\=Neighbourhoods and Auto Insurance Rates \|website\=Insurance Bureau of Canada \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2017\-09\-22}}Mondalek, Alexandra (20 November 2015\) [Auto Insurance Rates Are 70% Higher If You Live In A Black Neighborhood](https://web.archive.org/web/20151121014257/http://time.com/money/4120126/auto-insurance-race-discrimination/), Time.com.
### Gender
Because male drivers, especially younger ones, are on average often regarded as tending to drive more aggressively, the premiums charged for policies on vehicles whose primary driver is male are often higher. This discrimination may be dropped if the driver is past a certain age.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2017}}
On 1 March 2011, the [European Court of Justice](/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice "European Court of Justice") decided insurance companies who used gender as a risk factor when calculating insurance premiums were breaching EU equality laws.Cendrowicz, Leo (2 March 2011\) [E.U. Court to Insurers: Stop Making Men Pay More](https://web.archive.org/web/20110305103213/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2056409,00.html), Time.com. The Court ruled that car\-insurance companies were discriminating against men. However, in some places, such as the UK, companies have used the standard practice of discrimination based on profession to still use gender as a factor, albeit indirectly. Professions which are more typically practised by men are deemed as being more risky even if they had not been prior to the Court's ruling while the converse is applied to professions predominant among women.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/insurance/motorinsurance/11521781/Men\-are\-still\-charged\-more\-than\-women\-for\-car\-insurance\-despite\-EU\-rule\-change.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/insurance/motorinsurance/11521781/Men\-are\-still\-charged\-more\-than\-women\-for\-car\-insurance\-despite\-EU\-rule\-change.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Men Are Still Charged More than Women for Car Insurance Despite EU Rule Change\|date\=2015\-04\-10\|last1\=Palmer\|first1\=Kate}}{{cbignore}} Another effect of the ruling has been that, while the premiums for men have been lowered, they have been raised for women. This equalisation effect has also been seen in other types of insurance for individuals, such as [life insurance](/wiki/Life_insurance "Life insurance").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2012/nov/23/gender\-ruling\-insurance\-premiums\-rise\|title\=The gender ruling that could see insurance premiums rise by £100s\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|date\=2012\-11\-23\|last1\=Collinson\|first1\=Patrick\|last2\=Jones\|first2\=Rupert}}
### Age
Teenage drivers who have no driving record will have higher car insurance premiums. However, young drivers are often offered discounts if they undertake further driver training on recognized courses, such as the [Pass Plus](/wiki/Pass_Plus "Pass Plus") scheme in the UK, or if they install a [telematics](/wiki/Telematics%23Auto_insurance/Usage-based_insurance_%28UBI%29 "Telematics#Auto insurance/Usage-based insurance (UBI)") device to monitor their driving style. In the US many insurers offer a good\-grade discount to students with a good academic record and resident\-student discounts to those who live away from home. Generally insurance premiums tend to become lower at the age of 25\. Some insurance companies offer "stand alone" car insurance policies specifically for teenagers with lower premiums. By placing restrictions on teenagers' driving (forbidding driving after dark, or giving rides to other teens, for example), these companies effectively reduce their risk.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2019}}
Senior drivers are often eligible for retirement discounts, reflecting the lower average miles driven by this age group. However, rates may increase for senior drivers after age 65, due to increased risk associated with much older drivers. Typically, the increased risk for drivers over 65 years of age is associated with slower reflexes, reaction times, and being more injury\-prone.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2011}}
### U.S. driving history
In most U.S. states, moving violations, including running red lights and speeding, assess points on a driver's driving record. Since more points indicate an increased risk of future violations, insurance companies periodically review drivers' records, and may raise premiums accordingly. Rating practices, such as debit for a poor driving history, are not dictated by law. Many insurers allow one moving violation every three to five years before increasing premiums. Crashes affect insurance premiums similarly. Depending on the severity of the crash and the number of points assessed, rates can increase by as much as twenty to thirty percent.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2019}} Any motoring convictions should be disclosed to insurers, as the driver is assessed by risk from prior experiences while driving on the road.
### Marital status
Statistics show that married drivers average fewer crashes than the rest of the population so policy owners who are married often receive lower premiums than single persons.{{cite book\|author1\=Miller, Roger LeRoy \|author2\=Stafford, Alan D. \|name\-list\-style\=amp \|title\=Economic Education for Consumers\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=KmsptGIoV2oC\&pg\=PA475\|access\-date\=6 September 2011\|date\=16 January 2009\|publisher\=Cengage Learning\|isbn\=978\-0\-538\-44888\-8\|page\=475}}
### Profession
The profession of the driver may be used as a factor to determine premiums. Certain professions may be deemed more likely to result in damages if they regularly involve more travel or the carrying of expensive equipment or stock or if they are predominant either among women or among men.
### Vehicle classification
Two of the most important factors that go into determining the underwriting risk on motorized vehicles are: performance capability and retail cost. The most commonly available providers of auto insurance have underwriting restrictions against vehicles that are either designed to be capable of higher speeds and performance levels, or vehicles that retail above a certain dollar amount. Vehicles that are commonly considered luxury automobiles usually carry more expensive physical damage premiums because they are more expensive to replace. Vehicles that can be classified as high performance autos will carry higher premiums generally because there is greater opportunity for risky driving behavior. Motorcycle insurance may carry lower property\-damage premiums because the risk of damage to other vehicles is minimal, yet have higher liability or personal\-injury premiums, because motorcycle riders face different physical risks while on the road. Risk classification on automobiles also takes into account the statistical analysis of reported theft, accidents, and mechanical malfunction on every given year, make, and model of auto.
### Distance
Some car insurance plans do not differentiate in regard to how much the car is used. There are however low\-mileage discounts offered by some insurance providers. Other methods of differentiation would include over\-road distance between the ordinary residence of a subject and their ordinary, daily destinations.
#### Reasonable distance estimation
Another important factor in determining car insurance premiums involves the annual mileage put on the vehicle, and for what reason. Driving to and from work every day at a specified distance, especially in urban areas where common traffic routes are known, presents different risks than how a retiree who does not work any longer may use their vehicle. Common practice has been that this information was provided solely by the insured person, but some insurance providers have started to collect regular [odometer](/wiki/Odometer "Odometer") readings to verify the risk.
#### Odometer\-based systems
Cents Per Mile Now{{cite web \| title \= Cents Per Mile Now \| url \= http://www.centspermilenow.org/\|work\=centspermilenow.org \| access\-date \= 11 May 2006}} (1986\) advocates classified odometer\-mile rates, a type of [usage\-based insurance](/wiki/Usage-based_insurance "Usage-based insurance"). After the company's risk factors have been applied, and the customer has accepted the per\-mile rate offered, then customers buy prepaid miles of insurance protection as needed, like buying gallons of gasoline (litres of petrol). Insurance automatically ends when the [odometer](/wiki/Odometer "Odometer") limit (recorded on the car's insurance ID card) is reached, unless more distance is bought. Customers keep track of miles on their own odometer to know when to buy more. The company does no after\-the\-fact billing of the customer, and the customer does not have to estimate a "future annual mileage" figure for the company to obtain a discount. In the event of a traffic stop, an officer could easily verify that the insurance is current, by comparing the figure on the insurance card to that on the odometer.
Critics point out the possibility of cheating the system by [odometer tampering](/wiki/Odometer_fraud "Odometer fraud"). Although the newer electronic odometers are difficult to roll back, they can still be defeated by disconnecting the odometer wires and reconnecting them later. However, as the Cents Per Mile Now website points out:
> As a practical matter, resetting odometers requires equipment plus expertise that makes stealing insurance risky and uneconomical. For example, to steal {{convert\|20000\|mi\|km\|\-2\|disp\=sqbr}} of continuous protection while paying for only the 2000 in the 35000 to 37000 range on the odometer, the resetting would have to be done at least nine times, to keep the odometer reading within the narrow {{convert\|2000\|mi\|km\|adj\=on\|disp\=sqbr}} covered range. There are also powerful legal deterrents to this way of stealing insurance protection. Odometers have always served as the measuring device for resale value, rental and leasing charges, warranty limits, mechanical breakdown insurance, and cents\-per\-mile tax deductions or reimbursements for business or government travel. Odometer tampering, detected during claim processing, voids the insurance and, under decades\-old state and federal law, is punishable by heavy fines and jail.
Under the cents\-per\-mile system, rewards for driving less are delivered automatically, without the need for administratively cumbersome and costly GPS technology. Uniform per\-mile exposure measurement for the first time provides the basis for statistically valid rate classes. Insurer premium income automatically keeps pace with increases or decreases in driving activity, cutting back on resulting insurer demand for rate increases and preventing today's windfalls to insurers, when decreased driving activity lowers costs but not premiums.
#### GPS\-based system
In 1998, the [Progressive Insurance](/wiki/Progressive_Corporation "Progressive Corporation") company started a pilot program in Texas, in which drivers received a discount for installing a [GPS](/wiki/Global_Positioning_System "Global Positioning System")\-based device that tracked their driving behavior and reported the results via cellular phone to the company.{{cite web \| title \= Progressive's "pay\-as\-you\-drive" auto insurance poised for wide rollout \| url \= http://info.insure.com/auto/progressive700\.html \| publisher \= insure.com \| access\-date \= 11 May 2006}} The program was discontinued in 2000\. In following years many policies (including Progressive) have been trialed and successfully introduced worldwide into what are referred to as [Telematic Insurance](/wiki/Telematic_Insurance "Telematic Insurance"). Such 'telematic' policies typically are based on [black\-box insurance](/wiki/Black-box_insurance "Black-box insurance") technology, such devices derive from a stolen vehicle and fleet tracking but are used for insurance purposes. Since 2010 GPS\-based and [Telematic Insurance](/wiki/Telematic_Insurance "Telematic Insurance") systems have become more mainstream in the auto insurance market not just aimed at specialised auto\-fleet markets or high value vehicles (with an emphasis on stolen vehicle recovery). Modern GPS\-based systems are branded as 'PAYD' [Pay As You Drive](/wiki/Pay_As_You_Drive "Pay As You Drive") insurance policies, 'PHYD' [Pay How You Drive](/wiki/Pay_How_You_Drive "Pay How You Drive") or since 2012 [Smartphone auto insurance policies](/wiki/Smartphone_auto_insurance_policies "Smartphone auto insurance policies") which utilise smartphones as a GPS sensor.{{cite journal\|doi\=10\.1109/JSYST.2013\.2292721\|title\=Smartphone\-Based Measurement Systems for Road Vehicle Traffic Monitoring and Usage\-Based Insurance\|journal\=IEEE Systems Journal\|volume\=8\|issue\=4\|pages\=1238–1248\|year\=2014\|last1\=Handel\|first1\=Peter\|last2\=Ohlsson\|first2\=Jens\|last3\=Ohlsson\|first3\=Martin\|last4\=Skog\|first4\=Isaac\|last5\=Nygren\|first5\=Elin\|bibcode\=2014ISysJ...8\.1238H\|s2cid\=18443890\|url\=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn\=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva\-134347}} A detailed survey of the smartphone as measurement probe for insurance telematics is provided in {{cite journal\|doi\=10\.1109/MITS.2014\.2343262\|title\=Insurance Telematics: Opportunities and Challenges with the Smartphone Solution\|journal\=IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine\|volume\=6\|issue\=4\|pages\=57–70\|year\=2014\|last1\=Handel\|first1\=Peter\|last2\=Skog\|first2\=Isaac\|last3\=Wahlstrom\|first3\=Johan\|last4\=Bonawiede\|first4\=Farid\|last5\=Welch\|first5\=Richard\|last6\=Ohlsson\|first6\=Jens\|last7\=Ohlsson\|first7\=Martin\|s2cid\=9166094}}
#### OBDII\-based system
[The Progressive Corporation](/wiki/The_Progressive_Corporation "The Progressive Corporation") launched Snapshot to give drivers a customized insurance rate based on recording how, how much, and when their car is driven.["Snapshot, Snapshot Discount: Pay As You Drive (PAYD)"](http://www.progressive.com/snapshot/). Progressive.com. Snapshot is currently available in 46 states plus the District of Columbia. Because insurance is regulated at the state level, Snapshot is currently not available in Alaska, California, Hawaii, and North Carolina. Driving data is transmitted to the company using an on\-board telematic device. The device connects to a car's OnBoard Diagnostic ([OBD\-II](/wiki/OBD-II "OBD-II")) port (all petrol automobiles in the USA built after 1996 have an OBD\-II.) and transmits speed, time of day and number of miles the car is driven. Cars that are driven less often, in less\-risky ways, and at less\-risky times of day, can receive large discounts. Progressive has received patents on its methods and systems of implementing usage\-based insurance and has licensed these methods and systems to other companies.
[Metromile](/wiki/Metromile "Metromile") also uses an OBDII\-based system for their mileage\-based insurance. They offer a true pay\-per\-mile insurance where behavior or driving style is not taken into account, and the user only pays a base rate along with a fixed rate per mile.{{cite web\|last1\=Parker\|first1\=Tim\|title\=How Auto Insurance By The Mile Works\|url\=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal\-finance/042915/how\-auto\-insurance\-mile\-works.asp\|website\=Investopedia}} The OBD\-II device measures mileage and then transmits mileage data to servers. This is supposed to be an affordable car insurance policy for low\-mileage drivers. Metromile is currently only offering personal car insurance policies and is available in California, Oregon, Washington, and Illinois.{{cite web\|last1\=Constine\|first1\=Josh\|title\=Metromile Launches Per\-Mile Car Insurance That Could Save Californians 40%\|url\=https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/16/per\-mile\-car\-insurance/\|website\=TechCrunch}}
### Credit ratings
Insurance companies have started using credit ratings of their policyholders to determine risk. Drivers with good credit scores get lower insurance premiums, as it is believed that they are more financially stable, more responsible and have the financial means to better maintain their vehicles. Those with lower credit scores can have their premiums raised or insurance canceled outright.{{cite web \| title \= Need Credit or Insurance? Your credit scores helps determine how much you will pay \| url \= http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/credit/cre24\.shtm \| publisher \= ftc.gov \| access\-date \= 9 January 2010}} It has been shown that good drivers with spotty credit records could be charged higher premiums than bad drivers with good credit records.{{cite web\|title\=Bad Credit worse than bad driving \|url\=http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Insurance/InsureYourCar/bad\-credit\-worse\-than\-bad\-driving.aspx \|publisher\=Wall Street Journal \|date\=11 February 2009 \|access\-date\=9 January 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105010654/http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Insurance/InsureYourCar/bad\-credit\-worse\-than\-bad\-driving.aspx \|archive\-date\=5 November 2009 }}
### Behavior\-based insurance
The use of [non\-intrusive load monitoring](/wiki/Non-intrusive_load_monitoring "Non-intrusive load monitoring") to detect [drunk driving](/wiki/Drunk_driving "Drunk driving") and other risky behaviors has been proposed.Davis, Harold (21 May 2009\) ['Black Box' idea travels to cars](http://www.marketsandpatents.com/pdfs/stamford_advocate_sober_teen.pdf). A US patent application combining this technology with a [usage\-based insurance](/wiki/Usage-based_insurance "Usage-based insurance") product to create a new type of behavior based auto insurance product is currently open for public comment on [peer to patent](/wiki/Peer_to_patent "Peer to patent").[US patent application 20090063201 "SoberTeen driving insurance"](http://www.peertopatent.org/patent/20090063201/activity) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618063009/http://www.peertopatent.org/patent/20090063201/activity \|date\=18 June 2010 }}. Peertopatent.org (20 May 2009\). *See [Behavior\-based safety](/wiki/Behavior-based_safety "Behavior-based safety")*. Behaviour based Insurance focusing upon driving is often called [Telematics](/wiki/Telematics "Telematics") or [Telematics2\.0](/wiki/Telematics2.0 "Telematics2.0") in some cases monitoring focus upon behavioural analysis such as smooth driving.
|
[
"Basis of premium charges\n------------------------",
"{{Main\\|Auto insurance risk selection}}",
"Depending on the jurisdiction, the insurance premium can be either mandated by the government or determined by the insurance company, in accordance with a framework of regulations set by the government. Often, the insurer will have more freedom to set the price on physical damage coverages than on mandatory liability coverages.",
"When the premium is not mandated by the government, it is usually derived from the calculations of an [actuary](/wiki/Actuary \"Actuary\"), based on statistical data. The premium can vary depending on many factors that are believed to affect the expected cost of future [claims](/wiki/Insurance_claim \"Insurance claim\").{{cite web \\| title \\= Basic Ratemaking \\| url \\= http://www.casact.org/library/studynotes/Werner\\_Modlin\\_Ratemaking.pdf \\| format \\= Article \\| publisher \\= Casualty Actuarial Society \\| access\\-date \\= 28 March 2013}} Those factors can include the car characteristics, the coverage selected ([deductible](/wiki/Deductible \"Deductible\"), limit, covered perils), the profile of the driver ([age](/wiki/Ageing \"Ageing\"), [gender](/wiki/Gender \"Gender\"), driving history) and the usage of the car (commute to work or not, predicted annual distance driven).{{cite web \\| title \\= What determines the price of my policy? \\| url \\= http://www.iii.org/individuals/auto/b/whatdetermines/ \\| publisher \\= Insurance Information Institute \\| access\\-date \\= 11 May 2006}}",
"### Neighbourhood",
"The address of the owner can affect the premiums. Areas with high crime rates generally lead to higher costs of insurance.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ibc.ca/nt/insurance\\-101/critters/insurance\\-101\\-cost\\-of\\-insurance\\-affected\\-by\\-neighbourhood \\|title\\=Neighbourhoods and Auto Insurance Rates \\|website\\=Insurance Bureau of Canada \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-22}}Mondalek, Alexandra (20 November 2015\\) [Auto Insurance Rates Are 70% Higher If You Live In A Black Neighborhood](https://web.archive.org/web/20151121014257/http://time.com/money/4120126/auto-insurance-race-discrimination/), Time.com.",
"### Gender",
"Because male drivers, especially younger ones, are on average often regarded as tending to drive more aggressively, the premiums charged for policies on vehicles whose primary driver is male are often higher. This discrimination may be dropped if the driver is past a certain age.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2017}}",
"On 1 March 2011, the [European Court of Justice](/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice \"European Court of Justice\") decided insurance companies who used gender as a risk factor when calculating insurance premiums were breaching EU equality laws.Cendrowicz, Leo (2 March 2011\\) [E.U. Court to Insurers: Stop Making Men Pay More](https://web.archive.org/web/20110305103213/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2056409,00.html), Time.com. The Court ruled that car\\-insurance companies were discriminating against men. However, in some places, such as the UK, companies have used the standard practice of discrimination based on profession to still use gender as a factor, albeit indirectly. Professions which are more typically practised by men are deemed as being more risky even if they had not been prior to the Court's ruling while the converse is applied to professions predominant among women.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/insurance/motorinsurance/11521781/Men\\-are\\-still\\-charged\\-more\\-than\\-women\\-for\\-car\\-insurance\\-despite\\-EU\\-rule\\-change.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/insurance/motorinsurance/11521781/Men\\-are\\-still\\-charged\\-more\\-than\\-women\\-for\\-car\\-insurance\\-despite\\-EU\\-rule\\-change.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Men Are Still Charged More than Women for Car Insurance Despite EU Rule Change\\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-10\\|last1\\=Palmer\\|first1\\=Kate}}{{cbignore}} Another effect of the ruling has been that, while the premiums for men have been lowered, they have been raised for women. This equalisation effect has also been seen in other types of insurance for individuals, such as [life insurance](/wiki/Life_insurance \"Life insurance\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2012/nov/23/gender\\-ruling\\-insurance\\-premiums\\-rise\\|title\\=The gender ruling that could see insurance premiums rise by £100s\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-23\\|last1\\=Collinson\\|first1\\=Patrick\\|last2\\=Jones\\|first2\\=Rupert}}",
"### Age",
"Teenage drivers who have no driving record will have higher car insurance premiums. However, young drivers are often offered discounts if they undertake further driver training on recognized courses, such as the [Pass Plus](/wiki/Pass_Plus \"Pass Plus\") scheme in the UK, or if they install a [telematics](/wiki/Telematics%23Auto_insurance/Usage-based_insurance_%28UBI%29 \"Telematics#Auto insurance/Usage-based insurance (UBI)\") device to monitor their driving style. In the US many insurers offer a good\\-grade discount to students with a good academic record and resident\\-student discounts to those who live away from home. Generally insurance premiums tend to become lower at the age of 25\\. Some insurance companies offer \"stand alone\" car insurance policies specifically for teenagers with lower premiums. By placing restrictions on teenagers' driving (forbidding driving after dark, or giving rides to other teens, for example), these companies effectively reduce their risk.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2019}}",
"Senior drivers are often eligible for retirement discounts, reflecting the lower average miles driven by this age group. However, rates may increase for senior drivers after age 65, due to increased risk associated with much older drivers. Typically, the increased risk for drivers over 65 years of age is associated with slower reflexes, reaction times, and being more injury\\-prone.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2011}}",
"### U.S. driving history",
"In most U.S. states, moving violations, including running red lights and speeding, assess points on a driver's driving record. Since more points indicate an increased risk of future violations, insurance companies periodically review drivers' records, and may raise premiums accordingly. Rating practices, such as debit for a poor driving history, are not dictated by law. Many insurers allow one moving violation every three to five years before increasing premiums. Crashes affect insurance premiums similarly. Depending on the severity of the crash and the number of points assessed, rates can increase by as much as twenty to thirty percent.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2019}} Any motoring convictions should be disclosed to insurers, as the driver is assessed by risk from prior experiences while driving on the road.",
"### Marital status",
"Statistics show that married drivers average fewer crashes than the rest of the population so policy owners who are married often receive lower premiums than single persons.{{cite book\\|author1\\=Miller, Roger LeRoy \\|author2\\=Stafford, Alan D. \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp \\|title\\=Economic Education for Consumers\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=KmsptGIoV2oC\\&pg\\=PA475\\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2011\\|date\\=16 January 2009\\|publisher\\=Cengage Learning\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-538\\-44888\\-8\\|page\\=475}}",
"### Profession",
"The profession of the driver may be used as a factor to determine premiums. Certain professions may be deemed more likely to result in damages if they regularly involve more travel or the carrying of expensive equipment or stock or if they are predominant either among women or among men.",
"### Vehicle classification",
"Two of the most important factors that go into determining the underwriting risk on motorized vehicles are: performance capability and retail cost. The most commonly available providers of auto insurance have underwriting restrictions against vehicles that are either designed to be capable of higher speeds and performance levels, or vehicles that retail above a certain dollar amount. Vehicles that are commonly considered luxury automobiles usually carry more expensive physical damage premiums because they are more expensive to replace. Vehicles that can be classified as high performance autos will carry higher premiums generally because there is greater opportunity for risky driving behavior. Motorcycle insurance may carry lower property\\-damage premiums because the risk of damage to other vehicles is minimal, yet have higher liability or personal\\-injury premiums, because motorcycle riders face different physical risks while on the road. Risk classification on automobiles also takes into account the statistical analysis of reported theft, accidents, and mechanical malfunction on every given year, make, and model of auto.",
"### Distance",
"Some car insurance plans do not differentiate in regard to how much the car is used. There are however low\\-mileage discounts offered by some insurance providers. Other methods of differentiation would include over\\-road distance between the ordinary residence of a subject and their ordinary, daily destinations.",
"#### Reasonable distance estimation",
"Another important factor in determining car insurance premiums involves the annual mileage put on the vehicle, and for what reason. Driving to and from work every day at a specified distance, especially in urban areas where common traffic routes are known, presents different risks than how a retiree who does not work any longer may use their vehicle. Common practice has been that this information was provided solely by the insured person, but some insurance providers have started to collect regular [odometer](/wiki/Odometer \"Odometer\") readings to verify the risk.",
"#### Odometer\\-based systems",
"Cents Per Mile Now{{cite web \\| title \\= Cents Per Mile Now \\| url \\= http://www.centspermilenow.org/\\|work\\=centspermilenow.org \\| access\\-date \\= 11 May 2006}} (1986\\) advocates classified odometer\\-mile rates, a type of [usage\\-based insurance](/wiki/Usage-based_insurance \"Usage-based insurance\"). After the company's risk factors have been applied, and the customer has accepted the per\\-mile rate offered, then customers buy prepaid miles of insurance protection as needed, like buying gallons of gasoline (litres of petrol). Insurance automatically ends when the [odometer](/wiki/Odometer \"Odometer\") limit (recorded on the car's insurance ID card) is reached, unless more distance is bought. Customers keep track of miles on their own odometer to know when to buy more. The company does no after\\-the\\-fact billing of the customer, and the customer does not have to estimate a \"future annual mileage\" figure for the company to obtain a discount. In the event of a traffic stop, an officer could easily verify that the insurance is current, by comparing the figure on the insurance card to that on the odometer.",
"Critics point out the possibility of cheating the system by [odometer tampering](/wiki/Odometer_fraud \"Odometer fraud\"). Although the newer electronic odometers are difficult to roll back, they can still be defeated by disconnecting the odometer wires and reconnecting them later. However, as the Cents Per Mile Now website points out:",
"> As a practical matter, resetting odometers requires equipment plus expertise that makes stealing insurance risky and uneconomical. For example, to steal {{convert\\|20000\\|mi\\|km\\|\\-2\\|disp\\=sqbr}} of continuous protection while paying for only the 2000 in the 35000 to 37000 range on the odometer, the resetting would have to be done at least nine times, to keep the odometer reading within the narrow {{convert\\|2000\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on\\|disp\\=sqbr}} covered range. There are also powerful legal deterrents to this way of stealing insurance protection. Odometers have always served as the measuring device for resale value, rental and leasing charges, warranty limits, mechanical breakdown insurance, and cents\\-per\\-mile tax deductions or reimbursements for business or government travel. Odometer tampering, detected during claim processing, voids the insurance and, under decades\\-old state and federal law, is punishable by heavy fines and jail.",
"",
"Under the cents\\-per\\-mile system, rewards for driving less are delivered automatically, without the need for administratively cumbersome and costly GPS technology. Uniform per\\-mile exposure measurement for the first time provides the basis for statistically valid rate classes. Insurer premium income automatically keeps pace with increases or decreases in driving activity, cutting back on resulting insurer demand for rate increases and preventing today's windfalls to insurers, when decreased driving activity lowers costs but not premiums.",
"#### GPS\\-based system",
"In 1998, the [Progressive Insurance](/wiki/Progressive_Corporation \"Progressive Corporation\") company started a pilot program in Texas, in which drivers received a discount for installing a [GPS](/wiki/Global_Positioning_System \"Global Positioning System\")\\-based device that tracked their driving behavior and reported the results via cellular phone to the company.{{cite web \\| title \\= Progressive's \"pay\\-as\\-you\\-drive\" auto insurance poised for wide rollout \\| url \\= http://info.insure.com/auto/progressive700\\.html \\| publisher \\= insure.com \\| access\\-date \\= 11 May 2006}} The program was discontinued in 2000\\. In following years many policies (including Progressive) have been trialed and successfully introduced worldwide into what are referred to as [Telematic Insurance](/wiki/Telematic_Insurance \"Telematic Insurance\"). Such 'telematic' policies typically are based on [black\\-box insurance](/wiki/Black-box_insurance \"Black-box insurance\") technology, such devices derive from a stolen vehicle and fleet tracking but are used for insurance purposes. Since 2010 GPS\\-based and [Telematic Insurance](/wiki/Telematic_Insurance \"Telematic Insurance\") systems have become more mainstream in the auto insurance market not just aimed at specialised auto\\-fleet markets or high value vehicles (with an emphasis on stolen vehicle recovery). Modern GPS\\-based systems are branded as 'PAYD' [Pay As You Drive](/wiki/Pay_As_You_Drive \"Pay As You Drive\") insurance policies, 'PHYD' [Pay How You Drive](/wiki/Pay_How_You_Drive \"Pay How You Drive\") or since 2012 [Smartphone auto insurance policies](/wiki/Smartphone_auto_insurance_policies \"Smartphone auto insurance policies\") which utilise smartphones as a GPS sensor.{{cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.1109/JSYST.2013\\.2292721\\|title\\=Smartphone\\-Based Measurement Systems for Road Vehicle Traffic Monitoring and Usage\\-Based Insurance\\|journal\\=IEEE Systems Journal\\|volume\\=8\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=1238–1248\\|year\\=2014\\|last1\\=Handel\\|first1\\=Peter\\|last2\\=Ohlsson\\|first2\\=Jens\\|last3\\=Ohlsson\\|first3\\=Martin\\|last4\\=Skog\\|first4\\=Isaac\\|last5\\=Nygren\\|first5\\=Elin\\|bibcode\\=2014ISysJ...8\\.1238H\\|s2cid\\=18443890\\|url\\=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn\\=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva\\-134347}} A detailed survey of the smartphone as measurement probe for insurance telematics is provided in {{cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.1109/MITS.2014\\.2343262\\|title\\=Insurance Telematics: Opportunities and Challenges with the Smartphone Solution\\|journal\\=IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine\\|volume\\=6\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=57–70\\|year\\=2014\\|last1\\=Handel\\|first1\\=Peter\\|last2\\=Skog\\|first2\\=Isaac\\|last3\\=Wahlstrom\\|first3\\=Johan\\|last4\\=Bonawiede\\|first4\\=Farid\\|last5\\=Welch\\|first5\\=Richard\\|last6\\=Ohlsson\\|first6\\=Jens\\|last7\\=Ohlsson\\|first7\\=Martin\\|s2cid\\=9166094}}",
"#### OBDII\\-based system",
"[The Progressive Corporation](/wiki/The_Progressive_Corporation \"The Progressive Corporation\") launched Snapshot to give drivers a customized insurance rate based on recording how, how much, and when their car is driven.[\"Snapshot, Snapshot Discount: Pay As You Drive (PAYD)\"](http://www.progressive.com/snapshot/). Progressive.com. Snapshot is currently available in 46 states plus the District of Columbia. Because insurance is regulated at the state level, Snapshot is currently not available in Alaska, California, Hawaii, and North Carolina. Driving data is transmitted to the company using an on\\-board telematic device. The device connects to a car's OnBoard Diagnostic ([OBD\\-II](/wiki/OBD-II \"OBD-II\")) port (all petrol automobiles in the USA built after 1996 have an OBD\\-II.) and transmits speed, time of day and number of miles the car is driven. Cars that are driven less often, in less\\-risky ways, and at less\\-risky times of day, can receive large discounts. Progressive has received patents on its methods and systems of implementing usage\\-based insurance and has licensed these methods and systems to other companies.",
"[Metromile](/wiki/Metromile \"Metromile\") also uses an OBDII\\-based system for their mileage\\-based insurance. They offer a true pay\\-per\\-mile insurance where behavior or driving style is not taken into account, and the user only pays a base rate along with a fixed rate per mile.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Parker\\|first1\\=Tim\\|title\\=How Auto Insurance By The Mile Works\\|url\\=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal\\-finance/042915/how\\-auto\\-insurance\\-mile\\-works.asp\\|website\\=Investopedia}} The OBD\\-II device measures mileage and then transmits mileage data to servers. This is supposed to be an affordable car insurance policy for low\\-mileage drivers. Metromile is currently only offering personal car insurance policies and is available in California, Oregon, Washington, and Illinois.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Constine\\|first1\\=Josh\\|title\\=Metromile Launches Per\\-Mile Car Insurance That Could Save Californians 40%\\|url\\=https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/16/per\\-mile\\-car\\-insurance/\\|website\\=TechCrunch}}",
"### Credit ratings",
"Insurance companies have started using credit ratings of their policyholders to determine risk. Drivers with good credit scores get lower insurance premiums, as it is believed that they are more financially stable, more responsible and have the financial means to better maintain their vehicles. Those with lower credit scores can have their premiums raised or insurance canceled outright.{{cite web \\| title \\= Need Credit or Insurance? Your credit scores helps determine how much you will pay \\| url \\= http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/credit/cre24\\.shtm \\| publisher \\= ftc.gov \\| access\\-date \\= 9 January 2010}} It has been shown that good drivers with spotty credit records could be charged higher premiums than bad drivers with good credit records.{{cite web\\|title\\=Bad Credit worse than bad driving \\|url\\=http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Insurance/InsureYourCar/bad\\-credit\\-worse\\-than\\-bad\\-driving.aspx \\|publisher\\=Wall Street Journal \\|date\\=11 February 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105010654/http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Insurance/InsureYourCar/bad\\-credit\\-worse\\-than\\-bad\\-driving.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2009 }}",
"### Behavior\\-based insurance",
"The use of [non\\-intrusive load monitoring](/wiki/Non-intrusive_load_monitoring \"Non-intrusive load monitoring\") to detect [drunk driving](/wiki/Drunk_driving \"Drunk driving\") and other risky behaviors has been proposed.Davis, Harold (21 May 2009\\) ['Black Box' idea travels to cars](http://www.marketsandpatents.com/pdfs/stamford_advocate_sober_teen.pdf). A US patent application combining this technology with a [usage\\-based insurance](/wiki/Usage-based_insurance \"Usage-based insurance\") product to create a new type of behavior based auto insurance product is currently open for public comment on [peer to patent](/wiki/Peer_to_patent \"Peer to patent\").[US patent application 20090063201 \"SoberTeen driving insurance\"](http://www.peertopatent.org/patent/20090063201/activity) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618063009/http://www.peertopatent.org/patent/20090063201/activity \\|date\\=18 June 2010 }}. Peertopatent.org (20 May 2009\\). *See [Behavior\\-based safety](/wiki/Behavior-based_safety \"Behavior-based safety\")*. Behaviour based Insurance focusing upon driving is often called [Telematics](/wiki/Telematics \"Telematics\") or [Telematics2\\.0](/wiki/Telematics2.0 \"Telematics2.0\") in some cases monitoring focus upon behavioural analysis such as smooth driving.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|left\|Memorial at the site of the entrance to the former Börgermoor concentration camp](/wiki/File:Boergermoor_KZ-Gedenkstein_01.jpg "Boergermoor KZ-Gedenkstein 01.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Transrapid test track](/wiki/File:Tr_noerdliche_kurve02.jpg "Tr noerdliche kurve02.jpg")
For a long time the region of the Emsland was extremely sparsely populated, due to the [fens](/wiki/Fen "Fen") on both sides of the river. Small villages were established in medieval times along the river and on the [Hümmling](/wiki/H%C3%BCmmling "Hümmling"). In the 13th century the bishops of [Münster](/wiki/Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster "Bishopric of Münster") gained control over the region; the Emsland remained property of the bishop until 1803, when the clerical states were dissolved. It came under rule of [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") and [Arenberg](/wiki/Arenberg "Arenberg"), but after the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars") the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna "Congress of Vienna") decided to hand the territory over to the [Kingdom of Hanover](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover "Kingdom of Hanover"). The Duchy of Arenberg continued to exist as a fief of the Hanoverian kings. When Hanover was annexed by Prussia (1866\), the dukes were deposed soon after (1875\).
The now Prussian Province of Hanover was subdivided into districts in 1885; four districts were established on the territory of what is now the Landkreis Emsland. The districts were merged in 1977 to form the present district.
Under [Nazi rule](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany"), [labour camps](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps "Nazi concentration camps") known as the *Emslandlager*{{cite web \|url\=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Esterwegen.html \|title\=Esterwegen Labor Camp \|website\=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org \|access\-date\=17 October 2016}} ("Emsland camps") held thousands of political opponents of the [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party "Nazi Party"), located outside [Börgermoor](/wiki/B%C3%B6rgermoor "Börgermoor"), now part of the commune [Surwold](/wiki/Surwold "Surwold"), not far from [Papenburg](/wiki/Papenburg "Papenburg"). A memorial of these camps, the Dokumentations\- und Informationszentrum (DIZ) Emslandlager, is located at Papenburg. The well known resistance song "[Peat Bog Soldiers](/wiki/Peat_Bog_Soldiers "Peat Bog Soldiers")" was composed by political prisoners at one of these camps.
In 1950 a governmental plan for the development of Emsland was adopted. Its aim was to turn the region into an industrial location. This was accomplished by draining the fens and establishing projects like the test track of the [maglev](/wiki/Maglev_%28transport%29 "Maglev (transport)") "[Transrapid](/wiki/Transrapid "Transrapid")" and several large [shipyards](/wiki/Shipyard "Shipyard") such as the [Meyer\-Werft](/wiki/Meyer-Werft "Meyer-Werft") in [Papenburg](/wiki/Papenburg "Papenburg"). Although the Landkreis Emsland lost much of its original character, some areas retain their natural character, for example the Hümmling.
The 1977 district reforms in Lower Saxony united the former districts of [Lingen](/wiki/Lingen_%28district%29 "Lingen (district)"), [Meppen](/wiki/Meppen_%28district%29 "Meppen (district)") and [Aschendorf\-Hümmling](/wiki/Aschendorf-H%C3%BCmmling_%28district%29 "Aschendorf-Hümmling (district)") in the district of Emsland, with Meppen as administrative seat. The Emsland remains a very [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic "Roman Catholic") region compared to other parts of Lower Saxony.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Memorial at the site of the entrance to the former Börgermoor concentration camp](/wiki/File:Boergermoor_KZ-Gedenkstein_01.jpg \"Boergermoor KZ-Gedenkstein 01.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Transrapid test track](/wiki/File:Tr_noerdliche_kurve02.jpg \"Tr noerdliche kurve02.jpg\")",
"For a long time the region of the Emsland was extremely sparsely populated, due to the [fens](/wiki/Fen \"Fen\") on both sides of the river. Small villages were established in medieval times along the river and on the [Hümmling](/wiki/H%C3%BCmmling \"Hümmling\"). In the 13th century the bishops of [Münster](/wiki/Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster \"Bishopric of Münster\") gained control over the region; the Emsland remained property of the bishop until 1803, when the clerical states were dissolved. It came under rule of [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") and [Arenberg](/wiki/Arenberg \"Arenberg\"), but after the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\") the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna \"Congress of Vienna\") decided to hand the territory over to the [Kingdom of Hanover](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover \"Kingdom of Hanover\"). The Duchy of Arenberg continued to exist as a fief of the Hanoverian kings. When Hanover was annexed by Prussia (1866\\), the dukes were deposed soon after (1875\\).",
"The now Prussian Province of Hanover was subdivided into districts in 1885; four districts were established on the territory of what is now the Landkreis Emsland. The districts were merged in 1977 to form the present district.",
"Under [Nazi rule](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\"), [labour camps](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps \"Nazi concentration camps\") known as the *Emslandlager*{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Esterwegen.html \\|title\\=Esterwegen Labor Camp \\|website\\=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org \\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2016}} (\"Emsland camps\") held thousands of political opponents of the [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party \"Nazi Party\"), located outside [Börgermoor](/wiki/B%C3%B6rgermoor \"Börgermoor\"), now part of the commune [Surwold](/wiki/Surwold \"Surwold\"), not far from [Papenburg](/wiki/Papenburg \"Papenburg\"). A memorial of these camps, the Dokumentations\\- und Informationszentrum (DIZ) Emslandlager, is located at Papenburg. The well known resistance song \"[Peat Bog Soldiers](/wiki/Peat_Bog_Soldiers \"Peat Bog Soldiers\")\" was composed by political prisoners at one of these camps.",
"In 1950 a governmental plan for the development of Emsland was adopted. Its aim was to turn the region into an industrial location. This was accomplished by draining the fens and establishing projects like the test track of the [maglev](/wiki/Maglev_%28transport%29 \"Maglev (transport)\") \"[Transrapid](/wiki/Transrapid \"Transrapid\")\" and several large [shipyards](/wiki/Shipyard \"Shipyard\") such as the [Meyer\\-Werft](/wiki/Meyer-Werft \"Meyer-Werft\") in [Papenburg](/wiki/Papenburg \"Papenburg\"). Although the Landkreis Emsland lost much of its original character, some areas retain their natural character, for example the Hümmling.",
"The 1977 district reforms in Lower Saxony united the former districts of [Lingen](/wiki/Lingen_%28district%29 \"Lingen (district)\"), [Meppen](/wiki/Meppen_%28district%29 \"Meppen (district)\") and [Aschendorf\\-Hümmling](/wiki/Aschendorf-H%C3%BCmmling_%28district%29 \"Aschendorf-Hümmling (district)\") in the district of Emsland, with Meppen as administrative seat. The Emsland remains a very [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic \"Roman Catholic\") region compared to other parts of Lower Saxony.",
""
] |
In popular culture
------------------
Footscray has been the setting of several Australian movies.
In 1992, the film *[Romper Stomper](/wiki/Romper_Stomper "Romper Stomper")* was set in and filmed in and around Footscray. It deals with a fictional gang of [neo\-Nazi skinheads](/wiki/Nazi-Skinheads "Nazi-Skinheads") and their battle against [Vietnamese](/wiki/Vietnamese_people "Vietnamese people") immigrants. Not all scenes were filmed locally: the "Footscray Railway Station" featured in the movie has a pedestrian underpass, while the real station has an overpass for foot traffic; the actual station used for filming was [Richmond Station](/wiki/Richmond_railway_station%2C_Melbourne "Richmond railway station, Melbourne").
The 1994 film *[Metal Skin](/wiki/Metal_Skin "Metal Skin")* and the 2015 film *[Pawno](/wiki/Pawno "Pawno")* are also set in and around Footscray.
The song Footscray Station by Melbourne band *[Camp Cope](/wiki/Camp_Cope "Camp Cope")* is about Footscray, where the lead singer and guitarist Georgia Maq, originally from Kew, resides.
Australian pop punk outfit Nö Class frequently reference Footscray in their lyrics, such as their 2018 hit Carry Me Home, which centres around the Footscray Hotel.
Melbourne band *[The Smith Street Band](/wiki/The_Smith_Street_Band "The Smith Street Band")* recorded the music video for their song 'Shine' as a homage to that of the music video of [Its a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)](/wiki/It%27s_a_Long_Way_to_the_Top_%28If_You_Wanna_Rock_%27n%27_Roll%29 "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)") by iconic Australian band *[AC/DC](/wiki/AC/DC "AC/DC")* in the CBD of Footscray along Barkly Street.
|
[
"In popular culture\n------------------",
"Footscray has been the setting of several Australian movies.",
"In 1992, the film *[Romper Stomper](/wiki/Romper_Stomper \"Romper Stomper\")* was set in and filmed in and around Footscray. It deals with a fictional gang of [neo\\-Nazi skinheads](/wiki/Nazi-Skinheads \"Nazi-Skinheads\") and their battle against [Vietnamese](/wiki/Vietnamese_people \"Vietnamese people\") immigrants. Not all scenes were filmed locally: the \"Footscray Railway Station\" featured in the movie has a pedestrian underpass, while the real station has an overpass for foot traffic; the actual station used for filming was [Richmond Station](/wiki/Richmond_railway_station%2C_Melbourne \"Richmond railway station, Melbourne\").",
"The 1994 film *[Metal Skin](/wiki/Metal_Skin \"Metal Skin\")* and the 2015 film *[Pawno](/wiki/Pawno \"Pawno\")* are also set in and around Footscray.",
"The song Footscray Station by Melbourne band *[Camp Cope](/wiki/Camp_Cope \"Camp Cope\")* is about Footscray, where the lead singer and guitarist Georgia Maq, originally from Kew, resides.",
"Australian pop punk outfit Nö Class frequently reference Footscray in their lyrics, such as their 2018 hit Carry Me Home, which centres around the Footscray Hotel.",
"Melbourne band *[The Smith Street Band](/wiki/The_Smith_Street_Band \"The Smith Street Band\")* recorded the music video for their song 'Shine' as a homage to that of the music video of [Its a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)](/wiki/It%27s_a_Long_Way_to_the_Top_%28If_You_Wanna_Rock_%27n%27_Roll%29 \"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)\") by iconic Australian band *[AC/DC](/wiki/AC/DC \"AC/DC\")* in the CBD of Footscray along Barkly Street.",
""
] |
Groups
------
[thumb\|250px\|Footscray streetscape, prior to a multimillion\-dollar street redevelopment in 2012](/wiki/File:FootscrayStreetscape1.jpg "FootscrayStreetscape1.jpg")
[Asylum Seeker Resource Centre](/wiki/Asylum_Seeker_Resource_Centre "Asylum Seeker Resource Centre") on Nicholson Street gives aid, welfare, and medical care for thousands of asylum seekers.
The Australian Croatian Association headquarters is located in Footscray, serving the large Croatian Community in the area. Other Ethnic Community, Migrants and Refugees groups include African, Albanian, Burmese, Chinese, Croatian or Bosnian, Ethiopian, Filipino, Greek, Harari, Hungarian, Italian, Macedonian, Multicultural, Polish, Russian, Spanish and Latin American, Sudanese and Vietnamese.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.maribyrnong.vic.gov.au/Directory/s2\.asp?S1Key\=5\&S2key\=24\&S3Key\=162\&Show\=y\&h\=0\|title\=500 Error\|work\=maribyrnong.vic.gov.au\|access\-date\=23 January 2017}}
The Footscray Club is a social club that has been part of Footscray since 1894\. This was the original *Footscray Cycle Club*, when cycling became quite popular in Australia in the 19th century. By 1909 the club had built a permanent site on Paisley Street where it still stands today. Early in the last century the club evolved into a purely local social club where members of the local community meet and socialise to this day.
The Footscray Historical Society works on a number of local fronts to record and preserve the history of the area. The Society has an active membership who take part in a range of activities to assist this endeavour. Records such as rare books, business records and correspondence are held at the Society's headquarters at Ercildoune, built in 1876 as a branch of the [National Bank of Australasia](/wiki/National_Australia_Bank "National Australia Bank"). The Society owns this historic building and has had the interior and exterior restored. Tours, forums and discussions are held regularly.
Footscray is at the centre of the Kariwara Scout district of [Scouts Australia](/wiki/Scouts_Australia "Scouts Australia"). The word 'Kariwara' means 'West' in a local Aboriginal language.{{cite web\|url\=http://members.optusnet.com.au/kariwara/ \|title\=Kariwara District \|publisher\=Members.optusnet.com.au \|access\-date\=29 April 2013}} Started in 1909, the 1st Footscray Scout hall is a historic building next to the Footscray Police Station in Hyde Street. 3rd Footscray is the hall seen from the railway line and no longer has youth programs but is home to adult training. The 2nd Footscray Scout hall has a modern brick hall after the first hall burnt down in 1982\. The group has programs for children aged 7 to 26 and meets at Guadion Park in Barkly Street. The 10th Footscray Scout group is in Essex Street next to the [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA "YMCA") and has programs for 7\- to 15\-year\-olds. The 5th Footscray group is opposite [Seddon railway station](/wiki/Seddon_railway_station%2C_Melbourne "Seddon railway station, Melbourne") and has programs for 6\- to 15\-year\-olds. All are part of Scouts Australia.
Maribyrnong Truck Action Group and Less Trucks For Moore work towards cleaning the air in Footscray and surrounding suburbs.
Other groups include; Footscray Traders Association, Footscray Asian Business Association, Save Railway Place, Footscray Sings Fair Go for Footscray Rail Residents and Footscray Rotary.
|
[
"Groups\n------",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|Footscray streetscape, prior to a multimillion\\-dollar street redevelopment in 2012](/wiki/File:FootscrayStreetscape1.jpg \"FootscrayStreetscape1.jpg\")\n[Asylum Seeker Resource Centre](/wiki/Asylum_Seeker_Resource_Centre \"Asylum Seeker Resource Centre\") on Nicholson Street gives aid, welfare, and medical care for thousands of asylum seekers.",
"The Australian Croatian Association headquarters is located in Footscray, serving the large Croatian Community in the area. Other Ethnic Community, Migrants and Refugees groups include African, Albanian, Burmese, Chinese, Croatian or Bosnian, Ethiopian, Filipino, Greek, Harari, Hungarian, Italian, Macedonian, Multicultural, Polish, Russian, Spanish and Latin American, Sudanese and Vietnamese.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.maribyrnong.vic.gov.au/Directory/s2\\.asp?S1Key\\=5\\&S2key\\=24\\&S3Key\\=162\\&Show\\=y\\&h\\=0\\|title\\=500 Error\\|work\\=maribyrnong.vic.gov.au\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2017}}",
"The Footscray Club is a social club that has been part of Footscray since 1894\\. This was the original *Footscray Cycle Club*, when cycling became quite popular in Australia in the 19th century. By 1909 the club had built a permanent site on Paisley Street where it still stands today. Early in the last century the club evolved into a purely local social club where members of the local community meet and socialise to this day.",
"The Footscray Historical Society works on a number of local fronts to record and preserve the history of the area. The Society has an active membership who take part in a range of activities to assist this endeavour. Records such as rare books, business records and correspondence are held at the Society's headquarters at Ercildoune, built in 1876 as a branch of the [National Bank of Australasia](/wiki/National_Australia_Bank \"National Australia Bank\"). The Society owns this historic building and has had the interior and exterior restored. Tours, forums and discussions are held regularly.",
"Footscray is at the centre of the Kariwara Scout district of [Scouts Australia](/wiki/Scouts_Australia \"Scouts Australia\"). The word 'Kariwara' means 'West' in a local Aboriginal language.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://members.optusnet.com.au/kariwara/ \\|title\\=Kariwara District \\|publisher\\=Members.optusnet.com.au \\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2013}} Started in 1909, the 1st Footscray Scout hall is a historic building next to the Footscray Police Station in Hyde Street. 3rd Footscray is the hall seen from the railway line and no longer has youth programs but is home to adult training. The 2nd Footscray Scout hall has a modern brick hall after the first hall burnt down in 1982\\. The group has programs for children aged 7 to 26 and meets at Guadion Park in Barkly Street. The 10th Footscray Scout group is in Essex Street next to the [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA \"YMCA\") and has programs for 7\\- to 15\\-year\\-olds. The 5th Footscray group is opposite [Seddon railway station](/wiki/Seddon_railway_station%2C_Melbourne \"Seddon railway station, Melbourne\") and has programs for 6\\- to 15\\-year\\-olds. All are part of Scouts Australia.",
"Maribyrnong Truck Action Group and Less Trucks For Moore work towards cleaning the air in Footscray and surrounding suburbs.",
"Other groups include; Footscray Traders Association, Footscray Asian Business Association, Save Railway Place, Footscray Sings Fair Go for Footscray Rail Residents and Footscray Rotary.",
""
] |
Politics
--------
Lopez became interested in public service as a young man, joining the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") and running for the Schoharie Village Board at the age of 20\. He lost to a candidate endorsed by the mayor. Lopez later won a seat on the Village Board and later was elected as Supervisor.
Lopez worked as staff to the New York State Legislature for 21 years, collaborating with a broad range of public and private interests at the federal, state and local levels. Among his position was as associate director of the Senate Agriculture Committee (Senator John R. Kuhl, Jr., chairman), and assistant director of the Legislative Commission on Rural Resources (Senator Charles D. Cook, chairman). He also served as the District Office Director for Assembly Minority Leader [John Faso](/wiki/John_Faso "John Faso"), who ran for Governor of New York in 2006, and managed constituent services, including helping seniors and veterans access benefits.
In 2004, Lopez was elected County Clerk with about 70 percent of the vote; he served until 2006\.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2017}}
### Elected to state office
Lopez was first elected to the State Assembly in November 2006, when he defeated [Siena College](/wiki/Siena_College "Siena College") professor Scott Trees. He won a total of 58 percent of the vote on the Republican, [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State "Conservative Party of New York State"), and [Independence](/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York "Independence Party of New York") party lines.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2011}} Lopez ran uncontested in the November 2008{{cite web \|url\= http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/states/legislature/new\-york.html \|title\= Election Results 2008: New York State Legislature \|work\= \[\[The New York Times]] \|year\= 2008}}{{cite web \|url\= http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2008/General/NYSAssembly08\.pdf \|title\= Assembly Election Returns: November 4, 2008 \|publisher\= \[\[New York State Board of Elections]] \|year\= 2008}} and November 2010 [general elections](/wiki/General_election "General election").{{cite web \|url\= http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2010/general/2010Assembly.pdf \|title\= Assembly Election Returns: November 2, 2010 \|publisher\= \[\[New York State Board of Elections]] \|year\= 2010 \|access\-date\= July 24, 2012 \|archive\-date\= December 18, 2013 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131218082901/http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2010/general/2010Assembly.pdf \|url\-status\= dead }}{{cite web \|url\= http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/new\-york/state\-legislature \|title\= Election Results 2010: New York State Legislature \|work\= \[\[The New York Times]] \|year\= 2010}} In 2012 he won from the newly defined 102nd Assembly district.
Lopez supported energy conservation and the development of alternative energy sources in the Mohawk Valley, including [wind farms](/wiki/Wind_farms "Wind farms").[Ariel Zangla, "NY Assemblyman Peter Lopez challenged by retired cop James Miller in 102nd District"](http://www.dailyfreeman.com/general-news/20121024/ny-assemblyman-peter-lopez-challenged-by-retired-cop-james-miller-in-102nd-district), *Daily Freeman*, 24 October 2012 In 2007 he and his staff organized a tour of the [Maple Ridge](/wiki/Maple_Ridge_Wind_Farm "Maple Ridge Wind Farm"), [Fenner](/wiki/Fenner_Wind_Farm "Fenner Wind Farm"), and [Madison](/wiki/Madison_Wind_Farm "Madison Wind Farm") wind farms in New York state.{{Cite web
\|url \= http://assembly.state.ny.us/member\_files/127/20070806/
\|title \= Wind Tour
\|publisher \= \[\[New York State Assembly]]
\|accessdate \= 2008\-09\-07
\|url\-status \= dead
\|archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605054613/http://assembly.state.ny.us/member\_files/127/20070806/
\|archivedate \= 2011\-06\-05
}} Lopez also supports biodiesel research and development in the state, as well as tourism, family farms, and manufacturing.
Lopez has fought against the opioid epidemic, sponsoring Laree's Law, which holds drug dealers accountable for the deaths caused by the sale of opioids and other narcotics.{{Cite web\|url\=http://nyassembly.gov/leg/?bn\=A.6039\&term\=2015\|title\=New York State Assembly {{!}} Bill Search and Legislative Information\|website\=nyassembly.gov\|access\-date\=2016\-09\-12}} Lopez has also been vocal about Albany's culture of corruption, and called on fellow lawmakers to strip the pensions of [Sheldon Silver](/wiki/Sheldon_Silver "Sheldon Silver") and [Dean Skelos](/wiki/Dean_Skelos "Dean Skelos"), who were (in Silver's case, initially) convicted of corruption charges.{{Cite web\|url\=http://nyassembly.gov/mem/Peter\-D\-Lopez/story/69934/\|title\=New York State Assembly {{!}} Peter D. Lopez\|website\=nyassembly.gov\|access\-date\=2016\-09\-12}} Silver's conviction was overturned by the [United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit "United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit") on July 13, 2017\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/nyregion/sheldon\-silvers\-conviction\-is\-overturned.html\|title \= Sheldon Silver's 2015 Corruption Conviction is Overturned\|newspaper \= The New York Times\|date \= 13 July 2017\|last1 \= Weiser\|first1 \= Benjamin}}
### Environmental Protection Agency
On September 28, 2017, [Scott Pruitt](/wiki/Scott_Pruitt "Scott Pruitt"), administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, named Lopez to be regional administrator for region 2\. The region 2 office is based in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), and its area of responsibility is [New York State](/wiki/New_York_State "New York State"), [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"), [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") and the [United States Virgin Islands](/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands "United States Virgin Islands").
Lopez is due to begin his position at the EPA on Oct. 1, at which point he will resign his assembly seat. New York Governor [Andrew Cuomo](/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo "Andrew Cuomo") has the responsibility to call a special election for the 102nd district.
|
[
"Politics\n--------",
"Lopez became interested in public service as a young man, joining the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") and running for the Schoharie Village Board at the age of 20\\. He lost to a candidate endorsed by the mayor. Lopez later won a seat on the Village Board and later was elected as Supervisor.",
"Lopez worked as staff to the New York State Legislature for 21 years, collaborating with a broad range of public and private interests at the federal, state and local levels. Among his position was as associate director of the Senate Agriculture Committee (Senator John R. Kuhl, Jr., chairman), and assistant director of the Legislative Commission on Rural Resources (Senator Charles D. Cook, chairman). He also served as the District Office Director for Assembly Minority Leader [John Faso](/wiki/John_Faso \"John Faso\"), who ran for Governor of New York in 2006, and managed constituent services, including helping seniors and veterans access benefits.",
"In 2004, Lopez was elected County Clerk with about 70 percent of the vote; he served until 2006\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2017}}",
"### Elected to state office",
"Lopez was first elected to the State Assembly in November 2006, when he defeated [Siena College](/wiki/Siena_College \"Siena College\") professor Scott Trees. He won a total of 58 percent of the vote on the Republican, [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State \"Conservative Party of New York State\"), and [Independence](/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York \"Independence Party of New York\") party lines.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2011}} Lopez ran uncontested in the November 2008{{cite web \\|url\\= http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/states/legislature/new\\-york.html \\|title\\= Election Results 2008: New York State Legislature \\|work\\= \\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|year\\= 2008}}{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2008/General/NYSAssembly08\\.pdf \\|title\\= Assembly Election Returns: November 4, 2008 \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[New York State Board of Elections]] \\|year\\= 2008}} and November 2010 [general elections](/wiki/General_election \"General election\").{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2010/general/2010Assembly.pdf \\|title\\= Assembly Election Returns: November 2, 2010 \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[New York State Board of Elections]] \\|year\\= 2010 \\|access\\-date\\= July 24, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\= December 18, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131218082901/http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2010/general/2010Assembly.pdf \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\= http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/new\\-york/state\\-legislature \\|title\\= Election Results 2010: New York State Legislature \\|work\\= \\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|year\\= 2010}} In 2012 he won from the newly defined 102nd Assembly district.",
"Lopez supported energy conservation and the development of alternative energy sources in the Mohawk Valley, including [wind farms](/wiki/Wind_farms \"Wind farms\").[Ariel Zangla, \"NY Assemblyman Peter Lopez challenged by retired cop James Miller in 102nd District\"](http://www.dailyfreeman.com/general-news/20121024/ny-assemblyman-peter-lopez-challenged-by-retired-cop-james-miller-in-102nd-district), *Daily Freeman*, 24 October 2012 In 2007 he and his staff organized a tour of the [Maple Ridge](/wiki/Maple_Ridge_Wind_Farm \"Maple Ridge Wind Farm\"), [Fenner](/wiki/Fenner_Wind_Farm \"Fenner Wind Farm\"), and [Madison](/wiki/Madison_Wind_Farm \"Madison Wind Farm\") wind farms in New York state.{{Cite web\n \\|url \\= http://assembly.state.ny.us/member\\_files/127/20070806/\n \\|title \\= Wind Tour\n \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[New York State Assembly]]\n \\|accessdate \\= 2008\\-09\\-07\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605054613/http://assembly.state.ny.us/member\\_files/127/20070806/\n \\|archivedate \\= 2011\\-06\\-05\n}} Lopez also supports biodiesel research and development in the state, as well as tourism, family farms, and manufacturing.",
"Lopez has fought against the opioid epidemic, sponsoring Laree's Law, which holds drug dealers accountable for the deaths caused by the sale of opioids and other narcotics.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://nyassembly.gov/leg/?bn\\=A.6039\\&term\\=2015\\|title\\=New York State Assembly {{!}} Bill Search and Legislative Information\\|website\\=nyassembly.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-12}} Lopez has also been vocal about Albany's culture of corruption, and called on fellow lawmakers to strip the pensions of [Sheldon Silver](/wiki/Sheldon_Silver \"Sheldon Silver\") and [Dean Skelos](/wiki/Dean_Skelos \"Dean Skelos\"), who were (in Silver's case, initially) convicted of corruption charges.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://nyassembly.gov/mem/Peter\\-D\\-Lopez/story/69934/\\|title\\=New York State Assembly {{!}} Peter D. Lopez\\|website\\=nyassembly.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-12}} Silver's conviction was overturned by the [United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit\") on July 13, 2017\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/nyregion/sheldon\\-silvers\\-conviction\\-is\\-overturned.html\\|title \\= Sheldon Silver's 2015 Corruption Conviction is Overturned\\|newspaper \\= The New York Times\\|date \\= 13 July 2017\\|last1 \\= Weiser\\|first1 \\= Benjamin}}",
"### Environmental Protection Agency",
"On September 28, 2017, [Scott Pruitt](/wiki/Scott_Pruitt \"Scott Pruitt\"), administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, named Lopez to be regional administrator for region 2\\. The region 2 office is based in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), and its area of responsibility is [New York State](/wiki/New_York_State \"New York State\"), [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\"), [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\") and the [United States Virgin Islands](/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands \"United States Virgin Islands\").",
"Lopez is due to begin his position at the EPA on Oct. 1, at which point he will resign his assembly seat. New York Governor [Andrew Cuomo](/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo \"Andrew Cuomo\") has the responsibility to call a special election for the 102nd district.",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1617 the [Benedictine community](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict "Order of Saint Benedict") of English and Welsh monks that had founded [Downside School](/wiki/Downside_School "Downside School") in [Douai](/wiki/Douai "Douai") established a [preparatory school](/wiki/Preparatory_school_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Preparatory school (United Kingdom)") to educate the younger pupils. At the time, both schools were located in France due to the severe penal laws in England imposed against Catholics. This way, English Catholics were able to send their children to study across the channel. After an incident with French revolutionaries in 1790, the school had to move back to England, where laws against Catholics had become more flexible. After several years in [Acton Burnell](/wiki/Acton_Burnell "Acton Burnell"), the monks finally settled in [Stratton\-on\-the\-Fosse](/wiki/Stratton-on-the-Fosse "Stratton-on-the-Fosse"), Somerset, in 1814; this is the current location of [Downside School](/wiki/Downside_School "Downside School").Condon, Ian; A House Called Paddockhurst: A Short History of Worth's Victorian Mansion. Worth School (February 2010\) pg 8
In 1933 the Paddockhurst country [estate](/wiki/Estate_%28land%29 "Estate (land)") of [Lord Cowdray](/wiki/Weetman_Pearson%2C_1st_Viscount_Cowdray "Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray") was purchased by [Downside Abbey](/wiki/Downside_Abbey "Downside Abbey"). [John Chapman](/wiki/John_Chapman_%28priest%29 "John Chapman (priest)"), [Abbot](/wiki/Abbot "Abbot") of [Downside](/wiki/Downside_Abbey "Downside Abbey"), relocated the junior school to the estate, thus establishing a [preparatory school](/wiki/Preparatory_school_%28UK%29 "Preparatory school (UK)") for boys aged 7 to 13 named Worth Priory.Condon, Ian; A House Called Paddockhurst: A Short History of Worth's Victorian Mansion. Worth School (February 2010\) pg 9 This school, set in the mansion house of Paddockhurst, was a junior school for [Downside School](/wiki/Downside_School "Downside School"). Having 60 pupils at foundation, numbers rose to 100 in 1939 when the school was evacuated and moved to Downside Abbey for the duration of the Second World War. In 1957 pupil numbers rose to 256, the school becoming the second largest preparatory school in the country.
[thumb\|left\|Carving at the entrance during the school's early years.](/wiki/File:John_Chapman.png "John Chapman.png")
In 1957 [Worth Abbey](/wiki/Worth_Abbey "Worth Abbey") became independent from [Downside Abbey](/wiki/Downside_Abbey "Downside Abbey"), and shortly after this an independent senior school, Worth School, for boys aged 13 to 18, was founded (1959\). The former Worth Preparatory School remained separate from the senior school and was progressively scaled\-down until in 1965 it became The Junior House for boys aged 11 to 13\.
Worth remained a purely boarding school until the 1990s, when day students were first admitted, and two day houses were founded, one inheriting the name of Worth's founder, Chapman, the other named for its first Abbot, Farwell. Worth was the first English Benedictine school to combine the boarding and day traditions in this way.
In October 1999 the School hosted the first International Conference on Benedictine Education. Over one hundred Benedictine educators, monks, nuns and lay people came from sixty Benedictine schools in fifteen countries to work together on developing the Benedictine tradition of education.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thetablet.co.uk/article/6825 \|work\=Weekly News \|access\-date\=26 February 2016 \|title\=News about Catholicism and Christianity in the Tablet \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304152301/http://www.thetablet.co.uk/article/6825 \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 \|url\-status \= bot: unknown\|df\=dmy\-all }} At this meeting work began on establishing The International Commission on Benedictine Education (ICBE) which was founded in November 2002 to support those schools which promote a Benedictine vision of education.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.osb\-icbe.org/ \|title\=Welcome \|website\=Osb\-icbe.org \|access\-date\=26 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105103921/http://osb\-icbe.org/ \|archive\-date\=5 January 2014 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }}
In 2002 Worth School was established as a separate charity from Worth Abbey, with its own Board of Governors and a lay chairman. This was the first time that a Benedictine school in England had established a fully independent lay Board of Governors.[http://w.charity\-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities](http://w.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities){{dead link\|date\=February 2016}}
Girls were accepted into the [sixth form](/wiki/Sixth_form "Sixth form") from September 2008\. Girls were admitted into the lower years in 2010\. A boarding house and a day house for girls were subsequently founded.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.worthschool.co.uk/page.php?pid\=93 \|access\-date\=6 June 2012 \|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513164633/http://www.worthschool.co.uk/page.php?pid\=93 \|archive\-date\=13 May 2012 \|title\=Girls at Worth }}
[thumb\|Main House at Worth School](/wiki/File:Main_building_at_Worth_School.jpg "Main building at Worth School.jpg")
{{main\|Independent school fee fixing scandal}}
In 2005 the [Office of Fair Trading](/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Trading "Office of Fair Trading") found fifty independent schools, including Worth, to have breached the Competition Act by "regularly and systematically" exchanging information about planned increases in school fees, which was collated and distributed among the schools by the bursar at [Sevenoaks School](/wiki/Sevenoaks_School "Sevenoaks School").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1502603/Private\-schools\-found\-guilty\-over\-fee\-cartel.html \|title\=Private schools found 'guilty' over fee cartel \|newspaper\=The Daily Telegraph \|first\=John \|last\=Clare \|location\=London \|date\=10 November 2005 \|access\-date\=19 December 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114125851/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1502603/Private\-schools\-found\-guilty\-over\-fee\-cartel.html \|archive\-date\=14 November 2012 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }} Following the investigation by the OFT, each school was required to pay around £70,000, totalling around £3\.5 million, significantly less than the maximum possible fine. In addition, the schools together agreed to contribute another £3m to a new charitable educational fund. The incident raised concerns over whether the charitable status of independent schools such as Worth should be reconsidered, and perhaps revoked.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/feb/27/schools.publicschools \|title\=Slap on wrist for private schools in fees cartel \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|location\=London \|page\=11 \|first\=Rebecca \|last\=Smithers \|date\=27 January 2006 \|access\-date\=19 December 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105004058/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/feb/27/schools.publicschools \|archive\-date\=5 November 2013 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }} However, Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said the schools were following a long\-established procedure in sharing the information with each other because independent schools were previously exempt from anti\-cartel rules applied to business and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director\-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long\-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed."{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1455730/Private\-schools\-send\-papers\-to\-fee\-fixing\-inquiry.html \|title\=Private schools send papers to fee\-fixing inquiry \|newspaper\=The Daily Telegraph \|location\=London \|date\=1 March 2004 \|access\-date\=15 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625070958/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1455730/Private\-schools\-send\-papers\-to\-fee\-fixing\-inquiry.html \|archive\-date\=25 June 2013 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }}
In March 2009 the school celebrated its 75th anniversary, with a special mass for the whole school community in [Westminster Cathedral](/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral "Westminster Cathedral"). The school was welcomed by Cardinal [Cormac Murphy\-O'Connor](/wiki/Cormac_Murphy-O%27Connor "Cormac Murphy-O'Connor") and the mass was celebrated in the presence of Archbishop [Faustino Sainz Muñoz](/wiki/Faustino_Sainz_Mu%C3%B1oz "Faustino Sainz Muñoz"), [Apostolic Nuncio](/wiki/Nunciature_to_Great_Britain "Nunciature to Great Britain") to Great Britain. It is the first time that a Benedictine school has ever assembled for such an occasion at Westminster Cathedral. The school choir performed a specially composed [motet](/wiki/Motet "Motet") by [Colin Mawby](/wiki/Colin_Mawby "Colin Mawby"), a former director of music at the cathedral and one of Britain's leading liturgical composers.
In July 2009 racing driver [Henry Surtees](/wiki/Henry_Surtees "Henry Surtees"), age 18, had just finished his A\-levels at Worth, when he died in an accident during a Formula Two race at Brands Hatch, Kent. The school commemorated this former pupil by naming a school social centre in his honour, and by a cross\-Channel swim to raise £15,000 for Sussex Air Ambulance, the Surtees family's nominated charity.{{Cite news\|title\=Worth School students to swim Channel for Surtees\|url\=http://www.worthschool.org.uk/view\-news.php?newsID\=114\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=14 June 2010\|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331113128/http://www.worthschool.org.uk/view\-news.php?newsID\=114\|archive\-date\=31 March 2012}}
During 2011 extended sports facilities were opened, including the school's first Astroturf. In the same year the Abbey Church, used daily by the school for a wide variety of functions, was extensively refurbished.{{cite web \|author\=Archive \|url\=http://www.iconeye.com/read\-previous\-issues/icon\-102\-december\-2011/worth\-abbey\-church \|title\=Worth Abbey Church by Heatherwick Studio – Icon Magazine \|website\=Iconeye.com \|date\=28 February 2012 \|access\-date\=26 February 2016 }}{{dead link\|date\=December 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} The Abbey Church (constructed between 1965 and 1975\) was designed by the English architect Francis Pollen, and "is considered by many to be the best example of his style".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.dezeen.com/2011/11/05/worth\-abbey\-by\-heatherwick\-studio/ \|title\=Worth Abbey by Heatherwick Studio \|website\=Dezeen.com \|date\=5 November 2011 \|access\-date\=26 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222043/http://www.dezeen.com/2011/11/05/worth\-abbey\-by\-heatherwick\-studio/ \|archive\-date\=3 March 2016 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }} The refurbished interior, by [Thomas Heatherwick](/wiki/Thomas_Heatherwick "Thomas Heatherwick") Studios, won the [West Sussex County Council](/wiki/West_Sussex_County_Council "West Sussex County Council") Design and Sustainability Scheme Restoration Award for 2011\. Judges found that "Thoughtful design and superb execution make for a wonderful restoration, proving that in the right hands contemporary architecture can be used to create an exceptional place for prayer and contemplation".{{cite web \|url\=http://lodsworthlarder.com/wp\-content/uploads/2012/07/design\_sustainability\_awards\_2011\.pdf \|title\=West Sussex Design and Sustainability Awards 2011 \|website\=Lodsworthlarder.com \|access\-date\=26 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214514/http://lodsworthlarder.com/wp\-content/uploads/2012/07/design\_sustainability\_awards\_2011\.pdf \|archive\-date\=3 March 2016 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }}
[thumb\|The school's entrance through Paddockhurst Road.](/wiki/File:Worth_School_entrance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_37992.jpg "Worth School entrance - geograph.org.uk - 37992.jpg")
In November 2011 a 13\-year\-old pupil, William Avery\-Wright, died in a road accident on the B2110 Paddockhurst Road while crossing unsupervised.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-sussex\-23246150 \|title\=William Avery\-Wright's death was an 'accident' \|work\=BBC News \|date\=9 July 2013 \|access\-date\=26 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715082305/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-sussex\-23246150 \|archive\-date\=15 July 2013 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }} His funeral was held in the Abbey Church in December of that year.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thisisannouncements.co.uk/12902478?s\_source\=clse\_sctk \|title\=Family Announcements, AVERY\-WRIGHT WILLIAM HENRY – Funeral Directors and services – Kent \& Sussex Courier Announcements \|website\=Thisisannouncements.co.uk \|access\-date\=26 February 2016}} Subsequently, the bereaved family have been critical of the school and in January 2014 the Conservative MP for Wealden, [Charles Hendry](/wiki/Charles_Hendry "Charles Hendry"), called for the resignation of the school's Headmaster, Gino Carminati, and Chair of Governors, Alda Andreotti.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-sussex\-25922008 \|title\=William Avery\-Wright: Worth School head 'should resign' \|work\=BBC News \|date\=28 January 2014 \|access\-date\=26 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131090914/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-sussex\-25922008 \|archive\-date\=31 January 2014 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }}
In September 2012 a new building for the boys boarding house, St Bede's, was opened in a woodland setting near the school golf course. Designed by architects Miller Bourne (Hove), the building houses 60 boarders, along with a housemaster's family house and a flat for a residential tutor. The St Bede's building won the 2012 Sussex Heritage Trust Award in the large commercial category.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sussexheritagetrust.com/2013\-awards/results \|title\=Design for the future, respect for the past \|publisher\=Sussex Heritage Trust \|access\-date\=26 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702155251/http://www.sussexheritagetrust.com/2013\-awards/results \|archive\-date\=2 July 2014 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }}
In 2012 *[Tatler](/wiki/Tatler "Tatler")* reported that 8% of the school's students later go on to study at either [Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford") or [Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge") Universities.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.tatler.com/guides/schools\-guide/2012/public/worth\-school \|title\=Worth School \- Tatler \|access\-date\=10 May 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624191653/http://www.tatler.com/guides/schools\-guide/2012/public/worth\-school \|archive\-date\=24 June 2016 \|url\-status \= dead\|df\=dmy\-all }}
In June 2013 in co\-operation with The [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit "Jesuit") Institute,{{cite web \|url\=http://jesuitinstitute.org/ \|title\=The Jesuit Institute London \|website\=Jesuitinstitute.org \|access\-date\=26 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217151508/http://jesuitinstitute.org/ \|archive\-date\=17 February 2016 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }} the school was host to an educational conference on the Identity and Mission of Catholic Schools. Attracting over 40 international participants, the two\-day event focused on sustaining and developing the [ethos](/wiki/Ethos "Ethos") of [Catholic schools](/wiki/Catholic_schools "Catholic schools"). This was the first time that schools in the UK from the [Benedictine](/wiki/Benedictine "Benedictine") and Jesuit traditions of education had co\-operated in such a manner.Catholic Independent Schools’ Conference (CISC) News, Volume 13, Issue 68, Autumn 2013 Later in the same year, the school opened a pedestrian footbridge across the B2110 Paddockhurst Road, thereby more directly linking its main site with its nearby playing fields. Because the school is located in the [High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty](/wiki/High_Weald_Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty "High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty") the bridge was designed so that its impact is minimised.{{cite web \|url\=http://miller\-bourne.co.uk/news \|title\=NEWS \|publisher\=Miller Bourne \|access\-date\=26 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315174355/http://miller\-bourne.co.uk/news \|archive\-date\=15 March 2016 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }}
[thumb\|Detail of the [Whitehead](/wiki/Robert_Whitehead "Robert Whitehead") Room at Worth School.](/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_Whitehead_Room_at_Worth_School.png "Detail of the Whitehead Room at Worth School.png")
In August 2015 Stuart McPherson (an [Eton College](/wiki/Eton_College "Eton College") former housemaster) assumed the leadership of the school community as Head Master.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.crawleyobserver.co.uk/news/local/teacher\-to\-leave\-eton\-to\-take\-on\-top\-job\-at\-worth\-school\-1\-6496554 \|title\=Teacher to leave Eton to take on top job at Worth School \|work\=Crawley Observer \|date\=4 January 2015 \|access\-date\=26 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034935/http://www.crawleyobserver.co.uk/news/local/teacher\-to\-leave\-eton\-to\-take\-on\-top\-job\-at\-worth\-school\-1\-6496554 \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }} McPherson is the school's third lay Head Master, and, by co\-incidence, its third Australian Head.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory\=26252 \|title\=Worth School appoints new Head Master from Eton – Independent Catholic News \|website\=Indcatholicnews.com \|date\=12 December 2014 \|access\-date\=26 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124064520/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory\=26252 \|archive\-date\=24 November 2015 \|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all }}
In 2017 [The National College for Teaching and Leadership](/wiki/National_College_for_Teaching_and_Leadership "National College for Teaching and Leadership") banned David Brown indefinitely from teaching. Brown, then a part\-time singing teacher at the school had an affair with a Sixth\-Form pupil in 2015\. It was reported that Brown, had messaged the student encouraging her to take drugs in order to improve the sexual side of their relationship, whilst also sending the student images containing nudity.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-england\-sussex\-39705878\|title\=Teacher struck off after affair with pupil\|date\=2017\-04\-25\|work\=BBC News\|access\-date\=2018\-08\-13\|language\=en\-GB\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813213238/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-england\-sussex\-39705878\|archive\-date\=13 August 2018\|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/24/singing\-teacher\-catholic\-boarding\-school\-had\-sex\-student\-encouraged/\|title\=Singing teacher at Catholic boarding school had sex with student and encouraged her to take drugs\|last\=Reporters\|first\=Telegraph\|date\=2017\-04\-25\|work\=The Telegraph\|access\-date\=2018\-08\-13\|language\=en\-GB\|issn\=0307\-1235\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813210412/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/24/singing\-teacher\-catholic\-boarding\-school\-had\-sex\-student\-encouraged/\|archive\-date\=13 August 2018\|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/15255216\.Teacher\_\_47\_\_struck\_off\_for\_relationship\_with\_teenage\_pupil/\|title\=Teacher, 47, struck off for relationship with teenage pupil\|website\=The Argus\|date\=29 April 2017 \|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-08\-13\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813210344/http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/15255216\.Teacher\_\_47\_\_struck\_off\_for\_relationship\_with\_teenage\_pupil/\|archive\-date\=13 August 2018\|url\-status \= live\|df\=dmy\-all}}
In December 2018 Worth was named among the 100 cricketing schools in Britain for the first time. Each year since up to 2024, Worth was again included in the annual list compiled by [The Cricketer](/wiki/The_Cricketer "The Cricketer").
In the summer of 2019 a former student, [Michael Spencer](/wiki/Michael_Spencer "Michael Spencer"), made an extraordinary gift of £6\.25 million for the school to build a new sixth form centre, which opened in April 2022\. In July 2022, the new building won a Sussex Heritage Trust award. In the summer of 2024, work began on a £2\.5 million science extension, a project which includes three new science classrooms.
In 2023, a new house system was introduced. This is used for sporting to allow balanced teams for events such as sports day. The normal house system still applies for all other day to day activities. There are 6 houses, Cowdray Chargers, Coleburt Cavaliers, Napier Nigth\-hawks, Surtees Sentinals and the Whitehead ravens. These houses included boys and girl from both the junior and senior school. The houses work towards winning the worth community trophy, the first ever winner of this award were the Cowdray Chargers.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1617 the [Benedictine community](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict \"Order of Saint Benedict\") of English and Welsh monks that had founded [Downside School](/wiki/Downside_School \"Downside School\") in [Douai](/wiki/Douai \"Douai\") established a [preparatory school](/wiki/Preparatory_school_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Preparatory school (United Kingdom)\") to educate the younger pupils. At the time, both schools were located in France due to the severe penal laws in England imposed against Catholics. This way, English Catholics were able to send their children to study across the channel. After an incident with French revolutionaries in 1790, the school had to move back to England, where laws against Catholics had become more flexible. After several years in [Acton Burnell](/wiki/Acton_Burnell \"Acton Burnell\"), the monks finally settled in [Stratton\\-on\\-the\\-Fosse](/wiki/Stratton-on-the-Fosse \"Stratton-on-the-Fosse\"), Somerset, in 1814; this is the current location of [Downside School](/wiki/Downside_School \"Downside School\").Condon, Ian; A House Called Paddockhurst: A Short History of Worth's Victorian Mansion. Worth School (February 2010\\) pg 8",
"In 1933 the Paddockhurst country [estate](/wiki/Estate_%28land%29 \"Estate (land)\") of [Lord Cowdray](/wiki/Weetman_Pearson%2C_1st_Viscount_Cowdray \"Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray\") was purchased by [Downside Abbey](/wiki/Downside_Abbey \"Downside Abbey\"). [John Chapman](/wiki/John_Chapman_%28priest%29 \"John Chapman (priest)\"), [Abbot](/wiki/Abbot \"Abbot\") of [Downside](/wiki/Downside_Abbey \"Downside Abbey\"), relocated the junior school to the estate, thus establishing a [preparatory school](/wiki/Preparatory_school_%28UK%29 \"Preparatory school (UK)\") for boys aged 7 to 13 named Worth Priory.Condon, Ian; A House Called Paddockhurst: A Short History of Worth's Victorian Mansion. Worth School (February 2010\\) pg 9 This school, set in the mansion house of Paddockhurst, was a junior school for [Downside School](/wiki/Downside_School \"Downside School\"). Having 60 pupils at foundation, numbers rose to 100 in 1939 when the school was evacuated and moved to Downside Abbey for the duration of the Second World War. In 1957 pupil numbers rose to 256, the school becoming the second largest preparatory school in the country.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Carving at the entrance during the school's early years.](/wiki/File:John_Chapman.png \"John Chapman.png\")",
"In 1957 [Worth Abbey](/wiki/Worth_Abbey \"Worth Abbey\") became independent from [Downside Abbey](/wiki/Downside_Abbey \"Downside Abbey\"), and shortly after this an independent senior school, Worth School, for boys aged 13 to 18, was founded (1959\\). The former Worth Preparatory School remained separate from the senior school and was progressively scaled\\-down until in 1965 it became The Junior House for boys aged 11 to 13\\.",
"Worth remained a purely boarding school until the 1990s, when day students were first admitted, and two day houses were founded, one inheriting the name of Worth's founder, Chapman, the other named for its first Abbot, Farwell. Worth was the first English Benedictine school to combine the boarding and day traditions in this way.",
"In October 1999 the School hosted the first International Conference on Benedictine Education. Over one hundred Benedictine educators, monks, nuns and lay people came from sixty Benedictine schools in fifteen countries to work together on developing the Benedictine tradition of education.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thetablet.co.uk/article/6825 \\|work\\=Weekly News \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016 \\|title\\=News about Catholicism and Christianity in the Tablet \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304152301/http://www.thetablet.co.uk/article/6825 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= bot: unknown\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} At this meeting work began on establishing The International Commission on Benedictine Education (ICBE) which was founded in November 2002 to support those schools which promote a Benedictine vision of education.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.osb\\-icbe.org/ \\|title\\=Welcome \\|website\\=Osb\\-icbe.org \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105103921/http://osb\\-icbe.org/ \\|archive\\-date\\=5 January 2014 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"In 2002 Worth School was established as a separate charity from Worth Abbey, with its own Board of Governors and a lay chairman. This was the first time that a Benedictine school in England had established a fully independent lay Board of Governors.[http://w.charity\\-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities](http://w.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities){{dead link\\|date\\=February 2016}}",
"Girls were accepted into the [sixth form](/wiki/Sixth_form \"Sixth form\") from September 2008\\. Girls were admitted into the lower years in 2010\\. A boarding house and a day house for girls were subsequently founded.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.worthschool.co.uk/page.php?pid\\=93 \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2012 \\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513164633/http://www.worthschool.co.uk/page.php?pid\\=93 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 May 2012 \\|title\\=Girls at Worth }}",
"[thumb\\|Main House at Worth School](/wiki/File:Main_building_at_Worth_School.jpg \"Main building at Worth School.jpg\")",
"{{main\\|Independent school fee fixing scandal}}\nIn 2005 the [Office of Fair Trading](/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Trading \"Office of Fair Trading\") found fifty independent schools, including Worth, to have breached the Competition Act by \"regularly and systematically\" exchanging information about planned increases in school fees, which was collated and distributed among the schools by the bursar at [Sevenoaks School](/wiki/Sevenoaks_School \"Sevenoaks School\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1502603/Private\\-schools\\-found\\-guilty\\-over\\-fee\\-cartel.html \\|title\\=Private schools found 'guilty' over fee cartel \\|newspaper\\=The Daily Telegraph \\|first\\=John \\|last\\=Clare \\|location\\=London \\|date\\=10 November 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114125851/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1502603/Private\\-schools\\-found\\-guilty\\-over\\-fee\\-cartel.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 November 2012 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Following the investigation by the OFT, each school was required to pay around £70,000, totalling around £3\\.5 million, significantly less than the maximum possible fine. In addition, the schools together agreed to contribute another £3m to a new charitable educational fund. The incident raised concerns over whether the charitable status of independent schools such as Worth should be reconsidered, and perhaps revoked.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/feb/27/schools.publicschools \\|title\\=Slap on wrist for private schools in fees cartel \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|location\\=London \\|page\\=11 \\|first\\=Rebecca \\|last\\=Smithers \\|date\\=27 January 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105004058/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/feb/27/schools.publicschools \\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} However, Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said the schools were following a long\\-established procedure in sharing the information with each other because independent schools were previously exempt from anti\\-cartel rules applied to business and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director\\-general, saying, \"They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long\\-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1455730/Private\\-schools\\-send\\-papers\\-to\\-fee\\-fixing\\-inquiry.html \\|title\\=Private schools send papers to fee\\-fixing inquiry \\|newspaper\\=The Daily Telegraph \\|location\\=London \\|date\\=1 March 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625070958/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1455730/Private\\-schools\\-send\\-papers\\-to\\-fee\\-fixing\\-inquiry.html \\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}\nIn March 2009 the school celebrated its 75th anniversary, with a special mass for the whole school community in [Westminster Cathedral](/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral \"Westminster Cathedral\"). The school was welcomed by Cardinal [Cormac Murphy\\-O'Connor](/wiki/Cormac_Murphy-O%27Connor \"Cormac Murphy-O'Connor\") and the mass was celebrated in the presence of Archbishop [Faustino Sainz Muñoz](/wiki/Faustino_Sainz_Mu%C3%B1oz \"Faustino Sainz Muñoz\"), [Apostolic Nuncio](/wiki/Nunciature_to_Great_Britain \"Nunciature to Great Britain\") to Great Britain. It is the first time that a Benedictine school has ever assembled for such an occasion at Westminster Cathedral. The school choir performed a specially composed [motet](/wiki/Motet \"Motet\") by [Colin Mawby](/wiki/Colin_Mawby \"Colin Mawby\"), a former director of music at the cathedral and one of Britain's leading liturgical composers.",
"In July 2009 racing driver [Henry Surtees](/wiki/Henry_Surtees \"Henry Surtees\"), age 18, had just finished his A\\-levels at Worth, when he died in an accident during a Formula Two race at Brands Hatch, Kent. The school commemorated this former pupil by naming a school social centre in his honour, and by a cross\\-Channel swim to raise £15,000 for Sussex Air Ambulance, the Surtees family's nominated charity.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Worth School students to swim Channel for Surtees\\|url\\=http://www.worthschool.org.uk/view\\-news.php?newsID\\=114\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=14 June 2010\\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331113128/http://www.worthschool.org.uk/view\\-news.php?newsID\\=114\\|archive\\-date\\=31 March 2012}}",
"During 2011 extended sports facilities were opened, including the school's first Astroturf. In the same year the Abbey Church, used daily by the school for a wide variety of functions, was extensively refurbished.{{cite web \\|author\\=Archive \\|url\\=http://www.iconeye.com/read\\-previous\\-issues/icon\\-102\\-december\\-2011/worth\\-abbey\\-church \\|title\\=Worth Abbey Church by Heatherwick Studio – Icon Magazine \\|website\\=Iconeye.com \\|date\\=28 February 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=December 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} The Abbey Church (constructed between 1965 and 1975\\) was designed by the English architect Francis Pollen, and \"is considered by many to be the best example of his style\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dezeen.com/2011/11/05/worth\\-abbey\\-by\\-heatherwick\\-studio/ \\|title\\=Worth Abbey by Heatherwick Studio \\|website\\=Dezeen.com \\|date\\=5 November 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222043/http://www.dezeen.com/2011/11/05/worth\\-abbey\\-by\\-heatherwick\\-studio/ \\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} The refurbished interior, by [Thomas Heatherwick](/wiki/Thomas_Heatherwick \"Thomas Heatherwick\") Studios, won the [West Sussex County Council](/wiki/West_Sussex_County_Council \"West Sussex County Council\") Design and Sustainability Scheme Restoration Award for 2011\\. Judges found that \"Thoughtful design and superb execution make for a wonderful restoration, proving that in the right hands contemporary architecture can be used to create an exceptional place for prayer and contemplation\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://lodsworthlarder.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2012/07/design\\_sustainability\\_awards\\_2011\\.pdf \\|title\\=West Sussex Design and Sustainability Awards 2011 \\|website\\=Lodsworthlarder.com \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214514/http://lodsworthlarder.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2012/07/design\\_sustainability\\_awards\\_2011\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"[thumb\\|The school's entrance through Paddockhurst Road.](/wiki/File:Worth_School_entrance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_37992.jpg \"Worth School entrance - geograph.org.uk - 37992.jpg\")\nIn November 2011 a 13\\-year\\-old pupil, William Avery\\-Wright, died in a road accident on the B2110 Paddockhurst Road while crossing unsupervised.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-sussex\\-23246150 \\|title\\=William Avery\\-Wright's death was an 'accident' \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=9 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715082305/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-sussex\\-23246150 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 July 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} His funeral was held in the Abbey Church in December of that year.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thisisannouncements.co.uk/12902478?s\\_source\\=clse\\_sctk \\|title\\=Family Announcements, AVERY\\-WRIGHT WILLIAM HENRY – Funeral Directors and services – Kent \\& Sussex Courier Announcements \\|website\\=Thisisannouncements.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016}} Subsequently, the bereaved family have been critical of the school and in January 2014 the Conservative MP for Wealden, [Charles Hendry](/wiki/Charles_Hendry \"Charles Hendry\"), called for the resignation of the school's Headmaster, Gino Carminati, and Chair of Governors, Alda Andreotti.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-sussex\\-25922008 \\|title\\=William Avery\\-Wright: Worth School head 'should resign' \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=28 January 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131090914/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-sussex\\-25922008 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2014 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"In September 2012 a new building for the boys boarding house, St Bede's, was opened in a woodland setting near the school golf course. Designed by architects Miller Bourne (Hove), the building houses 60 boarders, along with a housemaster's family house and a flat for a residential tutor. The St Bede's building won the 2012 Sussex Heritage Trust Award in the large commercial category.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sussexheritagetrust.com/2013\\-awards/results \\|title\\=Design for the future, respect for the past \\|publisher\\=Sussex Heritage Trust \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702155251/http://www.sussexheritagetrust.com/2013\\-awards/results \\|archive\\-date\\=2 July 2014 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"In 2012 *[Tatler](/wiki/Tatler \"Tatler\")* reported that 8% of the school's students later go on to study at either [Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\") or [Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\") Universities.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tatler.com/guides/schools\\-guide/2012/public/worth\\-school \\|title\\=Worth School \\- Tatler \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624191653/http://www.tatler.com/guides/schools\\-guide/2012/public/worth\\-school \\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"In June 2013 in co\\-operation with The [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit \"Jesuit\") Institute,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://jesuitinstitute.org/ \\|title\\=The Jesuit Institute London \\|website\\=Jesuitinstitute.org \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217151508/http://jesuitinstitute.org/ \\|archive\\-date\\=17 February 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} the school was host to an educational conference on the Identity and Mission of Catholic Schools. Attracting over 40 international participants, the two\\-day event focused on sustaining and developing the [ethos](/wiki/Ethos \"Ethos\") of [Catholic schools](/wiki/Catholic_schools \"Catholic schools\"). This was the first time that schools in the UK from the [Benedictine](/wiki/Benedictine \"Benedictine\") and Jesuit traditions of education had co\\-operated in such a manner.Catholic Independent Schools’ Conference (CISC) News, Volume 13, Issue 68, Autumn 2013 Later in the same year, the school opened a pedestrian footbridge across the B2110 Paddockhurst Road, thereby more directly linking its main site with its nearby playing fields. Because the school is located in the [High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty](/wiki/High_Weald_Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty \"High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty\") the bridge was designed so that its impact is minimised.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://miller\\-bourne.co.uk/news \\|title\\=NEWS \\|publisher\\=Miller Bourne \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315174355/http://miller\\-bourne.co.uk/news \\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"[thumb\\|Detail of the [Whitehead](/wiki/Robert_Whitehead \"Robert Whitehead\") Room at Worth School.](/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_Whitehead_Room_at_Worth_School.png \"Detail of the Whitehead Room at Worth School.png\")",
"In August 2015 Stuart McPherson (an [Eton College](/wiki/Eton_College \"Eton College\") former housemaster) assumed the leadership of the school community as Head Master.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.crawleyobserver.co.uk/news/local/teacher\\-to\\-leave\\-eton\\-to\\-take\\-on\\-top\\-job\\-at\\-worth\\-school\\-1\\-6496554 \\|title\\=Teacher to leave Eton to take on top job at Worth School \\|work\\=Crawley Observer \\|date\\=4 January 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034935/http://www.crawleyobserver.co.uk/news/local/teacher\\-to\\-leave\\-eton\\-to\\-take\\-on\\-top\\-job\\-at\\-worth\\-school\\-1\\-6496554 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} McPherson is the school's third lay Head Master, and, by co\\-incidence, its third Australian Head.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory\\=26252 \\|title\\=Worth School appoints new Head Master from Eton – Independent Catholic News \\|website\\=Indcatholicnews.com \\|date\\=12 December 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124064520/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory\\=26252 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 November 2015 \\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"In 2017 [The National College for Teaching and Leadership](/wiki/National_College_for_Teaching_and_Leadership \"National College for Teaching and Leadership\") banned David Brown indefinitely from teaching. Brown, then a part\\-time singing teacher at the school had an affair with a Sixth\\-Form pupil in 2015\\. It was reported that Brown, had messaged the student encouraging her to take drugs in order to improve the sexual side of their relationship, whilst also sending the student images containing nudity.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-england\\-sussex\\-39705878\\|title\\=Teacher struck off after affair with pupil\\|date\\=2017\\-04\\-25\\|work\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-13\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813213238/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-england\\-sussex\\-39705878\\|archive\\-date\\=13 August 2018\\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/24/singing\\-teacher\\-catholic\\-boarding\\-school\\-had\\-sex\\-student\\-encouraged/\\|title\\=Singing teacher at Catholic boarding school had sex with student and encouraged her to take drugs\\|last\\=Reporters\\|first\\=Telegraph\\|date\\=2017\\-04\\-25\\|work\\=The Telegraph\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-13\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|issn\\=0307\\-1235\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813210412/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/24/singing\\-teacher\\-catholic\\-boarding\\-school\\-had\\-sex\\-student\\-encouraged/\\|archive\\-date\\=13 August 2018\\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/15255216\\.Teacher\\_\\_47\\_\\_struck\\_off\\_for\\_relationship\\_with\\_teenage\\_pupil/\\|title\\=Teacher, 47, struck off for relationship with teenage pupil\\|website\\=The Argus\\|date\\=29 April 2017 \\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-13\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813210344/http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/15255216\\.Teacher\\_\\_47\\_\\_struck\\_off\\_for\\_relationship\\_with\\_teenage\\_pupil/\\|archive\\-date\\=13 August 2018\\|url\\-status \\= live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"In December 2018 Worth was named among the 100 cricketing schools in Britain for the first time. Each year since up to 2024, Worth was again included in the annual list compiled by [The Cricketer](/wiki/The_Cricketer \"The Cricketer\").",
"In the summer of 2019 a former student, [Michael Spencer](/wiki/Michael_Spencer \"Michael Spencer\"), made an extraordinary gift of £6\\.25 million for the school to build a new sixth form centre, which opened in April 2022\\. In July 2022, the new building won a Sussex Heritage Trust award. In the summer of 2024, work began on a £2\\.5 million science extension, a project which includes three new science classrooms.",
"In 2023, a new house system was introduced. This is used for sporting to allow balanced teams for events such as sports day. The normal house system still applies for all other day to day activities. There are 6 houses, Cowdray Chargers, Coleburt Cavaliers, Napier Nigth\\-hawks, Surtees Sentinals and the Whitehead ravens. These houses included boys and girl from both the junior and senior school. The houses work towards winning the worth community trophy, the first ever winner of this award were the Cowdray Chargers.",
""
] |
College career
--------------
### Recruiting
Coming out of high school, Clarke was highly recruited, attracting more than 50 scholarship offers. There was so much interest in Clarke, that he ran up a $400 cell phone bill largely on texts from interested coaches. His bedroom was filled with more than 2,500 recruiting letters.{{cite news \|title\=Countless hours in the gym pay off for Verdigris standout \|author\=George Schroeder \|work\=The Daily Oklahoman \|date\=June 14, 2007 \|at\=p. 1C (Sports section)}} [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") ranked Clarke as the sixth best [point guard](/wiki/Point_guard "Point guard"), and 52nd best player overall in his recruiting class.{{cite web \|title\=Rotnei Clarke recruiting profile \|publisher\=ESPN \|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-sports/basketball/recruiting/player?id\=42823 \|access\-date\=March 15, 2013}} [Dave Telep](/wiki/Dave_Telep "Dave Telep"), analyst for [Scout.com](/wiki/Scout.com "Scout.com"), wrote "He is flat out, without a doubt, the best shooter in the 2008 class".{{cite news \|title\=The Legend Of Rotnei Clarke \|author\=Dudley E. Dawson \|work\=Hawgs Illustrated \|date\=January 31, 2007 \|url\=http://arkansas.scout.com/2/614876\.html \|access\-date\=March 15, 2013}} The service rated Clarke as 4\-stars. Clarke turned down offers from [Gonzaga](/wiki/Gonzaga_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball "Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball"), [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball "Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball"), [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball "Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball"), [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_men%27s_basketball "Memphis Tigers men's basketball"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball "North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball"), [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_men%27s_basketball "Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball"), and [Oklahoma State](/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_basketball "Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball"), among others, in order to sign with [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men%27s_basketball "Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball") in November 2008\. He liked the school's fans, staff, and facilities, and the fact that he would be able to contribute from day one. Clarke's immediate family relocated to [Fayetteville](/wiki/Fayetteville%2C_Arkansas "Fayetteville, Arkansas"), where his maternal grandmother also lived, to support his career. "My grandma really \[worked] on me" to choose Arkansas, he remarked.
### Freshman year
During his [freshman year](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Arkansas_Razorbacks_men%27s_basketball_team "2008–09 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team"), Clarke started all 30 games for Arkansas. He averaged 31\.5 minutes and 12\.2 points per game. He led the nation in three\-point shooting percentage among freshmen at 39\.3%, and shot 93\.5% on free throws. He hit at least three three\-pointers 17 times, and scored in double figures 22 times.
### Sophomore year
Prior to his [sophomore year](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Arkansas_Razorbacks_men%27s_basketball_team "2009–10 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team"), [Fox Sports](/wiki/Fox_Sports "Fox Sports") rated Clarke as the top shooter in the country. During a game against [Alcorn State](/wiki/Alcorn_State_Braves_basketball "Alcorn State Braves basketball"), he set a single\-game [Southeastern conference](/wiki/Southeastern_conference "Southeastern conference") (SEC) record by hitting 13 three\-pointers. His 51 points set a school record. For his accomplishments, Clarke was named SEC Player of the Week on November 16, 2009\. He finished the year with 100 made three\-pointers, second all\-time by an Arkansas player, and averaged 15\.1 points per game.{{cite web \|title\=Rotnei Clarke player profile \|publisher\=ESPN \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/player/\_/id/41319/rotnei\-clarke \|access\-date\=March 18, 2013}} He ranked ninth in the country in both three\-point shooting percentage (42\.7%) and three\-pointers made per game (3\.2\).{{cite web \|title\=Rotnei Clarke player profile \|publisher\=Butler Sports \|url\=http://www.butlersports.com/sports/m\-baskbl/2012\-13/bios/clarke%20rotnei%20jcgt \|access\-date\=March 10, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921110202/http://butlersports.com/sports/m\-baskbl/2012\-13/bios/clarke%20rotnei%20jcgt \|archive\-date\=September 21, 2013 }} Clarke was named to the [SEC Community Service Team](/wiki/SEC_community_service_team "SEC community service team") and the [United States Basketball Writers Association](/wiki/United_States_Basketball_Writers_Association "United States Basketball Writers Association") (USBWA) All\-District VII team. He led Arkansas in scoring nine times, and scored in double figures 23 times. Additionally, he was named to the athletic department honor roll during fall semester.
### Junior year
[thumb\|left\|150px\|Clarke prepares to take a free throw against Morgan State on November 25, 2009](/wiki/File:Rotnei_Focused_on_a_Foul_Shout_11-25-09.jpg "Rotnei Focused on a Foul Shout 11-25-09.jpg")
As a junior, Clarke was named to the preseason All\-SEC second team by *[Lindy's](/wiki/Lindy%27s_%28sports%29 "Lindy's (sports)")*. *Athlon* ranked Clarke as the nation's second best shooter, and *[Sporting News](/wiki/Sporting_News "Sporting News")* ranked him as the top shooter in the SEC. After scoring an SEC career high 36 points against then 19th ranked [Vanderbilt](/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_men%27s_basketball "Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball"), he was named SEC Player of the Week on January 31, 2011\.{{cite news \|title\=Rotnei Clarke named SEC Player of the Week \|date\=January 31, 2011 \|publisher\=THV 11 \|url\=http://www.thv11\.com/news/story.aspx?storyid\=141314 \|access\-date\=March 15, 2013}} On February 28, he was again honored as Player of the Week after he led Arkansas to wins over Alabama and 22nd ranked Kentucky.{{cite news \|title\=SEC Men's Hoops Players Of The Week \|date\=February 28, 2011 \|publisher\=SEC Digital Network \|url\=http://www.secdigitalnetwork.com/NEWS/tabid/473/Article/221456/sec\-mens\-hoops\-players\-of\-the\-week.aspx \|access\-date\=March 15, 2013}} For the season, Clarke led Arkansas with 15\.2 points per game and made the All\-SEC second team.
### Transfer
Arkansas never made the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship") during Clarke's tenure and coach [John Pelphrey](/wiki/John_Pelphrey "John Pelphrey") was fired after the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Arkansas_Razorbacks_men%27s_basketball_team "2010–11 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team"). Upon Pelphrey's firing, Clarke asked to be released from his scholarship. Initially, new head coach [Mike Anderson](/wiki/Mike_Anderson_%28basketball%2C_born_1959%29 "Mike Anderson (basketball, born 1959)") convinced Clarke to stay.{{cite news \|title\=Report: Rotnei Clarke 'No Longer Part Of Arkansas Basketball Program' \|work\=ArkansasSports360\.com \|publisher\=Arkansas Business \|url\=http://www.arkansasbusiness.com/article/25350/report\-clarke\-wants\-release\-from\-razorback\-basketball\-program \|access\-date\=March 12, 2013}} After a few months, Clarke again asked for his release. "I have spent the last couple of months getting to know Coach Anderson, his staff and his system. And I still feel as though it's best for me to finish my career somewhere else," he explained. Anderson initially refused, but relinquished a short while later. "I just knew I was supposed to get out of there," Clarke later recalled. "I especially knew it when Coach Pelphrey got fired. I just didn't feel comfortable with it at all. But it was hard because I dedicated so much to that program." Previously, Clarke had asked for a scholarship release after the 2009–10 season.
An estimated 40–50 schools expressed interest in Clarke transferring to their team. After carefully weighing his options, Clarke selected [Butler](/wiki/Butler_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball "Butler Bulldogs men's basketball"), a team that had not recruited him during high school, but had impressed him with back\-to\-back appearances in the national title game. "It just felt like the best fit for me," Clarke remarked.{{cite news \|title\=Rotnei Clarke to play for Brad Stevens at Butler \|author\=Jeff Goodman \|publisher\=ESPN \|date\=August 1, 2011 \|url\=http://eye\-on\-college\-basketball.blogs.cbssports.com/mcc/blogs/entry/26283066/31035125 \|access\-date\=March 10, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407164321/http://eye\-on\-college\-basketball.blogs.cbssports.com/mcc/blogs/entry/26283066/31035125 \|archive\-date\=April 7, 2012 }} "I wasn't interested in things like top\-notch facilities anymore," he explained. "I was interested in being around good teammates, good people ... And the success Butler had had the previous two years really attracted me." Commenting on Clarke's decision, [Eamonn Brennan](/wiki/Eamonn_Brennan "Eamonn Brennan") said he might be a "perfect fit" for Butler.{{cite news \|title\=Rotnei Clarke might be perfect Butler fit \|author\=Eamonn Brennan \|date\=August 2, 2011 \|publisher\=ESPN \|url\=https://www.espn.com/blog/collegebasketballnation/post/\_/id/33487/rotnei\-clarke\-might\-be\-perfect\-butler\-fit \|access\-date\=March 10, 2013}}
As a transfer, Clarke had to sit out a year before being eligible to play. He used the [redshirt](/wiki/Redshirt_%28college_sports%29 "Redshirt (college sports)") year to work on his game, practicing against Butler's [Ronald Nored](/wiki/Ronald_Nored "Ronald Nored"), who was considered one of the top defenders in the country. "I'm not the quickest guy so playing against a defender like that, you find ways to get by, you find different ways to come off a screen," he remarked. NCAA regulations kept Clarke from traveling with the team for road games, so he practiced alone in [Hinkle Fieldhouse](/wiki/Hinkle_Fieldhouse "Hinkle Fieldhouse"), refusing to leave until he had made 500 shots on the night. To facilitate his workouts, Clarke persuaded head coach [Brad Stevens](/wiki/Brad_Stevens "Brad Stevens") to give him a key to the building. "At night it would just be me and the ball and basket", he recalls. "That was all that mattered to me. Shooting puts me at ease, it puts me at peace, it takes everything else off my mind." Clarke describes the experience as "definitely one of the toughest years," but credits his teammates and his faith for getting him through it.
While at Arkansas, Clarke had routinely complained about pain and reduced flexibility in his ankles, but medical tests failed to identify the problem. By the end of seasons, he would be worn down. Butler trainers identified the problem – a bone defect he was born with – but it would require surgery that would confine Clarke to a [wheelchair](/wiki/Wheelchair "Wheelchair") and limit his activity for four months. In the spring of 2012, Clarke elected to undergo the surgery. He had never been without basketball for more than two weeks before, and had trouble dealing with the situation. There were nights he cried himself to sleep. "It was the ultimate low for me", he later recalled. "But this made me realize that if basketball is taken away from me, I know I still have my relationship with Him \[God]."
### Senior year
[thumb\|Clarke (front) and his Arkansas teammates prepare to defend against Morgan State on November 24, 2009](/wiki/File:Arkansas_prepares_to_defend_against_Morgan_State.jpg "Arkansas prepares to defend against Morgan State.jpg")
During Clarke's redshirt year, Butler struggled, finishing the year 22–15 and missing the NCAA Tournament. Conley and Chris Clarke took leaves of absence from work to live in Indianapolis during the subsequent [2012–13 season](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Butler_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball_team "2012–13 Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team"). Clarke was selected to the Atlantic 10 Preseason All\-Conference second team, but Butler started the season unranked.{{cite press release \|author\=Drew Dickerson \|title\=Saint Joseph's Picked to Finish First in Atlantic 10; 25 Players Earn Preseason Honors \|url\=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/atl10/sports/m\-baskbl/auto\_pdf/2012\-13/misc\_non\_event/preseasonrelease.pdf \|publisher\=Atlantic 10 Conference \|date\=October 4, 2012 \|access\-date\=March 14, 2013}} During the opening round game of the [Maui Invitational](/wiki/Maui_Invitational "Maui Invitational"), Clarke hit a running three\-pointer at the buzzer to lead Butler to a 72–71 victory over [Marquette](/wiki/Marquette_Golden_Eagles_men%27s_basketball "Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball"). Video of the shot went viral. "You grow up as a kid — I know I did — watching that tournament, wanting to be in that situation in that atmosphere", Clarke remarked. "To hit a shot like that and be able to celebrate with my teammates was one of the coolest things ever." For his efforts, Clarke was named to the All\-Tournament team and selected as the [Atlantic 10](/wiki/Atlantic_10 "Atlantic 10") Player of the Week.{{cite web \|title\=2012 EA Sports Maui Invitational All\-Tournament Team \|url\=http://www.mauiinvitational.com/node/368 \|access\-date\=March 14, 2013 \|publisher\=EA Sports Maui Invitational \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630052439/http://www.mauiinvitational.com/node/368 \|archive\-date\=June 30, 2013 }}{{cite press release \|title\=Clarke, Christon Earn Weekly Men's Basketball Honors \|url\=http://www.atlantic10\.com/sports/m\-baskbl/spec\-rel/112612aaa.html \|access\-date\=March 14, 2013 \|date\=November 26, 2012 \|publisher\=Atlantic 10 Conference \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423082831/http://www.atlantic10\.com/sports/m\-baskbl/spec\-rel/112612aaa.html \|archive\-date\=April 23, 2013 }}
On December 15, 2012, Butler faced off against number one ranked [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball "Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball"). With Indiana up four points in overtime, Clarke hit a three\-pointer that launched an 8–2 Butler run to finish the game. After the game, Clarke remarked that the possibility of big upsets "was one of the reasons I came \[to Butler]".{{cite news \|title\=Rotnei Clarke this year's Cinderella man \|date\=December 25, 2012 \|work\=USA Today \|author\=Nicole Auberbach \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaab/2012/12/25/butlers\-rotnei\-clarke\-is\-this\-years\-cinderella\-man\-in\-college\-hoops/1790319/ \|access\-date\=March 12, 2013}} The win was Butler's first ever over a number\-one ranked them and launched them into the top 25\. By early January, the team was ranked 13th in the [AP Poll](/wiki/AP_Poll "AP Poll").{{cite news \|title\=Butler's Rotnei Clarke sees the big picture after injury \|author\=Larry Hawley \|date\=January 15, 2013 \|publisher\=Fox69 \|url\=http://fox59\.com/2013/01/15/butlers\-rotnei\-clarke\-sees\-the\-big\-picture\-after\-injury/ \|access\-date\=March 10, 2013}}
On January 12, 2013, during a game against [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton_Flyers_men%27s_basketball "Dayton Flyers men's basketball"), Clarke stole the ball from Matt Derenbecker and was going up for a fast\-break layup when he was fouled hard from behind by Derenbecker. Clarke lost his balance and crashed headfirst into the basket support. He collapsed to the floor where he remained for several minutes. From his neck down, he was numb; his arms moved, but he had no control over the movement. Coach Stevens called it the scariest thing he had ever witnessed on the basketball court. As medical trainers examined Clarke, he told them "I'm not coming out \[of the game]". Despite his declaration, he knew the situation was serious, but he tried to stay positive: "I tried to think as many good things as I could, that I was going to be OK and that everything was going to be fine."
After a long delay, Clarke was taken from the floor on a stretcher and transported to an area hospital. By the time he arrived, the numbness was subsiding. [X\-rays](/wiki/X-rays "X-rays") revealed that he had suffered a severely strained neck, but no long\-term damage. "He is really lucky," remarked Stevens. "There was a distinct possibility he wouldn't walk again." Two hours later, Clarke walked out of the hospital in a soft [neck brace](/wiki/Neck_brace "Neck brace"), and with a new perspective. "I feel very blessed that day that I was able to walk out of that hospital," he said. "It hit like I've never been hit before. There are more important things than a game of basketball."
Clarke missed Butler's next three games and was not allowed to engage in strenuous activity such as basketball practice. "That was the worst thing for me," he remarked. "I'm not a patient guy," he explained. "\[I had] to learn to be patient ... and listen to whatever the doctors \[told] me". The day he received his medical release, Clarke was back in Hinkle shooting. "It \[was] the first time \[I'd] seen him truly happy in two weeks," remarked Clarke's father. Clarke returned to action on January 26 in a game against [Temple](/wiki/Temple_Owls_men%27s_basketball "Temple Owls men's basketball") after missing three games. He scored 24 points and dished out a career\-high nine assists.{{cite news \|title\=Clarke's return boosts No. 9 Butler \|date\=January 27, 2013 \|agency\=AP \|work\=Fox Sports \|url\=http://msn.foxsports.com/collegebasketball/story/butler\-bulldogs\-rotnei\-clarke\-returns\-beat\-temple\-owls\-012613 \|access\-date\=March 12, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529050411/http://msn.foxsports.com/collegebasketball/story/butler\-bulldogs\-rotnei\-clarke\-returns\-beat\-temple\-owls\-012613 \|archive\-date\=May 29, 2013 }}
[thumb\|left\|Clarke (far right) and his Arkansas teammates on defense against LSU on February 10, 2010](/wiki/File:Arkansas_vs._LSU_basketball_2009-10.jpg "Arkansas vs. LSU basketball 2009-10.jpg")
Clarke finished the regular season with a 16\.7 point per game average, fourth in the Atlantic 10\. He was first in the conference in made three\-pointers per game (3\.5\) and free throw percentage (89\.6%).{{cite news \|title\=Four Butler players recognized in A\-10 awards \|author\=David Woods \|date\=March 12, 2013 \|work\=Indianapolis Star \|publisher\=Gannett \|url\=http://www.indystar.com/article/20130312/SPORTS0605/303120070/Four\-Butler\-players\-recognized\-10\-awards \|access\-date\=March 13, 2013}} Clarke led Butler to a 24–7 record and third\-place finish in the Atlantic 10\. His accomplishments landed Clarke on the Atlantic 10 All\-Conference first team. He was selected to the [National Association of Basketball Coaches](/wiki/National_Association_of_Basketball_Coaches "National Association of Basketball Coaches") All\-District 4 team and was the only non\-[Big Ten](/wiki/Big_Ten "Big Ten") player selected for the USBWA All\-District V team.{{cite news \|title\=Wyatt named NABC All\-District \|author\=Keith Pompey \|date\=March 26, 2013 \|work\=Philadelphia Inquirer \|url\=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/owlsinq/Temple\-sKhalif\-Wyatt\-named\-NABC\-All\-District\-college\-basketball\-Fran\-Dunphy\-.html \|access\-date\=March 27, 2013}}
During the [Atlantic 10 tournament](/wiki/2013_Atlantic_10_men%27s_basketball_tournament "2013 Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament"), Clarke scored 21 and 14 points in wins over Dayton and [La Salle](/wiki/La_Salle_Explorers_men%27s_basketball "La Salle Explorers men's basketball"), and 16 points in a loss to [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis_Billikens_men%27s_basketball "St. Louis Billikens men's basketball"). He collected eight assists and hit ten three\-pointers over the three game stretch. Clarke's efforts landed him on the All\-Tournament first team.{{cite news \|title\=Atlantic 10: Saint Louis edges VCU 62–56 \|date\=March 17, 2013 \|work\=Chicago Tribune \|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/03/17/atlantic\-10\-saint\-louis\-edges\-vcu\-62\-56/ \|access\-date\=March 18, 2013}} Butler entered the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/2013_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament "2013 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament") as the sixth seed. For Clarke, it was the first time his team was selected to a postseason tournament.{{cite news \|title\=Butler senior Rotnei Clarke sweats out Selection Sunday \|date\=March 18, 2013 \|author\=Tom Davis \|work\=Fort Wayne News\-Sentinel \|url\=http://www.news\-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=/20130318/SPORTS/130319586/1002 \|access\-date\=March 18, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184302/http://www.news\-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=%2F20130318%2FSPORTS%2F130319586%2F1002 \|archive\-date\=November 10, 2013 }} Commenting on the experience, he said "I was extremely nervous \[watching the selection show.] I don't know why. It's my first time to go through this and I was sweating and my knees were shaking a little bit."
In Butler's round of 64 NCAA tournament game versus [Bucknell](/wiki/Bucknell_Bison_men%27s_basketball "Bucknell Bison men's basketball"), Clarke struggled with nerves. "I wouldn't want to admit that, but it kind of showed, I think," he remarked.{{cite news \|title\=Rotnei Clarke shakes off shooting slump, lifting Butler to NCAA tournament victory over Bucknell \|author\=David Woods \|date\=March 21, 2013 \|work\=Indianapolis Star \|url\=http://www.indystar.com/article/20130321/SPORTS0605/303210096/Butler\-basketball\-Slumping\-Rotnei\-Clarke\-keeps\-faith\-during\-Bulldogs\-NCAA\-tournament\-victory \|access\-date\=March 24, 2013}} Through the first thirty minutes of the game, he had only six points and no made three\-pointers. However, over the final ten minutes he scored 11, including two important threes, helping Butler to a 68–56 victory. Two days later, Butler faced off with Marquette. Clarke came out hot, scoring 18 before half time.{{cite news \|title\=Butler Insider: No magic this time as Bulldogs' season comes to an end with 74–72 loss to Marquette \|author\=David Woods \|date\=March 24, 2013 \|work\=Indianapolis Star \|url\=http://www.indystar.com/article/20130323/SPORTS0605/303230066/Butler\-Insider\-No\-magic\-time\-Bulldogs\-season\-comes\-an\-end\-74\-72\-loss\-Marquette \|access\-date\=March 24, 2013}} However, he injured his shoulder near the end of the half and was less effective in the second half, scoring just six points. He missed a potential game winning three in the final seconds, but made five on the game. "My shoulder is sore, but that didn't have any effect on the \[last] shot," he remarked. It was later revealed that he injured ligaments near his clavicle, an injury that requires six\-weeks of recovery time.{{cite news \|title\=Clarke still recovering from injury \|date\=April 18, 2013 \|work\=Indianapolis Star \|author\=David Woods \|url\=http://blogs.indystar.com/butler/2013/04/18/clarke\-still\-recovering\-from\-injury/ \|access\-date\=April 28, 2013}}
Clarke ended the season with 115 made three\-pointers, second most ever by a Butler player, and fifth most ever by an Atlantic 10 player. For the season, he was first in the Atlantic 10 and sixth in the NCAA in made threes per game with 3\.48\. His 88\.6% free\-throw accuracy ranked second in the Atlantic 10, and ninth on the Butler all\-time list. Clarke made at least one three in all 33 games he played for Butler, and his last 46 college games overall. He finished his career with 389 made three\-pointers, tied for 15th in NCAA history.{{cite news \|title\=Clarke leaves legacy in one season \|author\=David Woods \|date\=April 4, 2013 \|work\=Indianapolis Star \|url\=http://blogs.indystar.com/butler/2013/04/04/clarke\-leaves\-legacy\-in\-one\-season/ \|access\-date\=April 28, 2013}} "When I made my decision to leave Arkansas, I knew that I wanted to be somewhere that I'd have the opportunity to play in the NCAA Tournament ... It's amazing how God works", commented Clarke on his Butler experience. "I'm blessed and thankful to be able to share two years with these guys, this coaching staff, and been a part of the Butler community. It's been pretty special."
Clarke was selected to participate in the postseason all\-star game for college seniors, but withdrew due to the shoulder injury he suffered against Marquette.{{cite news \|title\=Busy off\-season for Stevens \|author\=David Woods \|work\=Indianapolis Star \|date\=April 2, 2013 \|url\=http://blogs.indystar.com/butler/2013/04/02/busy\-off\-season\-for\-stevens/ \|access\-date\=April 3, 2013}} While still recovering from the shoulder injury, he participated in the Portsmouth (Va.) Invitational camp and tournament for NBA prospects in mid\-April. He averaged 10\.3 points and 4\.3 assists over three games.{{cite news \|title\=Mixed results for Clarke, Smith \|author\=David Woods \|date\=April 13, 2013 \|work\=Indianapolis Star \|url\=http://blogs.indystar.com/butler/2013/04/13/mixed\-results\-for\-clarke\-smith/ \|access\-date\=April 28, 2013}}
|
[
"College career\n--------------",
"### Recruiting",
"Coming out of high school, Clarke was highly recruited, attracting more than 50 scholarship offers. There was so much interest in Clarke, that he ran up a $400 cell phone bill largely on texts from interested coaches. His bedroom was filled with more than 2,500 recruiting letters.{{cite news \\|title\\=Countless hours in the gym pay off for Verdigris standout \\|author\\=George Schroeder \\|work\\=The Daily Oklahoman \\|date\\=June 14, 2007 \\|at\\=p. 1C (Sports section)}} [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") ranked Clarke as the sixth best [point guard](/wiki/Point_guard \"Point guard\"), and 52nd best player overall in his recruiting class.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rotnei Clarke recruiting profile \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-sports/basketball/recruiting/player?id\\=42823 \\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2013}} [Dave Telep](/wiki/Dave_Telep \"Dave Telep\"), analyst for [Scout.com](/wiki/Scout.com \"Scout.com\"), wrote \"He is flat out, without a doubt, the best shooter in the 2008 class\".{{cite news \\|title\\=The Legend Of Rotnei Clarke \\|author\\=Dudley E. Dawson \\|work\\=Hawgs Illustrated \\|date\\=January 31, 2007 \\|url\\=http://arkansas.scout.com/2/614876\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2013}} The service rated Clarke as 4\\-stars. Clarke turned down offers from [Gonzaga](/wiki/Gonzaga_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball \"Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball\"), [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball \"Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball\"), [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball \"Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball\"), [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_men%27s_basketball \"Memphis Tigers men's basketball\"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball \"North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball\"), [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_men%27s_basketball \"Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball\"), and [Oklahoma State](/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_basketball \"Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball\"), among others, in order to sign with [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men%27s_basketball \"Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball\") in November 2008\\. He liked the school's fans, staff, and facilities, and the fact that he would be able to contribute from day one. Clarke's immediate family relocated to [Fayetteville](/wiki/Fayetteville%2C_Arkansas \"Fayetteville, Arkansas\"), where his maternal grandmother also lived, to support his career. \"My grandma really \\[worked] on me\" to choose Arkansas, he remarked.",
"### Freshman year",
"During his [freshman year](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Arkansas_Razorbacks_men%27s_basketball_team \"2008–09 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team\"), Clarke started all 30 games for Arkansas. He averaged 31\\.5 minutes and 12\\.2 points per game. He led the nation in three\\-point shooting percentage among freshmen at 39\\.3%, and shot 93\\.5% on free throws. He hit at least three three\\-pointers 17 times, and scored in double figures 22 times.",
"### Sophomore year",
"Prior to his [sophomore year](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Arkansas_Razorbacks_men%27s_basketball_team \"2009–10 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team\"), [Fox Sports](/wiki/Fox_Sports \"Fox Sports\") rated Clarke as the top shooter in the country. During a game against [Alcorn State](/wiki/Alcorn_State_Braves_basketball \"Alcorn State Braves basketball\"), he set a single\\-game [Southeastern conference](/wiki/Southeastern_conference \"Southeastern conference\") (SEC) record by hitting 13 three\\-pointers. His 51 points set a school record. For his accomplishments, Clarke was named SEC Player of the Week on November 16, 2009\\. He finished the year with 100 made three\\-pointers, second all\\-time by an Arkansas player, and averaged 15\\.1 points per game.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rotnei Clarke player profile \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/player/\\_/id/41319/rotnei\\-clarke \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2013}} He ranked ninth in the country in both three\\-point shooting percentage (42\\.7%) and three\\-pointers made per game (3\\.2\\).{{cite web \\|title\\=Rotnei Clarke player profile \\|publisher\\=Butler Sports \\|url\\=http://www.butlersports.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/2012\\-13/bios/clarke%20rotnei%20jcgt \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921110202/http://butlersports.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/2012\\-13/bios/clarke%20rotnei%20jcgt \\|archive\\-date\\=September 21, 2013 }} Clarke was named to the [SEC Community Service Team](/wiki/SEC_community_service_team \"SEC community service team\") and the [United States Basketball Writers Association](/wiki/United_States_Basketball_Writers_Association \"United States Basketball Writers Association\") (USBWA) All\\-District VII team. He led Arkansas in scoring nine times, and scored in double figures 23 times. Additionally, he was named to the athletic department honor roll during fall semester.",
"### Junior year",
"[thumb\\|left\\|150px\\|Clarke prepares to take a free throw against Morgan State on November 25, 2009](/wiki/File:Rotnei_Focused_on_a_Foul_Shout_11-25-09.jpg \"Rotnei Focused on a Foul Shout 11-25-09.jpg\")\nAs a junior, Clarke was named to the preseason All\\-SEC second team by *[Lindy's](/wiki/Lindy%27s_%28sports%29 \"Lindy's (sports)\")*. *Athlon* ranked Clarke as the nation's second best shooter, and *[Sporting News](/wiki/Sporting_News \"Sporting News\")* ranked him as the top shooter in the SEC. After scoring an SEC career high 36 points against then 19th ranked [Vanderbilt](/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_men%27s_basketball \"Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball\"), he was named SEC Player of the Week on January 31, 2011\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Rotnei Clarke named SEC Player of the Week \\|date\\=January 31, 2011 \\|publisher\\=THV 11 \\|url\\=http://www.thv11\\.com/news/story.aspx?storyid\\=141314 \\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2013}} On February 28, he was again honored as Player of the Week after he led Arkansas to wins over Alabama and 22nd ranked Kentucky.{{cite news \\|title\\=SEC Men's Hoops Players Of The Week \\|date\\=February 28, 2011 \\|publisher\\=SEC Digital Network \\|url\\=http://www.secdigitalnetwork.com/NEWS/tabid/473/Article/221456/sec\\-mens\\-hoops\\-players\\-of\\-the\\-week.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2013}} For the season, Clarke led Arkansas with 15\\.2 points per game and made the All\\-SEC second team.",
"### Transfer",
"Arkansas never made the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship \"NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship\") during Clarke's tenure and coach [John Pelphrey](/wiki/John_Pelphrey \"John Pelphrey\") was fired after the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Arkansas_Razorbacks_men%27s_basketball_team \"2010–11 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team\"). Upon Pelphrey's firing, Clarke asked to be released from his scholarship. Initially, new head coach [Mike Anderson](/wiki/Mike_Anderson_%28basketball%2C_born_1959%29 \"Mike Anderson (basketball, born 1959)\") convinced Clarke to stay.{{cite news \\|title\\=Report: Rotnei Clarke 'No Longer Part Of Arkansas Basketball Program' \\|work\\=ArkansasSports360\\.com \\|publisher\\=Arkansas Business \\|url\\=http://www.arkansasbusiness.com/article/25350/report\\-clarke\\-wants\\-release\\-from\\-razorback\\-basketball\\-program \\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2013}} After a few months, Clarke again asked for his release. \"I have spent the last couple of months getting to know Coach Anderson, his staff and his system. And I still feel as though it's best for me to finish my career somewhere else,\" he explained. Anderson initially refused, but relinquished a short while later. \"I just knew I was supposed to get out of there,\" Clarke later recalled. \"I especially knew it when Coach Pelphrey got fired. I just didn't feel comfortable with it at all. But it was hard because I dedicated so much to that program.\" Previously, Clarke had asked for a scholarship release after the 2009–10 season.",
"An estimated 40–50 schools expressed interest in Clarke transferring to their team. After carefully weighing his options, Clarke selected [Butler](/wiki/Butler_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball \"Butler Bulldogs men's basketball\"), a team that had not recruited him during high school, but had impressed him with back\\-to\\-back appearances in the national title game. \"It just felt like the best fit for me,\" Clarke remarked.{{cite news \\|title\\=Rotnei Clarke to play for Brad Stevens at Butler \\|author\\=Jeff Goodman \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|date\\=August 1, 2011 \\|url\\=http://eye\\-on\\-college\\-basketball.blogs.cbssports.com/mcc/blogs/entry/26283066/31035125 \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407164321/http://eye\\-on\\-college\\-basketball.blogs.cbssports.com/mcc/blogs/entry/26283066/31035125 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 7, 2012 }} \"I wasn't interested in things like top\\-notch facilities anymore,\" he explained. \"I was interested in being around good teammates, good people ... And the success Butler had had the previous two years really attracted me.\" Commenting on Clarke's decision, [Eamonn Brennan](/wiki/Eamonn_Brennan \"Eamonn Brennan\") said he might be a \"perfect fit\" for Butler.{{cite news \\|title\\=Rotnei Clarke might be perfect Butler fit \\|author\\=Eamonn Brennan \\|date\\=August 2, 2011 \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/blog/collegebasketballnation/post/\\_/id/33487/rotnei\\-clarke\\-might\\-be\\-perfect\\-butler\\-fit \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2013}}",
"As a transfer, Clarke had to sit out a year before being eligible to play. He used the [redshirt](/wiki/Redshirt_%28college_sports%29 \"Redshirt (college sports)\") year to work on his game, practicing against Butler's [Ronald Nored](/wiki/Ronald_Nored \"Ronald Nored\"), who was considered one of the top defenders in the country. \"I'm not the quickest guy so playing against a defender like that, you find ways to get by, you find different ways to come off a screen,\" he remarked. NCAA regulations kept Clarke from traveling with the team for road games, so he practiced alone in [Hinkle Fieldhouse](/wiki/Hinkle_Fieldhouse \"Hinkle Fieldhouse\"), refusing to leave until he had made 500 shots on the night. To facilitate his workouts, Clarke persuaded head coach [Brad Stevens](/wiki/Brad_Stevens \"Brad Stevens\") to give him a key to the building. \"At night it would just be me and the ball and basket\", he recalls. \"That was all that mattered to me. Shooting puts me at ease, it puts me at peace, it takes everything else off my mind.\" Clarke describes the experience as \"definitely one of the toughest years,\" but credits his teammates and his faith for getting him through it.",
"While at Arkansas, Clarke had routinely complained about pain and reduced flexibility in his ankles, but medical tests failed to identify the problem. By the end of seasons, he would be worn down. Butler trainers identified the problem – a bone defect he was born with – but it would require surgery that would confine Clarke to a [wheelchair](/wiki/Wheelchair \"Wheelchair\") and limit his activity for four months. In the spring of 2012, Clarke elected to undergo the surgery. He had never been without basketball for more than two weeks before, and had trouble dealing with the situation. There were nights he cried himself to sleep. \"It was the ultimate low for me\", he later recalled. \"But this made me realize that if basketball is taken away from me, I know I still have my relationship with Him \\[God].\"",
"### Senior year",
"[thumb\\|Clarke (front) and his Arkansas teammates prepare to defend against Morgan State on November 24, 2009](/wiki/File:Arkansas_prepares_to_defend_against_Morgan_State.jpg \"Arkansas prepares to defend against Morgan State.jpg\")\nDuring Clarke's redshirt year, Butler struggled, finishing the year 22–15 and missing the NCAA Tournament. Conley and Chris Clarke took leaves of absence from work to live in Indianapolis during the subsequent [2012–13 season](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Butler_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball_team \"2012–13 Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team\"). Clarke was selected to the Atlantic 10 Preseason All\\-Conference second team, but Butler started the season unranked.{{cite press release \\|author\\=Drew Dickerson \\|title\\=Saint Joseph's Picked to Finish First in Atlantic 10; 25 Players Earn Preseason Honors \\|url\\=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/atl10/sports/m\\-baskbl/auto\\_pdf/2012\\-13/misc\\_non\\_event/preseasonrelease.pdf \\|publisher\\=Atlantic 10 Conference \\|date\\=October 4, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2013}} During the opening round game of the [Maui Invitational](/wiki/Maui_Invitational \"Maui Invitational\"), Clarke hit a running three\\-pointer at the buzzer to lead Butler to a 72–71 victory over [Marquette](/wiki/Marquette_Golden_Eagles_men%27s_basketball \"Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball\"). Video of the shot went viral. \"You grow up as a kid — I know I did — watching that tournament, wanting to be in that situation in that atmosphere\", Clarke remarked. \"To hit a shot like that and be able to celebrate with my teammates was one of the coolest things ever.\" For his efforts, Clarke was named to the All\\-Tournament team and selected as the [Atlantic 10](/wiki/Atlantic_10 \"Atlantic 10\") Player of the Week.{{cite web \\|title\\=2012 EA Sports Maui Invitational All\\-Tournament Team \\|url\\=http://www.mauiinvitational.com/node/368 \\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2013 \\|publisher\\=EA Sports Maui Invitational \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630052439/http://www.mauiinvitational.com/node/368 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 30, 2013 }}{{cite press release \\|title\\=Clarke, Christon Earn Weekly Men's Basketball Honors \\|url\\=http://www.atlantic10\\.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/spec\\-rel/112612aaa.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2013 \\|date\\=November 26, 2012 \\|publisher\\=Atlantic 10 Conference \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423082831/http://www.atlantic10\\.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/spec\\-rel/112612aaa.html \\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2013 }}",
"On December 15, 2012, Butler faced off against number one ranked [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball \"Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball\"). With Indiana up four points in overtime, Clarke hit a three\\-pointer that launched an 8–2 Butler run to finish the game. After the game, Clarke remarked that the possibility of big upsets \"was one of the reasons I came \\[to Butler]\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Rotnei Clarke this year's Cinderella man \\|date\\=December 25, 2012 \\|work\\=USA Today \\|author\\=Nicole Auberbach \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaab/2012/12/25/butlers\\-rotnei\\-clarke\\-is\\-this\\-years\\-cinderella\\-man\\-in\\-college\\-hoops/1790319/ \\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2013}} The win was Butler's first ever over a number\\-one ranked them and launched them into the top 25\\. By early January, the team was ranked 13th in the [AP Poll](/wiki/AP_Poll \"AP Poll\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Butler's Rotnei Clarke sees the big picture after injury \\|author\\=Larry Hawley \\|date\\=January 15, 2013 \\|publisher\\=Fox69 \\|url\\=http://fox59\\.com/2013/01/15/butlers\\-rotnei\\-clarke\\-sees\\-the\\-big\\-picture\\-after\\-injury/ \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2013}}",
"On January 12, 2013, during a game against [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton_Flyers_men%27s_basketball \"Dayton Flyers men's basketball\"), Clarke stole the ball from Matt Derenbecker and was going up for a fast\\-break layup when he was fouled hard from behind by Derenbecker. Clarke lost his balance and crashed headfirst into the basket support. He collapsed to the floor where he remained for several minutes. From his neck down, he was numb; his arms moved, but he had no control over the movement. Coach Stevens called it the scariest thing he had ever witnessed on the basketball court. As medical trainers examined Clarke, he told them \"I'm not coming out \\[of the game]\". Despite his declaration, he knew the situation was serious, but he tried to stay positive: \"I tried to think as many good things as I could, that I was going to be OK and that everything was going to be fine.\"",
"After a long delay, Clarke was taken from the floor on a stretcher and transported to an area hospital. By the time he arrived, the numbness was subsiding. [X\\-rays](/wiki/X-rays \"X-rays\") revealed that he had suffered a severely strained neck, but no long\\-term damage. \"He is really lucky,\" remarked Stevens. \"There was a distinct possibility he wouldn't walk again.\" Two hours later, Clarke walked out of the hospital in a soft [neck brace](/wiki/Neck_brace \"Neck brace\"), and with a new perspective. \"I feel very blessed that day that I was able to walk out of that hospital,\" he said. \"It hit like I've never been hit before. There are more important things than a game of basketball.\"",
"Clarke missed Butler's next three games and was not allowed to engage in strenuous activity such as basketball practice. \"That was the worst thing for me,\" he remarked. \"I'm not a patient guy,\" he explained. \"\\[I had] to learn to be patient ... and listen to whatever the doctors \\[told] me\". The day he received his medical release, Clarke was back in Hinkle shooting. \"It \\[was] the first time \\[I'd] seen him truly happy in two weeks,\" remarked Clarke's father. Clarke returned to action on January 26 in a game against [Temple](/wiki/Temple_Owls_men%27s_basketball \"Temple Owls men's basketball\") after missing three games. He scored 24 points and dished out a career\\-high nine assists.{{cite news \\|title\\=Clarke's return boosts No. 9 Butler \\|date\\=January 27, 2013 \\|agency\\=AP \\|work\\=Fox Sports \\|url\\=http://msn.foxsports.com/collegebasketball/story/butler\\-bulldogs\\-rotnei\\-clarke\\-returns\\-beat\\-temple\\-owls\\-012613 \\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529050411/http://msn.foxsports.com/collegebasketball/story/butler\\-bulldogs\\-rotnei\\-clarke\\-returns\\-beat\\-temple\\-owls\\-012613 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2013 }}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Clarke (far right) and his Arkansas teammates on defense against LSU on February 10, 2010](/wiki/File:Arkansas_vs._LSU_basketball_2009-10.jpg \"Arkansas vs. LSU basketball 2009-10.jpg\")\nClarke finished the regular season with a 16\\.7 point per game average, fourth in the Atlantic 10\\. He was first in the conference in made three\\-pointers per game (3\\.5\\) and free throw percentage (89\\.6%).{{cite news \\|title\\=Four Butler players recognized in A\\-10 awards \\|author\\=David Woods \\|date\\=March 12, 2013 \\|work\\=Indianapolis Star \\|publisher\\=Gannett \\|url\\=http://www.indystar.com/article/20130312/SPORTS0605/303120070/Four\\-Butler\\-players\\-recognized\\-10\\-awards \\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2013}} Clarke led Butler to a 24–7 record and third\\-place finish in the Atlantic 10\\. His accomplishments landed Clarke on the Atlantic 10 All\\-Conference first team. He was selected to the [National Association of Basketball Coaches](/wiki/National_Association_of_Basketball_Coaches \"National Association of Basketball Coaches\") All\\-District 4 team and was the only non\\-[Big Ten](/wiki/Big_Ten \"Big Ten\") player selected for the USBWA All\\-District V team.{{cite news \\|title\\=Wyatt named NABC All\\-District \\|author\\=Keith Pompey \\|date\\=March 26, 2013 \\|work\\=Philadelphia Inquirer \\|url\\=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/owlsinq/Temple\\-sKhalif\\-Wyatt\\-named\\-NABC\\-All\\-District\\-college\\-basketball\\-Fran\\-Dunphy\\-.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 27, 2013}}",
"During the [Atlantic 10 tournament](/wiki/2013_Atlantic_10_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2013 Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament\"), Clarke scored 21 and 14 points in wins over Dayton and [La Salle](/wiki/La_Salle_Explorers_men%27s_basketball \"La Salle Explorers men's basketball\"), and 16 points in a loss to [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis_Billikens_men%27s_basketball \"St. Louis Billikens men's basketball\"). He collected eight assists and hit ten three\\-pointers over the three game stretch. Clarke's efforts landed him on the All\\-Tournament first team.{{cite news \\|title\\=Atlantic 10: Saint Louis edges VCU 62–56 \\|date\\=March 17, 2013 \\|work\\=Chicago Tribune \\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/03/17/atlantic\\-10\\-saint\\-louis\\-edges\\-vcu\\-62\\-56/ \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2013}} Butler entered the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/2013_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament \"2013 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament\") as the sixth seed. For Clarke, it was the first time his team was selected to a postseason tournament.{{cite news \\|title\\=Butler senior Rotnei Clarke sweats out Selection Sunday \\|date\\=March 18, 2013 \\|author\\=Tom Davis \\|work\\=Fort Wayne News\\-Sentinel \\|url\\=http://www.news\\-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=/20130318/SPORTS/130319586/1002 \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184302/http://www.news\\-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=%2F20130318%2FSPORTS%2F130319586%2F1002 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2013 }} Commenting on the experience, he said \"I was extremely nervous \\[watching the selection show.] I don't know why. It's my first time to go through this and I was sweating and my knees were shaking a little bit.\"",
"In Butler's round of 64 NCAA tournament game versus [Bucknell](/wiki/Bucknell_Bison_men%27s_basketball \"Bucknell Bison men's basketball\"), Clarke struggled with nerves. \"I wouldn't want to admit that, but it kind of showed, I think,\" he remarked.{{cite news \\|title\\=Rotnei Clarke shakes off shooting slump, lifting Butler to NCAA tournament victory over Bucknell \\|author\\=David Woods \\|date\\=March 21, 2013 \\|work\\=Indianapolis Star \\|url\\=http://www.indystar.com/article/20130321/SPORTS0605/303210096/Butler\\-basketball\\-Slumping\\-Rotnei\\-Clarke\\-keeps\\-faith\\-during\\-Bulldogs\\-NCAA\\-tournament\\-victory \\|access\\-date\\=March 24, 2013}} Through the first thirty minutes of the game, he had only six points and no made three\\-pointers. However, over the final ten minutes he scored 11, including two important threes, helping Butler to a 68–56 victory. Two days later, Butler faced off with Marquette. Clarke came out hot, scoring 18 before half time.{{cite news \\|title\\=Butler Insider: No magic this time as Bulldogs' season comes to an end with 74–72 loss to Marquette \\|author\\=David Woods \\|date\\=March 24, 2013 \\|work\\=Indianapolis Star \\|url\\=http://www.indystar.com/article/20130323/SPORTS0605/303230066/Butler\\-Insider\\-No\\-magic\\-time\\-Bulldogs\\-season\\-comes\\-an\\-end\\-74\\-72\\-loss\\-Marquette \\|access\\-date\\=March 24, 2013}} However, he injured his shoulder near the end of the half and was less effective in the second half, scoring just six points. He missed a potential game winning three in the final seconds, but made five on the game. \"My shoulder is sore, but that didn't have any effect on the \\[last] shot,\" he remarked. It was later revealed that he injured ligaments near his clavicle, an injury that requires six\\-weeks of recovery time.{{cite news \\|title\\=Clarke still recovering from injury \\|date\\=April 18, 2013 \\|work\\=Indianapolis Star \\|author\\=David Woods \\|url\\=http://blogs.indystar.com/butler/2013/04/18/clarke\\-still\\-recovering\\-from\\-injury/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2013}}",
"Clarke ended the season with 115 made three\\-pointers, second most ever by a Butler player, and fifth most ever by an Atlantic 10 player. For the season, he was first in the Atlantic 10 and sixth in the NCAA in made threes per game with 3\\.48\\. His 88\\.6% free\\-throw accuracy ranked second in the Atlantic 10, and ninth on the Butler all\\-time list. Clarke made at least one three in all 33 games he played for Butler, and his last 46 college games overall. He finished his career with 389 made three\\-pointers, tied for 15th in NCAA history.{{cite news \\|title\\=Clarke leaves legacy in one season \\|author\\=David Woods \\|date\\=April 4, 2013 \\|work\\=Indianapolis Star \\|url\\=http://blogs.indystar.com/butler/2013/04/04/clarke\\-leaves\\-legacy\\-in\\-one\\-season/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2013}} \"When I made my decision to leave Arkansas, I knew that I wanted to be somewhere that I'd have the opportunity to play in the NCAA Tournament ... It's amazing how God works\", commented Clarke on his Butler experience. \"I'm blessed and thankful to be able to share two years with these guys, this coaching staff, and been a part of the Butler community. It's been pretty special.\"",
"Clarke was selected to participate in the postseason all\\-star game for college seniors, but withdrew due to the shoulder injury he suffered against Marquette.{{cite news \\|title\\=Busy off\\-season for Stevens \\|author\\=David Woods \\|work\\=Indianapolis Star \\|date\\=April 2, 2013 \\|url\\=http://blogs.indystar.com/butler/2013/04/02/busy\\-off\\-season\\-for\\-stevens/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 3, 2013}} While still recovering from the shoulder injury, he participated in the Portsmouth (Va.) Invitational camp and tournament for NBA prospects in mid\\-April. He averaged 10\\.3 points and 4\\.3 assists over three games.{{cite news \\|title\\=Mixed results for Clarke, Smith \\|author\\=David Woods \\|date\\=April 13, 2013 \\|work\\=Indianapolis Star \\|url\\=http://blogs.indystar.com/butler/2013/04/13/mixed\\-results\\-for\\-clarke\\-smith/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2013}}",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### 2013 NBA draft
Ahead of the [2013 NBA draft](/wiki/2013_NBA_draft "2013 NBA draft"), Clarke trained at [St. Vincent Sports Performance](/wiki/St._Vincent_Sports_Performance "St. Vincent Sports Performance") and hired Doug Neustadt to be his agent. Clarke had workouts with the [Indiana Pacers](/wiki/Indiana_Pacers "Indiana Pacers") and [Washington Wizards](/wiki/Washington_Wizards "Washington Wizards"), but was not expected to be drafted due to his height. ESPN's Chad Ford ranked Clarke as the year's 98th best prospect.{{cite news \|title\=Former Butler guard Rotnei Clarke works out for Pacers, refuses to believe he can't play in the NBA \|author\=David Woods \|date\=June 17, 2013 \|work\=Indianapolis Star \|url\=http://www.indystar.com/article/20130617/SPORTS0605/306170062/Former\-Butler\-guard\-Rotnei\-Clarke\-works\-out\-Pacers\-refuses\-believe\-he\-can\-t\-play\-NBA \|access\-date\=July 18, 2013}} Ultimately, he was not drafted.{{cite news \|title\=Instant gratification for Oladipo, Zeller \|author\=Greg Rakestraw \|date\=June 28, 2013 \|publisher\=ESPN 1070 The Fan \|url\=http://blogs.1070thefan.com/2013/06/28/early\-and\-often\-oladipo\-zeller\-selected\-in\-top\-four\-of\-nba\-draft/ \|access\-date\=July 18, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111230514/http://blogs.1070thefan.com/2013/06/28/early\-and\-often\-oladipo\-zeller\-selected\-in\-top\-four\-of\-nba\-draft/ \|archive\-date\=November 11, 2013 }} Clarke said he would rather play professionally in Europe than in the [NBA Development League](/wiki/NBA_Development_League "NBA Development League"), believing that is his most likely route to the NBA. "I do believe I have the confidence and I have the ability to play in \[the NBA]," he said. "I'm not going to go out and say I'm going to be a starter ... But I do believe I have the ability to come in and do things that a lot of people think I can't."
### Wollongong Hawks
The [Wollongong Hawks](/wiki/Illawarra_Hawks "Illawarra Hawks") of Australia's [National Basketball League](/wiki/National_Basketball_League_%28Australia%29 "National Basketball League (Australia)") contacted Clarke's agent and were told that Clarke intended to play in Europe and was out of their price range.{{cite web \|last\=Keeble \|first\=Tim \|url\=http://www.illawarramercury.com.au/story/1675673/hawks\-recruit\-us\-star\-in\-stunning\-nbl\-coup/ \|title\=Hawks recruit US star in stunning NBL coup \|work\=Illawarra Mercury \|date\=August 1, 2013 \|access\-date\=August 1, 2013}} Clarke later had a change of heart, and on August 1, 2013, he signed with the Hawks for the [2013–14 NBL season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NBL_season "2013–14 NBL season").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hawks.com.au/article/id/1mgvm7jjyn161m9kxisuucoim \|title\=HAWKS MAKE MOVE ON FIRST IMPORT POSITION \|work\=Hawks.com.au \|date\=August 1, 2013 \|access\-date\=August 1, 2013 \|url\-status\=unfit \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221150859/http://www.hawks.com.au/article/id/1mgvm7jjyn161m9kxisuucoim \|archive\-date\=February 21, 2014 }} He made his debut for the Hawks in the team's season opener on October 10, recording 20 points and six rebounds in a 92–73 loss to the [New Zealand Breakers](/wiki/New_Zealand_Breakers "New Zealand Breakers").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nbl.com.au/article/id/8fl59pl5rvst11w9ywyi65ov0 \|title\=R1 Report: Breakers make statement, steamroll Hawks \|work\=NBL.com.au \|date\=October 10, 2013 \|access\-date\=October 10, 2013 \|url\-status\=unfit \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013021454/http://www.nbl.com.au/article/id/8fl59pl5rvst11w9ywyi65ov0 \|archive\-date\=October 13, 2013 }} The Hawks struggled with consistency in 2013–14, but behind Clarke, they managed to stay in playoff contention. Clarke earned Player of the Month honors twice during the season, for December and February,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nbl.com.au/article/id/1lr393b3f0n701svd5hlfynykz \|title\=Clarke, McLeod recognised as Hawks go 5\-0 in February \|work\=NBL.com.au \|date\=March 4, 2014 \|access\-date\=March 4, 2014 \|url\-status\=unfit \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418074213/http://www.nbl.com.au/article/id/1lr393b3f0n701svd5hlfynykz \|archive\-date\=April 18, 2014 }} and battled for MVP supremacy with [Melbourne Tigers](/wiki/Melbourne_Tigers "Melbourne Tigers") guard [Chris Goulding](/wiki/Chris_Goulding "Chris Goulding") and [Perth Wildcats](/wiki/Perth_Wildcats "Perth Wildcats") forward [James Ennis](/wiki/James_Ennis_%28basketball%29 "James Ennis (basketball)"). Clarke helped the Hawks finish the regular season with a 13–15 record, good for fourth spot on the ladder out of eight teams. In their semi\-final match\-up with the Perth Wildcats, Clarke struggled with his shot, going 10\-of\-32 over the two games they played. In the best\-of\-three series, the Hawks were swept 2–0 by the eventual champion Wildcats. At the season's end, he was named the recipient of the [NBL Most Valuable Player Award](/wiki/NBL_Most_Valuable_Player_Award "NBL Most Valuable Player Award") ahead of Goulding and Ennis.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nbl.com.au/article/id/14ovgeio60qx61ov02or2o4fxo \|title\=Rotnei Clarke takes out the 2013/14 MVP Award \|work\=NBL.com.au \|date\=April 2, 2014 \|access\-date\=April 2, 2014 \|url\-status\=unfit \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404225420/http://www.nbl.com.au/article/id/14ovgeio60qx61ov02or2o4fxo \|archive\-date\=April 4, 2014 }} He finished third in total points scored (633\), fourth in scoring average (21\.1 points per game), equal first for three\-pointers (95\) and third for free throw percentage (81%). He appeared in all 30 games for the Hawks and also averaged 2\.0 rebounds and 3\.4 assists per game.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/team\_info.cgi?action\=PSTATS\&pID\=197036571\&client\=0\-189\-12315\-276108\-19755594 \|title\=Player statistics for Rotnei Clarke \|work\=FoxSportsPulse.com \|date\=May 4, 2016}}
### Okapi Aalstar
On June 19, 2014, Clarke signed with Belgian club [Okapi Aalstar](/wiki/Okapi_Aalstar "Okapi Aalstar") for the 2014–15 season.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sportando.com/en/europe/belgium/123340/okapi\-aalstar\-signs\-rotnei\-clark\-extends\-coach\-brad\-dean.html \|title\=Okapi Aalstar signs Rotnei Clark, extends coach Brad Dean \|work\=Sportando.com \|date\=June 19, 2014 \|access\-date\=June 19, 2014}} In 32 games for the club, he averaged 17\.5 points, 2\.4 rebounds and 3\.3 assists per game. He also played in six [EuroChallenge](/wiki/EuroChallenge "EuroChallenge") games, averaging 15\.5 points, 1\.8 rebounds, 3\.3 assists and 1\.0 steals per game.
### Telekom Baskets Bonn
On July 10, 2015, Clarke signed with German club [Telekom Baskets Bonn](/wiki/Telekom_Baskets_Bonn "Telekom Baskets Bonn") for the 2015–16 season.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sportando.com/en/europe/germany/168111/telekom\-bonn\-announces\-rotnei\-clarke.html \|title\=Telekom Bonn announces Rotnei Clarke \|work\=Sportando.com \|date\=July 10, 2015 \|access\-date\=July 10, 2015}} In 33 games for the club, he averaged 11\.5 points, 1\.8 rebounds and 2\.9 assists per game. He also played in 10 [EuroCup](/wiki/EuroCup_Basketball "EuroCup Basketball") games, averaging 11\.1 points, 1\.6 rebounds and 3\.3 assists per game.
### Illawarra Hawks and Italy
On July 12, 2016, Clarke signed a two\-year deal with the [Illawarra Hawks](/wiki/Illawarra_Hawks "Illawarra Hawks"), returning to the club for a second stint.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hawks.com.au/featured\-news/rotnei\-clarke\-returns/ \|title\=NBL MVP ROTNEI CLARKE RETURNS TO THE HAWKS \|work\=Hawks.com.au \|date\=July 12, 2016 \|access\-date\=July 12, 2016}} October 7, 2016, he scored a team\-high 23 points in the Hawks' 122–88 season\-opening win over the [Adelaide 36ers](/wiki/Adelaide_36ers "Adelaide 36ers").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nbl.com.au/featured\-news/irresistible\-hawks\-crush\-sixers\-set\-scoring\-record/ \|title\=IRRESISTIBLE HAWKS CRUSH SIXERS, SET SCORING RECORD \|work\=NBL.com.au \|date\=October 7, 2016 \|access\-date\=October 7, 2016}} On December 5, 2016, he scored a season\-high 29 points off the bench in a 99–93 loss to the [Sydney Kings](/wiki/Sydney_Kings "Sydney Kings").{{cite web \|last\=Logue \| first\=Matt \|url\=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/basketball/kings\-guard\-jason\-cadee\-overcomes\-shooting\-woes\-to\-ground\-highflying\-hawks/news\-story/67b2db7e5c3484ce70496b6d5a986350 \|title\=Kings guard Jason Cadee overcomes shooting woes to ground high\-flying Hawks \|work\=DailyTelegraph.com.au \|date\=December 5, 2016 \|access\-date\=December 5, 2016}} On February 11, 2017, in the Hawks' regular season finale, Clarke had 24 points, six assists, five rebounds off the bench in helping the team secure a playoff spot with a 106–79 win over the [Brisbane Bullets](/wiki/Brisbane_Bullets "Brisbane Bullets").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nbl.com.au/featured\-news/hawks\-lock\-playoff\-spot\-bullets\-beatdown/ \|title\=HAWKS LOCK IN PLAYOFF SPOT WITH BULLETS BEATDOWN \|work\=NBL.com.au \|date\=February 11, 2017 \|access\-date\=February 11, 2017}} Two days later, he was named the recipient of the [NBL Best Sixth Man Award](/wiki/NBL_Best_Sixth_Man_Award "NBL Best Sixth Man Award").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nbl.com.au/featured\-news/best\-sixth\-man\-rotnei\-clarke/ \|title\=BEST SIXTH MAN: ROTNEI CLARKE \|work\=NBL.com.au \|date\=February 13, 2017 \|access\-date\=February 13, 2017}} After helping the Hawks defeat the first\-seeded Adelaide 36ers in the semi\-finals, Clarke and the Hawks moved on to the best\-of\-five NBL Grand Final series, where they were defeated 3–0 by the [Perth Wildcats](/wiki/Perth_Wildcats "Perth Wildcats"). He appeared in all 34 games for the Hawks in 2016–17, averaging 17\.4 points, 2\.7 rebounds, 2\.8 assists and 1\.0 steals per game.
On March 9, 2017, Clarke signed with [Victoria Libertas Pesaro](/wiki/Victoria_Libertas_Pesaro "Victoria Libertas Pesaro") of the [Lega Basket Serie A](/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A "Lega Basket Serie A") for the rest of the 2016–17 season.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sportando.com/en/italy/serie\-a/228364/vuelle\-pesaro\-lands\-rotnei\-clarke.html \|title\=Vuelle Pesaro lands Rotnei Clarke \|work\=Sportando.com \|date\=March 9, 2017 \|access\-date\=March 20, 2017}} In eight games for Pesaro, he averaged 19\.5 points, 3\.0 rebounds, 2\.9 assists and 1\.0 steals per game.
In his second season with the Illawarra Hawks, Clarke averaged 18\.1 points, 2\.8 rebounds and 2\.8 assists in 25 games. On November 5, 2017, he scored a season\-high 29 points in a 93–83 win over the Sydney Kings.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/basketball/illawarra\-hawks\-finish\-over\-the\-top\-of\-sydney\-kings\-in\-nbl\-20171105\-gzfapn.html \|title\=Illawarra Hawks finish over the top of Sydney Kings in NBL \|work\=SMH.com.au \|date\=November 5, 2017 \|access\-date\=February 20, 2018}} The Hawks missed the finals in [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NBL_season "2017–18 NBL season") with a 12–16 record.
On February 20, 2018, Clarke re\-signed with Victoria Libertas Pesaro for the rest of the 2017–18 season.{{cite web \|url\=https://sportando.basketball/en/italy/serie\-a/265411/rotnei\-clarke\-officially\-returns\-to\-pesaro.html \|title\=Rotnei Clarke officially returns to Pesaro \|work\=Sportando.basketball \|date\=February 20, 2018 \|access\-date\=February 20, 2018}} He joined [Pallacanestro Trapani](/wiki/Pallacanestro_Trapani "Pallacanestro Trapani") of the Italian second division on July 16, 2018\.{{cite web \|url\=https://sportando.basketball/en/italy/serie\-a2\-ovest/281969/rotnei\-clarke\-inks\-with\-trapani.html \|title\=Rotnei Clarke inks with Trapani \|work\=Sportando.basketball \|date\=July 16, 2018 \|access\-date\=August 23, 2018}}
On August 1, 2019, he has signed with [Pallacanestro Mantovana](/wiki/Pallacanestro_Mantovana "Pallacanestro Mantovana") of the Italian [Serie A2 Basket](/wiki/Serie_A2_Basket "Serie A2 Basket").{{Cite news\|url\=https://sportando.basketball/en/rotnei\-clarke\-inks\-with\-pallacanestro\-mantovana/\|title\=Rotnei Clarke inks with Pallacanestro Mantovana\|date\=August 1, 2019\|newspaper\=Sportando\|language\=En\|access\-date\=August 19, 2019\|last1\=Maggi \|first1\=Alessandro }} He averaged 19\.3 points, 2\.2 rebounds and 4\.3 assists per game.
### Poland
On October 24, 2020, Clarke signed with [Anwil Włocławek](/wiki/KK_W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek "KK Włocławek") of the [Polish Basketball League](/wiki/Polish_Basketball_League "Polish Basketball League").{{cite news \|title\=Anwil Wloclawek announces Rotnei Clarke \|url\=https://sportando.basketball/en/anwil\-wloclawek\-announces\-rotnei\-clarke/ \|website\=Sportando \|access\-date\=October 24, 2020 \|date\=October 24, 2020\|last1\=Skerletic \|first1\=Dario }}
### Return to Italy
On February 17, 2021, he has signed with Cestistica San Severo of the Italian [Serie A2 Basket](/wiki/Serie_A2_Basket "Serie A2 Basket").{{Cite news\|url\=https://sportando.basketball/en/san\-severo\-officially\-signs\-rotnei\-clarke/\|title\=San Severo officially signs Rotnei Clarke\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=February 17, 2021\|website\=\|newspaper\=Sportando\|language\=En\|access\-date\=February 17, 2021\|last1\=Carchia \|first1\=Emiliano }} On July 16, he signed with [Scafati Basket](/wiki/Scafati_Basket "Scafati Basket").{{cite news \|title\=Givova Scafati signs Rotnei Clarke \|url\=https://sportando.basketball/en/givova\-scafati\-signs\-rotnei\-clarke/ \|website\=Sportando \|access\-date\=July 16, 2021 \|date\=July 16, 2021\|last1\=Carchia \|first1\=Emiliano }}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### 2013 NBA draft",
"Ahead of the [2013 NBA draft](/wiki/2013_NBA_draft \"2013 NBA draft\"), Clarke trained at [St. Vincent Sports Performance](/wiki/St._Vincent_Sports_Performance \"St. Vincent Sports Performance\") and hired Doug Neustadt to be his agent. Clarke had workouts with the [Indiana Pacers](/wiki/Indiana_Pacers \"Indiana Pacers\") and [Washington Wizards](/wiki/Washington_Wizards \"Washington Wizards\"), but was not expected to be drafted due to his height. ESPN's Chad Ford ranked Clarke as the year's 98th best prospect.{{cite news \\|title\\=Former Butler guard Rotnei Clarke works out for Pacers, refuses to believe he can't play in the NBA \\|author\\=David Woods \\|date\\=June 17, 2013 \\|work\\=Indianapolis Star \\|url\\=http://www.indystar.com/article/20130617/SPORTS0605/306170062/Former\\-Butler\\-guard\\-Rotnei\\-Clarke\\-works\\-out\\-Pacers\\-refuses\\-believe\\-he\\-can\\-t\\-play\\-NBA \\|access\\-date\\=July 18, 2013}} Ultimately, he was not drafted.{{cite news \\|title\\=Instant gratification for Oladipo, Zeller \\|author\\=Greg Rakestraw \\|date\\=June 28, 2013 \\|publisher\\=ESPN 1070 The Fan \\|url\\=http://blogs.1070thefan.com/2013/06/28/early\\-and\\-often\\-oladipo\\-zeller\\-selected\\-in\\-top\\-four\\-of\\-nba\\-draft/ \\|access\\-date\\=July 18, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111230514/http://blogs.1070thefan.com/2013/06/28/early\\-and\\-often\\-oladipo\\-zeller\\-selected\\-in\\-top\\-four\\-of\\-nba\\-draft/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 11, 2013 }} Clarke said he would rather play professionally in Europe than in the [NBA Development League](/wiki/NBA_Development_League \"NBA Development League\"), believing that is his most likely route to the NBA. \"I do believe I have the confidence and I have the ability to play in \\[the NBA],\" he said. \"I'm not going to go out and say I'm going to be a starter ... But I do believe I have the ability to come in and do things that a lot of people think I can't.\"",
"### Wollongong Hawks",
"The [Wollongong Hawks](/wiki/Illawarra_Hawks \"Illawarra Hawks\") of Australia's [National Basketball League](/wiki/National_Basketball_League_%28Australia%29 \"National Basketball League (Australia)\") contacted Clarke's agent and were told that Clarke intended to play in Europe and was out of their price range.{{cite web \\|last\\=Keeble \\|first\\=Tim \\|url\\=http://www.illawarramercury.com.au/story/1675673/hawks\\-recruit\\-us\\-star\\-in\\-stunning\\-nbl\\-coup/ \\|title\\=Hawks recruit US star in stunning NBL coup \\|work\\=Illawarra Mercury \\|date\\=August 1, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2013}} Clarke later had a change of heart, and on August 1, 2013, he signed with the Hawks for the [2013–14 NBL season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NBL_season \"2013–14 NBL season\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hawks.com.au/article/id/1mgvm7jjyn161m9kxisuucoim \\|title\\=HAWKS MAKE MOVE ON FIRST IMPORT POSITION \\|work\\=Hawks.com.au \\|date\\=August 1, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=unfit \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221150859/http://www.hawks.com.au/article/id/1mgvm7jjyn161m9kxisuucoim \\|archive\\-date\\=February 21, 2014 }} He made his debut for the Hawks in the team's season opener on October 10, recording 20 points and six rebounds in a 92–73 loss to the [New Zealand Breakers](/wiki/New_Zealand_Breakers \"New Zealand Breakers\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nbl.com.au/article/id/8fl59pl5rvst11w9ywyi65ov0 \\|title\\=R1 Report: Breakers make statement, steamroll Hawks \\|work\\=NBL.com.au \\|date\\=October 10, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=unfit \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013021454/http://www.nbl.com.au/article/id/8fl59pl5rvst11w9ywyi65ov0 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 13, 2013 }} The Hawks struggled with consistency in 2013–14, but behind Clarke, they managed to stay in playoff contention. Clarke earned Player of the Month honors twice during the season, for December and February,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nbl.com.au/article/id/1lr393b3f0n701svd5hlfynykz \\|title\\=Clarke, McLeod recognised as Hawks go 5\\-0 in February \\|work\\=NBL.com.au \\|date\\=March 4, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=March 4, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=unfit \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418074213/http://www.nbl.com.au/article/id/1lr393b3f0n701svd5hlfynykz \\|archive\\-date\\=April 18, 2014 }} and battled for MVP supremacy with [Melbourne Tigers](/wiki/Melbourne_Tigers \"Melbourne Tigers\") guard [Chris Goulding](/wiki/Chris_Goulding \"Chris Goulding\") and [Perth Wildcats](/wiki/Perth_Wildcats \"Perth Wildcats\") forward [James Ennis](/wiki/James_Ennis_%28basketball%29 \"James Ennis (basketball)\"). Clarke helped the Hawks finish the regular season with a 13–15 record, good for fourth spot on the ladder out of eight teams. In their semi\\-final match\\-up with the Perth Wildcats, Clarke struggled with his shot, going 10\\-of\\-32 over the two games they played. In the best\\-of\\-three series, the Hawks were swept 2–0 by the eventual champion Wildcats. At the season's end, he was named the recipient of the [NBL Most Valuable Player Award](/wiki/NBL_Most_Valuable_Player_Award \"NBL Most Valuable Player Award\") ahead of Goulding and Ennis.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nbl.com.au/article/id/14ovgeio60qx61ov02or2o4fxo \\|title\\=Rotnei Clarke takes out the 2013/14 MVP Award \\|work\\=NBL.com.au \\|date\\=April 2, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=unfit \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404225420/http://www.nbl.com.au/article/id/14ovgeio60qx61ov02or2o4fxo \\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2014 }} He finished third in total points scored (633\\), fourth in scoring average (21\\.1 points per game), equal first for three\\-pointers (95\\) and third for free throw percentage (81%). He appeared in all 30 games for the Hawks and also averaged 2\\.0 rebounds and 3\\.4 assists per game.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/team\\_info.cgi?action\\=PSTATS\\&pID\\=197036571\\&client\\=0\\-189\\-12315\\-276108\\-19755594 \\|title\\=Player statistics for Rotnei Clarke \\|work\\=FoxSportsPulse.com \\|date\\=May 4, 2016}}",
"### Okapi Aalstar",
"On June 19, 2014, Clarke signed with Belgian club [Okapi Aalstar](/wiki/Okapi_Aalstar \"Okapi Aalstar\") for the 2014–15 season.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sportando.com/en/europe/belgium/123340/okapi\\-aalstar\\-signs\\-rotnei\\-clark\\-extends\\-coach\\-brad\\-dean.html \\|title\\=Okapi Aalstar signs Rotnei Clark, extends coach Brad Dean \\|work\\=Sportando.com \\|date\\=June 19, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2014}} In 32 games for the club, he averaged 17\\.5 points, 2\\.4 rebounds and 3\\.3 assists per game. He also played in six [EuroChallenge](/wiki/EuroChallenge \"EuroChallenge\") games, averaging 15\\.5 points, 1\\.8 rebounds, 3\\.3 assists and 1\\.0 steals per game.",
"### Telekom Baskets Bonn",
"On July 10, 2015, Clarke signed with German club [Telekom Baskets Bonn](/wiki/Telekom_Baskets_Bonn \"Telekom Baskets Bonn\") for the 2015–16 season.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sportando.com/en/europe/germany/168111/telekom\\-bonn\\-announces\\-rotnei\\-clarke.html \\|title\\=Telekom Bonn announces Rotnei Clarke \\|work\\=Sportando.com \\|date\\=July 10, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2015}} In 33 games for the club, he averaged 11\\.5 points, 1\\.8 rebounds and 2\\.9 assists per game. He also played in 10 [EuroCup](/wiki/EuroCup_Basketball \"EuroCup Basketball\") games, averaging 11\\.1 points, 1\\.6 rebounds and 3\\.3 assists per game.",
"### Illawarra Hawks and Italy",
"On July 12, 2016, Clarke signed a two\\-year deal with the [Illawarra Hawks](/wiki/Illawarra_Hawks \"Illawarra Hawks\"), returning to the club for a second stint.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hawks.com.au/featured\\-news/rotnei\\-clarke\\-returns/ \\|title\\=NBL MVP ROTNEI CLARKE RETURNS TO THE HAWKS \\|work\\=Hawks.com.au \\|date\\=July 12, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2016}} October 7, 2016, he scored a team\\-high 23 points in the Hawks' 122–88 season\\-opening win over the [Adelaide 36ers](/wiki/Adelaide_36ers \"Adelaide 36ers\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nbl.com.au/featured\\-news/irresistible\\-hawks\\-crush\\-sixers\\-set\\-scoring\\-record/ \\|title\\=IRRESISTIBLE HAWKS CRUSH SIXERS, SET SCORING RECORD \\|work\\=NBL.com.au \\|date\\=October 7, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2016}} On December 5, 2016, he scored a season\\-high 29 points off the bench in a 99–93 loss to the [Sydney Kings](/wiki/Sydney_Kings \"Sydney Kings\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Logue \\| first\\=Matt \\|url\\=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/basketball/kings\\-guard\\-jason\\-cadee\\-overcomes\\-shooting\\-woes\\-to\\-ground\\-highflying\\-hawks/news\\-story/67b2db7e5c3484ce70496b6d5a986350 \\|title\\=Kings guard Jason Cadee overcomes shooting woes to ground high\\-flying Hawks \\|work\\=DailyTelegraph.com.au \\|date\\=December 5, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2016}} On February 11, 2017, in the Hawks' regular season finale, Clarke had 24 points, six assists, five rebounds off the bench in helping the team secure a playoff spot with a 106–79 win over the [Brisbane Bullets](/wiki/Brisbane_Bullets \"Brisbane Bullets\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nbl.com.au/featured\\-news/hawks\\-lock\\-playoff\\-spot\\-bullets\\-beatdown/ \\|title\\=HAWKS LOCK IN PLAYOFF SPOT WITH BULLETS BEATDOWN \\|work\\=NBL.com.au \\|date\\=February 11, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017}} Two days later, he was named the recipient of the [NBL Best Sixth Man Award](/wiki/NBL_Best_Sixth_Man_Award \"NBL Best Sixth Man Award\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nbl.com.au/featured\\-news/best\\-sixth\\-man\\-rotnei\\-clarke/ \\|title\\=BEST SIXTH MAN: ROTNEI CLARKE \\|work\\=NBL.com.au \\|date\\=February 13, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2017}} After helping the Hawks defeat the first\\-seeded Adelaide 36ers in the semi\\-finals, Clarke and the Hawks moved on to the best\\-of\\-five NBL Grand Final series, where they were defeated 3–0 by the [Perth Wildcats](/wiki/Perth_Wildcats \"Perth Wildcats\"). He appeared in all 34 games for the Hawks in 2016–17, averaging 17\\.4 points, 2\\.7 rebounds, 2\\.8 assists and 1\\.0 steals per game.",
"On March 9, 2017, Clarke signed with [Victoria Libertas Pesaro](/wiki/Victoria_Libertas_Pesaro \"Victoria Libertas Pesaro\") of the [Lega Basket Serie A](/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A \"Lega Basket Serie A\") for the rest of the 2016–17 season.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sportando.com/en/italy/serie\\-a/228364/vuelle\\-pesaro\\-lands\\-rotnei\\-clarke.html \\|title\\=Vuelle Pesaro lands Rotnei Clarke \\|work\\=Sportando.com \\|date\\=March 9, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2017}} In eight games for Pesaro, he averaged 19\\.5 points, 3\\.0 rebounds, 2\\.9 assists and 1\\.0 steals per game.",
"In his second season with the Illawarra Hawks, Clarke averaged 18\\.1 points, 2\\.8 rebounds and 2\\.8 assists in 25 games. On November 5, 2017, he scored a season\\-high 29 points in a 93–83 win over the Sydney Kings.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/basketball/illawarra\\-hawks\\-finish\\-over\\-the\\-top\\-of\\-sydney\\-kings\\-in\\-nbl\\-20171105\\-gzfapn.html \\|title\\=Illawarra Hawks finish over the top of Sydney Kings in NBL \\|work\\=SMH.com.au \\|date\\=November 5, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2018}} The Hawks missed the finals in [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NBL_season \"2017–18 NBL season\") with a 12–16 record.",
"On February 20, 2018, Clarke re\\-signed with Victoria Libertas Pesaro for the rest of the 2017–18 season.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://sportando.basketball/en/italy/serie\\-a/265411/rotnei\\-clarke\\-officially\\-returns\\-to\\-pesaro.html \\|title\\=Rotnei Clarke officially returns to Pesaro \\|work\\=Sportando.basketball \\|date\\=February 20, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2018}} He joined [Pallacanestro Trapani](/wiki/Pallacanestro_Trapani \"Pallacanestro Trapani\") of the Italian second division on July 16, 2018\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://sportando.basketball/en/italy/serie\\-a2\\-ovest/281969/rotnei\\-clarke\\-inks\\-with\\-trapani.html \\|title\\=Rotnei Clarke inks with Trapani \\|work\\=Sportando.basketball \\|date\\=July 16, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2018}}",
"On August 1, 2019, he has signed with [Pallacanestro Mantovana](/wiki/Pallacanestro_Mantovana \"Pallacanestro Mantovana\") of the Italian [Serie A2 Basket](/wiki/Serie_A2_Basket \"Serie A2 Basket\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://sportando.basketball/en/rotnei\\-clarke\\-inks\\-with\\-pallacanestro\\-mantovana/\\|title\\=Rotnei Clarke inks with Pallacanestro Mantovana\\|date\\=August 1, 2019\\|newspaper\\=Sportando\\|language\\=En\\|access\\-date\\=August 19, 2019\\|last1\\=Maggi \\|first1\\=Alessandro }} He averaged 19\\.3 points, 2\\.2 rebounds and 4\\.3 assists per game.",
"### Poland",
"On October 24, 2020, Clarke signed with [Anwil Włocławek](/wiki/KK_W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek \"KK Włocławek\") of the [Polish Basketball League](/wiki/Polish_Basketball_League \"Polish Basketball League\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Anwil Wloclawek announces Rotnei Clarke \\|url\\=https://sportando.basketball/en/anwil\\-wloclawek\\-announces\\-rotnei\\-clarke/ \\|website\\=Sportando \\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2020 \\|date\\=October 24, 2020\\|last1\\=Skerletic \\|first1\\=Dario }}",
"### Return to Italy",
"On February 17, 2021, he has signed with Cestistica San Severo of the Italian [Serie A2 Basket](/wiki/Serie_A2_Basket \"Serie A2 Basket\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://sportando.basketball/en/san\\-severo\\-officially\\-signs\\-rotnei\\-clarke/\\|title\\=San Severo officially signs Rotnei Clarke\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=February 17, 2021\\|website\\=\\|newspaper\\=Sportando\\|language\\=En\\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2021\\|last1\\=Carchia \\|first1\\=Emiliano }} On July 16, he signed with [Scafati Basket](/wiki/Scafati_Basket \"Scafati Basket\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Givova Scafati signs Rotnei Clarke \\|url\\=https://sportando.basketball/en/givova\\-scafati\\-signs\\-rotnei\\-clarke/ \\|website\\=Sportando \\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2021 \\|date\\=July 16, 2021\\|last1\\=Carchia \\|first1\\=Emiliano }}",
""
] |
History
-------
[left\|thumb\|Front of station, 1938](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_476_Longreach_Railway_Station_Capricorn_Highway_Longreach_March_1938.png "Queensland State Archives 476 Longreach Railway Station Capricorn Highway Longreach March 1938.png")
Longreach Station opened in February 1892 as the interim terminus of the [Central Western line](/wiki/Central_Western_railway_line%2C_Queensland "Central Western railway line, Queensland") when it was extended from [Barcaldine](/wiki/Barcaldine%2C_Queensland "Barcaldine, Queensland"). The line was later extended to [Winton](/wiki/Winton%2C_Queensland "Winton, Queensland").{{cite QHR\|16706\|Longreach Railway Station\|601970\|accessdate\=13 July 2015}}
The present station building was completed in 1916\.
The plan to build a railway in southern Queensland in 1863 prompted the residents of central Queensland to demand their own railway. The discovery of rich copper deposits at Peak Downs west of [Rockhampton](/wiki/Rockhampton "Rockhampton") strengthened their case and in January 1864, Engineer for Roads, Northern Division, Henry Plews was ordered to survey a line to the copper field. Plews was made Chief Engineer of the northern railway in October 1864\. The line opened as far as [Westwood](/wiki/Westwood%2C_Queensland "Westwood, Queensland") in September 1867\.
This line was too short to be profitable and approval for an extension was granted in late 1872\. Robert Ballard was appointed Chief Engineer and was given authority to let contracts for each section. The aim was to produce an affordable line.
As work progressed, towns developed at each temporary terminus. Some such as Pine Hill declined after the railway passed while others such as [Alpha](/wiki/Alpha%2C_Queensland "Alpha, Queensland") and [Emerald](/wiki/Emerald%2C_Queensland "Emerald, Queensland") continued to grow. Many buildings and businesses were shifted westwards from one terminus town to the next.
The line reached [Duaringa](/wiki/Duaringa "Duaringa") in 1876, [Blackwater](/wiki/Blackwater%2C_Queensland "Blackwater, Queensland") in 1877 and Emerald in 1879\. After [Bogantungan](/wiki/Bogantungan "Bogantungan") (1881\), the most difficult section was encountered – the crossing of the Drummond Range. The decision to extend the railway from [Barcaldine](/wiki/Barcaldine%2C_Queensland "Barcaldine, Queensland") (1886\) to Longreach was the result of pressure being brought to bear by parliamentary representatives from Central Division and the fear that the northern Separation Movement could succeed. The final section was completed to Longreach in February 1892\.
The Longreach site was selected by railways surveyors due to the presence of a large waterhole on the [Thomson River](/wiki/Thomson_River_%28Queensland%29 "Thomson River (Queensland)"). It was a popular stop for teamsters but it had never developed into a hotel or small community. Longreach was gazetted as a township in November 1887, and the first land sales occurred soon after that.
At the time the extension was completed, the bitterness of the Shearers' Strike was affecting the town and Premier Sir [Samuel Griffith](/wiki/Samuel_Griffith "Samuel Griffith") was rebuffed when he arrived to try to officially open the line.
When the line was completed, there were no railway buildings at the terminus, although a small post and telegraph office had been built to service the telegraph line which had advanced beside the railway. The first station building was a small timber shelter shed and office, {{convert\|60\|x\|14\|ft}}.
The opening of the railway from Barcaldine to Longreach caused a building and population boom in the area. By 1914, Longreach had 14 hotels.
In 1912 Commissioner Evans promised a deputation of locals that he would ask the government to build a station at Longreach similar to that at [Winton](/wiki/Winton%2C_Queensland "Winton, Queensland"). QR at this stage was undergoing a major reinvestment and rebuilding program of railway lines, branch lines, carriages, locomotives, and buildings. The new station was begun in 1915–16\. This would indicate something of the political influence of central Queensland, in that a new building was provided even though the existing building remained intact. The new station was completed in 1916?17\.
The current timber station was completed in 1916 to a design attributed to Henrik Hansen, this date appearing on the pediment. It is similar to stations he designed at Emerald, [Mount Morgan](/wiki/Mount_Morgan%2C_Queensland "Mount Morgan, Queensland") and Archer Park. The most obvious difference is the platform awnings: Archer Park and Mount Morgan have carriage shades with a curved roof; Emerald re\-used the platform shade from Central Station, and Longreach has a cantilevered platform shade.
The refreshment room was built shortly afterwards. It has now closed and the building is used as offices.
The goods shed (still being used by [Aurizon](/wiki/Aurizon "Aurizon")) is thought to have been built in 1892 and was substantially renovated in 1988\. Longreach is a focus for heritage tourism for [Queensland Rail](/wiki/Queensland_Rail "Queensland Rail"), being the terminus for Queensland Rail's "[Spirit of the Outback](/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Outback "Spirit of the Outback")" rail adventure, offering what is promoted as a "unique insight into the history and culture of early Australia".
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Front of station, 1938](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_476_Longreach_Railway_Station_Capricorn_Highway_Longreach_March_1938.png \"Queensland State Archives 476 Longreach Railway Station Capricorn Highway Longreach March 1938.png\")\nLongreach Station opened in February 1892 as the interim terminus of the [Central Western line](/wiki/Central_Western_railway_line%2C_Queensland \"Central Western railway line, Queensland\") when it was extended from [Barcaldine](/wiki/Barcaldine%2C_Queensland \"Barcaldine, Queensland\"). The line was later extended to [Winton](/wiki/Winton%2C_Queensland \"Winton, Queensland\").{{cite QHR\\|16706\\|Longreach Railway Station\\|601970\\|accessdate\\=13 July 2015}}",
"The present station building was completed in 1916\\.",
"The plan to build a railway in southern Queensland in 1863 prompted the residents of central Queensland to demand their own railway. The discovery of rich copper deposits at Peak Downs west of [Rockhampton](/wiki/Rockhampton \"Rockhampton\") strengthened their case and in January 1864, Engineer for Roads, Northern Division, Henry Plews was ordered to survey a line to the copper field. Plews was made Chief Engineer of the northern railway in October 1864\\. The line opened as far as [Westwood](/wiki/Westwood%2C_Queensland \"Westwood, Queensland\") in September 1867\\.",
"This line was too short to be profitable and approval for an extension was granted in late 1872\\. Robert Ballard was appointed Chief Engineer and was given authority to let contracts for each section. The aim was to produce an affordable line.",
"As work progressed, towns developed at each temporary terminus. Some such as Pine Hill declined after the railway passed while others such as [Alpha](/wiki/Alpha%2C_Queensland \"Alpha, Queensland\") and [Emerald](/wiki/Emerald%2C_Queensland \"Emerald, Queensland\") continued to grow. Many buildings and businesses were shifted westwards from one terminus town to the next.",
"The line reached [Duaringa](/wiki/Duaringa \"Duaringa\") in 1876, [Blackwater](/wiki/Blackwater%2C_Queensland \"Blackwater, Queensland\") in 1877 and Emerald in 1879\\. After [Bogantungan](/wiki/Bogantungan \"Bogantungan\") (1881\\), the most difficult section was encountered – the crossing of the Drummond Range. The decision to extend the railway from [Barcaldine](/wiki/Barcaldine%2C_Queensland \"Barcaldine, Queensland\") (1886\\) to Longreach was the result of pressure being brought to bear by parliamentary representatives from Central Division and the fear that the northern Separation Movement could succeed. The final section was completed to Longreach in February 1892\\.",
"The Longreach site was selected by railways surveyors due to the presence of a large waterhole on the [Thomson River](/wiki/Thomson_River_%28Queensland%29 \"Thomson River (Queensland)\"). It was a popular stop for teamsters but it had never developed into a hotel or small community. Longreach was gazetted as a township in November 1887, and the first land sales occurred soon after that.",
"At the time the extension was completed, the bitterness of the Shearers' Strike was affecting the town and Premier Sir [Samuel Griffith](/wiki/Samuel_Griffith \"Samuel Griffith\") was rebuffed when he arrived to try to officially open the line.",
"When the line was completed, there were no railway buildings at the terminus, although a small post and telegraph office had been built to service the telegraph line which had advanced beside the railway. The first station building was a small timber shelter shed and office, {{convert\\|60\\|x\\|14\\|ft}}.",
"The opening of the railway from Barcaldine to Longreach caused a building and population boom in the area. By 1914, Longreach had 14 hotels.",
"In 1912 Commissioner Evans promised a deputation of locals that he would ask the government to build a station at Longreach similar to that at [Winton](/wiki/Winton%2C_Queensland \"Winton, Queensland\"). QR at this stage was undergoing a major reinvestment and rebuilding program of railway lines, branch lines, carriages, locomotives, and buildings. The new station was begun in 1915–16\\. This would indicate something of the political influence of central Queensland, in that a new building was provided even though the existing building remained intact. The new station was completed in 1916?17\\.",
"The current timber station was completed in 1916 to a design attributed to Henrik Hansen, this date appearing on the pediment. It is similar to stations he designed at Emerald, [Mount Morgan](/wiki/Mount_Morgan%2C_Queensland \"Mount Morgan, Queensland\") and Archer Park. The most obvious difference is the platform awnings: Archer Park and Mount Morgan have carriage shades with a curved roof; Emerald re\\-used the platform shade from Central Station, and Longreach has a cantilevered platform shade.",
"The refreshment room was built shortly afterwards. It has now closed and the building is used as offices.",
"The goods shed (still being used by [Aurizon](/wiki/Aurizon \"Aurizon\")) is thought to have been built in 1892 and was substantially renovated in 1988\\. Longreach is a focus for heritage tourism for [Queensland Rail](/wiki/Queensland_Rail \"Queensland Rail\"), being the terminus for Queensland Rail's \"[Spirit of the Outback](/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Outback \"Spirit of the Outback\")\" rail adventure, offering what is promoted as a \"unique insight into the history and culture of early Australia\".",
""
] |
Description
-----------
[thumb\|Platform, 2013](/wiki/File:Longreach_Railway_Station_platform_view_%282013%29.jpg "Longreach Railway Station platform view (2013).jpg")
The station complex has a prominent location on the Landsborough Highway at the northern end of the main commercial precinct. It is opposite parkland with mature trees and a memorial.
### Passenger Station
The Passenger Station building is a substantial and stylistic timber passenger station of the early twentieth century, demonstrating an Edwardian influence in style and decoration including central [portico](/wiki/Portico "Portico") with [parapet](/wiki/Parapet "Parapet") and [pediment](/wiki/Pediment "Pediment"). The building is located on concrete stumps with timber floor throughout.
On the northern side of the building is the [cantilevered](/wiki/Cantilever "Cantilever") steel framed platform [awning](/wiki/Awning "Awning") with [bull\-nose](/wiki/Bullnose "Bullnose") front edge. Two timber [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window "Sash window") are located along the northern side of the building.
The building has an imposing open front [verandah](/wiki/Veranda "Veranda") with paired timber posts, [capitals](/wiki/Capital_%28architecture%29 "Capital (architecture)") and [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 "Bracket (architecture)") with a [hipped](/wiki/Hipped_roof "Hipped roof") main roof with a parapet surmounted by turned [finials](/wiki/Finial "Finial"). The date AD 1916 appears on the pediment. The roof is clad with [corrugated galvanised iron](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron "Corrugated galvanised iron") with original metal ventilators intact.
There are some internal [tongue and groove](/wiki/Tongue_and_groove "Tongue and groove") VJ walls still exposed. The ladies waiting room has been fitted out with toilet facilities. A bench seat remains in the waiting room.
Original ticket windows survive in the western end of the building. The windows have been fitted with security grills. A bench seat remains in this central walkway section.
Internally, some suspended exposed grid drop\-in ceilings have been installed and new tiling has been laid in the entrance ticket hallway. Corrugated galvanised iron tanks are located at the western and eastern ends of the building.
### Refreshment Room
The Refreshment Room is a single storey timber building, clad with weatherboards, with a half\-[gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable") roof clad with corrugated galvanised iron. The roof projects on the northern (track side) with additional diagonal strut supports. The eastern and western ends has timber posts supporting verandah roof.
One original colonial sash window and double tongue and groove VJ doors are located in the eastern side of the building.
Internally, the building is lined with tongue and groove VJ boards throughout. A stove recess, with numerous metal flues, is located in the western wall. A roller door to a [loading dock](/wiki/Loading_dock "Loading dock") is located on the southern wall.
A tank and tank stand is located at the western end of the building.
### Goods Shed
The Goods Shed (currently being used by [Aurizon](/wiki/Aurizon "Aurizon")) is a large timber and steel framed [shed](/wiki/Shed "Shed") with gable ends, with recent [colorbond](/wiki/BlueScope "BlueScope") cladding. Steel [columns](/wiki/Columns "Columns") are located to the northern side, elsewhere the frame is timber. The roof [trusses](/wiki/Trusses "Trusses") are composite timber and steel with steel rods as tension members.
A single track enters the shed at the western and eastern ends through new hinged double gates clad with colorbond. A new concrete floor has replaced the original timber floor. Original offices at each end have also been removed. Two new roller shutter doors are located in the southern and western sides.
Timber struts to a projecting roof forming an awning are located over a former loading platform, southern wall. A quad gutter is located to the southern side and an ogee gutter to the northern side of the building.
A new office (currently utilized by [Aurizon](/wiki/Aurizon "Aurizon")) with recent aluminum framed windows has been installed in the south\-west corner.
A corrugated galvanised iron tank on a steel stand is located near the shed.
### Male Toilet
A freestanding male toilet block is at the east end of station, with [pyramid roof](/wiki/Pyramid_roof "Pyramid roof"), part [chamferboard](/wiki/Chamferboard "Chamferboard") wall cladding and glass louvre windows.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"[thumb\\|Platform, 2013](/wiki/File:Longreach_Railway_Station_platform_view_%282013%29.jpg \"Longreach Railway Station platform view (2013).jpg\")\nThe station complex has a prominent location on the Landsborough Highway at the northern end of the main commercial precinct. It is opposite parkland with mature trees and a memorial.",
"### Passenger Station",
"The Passenger Station building is a substantial and stylistic timber passenger station of the early twentieth century, demonstrating an Edwardian influence in style and decoration including central [portico](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\") with [parapet](/wiki/Parapet \"Parapet\") and [pediment](/wiki/Pediment \"Pediment\"). The building is located on concrete stumps with timber floor throughout.",
"On the northern side of the building is the [cantilevered](/wiki/Cantilever \"Cantilever\") steel framed platform [awning](/wiki/Awning \"Awning\") with [bull\\-nose](/wiki/Bullnose \"Bullnose\") front edge. Two timber [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window \"Sash window\") are located along the northern side of the building.",
"The building has an imposing open front [verandah](/wiki/Veranda \"Veranda\") with paired timber posts, [capitals](/wiki/Capital_%28architecture%29 \"Capital (architecture)\") and [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 \"Bracket (architecture)\") with a [hipped](/wiki/Hipped_roof \"Hipped roof\") main roof with a parapet surmounted by turned [finials](/wiki/Finial \"Finial\"). The date AD 1916 appears on the pediment. The roof is clad with [corrugated galvanised iron](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron \"Corrugated galvanised iron\") with original metal ventilators intact.",
"There are some internal [tongue and groove](/wiki/Tongue_and_groove \"Tongue and groove\") VJ walls still exposed. The ladies waiting room has been fitted out with toilet facilities. A bench seat remains in the waiting room.",
"Original ticket windows survive in the western end of the building. The windows have been fitted with security grills. A bench seat remains in this central walkway section.",
"Internally, some suspended exposed grid drop\\-in ceilings have been installed and new tiling has been laid in the entrance ticket hallway. Corrugated galvanised iron tanks are located at the western and eastern ends of the building.",
"### Refreshment Room",
"The Refreshment Room is a single storey timber building, clad with weatherboards, with a half\\-[gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") roof clad with corrugated galvanised iron. The roof projects on the northern (track side) with additional diagonal strut supports. The eastern and western ends has timber posts supporting verandah roof.",
"One original colonial sash window and double tongue and groove VJ doors are located in the eastern side of the building.",
"Internally, the building is lined with tongue and groove VJ boards throughout. A stove recess, with numerous metal flues, is located in the western wall. A roller door to a [loading dock](/wiki/Loading_dock \"Loading dock\") is located on the southern wall.",
"A tank and tank stand is located at the western end of the building.",
"### Goods Shed",
"The Goods Shed (currently being used by [Aurizon](/wiki/Aurizon \"Aurizon\")) is a large timber and steel framed [shed](/wiki/Shed \"Shed\") with gable ends, with recent [colorbond](/wiki/BlueScope \"BlueScope\") cladding. Steel [columns](/wiki/Columns \"Columns\") are located to the northern side, elsewhere the frame is timber. The roof [trusses](/wiki/Trusses \"Trusses\") are composite timber and steel with steel rods as tension members.",
"A single track enters the shed at the western and eastern ends through new hinged double gates clad with colorbond. A new concrete floor has replaced the original timber floor. Original offices at each end have also been removed. Two new roller shutter doors are located in the southern and western sides.",
"Timber struts to a projecting roof forming an awning are located over a former loading platform, southern wall. A quad gutter is located to the southern side and an ogee gutter to the northern side of the building.",
"A new office (currently utilized by [Aurizon](/wiki/Aurizon \"Aurizon\")) with recent aluminum framed windows has been installed in the south\\-west corner.",
"A corrugated galvanised iron tank on a steel stand is located near the shed.",
"### Male Toilet",
"A freestanding male toilet block is at the east end of station, with [pyramid roof](/wiki/Pyramid_roof \"Pyramid roof\"), part [chamferboard](/wiki/Chamferboard \"Chamferboard\") wall cladding and glass louvre windows.",
""
] |
### Passenger Station
The Passenger Station building is a substantial and stylistic timber passenger station of the early twentieth century, demonstrating an Edwardian influence in style and decoration including central [portico](/wiki/Portico "Portico") with [parapet](/wiki/Parapet "Parapet") and [pediment](/wiki/Pediment "Pediment"). The building is located on concrete stumps with timber floor throughout.
On the northern side of the building is the [cantilevered](/wiki/Cantilever "Cantilever") steel framed platform [awning](/wiki/Awning "Awning") with [bull\-nose](/wiki/Bullnose "Bullnose") front edge. Two timber [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window "Sash window") are located along the northern side of the building.
The building has an imposing open front [verandah](/wiki/Veranda "Veranda") with paired timber posts, [capitals](/wiki/Capital_%28architecture%29 "Capital (architecture)") and [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 "Bracket (architecture)") with a [hipped](/wiki/Hipped_roof "Hipped roof") main roof with a parapet surmounted by turned [finials](/wiki/Finial "Finial"). The date AD 1916 appears on the pediment. The roof is clad with [corrugated galvanised iron](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron "Corrugated galvanised iron") with original metal ventilators intact.
There are some internal [tongue and groove](/wiki/Tongue_and_groove "Tongue and groove") VJ walls still exposed. The ladies waiting room has been fitted out with toilet facilities. A bench seat remains in the waiting room.
Original ticket windows survive in the western end of the building. The windows have been fitted with security grills. A bench seat remains in this central walkway section.
Internally, some suspended exposed grid drop\-in ceilings have been installed and new tiling has been laid in the entrance ticket hallway. Corrugated galvanised iron tanks are located at the western and eastern ends of the building.
|
[
"### Passenger Station",
"The Passenger Station building is a substantial and stylistic timber passenger station of the early twentieth century, demonstrating an Edwardian influence in style and decoration including central [portico](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\") with [parapet](/wiki/Parapet \"Parapet\") and [pediment](/wiki/Pediment \"Pediment\"). The building is located on concrete stumps with timber floor throughout.",
"On the northern side of the building is the [cantilevered](/wiki/Cantilever \"Cantilever\") steel framed platform [awning](/wiki/Awning \"Awning\") with [bull\\-nose](/wiki/Bullnose \"Bullnose\") front edge. Two timber [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window \"Sash window\") are located along the northern side of the building.",
"The building has an imposing open front [verandah](/wiki/Veranda \"Veranda\") with paired timber posts, [capitals](/wiki/Capital_%28architecture%29 \"Capital (architecture)\") and [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 \"Bracket (architecture)\") with a [hipped](/wiki/Hipped_roof \"Hipped roof\") main roof with a parapet surmounted by turned [finials](/wiki/Finial \"Finial\"). The date AD 1916 appears on the pediment. The roof is clad with [corrugated galvanised iron](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron \"Corrugated galvanised iron\") with original metal ventilators intact.",
"There are some internal [tongue and groove](/wiki/Tongue_and_groove \"Tongue and groove\") VJ walls still exposed. The ladies waiting room has been fitted out with toilet facilities. A bench seat remains in the waiting room.",
"Original ticket windows survive in the western end of the building. The windows have been fitted with security grills. A bench seat remains in this central walkway section.",
"Internally, some suspended exposed grid drop\\-in ceilings have been installed and new tiling has been laid in the entrance ticket hallway. Corrugated galvanised iron tanks are located at the western and eastern ends of the building.",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
Longreach Railway Station was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register "Queensland Heritage Register") on 12 December 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**
The station helps to demonstrate the pattern of Queensland history as Longreach is one of the largest of the many towns which developed as the result of railway construction. Longreach remained the terminus of the Central Line from 1892 until an extension was built to Winton to connect with the Great Northern Line in 1928 and it has been significant as a centre of railway operations up to the present day.
**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**
The refreshment room is a rare surviving example of a free\-standing timber refreshment room.
**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**
Longreach Railway Station demonstrates many of the principal characteristics of a late 19th\-century railway complex design. The passenger station, platform, refreshment room, goods shed and other ancillary buildings are significant for their contribution to an understanding of how the complex functioned.
The passenger station is associated with the office of railway designer Henrik Hansen and compares with similarly designed stations at Archer Park, Emerald and Mount Morgan.
**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**
The passenger station, platform awning and refreshment room exhibit aesthetic characteristics valued by the community as finely\-detailed and well\-executed examples of railway buildings. They make a substantial contribution to the townscape at the junction of the Landsborough Highway with the main street of Longreach and form part of an important urban precinct including parkland and a memorial.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"Longreach Railway Station was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register \"Queensland Heritage Register\") on 12 December 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**",
"The station helps to demonstrate the pattern of Queensland history as Longreach is one of the largest of the many towns which developed as the result of railway construction. Longreach remained the terminus of the Central Line from 1892 until an extension was built to Winton to connect with the Great Northern Line in 1928 and it has been significant as a centre of railway operations up to the present day.",
"**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**",
"The refreshment room is a rare surviving example of a free\\-standing timber refreshment room.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**",
"Longreach Railway Station demonstrates many of the principal characteristics of a late 19th\\-century railway complex design. The passenger station, platform, refreshment room, goods shed and other ancillary buildings are significant for their contribution to an understanding of how the complex functioned.",
"The passenger station is associated with the office of railway designer Henrik Hansen and compares with similarly designed stations at Archer Park, Emerald and Mount Morgan.",
"**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**",
"The passenger station, platform awning and refreshment room exhibit aesthetic characteristics valued by the community as finely\\-detailed and well\\-executed examples of railway buildings. They make a substantial contribution to the townscape at the junction of the Landsborough Highway with the main street of Longreach and form part of an important urban precinct including parkland and a memorial.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Street DJ Promotions era (1987–1995\)
Between 1987 and 1995, Bill produced a series of promotional [mixtapes](/wiki/Mixtape "Mixtape") under the name "Street DJ Promotions." These tapes were distributed out of Bill's car to local Chicago area record shops, flea markets, and DJ gigs.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2010}} These mixes included: *Hot Mix* \#1–17, *Non\-Stop Hip\-Hop*, *Flashbacks* Vol. 1 \& 2, *Classics* Vol. 1–3, *Street Style* 1 \& 2, and *Gettin' Wicked*.
Bill has been credited with the idea of mass\-producing mix tapes unlike before,{{clarify\|date\=November 2016}} and was apparently inspired by Andre Lopez, owner of the Hot Jams record store. This caught the attention of the [Recording Industry Association of America](/wiki/RIAA "RIAA") and music publishing houses who were not paid any royalties from the use of copyrighted music on the vast number of mixtapes being produced and sold throughout Chicago by these many DJs. Bill then became a part of the licensed\-mix movement and started Mix Connection Multimedia (MCM). He has been generally credited with being the first Chicago DJ to produce legally licensed mixes.
### Mix Connection Multimedia era (1995–2001\)
Bill created MCM in 1995 to produce legally licensed mixes, and as an umbrella company for several side projects and record labels such as International House Records (IHR), Moody Recordings, Contaminated Muzik, Canvas Recordings, and Motus Music. MCM has most notably produced *Bangin' The Box* Vol. 1–5, *The House Connection* (w/ [Richard "Humpty" Vission](/wiki/Richard_%22Humpty%22_Vission "Richard ")) Vol. 1–3, and *The B\-96 Mixmaster Throwdown* Vol. 1–5\.
### House Connection (1997–1998\)
Bad Boy Bill teamed up with [Richard Vission](/wiki/Richard_Vission "Richard Vission") to form a house DJ supergroup called The House Connection.{{Cite news\|url\=https://htg\-events.com/event/gilt\-nightclub/orlando/2016/bad\-boy\-bill\-x\-richard\-vission/\|title\=Bad Boy Bill x Richard Vission – HTG Events Orlando\|newspaper\=HTG Events Orlando\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-25}} They have released three mix albums, the last in 2013\. In May 2006, Bill reunited with Vission in Dallas and Detroit for a two\-day reunion show.
### Behind The Decks (2003–2006\)
In 2003, Bill released a CD/DVD mixtape titled *Behind the Decks*.
In May 2006, to support the *Behind the Decks* mixtape, Bill embarked on a three\-day tour called "BTD Live". Bill performed in clubs like The Church in Denver and [The Avalon](/wiki/Avalon_Hollywood "Avalon Hollywood") in Los Angeles. Audio and video were recorded at all three shows and released as the *BTD Live* concert film in October 2006\.
On August 5, 2013, The Official Bad Boy Bill [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") page released *House Connection 3*, a free mixtape available to download on Richard Vission's SoundCloud page.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Street DJ Promotions era (1987–1995\\)",
"Between 1987 and 1995, Bill produced a series of promotional [mixtapes](/wiki/Mixtape \"Mixtape\") under the name \"Street DJ Promotions.\" These tapes were distributed out of Bill's car to local Chicago area record shops, flea markets, and DJ gigs.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2010}} These mixes included: *Hot Mix* \\#1–17, *Non\\-Stop Hip\\-Hop*, *Flashbacks* Vol. 1 \\& 2, *Classics* Vol. 1–3, *Street Style* 1 \\& 2, and *Gettin' Wicked*.",
"Bill has been credited with the idea of mass\\-producing mix tapes unlike before,{{clarify\\|date\\=November 2016}} and was apparently inspired by Andre Lopez, owner of the Hot Jams record store. This caught the attention of the [Recording Industry Association of America](/wiki/RIAA \"RIAA\") and music publishing houses who were not paid any royalties from the use of copyrighted music on the vast number of mixtapes being produced and sold throughout Chicago by these many DJs. Bill then became a part of the licensed\\-mix movement and started Mix Connection Multimedia (MCM). He has been generally credited with being the first Chicago DJ to produce legally licensed mixes.",
"### Mix Connection Multimedia era (1995–2001\\)",
"Bill created MCM in 1995 to produce legally licensed mixes, and as an umbrella company for several side projects and record labels such as International House Records (IHR), Moody Recordings, Contaminated Muzik, Canvas Recordings, and Motus Music. MCM has most notably produced *Bangin' The Box* Vol. 1–5, *The House Connection* (w/ [Richard \"Humpty\" Vission](/wiki/Richard_%22Humpty%22_Vission \"Richard \")) Vol. 1–3, and *The B\\-96 Mixmaster Throwdown* Vol. 1–5\\.",
"### House Connection (1997–1998\\)",
"Bad Boy Bill teamed up with [Richard Vission](/wiki/Richard_Vission \"Richard Vission\") to form a house DJ supergroup called The House Connection.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://htg\\-events.com/event/gilt\\-nightclub/orlando/2016/bad\\-boy\\-bill\\-x\\-richard\\-vission/\\|title\\=Bad Boy Bill x Richard Vission – HTG Events Orlando\\|newspaper\\=HTG Events Orlando\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-25}} They have released three mix albums, the last in 2013\\. In May 2006, Bill reunited with Vission in Dallas and Detroit for a two\\-day reunion show.",
"### Behind The Decks (2003–2006\\)",
"In 2003, Bill released a CD/DVD mixtape titled *Behind the Decks*.",
"In May 2006, to support the *Behind the Decks* mixtape, Bill embarked on a three\\-day tour called \"BTD Live\". Bill performed in clubs like The Church in Denver and [The Avalon](/wiki/Avalon_Hollywood \"Avalon Hollywood\") in Los Angeles. Audio and video were recorded at all three shows and released as the *BTD Live* concert film in October 2006\\.",
"On August 5, 2013, The Official Bad Boy Bill [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") page released *House Connection 3*, a free mixtape available to download on Richard Vission's SoundCloud page.",
""
] |
The Medieval legacy of the *Trotula*
------------------------------------
The *Trotula* texts are considered the "most popular assembly of materials on women's medicine from the late twelfth through the fifteenth centuries."Green, *The 'Trotula{{'}}*, p. xi. See also Monica H. Green, “Medieval Gynecological Texts: A Handlist,” in Monica H. Green, *Women’s Healthcare in the Medieval West: Texts and Contexts* (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000\), Appendix, pp. 1\-36\. The nearly 200 extant manuscripts (Latin and vernacular) of the *Trotula* represent only a small portion of the original number that circulated around Europe from the late 12th century to the end of the 15th century. Certain versions of the *Trotula* enjoyed a pan\-European circulation. These works reached their peak popularity in Latin around the turn of the 14th century. The many medieval vernacular translations carried the texts' popularity into the 15th century and, in Germany and England, the 16th.
### Circulation in Latin
All three *Trotula* texts circulated for several centuries as independent texts. Each is found in several different versions, likely due to the interventions of later editors or scribes.Green, Monica H. “The Development of the *Trotula*,” *Revue d’Histoire des Textes* 26 (1996\), 119\-203\. Already by the late 12th century, however, one or more anonymous editors recognized the inherent relatedness of the three independent Salernitan texts on women's medicine and cosmetics, and so brought them together into a single ensemble. In all, when she surveyed the entire extant corpus of *Trotula* manuscripts in 1996, Green identified eight different versions of the Latin *Trotula* ensemble. These versions differ sometimes in wording, but more obviously by the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of certain material. The so\-called "standardized ensemble" reflects the most mature stage of the text, and it seemed especially attractive in university settings.Green, *The 'Trotula{{'}}*, p. 58\. A survey of known owners of the Latin *Trotula* in all its forms showed it not simply in the hands of learned physicians throughout western and central Europe, but also in the hands of monks in England, Germany, and Switzerland; surgeons in Italy and Catalonia; and even certain kings of France and England.Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\), pp. 325\-39\.
### Medieval vernacular translations
[thumb\|Illustration of a woman taking a therapeutic bath and of a medicinal tampon in a 15th\-century copy of the Middle Dutch translation of the Trotula ([Bruges, Public Library](/wiki/Bruges_Public_Library "Bruges Public Library"), Ms. 593\).](/wiki/File:Brugge_Openbare_Bibliotheek_Ms._593_f.5v.jpg "Brugge Openbare Bibliotheek Ms. 593 f.5v.jpg")
The trend toward using vernacular languages for medical writing began in the 12th century, and grew increasingly in the later Middle Ages.William Crossgrove, "The Vernacularization of Science, Medicine, and Technology in Late Medieval Europe: Broadening Our Perspectives," *Early Science and Medicine* 5, no. 1 (2000\), pp. 47\-63\. The many vernacular translations of the *Trotula* were therefore part of a general trend. The first known translation was into [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language "Hebrew language"), made somewhere in southern France in the late 12th century.Ron Barkaï, *A History of Jewish Gynaecological Texts in the Middle Ages* (Leiden: Brill, 1998\); and Carmen Caballero Navas, “Algunos “secretos de mujeres” revelados: El *Še’ar yašub* y la recepción y transmisión del *Trotula* en hebreo \[Some “secrets of women” revealed. The *She’ar yašub* and the reception and transmission of the *Trotula* in Hebrew],” *Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos, sección Hebreo* 55 (2006\), 381\-425\. The next translations, in the 13th century, were into [Anglo\-Norman](/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language "Anglo-Norman language") and [Old French](/wiki/Old_French "Old French").Tony Hunt, *Anglo\-Norman Medicine*, 2 vols. (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1994\-1997\), 2:76\-115; Tony Hunt, “Obstacles to Motherhood,” in *Motherhood, Religion, and Society in Medieval Europe, 400\-1400: Essays Presented to Henrietta Leyser*, ed. C. Leyser and L. Smith (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011\), pp. 205\-212; Monica H. Green, “Making Motherhood in Medieval England: The Evidence from Medicine,” in *Motherhood, Religion, and Society in Medieval Europe, 400\-1400: Essays Presented to Henrietta Leyser*, ed. Conrad Leyser and Lesley Smith (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011\), pp. 173\-203\. And in the 14th and 15th centuries, there are translations in [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language"), [Middle English](/wiki/Middle_English "Middle English"), [French](/wiki/French_language "French language") (again), [German](/wiki/German_language "German language"), [Irish](/wiki/Irish_language "Irish language"), and [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language "Italian language").Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So\-Called *Trotula* Texts. Part II: The Vernacular Texts and Latin Re\-Writings,” *Scriptorium* 51 (1997\), 80\-104; Alexandra Barratt, ed., *The Knowing of Woman’s Kind in Childing: A Middle English Version of Material Derived from the ‘Trotula’ and Other Sources*, Medieval Women: Texts and Contexts, 4 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2001\); Jojanneke Hulsker, ‘Liber Trotula’: Laatmiddeleeuwse vrouwengeneeskunde in de volkstaal, available online at <http://www.historischebronnenbrugge.be> (accessed 20\.xii.2009\); Orlanda Lie, “What Every Midwife Needs to Know: The *Trotula*. Translation, Flanders, second half of the fifteenth century,” chapter 8 in *Women’s Writing in the Low Countries 1200\-1875\. A Bilingual Anthology*, ed. L. van Gemert, et al. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010\), pp. 138\-43; *CELT: Corpus of Electronia Texts. The* Trotula *Ensemble of Manuscripts*, <http://www.ucc.ie/celt/trotula.html>. Most recently, a Catalan translation of one of the *Trotula* texts has been discovered in a 15th\-century medical miscellany, held by the Biblioteca Riccardiana in Florence. This fragmentary translation of the *De curis mulierum* is here collated by the copyist (probably a surgeon making a copy for his own use) with a Latin version of the text, highlighting the differences.Montserrat Cabré i Pairet, “Trota, Tròtula i *Tròtula*: autoria i autoritat femenina en la medicina medieval en català,” in *Els manuscrits, el saber i les lletres a la Corona d’Aragó, 1250\-1500,* ed. [Lola Badia](/wiki/Lola_Badia "Lola Badia"), Lluís Cifuentes, Sadurní Martí, Josep Pujol (Montserrat: Publicacions de L’Abadia de Montserrat, 2016\), pp. 77\-102
The existence of vernacular translations suggests that the *Trotula* texts were finding new audiences. Almost assuredly they were, but not necessarily women. Only seven of the nearly two dozen medieval translations are explicitly addressed to female audiences, and even some of those translations were co\-opted by male readers.Monica H. Green, "In a Language Women Understand: The Gender of the Vernacular," chap. 4 of *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\). See also Elizabeth Dearnley, “‘Women of oure tunge cunne bettir reede and vnderstonde this langage’: Women and Vernacular Translation in Later Medieval England,” in *Multilingualism in Medieval Britain (c. 1066\-1520\): Sources and Analysis*, ed. J. Jefferson and A. Putter (Turnhout: Brepols, 2013\), pp. 259\-72\. The first documented female owner of a copy of the *Trotula* is Dorothea Susanna von der Pfalz, Duchess of Saxony\-Weimar (1544–92\), who had made for her own use a copy of [Johannes Hartlieb](/wiki/Johannes_Hartlieb "Johannes Hartlieb")’s paired German translations of the pseudo\-[Albertus Magnus](/wiki/Albertus_Magnus "Albertus Magnus") *Secrets of Women* and *Das Buch Trotula*.Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\), p. 342\.
### "Trotula's" fame in the Middle Ages
Medieval readers of the *Trotula* texts would have had no reason to doubt the attribution they found in the manuscripts, and so "Trotula" (assuming they understood the word as a personal name instead of a title) was accepted as an authority on women's medicine. The physician Petrus Hispanus (mid\-13th century), for example, cited "domina Trotula" (Lady Trotula) multiple times in his section on women's gynecological and obstetrical conditions. The Amiens chancellor, poet, and physician, [Richard de Fournival](/wiki/Richard_de_Fournival "Richard de Fournival") (d. 1260\), commissioned a copy headed "Incipit liber Trotule sanatricis Salernitane de curis mulierum" ("Here begins the book of Trotula, the Salernitan female healer, on treatments for women").Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So\-Called *Trotula* Texts. Part I: The Latin Manuscripts,” *Scriptorium* 50 (1996\), 137\-175, at pp. 157\-58; and Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\), p. 331\. Two copies of the Latin *Trotula* ensemble include imaginative portrayals of the author; the pen\-and\-ink wash image found in an early 14th\-century manuscript now held by the [Wellcome Library](/wiki/Wellcome_Library "Wellcome Library") is the most well\-known image of "Trotula" (see image above).The other image is an historiated initial that opens the copy of the intermediate ensemble in Florence, Biblioteca Laurenziana, Plut. 73, cod. 37, 13th\-century (Italy), ff. 2r\-41r: [http://www.bml.firenze.sbn.it/Diaita/schede/scheda15\.htm](http://www.bml.firenze.sbn.it/Diaita/schede/scheda15.htm). Both manuscripts are described in Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So\-Called *Trotula* Texts. Part I: The Latin Manuscripts,” *Scriptorium* 50 (1996\), 137\-175, at pp. 146\-47 and 153\. A few 13th\-century references to "Trotula," however, cite her only as an authority on cosmetics.Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\), pp. 84\-85\. The belief that "Trotula" was the ultimate authority on the topic of women's medicine even caused works authored by others to be attributed to her, such as a 15th\-century [Middle English](/wiki/Middle_English "Middle English") compendium on gynecology and obstetrics based on the works of the male authors [Gilbertus Anglicus](/wiki/Gilbertus_Anglicus "Gilbertus Anglicus") and Muscio, which in one of its four extant copies was called the *Liber Trotularis*.Monica H. Green and Linne R. Mooney, “The Sickness of Women”, in *Sex, Aging, and Death in a Medieval Medical Compendium: Trinity College Cambridge MS R.14\.52, Its Texts, Language, and Scribe*, ed. M. Teresa Tavormina, Medieval \& Renaissance Texts and Studies, 292, 2 vols. (Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006\), vol. 2, pp. 455\-568\. Similarly, a 14th\-century Catalan author entitled his work primarily focused on women's cosmetics *Lo libre . . . al qual a mes nom Trotula* ("The Book ... which is called 'Trotula'").Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So\-Called Trotula Texts. Part II: The Vernacular Texts and Latin Re\-Writings,” Scriptorium 51 (1997\), 80\-104, at p. 103; and Montserrat Cabré i Pairet, ‘From a Master to a Laywoman: A Feminine Manual of Self\-Help’, *Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam* 20 (2000\), 371–93, [http://www.ugr.es/\~dynamis/completo20/PDF/Dyna\-12\.PDF](http://www.ugr.es/~dynamis/completo20/PDF/Dyna-12.PDF), accessed 02/14/2014\.
Alongside "her" role as a medical authority, "Trotula" came to serve a new function starting in the 13th century: that of a mouthpiece for misogynous views on the nature of women. In part, this was connected to a general trend to acquire information about the "secrets of women", that is, the processes of generation. When the Munich physician [Johannes Hartlieb](/wiki/Johannes_Hartlieb "Johannes Hartlieb") (d. 1468\) made a German translation of the *Trotula*, he not only elevated "Trotula's" status to that of a queen, but also paired the text with the pseudo\-Albertan *Secrets of Women*.Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\), chap. 5, esp. pp. 212\-14 and 223; Kristian Bosselmann\-Cyran, (ed.), ‘Secreta mulierum’ mit Glosse in der deutschen Bearbeitung von Johann Hartlieb, Würzburger medizinhistorische Forschungen, 36 (Pattensen/Hannover: Horst Wellm, 1985\); "Ein weiterer Textzeuge von Johann Hartliebs *Secreta mulierum*\-und *Buch Trotula*\-Bearbeitung: Der Mailänder Kodex AE.IX.34 aus der Privatbibliothek des Arztes und Literaten Albrecht von Haller," *Würzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen* 13 (1995\), 209–15\. A text called *Placides and Timeus* attributed to "Trotula" a special authority both because of what she "felt in herself, since she was a woman", and because "all women revealed their inner thoughts more readily to her than to any man and told her their natures."Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\), p. 223\. [Geoffrey Chaucer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer "Geoffrey Chaucer") is echoing this attitude when he includes "Trotula's" name in his "Book of Wicked Wives," a collection of anti\-matrimonial and misogynous tracts owned by the Wife of Bath's fifth husband, Jankyn, as told in [The Wife of Bath's Tale](/wiki/The_Wife_of_Bath%27s_Tale "The Wife of Bath's Tale") (Prologue, (D), 669–85\) of [The Canterbury Tales](/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales "The Canterbury Tales").
|
[
"The Medieval legacy of the *Trotula*\n------------------------------------",
"The *Trotula* texts are considered the \"most popular assembly of materials on women's medicine from the late twelfth through the fifteenth centuries.\"Green, *The 'Trotula{{'}}*, p. xi. See also Monica H. Green, “Medieval Gynecological Texts: A Handlist,” in Monica H. Green, *Women’s Healthcare in the Medieval West: Texts and Contexts* (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000\\), Appendix, pp. 1\\-36\\. The nearly 200 extant manuscripts (Latin and vernacular) of the *Trotula* represent only a small portion of the original number that circulated around Europe from the late 12th century to the end of the 15th century. Certain versions of the *Trotula* enjoyed a pan\\-European circulation. These works reached their peak popularity in Latin around the turn of the 14th century. The many medieval vernacular translations carried the texts' popularity into the 15th century and, in Germany and England, the 16th.",
"### Circulation in Latin",
"All three *Trotula* texts circulated for several centuries as independent texts. Each is found in several different versions, likely due to the interventions of later editors or scribes.Green, Monica H. “The Development of the *Trotula*,” *Revue d’Histoire des Textes* 26 (1996\\), 119\\-203\\. Already by the late 12th century, however, one or more anonymous editors recognized the inherent relatedness of the three independent Salernitan texts on women's medicine and cosmetics, and so brought them together into a single ensemble. In all, when she surveyed the entire extant corpus of *Trotula* manuscripts in 1996, Green identified eight different versions of the Latin *Trotula* ensemble. These versions differ sometimes in wording, but more obviously by the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of certain material. The so\\-called \"standardized ensemble\" reflects the most mature stage of the text, and it seemed especially attractive in university settings.Green, *The 'Trotula{{'}}*, p. 58\\. A survey of known owners of the Latin *Trotula* in all its forms showed it not simply in the hands of learned physicians throughout western and central Europe, but also in the hands of monks in England, Germany, and Switzerland; surgeons in Italy and Catalonia; and even certain kings of France and England.Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\\), pp. 325\\-39\\.",
"### Medieval vernacular translations",
"[thumb\\|Illustration of a woman taking a therapeutic bath and of a medicinal tampon in a 15th\\-century copy of the Middle Dutch translation of the Trotula ([Bruges, Public Library](/wiki/Bruges_Public_Library \"Bruges Public Library\"), Ms. 593\\).](/wiki/File:Brugge_Openbare_Bibliotheek_Ms._593_f.5v.jpg \"Brugge Openbare Bibliotheek Ms. 593 f.5v.jpg\")\nThe trend toward using vernacular languages for medical writing began in the 12th century, and grew increasingly in the later Middle Ages.William Crossgrove, \"The Vernacularization of Science, Medicine, and Technology in Late Medieval Europe: Broadening Our Perspectives,\" *Early Science and Medicine* 5, no. 1 (2000\\), pp. 47\\-63\\. The many vernacular translations of the *Trotula* were therefore part of a general trend. The first known translation was into [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language \"Hebrew language\"), made somewhere in southern France in the late 12th century.Ron Barkaï, *A History of Jewish Gynaecological Texts in the Middle Ages* (Leiden: Brill, 1998\\); and Carmen Caballero Navas, “Algunos “secretos de mujeres” revelados: El *Še’ar yašub* y la recepción y transmisión del *Trotula* en hebreo \\[Some “secrets of women” revealed. The *She’ar yašub* and the reception and transmission of the *Trotula* in Hebrew],” *Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos, sección Hebreo* 55 (2006\\), 381\\-425\\. The next translations, in the 13th century, were into [Anglo\\-Norman](/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language \"Anglo-Norman language\") and [Old French](/wiki/Old_French \"Old French\").Tony Hunt, *Anglo\\-Norman Medicine*, 2 vols. (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1994\\-1997\\), 2:76\\-115; Tony Hunt, “Obstacles to Motherhood,” in *Motherhood, Religion, and Society in Medieval Europe, 400\\-1400: Essays Presented to Henrietta Leyser*, ed. C. Leyser and L. Smith (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011\\), pp. 205\\-212; Monica H. Green, “Making Motherhood in Medieval England: The Evidence from Medicine,” in *Motherhood, Religion, and Society in Medieval Europe, 400\\-1400: Essays Presented to Henrietta Leyser*, ed. Conrad Leyser and Lesley Smith (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011\\), pp. 173\\-203\\. And in the 14th and 15th centuries, there are translations in [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language \"Dutch language\"), [Middle English](/wiki/Middle_English \"Middle English\"), [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\") (again), [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\"), [Irish](/wiki/Irish_language \"Irish language\"), and [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language \"Italian language\").Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So\\-Called *Trotula* Texts. Part II: The Vernacular Texts and Latin Re\\-Writings,” *Scriptorium* 51 (1997\\), 80\\-104; Alexandra Barratt, ed., *The Knowing of Woman’s Kind in Childing: A Middle English Version of Material Derived from the ‘Trotula’ and Other Sources*, Medieval Women: Texts and Contexts, 4 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2001\\); Jojanneke Hulsker, ‘Liber Trotula’: Laatmiddeleeuwse vrouwengeneeskunde in de volkstaal, available online at <http://www.historischebronnenbrugge.be> (accessed 20\\.xii.2009\\); Orlanda Lie, “What Every Midwife Needs to Know: The *Trotula*. Translation, Flanders, second half of the fifteenth century,” chapter 8 in *Women’s Writing in the Low Countries 1200\\-1875\\. A Bilingual Anthology*, ed. L. van Gemert, et al. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010\\), pp. 138\\-43; *CELT: Corpus of Electronia Texts. The* Trotula *Ensemble of Manuscripts*, <http://www.ucc.ie/celt/trotula.html>. Most recently, a Catalan translation of one of the *Trotula* texts has been discovered in a 15th\\-century medical miscellany, held by the Biblioteca Riccardiana in Florence. This fragmentary translation of the *De curis mulierum* is here collated by the copyist (probably a surgeon making a copy for his own use) with a Latin version of the text, highlighting the differences.Montserrat Cabré i Pairet, “Trota, Tròtula i *Tròtula*: autoria i autoritat femenina en la medicina medieval en català,” in *Els manuscrits, el saber i les lletres a la Corona d’Aragó, 1250\\-1500,* ed. [Lola Badia](/wiki/Lola_Badia \"Lola Badia\"), Lluís Cifuentes, Sadurní Martí, Josep Pujol (Montserrat: Publicacions de L’Abadia de Montserrat, 2016\\), pp. 77\\-102",
"The existence of vernacular translations suggests that the *Trotula* texts were finding new audiences. Almost assuredly they were, but not necessarily women. Only seven of the nearly two dozen medieval translations are explicitly addressed to female audiences, and even some of those translations were co\\-opted by male readers.Monica H. Green, \"In a Language Women Understand: The Gender of the Vernacular,\" chap. 4 of *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\\). See also Elizabeth Dearnley, “‘Women of oure tunge cunne bettir reede and vnderstonde this langage’: Women and Vernacular Translation in Later Medieval England,” in *Multilingualism in Medieval Britain (c. 1066\\-1520\\): Sources and Analysis*, ed. J. Jefferson and A. Putter (Turnhout: Brepols, 2013\\), pp. 259\\-72\\. The first documented female owner of a copy of the *Trotula* is Dorothea Susanna von der Pfalz, Duchess of Saxony\\-Weimar (1544–92\\), who had made for her own use a copy of [Johannes Hartlieb](/wiki/Johannes_Hartlieb \"Johannes Hartlieb\")’s paired German translations of the pseudo\\-[Albertus Magnus](/wiki/Albertus_Magnus \"Albertus Magnus\") *Secrets of Women* and *Das Buch Trotula*.Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\\), p. 342\\.",
"### \"Trotula's\" fame in the Middle Ages",
"Medieval readers of the *Trotula* texts would have had no reason to doubt the attribution they found in the manuscripts, and so \"Trotula\" (assuming they understood the word as a personal name instead of a title) was accepted as an authority on women's medicine. The physician Petrus Hispanus (mid\\-13th century), for example, cited \"domina Trotula\" (Lady Trotula) multiple times in his section on women's gynecological and obstetrical conditions. The Amiens chancellor, poet, and physician, [Richard de Fournival](/wiki/Richard_de_Fournival \"Richard de Fournival\") (d. 1260\\), commissioned a copy headed \"Incipit liber Trotule sanatricis Salernitane de curis mulierum\" (\"Here begins the book of Trotula, the Salernitan female healer, on treatments for women\").Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So\\-Called *Trotula* Texts. Part I: The Latin Manuscripts,” *Scriptorium* 50 (1996\\), 137\\-175, at pp. 157\\-58; and Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\\), p. 331\\. Two copies of the Latin *Trotula* ensemble include imaginative portrayals of the author; the pen\\-and\\-ink wash image found in an early 14th\\-century manuscript now held by the [Wellcome Library](/wiki/Wellcome_Library \"Wellcome Library\") is the most well\\-known image of \"Trotula\" (see image above).The other image is an historiated initial that opens the copy of the intermediate ensemble in Florence, Biblioteca Laurenziana, Plut. 73, cod. 37, 13th\\-century (Italy), ff. 2r\\-41r: [http://www.bml.firenze.sbn.it/Diaita/schede/scheda15\\.htm](http://www.bml.firenze.sbn.it/Diaita/schede/scheda15.htm). Both manuscripts are described in Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So\\-Called *Trotula* Texts. Part I: The Latin Manuscripts,” *Scriptorium* 50 (1996\\), 137\\-175, at pp. 146\\-47 and 153\\. A few 13th\\-century references to \"Trotula,\" however, cite her only as an authority on cosmetics.Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\\), pp. 84\\-85\\. The belief that \"Trotula\" was the ultimate authority on the topic of women's medicine even caused works authored by others to be attributed to her, such as a 15th\\-century [Middle English](/wiki/Middle_English \"Middle English\") compendium on gynecology and obstetrics based on the works of the male authors [Gilbertus Anglicus](/wiki/Gilbertus_Anglicus \"Gilbertus Anglicus\") and Muscio, which in one of its four extant copies was called the *Liber Trotularis*.Monica H. Green and Linne R. Mooney, “The Sickness of Women”, in *Sex, Aging, and Death in a Medieval Medical Compendium: Trinity College Cambridge MS R.14\\.52, Its Texts, Language, and Scribe*, ed. M. Teresa Tavormina, Medieval \\& Renaissance Texts and Studies, 292, 2 vols. (Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006\\), vol. 2, pp. 455\\-568\\. Similarly, a 14th\\-century Catalan author entitled his work primarily focused on women's cosmetics *Lo libre . . . al qual a mes nom Trotula* (\"The Book ... which is called 'Trotula'\").Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So\\-Called Trotula Texts. Part II: The Vernacular Texts and Latin Re\\-Writings,” Scriptorium 51 (1997\\), 80\\-104, at p. 103; and Montserrat Cabré i Pairet, ‘From a Master to a Laywoman: A Feminine Manual of Self\\-Help’, *Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam* 20 (2000\\), 371–93, [http://www.ugr.es/\\~dynamis/completo20/PDF/Dyna\\-12\\.PDF](http://www.ugr.es/~dynamis/completo20/PDF/Dyna-12.PDF), accessed 02/14/2014\\.",
"Alongside \"her\" role as a medical authority, \"Trotula\" came to serve a new function starting in the 13th century: that of a mouthpiece for misogynous views on the nature of women. In part, this was connected to a general trend to acquire information about the \"secrets of women\", that is, the processes of generation. When the Munich physician [Johannes Hartlieb](/wiki/Johannes_Hartlieb \"Johannes Hartlieb\") (d. 1468\\) made a German translation of the *Trotula*, he not only elevated \"Trotula's\" status to that of a queen, but also paired the text with the pseudo\\-Albertan *Secrets of Women*.Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\\), chap. 5, esp. pp. 212\\-14 and 223; Kristian Bosselmann\\-Cyran, (ed.), ‘Secreta mulierum’ mit Glosse in der deutschen Bearbeitung von Johann Hartlieb, Würzburger medizinhistorische Forschungen, 36 (Pattensen/Hannover: Horst Wellm, 1985\\); \"Ein weiterer Textzeuge von Johann Hartliebs *Secreta mulierum*\\-und *Buch Trotula*\\-Bearbeitung: Der Mailänder Kodex AE.IX.34 aus der Privatbibliothek des Arztes und Literaten Albrecht von Haller,\" *Würzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen* 13 (1995\\), 209–15\\. A text called *Placides and Timeus* attributed to \"Trotula\" a special authority both because of what she \"felt in herself, since she was a woman\", and because \"all women revealed their inner thoughts more readily to her than to any man and told her their natures.\"Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\\), p. 223\\. [Geoffrey Chaucer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer \"Geoffrey Chaucer\") is echoing this attitude when he includes \"Trotula's\" name in his \"Book of Wicked Wives,\" a collection of anti\\-matrimonial and misogynous tracts owned by the Wife of Bath's fifth husband, Jankyn, as told in [The Wife of Bath's Tale](/wiki/The_Wife_of_Bath%27s_Tale \"The Wife of Bath's Tale\") (Prologue, (D), 669–85\\) of [The Canterbury Tales](/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales \"The Canterbury Tales\").",
""
] |
The modern legacy of the *Trotula*
----------------------------------
### Renaissance editions of the *Trotula* and early debates about authorship
The *Trotula* texts first appeared in print in 1544, quite late in the trend toward printing, which for medical texts had begun in the 1470s. The *Trotula* was published not because it was still of immediate clinical use to learned physicians (it had been superseded in that role by a variety of other texts in the 15th century),Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\), chapter 6\. but because it had been newly "discovered" as a witness to empirical medicine by a Strasbourg publisher, Johannes Schottus. Schottus persuaded a physician colleague, Georg Kraut, to edit the *Trotula*, which Schottus then included in a volume he called *Experimentarius medicinae* ("Collection of Tried\-and\-True Remedies of Medicine"), which also included the *Physica* of [Trota of Salerno](/wiki/Trota_of_Salerno "Trota of Salerno")'s near contemporary, [Hildegard of Bingen](/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen "Hildegard of Bingen").Monica H. Green, “In Search of an ‘Authentic’ Women’s Medicine: The Strange Fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen,” Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam 19 (1999\), 25\-54; available on\-line at <http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/view/106141/150117>, at pp. 33\-34\. Kraut, seeing the disorder in the texts, but not recognizing that it was really the work of three separate authors, rearranged the entire work into 61 themed chapters. He also took the liberty of altering the text here and there. As Green has noted, "The irony of Kraut's attempt to endow 'Trotula' with a single, orderly, fully rationalized text was that, in the process, he was to obscure for the next 400 years the distinctive contributions of the historic woman Trota."Monica H. Green, “The Development of the *Trotula*,” *Revue d’Histoire des Textes* 26 (1996\), 119\-203, at p. 157\.
Kraut (and his publisher, Schottus) retained the attribution of the text(s) to "Trotula." In fact, in applying a singular new title\-\-*Trotulae curandarum aegritudinum muliebrium ante, in, \& postpartum Liber* ("The Book of Trotula on the Treatment of the Diseases of Women before, during, and after Birth")\-\-Kraut and Schottus proudly emphasized "Trotula's" feminine identity. Schottus praised her as "a woman by no means of the common sort, but rather one of great experience and erudition."Monica H. Green, “In Search of an ‘Authentic’ Women’s Medicine: The Strange Fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen,” Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam 19 (1999\), 25\-54; available on\-line at <http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/view/106141/150117>, at p. 34\. In his "cleaning up" of the text, Kraut had suppressed all obvious hints that this was a medieval text rather than an ancient one. When the text was next printed, in 1547 (all subsequent printings of the *Trotula* would recycle Kraut's edition), it appeared in a collection called *Medici antiqui omnes qui latinis litteris diversorum morborum genera \& remedia persecuti sunt, undique conquisiti* ("\[The Writings of] All Ancient Latin Physicians Who Described and Collected the Types and Remedies of Various Diseases"). From then until the 18th century, the *Trotula* was treated as if it were an ancient text. As Green notes, "'Trotula', therefore, in contrast to Hildegard, survived the scrutiny of Renaissance humanists because she was able to escape her medieval associations. But it was this very success that would eventually 'unwoman' her. When the *Trotula* was reprinted in eight further editions between 1550 and 1572, it was not because it was the work of a woman but because it was the work of an *antiquissimus auctor* ("a very ancient author")."Monica H. Green, “In Search of an ‘Authentic’ Women’s Medicine: The Strange Fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen,” Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam 19 (1999\), 25\-54; available on\-line at <http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/view/106141/150117>, at p. 37\.
"Trotula" was "unwomaned" in 1566 by Hans Caspar Wolf, who was the first to incorporate the *Trotula* into a collection of gynecological texts. Wolf emended the author's name from "Trotula" to Eros, a freed male slave of the Roman empress Julia: "The book of women’s matters of Eros, physician \[and] freedman of Julia, whom some have absurdly named ‘Trotula’" (*Erotis medici liberti Iuliae, quem aliqui Trotulam inepte nominant, muliebrium liber*). The idea came from [Hadrianus Junius](/wiki/Hadrianus_Junius "Hadrianus Junius") (Aadrian DeJonghe, 1511–75\), a Dutch physician who believed that textual corruptions accounted for many false attributions of ancient texts. As Green has noted, however, even though the erasure of "Trotula" was more an act of humanist editorial zeal than blatant misogyny, the fact that there were now no female authors left in the emerging canon of writers on gynecology and obstetrics was never noted.Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\), pp. 279\-80\.
### Modern debates about authorship and "Trotula's" existence
If "Trotula" as a female author had no use to humanist physicians, that was not necessarily true of other intellectuals. In 1681, the Italian historian Antonio Mazza resurrected "Trotula" in his *Historiarum Epitome de rebus salernitanis* ("Epitome of the Histories of Salerno"). Here is the origin of the belief that "Trotula" held a chair at the university of Salerno: "There flourished in the fatherland, teaching at the university \[studium] and lecturing from their professorial chairs, Abella, Mercuriadis, Rebecca, Trotta (whom some people call "Trotula"), all of whom ought to be celebrated with marvelous encomia (as Tiraqueau has noted), as well as Sentia Guarna (as Fortunatus Fidelis has said)."Monica H. Green, “In Search of an ‘Authentic’ Women’s Medicine: The Strange Fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen,” *Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam* 19 (1999\), 25\-54, at p. 39; available on\-line at <http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/view/106141/150117>. Green has suggested that this fiction (Salerno had no university in the 12th century, so there were no professorial chairs for men or women) may have been due to the fact that three years earlier, "[Elena Cornaro](/wiki/Elena_Cornaro_Piscopia "Elena Cornaro Piscopia") received a doctorate in philosophy at Padua, the first formal Ph.D. ever awarded to a woman. Mazza, concerned to document the glorious history of his patria, Salerno, may
have been attempting to show that Padua could not claim priority in having produced female professors."
In 1773 in Jena, C. G. Gruner challenged the idea that the *Trotula* was an ancient text, but he also dismissed the idea that "Trotula" could have been the text's author (working with Kraut's edition, he, too, thought it was a single text) since she was cited internally.Monica H. Green, "In Search of an 'Authentic' Women’s Medicine: The Strange Fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen,” *Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam* 19 (1999\), 25\-54, at p. 40; available on\-line at <http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/view/106141/150117>. (This is the story of [Trota of Salerno](/wiki/Trota_of_Salerno "Trota of Salerno")'s cure of the woman with "wind" in the womb in the *De curis mulierum*.) And so the stage was set for debates about "Trotula" in the 19th and 20th centuries. For those who wanted a representative of Salernitan excellence and/or female achievement, "she" could be reclaimed from the humanists' erasure. For skeptics (and there were many grounds for skepticism), it was easy to find cause for doubt that there was really any female medical authority behind this chaotic text. This was the state of affairs in the 1970s, when [second\-wave feminism](/wiki/Second-wave_feminism "Second-wave feminism") discovered "Trotula" anew.Susan Mosher Stuard, "Dame Trot," *Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society* 1, no. 2 (Winter 1975\), 537\-42, {{JSTOR\|3173063}}. The same phenomenon occurred in Italy: P. Cavallo Boggi (ed.), M. Nubie and A. Tocco (transs.), *Trotula de Ruggiero : Sulle malatie delle donne* (Turin, 1979\), an Italian translation based on the 1547 Aldine (Venice) edition of Kraut's altered text. The inclusion of "Trotula" as an invited guest at [Judy Chicago](/wiki/Judy_Chicago "Judy Chicago")'s feminist art installation, *[The Dinner Party](/wiki/The_Dinner_Party "The Dinner Party")* (1974–79\), insured that the debate would continue.
### The reclamation of [Trota of Salerno](/wiki/Trota_of_Salerno "Trota of Salerno") in modern scholarship
From 1544 up through the 1970s, all claims about an alleged author "Trotula," pro or con, were based on Georg Kraut's Renaissance printed text. But that was a fiction, in that it had erased all last signs that the *Trotula* had been compiled out of the works of three different authors. In 1985, [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") historian [John F. Benton](/wiki/John_F._Benton "John F. Benton") published a study surveying previous thinking on the question of "Trotula's" association with the *Trotula* texts.John F. Benton, "Trotula, Women’s Problems, and the Professionalization of Medicine
in the Middle Ages," *Bulletin of the History of Medicine* 59, no. 1 (Spring 1985\), 30–53\. That study was important for three major reasons. (1\) Although some previous scholars had noted discrepancies between the printed Renaissance editions of the *Trotula* and the text(s) found in medieval manuscripts, Benton was the first to prove how extensive the Renaissance editor's emendations had been. This was not one text, and there was no "one" author. Rather, it was three different texts. (2\) Benton dismantled several of the myths about "Trotula" that had been generated by 19th\- and early 20th\-century scholarship. For example, the epithet "de Ruggiero" attached to her name was sheer invention. Likewise, claims about her date of birth or death, or who "her" husband or sons were had no foundation. (3\) Most importantly, Benton announced his discovery of the *Practica secundum Trotam* ("Practical Medicine According to Trota") in a manuscript now in Madrid, which established the historic [Trota of Salerno](/wiki/Trota_of_Salerno "Trota of Salerno")'s claim to have existed and been an author.
After Benton's death in 1988, Monica H. Green picked up the task of publishing a new translation of the *Trotula* that could be used by students and scholars of the history of medicine and medieval women. However, Benton's own discoveries had rendered irrelevant any further reliance on the Renaissance edition, so Green undertook a complete survey of all the extant Latin manuscripts of the *Trotula* and a new edition of the *Trotula* ensemble.Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So\-Called *Trotula* Texts. Part I: The Latin Manuscripts,” *Scriptorium* 50 (1996\), 137\-175; Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So\-Called *Trotula* Texts. Part II: The Vernacular Texts and Latin Re\-Writings,” *Scriptorium* 51 (1997\), 80\-104; Monica H. Green, ed. and trans., *The 'Trotula': A Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine* (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001\). Green has disagreed with Benton in his claim that all the *Trotula* treatises were male\-authored.Benton, pp. 46\. Specifically, while Green agrees with Benton that male authorship of the *Conditions of Women* and *Women's Cosmetics* is probable, Green has demonstrated that not simply is the *De curis mulierum* (On Treatments for Women) directly attributed to the historic [Trota of Salerno](/wiki/Trota_of_Salerno "Trota of Salerno") in the earliest known version (where it was still circulating independently),Monica H. Green, “The Development of the Trotula,” *Revue d’Histoire des Textes* 26 (1996\), 119\-203, at pp. 137 and 152\-57\. but that the text shows clear parallels to passages in other works associated with Trota and suggests strongly an intimate access to the female patient's body that, given the cultural restrictions of the time, would have likely only been allowed to a female practitioner.Monica H. Green, “Reconstructing the Oeuvre of Trota of Salerno,” in *La Scuola medica Salernitana: Gli autori e i testi*, ed. Danielle Jacquart and Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, Edizione Nazionale ‘La Scuola medica Salernitana’, 1 (Florence: SISMEL/Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2007\), 183\-233; and Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\), pp. 29\-69\.
### "Trotula's" fame in popular culture
Perhaps the best known popularization of "Trotula" was in the artwork *[The Dinner Party](/wiki/The_Dinner_Party "The Dinner Party")* (1979\) by [Judy Chicago](/wiki/Judy_Chicago "Judy Chicago"), now on permanent exhibit at the [Brooklyn Museum of Art](/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum "Brooklyn Museum"), which features a place setting for "Trotula."[Place Settings](https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings). Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved on 2015\-08\-06\. The depiction here (based on publications prior to Benton's discovery of [Trota of Salerno](/wiki/Trota_of_Salerno "Trota of Salerno") in 1985\) presents a conflation of alleged biographical details that are no longer accepted by scholars. Chicago's celebration of "Trotula" no doubt led to the proliferation of modern websites that mention her, many of which repeat without correction the discarded misunderstandings noted above.The Brooklyn Museum itself has never updated its information on "Trotula," retaining, for example, the erroneous claim that she died in 1097 and that she was a "professor" at the medical school of Salerno. <https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings/trotula> A clinic in Vienna and a street in modern Salerno and even a [corona on the planet Venus](/wiki/wikipedia:List_of_coronae_on_Venus "List of coronae on Venus") have been named after "Trotula," all mistakenly perpetuating fictions about "her" derived from popularizing works like that of Chicago. Likewise, medical writers, in trying to indicate the history of women in their field, or the history of certain gynecological conditions, keep recycling outworn understandings of "Trotula" (or even inventing new misunderstandings).{{Cite web\|url\=https://mistakinghistories.wordpress.com/2017/06/08/making\-a\-disease\-from\-a\-remedy\-trotula\-and\-vaginismus/\|title\=Making a disease from a remedy: Trotula and vaginismus\|last\=King\|first\=Helen\|date\=2017\-06\-08\|website\=Mistaking Histories\|access\-date\=2017\-06\-08}} Nevertheless, Chicago's elevation of both "Trotula" and the real Trota's contemporary, the religious and medical writer [Hildegard of Bingen](/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen "Hildegard of Bingen"), as important medical figures in 12th\-century Europe, did flag the importance of how historical remembrances of these women were created. That it took close to twenty years for Benton and Green to extract the historic woman Trota from the composite text of the *Trotula* was a function of the complicated textual tradition and the broad proliferation of the texts in the Middle Ages. That it is taking even longer for popular understandings of Trota and "Trotula" to catch up with this scholarship, has raised the question whether celebrations of Women's History ought not include more recognition of the processes by which that record is discovered and assembled.{{Cite web\|url\=https://historiann.com/2017/03/04/more\-process\-more\-complicated\-product\-monica\-green\-on\-twitter\-digital\-disinformation\-and\-womens\-history\-month/\|title\=More process, more complicated product? Monica Green on Twitter, digital (dis)information, and Women's History Month\|last\=Green\|first\=Monica H.\|date\=2017\-03\-04\|website\=Historiann\|access\-date\=2017\-06\-07}}
|
[
"The modern legacy of the *Trotula*\n----------------------------------",
"### Renaissance editions of the *Trotula* and early debates about authorship",
"The *Trotula* texts first appeared in print in 1544, quite late in the trend toward printing, which for medical texts had begun in the 1470s. The *Trotula* was published not because it was still of immediate clinical use to learned physicians (it had been superseded in that role by a variety of other texts in the 15th century),Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\\), chapter 6\\. but because it had been newly \"discovered\" as a witness to empirical medicine by a Strasbourg publisher, Johannes Schottus. Schottus persuaded a physician colleague, Georg Kraut, to edit the *Trotula*, which Schottus then included in a volume he called *Experimentarius medicinae* (\"Collection of Tried\\-and\\-True Remedies of Medicine\"), which also included the *Physica* of [Trota of Salerno](/wiki/Trota_of_Salerno \"Trota of Salerno\")'s near contemporary, [Hildegard of Bingen](/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen \"Hildegard of Bingen\").Monica H. Green, “In Search of an ‘Authentic’ Women’s Medicine: The Strange Fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen,” Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam 19 (1999\\), 25\\-54; available on\\-line at <http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/view/106141/150117>, at pp. 33\\-34\\. Kraut, seeing the disorder in the texts, but not recognizing that it was really the work of three separate authors, rearranged the entire work into 61 themed chapters. He also took the liberty of altering the text here and there. As Green has noted, \"The irony of Kraut's attempt to endow 'Trotula' with a single, orderly, fully rationalized text was that, in the process, he was to obscure for the next 400 years the distinctive contributions of the historic woman Trota.\"Monica H. Green, “The Development of the *Trotula*,” *Revue d’Histoire des Textes* 26 (1996\\), 119\\-203, at p. 157\\.",
"Kraut (and his publisher, Schottus) retained the attribution of the text(s) to \"Trotula.\" In fact, in applying a singular new title\\-\\-*Trotulae curandarum aegritudinum muliebrium ante, in, \\& postpartum Liber* (\"The Book of Trotula on the Treatment of the Diseases of Women before, during, and after Birth\")\\-\\-Kraut and Schottus proudly emphasized \"Trotula's\" feminine identity. Schottus praised her as \"a woman by no means of the common sort, but rather one of great experience and erudition.\"Monica H. Green, “In Search of an ‘Authentic’ Women’s Medicine: The Strange Fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen,” Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam 19 (1999\\), 25\\-54; available on\\-line at <http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/view/106141/150117>, at p. 34\\. In his \"cleaning up\" of the text, Kraut had suppressed all obvious hints that this was a medieval text rather than an ancient one. When the text was next printed, in 1547 (all subsequent printings of the *Trotula* would recycle Kraut's edition), it appeared in a collection called *Medici antiqui omnes qui latinis litteris diversorum morborum genera \\& remedia persecuti sunt, undique conquisiti* (\"\\[The Writings of] All Ancient Latin Physicians Who Described and Collected the Types and Remedies of Various Diseases\"). From then until the 18th century, the *Trotula* was treated as if it were an ancient text. As Green notes, \"'Trotula', therefore, in contrast to Hildegard, survived the scrutiny of Renaissance humanists because she was able to escape her medieval associations. But it was this very success that would eventually 'unwoman' her. When the *Trotula* was reprinted in eight further editions between 1550 and 1572, it was not because it was the work of a woman but because it was the work of an *antiquissimus auctor* (\"a very ancient author\").\"Monica H. Green, “In Search of an ‘Authentic’ Women’s Medicine: The Strange Fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen,” Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam 19 (1999\\), 25\\-54; available on\\-line at <http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/view/106141/150117>, at p. 37\\.",
"\"Trotula\" was \"unwomaned\" in 1566 by Hans Caspar Wolf, who was the first to incorporate the *Trotula* into a collection of gynecological texts. Wolf emended the author's name from \"Trotula\" to Eros, a freed male slave of the Roman empress Julia: \"The book of women’s matters of Eros, physician \\[and] freedman of Julia, whom some have absurdly named ‘Trotula’\" (*Erotis medici liberti Iuliae, quem aliqui Trotulam inepte nominant, muliebrium liber*). The idea came from [Hadrianus Junius](/wiki/Hadrianus_Junius \"Hadrianus Junius\") (Aadrian DeJonghe, 1511–75\\), a Dutch physician who believed that textual corruptions accounted for many false attributions of ancient texts. As Green has noted, however, even though the erasure of \"Trotula\" was more an act of humanist editorial zeal than blatant misogyny, the fact that there were now no female authors left in the emerging canon of writers on gynecology and obstetrics was never noted.Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\\), pp. 279\\-80\\.",
"### Modern debates about authorship and \"Trotula's\" existence",
"If \"Trotula\" as a female author had no use to humanist physicians, that was not necessarily true of other intellectuals. In 1681, the Italian historian Antonio Mazza resurrected \"Trotula\" in his *Historiarum Epitome de rebus salernitanis* (\"Epitome of the Histories of Salerno\"). Here is the origin of the belief that \"Trotula\" held a chair at the university of Salerno: \"There flourished in the fatherland, teaching at the university \\[studium] and lecturing from their professorial chairs, Abella, Mercuriadis, Rebecca, Trotta (whom some people call \"Trotula\"), all of whom ought to be celebrated with marvelous encomia (as Tiraqueau has noted), as well as Sentia Guarna (as Fortunatus Fidelis has said).\"Monica H. Green, “In Search of an ‘Authentic’ Women’s Medicine: The Strange Fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen,” *Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam* 19 (1999\\), 25\\-54, at p. 39; available on\\-line at <http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/view/106141/150117>. Green has suggested that this fiction (Salerno had no university in the 12th century, so there were no professorial chairs for men or women) may have been due to the fact that three years earlier, \"[Elena Cornaro](/wiki/Elena_Cornaro_Piscopia \"Elena Cornaro Piscopia\") received a doctorate in philosophy at Padua, the first formal Ph.D. ever awarded to a woman. Mazza, concerned to document the glorious history of his patria, Salerno, may\nhave been attempting to show that Padua could not claim priority in having produced female professors.\"",
"In 1773 in Jena, C. G. Gruner challenged the idea that the *Trotula* was an ancient text, but he also dismissed the idea that \"Trotula\" could have been the text's author (working with Kraut's edition, he, too, thought it was a single text) since she was cited internally.Monica H. Green, \"In Search of an 'Authentic' Women’s Medicine: The Strange Fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen,” *Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam* 19 (1999\\), 25\\-54, at p. 40; available on\\-line at <http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/view/106141/150117>. (This is the story of [Trota of Salerno](/wiki/Trota_of_Salerno \"Trota of Salerno\")'s cure of the woman with \"wind\" in the womb in the *De curis mulierum*.) And so the stage was set for debates about \"Trotula\" in the 19th and 20th centuries. For those who wanted a representative of Salernitan excellence and/or female achievement, \"she\" could be reclaimed from the humanists' erasure. For skeptics (and there were many grounds for skepticism), it was easy to find cause for doubt that there was really any female medical authority behind this chaotic text. This was the state of affairs in the 1970s, when [second\\-wave feminism](/wiki/Second-wave_feminism \"Second-wave feminism\") discovered \"Trotula\" anew.Susan Mosher Stuard, \"Dame Trot,\" *Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society* 1, no. 2 (Winter 1975\\), 537\\-42, {{JSTOR\\|3173063}}. The same phenomenon occurred in Italy: P. Cavallo Boggi (ed.), M. Nubie and A. Tocco (transs.), *Trotula de Ruggiero : Sulle malatie delle donne* (Turin, 1979\\), an Italian translation based on the 1547 Aldine (Venice) edition of Kraut's altered text. The inclusion of \"Trotula\" as an invited guest at [Judy Chicago](/wiki/Judy_Chicago \"Judy Chicago\")'s feminist art installation, *[The Dinner Party](/wiki/The_Dinner_Party \"The Dinner Party\")* (1974–79\\), insured that the debate would continue.",
"### The reclamation of [Trota of Salerno](/wiki/Trota_of_Salerno \"Trota of Salerno\") in modern scholarship",
"From 1544 up through the 1970s, all claims about an alleged author \"Trotula,\" pro or con, were based on Georg Kraut's Renaissance printed text. But that was a fiction, in that it had erased all last signs that the *Trotula* had been compiled out of the works of three different authors. In 1985, [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology \"California Institute of Technology\") historian [John F. Benton](/wiki/John_F._Benton \"John F. Benton\") published a study surveying previous thinking on the question of \"Trotula's\" association with the *Trotula* texts.John F. Benton, \"Trotula, Women’s Problems, and the Professionalization of Medicine\nin the Middle Ages,\" *Bulletin of the History of Medicine* 59, no. 1 (Spring 1985\\), 30–53\\. That study was important for three major reasons. (1\\) Although some previous scholars had noted discrepancies between the printed Renaissance editions of the *Trotula* and the text(s) found in medieval manuscripts, Benton was the first to prove how extensive the Renaissance editor's emendations had been. This was not one text, and there was no \"one\" author. Rather, it was three different texts. (2\\) Benton dismantled several of the myths about \"Trotula\" that had been generated by 19th\\- and early 20th\\-century scholarship. For example, the epithet \"de Ruggiero\" attached to her name was sheer invention. Likewise, claims about her date of birth or death, or who \"her\" husband or sons were had no foundation. (3\\) Most importantly, Benton announced his discovery of the *Practica secundum Trotam* (\"Practical Medicine According to Trota\") in a manuscript now in Madrid, which established the historic [Trota of Salerno](/wiki/Trota_of_Salerno \"Trota of Salerno\")'s claim to have existed and been an author.",
"After Benton's death in 1988, Monica H. Green picked up the task of publishing a new translation of the *Trotula* that could be used by students and scholars of the history of medicine and medieval women. However, Benton's own discoveries had rendered irrelevant any further reliance on the Renaissance edition, so Green undertook a complete survey of all the extant Latin manuscripts of the *Trotula* and a new edition of the *Trotula* ensemble.Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So\\-Called *Trotula* Texts. Part I: The Latin Manuscripts,” *Scriptorium* 50 (1996\\), 137\\-175; Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So\\-Called *Trotula* Texts. Part II: The Vernacular Texts and Latin Re\\-Writings,” *Scriptorium* 51 (1997\\), 80\\-104; Monica H. Green, ed. and trans., *The 'Trotula': A Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine* (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001\\). Green has disagreed with Benton in his claim that all the *Trotula* treatises were male\\-authored.Benton, pp. 46\\. Specifically, while Green agrees with Benton that male authorship of the *Conditions of Women* and *Women's Cosmetics* is probable, Green has demonstrated that not simply is the *De curis mulierum* (On Treatments for Women) directly attributed to the historic [Trota of Salerno](/wiki/Trota_of_Salerno \"Trota of Salerno\") in the earliest known version (where it was still circulating independently),Monica H. Green, “The Development of the Trotula,” *Revue d’Histoire des Textes* 26 (1996\\), 119\\-203, at pp. 137 and 152\\-57\\. but that the text shows clear parallels to passages in other works associated with Trota and suggests strongly an intimate access to the female patient's body that, given the cultural restrictions of the time, would have likely only been allowed to a female practitioner.Monica H. Green, “Reconstructing the Oeuvre of Trota of Salerno,” in *La Scuola medica Salernitana: Gli autori e i testi*, ed. Danielle Jacquart and Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, Edizione Nazionale ‘La Scuola medica Salernitana’, 1 (Florence: SISMEL/Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2007\\), 183\\-233; and Monica H. Green, *Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre\\-Modern Gynaecology* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008\\), pp. 29\\-69\\.",
"### \"Trotula's\" fame in popular culture",
"Perhaps the best known popularization of \"Trotula\" was in the artwork *[The Dinner Party](/wiki/The_Dinner_Party \"The Dinner Party\")* (1979\\) by [Judy Chicago](/wiki/Judy_Chicago \"Judy Chicago\"), now on permanent exhibit at the [Brooklyn Museum of Art](/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum \"Brooklyn Museum\"), which features a place setting for \"Trotula.\"[Place Settings](https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings). Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved on 2015\\-08\\-06\\. The depiction here (based on publications prior to Benton's discovery of [Trota of Salerno](/wiki/Trota_of_Salerno \"Trota of Salerno\") in 1985\\) presents a conflation of alleged biographical details that are no longer accepted by scholars. Chicago's celebration of \"Trotula\" no doubt led to the proliferation of modern websites that mention her, many of which repeat without correction the discarded misunderstandings noted above.The Brooklyn Museum itself has never updated its information on \"Trotula,\" retaining, for example, the erroneous claim that she died in 1097 and that she was a \"professor\" at the medical school of Salerno. <https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings/trotula> A clinic in Vienna and a street in modern Salerno and even a [corona on the planet Venus](/wiki/wikipedia:List_of_coronae_on_Venus \"List of coronae on Venus\") have been named after \"Trotula,\" all mistakenly perpetuating fictions about \"her\" derived from popularizing works like that of Chicago. Likewise, medical writers, in trying to indicate the history of women in their field, or the history of certain gynecological conditions, keep recycling outworn understandings of \"Trotula\" (or even inventing new misunderstandings).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mistakinghistories.wordpress.com/2017/06/08/making\\-a\\-disease\\-from\\-a\\-remedy\\-trotula\\-and\\-vaginismus/\\|title\\=Making a disease from a remedy: Trotula and vaginismus\\|last\\=King\\|first\\=Helen\\|date\\=2017\\-06\\-08\\|website\\=Mistaking Histories\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-08}} Nevertheless, Chicago's elevation of both \"Trotula\" and the real Trota's contemporary, the religious and medical writer [Hildegard of Bingen](/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen \"Hildegard of Bingen\"), as important medical figures in 12th\\-century Europe, did flag the importance of how historical remembrances of these women were created. That it took close to twenty years for Benton and Green to extract the historic woman Trota from the composite text of the *Trotula* was a function of the complicated textual tradition and the broad proliferation of the texts in the Middle Ages. That it is taking even longer for popular understandings of Trota and \"Trotula\" to catch up with this scholarship, has raised the question whether celebrations of Women's History ought not include more recognition of the processes by which that record is discovered and assembled.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://historiann.com/2017/03/04/more\\-process\\-more\\-complicated\\-product\\-monica\\-green\\-on\\-twitter\\-digital\\-disinformation\\-and\\-womens\\-history\\-month/\\|title\\=More process, more complicated product? Monica Green on Twitter, digital (dis)information, and Women's History Month\\|last\\=Green\\|first\\=Monica H.\\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-04\\|website\\=Historiann\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-07}}",
""
] |
Second World War
----------------
### Mobilisation
The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the [Munich Crisis](/wiki/Munich_Crisis "Munich Crisis"), with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October.Routledge, pp. 62–3\. In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new [Anti\-Aircraft Command](/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command "Anti-Aircraft Command"). In June, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations.Routledge, pp. 65–6, 371\.
On 7 September 1939, operational control of 29th AA Bde was transferred to [6th AA Division](/wiki/6th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "6th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)"), which was formed in 1939 to take responsibility for air defence of the [Thames Estuary](/wiki/Thames_Estuary "Thames Estuary"), [Essex](/wiki/Essex "Essex") and [Kent](/wiki/Kent "Kent"). At this point the brigade was entirely composed of searchlight units:{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh\_document\_pdf/6\-Anti\-Aircraft\-Division\-1939\-.pdf \|title\=6 AA Division 1939 at British Military History \|access\-date\=2013\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221143/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh\_document\_pdf/6\-Anti\-Aircraft\-Division\-1939\-.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-09\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\= }}[AA Command at Patriot Files](http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name=Sections&req=viewarticle&artid=6697&page=1)Routledge, Table LVIII, p. 376; Table LX, p. 378\.
[thumb\|right\|Soldiers cleaning a searchlight 1941\.](/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H10006.jpg "The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H10006.jpg")
* 28th (Essex) AA Bn RE
* [29th (Kent) Anti\-Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers](/wiki/29th_%28Kent%29_Anti-Aircraft_Battalion%2C_Royal_Engineers "29th (Kent) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers"): a searchlight unit with a similar history to 28th (Essex).
* [32nd (7th City of London) AA Bn](/wiki/32nd_%287th_City_of_London%29_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "32nd (7th City of London) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery") RE: a searchlight unit with a similar history to 33rd (St Pancras), based in [Finsbury Square](/wiki/Finsbury_Square "Finsbury Square"); transferred to [41st (London) Anti\-Aircraft Brigade](/wiki/41st_%28London%29_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade "41st (London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade") in [2nd AA Division](/wiki/2nd_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "2nd Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)") during September 1939
* 33rd (St Pancras) AA Bn, RE: transferred to 41 AA Bde in 2 AA Division during September 1939
* [73rd (Kent Fortress AA Bn)](/wiki/73rd_%28Kent_Fortress%29_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "73rd (Kent Fortress) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery") RE: a new searchlight unit formed in April 1939, incorporating 322 and 347 (Kent) AA Company from 29th (Kent) AA Bn and 331 AA Companies from 32nd (7th City of London) AA Bn. 347 (Kent) AA Company had been formed by personnel drawn from the three Electric Light and Works Companies of the [Kent Fortress Royal Engineers](/wiki/Kent_Fortress_Royal_Engineers "Kent Fortress Royal Engineers"). It was based at [Bexleyheath](/wiki/Bexleyheath "Bexleyheath").*Monthly Army List* May 1939\.Planck p. 226\.
* [74th (Essex Fortress) AA Bn](/wiki/Essex_Fortress_Royal_Engineers "Essex Fortress Royal Engineers") RE: a new searchlight unit formed at [Tottenham](/wiki/Tottenham "Tottenham") in April 1939, incorporating 310 AA Company from 28th (Essex) AA Bn, 335 AA Company from 33rd (St Pancras) AA Bn and 469 AA Company from the Essex Fortress Engineers.
* 29th AA Bde Company [Royal Army Service Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Service_Corps "Royal Army Service Corps")
### Phoney War
[thumb\|right\|3\.7\-inch gun preserved at Nothe Fort, Weymouth](/wiki/File:3.7_Inch_Anti-Aircraft_Gun%2C_Nothe_Fort%2C_Weymouth.jpg "3.7 Inch Anti-Aircraft Gun, Nothe Fort, Weymouth.jpg")
In the spring of 1940, 6 AA Division reorganised its growing AA defences. As a result, 29th AA Bn and its S/L sites in Kent were transferred away from 29 AA Bde to [27 (Home Counties) AA Bde](/wiki/27th_%28Home_Counties%29_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade "27th (Home Counties) Anti-Aircraft Brigade"), while 32nd and 33rd AA Bns and their sites in Essex and [Suffolk](/wiki/Suffolk "Suffolk") returned from 41 AA Bde to 29 AA Bde, together with 119 Light Anti\-Aircraft (LAA) Bty (of 'P' LAA Rgt) with its Troops based at the RAF fighter and radar stations at [Debden](/wiki/RAF_Debden "RAF Debden"), [Wattisham](/wiki/RAF_Wattisham "RAF Wattisham") and [Darsham](/wiki/Darsham "Darsham"). 29 AA Brigade then took on responsibility from [37 AA Bde](/wiki/37th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "37th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)") for the HAA guns at [Harwich](/wiki/Harwich "Harwich") (an important anti\-invasion naval base), RAF North Weald and RAF Debden manned by [90th HAA Rgt](/wiki/90th_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "90th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery") (272, 284, 285 HAA Btys),Litchfield, p. 177\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://ra39\-45\.co.uk/units/heavy\-anti\-aircraft\-regiments/90\-heavy\-anti\-aircraft\-regiment\-rata \|title\=90 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45\.}} together with the Gun Operations Room (GOR) at Harwich.[Collier, *Defence of the UK', Chapter VIII.*](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-8.html)[Landguard Fort GOR.](http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/sites/l/landguard_aaor/index.html)
Afterwards 90th HAA Rgt was replaced by [99th (London Welsh) HAA Rgt](/wiki/99th_%28London_Welsh%29_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "99th (London Welsh) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery") (302, 303, 307, 318 HAA Btys) and the whole of 'P' LAA Rgt (49, 95 and 119 LAA Btys) was transferred to 29 AA Bde and its batteries transferred to a newly raised [48th LAA Rgt](/wiki/48th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "48th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery").Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396\.Farndale, Annex D, p. 258\.
[thumb\|right\|Quadruple [Lewis gun](/wiki/Lewis_gun "Lewis gun") LAA mounting, 1941](/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H12971.jpg "The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H12971.jpg")
HAA gun sites were equipped with [3\.7\-inch](/wiki/QF_3.7-inch_AA_gun "QF 3.7-inch AA gun") or the older [3\-inch](/wiki/QF_3-inch_20_cwt "QF 3-inch 20 cwt") guns. Although LAA units were receiving [Bofors 40 mm guns](/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60 "Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60"), many of the sites only had LMGs, though some like the [Royal Naval Mining Depot](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Armaments_Depot "Royal Naval Armaments Depot") at [Wrabness](/wiki/Wrabness "Wrabness") at least had quadruple mountings. The first, very secret, [Gun\-Laying Radar Mk I](/wiki/GL_Mk._I_radar "GL Mk. I radar") sets began to appear in May 1940, with one being stationed at [Landguard Fort](/wiki/Landguard_Fort "Landguard Fort") at Harwich to replace the old sound\-locator at the S/L site operated by 469 AA Co, 74th AA Bn.Routledge pp 96–9\.
In May 1940 Brigade HQ shifted to Boxted House in [Boxted](/wiki/Boxted%2C_Essex "Boxted, Essex") near [Colchester](/wiki/Colchester "Colchester") in Essex. During August 1940 the AA Battalions were transferred from the Royal Engineers to the [Royal Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Artillery "Royal Artillery"), when they were designated Searchlight Regiments.
### Battle of Britain
The [Phoney War](/wiki/Phoney_War "Phoney War") ended with the German [invasion of France and the Low Countries](/wiki/Battle_of_France "Battle of France") on 10 May 1940\. Home Forces became concerned about the threat from German paratroopers and AA Command's units were given anti\-invasion roles. A plan to attach groups of riflemen from the infantry training centres to 6 AA Division's widely spaced S/L sites foundered on the lack of men. Instead the S/L detachments themselves were given the responsibility for attacking parachutists before they could organise, and spare men at company HQs were formed into mobile columns using requisitioned civilian transport to hunt them down. These arrangements were never tested in practice.
At the end of May the [British Expeditionary Force](/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_%28World_War_II%29 "British Expeditionary Force (World War II)") was [evacuated from Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation "Dunkirk evacuation"), and the Germans began preparations to invade South East England. In late June the *[Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe "Luftwaffe")* began small day and night raids on [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich "Ipswich") and the Harwich Gun Defence Area (GDA) and during July 1940 there were almost daily attacks on shipping off the East Coast. In August, while the [Battle of Britain](/wiki/Battle_of_Britain "Battle of Britain") was progressing by day over Kent and Essex, *Luftwaffe* [seaplanes](/wiki/Seaplane "Seaplane") regularly dropped [Parachute mines](/wiki/Parachute_mine "Parachute mine") in the harbours and estuaries by night, which 29 AA Bde's guns and S/Ls attempted to counter.
By now, 29 AA Bde was only responsible for the Harwich GDA (covering Harwich, Ipswich, [Felixstowe](/wiki/Felixstowe "Felixstowe"), [Parkeston](/wiki/Parkeston%2C_Essex "Parkeston, Essex") and [Dovercourt](/wiki/Dovercourt "Dovercourt")) and RAF airfields in Essex and Suffolk, 73rd AA Bn and its sites south of the Thames having been transferred to [56 Light AA Bde](/wiki/56th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "56th Light Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)") command in early July.{{efn\|One normally reliable source states that 29 AA Bde was responsible for Kent in Autumn 1940, but this contradicted by the brigade's own War Diary.}}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh\_document\_pdf/6\-Anti\-Aircraft\-Division\-1940\-.pdf \|title\=6 AA Division 1940 at British Military History \|access\-date\=2013\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221145/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh\_document\_pdf/6\-Anti\-Aircraft\-Division\-1940\-.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-09\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\= }}[6 AA Div at RA 39–45](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/air-defence-great-britain/6-anti-aircraft-division)
On 15 August *[Erprobungsgruppe 210](/wiki/Erprobungsgruppe_210 "Erprobungsgruppe 210")* slipped through to attack [RAF Martlesham Heath](/wiki/RAF_Martlesham_Heath "RAF Martlesham Heath") and got away without loss, despite being engaged by the Harwich AA guns while withdrawing.[Collier, *Defence of the UK*, Chapter XII.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-12.html)Collier, *Eagle Day*, p. 91\.
On 24 August North Weald was badly damaged by a raid, but remained serviceable. Then on 26 August, *[Luftflotte 2](/wiki/Luftflotte_2 "Luftflotte 2")* sent a large raid to attack the fighter bases at Debden, North Weald and [Hornchurch](/wiki/RAF_Hornchurch "RAF Hornchurch"); the attackers missed the latter two targets, but Debden was hard hit. Debden was attacked again on 30 August, and North Weald received a raid on 31 August that was engaged by 285 HAA Bty, and a [Heinkel He 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 "Heinkel He 111") was shot down by the AA [light machine gun](/wiki/Light_machine_gun "Light machine gun") (LMG) of a S/L site.[Collier, *Defence of the UK*, Chapter XIII.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-13.html)
[Brentwood, Essex](/wiki/Brentwood%2C_Essex "Brentwood, Essex"), in the southern part of 29 AA Bde's area, was bombed on 7 September during the first big daylight air raid on London, which heralded the *Luftwaffe*{{'}}s shift away from RAF airfields to bombing cities.[Collier, *Defence of the UK*, Chapter XV.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-15.html)
### The Blitz
As the Battle of Britain merged into the night [Blitz](/wiki/The_Blitz "The Blitz") during September 1940, the brigade's area was regularly crossed by night raids heading for London and the industrial cities of the Midlands, which the S/L sites strove to track for the night\-fighters and HAA guns, often causing the raiders to [jettison](/wiki/Jettison_%28aviation%29 "Jettison (aviation)") their bombs (frequently near the AA sites) and turn back. Low\-flying daylight intruders sometimes exchanged fire with the AA LMGs at S/L sites.29 AA Brigade War Diary October 1940–1941, TNA file WO 166/2251\.
Between 25 October 1940 and 2 January 1941, units of the *[Corpo Aereo Italiano](/wiki/Corpo_Aereo_Italiano "Corpo Aereo Italiano")* based in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") made 11 day and night attacks on the East Coast, all but one of which targeted Harwich and Ipswich.[Collier, *Defence of the UK*, Appendix XXVIII.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-XXVIII.html)
In November, 29 AA Bde HQ moved from Boxted to Coxtie House, [Coxtie Green](/wiki/Coxtie_Green "Coxtie Green"), near Brentwood.
By December 1940 all S/Ls in the brigade's area, except the coastal sites, had been 'clustered' The cluster system was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or [Night fighters](/wiki/Night_fighter "Night fighter"). Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with searchlight control (SLC) radar and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply.
### Summer 1941
The Blitz ended in May 1941\. By August 1941 the following changes to 29 AA Bde's order of battle and dispositions had taken place:Order of Battle of Non\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 12 May 1941, with amendments TNA file WO 212/79\.
* 99th (London Welsh) HAA Rgt – *to [Orkney](/wiki/Orkney "Orkney") \& [Shetland](/wiki/Shetland "Shetland") Defences (OSDEF) May 1941*Litchfield, p. 168\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://ra39\-45\.co.uk/units/heavy\-anti\-aircraft\-regiments/99\-heavy\-anti\-aircraft\-regiment\-rata \|title\=99 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45\.}}
+ 302, 303, 318 HAA Btys
* [121st HAA Rgt](/wiki/121st_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "121st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery") – *from 37 AA Bde to relieve 99th HAA Rgt May 1941*{{Cite web \|url\=https://ra39\-45\.co.uk/units/heavy\-anti\-aircraft\-regiments/121\-heavy\-anti\-aircraft\-regiment\-rata \|title\=121 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45\.}}
+ 385 HAA Bty at RAF North Weald, RAF Debden
+ 387 HAA Bty at RAF Martlesham, RAF Wattisham, [Ipswich Airport](/wiki/Ipswich_Airport "Ipswich Airport")
+ 388 HAA Bty at Harwich
* 48th LAA Rgt{{Cite web \|url\=https://ra39\-45\.co.uk/units/light\-anti\-aircraft\-regiments/48\-light\-anti\-aircraft\-regiment\-rata \|title\=48 LAA Rgt at RA 39\-45\.}}
+ 49 LAA Bty at [Chelmsford](/wiki/Chelmsford "Chelmsford")
+ 95 LAA Bty at RAF North Weald, [RAF Stapleford Tawney](/wiki/RAF_Stapleford_Tawney "RAF Stapleford Tawney")
+ 182 LAA Bty – *to [War Office](/wiki/War_Office "War Office") (WO) control 30 May 1941*
+ 242 LAA Bty at [Wrabness](/wiki/Wrabness "Wrabness"), [Great Bromley](/wiki/Great_Bromley "Great Bromley"), Parkeston Quay – *joined from [77th LAA Rgt](/wiki/77th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "77th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery") July 1941*
* [49th LAA Rgt](/wiki/49th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "49th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery") – *from [6 AA Bde](/wiki/6th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "6th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)"); later to [78th Infantry Division](/wiki/78th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)")*Joslen, p. 101\.[49 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/light-anti-aircraft-regiments/49-light-anti-aircraft-regiment-rata)
+ 84 LAA Bty at RAF Martlesham
+ 119 LAA Bty at Landguard
* 28th S/L Rgt in clustersLitchfield, p. 69\.[28 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/28-essex-searchlight-regiment-rata)
+ 309, 311, 312 S/L Btys
* 74th S/L Rgt in clusters, coastal sites and RAF MartleshamLitchfield, p. 174\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://ra39\-45\.co.uk/units/searchlight\-regiments/74\-essex\-fortress\-searchlight\-regiment\-rata \|title\=74 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45\.}}
+ 310, 335, 469 S/L Btys
During the summer of 1941 the *Luftwaffe* continued minelaying and intruder raids against airfields in 29 AA Bde's sector at night, against which S/Ls could be effective – on one occasion a [Junkers Ju 88](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88 "Junkers Ju 88") night\-fighter attacking British bombers was dazzled and crashed. In August a daylight raid using cloud cover was made against the radar station at Great Bromley.
### Winter 1941\-42
[thumb\|right\|40 mm Bofors gun, 1941](/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H10014.jpg "The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H10014.jpg")
By October 1941 the availability of SLC radar was sufficient to allow AA Command's S/L sites to be 'declustered' into single\-light sites spaced at 10,400\-yard intervals in 'Indicator Belts' along the coast and 'Killer Belts' at 6000\-yard spacing to cooperate with the RAF's [Night\-fighters](/wiki/Night-fighter "Night-fighter"). 29th AA Brigade deployed 90 mm S/Ls in the indicator belt and 150 mm S/Ls in the killer belt, while a mixture of 90 mm and 120 mm lights were deployed in the Harwich GDA, spaced at 10,400 yards in the inner zone and 6000 yards in the outer. All these S/L sites were manned by 28 S/L Rgt and by 328 and 330 Btys of 32 S/L Rt, while 74 S/L Rgt was concentrated at [Clacton\-on\-Sea](/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea "Clacton-on-Sea") and then moved to Kent, leaving the brigade's area.Routledge, pp. 399–400\.
The number of Bofors gun\-equipped LAA units available to AA Command to protect Vital Points such as airfields was growing, albeit slowly. In November the brigade established a 'silent' LAA practice camp for 6 AA Division at Dovercourt, and AA Command's No 16 LAA Practice Camp at Clacton, with live firing ranges out to sea, was also in the brigade's area of responsibility. At the end of the year, [81st S/L Rgt](/wiki/Cornwall_Fortress_Royal_Engineers "Cornwall Fortress Royal Engineers") arrived at Clacton to be converted into an LAA regiment.Routledge, pp. 398\.
At Christmas, four new 4\-gun 3\.7\-inch HAA sites with GL Mk II gun\-laying radar and a sub\-GOR were established at Clacton and [Mersea](/wiki/Mersea "Mersea") to discourage mine\-laying, and two batteries of [71st (Forth) HAA Rgt](/wiki/71st_%28Forth%29_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "71st (Forth) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery") arrived to man them.29 AA Brigade War Diary 1942, TNA file WO 166/7386\.
At the beginning of 1942, 121st HAA and 49th LAA Rgts were deployed at Martlesham and sites round the Harwich GDA, including Landguard, Parkeston Quay, Dovercourt and [Wrabness](/wiki/Wrabness "Wrabness"), 199 LAA Bty was deployed at [Chelmsford](/wiki/Chelmsford "Chelmsford") and North Weald, together with its satellite station at Stapleford Tawney, and at nearby [Lambourne End](/wiki/Lambourne_End "Lambourne End") Camp.
### Spring 1942
The changes in composition of the brigade during the winter of 1941–42 were as follows:
Order of Battle of Non\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/80\.
* 71st (Forth) HAA Rgt – *from [11 AA Division](/wiki/11th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)") January 1942*Litchfield, p. 283\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://ra39\-45\.co.uk/units/heavy\-anti\-aircraft\-regiments/71\-forth\-heavy\-anti\-aircraft\-regiment\-rata \|title\=71 HAA Rgt at RA 39\-45\.}}
+ 229, 325 HAA Btys
* 121st HAA Rgt – *to 6 AA Bde February 1942*
* 48th LAA Rgt – *left August 1941; sent overseas in December 1941, arriving in [Java](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign "Dutch East Indies campaign") where it was captured by the Japanese*Joslen, p. 558\.
* [62nd LAA Rgt](/wiki/62nd_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "62nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery") – *joined August 1941 to relieve 48th LAA Rgt*[62 LAA Rgt at RA 39\-45\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/light-anti-aircraft-regiments/62-light-anti-aircraft-regiment-rata)
+ 185 LAA Bty
* [81st LAA Rgt](/wiki/81st_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "81st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery") – *new unit formed August 1941, joined September 1941; to [5 AA Division](/wiki/5th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "5th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)") January 1942*Farndale, Annex M.[81 LAA Rgt at RA 39\-45\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/light-anti-aircraft-regiments/81-light-anti-aircraft-regiment-rata)
+ 261, 307 LAA Btys
+ 199 LAA Bty – *to 6 AA Bde January 1942*
* 298 Independent LAA Bty – *From 43rd LAA Rgt, 28 AA Bde, January 1942*
* 28 (Essex) S/L Rgt – *to 37 AA Bde January 1942*
+ 309, 311, 312 S/L/ Btys
+ 438 S/L Bty (joined January 1942\)
* 74 (Essex Fortress) S/L Rgt – *to 8 AA Division January 1942*
+ 310, 335, 469 S/L Btys
* 81st S/L Rgt – *joined December 1941 while converting into [131st LAA Rgt](/wiki/Cornwall_Fortress_Royal_Engineers "Cornwall Fortress Royal Engineers"), later to 6 AA Bde*[81 S/L Rgt at RA 39\-45\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/81-searchlight-regiment-rata)
+ 482, 509, 545, 555 S/L Btys
### Disbandment
6th AA Division was reorganised in the winter of 1941–42\. As a result, 29 AA Brigade was disbanded at Brentwood on 14 February 1942 and the bulk of its responsibilities transferred to 37 AA Bde, the remainder north of [The Naze](/wiki/The_Naze "The Naze") by 6 AA Bde. Brigadier Gourlay returned to the Royal Engineers and served as Chief Engineer of the beaches and lines of communication during the [Normandy Campaign](/wiki/Operation_Overlord "Operation Overlord").Pakenham\-Walsh, p. 368\.
|
[
"Second World War\n----------------",
"### Mobilisation",
"The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the [Munich Crisis](/wiki/Munich_Crisis \"Munich Crisis\"), with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October.Routledge, pp. 62–3\\. In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new [Anti\\-Aircraft Command](/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command \"Anti-Aircraft Command\"). In June, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations.Routledge, pp. 65–6, 371\\.",
"On 7 September 1939, operational control of 29th AA Bde was transferred to [6th AA Division](/wiki/6th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"6th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\"), which was formed in 1939 to take responsibility for air defence of the [Thames Estuary](/wiki/Thames_Estuary \"Thames Estuary\"), [Essex](/wiki/Essex \"Essex\") and [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\"). At this point the brigade was entirely composed of searchlight units:{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh\\_document\\_pdf/6\\-Anti\\-Aircraft\\-Division\\-1939\\-.pdf \\|title\\=6 AA Division 1939 at British Military History \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221143/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh\\_document\\_pdf/6\\-Anti\\-Aircraft\\-Division\\-1939\\-.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-09\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\= }}[AA Command at Patriot Files](http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name=Sections&req=viewarticle&artid=6697&page=1)Routledge, Table LVIII, p. 376; Table LX, p. 378\\.\n[thumb\\|right\\|Soldiers cleaning a searchlight 1941\\.](/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H10006.jpg \"The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H10006.jpg\")\n* 28th (Essex) AA Bn RE\n* [29th (Kent) Anti\\-Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers](/wiki/29th_%28Kent%29_Anti-Aircraft_Battalion%2C_Royal_Engineers \"29th (Kent) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers\"): a searchlight unit with a similar history to 28th (Essex).\n* [32nd (7th City of London) AA Bn](/wiki/32nd_%287th_City_of_London%29_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"32nd (7th City of London) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\") RE: a searchlight unit with a similar history to 33rd (St Pancras), based in [Finsbury Square](/wiki/Finsbury_Square \"Finsbury Square\"); transferred to [41st (London) Anti\\-Aircraft Brigade](/wiki/41st_%28London%29_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade \"41st (London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade\") in [2nd AA Division](/wiki/2nd_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"2nd Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\") during September 1939\n* 33rd (St Pancras) AA Bn, RE: transferred to 41 AA Bde in 2 AA Division during September 1939\n* [73rd (Kent Fortress AA Bn)](/wiki/73rd_%28Kent_Fortress%29_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"73rd (Kent Fortress) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\") RE: a new searchlight unit formed in April 1939, incorporating 322 and 347 (Kent) AA Company from 29th (Kent) AA Bn and 331 AA Companies from 32nd (7th City of London) AA Bn. 347 (Kent) AA Company had been formed by personnel drawn from the three Electric Light and Works Companies of the [Kent Fortress Royal Engineers](/wiki/Kent_Fortress_Royal_Engineers \"Kent Fortress Royal Engineers\"). It was based at [Bexleyheath](/wiki/Bexleyheath \"Bexleyheath\").*Monthly Army List* May 1939\\.Planck p. 226\\.\n* [74th (Essex Fortress) AA Bn](/wiki/Essex_Fortress_Royal_Engineers \"Essex Fortress Royal Engineers\") RE: a new searchlight unit formed at [Tottenham](/wiki/Tottenham \"Tottenham\") in April 1939, incorporating 310 AA Company from 28th (Essex) AA Bn, 335 AA Company from 33rd (St Pancras) AA Bn and 469 AA Company from the Essex Fortress Engineers.\n* 29th AA Bde Company [Royal Army Service Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Service_Corps \"Royal Army Service Corps\")",
"### Phoney War",
"[thumb\\|right\\|3\\.7\\-inch gun preserved at Nothe Fort, Weymouth](/wiki/File:3.7_Inch_Anti-Aircraft_Gun%2C_Nothe_Fort%2C_Weymouth.jpg \"3.7 Inch Anti-Aircraft Gun, Nothe Fort, Weymouth.jpg\")\nIn the spring of 1940, 6 AA Division reorganised its growing AA defences. As a result, 29th AA Bn and its S/L sites in Kent were transferred away from 29 AA Bde to [27 (Home Counties) AA Bde](/wiki/27th_%28Home_Counties%29_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade \"27th (Home Counties) Anti-Aircraft Brigade\"), while 32nd and 33rd AA Bns and their sites in Essex and [Suffolk](/wiki/Suffolk \"Suffolk\") returned from 41 AA Bde to 29 AA Bde, together with 119 Light Anti\\-Aircraft (LAA) Bty (of 'P' LAA Rgt) with its Troops based at the RAF fighter and radar stations at [Debden](/wiki/RAF_Debden \"RAF Debden\"), [Wattisham](/wiki/RAF_Wattisham \"RAF Wattisham\") and [Darsham](/wiki/Darsham \"Darsham\"). 29 AA Brigade then took on responsibility from [37 AA Bde](/wiki/37th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"37th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\") for the HAA guns at [Harwich](/wiki/Harwich \"Harwich\") (an important anti\\-invasion naval base), RAF North Weald and RAF Debden manned by [90th HAA Rgt](/wiki/90th_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"90th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\") (272, 284, 285 HAA Btys),Litchfield, p. 177\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://ra39\\-45\\.co.uk/units/heavy\\-anti\\-aircraft\\-regiments/90\\-heavy\\-anti\\-aircraft\\-regiment\\-rata \\|title\\=90 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45\\.}} together with the Gun Operations Room (GOR) at Harwich.[Collier, *Defence of the UK', Chapter VIII.*](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-8.html)[Landguard Fort GOR.](http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/sites/l/landguard_aaor/index.html)",
"Afterwards 90th HAA Rgt was replaced by [99th (London Welsh) HAA Rgt](/wiki/99th_%28London_Welsh%29_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"99th (London Welsh) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\") (302, 303, 307, 318 HAA Btys) and the whole of 'P' LAA Rgt (49, 95 and 119 LAA Btys) was transferred to 29 AA Bde and its batteries transferred to a newly raised [48th LAA Rgt](/wiki/48th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"48th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\").Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396\\.Farndale, Annex D, p. 258\\.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Quadruple [Lewis gun](/wiki/Lewis_gun \"Lewis gun\") LAA mounting, 1941](/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H12971.jpg \"The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H12971.jpg\")\nHAA gun sites were equipped with [3\\.7\\-inch](/wiki/QF_3.7-inch_AA_gun \"QF 3.7-inch AA gun\") or the older [3\\-inch](/wiki/QF_3-inch_20_cwt \"QF 3-inch 20 cwt\") guns. Although LAA units were receiving [Bofors 40 mm guns](/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60 \"Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60\"), many of the sites only had LMGs, though some like the [Royal Naval Mining Depot](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Armaments_Depot \"Royal Naval Armaments Depot\") at [Wrabness](/wiki/Wrabness \"Wrabness\") at least had quadruple mountings. The first, very secret, [Gun\\-Laying Radar Mk I](/wiki/GL_Mk._I_radar \"GL Mk. I radar\") sets began to appear in May 1940, with one being stationed at [Landguard Fort](/wiki/Landguard_Fort \"Landguard Fort\") at Harwich to replace the old sound\\-locator at the S/L site operated by 469 AA Co, 74th AA Bn.Routledge pp 96–9\\.",
"In May 1940 Brigade HQ shifted to Boxted House in [Boxted](/wiki/Boxted%2C_Essex \"Boxted, Essex\") near [Colchester](/wiki/Colchester \"Colchester\") in Essex. During August 1940 the AA Battalions were transferred from the Royal Engineers to the [Royal Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Artillery \"Royal Artillery\"), when they were designated Searchlight Regiments.",
"### Battle of Britain",
"The [Phoney War](/wiki/Phoney_War \"Phoney War\") ended with the German [invasion of France and the Low Countries](/wiki/Battle_of_France \"Battle of France\") on 10 May 1940\\. Home Forces became concerned about the threat from German paratroopers and AA Command's units were given anti\\-invasion roles. A plan to attach groups of riflemen from the infantry training centres to 6 AA Division's widely spaced S/L sites foundered on the lack of men. Instead the S/L detachments themselves were given the responsibility for attacking parachutists before they could organise, and spare men at company HQs were formed into mobile columns using requisitioned civilian transport to hunt them down. These arrangements were never tested in practice.",
"At the end of May the [British Expeditionary Force](/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_%28World_War_II%29 \"British Expeditionary Force (World War II)\") was [evacuated from Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation \"Dunkirk evacuation\"), and the Germans began preparations to invade South East England. In late June the *[Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\")* began small day and night raids on [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich \"Ipswich\") and the Harwich Gun Defence Area (GDA) and during July 1940 there were almost daily attacks on shipping off the East Coast. In August, while the [Battle of Britain](/wiki/Battle_of_Britain \"Battle of Britain\") was progressing by day over Kent and Essex, *Luftwaffe* [seaplanes](/wiki/Seaplane \"Seaplane\") regularly dropped [Parachute mines](/wiki/Parachute_mine \"Parachute mine\") in the harbours and estuaries by night, which 29 AA Bde's guns and S/Ls attempted to counter.",
"By now, 29 AA Bde was only responsible for the Harwich GDA (covering Harwich, Ipswich, [Felixstowe](/wiki/Felixstowe \"Felixstowe\"), [Parkeston](/wiki/Parkeston%2C_Essex \"Parkeston, Essex\") and [Dovercourt](/wiki/Dovercourt \"Dovercourt\")) and RAF airfields in Essex and Suffolk, 73rd AA Bn and its sites south of the Thames having been transferred to [56 Light AA Bde](/wiki/56th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"56th Light Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\") command in early July.{{efn\\|One normally reliable source states that 29 AA Bde was responsible for Kent in Autumn 1940, but this contradicted by the brigade's own War Diary.}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh\\_document\\_pdf/6\\-Anti\\-Aircraft\\-Division\\-1940\\-.pdf \\|title\\=6 AA Division 1940 at British Military History \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221145/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh\\_document\\_pdf/6\\-Anti\\-Aircraft\\-Division\\-1940\\-.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-09\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\= }}[6 AA Div at RA 39–45](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/air-defence-great-britain/6-anti-aircraft-division)",
"On 15 August *[Erprobungsgruppe 210](/wiki/Erprobungsgruppe_210 \"Erprobungsgruppe 210\")* slipped through to attack [RAF Martlesham Heath](/wiki/RAF_Martlesham_Heath \"RAF Martlesham Heath\") and got away without loss, despite being engaged by the Harwich AA guns while withdrawing.[Collier, *Defence of the UK*, Chapter XII.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-12.html)Collier, *Eagle Day*, p. 91\\.",
"On 24 August North Weald was badly damaged by a raid, but remained serviceable. Then on 26 August, *[Luftflotte 2](/wiki/Luftflotte_2 \"Luftflotte 2\")* sent a large raid to attack the fighter bases at Debden, North Weald and [Hornchurch](/wiki/RAF_Hornchurch \"RAF Hornchurch\"); the attackers missed the latter two targets, but Debden was hard hit. Debden was attacked again on 30 August, and North Weald received a raid on 31 August that was engaged by 285 HAA Bty, and a [Heinkel He 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 \"Heinkel He 111\") was shot down by the AA [light machine gun](/wiki/Light_machine_gun \"Light machine gun\") (LMG) of a S/L site.[Collier, *Defence of the UK*, Chapter XIII.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-13.html)",
"[Brentwood, Essex](/wiki/Brentwood%2C_Essex \"Brentwood, Essex\"), in the southern part of 29 AA Bde's area, was bombed on 7 September during the first big daylight air raid on London, which heralded the *Luftwaffe*{{'}}s shift away from RAF airfields to bombing cities.[Collier, *Defence of the UK*, Chapter XV.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-15.html)",
"### The Blitz",
"As the Battle of Britain merged into the night [Blitz](/wiki/The_Blitz \"The Blitz\") during September 1940, the brigade's area was regularly crossed by night raids heading for London and the industrial cities of the Midlands, which the S/L sites strove to track for the night\\-fighters and HAA guns, often causing the raiders to [jettison](/wiki/Jettison_%28aviation%29 \"Jettison (aviation)\") their bombs (frequently near the AA sites) and turn back. Low\\-flying daylight intruders sometimes exchanged fire with the AA LMGs at S/L sites.29 AA Brigade War Diary October 1940–1941, TNA file WO 166/2251\\.",
"Between 25 October 1940 and 2 January 1941, units of the *[Corpo Aereo Italiano](/wiki/Corpo_Aereo_Italiano \"Corpo Aereo Italiano\")* based in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") made 11 day and night attacks on the East Coast, all but one of which targeted Harwich and Ipswich.[Collier, *Defence of the UK*, Appendix XXVIII.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-XXVIII.html)",
"In November, 29 AA Bde HQ moved from Boxted to Coxtie House, [Coxtie Green](/wiki/Coxtie_Green \"Coxtie Green\"), near Brentwood.",
"By December 1940 all S/Ls in the brigade's area, except the coastal sites, had been 'clustered' The cluster system was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or [Night fighters](/wiki/Night_fighter \"Night fighter\"). Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with searchlight control (SLC) radar and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply.",
"### Summer 1941",
"The Blitz ended in May 1941\\. By August 1941 the following changes to 29 AA Bde's order of battle and dispositions had taken place:Order of Battle of Non\\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 12 May 1941, with amendments TNA file WO 212/79\\.",
"* 99th (London Welsh) HAA Rgt – *to [Orkney](/wiki/Orkney \"Orkney\") \\& [Shetland](/wiki/Shetland \"Shetland\") Defences (OSDEF) May 1941*Litchfield, p. 168\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://ra39\\-45\\.co.uk/units/heavy\\-anti\\-aircraft\\-regiments/99\\-heavy\\-anti\\-aircraft\\-regiment\\-rata \\|title\\=99 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45\\.}}\n\t+ 302, 303, 318 HAA Btys\n* [121st HAA Rgt](/wiki/121st_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"121st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\") – *from 37 AA Bde to relieve 99th HAA Rgt May 1941*{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://ra39\\-45\\.co.uk/units/heavy\\-anti\\-aircraft\\-regiments/121\\-heavy\\-anti\\-aircraft\\-regiment\\-rata \\|title\\=121 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45\\.}}\n\t+ 385 HAA Bty at RAF North Weald, RAF Debden\n\t+ 387 HAA Bty at RAF Martlesham, RAF Wattisham, [Ipswich Airport](/wiki/Ipswich_Airport \"Ipswich Airport\")\n\t+ 388 HAA Bty at Harwich\n* 48th LAA Rgt{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://ra39\\-45\\.co.uk/units/light\\-anti\\-aircraft\\-regiments/48\\-light\\-anti\\-aircraft\\-regiment\\-rata \\|title\\=48 LAA Rgt at RA 39\\-45\\.}}\n\t+ 49 LAA Bty at [Chelmsford](/wiki/Chelmsford \"Chelmsford\")\n\t+ 95 LAA Bty at RAF North Weald, [RAF Stapleford Tawney](/wiki/RAF_Stapleford_Tawney \"RAF Stapleford Tawney\")\n\t+ 182 LAA Bty – *to [War Office](/wiki/War_Office \"War Office\") (WO) control 30 May 1941*\n\t+ 242 LAA Bty at [Wrabness](/wiki/Wrabness \"Wrabness\"), [Great Bromley](/wiki/Great_Bromley \"Great Bromley\"), Parkeston Quay – *joined from [77th LAA Rgt](/wiki/77th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"77th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\") July 1941*\n* [49th LAA Rgt](/wiki/49th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"49th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\") – *from [6 AA Bde](/wiki/6th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"6th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\"); later to [78th Infantry Division](/wiki/78th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\")*Joslen, p. 101\\.[49 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45\\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/light-anti-aircraft-regiments/49-light-anti-aircraft-regiment-rata)\n\t+ 84 LAA Bty at RAF Martlesham\n\t+ 119 LAA Bty at Landguard\n* 28th S/L Rgt in clustersLitchfield, p. 69\\.[28 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45\\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/28-essex-searchlight-regiment-rata)\n\t+ 309, 311, 312 S/L Btys\n* 74th S/L Rgt in clusters, coastal sites and RAF MartleshamLitchfield, p. 174\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://ra39\\-45\\.co.uk/units/searchlight\\-regiments/74\\-essex\\-fortress\\-searchlight\\-regiment\\-rata \\|title\\=74 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45\\.}}\n\t+ 310, 335, 469 S/L Btys",
"During the summer of 1941 the *Luftwaffe* continued minelaying and intruder raids against airfields in 29 AA Bde's sector at night, against which S/Ls could be effective – on one occasion a [Junkers Ju 88](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88 \"Junkers Ju 88\") night\\-fighter attacking British bombers was dazzled and crashed. In August a daylight raid using cloud cover was made against the radar station at Great Bromley.",
"### Winter 1941\\-42",
"[thumb\\|right\\|40 mm Bofors gun, 1941](/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H10014.jpg \"The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H10014.jpg\")\nBy October 1941 the availability of SLC radar was sufficient to allow AA Command's S/L sites to be 'declustered' into single\\-light sites spaced at 10,400\\-yard intervals in 'Indicator Belts' along the coast and 'Killer Belts' at 6000\\-yard spacing to cooperate with the RAF's [Night\\-fighters](/wiki/Night-fighter \"Night-fighter\"). 29th AA Brigade deployed 90 mm S/Ls in the indicator belt and 150 mm S/Ls in the killer belt, while a mixture of 90 mm and 120 mm lights were deployed in the Harwich GDA, spaced at 10,400 yards in the inner zone and 6000 yards in the outer. All these S/L sites were manned by 28 S/L Rgt and by 328 and 330 Btys of 32 S/L Rt, while 74 S/L Rgt was concentrated at [Clacton\\-on\\-Sea](/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea \"Clacton-on-Sea\") and then moved to Kent, leaving the brigade's area.Routledge, pp. 399–400\\.",
"The number of Bofors gun\\-equipped LAA units available to AA Command to protect Vital Points such as airfields was growing, albeit slowly. In November the brigade established a 'silent' LAA practice camp for 6 AA Division at Dovercourt, and AA Command's No 16 LAA Practice Camp at Clacton, with live firing ranges out to sea, was also in the brigade's area of responsibility. At the end of the year, [81st S/L Rgt](/wiki/Cornwall_Fortress_Royal_Engineers \"Cornwall Fortress Royal Engineers\") arrived at Clacton to be converted into an LAA regiment.Routledge, pp. 398\\.",
"At Christmas, four new 4\\-gun 3\\.7\\-inch HAA sites with GL Mk II gun\\-laying radar and a sub\\-GOR were established at Clacton and [Mersea](/wiki/Mersea \"Mersea\") to discourage mine\\-laying, and two batteries of [71st (Forth) HAA Rgt](/wiki/71st_%28Forth%29_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"71st (Forth) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\") arrived to man them.29 AA Brigade War Diary 1942, TNA file WO 166/7386\\.",
"At the beginning of 1942, 121st HAA and 49th LAA Rgts were deployed at Martlesham and sites round the Harwich GDA, including Landguard, Parkeston Quay, Dovercourt and [Wrabness](/wiki/Wrabness \"Wrabness\"), 199 LAA Bty was deployed at [Chelmsford](/wiki/Chelmsford \"Chelmsford\") and North Weald, together with its satellite station at Stapleford Tawney, and at nearby [Lambourne End](/wiki/Lambourne_End \"Lambourne End\") Camp.",
"### Spring 1942",
"The changes in composition of the brigade during the winter of 1941–42 were as follows:\nOrder of Battle of Non\\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/80\\.\n* 71st (Forth) HAA Rgt – *from [11 AA Division](/wiki/11th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\") January 1942*Litchfield, p. 283\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://ra39\\-45\\.co.uk/units/heavy\\-anti\\-aircraft\\-regiments/71\\-forth\\-heavy\\-anti\\-aircraft\\-regiment\\-rata \\|title\\=71 HAA Rgt at RA 39\\-45\\.}}\n\t+ 229, 325 HAA Btys\n* 121st HAA Rgt – *to 6 AA Bde February 1942*\n* 48th LAA Rgt – *left August 1941; sent overseas in December 1941, arriving in [Java](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign \"Dutch East Indies campaign\") where it was captured by the Japanese*Joslen, p. 558\\.\n* [62nd LAA Rgt](/wiki/62nd_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"62nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\") – *joined August 1941 to relieve 48th LAA Rgt*[62 LAA Rgt at RA 39\\-45\\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/light-anti-aircraft-regiments/62-light-anti-aircraft-regiment-rata)\n\t+ 185 LAA Bty\n* [81st LAA Rgt](/wiki/81st_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"81st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\") – *new unit formed August 1941, joined September 1941; to [5 AA Division](/wiki/5th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"5th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\") January 1942*Farndale, Annex M.[81 LAA Rgt at RA 39\\-45\\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/light-anti-aircraft-regiments/81-light-anti-aircraft-regiment-rata)\n\t+ 261, 307 LAA Btys\n\t+ 199 LAA Bty – *to 6 AA Bde January 1942*\n* 298 Independent LAA Bty – *From 43rd LAA Rgt, 28 AA Bde, January 1942*\n* 28 (Essex) S/L Rgt – *to 37 AA Bde January 1942*\n\t+ 309, 311, 312 S/L/ Btys\n\t+ 438 S/L Bty (joined January 1942\\)\n* 74 (Essex Fortress) S/L Rgt – *to 8 AA Division January 1942*\n\t+ 310, 335, 469 S/L Btys\n* 81st S/L Rgt – *joined December 1941 while converting into [131st LAA Rgt](/wiki/Cornwall_Fortress_Royal_Engineers \"Cornwall Fortress Royal Engineers\"), later to 6 AA Bde*[81 S/L Rgt at RA 39\\-45\\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/81-searchlight-regiment-rata)\n\t+ 482, 509, 545, 555 S/L Btys",
"### Disbandment",
"6th AA Division was reorganised in the winter of 1941–42\\. As a result, 29 AA Brigade was disbanded at Brentwood on 14 February 1942 and the bulk of its responsibilities transferred to 37 AA Bde, the remainder north of [The Naze](/wiki/The_Naze \"The Naze\") by 6 AA Bde. Brigadier Gourlay returned to the Royal Engineers and served as Chief Engineer of the beaches and lines of communication during the [Normandy Campaign](/wiki/Operation_Overlord \"Operation Overlord\").Pakenham\\-Walsh, p. 368\\.",
""
] |
Coaching career
---------------
McBride began his coaching career at San Jose State in 1965, serving as the freshman coach, defensive coordinator and linebackers coach. He then spent two years as an assistant coach at [Piedmont Hills High School](/wiki/Piedmont_Hills_High_School "Piedmont Hills High School") (1966–1968\) and three years as an assistant at [Gavilan College](/wiki/Gavilan_College "Gavilan College") (1969–1971\), before returning to the NCAA ranks.
From 1972 to 1973, he served as an assistant coach at [University of California, Riverside](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Riverside "University of California, Riverside"), where he was in charge of the offensive line and served as offensive coordinator. He then served in the same capacities at [California State University, Long Beach](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Long_Beach "California State University, Long Beach") from 1974 to 1976\.
McBride first came to Utah in 1977 to serve as the [offensive coordinator](/wiki/Offensive_coordinator "Offensive coordinator") and offensive line coach under [Wayne Howard](/wiki/Wayne_Howard "Wayne Howard"). In 1983, he accepted a position as the offensive line coach at the [University of Wisconsin–Madison](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison "University of Wisconsin–Madison"), where he served two seasons before returning to [Salt Lake City](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City"), coaching the offensive line from 1985 to 1986 under head coach [Jim Fassel](/wiki/Jim_Fassel "Jim Fassel").
In 1987, he left the Utes to join [Dick Tomey](/wiki/Dick_Tomey "Dick Tomey")'s staff at the [University of Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona"). He served two years as the offensive line coach and was elevated to assistant head coach during the 1989 season. Following that season he became the head coach at Utah.
### Head coach at Utah
McBride inherited a program that had only had five winning seasons in the previous 16 years, and had not posted a winning season in [Western Athletic Conference](/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference "Western Athletic Conference") play since 1985\. He didn't take long to turn the program around. In 1991, his second season, he posted a 7–5 record, but a blowout loss to rival [BYU](/wiki/1991_BYU_Cougars_football_team "1991 BYU Cougars football team") kept them out of a bowl. A year later, he led the Utes to the [1992 Copper Bowl](/wiki/1992_Copper_Bowl "1992 Copper Bowl"), the program's first bowl appearance in 28 years. He took the Utes to six bowl games during his tenure, a noteworthy feat considering the Utes had played in just three bowl games in the previous 97 years. His teams posted bowl wins over USC, Arizona and Fresno State.
| "Utah was a soft program, an underachieving program and a program that was going nowhere. Their expectations weren't that high. When they hired me they said, 'Well, if you cannot embarrass us against BYU and be in about the middle of the league, and be respectable you can stay here as long as you want.' The bar was low. The expectations were they just didn't want to get embarrassed on Saturday." |
| --- |
| — McBride on the state of Utah football when he took over.Andrew Aragon, [WSU, Utah Utes football: Coach Mac brings his current team to face former team](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700261049/WSU-Utah-Utes-football-Coach-Mac-brings-his-current-team-to-face-former-team.html), *Deseret News*, September 23, 2008, Accessed October 21, 2009\. |
His best season came in 1994 when the Utes won a then\-record 10 games and attained the highest post\-season ranking, at the time, in school history climbing to No. 8 in the USA Today/ESPN poll and No. 10 in the AP poll. In conference games, he guided the Utes to a 58–42 record and won a share of two conference championships, 1995 in the [Western Athletic Conference](/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference "Western Athletic Conference") and 1999 in the [Mountain West Conference](/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference "Mountain West Conference"). McBride excelled in the rivalry games within the state of Utah. His Utes held their own against perennial power BYU; winning six of their last 11 against the Cougars after losing 16 of the previous 18 before he took over. He also dominated [Utah State](/wiki/Utah_State_Aggies_football "Utah State Aggies football") (11–2\). In 1998, he was a serious candidate to take over the moribund program at [Hawaii](/wiki/University_of_Hawaii "University of Hawaii"), a position that eventually went to [June Jones](/wiki/June_Jones "June Jones").Paul Arnett, [McBride hoping for quick decision](http://archives.starbulletin.com/98/12/08/sports/story2.html), *Honolulu Star\-Bulletin*, December 8, 1998, Accessed October 21, 2009\.
McBride's tenure at Utah began to falter in 2000\. The Utes were the favorites to win the Mountain West after tying for the conference title a year earlier, but lost their first four games en route to a 4–7 record, their first losing record since McBride's arrival. Season\-ticket sales fell 15% as a result, problematic given the costly rebuilding of [Rice\-Eccles Stadium](/wiki/Rice-Eccles_Stadium "Rice-Eccles Stadium"), and pressure rose to fire McBride.Steve Guiremand, [With coach on hot seat, changes plentiful at Utah](http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2001/aug/27/with-coach-on-hot-seat-changes-plentiful-at-utah/), *Las Vegas Sun*, August 27, 2001, Accessed October 21, 2009\. The Utes rebounded in 2001, achieving a winning record and scoring an upset win in the [2001 Las Vegas Bowl](/wiki/2001_Las_Vegas_Bowl "2001 Las Vegas Bowl") over the [USC Trojans](/wiki/USC_Trojans_football "USC Trojans football") in [Pete Carroll](/wiki/Pete_Carroll "Pete Carroll")'s first season. With the Utes slipping again into a losing season, McBride was fired by Utah after the 2002 season and replaced by [Urban Meyer](/wiki/Urban_Meyer "Urban Meyer"). Despite the inglorious end to McBride's tenure, he is credited with laying the foundation for Utah's rise to national prominence under Meyer and his former defensive coordinator, [Kyle Whittingham](/wiki/Kyle_Whittingham "Kyle Whittingham").
During his tenure at Utah, McBride posted an overall record of 88–63 (.582\), at the time the second\-most wins in the history of Utah football. He is now third, behind [Ike Armstrong](/wiki/Ike_Armstrong "Ike Armstrong") and Whittingham.
### After Utah
After leaving Utah, McBride took over as the inside linebacker coach at [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football "Kentucky Wildcats football") in 2003\. He returned to the state of Utah in 2004, when he was named head football coach at [Weber State University](/wiki/Weber_State_University "Weber State University"). The [Weber State Wildcats](/wiki/Weber_State_Wildcats_football "Weber State Wildcats football") are an NCAA Division I\-AA team that play in the [Big Sky Conference](/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference "Big Sky Conference").
|
[
"Coaching career\n---------------",
"McBride began his coaching career at San Jose State in 1965, serving as the freshman coach, defensive coordinator and linebackers coach. He then spent two years as an assistant coach at [Piedmont Hills High School](/wiki/Piedmont_Hills_High_School \"Piedmont Hills High School\") (1966–1968\\) and three years as an assistant at [Gavilan College](/wiki/Gavilan_College \"Gavilan College\") (1969–1971\\), before returning to the NCAA ranks.",
"From 1972 to 1973, he served as an assistant coach at [University of California, Riverside](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Riverside \"University of California, Riverside\"), where he was in charge of the offensive line and served as offensive coordinator. He then served in the same capacities at [California State University, Long Beach](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Long_Beach \"California State University, Long Beach\") from 1974 to 1976\\.",
"McBride first came to Utah in 1977 to serve as the [offensive coordinator](/wiki/Offensive_coordinator \"Offensive coordinator\") and offensive line coach under [Wayne Howard](/wiki/Wayne_Howard \"Wayne Howard\"). In 1983, he accepted a position as the offensive line coach at the [University of Wisconsin–Madison](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison \"University of Wisconsin–Madison\"), where he served two seasons before returning to [Salt Lake City](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City \"Salt Lake City\"), coaching the offensive line from 1985 to 1986 under head coach [Jim Fassel](/wiki/Jim_Fassel \"Jim Fassel\").",
"In 1987, he left the Utes to join [Dick Tomey](/wiki/Dick_Tomey \"Dick Tomey\")'s staff at the [University of Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona \"University of Arizona\"). He served two years as the offensive line coach and was elevated to assistant head coach during the 1989 season. Following that season he became the head coach at Utah.",
"### Head coach at Utah",
"McBride inherited a program that had only had five winning seasons in the previous 16 years, and had not posted a winning season in [Western Athletic Conference](/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference \"Western Athletic Conference\") play since 1985\\. He didn't take long to turn the program around. In 1991, his second season, he posted a 7–5 record, but a blowout loss to rival [BYU](/wiki/1991_BYU_Cougars_football_team \"1991 BYU Cougars football team\") kept them out of a bowl. A year later, he led the Utes to the [1992 Copper Bowl](/wiki/1992_Copper_Bowl \"1992 Copper Bowl\"), the program's first bowl appearance in 28 years. He took the Utes to six bowl games during his tenure, a noteworthy feat considering the Utes had played in just three bowl games in the previous 97 years. His teams posted bowl wins over USC, Arizona and Fresno State.",
"| \"Utah was a soft program, an underachieving program and a program that was going nowhere. Their expectations weren't that high. When they hired me they said, 'Well, if you cannot embarrass us against BYU and be in about the middle of the league, and be respectable you can stay here as long as you want.' The bar was low. The expectations were they just didn't want to get embarrassed on Saturday.\" |\n| --- |\n| — McBride on the state of Utah football when he took over.Andrew Aragon, [WSU, Utah Utes football: Coach Mac brings his current team to face former team](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700261049/WSU-Utah-Utes-football-Coach-Mac-brings-his-current-team-to-face-former-team.html), *Deseret News*, September 23, 2008, Accessed October 21, 2009\\. |",
"His best season came in 1994 when the Utes won a then\\-record 10 games and attained the highest post\\-season ranking, at the time, in school history climbing to No. 8 in the USA Today/ESPN poll and No. 10 in the AP poll. In conference games, he guided the Utes to a 58–42 record and won a share of two conference championships, 1995 in the [Western Athletic Conference](/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference \"Western Athletic Conference\") and 1999 in the [Mountain West Conference](/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference \"Mountain West Conference\"). McBride excelled in the rivalry games within the state of Utah. His Utes held their own against perennial power BYU; winning six of their last 11 against the Cougars after losing 16 of the previous 18 before he took over. He also dominated [Utah State](/wiki/Utah_State_Aggies_football \"Utah State Aggies football\") (11–2\\). In 1998, he was a serious candidate to take over the moribund program at [Hawaii](/wiki/University_of_Hawaii \"University of Hawaii\"), a position that eventually went to [June Jones](/wiki/June_Jones \"June Jones\").Paul Arnett, [McBride hoping for quick decision](http://archives.starbulletin.com/98/12/08/sports/story2.html), *Honolulu Star\\-Bulletin*, December 8, 1998, Accessed October 21, 2009\\.",
"McBride's tenure at Utah began to falter in 2000\\. The Utes were the favorites to win the Mountain West after tying for the conference title a year earlier, but lost their first four games en route to a 4–7 record, their first losing record since McBride's arrival. Season\\-ticket sales fell 15% as a result, problematic given the costly rebuilding of [Rice\\-Eccles Stadium](/wiki/Rice-Eccles_Stadium \"Rice-Eccles Stadium\"), and pressure rose to fire McBride.Steve Guiremand, [With coach on hot seat, changes plentiful at Utah](http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2001/aug/27/with-coach-on-hot-seat-changes-plentiful-at-utah/), *Las Vegas Sun*, August 27, 2001, Accessed October 21, 2009\\. The Utes rebounded in 2001, achieving a winning record and scoring an upset win in the [2001 Las Vegas Bowl](/wiki/2001_Las_Vegas_Bowl \"2001 Las Vegas Bowl\") over the [USC Trojans](/wiki/USC_Trojans_football \"USC Trojans football\") in [Pete Carroll](/wiki/Pete_Carroll \"Pete Carroll\")'s first season. With the Utes slipping again into a losing season, McBride was fired by Utah after the 2002 season and replaced by [Urban Meyer](/wiki/Urban_Meyer \"Urban Meyer\"). Despite the inglorious end to McBride's tenure, he is credited with laying the foundation for Utah's rise to national prominence under Meyer and his former defensive coordinator, [Kyle Whittingham](/wiki/Kyle_Whittingham \"Kyle Whittingham\").",
"During his tenure at Utah, McBride posted an overall record of 88–63 (.582\\), at the time the second\\-most wins in the history of Utah football. He is now third, behind [Ike Armstrong](/wiki/Ike_Armstrong \"Ike Armstrong\") and Whittingham.",
"### After Utah",
"After leaving Utah, McBride took over as the inside linebacker coach at [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football \"Kentucky Wildcats football\") in 2003\\. He returned to the state of Utah in 2004, when he was named head football coach at [Weber State University](/wiki/Weber_State_University \"Weber State University\"). The [Weber State Wildcats](/wiki/Weber_State_Wildcats_football \"Weber State Wildcats football\") are an NCAA Division I\\-AA team that play in the [Big Sky Conference](/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference \"Big Sky Conference\").",
""
] |
Semitic
-------
{{main\|Ancient Semitic religion}}
### Mesopotamia
{{main\|Ancient Mesopotamian religion}}
{{further\|Sumerian religion}}
[thumb\|250px\|Impression of the cylinder seal of Ḫašḫamer, patesi (High Priest) of [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28mythology%29 "Sin (mythology)") at [Iškun\-Sin](/wiki/I%C5%A1kun-Sin "Iškun-Sin"), c. 2400 BC](/wiki/File:Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg "Sumerian Cylinder Seal of King Ur-Nammu.jpg")
{{Mesopotamian myth}}
#### Astrology
Identification of the gods and goddesses with heavenly bodies—planets, stars, the sun and the moon—and to assigning the seats of all the deities in the Heavens is found in Assyro\-Babylonian religion.
The personification of the two great luminaries—the sun and the moon—was the first step in the unfolding of this system, and this was followed by placing the other deities where [Shamash](/wiki/Shamash "Shamash") and [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28mythology%29 "Sin (mythology)") had their seats. This process, which reached its culmination in the post\-Hammurabic period, led to identifying the planet [Venus](/wiki/Venus "Venus") with [Ishtar](/wiki/Ishtar "Ishtar"), [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter "Jupiter") with [Marduk](/wiki/Marduk "Marduk"), [Mars](/wiki/Mars "Mars") with [Nergal](/wiki/Nergal "Nergal"), [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 "Mercury (planet)") with [Nabu](/wiki/Nabu "Nabu"), and [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn "Saturn") with [Ninurta](/wiki/Ninurta "Ninurta").
The system represents a harmonious combination of two factors, one of popular origin, the other the outcome of speculation in the schools attached to the temples of Babylonia. The popular factor is the belief in the influence exerted by the movements of the heavenly bodies on occurrences on earth—a belief naturally suggested by the dependence of life, vegetation and guidance upon the two great luminaries. Starting with this belief the Priests and Priestesses built up the theory of the close correspondence between occurrences on earth and phenomena in the Heavens. The Heavens presenting a constant change even to the superficial observer, the conclusion was drawn of a connection between the changes and the ever\-changing movement in the fate of individuals and of nature as well as in the appearance of nature.
To read the signs of the heavens was therefore to understand the meaning of occurrences on Earth, and with this accomplished, it was also possible to foretell what events were portended by the position and relationship to one another of the sun, the moon, the planets and certain stars. Myths that symbolized changes in season or occurrences in nature were projected on the heavens, which were mapped out to correspond to the divisions of the earth.
All the [gods](/wiki/God "God"), [demons](/wiki/Demons "Demons") and spirits had their places assigned to them in the heavens, and facts, including such as fell within the domain of [political history](/wiki/Political_history "Political history"), were interpreted in terms of [astral theology](/wiki/Astral_theology "Astral theology"). So completely did this system in the course of time sway men's minds that the cults and sects, from being an expression of [animistic beliefs](/wiki/Animism "Animism"), took on the color derived from the "astral" interpretation of occurrences and doctrines. It left its trace in [incantations](/wiki/Incantation "Incantation"), [omens](/wiki/Omen "Omen") and [hymns](/wiki/Hymn "Hymn") and gave birth to [astronomy](/wiki/Astronomy "Astronomy"), which was assiduously cultivated because a knowledge of the heavens was the very foundation of the system of belief unfolded by the priests of Babylonia and Assyria.
As an illustration of the manner in which the doctrines of the religion were made to conform to the all\-pervading astral theory, it will be sufficient to refer to the modification undergone in this process of the view developed in a very early period which apportioned the control of the universe among the three gods Anu, Enlil and Ea. Disassociating these Gods from all local connections, Anu became the power presiding over the Heavens, to Enlil was assigned the earth and the atmosphere immediately above it, while Ea ruled over the deep. With the transfer of all the Gods to the heavens, and under the influence of the doctrine of the correspondence between the heavens and the earth, Anu, Enlil and Ea became the three "ways" (as they are called) on the heavens.
The "ways" appear in this instance to have been the designation of the [ecliptic circle](/wiki/Ecliptic_circle "Ecliptic circle"), which was divided into three sections or zones—a northern, a middle and a southern zone, Anu being assigned to the first, Enlil to the second, and Ea to the third zone. The astral theology of the Babylonian\-Assyrian religion, while thus bearing the ear\-marks of a system devised by the priests, succeeded in assimilating the beliefs which represented the earlier attempts to systematize the more popular aspects of the religion, and in this way a unification of diverse elements was secured that led to interpreting the contents and the form of the religion in terms of the astral\-theological system.{{clarify\|date\=May 2013}}
#### Ethic
On the [ethical](/wiki/Ethics "Ethics") sides, the religion of Babylonia more particularly, and to a less extent that of Assyria, advances to noticeable conceptions of the qualities associated with the Gods and Goddesses and of the duties imposed on man. Shamash, the Sun\-God, was invested with justice as his chief trait, Marduk is portrayed as full of mercy and kindness, and Ea is in general the protector of mankind, a father who takes them under his protection. The Gods, to be sure, are easily aroused to anger, and in some of them the dire aspects predominated, but the view becomes more and more pronounced that there is some cause always for the [divine wrath](/wiki/Divine_wrath "Divine wrath"). Though, in accounting for the anger of the Gods, no sharp distinction is made between moral offences and a ritualistic oversight or neglect, yet the stress laid in the hymns and prayers, as well as in the elaborate [atonement](/wiki/wikt:Atonement "Atonement") ritual prescribed in order to appease the anger of the Gods, on the need of being clean and pure in the sight of the higher powers, the inculcation of a proper aspect of [humility](/wiki/Humility "Humility"), and above all the need of confessing one's guilt and sins without any reserve—all this bears testimony to the strength which the ethical factor acquired in the domain of the Religion.
This factor appears to less advantage in the unfolding of the views concerning [life after death](/wiki/Life_after_death "Life after death"). Throughout all periods of Babylonian\-Assyrian history, the conception prevailed of a large dark cavern below the earth, not far from the [Apsu](/wiki/Apsu "Apsu")—the fresh water abyss encircling and flowing underneath the earth—in which all the dead were gathered and where they led a miserable existence of inactivity, amid gloom and dust. Occasionally a favoured individual was permitted to escape from this general fate and placed in a pleasant island. It would appear also that the rulers were always singled out for [divine grace](/wiki/Divine_grace "Divine grace"), and in the earlier periods of the history, owing to the prevailing view that the rulers stood nearer to the Gods than other mortals, the kings were deified after death, and in some instances divine honours were paid to them even during their lifetime.
#### Demonology
{{Main\|Mesopotamian demon\|l1\=Mesopotamian Demon}}
Ancient Near Eastern religion knew an elaborate system of benevolent, neutral and malevolent demons (which more resembled Greek [daemons](/wiki/Daemon_%28classical_mythology%29 "Daemon (classical mythology)") than the [Christian](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") concept of evil demons), and much of medicine consisted of [exorcisms](/wiki/Exorcism "Exorcism"), e.g. of [Lamashtu](/wiki/Lamashtu "Lamashtu"), the demoness responsible for complications at childbirth and infant deaths.
In Assyrian and Babylonian mythology the seven evil demons were known as *[Shedu](/wiki/Shedu "Shedu")* or *[Lamassu](/wiki/Lamassu "Lamassu")*, meaning "storm\-demon". They were represented in [winged bull form](/wiki/Bull_%28mythology%29 "Bull (mythology)"), derived from the colossal bulls used as protective genii of royal palaces, the name "Shed" assumed also the meaning of a propitious genius in [Babylonian](/wiki/Babylon "Babylon") magical literature.See Delitzsch, *Assyrisches Handwörterbuch*. pp. 60, 253, 261, 646; Jensen, *Assyr.\-Babyl. Mythen und Epen*, 1900, p. 453; [Archibald Sayce](/wiki/Archibald_Sayce "Archibald Sayce"), l.c. pp. 441, 450, 463; [Lenormant](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lenormant "François Lenormant"), l.c. pp. 48–51\.
### Levant
{{main\|Ancient Canaanite religion\|Yahwism\|Judaism}}
The deities worshipped in [Canaanite religion](/wiki/Canaanite_religion "Canaanite religion") during the Late Bronze Age notably included [El Elyon](/wiki/El_Elyon "El Elyon") and his sons, the [Elohim](/wiki/Elohim "Elohim"), the goddess [Anat](/wiki/Anat "Anat") and [Hadad](/wiki/Hadad "Hadad"), the storm god and heroic slayer of [Yam](/wiki/Yam_%28god%29 "Yam (god)"). The composition of the [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible "Hebrew Bible") began centuries after the [Bronze Age collapse](/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse "Bronze Age collapse"), but many of these names are still reflected in Biblical Hebrew, including Elohim and the title [Ba'al](/wiki/Ba%27al "Ba'al"), originally a title of Hadad, as the rival or nemesis of [Yahweh](/wiki/Yahweh "Yahweh").
|
[
"Semitic\n-------",
"{{main\\|Ancient Semitic religion}}",
"### Mesopotamia",
"{{main\\|Ancient Mesopotamian religion}}\n{{further\\|Sumerian religion}}\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Impression of the cylinder seal of Ḫašḫamer, patesi (High Priest) of [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28mythology%29 \"Sin (mythology)\") at [Iškun\\-Sin](/wiki/I%C5%A1kun-Sin \"Iškun-Sin\"), c. 2400 BC](/wiki/File:Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg \"Sumerian Cylinder Seal of King Ur-Nammu.jpg\")\n{{Mesopotamian myth}}",
"#### Astrology",
"Identification of the gods and goddesses with heavenly bodies—planets, stars, the sun and the moon—and to assigning the seats of all the deities in the Heavens is found in Assyro\\-Babylonian religion.",
"The personification of the two great luminaries—the sun and the moon—was the first step in the unfolding of this system, and this was followed by placing the other deities where [Shamash](/wiki/Shamash \"Shamash\") and [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28mythology%29 \"Sin (mythology)\") had their seats. This process, which reached its culmination in the post\\-Hammurabic period, led to identifying the planet [Venus](/wiki/Venus \"Venus\") with [Ishtar](/wiki/Ishtar \"Ishtar\"), [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter \"Jupiter\") with [Marduk](/wiki/Marduk \"Marduk\"), [Mars](/wiki/Mars \"Mars\") with [Nergal](/wiki/Nergal \"Nergal\"), [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 \"Mercury (planet)\") with [Nabu](/wiki/Nabu \"Nabu\"), and [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn \"Saturn\") with [Ninurta](/wiki/Ninurta \"Ninurta\").",
"The system represents a harmonious combination of two factors, one of popular origin, the other the outcome of speculation in the schools attached to the temples of Babylonia. The popular factor is the belief in the influence exerted by the movements of the heavenly bodies on occurrences on earth—a belief naturally suggested by the dependence of life, vegetation and guidance upon the two great luminaries. Starting with this belief the Priests and Priestesses built up the theory of the close correspondence between occurrences on earth and phenomena in the Heavens. The Heavens presenting a constant change even to the superficial observer, the conclusion was drawn of a connection between the changes and the ever\\-changing movement in the fate of individuals and of nature as well as in the appearance of nature.",
"To read the signs of the heavens was therefore to understand the meaning of occurrences on Earth, and with this accomplished, it was also possible to foretell what events were portended by the position and relationship to one another of the sun, the moon, the planets and certain stars. Myths that symbolized changes in season or occurrences in nature were projected on the heavens, which were mapped out to correspond to the divisions of the earth.",
"All the [gods](/wiki/God \"God\"), [demons](/wiki/Demons \"Demons\") and spirits had their places assigned to them in the heavens, and facts, including such as fell within the domain of [political history](/wiki/Political_history \"Political history\"), were interpreted in terms of [astral theology](/wiki/Astral_theology \"Astral theology\"). So completely did this system in the course of time sway men's minds that the cults and sects, from being an expression of [animistic beliefs](/wiki/Animism \"Animism\"), took on the color derived from the \"astral\" interpretation of occurrences and doctrines. It left its trace in [incantations](/wiki/Incantation \"Incantation\"), [omens](/wiki/Omen \"Omen\") and [hymns](/wiki/Hymn \"Hymn\") and gave birth to [astronomy](/wiki/Astronomy \"Astronomy\"), which was assiduously cultivated because a knowledge of the heavens was the very foundation of the system of belief unfolded by the priests of Babylonia and Assyria.",
"As an illustration of the manner in which the doctrines of the religion were made to conform to the all\\-pervading astral theory, it will be sufficient to refer to the modification undergone in this process of the view developed in a very early period which apportioned the control of the universe among the three gods Anu, Enlil and Ea. Disassociating these Gods from all local connections, Anu became the power presiding over the Heavens, to Enlil was assigned the earth and the atmosphere immediately above it, while Ea ruled over the deep. With the transfer of all the Gods to the heavens, and under the influence of the doctrine of the correspondence between the heavens and the earth, Anu, Enlil and Ea became the three \"ways\" (as they are called) on the heavens.",
"The \"ways\" appear in this instance to have been the designation of the [ecliptic circle](/wiki/Ecliptic_circle \"Ecliptic circle\"), which was divided into three sections or zones—a northern, a middle and a southern zone, Anu being assigned to the first, Enlil to the second, and Ea to the third zone. The astral theology of the Babylonian\\-Assyrian religion, while thus bearing the ear\\-marks of a system devised by the priests, succeeded in assimilating the beliefs which represented the earlier attempts to systematize the more popular aspects of the religion, and in this way a unification of diverse elements was secured that led to interpreting the contents and the form of the religion in terms of the astral\\-theological system.{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2013}}",
"#### Ethic",
"On the [ethical](/wiki/Ethics \"Ethics\") sides, the religion of Babylonia more particularly, and to a less extent that of Assyria, advances to noticeable conceptions of the qualities associated with the Gods and Goddesses and of the duties imposed on man. Shamash, the Sun\\-God, was invested with justice as his chief trait, Marduk is portrayed as full of mercy and kindness, and Ea is in general the protector of mankind, a father who takes them under his protection. The Gods, to be sure, are easily aroused to anger, and in some of them the dire aspects predominated, but the view becomes more and more pronounced that there is some cause always for the [divine wrath](/wiki/Divine_wrath \"Divine wrath\"). Though, in accounting for the anger of the Gods, no sharp distinction is made between moral offences and a ritualistic oversight or neglect, yet the stress laid in the hymns and prayers, as well as in the elaborate [atonement](/wiki/wikt:Atonement \"Atonement\") ritual prescribed in order to appease the anger of the Gods, on the need of being clean and pure in the sight of the higher powers, the inculcation of a proper aspect of [humility](/wiki/Humility \"Humility\"), and above all the need of confessing one's guilt and sins without any reserve—all this bears testimony to the strength which the ethical factor acquired in the domain of the Religion.",
"This factor appears to less advantage in the unfolding of the views concerning [life after death](/wiki/Life_after_death \"Life after death\"). Throughout all periods of Babylonian\\-Assyrian history, the conception prevailed of a large dark cavern below the earth, not far from the [Apsu](/wiki/Apsu \"Apsu\")—the fresh water abyss encircling and flowing underneath the earth—in which all the dead were gathered and where they led a miserable existence of inactivity, amid gloom and dust. Occasionally a favoured individual was permitted to escape from this general fate and placed in a pleasant island. It would appear also that the rulers were always singled out for [divine grace](/wiki/Divine_grace \"Divine grace\"), and in the earlier periods of the history, owing to the prevailing view that the rulers stood nearer to the Gods than other mortals, the kings were deified after death, and in some instances divine honours were paid to them even during their lifetime.",
"#### Demonology",
"{{Main\\|Mesopotamian demon\\|l1\\=Mesopotamian Demon}}",
"Ancient Near Eastern religion knew an elaborate system of benevolent, neutral and malevolent demons (which more resembled Greek [daemons](/wiki/Daemon_%28classical_mythology%29 \"Daemon (classical mythology)\") than the [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") concept of evil demons), and much of medicine consisted of [exorcisms](/wiki/Exorcism \"Exorcism\"), e.g. of [Lamashtu](/wiki/Lamashtu \"Lamashtu\"), the demoness responsible for complications at childbirth and infant deaths.",
"In Assyrian and Babylonian mythology the seven evil demons were known as *[Shedu](/wiki/Shedu \"Shedu\")* or *[Lamassu](/wiki/Lamassu \"Lamassu\")*, meaning \"storm\\-demon\". They were represented in [winged bull form](/wiki/Bull_%28mythology%29 \"Bull (mythology)\"), derived from the colossal bulls used as protective genii of royal palaces, the name \"Shed\" assumed also the meaning of a propitious genius in [Babylonian](/wiki/Babylon \"Babylon\") magical literature.See Delitzsch, *Assyrisches Handwörterbuch*. pp. 60, 253, 261, 646; Jensen, *Assyr.\\-Babyl. Mythen und Epen*, 1900, p. 453; [Archibald Sayce](/wiki/Archibald_Sayce \"Archibald Sayce\"), l.c. pp. 441, 450, 463; [Lenormant](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lenormant \"François Lenormant\"), l.c. pp. 48–51\\.",
"### Levant",
"{{main\\|Ancient Canaanite religion\\|Yahwism\\|Judaism}}\nThe deities worshipped in [Canaanite religion](/wiki/Canaanite_religion \"Canaanite religion\") during the Late Bronze Age notably included [El Elyon](/wiki/El_Elyon \"El Elyon\") and his sons, the [Elohim](/wiki/Elohim \"Elohim\"), the goddess [Anat](/wiki/Anat \"Anat\") and [Hadad](/wiki/Hadad \"Hadad\"), the storm god and heroic slayer of [Yam](/wiki/Yam_%28god%29 \"Yam (god)\"). The composition of the [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible \"Hebrew Bible\") began centuries after the [Bronze Age collapse](/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse \"Bronze Age collapse\"), but many of these names are still reflected in Biblical Hebrew, including Elohim and the title [Ba'al](/wiki/Ba%27al \"Ba'al\"), originally a title of Hadad, as the rival or nemesis of [Yahweh](/wiki/Yahweh \"Yahweh\").",
""
] |
### Mesopotamia
{{main\|Ancient Mesopotamian religion}}
{{further\|Sumerian religion}}
[thumb\|250px\|Impression of the cylinder seal of Ḫašḫamer, patesi (High Priest) of [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28mythology%29 "Sin (mythology)") at [Iškun\-Sin](/wiki/I%C5%A1kun-Sin "Iškun-Sin"), c. 2400 BC](/wiki/File:Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg "Sumerian Cylinder Seal of King Ur-Nammu.jpg")
{{Mesopotamian myth}}
#### Astrology
Identification of the gods and goddesses with heavenly bodies—planets, stars, the sun and the moon—and to assigning the seats of all the deities in the Heavens is found in Assyro\-Babylonian religion.
The personification of the two great luminaries—the sun and the moon—was the first step in the unfolding of this system, and this was followed by placing the other deities where [Shamash](/wiki/Shamash "Shamash") and [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28mythology%29 "Sin (mythology)") had their seats. This process, which reached its culmination in the post\-Hammurabic period, led to identifying the planet [Venus](/wiki/Venus "Venus") with [Ishtar](/wiki/Ishtar "Ishtar"), [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter "Jupiter") with [Marduk](/wiki/Marduk "Marduk"), [Mars](/wiki/Mars "Mars") with [Nergal](/wiki/Nergal "Nergal"), [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 "Mercury (planet)") with [Nabu](/wiki/Nabu "Nabu"), and [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn "Saturn") with [Ninurta](/wiki/Ninurta "Ninurta").
The system represents a harmonious combination of two factors, one of popular origin, the other the outcome of speculation in the schools attached to the temples of Babylonia. The popular factor is the belief in the influence exerted by the movements of the heavenly bodies on occurrences on earth—a belief naturally suggested by the dependence of life, vegetation and guidance upon the two great luminaries. Starting with this belief the Priests and Priestesses built up the theory of the close correspondence between occurrences on earth and phenomena in the Heavens. The Heavens presenting a constant change even to the superficial observer, the conclusion was drawn of a connection between the changes and the ever\-changing movement in the fate of individuals and of nature as well as in the appearance of nature.
To read the signs of the heavens was therefore to understand the meaning of occurrences on Earth, and with this accomplished, it was also possible to foretell what events were portended by the position and relationship to one another of the sun, the moon, the planets and certain stars. Myths that symbolized changes in season or occurrences in nature were projected on the heavens, which were mapped out to correspond to the divisions of the earth.
All the [gods](/wiki/God "God"), [demons](/wiki/Demons "Demons") and spirits had their places assigned to them in the heavens, and facts, including such as fell within the domain of [political history](/wiki/Political_history "Political history"), were interpreted in terms of [astral theology](/wiki/Astral_theology "Astral theology"). So completely did this system in the course of time sway men's minds that the cults and sects, from being an expression of [animistic beliefs](/wiki/Animism "Animism"), took on the color derived from the "astral" interpretation of occurrences and doctrines. It left its trace in [incantations](/wiki/Incantation "Incantation"), [omens](/wiki/Omen "Omen") and [hymns](/wiki/Hymn "Hymn") and gave birth to [astronomy](/wiki/Astronomy "Astronomy"), which was assiduously cultivated because a knowledge of the heavens was the very foundation of the system of belief unfolded by the priests of Babylonia and Assyria.
As an illustration of the manner in which the doctrines of the religion were made to conform to the all\-pervading astral theory, it will be sufficient to refer to the modification undergone in this process of the view developed in a very early period which apportioned the control of the universe among the three gods Anu, Enlil and Ea. Disassociating these Gods from all local connections, Anu became the power presiding over the Heavens, to Enlil was assigned the earth and the atmosphere immediately above it, while Ea ruled over the deep. With the transfer of all the Gods to the heavens, and under the influence of the doctrine of the correspondence between the heavens and the earth, Anu, Enlil and Ea became the three "ways" (as they are called) on the heavens.
The "ways" appear in this instance to have been the designation of the [ecliptic circle](/wiki/Ecliptic_circle "Ecliptic circle"), which was divided into three sections or zones—a northern, a middle and a southern zone, Anu being assigned to the first, Enlil to the second, and Ea to the third zone. The astral theology of the Babylonian\-Assyrian religion, while thus bearing the ear\-marks of a system devised by the priests, succeeded in assimilating the beliefs which represented the earlier attempts to systematize the more popular aspects of the religion, and in this way a unification of diverse elements was secured that led to interpreting the contents and the form of the religion in terms of the astral\-theological system.{{clarify\|date\=May 2013}}
#### Ethic
On the [ethical](/wiki/Ethics "Ethics") sides, the religion of Babylonia more particularly, and to a less extent that of Assyria, advances to noticeable conceptions of the qualities associated with the Gods and Goddesses and of the duties imposed on man. Shamash, the Sun\-God, was invested with justice as his chief trait, Marduk is portrayed as full of mercy and kindness, and Ea is in general the protector of mankind, a father who takes them under his protection. The Gods, to be sure, are easily aroused to anger, and in some of them the dire aspects predominated, but the view becomes more and more pronounced that there is some cause always for the [divine wrath](/wiki/Divine_wrath "Divine wrath"). Though, in accounting for the anger of the Gods, no sharp distinction is made between moral offences and a ritualistic oversight or neglect, yet the stress laid in the hymns and prayers, as well as in the elaborate [atonement](/wiki/wikt:Atonement "Atonement") ritual prescribed in order to appease the anger of the Gods, on the need of being clean and pure in the sight of the higher powers, the inculcation of a proper aspect of [humility](/wiki/Humility "Humility"), and above all the need of confessing one's guilt and sins without any reserve—all this bears testimony to the strength which the ethical factor acquired in the domain of the Religion.
This factor appears to less advantage in the unfolding of the views concerning [life after death](/wiki/Life_after_death "Life after death"). Throughout all periods of Babylonian\-Assyrian history, the conception prevailed of a large dark cavern below the earth, not far from the [Apsu](/wiki/Apsu "Apsu")—the fresh water abyss encircling and flowing underneath the earth—in which all the dead were gathered and where they led a miserable existence of inactivity, amid gloom and dust. Occasionally a favoured individual was permitted to escape from this general fate and placed in a pleasant island. It would appear also that the rulers were always singled out for [divine grace](/wiki/Divine_grace "Divine grace"), and in the earlier periods of the history, owing to the prevailing view that the rulers stood nearer to the Gods than other mortals, the kings were deified after death, and in some instances divine honours were paid to them even during their lifetime.
#### Demonology
{{Main\|Mesopotamian demon\|l1\=Mesopotamian Demon}}
Ancient Near Eastern religion knew an elaborate system of benevolent, neutral and malevolent demons (which more resembled Greek [daemons](/wiki/Daemon_%28classical_mythology%29 "Daemon (classical mythology)") than the [Christian](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") concept of evil demons), and much of medicine consisted of [exorcisms](/wiki/Exorcism "Exorcism"), e.g. of [Lamashtu](/wiki/Lamashtu "Lamashtu"), the demoness responsible for complications at childbirth and infant deaths.
In Assyrian and Babylonian mythology the seven evil demons were known as *[Shedu](/wiki/Shedu "Shedu")* or *[Lamassu](/wiki/Lamassu "Lamassu")*, meaning "storm\-demon". They were represented in [winged bull form](/wiki/Bull_%28mythology%29 "Bull (mythology)"), derived from the colossal bulls used as protective genii of royal palaces, the name "Shed" assumed also the meaning of a propitious genius in [Babylonian](/wiki/Babylon "Babylon") magical literature.See Delitzsch, *Assyrisches Handwörterbuch*. pp. 60, 253, 261, 646; Jensen, *Assyr.\-Babyl. Mythen und Epen*, 1900, p. 453; [Archibald Sayce](/wiki/Archibald_Sayce "Archibald Sayce"), l.c. pp. 441, 450, 463; [Lenormant](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lenormant "François Lenormant"), l.c. pp. 48–51\.
|
[
"### Mesopotamia",
"{{main\\|Ancient Mesopotamian religion}}\n{{further\\|Sumerian religion}}\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Impression of the cylinder seal of Ḫašḫamer, patesi (High Priest) of [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28mythology%29 \"Sin (mythology)\") at [Iškun\\-Sin](/wiki/I%C5%A1kun-Sin \"Iškun-Sin\"), c. 2400 BC](/wiki/File:Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg \"Sumerian Cylinder Seal of King Ur-Nammu.jpg\")\n{{Mesopotamian myth}}",
"#### Astrology",
"Identification of the gods and goddesses with heavenly bodies—planets, stars, the sun and the moon—and to assigning the seats of all the deities in the Heavens is found in Assyro\\-Babylonian religion.",
"The personification of the two great luminaries—the sun and the moon—was the first step in the unfolding of this system, and this was followed by placing the other deities where [Shamash](/wiki/Shamash \"Shamash\") and [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28mythology%29 \"Sin (mythology)\") had their seats. This process, which reached its culmination in the post\\-Hammurabic period, led to identifying the planet [Venus](/wiki/Venus \"Venus\") with [Ishtar](/wiki/Ishtar \"Ishtar\"), [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter \"Jupiter\") with [Marduk](/wiki/Marduk \"Marduk\"), [Mars](/wiki/Mars \"Mars\") with [Nergal](/wiki/Nergal \"Nergal\"), [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 \"Mercury (planet)\") with [Nabu](/wiki/Nabu \"Nabu\"), and [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn \"Saturn\") with [Ninurta](/wiki/Ninurta \"Ninurta\").",
"The system represents a harmonious combination of two factors, one of popular origin, the other the outcome of speculation in the schools attached to the temples of Babylonia. The popular factor is the belief in the influence exerted by the movements of the heavenly bodies on occurrences on earth—a belief naturally suggested by the dependence of life, vegetation and guidance upon the two great luminaries. Starting with this belief the Priests and Priestesses built up the theory of the close correspondence between occurrences on earth and phenomena in the Heavens. The Heavens presenting a constant change even to the superficial observer, the conclusion was drawn of a connection between the changes and the ever\\-changing movement in the fate of individuals and of nature as well as in the appearance of nature.",
"To read the signs of the heavens was therefore to understand the meaning of occurrences on Earth, and with this accomplished, it was also possible to foretell what events were portended by the position and relationship to one another of the sun, the moon, the planets and certain stars. Myths that symbolized changes in season or occurrences in nature were projected on the heavens, which were mapped out to correspond to the divisions of the earth.",
"All the [gods](/wiki/God \"God\"), [demons](/wiki/Demons \"Demons\") and spirits had their places assigned to them in the heavens, and facts, including such as fell within the domain of [political history](/wiki/Political_history \"Political history\"), were interpreted in terms of [astral theology](/wiki/Astral_theology \"Astral theology\"). So completely did this system in the course of time sway men's minds that the cults and sects, from being an expression of [animistic beliefs](/wiki/Animism \"Animism\"), took on the color derived from the \"astral\" interpretation of occurrences and doctrines. It left its trace in [incantations](/wiki/Incantation \"Incantation\"), [omens](/wiki/Omen \"Omen\") and [hymns](/wiki/Hymn \"Hymn\") and gave birth to [astronomy](/wiki/Astronomy \"Astronomy\"), which was assiduously cultivated because a knowledge of the heavens was the very foundation of the system of belief unfolded by the priests of Babylonia and Assyria.",
"As an illustration of the manner in which the doctrines of the religion were made to conform to the all\\-pervading astral theory, it will be sufficient to refer to the modification undergone in this process of the view developed in a very early period which apportioned the control of the universe among the three gods Anu, Enlil and Ea. Disassociating these Gods from all local connections, Anu became the power presiding over the Heavens, to Enlil was assigned the earth and the atmosphere immediately above it, while Ea ruled over the deep. With the transfer of all the Gods to the heavens, and under the influence of the doctrine of the correspondence between the heavens and the earth, Anu, Enlil and Ea became the three \"ways\" (as they are called) on the heavens.",
"The \"ways\" appear in this instance to have been the designation of the [ecliptic circle](/wiki/Ecliptic_circle \"Ecliptic circle\"), which was divided into three sections or zones—a northern, a middle and a southern zone, Anu being assigned to the first, Enlil to the second, and Ea to the third zone. The astral theology of the Babylonian\\-Assyrian religion, while thus bearing the ear\\-marks of a system devised by the priests, succeeded in assimilating the beliefs which represented the earlier attempts to systematize the more popular aspects of the religion, and in this way a unification of diverse elements was secured that led to interpreting the contents and the form of the religion in terms of the astral\\-theological system.{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2013}}",
"#### Ethic",
"On the [ethical](/wiki/Ethics \"Ethics\") sides, the religion of Babylonia more particularly, and to a less extent that of Assyria, advances to noticeable conceptions of the qualities associated with the Gods and Goddesses and of the duties imposed on man. Shamash, the Sun\\-God, was invested with justice as his chief trait, Marduk is portrayed as full of mercy and kindness, and Ea is in general the protector of mankind, a father who takes them under his protection. The Gods, to be sure, are easily aroused to anger, and in some of them the dire aspects predominated, but the view becomes more and more pronounced that there is some cause always for the [divine wrath](/wiki/Divine_wrath \"Divine wrath\"). Though, in accounting for the anger of the Gods, no sharp distinction is made between moral offences and a ritualistic oversight or neglect, yet the stress laid in the hymns and prayers, as well as in the elaborate [atonement](/wiki/wikt:Atonement \"Atonement\") ritual prescribed in order to appease the anger of the Gods, on the need of being clean and pure in the sight of the higher powers, the inculcation of a proper aspect of [humility](/wiki/Humility \"Humility\"), and above all the need of confessing one's guilt and sins without any reserve—all this bears testimony to the strength which the ethical factor acquired in the domain of the Religion.",
"This factor appears to less advantage in the unfolding of the views concerning [life after death](/wiki/Life_after_death \"Life after death\"). Throughout all periods of Babylonian\\-Assyrian history, the conception prevailed of a large dark cavern below the earth, not far from the [Apsu](/wiki/Apsu \"Apsu\")—the fresh water abyss encircling and flowing underneath the earth—in which all the dead were gathered and where they led a miserable existence of inactivity, amid gloom and dust. Occasionally a favoured individual was permitted to escape from this general fate and placed in a pleasant island. It would appear also that the rulers were always singled out for [divine grace](/wiki/Divine_grace \"Divine grace\"), and in the earlier periods of the history, owing to the prevailing view that the rulers stood nearer to the Gods than other mortals, the kings were deified after death, and in some instances divine honours were paid to them even during their lifetime.",
"#### Demonology",
"{{Main\\|Mesopotamian demon\\|l1\\=Mesopotamian Demon}}",
"Ancient Near Eastern religion knew an elaborate system of benevolent, neutral and malevolent demons (which more resembled Greek [daemons](/wiki/Daemon_%28classical_mythology%29 \"Daemon (classical mythology)\") than the [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") concept of evil demons), and much of medicine consisted of [exorcisms](/wiki/Exorcism \"Exorcism\"), e.g. of [Lamashtu](/wiki/Lamashtu \"Lamashtu\"), the demoness responsible for complications at childbirth and infant deaths.",
"In Assyrian and Babylonian mythology the seven evil demons were known as *[Shedu](/wiki/Shedu \"Shedu\")* or *[Lamassu](/wiki/Lamassu \"Lamassu\")*, meaning \"storm\\-demon\". They were represented in [winged bull form](/wiki/Bull_%28mythology%29 \"Bull (mythology)\"), derived from the colossal bulls used as protective genii of royal palaces, the name \"Shed\" assumed also the meaning of a propitious genius in [Babylonian](/wiki/Babylon \"Babylon\") magical literature.See Delitzsch, *Assyrisches Handwörterbuch*. pp. 60, 253, 261, 646; Jensen, *Assyr.\\-Babyl. Mythen und Epen*, 1900, p. 453; [Archibald Sayce](/wiki/Archibald_Sayce \"Archibald Sayce\"), l.c. pp. 441, 450, 463; [Lenormant](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lenormant \"François Lenormant\"), l.c. pp. 48–51\\.",
""
] |
#### Astrology
Identification of the gods and goddesses with heavenly bodies—planets, stars, the sun and the moon—and to assigning the seats of all the deities in the Heavens is found in Assyro\-Babylonian religion.
The personification of the two great luminaries—the sun and the moon—was the first step in the unfolding of this system, and this was followed by placing the other deities where [Shamash](/wiki/Shamash "Shamash") and [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28mythology%29 "Sin (mythology)") had their seats. This process, which reached its culmination in the post\-Hammurabic period, led to identifying the planet [Venus](/wiki/Venus "Venus") with [Ishtar](/wiki/Ishtar "Ishtar"), [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter "Jupiter") with [Marduk](/wiki/Marduk "Marduk"), [Mars](/wiki/Mars "Mars") with [Nergal](/wiki/Nergal "Nergal"), [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 "Mercury (planet)") with [Nabu](/wiki/Nabu "Nabu"), and [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn "Saturn") with [Ninurta](/wiki/Ninurta "Ninurta").
The system represents a harmonious combination of two factors, one of popular origin, the other the outcome of speculation in the schools attached to the temples of Babylonia. The popular factor is the belief in the influence exerted by the movements of the heavenly bodies on occurrences on earth—a belief naturally suggested by the dependence of life, vegetation and guidance upon the two great luminaries. Starting with this belief the Priests and Priestesses built up the theory of the close correspondence between occurrences on earth and phenomena in the Heavens. The Heavens presenting a constant change even to the superficial observer, the conclusion was drawn of a connection between the changes and the ever\-changing movement in the fate of individuals and of nature as well as in the appearance of nature.
To read the signs of the heavens was therefore to understand the meaning of occurrences on Earth, and with this accomplished, it was also possible to foretell what events were portended by the position and relationship to one another of the sun, the moon, the planets and certain stars. Myths that symbolized changes in season or occurrences in nature were projected on the heavens, which were mapped out to correspond to the divisions of the earth.
All the [gods](/wiki/God "God"), [demons](/wiki/Demons "Demons") and spirits had their places assigned to them in the heavens, and facts, including such as fell within the domain of [political history](/wiki/Political_history "Political history"), were interpreted in terms of [astral theology](/wiki/Astral_theology "Astral theology"). So completely did this system in the course of time sway men's minds that the cults and sects, from being an expression of [animistic beliefs](/wiki/Animism "Animism"), took on the color derived from the "astral" interpretation of occurrences and doctrines. It left its trace in [incantations](/wiki/Incantation "Incantation"), [omens](/wiki/Omen "Omen") and [hymns](/wiki/Hymn "Hymn") and gave birth to [astronomy](/wiki/Astronomy "Astronomy"), which was assiduously cultivated because a knowledge of the heavens was the very foundation of the system of belief unfolded by the priests of Babylonia and Assyria.
As an illustration of the manner in which the doctrines of the religion were made to conform to the all\-pervading astral theory, it will be sufficient to refer to the modification undergone in this process of the view developed in a very early period which apportioned the control of the universe among the three gods Anu, Enlil and Ea. Disassociating these Gods from all local connections, Anu became the power presiding over the Heavens, to Enlil was assigned the earth and the atmosphere immediately above it, while Ea ruled over the deep. With the transfer of all the Gods to the heavens, and under the influence of the doctrine of the correspondence between the heavens and the earth, Anu, Enlil and Ea became the three "ways" (as they are called) on the heavens.
The "ways" appear in this instance to have been the designation of the [ecliptic circle](/wiki/Ecliptic_circle "Ecliptic circle"), which was divided into three sections or zones—a northern, a middle and a southern zone, Anu being assigned to the first, Enlil to the second, and Ea to the third zone. The astral theology of the Babylonian\-Assyrian religion, while thus bearing the ear\-marks of a system devised by the priests, succeeded in assimilating the beliefs which represented the earlier attempts to systematize the more popular aspects of the religion, and in this way a unification of diverse elements was secured that led to interpreting the contents and the form of the religion in terms of the astral\-theological system.{{clarify\|date\=May 2013}}
|
[
"#### Astrology",
"Identification of the gods and goddesses with heavenly bodies—planets, stars, the sun and the moon—and to assigning the seats of all the deities in the Heavens is found in Assyro\\-Babylonian religion.",
"The personification of the two great luminaries—the sun and the moon—was the first step in the unfolding of this system, and this was followed by placing the other deities where [Shamash](/wiki/Shamash \"Shamash\") and [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28mythology%29 \"Sin (mythology)\") had their seats. This process, which reached its culmination in the post\\-Hammurabic period, led to identifying the planet [Venus](/wiki/Venus \"Venus\") with [Ishtar](/wiki/Ishtar \"Ishtar\"), [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter \"Jupiter\") with [Marduk](/wiki/Marduk \"Marduk\"), [Mars](/wiki/Mars \"Mars\") with [Nergal](/wiki/Nergal \"Nergal\"), [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 \"Mercury (planet)\") with [Nabu](/wiki/Nabu \"Nabu\"), and [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn \"Saturn\") with [Ninurta](/wiki/Ninurta \"Ninurta\").",
"The system represents a harmonious combination of two factors, one of popular origin, the other the outcome of speculation in the schools attached to the temples of Babylonia. The popular factor is the belief in the influence exerted by the movements of the heavenly bodies on occurrences on earth—a belief naturally suggested by the dependence of life, vegetation and guidance upon the two great luminaries. Starting with this belief the Priests and Priestesses built up the theory of the close correspondence between occurrences on earth and phenomena in the Heavens. The Heavens presenting a constant change even to the superficial observer, the conclusion was drawn of a connection between the changes and the ever\\-changing movement in the fate of individuals and of nature as well as in the appearance of nature.",
"To read the signs of the heavens was therefore to understand the meaning of occurrences on Earth, and with this accomplished, it was also possible to foretell what events were portended by the position and relationship to one another of the sun, the moon, the planets and certain stars. Myths that symbolized changes in season or occurrences in nature were projected on the heavens, which were mapped out to correspond to the divisions of the earth.",
"All the [gods](/wiki/God \"God\"), [demons](/wiki/Demons \"Demons\") and spirits had their places assigned to them in the heavens, and facts, including such as fell within the domain of [political history](/wiki/Political_history \"Political history\"), were interpreted in terms of [astral theology](/wiki/Astral_theology \"Astral theology\"). So completely did this system in the course of time sway men's minds that the cults and sects, from being an expression of [animistic beliefs](/wiki/Animism \"Animism\"), took on the color derived from the \"astral\" interpretation of occurrences and doctrines. It left its trace in [incantations](/wiki/Incantation \"Incantation\"), [omens](/wiki/Omen \"Omen\") and [hymns](/wiki/Hymn \"Hymn\") and gave birth to [astronomy](/wiki/Astronomy \"Astronomy\"), which was assiduously cultivated because a knowledge of the heavens was the very foundation of the system of belief unfolded by the priests of Babylonia and Assyria.",
"As an illustration of the manner in which the doctrines of the religion were made to conform to the all\\-pervading astral theory, it will be sufficient to refer to the modification undergone in this process of the view developed in a very early period which apportioned the control of the universe among the three gods Anu, Enlil and Ea. Disassociating these Gods from all local connections, Anu became the power presiding over the Heavens, to Enlil was assigned the earth and the atmosphere immediately above it, while Ea ruled over the deep. With the transfer of all the Gods to the heavens, and under the influence of the doctrine of the correspondence between the heavens and the earth, Anu, Enlil and Ea became the three \"ways\" (as they are called) on the heavens.",
"The \"ways\" appear in this instance to have been the designation of the [ecliptic circle](/wiki/Ecliptic_circle \"Ecliptic circle\"), which was divided into three sections or zones—a northern, a middle and a southern zone, Anu being assigned to the first, Enlil to the second, and Ea to the third zone. The astral theology of the Babylonian\\-Assyrian religion, while thus bearing the ear\\-marks of a system devised by the priests, succeeded in assimilating the beliefs which represented the earlier attempts to systematize the more popular aspects of the religion, and in this way a unification of diverse elements was secured that led to interpreting the contents and the form of the religion in terms of the astral\\-theological system.{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2013}}",
""
] |
Career
------
In the earlier phase of her career, she held the position of Joint Secretary at the Ministry of Information \& Broadcasting, Government of India.{{Cite web \|title\=1991\-batch IAS officers are now Joint Secretari \|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/dec/27/1991\-batch\-ias\-officers\-are\-now\-joint\-secretari\-214366\.html \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-03 \|website\=The New Indian Express}} Prior to her transfer to the central government, she worked as an Additional Collector in the Vellore district and served as the Managing Director of the Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society (TANSACS).{{cite web \|title\=Ministry of Information \& Broadcasting, Government of India \|url\=https://www.ibfindia.com/ministry\-information\-broadcasting\-government\-india \|access\-date\=25 July 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020055015/https://www.ibfindia.com/ministry\-information\-broadcasting\-government\-india \|archive\-date\=Oct 20, 2013 \|language\=en \|quote\=Supriya Sahu has been elevated to Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting from her earlier position of Director Broadcasting in the same Ministry. \|url\-status\=unfit}}
On October 25, 2016, she was elected and appointed vice\-president of the Asia\-Pacific Broadcasting Union.{{Cite web \|title\=India Television \|url\=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv\-channels/people/dd\-d\-g\-sahu\-elected\-asia\-pacific\-broadcasting\-vice\-president\-161028 }} She assumed the role of Acting President of the Asia\-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU), which she handed over to the new President in October 2018\. She was the first female Vice\-President of the ABU.
In February 2016, she was chosen by Prasar Bharati, the public service broadcaster of India, to serve as the Director General of the state broadcaster, Doordarshan.{{Cite news \|date\=2016\-02\-24 \|title\=Prasar Bharati board picks Doordarshan, AIR heads \|work\=The Economic Times \|url\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/prasar\-bharati\-board\-picks\-doordarshan\-air\-heads/articleshow/51127219\.cms \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-03 \|issn\=0013\-0389}} Subsequently, the broadcaster recommended her name to the Ministry of Information \& Broadcasting (I\&B) for approval. Sahu had previously held the position of director at the I\&B ministry and was later promoted to the post of Joint Secretary.{{Cite web \|last\=Ahluwalia \|first\=Harveen \|date\=2016\-06\-15 \|title\=Supriya Sahu to take over as Doordarshan director general \|url\=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/o8CSnrKRmIBJ82Zkg3SjYM/Supriya\-Sahu\-to\-take\-over\-as\-Doordarshan\-director\-general.html \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-03 \|website\=mint \|language\=en}}
### Environment and Climate Change
She currently holds the position of Additional Chief Secretary in the Department of Environment, Climate Change, and Forests. After the prohibition on plastic bag usage in Tamil Nadu, Ms Sahu initiated a campaign called "Meendum Manjapai" to encourage people to adopt the use of cloth bags.{{Cite web \|last\=Raja \|first\=Vidya \|title\=Exclusive: IAS Officer Revives Tamil Nadu's Eco\-Friendly 'Manjapai' Bags \|url\=https://www.thebetterindia.com/270216/meendum\-manjapai\-tamil\-nadu\-ias\-supriya\-sahu\-revives\-eco\-friendly\-cloth\-bag/ \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-03 \|website\=www.thebetterindia.com \|language\=en\-US}} These bags aim to motivate individuals to bid farewell to single\-use plastics. The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M K Stalin, inaugurated the campaign. During her tenure, Tamil Nadu successfully added four new sites to the prestigious Ramsar list of wetlands.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-08\-14 \|title\=Tamil Nadu: Four more sites added to Ramsar list \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil\-nadu\-sites\-added\-to\-ramsar\-list\-union\-environment\-ministry\-8088836/ \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-03 \|website\=The Indian Express \|language\=en}} To bring about grassroots\-level changes in combating climate change, Tamil Nadu is transforming 10 villages into climate\-smart villages. This initiative aims to promote the utilization of solar energy, as well as methods for treating and reusing wastewater, among other initiatives.{{Cite web \|last\=Baraasu \|first\=Rudhran \|date\=2022\-11\-18 \|title\=10 villages near tourist hubs in TN to be made climate smart \|url\=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/11/18/10\-villages\-near\-tourist\-hubs\-in\-tn\-to\-be\-made\-climate\-smart \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-03 \|website\=www.dtnext.in \|language\=en}} Furthermore, Tamil Nadu has introduced a 10\-month mentorship program for women to enhance their understanding of climate change and enable them to work on initiatives that mitigate its impact in their respective areas of influence.{{Cite news \|date\=2022\-10\-29 \|title\=Twenty young women from Chennai handpicked for climate change initiatives \|language\=en\-IN \|work\=The Hindu \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/twenty\-young\-women\-from\-chennai\-handpicked\-for\-climate\-change\-initiatives/article66071108\.ece \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-03 \|issn\=0971\-751X}} The state has also established a special purpose vehicle (SPV) to manage three natural conservation missions: Tamil Nadu Climate Change, Tamil Nadu Green, and Tamil Nadu Wetlands.{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-11\-05 \|title\=TN sets up first ever SPV to professionally manage three critical natural conservation missions \|url\=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/tn\-sets\-up\-first\-ever\-spv\-to\-professionally\-manage\-three\-critical\-natural\-conservation\-missions/article37336216\.ece \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-03 \|website\=www.thehindubusinessline.com \|language\=en}} The SPV's mission involves planning, executing, and monitoring the state\-wide programs for [climate change adaptation](/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation "Climate change adaptation") and mitigation, wetlands mapping, and restoration.
### The INDCOSERVE
As Managing Director, INDCOSERVE, Sahu led the transformation of cooperative through initiatives to enhance the income of tea growers{{Cite news\|date\=2020\-08\-25\|title\=Tea growers seek hike in green leaves price\|language\=en\-IN\|work\=The Hindu\|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/tea\-growers\-seek\-hike\-in\-green\-leaves\-price/article32440812\.ece\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-30\|issn\=0971\-751X}} and increasing tea cooperatives' brand recognition.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-12\-18\|title\=30,000 small tea growers to benefit from Indcoserve's brand building exercise\|url\=https://www.newswrapindia.com/30000\-small\-tea\-growers\-to\-benefit\-from\-indcoserves\-brand\-building\-exercise/.html\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-30\|website\=NewswrapIndia\|language\=en\-US}} Nearly 30,000 small tea growers are likely to benefit from the initiative. Cooperative also started the practice of fixing in advance the green tea leaf prices grown by the small tea growers. Tea farmers received all all\-time high price for green leaves in August 2020\.
For marketing of the tea produced by the farmers' cooperative, Sahu started a unique initiative called 'Tea Vandis' where the produce is marketed by tribes of The Nilgiris district.{{Cite web\|author\=Shantha Thyagarajan\|date\=Dec 1, 2020\|title\=Indcoserve launches 'Tea Vandis' to market teas by tribals \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/indcoserve\-launches\-tea\-vandis\-to\-market\-teas\-by\-tribals/articleshow/79514587\.cms\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-30\|website\=The Times of India\|language\=en}} Under this initiative, INDCOSERVE provides a food truck to [Toda](/wiki/Toda_people "Toda people") tribal communities. Currently, four 'Vandis' are operational at different vantage points in [Ooty](/wiki/Ooty "Ooty"){{Cite web\|date\=2020\-12\-01\|title\=Indcoserve launches 'Tea Vandis' to market teas by tribals \|url\=https://thegreaterindia.in/state/indcoserve\-launches\-tea\-vandis\-to\-market\-teas\-by\-tribals\-coimbatore\-news/\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-30\|website\=24/7 News \- The Greater India Network\|language\=en\-US}} district. Sahu inaugurated 'INDCO Tea House' to popularise and market variety of tea manufactured by farmers' cooperative.{{Cite news\|date\=2020\-12\-21\|title\=INDCO Tea House inaugurated in Coonoor\|language\=en\-IN\|work\=The Hindu\|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/indco\-tea\-house\-inaugurated\-in\-coonoor/article33388322\.ece\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-30\|issn\=0971\-751X}}
The cooperative launched six new tea manufacturers \- Nilgiris Kahwa Tea, Honey Hill Tea, Marlimund Tea, Bedford Tea, Mountain Rose Gold Tea and Ooty Gold Tea.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-11\-26\|title\=Indcoserve launches six new tea manufacturers \|url\=https://thegreaterindia.in/state/indcoserve\-launches\-six\-new\-tea\-brands\-coimbatore\-news/\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-30\|website\=24/7 News \- The Greater India Network\|language\=en\-US}} Earlier, INDCOSERVE advertised only mud\-grade tea or Ooty Tea. These products will also be sold through e\-commerce platforms [Amazon](/wiki/Amazon_%28company%29 "Amazon (company)") and [Flipkart](/wiki/Flipkart "Flipkart").
The cooperative also launched a drive to rope in small tea farmers to adopt organic farming by launching ‘Scope Certification’, at the Kinnakorai Industrial Cooperative.{{Cite web\|agency\=TNN\|date\=Jan 22, 2021\|title\=Drive to rope in small tea growers to practise organic farming launched in Nilgiris\|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/drive\-to\-rope\-in\-small\-tea\-growers\-to\-practise\-organic\-farming\-launched\-in\-nilgiris/articleshow/80393955\.cms\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-30\|website\=The Times of India\|language\=en}} After continuously practicing organic farming for three years, farmers will be awarded 'organic certificate' for their tea produce. It has been widely reported that several factories of INDCOSERVE turned profit in last two years since Ms Sahu joined the organisation.{{cite news \|title\=How a female leader changed Nilgiris tea \|url\=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/food/drink/how\-a\-female\-leader\-changed\-nilgiris\-tea\-111617936607126\.html \|work\=Mintlounge \|date\=2021\-04\-09 \|language\=en}}{{cite web \|last1\=Anantharaman \|first1\=Aravinda \|title\=Supriya Sahu \|url\=https://tea\-biz.com/2021/04/09/qa\-supriya\-sahu/ \|website\=Tea Biz \|date\=2021\-04\-09}}
### Doordarshan
#### Revenue
During Sahu's tenure as Director\-General of Doordarshan, the public broadcaster's revenues increased{{cite news \|title\=Doordarshan's revenue rises to Rs827\.51 crore in FY17 \|url\=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3C9fKqrCNh9zNTGXXqoj0L/Doordarshans\-revenue\-rises\-to\-Rs82751\-crore\-in\-FY17\.html \|access\-date\=12 July 2018 \|agency\=The Mint}} to Rs 827\.51 during the financial year 2016–17\. It surpassed its annual target of Rs 800 crore and posted a growth of Rs 318\.06 crore compared to the previous financial year. To increase its revenue, Doordarshan started adopting new strategies including the auction of slots on [DD Freedish](/wiki/DD_Free_Dish "DD Free Dish"){{Cite news\|url\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/dd\-earns\-rs\-85\-crore\-from\-auction\-of\-11\-slots\-on\-its\-dth\-platform/articleshow/59448757\.cms\|title\=DD earns Rs 85 crore from auction of 11 slots on its DTH platform\|date\=5 July 2017\|work\=The Economic Times\|access\-date\=30 July 2018}} and planned to auction its prime time slots.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/Qo6oRVCESq8X5vwBlsHU3N/Prasar\-Bharati\-looks\-to\-rake\-in\-Rs100\-crore\-from\-Doordarshan.html\|title\=Prasar Bharati looks to rake in Rs100 crore from DD's prime time slot auction\|last\=Ahluwalia\|first\=Harveen\|date\=29 March 2017\|work\=www.livemint.com\|access\-date\=30 July 2018}} In 2018, Doordarshan also recorded its top viewership on Republic Day i.e. 38 million viewers on a single day.
In April 2019, she announced that Doordarshan had recorded its highest revenue in the last five years, was no longer a loss\-making organisation.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.exchange4media.com/media\-tv\-news/at\-rs\-9438\-crore\-doordarshan\-records\-highest\-revenue\-in\-5\-years\-95997\.html\|title\=At Rs 943\.8 crore, Doordarshan records highest revenue in 5 years \- Exchange4media\|website\=Indian Advertising Media \& Marketing News – exchange4media\|language\=en\|access\-date\=29 April 2019}} In 2014–15, [Doordarshan](/wiki/Doordarshan "Doordarshan") reported a net collection of Rs 884\.2 crore, whereas in 2018–19, it hasgone up to Rs 943\.8 crore.
#### Programming
[thumb\|alt\=](/wiki/File:DD_Revenue_Graph.jpg "DD Revenue Graph.jpg")
Besides, Doordarshan has started various new programming initiatives under her leadership. It includes Doordarshan launching two new science channels i.e. DD Science and India Science.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/2\-science\-channels\-coming\-up\-in\-india\-to\-make\-science\-more\-popular\-1431935\-2019\-01\-16\|title\=2 science channels coming up in India to make science more popular\|date\=January 16, 2019 \|website\=India Today\|language\=en\|access\-date\=17 January 2019}} These channels aim to boost scientific temperament among the people. Two channels will have science\-based documentaries, studio\-based discussions, virtual walkthroughs of scientific institutions, interviews and short films and will be free to access. In December 2018, Supriya Sahu launched DD Roshni,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv\-channels/specialised\-and\-niche/doordarshan\-launches\-new\-educational\-channel\-dd\-roshini\-181206\|title\=Doordarshan launches new educational channel DD Roshini\|date\=6 December 2018\|website\=Indian Television Dot Com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=17 January 2019}} an educational channel as part of its partnership with *[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike](/wiki/Bruhat_Bengaluru_Mahanagara_Palike "Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike")* and Microsoft. DD has launched *‘Mahila Kisan Awards’*, a reality show{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.televisionpost.com/dd\-kisan\-launches\-reality\-show\-mahila\-kisan\-awards/\|title\=DD Kisan launches reality show 'Mahila Kisan Awards'\|date\=15 December 2018\|website\=TelevisionPost\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=17 January 2019}} that tells the stories of unsung women heroes of Indian agriculture.
Doordarshan also launched Kashmiri version of [Kaun Banega Crorepati](/wiki/Kaun_Banega_Crorepati "Kaun Banega Crorepati"), which will be broadcast on DD Kashir with vernacular name *[Kus Bani Koshur Karorpaet](/wiki/Kus_Bani_Koshur_Karorpaet "Kus Bani Koshur Karorpaet")*.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other\-states/local\-kbc\-version\-a\-boost\-for\-dd\-kashir/article26996731\.ece\|title\=Local KBC version, a boost for DD Kashir\[Or] DD Kashir strikes it rich with local KBC version\|last\=Ashiqsrinagar\|first\=Peerzada\|date\=1 May 2019\|work\=The Hindu\|access\-date\=4 May 2019\|language\=en\-IN\|issn\=0971\-751X}} The show will be produced by Studio Next of [Sony Pictures](/wiki/Sony_Pictures "Sony Pictures") who hold the licence to produce the KBC format in India.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/more/letters/why\-worry/\|title\=Why worry\|date\=13 March 2015\|website\=Greater Kashmir\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=4 May 2019}}
#### New technology
Under Sahu's leadership, Doordarshan started digital terrestrial transmission (DTT) and is planning to expand the services to 16 cities by 2017\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/nmErsKeZhxl2jhXbalgYDI/Doordarshan\-to\-expand\-DTT\-services\-in\-partnership\-with\-priva.html\|title\=Doordarshan to expand DTT services in partnership with private broadcasters\|last\=Ahluwalia\|first\=Harveen\|date\=29 December 2016\|work\=www.livemint.com\|access\-date\=30 July 2018}} There were reports in January 2018 that Doordarshan was planning to develop its own Over\-the\-Top (OTT) content platform to reach out to audiences across the globe.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.business\-standard.com/article/news\-ians/doordarshan\-plans\-to\-have\-its\-own\-ott\-platform\-119011800787\_1\.html\|title\=Doordarshan plans to have its own OTT platform\|date\=18 January 2019\|work\=Business Standard India\|access\-date\=24 January 2019}} Doordarshan was said to be in talks with other content platforms to put their content out in public.
### Community Radio
She has also been credited for giving a shape and direction to India's [Community Radio](/wiki/Community_Radio "Community Radio") movement. It was under her leadership that Community Radio was included in the 12th Five Year Plan{{cite news\|title\=Frequencies that touch lives\|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-in\-school/frequencies\-that\-touch\-lives/article3709564\.ece\|access\-date\=13 June 2016\|work\=The Hindu\|date\=1 August 2012\|language\=en\-IN}} of India. During her period, the Ministry of I\&B, opened the doors and increased engagement with the Community Radio sector. Her initiatives include annual National Community Radio Sammelan \- the annual conclave of stations, and an annual publication on the work of Community Radio stations \- Community Radio Compendium. Second National Community Radio Sammelan also saw the use of social media by the government,{{cite news\|title\=I \& B Ministry event live on Twitter, Facebook\|url\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi\-news/i\-b\-ministry\-event\-live\-on\-twitter\-facebook/story\-AzFLnyz0KaeunCg1uL5L0K.html\|work\=www.hindustantimes.com \|date\=18 February 2012\|language\=en}} when the ministry of I\&B live\-tweeted the event on Twitter.
### HIV/ AIDS and Tuberculosis
[thumb\|Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary, Government of Tamil Nadu during a field visit](/wiki/File:Supriya_Sahu%2C_Additional_Chief_Secretary%2C_Government_of_Tamil_Nadu_during_a_field_visit.jpg "Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary, Government of Tamil Nadu during a field visit.jpg")
She has also spearheaded Tamil Nadu's HIV and tuberculosis programmes. As Project Director, Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society, she initiated the integrated TB and HIV testing programme in the state.{{cite news\|title\=Indian State Launches HIV/TB Testing Program\|url\=https://khn.org/morning\-breakout/dr00052325/\|work\=Kaiser Health News\|date\=23 May 2008}} During her tenure, the state started providing a comprehensive package of HIV/AIDS services to private maternity hospitals in the state in an effort to match services provided at government\-run maternity hospitals. It included counseling, treatment, the prevention of mother\-to\-child transmission and managing HIV/TB coinfection. In 2006, she launched a joint initiative for orphaned and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS.{{cite news\|title\=Joint initiative to tackle HIV/AIDS\|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-national/tp\-tamilnadu/joint\-initiative\-to\-tackle\-hivaids/article3205922\.ece\|work\=The Hindu\|date\=13 December 2006\|language\=en\-IN}} In 2008, during her tenure as PD of TANSACS, she took the lead in enabling sensitisation of the police department across cadres and districts of Tamil Nadu on issues of groups marginalised on account of their sexuality and gender identity. This successful programme was carried out with the involvement of community members involved in the HIV/AIDS targeted intervention programme working with men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TG).{{cite news\|title\=Police Sensitization on Gender/Sexual Minority issues\|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-national/tp\-tamilnadu/Programme\-to\-sensitise\-police\-to\-issues\-of\-marginalised\-groups/article15175762\.ece\|work\=The Hindu\|date\=29 February 2008\|language\=en\-IN}}
### Operation Blue Mountain Campaign
She is known for her pioneering work in protecting the environment in Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. She led a campaign known as 'Operation Blue Mountain',{{cite news\|title\=Operation Blue Mountain\|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/05/19/stories/2002051900370400\.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020831024707/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/05/19/stories/2002051900370400\.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=31 August 2002\|work\=\[\[The Hindu]]\|date\=2002\-05\-19\|access\-date\=4 May 2016}} to ban the use of plastic in the district. She has been hailed{{cite web\|title\=Ministry of Information \& Broadcasting, Government of India \|url\=http://ibfindia.com/ministry\-information\-broadcasting\-government\-india\|website\=ibfindia.com\|access\-date\=13 June 2016}} as a hands\-on collector for Operation Blue Mountain in the Nilgiris to cleanse the environment of the plastic menace. The campaign was crucial to unclog the river sources and springs in the popular hill station of [Nilgiris](/wiki/Nilgiris "Nilgiris"). Her experiment with [Nilgiris](/wiki/Nilgiris "Nilgiris") has been documented by erstwhile [Planning Commission](/wiki/Planning_Commission_%28India%29 "Planning Commission (India)") and [UNDP](/wiki/UNDP "UNDP") as a best practice{{cite book\|title\=Successful Governance Initiatives and Best Practices: Experiences from Indian States\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=eGk\-VXiW5jkC\&dq\=%22Supriya\+Sahu%22\&pg\=PA137\|publisher\=Academic Foundation\|access\-date\=13 June 2016\|language\=en\|date\=1 January 2003\| isbn\=9788171883066 }} on governance from Indian states. As Collector of Nilgiris district, Sahu led a campaign to mark 'International Year of the Mountains, 2002".{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/doordarshans\-new\-jackpot\-supriya\-sahuby\-sanjay\-pinto/\|title\=Doordarshan's New Jackpot! : Supriya Sahu \|first\=Sanjay \|last\=Pinto \|date\=11 November 2016\|work\=Ritz Magazine\|access\-date\=28 October 2017\|language\=en\-US}} This included the creation of a world record by planting trees in one or several of the degraded *shola* forests. On 24 June 2003, people of Nilgiris under the leadership of Supriya Sahu planted 42,182 trees{{cite news\|title\=A green record\|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/07/27/stories/2003072700420500\.htm\|work\=\[\[The Hindu]]\|date\=2003\-07\-27\|access\-date\=13 June 2016}}{{dead link\|date\=April 2021\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} — breaking the existing [Guinness World Record](/wiki/Guinness_World_Record "Guinness World Record") by a large margin.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In the earlier phase of her career, she held the position of Joint Secretary at the Ministry of Information \\& Broadcasting, Government of India.{{Cite web \\|title\\=1991\\-batch IAS officers are now Joint Secretari \\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/dec/27/1991\\-batch\\-ias\\-officers\\-are\\-now\\-joint\\-secretari\\-214366\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-03 \\|website\\=The New Indian Express}} Prior to her transfer to the central government, she worked as an Additional Collector in the Vellore district and served as the Managing Director of the Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society (TANSACS).{{cite web \\|title\\=Ministry of Information \\& Broadcasting, Government of India \\|url\\=https://www.ibfindia.com/ministry\\-information\\-broadcasting\\-government\\-india \\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020055015/https://www.ibfindia.com/ministry\\-information\\-broadcasting\\-government\\-india \\|archive\\-date\\=Oct 20, 2013 \\|language\\=en \\|quote\\=Supriya Sahu has been elevated to Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting from her earlier position of Director Broadcasting in the same Ministry. \\|url\\-status\\=unfit}}",
"On October 25, 2016, she was elected and appointed vice\\-president of the Asia\\-Pacific Broadcasting Union.{{Cite web \\|title\\=India Television \\|url\\=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv\\-channels/people/dd\\-d\\-g\\-sahu\\-elected\\-asia\\-pacific\\-broadcasting\\-vice\\-president\\-161028 }} She assumed the role of Acting President of the Asia\\-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU), which she handed over to the new President in October 2018\\. She was the first female Vice\\-President of the ABU.",
"In February 2016, she was chosen by Prasar Bharati, the public service broadcaster of India, to serve as the Director General of the state broadcaster, Doordarshan.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-24 \\|title\\=Prasar Bharati board picks Doordarshan, AIR heads \\|work\\=The Economic Times \\|url\\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/prasar\\-bharati\\-board\\-picks\\-doordarshan\\-air\\-heads/articleshow/51127219\\.cms \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-03 \\|issn\\=0013\\-0389}} Subsequently, the broadcaster recommended her name to the Ministry of Information \\& Broadcasting (I\\&B) for approval. Sahu had previously held the position of director at the I\\&B ministry and was later promoted to the post of Joint Secretary.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ahluwalia \\|first\\=Harveen \\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-15 \\|title\\=Supriya Sahu to take over as Doordarshan director general \\|url\\=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/o8CSnrKRmIBJ82Zkg3SjYM/Supriya\\-Sahu\\-to\\-take\\-over\\-as\\-Doordarshan\\-director\\-general.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-03 \\|website\\=mint \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Environment and Climate Change",
"She currently holds the position of Additional Chief Secretary in the Department of Environment, Climate Change, and Forests. After the prohibition on plastic bag usage in Tamil Nadu, Ms Sahu initiated a campaign called \"Meendum Manjapai\" to encourage people to adopt the use of cloth bags.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Raja \\|first\\=Vidya \\|title\\=Exclusive: IAS Officer Revives Tamil Nadu's Eco\\-Friendly 'Manjapai' Bags \\|url\\=https://www.thebetterindia.com/270216/meendum\\-manjapai\\-tamil\\-nadu\\-ias\\-supriya\\-sahu\\-revives\\-eco\\-friendly\\-cloth\\-bag/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-03 \\|website\\=www.thebetterindia.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}} These bags aim to motivate individuals to bid farewell to single\\-use plastics. The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M K Stalin, inaugurated the campaign. During her tenure, Tamil Nadu successfully added four new sites to the prestigious Ramsar list of wetlands.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-14 \\|title\\=Tamil Nadu: Four more sites added to Ramsar list \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil\\-nadu\\-sites\\-added\\-to\\-ramsar\\-list\\-union\\-environment\\-ministry\\-8088836/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-03 \\|website\\=The Indian Express \\|language\\=en}} To bring about grassroots\\-level changes in combating climate change, Tamil Nadu is transforming 10 villages into climate\\-smart villages. This initiative aims to promote the utilization of solar energy, as well as methods for treating and reusing wastewater, among other initiatives.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Baraasu \\|first\\=Rudhran \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-18 \\|title\\=10 villages near tourist hubs in TN to be made climate smart \\|url\\=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/11/18/10\\-villages\\-near\\-tourist\\-hubs\\-in\\-tn\\-to\\-be\\-made\\-climate\\-smart \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-03 \\|website\\=www.dtnext.in \\|language\\=en}} Furthermore, Tamil Nadu has introduced a 10\\-month mentorship program for women to enhance their understanding of climate change and enable them to work on initiatives that mitigate its impact in their respective areas of influence.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2022\\-10\\-29 \\|title\\=Twenty young women from Chennai handpicked for climate change initiatives \\|language\\=en\\-IN \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/twenty\\-young\\-women\\-from\\-chennai\\-handpicked\\-for\\-climate\\-change\\-initiatives/article66071108\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-03 \\|issn\\=0971\\-751X}} The state has also established a special purpose vehicle (SPV) to manage three natural conservation missions: Tamil Nadu Climate Change, Tamil Nadu Green, and Tamil Nadu Wetlands.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-05 \\|title\\=TN sets up first ever SPV to professionally manage three critical natural conservation missions \\|url\\=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/tn\\-sets\\-up\\-first\\-ever\\-spv\\-to\\-professionally\\-manage\\-three\\-critical\\-natural\\-conservation\\-missions/article37336216\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-03 \\|website\\=www.thehindubusinessline.com \\|language\\=en}} The SPV's mission involves planning, executing, and monitoring the state\\-wide programs for [climate change adaptation](/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation \"Climate change adaptation\") and mitigation, wetlands mapping, and restoration.",
"### The INDCOSERVE",
"As Managing Director, INDCOSERVE, Sahu led the transformation of cooperative through initiatives to enhance the income of tea growers{{Cite news\\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-25\\|title\\=Tea growers seek hike in green leaves price\\|language\\=en\\-IN\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/tea\\-growers\\-seek\\-hike\\-in\\-green\\-leaves\\-price/article32440812\\.ece\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-30\\|issn\\=0971\\-751X}} and increasing tea cooperatives' brand recognition.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-18\\|title\\=30,000 small tea growers to benefit from Indcoserve's brand building exercise\\|url\\=https://www.newswrapindia.com/30000\\-small\\-tea\\-growers\\-to\\-benefit\\-from\\-indcoserves\\-brand\\-building\\-exercise/.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-30\\|website\\=NewswrapIndia\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Nearly 30,000 small tea growers are likely to benefit from the initiative. Cooperative also started the practice of fixing in advance the green tea leaf prices grown by the small tea growers. Tea farmers received all all\\-time high price for green leaves in August 2020\\.",
"For marketing of the tea produced by the farmers' cooperative, Sahu started a unique initiative called 'Tea Vandis' where the produce is marketed by tribes of The Nilgiris district.{{Cite web\\|author\\=Shantha Thyagarajan\\|date\\=Dec 1, 2020\\|title\\=Indcoserve launches 'Tea Vandis' to market teas by tribals \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/indcoserve\\-launches\\-tea\\-vandis\\-to\\-market\\-teas\\-by\\-tribals/articleshow/79514587\\.cms\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-30\\|website\\=The Times of India\\|language\\=en}} Under this initiative, INDCOSERVE provides a food truck to [Toda](/wiki/Toda_people \"Toda people\") tribal communities. Currently, four 'Vandis' are operational at different vantage points in [Ooty](/wiki/Ooty \"Ooty\"){{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-01\\|title\\=Indcoserve launches 'Tea Vandis' to market teas by tribals \\|url\\=https://thegreaterindia.in/state/indcoserve\\-launches\\-tea\\-vandis\\-to\\-market\\-teas\\-by\\-tribals\\-coimbatore\\-news/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-30\\|website\\=24/7 News \\- The Greater India Network\\|language\\=en\\-US}} district. Sahu inaugurated 'INDCO Tea House' to popularise and market variety of tea manufactured by farmers' cooperative.{{Cite news\\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-21\\|title\\=INDCO Tea House inaugurated in Coonoor\\|language\\=en\\-IN\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/indco\\-tea\\-house\\-inaugurated\\-in\\-coonoor/article33388322\\.ece\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-30\\|issn\\=0971\\-751X}}",
"The cooperative launched six new tea manufacturers \\- Nilgiris Kahwa Tea, Honey Hill Tea, Marlimund Tea, Bedford Tea, Mountain Rose Gold Tea and Ooty Gold Tea.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-11\\-26\\|title\\=Indcoserve launches six new tea manufacturers \\|url\\=https://thegreaterindia.in/state/indcoserve\\-launches\\-six\\-new\\-tea\\-brands\\-coimbatore\\-news/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-30\\|website\\=24/7 News \\- The Greater India Network\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Earlier, INDCOSERVE advertised only mud\\-grade tea or Ooty Tea. These products will also be sold through e\\-commerce platforms [Amazon](/wiki/Amazon_%28company%29 \"Amazon (company)\") and [Flipkart](/wiki/Flipkart \"Flipkart\").",
"The cooperative also launched a drive to rope in small tea farmers to adopt organic farming by launching ‘Scope Certification’, at the Kinnakorai Industrial Cooperative.{{Cite web\\|agency\\=TNN\\|date\\=Jan 22, 2021\\|title\\=Drive to rope in small tea growers to practise organic farming launched in Nilgiris\\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/drive\\-to\\-rope\\-in\\-small\\-tea\\-growers\\-to\\-practise\\-organic\\-farming\\-launched\\-in\\-nilgiris/articleshow/80393955\\.cms\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-30\\|website\\=The Times of India\\|language\\=en}} After continuously practicing organic farming for three years, farmers will be awarded 'organic certificate' for their tea produce. It has been widely reported that several factories of INDCOSERVE turned profit in last two years since Ms Sahu joined the organisation.{{cite news \\|title\\=How a female leader changed Nilgiris tea \\|url\\=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/food/drink/how\\-a\\-female\\-leader\\-changed\\-nilgiris\\-tea\\-111617936607126\\.html \\|work\\=Mintlounge \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-09 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Anantharaman \\|first1\\=Aravinda \\|title\\=Supriya Sahu \\|url\\=https://tea\\-biz.com/2021/04/09/qa\\-supriya\\-sahu/ \\|website\\=Tea Biz \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-09}}",
"### Doordarshan",
"#### Revenue",
"During Sahu's tenure as Director\\-General of Doordarshan, the public broadcaster's revenues increased{{cite news \\|title\\=Doordarshan's revenue rises to Rs827\\.51 crore in FY17 \\|url\\=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3C9fKqrCNh9zNTGXXqoj0L/Doordarshans\\-revenue\\-rises\\-to\\-Rs82751\\-crore\\-in\\-FY17\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2018 \\|agency\\=The Mint}} to Rs 827\\.51 during the financial year 2016–17\\. It surpassed its annual target of Rs 800 crore and posted a growth of Rs 318\\.06 crore compared to the previous financial year. To increase its revenue, Doordarshan started adopting new strategies including the auction of slots on [DD Freedish](/wiki/DD_Free_Dish \"DD Free Dish\"){{Cite news\\|url\\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/dd\\-earns\\-rs\\-85\\-crore\\-from\\-auction\\-of\\-11\\-slots\\-on\\-its\\-dth\\-platform/articleshow/59448757\\.cms\\|title\\=DD earns Rs 85 crore from auction of 11 slots on its DTH platform\\|date\\=5 July 2017\\|work\\=The Economic Times\\|access\\-date\\=30 July 2018}} and planned to auction its prime time slots.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/Qo6oRVCESq8X5vwBlsHU3N/Prasar\\-Bharati\\-looks\\-to\\-rake\\-in\\-Rs100\\-crore\\-from\\-Doordarshan.html\\|title\\=Prasar Bharati looks to rake in Rs100 crore from DD's prime time slot auction\\|last\\=Ahluwalia\\|first\\=Harveen\\|date\\=29 March 2017\\|work\\=www.livemint.com\\|access\\-date\\=30 July 2018}} In 2018, Doordarshan also recorded its top viewership on Republic Day i.e. 38 million viewers on a single day. \nIn April 2019, she announced that Doordarshan had recorded its highest revenue in the last five years, was no longer a loss\\-making organisation.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.exchange4media.com/media\\-tv\\-news/at\\-rs\\-9438\\-crore\\-doordarshan\\-records\\-highest\\-revenue\\-in\\-5\\-years\\-95997\\.html\\|title\\=At Rs 943\\.8 crore, Doordarshan records highest revenue in 5 years \\- Exchange4media\\|website\\=Indian Advertising Media \\& Marketing News – exchange4media\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2019}} In 2014–15, [Doordarshan](/wiki/Doordarshan \"Doordarshan\") reported a net collection of Rs 884\\.2 crore, whereas in 2018–19, it hasgone up to Rs 943\\.8 crore.",
"#### Programming",
"[thumb\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:DD_Revenue_Graph.jpg \"DD Revenue Graph.jpg\")\nBesides, Doordarshan has started various new programming initiatives under her leadership. It includes Doordarshan launching two new science channels i.e. DD Science and India Science.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/2\\-science\\-channels\\-coming\\-up\\-in\\-india\\-to\\-make\\-science\\-more\\-popular\\-1431935\\-2019\\-01\\-16\\|title\\=2 science channels coming up in India to make science more popular\\|date\\=January 16, 2019 \\|website\\=India Today\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2019}} These channels aim to boost scientific temperament among the people. Two channels will have science\\-based documentaries, studio\\-based discussions, virtual walkthroughs of scientific institutions, interviews and short films and will be free to access. In December 2018, Supriya Sahu launched DD Roshni,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv\\-channels/specialised\\-and\\-niche/doordarshan\\-launches\\-new\\-educational\\-channel\\-dd\\-roshini\\-181206\\|title\\=Doordarshan launches new educational channel DD Roshini\\|date\\=6 December 2018\\|website\\=Indian Television Dot Com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2019}} an educational channel as part of its partnership with *[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike](/wiki/Bruhat_Bengaluru_Mahanagara_Palike \"Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike\")* and Microsoft. DD has launched *‘Mahila Kisan Awards’*, a reality show{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.televisionpost.com/dd\\-kisan\\-launches\\-reality\\-show\\-mahila\\-kisan\\-awards/\\|title\\=DD Kisan launches reality show 'Mahila Kisan Awards'\\|date\\=15 December 2018\\|website\\=TelevisionPost\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2019}} that tells the stories of unsung women heroes of Indian agriculture.",
"Doordarshan also launched Kashmiri version of [Kaun Banega Crorepati](/wiki/Kaun_Banega_Crorepati \"Kaun Banega Crorepati\"), which will be broadcast on DD Kashir with vernacular name *[Kus Bani Koshur Karorpaet](/wiki/Kus_Bani_Koshur_Karorpaet \"Kus Bani Koshur Karorpaet\")*.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other\\-states/local\\-kbc\\-version\\-a\\-boost\\-for\\-dd\\-kashir/article26996731\\.ece\\|title\\=Local KBC version, a boost for DD Kashir\\[Or] DD Kashir strikes it rich with local KBC version\\|last\\=Ashiqsrinagar\\|first\\=Peerzada\\|date\\=1 May 2019\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2019\\|language\\=en\\-IN\\|issn\\=0971\\-751X}} The show will be produced by Studio Next of [Sony Pictures](/wiki/Sony_Pictures \"Sony Pictures\") who hold the licence to produce the KBC format in India.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/more/letters/why\\-worry/\\|title\\=Why worry\\|date\\=13 March 2015\\|website\\=Greater Kashmir\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2019}}",
"#### New technology",
"Under Sahu's leadership, Doordarshan started digital terrestrial transmission (DTT) and is planning to expand the services to 16 cities by 2017\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/nmErsKeZhxl2jhXbalgYDI/Doordarshan\\-to\\-expand\\-DTT\\-services\\-in\\-partnership\\-with\\-priva.html\\|title\\=Doordarshan to expand DTT services in partnership with private broadcasters\\|last\\=Ahluwalia\\|first\\=Harveen\\|date\\=29 December 2016\\|work\\=www.livemint.com\\|access\\-date\\=30 July 2018}} There were reports in January 2018 that Doordarshan was planning to develop its own Over\\-the\\-Top (OTT) content platform to reach out to audiences across the globe.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.business\\-standard.com/article/news\\-ians/doordarshan\\-plans\\-to\\-have\\-its\\-own\\-ott\\-platform\\-119011800787\\_1\\.html\\|title\\=Doordarshan plans to have its own OTT platform\\|date\\=18 January 2019\\|work\\=Business Standard India\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2019}} Doordarshan was said to be in talks with other content platforms to put their content out in public.",
"### Community Radio",
"She has also been credited for giving a shape and direction to India's [Community Radio](/wiki/Community_Radio \"Community Radio\") movement. It was under her leadership that Community Radio was included in the 12th Five Year Plan{{cite news\\|title\\=Frequencies that touch lives\\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-in\\-school/frequencies\\-that\\-touch\\-lives/article3709564\\.ece\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2016\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|date\\=1 August 2012\\|language\\=en\\-IN}} of India. During her period, the Ministry of I\\&B, opened the doors and increased engagement with the Community Radio sector. Her initiatives include annual National Community Radio Sammelan \\- the annual conclave of stations, and an annual publication on the work of Community Radio stations \\- Community Radio Compendium. Second National Community Radio Sammelan also saw the use of social media by the government,{{cite news\\|title\\=I \\& B Ministry event live on Twitter, Facebook\\|url\\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi\\-news/i\\-b\\-ministry\\-event\\-live\\-on\\-twitter\\-facebook/story\\-AzFLnyz0KaeunCg1uL5L0K.html\\|work\\=www.hindustantimes.com \\|date\\=18 February 2012\\|language\\=en}} when the ministry of I\\&B live\\-tweeted the event on Twitter.",
"### HIV/ AIDS and Tuberculosis",
"[thumb\\|Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary, Government of Tamil Nadu during a field visit](/wiki/File:Supriya_Sahu%2C_Additional_Chief_Secretary%2C_Government_of_Tamil_Nadu_during_a_field_visit.jpg \"Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary, Government of Tamil Nadu during a field visit.jpg\")\nShe has also spearheaded Tamil Nadu's HIV and tuberculosis programmes. As Project Director, Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society, she initiated the integrated TB and HIV testing programme in the state.{{cite news\\|title\\=Indian State Launches HIV/TB Testing Program\\|url\\=https://khn.org/morning\\-breakout/dr00052325/\\|work\\=Kaiser Health News\\|date\\=23 May 2008}} During her tenure, the state started providing a comprehensive package of HIV/AIDS services to private maternity hospitals in the state in an effort to match services provided at government\\-run maternity hospitals. It included counseling, treatment, the prevention of mother\\-to\\-child transmission and managing HIV/TB coinfection. In 2006, she launched a joint initiative for orphaned and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS.{{cite news\\|title\\=Joint initiative to tackle HIV/AIDS\\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-national/tp\\-tamilnadu/joint\\-initiative\\-to\\-tackle\\-hivaids/article3205922\\.ece\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|date\\=13 December 2006\\|language\\=en\\-IN}} In 2008, during her tenure as PD of TANSACS, she took the lead in enabling sensitisation of the police department across cadres and districts of Tamil Nadu on issues of groups marginalised on account of their sexuality and gender identity. This successful programme was carried out with the involvement of community members involved in the HIV/AIDS targeted intervention programme working with men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TG).{{cite news\\|title\\=Police Sensitization on Gender/Sexual Minority issues\\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-national/tp\\-tamilnadu/Programme\\-to\\-sensitise\\-police\\-to\\-issues\\-of\\-marginalised\\-groups/article15175762\\.ece\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|date\\=29 February 2008\\|language\\=en\\-IN}}",
"### Operation Blue Mountain Campaign",
"She is known for her pioneering work in protecting the environment in Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. She led a campaign known as 'Operation Blue Mountain',{{cite news\\|title\\=Operation Blue Mountain\\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/05/19/stories/2002051900370400\\.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020831024707/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/05/19/stories/2002051900370400\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2002\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]]\\|date\\=2002\\-05\\-19\\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2016}} to ban the use of plastic in the district. She has been hailed{{cite web\\|title\\=Ministry of Information \\& Broadcasting, Government of India \\|url\\=http://ibfindia.com/ministry\\-information\\-broadcasting\\-government\\-india\\|website\\=ibfindia.com\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2016}} as a hands\\-on collector for Operation Blue Mountain in the Nilgiris to cleanse the environment of the plastic menace. The campaign was crucial to unclog the river sources and springs in the popular hill station of [Nilgiris](/wiki/Nilgiris \"Nilgiris\"). Her experiment with [Nilgiris](/wiki/Nilgiris \"Nilgiris\") has been documented by erstwhile [Planning Commission](/wiki/Planning_Commission_%28India%29 \"Planning Commission (India)\") and [UNDP](/wiki/UNDP \"UNDP\") as a best practice{{cite book\\|title\\=Successful Governance Initiatives and Best Practices: Experiences from Indian States\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=eGk\\-VXiW5jkC\\&dq\\=%22Supriya\\+Sahu%22\\&pg\\=PA137\\|publisher\\=Academic Foundation\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2016\\|language\\=en\\|date\\=1 January 2003\\| isbn\\=9788171883066 }} on governance from Indian states. As Collector of Nilgiris district, Sahu led a campaign to mark 'International Year of the Mountains, 2002\".{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/doordarshans\\-new\\-jackpot\\-supriya\\-sahuby\\-sanjay\\-pinto/\\|title\\=Doordarshan's New Jackpot! : Supriya Sahu \\|first\\=Sanjay \\|last\\=Pinto \\|date\\=11 November 2016\\|work\\=Ritz Magazine\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2017\\|language\\=en\\-US}} This included the creation of a world record by planting trees in one or several of the degraded *shola* forests. On 24 June 2003, people of Nilgiris under the leadership of Supriya Sahu planted 42,182 trees{{cite news\\|title\\=A green record\\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/07/27/stories/2003072700420500\\.htm\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]]\\|date\\=2003\\-07\\-27\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2016}}{{dead link\\|date\\=April 2021\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} — breaking the existing [Guinness World Record](/wiki/Guinness_World_Record \"Guinness World Record\") by a large margin.",
""
] |
History
-------
Like [Pembroke Lakes Mall](/wiki/Pembroke_Lakes_Mall "Pembroke Lakes Mall") which opened in the previous year, this mall opened with space for 6 anchor stores, 5 of which were initially occupied: [Rich's](/wiki/Rich%27s_%28department_store%29 "Rich's (department store)"), [Lord \& Taylor](/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor "Lord & Taylor"), [Mervyn's](/wiki/Mervyn%27s "Mervyn's"), [JCPenney](/wiki/JCPenney "JCPenney"), and [Sears](/wiki/Sears%2C_Roebuck_and_Company "Sears, Roebuck and Company"). One of the more distinctive elements of the mall was the Rich's store, which was designed with numerous distinctive historical elements and a more elaborate design to pay tribute to its lost [flagship](/wiki/Flagship "Flagship") store in downtown Atlanta, which had closed only two years earlier. Though it became a Macy's in 2005, the outside of the store retains the elaborate sculptings of the original store.
[Dillard's](/wiki/Dillard%27s "Dillard's") filled the sixth pad on the southwest side of the mall as their first Atlanta location (this was likewise done at Pembroke Lakes a year before) along with a parking deck in 1996\. As Mervyn's left the following year, their space was filled by [Parisian](/wiki/Parisian_%28department_store_chain%29 "Parisian (department store chain)"), which had 4 other area stores and made the mall more upscale. With the exception of Lord \& Taylor, the mall had the same anchor lineup as [The Mall at Stonecrest](/wiki/The_Mall_at_Stonecrest "The Mall at Stonecrest"), which opened in 2001\.
The mall was renovated in 2003, when the interior was modernized to introduce more sitting areas, and again in 2004, when an escalator was moved from the East Court near Starbucks to the Sears wing of the mall. In 2019, many of the mall's interior atriums were modernized with new sitting areas and flooring. This also included the addition of an LED color changing tree.
In June 2004, [The Cheesecake Factory](/wiki/The_Cheesecake_Factory "The Cheesecake Factory") opened its third Georgia location and first location outside of Atlanta at North Point. The store is located in the mall parking lot just beyond the parking deck. A walking path known as the "yellow brick road" connects the restaurant to the mall's Center Court.{{cite press release \| url\=https://investors.thecheesecakefactory.com/news\-and\-events/news\-releases/news\-release\-details/2004/The\-Cheesecake\-Factory\-Opens\-in\-Alpharetta\-Georgia/default.aspx \| title\=The Cheesecake Factory Opens in Alpharetta, Georgia \| publisher\=\[\[The Cheesecake Factory]] \| date\=June 29, 2004}}
### Competition and changing tenants
In 2005, [Lord \& Taylor](/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor "Lord & Taylor") was repositioned and shuttered entirely and became Belk.
[Parisian](/wiki/Parisian_%28department_store_chain%29 "Parisian (department store chain)") shuttered in September 2007, after it was acquired by [Belk](/wiki/Belk "Belk"), which was already present in the previous Lord \& Taylor outpost. Belk left the center in September 2009\. Luxury retailer [Von Maur](/wiki/Von_Maur "Von Maur") announced in October 2010 it would remodel the two\-story previous Belk outpost, expanding it to {{convert\|140,000\|sqft\|m2}} from {{convert\|115,000\|sqft\|m2}}. The new design includes reddish brick, a [cupola](/wiki/Cupola "Cupola"), and columns to echo Georgia and the South. The store opened in November 2011\.
The previous Parisian outpost converted to a 12\-screen [AMC Theatres](/wiki/AMC_Theatres "AMC Theatres") featuring a MacGuffins bar, recliners, Coca\-Cola Freestyle, IMAX, and ETX in September 2012\.
In June 2018, it was announced Sears would shutter as part of an ongoing decision to eliminate its brick\-and\-mortar format. The previous Sears outpost is proposed to be a part of a future enhanced development.{{cite news \| first\=Hayley \| last\=Peterson \| title\=Sears is closing 42 stores in 26 states — here's the list \| url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/sears\-kmart\-stores\-closing\-list\-2018\-4 \| work\=\[\[Business Insider]] \| date\=May 19, 2018}}
By 2019, the mall development firm had determined that it's appropriate to invest in the property as places like [Halcyon](/wiki/Halcyon_%28Forsyth_County%2C_Georgia%29 "Halcyon (Forsyth County, Georgia)"), and [Avalon](/wiki/Avalon_%28Alpharetta%2C_Georgia%29 "Avalon (Alpharetta, Georgia)") come into the market. They have gone on to propose a future enhanced development.{{cite web \|last1\=Brasch \|first1\=Ben \|title\=North Point Mall development would include 300 apartments, splash pad \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/news/local/developer\-plans\-300\-apartments\-replace\-sears\-north\-point\-mall/rTJodsRUl1oaRDl8vj9lzN/ \|publisher\=\[\[The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution]] \|access\-date\=24 September 2019 \|date\=February 6, 2019}}
In March 2022, Brookfield Properties sold the mall to Trademark Properties, leading to the rebranding of the shopping center as North Point exclusively. Plans to redevelop the former Sears into apartments, restaurants, new retail areas, and small parks were later announced. However, these plans fell through following a heated city council meeting. [https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2022/11/08/despite\-pleas\-alpharetta\-rejects.html](https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2022/11/08/despite-pleas-alpharetta-rejects.html) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
### New enhanced development
In February 2019, the Alpharetta City Council approved plans for a new 83\-acre enhanced development on the northeast side of the mall, featuring apartments, restaurants, new retail areas, small parks and trails, a [rock wall](/wiki/Climbing_wall "Climbing wall"), a [play fountain](/wiki/Splash_pad "Splash pad"), and a [lake](/wiki/Detention_basin "Detention basin"). The previous Sears outpost is set to be razed for the project, and the playground inside the mall will be expanded.{{cite web \|last1\=Brasch \|first1\=Ben \|title\=Alpharetta OKs huge mixed\-use North Point project set to rival Avalon \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/news/local/alpharetta\-oks\-huge\-mixed\-use\-north\-point\-project\-set\-rival\-avalon/plF6CLYV8KYpq5HsQs6McM/ \|publisher\=\[\[The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution]] \|access\-date\=24 September 2019 \|date\=February 26, 2019}} Responding to the successful vote to go ahead with the development, Alpharetta mayor Jim Gilvin said "\[i]f you do it right, it's going to be special".
The city of Alpharetta is considering implementing a [tax\-allocation district](/wiki/Tax-allocation_district "Tax-allocation district") (TAD) in order to fund the re\-development, which would funnel [property taxes](/wiki/Property_taxes "Property taxes") collected from the surrounding area directly towards project infrastructure, including [sewers](/wiki/Sewerage "Sewerage") and roads. Similar TAD schemes have been used to help finance two other re\-developments in the Atlanta area: [Atlantic Station](/wiki/Atlantic_Station%2C_Atlanta "Atlantic Station, Atlanta") and the [BeltLine](/wiki/BeltLine%2C_Atlanta "BeltLine, Atlanta"). These sorts of tax programs attract opposition, as they can remain in place for years, if not decades. Both [Fulton County](/wiki/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia "Fulton County, Georgia") and [Fulton County Schools](/wiki/Fulton_County_Schools "Fulton County Schools") would need to agree to give up their respective shares of the property taxes.{{cite web \|last1\=Brasch \|first1\=Ben \|title\=Leaders consider how to pay for North Point Mall mixed\-use development \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/news/local/leaders\-consider\-how\-pay\-for\-north\-point\-mall\-mixed\-use\-development/uhE7WCsAkqztiRy1TbI8XO/ \|publisher\=\[\[The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution]] \|access\-date\=24 September 2019 \|date\=September 23, 2019}}
In March 2024, [Alpharetta Sports \& Entertainment](/wiki/Alpharetta_Sports_%26_Entertainment "Alpharetta Sports & Entertainment"), led by former [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League") player [Anson Carter](/wiki/Anson_Carter "Anson Carter"), made a proposal to redevelop the North Point Mall site as part of an effort to [bring the NHL back to the metro Atlanta area](/wiki/Potential_National_Hockey_League_expansion%23Atlanta "Potential National Hockey League expansion#Atlanta"); Carter's bid for an NHL franchise is competing against [The Gathering at South Forsyth](/wiki/The_Gathering_at_South_Forsyth "The Gathering at South Forsyth"), located near the [Fulton](/wiki/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia "Fulton County, Georgia")—[Forsyth County](/wiki/Forsyth_County%2C_Georgia "Forsyth County, Georgia") line {{convert\|6\|mi\|km\|0\|spell\=in}} north of the North Point Mall site.{{cite news \|last1\=Montgomery \|first1\=Madeline \|title\=Alpharetta wants to bring NHL franchise back to metro Atlanta \|url\=https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2024/03/12/alpharetta\-wants\-bring\-nhl\-franchise\-back\-metro\-atlanta/ \|access\-date\=May 15, 2024 \|publisher\=Atlanta News First \|date\=March 12, 2024}}
### Current anchors
* [AMC Theatres](/wiki/AMC_Theatres "AMC Theatres") (2012–present)
* [Dillard's](/wiki/Dillard%27s "Dillard's") (1996–present)
* [JCPenney](/wiki/JCPenney "JCPenney") (October 20, 1993 – present)
* [Macy's](/wiki/Macy%27s "Macy's") (March 6, 2005 – present)
* [Von Maur](/wiki/Von_Maur "Von Maur") (November 2011 – present)
### Former anchors
* [Belk](/wiki/Belk "Belk") (2007 – September 2009\)
* [Dino Safari](https://dinosafari.com) (November 19, 2021 – 2023\)
* [Lord \& Taylor](/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor "Lord & Taylor") (October 20, 1993 – 2005\)
* [Mervyn's](/wiki/Mervyn%27s "Mervyn's") (October 20, 1993 – April 1997\)
* [Parisian](/wiki/Parisian_%28department_store_chain%29 "Parisian (department store chain)") (November 1997 – September 2007\)
* [Rich's](/wiki/Rich%27s_%28department_store%29 "Rich's (department store)") (October 20, 1993 – March 6, 2005\)
* [Sears](/wiki/Sears "Sears") (October 20, 1993 – June 2018\)
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Like [Pembroke Lakes Mall](/wiki/Pembroke_Lakes_Mall \"Pembroke Lakes Mall\") which opened in the previous year, this mall opened with space for 6 anchor stores, 5 of which were initially occupied: [Rich's](/wiki/Rich%27s_%28department_store%29 \"Rich's (department store)\"), [Lord \\& Taylor](/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor \"Lord & Taylor\"), [Mervyn's](/wiki/Mervyn%27s \"Mervyn's\"), [JCPenney](/wiki/JCPenney \"JCPenney\"), and [Sears](/wiki/Sears%2C_Roebuck_and_Company \"Sears, Roebuck and Company\"). One of the more distinctive elements of the mall was the Rich's store, which was designed with numerous distinctive historical elements and a more elaborate design to pay tribute to its lost [flagship](/wiki/Flagship \"Flagship\") store in downtown Atlanta, which had closed only two years earlier. Though it became a Macy's in 2005, the outside of the store retains the elaborate sculptings of the original store.",
"[Dillard's](/wiki/Dillard%27s \"Dillard's\") filled the sixth pad on the southwest side of the mall as their first Atlanta location (this was likewise done at Pembroke Lakes a year before) along with a parking deck in 1996\\. As Mervyn's left the following year, their space was filled by [Parisian](/wiki/Parisian_%28department_store_chain%29 \"Parisian (department store chain)\"), which had 4 other area stores and made the mall more upscale. With the exception of Lord \\& Taylor, the mall had the same anchor lineup as [The Mall at Stonecrest](/wiki/The_Mall_at_Stonecrest \"The Mall at Stonecrest\"), which opened in 2001\\.",
"The mall was renovated in 2003, when the interior was modernized to introduce more sitting areas, and again in 2004, when an escalator was moved from the East Court near Starbucks to the Sears wing of the mall. In 2019, many of the mall's interior atriums were modernized with new sitting areas and flooring. This also included the addition of an LED color changing tree.",
"In June 2004, [The Cheesecake Factory](/wiki/The_Cheesecake_Factory \"The Cheesecake Factory\") opened its third Georgia location and first location outside of Atlanta at North Point. The store is located in the mall parking lot just beyond the parking deck. A walking path known as the \"yellow brick road\" connects the restaurant to the mall's Center Court.{{cite press release \\| url\\=https://investors.thecheesecakefactory.com/news\\-and\\-events/news\\-releases/news\\-release\\-details/2004/The\\-Cheesecake\\-Factory\\-Opens\\-in\\-Alpharetta\\-Georgia/default.aspx \\| title\\=The Cheesecake Factory Opens in Alpharetta, Georgia \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[The Cheesecake Factory]] \\| date\\=June 29, 2004}}",
"### Competition and changing tenants",
"In 2005, [Lord \\& Taylor](/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor \"Lord & Taylor\") was repositioned and shuttered entirely and became Belk.\n[Parisian](/wiki/Parisian_%28department_store_chain%29 \"Parisian (department store chain)\") shuttered in September 2007, after it was acquired by [Belk](/wiki/Belk \"Belk\"), which was already present in the previous Lord \\& Taylor outpost. Belk left the center in September 2009\\. Luxury retailer [Von Maur](/wiki/Von_Maur \"Von Maur\") announced in October 2010 it would remodel the two\\-story previous Belk outpost, expanding it to {{convert\\|140,000\\|sqft\\|m2}} from {{convert\\|115,000\\|sqft\\|m2}}. The new design includes reddish brick, a [cupola](/wiki/Cupola \"Cupola\"), and columns to echo Georgia and the South. The store opened in November 2011\\.",
"The previous Parisian outpost converted to a 12\\-screen [AMC Theatres](/wiki/AMC_Theatres \"AMC Theatres\") featuring a MacGuffins bar, recliners, Coca\\-Cola Freestyle, IMAX, and ETX in September 2012\\.",
"In June 2018, it was announced Sears would shutter as part of an ongoing decision to eliminate its brick\\-and\\-mortar format. The previous Sears outpost is proposed to be a part of a future enhanced development.{{cite news \\| first\\=Hayley \\| last\\=Peterson \\| title\\=Sears is closing 42 stores in 26 states — here's the list \\| url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/sears\\-kmart\\-stores\\-closing\\-list\\-2018\\-4 \\| work\\=\\[\\[Business Insider]] \\| date\\=May 19, 2018}}",
"By 2019, the mall development firm had determined that it's appropriate to invest in the property as places like [Halcyon](/wiki/Halcyon_%28Forsyth_County%2C_Georgia%29 \"Halcyon (Forsyth County, Georgia)\"), and [Avalon](/wiki/Avalon_%28Alpharetta%2C_Georgia%29 \"Avalon (Alpharetta, Georgia)\") come into the market. They have gone on to propose a future enhanced development.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Brasch \\|first1\\=Ben \\|title\\=North Point Mall development would include 300 apartments, splash pad \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/news/local/developer\\-plans\\-300\\-apartments\\-replace\\-sears\\-north\\-point\\-mall/rTJodsRUl1oaRDl8vj9lzN/ \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2019 \\|date\\=February 6, 2019}}",
"In March 2022, Brookfield Properties sold the mall to Trademark Properties, leading to the rebranding of the shopping center as North Point exclusively. Plans to redevelop the former Sears into apartments, restaurants, new retail areas, and small parks were later announced. However, these plans fell through following a heated city council meeting. [https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2022/11/08/despite\\-pleas\\-alpharetta\\-rejects.html](https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2022/11/08/despite-pleas-alpharetta-rejects.html) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"### New enhanced development",
"In February 2019, the Alpharetta City Council approved plans for a new 83\\-acre enhanced development on the northeast side of the mall, featuring apartments, restaurants, new retail areas, small parks and trails, a [rock wall](/wiki/Climbing_wall \"Climbing wall\"), a [play fountain](/wiki/Splash_pad \"Splash pad\"), and a [lake](/wiki/Detention_basin \"Detention basin\"). The previous Sears outpost is set to be razed for the project, and the playground inside the mall will be expanded.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Brasch \\|first1\\=Ben \\|title\\=Alpharetta OKs huge mixed\\-use North Point project set to rival Avalon \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/news/local/alpharetta\\-oks\\-huge\\-mixed\\-use\\-north\\-point\\-project\\-set\\-rival\\-avalon/plF6CLYV8KYpq5HsQs6McM/ \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2019 \\|date\\=February 26, 2019}} Responding to the successful vote to go ahead with the development, Alpharetta mayor Jim Gilvin said \"\\[i]f you do it right, it's going to be special\".",
"The city of Alpharetta is considering implementing a [tax\\-allocation district](/wiki/Tax-allocation_district \"Tax-allocation district\") (TAD) in order to fund the re\\-development, which would funnel [property taxes](/wiki/Property_taxes \"Property taxes\") collected from the surrounding area directly towards project infrastructure, including [sewers](/wiki/Sewerage \"Sewerage\") and roads. Similar TAD schemes have been used to help finance two other re\\-developments in the Atlanta area: [Atlantic Station](/wiki/Atlantic_Station%2C_Atlanta \"Atlantic Station, Atlanta\") and the [BeltLine](/wiki/BeltLine%2C_Atlanta \"BeltLine, Atlanta\"). These sorts of tax programs attract opposition, as they can remain in place for years, if not decades. Both [Fulton County](/wiki/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia \"Fulton County, Georgia\") and [Fulton County Schools](/wiki/Fulton_County_Schools \"Fulton County Schools\") would need to agree to give up their respective shares of the property taxes.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Brasch \\|first1\\=Ben \\|title\\=Leaders consider how to pay for North Point Mall mixed\\-use development \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/news/local/leaders\\-consider\\-how\\-pay\\-for\\-north\\-point\\-mall\\-mixed\\-use\\-development/uhE7WCsAkqztiRy1TbI8XO/ \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2019 \\|date\\=September 23, 2019}}",
"In March 2024, [Alpharetta Sports \\& Entertainment](/wiki/Alpharetta_Sports_%26_Entertainment \"Alpharetta Sports & Entertainment\"), led by former [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") player [Anson Carter](/wiki/Anson_Carter \"Anson Carter\"), made a proposal to redevelop the North Point Mall site as part of an effort to [bring the NHL back to the metro Atlanta area](/wiki/Potential_National_Hockey_League_expansion%23Atlanta \"Potential National Hockey League expansion#Atlanta\"); Carter's bid for an NHL franchise is competing against [The Gathering at South Forsyth](/wiki/The_Gathering_at_South_Forsyth \"The Gathering at South Forsyth\"), located near the [Fulton](/wiki/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia \"Fulton County, Georgia\")—[Forsyth County](/wiki/Forsyth_County%2C_Georgia \"Forsyth County, Georgia\") line {{convert\\|6\\|mi\\|km\\|0\\|spell\\=in}} north of the North Point Mall site.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Montgomery \\|first1\\=Madeline \\|title\\=Alpharetta wants to bring NHL franchise back to metro Atlanta \\|url\\=https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2024/03/12/alpharetta\\-wants\\-bring\\-nhl\\-franchise\\-back\\-metro\\-atlanta/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 15, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Atlanta News First \\|date\\=March 12, 2024}}",
"### Current anchors",
"* [AMC Theatres](/wiki/AMC_Theatres \"AMC Theatres\") (2012–present)\n* [Dillard's](/wiki/Dillard%27s \"Dillard's\") (1996–present)\n* [JCPenney](/wiki/JCPenney \"JCPenney\") (October 20, 1993 – present)\n* [Macy's](/wiki/Macy%27s \"Macy's\") (March 6, 2005 – present)\n* [Von Maur](/wiki/Von_Maur \"Von Maur\") (November 2011 – present)",
"### Former anchors",
"* [Belk](/wiki/Belk \"Belk\") (2007 – September 2009\\)\n* [Dino Safari](https://dinosafari.com) (November 19, 2021 – 2023\\)\n* [Lord \\& Taylor](/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor \"Lord & Taylor\") (October 20, 1993 – 2005\\)\n* [Mervyn's](/wiki/Mervyn%27s \"Mervyn's\") (October 20, 1993 – April 1997\\)\n* [Parisian](/wiki/Parisian_%28department_store_chain%29 \"Parisian (department store chain)\") (November 1997 – September 2007\\)\n* [Rich's](/wiki/Rich%27s_%28department_store%29 \"Rich's (department store)\") (October 20, 1993 – March 6, 2005\\)\n* [Sears](/wiki/Sears \"Sears\") (October 20, 1993 – June 2018\\)"
] |
Design and development
----------------------
In 1930, [Nathan C. Price](/wiki/Nathan_C._Price "Nathan C. Price") joined [Doble Steam Motors](/wiki/Abner_Doble "Abner Doble"), a manufacturer of [steam engines](/wiki/Steam_engine "Steam engine") for cars and other uses. Over the next few years he worked on a number of projects and starting in autumn 1933 began working on a [steam turbine](/wiki/Steam_turbine "Steam turbine") for aircraft use. The engine featured a [centrifugal compressor](/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor "Centrifugal compressor") that fed air to a combustion chamber, which in turn fed steam into a [turbine](/wiki/Turbine "Turbine") before exiting through a nozzle, powering the compressor and a propeller. The engine was fitted to a test aircraft in early 1934, where it demonstrated performance on par with existing piston engines except for difficulty maintaining power at higher altitudes due to the compressor. Work on the design ended in 1936 after Doble found little interest in the design from aircraft manufacturers or the Army.
Price started work on his own turbojet design in 1938, although this initial design was far more complex than what eventually emerged as the J37\. In an effort to keep the [fuel efficiency](/wiki/Fuel_efficiency "Fuel efficiency") of the engine similar to existing piston engine, Price used a combination of low\-compression [axial compressor](/wiki/Axial_compressor "Axial compressor") stages feeding a high\-compression [reciprocating compressor](/wiki/Reciprocating_compressor "Reciprocating compressor"). In 1941 he was hired by Lockheed to evaluate the [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric") [superchargers](/wiki/Supercharger "Supercharger") being fit to the experimental [XP\-49](/wiki/Lockheed_XP-49 "Lockheed XP-49"), a high\-altitude version of their famous [P\-38](/wiki/Lockheed_P-38 "Lockheed P-38"). By this time Price had the basic design of his jet completed and was able to attract the interest of Lockheed's Chief Research Engineer, [Kelly Johnson](/wiki/Clarence_Johnson "Clarence Johnson"), who would later found the company's famous [Skunk Works](/wiki/Skunk_Works "Skunk Works"). Johnson had been thinking about a new high\-speed design after running into various [compressibility](/wiki/Compressibility "Compressibility") problems at high speed with the P\-38 and the jet engine seemed like a natural fit in this project. During 1941 he ordered the development of a new aircraft to be powered by Price's engine, developing the engine as the **L\-1000** and the aircraft as the [Lockheed L\-133](/wiki/Lockheed_L-133 "Lockheed L-133").
Later that year the [Tizard Mission](/wiki/Tizard_Mission "Tizard Mission") arrived in the US and presented many technological advances being worked on in England, including information on [Frank Whittle](/wiki/Frank_Whittle "Frank Whittle")'s jet engine designs. Rumors of similar work in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") and the well\-publicized flights in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") suggested that practically everyone but the US was working on jets and getting a design of their own suddenly took on the utmost importance. [Vannevar Bush](/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush"), Tizard's counterpart in the US, decided the best course of action was to simply license the British designs. A committee under the direction of [William F. Durand](/wiki/William_F._Durand "William F. Durand") was set up to put the British designs into production and build an aircraft to test them. These projects emerged as the [General Electric J31](/wiki/General_Electric_J31 "General Electric J31") powering the [P\-59 Airacomet](/wiki/P-59_Airacomet "P-59 Airacomet").
On 30 March 1942, Lockheed submitted proposals for the L\-133 and L\-1000 to the [US Army Air Force](/wiki/US_Army_Air_Force "US Army Air Force")'s development division at [Wilbur Wright Field](/wiki/Wilbur_Wright_Field "Wilbur Wright Field"). By this point the original design proved too complex and had evolved into a new design replacing the pistons with a set of three centrifugal stages, with [intercooling](/wiki/Intercooling "Intercooling") between each of the stages. The main combustor was a "canular" type with twelve [flame cans](/wiki/Flame_can "Flame can") in an annular container, feeding their exhaust to a five\-stage axial turbine. For additional thrust, fuel could be sprayed between the turbine stages. To fine\-tune performance at different altitudes, the compressor and turbine stages were coupled using a variable\-speed [hydraulic clutch](/wiki/Fluid_coupling "Fluid coupling"). The design called for a weight of 1,700 lb (775 kg) and a sea level thrust of 5,100 lbf (22700 N). By November 1942 the design had been further refined, with the weight settling at 1,610 lb (735 kg) and the combustion area using chrome\-steels. The Army remained uninterested and Lockheed apparently started getting cold feet.
Nevertheless, on 19 May 1943 Price agreed to start a more radical redesign at the urging of Wright Field. He produced a much simpler design consisting of two sixteen\-stage axial compressors with a single stage of intercooling between them. The first four stages of the frontmost compressor remained clutched to allow them to operate at optimum speed. For testing purposes the compressor blades had no airfoil shaping and were attached to the central hub on rotating mounts to allow their angles to be changed between runs. The turbine was reduced to four stages. The low\-pressure compressor was encased in a two\-part cylindrical casing with stiffening ribs, which gave it an odd appearance similar to the bottom of an [egg carton](/wiki/Egg_carton "Egg carton"). The shorter high\-pressure compressor was similarly encased but with ribs running front\-to\-back only. Power was taken off between the two compressor stages to power accessories, with the gearbox placed on the top of the engine outside of the compressor casings.
In June 1943 the Army eventually demonstrated their interest in a Lockheed jet design but contracted for the [P\-80 Shooting Star](/wiki/P-80_Shooting_Star "P-80 Shooting Star"), to be powered by a licensed version of the centrifugal\-flow [Halford H.1](/wiki/De_Havilland_Goblin "De Havilland Goblin"). They remained interested in the L\-1000 as well and sent out a long\-term development contract under the name XJ37\-1 in July 1943 with the first delivery on 1 August 1945\. However, when the war ended the first example was only about two thirds complete. Some of the work had been contracted out to [Menasco Motors Company](/wiki/Menasco_Motors_Company "Menasco Motors Company") and at the end of the year the entire mechanical side of the project was turned over to them. The XJ37 was being worked on at the same time as competing Westinghouse axial\-flow designs undergoing development, the [19A and 19B](/wiki/Westinghouse_J30 "Westinghouse J30"), were being test\-run through the 1943\-45 period, resulting in America's first production axial\-flow turbojet engine, the [Westinghouse J30](/wiki/Westinghouse_J30 "Westinghouse J30"), of which some 260 examples were made for the earliest American military jets for the U.S. Navy, and for the first American delta\-wing fighter design, the [Convair XF\-92](/wiki/Convair_XF-92 "Convair XF-92").
The first engine was finally ready for operation in 1946\. The Army contracted for another four examples. Around this time a [turboprop](/wiki/Turboprop "Turboprop") version was proposed, the **XT35 *Typhoon***.{{cite book \|last\=Wilkinson \|first\=Paul H. \|title\=Aircraft engines of the World 1949 \|year\=1949 \|publisher\=Sir Isaac Pitman \& Sons Ltd. \|location\=London \|edition\=7th \|page\=43}} This was a fairly simple adaptation of the J37, adding a fifth turbine stage at the rear of the engine, containing a radial turbine that drove the pusher propeller and exited the exhaust around the outer rim of the engine. An alternate arrangement would send the exhaust through an opening in the propeller boss. In September 1947 Lockheed finally threw in the towel and sold the design to [Wright Aeronautical](/wiki/Wright_Aeronautical "Wright Aeronautical").
At the time the Army (soon to be [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force "US Air Force")) was in the process of developing a new truly intercontinental bomber. Given engine and airframe technology at that time it appeared that the only way to build such an aircraft would be to use turboprops and Wright was interested in capturing that market. In June 1946 [Boeing](/wiki/Boeing "Boeing") proposed their Model 462 to fill the requirement, featuring six T35 engines, later reduced to four in a series of redesigns. However, by 1948 advances in airframe design, particularly the introduction of the [swept wing](/wiki/Swept_wing "Swept wing"), allowed the bomber to move to jet power, eventually leading to the [B\-52 Stratofortress](/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress "B-52 Stratofortress").
Work on the J37/T35 continued until July 1953, by which point three engines had been delivered to the USAF. The Air Force turned over the engines and all collected data to the industry as a whole. No further interest was forthcoming and the project ended after an estimated $4\.5 million (\~30 million year 2000 dollars) had been spent.
|
[
"Design and development\n----------------------",
"In 1930, [Nathan C. Price](/wiki/Nathan_C._Price \"Nathan C. Price\") joined [Doble Steam Motors](/wiki/Abner_Doble \"Abner Doble\"), a manufacturer of [steam engines](/wiki/Steam_engine \"Steam engine\") for cars and other uses. Over the next few years he worked on a number of projects and starting in autumn 1933 began working on a [steam turbine](/wiki/Steam_turbine \"Steam turbine\") for aircraft use. The engine featured a [centrifugal compressor](/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor \"Centrifugal compressor\") that fed air to a combustion chamber, which in turn fed steam into a [turbine](/wiki/Turbine \"Turbine\") before exiting through a nozzle, powering the compressor and a propeller. The engine was fitted to a test aircraft in early 1934, where it demonstrated performance on par with existing piston engines except for difficulty maintaining power at higher altitudes due to the compressor. Work on the design ended in 1936 after Doble found little interest in the design from aircraft manufacturers or the Army.",
"Price started work on his own turbojet design in 1938, although this initial design was far more complex than what eventually emerged as the J37\\. In an effort to keep the [fuel efficiency](/wiki/Fuel_efficiency \"Fuel efficiency\") of the engine similar to existing piston engine, Price used a combination of low\\-compression [axial compressor](/wiki/Axial_compressor \"Axial compressor\") stages feeding a high\\-compression [reciprocating compressor](/wiki/Reciprocating_compressor \"Reciprocating compressor\"). In 1941 he was hired by Lockheed to evaluate the [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\") [superchargers](/wiki/Supercharger \"Supercharger\") being fit to the experimental [XP\\-49](/wiki/Lockheed_XP-49 \"Lockheed XP-49\"), a high\\-altitude version of their famous [P\\-38](/wiki/Lockheed_P-38 \"Lockheed P-38\"). By this time Price had the basic design of his jet completed and was able to attract the interest of Lockheed's Chief Research Engineer, [Kelly Johnson](/wiki/Clarence_Johnson \"Clarence Johnson\"), who would later found the company's famous [Skunk Works](/wiki/Skunk_Works \"Skunk Works\"). Johnson had been thinking about a new high\\-speed design after running into various [compressibility](/wiki/Compressibility \"Compressibility\") problems at high speed with the P\\-38 and the jet engine seemed like a natural fit in this project. During 1941 he ordered the development of a new aircraft to be powered by Price's engine, developing the engine as the **L\\-1000** and the aircraft as the [Lockheed L\\-133](/wiki/Lockheed_L-133 \"Lockheed L-133\").",
"Later that year the [Tizard Mission](/wiki/Tizard_Mission \"Tizard Mission\") arrived in the US and presented many technological advances being worked on in England, including information on [Frank Whittle](/wiki/Frank_Whittle \"Frank Whittle\")'s jet engine designs. Rumors of similar work in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") and the well\\-publicized flights in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") suggested that practically everyone but the US was working on jets and getting a design of their own suddenly took on the utmost importance. [Vannevar Bush](/wiki/Vannevar_Bush \"Vannevar Bush\"), Tizard's counterpart in the US, decided the best course of action was to simply license the British designs. A committee under the direction of [William F. Durand](/wiki/William_F._Durand \"William F. Durand\") was set up to put the British designs into production and build an aircraft to test them. These projects emerged as the [General Electric J31](/wiki/General_Electric_J31 \"General Electric J31\") powering the [P\\-59 Airacomet](/wiki/P-59_Airacomet \"P-59 Airacomet\").",
"On 30 March 1942, Lockheed submitted proposals for the L\\-133 and L\\-1000 to the [US Army Air Force](/wiki/US_Army_Air_Force \"US Army Air Force\")'s development division at [Wilbur Wright Field](/wiki/Wilbur_Wright_Field \"Wilbur Wright Field\"). By this point the original design proved too complex and had evolved into a new design replacing the pistons with a set of three centrifugal stages, with [intercooling](/wiki/Intercooling \"Intercooling\") between each of the stages. The main combustor was a \"canular\" type with twelve [flame cans](/wiki/Flame_can \"Flame can\") in an annular container, feeding their exhaust to a five\\-stage axial turbine. For additional thrust, fuel could be sprayed between the turbine stages. To fine\\-tune performance at different altitudes, the compressor and turbine stages were coupled using a variable\\-speed [hydraulic clutch](/wiki/Fluid_coupling \"Fluid coupling\"). The design called for a weight of 1,700 lb (775 kg) and a sea level thrust of 5,100 lbf (22700 N). By November 1942 the design had been further refined, with the weight settling at 1,610 lb (735 kg) and the combustion area using chrome\\-steels. The Army remained uninterested and Lockheed apparently started getting cold feet.",
"Nevertheless, on 19 May 1943 Price agreed to start a more radical redesign at the urging of Wright Field. He produced a much simpler design consisting of two sixteen\\-stage axial compressors with a single stage of intercooling between them. The first four stages of the frontmost compressor remained clutched to allow them to operate at optimum speed. For testing purposes the compressor blades had no airfoil shaping and were attached to the central hub on rotating mounts to allow their angles to be changed between runs. The turbine was reduced to four stages. The low\\-pressure compressor was encased in a two\\-part cylindrical casing with stiffening ribs, which gave it an odd appearance similar to the bottom of an [egg carton](/wiki/Egg_carton \"Egg carton\"). The shorter high\\-pressure compressor was similarly encased but with ribs running front\\-to\\-back only. Power was taken off between the two compressor stages to power accessories, with the gearbox placed on the top of the engine outside of the compressor casings.",
"In June 1943 the Army eventually demonstrated their interest in a Lockheed jet design but contracted for the [P\\-80 Shooting Star](/wiki/P-80_Shooting_Star \"P-80 Shooting Star\"), to be powered by a licensed version of the centrifugal\\-flow [Halford H.1](/wiki/De_Havilland_Goblin \"De Havilland Goblin\"). They remained interested in the L\\-1000 as well and sent out a long\\-term development contract under the name XJ37\\-1 in July 1943 with the first delivery on 1 August 1945\\. However, when the war ended the first example was only about two thirds complete. Some of the work had been contracted out to [Menasco Motors Company](/wiki/Menasco_Motors_Company \"Menasco Motors Company\") and at the end of the year the entire mechanical side of the project was turned over to them. The XJ37 was being worked on at the same time as competing Westinghouse axial\\-flow designs undergoing development, the [19A and 19B](/wiki/Westinghouse_J30 \"Westinghouse J30\"), were being test\\-run through the 1943\\-45 period, resulting in America's first production axial\\-flow turbojet engine, the [Westinghouse J30](/wiki/Westinghouse_J30 \"Westinghouse J30\"), of which some 260 examples were made for the earliest American military jets for the U.S. Navy, and for the first American delta\\-wing fighter design, the [Convair XF\\-92](/wiki/Convair_XF-92 \"Convair XF-92\").",
"The first engine was finally ready for operation in 1946\\. The Army contracted for another four examples. Around this time a [turboprop](/wiki/Turboprop \"Turboprop\") version was proposed, the **XT35 *Typhoon***.{{cite book \\|last\\=Wilkinson \\|first\\=Paul H. \\|title\\=Aircraft engines of the World 1949 \\|year\\=1949 \\|publisher\\=Sir Isaac Pitman \\& Sons Ltd. \\|location\\=London \\|edition\\=7th \\|page\\=43}} This was a fairly simple adaptation of the J37, adding a fifth turbine stage at the rear of the engine, containing a radial turbine that drove the pusher propeller and exited the exhaust around the outer rim of the engine. An alternate arrangement would send the exhaust through an opening in the propeller boss. In September 1947 Lockheed finally threw in the towel and sold the design to [Wright Aeronautical](/wiki/Wright_Aeronautical \"Wright Aeronautical\").",
"At the time the Army (soon to be [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force \"US Air Force\")) was in the process of developing a new truly intercontinental bomber. Given engine and airframe technology at that time it appeared that the only way to build such an aircraft would be to use turboprops and Wright was interested in capturing that market. In June 1946 [Boeing](/wiki/Boeing \"Boeing\") proposed their Model 462 to fill the requirement, featuring six T35 engines, later reduced to four in a series of redesigns. However, by 1948 advances in airframe design, particularly the introduction of the [swept wing](/wiki/Swept_wing \"Swept wing\"), allowed the bomber to move to jet power, eventually leading to the [B\\-52 Stratofortress](/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress \"B-52 Stratofortress\").",
"Work on the J37/T35 continued until July 1953, by which point three engines had been delivered to the USAF. The Air Force turned over the engines and all collected data to the industry as a whole. No further interest was forthcoming and the project ended after an estimated $4\\.5 million (\\~30 million year 2000 dollars) had been spent.",
""
] |
Career
------
Maria Carta won the *Miss Sardinia* beauty contest in 1957 and later participated in the national [Miss Italy](/wiki/Miss_Italy "Miss Italy") competition.
Around 1960, she moved to Rome where she met the screenwriter Salvatore Laurani whom she later married. She attended the [Centro Nazionale di Studi di Musica Popolare](/wiki/Centro_Nazionale_di_Studi_di_Musica_Popolare "Centro Nazionale di Studi di Musica Popolare"), directed by [Diego Carpitella](/wiki/Diego_Carpitella "Diego Carpitella"), at the [National Academy of Santa Cecilia](/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia "Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia")[Octavia Salvador, *Maria Carta* on line in enciclopedia delle donne](http://www.enciclopediadelledonne.it/biografie/maria-carta/) and at the same time she pursued a musical and ethnographic research path with important productions and collaborations.
In 1971, she made two albums: *Sardegna canta* and *Paradiso in re*, and in the meantime she attended the ethnomusicologist [Gavino Gabriel](/wiki/Gavino_Gabriel "Gavino Gabriel"). The same year [RAI](/wiki/RAI "RAI") broadcast the television documentary *Incontro con Maria Carta* (photography by [Franco Pinna](/wiki/Franco_Pinna "Franco Pinna") and texts by Velia Magno), in which she sang and recited with [Riccardo Cucciolla](/wiki/Riccardo_Cucciolla "Riccardo Cucciolla").
In 1972, she played at the [Teatro Argentina](/wiki/Teatro_Argentina "Teatro Argentina") in Rome in the [*Medea*](/wiki/Medea_%28play%29 "Medea (play)") by [Franco Enriquez](/wiki/Franco_Enriquez "Franco Enriquez"). The same year she met [Amália Rodrigues](/wiki/Am%C3%A1lia_Rodrigues "Amália Rodrigues"), with whom she held a concert at the [Teatro Sistina](/wiki/Teatro_Sistina "Teatro Sistina"). In 1973, the two artists made a tour in Sardinia.*Maria Carta, il concerto dimenticato*, [La Nuova Sardegna](/wiki/La_Nuova_Sardegna "La Nuova Sardegna"), 10 marzo 2013
In 1974, she participated in [Canzonissima](/wiki/Canzonissima "Canzonissima"), interpreting the traditional Sardinian [Ave Maria](/wiki/Ave_Maria "Ave Maria") [Deus ti salvet Maria](/wiki/Deus_ti_salvet_Maria "Deus ti salvet Maria").[*Maria Carta in Canzonissima 1974* on line in Teche RAI](http://www.teche.rai.it/2013/07/maria-carta-in-canzonissima-del-1974/) She reached the final and was ranked second in the group of folk music with the song *Amore disisperadu*. In 1975, she held an important concert at the [Bolshoi Theatre](/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre "Bolshoi Theatre") in Moscow. In 1976, she served as Communal Councilwoman for the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party"), in the city council of Rome and remained in office until 1981\.
In 1980, she participated in the [Festival d'Avignon](/wiki/Festival_d%27Avignon "Festival d'Avignon"); in 1987 she performed in [St. Patrick's Cathedral](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_%28Manhattan%29 "St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)") in New York City; and in 1988 in [St. Mary's Cathedral](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Assumption_%28San_Francisco%2C_California%29 "Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco, California)") in San Francisco.
She caught the attention of such directors as [Francis Ford Coppola](/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola "Francis Ford Coppola") – who gave her the first of two of her widely\-seen film roles as the mother of [Vito Corleone](/wiki/Vito_Corleone "Vito Corleone") in *[The Godfather Part II](/wiki/The_Godfather_Part_II "The Godfather Part II")* (1974\) – and [Franco Zeffirelli](/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli "Franco Zeffirelli"), who cast her as [Martha](/wiki/Martha "Martha"), the sister of [Lazarus](/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany "Lazarus of Bethany"), in *[Jesus of Nazareth](/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth_%28miniseries%29 "Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries)")* (1977\).
In 1985, she was awarded, as songwriter, the *Targo Tenco* for dialectal/regional music.
In the last years of her life, Carta gave her time to the [University of Bologna](/wiki/University_of_Bologna "University of Bologna") where she conducted a series of classes and advised student theses on which she had relevant personal, human experience and scholarly background.Paolo Mercurio, *In memoria di Maria Carta Voce della Sardegna* (Giornata commemorativa, Milano 16 March 2014\), in "BF magazine", n. 143, March 2014
In 1991, the President of Italy, [Francesco Cossiga](/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga "Francesco Cossiga"), named her a "[Commendatore della Repubblica](/wiki/Italian_orders_of_merit%23Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_%28Ordine_al_Merito_della_Repubblica_Italiana%29 "Italian orders of merit#Order of Merit of the Republic (Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana)")" ("Knight of the Republic"), similar to the British CBE.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Maria Carta won the *Miss Sardinia* beauty contest in 1957 and later participated in the national [Miss Italy](/wiki/Miss_Italy \"Miss Italy\") competition.",
"Around 1960, she moved to Rome where she met the screenwriter Salvatore Laurani whom she later married. She attended the [Centro Nazionale di Studi di Musica Popolare](/wiki/Centro_Nazionale_di_Studi_di_Musica_Popolare \"Centro Nazionale di Studi di Musica Popolare\"), directed by [Diego Carpitella](/wiki/Diego_Carpitella \"Diego Carpitella\"), at the [National Academy of Santa Cecilia](/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia \"Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia\")[Octavia Salvador, *Maria Carta* on line in enciclopedia delle donne](http://www.enciclopediadelledonne.it/biografie/maria-carta/) and at the same time she pursued a musical and ethnographic research path with important productions and collaborations.",
"In 1971, she made two albums: *Sardegna canta* and *Paradiso in re*, and in the meantime she attended the ethnomusicologist [Gavino Gabriel](/wiki/Gavino_Gabriel \"Gavino Gabriel\"). The same year [RAI](/wiki/RAI \"RAI\") broadcast the television documentary *Incontro con Maria Carta* (photography by [Franco Pinna](/wiki/Franco_Pinna \"Franco Pinna\") and texts by Velia Magno), in which she sang and recited with [Riccardo Cucciolla](/wiki/Riccardo_Cucciolla \"Riccardo Cucciolla\").",
"In 1972, she played at the [Teatro Argentina](/wiki/Teatro_Argentina \"Teatro Argentina\") in Rome in the [*Medea*](/wiki/Medea_%28play%29 \"Medea (play)\") by [Franco Enriquez](/wiki/Franco_Enriquez \"Franco Enriquez\"). The same year she met [Amália Rodrigues](/wiki/Am%C3%A1lia_Rodrigues \"Amália Rodrigues\"), with whom she held a concert at the [Teatro Sistina](/wiki/Teatro_Sistina \"Teatro Sistina\"). In 1973, the two artists made a tour in Sardinia.*Maria Carta, il concerto dimenticato*, [La Nuova Sardegna](/wiki/La_Nuova_Sardegna \"La Nuova Sardegna\"), 10 marzo 2013",
"In 1974, she participated in [Canzonissima](/wiki/Canzonissima \"Canzonissima\"), interpreting the traditional Sardinian [Ave Maria](/wiki/Ave_Maria \"Ave Maria\") [Deus ti salvet Maria](/wiki/Deus_ti_salvet_Maria \"Deus ti salvet Maria\").[*Maria Carta in Canzonissima 1974* on line in Teche RAI](http://www.teche.rai.it/2013/07/maria-carta-in-canzonissima-del-1974/) She reached the final and was ranked second in the group of folk music with the song *Amore disisperadu*. In 1975, she held an important concert at the [Bolshoi Theatre](/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre \"Bolshoi Theatre\") in Moscow. In 1976, she served as Communal Councilwoman for the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\"), in the city council of Rome and remained in office until 1981\\.",
"In 1980, she participated in the [Festival d'Avignon](/wiki/Festival_d%27Avignon \"Festival d'Avignon\"); in 1987 she performed in [St. Patrick's Cathedral](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_%28Manhattan%29 \"St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)\") in New York City; and in 1988 in [St. Mary's Cathedral](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Assumption_%28San_Francisco%2C_California%29 \"Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco, California)\") in San Francisco.",
"She caught the attention of such directors as [Francis Ford Coppola](/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola \"Francis Ford Coppola\") – who gave her the first of two of her widely\\-seen film roles as the mother of [Vito Corleone](/wiki/Vito_Corleone \"Vito Corleone\") in *[The Godfather Part II](/wiki/The_Godfather_Part_II \"The Godfather Part II\")* (1974\\) – and [Franco Zeffirelli](/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli \"Franco Zeffirelli\"), who cast her as [Martha](/wiki/Martha \"Martha\"), the sister of [Lazarus](/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany \"Lazarus of Bethany\"), in *[Jesus of Nazareth](/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth_%28miniseries%29 \"Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries)\")* (1977\\).",
"In 1985, she was awarded, as songwriter, the *Targo Tenco* for dialectal/regional music.",
"In the last years of her life, Carta gave her time to the [University of Bologna](/wiki/University_of_Bologna \"University of Bologna\") where she conducted a series of classes and advised student theses on which she had relevant personal, human experience and scholarly background.Paolo Mercurio, *In memoria di Maria Carta Voce della Sardegna* (Giornata commemorativa, Milano 16 March 2014\\), in \"BF magazine\", n. 143, March 2014",
"In 1991, the President of Italy, [Francesco Cossiga](/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga \"Francesco Cossiga\"), named her a \"[Commendatore della Repubblica](/wiki/Italian_orders_of_merit%23Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_%28Ordine_al_Merito_della_Repubblica_Italiana%29 \"Italian orders of merit#Order of Merit of the Republic (Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana)\")\" (\"Knight of the Republic\"), similar to the British CBE.",
""
] |
Beatification
-------------
Chiara's cause for sainthood was promoted by [Livio Maritano](/wiki/Livio_Maritano "Livio Maritano"), the former Bishop of [Acqui Terme](/wiki/Acqui_Terme "Acqui Terme"), Italy, beginning on June 11, 1999, and concluded on October 1, 2000\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.papaboys.org/un\-raggio\-di\-speranza\-nella\-societa\-il\-29\-ottobre\-1971\-nasceva\-la\-beata\-chiara\-luce\-badano/2/\|title\=Un raggio di speranza nella società! Il 29 Ottobre 1971 nasceva la beata Chiara Luce Badano\|author\=Francesco Frigida\|date\=October 28, 2017\|access\-date\=October 18, 2024\|language\=it}} On October 1, 2002, documents were transferred to the Vatican [Dicastery for the Causes of Saints](/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints "Dicastery for the Causes of Saints"), the subject who has the duty to decree the heroicity of the irtues of a Servant of God. From March 25, 2004, to September 29, 2004, the diocesan *super miro* process took place. From it resulted:
{{blockquote
\|text\=\[Healing of young Andrea Bartole from] Severe septic shock state \[\[Meningococcal disease\|meningococcal sepsis]], ARDS syndrome complicated by right basal \[\[bronchopneumonia]], DIC syndrome, \[\[Acute (medicine)\|acute]] \[\[renal failure]], \[\[petechia\|petechial]] and hemorrhagic skin manifestations with tendency to confluent generalized \[\[hematoma\|hematomas]] and generalized hypoxemic suffering, diffuse \[\[central nervous system]] suffering.
\|author\=Francesco FrigidaF. Frigida
\|source\=Un raggio di speranza nella società! Il 29 Ottobre 1971 nasceva la beata Chiara Luce Badano (October 28, 2017\)}}
Andrea Bartole{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ansa.it/friuliveneziagiulia/notizie/2022/10/29/halloween\-diocesi\-isernia\-venafro\-invita\-giovani\-a\-pregare\_95acba3c\-8f44\-486e\-bf12\-032286195ba2\.html\|title\=Su Chiara Bartole: 29 ottobre 2022\|publisher\=\[\[ANSA]]\|date\=October 29, 2022\|access\-date\=October 18, 2024\|language\=it}} was a young man from Trieste who succumbed to terminal fulminant meningitis in 2001{{Cite news \| url \= http://www.ilsecoloxix.it/p/savona/2010/03/14/AMFrMaUD\-racconta\_postulatrice\_miracolo.shtml \| title \= La postulatrice Magrini racconta il miracolo di Chiara \| access\-date \= April 27, 2017 \| date \= March 14, 2010 \| language\=it\| journal \= \[\[Il Secolo XIX]] \| archive\-date \= September 12, 2017 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234015/http://www.ilsecoloxix.it/p/savona/2010/03/14/AMFrMaUD\-racconta\_postulatrice\_miracolo.shtml \| url\-status \= dead }}{{cite web\|url\=
https://www.papaboys.org/il\-racconto\-del\-miracolo\-che\-ha\-permesso\-la\-beatificazione\-di\-chiara\-luce\-badano/\|title\=Il miracolo che permise la beatificazione di Chiara Luce Vadano\|date\=October 29, 2018\|access\-date\=October 18, 2024\|language\=it}} in the capital city of [Friuli\-Venezia Giulia](/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia "Friuli-Venezia Giulia"), Italy. His parents prayed for the [intercession](/wiki/Intercession "Intercession") of Chiara to heal him from the meningitis that was destroying his organs.
So, reasons given for canonization include dedication to caring for children and the elderly and behavior described as “heroic” in the face of illness,{{Cite web \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20010217194457/http://www.diocesiacqui.piemonte.it/badano.htm \| url \= http://www.diocesiacqui.piemonte.it/badano.htm \| title \= Chiara Badano \| publisher \= Diocese of Acqui \| website \= diocesiacqui.piemonte.it \| archive\-date \= February 17, 2001 \| access\-date \= June 8, 2016\|language\=it }} as well as the canonical declaration of Andrea Bartole's return to health.
On July 3, 2008 [Benedict XVI](/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI "Pope Benedict XVI") authorized Card. [José Saraiva Martins](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saraiva_Martins "José Saraiva Martins"), the then Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, to decree the [venerability](/wiki/Venerable "Venerable") of the Servant of God Chiara Badano.{{cite web\|title\=Press Release\-Beatification of Chiara Luce Badano\|url\=http://focolare.us/us/component/content/article/213\-beatification\-of\-chiara\-luce\-badano\|publisher\=Focolare Movement U.S.A.\|accessdate\=19 March 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812130158/http://www.focolare.us/us/component/content/article/213\-beatification\-of\-chiara\-luce\-badano\|archive\-date\=12 August 2011\|url\-status\=dead}}
On January 15, 2009, a commission of doctors appointed by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints unanimously defined the healing as "inexplicable" by natural forces alone and also "rapid, total and lasting".{{cite web\|last\=Kelly\|first\=Christine\|title\=Ordinary, Extraordinary Life \|url\=http://www.livingcitymagazine.com/node/2481\|publisher\=Living City Magazine\|accessdate\=26 Feb 2012}}
Later, the religiously oriented commission called it "miraculous" and attributed it to the intercession of Clare Luce. The circumstance facilitated its cause of beatification.
On December 12, 2009, [Pope](/wiki/Pope "Pope") [Benedict XVI](/wiki/Benedict_XVI "Benedict XVI") acknowledged the miracle and signed the decree of beatification. When his condition was subsequently suddenly healed, his doctors could not medically explain what had happened.
Chiara Badano was declared a "Blessed" by the Catholic Church on September 25, 2010, at a solemn Mass celebrated at the [Sanctuary of Our Lady of Divine Love](/wiki/Santuario_della_Madonna_del_Divino_Amore "Santuario della Madonna del Divino Amore") in Rome, in the presence of thousands of people. Archbishop [Angelo Amato](/wiki/Angelo_Amato "Angelo Amato"), Prefect of the Vatican [Congregation for the Causes of Saints](/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints "Congregation for the Causes of Saints"), said that Chiara was a great example of how the short life of a young person could be lived out in great holiness and "today there are virtuous people, who in family, at school, in society, do not fritter away their lives."{{cite web\|title\=Benedict XVI and Vatican Prelates Remember Example of Blessed Chiara 'Luce' Badano \|url\=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/20985/benedict\-xvi\-and\-vatican\-prelates\-remember\-example\-of\-blessed\-chiara\-luce\-badano\|publisher\=Catholic News Agency \|access\-date\=26 Feb 2012}} Her feast day is celebrated on October 29\.
|
[
"Beatification\n-------------",
"Chiara's cause for sainthood was promoted by [Livio Maritano](/wiki/Livio_Maritano \"Livio Maritano\"), the former Bishop of [Acqui Terme](/wiki/Acqui_Terme \"Acqui Terme\"), Italy, beginning on June 11, 1999, and concluded on October 1, 2000\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.papaboys.org/un\\-raggio\\-di\\-speranza\\-nella\\-societa\\-il\\-29\\-ottobre\\-1971\\-nasceva\\-la\\-beata\\-chiara\\-luce\\-badano/2/\\|title\\=Un raggio di speranza nella società! Il 29 Ottobre 1971 nasceva la beata Chiara Luce Badano\\|author\\=Francesco Frigida\\|date\\=October 28, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2024\\|language\\=it}} On October 1, 2002, documents were transferred to the Vatican [Dicastery for the Causes of Saints](/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints \"Dicastery for the Causes of Saints\"), the subject who has the duty to decree the heroicity of the irtues of a Servant of God. From March 25, 2004, to September 29, 2004, the diocesan *super miro* process took place. From it resulted:\n{{blockquote\n\\|text\\=\\[Healing of young Andrea Bartole from] Severe septic shock state \\[\\[Meningococcal disease\\|meningococcal sepsis]], ARDS syndrome complicated by right basal \\[\\[bronchopneumonia]], DIC syndrome, \\[\\[Acute (medicine)\\|acute]] \\[\\[renal failure]], \\[\\[petechia\\|petechial]] and hemorrhagic skin manifestations with tendency to confluent generalized \\[\\[hematoma\\|hematomas]] and generalized hypoxemic suffering, diffuse \\[\\[central nervous system]] suffering.\n\\|author\\=Francesco FrigidaF. Frigida\n\\|source\\=Un raggio di speranza nella società! Il 29 Ottobre 1971 nasceva la beata Chiara Luce Badano (October 28, 2017\\)}}",
"Andrea Bartole{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ansa.it/friuliveneziagiulia/notizie/2022/10/29/halloween\\-diocesi\\-isernia\\-venafro\\-invita\\-giovani\\-a\\-pregare\\_95acba3c\\-8f44\\-486e\\-bf12\\-032286195ba2\\.html\\|title\\=Su Chiara Bartole: 29 ottobre 2022\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ANSA]]\\|date\\=October 29, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2024\\|language\\=it}} was a young man from Trieste who succumbed to terminal fulminant meningitis in 2001{{Cite news \\| url \\= http://www.ilsecoloxix.it/p/savona/2010/03/14/AMFrMaUD\\-racconta\\_postulatrice\\_miracolo.shtml \\| title \\= La postulatrice Magrini racconta il miracolo di Chiara \\| access\\-date \\= April 27, 2017 \\| date \\= March 14, 2010 \\| language\\=it\\| journal \\= \\[\\[Il Secolo XIX]] \\| archive\\-date \\= September 12, 2017 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234015/http://www.ilsecoloxix.it/p/savona/2010/03/14/AMFrMaUD\\-racconta\\_postulatrice\\_miracolo.shtml \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}{{cite web\\|url\\=\nhttps://www.papaboys.org/il\\-racconto\\-del\\-miracolo\\-che\\-ha\\-permesso\\-la\\-beatificazione\\-di\\-chiara\\-luce\\-badano/\\|title\\=Il miracolo che permise la beatificazione di Chiara Luce Vadano\\|date\\=October 29, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2024\\|language\\=it}} in the capital city of [Friuli\\-Venezia Giulia](/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia \"Friuli-Venezia Giulia\"), Italy. His parents prayed for the [intercession](/wiki/Intercession \"Intercession\") of Chiara to heal him from the meningitis that was destroying his organs.",
"So, reasons given for canonization include dedication to caring for children and the elderly and behavior described as “heroic” in the face of illness,{{Cite web \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20010217194457/http://www.diocesiacqui.piemonte.it/badano.htm \\| url \\= http://www.diocesiacqui.piemonte.it/badano.htm \\| title \\= Chiara Badano \\| publisher \\= Diocese of Acqui \\| website \\= diocesiacqui.piemonte.it \\| archive\\-date \\= February 17, 2001 \\| access\\-date \\= June 8, 2016\\|language\\=it }} as well as the canonical declaration of Andrea Bartole's return to health.",
"On July 3, 2008 [Benedict XVI](/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI \"Pope Benedict XVI\") authorized Card. [José Saraiva Martins](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saraiva_Martins \"José Saraiva Martins\"), the then Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, to decree the [venerability](/wiki/Venerable \"Venerable\") of the Servant of God Chiara Badano.{{cite web\\|title\\=Press Release\\-Beatification of Chiara Luce Badano\\|url\\=http://focolare.us/us/component/content/article/213\\-beatification\\-of\\-chiara\\-luce\\-badano\\|publisher\\=Focolare Movement U.S.A.\\|accessdate\\=19 March 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812130158/http://www.focolare.us/us/component/content/article/213\\-beatification\\-of\\-chiara\\-luce\\-badano\\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"On January 15, 2009, a commission of doctors appointed by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints unanimously defined the healing as \"inexplicable\" by natural forces alone and also \"rapid, total and lasting\".{{cite web\\|last\\=Kelly\\|first\\=Christine\\|title\\=Ordinary, Extraordinary Life \\|url\\=http://www.livingcitymagazine.com/node/2481\\|publisher\\=Living City Magazine\\|accessdate\\=26 Feb 2012}} \nLater, the religiously oriented commission called it \"miraculous\" and attributed it to the intercession of Clare Luce. The circumstance facilitated its cause of beatification.",
"On December 12, 2009, [Pope](/wiki/Pope \"Pope\") [Benedict XVI](/wiki/Benedict_XVI \"Benedict XVI\") acknowledged the miracle and signed the decree of beatification. When his condition was subsequently suddenly healed, his doctors could not medically explain what had happened.",
"Chiara Badano was declared a \"Blessed\" by the Catholic Church on September 25, 2010, at a solemn Mass celebrated at the [Sanctuary of Our Lady of Divine Love](/wiki/Santuario_della_Madonna_del_Divino_Amore \"Santuario della Madonna del Divino Amore\") in Rome, in the presence of thousands of people. Archbishop [Angelo Amato](/wiki/Angelo_Amato \"Angelo Amato\"), Prefect of the Vatican [Congregation for the Causes of Saints](/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints \"Congregation for the Causes of Saints\"), said that Chiara was a great example of how the short life of a young person could be lived out in great holiness and \"today there are virtuous people, who in family, at school, in society, do not fritter away their lives.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Benedict XVI and Vatican Prelates Remember Example of Blessed Chiara 'Luce' Badano \\|url\\=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/20985/benedict\\-xvi\\-and\\-vatican\\-prelates\\-remember\\-example\\-of\\-blessed\\-chiara\\-luce\\-badano\\|publisher\\=Catholic News Agency \\|access\\-date\\=26 Feb 2012}} Her feast day is celebrated on October 29\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
### Prologue
''[Edmond Dantès](/wiki/Edmond_Dant%C3%A8s "Edmond Dantès"), a young, naïve second mate of a French trading ship, for the Morrell Shipping Company, lands the ship on the island of Elba to seek medical attention for his dying captain. While on the island, the exiled French Emperor [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte "Napoleon Bonaparte") gives Dantès a letter to deliver to a friend in Dantès' home of [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille "Marseille") ("Prologue \- Let Justice Be Done").
### Act I
Dantès returns home and is greeted by his fiancée Mercédès and best friend Fernand Mondego. When Morrell asks what has become of the captain, Danglars, the first mate of the ship, reveals that the captain is dead and Dantès disobeyed orders by bringing him to Elba. Instead of becoming upset, Morrell commends Dantès and promotes him to captain. Danglars becomes furious and plots revenge on Dantès. Now that Dantès has been made captain he does not have to wait to marry Mercédès and the two revel in the news ("When Love is True").
Mondego is also in love with Mercédès and secretly hates Dantès for his engagement to her. Having knowledge of the letter given to Dantès by Napoleon, something considered an act of treason, Danglars recruits Mondego in his plot to ruin Dantès.
At his home, Dantès celebrates his promotion and engagement with Mercédès, his family, and friends ("Raise A Glass"). Suddenly, the party is interrupted by [Gendarmes](/wiki/Gendarmerie "Gendarmerie") who place Dantès under arrest for being a [Bonapartist](/wiki/Bonapartist "Bonapartist"). Dantès' friends refuse to give him up, but Dantès agrees to go willingly, believing it is simply a mistake and he will be returned home. Before Dantès leaves, he asks Mondego to take care of Mercédès until he returns.
Dantès is taken to the chief magistrate, Gérard de Villefort. After much interrogation Villefort is convinced that Dantès is innocent and prepares to set him free. However, before letting Dantès go, Villefort asks him for the identity of the man Napoleon's letter was to be delivered to. Villefort is horrified when Dantès, unwittingly, reveals the recipient as Villefort's father. Fearing the destruction of his own reputation, Villefort retracts his decision to set Dantès free and sentences him to life imprisonment in the island prison, [Château d'If](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If "Château d'If").
Danglars and Mondego are revealed to be responsible for alerting Villefort and having Dantès arrested. The three men meet and explain how their actions are justified by the rules of human nature stating that only the strong survive, and how it was the only way to get what they wanted: Danglars, his captain\-ship; Mondego, the chance to court Mercédès; and Villefort, his reputation ("A Story Told").
Dantès is branded and thrown into his prison cell. Meanwhile, Mercédès prays for his return. Both vow to always be there for each other, no matter how far the distance between them ("I Will Be There").
Years pass and Dantès remains locked away, slowly losing all hope of returning home. Back in Marseille, Mondego has been trying to win Mercédès' heart, but in vain: in this moment of worry and anguish the only thing she wants to hear is some news about her fiancé and his imprisonment, wondering why the jailers and who arrested him haven't realized yet their mistake in not believing at Edmond's innocence ("Is there any news?"). Realizing she would never betray Dantès knowing he is alive, he tells her that Dantès was killed in an accident ("Every Day a Little Death").
One day, Dantès is awoken by strange noises. An old man suddenly breaks through the stone and raises through the floor of Dantès' cell. The old man introduces himself as [Abbé Faria](/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Faria "Abbé Faria") and explains that he had been tunneling his way to freedom, but accidentally chose the wrong direction and ended up in Dantès' cell. Faria requests Dantès' help in digging the tunnel and in return offers Dantès, who is illiterate, a proper education. Dantès agrees and the two prisoners begin digging, in the right direction, while Faria teaches Dantès mathematics, philosophy, military strategy, literature, economics, and hand\-to\-hand combat. The two men quickly form a friendship and share the stories of their lives before their imprisonment. Faria reveals he was once a priest and academic who served the immensely wealthy Count Chésele Spada, and was granted knowledge of where the Count had hidden away his fortune: on the remote island of Monte Cristo. Faria promises to share the treasure with Dantès in return for his assistance. ("Lessons Learned").
The tunnel suddenly collapses, mortally wounding Faria. As he lays dying in Dantès' arms he grants Dantès the entire fortune on Monte Cristo. They share a dream they know will never come to pass: both of them free and surrounded by riches. Faria asks that Dantès forgive and forget, but Dantès can't bring himself to do so; he wants revenge. ("When We Are Kings").
When the prison guards discover Faria has died they put him in a body bag. When they leave to get a cart to wheel the body out, Dantès switches places with the corpse. The guards return and, not noticing the difference, throw Dantès into the sea.
Dantès is picked up by a pirate ship, captained by the smuggler Luisa Vampa. Vampa forces Dantès to knife fight with Jacopo, a member of the crew. Due to his training with Faria, Dantès easily defeats his opponent, but refuses to kill him. Vampa allows both men to live, and Jacopo vows to serve Dantès forever. Dantès asks the pirates to drop him and Jacopo off on the island of Monte Cristo ("Pirates \- Truth Or Dare").
Once on the island, Dantès finds Spada's treasure and reinvents himself as the wealthy Count of Monte Cristo ("The Treasure / When We Are Kings \- Reprise")
Mercédès has been in a loveless marriage with Mondego for many years, and the two of them have a son named Albert, who has just turned eighteen. Albert begs his mother for permission to attend Carnival in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), but she refuses believing he is too young and would be without a chaperone. Mondego cares very little for his son, and quickly agrees when Albert asks him for permission. Once left alone, Mercédès muses on her unhappy marriage ("When the World was Mine").
Dantès, as the Count of Monte Cristo, decides to spend some time in Italy, surrounding himself with beautiful women who dance for him, but cannot take any enjoyment from it ("Dance The Tarantella"). Jacopo returns from a mission given to him by Dantès, to discover what has become of the men who betrayed him. Jacopo divulges that Danglars has become a Baron, who bought out Morrell's company, and Villefort has become chief prosecutor in Paris; but he is reluctant to speak of Mondego or Mercédès. When Dantès demands to know of Mercédès, Jacopo tells him of her marriage to Mondego and of their son, Albert. Dantès, overcome with rage, vows a terrible revenge on all his conspirators, including Mercédès, for she has betrayed him by stepping into a marriage with another man and having a child together, breaking the vow of undying faithfulness she previously swore to the sailor ("Hell to Your Doorstep").
### Act II
Albert is celebrating Carnival with his friends in Rome ("Carnival In Rome / Tarantella \- Reprise"). He is lured away from the festivities by a beautiful young woman, and captured by bandits. Dantès is there as well, pretending to have been captured also. When Albert tells him he was captured due to a woman, the two men talk of the power women hold over men ("Ah, Women"). Albert reveals he is in love with Villefort's daughter, Valentine, whom he is also engaged with. When the bandits return, Dantès breaks free of his bonds and fights them while Albert hides. The bandits are revealed to be Luisa Vampa and her band of pirates, now working for Dantès. This was all Dantès' plan to become acquainted with Albert in order to gain access to Mondego. Dantès pays the pirates for their service and they disperse. Albert thanks his "savior" and asks who he is. Dantès introduces himself as the Count of Monte Cristo, and invites Albert, and his parents, to a ball he will be holding at the extravagant mansion he bought after arrived in Paris.
All the upper class of France attend Dantès' ball and gossip about their mysterious host ("That's What They Say"). Dantès arrives and dazzles all present with his charm and seemingly endless wealth. Jacopo presents at first the baron and the baroness Danglars, who immediately trying to entertain financial agreements with the new rich nobleman, and after the chief prosecutor Villefort with his wife, while Albert presents his fiancée Valentine and his father, Mondego. None of the men recognize the Count of Monte Cristo as Dantès. Mondego introduces Mercédès, who instantly recognizes her former love. She is sent into a state of shock and tries to speak, but Dantès avoided and ignored her for all the evening, clarifying with the woman there's nothing left to say between them anymore ("I Know Those Eyes / This Man Is Dead").
Dantès sets a trap for Danglars, Villefort and Mondego, sending Jacopo to them with instructions to invest their fortunes into the company, "Llerrom International;" a company which, unbeknownst to them, Dantès owns. The men do so, and profit substantially as a result. Danglars plots to become the richest man in Paris, Villefort plans to bribe voters in his future election campaigns, and Mondego hopes to bask in a never ending flood of wine and women. With his enemies vulnerable Dantès liquidates Llerrom International, causing the villainous trio to lose their fortunes and be publicly ruined. Danglars commits [suicide](/wiki/Suicide "Suicide") and Villefort is sent to prison; Mondego, the last of the traitors, reads the name Llerrom backwards and sees that it spells "Morrell" in reverse. Remembering how Dantès worked for the Morrell Shipping Company, Mondego deduces the Count of Monte Cristo's true identity. ("The Trap / Too Much Is Never Enough").
When the news breaks of what the Count has done, Albert considers his family disgraced and arranges a duel with him. Mercédès tries to talk her son out of it, but Albert refuses to relent. Valentine privately muses on her father, who she thought was a good and right man, only to see him revealed as a scoundrel under a flawless façade. What she only desires now is to get rid of all those lies and discover the world for what it really is in its fullness, both in good and bad, without stopping only at its side of wonders and beauty ("Pretty Lies").
Mercédès goes to the Count and begs him to spare Albert's life, revealing her knowledge of his true identity. However, Dantès still has not forgiven Mercédès for marrying Mondego and refuses, stating, "Pity is for the weak." Mercédès is left to reflect on her wasted life and blame herself for being so blind and for having given up to wait for Edmond during those long years, but still she didn't give up on the dream of being together once more under the light of the star that would always guide them to one another ("All This Time").
The duel between Dantès and Albert commences and the two draw pistols. Albert misses his shot, leaving Dantès the victor. As Dantès prepares to kill Albert, Valentine jumps between them and implores that Albert be spared, declaring her love for him. Valentine is pulled away, leaving Albert open once again. However, Dantès simply shoots into the air, sparing his opponent's life. The duel ends and the young lovers run off.
Touched by the love Valentine showed for Albert, Dantès begins an internal search for his former self and sheds away all of the pain he suffered over the years, believing he has, at last, found peace ("The Man I Used To Be").
Dantès reunites with Mercédès at his mansion and forgives her after knowing the truth behind Mercédès' decision of marrying another due to Mondego's lie that claimed him dead in prison. Mondego suddenly appears, demanding his wife back, and engages Dantès in a vicious sword fight. Dantès emerges victorious, but can not bring himself to kill his rival. Dantès allows Mondego to live and sets him free, but Mondego refuses to surrender and again rushes at Dantès, intending to stab him from behind. Out of defense, the Count is forced to mortally wound Mondego and finally put an end on their duel. ("Hell To Your Doorstep \- Reprise").
Dantès can't forgive what he has just done, not in his former intentions, wondering if he really has the right to deserve peace after the sorrow he mercilessly caused with his revenge plan and for all the innocents that have been unfairly wronged because of it, or if there'll be any mercy for Mondego's soul and the murdering guilt he now has towards him. Mercédès reassures the man that what really killed Mondego at the very end was the rage and hate he wasn't capable of letting go of, along with his selfish choices that led him to his own demise; the woman, with her love and compassion, finally frees Dantès's heart from all the pain of the past.
Together again, the two lovers embrace and renew their vow never to leave each other ("Finale: I Will Be There \- Reprise").
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"### Prologue",
"''[Edmond Dantès](/wiki/Edmond_Dant%C3%A8s \"Edmond Dantès\"), a young, naïve second mate of a French trading ship, for the Morrell Shipping Company, lands the ship on the island of Elba to seek medical attention for his dying captain. While on the island, the exiled French Emperor [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte \"Napoleon Bonaparte\") gives Dantès a letter to deliver to a friend in Dantès' home of [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\") (\"Prologue \\- Let Justice Be Done\").\n### Act I",
"Dantès returns home and is greeted by his fiancée Mercédès and best friend Fernand Mondego. When Morrell asks what has become of the captain, Danglars, the first mate of the ship, reveals that the captain is dead and Dantès disobeyed orders by bringing him to Elba. Instead of becoming upset, Morrell commends Dantès and promotes him to captain. Danglars becomes furious and plots revenge on Dantès. Now that Dantès has been made captain he does not have to wait to marry Mercédès and the two revel in the news (\"When Love is True\").",
"Mondego is also in love with Mercédès and secretly hates Dantès for his engagement to her. Having knowledge of the letter given to Dantès by Napoleon, something considered an act of treason, Danglars recruits Mondego in his plot to ruin Dantès.",
"At his home, Dantès celebrates his promotion and engagement with Mercédès, his family, and friends (\"Raise A Glass\"). Suddenly, the party is interrupted by [Gendarmes](/wiki/Gendarmerie \"Gendarmerie\") who place Dantès under arrest for being a [Bonapartist](/wiki/Bonapartist \"Bonapartist\"). Dantès' friends refuse to give him up, but Dantès agrees to go willingly, believing it is simply a mistake and he will be returned home. Before Dantès leaves, he asks Mondego to take care of Mercédès until he returns.",
"Dantès is taken to the chief magistrate, Gérard de Villefort. After much interrogation Villefort is convinced that Dantès is innocent and prepares to set him free. However, before letting Dantès go, Villefort asks him for the identity of the man Napoleon's letter was to be delivered to. Villefort is horrified when Dantès, unwittingly, reveals the recipient as Villefort's father. Fearing the destruction of his own reputation, Villefort retracts his decision to set Dantès free and sentences him to life imprisonment in the island prison, [Château d'If](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If \"Château d'If\").",
"Danglars and Mondego are revealed to be responsible for alerting Villefort and having Dantès arrested. The three men meet and explain how their actions are justified by the rules of human nature stating that only the strong survive, and how it was the only way to get what they wanted: Danglars, his captain\\-ship; Mondego, the chance to court Mercédès; and Villefort, his reputation (\"A Story Told\").",
"Dantès is branded and thrown into his prison cell. Meanwhile, Mercédès prays for his return. Both vow to always be there for each other, no matter how far the distance between them (\"I Will Be There\").",
"Years pass and Dantès remains locked away, slowly losing all hope of returning home. Back in Marseille, Mondego has been trying to win Mercédès' heart, but in vain: in this moment of worry and anguish the only thing she wants to hear is some news about her fiancé and his imprisonment, wondering why the jailers and who arrested him haven't realized yet their mistake in not believing at Edmond's innocence (\"Is there any news?\"). Realizing she would never betray Dantès knowing he is alive, he tells her that Dantès was killed in an accident (\"Every Day a Little Death\").",
"One day, Dantès is awoken by strange noises. An old man suddenly breaks through the stone and raises through the floor of Dantès' cell. The old man introduces himself as [Abbé Faria](/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Faria \"Abbé Faria\") and explains that he had been tunneling his way to freedom, but accidentally chose the wrong direction and ended up in Dantès' cell. Faria requests Dantès' help in digging the tunnel and in return offers Dantès, who is illiterate, a proper education. Dantès agrees and the two prisoners begin digging, in the right direction, while Faria teaches Dantès mathematics, philosophy, military strategy, literature, economics, and hand\\-to\\-hand combat. The two men quickly form a friendship and share the stories of their lives before their imprisonment. Faria reveals he was once a priest and academic who served the immensely wealthy Count Chésele Spada, and was granted knowledge of where the Count had hidden away his fortune: on the remote island of Monte Cristo. Faria promises to share the treasure with Dantès in return for his assistance. (\"Lessons Learned\").",
"The tunnel suddenly collapses, mortally wounding Faria. As he lays dying in Dantès' arms he grants Dantès the entire fortune on Monte Cristo. They share a dream they know will never come to pass: both of them free and surrounded by riches. Faria asks that Dantès forgive and forget, but Dantès can't bring himself to do so; he wants revenge. (\"When We Are Kings\").",
"When the prison guards discover Faria has died they put him in a body bag. When they leave to get a cart to wheel the body out, Dantès switches places with the corpse. The guards return and, not noticing the difference, throw Dantès into the sea.",
"Dantès is picked up by a pirate ship, captained by the smuggler Luisa Vampa. Vampa forces Dantès to knife fight with Jacopo, a member of the crew. Due to his training with Faria, Dantès easily defeats his opponent, but refuses to kill him. Vampa allows both men to live, and Jacopo vows to serve Dantès forever. Dantès asks the pirates to drop him and Jacopo off on the island of Monte Cristo (\"Pirates \\- Truth Or Dare\").",
"Once on the island, Dantès finds Spada's treasure and reinvents himself as the wealthy Count of Monte Cristo (\"The Treasure / When We Are Kings \\- Reprise\")",
"Mercédès has been in a loveless marriage with Mondego for many years, and the two of them have a son named Albert, who has just turned eighteen. Albert begs his mother for permission to attend Carnival in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), but she refuses believing he is too young and would be without a chaperone. Mondego cares very little for his son, and quickly agrees when Albert asks him for permission. Once left alone, Mercédès muses on her unhappy marriage (\"When the World was Mine\").",
"Dantès, as the Count of Monte Cristo, decides to spend some time in Italy, surrounding himself with beautiful women who dance for him, but cannot take any enjoyment from it (\"Dance The Tarantella\"). Jacopo returns from a mission given to him by Dantès, to discover what has become of the men who betrayed him. Jacopo divulges that Danglars has become a Baron, who bought out Morrell's company, and Villefort has become chief prosecutor in Paris; but he is reluctant to speak of Mondego or Mercédès. When Dantès demands to know of Mercédès, Jacopo tells him of her marriage to Mondego and of their son, Albert. Dantès, overcome with rage, vows a terrible revenge on all his conspirators, including Mercédès, for she has betrayed him by stepping into a marriage with another man and having a child together, breaking the vow of undying faithfulness she previously swore to the sailor (\"Hell to Your Doorstep\").",
"### Act II",
"Albert is celebrating Carnival with his friends in Rome (\"Carnival In Rome / Tarantella \\- Reprise\"). He is lured away from the festivities by a beautiful young woman, and captured by bandits. Dantès is there as well, pretending to have been captured also. When Albert tells him he was captured due to a woman, the two men talk of the power women hold over men (\"Ah, Women\"). Albert reveals he is in love with Villefort's daughter, Valentine, whom he is also engaged with. When the bandits return, Dantès breaks free of his bonds and fights them while Albert hides. The bandits are revealed to be Luisa Vampa and her band of pirates, now working for Dantès. This was all Dantès' plan to become acquainted with Albert in order to gain access to Mondego. Dantès pays the pirates for their service and they disperse. Albert thanks his \"savior\" and asks who he is. Dantès introduces himself as the Count of Monte Cristo, and invites Albert, and his parents, to a ball he will be holding at the extravagant mansion he bought after arrived in Paris.",
"All the upper class of France attend Dantès' ball and gossip about their mysterious host (\"That's What They Say\"). Dantès arrives and dazzles all present with his charm and seemingly endless wealth. Jacopo presents at first the baron and the baroness Danglars, who immediately trying to entertain financial agreements with the new rich nobleman, and after the chief prosecutor Villefort with his wife, while Albert presents his fiancée Valentine and his father, Mondego. None of the men recognize the Count of Monte Cristo as Dantès. Mondego introduces Mercédès, who instantly recognizes her former love. She is sent into a state of shock and tries to speak, but Dantès avoided and ignored her for all the evening, clarifying with the woman there's nothing left to say between them anymore (\"I Know Those Eyes / This Man Is Dead\").",
"Dantès sets a trap for Danglars, Villefort and Mondego, sending Jacopo to them with instructions to invest their fortunes into the company, \"Llerrom International;\" a company which, unbeknownst to them, Dantès owns. The men do so, and profit substantially as a result. Danglars plots to become the richest man in Paris, Villefort plans to bribe voters in his future election campaigns, and Mondego hopes to bask in a never ending flood of wine and women. With his enemies vulnerable Dantès liquidates Llerrom International, causing the villainous trio to lose their fortunes and be publicly ruined. Danglars commits [suicide](/wiki/Suicide \"Suicide\") and Villefort is sent to prison; Mondego, the last of the traitors, reads the name Llerrom backwards and sees that it spells \"Morrell\" in reverse. Remembering how Dantès worked for the Morrell Shipping Company, Mondego deduces the Count of Monte Cristo's true identity. (\"The Trap / Too Much Is Never Enough\").",
"When the news breaks of what the Count has done, Albert considers his family disgraced and arranges a duel with him. Mercédès tries to talk her son out of it, but Albert refuses to relent. Valentine privately muses on her father, who she thought was a good and right man, only to see him revealed as a scoundrel under a flawless façade. What she only desires now is to get rid of all those lies and discover the world for what it really is in its fullness, both in good and bad, without stopping only at its side of wonders and beauty (\"Pretty Lies\").",
"Mercédès goes to the Count and begs him to spare Albert's life, revealing her knowledge of his true identity. However, Dantès still has not forgiven Mercédès for marrying Mondego and refuses, stating, \"Pity is for the weak.\" Mercédès is left to reflect on her wasted life and blame herself for being so blind and for having given up to wait for Edmond during those long years, but still she didn't give up on the dream of being together once more under the light of the star that would always guide them to one another (\"All This Time\").",
"The duel between Dantès and Albert commences and the two draw pistols. Albert misses his shot, leaving Dantès the victor. As Dantès prepares to kill Albert, Valentine jumps between them and implores that Albert be spared, declaring her love for him. Valentine is pulled away, leaving Albert open once again. However, Dantès simply shoots into the air, sparing his opponent's life. The duel ends and the young lovers run off.",
"Touched by the love Valentine showed for Albert, Dantès begins an internal search for his former self and sheds away all of the pain he suffered over the years, believing he has, at last, found peace (\"The Man I Used To Be\").",
"Dantès reunites with Mercédès at his mansion and forgives her after knowing the truth behind Mercédès' decision of marrying another due to Mondego's lie that claimed him dead in prison. Mondego suddenly appears, demanding his wife back, and engages Dantès in a vicious sword fight. Dantès emerges victorious, but can not bring himself to kill his rival. Dantès allows Mondego to live and sets him free, but Mondego refuses to surrender and again rushes at Dantès, intending to stab him from behind. Out of defense, the Count is forced to mortally wound Mondego and finally put an end on their duel. (\"Hell To Your Doorstep \\- Reprise\").",
"Dantès can't forgive what he has just done, not in his former intentions, wondering if he really has the right to deserve peace after the sorrow he mercilessly caused with his revenge plan and for all the innocents that have been unfairly wronged because of it, or if there'll be any mercy for Mondego's soul and the murdering guilt he now has towards him. Mercédès reassures the man that what really killed Mondego at the very end was the rage and hate he wasn't capable of letting go of, along with his selfish choices that led him to his own demise; the woman, with her love and compassion, finally frees Dantès's heart from all the pain of the past.\nTogether again, the two lovers embrace and renew their vow never to leave each other (\"Finale: I Will Be There \\- Reprise\").",
""
] |
### Act I
Dantès returns home and is greeted by his fiancée Mercédès and best friend Fernand Mondego. When Morrell asks what has become of the captain, Danglars, the first mate of the ship, reveals that the captain is dead and Dantès disobeyed orders by bringing him to Elba. Instead of becoming upset, Morrell commends Dantès and promotes him to captain. Danglars becomes furious and plots revenge on Dantès. Now that Dantès has been made captain he does not have to wait to marry Mercédès and the two revel in the news ("When Love is True").
Mondego is also in love with Mercédès and secretly hates Dantès for his engagement to her. Having knowledge of the letter given to Dantès by Napoleon, something considered an act of treason, Danglars recruits Mondego in his plot to ruin Dantès.
At his home, Dantès celebrates his promotion and engagement with Mercédès, his family, and friends ("Raise A Glass"). Suddenly, the party is interrupted by [Gendarmes](/wiki/Gendarmerie "Gendarmerie") who place Dantès under arrest for being a [Bonapartist](/wiki/Bonapartist "Bonapartist"). Dantès' friends refuse to give him up, but Dantès agrees to go willingly, believing it is simply a mistake and he will be returned home. Before Dantès leaves, he asks Mondego to take care of Mercédès until he returns.
Dantès is taken to the chief magistrate, Gérard de Villefort. After much interrogation Villefort is convinced that Dantès is innocent and prepares to set him free. However, before letting Dantès go, Villefort asks him for the identity of the man Napoleon's letter was to be delivered to. Villefort is horrified when Dantès, unwittingly, reveals the recipient as Villefort's father. Fearing the destruction of his own reputation, Villefort retracts his decision to set Dantès free and sentences him to life imprisonment in the island prison, [Château d'If](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If "Château d'If").
Danglars and Mondego are revealed to be responsible for alerting Villefort and having Dantès arrested. The three men meet and explain how their actions are justified by the rules of human nature stating that only the strong survive, and how it was the only way to get what they wanted: Danglars, his captain\-ship; Mondego, the chance to court Mercédès; and Villefort, his reputation ("A Story Told").
Dantès is branded and thrown into his prison cell. Meanwhile, Mercédès prays for his return. Both vow to always be there for each other, no matter how far the distance between them ("I Will Be There").
Years pass and Dantès remains locked away, slowly losing all hope of returning home. Back in Marseille, Mondego has been trying to win Mercédès' heart, but in vain: in this moment of worry and anguish the only thing she wants to hear is some news about her fiancé and his imprisonment, wondering why the jailers and who arrested him haven't realized yet their mistake in not believing at Edmond's innocence ("Is there any news?"). Realizing she would never betray Dantès knowing he is alive, he tells her that Dantès was killed in an accident ("Every Day a Little Death").
One day, Dantès is awoken by strange noises. An old man suddenly breaks through the stone and raises through the floor of Dantès' cell. The old man introduces himself as [Abbé Faria](/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Faria "Abbé Faria") and explains that he had been tunneling his way to freedom, but accidentally chose the wrong direction and ended up in Dantès' cell. Faria requests Dantès' help in digging the tunnel and in return offers Dantès, who is illiterate, a proper education. Dantès agrees and the two prisoners begin digging, in the right direction, while Faria teaches Dantès mathematics, philosophy, military strategy, literature, economics, and hand\-to\-hand combat. The two men quickly form a friendship and share the stories of their lives before their imprisonment. Faria reveals he was once a priest and academic who served the immensely wealthy Count Chésele Spada, and was granted knowledge of where the Count had hidden away his fortune: on the remote island of Monte Cristo. Faria promises to share the treasure with Dantès in return for his assistance. ("Lessons Learned").
The tunnel suddenly collapses, mortally wounding Faria. As he lays dying in Dantès' arms he grants Dantès the entire fortune on Monte Cristo. They share a dream they know will never come to pass: both of them free and surrounded by riches. Faria asks that Dantès forgive and forget, but Dantès can't bring himself to do so; he wants revenge. ("When We Are Kings").
When the prison guards discover Faria has died they put him in a body bag. When they leave to get a cart to wheel the body out, Dantès switches places with the corpse. The guards return and, not noticing the difference, throw Dantès into the sea.
Dantès is picked up by a pirate ship, captained by the smuggler Luisa Vampa. Vampa forces Dantès to knife fight with Jacopo, a member of the crew. Due to his training with Faria, Dantès easily defeats his opponent, but refuses to kill him. Vampa allows both men to live, and Jacopo vows to serve Dantès forever. Dantès asks the pirates to drop him and Jacopo off on the island of Monte Cristo ("Pirates \- Truth Or Dare").
Once on the island, Dantès finds Spada's treasure and reinvents himself as the wealthy Count of Monte Cristo ("The Treasure / When We Are Kings \- Reprise")
Mercédès has been in a loveless marriage with Mondego for many years, and the two of them have a son named Albert, who has just turned eighteen. Albert begs his mother for permission to attend Carnival in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), but she refuses believing he is too young and would be without a chaperone. Mondego cares very little for his son, and quickly agrees when Albert asks him for permission. Once left alone, Mercédès muses on her unhappy marriage ("When the World was Mine").
Dantès, as the Count of Monte Cristo, decides to spend some time in Italy, surrounding himself with beautiful women who dance for him, but cannot take any enjoyment from it ("Dance The Tarantella"). Jacopo returns from a mission given to him by Dantès, to discover what has become of the men who betrayed him. Jacopo divulges that Danglars has become a Baron, who bought out Morrell's company, and Villefort has become chief prosecutor in Paris; but he is reluctant to speak of Mondego or Mercédès. When Dantès demands to know of Mercédès, Jacopo tells him of her marriage to Mondego and of their son, Albert. Dantès, overcome with rage, vows a terrible revenge on all his conspirators, including Mercédès, for she has betrayed him by stepping into a marriage with another man and having a child together, breaking the vow of undying faithfulness she previously swore to the sailor ("Hell to Your Doorstep").
|
[
"### Act I",
"Dantès returns home and is greeted by his fiancée Mercédès and best friend Fernand Mondego. When Morrell asks what has become of the captain, Danglars, the first mate of the ship, reveals that the captain is dead and Dantès disobeyed orders by bringing him to Elba. Instead of becoming upset, Morrell commends Dantès and promotes him to captain. Danglars becomes furious and plots revenge on Dantès. Now that Dantès has been made captain he does not have to wait to marry Mercédès and the two revel in the news (\"When Love is True\").",
"Mondego is also in love with Mercédès and secretly hates Dantès for his engagement to her. Having knowledge of the letter given to Dantès by Napoleon, something considered an act of treason, Danglars recruits Mondego in his plot to ruin Dantès.",
"At his home, Dantès celebrates his promotion and engagement with Mercédès, his family, and friends (\"Raise A Glass\"). Suddenly, the party is interrupted by [Gendarmes](/wiki/Gendarmerie \"Gendarmerie\") who place Dantès under arrest for being a [Bonapartist](/wiki/Bonapartist \"Bonapartist\"). Dantès' friends refuse to give him up, but Dantès agrees to go willingly, believing it is simply a mistake and he will be returned home. Before Dantès leaves, he asks Mondego to take care of Mercédès until he returns.",
"Dantès is taken to the chief magistrate, Gérard de Villefort. After much interrogation Villefort is convinced that Dantès is innocent and prepares to set him free. However, before letting Dantès go, Villefort asks him for the identity of the man Napoleon's letter was to be delivered to. Villefort is horrified when Dantès, unwittingly, reveals the recipient as Villefort's father. Fearing the destruction of his own reputation, Villefort retracts his decision to set Dantès free and sentences him to life imprisonment in the island prison, [Château d'If](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If \"Château d'If\").",
"Danglars and Mondego are revealed to be responsible for alerting Villefort and having Dantès arrested. The three men meet and explain how their actions are justified by the rules of human nature stating that only the strong survive, and how it was the only way to get what they wanted: Danglars, his captain\\-ship; Mondego, the chance to court Mercédès; and Villefort, his reputation (\"A Story Told\").",
"Dantès is branded and thrown into his prison cell. Meanwhile, Mercédès prays for his return. Both vow to always be there for each other, no matter how far the distance between them (\"I Will Be There\").",
"Years pass and Dantès remains locked away, slowly losing all hope of returning home. Back in Marseille, Mondego has been trying to win Mercédès' heart, but in vain: in this moment of worry and anguish the only thing she wants to hear is some news about her fiancé and his imprisonment, wondering why the jailers and who arrested him haven't realized yet their mistake in not believing at Edmond's innocence (\"Is there any news?\"). Realizing she would never betray Dantès knowing he is alive, he tells her that Dantès was killed in an accident (\"Every Day a Little Death\").",
"One day, Dantès is awoken by strange noises. An old man suddenly breaks through the stone and raises through the floor of Dantès' cell. The old man introduces himself as [Abbé Faria](/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Faria \"Abbé Faria\") and explains that he had been tunneling his way to freedom, but accidentally chose the wrong direction and ended up in Dantès' cell. Faria requests Dantès' help in digging the tunnel and in return offers Dantès, who is illiterate, a proper education. Dantès agrees and the two prisoners begin digging, in the right direction, while Faria teaches Dantès mathematics, philosophy, military strategy, literature, economics, and hand\\-to\\-hand combat. The two men quickly form a friendship and share the stories of their lives before their imprisonment. Faria reveals he was once a priest and academic who served the immensely wealthy Count Chésele Spada, and was granted knowledge of where the Count had hidden away his fortune: on the remote island of Monte Cristo. Faria promises to share the treasure with Dantès in return for his assistance. (\"Lessons Learned\").",
"The tunnel suddenly collapses, mortally wounding Faria. As he lays dying in Dantès' arms he grants Dantès the entire fortune on Monte Cristo. They share a dream they know will never come to pass: both of them free and surrounded by riches. Faria asks that Dantès forgive and forget, but Dantès can't bring himself to do so; he wants revenge. (\"When We Are Kings\").",
"When the prison guards discover Faria has died they put him in a body bag. When they leave to get a cart to wheel the body out, Dantès switches places with the corpse. The guards return and, not noticing the difference, throw Dantès into the sea.",
"Dantès is picked up by a pirate ship, captained by the smuggler Luisa Vampa. Vampa forces Dantès to knife fight with Jacopo, a member of the crew. Due to his training with Faria, Dantès easily defeats his opponent, but refuses to kill him. Vampa allows both men to live, and Jacopo vows to serve Dantès forever. Dantès asks the pirates to drop him and Jacopo off on the island of Monte Cristo (\"Pirates \\- Truth Or Dare\").",
"Once on the island, Dantès finds Spada's treasure and reinvents himself as the wealthy Count of Monte Cristo (\"The Treasure / When We Are Kings \\- Reprise\")",
"Mercédès has been in a loveless marriage with Mondego for many years, and the two of them have a son named Albert, who has just turned eighteen. Albert begs his mother for permission to attend Carnival in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), but she refuses believing he is too young and would be without a chaperone. Mondego cares very little for his son, and quickly agrees when Albert asks him for permission. Once left alone, Mercédès muses on her unhappy marriage (\"When the World was Mine\").",
"Dantès, as the Count of Monte Cristo, decides to spend some time in Italy, surrounding himself with beautiful women who dance for him, but cannot take any enjoyment from it (\"Dance The Tarantella\"). Jacopo returns from a mission given to him by Dantès, to discover what has become of the men who betrayed him. Jacopo divulges that Danglars has become a Baron, who bought out Morrell's company, and Villefort has become chief prosecutor in Paris; but he is reluctant to speak of Mondego or Mercédès. When Dantès demands to know of Mercédès, Jacopo tells him of her marriage to Mondego and of their son, Albert. Dantès, overcome with rage, vows a terrible revenge on all his conspirators, including Mercédès, for she has betrayed him by stepping into a marriage with another man and having a child together, breaking the vow of undying faithfulness she previously swore to the sailor (\"Hell to Your Doorstep\").",
""
] |
### Act II
Albert is celebrating Carnival with his friends in Rome ("Carnival In Rome / Tarantella \- Reprise"). He is lured away from the festivities by a beautiful young woman, and captured by bandits. Dantès is there as well, pretending to have been captured also. When Albert tells him he was captured due to a woman, the two men talk of the power women hold over men ("Ah, Women"). Albert reveals he is in love with Villefort's daughter, Valentine, whom he is also engaged with. When the bandits return, Dantès breaks free of his bonds and fights them while Albert hides. The bandits are revealed to be Luisa Vampa and her band of pirates, now working for Dantès. This was all Dantès' plan to become acquainted with Albert in order to gain access to Mondego. Dantès pays the pirates for their service and they disperse. Albert thanks his "savior" and asks who he is. Dantès introduces himself as the Count of Monte Cristo, and invites Albert, and his parents, to a ball he will be holding at the extravagant mansion he bought after arrived in Paris.
All the upper class of France attend Dantès' ball and gossip about their mysterious host ("That's What They Say"). Dantès arrives and dazzles all present with his charm and seemingly endless wealth. Jacopo presents at first the baron and the baroness Danglars, who immediately trying to entertain financial agreements with the new rich nobleman, and after the chief prosecutor Villefort with his wife, while Albert presents his fiancée Valentine and his father, Mondego. None of the men recognize the Count of Monte Cristo as Dantès. Mondego introduces Mercédès, who instantly recognizes her former love. She is sent into a state of shock and tries to speak, but Dantès avoided and ignored her for all the evening, clarifying with the woman there's nothing left to say between them anymore ("I Know Those Eyes / This Man Is Dead").
Dantès sets a trap for Danglars, Villefort and Mondego, sending Jacopo to them with instructions to invest their fortunes into the company, "Llerrom International;" a company which, unbeknownst to them, Dantès owns. The men do so, and profit substantially as a result. Danglars plots to become the richest man in Paris, Villefort plans to bribe voters in his future election campaigns, and Mondego hopes to bask in a never ending flood of wine and women. With his enemies vulnerable Dantès liquidates Llerrom International, causing the villainous trio to lose their fortunes and be publicly ruined. Danglars commits [suicide](/wiki/Suicide "Suicide") and Villefort is sent to prison; Mondego, the last of the traitors, reads the name Llerrom backwards and sees that it spells "Morrell" in reverse. Remembering how Dantès worked for the Morrell Shipping Company, Mondego deduces the Count of Monte Cristo's true identity. ("The Trap / Too Much Is Never Enough").
When the news breaks of what the Count has done, Albert considers his family disgraced and arranges a duel with him. Mercédès tries to talk her son out of it, but Albert refuses to relent. Valentine privately muses on her father, who she thought was a good and right man, only to see him revealed as a scoundrel under a flawless façade. What she only desires now is to get rid of all those lies and discover the world for what it really is in its fullness, both in good and bad, without stopping only at its side of wonders and beauty ("Pretty Lies").
Mercédès goes to the Count and begs him to spare Albert's life, revealing her knowledge of his true identity. However, Dantès still has not forgiven Mercédès for marrying Mondego and refuses, stating, "Pity is for the weak." Mercédès is left to reflect on her wasted life and blame herself for being so blind and for having given up to wait for Edmond during those long years, but still she didn't give up on the dream of being together once more under the light of the star that would always guide them to one another ("All This Time").
The duel between Dantès and Albert commences and the two draw pistols. Albert misses his shot, leaving Dantès the victor. As Dantès prepares to kill Albert, Valentine jumps between them and implores that Albert be spared, declaring her love for him. Valentine is pulled away, leaving Albert open once again. However, Dantès simply shoots into the air, sparing his opponent's life. The duel ends and the young lovers run off.
Touched by the love Valentine showed for Albert, Dantès begins an internal search for his former self and sheds away all of the pain he suffered over the years, believing he has, at last, found peace ("The Man I Used To Be").
Dantès reunites with Mercédès at his mansion and forgives her after knowing the truth behind Mercédès' decision of marrying another due to Mondego's lie that claimed him dead in prison. Mondego suddenly appears, demanding his wife back, and engages Dantès in a vicious sword fight. Dantès emerges victorious, but can not bring himself to kill his rival. Dantès allows Mondego to live and sets him free, but Mondego refuses to surrender and again rushes at Dantès, intending to stab him from behind. Out of defense, the Count is forced to mortally wound Mondego and finally put an end on their duel. ("Hell To Your Doorstep \- Reprise").
Dantès can't forgive what he has just done, not in his former intentions, wondering if he really has the right to deserve peace after the sorrow he mercilessly caused with his revenge plan and for all the innocents that have been unfairly wronged because of it, or if there'll be any mercy for Mondego's soul and the murdering guilt he now has towards him. Mercédès reassures the man that what really killed Mondego at the very end was the rage and hate he wasn't capable of letting go of, along with his selfish choices that led him to his own demise; the woman, with her love and compassion, finally frees Dantès's heart from all the pain of the past.
Together again, the two lovers embrace and renew their vow never to leave each other ("Finale: I Will Be There \- Reprise").
|
[
"### Act II",
"Albert is celebrating Carnival with his friends in Rome (\"Carnival In Rome / Tarantella \\- Reprise\"). He is lured away from the festivities by a beautiful young woman, and captured by bandits. Dantès is there as well, pretending to have been captured also. When Albert tells him he was captured due to a woman, the two men talk of the power women hold over men (\"Ah, Women\"). Albert reveals he is in love with Villefort's daughter, Valentine, whom he is also engaged with. When the bandits return, Dantès breaks free of his bonds and fights them while Albert hides. The bandits are revealed to be Luisa Vampa and her band of pirates, now working for Dantès. This was all Dantès' plan to become acquainted with Albert in order to gain access to Mondego. Dantès pays the pirates for their service and they disperse. Albert thanks his \"savior\" and asks who he is. Dantès introduces himself as the Count of Monte Cristo, and invites Albert, and his parents, to a ball he will be holding at the extravagant mansion he bought after arrived in Paris.",
"All the upper class of France attend Dantès' ball and gossip about their mysterious host (\"That's What They Say\"). Dantès arrives and dazzles all present with his charm and seemingly endless wealth. Jacopo presents at first the baron and the baroness Danglars, who immediately trying to entertain financial agreements with the new rich nobleman, and after the chief prosecutor Villefort with his wife, while Albert presents his fiancée Valentine and his father, Mondego. None of the men recognize the Count of Monte Cristo as Dantès. Mondego introduces Mercédès, who instantly recognizes her former love. She is sent into a state of shock and tries to speak, but Dantès avoided and ignored her for all the evening, clarifying with the woman there's nothing left to say between them anymore (\"I Know Those Eyes / This Man Is Dead\").",
"Dantès sets a trap for Danglars, Villefort and Mondego, sending Jacopo to them with instructions to invest their fortunes into the company, \"Llerrom International;\" a company which, unbeknownst to them, Dantès owns. The men do so, and profit substantially as a result. Danglars plots to become the richest man in Paris, Villefort plans to bribe voters in his future election campaigns, and Mondego hopes to bask in a never ending flood of wine and women. With his enemies vulnerable Dantès liquidates Llerrom International, causing the villainous trio to lose their fortunes and be publicly ruined. Danglars commits [suicide](/wiki/Suicide \"Suicide\") and Villefort is sent to prison; Mondego, the last of the traitors, reads the name Llerrom backwards and sees that it spells \"Morrell\" in reverse. Remembering how Dantès worked for the Morrell Shipping Company, Mondego deduces the Count of Monte Cristo's true identity. (\"The Trap / Too Much Is Never Enough\").",
"When the news breaks of what the Count has done, Albert considers his family disgraced and arranges a duel with him. Mercédès tries to talk her son out of it, but Albert refuses to relent. Valentine privately muses on her father, who she thought was a good and right man, only to see him revealed as a scoundrel under a flawless façade. What she only desires now is to get rid of all those lies and discover the world for what it really is in its fullness, both in good and bad, without stopping only at its side of wonders and beauty (\"Pretty Lies\").",
"Mercédès goes to the Count and begs him to spare Albert's life, revealing her knowledge of his true identity. However, Dantès still has not forgiven Mercédès for marrying Mondego and refuses, stating, \"Pity is for the weak.\" Mercédès is left to reflect on her wasted life and blame herself for being so blind and for having given up to wait for Edmond during those long years, but still she didn't give up on the dream of being together once more under the light of the star that would always guide them to one another (\"All This Time\").",
"The duel between Dantès and Albert commences and the two draw pistols. Albert misses his shot, leaving Dantès the victor. As Dantès prepares to kill Albert, Valentine jumps between them and implores that Albert be spared, declaring her love for him. Valentine is pulled away, leaving Albert open once again. However, Dantès simply shoots into the air, sparing his opponent's life. The duel ends and the young lovers run off.",
"Touched by the love Valentine showed for Albert, Dantès begins an internal search for his former self and sheds away all of the pain he suffered over the years, believing he has, at last, found peace (\"The Man I Used To Be\").",
"Dantès reunites with Mercédès at his mansion and forgives her after knowing the truth behind Mercédès' decision of marrying another due to Mondego's lie that claimed him dead in prison. Mondego suddenly appears, demanding his wife back, and engages Dantès in a vicious sword fight. Dantès emerges victorious, but can not bring himself to kill his rival. Dantès allows Mondego to live and sets him free, but Mondego refuses to surrender and again rushes at Dantès, intending to stab him from behind. Out of defense, the Count is forced to mortally wound Mondego and finally put an end on their duel. (\"Hell To Your Doorstep \\- Reprise\").",
"Dantès can't forgive what he has just done, not in his former intentions, wondering if he really has the right to deserve peace after the sorrow he mercilessly caused with his revenge plan and for all the innocents that have been unfairly wronged because of it, or if there'll be any mercy for Mondego's soul and the murdering guilt he now has towards him. Mercédès reassures the man that what really killed Mondego at the very end was the rage and hate he wasn't capable of letting go of, along with his selfish choices that led him to his own demise; the woman, with her love and compassion, finally frees Dantès's heart from all the pain of the past.\nTogether again, the two lovers embrace and renew their vow never to leave each other (\"Finale: I Will Be There \\- Reprise\").",
""
] |
Gameplay
--------
*Flight Simulator 2000* (version 7\.0\), abbreviated as FS2000, was released as a major improvement over the previous versions, and was also offered in two versions: One version for "normal" users, and one "pro" version with additional aircraft. Although many users had high expectations when this version arrived, many were disappointed when they found out that the simulator demanded high\-end hardware; the minimum requirements were only a [Pentium](/wiki/Pentium "Pentium") 166 MHz computer, although 400–500 MHz computer was deemed necessary to have an even framerate.{{cite web\|author\=Staff \|title\=Reviews: FS2000 Pro \|url\=http://www.flightsim.com/cgi/kds?$\=main/review/fs2000\.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213154326/http://flightsim.com/cgi/kds?%24\=main%2Freview%2Ffs2000\.htm \|work\=FlightSim.Com \|date\=1 November 1999 \|archive\-date\=13 December 2006 \|access\-date\=21 February 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} However, even on a high\-end system, stuttering framerate was a problem, especially when performing sharp turns in graphically dense areas. Also, the visual damage effects introduced in FS5 were disabled, and continued to be unavailable in versions after FS2000\. While the visual damage effects were still in the game, Microsoft disabled them through the game's configuration files. Users can re\-enable the damage effects through modifications. FS2000 also introduced computer controlled aircraft in some airports.
This version also introduced 3D elevation, making it possible to adjust the elevation for the scenery grids, thus making most of the previous scenery obsolete (as it didn't support this feature). A GPS was also added, enabling an even more realistic operation of the simulator. FS2000 also upgraded its dynamic scenery, with more detailed models and AI that allowed aircraft to yield to other aircraft to avoid incursions while taxiing.
FS2000 included an improved weather system, which featured precipitation for the first time in the form of either snow or rain, as well as other new features such as the ability to download real\-world weather.
New aircraft in FS2000 included the supersonic [Aerospatiale\-BAC Concorde](/wiki/Concorde "Concorde") (prominently featured on both editions' box covers) and the [Boeing 777](/wiki/Boeing_777 "Boeing 777") which had recently entered service at the time.
An often overlooked, but highly significant milestone in *Flight Simulator 2000*, was the addition of over 17,000 new airports, for a total exceeding 20,000 worldwide, as well as worldwide navigational aid coverage. This greatly expanded the utility of the product in simulating long international flights as well as instrument\-based flight relying on radio navigation aids. Some of these airports, along with additional objects such as radio towers and other "hazard" structures, were built from publicly available U.S. government databases. Others, particularly the larger commercial airports with detailed apron and taxiway structures, were built from detailed information in [Jeppesen](/wiki/Jeppesen "Jeppesen")'s proprietary database, one of the primary commercial suppliers of worldwide aviation navigation data.
In combination, these new data sources in Flight Simulator allowed the franchise to claim the inclusion of virtually every documented airport and navigational aid in the world, as well as allowing implementation of the new GPS feature. As was the case with FS98, scenery development using these new data sources in FS2000 was outsourced to MicroScene in San Ramon, working with the core development team at Microsoft.
*Microsoft Flight Simulator 2000* was the last of the Flight Simulator series to support the [Windows 95](/wiki/Windows_95 "Windows 95") and [Windows NT 4\.0](/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0 "Windows NT 4.0") operating systems.
|
[
"Gameplay\n--------",
"*Flight Simulator 2000* (version 7\\.0\\), abbreviated as FS2000, was released as a major improvement over the previous versions, and was also offered in two versions: One version for \"normal\" users, and one \"pro\" version with additional aircraft. Although many users had high expectations when this version arrived, many were disappointed when they found out that the simulator demanded high\\-end hardware; the minimum requirements were only a [Pentium](/wiki/Pentium \"Pentium\") 166 MHz computer, although 400–500 MHz computer was deemed necessary to have an even framerate.{{cite web\\|author\\=Staff \\|title\\=Reviews: FS2000 Pro \\|url\\=http://www.flightsim.com/cgi/kds?$\\=main/review/fs2000\\.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213154326/http://flightsim.com/cgi/kds?%24\\=main%2Freview%2Ffs2000\\.htm \\|work\\=FlightSim.Com \\|date\\=1 November 1999 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} However, even on a high\\-end system, stuttering framerate was a problem, especially when performing sharp turns in graphically dense areas. Also, the visual damage effects introduced in FS5 were disabled, and continued to be unavailable in versions after FS2000\\. While the visual damage effects were still in the game, Microsoft disabled them through the game's configuration files. Users can re\\-enable the damage effects through modifications. FS2000 also introduced computer controlled aircraft in some airports.",
"This version also introduced 3D elevation, making it possible to adjust the elevation for the scenery grids, thus making most of the previous scenery obsolete (as it didn't support this feature). A GPS was also added, enabling an even more realistic operation of the simulator. FS2000 also upgraded its dynamic scenery, with more detailed models and AI that allowed aircraft to yield to other aircraft to avoid incursions while taxiing.",
"FS2000 included an improved weather system, which featured precipitation for the first time in the form of either snow or rain, as well as other new features such as the ability to download real\\-world weather.",
"New aircraft in FS2000 included the supersonic [Aerospatiale\\-BAC Concorde](/wiki/Concorde \"Concorde\") (prominently featured on both editions' box covers) and the [Boeing 777](/wiki/Boeing_777 \"Boeing 777\") which had recently entered service at the time.",
"An often overlooked, but highly significant milestone in *Flight Simulator 2000*, was the addition of over 17,000 new airports, for a total exceeding 20,000 worldwide, as well as worldwide navigational aid coverage. This greatly expanded the utility of the product in simulating long international flights as well as instrument\\-based flight relying on radio navigation aids. Some of these airports, along with additional objects such as radio towers and other \"hazard\" structures, were built from publicly available U.S. government databases. Others, particularly the larger commercial airports with detailed apron and taxiway structures, were built from detailed information in [Jeppesen](/wiki/Jeppesen \"Jeppesen\")'s proprietary database, one of the primary commercial suppliers of worldwide aviation navigation data.",
"In combination, these new data sources in Flight Simulator allowed the franchise to claim the inclusion of virtually every documented airport and navigational aid in the world, as well as allowing implementation of the new GPS feature. As was the case with FS98, scenery development using these new data sources in FS2000 was outsourced to MicroScene in San Ramon, working with the core development team at Microsoft.",
"*Microsoft Flight Simulator 2000* was the last of the Flight Simulator series to support the [Windows 95](/wiki/Windows_95 \"Windows 95\") and [Windows NT 4\\.0](/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0 \"Windows NT 4.0\") operating systems.",
""
] |
History
-------
Cornell University Library has been involved in digital publishing dates since the 1980s. In partnership with the [Xerox Corporation](/wiki/Xerox_Corporation "Xerox Corporation") and the [Commission on Preservation and Access](/wiki/Commission_on_Preservation_and_Access "Commission on Preservation and Access"), Cornell developed an early digital imaging project to preserve books in a fragile condition.New developments in library automation. (1990\). American Libraries, 21(9\), 903\-904\. Initially focused upon republishing mathematics titles, this effort expanded to include projects in [agricultural history](/wiki/Agricultural_history "Agricultural history"), [home economics](/wiki/Home_economics "Home economics") and [American studies](/wiki/American_studies "American studies").
The [Serials crisis](/wiki/Serials_crisis "Serials crisis") in the 1980s and 1990s likely encouraged Cornell University Library and other academic libraries and institutions to investigate such possibilities. In the 1980s libraries noticed that their journal subscription prices were increasing alarmingly.Miller, R.H. (2000\). Electronic resources and academic libraries, 1980\-2000: A historical perspective. Library Trends, 48(4\), 645\. By the early 1990s, many solutions were being explored, with cancellations being significant among them; in one case, LSU cancelled $650,000 in subscriptions in 1992\-93\.Hamakar, C.A. (1996\). Redesigning research libraries: First step toward the 21st century. In S. H. Lee (Ed.), Access, resource sharing and collection development (pp. 33\-48\). New York: Haworth. Other alternatives emerged, however, involving the use of new technologies – such as those that enabled Cornell's digital imaging project – and the increasing availability of the Internet.
One such method of increasing access, [Project MUSE](/wiki/Project_MUSE "Project MUSE"), was initiated by [Johns Hopkins University Press](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press "Johns Hopkins University Press"). Initially, Project Muse was intended to allow electronic access to titles published by Johns Hopkins University Press, but it has expanded to include the “full text of more than 300 journals from 60 different publishing groups worldwide."Dye, J.L. (2005\). Project Muse celebrates 10 years. Information Today, 22(9\), 44\. Another such project, developed by Cornell University Library and influenced by Project Muse, is [Project Euclid](/wiki/Project_Euclid "Project Euclid"), an electronic gathering of mathematics and statistics journals.Carlson, S. (2004\). Cornell will offer open\-source package for producing electronic journals. Chronicle of Higher Education, 51(6\), A35\. As of 2005 it was delivering “40 journals to libraries and individuals under subscription, hosting, or open access delivery plans."Ehling, T. (2005\). DPuBs: The development of an open source publishing system.
Publishing Research Quarterly, 20(4\), 41\-43\. Project Euclid was developed out of the code used to create NCSTRL, “a distributed network of Computer Science technical reports” in Cornell's Computer Science department.[DPubS Home](http://dpubs.org) It offers an opportunity for “low\-cost independent and society journals” to take advantage of the benefits of inclusion in an online database “without sacrificing their intellectual or economic independence or commitment to low subscription prices."Cornell University Library (2007\). Mission and goals. Project Euclid. Retrieved April 11, 2007\. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?Service\=UI\&version\=1\.0\&verb\=Display\&handle\=euclid\&page\=about\&aboutPage\=about\_mission](http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?Service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid&page=about&aboutPage=about_mission)
Several pricing options are available: Euclid Prime (EP), Euclid Select (ES), Euclid Direct (ED), and Open Access (OA).McKiernan, G. (2004\). Project Euclid: Mathematics and statistics journals. [The Charleston Advisor](/wiki/The_Charleston_Advisor "The Charleston Advisor"), 6(1\), 24\.
Developed with the help of two grants from The [Andrew W. Mellon Foundation](/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation "Andrew W. Mellon Foundation"), Project Euclid, named after ancient mathematician [Euclid of Alexandria](/wiki/Euclid "Euclid"), launched in 2003\. As did their experience developing the digital imaging project, Project Euclid afforded Cornell University Library the opportunity to learn a great deal. Specifically, the library discovered much about functioning as a digital press that it was previously unfamiliar with, such as “marketing or handling subscription requests . . . editorial management procedures and the ability to negotiate contracts with journal owners." While Euclid has been successful thus far – reported as “healthy and growing” in early 2006 – Cornell's heavy investment in the project and the ever\-changing nature of the academic journal field where “sustainability is a moving target” has led to the exploration of other publishing avenues.
Another initiative with relevance to the development of DPubS, [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv "ArXiv"), came to Cornell along with its initial developer Paul Ginsparg in 2001\. Institutional repositories, which serve as a central database of scholarly work such as [preprints](/wiki/Preprint "Preprint") and [postprints](/wiki/Postprint "Postprint") of journal articles, have become increasingly popular: [OpenDOAR](/wiki/OpenDOAR "OpenDOAR"), an online directory of open access repositories, has shown an increase from 350 to 850 repositories included in its database since mid\-2006\.Growth of the OpenDOAR Database – Worldwide. (2007\). Directory of Open Access Repositories. Retrieved April 11, 2007, from [http://www.opendoar.org/find.php?format\=charts](http://www.opendoar.org/find.php?format=charts) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806042203/http://www.opendoar.org/find.php?format\=charts \|date\=2007\-08\-06 }} Use of arXiv has been described as “intense,” averaging about 4,000 submissions per month in 2005\. Though many repositories – including all of those listed in OpenDOAR – are open access, they “have not substituted for traditional publications, and thus have not had a substantial impact on the journals pricing situation." However, the success of open access repositories such as arXiv could indicate a growing willingness on the part of scholars to make use of non\-traditional methods of publishing for their work.
Apart from Cornell's own desire to inquire further into unconventional approaches to publishing, there was an additional motivator. One of the results of the release of Project Euclid was interest in the software used to produce it. Cornell decided that they would eventually release this software, renaming it DPubS, but that it needed further development in order to be utilized by others. It was in 2004 that the [Pennsylvania State University Libraries](/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Libraries "Pennsylvania State University Libraries") became involved – expressing interest in the software that was used to develop Project Euclid – and the first project in developing DPubS was making available the journal Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid\-Atlantic Studies. This journal has been published since 1934 and is an official publication of the Pennsylvania Historical Association (PHA).Cornell University Library (2005\). Press release: June 21, 2005\. Retrieved April 24, 2007 from [http://dpubs.org/CUL\-DPubS\-Release20050621\.pdf](http://dpubs.org/CUL-DPubS-Release20050621.pdf)
The software was last updated on 2013\-04\-02\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://sourceforge.net/projects/dpubs/\|title\=DPubS\|date\=2 April 2013 }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Cornell University Library has been involved in digital publishing dates since the 1980s. In partnership with the [Xerox Corporation](/wiki/Xerox_Corporation \"Xerox Corporation\") and the [Commission on Preservation and Access](/wiki/Commission_on_Preservation_and_Access \"Commission on Preservation and Access\"), Cornell developed an early digital imaging project to preserve books in a fragile condition.New developments in library automation. (1990\\). American Libraries, 21(9\\), 903\\-904\\. Initially focused upon republishing mathematics titles, this effort expanded to include projects in [agricultural history](/wiki/Agricultural_history \"Agricultural history\"), [home economics](/wiki/Home_economics \"Home economics\") and [American studies](/wiki/American_studies \"American studies\").",
"The [Serials crisis](/wiki/Serials_crisis \"Serials crisis\") in the 1980s and 1990s likely encouraged Cornell University Library and other academic libraries and institutions to investigate such possibilities. In the 1980s libraries noticed that their journal subscription prices were increasing alarmingly.Miller, R.H. (2000\\). Electronic resources and academic libraries, 1980\\-2000: A historical perspective. Library Trends, 48(4\\), 645\\. By the early 1990s, many solutions were being explored, with cancellations being significant among them; in one case, LSU cancelled $650,000 in subscriptions in 1992\\-93\\.Hamakar, C.A. (1996\\). Redesigning research libraries: First step toward the 21st century. In S. H. Lee (Ed.), Access, resource sharing and collection development (pp. 33\\-48\\). New York: Haworth. Other alternatives emerged, however, involving the use of new technologies – such as those that enabled Cornell's digital imaging project – and the increasing availability of the Internet.",
"One such method of increasing access, [Project MUSE](/wiki/Project_MUSE \"Project MUSE\"), was initiated by [Johns Hopkins University Press](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press \"Johns Hopkins University Press\"). Initially, Project Muse was intended to allow electronic access to titles published by Johns Hopkins University Press, but it has expanded to include the “full text of more than 300 journals from 60 different publishing groups worldwide.\"Dye, J.L. (2005\\). Project Muse celebrates 10 years. Information Today, 22(9\\), 44\\. Another such project, developed by Cornell University Library and influenced by Project Muse, is [Project Euclid](/wiki/Project_Euclid \"Project Euclid\"), an electronic gathering of mathematics and statistics journals.Carlson, S. (2004\\). Cornell will offer open\\-source package for producing electronic journals. Chronicle of Higher Education, 51(6\\), A35\\. As of 2005 it was delivering “40 journals to libraries and individuals under subscription, hosting, or open access delivery plans.\"Ehling, T. (2005\\). DPuBs: The development of an open source publishing system. \nPublishing Research Quarterly, 20(4\\), 41\\-43\\. Project Euclid was developed out of the code used to create NCSTRL, “a distributed network of Computer Science technical reports” in Cornell's Computer Science department.[DPubS Home](http://dpubs.org) It offers an opportunity for “low\\-cost independent and society journals” to take advantage of the benefits of inclusion in an online database “without sacrificing their intellectual or economic independence or commitment to low subscription prices.\"Cornell University Library (2007\\). Mission and goals. Project Euclid. Retrieved April 11, 2007\\. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?Service\\=UI\\&version\\=1\\.0\\&verb\\=Display\\&handle\\=euclid\\&page\\=about\\&aboutPage\\=about\\_mission](http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?Service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid&page=about&aboutPage=about_mission)\n Several pricing options are available: Euclid Prime (EP), Euclid Select (ES), Euclid Direct (ED), and Open Access (OA).McKiernan, G. (2004\\). Project Euclid: Mathematics and statistics journals. [The Charleston Advisor](/wiki/The_Charleston_Advisor \"The Charleston Advisor\"), 6(1\\), 24\\.",
"Developed with the help of two grants from The [Andrew W. Mellon Foundation](/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation \"Andrew W. Mellon Foundation\"), Project Euclid, named after ancient mathematician [Euclid of Alexandria](/wiki/Euclid \"Euclid\"), launched in 2003\\. As did their experience developing the digital imaging project, Project Euclid afforded Cornell University Library the opportunity to learn a great deal. Specifically, the library discovered much about functioning as a digital press that it was previously unfamiliar with, such as “marketing or handling subscription requests . . . editorial management procedures and the ability to negotiate contracts with journal owners.\" While Euclid has been successful thus far – reported as “healthy and growing” in early 2006 – Cornell's heavy investment in the project and the ever\\-changing nature of the academic journal field where “sustainability is a moving target” has led to the exploration of other publishing avenues.",
"Another initiative with relevance to the development of DPubS, [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv \"ArXiv\"), came to Cornell along with its initial developer Paul Ginsparg in 2001\\. Institutional repositories, which serve as a central database of scholarly work such as [preprints](/wiki/Preprint \"Preprint\") and [postprints](/wiki/Postprint \"Postprint\") of journal articles, have become increasingly popular: [OpenDOAR](/wiki/OpenDOAR \"OpenDOAR\"), an online directory of open access repositories, has shown an increase from 350 to 850 repositories included in its database since mid\\-2006\\.Growth of the OpenDOAR Database – Worldwide. (2007\\). Directory of Open Access Repositories. Retrieved April 11, 2007, from [http://www.opendoar.org/find.php?format\\=charts](http://www.opendoar.org/find.php?format=charts) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806042203/http://www.opendoar.org/find.php?format\\=charts \\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-06 }} Use of arXiv has been described as “intense,” averaging about 4,000 submissions per month in 2005\\. Though many repositories – including all of those listed in OpenDOAR – are open access, they “have not substituted for traditional publications, and thus have not had a substantial impact on the journals pricing situation.\" However, the success of open access repositories such as arXiv could indicate a growing willingness on the part of scholars to make use of non\\-traditional methods of publishing for their work.",
"Apart from Cornell's own desire to inquire further into unconventional approaches to publishing, there was an additional motivator. One of the results of the release of Project Euclid was interest in the software used to produce it. Cornell decided that they would eventually release this software, renaming it DPubS, but that it needed further development in order to be utilized by others. It was in 2004 that the [Pennsylvania State University Libraries](/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Libraries \"Pennsylvania State University Libraries\") became involved – expressing interest in the software that was used to develop Project Euclid – and the first project in developing DPubS was making available the journal Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid\\-Atlantic Studies. This journal has been published since 1934 and is an official publication of the Pennsylvania Historical Association (PHA).Cornell University Library (2005\\). Press release: June 21, 2005\\. Retrieved April 24, 2007 from [http://dpubs.org/CUL\\-DPubS\\-Release20050621\\.pdf](http://dpubs.org/CUL-DPubS-Release20050621.pdf)",
"The software was last updated on 2013\\-04\\-02\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sourceforge.net/projects/dpubs/\\|title\\=DPubS\\|date\\=2 April 2013 }}",
""
] |
Productions
-----------
### UK and Ireland tour and West End (2017 \- 2019\)
The musical premiered as *The Band* at the [Manchester Opera House](/wiki/Manchester_Opera_House "Manchester Opera House") on 26 September 2017 (previewing from 8 September) before touring the rest of the UK and Ireland until March 2019\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.thebandmusical.com/tour\|title\=The Band {{!}} The new musical by Tim Firth with the music of Take That {{!}} Touring the UK in 2017/18\|last\=King\|first\=Bob\|website\=www.thebandmusical.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-03\-08}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.londonboxoffice.co.uk/the\-band\-tickets\|title\=The Band Musical Tickets\|website\=www.londonboxoffice.co.uk\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-15}}
The musical made its [West End](/wiki/West_End_theatre "West End theatre") premiere at the [Theatre Royal Haymarket](/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Haymarket "Theatre Royal Haymarket") for a limited run from 1 December 2018 to 12 January 2019, including a charity gala opening night on 4 December 2018\.
### Germany (2019\)
The musical made its German premiere at the [Theater des Westens](/wiki/Theater_des_Westens "Theater des Westens") in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") for a limited run from 11 April 2019 to September 2019, followed by a run in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") from 11 October 2019 to 3 November 2019\.
### P\&O Cruises Arvia (2023 \- 2026\)
In August 2022 it was announced that a special adaptation of *Greatest Days* would be performed exclusively onboard new P\&O Cruises Ship Arvia. The show had its premiere on Monday 9th of January 2023\. It was directed by James Robert Moore, with choreography by Ian West, musical direction by Roxanna Shirley, arrangements by Steve Parry, set design by Steve Howell, costume by Carry On Costumes, sound design by Leigh Davies, video and lighting design by Ben Bull and associate direction by Grace Currie.
### P\&O Cruises Iona (2023 \- 2026\)
On Thursday the 8th of June 2023, Greatest Days premiered on Arvia’s sister ship Iona. The show has the same creative team as Arvia.
### UK and Ireland tour (2023 \- 2024\)
In September 2022, it was announced that the musical would tour the UK and Ireland in 2023, renamed as *Greatest Days.* The tour premiered at the [Churchill Theatre](/wiki/Churchill_Theatre "Churchill Theatre"), [Bromley](/wiki/Bromley "Bromley") from 5 May 2023 and will tour until 2024, coinciding with the release of the movie adaptation and the 30th anniversary of Take That's first ever no. 1 UK single [*Pray*](/wiki/Pray_%28Take_That_song%29 "Pray (Take That song)").{{Cite web \|last\=Admin \|date\=2022\-09\-21 \|title\=Greatest Days \- The Official Take That Musical to tour in 2023 \|url\=https://www.londontheatre1\.com/theatre\-news/greatest\-days\-the\-official\-take\-that\-musical\-to\-tour\-in\-2023/ \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-22 \|website\=LondonTheatre1 \|language\=en\-GB}}
### Switzerland (2023 \- 2024\)
In December 2023, Greatest Days premiered at Le Theatre, Emmen, Switzerland. The production runs from 14 December 2023 until 21 January 2024\.
|
[
"Productions\n-----------",
"### UK and Ireland tour and West End (2017 \\- 2019\\)",
"The musical premiered as *The Band* at the [Manchester Opera House](/wiki/Manchester_Opera_House \"Manchester Opera House\") on 26 September 2017 (previewing from 8 September) before touring the rest of the UK and Ireland until March 2019\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thebandmusical.com/tour\\|title\\=The Band {{!}} The new musical by Tim Firth with the music of Take That {{!}} Touring the UK in 2017/18\\|last\\=King\\|first\\=Bob\\|website\\=www.thebandmusical.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-03\\-08}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.londonboxoffice.co.uk/the\\-band\\-tickets\\|title\\=The Band Musical Tickets\\|website\\=www.londonboxoffice.co.uk\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-15}}",
"The musical made its [West End](/wiki/West_End_theatre \"West End theatre\") premiere at the [Theatre Royal Haymarket](/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Haymarket \"Theatre Royal Haymarket\") for a limited run from 1 December 2018 to 12 January 2019, including a charity gala opening night on 4 December 2018\\.",
"### Germany (2019\\)",
"The musical made its German premiere at the [Theater des Westens](/wiki/Theater_des_Westens \"Theater des Westens\") in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") for a limited run from 11 April 2019 to September 2019, followed by a run in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") from 11 October 2019 to 3 November 2019\\.",
"### P\\&O Cruises Arvia (2023 \\- 2026\\)",
"In August 2022 it was announced that a special adaptation of *Greatest Days* would be performed exclusively onboard new P\\&O Cruises Ship Arvia. The show had its premiere on Monday 9th of January 2023\\. It was directed by James Robert Moore, with choreography by Ian West, musical direction by Roxanna Shirley, arrangements by Steve Parry, set design by Steve Howell, costume by Carry On Costumes, sound design by Leigh Davies, video and lighting design by Ben Bull and associate direction by Grace Currie.",
"### P\\&O Cruises Iona (2023 \\- 2026\\)",
"On Thursday the 8th of June 2023, Greatest Days premiered on Arvia’s sister ship Iona. The show has the same creative team as Arvia.",
"### UK and Ireland tour (2023 \\- 2024\\)",
"In September 2022, it was announced that the musical would tour the UK and Ireland in 2023, renamed as *Greatest Days.* The tour premiered at the [Churchill Theatre](/wiki/Churchill_Theatre \"Churchill Theatre\"), [Bromley](/wiki/Bromley \"Bromley\") from 5 May 2023 and will tour until 2024, coinciding with the release of the movie adaptation and the 30th anniversary of Take That's first ever no. 1 UK single [*Pray*](/wiki/Pray_%28Take_That_song%29 \"Pray (Take That song)\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Admin \\|date\\=2022\\-09\\-21 \\|title\\=Greatest Days \\- The Official Take That Musical to tour in 2023 \\|url\\=https://www.londontheatre1\\.com/theatre\\-news/greatest\\-days\\-the\\-official\\-take\\-that\\-musical\\-to\\-tour\\-in\\-2023/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-22 \\|website\\=LondonTheatre1 \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"### Switzerland (2023 \\- 2024\\)",
"In December 2023, Greatest Days premiered at Le Theatre, Emmen, Switzerland. The production runs from 14 December 2023 until 21 January 2024\\.",
""
] |
Musical career
--------------
### Reuben (2001–2008\)
{{Main\|Reuben (band)}}
After recording a number of demos with Pearce and drummer Mark Lawton the trio changed their name from Angel to Reuben, releasing an EP titled [Pilot](/wiki/Pilot_%28Reuben_EP%29 "Pilot (Reuben EP)") in January 2001, this was followed by a string of singles, which gained airplay on [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1"), [MTV2](/wiki/MTV2 "MTV2") as well as press attention from *[Kerrang!](/wiki/Kerrang%21 "Kerrang!")* magazine, *[Rock Sound](/wiki/Rock_Sound "Rock Sound")* amongst others. The band began gaining attention from larger record companies, and negotiated with a number of different labels both in the United Kingdom and United States, including Andy Ross at [Food Records](/wiki/Food_Records "Food Records"), who was keen for the band to sign to his label. The band ultimately decided to self\-finance the recording of their debut album, it was only after its completion that they signed with Xtra Mile Recordings, who released their debut record [Racecar is Racecar Backwards](/wiki/Racecar_is_Racecar_Backwards "Racecar is Racecar Backwards") in June 2004\.{{cite web\|title\=Reuben interview\|url\=http://designermagazine.tripod.com/ReubenINT1\.html\|website\=designermagazine.tripod.com/\|access\-date\=14 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114125846/http://designermagazine.tripod.com/ReubenINT1\.html\|archive\-date\=14 January 2015\|date\=1 June 2004}}{{cite web\|last1\=Kirsch\|first1\=James\|title\=WORDS WITH: REUBEN\|url\=http://www.gigwise.com/features/6665/words\-with\-reuben\|website\=gigwise.com\|publisher\=Gigwise\|access\-date\=14 January 2015\|date\=16 June 2005}}
In the long period spent getting their debut album out, Lenman already had songs lined up for the second album and in September 2005 the band released [Very Fast Very Dangerous](/wiki/Very_Fast_Very_Dangerous "Very Fast Very Dangerous") on Xtra Mile. To make being in a band more financially viable Lenman continued to work at a fish and chip restaurant as well as being in the band.{{cite AV media\| title \= \[\[What Happens in Aldershot Stays in Aldershot]] \| medium \=Documentary\| time \=108 minutes\| publisher \=Hideous Records}} In 2007, after parting ways with Xtra Mile Recordings, Lenman along with his bandmates set up their own label Hideous Records to release new Reuben new material, including their third album [In Nothing We Trust](/wiki/In_Nothing_We_Trust "In Nothing We Trust").
{{quote box\|quote\= "In the last year or so I had a bit of a confidence crash. I think just because we got a lot more popular very quickly – which isn't to say we suddenly reached Bon Jovi status, but lots more people tuned in – that meant the scrutiny was a lot higher and people would come to shows with such high expectations" \|source\= —Lenman{{cite web\|last1\=Lloyd\|first1\=Gavin\|title\=Interview: Jamie Lenman on Reuben's split and his return to music\|url\=http://www.thrashhits.com/2013/10/interview\-jamie\-lenman\-on\-reubens\-split\-and\-his\-return\-to\-music/\|website\=thrashhits.com\|access\-date\=16 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116133235/http://www.thrashhits.com/2013/10/interview\-jamie\-lenman\-on\-reubens\-split\-and\-his\-return\-to\-music/\|archive\-date\=16 January 2015\|date\=25 October 2013}} \|width\=25%\|align\=right\|style\=padding:8px;}}
After releasing In Nothing We Trust in 2007 the band were becoming increasingly strained financially, with the groups savings running out, which Lenman found particularly difficult, "everyone that worked with us ended up doing things for mates rates or on a promise, it didn't feel very good to always be asking favours", Lenman felt as if he was not able to give enough back in order to compensate and pay people for helping him and the band. Trying to support the band and their lives, the band were continuing to work second jobs, with Lenman now full\-time at [The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian") as an illustrator. Lenman was also finding the groups increase in fan following difficult to deal with, recalling that some fans would complain about the band failing to play their particular song preferences, "the longer you go they become bigger and bigger fans and I really felt the weight of people's expectations". Relationships between Lenman and his bandmates consequently had deteriorated, eventually to the point where the band were barely speaking, Lenman reflected on this in a 2009 interview "if I said something it would always be negative, which is terrible. I could feel myself creating an atmosphere a lot of the time".{{cite web\|last1\=Kelham\|first1\=Andrew\|title\=Reuben\|url\=http://www.rocksound.tv/features/read/reuben\|website\=Rock Sound\|access\-date\=13 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113191427/http://www.rocksound.tv/features/read/reuben\|archive\-date\=13 January 2015\|date\=14 August 2009}} In June 2008, the band went on an indefinite hiatus, Lenman had "burnt out" and had no desire to make or perform music in any capacity.{{cite web\|last1\=Dedman \|first1\=Remfry \|title\=Interview with Jamie Lenman: "This time, I was 5 years heavier and 5 years more banjo! \|url\=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2014/07/19/interview\-with\-jamie\-lenman\-%E2%80%9Cthis\-time\-i\-was\-5\-years\-heavier\-and\-5\-years\-more\-banjo%E2%80%9D/ \|website\=The Independent \|access\-date\=13 January 2015 \|date\=21 July 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181429/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2014/07/19/interview\-with\-jamie\-lenman\-%E2%80%9Cthis\-time\-i\-was\-5\-years\-heavier\-and\-5\-years\-more\-banjo%E2%80%9D/ \|archive\-date\= 2 April 2015 }}
Since the band's split, Reuben have released a compilation of b\-sides, unreleased and rare studio and live material titled [We Should Have Gone to University](/wiki/We_Should_Have_Gone_to_University "We Should Have Gone to University") in 2009, and a tenth anniversary edition of their debut album [Racecar is Racecar Backwards](/wiki/Racecar_is_Racecar_Backwards "Racecar is Racecar Backwards") in 2014, featuring more previous unheard and unreleased demos and live sessions.{{cite web\|title\=10 YEARS OF RACECAR IS RACECAR BACKWARDS\|url\=http://www.1\.xtramilerecordings.com/reuben\-10\-years\-of\-racecar\-is\-racecar\-backwards/\|website\=xtramilerecordings.com\|publisher\=Xtra Mile Recordings\|access\-date\=16 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116135146/http://www.1\.xtramilerecordings.com/reuben\-10\-years\-of\-racecar\-is\-racecar\-backwards/\|archive\-date\=16 January 2015\|date\=25 June 2014}} Lenman has commented a number of times during press for his solo\-album in 2013 on the possibility of Reuben reuniting in the future, stating he wants to give it more time before properly considering it, as "it's only been five years".{{cite web\|title\=An Exclusive Chat With Ex\-Reuben Frontman Jamie Lenman\|url\=http://www.subba\-cultcha.com/features/jamie\-lenman\-interview/\|website\=subba\-cultcha.com\|access\-date\=13 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113200642/http://www.subba\-cultcha.com/features/jamie\-lenman\-interview/\|archive\-date\=13 January 2015\|date\=5 December 2013}}
### *Muscle Memory* (2013–2016\)
After Reuben disbanded, Lenman concentrated on his work as an illustrator but would still receive letters and meet people who praised his work with Reuben, which encouraged him to get back into writing and performing. Lenman first hinted in 2010 that he would "probably finish the songs in my head" at some point and release them, although stated he did not know if and when that would be. Over the following years Lenman quietly worked away on new music, being in full\-time employment at *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* – as well as working on other freelance projects Lenman worked "bit\-by\-bit" over around four\-years with producer\-friend Harry Goodchild. Early on in the process, Lenman assembled to practice his material with. Initially, Lenman found that he was writing and recording material that sounded like his previous band Reuben, and became interested in making a more pronounced leap in musical style.
On 23 September 2013 it was announced Lenman would be releasing his first record, [Muscle Memory](/wiki/Muscle_Memory "Muscle Memory") through Xtra Mile Recordings, as well as going on tour in the United Kingdom for the first time since Reuben split. The announcement also saw the release of his first double single "Fizzy Blood" \& "Pretty Please".{{cite web\|title\=JAMIE LENMAN (REUBEN) POSTS DETAILS OF SOLO ALBUM\|url\=http://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/jamie\-lenman\-reuben\-posts\-details\-of\-solo\-album\|website\=rocksound.tv\|publisher\=\[\[Rock Sound]]\|access\-date\=16 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116111119/http://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/jamie\-lenman\-reuben\-posts\-details\-of\-solo\-album\|archive\-date\=16 January 2015\|date\=23 September 2013}} Both single tracks began receiving radio and videoplay on [XFM](/wiki/XFM "XFM"), [Kerrang!](/wiki/Kerrang%21 "Kerrang!") TV, [Scuzz](/wiki/Scuzz "Scuzz") and [Amazing Radio](/wiki/Amazing_Radio "Amazing Radio") amongst others.
The 23 track album was released on 11 November 2013, with one half featuring "extreme, aggressive metal" and the other half "all folk and jazz". The release day was celebrated with an instore performance at [Banquet Records](/wiki/Banquet_Records "Banquet Records"). Lenman's first tour in 2013 saw him accompanied by a three\-piece band, including Angus Cowan who worked both in the studio and on tour with Reuben, [Dan Kavanagh](/wiki/Dan_Kavanagh "Dan Kavanagh") on drums and Chris Coulter on guitar. Lenman's wife Lena also accompanied him on the tour, singing on the tracks "Little Lives" and "If You Have To Ask You'll Never Know", whilst an extended choir would join the band for the performance of "A Day In The Life".{{cite web\|last1\=Barnes\|first1\=Callum\|title\=JAMIE LENMAN: THIS IS LIKE PROPER DETECTIVE\|url\=http://www.mudkiss.com/jamielenmaninterview.htm\|website\=mudkiss.com\|access\-date\=14 January 2015\|archive\-date\=14 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114144228/http://www.mudkiss.com/jamielenmaninterview.htm}}
{{quote box\|quote\= "All along there were no plans, though. There were no plans past 'Pick up a guitar' and no plans past 'Finish these songs' and no plans past 'Let's record it.' So every step – it sounds like a cliche – but I'm just taking it as it comes." \|source\= —Lenman \|width\=25%\|align\=right\|style\=padding:8px;}}
Lenman's second double single featuring the tracks "It's Hard To Be A Gentleman" and "All The Things You Hate About Me, I Hate Them Too" premiered on 24 February 2014 on [Rock Sound](/wiki/Rock_Sound "Rock Sound") and featured reworked versions of both tracks. The tracks received airplay on BBC Radio 1, XFM, Scuzz, Kerrang amongst other media outlets.{{cite web\|title\=BBC Radio 1 – Rock Show with Daniel P. Carter\|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03vpz9q\|website\=bbc.co.uk\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=25 February 2014}} The single was released as a limited 7\-inch vinyl for [Record Store Day](/wiki/Record_Store_Day "Record Store Day") on 19 April.{{cite web\|title\=JAMIE LENMAN SPLIT SINGLE EXCLUSIVE!\|url\=http://www.rocksound.tv/videos/watch/jamie\-lenman\-split\-single\-exclusive\|website\=rocksound.tv\|publisher\=Rock Sound\|access\-date\=16 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116111437/http://www.rocksound.tv/videos/watch/jamie\-lenman\-split\-single\-exclusive\|archive\-date\=16 January 2015\|date\=24 February 2014}} Lenman continued sporadically playing shows across 2014, including [2000 Trees Festival](/wiki/2000_Trees_Festival "2000 Trees Festival"), Southampton's Takedown Festival, GuilFest in Guildford, [Download Festival](/wiki/Download_Festival "Download Festival"), ArcTanGent in Bristol as well as supporting [Kerbdog](/wiki/Kerbdog "Kerbdog") at their London show on 16 November 2014\.{{cite web\|title\=JAMIE LENMAN NEW SINGLE FOR RECORD STORE DAY AND APRIL SHOWS\|url\=http://www.1\.xtramilerecordings.com/news/2014/2/24/jamie\-lenman\-new\-single\-for\-record\-store\-day\-and\-april\-shows\|website\=xtramilerecordings.com\|publisher\=Xtra Mile Recordings\|access\-date\=16 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116130613/http://www.1\.xtramilerecordings.com/news/2014/2/24/jamie\-lenman\-new\-single\-for\-record\-store\-day\-and\-april\-shows\|archive\-date\=16 January 2015\|date\=24 February 2014}} Some performances, including his own second headline tour included an extended seven\-piece Heavy/Mellow band, featuring a horn section from Pete Fraser and Rob Piper.{{cite web\|last1\=Hingle\|first1\=James\|title\=Jamie Lenman Interview Takedown Festival 2014\|url\=http://www.hitthefloor.com/interviews/music\-interviews/jamie\-lenman\-interview\-takedown\-festival\-2014/\|website\=hitthefloor.com\|access\-date\=16 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116125818/http://www.hitthefloor.com/interviews/music\-interviews/jamie\-lenman\-interview\-takedown\-festival\-2014/\|archive\-date\=16 January 2015\|date\=24 March 2014}} Lenman's final show of 2014 was a Christmas special at the [West End Centre](/wiki/West_End_Centre%2C_Aldershot "West End Centre, Aldershot") in [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot "Aldershot") on 21 December, which included his Reuben bandmate Guy performing drums on their track "Moving to Blackwater".{{cite web\|last1\=Hampshire\|first1\=Jay\|title\=Jamie Lenman's Christmas Spectacular – West End Center, Aldershot – 21/12/2014 Live Review\|url\=http://www.hitthefloor.com/music/rock\-metal/jamie\-lenmans\-christmas\-spectacular\-west\-end\-center\-aldershot\-21122014\-live\-review/\|publisher\=hitthefloor.com\|access\-date\=16 January 2015\|date\=23 December 2014}}
Lenman has stated that he has no long\-term plans in regard to releasing and performing music, and that it could be anywhere from a year to ten years time before he puts out another record, with illustration still being his primary focus. In a 2016 interview, Lenman once again discussed releasing new music and expressed his interest in working with a label and producer in the hope of being able to reach a broader audience.{{cite web\|last1\=Biddlecombe\|first1\=Brad\|title\=ALTERNATIVE MUSIC INTERVIEWS Jamie Lenman Interview At 2000 Trees Festival 2016\|url\=http://altcorner.com/interviews/jamie\-lenman\-interview\-2000\-trees\-festival\-2016/\|publisher\=Alt Corner\|access\-date\=25 August 2016\|date\=3 August 2016}}
### *Devolver* and *Shuffle* (2017–2021\)
On 11 January 2017 [Kerrang!](/wiki/Kerrang%21 "Kerrang!") magazine announced that Lenman would be releasing a new single, titled "Mississippi".{{cite web\|last1\=Hingle \|first1\=James \|title\=JAMIE LENMAN ANNOUNCES NEW SINGLE, MISSISSIPPI \|url\=http://www.kerrang.com/46774/jamie\-lenman\-announces\-new\-single\-mississippi/ \|website\=Kerrang! \|access\-date\=18 February 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112183703/http://www.kerrang.com/46774/jamie\-lenman\-announces\-new\-single\-mississippi/ \|archive\-date\=12 January 2017 \|date\=11 January 2017 \|url\-status\=dead }} In a number of following interviews, Lenman revealed that he had been working for some time with his close personal friend, music producer Paul Frazer *Space* on new material.{{cite web\|last1\=Busfield \|first1\=Louise Elizabeth \|title\=Jamie Lenman Interview \|url\=http://www.soundspheremag.com/features/interview\-jamie\-lenman\-2017/ \|website\=Soundsphere Magazine \|access\-date\=18 February 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218200921/http://www.soundspheremag.com/features/interview\-jamie\-lenman\-2017/ \|archive\-date\=18 February 2017 \|date\=17 January 2017 \|url\-status\=dead }} On 18 January 2017, "Mississippi" premiered on the [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1") Rock Show, with Daniel P Carter making it his record of the week, before being made available to stream and purchase the following day, through Lenman's own record label, Mad Note.{{cite news\|last1\=Dedman\|first1\=Remfry\|title\=Jamie Lenman interview: 'I used to be totalitarian but I've got to a point in my life where I'm ready to give up control'\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/music/features/jamie\-lenman\-in\-the\-studio\-i\-used\-to\-be\-very\-totalitarian\-and\-i\-think\-i\-ve\-got\-to\-a\-point\-in\-my\-life\-a7540831\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]]\|access\-date\=18 February 2017\|date\=18 January 2017}}{{cite web\|title\=ABOUT JAMIE LENMAN \|url\=http://scala.co.uk/events/jamie\-lenman/ \|website\=Scala \|access\-date\=18 February 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218204345/http://scala.co.uk/events/jamie\-lenman/ \|archive\-date\=18 February 2017 \|date\=18 January 2017 \|url\-status\=dead }} On 1 February 2017, Lenman's UK tour in support of his new material was announced for April and May 2017\.{{cite magazine\|last1\=Garner \|first1\=George \|title\=JAMIE LENMAN ANNOUNCES UK TOUR DATES \|url\=http://www.kerrang.com/47120/jamie\-lenman\-tour/ \|magazine\=Kerrang! \|access\-date\=18 February 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218205820/http://www.kerrang.com/47120/jamie\-lenman\-tour/ \|archive\-date\=18 February 2017 \|date\=1 February 2017 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Speaking on releasing a second album, Lenman stated that he is constantly working with *Space*, and that "we're just going to release these tracks as they become available", although did follow this comment up by saying he is "still quite wedded to the concept of 10–12 tracks as a piece of work".{{cite magazine\|last1\=Garner \|first1\=George \|title\=INTERVIEW: JAMIE LENMAN – "I DIDN'T BELIEVE IN WRITING SONGS AS CATHARSIS… UNTIL IT HAPPENED BY ACCIDENT" \|url\=http://www.kerrang.com/46869/jamie\-lenman\-interview/ \|magazine\=Kerrang! \|access\-date\=18 February 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124173204/http://www.kerrang.com/46869/jamie\-lenman\-interview/ \|archive\-date\=24 January 2017 \|date\=24 January 2017 \|url\-status\=dead }}
On 27 October 2017, Lenman released his second solo record *[Devolver](/wiki/Devolver_%28album%29 "Devolver (album)")* through [Big Scary Monsters](/wiki/Big_Scary_Monsters "Big Scary Monsters"), preceded by the release of single "Hell In A Fast Car", which premiered on 30 July 2017\.{{cite news \|last1\=Johnson \|first1\=Laura \|title\=Jamie Lenman Announces New LP 'Devolver' And London Festival 'Lenmania', Shares Video For New Track \|url\=https://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/209450/9 \|access\-date\=8 September 2018 \|publisher\=Stereoboard \|date\=31 July 2017}} On 11 November 2018, Lenman headlined his own 'Lenmania' festival, accompanied by acts including Employed To Serve, Palm Reader and Hannah Lou Clark.{{cite web \|title\=LOTS OF LOVELY LENMAN NEWS! \|url\=http://www.bsmrocks.com/news/posts/8603\-lots\-of\-lovely\-lenman\-news \|website\=Big Scary Monsters \|access\-date\=8 September 2018 \|date\=31 July 2017 \|archive\-date\=9 September 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909000246/http://www.bsmrocks.com/news/posts/8603\-lots\-of\-lovely\-lenman\-news \|url\-status\=dead }}
On 8 June 2018, Lenman put out a double\-a side single, featuring the tracks "Long Gone" and "Irrelevant", with Justine Jones of Employed to Serve featuring on the former and Arcane Roots' Andrew Groves on the latter.{{cite news \|title\=Jamie Lenman and Employed To Serve's Justine Jones have teamed up for 'Long Gone' \|url\=https://www.upsetmagazine.com/news/jamie\-lenman\-and\-employed\-to\-serves\-justine\-jones\-have\-teamed\-up\-for\-long\-gone/ \|access\-date\=8 September 2018 \|publisher\=Upset Magazine \|date\=8 June 2018}}
On 15 September 2018, Lenman opened for [Biffy Clyro](/wiki/Biffy_Clyro "Biffy Clyro") in Dublin and the following day in Belfast on 16 September, as well as supporting [Marmozets](/wiki/Marmozets "Marmozets") on 19 October in London.{{cite web \|last1\=Hillier \|first1\=Dan \|title\=Jamie Lenman: The Download 2018 Interview \|url\=http://www.noizze.co.uk/single\-post/2018/06/23/Jamie\-Lenman\-The\-Download\-2018\-Interview \|publisher\=Noizze \|access\-date\=8 September 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908163901/http://www.noizze.co.uk/single\-post/2018/06/23/Jamie\-Lenman\-The\-Download\-2018\-Interview \|archive\-date\=8 September 2018 \|date\=23 June 2018}}{{cite web \|title\=MTV UNPLUGGED SUPPORT ACTS ANNOUNCED \|url\=http://www.biffyclyro.com/news,mtv\-unplugged\-support\-acts\-announced\_1826\.htm \|website\=Biffy Clyro \|access\-date\=8 September 2018 \|date\=7 September 2018 \|archive\-date\=8 September 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202544/http://www.biffyclyro.com/news,mtv\-unplugged\-support\-acts\-announced\_1826\.htm \|url\-status\=dead }}
A year after the release of *Devolver*, Lenman announced plans to put out a live album, *Live at St. Pancras*. The show was recorded at [St Pancras Old Church](/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church "St Pancras Old Church") on the day of *Devolver's* release and would feature the complete recording of the show, including the question and answer section.{{cite web \|last1\=Redrup \|first1\=Zach \|title\=Jamie Lenman announces live album, 'Live At St. Pancras'! \|url\=http://www.deadpress.co.uk/news\-jamie\-lenman\-announces\-live\-album\-live\-at\-st\-pancras/ \|website\=Dead Press \|access\-date\=3 June 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503161120/http://www.deadpress.co.uk/news\-jamie\-lenman\-announces\-live\-album\-live\-at\-st\-pancras/ \|archive\-date\=3 May 2019 \|date\=30 October 2018}}
Lenman announced he would release *Shuffle* on 5 July 2019\. The album would be made up of covers, with Lenman influenced by the "technical deconstructions" from the likes of Biffy Clyro and Arcane Roots, Shuffle would see him cover songs by The Beatles, the theme song from [Popeye](/wiki/Popeye "Popeye"), [Bernard Herrmann](/wiki/Bernard_Herrmann "Bernard Herrmann")'s theme for the 1976 film *[Taxi Driver](/wiki/Taxi_Driver "Taxi Driver")* and more.{{cite web \|title\=JAMIE LENMAN HAS ANNOUNCED A NEW ALBUM, SHUFFLE \|url\=https://www.kerrang.com/the\-news/jamie\-lenman\-has\-announced\-a\-new\-album\-shuffle/ \|website\=Kerrang! \|access\-date\=3 June 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603182353/https://www.kerrang.com/the\-news/jamie\-lenman\-has\-announced\-a\-new\-album\-shuffle/ \|archive\-date\=3 June 2019 \|date\=27 March 2019}}{{cite web \|last1\=Donnelly \|first1\=Steven \|title\=Jamie Lenman Talks With Steven Donnelly ahead of his upcoming Irish Dates In Belfast \& Dublin \|url\=https://rocknloadmag.com/news/jamie\-lenman\-talks\-with\-steven\-donnelly\-ahead\-of\-his\-upcoming\-irish\-dates\-in\-belfast\-dublin/ \|website\=Rock 'n' Load Mag \|access\-date\=15 June 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615103214/https://rocknloadmag.com/news/jamie\-lenman\-talks\-with\-steven\-donnelly\-ahead\-of\-his\-upcoming\-irish\-dates\-in\-belfast\-dublin/ \|archive\-date\=15 June 2019 \|date\=30 May 2019}} Lenman laid out that it had long been a career goal of his to put out a covers record and that he had in fact wanted to originally do it after the release of Muscle Memory. Discussing his song and style choices for the record, Lenman described the piece as an attempt "to redefine the concept of a covers album – not just lazy sound\-alikes of '80s classics, not just ironic metal versions of pop tunes".
On 9 April 2019, Dan Kavanagh announced that after ten years of working with Lenman, he would be stepping down as his drummer, but affirmed that he hoped the two would make music again one day.{{cite web \|last1\=Redrup \|first1\=Zach \|title\=Drummer Dan Kavanagh steps down from Jamie Lenman's band! \|url\=http://www.deadpress.co.uk/news\-drummer\-dan\-kavanagh\-steps\-down\-from\-jamie\-lenmans\-band/ \|website\=Dead Press \|access\-date\=3 June 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410174320/http://www.deadpress.co.uk/news\-drummer\-dan\-kavanagh\-steps\-down\-from\-jamie\-lenmans\-band/ \|archive\-date\=10 April 2019 \|date\=9 April 2019}} In June, Lenman performed in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast") and [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin"), with his former Reuben bandmate Guy Davis on drums.{{cite web \|last1\=Monk \|first1\=DJ \|title\=JAMIE LENMAN/CATALAN/STEVEN VX/FERALS – BELFAST, THE PALM HOUSE – 1 JUNE 2019 \|url\=http://uber\-rock.co.uk/jamie\-lenman\-belfast\-1\-june\-2019/ \|website\=Uber Rock \|access\-date\=15 June 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615102556/http://uber\-rock.co.uk/jamie\-lenman\-belfast\-1\-june\-2019/ \|archive\-date\=15 June 2019 \|date\=4 June 2019}}
Lenman performed at various festivals across 2019, including Bad Pond Festival in April, Smithdown Road Festival Handmade Festival in May, [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival "Glastonbury Festival") in June and Trebur Open Air Festival \& [Two Thousand Trees Festival](/wiki/Two_Thousand_Trees_Festival "Two Thousand Trees Festival") in July.{{cite web \|last1\=Zelaya \|first1\=Carlos \|title\=NEWS: Gojira, Venom Prison, and more join Glastonbury 2019 line\-up! \|url\=http://www.deadpress.co.uk/news\-gojira\-venom\-prison\-and\-more\-join\-glastonbury\-2019\-line\-up/ \|website\=Dead Press! \|access\-date\=15 June 2019 \|date\=7 May 2019 \|archive\-date\=11 May 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511085109/http://www.deadpress.co.uk/news\-gojira\-venom\-prison\-and\-more\-join\-glastonbury\-2019\-line\-up/ \|url\-status\=dead }}
### King of Clubs, The Atheist and Retirement (2020–2024\)
In 2020, Lenman released an EP titled *King of Clubs*. Subsequently toured in December 2021, which was delayed due to the COVID\-19 Pandemic, with the first five shows (Bournemouth, Bristol, Portsmouth, Newcastle and Glasgow) postponed and subsequently cancelled due to members of the touring party testing positive for COVID\-19\.
On 11 August 2022 Lenman released a new single, "Talk Hard", from a forthcoming album. It was described as "Vibrant... instantly catchy" by *[Rock Sound](/wiki/Rock_Sound "Rock Sound")*, and "Uplifting... Anthemic... Excellent" by *[Kerrang!](/wiki/Kerrang%21 "Kerrang!")*.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2024}}
Jamie toured the Atheist as well as headlining Lenmania III at the Manchester Club Academy and Strangeforms Festival at The Brudenell Social Club.
On 21 February 2024, Lenman announced his retirement from the music industry, stating no further plans to tour or make any more records.{{Cite web \|author1\=Rich Hobson \|date\=2024\-02\-21 \|title\="The past 10 years have been incredibly fulfilling, but also physically and emotionally draining": Jamie Lenman announces retirement from music \|url\=https://www.loudersound.com/news/jamie\-lenman\-announces\-retirement\-from\-music \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-02 \|website\=louder \|language\=en}} Any further appearances will be "Quarterly live stream"{{cite web \| url\=https://www.patreon.com/TheJamieLenmanFanClub \| title\=Get more from the Jamie Lenman Fan Club on Patreon }} online performances on his Patreon or one off festival shows.<https://www.facebook.com/jamielenman/posts/pfbid0KE2Wb7fTAKvWJrKUXBp1z7uW6JrU84DfqXHiXF922hsy1kxsEymvmfEFJRZZeCBSl> {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
|
[
"Musical career\n--------------",
"### Reuben (2001–2008\\)",
"{{Main\\|Reuben (band)}}",
"After recording a number of demos with Pearce and drummer Mark Lawton the trio changed their name from Angel to Reuben, releasing an EP titled [Pilot](/wiki/Pilot_%28Reuben_EP%29 \"Pilot (Reuben EP)\") in January 2001, this was followed by a string of singles, which gained airplay on [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\"), [MTV2](/wiki/MTV2 \"MTV2\") as well as press attention from *[Kerrang!](/wiki/Kerrang%21 \"Kerrang!\")* magazine, *[Rock Sound](/wiki/Rock_Sound \"Rock Sound\")* amongst others. The band began gaining attention from larger record companies, and negotiated with a number of different labels both in the United Kingdom and United States, including Andy Ross at [Food Records](/wiki/Food_Records \"Food Records\"), who was keen for the band to sign to his label. The band ultimately decided to self\\-finance the recording of their debut album, it was only after its completion that they signed with Xtra Mile Recordings, who released their debut record [Racecar is Racecar Backwards](/wiki/Racecar_is_Racecar_Backwards \"Racecar is Racecar Backwards\") in June 2004\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Reuben interview\\|url\\=http://designermagazine.tripod.com/ReubenINT1\\.html\\|website\\=designermagazine.tripod.com/\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114125846/http://designermagazine.tripod.com/ReubenINT1\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2015\\|date\\=1 June 2004}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Kirsch\\|first1\\=James\\|title\\=WORDS WITH: REUBEN\\|url\\=http://www.gigwise.com/features/6665/words\\-with\\-reuben\\|website\\=gigwise.com\\|publisher\\=Gigwise\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2015\\|date\\=16 June 2005}}",
"In the long period spent getting their debut album out, Lenman already had songs lined up for the second album and in September 2005 the band released [Very Fast Very Dangerous](/wiki/Very_Fast_Very_Dangerous \"Very Fast Very Dangerous\") on Xtra Mile. To make being in a band more financially viable Lenman continued to work at a fish and chip restaurant as well as being in the band.{{cite AV media\\| title \\= \\[\\[What Happens in Aldershot Stays in Aldershot]] \\| medium \\=Documentary\\| time \\=108 minutes\\| publisher \\=Hideous Records}} In 2007, after parting ways with Xtra Mile Recordings, Lenman along with his bandmates set up their own label Hideous Records to release new Reuben new material, including their third album [In Nothing We Trust](/wiki/In_Nothing_We_Trust \"In Nothing We Trust\").",
"{{quote box\\|quote\\= \"In the last year or so I had a bit of a confidence crash. I think just because we got a lot more popular very quickly – which isn't to say we suddenly reached Bon Jovi status, but lots more people tuned in – that meant the scrutiny was a lot higher and people would come to shows with such high expectations\" \\|source\\= —Lenman{{cite web\\|last1\\=Lloyd\\|first1\\=Gavin\\|title\\=Interview: Jamie Lenman on Reuben's split and his return to music\\|url\\=http://www.thrashhits.com/2013/10/interview\\-jamie\\-lenman\\-on\\-reubens\\-split\\-and\\-his\\-return\\-to\\-music/\\|website\\=thrashhits.com\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116133235/http://www.thrashhits.com/2013/10/interview\\-jamie\\-lenman\\-on\\-reubens\\-split\\-and\\-his\\-return\\-to\\-music/\\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|date\\=25 October 2013}} \\|width\\=25%\\|align\\=right\\|style\\=padding:8px;}}",
"After releasing In Nothing We Trust in 2007 the band were becoming increasingly strained financially, with the groups savings running out, which Lenman found particularly difficult, \"everyone that worked with us ended up doing things for mates rates or on a promise, it didn't feel very good to always be asking favours\", Lenman felt as if he was not able to give enough back in order to compensate and pay people for helping him and the band. Trying to support the band and their lives, the band were continuing to work second jobs, with Lenman now full\\-time at [The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\") as an illustrator. Lenman was also finding the groups increase in fan following difficult to deal with, recalling that some fans would complain about the band failing to play their particular song preferences, \"the longer you go they become bigger and bigger fans and I really felt the weight of people's expectations\". Relationships between Lenman and his bandmates consequently had deteriorated, eventually to the point where the band were barely speaking, Lenman reflected on this in a 2009 interview \"if I said something it would always be negative, which is terrible. I could feel myself creating an atmosphere a lot of the time\".{{cite web\\|last1\\=Kelham\\|first1\\=Andrew\\|title\\=Reuben\\|url\\=http://www.rocksound.tv/features/read/reuben\\|website\\=Rock Sound\\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113191427/http://www.rocksound.tv/features/read/reuben\\|archive\\-date\\=13 January 2015\\|date\\=14 August 2009}} In June 2008, the band went on an indefinite hiatus, Lenman had \"burnt out\" and had no desire to make or perform music in any capacity.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Dedman \\|first1\\=Remfry \\|title\\=Interview with Jamie Lenman: \"This time, I was 5 years heavier and 5 years more banjo! \\|url\\=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2014/07/19/interview\\-with\\-jamie\\-lenman\\-%E2%80%9Cthis\\-time\\-i\\-was\\-5\\-years\\-heavier\\-and\\-5\\-years\\-more\\-banjo%E2%80%9D/ \\|website\\=The Independent \\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2015 \\|date\\=21 July 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181429/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2014/07/19/interview\\-with\\-jamie\\-lenman\\-%E2%80%9Cthis\\-time\\-i\\-was\\-5\\-years\\-heavier\\-and\\-5\\-years\\-more\\-banjo%E2%80%9D/ \\|archive\\-date\\= 2 April 2015 }}",
"Since the band's split, Reuben have released a compilation of b\\-sides, unreleased and rare studio and live material titled [We Should Have Gone to University](/wiki/We_Should_Have_Gone_to_University \"We Should Have Gone to University\") in 2009, and a tenth anniversary edition of their debut album [Racecar is Racecar Backwards](/wiki/Racecar_is_Racecar_Backwards \"Racecar is Racecar Backwards\") in 2014, featuring more previous unheard and unreleased demos and live sessions.{{cite web\\|title\\=10 YEARS OF RACECAR IS RACECAR BACKWARDS\\|url\\=http://www.1\\.xtramilerecordings.com/reuben\\-10\\-years\\-of\\-racecar\\-is\\-racecar\\-backwards/\\|website\\=xtramilerecordings.com\\|publisher\\=Xtra Mile Recordings\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116135146/http://www.1\\.xtramilerecordings.com/reuben\\-10\\-years\\-of\\-racecar\\-is\\-racecar\\-backwards/\\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|date\\=25 June 2014}} Lenman has commented a number of times during press for his solo\\-album in 2013 on the possibility of Reuben reuniting in the future, stating he wants to give it more time before properly considering it, as \"it's only been five years\".{{cite web\\|title\\=An Exclusive Chat With Ex\\-Reuben Frontman Jamie Lenman\\|url\\=http://www.subba\\-cultcha.com/features/jamie\\-lenman\\-interview/\\|website\\=subba\\-cultcha.com\\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113200642/http://www.subba\\-cultcha.com/features/jamie\\-lenman\\-interview/\\|archive\\-date\\=13 January 2015\\|date\\=5 December 2013}}",
"### *Muscle Memory* (2013–2016\\)",
"After Reuben disbanded, Lenman concentrated on his work as an illustrator but would still receive letters and meet people who praised his work with Reuben, which encouraged him to get back into writing and performing. Lenman first hinted in 2010 that he would \"probably finish the songs in my head\" at some point and release them, although stated he did not know if and when that would be. Over the following years Lenman quietly worked away on new music, being in full\\-time employment at *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* – as well as working on other freelance projects Lenman worked \"bit\\-by\\-bit\" over around four\\-years with producer\\-friend Harry Goodchild. Early on in the process, Lenman assembled to practice his material with. Initially, Lenman found that he was writing and recording material that sounded like his previous band Reuben, and became interested in making a more pronounced leap in musical style.",
"On 23 September 2013 it was announced Lenman would be releasing his first record, [Muscle Memory](/wiki/Muscle_Memory \"Muscle Memory\") through Xtra Mile Recordings, as well as going on tour in the United Kingdom for the first time since Reuben split. The announcement also saw the release of his first double single \"Fizzy Blood\" \\& \"Pretty Please\".{{cite web\\|title\\=JAMIE LENMAN (REUBEN) POSTS DETAILS OF SOLO ALBUM\\|url\\=http://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/jamie\\-lenman\\-reuben\\-posts\\-details\\-of\\-solo\\-album\\|website\\=rocksound.tv\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rock Sound]]\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116111119/http://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/jamie\\-lenman\\-reuben\\-posts\\-details\\-of\\-solo\\-album\\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|date\\=23 September 2013}} Both single tracks began receiving radio and videoplay on [XFM](/wiki/XFM \"XFM\"), [Kerrang!](/wiki/Kerrang%21 \"Kerrang!\") TV, [Scuzz](/wiki/Scuzz \"Scuzz\") and [Amazing Radio](/wiki/Amazing_Radio \"Amazing Radio\") amongst others.",
"The 23 track album was released on 11 November 2013, with one half featuring \"extreme, aggressive metal\" and the other half \"all folk and jazz\". The release day was celebrated with an instore performance at [Banquet Records](/wiki/Banquet_Records \"Banquet Records\"). Lenman's first tour in 2013 saw him accompanied by a three\\-piece band, including Angus Cowan who worked both in the studio and on tour with Reuben, [Dan Kavanagh](/wiki/Dan_Kavanagh \"Dan Kavanagh\") on drums and Chris Coulter on guitar. Lenman's wife Lena also accompanied him on the tour, singing on the tracks \"Little Lives\" and \"If You Have To Ask You'll Never Know\", whilst an extended choir would join the band for the performance of \"A Day In The Life\".{{cite web\\|last1\\=Barnes\\|first1\\=Callum\\|title\\=JAMIE LENMAN: THIS IS LIKE PROPER DETECTIVE\\|url\\=http://www.mudkiss.com/jamielenmaninterview.htm\\|website\\=mudkiss.com\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114144228/http://www.mudkiss.com/jamielenmaninterview.htm}}",
"{{quote box\\|quote\\= \"All along there were no plans, though. There were no plans past 'Pick up a guitar' and no plans past 'Finish these songs' and no plans past 'Let's record it.' So every step – it sounds like a cliche – but I'm just taking it as it comes.\" \\|source\\= —Lenman \\|width\\=25%\\|align\\=right\\|style\\=padding:8px;}}",
"Lenman's second double single featuring the tracks \"It's Hard To Be A Gentleman\" and \"All The Things You Hate About Me, I Hate Them Too\" premiered on 24 February 2014 on [Rock Sound](/wiki/Rock_Sound \"Rock Sound\") and featured reworked versions of both tracks. The tracks received airplay on BBC Radio 1, XFM, Scuzz, Kerrang amongst other media outlets.{{cite web\\|title\\=BBC Radio 1 – Rock Show with Daniel P. Carter\\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03vpz9q\\|website\\=bbc.co.uk\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=25 February 2014}} The single was released as a limited 7\\-inch vinyl for [Record Store Day](/wiki/Record_Store_Day \"Record Store Day\") on 19 April.{{cite web\\|title\\=JAMIE LENMAN SPLIT SINGLE EXCLUSIVE!\\|url\\=http://www.rocksound.tv/videos/watch/jamie\\-lenman\\-split\\-single\\-exclusive\\|website\\=rocksound.tv\\|publisher\\=Rock Sound\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116111437/http://www.rocksound.tv/videos/watch/jamie\\-lenman\\-split\\-single\\-exclusive\\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|date\\=24 February 2014}} Lenman continued sporadically playing shows across 2014, including [2000 Trees Festival](/wiki/2000_Trees_Festival \"2000 Trees Festival\"), Southampton's Takedown Festival, GuilFest in Guildford, [Download Festival](/wiki/Download_Festival \"Download Festival\"), ArcTanGent in Bristol as well as supporting [Kerbdog](/wiki/Kerbdog \"Kerbdog\") at their London show on 16 November 2014\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=JAMIE LENMAN NEW SINGLE FOR RECORD STORE DAY AND APRIL SHOWS\\|url\\=http://www.1\\.xtramilerecordings.com/news/2014/2/24/jamie\\-lenman\\-new\\-single\\-for\\-record\\-store\\-day\\-and\\-april\\-shows\\|website\\=xtramilerecordings.com\\|publisher\\=Xtra Mile Recordings\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116130613/http://www.1\\.xtramilerecordings.com/news/2014/2/24/jamie\\-lenman\\-new\\-single\\-for\\-record\\-store\\-day\\-and\\-april\\-shows\\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|date\\=24 February 2014}} Some performances, including his own second headline tour included an extended seven\\-piece Heavy/Mellow band, featuring a horn section from Pete Fraser and Rob Piper.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Hingle\\|first1\\=James\\|title\\=Jamie Lenman Interview Takedown Festival 2014\\|url\\=http://www.hitthefloor.com/interviews/music\\-interviews/jamie\\-lenman\\-interview\\-takedown\\-festival\\-2014/\\|website\\=hitthefloor.com\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116125818/http://www.hitthefloor.com/interviews/music\\-interviews/jamie\\-lenman\\-interview\\-takedown\\-festival\\-2014/\\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|date\\=24 March 2014}} Lenman's final show of 2014 was a Christmas special at the [West End Centre](/wiki/West_End_Centre%2C_Aldershot \"West End Centre, Aldershot\") in [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot \"Aldershot\") on 21 December, which included his Reuben bandmate Guy performing drums on their track \"Moving to Blackwater\".{{cite web\\|last1\\=Hampshire\\|first1\\=Jay\\|title\\=Jamie Lenman's Christmas Spectacular – West End Center, Aldershot – 21/12/2014 Live Review\\|url\\=http://www.hitthefloor.com/music/rock\\-metal/jamie\\-lenmans\\-christmas\\-spectacular\\-west\\-end\\-center\\-aldershot\\-21122014\\-live\\-review/\\|publisher\\=hitthefloor.com\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2015\\|date\\=23 December 2014}}",
"Lenman has stated that he has no long\\-term plans in regard to releasing and performing music, and that it could be anywhere from a year to ten years time before he puts out another record, with illustration still being his primary focus. In a 2016 interview, Lenman once again discussed releasing new music and expressed his interest in working with a label and producer in the hope of being able to reach a broader audience.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Biddlecombe\\|first1\\=Brad\\|title\\=ALTERNATIVE MUSIC INTERVIEWS Jamie Lenman Interview At 2000 Trees Festival 2016\\|url\\=http://altcorner.com/interviews/jamie\\-lenman\\-interview\\-2000\\-trees\\-festival\\-2016/\\|publisher\\=Alt Corner\\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2016\\|date\\=3 August 2016}}",
"### *Devolver* and *Shuffle* (2017–2021\\)",
"On 11 January 2017 [Kerrang!](/wiki/Kerrang%21 \"Kerrang!\") magazine announced that Lenman would be releasing a new single, titled \"Mississippi\".{{cite web\\|last1\\=Hingle \\|first1\\=James \\|title\\=JAMIE LENMAN ANNOUNCES NEW SINGLE, MISSISSIPPI \\|url\\=http://www.kerrang.com/46774/jamie\\-lenman\\-announces\\-new\\-single\\-mississippi/ \\|website\\=Kerrang! \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112183703/http://www.kerrang.com/46774/jamie\\-lenman\\-announces\\-new\\-single\\-mississippi/ \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2017 \\|date\\=11 January 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In a number of following interviews, Lenman revealed that he had been working for some time with his close personal friend, music producer Paul Frazer *Space* on new material.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Busfield \\|first1\\=Louise Elizabeth \\|title\\=Jamie Lenman Interview \\|url\\=http://www.soundspheremag.com/features/interview\\-jamie\\-lenman\\-2017/ \\|website\\=Soundsphere Magazine \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218200921/http://www.soundspheremag.com/features/interview\\-jamie\\-lenman\\-2017/ \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2017 \\|date\\=17 January 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On 18 January 2017, \"Mississippi\" premiered on the [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\") Rock Show, with Daniel P Carter making it his record of the week, before being made available to stream and purchase the following day, through Lenman's own record label, Mad Note.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Dedman\\|first1\\=Remfry\\|title\\=Jamie Lenman interview: 'I used to be totalitarian but I've got to a point in my life where I'm ready to give up control'\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/music/features/jamie\\-lenman\\-in\\-the\\-studio\\-i\\-used\\-to\\-be\\-very\\-totalitarian\\-and\\-i\\-think\\-i\\-ve\\-got\\-to\\-a\\-point\\-in\\-my\\-life\\-a7540831\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2017\\|date\\=18 January 2017}}{{cite web\\|title\\=ABOUT JAMIE LENMAN \\|url\\=http://scala.co.uk/events/jamie\\-lenman/ \\|website\\=Scala \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218204345/http://scala.co.uk/events/jamie\\-lenman/ \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2017 \\|date\\=18 January 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On 1 February 2017, Lenman's UK tour in support of his new material was announced for April and May 2017\\.{{cite magazine\\|last1\\=Garner \\|first1\\=George \\|title\\=JAMIE LENMAN ANNOUNCES UK TOUR DATES \\|url\\=http://www.kerrang.com/47120/jamie\\-lenman\\-tour/ \\|magazine\\=Kerrang! \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218205820/http://www.kerrang.com/47120/jamie\\-lenman\\-tour/ \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2017 \\|date\\=1 February 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Speaking on releasing a second album, Lenman stated that he is constantly working with *Space*, and that \"we're just going to release these tracks as they become available\", although did follow this comment up by saying he is \"still quite wedded to the concept of 10–12 tracks as a piece of work\".{{cite magazine\\|last1\\=Garner \\|first1\\=George \\|title\\=INTERVIEW: JAMIE LENMAN – \"I DIDN'T BELIEVE IN WRITING SONGS AS CATHARSIS… UNTIL IT HAPPENED BY ACCIDENT\" \\|url\\=http://www.kerrang.com/46869/jamie\\-lenman\\-interview/ \\|magazine\\=Kerrang! \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124173204/http://www.kerrang.com/46869/jamie\\-lenman\\-interview/ \\|archive\\-date\\=24 January 2017 \\|date\\=24 January 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"On 27 October 2017, Lenman released his second solo record *[Devolver](/wiki/Devolver_%28album%29 \"Devolver (album)\")* through [Big Scary Monsters](/wiki/Big_Scary_Monsters \"Big Scary Monsters\"), preceded by the release of single \"Hell In A Fast Car\", which premiered on 30 July 2017\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Johnson \\|first1\\=Laura \\|title\\=Jamie Lenman Announces New LP 'Devolver' And London Festival 'Lenmania', Shares Video For New Track \\|url\\=https://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/209450/9 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2018 \\|publisher\\=Stereoboard \\|date\\=31 July 2017}} On 11 November 2018, Lenman headlined his own 'Lenmania' festival, accompanied by acts including Employed To Serve, Palm Reader and Hannah Lou Clark.{{cite web \\|title\\=LOTS OF LOVELY LENMAN NEWS! \\|url\\=http://www.bsmrocks.com/news/posts/8603\\-lots\\-of\\-lovely\\-lenman\\-news \\|website\\=Big Scary Monsters \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2018 \\|date\\=31 July 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 September 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909000246/http://www.bsmrocks.com/news/posts/8603\\-lots\\-of\\-lovely\\-lenman\\-news \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"On 8 June 2018, Lenman put out a double\\-a side single, featuring the tracks \"Long Gone\" and \"Irrelevant\", with Justine Jones of Employed to Serve featuring on the former and Arcane Roots' Andrew Groves on the latter.{{cite news \\|title\\=Jamie Lenman and Employed To Serve's Justine Jones have teamed up for 'Long Gone' \\|url\\=https://www.upsetmagazine.com/news/jamie\\-lenman\\-and\\-employed\\-to\\-serves\\-justine\\-jones\\-have\\-teamed\\-up\\-for\\-long\\-gone/ \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2018 \\|publisher\\=Upset Magazine \\|date\\=8 June 2018}}",
"On 15 September 2018, Lenman opened for [Biffy Clyro](/wiki/Biffy_Clyro \"Biffy Clyro\") in Dublin and the following day in Belfast on 16 September, as well as supporting [Marmozets](/wiki/Marmozets \"Marmozets\") on 19 October in London.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Hillier \\|first1\\=Dan \\|title\\=Jamie Lenman: The Download 2018 Interview \\|url\\=http://www.noizze.co.uk/single\\-post/2018/06/23/Jamie\\-Lenman\\-The\\-Download\\-2018\\-Interview \\|publisher\\=Noizze \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908163901/http://www.noizze.co.uk/single\\-post/2018/06/23/Jamie\\-Lenman\\-The\\-Download\\-2018\\-Interview \\|archive\\-date\\=8 September 2018 \\|date\\=23 June 2018}}{{cite web \\|title\\=MTV UNPLUGGED SUPPORT ACTS ANNOUNCED \\|url\\=http://www.biffyclyro.com/news,mtv\\-unplugged\\-support\\-acts\\-announced\\_1826\\.htm \\|website\\=Biffy Clyro \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2018 \\|date\\=7 September 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 September 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202544/http://www.biffyclyro.com/news,mtv\\-unplugged\\-support\\-acts\\-announced\\_1826\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"A year after the release of *Devolver*, Lenman announced plans to put out a live album, *Live at St. Pancras*. The show was recorded at [St Pancras Old Church](/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church \"St Pancras Old Church\") on the day of *Devolver's* release and would feature the complete recording of the show, including the question and answer section.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Redrup \\|first1\\=Zach \\|title\\=Jamie Lenman announces live album, 'Live At St. Pancras'! \\|url\\=http://www.deadpress.co.uk/news\\-jamie\\-lenman\\-announces\\-live\\-album\\-live\\-at\\-st\\-pancras/ \\|website\\=Dead Press \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503161120/http://www.deadpress.co.uk/news\\-jamie\\-lenman\\-announces\\-live\\-album\\-live\\-at\\-st\\-pancras/ \\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2019 \\|date\\=30 October 2018}}",
"Lenman announced he would release *Shuffle* on 5 July 2019\\. The album would be made up of covers, with Lenman influenced by the \"technical deconstructions\" from the likes of Biffy Clyro and Arcane Roots, Shuffle would see him cover songs by The Beatles, the theme song from [Popeye](/wiki/Popeye \"Popeye\"), [Bernard Herrmann](/wiki/Bernard_Herrmann \"Bernard Herrmann\")'s theme for the 1976 film *[Taxi Driver](/wiki/Taxi_Driver \"Taxi Driver\")* and more.{{cite web \\|title\\=JAMIE LENMAN HAS ANNOUNCED A NEW ALBUM, SHUFFLE \\|url\\=https://www.kerrang.com/the\\-news/jamie\\-lenman\\-has\\-announced\\-a\\-new\\-album\\-shuffle/ \\|website\\=Kerrang! \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603182353/https://www.kerrang.com/the\\-news/jamie\\-lenman\\-has\\-announced\\-a\\-new\\-album\\-shuffle/ \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2019 \\|date\\=27 March 2019}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Donnelly \\|first1\\=Steven \\|title\\=Jamie Lenman Talks With Steven Donnelly ahead of his upcoming Irish Dates In Belfast \\& Dublin \\|url\\=https://rocknloadmag.com/news/jamie\\-lenman\\-talks\\-with\\-steven\\-donnelly\\-ahead\\-of\\-his\\-upcoming\\-irish\\-dates\\-in\\-belfast\\-dublin/ \\|website\\=Rock 'n' Load Mag \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615103214/https://rocknloadmag.com/news/jamie\\-lenman\\-talks\\-with\\-steven\\-donnelly\\-ahead\\-of\\-his\\-upcoming\\-irish\\-dates\\-in\\-belfast\\-dublin/ \\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2019 \\|date\\=30 May 2019}} Lenman laid out that it had long been a career goal of his to put out a covers record and that he had in fact wanted to originally do it after the release of Muscle Memory. Discussing his song and style choices for the record, Lenman described the piece as an attempt \"to redefine the concept of a covers album – not just lazy sound\\-alikes of '80s classics, not just ironic metal versions of pop tunes\".",
"On 9 April 2019, Dan Kavanagh announced that after ten years of working with Lenman, he would be stepping down as his drummer, but affirmed that he hoped the two would make music again one day.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Redrup \\|first1\\=Zach \\|title\\=Drummer Dan Kavanagh steps down from Jamie Lenman's band! \\|url\\=http://www.deadpress.co.uk/news\\-drummer\\-dan\\-kavanagh\\-steps\\-down\\-from\\-jamie\\-lenmans\\-band/ \\|website\\=Dead Press \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410174320/http://www.deadpress.co.uk/news\\-drummer\\-dan\\-kavanagh\\-steps\\-down\\-from\\-jamie\\-lenmans\\-band/ \\|archive\\-date\\=10 April 2019 \\|date\\=9 April 2019}} In June, Lenman performed in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\") and [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\"), with his former Reuben bandmate Guy Davis on drums.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Monk \\|first1\\=DJ \\|title\\=JAMIE LENMAN/CATALAN/STEVEN VX/FERALS – BELFAST, THE PALM HOUSE – 1 JUNE 2019 \\|url\\=http://uber\\-rock.co.uk/jamie\\-lenman\\-belfast\\-1\\-june\\-2019/ \\|website\\=Uber Rock \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615102556/http://uber\\-rock.co.uk/jamie\\-lenman\\-belfast\\-1\\-june\\-2019/ \\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2019 \\|date\\=4 June 2019}}",
"Lenman performed at various festivals across 2019, including Bad Pond Festival in April, Smithdown Road Festival Handmade Festival in May, [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival \"Glastonbury Festival\") in June and Trebur Open Air Festival \\& [Two Thousand Trees Festival](/wiki/Two_Thousand_Trees_Festival \"Two Thousand Trees Festival\") in July.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Zelaya \\|first1\\=Carlos \\|title\\=NEWS: Gojira, Venom Prison, and more join Glastonbury 2019 line\\-up! \\|url\\=http://www.deadpress.co.uk/news\\-gojira\\-venom\\-prison\\-and\\-more\\-join\\-glastonbury\\-2019\\-line\\-up/ \\|website\\=Dead Press! \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2019 \\|date\\=7 May 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511085109/http://www.deadpress.co.uk/news\\-gojira\\-venom\\-prison\\-and\\-more\\-join\\-glastonbury\\-2019\\-line\\-up/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### King of Clubs, The Atheist and Retirement (2020–2024\\)",
"In 2020, Lenman released an EP titled *King of Clubs*. Subsequently toured in December 2021, which was delayed due to the COVID\\-19 Pandemic, with the first five shows (Bournemouth, Bristol, Portsmouth, Newcastle and Glasgow) postponed and subsequently cancelled due to members of the touring party testing positive for COVID\\-19\\.",
"On 11 August 2022 Lenman released a new single, \"Talk Hard\", from a forthcoming album. It was described as \"Vibrant... instantly catchy\" by *[Rock Sound](/wiki/Rock_Sound \"Rock Sound\")*, and \"Uplifting... Anthemic... Excellent\" by *[Kerrang!](/wiki/Kerrang%21 \"Kerrang!\")*.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2024}}",
"Jamie toured the Atheist as well as headlining Lenmania III at the Manchester Club Academy and Strangeforms Festival at The Brudenell Social Club.",
"On 21 February 2024, Lenman announced his retirement from the music industry, stating no further plans to tour or make any more records.{{Cite web \\|author1\\=Rich Hobson \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-21 \\|title\\=\"The past 10 years have been incredibly fulfilling, but also physically and emotionally draining\": Jamie Lenman announces retirement from music \\|url\\=https://www.loudersound.com/news/jamie\\-lenman\\-announces\\-retirement\\-from\\-music \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-02 \\|website\\=louder \\|language\\=en}} Any further appearances will be \"Quarterly live stream\"{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.patreon.com/TheJamieLenmanFanClub \\| title\\=Get more from the Jamie Lenman Fan Club on Patreon }} online performances on his Patreon or one off festival shows.<https://www.facebook.com/jamielenman/posts/pfbid0KE2Wb7fTAKvWJrKUXBp1z7uW6JrU84DfqXHiXF922hsy1kxsEymvmfEFJRZZeCBSl> {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early years
[Paul Buchanan](/wiki/Paul_Buchanan_%28musician%29 "Paul Buchanan (musician)") (born 16 April 1956, [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"){{cite news \|first\=Timothy \|last\=White \|title\=The Blue Nile: A Separate 'Peace' \|newspaper\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|publisher\=\[\[Nielsen Company]] \|location\=\[\[New York City]], USA \|volume\=108 \|number\=16 \|date\=20 April 1996 \|page\=5}}) and his childhood friend Robert Bell grew up together in Glasgow. They both attended the [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow "University of Glasgow") in the late 1970s, Buchanan gaining a degree in literature and medieval history, Bell a degree in mathematics.{{Cite news\|title \= THE EVERYDAY DREAMS OF BLUE NILE\|url \= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1990/07/08/the\-everyday\-dreams\-of\-blue\-nile/9f892840\-243c\-46af\-8443\-d34a38608bc2/\|newspaper \= The Washington Post\|date \= 8 July 1990\|access\-date \=22 January 2016\|issn \= 0190\-8286\|first \= Richard\|last \= Harrington}} Buchanan's civil\-servant father had been a semi\-professional musician and had musical instruments in the house, but it was only after he and Bell had graduated that Buchanan began to think seriously about a career in music.{{cite magazine \|first\=Jennifer \|last\=Kelly \|title\=At the Source of the Blue Nile: An Interview with Paul Buchanan \|magazine\=\[\[PopMatters]] \|url\=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/feature/166769\-at\-the\-source\-of\-the\-blue\-nile\-an\-interview\-with\-paul\-buchanan/ \|date\=31 January 2013 \|access\-date\=14 March 2013}}
Although Buchanan had grown up in the same neighbourhood as Paul Joseph "PJ" Moore, they only became well acquainted at university, where Moore was studying electronics,Brown (2010\). "Introduction" and the three friends became part of a band, first known as McIntyre (named after the John McIntyre Building, the university's administrative officesBrown (2010\). "Headlights") and then Night by Night, although Buchanan later commented that Night by Night only played "twice, maybe three times" in its short existence.Robinson (2012\), 2:04 minutes in The band struggled to retain a settled line\-up and, by 1981, Buchanan, Bell and Moore were the only remaining members. They decided not to recruit anybody else, trading in a guitar for an effect pedal and borrowing an old drum machine that only played [Hispanic American music](/wiki/Latin_American_music "Latin American music") rhythms. Buchanan later recalled, "We went and gigged, because we needed the money, we'd do gigs where we'd do cover versions with the cassette of Latin American rhythms. And we were terrible. But we picked songs that were so completely durable and well known that people recognized them. No matter how badly we mangled them."
Renaming themselves the Blue Nile (after the title of the 1962 book by [Alan Moorehead](/wiki/Alan_Moorehead "Alan Moorehead"){{cite magazine \|first\=James \|last\=McNair \|title\=Review: The Blue Nile – ''A Walk Across the Rooftops''/''Hats'' Deluxe Editions \|magazine\=\[\[Mojo (magazine)\|Mojo]] \|publisher\=\[\[Bauer Media Group]] \|location\=London, England \|issue\=230 \|page\=104 \|date\=January 2013}}), the group managed to raise enough money to record and release its first single, "I Love This Life", on their own Peppermint Records label. Only a limited number were produced, but one found its way to [RSO Records](/wiki/RSO_Records "RSO Records") via their friend and engineer [Calum Malcolm](/wiki/Calum_Malcolm "Calum Malcolm"). Malcolm had been a member of short\-lived Edinburgh punk band [The Headboys](/wiki/The_Headboys "The Headboys") who had released their records on the RSO label, and he still had contacts with the company.Robinson (2012\), 5:33 minutes in RSO licensed the single for distribution, but almost as soon as the record was released RSO went bankrupt and was absorbed into the [PolyGram](/wiki/PolyGram "PolyGram") recording company, and the single consequently disappeared.{{cite web \|first\=Robin \|last\=Murray \|title\=Tinseltown In The Rain: The Blue Nile \|website\=\[\[Clash (magazine)\#ClashMusic.com\|ClashMusic]] \|url\=http://www.clashmusic.com/features/tinseltown\-in\-the\-rain\-the\-blue\-nile \|date\=20 November 2012 \|access\-date\=14 March 2013}}Robinson (2012\), 4:19 minutes in
### *A Walk Across the Rooftops* (1982–1984\)
Undaunted by this setback, they continued to play gigs around Glasgow, starting to write their own songs alongside the cover versions they were playing. Having no drummer and with limited musical ability, particularly in Buchanan's guitar playing (he later admitted that "we could play a little, but I was the worst by a long way"{{cite magazine \|first\=David \|last\=Peschek \|title\=Some Sort Of Surrender: An Interview With Paul Buchanan Of The Blue Nile \|magazine\=\[\[The Quietus]] \|url\=http://thequietus.com/articles/09375\-paul\-buchanan\-blue\-nile\-interview \|date\=19 July 2012 \|access\-date\=13 March 2013}}), the newly formed Blue Nile adopted an atmospheric, electronic approach primarily out of pragmatism. The band also made the most of their imagination, thrift and mechanical ingenuity. Buchanan recalled, "PJ had bought a tray from a waiter. It was made of zinc and it made a good noise when you hit it. We sampled it and PJ made a pad to trigger it from for £3\. It was all very primitive back then — you had to hit it about two seconds before you wanted the sound to appear in the song."{{cite news \|first\=James \|last\=McNair \|title\=The Blue Nile: A band that likes to take its time \|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]] \|publisher\=\[\[Independent News \& Media]] \|location\=London, England \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/music/features/the\-blue\-nile\-a\-band\-that\-likes\-to\-take\-its\-time\-425328\.html \|date\=22 November 2006 \|access\-date\=13 March 2013}}
{{Listen
\| filename \=
\| title \= "A Walk Across the Rooftops" (1984\)
\| description \= Title track of the band's debut album
\| pos \= right
}}
The most commonly told story{{citation needed\|date\=August 2021}}This is partially correct as stated by the band in an interview with Classic Pop in August 2021\. Their then label RSO was connected with Ivor Tiefenbrun who founded Linn Audio. As a result, some Linn equipment was installed in the small Castlesound studio the band used and whilst testing some Linn speakers for the Linn staff, the band played a demo of Tinseltown In The Rain which then got reported back to Linn HQ. about the Blue Nile is that in 1983 they were approached by a local [hi\-fi](/wiki/Hi-fi "Hi-fi") manufacturer, [Linn Products](/wiki/Linn_Products "Linn Products"), and asked to produce a song that would showcase the Linn equipment to best effect. Linn was so pleased with the resulting record that it offered the Blue Nile a contract to make a whole album, and set up its own record label specifically to release it.
In interviews, both Buchanan and Moore have categorically denied that Linn approached the band to make a record for them, or that the record company influenced the album's sound in any way at all, with Moore saying, "It was a myth that we were a 'hi\-fi band signed to a hi\-fi company'. We just got lucky that we'd found our way to an excellent engineer who knew the company." The engineer in question was Calum Malcolm, with whom the band had already recorded some [demos](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 "Demo (music)") in his Castlesound studio near Edinburgh. Since Malcolm was a friend of Linn's founder [Ivor Tiefenbrun](/wiki/Ivor_Tiefenbrun "Ivor Tiefenbrun"), and had ties with the company, his studio was fitted out with Linn equipment. When Linn representatives visited one day and asked to hear some music to test out their new speakers, Malcolm played them the demo of "[Tinseltown in the Rain](/wiki/Tinseltown_in_the_Rain "Tinseltown in the Rain")". Impressed, Linn offered the band a contract with the record label it was in the process of setting up.{{cite journal \|first\=Graeme \|last\=Thomson \|title\=River of No Return \|journal\=\[\[Uncut (magazine)\|Uncut]] \|publisher\=\[\[IPC Media]] \|location\=London, England \|date\=January 2013 \|pages\=56–60}} Despite the fact that the group took nine months to reply to Linn's offer, the contract was eventually signed and its first album, *[A Walk Across the Rooftops](/wiki/A_Walk_Across_the_Rooftops "A Walk Across the Rooftops")*, was released as [Linn Records](/wiki/Linn_Records "Linn Records")' first album in May 1984\.
{{Listen
\| filename \=
\| title \= "Stay" (1984\)
\| description \= The band's first single on Linn Records
\| pos \= right
}}
On its release, *A Walk Across the Rooftops* gained widespread acclaim from music critics for its mixture of sparse, detailed electronic sounds and Buchanan's soulful vocals, later described as a "fusion of chilly technology and a pitch of confessional, romantic soul".{{cite web \|first\=Chris \|last\=Roberts \|title\=Review: The Blue Nile – ''A Walk Across the Rooftops'' Collector's Edition \|website\=\[\[BBC Music]] \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/xdj9 \|date\=21 November 2012 \|access\-date\=12 April 2013}} In 1984, the band gained greater exposure in Europe, with the [videos](/wiki/Music_video "Music video") for their two [singles](/wiki/Single_%28music%29 "Single (music)"), "Stay" and "Tinseltown in the Rain", often shown on the video channel [Music Box](/wiki/Music_Box_%28TV%29 "Music Box (TV)"). The band's profile began to grow, although its existence remained precarious. Buchanan commented, "I've always found it strange that people missed the 'punk' aspect of *A Walk Across the Rooftops*. We were living in a flat in Glasgow with no hot water. We barely knew what we were doing and that was very liberating."
### *Hats* (1985–1990\)
Keen to capitalise on the positive critical reception awarded to *A Walk Across the Rooftops*, Linn sent the band back to Castlesound studio early in 1985 to produce a quick follow\-up record. However, as the band later admitted, there was no new material ready to record, and they were not happy with the songs they were producing under pressure in the studio. The lack of progress led to stress and arguments among the band members, and matters were not helped when [Virgin Records](/wiki/Virgin_Records "Virgin Records"), to whom Linn had licensed the band's records, began legal proceedings against the group and the label for not producing the new material stipulated in the licensing agreement. After two years with almost nothing to show for its efforts, the band was forced to leave the studio to make way for another band, and had to return home to Glasgow. Away from the pressures of the studio, the group overcame the [writer's block](/wiki/Writer%27s_block "Writer's block") and, eventually returning to Castlesound in 1988, was able to rapidly complete a new album.
*[Hats](/wiki/Hats_%28album%29 "Hats (album)")* was released in October 1989 to rave reviews, including a rare five\-star rating from *[Q](/wiki/Q_magazine "Q magazine")* magazine.[Official *Q* website](http://www.q4music.com) q4music.com \- Retrieved 22 October 2007 Warmer and smoother sounding than the first album, and exploring the highs and lows of romantic love, *Hats* peaked at \#12 on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart"). It was also the group's breakthrough record in the [US](/wiki/United_States "United States"), where it reached \#108 on the US [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200") album charts in May 1990\. All three singles released in the UK from the album made the top 75 in the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart").
The Blue Nile's first live public performance after making *A Walk Across the Rooftops* was in December 1989 on the television programme *Halfway to Paradise*, a Scottish\-based arts magazine show broadcast on [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4"). The band also composed and performed the theme tune for the programme, later released as a single B\-side. The band played two songs with the American singer [Rickie Lee Jones](/wiki/Rickie_Lee_Jones "Rickie Lee Jones") (who had recently befriended the band and had become one of its biggest supporters), performing her own "Flying Cowboys" and the Blue Nile's "Easter Parade". The duet version of "Easter Parade" was used as the [B\-side](/wiki/A-side_and_B-side "A-side and B-side") of both Jones's 1990 single, "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying", and the [12" single](/wiki/12-inch_single "12-inch single") of "[Headlights on the Parade](/wiki/Headlights_on_the_Parade "Headlights on the Parade")". During 1990, the Blue Nile supported Jones on her US tour (their experience in America was filmed by [BBC Scotland](/wiki/BBC_Scotland "BBC Scotland") for a documentary titled *Flags and Fences*), followed by a tour of the UK culminating in two homecoming gigs in September 1990 at the [Glasgow Royal Concert Hall](/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Concert_Hall "Glasgow Royal Concert Hall"), becoming the first non\-classical band to play at the newly opened venue.
### *Peace at Last* (1991–1996\)
The radio play gained by *Hats* in the US, in particular the single "[The Downtown Lights](/wiki/The_Downtown_Lights "The Downtown Lights")", brought the Blue Nile to the attention of several well\-known US\-based musicians. In 1991, the band was invited to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") to work on songs by [Julian Lennon](/wiki/Julian_Lennon "Julian Lennon"), [Robbie Robertson](/wiki/Robbie_Robertson "Robbie Robertson") and [Michael McDonald](/wiki/Michael_McDonald_%28singer%29 "Michael McDonald (singer)"). As a result, Buchanan moved to Los Angeles and lived there for a while, and had a relationship with the actress [Rosanna Arquette](/wiki/Rosanna_Arquette "Rosanna Arquette") between 1991 and 1993\.{{cite news \|first\=David \|last\=Belcher \|title\=Still in full flow \|newspaper\=\[\[The Herald (Glasgow)\|The Herald]] \|publisher\=Caledonian Newspaper Publishing \|location\=Glasgow, Scotland \|url\=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/still\-in\-full\-flow\-1\.750188 \|date\=20 July 1993 \|access\-date\=4 April 2013}} Speaking about that period of his life Buchanan said, "It really was interesting. I have to say it was lived in all earnest ... And there was much good there, I enjoyed it, I really enjoyed it ... The great thing all the time was you were constantly wanting to phone friends and say, Guess who's in the shop? Guess who's in the supermarket? I'm not immune to all that. In the movies—celluloid's better than life isn't it? It makes everything glossy. I don't mean it's better, but it's so glamorous, I met lots of people—it was fascinating." The band also worked on [Annie Lennox](/wiki/Annie_Lennox "Annie Lennox")'s first solo album, *[Diva](/wiki/Diva_%28Annie_Lennox_album%29 "Diva (Annie Lennox album)")*, co\-writing the track "The Gift". Lennox later covered "The Downtown Lights" (from *Hats*) for her second album, *[Medusa](/wiki/Medusa_%28Annie_Lennox_album%29 "Medusa (Annie Lennox album)")*, released in 1995\.
Having been let go by Linn and Virgin Records, the group signed a deal with [Warner Bros. Records](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records "Warner Bros. Records") in 1992, although it later transpired that Buchanan had made the deal by himself without informing his bandmates. His explanation was that "none of the others were in town at the time".{{cite news \|first\=Allan \|last\=Brown \|title\=Easy does it for The Blue Nile \|newspaper\=\[\[The Scotsman]] \|publisher\=\[\[Johnston Press]] \|location\=Edinburgh, Scotland \|url\=http://www.scotsman.com/the\-scotsman/scotland/easy\-does\-it\-for\-the\-blue\-nile\-1\-2633447 \|date\=15 November 2012 \|access\-date\=4 April 2013}} The band decided that it wanted to find somewhere private to record its new album with its portable studio, and began travelling around Europe searching for suitable locations. Having spent two years looking at and dismissing locations in cities such as [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") and [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen"), the record was finally recorded piecemeal over three locations in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") and [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles").{{cite news \|first\=David \|last\=Belcher \|title\=Digging up a rare new jewel from the Nile \|newspaper\=The Herald \|publisher\=Caledonian Newspaper Publishing \|location\=Glasgow, Scotland \|url\=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/boss\-grooves\-david\-belcher\-is\-gladdened\-at\-news\-of\-a\-third\-album\-by\-a\-bunch\-of\-real\-charmers\-digging\-up\-a\-rare\-new\-jewel\-from\-the\-nile\-1\.466362 \|date\=16 February 1996 \|access\-date\=4 April 2013}}
{{Listen
\| filename \=
\| title \= "Happiness" (1996\)
\| description \= First single of the band's third album
\| pos \= right
}}
In June 1996, seven years after *Hats*, the Blue Nile released a third album, entitled *[Peace at Last](/wiki/Peace_at_Last_%28The_Blue_Nile_album%29 "Peace at Last (The Blue Nile album)")*. It displayed a marked difference in style to the first two albums, with Buchanan's acoustic guitar work more to the fore. Buchanan recalled that he had bought the guitar in a New York music shop, and by coincidence Robert Bell had seen the guitar earlier the same day and called Buchanan to tell him about it. A gospel choir made a brief appearance on the first single, "[Happiness](/wiki/Happiness_%28The_Blue_Nile_song%29 "Happiness (The Blue Nile song)")". Despite the release of *Peace at Last* on a major label, critical reaction to the album was more mixed than for the band's previous records, although sales were good, entering the UK album chart at \#13\.
### *High* (1997–2004\)
In 1997, the Blue Nile appointed a full\-time manager for the first time \- the experienced ex\-[Dire Straits](/wiki/Dire_Straits "Dire Straits") manager, [Ed Bicknell](/wiki/Ed_Bicknell "Ed Bicknell") \- who extricated the group from the deal with Warner Bros. He also attempted to persuade the band to change its recording habits, but had little success. Bicknell parted ways with the band in 2004, later saying that "in terms of the modern recording world the history of the Blue Nile was the most screwed\-up I had ever encountered". Following tour dates in 1996 and 1997, culminating in an appearance at the [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival "Glastonbury Festival") in June 1997, the Blue Nile disappeared from public view for the next seven years, apart from an appearance at a 2001 tribute concert at the [Olympia Theatre](/wiki/Olympia_Theatre_%28Dublin%29 "Olympia Theatre (Dublin)") in [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") for the Irish music presenter [Uaneen Fitzsimons](/wiki/Uaneen_Fitzsimons "Uaneen Fitzsimons"), following her death in a car crash.{{cite news \|first\=Jim \|last\=Carroll \|title\=And quiet flows the Nile \|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]] \|publisher\=The Irish Times Trust \|location\=\[\[Dublin]], \[\[Ireland]] \|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/and\-quiet\-flows\-the\-nile\-1\.1154919 \|date\=26 August 2004 \|access\-date\=4 April 2013}} A remixed version of the single "Tinseltown in the Rain" was used as the [theme song](/wiki/Theme_song "Theme song") for the BBC Scotland TV series *[Tinsel Town](/wiki/Tinsel_Town_%28TV_series%29 "Tinsel Town (TV series)")*, broadcast in 2000 and 2001\.
After the longest period yet between albums, the Blue Nile released *[High](/wiki/High_%28The_Blue_Nile_album%29 "High (The Blue Nile album)")* in August 2004\. Part of the lengthy delay in making the record was due to Buchanan contracting a form of [chronic fatigue syndrome](/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome "Chronic fatigue syndrome") which affected his health for two years, but as he explained on the album's release, it was mostly a result of the band's perfectionism taking hold once again, "We recorded an album and a half and ... we realised we weren't in love with it ... The vast majority of it we just dumped; we just put it to one side and didn't touch it any more."{{cite news \|first\=James \|last\=McGalliard \|title\=An Ordinary Miracle \|newspaper\=\[\[Inpress]] \|publisher\=Street Press Australia \|location\=\[\[Melbourne]], \[\[Australia]] \|date\=15 December 2004}} The album reached number 10 on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart"), the highest position to date for the band. Although acoustic guitar is still present on some tracks, the overall musical sound is more reminiscent of *Hats*.
### Rift and subsequent activity (2005–present)
It became apparent during the recording of *High* that old tensions among the band members had resurfaced. Buchanan's comments in a 2012 interview seemed to indicate that the album was finished out of a sense of duty and loyalty rather than any willingness to do so. "When we eventually finished *High*, I don't think it was bristling with the same joy and naivety we'd felt when we started. We'd gathered ourselves long enough to make it. It seemed to me a stoic record, to some extent a record about ourselves, though I didn't realise that 'til later. It was a collected and fairly stoic record which I was proud of and, in a sense, we just made ourselves focus. We showed up, we went into the room and worked, and whatever drift had set in we were loyal to each other and we knew we had to form the wagons into a circle."
During preparations for the tour in February 2005 following the album's release, Buchanan and Bell realised that Moore had stopped contacting them and would not be showing up for the tour. Although in interviews around the time Buchanan brushed aside questions about Moore's absence and insisted that they remained friends, he acknowledged years later that in fact he and Bell have had virtually no contact with Moore since the recording of *High*.
{{Listen
\| filename \=
\| title \= "Saturday Night" (1989\)
\| description \= The band's 1991 single
\| pos \= right
}}
Buchanan and Bell toured England and Scotland in May and June 2006, followed by Scotland and Ireland in November 2006, billed as "Paul Buchanan sings the songs of the Blue Nile", refraining from simply calling themselves the Blue Nile as a mark of respect for Moore's absence. The band consisted of Buchanan on vocals and guitar, Bell on bass guitar and keyboards, Alan Cuthbertson and Brendan Smith on keyboards, Stuart McCredie on guitar, and Liam Bradley on drums. On 14 July 2007, Buchanan and Bell played at the [Bridgewater Hall](/wiki/Bridgewater_Hall "Bridgewater Hall") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") as part of the [Manchester International Festival](/wiki/Manchester_International_Festival "Manchester International Festival"). In July 2008, the band played shows at the [Glasgow Royal Concert Hall](/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Concert_Hall "Glasgow Royal Concert Hall"), [Somerset House](/wiki/Somerset_House "Somerset House") in London and the [Radisson Hotel](/wiki/Radisson_Hotels "Radisson Hotels") in [Galway](/wiki/Galway "Galway").
Although there has never been an official statement to clarify whether or not the Blue Nile still exists, the indications are that the band has split up. There appears to be disagreement among the band members themselves as to whether they will ever make another record together. Moore is emphatic that he will never rejoin the band, saying in communications sent in 2010 to the band's biographer that he was "finding it healthier to put all that behind me",Brown (2010\). "Geology" and in a 2013 interview his terse reply to the question of a reunion was, "I think stuff happened that was simply beyond the pale. It's a shame, but if the feeling for sitting down together really isn't there, then continuing to do so even because you want to is pointless." On the other hand, Buchanan has not given up hope that the three members of the Blue Nile may make more music together in the future, saying, "I don't know where things stand with the other two guys ... In a way, I think it would be the right and proper thing to do but I'll just need to wait and see. If the others say let's do this ... Certainly, if I bump into them on a corner my hope would be that we could say: so what are you doing tomorrow?" He also lamented the estrangement with Moore, saying, "We're inhibited by the Scottish male thing where you have to give the other guy space, but I love PJ and there isn't a month goes by where I don't think about phoning him".
In September 2010, a biography of the Blue Nile by the Scottish journalist Allan Brown, titled *Nileism: The Strange Course of the Blue Nile*, was published. Although Brown was a long\-time acquaintance of Buchanan, he found Buchanan reluctant to participate, and both Bell and Moore refused Brown's invitations for interviews or any co\-operation with the book's writing.Brown (2010\). "Youth"
In May 2012, Buchanan released his first solo album, *[Mid Air](/wiki/Mid_Air_%28Paul_Buchanan_album%29 "Mid Air (Paul Buchanan album)")*, a collection of short, stripped\-back songs mostly with just Buchanan's voice and piano, recorded with Calum Malcolm's son Cameron as the album's engineer and released on Buchanan's own Newsroom Records label. In a radio interview, Buchanan mentioned that towards the end of the recording process he had called in Robert Bell to help out on two tracks ("Mid Air" and "My True Country") that neither he nor Cameron Malcolm were satisfied with. Bell also later remixed "Buy a Motor Car", which appeared on the deluxe edition of the album released in October 2012\.{{cite AV media \|people\=\[\[Bob Harris (radio)\|Harris, Bob]] (presenter) \|date\=20 May 2012 \|title\=Paul Buchanan interview with Bob Harris \|url\=https://soundcloud.com/paul\-buchanan\-music/paul\-buchanan\-interview\-with\-1 \|medium\=radio broadcast \|publisher\=\[\[BBC Radio 2]] \|location\=London, England}} The album peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart of 2 June 2012,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/7464/paul\-buchanan/\|title\=PAUL BUCHANAN \| full Official Chart History\|website\=Official Charts\|access\-date\=17 June 2021}} and its title track, "Mid Air", was used a year later in the Richard Curtis film, *[About Time](/wiki/About_Time_%282013_film%29 "About Time (2013 film)")*.
In November 2012, Virgin Records released two\-CD "Collector's Edition" versions of the band's first two albums, *A Walk Across the Rooftops* and *Hats*. Each version had the original album remastered by engineer Calum Malcolm, along with a bonus disc of rare and previously unreleased material selected by Buchanan and Bell. A similar reissue of the third album, *Peace at Last*, was released on 3 March 2014\.
In July 2016, Buchanan took part in the [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie "David Bowie") [Prom](/wiki/The_Proms "The Proms") at the [Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall "Royal Albert Hall"). His performance of Bowie's "[I Can't Give Everything Away](/wiki/I_Can%27t_Give_Everything_Away "I Can't Give Everything Away")" was praised by *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jul/30/bowie\-by\-proms\-review\-progressiveness\-for\-progressiveness\-sake \| title\=David Bowie Prom review: progressiveness for progressiveness's sake \| work\=The Guardian \| first\=Jude \| last\=Rogers \| date\=30 July 2016 \| access\-date\=21 September 2024}}
In 2019, the band's major label albums were re\-issued on vinyl, with a re\-issue of *[High](/wiki/High_%28The_Blue_Nile_album%29 "High (The Blue Nile album)")* charting at number 74 in the UK charts after being released by Confetti Records on 5 June 2020 as vinyl or double CD edition.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/15550/blue\-nile/\|title\=BLUE NILE \| full Official Chart History\|website\=Official Charts\|access\-date\=17 June 2021}}
\- {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.superdeluxeedition.com/news/the\-blue\-nile\-high\-reissue/\|title \= The Blue Nile / High reissue\|website\=SuperDeluxeEdition\| date\=8 April 2020 }}
\- {{Cite web\|url\=https://superdeluxeedition.com/news/the\-blue\-nile\-vinyl\-reissues/\|title\=The Blue Nile vinyl reissues \|website\=SuperDeluxeEdition\|date\=7 October 2019 \|access\-date\=17 June 2021}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early years",
"[Paul Buchanan](/wiki/Paul_Buchanan_%28musician%29 \"Paul Buchanan (musician)\") (born 16 April 1956, [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"){{cite news \\|first\\=Timothy \\|last\\=White \\|title\\=The Blue Nile: A Separate 'Peace' \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nielsen Company]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[New York City]], USA \\|volume\\=108 \\|number\\=16 \\|date\\=20 April 1996 \\|page\\=5}}) and his childhood friend Robert Bell grew up together in Glasgow. They both attended the [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow \"University of Glasgow\") in the late 1970s, Buchanan gaining a degree in literature and medieval history, Bell a degree in mathematics.{{Cite news\\|title \\= THE EVERYDAY DREAMS OF BLUE NILE\\|url \\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1990/07/08/the\\-everyday\\-dreams\\-of\\-blue\\-nile/9f892840\\-243c\\-46af\\-8443\\-d34a38608bc2/\\|newspaper \\= The Washington Post\\|date \\= 8 July 1990\\|access\\-date \\=22 January 2016\\|issn \\= 0190\\-8286\\|first \\= Richard\\|last \\= Harrington}} Buchanan's civil\\-servant father had been a semi\\-professional musician and had musical instruments in the house, but it was only after he and Bell had graduated that Buchanan began to think seriously about a career in music.{{cite magazine \\|first\\=Jennifer \\|last\\=Kelly \\|title\\=At the Source of the Blue Nile: An Interview with Paul Buchanan \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[PopMatters]] \\|url\\=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/feature/166769\\-at\\-the\\-source\\-of\\-the\\-blue\\-nile\\-an\\-interview\\-with\\-paul\\-buchanan/ \\|date\\=31 January 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2013}}",
"Although Buchanan had grown up in the same neighbourhood as Paul Joseph \"PJ\" Moore, they only became well acquainted at university, where Moore was studying electronics,Brown (2010\\). \"Introduction\" and the three friends became part of a band, first known as McIntyre (named after the John McIntyre Building, the university's administrative officesBrown (2010\\). \"Headlights\") and then Night by Night, although Buchanan later commented that Night by Night only played \"twice, maybe three times\" in its short existence.Robinson (2012\\), 2:04 minutes in The band struggled to retain a settled line\\-up and, by 1981, Buchanan, Bell and Moore were the only remaining members. They decided not to recruit anybody else, trading in a guitar for an effect pedal and borrowing an old drum machine that only played [Hispanic American music](/wiki/Latin_American_music \"Latin American music\") rhythms. Buchanan later recalled, \"We went and gigged, because we needed the money, we'd do gigs where we'd do cover versions with the cassette of Latin American rhythms. And we were terrible. But we picked songs that were so completely durable and well known that people recognized them. No matter how badly we mangled them.\"",
"Renaming themselves the Blue Nile (after the title of the 1962 book by [Alan Moorehead](/wiki/Alan_Moorehead \"Alan Moorehead\"){{cite magazine \\|first\\=James \\|last\\=McNair \\|title\\=Review: The Blue Nile – ''A Walk Across the Rooftops''/''Hats'' Deluxe Editions \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Mojo (magazine)\\|Mojo]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bauer Media Group]] \\|location\\=London, England \\|issue\\=230 \\|page\\=104 \\|date\\=January 2013}}), the group managed to raise enough money to record and release its first single, \"I Love This Life\", on their own Peppermint Records label. Only a limited number were produced, but one found its way to [RSO Records](/wiki/RSO_Records \"RSO Records\") via their friend and engineer [Calum Malcolm](/wiki/Calum_Malcolm \"Calum Malcolm\"). Malcolm had been a member of short\\-lived Edinburgh punk band [The Headboys](/wiki/The_Headboys \"The Headboys\") who had released their records on the RSO label, and he still had contacts with the company.Robinson (2012\\), 5:33 minutes in RSO licensed the single for distribution, but almost as soon as the record was released RSO went bankrupt and was absorbed into the [PolyGram](/wiki/PolyGram \"PolyGram\") recording company, and the single consequently disappeared.{{cite web \\|first\\=Robin \\|last\\=Murray \\|title\\=Tinseltown In The Rain: The Blue Nile \\|website\\=\\[\\[Clash (magazine)\\#ClashMusic.com\\|ClashMusic]] \\|url\\=http://www.clashmusic.com/features/tinseltown\\-in\\-the\\-rain\\-the\\-blue\\-nile \\|date\\=20 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2013}}Robinson (2012\\), 4:19 minutes in",
"### *A Walk Across the Rooftops* (1982–1984\\)",
"Undaunted by this setback, they continued to play gigs around Glasgow, starting to write their own songs alongside the cover versions they were playing. Having no drummer and with limited musical ability, particularly in Buchanan's guitar playing (he later admitted that \"we could play a little, but I was the worst by a long way\"{{cite magazine \\|first\\=David \\|last\\=Peschek \\|title\\=Some Sort Of Surrender: An Interview With Paul Buchanan Of The Blue Nile \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[The Quietus]] \\|url\\=http://thequietus.com/articles/09375\\-paul\\-buchanan\\-blue\\-nile\\-interview \\|date\\=19 July 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2013}}), the newly formed Blue Nile adopted an atmospheric, electronic approach primarily out of pragmatism. The band also made the most of their imagination, thrift and mechanical ingenuity. Buchanan recalled, \"PJ had bought a tray from a waiter. It was made of zinc and it made a good noise when you hit it. We sampled it and PJ made a pad to trigger it from for £3\\. It was all very primitive back then — you had to hit it about two seconds before you wanted the sound to appear in the song.\"{{cite news \\|first\\=James \\|last\\=McNair \\|title\\=The Blue Nile: A band that likes to take its time \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Independent News \\& Media]] \\|location\\=London, England \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/music/features/the\\-blue\\-nile\\-a\\-band\\-that\\-likes\\-to\\-take\\-its\\-time\\-425328\\.html \\|date\\=22 November 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2013}}",
"{{Listen\n\\| filename \\= \n\\| title \\= \"A Walk Across the Rooftops\" (1984\\)\n\\| description \\= Title track of the band's debut album\n\\| pos \\= right\n}}",
"The most commonly told story{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2021}}This is partially correct as stated by the band in an interview with Classic Pop in August 2021\\. Their then label RSO was connected with Ivor Tiefenbrun who founded Linn Audio. As a result, some Linn equipment was installed in the small Castlesound studio the band used and whilst testing some Linn speakers for the Linn staff, the band played a demo of Tinseltown In The Rain which then got reported back to Linn HQ. about the Blue Nile is that in 1983 they were approached by a local [hi\\-fi](/wiki/Hi-fi \"Hi-fi\") manufacturer, [Linn Products](/wiki/Linn_Products \"Linn Products\"), and asked to produce a song that would showcase the Linn equipment to best effect. Linn was so pleased with the resulting record that it offered the Blue Nile a contract to make a whole album, and set up its own record label specifically to release it.",
"In interviews, both Buchanan and Moore have categorically denied that Linn approached the band to make a record for them, or that the record company influenced the album's sound in any way at all, with Moore saying, \"It was a myth that we were a 'hi\\-fi band signed to a hi\\-fi company'. We just got lucky that we'd found our way to an excellent engineer who knew the company.\" The engineer in question was Calum Malcolm, with whom the band had already recorded some [demos](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 \"Demo (music)\") in his Castlesound studio near Edinburgh. Since Malcolm was a friend of Linn's founder [Ivor Tiefenbrun](/wiki/Ivor_Tiefenbrun \"Ivor Tiefenbrun\"), and had ties with the company, his studio was fitted out with Linn equipment. When Linn representatives visited one day and asked to hear some music to test out their new speakers, Malcolm played them the demo of \"[Tinseltown in the Rain](/wiki/Tinseltown_in_the_Rain \"Tinseltown in the Rain\")\". Impressed, Linn offered the band a contract with the record label it was in the process of setting up.{{cite journal \\|first\\=Graeme \\|last\\=Thomson \\|title\\=River of No Return \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Uncut (magazine)\\|Uncut]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IPC Media]] \\|location\\=London, England \\|date\\=January 2013 \\|pages\\=56–60}} Despite the fact that the group took nine months to reply to Linn's offer, the contract was eventually signed and its first album, *[A Walk Across the Rooftops](/wiki/A_Walk_Across_the_Rooftops \"A Walk Across the Rooftops\")*, was released as [Linn Records](/wiki/Linn_Records \"Linn Records\")' first album in May 1984\\.",
"{{Listen\n\\| filename \\= \n\\| title \\= \"Stay\" (1984\\)\n\\| description \\= The band's first single on Linn Records\n\\| pos \\= right\n}}",
"On its release, *A Walk Across the Rooftops* gained widespread acclaim from music critics for its mixture of sparse, detailed electronic sounds and Buchanan's soulful vocals, later described as a \"fusion of chilly technology and a pitch of confessional, romantic soul\".{{cite web \\|first\\=Chris \\|last\\=Roberts \\|title\\=Review: The Blue Nile – ''A Walk Across the Rooftops'' Collector's Edition \\|website\\=\\[\\[BBC Music]] \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/xdj9 \\|date\\=21 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=12 April 2013}} In 1984, the band gained greater exposure in Europe, with the [videos](/wiki/Music_video \"Music video\") for their two [singles](/wiki/Single_%28music%29 \"Single (music)\"), \"Stay\" and \"Tinseltown in the Rain\", often shown on the video channel [Music Box](/wiki/Music_Box_%28TV%29 \"Music Box (TV)\"). The band's profile began to grow, although its existence remained precarious. Buchanan commented, \"I've always found it strange that people missed the 'punk' aspect of *A Walk Across the Rooftops*. We were living in a flat in Glasgow with no hot water. We barely knew what we were doing and that was very liberating.\"",
"### *Hats* (1985–1990\\)",
"Keen to capitalise on the positive critical reception awarded to *A Walk Across the Rooftops*, Linn sent the band back to Castlesound studio early in 1985 to produce a quick follow\\-up record. However, as the band later admitted, there was no new material ready to record, and they were not happy with the songs they were producing under pressure in the studio. The lack of progress led to stress and arguments among the band members, and matters were not helped when [Virgin Records](/wiki/Virgin_Records \"Virgin Records\"), to whom Linn had licensed the band's records, began legal proceedings against the group and the label for not producing the new material stipulated in the licensing agreement. After two years with almost nothing to show for its efforts, the band was forced to leave the studio to make way for another band, and had to return home to Glasgow. Away from the pressures of the studio, the group overcame the [writer's block](/wiki/Writer%27s_block \"Writer's block\") and, eventually returning to Castlesound in 1988, was able to rapidly complete a new album.",
"*[Hats](/wiki/Hats_%28album%29 \"Hats (album)\")* was released in October 1989 to rave reviews, including a rare five\\-star rating from *[Q](/wiki/Q_magazine \"Q magazine\")* magazine.[Official *Q* website](http://www.q4music.com) q4music.com \\- Retrieved 22 October 2007 Warmer and smoother sounding than the first album, and exploring the highs and lows of romantic love, *Hats* peaked at \\#12 on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\"). It was also the group's breakthrough record in the [US](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), where it reached \\#108 on the US [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") album charts in May 1990\\. All three singles released in the UK from the album made the top 75 in the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\").",
"The Blue Nile's first live public performance after making *A Walk Across the Rooftops* was in December 1989 on the television programme *Halfway to Paradise*, a Scottish\\-based arts magazine show broadcast on [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\"). The band also composed and performed the theme tune for the programme, later released as a single B\\-side. The band played two songs with the American singer [Rickie Lee Jones](/wiki/Rickie_Lee_Jones \"Rickie Lee Jones\") (who had recently befriended the band and had become one of its biggest supporters), performing her own \"Flying Cowboys\" and the Blue Nile's \"Easter Parade\". The duet version of \"Easter Parade\" was used as the [B\\-side](/wiki/A-side_and_B-side \"A-side and B-side\") of both Jones's 1990 single, \"Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying\", and the [12\" single](/wiki/12-inch_single \"12-inch single\") of \"[Headlights on the Parade](/wiki/Headlights_on_the_Parade \"Headlights on the Parade\")\". During 1990, the Blue Nile supported Jones on her US tour (their experience in America was filmed by [BBC Scotland](/wiki/BBC_Scotland \"BBC Scotland\") for a documentary titled *Flags and Fences*), followed by a tour of the UK culminating in two homecoming gigs in September 1990 at the [Glasgow Royal Concert Hall](/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Concert_Hall \"Glasgow Royal Concert Hall\"), becoming the first non\\-classical band to play at the newly opened venue.",
"### *Peace at Last* (1991–1996\\)",
"The radio play gained by *Hats* in the US, in particular the single \"[The Downtown Lights](/wiki/The_Downtown_Lights \"The Downtown Lights\")\", brought the Blue Nile to the attention of several well\\-known US\\-based musicians. In 1991, the band was invited to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") to work on songs by [Julian Lennon](/wiki/Julian_Lennon \"Julian Lennon\"), [Robbie Robertson](/wiki/Robbie_Robertson \"Robbie Robertson\") and [Michael McDonald](/wiki/Michael_McDonald_%28singer%29 \"Michael McDonald (singer)\"). As a result, Buchanan moved to Los Angeles and lived there for a while, and had a relationship with the actress [Rosanna Arquette](/wiki/Rosanna_Arquette \"Rosanna Arquette\") between 1991 and 1993\\.{{cite news \\|first\\=David \\|last\\=Belcher \\|title\\=Still in full flow \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Herald (Glasgow)\\|The Herald]] \\|publisher\\=Caledonian Newspaper Publishing \\|location\\=Glasgow, Scotland \\|url\\=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/still\\-in\\-full\\-flow\\-1\\.750188 \\|date\\=20 July 1993 \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2013}} Speaking about that period of his life Buchanan said, \"It really was interesting. I have to say it was lived in all earnest ... And there was much good there, I enjoyed it, I really enjoyed it ... The great thing all the time was you were constantly wanting to phone friends and say, Guess who's in the shop? Guess who's in the supermarket? I'm not immune to all that. In the movies—celluloid's better than life isn't it? It makes everything glossy. I don't mean it's better, but it's so glamorous, I met lots of people—it was fascinating.\" The band also worked on [Annie Lennox](/wiki/Annie_Lennox \"Annie Lennox\")'s first solo album, *[Diva](/wiki/Diva_%28Annie_Lennox_album%29 \"Diva (Annie Lennox album)\")*, co\\-writing the track \"The Gift\". Lennox later covered \"The Downtown Lights\" (from *Hats*) for her second album, *[Medusa](/wiki/Medusa_%28Annie_Lennox_album%29 \"Medusa (Annie Lennox album)\")*, released in 1995\\.",
"Having been let go by Linn and Virgin Records, the group signed a deal with [Warner Bros. Records](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records \"Warner Bros. Records\") in 1992, although it later transpired that Buchanan had made the deal by himself without informing his bandmates. His explanation was that \"none of the others were in town at the time\".{{cite news \\|first\\=Allan \\|last\\=Brown \\|title\\=Easy does it for The Blue Nile \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Scotsman]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Johnston Press]] \\|location\\=Edinburgh, Scotland \\|url\\=http://www.scotsman.com/the\\-scotsman/scotland/easy\\-does\\-it\\-for\\-the\\-blue\\-nile\\-1\\-2633447 \\|date\\=15 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2013}} The band decided that it wanted to find somewhere private to record its new album with its portable studio, and began travelling around Europe searching for suitable locations. Having spent two years looking at and dismissing locations in cities such as [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") and [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\"), the record was finally recorded piecemeal over three locations in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\") and [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\").{{cite news \\|first\\=David \\|last\\=Belcher \\|title\\=Digging up a rare new jewel from the Nile \\|newspaper\\=The Herald \\|publisher\\=Caledonian Newspaper Publishing \\|location\\=Glasgow, Scotland \\|url\\=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/boss\\-grooves\\-david\\-belcher\\-is\\-gladdened\\-at\\-news\\-of\\-a\\-third\\-album\\-by\\-a\\-bunch\\-of\\-real\\-charmers\\-digging\\-up\\-a\\-rare\\-new\\-jewel\\-from\\-the\\-nile\\-1\\.466362 \\|date\\=16 February 1996 \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2013}}",
"{{Listen\n\\| filename \\= \n\\| title \\= \"Happiness\" (1996\\)\n\\| description \\= First single of the band's third album\n\\| pos \\= right\n}}",
"In June 1996, seven years after *Hats*, the Blue Nile released a third album, entitled *[Peace at Last](/wiki/Peace_at_Last_%28The_Blue_Nile_album%29 \"Peace at Last (The Blue Nile album)\")*. It displayed a marked difference in style to the first two albums, with Buchanan's acoustic guitar work more to the fore. Buchanan recalled that he had bought the guitar in a New York music shop, and by coincidence Robert Bell had seen the guitar earlier the same day and called Buchanan to tell him about it. A gospel choir made a brief appearance on the first single, \"[Happiness](/wiki/Happiness_%28The_Blue_Nile_song%29 \"Happiness (The Blue Nile song)\")\". Despite the release of *Peace at Last* on a major label, critical reaction to the album was more mixed than for the band's previous records, although sales were good, entering the UK album chart at \\#13\\.",
"### *High* (1997–2004\\)",
"In 1997, the Blue Nile appointed a full\\-time manager for the first time \\- the experienced ex\\-[Dire Straits](/wiki/Dire_Straits \"Dire Straits\") manager, [Ed Bicknell](/wiki/Ed_Bicknell \"Ed Bicknell\") \\- who extricated the group from the deal with Warner Bros. He also attempted to persuade the band to change its recording habits, but had little success. Bicknell parted ways with the band in 2004, later saying that \"in terms of the modern recording world the history of the Blue Nile was the most screwed\\-up I had ever encountered\". Following tour dates in 1996 and 1997, culminating in an appearance at the [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival \"Glastonbury Festival\") in June 1997, the Blue Nile disappeared from public view for the next seven years, apart from an appearance at a 2001 tribute concert at the [Olympia Theatre](/wiki/Olympia_Theatre_%28Dublin%29 \"Olympia Theatre (Dublin)\") in [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\") for the Irish music presenter [Uaneen Fitzsimons](/wiki/Uaneen_Fitzsimons \"Uaneen Fitzsimons\"), following her death in a car crash.{{cite news \\|first\\=Jim \\|last\\=Carroll \\|title\\=And quiet flows the Nile \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]] \\|publisher\\=The Irish Times Trust \\|location\\=\\[\\[Dublin]], \\[\\[Ireland]] \\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/and\\-quiet\\-flows\\-the\\-nile\\-1\\.1154919 \\|date\\=26 August 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2013}} A remixed version of the single \"Tinseltown in the Rain\" was used as the [theme song](/wiki/Theme_song \"Theme song\") for the BBC Scotland TV series *[Tinsel Town](/wiki/Tinsel_Town_%28TV_series%29 \"Tinsel Town (TV series)\")*, broadcast in 2000 and 2001\\.",
"After the longest period yet between albums, the Blue Nile released *[High](/wiki/High_%28The_Blue_Nile_album%29 \"High (The Blue Nile album)\")* in August 2004\\. Part of the lengthy delay in making the record was due to Buchanan contracting a form of [chronic fatigue syndrome](/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome \"Chronic fatigue syndrome\") which affected his health for two years, but as he explained on the album's release, it was mostly a result of the band's perfectionism taking hold once again, \"We recorded an album and a half and ... we realised we weren't in love with it ... The vast majority of it we just dumped; we just put it to one side and didn't touch it any more.\"{{cite news \\|first\\=James \\|last\\=McGalliard \\|title\\=An Ordinary Miracle \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Inpress]] \\|publisher\\=Street Press Australia \\|location\\=\\[\\[Melbourne]], \\[\\[Australia]] \\|date\\=15 December 2004}} The album reached number 10 on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\"), the highest position to date for the band. Although acoustic guitar is still present on some tracks, the overall musical sound is more reminiscent of *Hats*.",
"### Rift and subsequent activity (2005–present)",
"It became apparent during the recording of *High* that old tensions among the band members had resurfaced. Buchanan's comments in a 2012 interview seemed to indicate that the album was finished out of a sense of duty and loyalty rather than any willingness to do so. \"When we eventually finished *High*, I don't think it was bristling with the same joy and naivety we'd felt when we started. We'd gathered ourselves long enough to make it. It seemed to me a stoic record, to some extent a record about ourselves, though I didn't realise that 'til later. It was a collected and fairly stoic record which I was proud of and, in a sense, we just made ourselves focus. We showed up, we went into the room and worked, and whatever drift had set in we were loyal to each other and we knew we had to form the wagons into a circle.\"",
"During preparations for the tour in February 2005 following the album's release, Buchanan and Bell realised that Moore had stopped contacting them and would not be showing up for the tour. Although in interviews around the time Buchanan brushed aside questions about Moore's absence and insisted that they remained friends, he acknowledged years later that in fact he and Bell have had virtually no contact with Moore since the recording of *High*.",
"{{Listen\n\\| filename \\= \n\\| title \\= \"Saturday Night\" (1989\\)\n\\| description \\= The band's 1991 single\n\\| pos \\= right\n}}",
"Buchanan and Bell toured England and Scotland in May and June 2006, followed by Scotland and Ireland in November 2006, billed as \"Paul Buchanan sings the songs of the Blue Nile\", refraining from simply calling themselves the Blue Nile as a mark of respect for Moore's absence. The band consisted of Buchanan on vocals and guitar, Bell on bass guitar and keyboards, Alan Cuthbertson and Brendan Smith on keyboards, Stuart McCredie on guitar, and Liam Bradley on drums. On 14 July 2007, Buchanan and Bell played at the [Bridgewater Hall](/wiki/Bridgewater_Hall \"Bridgewater Hall\") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\") as part of the [Manchester International Festival](/wiki/Manchester_International_Festival \"Manchester International Festival\"). In July 2008, the band played shows at the [Glasgow Royal Concert Hall](/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Concert_Hall \"Glasgow Royal Concert Hall\"), [Somerset House](/wiki/Somerset_House \"Somerset House\") in London and the [Radisson Hotel](/wiki/Radisson_Hotels \"Radisson Hotels\") in [Galway](/wiki/Galway \"Galway\").",
"Although there has never been an official statement to clarify whether or not the Blue Nile still exists, the indications are that the band has split up. There appears to be disagreement among the band members themselves as to whether they will ever make another record together. Moore is emphatic that he will never rejoin the band, saying in communications sent in 2010 to the band's biographer that he was \"finding it healthier to put all that behind me\",Brown (2010\\). \"Geology\" and in a 2013 interview his terse reply to the question of a reunion was, \"I think stuff happened that was simply beyond the pale. It's a shame, but if the feeling for sitting down together really isn't there, then continuing to do so even because you want to is pointless.\" On the other hand, Buchanan has not given up hope that the three members of the Blue Nile may make more music together in the future, saying, \"I don't know where things stand with the other two guys ... In a way, I think it would be the right and proper thing to do but I'll just need to wait and see. If the others say let's do this ... Certainly, if I bump into them on a corner my hope would be that we could say: so what are you doing tomorrow?\" He also lamented the estrangement with Moore, saying, \"We're inhibited by the Scottish male thing where you have to give the other guy space, but I love PJ and there isn't a month goes by where I don't think about phoning him\".",
"In September 2010, a biography of the Blue Nile by the Scottish journalist Allan Brown, titled *Nileism: The Strange Course of the Blue Nile*, was published. Although Brown was a long\\-time acquaintance of Buchanan, he found Buchanan reluctant to participate, and both Bell and Moore refused Brown's invitations for interviews or any co\\-operation with the book's writing.Brown (2010\\). \"Youth\"",
"In May 2012, Buchanan released his first solo album, *[Mid Air](/wiki/Mid_Air_%28Paul_Buchanan_album%29 \"Mid Air (Paul Buchanan album)\")*, a collection of short, stripped\\-back songs mostly with just Buchanan's voice and piano, recorded with Calum Malcolm's son Cameron as the album's engineer and released on Buchanan's own Newsroom Records label. In a radio interview, Buchanan mentioned that towards the end of the recording process he had called in Robert Bell to help out on two tracks (\"Mid Air\" and \"My True Country\") that neither he nor Cameron Malcolm were satisfied with. Bell also later remixed \"Buy a Motor Car\", which appeared on the deluxe edition of the album released in October 2012\\.{{cite AV media \\|people\\=\\[\\[Bob Harris (radio)\\|Harris, Bob]] (presenter) \\|date\\=20 May 2012 \\|title\\=Paul Buchanan interview with Bob Harris \\|url\\=https://soundcloud.com/paul\\-buchanan\\-music/paul\\-buchanan\\-interview\\-with\\-1 \\|medium\\=radio broadcast \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Radio 2]] \\|location\\=London, England}} The album peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart of 2 June 2012,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/7464/paul\\-buchanan/\\|title\\=PAUL BUCHANAN \\| full Official Chart History\\|website\\=Official Charts\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2021}} and its title track, \"Mid Air\", was used a year later in the Richard Curtis film, *[About Time](/wiki/About_Time_%282013_film%29 \"About Time (2013 film)\")*.",
"In November 2012, Virgin Records released two\\-CD \"Collector's Edition\" versions of the band's first two albums, *A Walk Across the Rooftops* and *Hats*. Each version had the original album remastered by engineer Calum Malcolm, along with a bonus disc of rare and previously unreleased material selected by Buchanan and Bell. A similar reissue of the third album, *Peace at Last*, was released on 3 March 2014\\.",
"In July 2016, Buchanan took part in the [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie \"David Bowie\") [Prom](/wiki/The_Proms \"The Proms\") at the [Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall \"Royal Albert Hall\"). His performance of Bowie's \"[I Can't Give Everything Away](/wiki/I_Can%27t_Give_Everything_Away \"I Can't Give Everything Away\")\" was praised by *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jul/30/bowie\\-by\\-proms\\-review\\-progressiveness\\-for\\-progressiveness\\-sake \\| title\\=David Bowie Prom review: progressiveness for progressiveness's sake \\| work\\=The Guardian \\| first\\=Jude \\| last\\=Rogers \\| date\\=30 July 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=21 September 2024}}",
"In 2019, the band's major label albums were re\\-issued on vinyl, with a re\\-issue of *[High](/wiki/High_%28The_Blue_Nile_album%29 \"High (The Blue Nile album)\")* charting at number 74 in the UK charts after being released by Confetti Records on 5 June 2020 as vinyl or double CD edition.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/15550/blue\\-nile/\\|title\\=BLUE NILE \\| full Official Chart History\\|website\\=Official Charts\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2021}} \n\\- {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.superdeluxeedition.com/news/the\\-blue\\-nile\\-high\\-reissue/\\|title \\= The Blue Nile / High reissue\\|website\\=SuperDeluxeEdition\\| date\\=8 April 2020 }} \n\\- {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://superdeluxeedition.com/news/the\\-blue\\-nile\\-vinyl\\-reissues/\\|title\\=The Blue Nile vinyl reissues \\|website\\=SuperDeluxeEdition\\|date\\=7 October 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2021}}",
""
] |
### Rift and subsequent activity (2005–present)
It became apparent during the recording of *High* that old tensions among the band members had resurfaced. Buchanan's comments in a 2012 interview seemed to indicate that the album was finished out of a sense of duty and loyalty rather than any willingness to do so. "When we eventually finished *High*, I don't think it was bristling with the same joy and naivety we'd felt when we started. We'd gathered ourselves long enough to make it. It seemed to me a stoic record, to some extent a record about ourselves, though I didn't realise that 'til later. It was a collected and fairly stoic record which I was proud of and, in a sense, we just made ourselves focus. We showed up, we went into the room and worked, and whatever drift had set in we were loyal to each other and we knew we had to form the wagons into a circle."
During preparations for the tour in February 2005 following the album's release, Buchanan and Bell realised that Moore had stopped contacting them and would not be showing up for the tour. Although in interviews around the time Buchanan brushed aside questions about Moore's absence and insisted that they remained friends, he acknowledged years later that in fact he and Bell have had virtually no contact with Moore since the recording of *High*.
{{Listen
\| filename \=
\| title \= "Saturday Night" (1989\)
\| description \= The band's 1991 single
\| pos \= right
}}
Buchanan and Bell toured England and Scotland in May and June 2006, followed by Scotland and Ireland in November 2006, billed as "Paul Buchanan sings the songs of the Blue Nile", refraining from simply calling themselves the Blue Nile as a mark of respect for Moore's absence. The band consisted of Buchanan on vocals and guitar, Bell on bass guitar and keyboards, Alan Cuthbertson and Brendan Smith on keyboards, Stuart McCredie on guitar, and Liam Bradley on drums. On 14 July 2007, Buchanan and Bell played at the [Bridgewater Hall](/wiki/Bridgewater_Hall "Bridgewater Hall") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") as part of the [Manchester International Festival](/wiki/Manchester_International_Festival "Manchester International Festival"). In July 2008, the band played shows at the [Glasgow Royal Concert Hall](/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Concert_Hall "Glasgow Royal Concert Hall"), [Somerset House](/wiki/Somerset_House "Somerset House") in London and the [Radisson Hotel](/wiki/Radisson_Hotels "Radisson Hotels") in [Galway](/wiki/Galway "Galway").
Although there has never been an official statement to clarify whether or not the Blue Nile still exists, the indications are that the band has split up. There appears to be disagreement among the band members themselves as to whether they will ever make another record together. Moore is emphatic that he will never rejoin the band, saying in communications sent in 2010 to the band's biographer that he was "finding it healthier to put all that behind me",Brown (2010\). "Geology" and in a 2013 interview his terse reply to the question of a reunion was, "I think stuff happened that was simply beyond the pale. It's a shame, but if the feeling for sitting down together really isn't there, then continuing to do so even because you want to is pointless." On the other hand, Buchanan has not given up hope that the three members of the Blue Nile may make more music together in the future, saying, "I don't know where things stand with the other two guys ... In a way, I think it would be the right and proper thing to do but I'll just need to wait and see. If the others say let's do this ... Certainly, if I bump into them on a corner my hope would be that we could say: so what are you doing tomorrow?" He also lamented the estrangement with Moore, saying, "We're inhibited by the Scottish male thing where you have to give the other guy space, but I love PJ and there isn't a month goes by where I don't think about phoning him".
In September 2010, a biography of the Blue Nile by the Scottish journalist Allan Brown, titled *Nileism: The Strange Course of the Blue Nile*, was published. Although Brown was a long\-time acquaintance of Buchanan, he found Buchanan reluctant to participate, and both Bell and Moore refused Brown's invitations for interviews or any co\-operation with the book's writing.Brown (2010\). "Youth"
In May 2012, Buchanan released his first solo album, *[Mid Air](/wiki/Mid_Air_%28Paul_Buchanan_album%29 "Mid Air (Paul Buchanan album)")*, a collection of short, stripped\-back songs mostly with just Buchanan's voice and piano, recorded with Calum Malcolm's son Cameron as the album's engineer and released on Buchanan's own Newsroom Records label. In a radio interview, Buchanan mentioned that towards the end of the recording process he had called in Robert Bell to help out on two tracks ("Mid Air" and "My True Country") that neither he nor Cameron Malcolm were satisfied with. Bell also later remixed "Buy a Motor Car", which appeared on the deluxe edition of the album released in October 2012\.{{cite AV media \|people\=\[\[Bob Harris (radio)\|Harris, Bob]] (presenter) \|date\=20 May 2012 \|title\=Paul Buchanan interview with Bob Harris \|url\=https://soundcloud.com/paul\-buchanan\-music/paul\-buchanan\-interview\-with\-1 \|medium\=radio broadcast \|publisher\=\[\[BBC Radio 2]] \|location\=London, England}} The album peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart of 2 June 2012,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/7464/paul\-buchanan/\|title\=PAUL BUCHANAN \| full Official Chart History\|website\=Official Charts\|access\-date\=17 June 2021}} and its title track, "Mid Air", was used a year later in the Richard Curtis film, *[About Time](/wiki/About_Time_%282013_film%29 "About Time (2013 film)")*.
In November 2012, Virgin Records released two\-CD "Collector's Edition" versions of the band's first two albums, *A Walk Across the Rooftops* and *Hats*. Each version had the original album remastered by engineer Calum Malcolm, along with a bonus disc of rare and previously unreleased material selected by Buchanan and Bell. A similar reissue of the third album, *Peace at Last*, was released on 3 March 2014\.
In July 2016, Buchanan took part in the [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie "David Bowie") [Prom](/wiki/The_Proms "The Proms") at the [Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall "Royal Albert Hall"). His performance of Bowie's "[I Can't Give Everything Away](/wiki/I_Can%27t_Give_Everything_Away "I Can't Give Everything Away")" was praised by *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jul/30/bowie\-by\-proms\-review\-progressiveness\-for\-progressiveness\-sake \| title\=David Bowie Prom review: progressiveness for progressiveness's sake \| work\=The Guardian \| first\=Jude \| last\=Rogers \| date\=30 July 2016 \| access\-date\=21 September 2024}}
In 2019, the band's major label albums were re\-issued on vinyl, with a re\-issue of *[High](/wiki/High_%28The_Blue_Nile_album%29 "High (The Blue Nile album)")* charting at number 74 in the UK charts after being released by Confetti Records on 5 June 2020 as vinyl or double CD edition.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/15550/blue\-nile/\|title\=BLUE NILE \| full Official Chart History\|website\=Official Charts\|access\-date\=17 June 2021}}
\- {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.superdeluxeedition.com/news/the\-blue\-nile\-high\-reissue/\|title \= The Blue Nile / High reissue\|website\=SuperDeluxeEdition\| date\=8 April 2020 }}
\- {{Cite web\|url\=https://superdeluxeedition.com/news/the\-blue\-nile\-vinyl\-reissues/\|title\=The Blue Nile vinyl reissues \|website\=SuperDeluxeEdition\|date\=7 October 2019 \|access\-date\=17 June 2021}}
|
[
"### Rift and subsequent activity (2005–present)",
"It became apparent during the recording of *High* that old tensions among the band members had resurfaced. Buchanan's comments in a 2012 interview seemed to indicate that the album was finished out of a sense of duty and loyalty rather than any willingness to do so. \"When we eventually finished *High*, I don't think it was bristling with the same joy and naivety we'd felt when we started. We'd gathered ourselves long enough to make it. It seemed to me a stoic record, to some extent a record about ourselves, though I didn't realise that 'til later. It was a collected and fairly stoic record which I was proud of and, in a sense, we just made ourselves focus. We showed up, we went into the room and worked, and whatever drift had set in we were loyal to each other and we knew we had to form the wagons into a circle.\"",
"During preparations for the tour in February 2005 following the album's release, Buchanan and Bell realised that Moore had stopped contacting them and would not be showing up for the tour. Although in interviews around the time Buchanan brushed aside questions about Moore's absence and insisted that they remained friends, he acknowledged years later that in fact he and Bell have had virtually no contact with Moore since the recording of *High*.",
"{{Listen\n\\| filename \\= \n\\| title \\= \"Saturday Night\" (1989\\)\n\\| description \\= The band's 1991 single\n\\| pos \\= right\n}}",
"Buchanan and Bell toured England and Scotland in May and June 2006, followed by Scotland and Ireland in November 2006, billed as \"Paul Buchanan sings the songs of the Blue Nile\", refraining from simply calling themselves the Blue Nile as a mark of respect for Moore's absence. The band consisted of Buchanan on vocals and guitar, Bell on bass guitar and keyboards, Alan Cuthbertson and Brendan Smith on keyboards, Stuart McCredie on guitar, and Liam Bradley on drums. On 14 July 2007, Buchanan and Bell played at the [Bridgewater Hall](/wiki/Bridgewater_Hall \"Bridgewater Hall\") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\") as part of the [Manchester International Festival](/wiki/Manchester_International_Festival \"Manchester International Festival\"). In July 2008, the band played shows at the [Glasgow Royal Concert Hall](/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Concert_Hall \"Glasgow Royal Concert Hall\"), [Somerset House](/wiki/Somerset_House \"Somerset House\") in London and the [Radisson Hotel](/wiki/Radisson_Hotels \"Radisson Hotels\") in [Galway](/wiki/Galway \"Galway\").",
"Although there has never been an official statement to clarify whether or not the Blue Nile still exists, the indications are that the band has split up. There appears to be disagreement among the band members themselves as to whether they will ever make another record together. Moore is emphatic that he will never rejoin the band, saying in communications sent in 2010 to the band's biographer that he was \"finding it healthier to put all that behind me\",Brown (2010\\). \"Geology\" and in a 2013 interview his terse reply to the question of a reunion was, \"I think stuff happened that was simply beyond the pale. It's a shame, but if the feeling for sitting down together really isn't there, then continuing to do so even because you want to is pointless.\" On the other hand, Buchanan has not given up hope that the three members of the Blue Nile may make more music together in the future, saying, \"I don't know where things stand with the other two guys ... In a way, I think it would be the right and proper thing to do but I'll just need to wait and see. If the others say let's do this ... Certainly, if I bump into them on a corner my hope would be that we could say: so what are you doing tomorrow?\" He also lamented the estrangement with Moore, saying, \"We're inhibited by the Scottish male thing where you have to give the other guy space, but I love PJ and there isn't a month goes by where I don't think about phoning him\".",
"In September 2010, a biography of the Blue Nile by the Scottish journalist Allan Brown, titled *Nileism: The Strange Course of the Blue Nile*, was published. Although Brown was a long\\-time acquaintance of Buchanan, he found Buchanan reluctant to participate, and both Bell and Moore refused Brown's invitations for interviews or any co\\-operation with the book's writing.Brown (2010\\). \"Youth\"",
"In May 2012, Buchanan released his first solo album, *[Mid Air](/wiki/Mid_Air_%28Paul_Buchanan_album%29 \"Mid Air (Paul Buchanan album)\")*, a collection of short, stripped\\-back songs mostly with just Buchanan's voice and piano, recorded with Calum Malcolm's son Cameron as the album's engineer and released on Buchanan's own Newsroom Records label. In a radio interview, Buchanan mentioned that towards the end of the recording process he had called in Robert Bell to help out on two tracks (\"Mid Air\" and \"My True Country\") that neither he nor Cameron Malcolm were satisfied with. Bell also later remixed \"Buy a Motor Car\", which appeared on the deluxe edition of the album released in October 2012\\.{{cite AV media \\|people\\=\\[\\[Bob Harris (radio)\\|Harris, Bob]] (presenter) \\|date\\=20 May 2012 \\|title\\=Paul Buchanan interview with Bob Harris \\|url\\=https://soundcloud.com/paul\\-buchanan\\-music/paul\\-buchanan\\-interview\\-with\\-1 \\|medium\\=radio broadcast \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Radio 2]] \\|location\\=London, England}} The album peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart of 2 June 2012,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/7464/paul\\-buchanan/\\|title\\=PAUL BUCHANAN \\| full Official Chart History\\|website\\=Official Charts\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2021}} and its title track, \"Mid Air\", was used a year later in the Richard Curtis film, *[About Time](/wiki/About_Time_%282013_film%29 \"About Time (2013 film)\")*.",
"In November 2012, Virgin Records released two\\-CD \"Collector's Edition\" versions of the band's first two albums, *A Walk Across the Rooftops* and *Hats*. Each version had the original album remastered by engineer Calum Malcolm, along with a bonus disc of rare and previously unreleased material selected by Buchanan and Bell. A similar reissue of the third album, *Peace at Last*, was released on 3 March 2014\\.",
"In July 2016, Buchanan took part in the [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie \"David Bowie\") [Prom](/wiki/The_Proms \"The Proms\") at the [Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall \"Royal Albert Hall\"). His performance of Bowie's \"[I Can't Give Everything Away](/wiki/I_Can%27t_Give_Everything_Away \"I Can't Give Everything Away\")\" was praised by *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jul/30/bowie\\-by\\-proms\\-review\\-progressiveness\\-for\\-progressiveness\\-sake \\| title\\=David Bowie Prom review: progressiveness for progressiveness's sake \\| work\\=The Guardian \\| first\\=Jude \\| last\\=Rogers \\| date\\=30 July 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=21 September 2024}}",
"In 2019, the band's major label albums were re\\-issued on vinyl, with a re\\-issue of *[High](/wiki/High_%28The_Blue_Nile_album%29 \"High (The Blue Nile album)\")* charting at number 74 in the UK charts after being released by Confetti Records on 5 June 2020 as vinyl or double CD edition.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/15550/blue\\-nile/\\|title\\=BLUE NILE \\| full Official Chart History\\|website\\=Official Charts\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2021}} \n\\- {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.superdeluxeedition.com/news/the\\-blue\\-nile\\-high\\-reissue/\\|title \\= The Blue Nile / High reissue\\|website\\=SuperDeluxeEdition\\| date\\=8 April 2020 }} \n\\- {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://superdeluxeedition.com/news/the\\-blue\\-nile\\-vinyl\\-reissues/\\|title\\=The Blue Nile vinyl reissues \\|website\\=SuperDeluxeEdition\\|date\\=7 October 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2021}}",
""
] |
Operation and traffic
---------------------
The two companies set up a joint committee, the Otley \& Ilkley Joint Line Committee, to manage the line. In the early days this led to some confusing arrangement e.g. east bound freight traffic for Leeds was sent on alternate weeks via Arthington and Apperley Junction to give fair distribution of income between the MR and the NER. Likewise signalling was to be maintained in five year periods alternating between the two companies, an arrangement swiftly done away with and instead an agreement made that the Midland would signal west of Burley Junction, and the North Eastern the line east of Burley Junction.[Smith \& Bairstow](/wiki/%23Smith%26Bairstow "#Smith&Bairstow") p. 64\.
Throughout its life most of the passenger traffic on the line was of a local nature and passengers seeking to travel further afield than Leeds, Bradford or Harrogate would need to change trains.
North Eastern passenger services ran from Ilkley to Leeds via Otley, a slightly longer route than the Midland services which ran via Apperley Junction — {{convert\|18\.75\|mi\|km\|2}} via Otley compared to {{convert\|16\.5\|mi\|km\|2}} via Apperley Junction.[Smith \& Bairstow](/wiki/%23Smith%26Bairstow "#Smith&Bairstow") p. 24\. By the time of the [grouping](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 "Railways Act 1921") there were six trains each way on weekdays between Ilkley and Leeds and also eight trains running between Harrogate and Bradford. Midland services comprised eight trains each way between Leeds and Ilkley and 11 trains between Ilkley and Bradford with 15 departures from Bradford to Ilkley, together with a limited number of trains between Otley and either Leeds or Bradford via Guiseley.[Smith \& Bairstow](/wiki/%23Smith%26Bairstow "#Smith&Bairstow") p. 29\.
An exception to the "local trains only" operations was a through coach service that was available between Ilkley and [London St Pancras](/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station "St Pancras railway station") between 1900 and 1914 but the service was discontinued at the outbreak of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") and was never reinstated.
After 1923 the line continued to be run on a joint basis by the [London, Midland and Scottish Railway](/wiki/London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway "London, Midland and Scottish Railway") (LMS) and the [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway "London and North Eastern Railway") (LNER) as the successors to the Midland and North Eastern companies. Weekday train services remained much the same and by 1935 there were eight services each way on the LNER route. LMS services consisted of 14 trains each way between Ilkley and Bradford (seven being through trains to/from Skipton) and nine between Ilkley and Leeds.[Smith \& Bairstow](/wiki/%23Smith%26Bairstow "#Smith&Bairstow") p. 30\.
The [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") had a dramatic effect on the line and even after the end of the war services were poor compared to pre\-war levels. In April 1946 LNER direct services between Ilkley and Leeds had fallen to just one with a further six journeys possible by changing trains at Arthington. The Harrogate—Bradford service was reduced to two trains each way. LMS services were not much better with seven trains Ilkley—Bradford and six Ilkley—Leeds.[Smith \& Bairstow](/wiki/%23Smith%26Bairstow "#Smith&Bairstow") p. 32\.
With [nationalisation](/wiki/Transport_Act_1947 "Transport Act 1947") in 1948 there came an end to the joint committee and the entire line became part of the [London Midland Region of British Railways](/wiki/London_Midland_Region_of_British_Railways "London Midland Region of British Railways") although this was short lived and in 1955 it became part of the [North Eastern Region](/wiki/North_Eastern_Region_of_British_Railways "North Eastern Region of British Railways") instead. Neither event had much effect on train services and the 1957 timetable showed an improvement of services via Guiseley but only four trains each way through Otley (all Ilkley—Leeds services) and the withdrawal of the Bradford—Harrogate service altogether.
A major change came in 1959 when passenger services over the line were moved from steam hauled trains to [Diesel multiple unit](/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit "Diesel multiple unit") operation. The number of daily trains increased from 41 to 72 with hourly services between Ilkley—Bradford and Ilkley—Leeds via Guiseley, although the Otley service remained at four services each way.[Smith \& Bairstow](/wiki/%23Smith%26Bairstow "#Smith&Bairstow") p. 34\.
|
[
"Operation and traffic\n---------------------",
"The two companies set up a joint committee, the Otley \\& Ilkley Joint Line Committee, to manage the line. In the early days this led to some confusing arrangement e.g. east bound freight traffic for Leeds was sent on alternate weeks via Arthington and Apperley Junction to give fair distribution of income between the MR and the NER. Likewise signalling was to be maintained in five year periods alternating between the two companies, an arrangement swiftly done away with and instead an agreement made that the Midland would signal west of Burley Junction, and the North Eastern the line east of Burley Junction.[Smith \\& Bairstow](/wiki/%23Smith%26Bairstow \"#Smith&Bairstow\") p. 64\\.",
"Throughout its life most of the passenger traffic on the line was of a local nature and passengers seeking to travel further afield than Leeds, Bradford or Harrogate would need to change trains.",
"North Eastern passenger services ran from Ilkley to Leeds via Otley, a slightly longer route than the Midland services which ran via Apperley Junction — {{convert\\|18\\.75\\|mi\\|km\\|2}} via Otley compared to {{convert\\|16\\.5\\|mi\\|km\\|2}} via Apperley Junction.[Smith \\& Bairstow](/wiki/%23Smith%26Bairstow \"#Smith&Bairstow\") p. 24\\. By the time of the [grouping](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 \"Railways Act 1921\") there were six trains each way on weekdays between Ilkley and Leeds and also eight trains running between Harrogate and Bradford. Midland services comprised eight trains each way between Leeds and Ilkley and 11 trains between Ilkley and Bradford with 15 departures from Bradford to Ilkley, together with a limited number of trains between Otley and either Leeds or Bradford via Guiseley.[Smith \\& Bairstow](/wiki/%23Smith%26Bairstow \"#Smith&Bairstow\") p. 29\\.",
"An exception to the \"local trains only\" operations was a through coach service that was available between Ilkley and [London St Pancras](/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station \"St Pancras railway station\") between 1900 and 1914 but the service was discontinued at the outbreak of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") and was never reinstated.",
"After 1923 the line continued to be run on a joint basis by the [London, Midland and Scottish Railway](/wiki/London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway \"London, Midland and Scottish Railway\") (LMS) and the [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway \"London and North Eastern Railway\") (LNER) as the successors to the Midland and North Eastern companies. Weekday train services remained much the same and by 1935 there were eight services each way on the LNER route. LMS services consisted of 14 trains each way between Ilkley and Bradford (seven being through trains to/from Skipton) and nine between Ilkley and Leeds.[Smith \\& Bairstow](/wiki/%23Smith%26Bairstow \"#Smith&Bairstow\") p. 30\\.",
"The [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") had a dramatic effect on the line and even after the end of the war services were poor compared to pre\\-war levels. In April 1946 LNER direct services between Ilkley and Leeds had fallen to just one with a further six journeys possible by changing trains at Arthington. The Harrogate—Bradford service was reduced to two trains each way. LMS services were not much better with seven trains Ilkley—Bradford and six Ilkley—Leeds.[Smith \\& Bairstow](/wiki/%23Smith%26Bairstow \"#Smith&Bairstow\") p. 32\\.",
"With [nationalisation](/wiki/Transport_Act_1947 \"Transport Act 1947\") in 1948 there came an end to the joint committee and the entire line became part of the [London Midland Region of British Railways](/wiki/London_Midland_Region_of_British_Railways \"London Midland Region of British Railways\") although this was short lived and in 1955 it became part of the [North Eastern Region](/wiki/North_Eastern_Region_of_British_Railways \"North Eastern Region of British Railways\") instead. Neither event had much effect on train services and the 1957 timetable showed an improvement of services via Guiseley but only four trains each way through Otley (all Ilkley—Leeds services) and the withdrawal of the Bradford—Harrogate service altogether.",
"A major change came in 1959 when passenger services over the line were moved from steam hauled trains to [Diesel multiple unit](/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit \"Diesel multiple unit\") operation. The number of daily trains increased from 41 to 72 with hourly services between Ilkley—Bradford and Ilkley—Leeds via Guiseley, although the Otley service remained at four services each way.[Smith \\& Bairstow](/wiki/%23Smith%26Bairstow \"#Smith&Bairstow\") p. 34\\.",
""
] |
Racing history
--------------
As part of their deal with Chrysler, Dallara promised to provide three SP1s for use in the [2001 24 Hours of Le Mans](/wiki/2001_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans "2001 24 Hours of Le Mans"). However, in preparation for their Le Mans debut, Chrysler used the new [European Le Mans Series](/wiki/2001_European_Le_Mans_Series_season "2001 European Le Mans Series season") for an opportunity to test their new car in competition. Appearing at [Donington Park](/wiki/2001_ELMS_at_Donington_Park "2001 ELMS at Donington Park"), the Chrysler LMP managed to qualify in fourth place behind three Audi R8s. Mechanical problems, however, saw the car finish well down the order, nearly 40 laps behind the winning R8s.
With more testing following their debut at Donington, the team was able to improve and the three Chrysler LMPs appeared at Le Mans showing some speed. One of the three entries managed to take the sixth fastest qualifying time (Olivier Beretta driving), beating out both of the [Bentley EXP Speed 8s](/wiki/Bentley_Speed_8 "Bentley Speed 8"). During the race itself, the Chryslers were able to remain in the top ten for most of the race until mechanical woes took out one entry halfway through the race. In the final hours, while running fourth and fifth, another Chrysler LMP suffered a fire on the Mulsannes straight, taking it out of the race. The lone remaining Chrysler was left to take a fourth\-place finish, 23 laps behind the winning Audi R8\.
Even with a fourth\-place finish in their debut, Chrysler Corporation decided that the Le Mans project was no longer fruitful, and they canceled the entire program at the end of 2001\. Chrysler's partner, [Oreca](/wiki/Oreca "Oreca"), decided to continue on with the program as a privateer, replacing the Mopar V8 engines with [Judd](/wiki/Judd_%28engine%29 "Judd (engine)") GV4 V10s. Although purchasing three SP1s, Oreca decided to use a two\-car effort for Le Mans while the third car would be used in the [FIA Sportscar Championship](/wiki/FIA_Sportscar_Championship "FIA Sportscar Championship"). In the first race of the season, the SP1 showed its potential by finishing second behind a [Pescarolo Sport](/wiki/Pescarolo_Sport "Pescarolo Sport"), then followed this up by gaining its first win at [Autódromo do Estoril](/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_do_Estoril "Autódromo do Estoril"). For Le Mans, the SP1s continued to show the pace they had in 2001, taking the fourth\-fastest qualifying time behind the trio of R8s. In the race itself, both SP1s performed well, remaining immediately behind the leading R8s and [Bentley](/wiki/Bentley "Bentley") for the entire race, finishing in fifth and sixth place overall, both cars 16 laps behind the winner. Oreca would not continue with the SP1s, deciding to take a brief hiatus from prototypes to work on other projects.
Besides Oreca's efforts, one of Chrysler's former SP1s was purchased by American team Doran Racing for use in the [Grand American Road Racing Championship](/wiki/Grand_American_Road_Racing_Association "Grand American Road Racing Association"), with drivers [Didier Theys](/wiki/Didier_Theys "Didier Theys") and [Mauro Baldi](/wiki/Mauro_Baldi "Mauro Baldi"). Doran's SP1, which was slightly modified to meet the SRP regulations yet would install the Judd GV4 (later upgraded to a GV5\) like Oreca, was a championship contender in the series. In its debut at the [24 Hours of Daytona](/wiki/24_Hours_of_Daytona "24 Hours of Daytona"), the Doran took the overall win by six laps, earning the Dallara its first victory. Doran would continue with their winning ways by taking the next two rounds at [Homestead\-Miami Speedway](/wiki/Homestead-Miami_Speedway "Homestead-Miami Speedway") and [California Speedway](/wiki/California_Speedway "California Speedway"), with a final victory on the season at Mont\-Tremblant. Doran would end up taking second place in the team's championship, a mere nine points behind [Dyson Racing](/wiki/Dyson_Racing "Dyson Racing"). Doran would also make an appearance at the [American Le Mans Series](/wiki/American_Le_Mans_Series "American Le Mans Series")' [12 Hours of Sebring](/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring "12 Hours of Sebring"), although it would fail to finish due to an accident.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.doranracing.com/17\_news/1104\.html \| title\=Welcome to DORAN Enterprises® }}{{cite web \| url\=https://www.doranracing.com/driver\_lienhard.htm \| title\=Welcome to DORAN Enterprises® }}{{cite web \| url\=https://juddpower.com/our\-engines/judd\-gv\-4\-litre\-v10/ \| title\=JUDD 4GV 4L V10 \| le Mans Engine \| date\=9 November 2016 }}
For 2003, Doran would be the only ones to use a Dallara SP1\. Due to changing Grand\-Am regulations, the team would not return. Instead, the team would turn to the [American Le Mans Series](/wiki/American_Le_Mans_Series "American Le Mans Series"), starting the season at the [2003 12 Hours of Sebring](/wiki/2003_12_Hours_of_Sebring "2003 12 Hours of Sebring"). The car would manage a seventh\-place finish, again just behind a trio of Audi R8s and a duo of Bentley V8s, with a lone [Panoz](/wiki/Panoz "Panoz") managing to beat out the privateer Dallara. The next two rounds saw Doran taking a fifth\-place finish, then a fourth. The team did not return for the rest of the season, though, quickly ending Dallara's involvement in 2003\.
For 2004, two SP1s would be purchased by the new team Rollcentre Racing of the United Kingdom. Rollcentre would debut at the [12 Hours of Sebring](/wiki/2004_12_Hours_of_Sebring "2004 12 Hours of Sebring"), continuing the strong performance of SP1s at Sebring by taking fifth place after running 3rd, a broken throttle cable dropping them down to 5th. Rollcentre would then concentrate on the new [Le Mans Endurance Series](/wiki/Le_Mans_Series "Le Mans Series"), earning a best finish of fifth place at Monza and taking eighth place in the teams championship. For Le Mans, Rollcentre entered a lone car, and performed well and at 6\.30 am on Sunday, they were running in 4th place overall (in the teams first Le Mans 24\) until they were taken out in a large accident for team owner Martin Short caused by damage from a previous incident where the Pescarolo driven by Sebastian Bourdais ran into Short, causing unseen damage to the left rear suspension, which subsequently failed in the Porsche curves. Rollcentre then switched to their second Dallara chassis 006 for the rest of the year. Another SP1 had also been bought in 2004, by Italian squad Spinnaker Clandesteam, for use in the Le Mans Endurance Series and 24 Hours of Le Mans. This came to a quick end after the first race of LMES saw the car fail after twenty laps; the team withdrew their Le Mans entry and were dissolved.
[thumb\|left\|250px\|A rear view of the [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan")\-powered SP1, which features slightly modified bodywork to include inlet ducts on the rear fenders for the turbochargers.](/wiki/Image:Dallara_SP1.jpg "Dallara SP1.jpg")
Going into 2005, Rollcentre had repaired SP1 chassis 004 for use in a two\-car effort in the Le Mans Endurance Series. Chassis 004 had its Judd V10 replaced with a new [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") engine, in a partnership with [Nissan Motorsports](/wiki/Nismo "Nismo") to experiment with the engine to test the possibility of Nissan providing it as a customer unit in the future. Rollcentre had upgraded the SP1's gearbox with a paddle\-shift unit in 2004 and now both cars had it. Rollcentre decided to debut their Nissan\-powered SP1 at the [12 Hours of Sebring](/wiki/2005_12_Hours_of_Sebring "2005 12 Hours of Sebring"), although the car would fail to finish due to problems with the Nismo engine. Back in Europe after a switch from Dunlops to Michelins, Rollcentre's Judd\-powered car would have strong performances, including three straight podium finishes, earning the car fourth place in the teams championship. The Nissan\-powered car suffered various problems throughout the season, however, scoring no points until Nissan officially ended the project and a Judd engine was placed back in the car. For Le Mans, both cars were entered, with the Nissan\-powered car yet again failing to finish, while the Judd\-powered SP1 took a distant 16th\-place finish after actually leading the race outright early Saturday evening, although the lead was never credited as it took place whilst the lead Audi was in the pits, and regained the lead going into Mulsanne corner. The car though was running a very strong 2nd place against strong opposition . A power steering fluid leak as night came on caused serious issues, requiring the team to pit stop almost double the nowmal amount and the race was gone.
Following the 2005 season, [Le Mans Prototype](/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype "Le Mans Prototype") regulations were changed, leaving the SP1s no longer legal. Although extensive modification could have allowed the SP1 to become legal in 2006, Rollcentre Racing decided to switch to a new car in a new class. Thus the Dallara SP1s career came to an end.
Chassis 004 was sold to the USA by Rollcentre, but then found its way back to the UK, now owned by [James Cottingham](/wiki/James_Cottingham "James Cottingham"), and Max Girado. Rollcentre were then reunited with the car to look after it for historica races. Martin Short owns the 006 car, and has run a number of events, winning class in the Masters Endurance Legeneds at Spa, Brands Hatch and Silverstone in 2017/18, and in 2019 carried out demo runs along with the sister 004 car at Goodwood members meeting in March.
|
[
"Racing history\n--------------",
"As part of their deal with Chrysler, Dallara promised to provide three SP1s for use in the [2001 24 Hours of Le Mans](/wiki/2001_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans \"2001 24 Hours of Le Mans\"). However, in preparation for their Le Mans debut, Chrysler used the new [European Le Mans Series](/wiki/2001_European_Le_Mans_Series_season \"2001 European Le Mans Series season\") for an opportunity to test their new car in competition. Appearing at [Donington Park](/wiki/2001_ELMS_at_Donington_Park \"2001 ELMS at Donington Park\"), the Chrysler LMP managed to qualify in fourth place behind three Audi R8s. Mechanical problems, however, saw the car finish well down the order, nearly 40 laps behind the winning R8s.",
"With more testing following their debut at Donington, the team was able to improve and the three Chrysler LMPs appeared at Le Mans showing some speed. One of the three entries managed to take the sixth fastest qualifying time (Olivier Beretta driving), beating out both of the [Bentley EXP Speed 8s](/wiki/Bentley_Speed_8 \"Bentley Speed 8\"). During the race itself, the Chryslers were able to remain in the top ten for most of the race until mechanical woes took out one entry halfway through the race. In the final hours, while running fourth and fifth, another Chrysler LMP suffered a fire on the Mulsannes straight, taking it out of the race. The lone remaining Chrysler was left to take a fourth\\-place finish, 23 laps behind the winning Audi R8\\.",
"Even with a fourth\\-place finish in their debut, Chrysler Corporation decided that the Le Mans project was no longer fruitful, and they canceled the entire program at the end of 2001\\. Chrysler's partner, [Oreca](/wiki/Oreca \"Oreca\"), decided to continue on with the program as a privateer, replacing the Mopar V8 engines with [Judd](/wiki/Judd_%28engine%29 \"Judd (engine)\") GV4 V10s. Although purchasing three SP1s, Oreca decided to use a two\\-car effort for Le Mans while the third car would be used in the [FIA Sportscar Championship](/wiki/FIA_Sportscar_Championship \"FIA Sportscar Championship\"). In the first race of the season, the SP1 showed its potential by finishing second behind a [Pescarolo Sport](/wiki/Pescarolo_Sport \"Pescarolo Sport\"), then followed this up by gaining its first win at [Autódromo do Estoril](/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_do_Estoril \"Autódromo do Estoril\"). For Le Mans, the SP1s continued to show the pace they had in 2001, taking the fourth\\-fastest qualifying time behind the trio of R8s. In the race itself, both SP1s performed well, remaining immediately behind the leading R8s and [Bentley](/wiki/Bentley \"Bentley\") for the entire race, finishing in fifth and sixth place overall, both cars 16 laps behind the winner. Oreca would not continue with the SP1s, deciding to take a brief hiatus from prototypes to work on other projects.",
"Besides Oreca's efforts, one of Chrysler's former SP1s was purchased by American team Doran Racing for use in the [Grand American Road Racing Championship](/wiki/Grand_American_Road_Racing_Association \"Grand American Road Racing Association\"), with drivers [Didier Theys](/wiki/Didier_Theys \"Didier Theys\") and [Mauro Baldi](/wiki/Mauro_Baldi \"Mauro Baldi\"). Doran's SP1, which was slightly modified to meet the SRP regulations yet would install the Judd GV4 (later upgraded to a GV5\\) like Oreca, was a championship contender in the series. In its debut at the [24 Hours of Daytona](/wiki/24_Hours_of_Daytona \"24 Hours of Daytona\"), the Doran took the overall win by six laps, earning the Dallara its first victory. Doran would continue with their winning ways by taking the next two rounds at [Homestead\\-Miami Speedway](/wiki/Homestead-Miami_Speedway \"Homestead-Miami Speedway\") and [California Speedway](/wiki/California_Speedway \"California Speedway\"), with a final victory on the season at Mont\\-Tremblant. Doran would end up taking second place in the team's championship, a mere nine points behind [Dyson Racing](/wiki/Dyson_Racing \"Dyson Racing\"). Doran would also make an appearance at the [American Le Mans Series](/wiki/American_Le_Mans_Series \"American Le Mans Series\")' [12 Hours of Sebring](/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring \"12 Hours of Sebring\"), although it would fail to finish due to an accident.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.doranracing.com/17\\_news/1104\\.html \\| title\\=Welcome to DORAN Enterprises® }}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.doranracing.com/driver\\_lienhard.htm \\| title\\=Welcome to DORAN Enterprises® }}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://juddpower.com/our\\-engines/judd\\-gv\\-4\\-litre\\-v10/ \\| title\\=JUDD 4GV 4L V10 \\| le Mans Engine \\| date\\=9 November 2016 }}",
"For 2003, Doran would be the only ones to use a Dallara SP1\\. Due to changing Grand\\-Am regulations, the team would not return. Instead, the team would turn to the [American Le Mans Series](/wiki/American_Le_Mans_Series \"American Le Mans Series\"), starting the season at the [2003 12 Hours of Sebring](/wiki/2003_12_Hours_of_Sebring \"2003 12 Hours of Sebring\"). The car would manage a seventh\\-place finish, again just behind a trio of Audi R8s and a duo of Bentley V8s, with a lone [Panoz](/wiki/Panoz \"Panoz\") managing to beat out the privateer Dallara. The next two rounds saw Doran taking a fifth\\-place finish, then a fourth. The team did not return for the rest of the season, though, quickly ending Dallara's involvement in 2003\\.",
"For 2004, two SP1s would be purchased by the new team Rollcentre Racing of the United Kingdom. Rollcentre would debut at the [12 Hours of Sebring](/wiki/2004_12_Hours_of_Sebring \"2004 12 Hours of Sebring\"), continuing the strong performance of SP1s at Sebring by taking fifth place after running 3rd, a broken throttle cable dropping them down to 5th. Rollcentre would then concentrate on the new [Le Mans Endurance Series](/wiki/Le_Mans_Series \"Le Mans Series\"), earning a best finish of fifth place at Monza and taking eighth place in the teams championship. For Le Mans, Rollcentre entered a lone car, and performed well and at 6\\.30 am on Sunday, they were running in 4th place overall (in the teams first Le Mans 24\\) until they were taken out in a large accident for team owner Martin Short caused by damage from a previous incident where the Pescarolo driven by Sebastian Bourdais ran into Short, causing unseen damage to the left rear suspension, which subsequently failed in the Porsche curves. Rollcentre then switched to their second Dallara chassis 006 for the rest of the year. Another SP1 had also been bought in 2004, by Italian squad Spinnaker Clandesteam, for use in the Le Mans Endurance Series and 24 Hours of Le Mans. This came to a quick end after the first race of LMES saw the car fail after twenty laps; the team withdrew their Le Mans entry and were dissolved.\n[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|A rear view of the [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\")\\-powered SP1, which features slightly modified bodywork to include inlet ducts on the rear fenders for the turbochargers.](/wiki/Image:Dallara_SP1.jpg \"Dallara SP1.jpg\")\nGoing into 2005, Rollcentre had repaired SP1 chassis 004 for use in a two\\-car effort in the Le Mans Endurance Series. Chassis 004 had its Judd V10 replaced with a new [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\") engine, in a partnership with [Nissan Motorsports](/wiki/Nismo \"Nismo\") to experiment with the engine to test the possibility of Nissan providing it as a customer unit in the future. Rollcentre had upgraded the SP1's gearbox with a paddle\\-shift unit in 2004 and now both cars had it. Rollcentre decided to debut their Nissan\\-powered SP1 at the [12 Hours of Sebring](/wiki/2005_12_Hours_of_Sebring \"2005 12 Hours of Sebring\"), although the car would fail to finish due to problems with the Nismo engine. Back in Europe after a switch from Dunlops to Michelins, Rollcentre's Judd\\-powered car would have strong performances, including three straight podium finishes, earning the car fourth place in the teams championship. The Nissan\\-powered car suffered various problems throughout the season, however, scoring no points until Nissan officially ended the project and a Judd engine was placed back in the car. For Le Mans, both cars were entered, with the Nissan\\-powered car yet again failing to finish, while the Judd\\-powered SP1 took a distant 16th\\-place finish after actually leading the race outright early Saturday evening, although the lead was never credited as it took place whilst the lead Audi was in the pits, and regained the lead going into Mulsanne corner. The car though was running a very strong 2nd place against strong opposition . A power steering fluid leak as night came on caused serious issues, requiring the team to pit stop almost double the nowmal amount and the race was gone.",
"Following the 2005 season, [Le Mans Prototype](/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype \"Le Mans Prototype\") regulations were changed, leaving the SP1s no longer legal. Although extensive modification could have allowed the SP1 to become legal in 2006, Rollcentre Racing decided to switch to a new car in a new class. Thus the Dallara SP1s career came to an end.",
"Chassis 004 was sold to the USA by Rollcentre, but then found its way back to the UK, now owned by [James Cottingham](/wiki/James_Cottingham \"James Cottingham\"), and Max Girado. Rollcentre were then reunited with the car to look after it for historica races. Martin Short owns the 006 car, and has run a number of events, winning class in the Masters Endurance Legeneds at Spa, Brands Hatch and Silverstone in 2017/18, and in 2019 carried out demo runs along with the sister 004 car at Goodwood members meeting in March.",
""
] |
Service history
---------------
### World War II
Upon commissioning, *I\-203* was attached to the [Kure Naval District](/wiki/Kure_Naval_District "Kure Naval District") and assigned to Submarine Division 33 in the Kure Submarine [Squadron](/wiki/Squadron_%28naval%29 "Squadron (naval)"). She was reassigned on 25 June 1945 to Submarine Squadron 11 in the [6th Fleet](/wiki/6th_Fleet_%28Imperial_Japanese_Navy%29 "6th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)").
On 15 August 1945, *I\-203* was at [Maizuru](/wiki/Maizuru "Maizuru"), Japan, with her [sister ships](/wiki/Sister_ship "Sister ship") {{ship\|Japanese submarine\|I\-201\|\|2}} and {{ship\|Japanese submarine\|I\-202\|\|2}} when she was reassigned to Submarine Division 15 in the 6th Fleet.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I\-201\.htm \|title\=IJN Submarine I\-201: Tabular Record of Movement \|first1\=Bob \|last1\=Hackett \|first2\=Sander \|last2\=Kingsepp \|work\=combinedfleet.com \|year\=2011\|access\-date\=26 October 2020}} The same day, hostilities between Japan and the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") came to an end. [Japan formally surrendered](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan "Surrender of Japan") in a ceremony aboard the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") [battleship](/wiki/Battleship "Battleship") {{USS\|Missouri\|BB\-63\|6}} in [Tokyo Bay](/wiki/Tokyo_Bay "Tokyo Bay") on 2 September 1945, and *I\-203* surrendered to the Allies at Maizuru that day.
### Postwar
In November 1945, *I\-203* departed Maizuru bound for [Sasebo](/wiki/Sasebo "Sasebo"), Japan, which she reached on 25 November 1945\. The Japanese struck her from the Navy list on 30 November 1945\. On 12 December 1945, she got underway from Sasebo for [sea trials](/wiki/Sea_trials "Sea trials"), manned by a U.S. Navy crew and a skeleton Imperial Japanese Navy crew. Between 28 December 1945 and 8 January 1946, she and *I\-201* put to sea from Sasebo for a series of short sea trials with U.S. Navy crews, supported by the U.S. Navy [submarine tender](/wiki/Submarine_tender "Submarine tender") {{USS\|Euryale}}.
At 07:30 on 13 January 1946, *I\-201* and *I\-203* got underway from Sasebo in company with *Euryale* and the [rescue and salvage ship](/wiki/Rescue_and_salvage_ship "Rescue and salvage ship") {{USS\|Current\|\|6}} bound for [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor"), [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii"), with stops planned at [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam") in the [Mariana Islands](/wiki/Mariana_Islands "Mariana Islands"), [Eniwetok](/wiki/Eniwetok "Eniwetok") in the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands"), and [Johnston Atoll](/wiki/Johnston_Atoll "Johnston Atoll"). The vessels proceeded due south toward Guam in a column formation, with *Euryale* in the lead followed by *I\-201*, *I\-203*, and *Current*, with each vessel {{convert\|1,500\|yd\|m\|sigfig\=3}} from the vessel ahead and astern of her. While proceeding to Guam, the ships rode out a [typhoon](/wiki/Typhoon "Typhoon"), during which both submarines suffered engine breakdowns and *I\-201* had a steering failure. After repairs at sea, the ships arrived at [Apra Harbor](/wiki/Apra_Harbor "Apra Harbor") on Guam at 16:15 on 21 January 1946, receiving a boisterous welcome. The crews were granted shore leave on Guam.
The vessels departed Guam on 25 January 1946 on the next leg of their voyage. *I\-203* again suffered engine failure on 29 January that reportedly forced her to spend an additional night at sea, although she also reportedly reached Eniwetok on 31 January 1946 along with the rest of the vessels. The formation commander decided to skip the planned stop at Johnston Atoll and proceed directly from Eniwetok to Pearl Harbor. A direct trip from Eniwetok to Pearl Harbor exceeded *I\-201*′s and *I\-203*′s range, so he ordered the two submarines to be towed. At 07:00 on 2 February 1946, the vessels left Eniwetok. The formation arrived at Pearl Harbor on 13 February 1946, and *I\-201* and *I\-203* entered a caretaker status there with skeleton crews while the U.S. Navy studied their design.
|
[
"Service history\n---------------",
"### World War II",
"Upon commissioning, *I\\-203* was attached to the [Kure Naval District](/wiki/Kure_Naval_District \"Kure Naval District\") and assigned to Submarine Division 33 in the Kure Submarine [Squadron](/wiki/Squadron_%28naval%29 \"Squadron (naval)\"). She was reassigned on 25 June 1945 to Submarine Squadron 11 in the [6th Fleet](/wiki/6th_Fleet_%28Imperial_Japanese_Navy%29 \"6th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)\").",
"On 15 August 1945, *I\\-203* was at [Maizuru](/wiki/Maizuru \"Maizuru\"), Japan, with her [sister ships](/wiki/Sister_ship \"Sister ship\") {{ship\\|Japanese submarine\\|I\\-201\\|\\|2}} and {{ship\\|Japanese submarine\\|I\\-202\\|\\|2}} when she was reassigned to Submarine Division 15 in the 6th Fleet.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I\\-201\\.htm \\|title\\=IJN Submarine I\\-201: Tabular Record of Movement \\|first1\\=Bob \\|last1\\=Hackett \\|first2\\=Sander \\|last2\\=Kingsepp \\|work\\=combinedfleet.com \\|year\\=2011\\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2020}} The same day, hostilities between Japan and the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") came to an end. [Japan formally surrendered](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan \"Surrender of Japan\") in a ceremony aboard the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") [battleship](/wiki/Battleship \"Battleship\") {{USS\\|Missouri\\|BB\\-63\\|6}} in [Tokyo Bay](/wiki/Tokyo_Bay \"Tokyo Bay\") on 2 September 1945, and *I\\-203* surrendered to the Allies at Maizuru that day.",
"### Postwar",
"In November 1945, *I\\-203* departed Maizuru bound for [Sasebo](/wiki/Sasebo \"Sasebo\"), Japan, which she reached on 25 November 1945\\. The Japanese struck her from the Navy list on 30 November 1945\\. On 12 December 1945, she got underway from Sasebo for [sea trials](/wiki/Sea_trials \"Sea trials\"), manned by a U.S. Navy crew and a skeleton Imperial Japanese Navy crew. Between 28 December 1945 and 8 January 1946, she and *I\\-201* put to sea from Sasebo for a series of short sea trials with U.S. Navy crews, supported by the U.S. Navy [submarine tender](/wiki/Submarine_tender \"Submarine tender\") {{USS\\|Euryale}}.",
"At 07:30 on 13 January 1946, *I\\-201* and *I\\-203* got underway from Sasebo in company with *Euryale* and the [rescue and salvage ship](/wiki/Rescue_and_salvage_ship \"Rescue and salvage ship\") {{USS\\|Current\\|\\|6}} bound for [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\"), [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\"), with stops planned at [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\") in the [Mariana Islands](/wiki/Mariana_Islands \"Mariana Islands\"), [Eniwetok](/wiki/Eniwetok \"Eniwetok\") in the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\"), and [Johnston Atoll](/wiki/Johnston_Atoll \"Johnston Atoll\"). The vessels proceeded due south toward Guam in a column formation, with *Euryale* in the lead followed by *I\\-201*, *I\\-203*, and *Current*, with each vessel {{convert\\|1,500\\|yd\\|m\\|sigfig\\=3}} from the vessel ahead and astern of her. While proceeding to Guam, the ships rode out a [typhoon](/wiki/Typhoon \"Typhoon\"), during which both submarines suffered engine breakdowns and *I\\-201* had a steering failure. After repairs at sea, the ships arrived at [Apra Harbor](/wiki/Apra_Harbor \"Apra Harbor\") on Guam at 16:15 on 21 January 1946, receiving a boisterous welcome. The crews were granted shore leave on Guam.",
"The vessels departed Guam on 25 January 1946 on the next leg of their voyage. *I\\-203* again suffered engine failure on 29 January that reportedly forced her to spend an additional night at sea, although she also reportedly reached Eniwetok on 31 January 1946 along with the rest of the vessels. The formation commander decided to skip the planned stop at Johnston Atoll and proceed directly from Eniwetok to Pearl Harbor. A direct trip from Eniwetok to Pearl Harbor exceeded *I\\-201*′s and *I\\-203*′s range, so he ordered the two submarines to be towed. At 07:00 on 2 February 1946, the vessels left Eniwetok. The formation arrived at Pearl Harbor on 13 February 1946, and *I\\-201* and *I\\-203* entered a caretaker status there with skeleton crews while the U.S. Navy studied their design.",
""
] |
Mining
------
### Ore Mountains and Vogtland
The Ore Mountains (German: *Erzgebirge*) and Vogtland were the first exploration targets for uranium and host the largest number of deposits mined by Wismut. All deposits in these mountain ranges are hydrothermal vein\-style mineralisations in Palaeozoic metasedimentary and igneous rocks and Variscan age granites. Most deposits are situated in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains "Western Ore Mountains") and the neighbouring Vogtland region, whereas the [central](/wiki/Central_Ore_Mountains "Central Ore Mountains") and [eastern Ore Mountains](/wiki/Eastern_Ore_Mountains "Eastern Ore Mountains") contain only a few smaller deposits.
The deposits are related to deep crustal northwest\-trending fault structures, with the most important being the Gera\-Jáchymov fault zone containing most of the larger deposits, including Jáchymov on the Czech site of the Ore Mountains, Johanngeorgenstadt, Pöhla\-Tellerhäuser, Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda in the German part of the Ore Mountains, and Ronneburg black shale\-type mineralisation in Thuringia. The size of the mineralisations ranges from very small deposits with some hundred kilogrammes of uranium content and a few mineralised veins, up to the giant deposit of Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda containing nearly 100,000 tonnes of uranium and about 2,000 mineralised veins. There are three major vein types carrying uranium: uranium\-quartz\-calcite veins (270 million years old), dolomite\-uranium veins (Triassic age) and [BiCoNi](/wiki/BiCoNi "BiCoNi")\-Ag\-U veins (Tertiary age). Only the first type is a primary mineralisation, while the latter two carry remobilised pitchblende from the older vein types. The BiCoNi\-Ag\-U mineralisation had been mined since the 15th century for its content of [silver](/wiki/Silver "Silver"), [bismuth](/wiki/Bismuth "Bismuth"), [cobalt](/wiki/Cobalt "Cobalt") and nickel. The heavy black mineral often occurring in these veins was useless to the miners of former times and was named 'Pechblende' (pitchblende) because of its color. This word is still used for the most important uranium mineral ore in all veins types, but [coffinite](/wiki/Coffinite "Coffinite") deposits also occur. In the oxidation zones of the deposits there is a wide range of secondary uranium minerals. The distribution of uranium minerals in the veins varies considerably with the highest concentration of uranium in places where they crosscut reducing host [lithologies](/wiki/Lithology "Lithology") like carbon\-rich schist and [skarn](/wiki/Skarn "Skarn"). The width of the veins ranges from a few centimeters to several meters, with an average ore grade of 0\.1% of uranium. Lenses of massive pitchblende occur locally with a width of over 1 m. The most important deposits are described below.
#### Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda (Objects 02/03/09; mining division Aue)
[thumb\|right\|Shaft 371 in Hartenstein (Ore Mountains), former main shaft on the Niederschlema\-Alberoda deposit](/wiki/Image:Schacht371.jpg "Schacht371.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Uranium ore (pitchblende in dolomite) from the vein\-type deposit Niederschlema\-Alberoda](/wiki/Image:Pitchblende371.JPG "Pitchblende371.JPG")
[thumb\|right\|Roter Kamm fault in Bad Schlema: The hematite\-quartz mineralised fault is the geological boundary between the Schneeberg and Schlema\-Alberoda deposits.](/wiki/File:Roterkamm.jpg "Roterkamm.jpg")
This ore field was the largest deposit in the Ore Mountains. It is situated about 20 km south of [Zwickau](/wiki/Zwickau "Zwickau") in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains "Western Ore Mountains"). [Schneeberg](/wiki/Schneeberg%2C_Saxony "Schneeberg, Saxony") was an important mining center since the 15th century, producing silver, cobalt, nickel and bismuth, and the town of [Oberschlema](/wiki/Bad_Schlema "Bad Schlema") was known for its strongest naturally occurring radioactive waters at the beginning of the 20th century. A radium health center was established in the town in 1914\.
After the Second World War, Soviet scientists started exploring the old mining areas for uranium, and mining commenced in 1946 even before SAG Wismut was established in 1947\. Schneeberg at the southern end of the deposit became Object 03 and Oberschlema Object 02\. Subsequently the blind (no mineralisation reaches the surface) northern part of the ore field (Niederschlema\-Alberoda) was discovered and mining started there in 1949\. Object 09 was established to mine the Niederschlema\-Alberoda part of the ore field.
Mining in Schneeberg continued until 1954 reusing many shafts from previous silver and cobalt mining. Up to that time, about 200 tonnes of uranium was extracted from Schneeberg. Oberschlema was mined to depths of over 700 m. Mining ceased in 1960 after producing more than 7,000 tonnes of uranium. A high density of veins near the surface and the 'wild' mining methods of the 1940s and 1950s caused the complete destruction of Oberschlema. Most houses were so badly damaged and the subsurface so unstable that the entire small town was removed in the 1950s. Today the former mining area hosts a radon health center reestablished in the 1990s. After a restructure of the company in the 1960s, Object 09 became Bergbaubetrieb [Aue](/wiki/Aue%2C_Saxony "Aue, Saxony") (mining division Aue). It developed into the single largest producer of uranium within SAG/SDAG Wismut with a peak production of 4,000 tonnes of uranium in 1965\. In the last normal production year, 1989, it produced about 550 tonnes. This deposit was the first of all Wismut deposits to be supplied with large modern mining shafts and powerful ventilation in the mid\-1950s . The most important shafts where Shaft 38 (Niederschlema), Shaft 366 (Aue\-Alberoda) and Shaft 371 (Hartenstein). The latter went into production in 1959 and was the main shaft of the deposit up to the end of production in 1990\. Shaft 371 possessed an automated sorting plant used to separate different classes of ore and to increase the overall ore grade. High grade ore was sent directly to the Soviet Union without further processing, while ore containing less than 1% uranium was shipped to the mill at Crossen near Zwickau. This was done until 1980; afterwards all ore was milled, with the sorting plant raising the average ore grade to 0\.4% before it was sent to Crossen for processing. An unsuccessful attempt was also made to produce base metals, silver and [selenium](/wiki/Selenium "Selenium") as by\-products. Shaft 371 was connected to the \-540 and \-990 m level (the depth is related to the Markus Semmler adit dewatering the upper part of the deposit into the Zwickauer Mulde river). Deeper levels were connected by blind shafts. The deepest level opened in 1988 was the \-1800 m level, nearly 2,000 m underground, making the mine the deepest in Europe. The mining method used was the same as in the centuries before, although with more modern equipment: galleries were driven along strike of the mineralised vein on a lower and upper level (vertical distance 30 to 45 m). These were connected by small shafts from the lower to the upper level. Then the vein was mined upward using drilling and blasting. The ore was transported to the lower level and brought to the main shafts by rail cars, while the stope was filled with waste rock, as possible. After a vein was mined out, the entrances were sealed to prevent radon from the old stopes from entering areas with active mining. This method was used in all vein type deposits of the Ore Mountains. The total production from Niederschlema\-Alberoda was over 72,000 tonnes of uranium. Together with the production from Schneeberg and Oberschlema, production losses and unmined resources, the total uranium content was about 96,000 tonnes of uranium, making Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda the largest vein\-style uranium deposit in the world.
After the political changes production slowed down in 1990 and eventually stopped on 31 December 1990\. Together with the closure of the uranium mine at Pöhla and the [tin](/wiki/Tin "Tin") mines at [Altenberg](/wiki/Altenberg%2C_Saxony "Altenberg, Saxony") and [Ehrenfriedersdorf](/wiki/Ehrenfriedersdorf "Ehrenfriedersdorf") this ended the 800\-year\-old history of metal mining in the Ore Mountains. After the end of production, the newly formed Wismut GmbH as successor of SDAG Wismut started restoration of the area. Flooding of the mine started in 1991 and in 1997 the water reached the \-540 m level as the uppermost level of shaft 371\. At this point, the mine was opened for the public as the deepest tourist mine in Europe. A water treatment plant was erected with a final capacity of 1,300 m3 per hour, removing uranium, radium, arsenic and iron from the contaminated mine water before releasing it into the Zwickauer Mulde river. Underground work, especially in Oberschlema, is being carried out to secure near\-surface galleries and shafts from collapse and to provide safe airways for radon\-containing mine air to prevent it from uncontrolled movement into populated areas of the region. The huge waste rock dumps were either relocated or recontoured and covered with 80 cm of clay and 20 cm of top soil. In 2008, most of the underground work was finished and nearly all shafts were sealed. Most dumps are poorly restored. Shaft 382 with a depth of 1,400 m will stay open (although it is flooded) and provide a controlled path for radon\-bearing air to escape from the mine. There is still some uranium being won as a consequence of the restoration program; it is being purchased by the USA with long\-term contracts.
Like most deposits in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains "Western Ore Mountains"), the Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda deposit is situated on the Gera\-Jachymov fault zone. This major geological structure with a length of several hundred kilometres strikes NW\-SE, running from the central Bohemian Massif in the Czech Republic to central Germany. The main element of this fault zone in the Ore Mountains is the Roter Kamm ('Red Ridge') fault carrying a young quartz\-hematite mineralisation, but no uranium. This fault forms the boundary between the Schneeberg and Oberschlema deposits, having a vertical displacement of about 400 m. The second controlling element for the deposit are Variscan granites, which underlie the deposit. The mineralised veins are within the exocontact of the granite, although the oldest uranium mineralisation is about 20 Ma younger than those granites. The third controlling factor is a heavily deformed unit of Ordovician to Silurian meta\-sedimentary rocks. This so\-called Loessnitz\-Zwoenitz\-Trough runs east\-west, broadening toward the east. This rock unit is formed by quartzites, meta\-black shales, amphibolites and skarns. It is contained within phyllites, which form the major rock type in this area of the Ore Mountains. The rocks of the Loessnitz\-Zwoenitz\-Trough are called the 'productive series', because they carry nearly all of the mineralisation. Although the vein structures can be followed from the productive series into the phyllites and granites, no significant mineralisation has been observed outside of it. The ore field contains about 1,800 mineralised veins. Uranium\-bearing veins run approximately northwest to southeast, parallel to the Roter Kamm fault.
The oldest type of mineralisation consists of quartz, calcite, fluorite, pitchblende and minor hematite. The age of this primary mineralisation is about 270 Ma and it was the most important type in Oberschlema. About 100 Ma later a second uranium mineralisation formed. Veins of this type contain dolomite, calcite, pitchblende, minor sulphides and selenides (especially clausthalite). This mineralisation event did not bring new uranium into the deposit but remobilised uranium from the older mineralisation. These dolomite\-uranium veins were the major uranium formation in Niederschlema\-Alberoda. A third uranium\-bearing vein type contains quartz, calcite, Co\- and Ni\-arsenides, native bismuth, silver and pitchblende. Like the dolomite veins, there was no input of new uranium but only remobilisation. These were the most important veins in Schneeberg, not only for uranium but also for Ag and Co\-Ni production. Telescoping is also a common feature with different types of mineralisation being found stuck together in the same part of the vein.
Beside the uranium\-bearing mineralisation types, there are about one dozen different styles of other mineralisation ranging from Sn\-W, Pb\-Zn, fluorite\-barite to quartz\-hematite. They had no economic importance but contributed to the large variety of the several hundred minerals known from the deposit. Especially in the oxidation zones of Schneeberg and Oberschlema, many rare secondary minerals are found, with many of them being newly discovered there. For example, in samples from a single ore shot in Schneeberg five new uranium minerals were discovered in 1871, namely [walpurgite](/wiki/Walpurgite "Walpurgite"), [zeunerite](/wiki/Zeunerite "Zeunerite"), [troegerite](/wiki/Troegerite "Troegerite"), [uranospinite](/wiki/Uranospinite "Uranospinite") and [uranosphaerite](/wiki/Uranosphaerite "Uranosphaerite").
#### Zobes and Bergen (Object 06\)
Zobes is a small village in the Vogtland mountains. Between 1949 and 1961 the second largest vein\-type deposit of the Wismut company was mined there. The geology is very similar to that of Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda with similar types of veins and host rocks. But the size is much smaller, the total uranium content is roughly 5,000 tonnes. Unlike most other deposits in the Ore Mountains and Vogtland region, there was no historical mining preceding the activities of Wismut. Because of the smaller size of the deposit and the relative low population mining did not impact the area as it did at other deposits mined by Wismut. Only the dump of shaft 362 is left today, others have been removed as construction material and low grade ore. The small uranium deposit Bergen was mined only few kilometers away and was connected underground to the Zobes mines. While the Zobes deposit was in meta\-sedimentary rocks, Bergen was an intragranitic deposit. It was recognised worldwide for its excellent and large crystals of secondary uranium minerals like [uranocircite](/wiki/Uranocircite "Uranocircite"). There is also a mineral named after the deposit: [bergenite](/wiki/Bergenite "Bergenite"). A part of the Bergen deposit was later mined for [granite](/wiki/Granite "Granite") as construction material in a large open cut.
#### Johanngeorgenstadt (Object 01\)
[thumb\|right\|Sign near former Georg Wagsforth mine, from where the pitchblende specimen originates in which uranium was discovered](/wiki/Image:Georg_Wagsfort.jpg "Georg Wagsfort.jpg")
[Johanngeorgenstadt](/wiki/Johanngeorgenstadt "Johanngeorgenstadt") is situated in the westernmost part of the Ore Mountains directly on the border to the Czech Republic and on the boundary between the Vogtland and Ore Mountains. It is famous because in 1789, the chemist M.H. Klaproth discovered the element uranium in a sample from the town's Georg Wagsforth silver mine. About 160 years later, the town became Wismut's Object 01 and the old town center was completely destroyed because of intense near\-surface underground mining for uranium. Of the old town center, only the church survived this part of town history while all other houses had to be removed because of severe damage. Mining took place from 1946 to 1958 and about 3,500 tonnes of uranium were extracted. The deposit extended over the border into [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia"). While the Czechoslovakian uranium company carried out own exploration and mining on its site of the deposit, one vein was mined by Wismut under Czech territory under contract between the East German and Czechoslovak governments.
The deposit is situated on the western edge of the Gera\-Jachymov fault zone. It is located in the exocontact of the Eibenstock granite underlying the deposit. The granite itself carries only minor U\-Bi veins; most mineralisation is contained in veins in micaschist. Major mineralisation styles are quartz\-carbonate\-pitchblende and quartz\-calcite\-arsenide\-Ag\-pitchblende veins.
The Wismut GmbH is not responsible for recultivating mining areas which did not belong to the company in 1991 when it was formed out of the SDAG Wismut and there are no funds included in the initial 6\.4 billion euro budget for cleaning up those areas. Because most of the smaller deposits in the Ore Mountains and Vogtland were mined out in the 1950s and 1960s and the old mining sites were transferred to the local authorities after mining stopped, there were no plans of Wismut GmbH to recultivate the areas in their original restoration program. However, after negotiations between the state of Saxony, the German federal government and Wismut GmbH contracts were made and funds were provided to restore these old areas, including Johanngeorgenstadt. In this town activities of Wismut GmbH include mainly contouring, relocation and covering of dumps, and securing hazardous underground mining areas.
#### Pöhla (mining division Aue)
[thumb\|right\|The main adit of the former Pöhla uranium mine, today a [visitor mine](/wiki/Visitor_mine "Visitor mine")](/wiki/File:Stollnpoehla.jpg "Stollnpoehla.jpg")
Pöhla is a small village in the western Ore Mountains at the base of the Fichtelberg, the highest mountain in eastern Germany. Mining in the area started centuries ago but mining activity remained minor in the area until after World War II. Wismut started exploration in the 1940s and mined small mineralisations in the area containing a few tonnes of uranium. A shaft was sunk at Pöhla\-Globenstein but found only very little uranium mineralisation. However, a magnetite\-skarn mineralisation was discovered and shaft ownership was transferred to an east German iron company for exploration purposes. During exploration in the 1960s, drillings showed radioactive anomalies in areas named Hämmerlein and Tellerhäuser south of Pöhla. It was decided to explore these deposits underground using an adit, which was started in 1967\. The portal of the adit was in a valley outside Pöhla. At about 3 km the adit cut the mineralisation at Hämmerlein. It showed that there was just a minor uranium mineralisation there, which was mined out during exploration phase resulting in a production of 15 tonnes of uranium. However, significant tin mineralisation was discovered in skarns and schists. Further, the skarns also contained [zinc](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc"), [magnetite](/wiki/Magnetite "Magnetite"), [indium](/wiki/Indium "Indium") and [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium "Cadmium"). This mineralisation was intensively explored during the 1970s and studies were made to set up a major tin mine. However, although resources were high and ore grades were better than in the producing tin mines in East Germany at that time, the mineralogy was very complex, preventing the usage of proven milling technologies. Wismut developed a special milling technology for the complex tin ore but it proved to be too expensive and the project was stopped.
From Hämmerlein, the main adit was driven further during the 1970s to investigate the mineralisation at Tellerhäuser, which was cut at about 7\.5 km adit length. This uranium mineralisation was much larger than at Hämmerlein and two blind shaft were sunk to deeper parts of the deposits. Mining started in 1983 and 1,200 tonnes of uranium were produced until the end of production in 1990\. Like Hämmerlein, Tellerhäuser also showed a significant tin mineralisation in skarns as well as magnetite. Some of the magnetite was mined as an additive to concrete for nuclear power plants constructed by the East German government in the 1980s. Small amounts of silver were also extracted, but high arsenic contents of the silver ore made processing very expensive and production of silver was stopped in the late 1980s. An [ore shoot](/wiki/Ore_shoot "Ore shoot") with massive native arsenic and silver was made in 1990 shortly before the end of uranium mining. Some tons of the material were mined, but no processing was done.
The positive results regarding base metals at Hämmerlein and Tellerhäuser led to a reinvestigation of tin, tungsten and further resources at Globenstein and significant mineralisation was discovered in the 1980s. But like Hämmerlein, the complex mineralogy prevented further projects so far.
After production ceased, the area was recultivated, including flooding the mine, removing the mine buildings and covering the waste rock area. A water treatment plant was set up to remove uranium, radium and arsenic from the mine water. Because of the low water flow from the mine, it was possible to replace the initial active chemical water treatment plant with a passive biological unit (wetland). The adit is still open to the Hämmerlein part of the deposit and is operated by a private society as a visitor's mine. Wisutec GmbH, a daughter company of the Wismut GmbH, holds the exploration license for the Pöhla\-Globenstein area at the moment (2013\).
#### Schneckenstein and Gottesberg (Object 06\)
These two deposits in the Vogtland mountains were operated by Object 06 of SAG/SDAG Wismut. Mining for tin and silver had a long tradition in the area, as did the production of gem\-quality [topaz](/wiki/Topaz "Topaz"). When Wismut started exploration and mining in the area there was still active mining for tin. Before Wismut discovered the nearby uranium mineralisations, it had already taken over the processing plant from the tin mine [Tannenbergsthal](/wiki/Tannenbergsthal "Tannenbergsthal") on top of the [Schneckenstein](/wiki/Schneckenstein "Schneckenstein") mountain in 1948\. It investigated the tin mine itself but no uranium mineralisation was found. However, about 2 km from the tin mine the company discovered a uranium mineralisation which was mined from 1950 to 1960, producing about 1,000 tonnes of uranium. After uranium resources were depleted the mine was transferred to another mining company that started mining [barite](/wiki/Barite "Barite") on a fault zone parallel to the uranium veins. [Tin mining](/wiki/Tin_mining "Tin mining") ceased in 1964 and barite mining in 1991\. On the other side of the valley further uranium mineralisations were discovered and named Gottesberg. In contrast to the Schneckenstein mineralisation, which is hosted by metasedimentary rocks, veins at the little Gottesberg deposit are within granites. The small deposit was mined for a few years in the 1950s, producing about 70 tonnes of uranium. The Gottesberg area also hosted tin mines and is today under exploration license by a private German exploration company.
#### Schwarzenberg (Object 08\)
Object 08 mined a dozen small deposits around Schwarzenberg in the western Ore Mountains between Aue and Johanngeorgenstadt. The largest deposit is the 'Weißer Hirsch' mine (Shaft 235\) in Antonsthal, which produced about 700 tonnes of uranium until 1959\. The other deposits yielded between 2 and 230 tonnes of uranium, resulting in a total local production of 1,100 tonnes. The dump material of the 'Weißer Hirsch' mine is currently being recycled as construction material.
#### Further deposits in the Ore mountains
[thumb\|right\|Dump of shaft 116, one of the most important uranium mines in Annaberg\-Buchholz](/wiki/File:Buchholz_Halde_116.jpg "Buchholz Halde 116.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Uranium\-Cobalt ore from shaft 139 in Marienberg](/wiki/File:Marienberg_ore.jpg "Marienberg ore.jpg")
Annaberg\-Buchholz in the [central Ore Mountains](/wiki/Central_Ore_Mountains "Central Ore Mountains") is one of the famous historical silver mining towns of the Ore Mountains. Uranium mining by SAG Wismut commenced in 1947 and took place until 1958\. About 450 tonnes of uranium were produced.
The Niederschlag\-Bärenstein deposit is situated in the central Ore Mountains close to the border to the Czech Republic. There was an unsuccessful attempt to open a uranium mine in the 1930s. Uranium mining by SAG Wismut started in 1947 and ended in 1954, producing about 140 tonnes of uranium. The vein containing most of the mineralisation contains a fluorite\-barite mineralisation below the uranium mineralised parts. A private company wanted to start mining this mineralisation in 2010\.
Marienberg is also an old silver mining town founded in the 16th century in the central Ore Mountains. Wismut mined about 120 tonnes of uranium between 1947 and 1954\. A large resource of fluorite is left. A shaft from the uranium mining era today provides thermal water for heating purposes.
The [eastern Ore Mountains](/wiki/Eastern_Ore_Mountains "Eastern Ore Mountains") host only very small uranium mineralisation which produced only 50 tonnes in total. Mining took place at Bärenhecke, Niederpöbel, Johnsbach and [Freiberg](/wiki/Freiberg%2C_Saxony "Freiberg, Saxony"). The latter was the historically most important deposit of the Ore Mountains, and had produced silver since the 12th century. However, it contributed only very little to the uranium production of SAG Wismut. The deposit, which produced at least 6,000 tonnes of silver, contained just 5 tonnes of mineable uranium.
### Thuringia
Eastern Thuringia developed in the 1950s into one of the major mining centers of Wismut, hosting the giant ore field of Ronneburg and the medium\-sized deposit of Culmitzsch. Although the mineralisation at Ronneburg is hosted by the Gera\-Jáchymov fault and it is likely its formation is linked to the vein\-style deposits in the Ore Mountains sitting on the same structure, it is a completely different kind of mineralisation. This led to many problems in the first decade of mining.
#### Ronneburg (Object 90\)
[thumb\|right\|Waste rock dump at Ronneburg in 1990](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1109-004%2C_Th%C3%BCringen%2C_Abraumhalten%2C_Uranbergbau.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-1109-004, Thüringen, Abraumhalten, Uranbergbau.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Recultivated mining area at Ronneburg](/wiki/File:Ronneburg_-_Schmirchauer_H%C3%B6he_%28aka%29.jpg "Ronneburg - Schmirchauer Höhe (aka).jpg")
[Ronneburg](/wiki/Ronneburg%2C_Thuringia "Ronneburg, Thuringia") is a small town close to the BAB 4 [Autobahn](/wiki/Autobahn "Autobahn"). It is situated about 10 km east of the next major city [Gera](/wiki/Gera "Gera"). Ronneburg hosted a small radon spring, but it was not as famous as those in the Ore Mountains. Exploration in the area started in 1949, and the first shafts were sunk in 1950\. The deposit was operated by Object 90 with its head office in Gera. During the 1950s exploration work at Ronneburg contributed the most uranium to the resource base of Wismut, showing the significance of the newly discovered deposit. However, there were many difficulties with mining of the deposit because that particular style of mineralisation was unknown to the East German and Soviet mining experts.
The mineralisation is hosted by Palaeozoic meta\-black shales and Meta\-basalts. Uranium mineralisation occurs in irregular shaped bodies of highly variable size and uranium content (in average 70 tonnes of uranium per body). The uranium minerals (mainly pitchblende) occur as impregnations, thin veinlets or in breccia zones in these bodies. The deposit was formed by remobilisation of uranium already enriched in the black shales by synsedimentary processes. Remobilisation was caused by hydrothermal and supergene processes leading to the further enrichment of uranium. The background uranium content in the black shales is 40 to 60 ppm. Like the major vein\-style uranium deposits in the western Ore Mountains, the Ronneburg deposit is located on the Gera\-Jachymov fault zone, which is called the Crimmitschau fault zone in this particular area.
The black shales also contain high amounts of sulfides (marcasite, pyrite) and carbon. Wismut tested several different methods to mine this deposit in the 1950s and 1960s. Some seemed to work, but during the 1950s many fires started in the mines. Sabotage was first considered as the cause, but the increasing number of fires showed that there must be another reason, which was found in the sulphur and carbon content of the black shales in combination with wrong mining methods. The initial mining methods led to many fractures in the rocks, which allowed oxygen to enter the rock. The resulting oxidation of sulfides produced enough heat to spontaneously start fires in the carbon\-rich material. These fires became such a major problem that whole parts of the underground area had to be sealed off and production was heavily impacted. This also led to the decision to mine part of the deposit using an open pit, which seriously affected the Ronneburg area. However, in the 1960s special mining technology was developed involving backfilling of the stopes using drillings from the surface. Since then, underground fires have not been a major problem.
In the late 1960s the company was restructured and Object 90 was split up into several mining division: *Bergbaubetrieb* (mining division) Schmirchau (underground), *Bergbaubetrieb* Paitzdorf (underground), *Bergbaubetrieb* Reust (underground) and *Bergbaubetrieb* Lichtenberg (open pit). Open pit mining ended in 1976 when the pit reached a final depth of 300 m. Exploration for new areas of mineralisation led to the formation of two further mining divisions at the northern part of the deposit in 1974 (*Bergbaubetrieb* Beerwalde) and 1982 (*Bergbaubetrieb* Drosen). The mineralisation dips downward in a northern direction which resulted in deeper mining depths. The shafts of the northernmost mine Drosen reached nearly 900 m.
The grade of the ore mined was 0\.08% uranium on average with a [cut\-off](/wiki/Cut-off "Cut-off") of 0\.02% uranium. However, restricted zones of high grade mineralisation with more than 1% uranium occurred. An ore treatment plant was tested in Schmirchau to increase the grade before shipping to the mills, but this proved not to be effective. Most of the ore was sent without further treatment to the mills at Seelingstädt and Crossen. Small amounts of uranium were also produced by underground in\-situ leaching and heap leaching of low grade ore and even waste rock. The mined resources of the ore field were 113,000 tonnes of uranium, of which about 100,000 tonnes were produced (the difference are production losses). The total resource of the deposit is about 200,000 tonnes of uranium (mined and unmined reserves as well as inferred and speculative resources).
After production ceased in 1990 recultivation work began. The mine dumps were the largest task in this mining area. It was decided to relocate most of the dump material of the southern mining divisions (Schmirchau, Reust, Paitzdorf, Lichtenberg) into the open pit Lichtenberg and to relocate those of the Korbußen mine (part of the Beerwalde mining division) and Drosen to the major dump at Beerwalde. To accomplish this task, Wismut GmbH ordered and operated the largest fleet of [Caterpillar](/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. "Caterpillar Inc.") mine trucks in Europe. After relocation was finished, the dumps were covered. The southern mining area with the refilled Lichtenberg open pit was part of the 2007 federal garden exhibition Gera\-Ronneburg.
#### Culmitzsch (Object 90\)
The Culmitzsch deposit is about 15 km south of Ronneburg. It also belonged to Object 90 in Gera. However, it had a totally different geology than the Ronneburg ore field. Culmitzsch is a sedimentary deposit in Permian sandstone, siltstone and limestone. There are two ore horizons containing disseminated pitchblende and coffinite. An interesting feature is pseudomorphosis of uranium minerals after wood. Specimens still show the cell structure of the wood but are made of pitchblende. The deposit was mined from 1950 to 1967 in three open pits named Culmitzsch, Trünzig and Sorge\-Katzendorf. The average ore grade was 0\.06% and total production from the three pits was about 11,000 tonnes of uranium. The deposit extends further north from the mined area. This part of the deposit, called Gera\-Süd, was explored underground, but difficult geotechnical conditions prevented the mining of this resource. The Culmitzsch and Trünzig open pits were used as tailings management facilities after they were mined out by the Seelingstädt mill, which was established in 1961 near the deposit.
#### Further deposits in Thuringia
In the southern part of Thuringa called the [Thuringian Forest](/wiki/Thuringian_Forest "Thuringian Forest"), mining of three small uranium deposits was undertaken in the 1950s. The largest deposit was Dittrichshütte and was mined underground with several small shafts producing about 112 tonnes of uranium from a black\-shale\-type mineralisation. Steinach was also a small black\-shale\-type deposit, mined in a small open cut producing about 40 tonnes of uranium. The Schleusingen mineralisation was hosted by Triassic sandstones and was mined underground, producing 14 tonnes of uranium.
### Königstein (Königstein mining division)
Königstein is situated about 40 km southeast of [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden "Dresden") in the [Elbe Sandstone Mountains](/wiki/Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains "Elbe Sandstone Mountains"). Königstein castle is one of the major attractions in this touristic area. Exploration for uranium started in the early 1960s for sandstone hosted uranium mineralisation similar to the ones discovered further south in the Czech Republic. Finally a major mineralisation was discovered in 1963, hosted by Cretaceous sandstones with disseminated uranium minerals in Rollfront\-type ore bodies. However, there are also small veins containing barite and pitchblende and the nature of this deposit is under discussion. Most likely it is a combination of a sedimentary style and hydrothermal mineralisation. Construction of the mine started immediately after the discovery and two main shaft along with several ventilation shafts were sunk to depths up to 300 m. Mining started in 1967 and it developed into one of the main producers of SDAG Wismut in the 1970s, with more than 1,000 tonnes of uranium per year in this decade. The ore mined was transported by a cable way down to the Elbe river valley from where it was transported by rail to the mill at Seelingstädt. Besides conventional mining using drilling, blasting and transport of the ore to the mill, already in 1969 studies were started on unconventional production methods for low grade ore using leaching. The low permeability of the sandstone prevented usual in\-situ leaching from drillings. Therefore, different methods were developed to blast the ore underground, seal the blasted blocks, and press sulphuric acid into them. Heap leaching was also carried out as well as uranium extraction from mine water before it was released into the Elbe River. In 1984 conventional ore production ceased and only unconventional methods were used from that year on. Production sunk to about 450 tonnes uranium per year, but the Königstein mining division produced at the lowest costs of all Wismut mining divisions. The uranium bearing solution from leaching was transported by rail to the Seelingstädt mill where the final concentrate was produced. Total production of uranium until 1990 was about 18,000 tonnes, with 12,250 tonnes by conventional mining and 5,750 tonnes by unconventional methods.
In 1990 production ceased, as in the other mining divisions. However, the hydrogeological situation was difficult because of the high amount of uranium\-bearing solution in the sandstone units hosting the mineralisation. Above that unit there are three [aquifers](/wiki/Aquifer "Aquifer") supplying water to the cities of [Pirna](/wiki/Pirna "Pirna") and Dresden. Therefore, large amounts of water had to be treated before the mine could finally be flooded. The uranium extracted in this cleaning process was sold to an American company in solution form. The total production of uranium from the mine water treatment between 1991 and 2008 can be estimated to be 1,000 t.
### Freital / Dresden\-Gittersee ('Willi Agatz' mining division)
This mining area covers parts of the cities [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden "Dresden") (part Gittersee) and [Freital](/wiki/Freital "Freital"). Mining for hard coal in the area is known to date from the 16th century. In 1949 Wismut studied radioactive anomalies in parts of the coal field and took over some mines. Mine ownership alternated several times between Wismut and the local hard coal mining company. In the early 1950s, when the coal field belonged to the hard coal mining company, two new main shafts in Dresden\-Gittersee were sunk to depths of about 700 m and the mine was renamed 'Willi Agatz', after a leader of the East German communist party. In 1968 production of coal for energy production was eventually stopped and the mine was transferred a last time to SDAG Wismut. From that time on coal was only mined for its uranium content. The deposit was depleted in 1989 after producing about 3,700 tonnes of uranium since 1949 and 40 million tonnes of hard coal since the 16th century. It was the last Saxonian hard coal mine to be shut down. The uranium\-bearing coal was milled at small local plants in Freital when Wismut first was active in the area in the 1950s. After 1968 the coal was milled at Crossen.
Restoration of the area after 1991 was carried out by the Königstein division of Wismut GmbH. The deposit is connected by a several kilometer long adit to the [Elbe](/wiki/Elbe "Elbe") River in Dresden. This adit was built in the 19th century to ship coal directly from the underground part of the mines to the river, although it was never used for this purpose. However, the adit had to be refurbished by Wismut GmbH as one of the major tasks at the deposit in order to provide for secure dewatering of the mining area. Furthermore, the dumps had to be covered, including ash dumps from the firing of uranium\-bearing coal in former times.
Seven [coal seams](/wiki/Coal_seam "Coal seam") are present in the [Permian](/wiki/Permian "Permian") (Rotliegend) volcano\-sedimentary rocks of the Döhlen basin. Three of these seams carry in restricted parts a uranium mineralisation, which was mined by the Wismut. Uranium was introduced into the coal\-forming organic material in early stages by surficial waters. The source for the uranium was most likely local volcanic rock units. At a later stage, some remobilisation took place, producing uranium mineralised veinlets in the host rocks of the coal seams. The average ore grade was 0\.11% uranium.
### Unmined deposits
The SAG/SDAG Wismut carried out exploration in the whole German Democratic Republic. Several uranium mineralisations were discovered but finally not mined because of the small amount or high costs. The largest unmined resource was discovered in the late 1970s and early 1980s north of [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig "Leipzig"), hosted by carboniferous volcano\-sedimentary rock units. This uranium occurrence near [Delitzsch](/wiki/Delitzsch "Delitzsch") consists of several separate mineralisations. An inferred resource of 6,660 tonnes was taken into the resource base of Wismut and studies were made for underground exploration. However, the high costs prevented realisation. Wismut also discovered a significant supplies of [tungsten](/wiki/Tungsten "Tungsten"), [niobium](/wiki/Niobium "Niobium"), [rare\-earth elements](/wiki/Rare-earth_element "Rare-earth element") and [phosphate](/wiki/Phosphate "Phosphate") in the area, which is being reinvestigated by a private company since 2008\.
Wismut explored a black shale\-type uranium mineralisation below the villages of [Hauptmannsgrün](/wiki/Hauptmannsgr%C3%BCn "Hauptmannsgrün") and [Neumark, Saxony](/wiki/Neumark%2C_Saxony "Neumark, Saxony") west of Zwickau. It led to 2,500 tonnes of inferred uranium resources being added to the resource base of Wismut, but because of the complex nature and small size of the deposit it was decided to not mine it. Another unmined black\-shale\-type resource is in [Rudolstadt](/wiki/Rudolstadt "Rudolstadt") in the [Thüringer Wald](/wiki/Th%C3%BCringer_Wald "Thüringer Wald") area with inferred resources of 1,300 tonnes.
Several small uranium mineralisations were also explored in the Ore Mountains outside the mined deposit areas. Together they account for another 11,200 tonnes of inferred resources, which were added to the SDAG Wismut resource base.
|
[
"Mining\n------",
"### Ore Mountains and Vogtland",
"The Ore Mountains (German: *Erzgebirge*) and Vogtland were the first exploration targets for uranium and host the largest number of deposits mined by Wismut. All deposits in these mountain ranges are hydrothermal vein\\-style mineralisations in Palaeozoic metasedimentary and igneous rocks and Variscan age granites. Most deposits are situated in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains \"Western Ore Mountains\") and the neighbouring Vogtland region, whereas the [central](/wiki/Central_Ore_Mountains \"Central Ore Mountains\") and [eastern Ore Mountains](/wiki/Eastern_Ore_Mountains \"Eastern Ore Mountains\") contain only a few smaller deposits.",
"The deposits are related to deep crustal northwest\\-trending fault structures, with the most important being the Gera\\-Jáchymov fault zone containing most of the larger deposits, including Jáchymov on the Czech site of the Ore Mountains, Johanngeorgenstadt, Pöhla\\-Tellerhäuser, Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda in the German part of the Ore Mountains, and Ronneburg black shale\\-type mineralisation in Thuringia. The size of the mineralisations ranges from very small deposits with some hundred kilogrammes of uranium content and a few mineralised veins, up to the giant deposit of Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda containing nearly 100,000 tonnes of uranium and about 2,000 mineralised veins. There are three major vein types carrying uranium: uranium\\-quartz\\-calcite veins (270 million years old), dolomite\\-uranium veins (Triassic age) and [BiCoNi](/wiki/BiCoNi \"BiCoNi\")\\-Ag\\-U veins (Tertiary age). Only the first type is a primary mineralisation, while the latter two carry remobilised pitchblende from the older vein types. The BiCoNi\\-Ag\\-U mineralisation had been mined since the 15th century for its content of [silver](/wiki/Silver \"Silver\"), [bismuth](/wiki/Bismuth \"Bismuth\"), [cobalt](/wiki/Cobalt \"Cobalt\") and nickel. The heavy black mineral often occurring in these veins was useless to the miners of former times and was named 'Pechblende' (pitchblende) because of its color. This word is still used for the most important uranium mineral ore in all veins types, but [coffinite](/wiki/Coffinite \"Coffinite\") deposits also occur. In the oxidation zones of the deposits there is a wide range of secondary uranium minerals. The distribution of uranium minerals in the veins varies considerably with the highest concentration of uranium in places where they crosscut reducing host [lithologies](/wiki/Lithology \"Lithology\") like carbon\\-rich schist and [skarn](/wiki/Skarn \"Skarn\"). The width of the veins ranges from a few centimeters to several meters, with an average ore grade of 0\\.1% of uranium. Lenses of massive pitchblende occur locally with a width of over 1 m. The most important deposits are described below.",
"#### Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda (Objects 02/03/09; mining division Aue)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Shaft 371 in Hartenstein (Ore Mountains), former main shaft on the Niederschlema\\-Alberoda deposit](/wiki/Image:Schacht371.jpg \"Schacht371.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Uranium ore (pitchblende in dolomite) from the vein\\-type deposit Niederschlema\\-Alberoda](/wiki/Image:Pitchblende371.JPG \"Pitchblende371.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Roter Kamm fault in Bad Schlema: The hematite\\-quartz mineralised fault is the geological boundary between the Schneeberg and Schlema\\-Alberoda deposits.](/wiki/File:Roterkamm.jpg \"Roterkamm.jpg\")\nThis ore field was the largest deposit in the Ore Mountains. It is situated about 20 km south of [Zwickau](/wiki/Zwickau \"Zwickau\") in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains \"Western Ore Mountains\"). [Schneeberg](/wiki/Schneeberg%2C_Saxony \"Schneeberg, Saxony\") was an important mining center since the 15th century, producing silver, cobalt, nickel and bismuth, and the town of [Oberschlema](/wiki/Bad_Schlema \"Bad Schlema\") was known for its strongest naturally occurring radioactive waters at the beginning of the 20th century. A radium health center was established in the town in 1914\\.",
"After the Second World War, Soviet scientists started exploring the old mining areas for uranium, and mining commenced in 1946 even before SAG Wismut was established in 1947\\. Schneeberg at the southern end of the deposit became Object 03 and Oberschlema Object 02\\. Subsequently the blind (no mineralisation reaches the surface) northern part of the ore field (Niederschlema\\-Alberoda) was discovered and mining started there in 1949\\. Object 09 was established to mine the Niederschlema\\-Alberoda part of the ore field.",
"Mining in Schneeberg continued until 1954 reusing many shafts from previous silver and cobalt mining. Up to that time, about 200 tonnes of uranium was extracted from Schneeberg. Oberschlema was mined to depths of over 700 m. Mining ceased in 1960 after producing more than 7,000 tonnes of uranium. A high density of veins near the surface and the 'wild' mining methods of the 1940s and 1950s caused the complete destruction of Oberschlema. Most houses were so badly damaged and the subsurface so unstable that the entire small town was removed in the 1950s. Today the former mining area hosts a radon health center reestablished in the 1990s. After a restructure of the company in the 1960s, Object 09 became Bergbaubetrieb [Aue](/wiki/Aue%2C_Saxony \"Aue, Saxony\") (mining division Aue). It developed into the single largest producer of uranium within SAG/SDAG Wismut with a peak production of 4,000 tonnes of uranium in 1965\\. In the last normal production year, 1989, it produced about 550 tonnes. This deposit was the first of all Wismut deposits to be supplied with large modern mining shafts and powerful ventilation in the mid\\-1950s . The most important shafts where Shaft 38 (Niederschlema), Shaft 366 (Aue\\-Alberoda) and Shaft 371 (Hartenstein). The latter went into production in 1959 and was the main shaft of the deposit up to the end of production in 1990\\. Shaft 371 possessed an automated sorting plant used to separate different classes of ore and to increase the overall ore grade. High grade ore was sent directly to the Soviet Union without further processing, while ore containing less than 1% uranium was shipped to the mill at Crossen near Zwickau. This was done until 1980; afterwards all ore was milled, with the sorting plant raising the average ore grade to 0\\.4% before it was sent to Crossen for processing. An unsuccessful attempt was also made to produce base metals, silver and [selenium](/wiki/Selenium \"Selenium\") as by\\-products. Shaft 371 was connected to the \\-540 and \\-990 m level (the depth is related to the Markus Semmler adit dewatering the upper part of the deposit into the Zwickauer Mulde river). Deeper levels were connected by blind shafts. The deepest level opened in 1988 was the \\-1800 m level, nearly 2,000 m underground, making the mine the deepest in Europe. The mining method used was the same as in the centuries before, although with more modern equipment: galleries were driven along strike of the mineralised vein on a lower and upper level (vertical distance 30 to 45 m). These were connected by small shafts from the lower to the upper level. Then the vein was mined upward using drilling and blasting. The ore was transported to the lower level and brought to the main shafts by rail cars, while the stope was filled with waste rock, as possible. After a vein was mined out, the entrances were sealed to prevent radon from the old stopes from entering areas with active mining. This method was used in all vein type deposits of the Ore Mountains. The total production from Niederschlema\\-Alberoda was over 72,000 tonnes of uranium. Together with the production from Schneeberg and Oberschlema, production losses and unmined resources, the total uranium content was about 96,000 tonnes of uranium, making Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda the largest vein\\-style uranium deposit in the world.",
"After the political changes production slowed down in 1990 and eventually stopped on 31 December 1990\\. Together with the closure of the uranium mine at Pöhla and the [tin](/wiki/Tin \"Tin\") mines at [Altenberg](/wiki/Altenberg%2C_Saxony \"Altenberg, Saxony\") and [Ehrenfriedersdorf](/wiki/Ehrenfriedersdorf \"Ehrenfriedersdorf\") this ended the 800\\-year\\-old history of metal mining in the Ore Mountains. After the end of production, the newly formed Wismut GmbH as successor of SDAG Wismut started restoration of the area. Flooding of the mine started in 1991 and in 1997 the water reached the \\-540 m level as the uppermost level of shaft 371\\. At this point, the mine was opened for the public as the deepest tourist mine in Europe. A water treatment plant was erected with a final capacity of 1,300 m3 per hour, removing uranium, radium, arsenic and iron from the contaminated mine water before releasing it into the Zwickauer Mulde river. Underground work, especially in Oberschlema, is being carried out to secure near\\-surface galleries and shafts from collapse and to provide safe airways for radon\\-containing mine air to prevent it from uncontrolled movement into populated areas of the region. The huge waste rock dumps were either relocated or recontoured and covered with 80 cm of clay and 20 cm of top soil. In 2008, most of the underground work was finished and nearly all shafts were sealed. Most dumps are poorly restored. Shaft 382 with a depth of 1,400 m will stay open (although it is flooded) and provide a controlled path for radon\\-bearing air to escape from the mine. There is still some uranium being won as a consequence of the restoration program; it is being purchased by the USA with long\\-term contracts.",
"Like most deposits in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains \"Western Ore Mountains\"), the Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda deposit is situated on the Gera\\-Jachymov fault zone. This major geological structure with a length of several hundred kilometres strikes NW\\-SE, running from the central Bohemian Massif in the Czech Republic to central Germany. The main element of this fault zone in the Ore Mountains is the Roter Kamm ('Red Ridge') fault carrying a young quartz\\-hematite mineralisation, but no uranium. This fault forms the boundary between the Schneeberg and Oberschlema deposits, having a vertical displacement of about 400 m. The second controlling element for the deposit are Variscan granites, which underlie the deposit. The mineralised veins are within the exocontact of the granite, although the oldest uranium mineralisation is about 20 Ma younger than those granites. The third controlling factor is a heavily deformed unit of Ordovician to Silurian meta\\-sedimentary rocks. This so\\-called Loessnitz\\-Zwoenitz\\-Trough runs east\\-west, broadening toward the east. This rock unit is formed by quartzites, meta\\-black shales, amphibolites and skarns. It is contained within phyllites, which form the major rock type in this area of the Ore Mountains. The rocks of the Loessnitz\\-Zwoenitz\\-Trough are called the 'productive series', because they carry nearly all of the mineralisation. Although the vein structures can be followed from the productive series into the phyllites and granites, no significant mineralisation has been observed outside of it. The ore field contains about 1,800 mineralised veins. Uranium\\-bearing veins run approximately northwest to southeast, parallel to the Roter Kamm fault.",
"The oldest type of mineralisation consists of quartz, calcite, fluorite, pitchblende and minor hematite. The age of this primary mineralisation is about 270 Ma and it was the most important type in Oberschlema. About 100 Ma later a second uranium mineralisation formed. Veins of this type contain dolomite, calcite, pitchblende, minor sulphides and selenides (especially clausthalite). This mineralisation event did not bring new uranium into the deposit but remobilised uranium from the older mineralisation. These dolomite\\-uranium veins were the major uranium formation in Niederschlema\\-Alberoda. A third uranium\\-bearing vein type contains quartz, calcite, Co\\- and Ni\\-arsenides, native bismuth, silver and pitchblende. Like the dolomite veins, there was no input of new uranium but only remobilisation. These were the most important veins in Schneeberg, not only for uranium but also for Ag and Co\\-Ni production. Telescoping is also a common feature with different types of mineralisation being found stuck together in the same part of the vein.",
"Beside the uranium\\-bearing mineralisation types, there are about one dozen different styles of other mineralisation ranging from Sn\\-W, Pb\\-Zn, fluorite\\-barite to quartz\\-hematite. They had no economic importance but contributed to the large variety of the several hundred minerals known from the deposit. Especially in the oxidation zones of Schneeberg and Oberschlema, many rare secondary minerals are found, with many of them being newly discovered there. For example, in samples from a single ore shot in Schneeberg five new uranium minerals were discovered in 1871, namely [walpurgite](/wiki/Walpurgite \"Walpurgite\"), [zeunerite](/wiki/Zeunerite \"Zeunerite\"), [troegerite](/wiki/Troegerite \"Troegerite\"), [uranospinite](/wiki/Uranospinite \"Uranospinite\") and [uranosphaerite](/wiki/Uranosphaerite \"Uranosphaerite\").",
"#### Zobes and Bergen (Object 06\\)",
"Zobes is a small village in the Vogtland mountains. Between 1949 and 1961 the second largest vein\\-type deposit of the Wismut company was mined there. The geology is very similar to that of Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda with similar types of veins and host rocks. But the size is much smaller, the total uranium content is roughly 5,000 tonnes. Unlike most other deposits in the Ore Mountains and Vogtland region, there was no historical mining preceding the activities of Wismut. Because of the smaller size of the deposit and the relative low population mining did not impact the area as it did at other deposits mined by Wismut. Only the dump of shaft 362 is left today, others have been removed as construction material and low grade ore. The small uranium deposit Bergen was mined only few kilometers away and was connected underground to the Zobes mines. While the Zobes deposit was in meta\\-sedimentary rocks, Bergen was an intragranitic deposit. It was recognised worldwide for its excellent and large crystals of secondary uranium minerals like [uranocircite](/wiki/Uranocircite \"Uranocircite\"). There is also a mineral named after the deposit: [bergenite](/wiki/Bergenite \"Bergenite\"). A part of the Bergen deposit was later mined for [granite](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\") as construction material in a large open cut.",
"#### Johanngeorgenstadt (Object 01\\)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Sign near former Georg Wagsforth mine, from where the pitchblende specimen originates in which uranium was discovered](/wiki/Image:Georg_Wagsfort.jpg \"Georg Wagsfort.jpg\")\n[Johanngeorgenstadt](/wiki/Johanngeorgenstadt \"Johanngeorgenstadt\") is situated in the westernmost part of the Ore Mountains directly on the border to the Czech Republic and on the boundary between the Vogtland and Ore Mountains. It is famous because in 1789, the chemist M.H. Klaproth discovered the element uranium in a sample from the town's Georg Wagsforth silver mine. About 160 years later, the town became Wismut's Object 01 and the old town center was completely destroyed because of intense near\\-surface underground mining for uranium. Of the old town center, only the church survived this part of town history while all other houses had to be removed because of severe damage. Mining took place from 1946 to 1958 and about 3,500 tonnes of uranium were extracted. The deposit extended over the border into [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia \"Czechoslovakia\"). While the Czechoslovakian uranium company carried out own exploration and mining on its site of the deposit, one vein was mined by Wismut under Czech territory under contract between the East German and Czechoslovak governments.",
"The deposit is situated on the western edge of the Gera\\-Jachymov fault zone. It is located in the exocontact of the Eibenstock granite underlying the deposit. The granite itself carries only minor U\\-Bi veins; most mineralisation is contained in veins in micaschist. Major mineralisation styles are quartz\\-carbonate\\-pitchblende and quartz\\-calcite\\-arsenide\\-Ag\\-pitchblende veins.",
"The Wismut GmbH is not responsible for recultivating mining areas which did not belong to the company in 1991 when it was formed out of the SDAG Wismut and there are no funds included in the initial 6\\.4 billion euro budget for cleaning up those areas. Because most of the smaller deposits in the Ore Mountains and Vogtland were mined out in the 1950s and 1960s and the old mining sites were transferred to the local authorities after mining stopped, there were no plans of Wismut GmbH to recultivate the areas in their original restoration program. However, after negotiations between the state of Saxony, the German federal government and Wismut GmbH contracts were made and funds were provided to restore these old areas, including Johanngeorgenstadt. In this town activities of Wismut GmbH include mainly contouring, relocation and covering of dumps, and securing hazardous underground mining areas.",
"#### Pöhla (mining division Aue)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The main adit of the former Pöhla uranium mine, today a [visitor mine](/wiki/Visitor_mine \"Visitor mine\")](/wiki/File:Stollnpoehla.jpg \"Stollnpoehla.jpg\")\nPöhla is a small village in the western Ore Mountains at the base of the Fichtelberg, the highest mountain in eastern Germany. Mining in the area started centuries ago but mining activity remained minor in the area until after World War II. Wismut started exploration in the 1940s and mined small mineralisations in the area containing a few tonnes of uranium. A shaft was sunk at Pöhla\\-Globenstein but found only very little uranium mineralisation. However, a magnetite\\-skarn mineralisation was discovered and shaft ownership was transferred to an east German iron company for exploration purposes. During exploration in the 1960s, drillings showed radioactive anomalies in areas named Hämmerlein and Tellerhäuser south of Pöhla. It was decided to explore these deposits underground using an adit, which was started in 1967\\. The portal of the adit was in a valley outside Pöhla. At about 3 km the adit cut the mineralisation at Hämmerlein. It showed that there was just a minor uranium mineralisation there, which was mined out during exploration phase resulting in a production of 15 tonnes of uranium. However, significant tin mineralisation was discovered in skarns and schists. Further, the skarns also contained [zinc](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\"), [magnetite](/wiki/Magnetite \"Magnetite\"), [indium](/wiki/Indium \"Indium\") and [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium \"Cadmium\"). This mineralisation was intensively explored during the 1970s and studies were made to set up a major tin mine. However, although resources were high and ore grades were better than in the producing tin mines in East Germany at that time, the mineralogy was very complex, preventing the usage of proven milling technologies. Wismut developed a special milling technology for the complex tin ore but it proved to be too expensive and the project was stopped.",
"From Hämmerlein, the main adit was driven further during the 1970s to investigate the mineralisation at Tellerhäuser, which was cut at about 7\\.5 km adit length. This uranium mineralisation was much larger than at Hämmerlein and two blind shaft were sunk to deeper parts of the deposits. Mining started in 1983 and 1,200 tonnes of uranium were produced until the end of production in 1990\\. Like Hämmerlein, Tellerhäuser also showed a significant tin mineralisation in skarns as well as magnetite. Some of the magnetite was mined as an additive to concrete for nuclear power plants constructed by the East German government in the 1980s. Small amounts of silver were also extracted, but high arsenic contents of the silver ore made processing very expensive and production of silver was stopped in the late 1980s. An [ore shoot](/wiki/Ore_shoot \"Ore shoot\") with massive native arsenic and silver was made in 1990 shortly before the end of uranium mining. Some tons of the material were mined, but no processing was done.",
"The positive results regarding base metals at Hämmerlein and Tellerhäuser led to a reinvestigation of tin, tungsten and further resources at Globenstein and significant mineralisation was discovered in the 1980s. But like Hämmerlein, the complex mineralogy prevented further projects so far.",
"After production ceased, the area was recultivated, including flooding the mine, removing the mine buildings and covering the waste rock area. A water treatment plant was set up to remove uranium, radium and arsenic from the mine water. Because of the low water flow from the mine, it was possible to replace the initial active chemical water treatment plant with a passive biological unit (wetland). The adit is still open to the Hämmerlein part of the deposit and is operated by a private society as a visitor's mine. Wisutec GmbH, a daughter company of the Wismut GmbH, holds the exploration license for the Pöhla\\-Globenstein area at the moment (2013\\).",
"#### Schneckenstein and Gottesberg (Object 06\\)",
"These two deposits in the Vogtland mountains were operated by Object 06 of SAG/SDAG Wismut. Mining for tin and silver had a long tradition in the area, as did the production of gem\\-quality [topaz](/wiki/Topaz \"Topaz\"). When Wismut started exploration and mining in the area there was still active mining for tin. Before Wismut discovered the nearby uranium mineralisations, it had already taken over the processing plant from the tin mine [Tannenbergsthal](/wiki/Tannenbergsthal \"Tannenbergsthal\") on top of the [Schneckenstein](/wiki/Schneckenstein \"Schneckenstein\") mountain in 1948\\. It investigated the tin mine itself but no uranium mineralisation was found. However, about 2 km from the tin mine the company discovered a uranium mineralisation which was mined from 1950 to 1960, producing about 1,000 tonnes of uranium. After uranium resources were depleted the mine was transferred to another mining company that started mining [barite](/wiki/Barite \"Barite\") on a fault zone parallel to the uranium veins. [Tin mining](/wiki/Tin_mining \"Tin mining\") ceased in 1964 and barite mining in 1991\\. On the other side of the valley further uranium mineralisations were discovered and named Gottesberg. In contrast to the Schneckenstein mineralisation, which is hosted by metasedimentary rocks, veins at the little Gottesberg deposit are within granites. The small deposit was mined for a few years in the 1950s, producing about 70 tonnes of uranium. The Gottesberg area also hosted tin mines and is today under exploration license by a private German exploration company.",
"#### Schwarzenberg (Object 08\\)",
"Object 08 mined a dozen small deposits around Schwarzenberg in the western Ore Mountains between Aue and Johanngeorgenstadt. The largest deposit is the 'Weißer Hirsch' mine (Shaft 235\\) in Antonsthal, which produced about 700 tonnes of uranium until 1959\\. The other deposits yielded between 2 and 230 tonnes of uranium, resulting in a total local production of 1,100 tonnes. The dump material of the 'Weißer Hirsch' mine is currently being recycled as construction material.",
"#### Further deposits in the Ore mountains",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Dump of shaft 116, one of the most important uranium mines in Annaberg\\-Buchholz](/wiki/File:Buchholz_Halde_116.jpg \"Buchholz Halde 116.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Uranium\\-Cobalt ore from shaft 139 in Marienberg](/wiki/File:Marienberg_ore.jpg \"Marienberg ore.jpg\")\nAnnaberg\\-Buchholz in the [central Ore Mountains](/wiki/Central_Ore_Mountains \"Central Ore Mountains\") is one of the famous historical silver mining towns of the Ore Mountains. Uranium mining by SAG Wismut commenced in 1947 and took place until 1958\\. About 450 tonnes of uranium were produced.",
"The Niederschlag\\-Bärenstein deposit is situated in the central Ore Mountains close to the border to the Czech Republic. There was an unsuccessful attempt to open a uranium mine in the 1930s. Uranium mining by SAG Wismut started in 1947 and ended in 1954, producing about 140 tonnes of uranium. The vein containing most of the mineralisation contains a fluorite\\-barite mineralisation below the uranium mineralised parts. A private company wanted to start mining this mineralisation in 2010\\.",
"Marienberg is also an old silver mining town founded in the 16th century in the central Ore Mountains. Wismut mined about 120 tonnes of uranium between 1947 and 1954\\. A large resource of fluorite is left. A shaft from the uranium mining era today provides thermal water for heating purposes.",
"The [eastern Ore Mountains](/wiki/Eastern_Ore_Mountains \"Eastern Ore Mountains\") host only very small uranium mineralisation which produced only 50 tonnes in total. Mining took place at Bärenhecke, Niederpöbel, Johnsbach and [Freiberg](/wiki/Freiberg%2C_Saxony \"Freiberg, Saxony\"). The latter was the historically most important deposit of the Ore Mountains, and had produced silver since the 12th century. However, it contributed only very little to the uranium production of SAG Wismut. The deposit, which produced at least 6,000 tonnes of silver, contained just 5 tonnes of mineable uranium.",
"### Thuringia",
"Eastern Thuringia developed in the 1950s into one of the major mining centers of Wismut, hosting the giant ore field of Ronneburg and the medium\\-sized deposit of Culmitzsch. Although the mineralisation at Ronneburg is hosted by the Gera\\-Jáchymov fault and it is likely its formation is linked to the vein\\-style deposits in the Ore Mountains sitting on the same structure, it is a completely different kind of mineralisation. This led to many problems in the first decade of mining.",
"#### Ronneburg (Object 90\\)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Waste rock dump at Ronneburg in 1990](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1109-004%2C_Th%C3%BCringen%2C_Abraumhalten%2C_Uranbergbau.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-1109-004, Thüringen, Abraumhalten, Uranbergbau.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Recultivated mining area at Ronneburg](/wiki/File:Ronneburg_-_Schmirchauer_H%C3%B6he_%28aka%29.jpg \"Ronneburg - Schmirchauer Höhe (aka).jpg\")\n[Ronneburg](/wiki/Ronneburg%2C_Thuringia \"Ronneburg, Thuringia\") is a small town close to the BAB 4 [Autobahn](/wiki/Autobahn \"Autobahn\"). It is situated about 10 km east of the next major city [Gera](/wiki/Gera \"Gera\"). Ronneburg hosted a small radon spring, but it was not as famous as those in the Ore Mountains. Exploration in the area started in 1949, and the first shafts were sunk in 1950\\. The deposit was operated by Object 90 with its head office in Gera. During the 1950s exploration work at Ronneburg contributed the most uranium to the resource base of Wismut, showing the significance of the newly discovered deposit. However, there were many difficulties with mining of the deposit because that particular style of mineralisation was unknown to the East German and Soviet mining experts.",
"The mineralisation is hosted by Palaeozoic meta\\-black shales and Meta\\-basalts. Uranium mineralisation occurs in irregular shaped bodies of highly variable size and uranium content (in average 70 tonnes of uranium per body). The uranium minerals (mainly pitchblende) occur as impregnations, thin veinlets or in breccia zones in these bodies. The deposit was formed by remobilisation of uranium already enriched in the black shales by synsedimentary processes. Remobilisation was caused by hydrothermal and supergene processes leading to the further enrichment of uranium. The background uranium content in the black shales is 40 to 60 ppm. Like the major vein\\-style uranium deposits in the western Ore Mountains, the Ronneburg deposit is located on the Gera\\-Jachymov fault zone, which is called the Crimmitschau fault zone in this particular area.",
"The black shales also contain high amounts of sulfides (marcasite, pyrite) and carbon. Wismut tested several different methods to mine this deposit in the 1950s and 1960s. Some seemed to work, but during the 1950s many fires started in the mines. Sabotage was first considered as the cause, but the increasing number of fires showed that there must be another reason, which was found in the sulphur and carbon content of the black shales in combination with wrong mining methods. The initial mining methods led to many fractures in the rocks, which allowed oxygen to enter the rock. The resulting oxidation of sulfides produced enough heat to spontaneously start fires in the carbon\\-rich material. These fires became such a major problem that whole parts of the underground area had to be sealed off and production was heavily impacted. This also led to the decision to mine part of the deposit using an open pit, which seriously affected the Ronneburg area. However, in the 1960s special mining technology was developed involving backfilling of the stopes using drillings from the surface. Since then, underground fires have not been a major problem.",
"In the late 1960s the company was restructured and Object 90 was split up into several mining division: *Bergbaubetrieb* (mining division) Schmirchau (underground), *Bergbaubetrieb* Paitzdorf (underground), *Bergbaubetrieb* Reust (underground) and *Bergbaubetrieb* Lichtenberg (open pit). Open pit mining ended in 1976 when the pit reached a final depth of 300 m. Exploration for new areas of mineralisation led to the formation of two further mining divisions at the northern part of the deposit in 1974 (*Bergbaubetrieb* Beerwalde) and 1982 (*Bergbaubetrieb* Drosen). The mineralisation dips downward in a northern direction which resulted in deeper mining depths. The shafts of the northernmost mine Drosen reached nearly 900 m.",
"The grade of the ore mined was 0\\.08% uranium on average with a [cut\\-off](/wiki/Cut-off \"Cut-off\") of 0\\.02% uranium. However, restricted zones of high grade mineralisation with more than 1% uranium occurred. An ore treatment plant was tested in Schmirchau to increase the grade before shipping to the mills, but this proved not to be effective. Most of the ore was sent without further treatment to the mills at Seelingstädt and Crossen. Small amounts of uranium were also produced by underground in\\-situ leaching and heap leaching of low grade ore and even waste rock. The mined resources of the ore field were 113,000 tonnes of uranium, of which about 100,000 tonnes were produced (the difference are production losses). The total resource of the deposit is about 200,000 tonnes of uranium (mined and unmined reserves as well as inferred and speculative resources).",
"After production ceased in 1990 recultivation work began. The mine dumps were the largest task in this mining area. It was decided to relocate most of the dump material of the southern mining divisions (Schmirchau, Reust, Paitzdorf, Lichtenberg) into the open pit Lichtenberg and to relocate those of the Korbußen mine (part of the Beerwalde mining division) and Drosen to the major dump at Beerwalde. To accomplish this task, Wismut GmbH ordered and operated the largest fleet of [Caterpillar](/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. \"Caterpillar Inc.\") mine trucks in Europe. After relocation was finished, the dumps were covered. The southern mining area with the refilled Lichtenberg open pit was part of the 2007 federal garden exhibition Gera\\-Ronneburg.",
"#### Culmitzsch (Object 90\\)",
"The Culmitzsch deposit is about 15 km south of Ronneburg. It also belonged to Object 90 in Gera. However, it had a totally different geology than the Ronneburg ore field. Culmitzsch is a sedimentary deposit in Permian sandstone, siltstone and limestone. There are two ore horizons containing disseminated pitchblende and coffinite. An interesting feature is pseudomorphosis of uranium minerals after wood. Specimens still show the cell structure of the wood but are made of pitchblende. The deposit was mined from 1950 to 1967 in three open pits named Culmitzsch, Trünzig and Sorge\\-Katzendorf. The average ore grade was 0\\.06% and total production from the three pits was about 11,000 tonnes of uranium. The deposit extends further north from the mined area. This part of the deposit, called Gera\\-Süd, was explored underground, but difficult geotechnical conditions prevented the mining of this resource. The Culmitzsch and Trünzig open pits were used as tailings management facilities after they were mined out by the Seelingstädt mill, which was established in 1961 near the deposit.",
"#### Further deposits in Thuringia",
"In the southern part of Thuringa called the [Thuringian Forest](/wiki/Thuringian_Forest \"Thuringian Forest\"), mining of three small uranium deposits was undertaken in the 1950s. The largest deposit was Dittrichshütte and was mined underground with several small shafts producing about 112 tonnes of uranium from a black\\-shale\\-type mineralisation. Steinach was also a small black\\-shale\\-type deposit, mined in a small open cut producing about 40 tonnes of uranium. The Schleusingen mineralisation was hosted by Triassic sandstones and was mined underground, producing 14 tonnes of uranium.",
"### Königstein (Königstein mining division)",
"Königstein is situated about 40 km southeast of [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden \"Dresden\") in the [Elbe Sandstone Mountains](/wiki/Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains \"Elbe Sandstone Mountains\"). Königstein castle is one of the major attractions in this touristic area. Exploration for uranium started in the early 1960s for sandstone hosted uranium mineralisation similar to the ones discovered further south in the Czech Republic. Finally a major mineralisation was discovered in 1963, hosted by Cretaceous sandstones with disseminated uranium minerals in Rollfront\\-type ore bodies. However, there are also small veins containing barite and pitchblende and the nature of this deposit is under discussion. Most likely it is a combination of a sedimentary style and hydrothermal mineralisation. Construction of the mine started immediately after the discovery and two main shaft along with several ventilation shafts were sunk to depths up to 300 m. Mining started in 1967 and it developed into one of the main producers of SDAG Wismut in the 1970s, with more than 1,000 tonnes of uranium per year in this decade. The ore mined was transported by a cable way down to the Elbe river valley from where it was transported by rail to the mill at Seelingstädt. Besides conventional mining using drilling, blasting and transport of the ore to the mill, already in 1969 studies were started on unconventional production methods for low grade ore using leaching. The low permeability of the sandstone prevented usual in\\-situ leaching from drillings. Therefore, different methods were developed to blast the ore underground, seal the blasted blocks, and press sulphuric acid into them. Heap leaching was also carried out as well as uranium extraction from mine water before it was released into the Elbe River. In 1984 conventional ore production ceased and only unconventional methods were used from that year on. Production sunk to about 450 tonnes uranium per year, but the Königstein mining division produced at the lowest costs of all Wismut mining divisions. The uranium bearing solution from leaching was transported by rail to the Seelingstädt mill where the final concentrate was produced. Total production of uranium until 1990 was about 18,000 tonnes, with 12,250 tonnes by conventional mining and 5,750 tonnes by unconventional methods.",
"In 1990 production ceased, as in the other mining divisions. However, the hydrogeological situation was difficult because of the high amount of uranium\\-bearing solution in the sandstone units hosting the mineralisation. Above that unit there are three [aquifers](/wiki/Aquifer \"Aquifer\") supplying water to the cities of [Pirna](/wiki/Pirna \"Pirna\") and Dresden. Therefore, large amounts of water had to be treated before the mine could finally be flooded. The uranium extracted in this cleaning process was sold to an American company in solution form. The total production of uranium from the mine water treatment between 1991 and 2008 can be estimated to be 1,000 t.",
"### Freital / Dresden\\-Gittersee ('Willi Agatz' mining division)",
"This mining area covers parts of the cities [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden \"Dresden\") (part Gittersee) and [Freital](/wiki/Freital \"Freital\"). Mining for hard coal in the area is known to date from the 16th century. In 1949 Wismut studied radioactive anomalies in parts of the coal field and took over some mines. Mine ownership alternated several times between Wismut and the local hard coal mining company. In the early 1950s, when the coal field belonged to the hard coal mining company, two new main shafts in Dresden\\-Gittersee were sunk to depths of about 700 m and the mine was renamed 'Willi Agatz', after a leader of the East German communist party. In 1968 production of coal for energy production was eventually stopped and the mine was transferred a last time to SDAG Wismut. From that time on coal was only mined for its uranium content. The deposit was depleted in 1989 after producing about 3,700 tonnes of uranium since 1949 and 40 million tonnes of hard coal since the 16th century. It was the last Saxonian hard coal mine to be shut down. The uranium\\-bearing coal was milled at small local plants in Freital when Wismut first was active in the area in the 1950s. After 1968 the coal was milled at Crossen.",
"Restoration of the area after 1991 was carried out by the Königstein division of Wismut GmbH. The deposit is connected by a several kilometer long adit to the [Elbe](/wiki/Elbe \"Elbe\") River in Dresden. This adit was built in the 19th century to ship coal directly from the underground part of the mines to the river, although it was never used for this purpose. However, the adit had to be refurbished by Wismut GmbH as one of the major tasks at the deposit in order to provide for secure dewatering of the mining area. Furthermore, the dumps had to be covered, including ash dumps from the firing of uranium\\-bearing coal in former times.",
"Seven [coal seams](/wiki/Coal_seam \"Coal seam\") are present in the [Permian](/wiki/Permian \"Permian\") (Rotliegend) volcano\\-sedimentary rocks of the Döhlen basin. Three of these seams carry in restricted parts a uranium mineralisation, which was mined by the Wismut. Uranium was introduced into the coal\\-forming organic material in early stages by surficial waters. The source for the uranium was most likely local volcanic rock units. At a later stage, some remobilisation took place, producing uranium mineralised veinlets in the host rocks of the coal seams. The average ore grade was 0\\.11% uranium.",
"### Unmined deposits",
"The SAG/SDAG Wismut carried out exploration in the whole German Democratic Republic. Several uranium mineralisations were discovered but finally not mined because of the small amount or high costs. The largest unmined resource was discovered in the late 1970s and early 1980s north of [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig \"Leipzig\"), hosted by carboniferous volcano\\-sedimentary rock units. This uranium occurrence near [Delitzsch](/wiki/Delitzsch \"Delitzsch\") consists of several separate mineralisations. An inferred resource of 6,660 tonnes was taken into the resource base of Wismut and studies were made for underground exploration. However, the high costs prevented realisation. Wismut also discovered a significant supplies of [tungsten](/wiki/Tungsten \"Tungsten\"), [niobium](/wiki/Niobium \"Niobium\"), [rare\\-earth elements](/wiki/Rare-earth_element \"Rare-earth element\") and [phosphate](/wiki/Phosphate \"Phosphate\") in the area, which is being reinvestigated by a private company since 2008\\.",
"Wismut explored a black shale\\-type uranium mineralisation below the villages of [Hauptmannsgrün](/wiki/Hauptmannsgr%C3%BCn \"Hauptmannsgrün\") and [Neumark, Saxony](/wiki/Neumark%2C_Saxony \"Neumark, Saxony\") west of Zwickau. It led to 2,500 tonnes of inferred uranium resources being added to the resource base of Wismut, but because of the complex nature and small size of the deposit it was decided to not mine it. Another unmined black\\-shale\\-type resource is in [Rudolstadt](/wiki/Rudolstadt \"Rudolstadt\") in the [Thüringer Wald](/wiki/Th%C3%BCringer_Wald \"Thüringer Wald\") area with inferred resources of 1,300 tonnes.",
"Several small uranium mineralisations were also explored in the Ore Mountains outside the mined deposit areas. Together they account for another 11,200 tonnes of inferred resources, which were added to the SDAG Wismut resource base.",
""
] |
### Ore Mountains and Vogtland
The Ore Mountains (German: *Erzgebirge*) and Vogtland were the first exploration targets for uranium and host the largest number of deposits mined by Wismut. All deposits in these mountain ranges are hydrothermal vein\-style mineralisations in Palaeozoic metasedimentary and igneous rocks and Variscan age granites. Most deposits are situated in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains "Western Ore Mountains") and the neighbouring Vogtland region, whereas the [central](/wiki/Central_Ore_Mountains "Central Ore Mountains") and [eastern Ore Mountains](/wiki/Eastern_Ore_Mountains "Eastern Ore Mountains") contain only a few smaller deposits.
The deposits are related to deep crustal northwest\-trending fault structures, with the most important being the Gera\-Jáchymov fault zone containing most of the larger deposits, including Jáchymov on the Czech site of the Ore Mountains, Johanngeorgenstadt, Pöhla\-Tellerhäuser, Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda in the German part of the Ore Mountains, and Ronneburg black shale\-type mineralisation in Thuringia. The size of the mineralisations ranges from very small deposits with some hundred kilogrammes of uranium content and a few mineralised veins, up to the giant deposit of Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda containing nearly 100,000 tonnes of uranium and about 2,000 mineralised veins. There are three major vein types carrying uranium: uranium\-quartz\-calcite veins (270 million years old), dolomite\-uranium veins (Triassic age) and [BiCoNi](/wiki/BiCoNi "BiCoNi")\-Ag\-U veins (Tertiary age). Only the first type is a primary mineralisation, while the latter two carry remobilised pitchblende from the older vein types. The BiCoNi\-Ag\-U mineralisation had been mined since the 15th century for its content of [silver](/wiki/Silver "Silver"), [bismuth](/wiki/Bismuth "Bismuth"), [cobalt](/wiki/Cobalt "Cobalt") and nickel. The heavy black mineral often occurring in these veins was useless to the miners of former times and was named 'Pechblende' (pitchblende) because of its color. This word is still used for the most important uranium mineral ore in all veins types, but [coffinite](/wiki/Coffinite "Coffinite") deposits also occur. In the oxidation zones of the deposits there is a wide range of secondary uranium minerals. The distribution of uranium minerals in the veins varies considerably with the highest concentration of uranium in places where they crosscut reducing host [lithologies](/wiki/Lithology "Lithology") like carbon\-rich schist and [skarn](/wiki/Skarn "Skarn"). The width of the veins ranges from a few centimeters to several meters, with an average ore grade of 0\.1% of uranium. Lenses of massive pitchblende occur locally with a width of over 1 m. The most important deposits are described below.
#### Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda (Objects 02/03/09; mining division Aue)
[thumb\|right\|Shaft 371 in Hartenstein (Ore Mountains), former main shaft on the Niederschlema\-Alberoda deposit](/wiki/Image:Schacht371.jpg "Schacht371.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Uranium ore (pitchblende in dolomite) from the vein\-type deposit Niederschlema\-Alberoda](/wiki/Image:Pitchblende371.JPG "Pitchblende371.JPG")
[thumb\|right\|Roter Kamm fault in Bad Schlema: The hematite\-quartz mineralised fault is the geological boundary between the Schneeberg and Schlema\-Alberoda deposits.](/wiki/File:Roterkamm.jpg "Roterkamm.jpg")
This ore field was the largest deposit in the Ore Mountains. It is situated about 20 km south of [Zwickau](/wiki/Zwickau "Zwickau") in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains "Western Ore Mountains"). [Schneeberg](/wiki/Schneeberg%2C_Saxony "Schneeberg, Saxony") was an important mining center since the 15th century, producing silver, cobalt, nickel and bismuth, and the town of [Oberschlema](/wiki/Bad_Schlema "Bad Schlema") was known for its strongest naturally occurring radioactive waters at the beginning of the 20th century. A radium health center was established in the town in 1914\.
After the Second World War, Soviet scientists started exploring the old mining areas for uranium, and mining commenced in 1946 even before SAG Wismut was established in 1947\. Schneeberg at the southern end of the deposit became Object 03 and Oberschlema Object 02\. Subsequently the blind (no mineralisation reaches the surface) northern part of the ore field (Niederschlema\-Alberoda) was discovered and mining started there in 1949\. Object 09 was established to mine the Niederschlema\-Alberoda part of the ore field.
Mining in Schneeberg continued until 1954 reusing many shafts from previous silver and cobalt mining. Up to that time, about 200 tonnes of uranium was extracted from Schneeberg. Oberschlema was mined to depths of over 700 m. Mining ceased in 1960 after producing more than 7,000 tonnes of uranium. A high density of veins near the surface and the 'wild' mining methods of the 1940s and 1950s caused the complete destruction of Oberschlema. Most houses were so badly damaged and the subsurface so unstable that the entire small town was removed in the 1950s. Today the former mining area hosts a radon health center reestablished in the 1990s. After a restructure of the company in the 1960s, Object 09 became Bergbaubetrieb [Aue](/wiki/Aue%2C_Saxony "Aue, Saxony") (mining division Aue). It developed into the single largest producer of uranium within SAG/SDAG Wismut with a peak production of 4,000 tonnes of uranium in 1965\. In the last normal production year, 1989, it produced about 550 tonnes. This deposit was the first of all Wismut deposits to be supplied with large modern mining shafts and powerful ventilation in the mid\-1950s . The most important shafts where Shaft 38 (Niederschlema), Shaft 366 (Aue\-Alberoda) and Shaft 371 (Hartenstein). The latter went into production in 1959 and was the main shaft of the deposit up to the end of production in 1990\. Shaft 371 possessed an automated sorting plant used to separate different classes of ore and to increase the overall ore grade. High grade ore was sent directly to the Soviet Union without further processing, while ore containing less than 1% uranium was shipped to the mill at Crossen near Zwickau. This was done until 1980; afterwards all ore was milled, with the sorting plant raising the average ore grade to 0\.4% before it was sent to Crossen for processing. An unsuccessful attempt was also made to produce base metals, silver and [selenium](/wiki/Selenium "Selenium") as by\-products. Shaft 371 was connected to the \-540 and \-990 m level (the depth is related to the Markus Semmler adit dewatering the upper part of the deposit into the Zwickauer Mulde river). Deeper levels were connected by blind shafts. The deepest level opened in 1988 was the \-1800 m level, nearly 2,000 m underground, making the mine the deepest in Europe. The mining method used was the same as in the centuries before, although with more modern equipment: galleries were driven along strike of the mineralised vein on a lower and upper level (vertical distance 30 to 45 m). These were connected by small shafts from the lower to the upper level. Then the vein was mined upward using drilling and blasting. The ore was transported to the lower level and brought to the main shafts by rail cars, while the stope was filled with waste rock, as possible. After a vein was mined out, the entrances were sealed to prevent radon from the old stopes from entering areas with active mining. This method was used in all vein type deposits of the Ore Mountains. The total production from Niederschlema\-Alberoda was over 72,000 tonnes of uranium. Together with the production from Schneeberg and Oberschlema, production losses and unmined resources, the total uranium content was about 96,000 tonnes of uranium, making Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda the largest vein\-style uranium deposit in the world.
After the political changes production slowed down in 1990 and eventually stopped on 31 December 1990\. Together with the closure of the uranium mine at Pöhla and the [tin](/wiki/Tin "Tin") mines at [Altenberg](/wiki/Altenberg%2C_Saxony "Altenberg, Saxony") and [Ehrenfriedersdorf](/wiki/Ehrenfriedersdorf "Ehrenfriedersdorf") this ended the 800\-year\-old history of metal mining in the Ore Mountains. After the end of production, the newly formed Wismut GmbH as successor of SDAG Wismut started restoration of the area. Flooding of the mine started in 1991 and in 1997 the water reached the \-540 m level as the uppermost level of shaft 371\. At this point, the mine was opened for the public as the deepest tourist mine in Europe. A water treatment plant was erected with a final capacity of 1,300 m3 per hour, removing uranium, radium, arsenic and iron from the contaminated mine water before releasing it into the Zwickauer Mulde river. Underground work, especially in Oberschlema, is being carried out to secure near\-surface galleries and shafts from collapse and to provide safe airways for radon\-containing mine air to prevent it from uncontrolled movement into populated areas of the region. The huge waste rock dumps were either relocated or recontoured and covered with 80 cm of clay and 20 cm of top soil. In 2008, most of the underground work was finished and nearly all shafts were sealed. Most dumps are poorly restored. Shaft 382 with a depth of 1,400 m will stay open (although it is flooded) and provide a controlled path for radon\-bearing air to escape from the mine. There is still some uranium being won as a consequence of the restoration program; it is being purchased by the USA with long\-term contracts.
Like most deposits in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains "Western Ore Mountains"), the Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda deposit is situated on the Gera\-Jachymov fault zone. This major geological structure with a length of several hundred kilometres strikes NW\-SE, running from the central Bohemian Massif in the Czech Republic to central Germany. The main element of this fault zone in the Ore Mountains is the Roter Kamm ('Red Ridge') fault carrying a young quartz\-hematite mineralisation, but no uranium. This fault forms the boundary between the Schneeberg and Oberschlema deposits, having a vertical displacement of about 400 m. The second controlling element for the deposit are Variscan granites, which underlie the deposit. The mineralised veins are within the exocontact of the granite, although the oldest uranium mineralisation is about 20 Ma younger than those granites. The third controlling factor is a heavily deformed unit of Ordovician to Silurian meta\-sedimentary rocks. This so\-called Loessnitz\-Zwoenitz\-Trough runs east\-west, broadening toward the east. This rock unit is formed by quartzites, meta\-black shales, amphibolites and skarns. It is contained within phyllites, which form the major rock type in this area of the Ore Mountains. The rocks of the Loessnitz\-Zwoenitz\-Trough are called the 'productive series', because they carry nearly all of the mineralisation. Although the vein structures can be followed from the productive series into the phyllites and granites, no significant mineralisation has been observed outside of it. The ore field contains about 1,800 mineralised veins. Uranium\-bearing veins run approximately northwest to southeast, parallel to the Roter Kamm fault.
The oldest type of mineralisation consists of quartz, calcite, fluorite, pitchblende and minor hematite. The age of this primary mineralisation is about 270 Ma and it was the most important type in Oberschlema. About 100 Ma later a second uranium mineralisation formed. Veins of this type contain dolomite, calcite, pitchblende, minor sulphides and selenides (especially clausthalite). This mineralisation event did not bring new uranium into the deposit but remobilised uranium from the older mineralisation. These dolomite\-uranium veins were the major uranium formation in Niederschlema\-Alberoda. A third uranium\-bearing vein type contains quartz, calcite, Co\- and Ni\-arsenides, native bismuth, silver and pitchblende. Like the dolomite veins, there was no input of new uranium but only remobilisation. These were the most important veins in Schneeberg, not only for uranium but also for Ag and Co\-Ni production. Telescoping is also a common feature with different types of mineralisation being found stuck together in the same part of the vein.
Beside the uranium\-bearing mineralisation types, there are about one dozen different styles of other mineralisation ranging from Sn\-W, Pb\-Zn, fluorite\-barite to quartz\-hematite. They had no economic importance but contributed to the large variety of the several hundred minerals known from the deposit. Especially in the oxidation zones of Schneeberg and Oberschlema, many rare secondary minerals are found, with many of them being newly discovered there. For example, in samples from a single ore shot in Schneeberg five new uranium minerals were discovered in 1871, namely [walpurgite](/wiki/Walpurgite "Walpurgite"), [zeunerite](/wiki/Zeunerite "Zeunerite"), [troegerite](/wiki/Troegerite "Troegerite"), [uranospinite](/wiki/Uranospinite "Uranospinite") and [uranosphaerite](/wiki/Uranosphaerite "Uranosphaerite").
#### Zobes and Bergen (Object 06\)
Zobes is a small village in the Vogtland mountains. Between 1949 and 1961 the second largest vein\-type deposit of the Wismut company was mined there. The geology is very similar to that of Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda with similar types of veins and host rocks. But the size is much smaller, the total uranium content is roughly 5,000 tonnes. Unlike most other deposits in the Ore Mountains and Vogtland region, there was no historical mining preceding the activities of Wismut. Because of the smaller size of the deposit and the relative low population mining did not impact the area as it did at other deposits mined by Wismut. Only the dump of shaft 362 is left today, others have been removed as construction material and low grade ore. The small uranium deposit Bergen was mined only few kilometers away and was connected underground to the Zobes mines. While the Zobes deposit was in meta\-sedimentary rocks, Bergen was an intragranitic deposit. It was recognised worldwide for its excellent and large crystals of secondary uranium minerals like [uranocircite](/wiki/Uranocircite "Uranocircite"). There is also a mineral named after the deposit: [bergenite](/wiki/Bergenite "Bergenite"). A part of the Bergen deposit was later mined for [granite](/wiki/Granite "Granite") as construction material in a large open cut.
#### Johanngeorgenstadt (Object 01\)
[thumb\|right\|Sign near former Georg Wagsforth mine, from where the pitchblende specimen originates in which uranium was discovered](/wiki/Image:Georg_Wagsfort.jpg "Georg Wagsfort.jpg")
[Johanngeorgenstadt](/wiki/Johanngeorgenstadt "Johanngeorgenstadt") is situated in the westernmost part of the Ore Mountains directly on the border to the Czech Republic and on the boundary between the Vogtland and Ore Mountains. It is famous because in 1789, the chemist M.H. Klaproth discovered the element uranium in a sample from the town's Georg Wagsforth silver mine. About 160 years later, the town became Wismut's Object 01 and the old town center was completely destroyed because of intense near\-surface underground mining for uranium. Of the old town center, only the church survived this part of town history while all other houses had to be removed because of severe damage. Mining took place from 1946 to 1958 and about 3,500 tonnes of uranium were extracted. The deposit extended over the border into [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia"). While the Czechoslovakian uranium company carried out own exploration and mining on its site of the deposit, one vein was mined by Wismut under Czech territory under contract between the East German and Czechoslovak governments.
The deposit is situated on the western edge of the Gera\-Jachymov fault zone. It is located in the exocontact of the Eibenstock granite underlying the deposit. The granite itself carries only minor U\-Bi veins; most mineralisation is contained in veins in micaschist. Major mineralisation styles are quartz\-carbonate\-pitchblende and quartz\-calcite\-arsenide\-Ag\-pitchblende veins.
The Wismut GmbH is not responsible for recultivating mining areas which did not belong to the company in 1991 when it was formed out of the SDAG Wismut and there are no funds included in the initial 6\.4 billion euro budget for cleaning up those areas. Because most of the smaller deposits in the Ore Mountains and Vogtland were mined out in the 1950s and 1960s and the old mining sites were transferred to the local authorities after mining stopped, there were no plans of Wismut GmbH to recultivate the areas in their original restoration program. However, after negotiations between the state of Saxony, the German federal government and Wismut GmbH contracts were made and funds were provided to restore these old areas, including Johanngeorgenstadt. In this town activities of Wismut GmbH include mainly contouring, relocation and covering of dumps, and securing hazardous underground mining areas.
#### Pöhla (mining division Aue)
[thumb\|right\|The main adit of the former Pöhla uranium mine, today a [visitor mine](/wiki/Visitor_mine "Visitor mine")](/wiki/File:Stollnpoehla.jpg "Stollnpoehla.jpg")
Pöhla is a small village in the western Ore Mountains at the base of the Fichtelberg, the highest mountain in eastern Germany. Mining in the area started centuries ago but mining activity remained minor in the area until after World War II. Wismut started exploration in the 1940s and mined small mineralisations in the area containing a few tonnes of uranium. A shaft was sunk at Pöhla\-Globenstein but found only very little uranium mineralisation. However, a magnetite\-skarn mineralisation was discovered and shaft ownership was transferred to an east German iron company for exploration purposes. During exploration in the 1960s, drillings showed radioactive anomalies in areas named Hämmerlein and Tellerhäuser south of Pöhla. It was decided to explore these deposits underground using an adit, which was started in 1967\. The portal of the adit was in a valley outside Pöhla. At about 3 km the adit cut the mineralisation at Hämmerlein. It showed that there was just a minor uranium mineralisation there, which was mined out during exploration phase resulting in a production of 15 tonnes of uranium. However, significant tin mineralisation was discovered in skarns and schists. Further, the skarns also contained [zinc](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc"), [magnetite](/wiki/Magnetite "Magnetite"), [indium](/wiki/Indium "Indium") and [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium "Cadmium"). This mineralisation was intensively explored during the 1970s and studies were made to set up a major tin mine. However, although resources were high and ore grades were better than in the producing tin mines in East Germany at that time, the mineralogy was very complex, preventing the usage of proven milling technologies. Wismut developed a special milling technology for the complex tin ore but it proved to be too expensive and the project was stopped.
From Hämmerlein, the main adit was driven further during the 1970s to investigate the mineralisation at Tellerhäuser, which was cut at about 7\.5 km adit length. This uranium mineralisation was much larger than at Hämmerlein and two blind shaft were sunk to deeper parts of the deposits. Mining started in 1983 and 1,200 tonnes of uranium were produced until the end of production in 1990\. Like Hämmerlein, Tellerhäuser also showed a significant tin mineralisation in skarns as well as magnetite. Some of the magnetite was mined as an additive to concrete for nuclear power plants constructed by the East German government in the 1980s. Small amounts of silver were also extracted, but high arsenic contents of the silver ore made processing very expensive and production of silver was stopped in the late 1980s. An [ore shoot](/wiki/Ore_shoot "Ore shoot") with massive native arsenic and silver was made in 1990 shortly before the end of uranium mining. Some tons of the material were mined, but no processing was done.
The positive results regarding base metals at Hämmerlein and Tellerhäuser led to a reinvestigation of tin, tungsten and further resources at Globenstein and significant mineralisation was discovered in the 1980s. But like Hämmerlein, the complex mineralogy prevented further projects so far.
After production ceased, the area was recultivated, including flooding the mine, removing the mine buildings and covering the waste rock area. A water treatment plant was set up to remove uranium, radium and arsenic from the mine water. Because of the low water flow from the mine, it was possible to replace the initial active chemical water treatment plant with a passive biological unit (wetland). The adit is still open to the Hämmerlein part of the deposit and is operated by a private society as a visitor's mine. Wisutec GmbH, a daughter company of the Wismut GmbH, holds the exploration license for the Pöhla\-Globenstein area at the moment (2013\).
#### Schneckenstein and Gottesberg (Object 06\)
These two deposits in the Vogtland mountains were operated by Object 06 of SAG/SDAG Wismut. Mining for tin and silver had a long tradition in the area, as did the production of gem\-quality [topaz](/wiki/Topaz "Topaz"). When Wismut started exploration and mining in the area there was still active mining for tin. Before Wismut discovered the nearby uranium mineralisations, it had already taken over the processing plant from the tin mine [Tannenbergsthal](/wiki/Tannenbergsthal "Tannenbergsthal") on top of the [Schneckenstein](/wiki/Schneckenstein "Schneckenstein") mountain in 1948\. It investigated the tin mine itself but no uranium mineralisation was found. However, about 2 km from the tin mine the company discovered a uranium mineralisation which was mined from 1950 to 1960, producing about 1,000 tonnes of uranium. After uranium resources were depleted the mine was transferred to another mining company that started mining [barite](/wiki/Barite "Barite") on a fault zone parallel to the uranium veins. [Tin mining](/wiki/Tin_mining "Tin mining") ceased in 1964 and barite mining in 1991\. On the other side of the valley further uranium mineralisations were discovered and named Gottesberg. In contrast to the Schneckenstein mineralisation, which is hosted by metasedimentary rocks, veins at the little Gottesberg deposit are within granites. The small deposit was mined for a few years in the 1950s, producing about 70 tonnes of uranium. The Gottesberg area also hosted tin mines and is today under exploration license by a private German exploration company.
#### Schwarzenberg (Object 08\)
Object 08 mined a dozen small deposits around Schwarzenberg in the western Ore Mountains between Aue and Johanngeorgenstadt. The largest deposit is the 'Weißer Hirsch' mine (Shaft 235\) in Antonsthal, which produced about 700 tonnes of uranium until 1959\. The other deposits yielded between 2 and 230 tonnes of uranium, resulting in a total local production of 1,100 tonnes. The dump material of the 'Weißer Hirsch' mine is currently being recycled as construction material.
#### Further deposits in the Ore mountains
[thumb\|right\|Dump of shaft 116, one of the most important uranium mines in Annaberg\-Buchholz](/wiki/File:Buchholz_Halde_116.jpg "Buchholz Halde 116.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Uranium\-Cobalt ore from shaft 139 in Marienberg](/wiki/File:Marienberg_ore.jpg "Marienberg ore.jpg")
Annaberg\-Buchholz in the [central Ore Mountains](/wiki/Central_Ore_Mountains "Central Ore Mountains") is one of the famous historical silver mining towns of the Ore Mountains. Uranium mining by SAG Wismut commenced in 1947 and took place until 1958\. About 450 tonnes of uranium were produced.
The Niederschlag\-Bärenstein deposit is situated in the central Ore Mountains close to the border to the Czech Republic. There was an unsuccessful attempt to open a uranium mine in the 1930s. Uranium mining by SAG Wismut started in 1947 and ended in 1954, producing about 140 tonnes of uranium. The vein containing most of the mineralisation contains a fluorite\-barite mineralisation below the uranium mineralised parts. A private company wanted to start mining this mineralisation in 2010\.
Marienberg is also an old silver mining town founded in the 16th century in the central Ore Mountains. Wismut mined about 120 tonnes of uranium between 1947 and 1954\. A large resource of fluorite is left. A shaft from the uranium mining era today provides thermal water for heating purposes.
The [eastern Ore Mountains](/wiki/Eastern_Ore_Mountains "Eastern Ore Mountains") host only very small uranium mineralisation which produced only 50 tonnes in total. Mining took place at Bärenhecke, Niederpöbel, Johnsbach and [Freiberg](/wiki/Freiberg%2C_Saxony "Freiberg, Saxony"). The latter was the historically most important deposit of the Ore Mountains, and had produced silver since the 12th century. However, it contributed only very little to the uranium production of SAG Wismut. The deposit, which produced at least 6,000 tonnes of silver, contained just 5 tonnes of mineable uranium.
|
[
"### Ore Mountains and Vogtland",
"The Ore Mountains (German: *Erzgebirge*) and Vogtland were the first exploration targets for uranium and host the largest number of deposits mined by Wismut. All deposits in these mountain ranges are hydrothermal vein\\-style mineralisations in Palaeozoic metasedimentary and igneous rocks and Variscan age granites. Most deposits are situated in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains \"Western Ore Mountains\") and the neighbouring Vogtland region, whereas the [central](/wiki/Central_Ore_Mountains \"Central Ore Mountains\") and [eastern Ore Mountains](/wiki/Eastern_Ore_Mountains \"Eastern Ore Mountains\") contain only a few smaller deposits.",
"The deposits are related to deep crustal northwest\\-trending fault structures, with the most important being the Gera\\-Jáchymov fault zone containing most of the larger deposits, including Jáchymov on the Czech site of the Ore Mountains, Johanngeorgenstadt, Pöhla\\-Tellerhäuser, Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda in the German part of the Ore Mountains, and Ronneburg black shale\\-type mineralisation in Thuringia. The size of the mineralisations ranges from very small deposits with some hundred kilogrammes of uranium content and a few mineralised veins, up to the giant deposit of Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda containing nearly 100,000 tonnes of uranium and about 2,000 mineralised veins. There are three major vein types carrying uranium: uranium\\-quartz\\-calcite veins (270 million years old), dolomite\\-uranium veins (Triassic age) and [BiCoNi](/wiki/BiCoNi \"BiCoNi\")\\-Ag\\-U veins (Tertiary age). Only the first type is a primary mineralisation, while the latter two carry remobilised pitchblende from the older vein types. The BiCoNi\\-Ag\\-U mineralisation had been mined since the 15th century for its content of [silver](/wiki/Silver \"Silver\"), [bismuth](/wiki/Bismuth \"Bismuth\"), [cobalt](/wiki/Cobalt \"Cobalt\") and nickel. The heavy black mineral often occurring in these veins was useless to the miners of former times and was named 'Pechblende' (pitchblende) because of its color. This word is still used for the most important uranium mineral ore in all veins types, but [coffinite](/wiki/Coffinite \"Coffinite\") deposits also occur. In the oxidation zones of the deposits there is a wide range of secondary uranium minerals. The distribution of uranium minerals in the veins varies considerably with the highest concentration of uranium in places where they crosscut reducing host [lithologies](/wiki/Lithology \"Lithology\") like carbon\\-rich schist and [skarn](/wiki/Skarn \"Skarn\"). The width of the veins ranges from a few centimeters to several meters, with an average ore grade of 0\\.1% of uranium. Lenses of massive pitchblende occur locally with a width of over 1 m. The most important deposits are described below.",
"#### Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda (Objects 02/03/09; mining division Aue)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Shaft 371 in Hartenstein (Ore Mountains), former main shaft on the Niederschlema\\-Alberoda deposit](/wiki/Image:Schacht371.jpg \"Schacht371.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Uranium ore (pitchblende in dolomite) from the vein\\-type deposit Niederschlema\\-Alberoda](/wiki/Image:Pitchblende371.JPG \"Pitchblende371.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Roter Kamm fault in Bad Schlema: The hematite\\-quartz mineralised fault is the geological boundary between the Schneeberg and Schlema\\-Alberoda deposits.](/wiki/File:Roterkamm.jpg \"Roterkamm.jpg\")\nThis ore field was the largest deposit in the Ore Mountains. It is situated about 20 km south of [Zwickau](/wiki/Zwickau \"Zwickau\") in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains \"Western Ore Mountains\"). [Schneeberg](/wiki/Schneeberg%2C_Saxony \"Schneeberg, Saxony\") was an important mining center since the 15th century, producing silver, cobalt, nickel and bismuth, and the town of [Oberschlema](/wiki/Bad_Schlema \"Bad Schlema\") was known for its strongest naturally occurring radioactive waters at the beginning of the 20th century. A radium health center was established in the town in 1914\\.",
"After the Second World War, Soviet scientists started exploring the old mining areas for uranium, and mining commenced in 1946 even before SAG Wismut was established in 1947\\. Schneeberg at the southern end of the deposit became Object 03 and Oberschlema Object 02\\. Subsequently the blind (no mineralisation reaches the surface) northern part of the ore field (Niederschlema\\-Alberoda) was discovered and mining started there in 1949\\. Object 09 was established to mine the Niederschlema\\-Alberoda part of the ore field.",
"Mining in Schneeberg continued until 1954 reusing many shafts from previous silver and cobalt mining. Up to that time, about 200 tonnes of uranium was extracted from Schneeberg. Oberschlema was mined to depths of over 700 m. Mining ceased in 1960 after producing more than 7,000 tonnes of uranium. A high density of veins near the surface and the 'wild' mining methods of the 1940s and 1950s caused the complete destruction of Oberschlema. Most houses were so badly damaged and the subsurface so unstable that the entire small town was removed in the 1950s. Today the former mining area hosts a radon health center reestablished in the 1990s. After a restructure of the company in the 1960s, Object 09 became Bergbaubetrieb [Aue](/wiki/Aue%2C_Saxony \"Aue, Saxony\") (mining division Aue). It developed into the single largest producer of uranium within SAG/SDAG Wismut with a peak production of 4,000 tonnes of uranium in 1965\\. In the last normal production year, 1989, it produced about 550 tonnes. This deposit was the first of all Wismut deposits to be supplied with large modern mining shafts and powerful ventilation in the mid\\-1950s . The most important shafts where Shaft 38 (Niederschlema), Shaft 366 (Aue\\-Alberoda) and Shaft 371 (Hartenstein). The latter went into production in 1959 and was the main shaft of the deposit up to the end of production in 1990\\. Shaft 371 possessed an automated sorting plant used to separate different classes of ore and to increase the overall ore grade. High grade ore was sent directly to the Soviet Union without further processing, while ore containing less than 1% uranium was shipped to the mill at Crossen near Zwickau. This was done until 1980; afterwards all ore was milled, with the sorting plant raising the average ore grade to 0\\.4% before it was sent to Crossen for processing. An unsuccessful attempt was also made to produce base metals, silver and [selenium](/wiki/Selenium \"Selenium\") as by\\-products. Shaft 371 was connected to the \\-540 and \\-990 m level (the depth is related to the Markus Semmler adit dewatering the upper part of the deposit into the Zwickauer Mulde river). Deeper levels were connected by blind shafts. The deepest level opened in 1988 was the \\-1800 m level, nearly 2,000 m underground, making the mine the deepest in Europe. The mining method used was the same as in the centuries before, although with more modern equipment: galleries were driven along strike of the mineralised vein on a lower and upper level (vertical distance 30 to 45 m). These were connected by small shafts from the lower to the upper level. Then the vein was mined upward using drilling and blasting. The ore was transported to the lower level and brought to the main shafts by rail cars, while the stope was filled with waste rock, as possible. After a vein was mined out, the entrances were sealed to prevent radon from the old stopes from entering areas with active mining. This method was used in all vein type deposits of the Ore Mountains. The total production from Niederschlema\\-Alberoda was over 72,000 tonnes of uranium. Together with the production from Schneeberg and Oberschlema, production losses and unmined resources, the total uranium content was about 96,000 tonnes of uranium, making Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda the largest vein\\-style uranium deposit in the world.",
"After the political changes production slowed down in 1990 and eventually stopped on 31 December 1990\\. Together with the closure of the uranium mine at Pöhla and the [tin](/wiki/Tin \"Tin\") mines at [Altenberg](/wiki/Altenberg%2C_Saxony \"Altenberg, Saxony\") and [Ehrenfriedersdorf](/wiki/Ehrenfriedersdorf \"Ehrenfriedersdorf\") this ended the 800\\-year\\-old history of metal mining in the Ore Mountains. After the end of production, the newly formed Wismut GmbH as successor of SDAG Wismut started restoration of the area. Flooding of the mine started in 1991 and in 1997 the water reached the \\-540 m level as the uppermost level of shaft 371\\. At this point, the mine was opened for the public as the deepest tourist mine in Europe. A water treatment plant was erected with a final capacity of 1,300 m3 per hour, removing uranium, radium, arsenic and iron from the contaminated mine water before releasing it into the Zwickauer Mulde river. Underground work, especially in Oberschlema, is being carried out to secure near\\-surface galleries and shafts from collapse and to provide safe airways for radon\\-containing mine air to prevent it from uncontrolled movement into populated areas of the region. The huge waste rock dumps were either relocated or recontoured and covered with 80 cm of clay and 20 cm of top soil. In 2008, most of the underground work was finished and nearly all shafts were sealed. Most dumps are poorly restored. Shaft 382 with a depth of 1,400 m will stay open (although it is flooded) and provide a controlled path for radon\\-bearing air to escape from the mine. There is still some uranium being won as a consequence of the restoration program; it is being purchased by the USA with long\\-term contracts.",
"Like most deposits in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains \"Western Ore Mountains\"), the Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda deposit is situated on the Gera\\-Jachymov fault zone. This major geological structure with a length of several hundred kilometres strikes NW\\-SE, running from the central Bohemian Massif in the Czech Republic to central Germany. The main element of this fault zone in the Ore Mountains is the Roter Kamm ('Red Ridge') fault carrying a young quartz\\-hematite mineralisation, but no uranium. This fault forms the boundary between the Schneeberg and Oberschlema deposits, having a vertical displacement of about 400 m. The second controlling element for the deposit are Variscan granites, which underlie the deposit. The mineralised veins are within the exocontact of the granite, although the oldest uranium mineralisation is about 20 Ma younger than those granites. The third controlling factor is a heavily deformed unit of Ordovician to Silurian meta\\-sedimentary rocks. This so\\-called Loessnitz\\-Zwoenitz\\-Trough runs east\\-west, broadening toward the east. This rock unit is formed by quartzites, meta\\-black shales, amphibolites and skarns. It is contained within phyllites, which form the major rock type in this area of the Ore Mountains. The rocks of the Loessnitz\\-Zwoenitz\\-Trough are called the 'productive series', because they carry nearly all of the mineralisation. Although the vein structures can be followed from the productive series into the phyllites and granites, no significant mineralisation has been observed outside of it. The ore field contains about 1,800 mineralised veins. Uranium\\-bearing veins run approximately northwest to southeast, parallel to the Roter Kamm fault.",
"The oldest type of mineralisation consists of quartz, calcite, fluorite, pitchblende and minor hematite. The age of this primary mineralisation is about 270 Ma and it was the most important type in Oberschlema. About 100 Ma later a second uranium mineralisation formed. Veins of this type contain dolomite, calcite, pitchblende, minor sulphides and selenides (especially clausthalite). This mineralisation event did not bring new uranium into the deposit but remobilised uranium from the older mineralisation. These dolomite\\-uranium veins were the major uranium formation in Niederschlema\\-Alberoda. A third uranium\\-bearing vein type contains quartz, calcite, Co\\- and Ni\\-arsenides, native bismuth, silver and pitchblende. Like the dolomite veins, there was no input of new uranium but only remobilisation. These were the most important veins in Schneeberg, not only for uranium but also for Ag and Co\\-Ni production. Telescoping is also a common feature with different types of mineralisation being found stuck together in the same part of the vein.",
"Beside the uranium\\-bearing mineralisation types, there are about one dozen different styles of other mineralisation ranging from Sn\\-W, Pb\\-Zn, fluorite\\-barite to quartz\\-hematite. They had no economic importance but contributed to the large variety of the several hundred minerals known from the deposit. Especially in the oxidation zones of Schneeberg and Oberschlema, many rare secondary minerals are found, with many of them being newly discovered there. For example, in samples from a single ore shot in Schneeberg five new uranium minerals were discovered in 1871, namely [walpurgite](/wiki/Walpurgite \"Walpurgite\"), [zeunerite](/wiki/Zeunerite \"Zeunerite\"), [troegerite](/wiki/Troegerite \"Troegerite\"), [uranospinite](/wiki/Uranospinite \"Uranospinite\") and [uranosphaerite](/wiki/Uranosphaerite \"Uranosphaerite\").",
"#### Zobes and Bergen (Object 06\\)",
"Zobes is a small village in the Vogtland mountains. Between 1949 and 1961 the second largest vein\\-type deposit of the Wismut company was mined there. The geology is very similar to that of Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda with similar types of veins and host rocks. But the size is much smaller, the total uranium content is roughly 5,000 tonnes. Unlike most other deposits in the Ore Mountains and Vogtland region, there was no historical mining preceding the activities of Wismut. Because of the smaller size of the deposit and the relative low population mining did not impact the area as it did at other deposits mined by Wismut. Only the dump of shaft 362 is left today, others have been removed as construction material and low grade ore. The small uranium deposit Bergen was mined only few kilometers away and was connected underground to the Zobes mines. While the Zobes deposit was in meta\\-sedimentary rocks, Bergen was an intragranitic deposit. It was recognised worldwide for its excellent and large crystals of secondary uranium minerals like [uranocircite](/wiki/Uranocircite \"Uranocircite\"). There is also a mineral named after the deposit: [bergenite](/wiki/Bergenite \"Bergenite\"). A part of the Bergen deposit was later mined for [granite](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\") as construction material in a large open cut.",
"#### Johanngeorgenstadt (Object 01\\)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Sign near former Georg Wagsforth mine, from where the pitchblende specimen originates in which uranium was discovered](/wiki/Image:Georg_Wagsfort.jpg \"Georg Wagsfort.jpg\")\n[Johanngeorgenstadt](/wiki/Johanngeorgenstadt \"Johanngeorgenstadt\") is situated in the westernmost part of the Ore Mountains directly on the border to the Czech Republic and on the boundary between the Vogtland and Ore Mountains. It is famous because in 1789, the chemist M.H. Klaproth discovered the element uranium in a sample from the town's Georg Wagsforth silver mine. About 160 years later, the town became Wismut's Object 01 and the old town center was completely destroyed because of intense near\\-surface underground mining for uranium. Of the old town center, only the church survived this part of town history while all other houses had to be removed because of severe damage. Mining took place from 1946 to 1958 and about 3,500 tonnes of uranium were extracted. The deposit extended over the border into [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia \"Czechoslovakia\"). While the Czechoslovakian uranium company carried out own exploration and mining on its site of the deposit, one vein was mined by Wismut under Czech territory under contract between the East German and Czechoslovak governments.",
"The deposit is situated on the western edge of the Gera\\-Jachymov fault zone. It is located in the exocontact of the Eibenstock granite underlying the deposit. The granite itself carries only minor U\\-Bi veins; most mineralisation is contained in veins in micaschist. Major mineralisation styles are quartz\\-carbonate\\-pitchblende and quartz\\-calcite\\-arsenide\\-Ag\\-pitchblende veins.",
"The Wismut GmbH is not responsible for recultivating mining areas which did not belong to the company in 1991 when it was formed out of the SDAG Wismut and there are no funds included in the initial 6\\.4 billion euro budget for cleaning up those areas. Because most of the smaller deposits in the Ore Mountains and Vogtland were mined out in the 1950s and 1960s and the old mining sites were transferred to the local authorities after mining stopped, there were no plans of Wismut GmbH to recultivate the areas in their original restoration program. However, after negotiations between the state of Saxony, the German federal government and Wismut GmbH contracts were made and funds were provided to restore these old areas, including Johanngeorgenstadt. In this town activities of Wismut GmbH include mainly contouring, relocation and covering of dumps, and securing hazardous underground mining areas.",
"#### Pöhla (mining division Aue)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The main adit of the former Pöhla uranium mine, today a [visitor mine](/wiki/Visitor_mine \"Visitor mine\")](/wiki/File:Stollnpoehla.jpg \"Stollnpoehla.jpg\")\nPöhla is a small village in the western Ore Mountains at the base of the Fichtelberg, the highest mountain in eastern Germany. Mining in the area started centuries ago but mining activity remained minor in the area until after World War II. Wismut started exploration in the 1940s and mined small mineralisations in the area containing a few tonnes of uranium. A shaft was sunk at Pöhla\\-Globenstein but found only very little uranium mineralisation. However, a magnetite\\-skarn mineralisation was discovered and shaft ownership was transferred to an east German iron company for exploration purposes. During exploration in the 1960s, drillings showed radioactive anomalies in areas named Hämmerlein and Tellerhäuser south of Pöhla. It was decided to explore these deposits underground using an adit, which was started in 1967\\. The portal of the adit was in a valley outside Pöhla. At about 3 km the adit cut the mineralisation at Hämmerlein. It showed that there was just a minor uranium mineralisation there, which was mined out during exploration phase resulting in a production of 15 tonnes of uranium. However, significant tin mineralisation was discovered in skarns and schists. Further, the skarns also contained [zinc](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\"), [magnetite](/wiki/Magnetite \"Magnetite\"), [indium](/wiki/Indium \"Indium\") and [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium \"Cadmium\"). This mineralisation was intensively explored during the 1970s and studies were made to set up a major tin mine. However, although resources were high and ore grades were better than in the producing tin mines in East Germany at that time, the mineralogy was very complex, preventing the usage of proven milling technologies. Wismut developed a special milling technology for the complex tin ore but it proved to be too expensive and the project was stopped.",
"From Hämmerlein, the main adit was driven further during the 1970s to investigate the mineralisation at Tellerhäuser, which was cut at about 7\\.5 km adit length. This uranium mineralisation was much larger than at Hämmerlein and two blind shaft were sunk to deeper parts of the deposits. Mining started in 1983 and 1,200 tonnes of uranium were produced until the end of production in 1990\\. Like Hämmerlein, Tellerhäuser also showed a significant tin mineralisation in skarns as well as magnetite. Some of the magnetite was mined as an additive to concrete for nuclear power plants constructed by the East German government in the 1980s. Small amounts of silver were also extracted, but high arsenic contents of the silver ore made processing very expensive and production of silver was stopped in the late 1980s. An [ore shoot](/wiki/Ore_shoot \"Ore shoot\") with massive native arsenic and silver was made in 1990 shortly before the end of uranium mining. Some tons of the material were mined, but no processing was done.",
"The positive results regarding base metals at Hämmerlein and Tellerhäuser led to a reinvestigation of tin, tungsten and further resources at Globenstein and significant mineralisation was discovered in the 1980s. But like Hämmerlein, the complex mineralogy prevented further projects so far.",
"After production ceased, the area was recultivated, including flooding the mine, removing the mine buildings and covering the waste rock area. A water treatment plant was set up to remove uranium, radium and arsenic from the mine water. Because of the low water flow from the mine, it was possible to replace the initial active chemical water treatment plant with a passive biological unit (wetland). The adit is still open to the Hämmerlein part of the deposit and is operated by a private society as a visitor's mine. Wisutec GmbH, a daughter company of the Wismut GmbH, holds the exploration license for the Pöhla\\-Globenstein area at the moment (2013\\).",
"#### Schneckenstein and Gottesberg (Object 06\\)",
"These two deposits in the Vogtland mountains were operated by Object 06 of SAG/SDAG Wismut. Mining for tin and silver had a long tradition in the area, as did the production of gem\\-quality [topaz](/wiki/Topaz \"Topaz\"). When Wismut started exploration and mining in the area there was still active mining for tin. Before Wismut discovered the nearby uranium mineralisations, it had already taken over the processing plant from the tin mine [Tannenbergsthal](/wiki/Tannenbergsthal \"Tannenbergsthal\") on top of the [Schneckenstein](/wiki/Schneckenstein \"Schneckenstein\") mountain in 1948\\. It investigated the tin mine itself but no uranium mineralisation was found. However, about 2 km from the tin mine the company discovered a uranium mineralisation which was mined from 1950 to 1960, producing about 1,000 tonnes of uranium. After uranium resources were depleted the mine was transferred to another mining company that started mining [barite](/wiki/Barite \"Barite\") on a fault zone parallel to the uranium veins. [Tin mining](/wiki/Tin_mining \"Tin mining\") ceased in 1964 and barite mining in 1991\\. On the other side of the valley further uranium mineralisations were discovered and named Gottesberg. In contrast to the Schneckenstein mineralisation, which is hosted by metasedimentary rocks, veins at the little Gottesberg deposit are within granites. The small deposit was mined for a few years in the 1950s, producing about 70 tonnes of uranium. The Gottesberg area also hosted tin mines and is today under exploration license by a private German exploration company.",
"#### Schwarzenberg (Object 08\\)",
"Object 08 mined a dozen small deposits around Schwarzenberg in the western Ore Mountains between Aue and Johanngeorgenstadt. The largest deposit is the 'Weißer Hirsch' mine (Shaft 235\\) in Antonsthal, which produced about 700 tonnes of uranium until 1959\\. The other deposits yielded between 2 and 230 tonnes of uranium, resulting in a total local production of 1,100 tonnes. The dump material of the 'Weißer Hirsch' mine is currently being recycled as construction material.",
"#### Further deposits in the Ore mountains",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Dump of shaft 116, one of the most important uranium mines in Annaberg\\-Buchholz](/wiki/File:Buchholz_Halde_116.jpg \"Buchholz Halde 116.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Uranium\\-Cobalt ore from shaft 139 in Marienberg](/wiki/File:Marienberg_ore.jpg \"Marienberg ore.jpg\")\nAnnaberg\\-Buchholz in the [central Ore Mountains](/wiki/Central_Ore_Mountains \"Central Ore Mountains\") is one of the famous historical silver mining towns of the Ore Mountains. Uranium mining by SAG Wismut commenced in 1947 and took place until 1958\\. About 450 tonnes of uranium were produced.",
"The Niederschlag\\-Bärenstein deposit is situated in the central Ore Mountains close to the border to the Czech Republic. There was an unsuccessful attempt to open a uranium mine in the 1930s. Uranium mining by SAG Wismut started in 1947 and ended in 1954, producing about 140 tonnes of uranium. The vein containing most of the mineralisation contains a fluorite\\-barite mineralisation below the uranium mineralised parts. A private company wanted to start mining this mineralisation in 2010\\.",
"Marienberg is also an old silver mining town founded in the 16th century in the central Ore Mountains. Wismut mined about 120 tonnes of uranium between 1947 and 1954\\. A large resource of fluorite is left. A shaft from the uranium mining era today provides thermal water for heating purposes.",
"The [eastern Ore Mountains](/wiki/Eastern_Ore_Mountains \"Eastern Ore Mountains\") host only very small uranium mineralisation which produced only 50 tonnes in total. Mining took place at Bärenhecke, Niederpöbel, Johnsbach and [Freiberg](/wiki/Freiberg%2C_Saxony \"Freiberg, Saxony\"). The latter was the historically most important deposit of the Ore Mountains, and had produced silver since the 12th century. However, it contributed only very little to the uranium production of SAG Wismut. The deposit, which produced at least 6,000 tonnes of silver, contained just 5 tonnes of mineable uranium.",
""
] |
#### Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda (Objects 02/03/09; mining division Aue)
[thumb\|right\|Shaft 371 in Hartenstein (Ore Mountains), former main shaft on the Niederschlema\-Alberoda deposit](/wiki/Image:Schacht371.jpg "Schacht371.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Uranium ore (pitchblende in dolomite) from the vein\-type deposit Niederschlema\-Alberoda](/wiki/Image:Pitchblende371.JPG "Pitchblende371.JPG")
[thumb\|right\|Roter Kamm fault in Bad Schlema: The hematite\-quartz mineralised fault is the geological boundary between the Schneeberg and Schlema\-Alberoda deposits.](/wiki/File:Roterkamm.jpg "Roterkamm.jpg")
This ore field was the largest deposit in the Ore Mountains. It is situated about 20 km south of [Zwickau](/wiki/Zwickau "Zwickau") in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains "Western Ore Mountains"). [Schneeberg](/wiki/Schneeberg%2C_Saxony "Schneeberg, Saxony") was an important mining center since the 15th century, producing silver, cobalt, nickel and bismuth, and the town of [Oberschlema](/wiki/Bad_Schlema "Bad Schlema") was known for its strongest naturally occurring radioactive waters at the beginning of the 20th century. A radium health center was established in the town in 1914\.
After the Second World War, Soviet scientists started exploring the old mining areas for uranium, and mining commenced in 1946 even before SAG Wismut was established in 1947\. Schneeberg at the southern end of the deposit became Object 03 and Oberschlema Object 02\. Subsequently the blind (no mineralisation reaches the surface) northern part of the ore field (Niederschlema\-Alberoda) was discovered and mining started there in 1949\. Object 09 was established to mine the Niederschlema\-Alberoda part of the ore field.
Mining in Schneeberg continued until 1954 reusing many shafts from previous silver and cobalt mining. Up to that time, about 200 tonnes of uranium was extracted from Schneeberg. Oberschlema was mined to depths of over 700 m. Mining ceased in 1960 after producing more than 7,000 tonnes of uranium. A high density of veins near the surface and the 'wild' mining methods of the 1940s and 1950s caused the complete destruction of Oberschlema. Most houses were so badly damaged and the subsurface so unstable that the entire small town was removed in the 1950s. Today the former mining area hosts a radon health center reestablished in the 1990s. After a restructure of the company in the 1960s, Object 09 became Bergbaubetrieb [Aue](/wiki/Aue%2C_Saxony "Aue, Saxony") (mining division Aue). It developed into the single largest producer of uranium within SAG/SDAG Wismut with a peak production of 4,000 tonnes of uranium in 1965\. In the last normal production year, 1989, it produced about 550 tonnes. This deposit was the first of all Wismut deposits to be supplied with large modern mining shafts and powerful ventilation in the mid\-1950s . The most important shafts where Shaft 38 (Niederschlema), Shaft 366 (Aue\-Alberoda) and Shaft 371 (Hartenstein). The latter went into production in 1959 and was the main shaft of the deposit up to the end of production in 1990\. Shaft 371 possessed an automated sorting plant used to separate different classes of ore and to increase the overall ore grade. High grade ore was sent directly to the Soviet Union without further processing, while ore containing less than 1% uranium was shipped to the mill at Crossen near Zwickau. This was done until 1980; afterwards all ore was milled, with the sorting plant raising the average ore grade to 0\.4% before it was sent to Crossen for processing. An unsuccessful attempt was also made to produce base metals, silver and [selenium](/wiki/Selenium "Selenium") as by\-products. Shaft 371 was connected to the \-540 and \-990 m level (the depth is related to the Markus Semmler adit dewatering the upper part of the deposit into the Zwickauer Mulde river). Deeper levels were connected by blind shafts. The deepest level opened in 1988 was the \-1800 m level, nearly 2,000 m underground, making the mine the deepest in Europe. The mining method used was the same as in the centuries before, although with more modern equipment: galleries were driven along strike of the mineralised vein on a lower and upper level (vertical distance 30 to 45 m). These were connected by small shafts from the lower to the upper level. Then the vein was mined upward using drilling and blasting. The ore was transported to the lower level and brought to the main shafts by rail cars, while the stope was filled with waste rock, as possible. After a vein was mined out, the entrances were sealed to prevent radon from the old stopes from entering areas with active mining. This method was used in all vein type deposits of the Ore Mountains. The total production from Niederschlema\-Alberoda was over 72,000 tonnes of uranium. Together with the production from Schneeberg and Oberschlema, production losses and unmined resources, the total uranium content was about 96,000 tonnes of uranium, making Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda the largest vein\-style uranium deposit in the world.
After the political changes production slowed down in 1990 and eventually stopped on 31 December 1990\. Together with the closure of the uranium mine at Pöhla and the [tin](/wiki/Tin "Tin") mines at [Altenberg](/wiki/Altenberg%2C_Saxony "Altenberg, Saxony") and [Ehrenfriedersdorf](/wiki/Ehrenfriedersdorf "Ehrenfriedersdorf") this ended the 800\-year\-old history of metal mining in the Ore Mountains. After the end of production, the newly formed Wismut GmbH as successor of SDAG Wismut started restoration of the area. Flooding of the mine started in 1991 and in 1997 the water reached the \-540 m level as the uppermost level of shaft 371\. At this point, the mine was opened for the public as the deepest tourist mine in Europe. A water treatment plant was erected with a final capacity of 1,300 m3 per hour, removing uranium, radium, arsenic and iron from the contaminated mine water before releasing it into the Zwickauer Mulde river. Underground work, especially in Oberschlema, is being carried out to secure near\-surface galleries and shafts from collapse and to provide safe airways for radon\-containing mine air to prevent it from uncontrolled movement into populated areas of the region. The huge waste rock dumps were either relocated or recontoured and covered with 80 cm of clay and 20 cm of top soil. In 2008, most of the underground work was finished and nearly all shafts were sealed. Most dumps are poorly restored. Shaft 382 with a depth of 1,400 m will stay open (although it is flooded) and provide a controlled path for radon\-bearing air to escape from the mine. There is still some uranium being won as a consequence of the restoration program; it is being purchased by the USA with long\-term contracts.
Like most deposits in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains "Western Ore Mountains"), the Schneeberg\-Schlema\-Alberoda deposit is situated on the Gera\-Jachymov fault zone. This major geological structure with a length of several hundred kilometres strikes NW\-SE, running from the central Bohemian Massif in the Czech Republic to central Germany. The main element of this fault zone in the Ore Mountains is the Roter Kamm ('Red Ridge') fault carrying a young quartz\-hematite mineralisation, but no uranium. This fault forms the boundary between the Schneeberg and Oberschlema deposits, having a vertical displacement of about 400 m. The second controlling element for the deposit are Variscan granites, which underlie the deposit. The mineralised veins are within the exocontact of the granite, although the oldest uranium mineralisation is about 20 Ma younger than those granites. The third controlling factor is a heavily deformed unit of Ordovician to Silurian meta\-sedimentary rocks. This so\-called Loessnitz\-Zwoenitz\-Trough runs east\-west, broadening toward the east. This rock unit is formed by quartzites, meta\-black shales, amphibolites and skarns. It is contained within phyllites, which form the major rock type in this area of the Ore Mountains. The rocks of the Loessnitz\-Zwoenitz\-Trough are called the 'productive series', because they carry nearly all of the mineralisation. Although the vein structures can be followed from the productive series into the phyllites and granites, no significant mineralisation has been observed outside of it. The ore field contains about 1,800 mineralised veins. Uranium\-bearing veins run approximately northwest to southeast, parallel to the Roter Kamm fault.
The oldest type of mineralisation consists of quartz, calcite, fluorite, pitchblende and minor hematite. The age of this primary mineralisation is about 270 Ma and it was the most important type in Oberschlema. About 100 Ma later a second uranium mineralisation formed. Veins of this type contain dolomite, calcite, pitchblende, minor sulphides and selenides (especially clausthalite). This mineralisation event did not bring new uranium into the deposit but remobilised uranium from the older mineralisation. These dolomite\-uranium veins were the major uranium formation in Niederschlema\-Alberoda. A third uranium\-bearing vein type contains quartz, calcite, Co\- and Ni\-arsenides, native bismuth, silver and pitchblende. Like the dolomite veins, there was no input of new uranium but only remobilisation. These were the most important veins in Schneeberg, not only for uranium but also for Ag and Co\-Ni production. Telescoping is also a common feature with different types of mineralisation being found stuck together in the same part of the vein.
Beside the uranium\-bearing mineralisation types, there are about one dozen different styles of other mineralisation ranging from Sn\-W, Pb\-Zn, fluorite\-barite to quartz\-hematite. They had no economic importance but contributed to the large variety of the several hundred minerals known from the deposit. Especially in the oxidation zones of Schneeberg and Oberschlema, many rare secondary minerals are found, with many of them being newly discovered there. For example, in samples from a single ore shot in Schneeberg five new uranium minerals were discovered in 1871, namely [walpurgite](/wiki/Walpurgite "Walpurgite"), [zeunerite](/wiki/Zeunerite "Zeunerite"), [troegerite](/wiki/Troegerite "Troegerite"), [uranospinite](/wiki/Uranospinite "Uranospinite") and [uranosphaerite](/wiki/Uranosphaerite "Uranosphaerite").
|
[
"#### Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda (Objects 02/03/09; mining division Aue)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Shaft 371 in Hartenstein (Ore Mountains), former main shaft on the Niederschlema\\-Alberoda deposit](/wiki/Image:Schacht371.jpg \"Schacht371.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Uranium ore (pitchblende in dolomite) from the vein\\-type deposit Niederschlema\\-Alberoda](/wiki/Image:Pitchblende371.JPG \"Pitchblende371.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Roter Kamm fault in Bad Schlema: The hematite\\-quartz mineralised fault is the geological boundary between the Schneeberg and Schlema\\-Alberoda deposits.](/wiki/File:Roterkamm.jpg \"Roterkamm.jpg\")\nThis ore field was the largest deposit in the Ore Mountains. It is situated about 20 km south of [Zwickau](/wiki/Zwickau \"Zwickau\") in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains \"Western Ore Mountains\"). [Schneeberg](/wiki/Schneeberg%2C_Saxony \"Schneeberg, Saxony\") was an important mining center since the 15th century, producing silver, cobalt, nickel and bismuth, and the town of [Oberschlema](/wiki/Bad_Schlema \"Bad Schlema\") was known for its strongest naturally occurring radioactive waters at the beginning of the 20th century. A radium health center was established in the town in 1914\\.",
"After the Second World War, Soviet scientists started exploring the old mining areas for uranium, and mining commenced in 1946 even before SAG Wismut was established in 1947\\. Schneeberg at the southern end of the deposit became Object 03 and Oberschlema Object 02\\. Subsequently the blind (no mineralisation reaches the surface) northern part of the ore field (Niederschlema\\-Alberoda) was discovered and mining started there in 1949\\. Object 09 was established to mine the Niederschlema\\-Alberoda part of the ore field.",
"Mining in Schneeberg continued until 1954 reusing many shafts from previous silver and cobalt mining. Up to that time, about 200 tonnes of uranium was extracted from Schneeberg. Oberschlema was mined to depths of over 700 m. Mining ceased in 1960 after producing more than 7,000 tonnes of uranium. A high density of veins near the surface and the 'wild' mining methods of the 1940s and 1950s caused the complete destruction of Oberschlema. Most houses were so badly damaged and the subsurface so unstable that the entire small town was removed in the 1950s. Today the former mining area hosts a radon health center reestablished in the 1990s. After a restructure of the company in the 1960s, Object 09 became Bergbaubetrieb [Aue](/wiki/Aue%2C_Saxony \"Aue, Saxony\") (mining division Aue). It developed into the single largest producer of uranium within SAG/SDAG Wismut with a peak production of 4,000 tonnes of uranium in 1965\\. In the last normal production year, 1989, it produced about 550 tonnes. This deposit was the first of all Wismut deposits to be supplied with large modern mining shafts and powerful ventilation in the mid\\-1950s . The most important shafts where Shaft 38 (Niederschlema), Shaft 366 (Aue\\-Alberoda) and Shaft 371 (Hartenstein). The latter went into production in 1959 and was the main shaft of the deposit up to the end of production in 1990\\. Shaft 371 possessed an automated sorting plant used to separate different classes of ore and to increase the overall ore grade. High grade ore was sent directly to the Soviet Union without further processing, while ore containing less than 1% uranium was shipped to the mill at Crossen near Zwickau. This was done until 1980; afterwards all ore was milled, with the sorting plant raising the average ore grade to 0\\.4% before it was sent to Crossen for processing. An unsuccessful attempt was also made to produce base metals, silver and [selenium](/wiki/Selenium \"Selenium\") as by\\-products. Shaft 371 was connected to the \\-540 and \\-990 m level (the depth is related to the Markus Semmler adit dewatering the upper part of the deposit into the Zwickauer Mulde river). Deeper levels were connected by blind shafts. The deepest level opened in 1988 was the \\-1800 m level, nearly 2,000 m underground, making the mine the deepest in Europe. The mining method used was the same as in the centuries before, although with more modern equipment: galleries were driven along strike of the mineralised vein on a lower and upper level (vertical distance 30 to 45 m). These were connected by small shafts from the lower to the upper level. Then the vein was mined upward using drilling and blasting. The ore was transported to the lower level and brought to the main shafts by rail cars, while the stope was filled with waste rock, as possible. After a vein was mined out, the entrances were sealed to prevent radon from the old stopes from entering areas with active mining. This method was used in all vein type deposits of the Ore Mountains. The total production from Niederschlema\\-Alberoda was over 72,000 tonnes of uranium. Together with the production from Schneeberg and Oberschlema, production losses and unmined resources, the total uranium content was about 96,000 tonnes of uranium, making Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda the largest vein\\-style uranium deposit in the world.",
"After the political changes production slowed down in 1990 and eventually stopped on 31 December 1990\\. Together with the closure of the uranium mine at Pöhla and the [tin](/wiki/Tin \"Tin\") mines at [Altenberg](/wiki/Altenberg%2C_Saxony \"Altenberg, Saxony\") and [Ehrenfriedersdorf](/wiki/Ehrenfriedersdorf \"Ehrenfriedersdorf\") this ended the 800\\-year\\-old history of metal mining in the Ore Mountains. After the end of production, the newly formed Wismut GmbH as successor of SDAG Wismut started restoration of the area. Flooding of the mine started in 1991 and in 1997 the water reached the \\-540 m level as the uppermost level of shaft 371\\. At this point, the mine was opened for the public as the deepest tourist mine in Europe. A water treatment plant was erected with a final capacity of 1,300 m3 per hour, removing uranium, radium, arsenic and iron from the contaminated mine water before releasing it into the Zwickauer Mulde river. Underground work, especially in Oberschlema, is being carried out to secure near\\-surface galleries and shafts from collapse and to provide safe airways for radon\\-containing mine air to prevent it from uncontrolled movement into populated areas of the region. The huge waste rock dumps were either relocated or recontoured and covered with 80 cm of clay and 20 cm of top soil. In 2008, most of the underground work was finished and nearly all shafts were sealed. Most dumps are poorly restored. Shaft 382 with a depth of 1,400 m will stay open (although it is flooded) and provide a controlled path for radon\\-bearing air to escape from the mine. There is still some uranium being won as a consequence of the restoration program; it is being purchased by the USA with long\\-term contracts.",
"Like most deposits in the [western Ore Mountains](/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains \"Western Ore Mountains\"), the Schneeberg\\-Schlema\\-Alberoda deposit is situated on the Gera\\-Jachymov fault zone. This major geological structure with a length of several hundred kilometres strikes NW\\-SE, running from the central Bohemian Massif in the Czech Republic to central Germany. The main element of this fault zone in the Ore Mountains is the Roter Kamm ('Red Ridge') fault carrying a young quartz\\-hematite mineralisation, but no uranium. This fault forms the boundary between the Schneeberg and Oberschlema deposits, having a vertical displacement of about 400 m. The second controlling element for the deposit are Variscan granites, which underlie the deposit. The mineralised veins are within the exocontact of the granite, although the oldest uranium mineralisation is about 20 Ma younger than those granites. The third controlling factor is a heavily deformed unit of Ordovician to Silurian meta\\-sedimentary rocks. This so\\-called Loessnitz\\-Zwoenitz\\-Trough runs east\\-west, broadening toward the east. This rock unit is formed by quartzites, meta\\-black shales, amphibolites and skarns. It is contained within phyllites, which form the major rock type in this area of the Ore Mountains. The rocks of the Loessnitz\\-Zwoenitz\\-Trough are called the 'productive series', because they carry nearly all of the mineralisation. Although the vein structures can be followed from the productive series into the phyllites and granites, no significant mineralisation has been observed outside of it. The ore field contains about 1,800 mineralised veins. Uranium\\-bearing veins run approximately northwest to southeast, parallel to the Roter Kamm fault.",
"The oldest type of mineralisation consists of quartz, calcite, fluorite, pitchblende and minor hematite. The age of this primary mineralisation is about 270 Ma and it was the most important type in Oberschlema. About 100 Ma later a second uranium mineralisation formed. Veins of this type contain dolomite, calcite, pitchblende, minor sulphides and selenides (especially clausthalite). This mineralisation event did not bring new uranium into the deposit but remobilised uranium from the older mineralisation. These dolomite\\-uranium veins were the major uranium formation in Niederschlema\\-Alberoda. A third uranium\\-bearing vein type contains quartz, calcite, Co\\- and Ni\\-arsenides, native bismuth, silver and pitchblende. Like the dolomite veins, there was no input of new uranium but only remobilisation. These were the most important veins in Schneeberg, not only for uranium but also for Ag and Co\\-Ni production. Telescoping is also a common feature with different types of mineralisation being found stuck together in the same part of the vein.",
"Beside the uranium\\-bearing mineralisation types, there are about one dozen different styles of other mineralisation ranging from Sn\\-W, Pb\\-Zn, fluorite\\-barite to quartz\\-hematite. They had no economic importance but contributed to the large variety of the several hundred minerals known from the deposit. Especially in the oxidation zones of Schneeberg and Oberschlema, many rare secondary minerals are found, with many of them being newly discovered there. For example, in samples from a single ore shot in Schneeberg five new uranium minerals were discovered in 1871, namely [walpurgite](/wiki/Walpurgite \"Walpurgite\"), [zeunerite](/wiki/Zeunerite \"Zeunerite\"), [troegerite](/wiki/Troegerite \"Troegerite\"), [uranospinite](/wiki/Uranospinite \"Uranospinite\") and [uranosphaerite](/wiki/Uranosphaerite \"Uranosphaerite\").",
""
] |
### Thuringia
Eastern Thuringia developed in the 1950s into one of the major mining centers of Wismut, hosting the giant ore field of Ronneburg and the medium\-sized deposit of Culmitzsch. Although the mineralisation at Ronneburg is hosted by the Gera\-Jáchymov fault and it is likely its formation is linked to the vein\-style deposits in the Ore Mountains sitting on the same structure, it is a completely different kind of mineralisation. This led to many problems in the first decade of mining.
#### Ronneburg (Object 90\)
[thumb\|right\|Waste rock dump at Ronneburg in 1990](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1109-004%2C_Th%C3%BCringen%2C_Abraumhalten%2C_Uranbergbau.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-1109-004, Thüringen, Abraumhalten, Uranbergbau.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Recultivated mining area at Ronneburg](/wiki/File:Ronneburg_-_Schmirchauer_H%C3%B6he_%28aka%29.jpg "Ronneburg - Schmirchauer Höhe (aka).jpg")
[Ronneburg](/wiki/Ronneburg%2C_Thuringia "Ronneburg, Thuringia") is a small town close to the BAB 4 [Autobahn](/wiki/Autobahn "Autobahn"). It is situated about 10 km east of the next major city [Gera](/wiki/Gera "Gera"). Ronneburg hosted a small radon spring, but it was not as famous as those in the Ore Mountains. Exploration in the area started in 1949, and the first shafts were sunk in 1950\. The deposit was operated by Object 90 with its head office in Gera. During the 1950s exploration work at Ronneburg contributed the most uranium to the resource base of Wismut, showing the significance of the newly discovered deposit. However, there were many difficulties with mining of the deposit because that particular style of mineralisation was unknown to the East German and Soviet mining experts.
The mineralisation is hosted by Palaeozoic meta\-black shales and Meta\-basalts. Uranium mineralisation occurs in irregular shaped bodies of highly variable size and uranium content (in average 70 tonnes of uranium per body). The uranium minerals (mainly pitchblende) occur as impregnations, thin veinlets or in breccia zones in these bodies. The deposit was formed by remobilisation of uranium already enriched in the black shales by synsedimentary processes. Remobilisation was caused by hydrothermal and supergene processes leading to the further enrichment of uranium. The background uranium content in the black shales is 40 to 60 ppm. Like the major vein\-style uranium deposits in the western Ore Mountains, the Ronneburg deposit is located on the Gera\-Jachymov fault zone, which is called the Crimmitschau fault zone in this particular area.
The black shales also contain high amounts of sulfides (marcasite, pyrite) and carbon. Wismut tested several different methods to mine this deposit in the 1950s and 1960s. Some seemed to work, but during the 1950s many fires started in the mines. Sabotage was first considered as the cause, but the increasing number of fires showed that there must be another reason, which was found in the sulphur and carbon content of the black shales in combination with wrong mining methods. The initial mining methods led to many fractures in the rocks, which allowed oxygen to enter the rock. The resulting oxidation of sulfides produced enough heat to spontaneously start fires in the carbon\-rich material. These fires became such a major problem that whole parts of the underground area had to be sealed off and production was heavily impacted. This also led to the decision to mine part of the deposit using an open pit, which seriously affected the Ronneburg area. However, in the 1960s special mining technology was developed involving backfilling of the stopes using drillings from the surface. Since then, underground fires have not been a major problem.
In the late 1960s the company was restructured and Object 90 was split up into several mining division: *Bergbaubetrieb* (mining division) Schmirchau (underground), *Bergbaubetrieb* Paitzdorf (underground), *Bergbaubetrieb* Reust (underground) and *Bergbaubetrieb* Lichtenberg (open pit). Open pit mining ended in 1976 when the pit reached a final depth of 300 m. Exploration for new areas of mineralisation led to the formation of two further mining divisions at the northern part of the deposit in 1974 (*Bergbaubetrieb* Beerwalde) and 1982 (*Bergbaubetrieb* Drosen). The mineralisation dips downward in a northern direction which resulted in deeper mining depths. The shafts of the northernmost mine Drosen reached nearly 900 m.
The grade of the ore mined was 0\.08% uranium on average with a [cut\-off](/wiki/Cut-off "Cut-off") of 0\.02% uranium. However, restricted zones of high grade mineralisation with more than 1% uranium occurred. An ore treatment plant was tested in Schmirchau to increase the grade before shipping to the mills, but this proved not to be effective. Most of the ore was sent without further treatment to the mills at Seelingstädt and Crossen. Small amounts of uranium were also produced by underground in\-situ leaching and heap leaching of low grade ore and even waste rock. The mined resources of the ore field were 113,000 tonnes of uranium, of which about 100,000 tonnes were produced (the difference are production losses). The total resource of the deposit is about 200,000 tonnes of uranium (mined and unmined reserves as well as inferred and speculative resources).
After production ceased in 1990 recultivation work began. The mine dumps were the largest task in this mining area. It was decided to relocate most of the dump material of the southern mining divisions (Schmirchau, Reust, Paitzdorf, Lichtenberg) into the open pit Lichtenberg and to relocate those of the Korbußen mine (part of the Beerwalde mining division) and Drosen to the major dump at Beerwalde. To accomplish this task, Wismut GmbH ordered and operated the largest fleet of [Caterpillar](/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. "Caterpillar Inc.") mine trucks in Europe. After relocation was finished, the dumps were covered. The southern mining area with the refilled Lichtenberg open pit was part of the 2007 federal garden exhibition Gera\-Ronneburg.
#### Culmitzsch (Object 90\)
The Culmitzsch deposit is about 15 km south of Ronneburg. It also belonged to Object 90 in Gera. However, it had a totally different geology than the Ronneburg ore field. Culmitzsch is a sedimentary deposit in Permian sandstone, siltstone and limestone. There are two ore horizons containing disseminated pitchblende and coffinite. An interesting feature is pseudomorphosis of uranium minerals after wood. Specimens still show the cell structure of the wood but are made of pitchblende. The deposit was mined from 1950 to 1967 in three open pits named Culmitzsch, Trünzig and Sorge\-Katzendorf. The average ore grade was 0\.06% and total production from the three pits was about 11,000 tonnes of uranium. The deposit extends further north from the mined area. This part of the deposit, called Gera\-Süd, was explored underground, but difficult geotechnical conditions prevented the mining of this resource. The Culmitzsch and Trünzig open pits were used as tailings management facilities after they were mined out by the Seelingstädt mill, which was established in 1961 near the deposit.
#### Further deposits in Thuringia
In the southern part of Thuringa called the [Thuringian Forest](/wiki/Thuringian_Forest "Thuringian Forest"), mining of three small uranium deposits was undertaken in the 1950s. The largest deposit was Dittrichshütte and was mined underground with several small shafts producing about 112 tonnes of uranium from a black\-shale\-type mineralisation. Steinach was also a small black\-shale\-type deposit, mined in a small open cut producing about 40 tonnes of uranium. The Schleusingen mineralisation was hosted by Triassic sandstones and was mined underground, producing 14 tonnes of uranium.
|
[
"### Thuringia",
"Eastern Thuringia developed in the 1950s into one of the major mining centers of Wismut, hosting the giant ore field of Ronneburg and the medium\\-sized deposit of Culmitzsch. Although the mineralisation at Ronneburg is hosted by the Gera\\-Jáchymov fault and it is likely its formation is linked to the vein\\-style deposits in the Ore Mountains sitting on the same structure, it is a completely different kind of mineralisation. This led to many problems in the first decade of mining.",
"#### Ronneburg (Object 90\\)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Waste rock dump at Ronneburg in 1990](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1109-004%2C_Th%C3%BCringen%2C_Abraumhalten%2C_Uranbergbau.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-1109-004, Thüringen, Abraumhalten, Uranbergbau.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Recultivated mining area at Ronneburg](/wiki/File:Ronneburg_-_Schmirchauer_H%C3%B6he_%28aka%29.jpg \"Ronneburg - Schmirchauer Höhe (aka).jpg\")\n[Ronneburg](/wiki/Ronneburg%2C_Thuringia \"Ronneburg, Thuringia\") is a small town close to the BAB 4 [Autobahn](/wiki/Autobahn \"Autobahn\"). It is situated about 10 km east of the next major city [Gera](/wiki/Gera \"Gera\"). Ronneburg hosted a small radon spring, but it was not as famous as those in the Ore Mountains. Exploration in the area started in 1949, and the first shafts were sunk in 1950\\. The deposit was operated by Object 90 with its head office in Gera. During the 1950s exploration work at Ronneburg contributed the most uranium to the resource base of Wismut, showing the significance of the newly discovered deposit. However, there were many difficulties with mining of the deposit because that particular style of mineralisation was unknown to the East German and Soviet mining experts.",
"The mineralisation is hosted by Palaeozoic meta\\-black shales and Meta\\-basalts. Uranium mineralisation occurs in irregular shaped bodies of highly variable size and uranium content (in average 70 tonnes of uranium per body). The uranium minerals (mainly pitchblende) occur as impregnations, thin veinlets or in breccia zones in these bodies. The deposit was formed by remobilisation of uranium already enriched in the black shales by synsedimentary processes. Remobilisation was caused by hydrothermal and supergene processes leading to the further enrichment of uranium. The background uranium content in the black shales is 40 to 60 ppm. Like the major vein\\-style uranium deposits in the western Ore Mountains, the Ronneburg deposit is located on the Gera\\-Jachymov fault zone, which is called the Crimmitschau fault zone in this particular area.",
"The black shales also contain high amounts of sulfides (marcasite, pyrite) and carbon. Wismut tested several different methods to mine this deposit in the 1950s and 1960s. Some seemed to work, but during the 1950s many fires started in the mines. Sabotage was first considered as the cause, but the increasing number of fires showed that there must be another reason, which was found in the sulphur and carbon content of the black shales in combination with wrong mining methods. The initial mining methods led to many fractures in the rocks, which allowed oxygen to enter the rock. The resulting oxidation of sulfides produced enough heat to spontaneously start fires in the carbon\\-rich material. These fires became such a major problem that whole parts of the underground area had to be sealed off and production was heavily impacted. This also led to the decision to mine part of the deposit using an open pit, which seriously affected the Ronneburg area. However, in the 1960s special mining technology was developed involving backfilling of the stopes using drillings from the surface. Since then, underground fires have not been a major problem.",
"In the late 1960s the company was restructured and Object 90 was split up into several mining division: *Bergbaubetrieb* (mining division) Schmirchau (underground), *Bergbaubetrieb* Paitzdorf (underground), *Bergbaubetrieb* Reust (underground) and *Bergbaubetrieb* Lichtenberg (open pit). Open pit mining ended in 1976 when the pit reached a final depth of 300 m. Exploration for new areas of mineralisation led to the formation of two further mining divisions at the northern part of the deposit in 1974 (*Bergbaubetrieb* Beerwalde) and 1982 (*Bergbaubetrieb* Drosen). The mineralisation dips downward in a northern direction which resulted in deeper mining depths. The shafts of the northernmost mine Drosen reached nearly 900 m.",
"The grade of the ore mined was 0\\.08% uranium on average with a [cut\\-off](/wiki/Cut-off \"Cut-off\") of 0\\.02% uranium. However, restricted zones of high grade mineralisation with more than 1% uranium occurred. An ore treatment plant was tested in Schmirchau to increase the grade before shipping to the mills, but this proved not to be effective. Most of the ore was sent without further treatment to the mills at Seelingstädt and Crossen. Small amounts of uranium were also produced by underground in\\-situ leaching and heap leaching of low grade ore and even waste rock. The mined resources of the ore field were 113,000 tonnes of uranium, of which about 100,000 tonnes were produced (the difference are production losses). The total resource of the deposit is about 200,000 tonnes of uranium (mined and unmined reserves as well as inferred and speculative resources).",
"After production ceased in 1990 recultivation work began. The mine dumps were the largest task in this mining area. It was decided to relocate most of the dump material of the southern mining divisions (Schmirchau, Reust, Paitzdorf, Lichtenberg) into the open pit Lichtenberg and to relocate those of the Korbußen mine (part of the Beerwalde mining division) and Drosen to the major dump at Beerwalde. To accomplish this task, Wismut GmbH ordered and operated the largest fleet of [Caterpillar](/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. \"Caterpillar Inc.\") mine trucks in Europe. After relocation was finished, the dumps were covered. The southern mining area with the refilled Lichtenberg open pit was part of the 2007 federal garden exhibition Gera\\-Ronneburg.",
"#### Culmitzsch (Object 90\\)",
"The Culmitzsch deposit is about 15 km south of Ronneburg. It also belonged to Object 90 in Gera. However, it had a totally different geology than the Ronneburg ore field. Culmitzsch is a sedimentary deposit in Permian sandstone, siltstone and limestone. There are two ore horizons containing disseminated pitchblende and coffinite. An interesting feature is pseudomorphosis of uranium minerals after wood. Specimens still show the cell structure of the wood but are made of pitchblende. The deposit was mined from 1950 to 1967 in three open pits named Culmitzsch, Trünzig and Sorge\\-Katzendorf. The average ore grade was 0\\.06% and total production from the three pits was about 11,000 tonnes of uranium. The deposit extends further north from the mined area. This part of the deposit, called Gera\\-Süd, was explored underground, but difficult geotechnical conditions prevented the mining of this resource. The Culmitzsch and Trünzig open pits were used as tailings management facilities after they were mined out by the Seelingstädt mill, which was established in 1961 near the deposit.",
"#### Further deposits in Thuringia",
"In the southern part of Thuringa called the [Thuringian Forest](/wiki/Thuringian_Forest \"Thuringian Forest\"), mining of three small uranium deposits was undertaken in the 1950s. The largest deposit was Dittrichshütte and was mined underground with several small shafts producing about 112 tonnes of uranium from a black\\-shale\\-type mineralisation. Steinach was also a small black\\-shale\\-type deposit, mined in a small open cut producing about 40 tonnes of uranium. The Schleusingen mineralisation was hosted by Triassic sandstones and was mined underground, producing 14 tonnes of uranium.",
""
] |
#### Ronneburg (Object 90\)
[thumb\|right\|Waste rock dump at Ronneburg in 1990](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1109-004%2C_Th%C3%BCringen%2C_Abraumhalten%2C_Uranbergbau.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-1109-004, Thüringen, Abraumhalten, Uranbergbau.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Recultivated mining area at Ronneburg](/wiki/File:Ronneburg_-_Schmirchauer_H%C3%B6he_%28aka%29.jpg "Ronneburg - Schmirchauer Höhe (aka).jpg")
[Ronneburg](/wiki/Ronneburg%2C_Thuringia "Ronneburg, Thuringia") is a small town close to the BAB 4 [Autobahn](/wiki/Autobahn "Autobahn"). It is situated about 10 km east of the next major city [Gera](/wiki/Gera "Gera"). Ronneburg hosted a small radon spring, but it was not as famous as those in the Ore Mountains. Exploration in the area started in 1949, and the first shafts were sunk in 1950\. The deposit was operated by Object 90 with its head office in Gera. During the 1950s exploration work at Ronneburg contributed the most uranium to the resource base of Wismut, showing the significance of the newly discovered deposit. However, there were many difficulties with mining of the deposit because that particular style of mineralisation was unknown to the East German and Soviet mining experts.
The mineralisation is hosted by Palaeozoic meta\-black shales and Meta\-basalts. Uranium mineralisation occurs in irregular shaped bodies of highly variable size and uranium content (in average 70 tonnes of uranium per body). The uranium minerals (mainly pitchblende) occur as impregnations, thin veinlets or in breccia zones in these bodies. The deposit was formed by remobilisation of uranium already enriched in the black shales by synsedimentary processes. Remobilisation was caused by hydrothermal and supergene processes leading to the further enrichment of uranium. The background uranium content in the black shales is 40 to 60 ppm. Like the major vein\-style uranium deposits in the western Ore Mountains, the Ronneburg deposit is located on the Gera\-Jachymov fault zone, which is called the Crimmitschau fault zone in this particular area.
The black shales also contain high amounts of sulfides (marcasite, pyrite) and carbon. Wismut tested several different methods to mine this deposit in the 1950s and 1960s. Some seemed to work, but during the 1950s many fires started in the mines. Sabotage was first considered as the cause, but the increasing number of fires showed that there must be another reason, which was found in the sulphur and carbon content of the black shales in combination with wrong mining methods. The initial mining methods led to many fractures in the rocks, which allowed oxygen to enter the rock. The resulting oxidation of sulfides produced enough heat to spontaneously start fires in the carbon\-rich material. These fires became such a major problem that whole parts of the underground area had to be sealed off and production was heavily impacted. This also led to the decision to mine part of the deposit using an open pit, which seriously affected the Ronneburg area. However, in the 1960s special mining technology was developed involving backfilling of the stopes using drillings from the surface. Since then, underground fires have not been a major problem.
In the late 1960s the company was restructured and Object 90 was split up into several mining division: *Bergbaubetrieb* (mining division) Schmirchau (underground), *Bergbaubetrieb* Paitzdorf (underground), *Bergbaubetrieb* Reust (underground) and *Bergbaubetrieb* Lichtenberg (open pit). Open pit mining ended in 1976 when the pit reached a final depth of 300 m. Exploration for new areas of mineralisation led to the formation of two further mining divisions at the northern part of the deposit in 1974 (*Bergbaubetrieb* Beerwalde) and 1982 (*Bergbaubetrieb* Drosen). The mineralisation dips downward in a northern direction which resulted in deeper mining depths. The shafts of the northernmost mine Drosen reached nearly 900 m.
The grade of the ore mined was 0\.08% uranium on average with a [cut\-off](/wiki/Cut-off "Cut-off") of 0\.02% uranium. However, restricted zones of high grade mineralisation with more than 1% uranium occurred. An ore treatment plant was tested in Schmirchau to increase the grade before shipping to the mills, but this proved not to be effective. Most of the ore was sent without further treatment to the mills at Seelingstädt and Crossen. Small amounts of uranium were also produced by underground in\-situ leaching and heap leaching of low grade ore and even waste rock. The mined resources of the ore field were 113,000 tonnes of uranium, of which about 100,000 tonnes were produced (the difference are production losses). The total resource of the deposit is about 200,000 tonnes of uranium (mined and unmined reserves as well as inferred and speculative resources).
After production ceased in 1990 recultivation work began. The mine dumps were the largest task in this mining area. It was decided to relocate most of the dump material of the southern mining divisions (Schmirchau, Reust, Paitzdorf, Lichtenberg) into the open pit Lichtenberg and to relocate those of the Korbußen mine (part of the Beerwalde mining division) and Drosen to the major dump at Beerwalde. To accomplish this task, Wismut GmbH ordered and operated the largest fleet of [Caterpillar](/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. "Caterpillar Inc.") mine trucks in Europe. After relocation was finished, the dumps were covered. The southern mining area with the refilled Lichtenberg open pit was part of the 2007 federal garden exhibition Gera\-Ronneburg.
|
[
"#### Ronneburg (Object 90\\)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Waste rock dump at Ronneburg in 1990](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1109-004%2C_Th%C3%BCringen%2C_Abraumhalten%2C_Uranbergbau.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-1109-004, Thüringen, Abraumhalten, Uranbergbau.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Recultivated mining area at Ronneburg](/wiki/File:Ronneburg_-_Schmirchauer_H%C3%B6he_%28aka%29.jpg \"Ronneburg - Schmirchauer Höhe (aka).jpg\")\n[Ronneburg](/wiki/Ronneburg%2C_Thuringia \"Ronneburg, Thuringia\") is a small town close to the BAB 4 [Autobahn](/wiki/Autobahn \"Autobahn\"). It is situated about 10 km east of the next major city [Gera](/wiki/Gera \"Gera\"). Ronneburg hosted a small radon spring, but it was not as famous as those in the Ore Mountains. Exploration in the area started in 1949, and the first shafts were sunk in 1950\\. The deposit was operated by Object 90 with its head office in Gera. During the 1950s exploration work at Ronneburg contributed the most uranium to the resource base of Wismut, showing the significance of the newly discovered deposit. However, there were many difficulties with mining of the deposit because that particular style of mineralisation was unknown to the East German and Soviet mining experts.",
"The mineralisation is hosted by Palaeozoic meta\\-black shales and Meta\\-basalts. Uranium mineralisation occurs in irregular shaped bodies of highly variable size and uranium content (in average 70 tonnes of uranium per body). The uranium minerals (mainly pitchblende) occur as impregnations, thin veinlets or in breccia zones in these bodies. The deposit was formed by remobilisation of uranium already enriched in the black shales by synsedimentary processes. Remobilisation was caused by hydrothermal and supergene processes leading to the further enrichment of uranium. The background uranium content in the black shales is 40 to 60 ppm. Like the major vein\\-style uranium deposits in the western Ore Mountains, the Ronneburg deposit is located on the Gera\\-Jachymov fault zone, which is called the Crimmitschau fault zone in this particular area.",
"The black shales also contain high amounts of sulfides (marcasite, pyrite) and carbon. Wismut tested several different methods to mine this deposit in the 1950s and 1960s. Some seemed to work, but during the 1950s many fires started in the mines. Sabotage was first considered as the cause, but the increasing number of fires showed that there must be another reason, which was found in the sulphur and carbon content of the black shales in combination with wrong mining methods. The initial mining methods led to many fractures in the rocks, which allowed oxygen to enter the rock. The resulting oxidation of sulfides produced enough heat to spontaneously start fires in the carbon\\-rich material. These fires became such a major problem that whole parts of the underground area had to be sealed off and production was heavily impacted. This also led to the decision to mine part of the deposit using an open pit, which seriously affected the Ronneburg area. However, in the 1960s special mining technology was developed involving backfilling of the stopes using drillings from the surface. Since then, underground fires have not been a major problem.",
"In the late 1960s the company was restructured and Object 90 was split up into several mining division: *Bergbaubetrieb* (mining division) Schmirchau (underground), *Bergbaubetrieb* Paitzdorf (underground), *Bergbaubetrieb* Reust (underground) and *Bergbaubetrieb* Lichtenberg (open pit). Open pit mining ended in 1976 when the pit reached a final depth of 300 m. Exploration for new areas of mineralisation led to the formation of two further mining divisions at the northern part of the deposit in 1974 (*Bergbaubetrieb* Beerwalde) and 1982 (*Bergbaubetrieb* Drosen). The mineralisation dips downward in a northern direction which resulted in deeper mining depths. The shafts of the northernmost mine Drosen reached nearly 900 m.",
"The grade of the ore mined was 0\\.08% uranium on average with a [cut\\-off](/wiki/Cut-off \"Cut-off\") of 0\\.02% uranium. However, restricted zones of high grade mineralisation with more than 1% uranium occurred. An ore treatment plant was tested in Schmirchau to increase the grade before shipping to the mills, but this proved not to be effective. Most of the ore was sent without further treatment to the mills at Seelingstädt and Crossen. Small amounts of uranium were also produced by underground in\\-situ leaching and heap leaching of low grade ore and even waste rock. The mined resources of the ore field were 113,000 tonnes of uranium, of which about 100,000 tonnes were produced (the difference are production losses). The total resource of the deposit is about 200,000 tonnes of uranium (mined and unmined reserves as well as inferred and speculative resources).",
"After production ceased in 1990 recultivation work began. The mine dumps were the largest task in this mining area. It was decided to relocate most of the dump material of the southern mining divisions (Schmirchau, Reust, Paitzdorf, Lichtenberg) into the open pit Lichtenberg and to relocate those of the Korbußen mine (part of the Beerwalde mining division) and Drosen to the major dump at Beerwalde. To accomplish this task, Wismut GmbH ordered and operated the largest fleet of [Caterpillar](/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. \"Caterpillar Inc.\") mine trucks in Europe. After relocation was finished, the dumps were covered. The southern mining area with the refilled Lichtenberg open pit was part of the 2007 federal garden exhibition Gera\\-Ronneburg.",
""
] |
Early history
-------------
### The early settlement
The area around Hyderabad was an agricultural region with forests during the [Indus Valley civilization](/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization "Indus Valley civilization").
Under the rule of a local ruler Neroon, this small fishing village thrived upon the banks of the mighty Indus river. A nearby hill tract called the Ganjo Takker or *the bald (barren) hill*, later attributed to as the Ganjo Range by British occupants, protected the town raising it above the level of the water and safe from flood calamities that were regular in neighbouring regions. Of popular tradition, the place came to be known as [Neroon Kot](/wiki/Neroon_Kot "Neroon Kot") نيرون ڪوٽ. Neroon Kot literally means the *place where Neroon came from*.
The Ganjo Takker ridge lay on a low limestone range and was used as a place of worship by the most adherent religious priests that blessed the city believing their meditation may result in excellent trade networks the city was developing at the time. But these very particular popularity traits in the areas of trade led the city vulnerable to outside sieges. Equipped mostly with farming equipment, the locals were attacked by the conquest of Islamic armies circa AD 711 and surrendered. Neroon was dethroned.
### Earlier past
#### Rai Dynasty (c. 489 – 632 AD)
{{Main\|Rai dynasty}}
[thumb\|Territory of the [Rai dynasty](/wiki/Rai_dynasty "Rai dynasty"), circa 550–600 CE{{cite book \|last1\=Schwartzberg \|first1\=Joseph E. \|url\=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object\=182 \|title\=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date\=1978 \|publisher\=University of Chicago Press \|isbn\=0226742210 \|location\=Chicago \|page\=145, map XIV.1 (i)}}](/wiki/File:Map_of_Sindh_%28Rais%29.png "Map of Sindh (Rais).png")
The [Rai dynasty](/wiki/Rai_dynasty "Rai dynasty") of Sindh was a dynasty of Sindh and at its height of power ruled much of the Northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent. The dynasty reigned for a period of 144 years, c. 489 – 632 AD, concurrent with the [Hun](/wiki/Huna_people "Huna people") invasions of North India.{{cite book\|last\=Wink\|first\=Andre\|title\=Al Hind: The Making of the Indo\-Islamic World\|publisher\=BRILL\|year\=1996\|isbn\=90\-04\-09249\-8\|pages\=133, 152–153}} The names of rulers might have been corruptions of [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit") names — Devaditya, Harsha, and SInhasena.{{Cite book\|last\=Mirchandani\|first\=B. D.\|title\=Glimpses of Ancient Sind: A Collection of Historical Papers\|publisher\=Saraswati M. Gulrajani\|year\=1985\|location\=Sindh\|pages\=25, 53–56}} The origins of the dynasty, caste status, and how they rose to power remains unknown. They apparently had familial ties with other rulers of South Asia including Kashmir, Kabul, Rajasthan, Gujarat, etc. — [Aror](/wiki/Aror "Aror") is noted to be the capital of both Hind and Sindh.{{cite book \|last\=Asif \|first\=Manan Ahmed \|author\-link\=Manan Ahmed Asif \|title\=A Book of Conquest \|pages\=65, 81–82, 131–134 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Z4oxDQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA35 \|year\=2016 \|publisher\=Harvard University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-674\-66011\-3}} [Alexander Cunningham](/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham_%28historian%29 "Alexander Cunningham (historian)") had proposed an alternate chronology (? – \>641 AD) — primarily on the basis of numismatic and literary evidence{{Efn\|The end\-date arrived as a result of equating Sindhu with the ''Sin tu'' kingdom, described in the \[\[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]] during 641 A.D. Modern scholars reject this claim.}} — identifying the first two Rais as Hunas and the later three as rulers of [Zabulistan](/wiki/Zabulistan "Zabulistan") and [Khorasan](/wiki/Greater_Khorasan "Greater Khorasan").{{efn\|Diwaji and Sahiras were respectively \[\[Toramana]] and \[\[Mihirakula]]. Rai Sahasi was held to be \[\[Tegin Shah]], Rai Sahiras II to be {{URL\|1\=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG200795\|2\=Vasudeva}}, and Rai Sahasi II, an anonymous successor.}} However, there exists little historical evidence to favor the proposition of Hunas ever making to Sindh and the individual bases of his hypothesis stands discredited in modern scholarship. [Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya](/wiki/Chintaman_Vinayak_Vaidya "Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya") supported Cunningham's chronology (? – \>641 AD) but held the Rais to be descendants of [Mauryas](/wiki/Maurya_Empire "Maurya Empire") and [Shudra](/wiki/Shudra "Shudra"), by caste.{{Efn\|This descent from Mauryas was proposed on the basis of Rai Mahrit, then ruler of \[\[Chittor]] claiming to be Sahasi II's brother. Rulers of pre\-Sisodia Rajasthan usually claimed a descent from Mauryas and this identification went perfectly with \[\[Xuanzang]]'s noting the King of Sin\-tu to be a Sudra.}}
#### Chacha dynasty (c. 632 – c. 724 AD)
{{Main\|Brahmin dynasty}}
[thumb\|Territory of the [Chach dynasty](/wiki/Brahmin_dynasty_of_Sindh "Brahmin dynasty of Sindh"), circa 600–650 CE{{cite book \|last1\=Schwartzberg \|first1\=Joseph E. \|url\=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object\=183 \|title\=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date\=1978 \|publisher\=University of Chicago Press \|isbn\=0226742210 \|location\=Chicago \|page\=146, map XIV.2 (b)}}](/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Chachas_circa_650_CE.png "Map of the Chachas circa 650 CE.png")
The [Brahmin dynasty of Sindh](/wiki/Brahmin_dynasty_of_Sindh "Brahmin dynasty of Sindh") ({{Circa\|632 – 712}}),{{cite book \|last1\=Wink \|first1\=André \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=bCVyhH5VDjAC \|title\=Al\- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2 \|date\=1991 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9004095098 \|pages\=152–153 \|language\=en}} also known as the Chacha dynasty,{{Cite book \|last1\=Rao \|first1\=B. S. L. Hanumantha \|title\=Indian History and Culture \|last2\=Rao \|first2\=K. Basaveswara \|date\=1958 \|publisher\=Commercial Literature Company \|pages\=337 \|language\=en}} were the [Sindhi Hindu](/wiki/Sindhi_Hindu "Sindhi Hindu") [Brahmin](/wiki/Brahmin "Brahmin") ruling family of the [Chacha Empire](/wiki/Chacha_Empire "Chacha Empire"). The Brahmin dynasty were successors of the Buddhist [Rai dynasty](/wiki/Rai_dynasty "Rai dynasty"). Most of the information about its existence comes from the *[Chach Nama](/wiki/Chach_Nama "Chach Nama")*, a historical account of the Chach\-Brahmin dynasty.
Chinese traveller, [Hieun Tsang](/wiki/Xuanzang "Xuanzang"), who had visited the Sindh region during the start of the Chacha rule, described in his work that [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") had declined in the region and [Brahminical Hinduism](/wiki/Brahminical_Hinduism "Brahminical Hinduism") had once again gained the majority dominance.{{cite book \|author\=\[\[Gail Omvedt\|Omvedt, Gail]] \|date\=August 18, 2003 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rSF8b5hbyP0C\&dq\=buddhism\+was\+dominant\+sindh\&pg\=PT92 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown \|access\-date\=October 22, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028020950/https://books.google.com/books?id\=rSF8b5hbyP0C\&dq\=buddhism\+was\+dominant\+sindh\&pg\=PT92 \|archive\-date\=28 October 2023 \|page\=160 \|title\=Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste \|quote\=It appears that at the time of Hsuan Tsang, after a millennia\-long historical con\- flict, Brahmanism had emerged dominant. Buddhism was declining and it would, within centuries, vanish from the land of its origin. \|publisher\=\[\[Sage Publishing\|SAGE Publications]] \|isbn\=9780761996644 \|language\=en\-IN }}{{cite book \|year\=2003 \|author1\=\[\[Khawar Mumtaz\|Mumtaz, Khawar]] \|author2\=Mitha, Yameena \|author3\=Tahira, Bilquis \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NrnRZQGklwMC\&pg\=PA12 \|access\-date\=October 22, 2023 \|title\=Pakistan: Tradition and Change \|publisher\=\[\[Oxfam]] \|isbn\=9780855984960 \|page\=12 \|quote\=By the seventh century AD, Buddhism declined completely and Hinduism became the dominant religion. Around this time the Arabs, who had trade and commerce links going back for centuries, came for the first time as conquerors (712 AD). By 724 AD they had established direct rule in Sindh. \|language\=en\-PK }}
[Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism") was the predominant religion in [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh "Sindh") under the [Chacha empire](/wiki/Chacha_dynasty "Chacha dynasty"), prior to the arrival of [Islam](/wiki/Islam "Islam") with the [Arab invasions](/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Sindh "Umayyad conquest of Sindh"), although a significant minority of the [Sindhi](/wiki/Sindhis "Sindhis") population adhered to [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") as well.{{cite book \|date\=October 31, 2008 \|author\=\[\[Jamal Malik\|Malik, Jamal]] \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xu15DwAAQBAJ \|access\-date\=October 22, 2023 \|title\=Islam in South Asia: A Short History \|page\=40 \|quote\=Sind's majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist. \|publisher\=\[\[Brill Publishers\|E.J. Brill]] \|isbn\=9789047441816 \|language\=en\-PK }} Hindus made up almost two\-thirds of the ethnic [Sindhi](/wiki/Sindhis "Sindhis") population before the arrival of Islam in the region.{{cite news \|last\=Chandwani \|first\=Nikhil \|date\=March 13, 2019 \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/desires\-of\-a\-modern\-indian/history\-of\-hinduism\-in\-sindh\-from\-ancient\-times\-and\-why\-sindh\-belongs\-to\-india/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=October 22, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313143207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/desires\-of\-a\-modern\-indian/history\-of\-hinduism\-in\-sindh\-from\-ancient\-times\-and\-why\-sindh\-belongs\-to\-india/ \|archive\-date\=March 13, 2019 \|title\=History of Hinduism in Sindh from ancient times and why Sindh belongs to India \|quote\=Hinduism was majorly practiced in Sindh during this time but with the entry of Chandragupta Maurya in 313 BC there was an entry of Buddhism as well. .... However, there was a revival of Hindu religion during the Gupta period which then became dominated culture in Sindh. It flourished well all over India, especially in the Sindh region. .... Before the invasion of Mohammed bin Qasim, Hinduism was the most prominent religion in Sindh that constituted about 64 percent of percent of the total population. \|work\=\[\[The Times of India]] \|language\=en\-IN }} At the time of the invasions, [Sindhi Hindus](/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus "Sindhi Hindus") were a rural pastoral population, majority of whom lived in upper Sindh, a region that was entirely Hindu; whereas Buddhists were a mercantile population, almost entirely concentrated in the urban areas between lower Sindh and [Makran](/wiki/Makran "Makran"), a region that was equally divided in population between Buddhists and Hindus.{{cite book \|last\=MacLean \|first\=Derryl N. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gWaEuE6ucR0C \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=October 22, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.org/details/religion\-and\-society\-in\-arab\-sind/mode/1up \|archive\-date\=January 21, 2023 \|title\=Religion and Society in Arab Sind \|publisher\=\[\[Brill Publishers\|E.J. Brill]] \|year\=1989 \|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-08551\-0 \|quote\=As a result, it is possible to conclude that Buddhism, while important in Sindh, was not the only or even the majority religion. Hindus were definitely in the vast majority in upper Sind (where, as noted, there were few if any Buddhists), but probably at least equal in numbers to the Buddhists in Lower Sindh and Mukrân. '''(page 52\)''' ..... Nevertheless, the data indicate, in a general way, the relative balance between the two religions in Lower Sind and the predominance of Hinduism in Upper Sind. '''(page 72\)''' \|language\=en }}
### In the 7th century
In the [Chachnama](/wiki/Chachnama "Chachnama") we find frequent mention of a chief [Agham Lohana](/wiki/Agham_Lohana "Agham Lohana") who was ruler of [Brahmanabad](/wiki/Mansura_%28Brahmanabad%29 "Mansura (Brahmanabad)") with their two territories, Lakha to the west of Lohana and Sama to the south of Lohana (Nerron) Narayankot, Hyderabad, Sindh in the time of Chach AD 636\.
{{Main\|Agham Lohana}}
### The Islamic conquest
[thumb\|right\|230px\|Muhammad Bin Qasim leading his troops in battle circa 711\-712](/wiki/Image:Mbq.jpg "Mbq.jpg")
In 711, [Muhammad bin Qasim](/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim "Muhammad bin Qasim") al\-Sakafi (pictured right) conquered the town. By the mid\-712, Muslims armies had conquered much of the Sindh. However, later in an agreement with local authorities of the Sindh the Arab forces halted their advances and ceased military activities in Sindh in return of peaceful conduct affairs. After a brief rule of Arabs and local leaders Sindh came under the rule of local Soomros, who were local Sindhis converted to [Islam](/wiki/Islam "Islam"). Soomro rule was followed by the great Samma dynasty rule. By the end of Samma dynasty rule Sindh was occupied by invading Afghan warlords who lost the empire to [Mughal Empire](/wiki/Mughal_Empire "Mughal Empire") after a brief period of rule.
The Mughal empire thrived in the majority of the central parts of India and yet however never seated a ruler on the land of Neroon. The new Muslim invaders that had settled in the town mingled with the locals and wed local girls and were pulled into the mysticism of the land. For decades Hyderabad did not seat a throne but things were to change when [Nadir Shah](/wiki/Nadir_Shah "Nadir Shah") Durrani or Iran invaded the [Mughal](/wiki/Mughal_Empire "Mughal Empire") capital in 1739\.
All throughout the late 17th century, the Mughal dynasty had grown weary and weak in the regions of the Sindhu territory or [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh "Sindh") and the governor Yar Muhammad Khan Kalhora became the de facto, virtual ruler of Sindh around 1701\. Muhammad Khan Kalhora belonged to the most affluent tribe in the region namely the Kalhora کلہوڑا.
In 997, [Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi](/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni "Mahmud of Ghazni"), took over the [Ghaznavid dynasty](/wiki/Ghaznavids "Ghaznavids") empire established by his father, [Sultan Sebuktegin](/wiki/Sabuktigin "Sabuktigin"), In 1005 he conquered the [Shahis](/wiki/Hindu_Shahi "Hindu Shahi") in [Kabul](/wiki/Kabul "Kabul") in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of [Sinds](/wiki/Sinds "Sinds"). The [Delhi Sultanate](/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate "Delhi Sultanate") and later [Mughal Empire](/wiki/Mughal_Empire "Mughal Empire") ruled the region. The Sindh region became predominantly [Muslim](/wiki/Muslim "Muslim") due to [missionary](/wiki/Missionary "Missionary") [Sufi](/wiki/Sufi "Sufi") saints whose [dargahs](/wiki/Dargah "Dargah") dot the landscape of Sindh.
### Old City of Hyderabad
The **Old City** is the name given to parts in the east of the city of [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad%2C_Pakistan "Hyderabad, Pakistan") in [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh "Sindh"), [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") that were part of the city before the creation of [Latifabad](/wiki/Latifabad "Latifabad") and [Qasimabad](/wiki/Qasimabad_%28Hyderabad%29 "Qasimabad (Hyderabad)"). These areas include Paratabad, Islamabad, Noorani Basti, Tando Yousaf and Kalimori. The old name of Hyerabad was Narayan kot in Arabic tone is Nerun Kot.{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2021}} It was also known as the City Of wind Catchers and Orials.{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2021}}
### The Kalhora dynasty
The [River Indus](/wiki/River_Indus "River Indus") was changing course around 1757 due to Monsoons resulting in periodic floods and devastating the banks of the river. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhora was admired as the saintly ruler of Sindh at the time his capital [Khudabad](/wiki/Khudabad "Khudabad") near [Dadu](/wiki/Dadu%2C_Pakistan "Dadu, Pakistan") was repeatedly flooded. Being fed up, he decided to move his capital to a better place.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.webjournal.unior.it/dati/19/72/web%20journal%203,%20hyderabad.pdf\|title\=The Vanishing Glory of Hyderabad (Sindh, Pakistan)\|publisher\=UNIOR Web Journals\|author\=Mir Atta Muhammad Talpur\|access\-date\=1 April 2008\|archive\-date\=25 December 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225191715/http://www.webjournal.unior.it/Dati/19/72/Web%20Journal%203,%20Hyderabad.pdf%0A\|url\-status\=dead}}
The present day city of Hyderabad was founded in 1768 on the site of the ancient town of [Neroon Kot](/wiki/Neroon_Kot "Neroon Kot") by Ghulam Shah Kalhora of the [Kalhora Dynasty](/wiki/Kalhora_Dynasty "Kalhora Dynasty") it remained the chief town of Sindh until 1843, when, after the battle of Miani, it surrendered to the British, and the capital was transferred to Karachi. It was named after the prophet [Mohammed](/wiki/Mohammed "Mohammed")'s son\-in\-law, [Ali](/wiki/Ali "Ali"), also known as [Haidar](/wiki/Haidar "Haidar").
Surviving as a small fishing village on the banks of River Indus, the city was suddenly called the heart of the [Mehran](/wiki/Indus_Valley "Indus Valley"). Thriving upon the fresh river water's banks, Hyderabad was much loved by Ghulam Shah. He admired the city so much that in 1766, he ordered a fort to be built on one of the three hills of Hyderabad to house and defend his people. The massive half\-a\-square kilometer (about 36 acres) garrison was completed by 1768\. Since then, it stands in place and is called the *Pacco Qillo* *پڪو قلعو* or the *strong fort*. The Kalhora rule lasted for two more decades until the demise of the great Ghulam Shah.
### The Talpur kingdom
After the death of the great Kalhora, started [Talpur](/wiki/Talpur_dynasty "Talpur dynasty") Rule. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro's period is considered to be the Golden period in the history of Sindh. Later the Kalhora behaved as incompetent rulers and Sindh was ruined under Mian Abdun\-Nabi Kalhoro. Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur left his capital Khudabad, the *land of God* and made Hyderabad his capital in 1789\. Great celebrations were held in 1792 to mark his formal entry in the Hyderabad fort. He made the Pacco Qillo his residence and also held his courts there. Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur along with his three other brothers was responsible for the affairs that persisted in the city of Hyderabad in the years of their kingdom. The four were called *Chār Yār*, Sindhi for *four friends*. The rulers of Sindh were named [Ameers](/wiki/Emir "Emir"), Arabic for *leaders*. A portion of the population of Khudabad migrated to the new capital, including [Sonaras](/wiki/Sonaras "Sonaras"), Amils and Bhaibands. Those groups retained the term Khudabadi in the names of their communities as an identifier of origin.
It remained the capital of Sindh under the Talpur rulers who succeeded the Kalhoras till 1843, a rule lasting almost half\-a\-century when Talpurs faced a greater threat – the [British](/wiki/British_India "British India"). The last remaining rule of the Talpur kingdom was Mir Muhammad Naseer Khan Talpur (pictured right) was among the Talpur leaders to surrender to the British and was ported to [Calcutta](/wiki/Calcutta "Calcutta") in what is now India. Many Talpur Mirs died there during many years of confinement in a small area near Calcutta. The bodies of the Talpur Mirs who died there were brought back to Hyderabad when all Mirs were allowed to return to Sindh. These Mirs were buried in the tombs located at the northern edge of the Ganjo Hill.
For these Mirs, they embraced the local culture and tried to proceed it with building literary institutions to restore the integrity of the Sindhi culture. In order to educate their people the mother of Mir Fateh Ali Khan, Bibi Khairunnissa, established Jamia al\-Khairi or al\-Khairi University.
### The colonial rule
*The history of the British occupation is taken mostly from the [Imperial Gazetteer of India](/wiki/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India "Imperial Gazetteer of India"), written over a century ago during British rule.*
The British came face\-to\-face with the Talpurs at the [battle of Miani](/wiki/Battle_of_Miani "Battle of Miani") on 17 February 1843\. It is said that even in rigor mortis the Ameers (Mirs) held their swords high fighting the British. The battle ended on 24 March where the Mirs lost and the city came into the hands of the British. The battle at Dabo landed an even greater part of Sindh in the laps of the British regime and the city surrendered to the British. Being the last stronghold in the way of the British, the city once conquered, completed the British Conquest of Sindh.
The crown of being a capital of the emirate of [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh "Sindh") was then transferred to [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi "Karachi") when the British general [Sir Charles Napier](/wiki/Charles_James_Napier "Charles James Napier") conquered Sindh in 1843, mainly because the [East India Company](/wiki/British_East_India_Company "British East India Company") had headquarters in Karachi.
The residency, memorable for its defence by [Sir James Outram](/wiki/Sir_James_Outram%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet") against the [Baluchis](/wiki/Baloch_people "Baloch people") in 1843, which was situated 3 miles from Hyderabad, no longer exists. The municipality of Hyderabad was established in 1853\.
In the Pacco Qillo the British kept the arsenal of the province, transferred from Karachi in 1861, and the palaces of the ex\-Amirs of Sind that they had taken over. In 1857, when the [Indian mutiny](/wiki/First_War_of_Indian_Independence "First War of Indian Independence") raged across the [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia"), the British held most of their regiments and ammunition in this city. The garrison at the fort composed of British and Native infantry, 2 batteries of artillery, and an [ammunition column](/wiki/Ammunition_column "Ammunition column"). The barracks were built in twelve blocks, with hospitals, bazar and various amenities to the north\-west of the city.
The British demolished most of the buildings around the time of the mutiny to accommodate their troops and their military stores and fused the arsenal in the Pacco Qillo so that the people wouldn't use that against them. Evidently the city received the very first blow to its glorious name. No longer were the roads washed with [sandalwood](/wiki/Sandalwood "Sandalwood") perfume and rose\-water.
The British however tallied the population statistics of the city in the years to come to keep an accurate record of the growth. Populations statistics dating back to 1872 illustrate the tremendous growth the city achieved within a few decades. From 43,088 (1872\), 48,153 (1881\), 58,048 (1891\) to 69,378 (1901\), the city grew in thousands. At this point in time the Hinduism was the most dominant religion with 43,499 followers mostly linked to trade while 24,831 Muslims made up the largest ethnic minority. The 710 Christians were mostly new converts or the British soldiers in regiments around the town. The city ranked seventh in the [Bombay Presidency](/wiki/Bombay_Presidency "Bombay Presidency") in terms of population.{{cite web\| url\=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid\=DS405\.1\.I34\_V13\_327\.gif\| title\=Hyderābād City – Imperial Gazetteer of India v. 13, p. 321\| publisher\=\[\[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]\| access\-date\=3 April 2008}}
Also included in the census figures were income and expenditure, the average income during the decade ending 1901 was Rs. 220,000\. In 1903\-4 the income and expenditure amounted to 270,000 and 280,000 respectively. The chief sources of income were [octroi](/wiki/Octroi "Octroi") (Rs. 1,30,000\) and water rate (Rs. 22,000\); and the chief heads of expenditure were general administration and collection of taxes (Rs. 39,000\), public safety (Rs. 7,400\), water\-supply and drainage (RS. 22,000\), conservancy (Rs. 37,000\), hospitals and dispensaries (Rs. 15,000\), public works (Rs. 13,000\), and education (Rs. 18,000\). The income of the cantonment fund in 1903\-4 was Rs. 43,000, and the expenditure Rs. 33,800\.
The British devised a rail network throughout the western part of the then South Asia and purchased the private Scinde Railway (Sinds railway) to connect to the [Kabul](/wiki/Kabul "Kabul") trade routes. The rail network would later be called the [North\-Western State Railway](/wiki/North_Western_Railway_%28British_India%29 "North Western Railway (British India)") in 1886\. Hyderabad was a major junction on the line linking distant trade locations like [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore "Lahore") and still is to date.
To facilitate the expansion of the former capital, the British deployed water pumping technologies that would pump water from the river bank at Gidu Bandar whence from the water was deposited into large reservoirs situated about 500 yards from the river bank capable of holding over 1,000,000 gallons of water, surely a first when it comes to state\-of\-the\-art constructions. Using a smart gravitational concept, the water was then supplied to the far most arid regions of the town.
|
[
"Early history\n-------------",
"### The early settlement",
"The area around Hyderabad was an agricultural region with forests during the [Indus Valley civilization](/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization \"Indus Valley civilization\").",
"Under the rule of a local ruler Neroon, this small fishing village thrived upon the banks of the mighty Indus river. A nearby hill tract called the Ganjo Takker or *the bald (barren) hill*, later attributed to as the Ganjo Range by British occupants, protected the town raising it above the level of the water and safe from flood calamities that were regular in neighbouring regions. Of popular tradition, the place came to be known as [Neroon Kot](/wiki/Neroon_Kot \"Neroon Kot\") نيرون ڪوٽ. Neroon Kot literally means the *place where Neroon came from*.",
"The Ganjo Takker ridge lay on a low limestone range and was used as a place of worship by the most adherent religious priests that blessed the city believing their meditation may result in excellent trade networks the city was developing at the time. But these very particular popularity traits in the areas of trade led the city vulnerable to outside sieges. Equipped mostly with farming equipment, the locals were attacked by the conquest of Islamic armies circa AD 711 and surrendered. Neroon was dethroned.",
"### Earlier past",
"#### Rai Dynasty (c. 489 – 632 AD)",
"{{Main\\|Rai dynasty}}\n[thumb\\|Territory of the [Rai dynasty](/wiki/Rai_dynasty \"Rai dynasty\"), circa 550–600 CE{{cite book \\|last1\\=Schwartzberg \\|first1\\=Joseph E. \\|url\\=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object\\=182 \\|title\\=A Historical atlas of South Asia \\|date\\=1978 \\|publisher\\=University of Chicago Press \\|isbn\\=0226742210 \\|location\\=Chicago \\|page\\=145, map XIV.1 (i)}}](/wiki/File:Map_of_Sindh_%28Rais%29.png \"Map of Sindh (Rais).png\")",
"The [Rai dynasty](/wiki/Rai_dynasty \"Rai dynasty\") of Sindh was a dynasty of Sindh and at its height of power ruled much of the Northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent. The dynasty reigned for a period of 144 years, c. 489 – 632 AD, concurrent with the [Hun](/wiki/Huna_people \"Huna people\") invasions of North India.{{cite book\\|last\\=Wink\\|first\\=Andre\\|title\\=Al Hind: The Making of the Indo\\-Islamic World\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|year\\=1996\\|isbn\\=90\\-04\\-09249\\-8\\|pages\\=133, 152–153}} The names of rulers might have been corruptions of [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\") names — Devaditya, Harsha, and SInhasena.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Mirchandani\\|first\\=B. D.\\|title\\=Glimpses of Ancient Sind: A Collection of Historical Papers\\|publisher\\=Saraswati M. Gulrajani\\|year\\=1985\\|location\\=Sindh\\|pages\\=25, 53–56}} The origins of the dynasty, caste status, and how they rose to power remains unknown. They apparently had familial ties with other rulers of South Asia including Kashmir, Kabul, Rajasthan, Gujarat, etc. — [Aror](/wiki/Aror \"Aror\") is noted to be the capital of both Hind and Sindh.{{cite book \\|last\\=Asif \\|first\\=Manan Ahmed \\|author\\-link\\=Manan Ahmed Asif \\|title\\=A Book of Conquest \\|pages\\=65, 81–82, 131–134 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Z4oxDQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA35 \\|year\\=2016 \\|publisher\\=Harvard University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-674\\-66011\\-3}} [Alexander Cunningham](/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham_%28historian%29 \"Alexander Cunningham (historian)\") had proposed an alternate chronology (? – \\>641 AD) — primarily on the basis of numismatic and literary evidence{{Efn\\|The end\\-date arrived as a result of equating Sindhu with the ''Sin tu'' kingdom, described in the \\[\\[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]] during 641 A.D. Modern scholars reject this claim.}} — identifying the first two Rais as Hunas and the later three as rulers of [Zabulistan](/wiki/Zabulistan \"Zabulistan\") and [Khorasan](/wiki/Greater_Khorasan \"Greater Khorasan\").{{efn\\|Diwaji and Sahiras were respectively \\[\\[Toramana]] and \\[\\[Mihirakula]]. Rai Sahasi was held to be \\[\\[Tegin Shah]], Rai Sahiras II to be {{URL\\|1\\=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG200795\\|2\\=Vasudeva}}, and Rai Sahasi II, an anonymous successor.}} However, there exists little historical evidence to favor the proposition of Hunas ever making to Sindh and the individual bases of his hypothesis stands discredited in modern scholarship. [Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya](/wiki/Chintaman_Vinayak_Vaidya \"Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya\") supported Cunningham's chronology (? – \\>641 AD) but held the Rais to be descendants of [Mauryas](/wiki/Maurya_Empire \"Maurya Empire\") and [Shudra](/wiki/Shudra \"Shudra\"), by caste.{{Efn\\|This descent from Mauryas was proposed on the basis of Rai Mahrit, then ruler of \\[\\[Chittor]] claiming to be Sahasi II's brother. Rulers of pre\\-Sisodia Rajasthan usually claimed a descent from Mauryas and this identification went perfectly with \\[\\[Xuanzang]]'s noting the King of Sin\\-tu to be a Sudra.}}",
"#### Chacha dynasty (c. 632 – c. 724 AD)",
"{{Main\\|Brahmin dynasty}}\n[thumb\\|Territory of the [Chach dynasty](/wiki/Brahmin_dynasty_of_Sindh \"Brahmin dynasty of Sindh\"), circa 600–650 CE{{cite book \\|last1\\=Schwartzberg \\|first1\\=Joseph E. \\|url\\=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object\\=183 \\|title\\=A Historical atlas of South Asia \\|date\\=1978 \\|publisher\\=University of Chicago Press \\|isbn\\=0226742210 \\|location\\=Chicago \\|page\\=146, map XIV.2 (b)}}](/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Chachas_circa_650_CE.png \"Map of the Chachas circa 650 CE.png\")\nThe [Brahmin dynasty of Sindh](/wiki/Brahmin_dynasty_of_Sindh \"Brahmin dynasty of Sindh\") ({{Circa\\|632 – 712}}),{{cite book \\|last1\\=Wink \\|first1\\=André \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=bCVyhH5VDjAC \\|title\\=Al\\- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2 \\|date\\=1991 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9004095098 \\|pages\\=152–153 \\|language\\=en}} also known as the Chacha dynasty,{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Rao \\|first1\\=B. S. L. Hanumantha \\|title\\=Indian History and Culture \\|last2\\=Rao \\|first2\\=K. Basaveswara \\|date\\=1958 \\|publisher\\=Commercial Literature Company \\|pages\\=337 \\|language\\=en}} were the [Sindhi Hindu](/wiki/Sindhi_Hindu \"Sindhi Hindu\") [Brahmin](/wiki/Brahmin \"Brahmin\") ruling family of the [Chacha Empire](/wiki/Chacha_Empire \"Chacha Empire\"). The Brahmin dynasty were successors of the Buddhist [Rai dynasty](/wiki/Rai_dynasty \"Rai dynasty\"). Most of the information about its existence comes from the *[Chach Nama](/wiki/Chach_Nama \"Chach Nama\")*, a historical account of the Chach\\-Brahmin dynasty.",
"Chinese traveller, [Hieun Tsang](/wiki/Xuanzang \"Xuanzang\"), who had visited the Sindh region during the start of the Chacha rule, described in his work that [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") had declined in the region and [Brahminical Hinduism](/wiki/Brahminical_Hinduism \"Brahminical Hinduism\") had once again gained the majority dominance.{{cite book \\|author\\=\\[\\[Gail Omvedt\\|Omvedt, Gail]] \\|date\\=August 18, 2003 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rSF8b5hbyP0C\\&dq\\=buddhism\\+was\\+dominant\\+sindh\\&pg\\=PT92 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown \\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028020950/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rSF8b5hbyP0C\\&dq\\=buddhism\\+was\\+dominant\\+sindh\\&pg\\=PT92 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2023 \\|page\\=160 \\|title\\=Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste \\|quote\\=It appears that at the time of Hsuan Tsang, after a millennia\\-long historical con\\- flict, Brahmanism had emerged dominant. Buddhism was declining and it would, within centuries, vanish from the land of its origin. \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sage Publishing\\|SAGE Publications]] \\|isbn\\=9780761996644 \\|language\\=en\\-IN }}{{cite book \\|year\\=2003 \\|author1\\=\\[\\[Khawar Mumtaz\\|Mumtaz, Khawar]] \\|author2\\=Mitha, Yameena \\|author3\\=Tahira, Bilquis \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NrnRZQGklwMC\\&pg\\=PA12 \\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2023 \\|title\\=Pakistan: Tradition and Change \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxfam]] \\|isbn\\=9780855984960 \\|page\\=12 \\|quote\\=By the seventh century AD, Buddhism declined completely and Hinduism became the dominant religion. Around this time the Arabs, who had trade and commerce links going back for centuries, came for the first time as conquerors (712 AD). By 724 AD they had established direct rule in Sindh. \\|language\\=en\\-PK }}",
"[Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism \"Hinduism\") was the predominant religion in [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh \"Sindh\") under the [Chacha empire](/wiki/Chacha_dynasty \"Chacha dynasty\"), prior to the arrival of [Islam](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\") with the [Arab invasions](/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Sindh \"Umayyad conquest of Sindh\"), although a significant minority of the [Sindhi](/wiki/Sindhis \"Sindhis\") population adhered to [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") as well.{{cite book \\|date\\=October 31, 2008 \\|author\\=\\[\\[Jamal Malik\\|Malik, Jamal]] \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xu15DwAAQBAJ \\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2023 \\|title\\=Islam in South Asia: A Short History \\|page\\=40 \\|quote\\=Sind's majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist. \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Brill Publishers\\|E.J. Brill]] \\|isbn\\=9789047441816 \\|language\\=en\\-PK }} Hindus made up almost two\\-thirds of the ethnic [Sindhi](/wiki/Sindhis \"Sindhis\") population before the arrival of Islam in the region.{{cite news \\|last\\=Chandwani \\|first\\=Nikhil \\|date\\=March 13, 2019 \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/desires\\-of\\-a\\-modern\\-indian/history\\-of\\-hinduism\\-in\\-sindh\\-from\\-ancient\\-times\\-and\\-why\\-sindh\\-belongs\\-to\\-india/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313143207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/desires\\-of\\-a\\-modern\\-indian/history\\-of\\-hinduism\\-in\\-sindh\\-from\\-ancient\\-times\\-and\\-why\\-sindh\\-belongs\\-to\\-india/ \\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2019 \\|title\\=History of Hinduism in Sindh from ancient times and why Sindh belongs to India \\|quote\\=Hinduism was majorly practiced in Sindh during this time but with the entry of Chandragupta Maurya in 313 BC there was an entry of Buddhism as well. .... However, there was a revival of Hindu religion during the Gupta period which then became dominated culture in Sindh. It flourished well all over India, especially in the Sindh region. .... Before the invasion of Mohammed bin Qasim, Hinduism was the most prominent religion in Sindh that constituted about 64 percent of percent of the total population. \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]] \\|language\\=en\\-IN }} At the time of the invasions, [Sindhi Hindus](/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus \"Sindhi Hindus\") were a rural pastoral population, majority of whom lived in upper Sindh, a region that was entirely Hindu; whereas Buddhists were a mercantile population, almost entirely concentrated in the urban areas between lower Sindh and [Makran](/wiki/Makran \"Makran\"), a region that was equally divided in population between Buddhists and Hindus.{{cite book \\|last\\=MacLean \\|first\\=Derryl N. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gWaEuE6ucR0C \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.org/details/religion\\-and\\-society\\-in\\-arab\\-sind/mode/1up \\|archive\\-date\\=January 21, 2023 \\|title\\=Religion and Society in Arab Sind \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Brill Publishers\\|E.J. Brill]] \\|year\\=1989 \\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-08551\\-0 \\|quote\\=As a result, it is possible to conclude that Buddhism, while important in Sindh, was not the only or even the majority religion. Hindus were definitely in the vast majority in upper Sind (where, as noted, there were few if any Buddhists), but probably at least equal in numbers to the Buddhists in Lower Sindh and Mukrân. '''(page 52\\)''' ..... Nevertheless, the data indicate, in a general way, the relative balance between the two religions in Lower Sind and the predominance of Hinduism in Upper Sind. '''(page 72\\)''' \\|language\\=en }}",
"### In the 7th century",
"In the [Chachnama](/wiki/Chachnama \"Chachnama\") we find frequent mention of a chief [Agham Lohana](/wiki/Agham_Lohana \"Agham Lohana\") who was ruler of [Brahmanabad](/wiki/Mansura_%28Brahmanabad%29 \"Mansura (Brahmanabad)\") with their two territories, Lakha to the west of Lohana and Sama to the south of Lohana (Nerron) Narayankot, Hyderabad, Sindh in the time of Chach AD 636\\.\n{{Main\\|Agham Lohana}}",
"### The Islamic conquest",
"[thumb\\|right\\|230px\\|Muhammad Bin Qasim leading his troops in battle circa 711\\-712](/wiki/Image:Mbq.jpg \"Mbq.jpg\")\nIn 711, [Muhammad bin Qasim](/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim \"Muhammad bin Qasim\") al\\-Sakafi (pictured right) conquered the town. By the mid\\-712, Muslims armies had conquered much of the Sindh. However, later in an agreement with local authorities of the Sindh the Arab forces halted their advances and ceased military activities in Sindh in return of peaceful conduct affairs. After a brief rule of Arabs and local leaders Sindh came under the rule of local Soomros, who were local Sindhis converted to [Islam](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\"). Soomro rule was followed by the great Samma dynasty rule. By the end of Samma dynasty rule Sindh was occupied by invading Afghan warlords who lost the empire to [Mughal Empire](/wiki/Mughal_Empire \"Mughal Empire\") after a brief period of rule.",
"The Mughal empire thrived in the majority of the central parts of India and yet however never seated a ruler on the land of Neroon. The new Muslim invaders that had settled in the town mingled with the locals and wed local girls and were pulled into the mysticism of the land. For decades Hyderabad did not seat a throne but things were to change when [Nadir Shah](/wiki/Nadir_Shah \"Nadir Shah\") Durrani or Iran invaded the [Mughal](/wiki/Mughal_Empire \"Mughal Empire\") capital in 1739\\.",
"All throughout the late 17th century, the Mughal dynasty had grown weary and weak in the regions of the Sindhu territory or [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh \"Sindh\") and the governor Yar Muhammad Khan Kalhora became the de facto, virtual ruler of Sindh around 1701\\. Muhammad Khan Kalhora belonged to the most affluent tribe in the region namely the Kalhora کلہوڑا.",
"In 997, [Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi](/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni \"Mahmud of Ghazni\"), took over the [Ghaznavid dynasty](/wiki/Ghaznavids \"Ghaznavids\") empire established by his father, [Sultan Sebuktegin](/wiki/Sabuktigin \"Sabuktigin\"), In 1005 he conquered the [Shahis](/wiki/Hindu_Shahi \"Hindu Shahi\") in [Kabul](/wiki/Kabul \"Kabul\") in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of [Sinds](/wiki/Sinds \"Sinds\"). The [Delhi Sultanate](/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate \"Delhi Sultanate\") and later [Mughal Empire](/wiki/Mughal_Empire \"Mughal Empire\") ruled the region. The Sindh region became predominantly [Muslim](/wiki/Muslim \"Muslim\") due to [missionary](/wiki/Missionary \"Missionary\") [Sufi](/wiki/Sufi \"Sufi\") saints whose [dargahs](/wiki/Dargah \"Dargah\") dot the landscape of Sindh.",
"### Old City of Hyderabad",
"The **Old City** is the name given to parts in the east of the city of [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad%2C_Pakistan \"Hyderabad, Pakistan\") in [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh \"Sindh\"), [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\") that were part of the city before the creation of [Latifabad](/wiki/Latifabad \"Latifabad\") and [Qasimabad](/wiki/Qasimabad_%28Hyderabad%29 \"Qasimabad (Hyderabad)\"). These areas include Paratabad, Islamabad, Noorani Basti, Tando Yousaf and Kalimori. The old name of Hyerabad was Narayan kot in Arabic tone is Nerun Kot.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2021}} It was also known as the City Of wind Catchers and Orials.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2021}}",
"### The Kalhora dynasty",
"The [River Indus](/wiki/River_Indus \"River Indus\") was changing course around 1757 due to Monsoons resulting in periodic floods and devastating the banks of the river. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhora was admired as the saintly ruler of Sindh at the time his capital [Khudabad](/wiki/Khudabad \"Khudabad\") near [Dadu](/wiki/Dadu%2C_Pakistan \"Dadu, Pakistan\") was repeatedly flooded. Being fed up, he decided to move his capital to a better place.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.webjournal.unior.it/dati/19/72/web%20journal%203,%20hyderabad.pdf\\|title\\=The Vanishing Glory of Hyderabad (Sindh, Pakistan)\\|publisher\\=UNIOR Web Journals\\|author\\=Mir Atta Muhammad Talpur\\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=25 December 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225191715/http://www.webjournal.unior.it/Dati/19/72/Web%20Journal%203,%20Hyderabad.pdf%0A\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The present day city of Hyderabad was founded in 1768 on the site of the ancient town of [Neroon Kot](/wiki/Neroon_Kot \"Neroon Kot\") by Ghulam Shah Kalhora of the [Kalhora Dynasty](/wiki/Kalhora_Dynasty \"Kalhora Dynasty\") it remained the chief town of Sindh until 1843, when, after the battle of Miani, it surrendered to the British, and the capital was transferred to Karachi. It was named after the prophet [Mohammed](/wiki/Mohammed \"Mohammed\")'s son\\-in\\-law, [Ali](/wiki/Ali \"Ali\"), also known as [Haidar](/wiki/Haidar \"Haidar\").",
"Surviving as a small fishing village on the banks of River Indus, the city was suddenly called the heart of the [Mehran](/wiki/Indus_Valley \"Indus Valley\"). Thriving upon the fresh river water's banks, Hyderabad was much loved by Ghulam Shah. He admired the city so much that in 1766, he ordered a fort to be built on one of the three hills of Hyderabad to house and defend his people. The massive half\\-a\\-square kilometer (about 36 acres) garrison was completed by 1768\\. Since then, it stands in place and is called the *Pacco Qillo* *پڪو قلعو* or the *strong fort*. The Kalhora rule lasted for two more decades until the demise of the great Ghulam Shah.",
"### The Talpur kingdom",
"After the death of the great Kalhora, started [Talpur](/wiki/Talpur_dynasty \"Talpur dynasty\") Rule. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro's period is considered to be the Golden period in the history of Sindh. Later the Kalhora behaved as incompetent rulers and Sindh was ruined under Mian Abdun\\-Nabi Kalhoro. Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur left his capital Khudabad, the *land of God* and made Hyderabad his capital in 1789\\. Great celebrations were held in 1792 to mark his formal entry in the Hyderabad fort. He made the Pacco Qillo his residence and also held his courts there. Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur along with his three other brothers was responsible for the affairs that persisted in the city of Hyderabad in the years of their kingdom. The four were called *Chār Yār*, Sindhi for *four friends*. The rulers of Sindh were named [Ameers](/wiki/Emir \"Emir\"), Arabic for *leaders*. A portion of the population of Khudabad migrated to the new capital, including [Sonaras](/wiki/Sonaras \"Sonaras\"), Amils and Bhaibands. Those groups retained the term Khudabadi in the names of their communities as an identifier of origin.",
"It remained the capital of Sindh under the Talpur rulers who succeeded the Kalhoras till 1843, a rule lasting almost half\\-a\\-century when Talpurs faced a greater threat – the [British](/wiki/British_India \"British India\"). The last remaining rule of the Talpur kingdom was Mir Muhammad Naseer Khan Talpur (pictured right) was among the Talpur leaders to surrender to the British and was ported to [Calcutta](/wiki/Calcutta \"Calcutta\") in what is now India. Many Talpur Mirs died there during many years of confinement in a small area near Calcutta. The bodies of the Talpur Mirs who died there were brought back to Hyderabad when all Mirs were allowed to return to Sindh. These Mirs were buried in the tombs located at the northern edge of the Ganjo Hill.",
"For these Mirs, they embraced the local culture and tried to proceed it with building literary institutions to restore the integrity of the Sindhi culture. In order to educate their people the mother of Mir Fateh Ali Khan, Bibi Khairunnissa, established Jamia al\\-Khairi or al\\-Khairi University.",
"### The colonial rule",
"*The history of the British occupation is taken mostly from the [Imperial Gazetteer of India](/wiki/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India \"Imperial Gazetteer of India\"), written over a century ago during British rule.*\nThe British came face\\-to\\-face with the Talpurs at the [battle of Miani](/wiki/Battle_of_Miani \"Battle of Miani\") on 17 February 1843\\. It is said that even in rigor mortis the Ameers (Mirs) held their swords high fighting the British. The battle ended on 24 March where the Mirs lost and the city came into the hands of the British. The battle at Dabo landed an even greater part of Sindh in the laps of the British regime and the city surrendered to the British. Being the last stronghold in the way of the British, the city once conquered, completed the British Conquest of Sindh.\nThe crown of being a capital of the emirate of [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh \"Sindh\") was then transferred to [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi \"Karachi\") when the British general [Sir Charles Napier](/wiki/Charles_James_Napier \"Charles James Napier\") conquered Sindh in 1843, mainly because the [East India Company](/wiki/British_East_India_Company \"British East India Company\") had headquarters in Karachi.",
"The residency, memorable for its defence by [Sir James Outram](/wiki/Sir_James_Outram%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet\") against the [Baluchis](/wiki/Baloch_people \"Baloch people\") in 1843, which was situated 3 miles from Hyderabad, no longer exists. The municipality of Hyderabad was established in 1853\\.",
"In the Pacco Qillo the British kept the arsenal of the province, transferred from Karachi in 1861, and the palaces of the ex\\-Amirs of Sind that they had taken over. In 1857, when the [Indian mutiny](/wiki/First_War_of_Indian_Independence \"First War of Indian Independence\") raged across the [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia \"South Asia\"), the British held most of their regiments and ammunition in this city. The garrison at the fort composed of British and Native infantry, 2 batteries of artillery, and an [ammunition column](/wiki/Ammunition_column \"Ammunition column\"). The barracks were built in twelve blocks, with hospitals, bazar and various amenities to the north\\-west of the city.",
"The British demolished most of the buildings around the time of the mutiny to accommodate their troops and their military stores and fused the arsenal in the Pacco Qillo so that the people wouldn't use that against them. Evidently the city received the very first blow to its glorious name. No longer were the roads washed with [sandalwood](/wiki/Sandalwood \"Sandalwood\") perfume and rose\\-water.",
"The British however tallied the population statistics of the city in the years to come to keep an accurate record of the growth. Populations statistics dating back to 1872 illustrate the tremendous growth the city achieved within a few decades. From 43,088 (1872\\), 48,153 (1881\\), 58,048 (1891\\) to 69,378 (1901\\), the city grew in thousands. At this point in time the Hinduism was the most dominant religion with 43,499 followers mostly linked to trade while 24,831 Muslims made up the largest ethnic minority. The 710 Christians were mostly new converts or the British soldiers in regiments around the town. The city ranked seventh in the [Bombay Presidency](/wiki/Bombay_Presidency \"Bombay Presidency\") in terms of population.{{cite web\\| url\\=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid\\=DS405\\.1\\.I34\\_V13\\_327\\.gif\\| title\\=Hyderābād City – Imperial Gazetteer of India v. 13, p. 321\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]\\| access\\-date\\=3 April 2008}}",
"Also included in the census figures were income and expenditure, the average income during the decade ending 1901 was Rs. 220,000\\. In 1903\\-4 the income and expenditure amounted to 270,000 and 280,000 respectively. The chief sources of income were [octroi](/wiki/Octroi \"Octroi\") (Rs. 1,30,000\\) and water rate (Rs. 22,000\\); and the chief heads of expenditure were general administration and collection of taxes (Rs. 39,000\\), public safety (Rs. 7,400\\), water\\-supply and drainage (RS. 22,000\\), conservancy (Rs. 37,000\\), hospitals and dispensaries (Rs. 15,000\\), public works (Rs. 13,000\\), and education (Rs. 18,000\\). The income of the cantonment fund in 1903\\-4 was Rs. 43,000, and the expenditure Rs. 33,800\\.",
"The British devised a rail network throughout the western part of the then South Asia and purchased the private Scinde Railway (Sinds railway) to connect to the [Kabul](/wiki/Kabul \"Kabul\") trade routes. The rail network would later be called the [North\\-Western State Railway](/wiki/North_Western_Railway_%28British_India%29 \"North Western Railway (British India)\") in 1886\\. Hyderabad was a major junction on the line linking distant trade locations like [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore \"Lahore\") and still is to date.",
"To facilitate the expansion of the former capital, the British deployed water pumping technologies that would pump water from the river bank at Gidu Bandar whence from the water was deposited into large reservoirs situated about 500 yards from the river bank capable of holding over 1,000,000 gallons of water, surely a first when it comes to state\\-of\\-the\\-art constructions. Using a smart gravitational concept, the water was then supplied to the far most arid regions of the town.",
""
] |
### The colonial rule
*The history of the British occupation is taken mostly from the [Imperial Gazetteer of India](/wiki/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India "Imperial Gazetteer of India"), written over a century ago during British rule.*
The British came face\-to\-face with the Talpurs at the [battle of Miani](/wiki/Battle_of_Miani "Battle of Miani") on 17 February 1843\. It is said that even in rigor mortis the Ameers (Mirs) held their swords high fighting the British. The battle ended on 24 March where the Mirs lost and the city came into the hands of the British. The battle at Dabo landed an even greater part of Sindh in the laps of the British regime and the city surrendered to the British. Being the last stronghold in the way of the British, the city once conquered, completed the British Conquest of Sindh.
The crown of being a capital of the emirate of [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh "Sindh") was then transferred to [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi "Karachi") when the British general [Sir Charles Napier](/wiki/Charles_James_Napier "Charles James Napier") conquered Sindh in 1843, mainly because the [East India Company](/wiki/British_East_India_Company "British East India Company") had headquarters in Karachi.
The residency, memorable for its defence by [Sir James Outram](/wiki/Sir_James_Outram%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet") against the [Baluchis](/wiki/Baloch_people "Baloch people") in 1843, which was situated 3 miles from Hyderabad, no longer exists. The municipality of Hyderabad was established in 1853\.
In the Pacco Qillo the British kept the arsenal of the province, transferred from Karachi in 1861, and the palaces of the ex\-Amirs of Sind that they had taken over. In 1857, when the [Indian mutiny](/wiki/First_War_of_Indian_Independence "First War of Indian Independence") raged across the [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia"), the British held most of their regiments and ammunition in this city. The garrison at the fort composed of British and Native infantry, 2 batteries of artillery, and an [ammunition column](/wiki/Ammunition_column "Ammunition column"). The barracks were built in twelve blocks, with hospitals, bazar and various amenities to the north\-west of the city.
The British demolished most of the buildings around the time of the mutiny to accommodate their troops and their military stores and fused the arsenal in the Pacco Qillo so that the people wouldn't use that against them. Evidently the city received the very first blow to its glorious name. No longer were the roads washed with [sandalwood](/wiki/Sandalwood "Sandalwood") perfume and rose\-water.
The British however tallied the population statistics of the city in the years to come to keep an accurate record of the growth. Populations statistics dating back to 1872 illustrate the tremendous growth the city achieved within a few decades. From 43,088 (1872\), 48,153 (1881\), 58,048 (1891\) to 69,378 (1901\), the city grew in thousands. At this point in time the Hinduism was the most dominant religion with 43,499 followers mostly linked to trade while 24,831 Muslims made up the largest ethnic minority. The 710 Christians were mostly new converts or the British soldiers in regiments around the town. The city ranked seventh in the [Bombay Presidency](/wiki/Bombay_Presidency "Bombay Presidency") in terms of population.{{cite web\| url\=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid\=DS405\.1\.I34\_V13\_327\.gif\| title\=Hyderābād City – Imperial Gazetteer of India v. 13, p. 321\| publisher\=\[\[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]\| access\-date\=3 April 2008}}
Also included in the census figures were income and expenditure, the average income during the decade ending 1901 was Rs. 220,000\. In 1903\-4 the income and expenditure amounted to 270,000 and 280,000 respectively. The chief sources of income were [octroi](/wiki/Octroi "Octroi") (Rs. 1,30,000\) and water rate (Rs. 22,000\); and the chief heads of expenditure were general administration and collection of taxes (Rs. 39,000\), public safety (Rs. 7,400\), water\-supply and drainage (RS. 22,000\), conservancy (Rs. 37,000\), hospitals and dispensaries (Rs. 15,000\), public works (Rs. 13,000\), and education (Rs. 18,000\). The income of the cantonment fund in 1903\-4 was Rs. 43,000, and the expenditure Rs. 33,800\.
The British devised a rail network throughout the western part of the then South Asia and purchased the private Scinde Railway (Sinds railway) to connect to the [Kabul](/wiki/Kabul "Kabul") trade routes. The rail network would later be called the [North\-Western State Railway](/wiki/North_Western_Railway_%28British_India%29 "North Western Railway (British India)") in 1886\. Hyderabad was a major junction on the line linking distant trade locations like [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore "Lahore") and still is to date.
To facilitate the expansion of the former capital, the British deployed water pumping technologies that would pump water from the river bank at Gidu Bandar whence from the water was deposited into large reservoirs situated about 500 yards from the river bank capable of holding over 1,000,000 gallons of water, surely a first when it comes to state\-of\-the\-art constructions. Using a smart gravitational concept, the water was then supplied to the far most arid regions of the town.
|
[
"### The colonial rule",
"*The history of the British occupation is taken mostly from the [Imperial Gazetteer of India](/wiki/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India \"Imperial Gazetteer of India\"), written over a century ago during British rule.*\nThe British came face\\-to\\-face with the Talpurs at the [battle of Miani](/wiki/Battle_of_Miani \"Battle of Miani\") on 17 February 1843\\. It is said that even in rigor mortis the Ameers (Mirs) held their swords high fighting the British. The battle ended on 24 March where the Mirs lost and the city came into the hands of the British. The battle at Dabo landed an even greater part of Sindh in the laps of the British regime and the city surrendered to the British. Being the last stronghold in the way of the British, the city once conquered, completed the British Conquest of Sindh.\nThe crown of being a capital of the emirate of [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh \"Sindh\") was then transferred to [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi \"Karachi\") when the British general [Sir Charles Napier](/wiki/Charles_James_Napier \"Charles James Napier\") conquered Sindh in 1843, mainly because the [East India Company](/wiki/British_East_India_Company \"British East India Company\") had headquarters in Karachi.",
"The residency, memorable for its defence by [Sir James Outram](/wiki/Sir_James_Outram%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet\") against the [Baluchis](/wiki/Baloch_people \"Baloch people\") in 1843, which was situated 3 miles from Hyderabad, no longer exists. The municipality of Hyderabad was established in 1853\\.",
"In the Pacco Qillo the British kept the arsenal of the province, transferred from Karachi in 1861, and the palaces of the ex\\-Amirs of Sind that they had taken over. In 1857, when the [Indian mutiny](/wiki/First_War_of_Indian_Independence \"First War of Indian Independence\") raged across the [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia \"South Asia\"), the British held most of their regiments and ammunition in this city. The garrison at the fort composed of British and Native infantry, 2 batteries of artillery, and an [ammunition column](/wiki/Ammunition_column \"Ammunition column\"). The barracks were built in twelve blocks, with hospitals, bazar and various amenities to the north\\-west of the city.",
"The British demolished most of the buildings around the time of the mutiny to accommodate their troops and their military stores and fused the arsenal in the Pacco Qillo so that the people wouldn't use that against them. Evidently the city received the very first blow to its glorious name. No longer were the roads washed with [sandalwood](/wiki/Sandalwood \"Sandalwood\") perfume and rose\\-water.",
"The British however tallied the population statistics of the city in the years to come to keep an accurate record of the growth. Populations statistics dating back to 1872 illustrate the tremendous growth the city achieved within a few decades. From 43,088 (1872\\), 48,153 (1881\\), 58,048 (1891\\) to 69,378 (1901\\), the city grew in thousands. At this point in time the Hinduism was the most dominant religion with 43,499 followers mostly linked to trade while 24,831 Muslims made up the largest ethnic minority. The 710 Christians were mostly new converts or the British soldiers in regiments around the town. The city ranked seventh in the [Bombay Presidency](/wiki/Bombay_Presidency \"Bombay Presidency\") in terms of population.{{cite web\\| url\\=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid\\=DS405\\.1\\.I34\\_V13\\_327\\.gif\\| title\\=Hyderābād City – Imperial Gazetteer of India v. 13, p. 321\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]\\| access\\-date\\=3 April 2008}}",
"Also included in the census figures were income and expenditure, the average income during the decade ending 1901 was Rs. 220,000\\. In 1903\\-4 the income and expenditure amounted to 270,000 and 280,000 respectively. The chief sources of income were [octroi](/wiki/Octroi \"Octroi\") (Rs. 1,30,000\\) and water rate (Rs. 22,000\\); and the chief heads of expenditure were general administration and collection of taxes (Rs. 39,000\\), public safety (Rs. 7,400\\), water\\-supply and drainage (RS. 22,000\\), conservancy (Rs. 37,000\\), hospitals and dispensaries (Rs. 15,000\\), public works (Rs. 13,000\\), and education (Rs. 18,000\\). The income of the cantonment fund in 1903\\-4 was Rs. 43,000, and the expenditure Rs. 33,800\\.",
"The British devised a rail network throughout the western part of the then South Asia and purchased the private Scinde Railway (Sinds railway) to connect to the [Kabul](/wiki/Kabul \"Kabul\") trade routes. The rail network would later be called the [North\\-Western State Railway](/wiki/North_Western_Railway_%28British_India%29 \"North Western Railway (British India)\") in 1886\\. Hyderabad was a major junction on the line linking distant trade locations like [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore \"Lahore\") and still is to date.",
"To facilitate the expansion of the former capital, the British deployed water pumping technologies that would pump water from the river bank at Gidu Bandar whence from the water was deposited into large reservoirs situated about 500 yards from the river bank capable of holding over 1,000,000 gallons of water, surely a first when it comes to state\\-of\\-the\\-art constructions. Using a smart gravitational concept, the water was then supplied to the far most arid regions of the town.",
""
] |
Post\-modern age
----------------
Hyderabad, twice the capital of Sindh and now the sixth largest city of Pakistan, is one of the oldest cities of the [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia"). Hyderabad is a communication centre, connected by rail with [Peshawar](/wiki/Peshawar "Peshawar") and [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi "Karachi"). The second largest city of the province of Sindh, it has over 6 million people dwelling in it.
### Diverse ethnic settlements
People migrated from across the border into Pakistan were all ethnically diverse. Migrants that settled in the province of Punjab were predominantly Punjabi speaking people and amalgamated well with the natives, whilst the people that came into the territories of the province of Sindh found no bond with the natives of Sindh, neither cultural nor racial, not even religious at times. Most Sindhi natives were Hindus. The new emigrants found difficult to mingle with the native neighbours in their newly allotted homes. And even decades after independence, the tensions seems to rise even steeper limits. The emigrants were given a new identity, a new name – Muhajirs.
### Being a *Muhajir* and recognition
Towards the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s, Karachi was a haven for Muslim refugees who fled anti\-Muslim violence in India, known merely as *[Muhajirs](/wiki/Muhajir_%28Pakistan%29 "Muhajir (Pakistan)")*, the word having descent from [Hijrat](/wiki/Hijri_year "Hijri year"), the exodus of early Muslims along with the prophet from [Mecca](/wiki/Mecca "Mecca") to [Medina](/wiki/Medina "Medina") to escape persecution due to religious beliefs. With Karachi overflowing with migrants, the influx reached the ends of the Hyderabad city at the south, where [Latifabad](/wiki/Latifabad "Latifabad") is located.
The refugees that travelled across the border spoke [Urdu](/wiki/Urdu_language "Urdu language") and had cultural and social traditions different from that of their counterparts the Sindhis adopted. With the adoption of Urdu as a National language, it was apparent that the Muhajirs were in the forefront of the struggle for Pakistani nationalism whilst their Sindhi, Punjabi and Pathan counterparts supported their own regional identities and found nationalism a fad excuse by the Muhajirs to gather more power out of the system.
The federal power, that rested with the Muhajirs, starting to gradually sift into the hands of more Punjabi 'bureaucratic\-military clique'. The Sindhis fought back to resurrect their dying culture and in 1972, according to the Sindh Act, imposed the teaching of Sindhi language compulsory in schools all over the province of Sindh. These actions led to the first violent clashes involving muhajir groups.
### The ethnic riots
{{Cleanup rewrite\|\|section\|date\=February 2019}}
The 1980s saw a black period in the history of Hyderabad as riots erupted in the city between the two ethnic diversities in majority, the [Sindhis](/wiki/Sindhi_people "Sindhi people") and the [Muhajir](/wiki/Muhajir_%28Urdu-speaking_people%29 "Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)"). The city had never been the same again, forever divided by ethnicity, scared by racist hatred.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/backgrounders/index.html\| title\=Pakistan Backgrounder\|publisher\=South Asia Terrorism Portal\| access\-date\=14 April 2008}} This type of tension was never felt in the town; even when Hindus were part of the community in pre\-independence Hyderabad.
On 30 September 1988 after sunset simultaneously at several places in Hyderabad and Latifabad (thickly populated by Mahajirs) gangs of armed people started firing at people in streets causing about more that 300 casualties most of them were mahajirs, surprisingly no law enforcement agency, including police interrupted the assault and all killers escaped, not a single killing vehicle was apprehended next day few sindhis were killed in Karachi., it was reported that the streets of Hyderabad were littered with bodies right from [Hirabad](/wiki/Hirabad%2C_Hyderabad "Hirabad, Hyderabad") to [Latifabad](/wiki/Latifabad "Latifabad"). a commission was set up and some people were charged with crime but not a single culprit was taken to task, and one after other all got free from sindh high court. government, then headed by ghulam ishaq khan as president did no serious attempt to find the killers and after 1988 election people party govt made it sure that no evidence or witness should go to court, generally mahajirs think it was job of establishment who used sindhi nationalist organisations as weapon. those govt officers serving in city of Hyderabad walked out without any enquiry. and awarded by beynazeer government. it is intriguing that not a single sindhi got killed that fateful evening.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.pildat.org/publications/publication/Conflict\_management/EthnicConflictinSindhOctober2011\.pdf \|title\=Ethnic conflict in Sindh \|access\-date\=12 September 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101150/http://www.pildat.org/publications/publication/Conflict\_management/EthnicConflictinSindhOctober2011\.pdf \|archive\-date\=22 December 2015 \|url\-status\=dead }}
The political hoopla over the domestic violence and civil killings provoked a massive police operation in the city with 2000 policemen surrounded the Pacco Qillo locality. The huge army of peacemakers could not curb the riots and had to be called back. There was only a trickle of internal migrations before the operation, but the operation triggered a mass exodus of population. The Muhajir migrated en masse from [Qasimabad](/wiki/Qasimabad_%28Hyderabad%29 "Qasimabad (Hyderabad)") and the interior of Sindh into [Latifabad](/wiki/Latifabad "Latifabad"). Similarly, the Sindhis people moved to [Qasimabad](/wiki/Qasimabad_%28Hyderabad%29 "Qasimabad (Hyderabad)") from Hyderabad and [Latifabad](/wiki/Latifabad "Latifabad").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/02/world/ethnic\-rioting\-in\-karachi\-kills\-46\-and\-injures\-50\.html\|title \= Ethnic Rioting in Karachi Kills 46 and Injures 50\|newspaper \= The New York Times\|date \= 2 October 1988}}{{cite book\|last1\=Col. Ved Prakash\|title\=Encyclopaedia of Terrorism in the World, Volume 1\|year\=2011\|publisher\=Kalpaz publication\|isbn\=978\-81\-7835\-869\-7\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-9iF9n2a80EC\&q\=Urdu\-Sindhi\+riots\+of\+1988\&pg\=PA367\|access\-date\=12 September 2015}}{{cite book\|last1\=Oskar Verkaaik\|first1\=by\|title\=Migrants and Militants: Fun and Urban Violence in Pakistan\|year\=2004\|publisher\=Princeton university press\|url\=https://archive.org/details/migrantsmilitant0000verk\|url\-access\=registration\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/migrantsmilitant0000verk/page/189 189]\|quote\=Urdu\-Sindhi riots of 1988\.\|access\-date\=12 September 2015}}{{cite book\|last1\=Alyssa Ayres\|first1\=By\|title\=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan\|date\=23 July 2009\|publisher\=Cambridge University press\|isbn\=9780521519311\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=FddJQi1dQ30C\&q\=Urdu\-Sindhi\+riots\+of\+1988\&pg\=PA54\|access\-date\=12 September 2015}}{{cite book\|last1\=Papiya Ghosh\|first1\=By\|title\=Partition and the South Asian Diaspora: Extending the Subcontinent\|date\=21 March 2014\|publisher\=Routledge\|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-42409\-7\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xP4jAwAAQBAJ\&q\=Urdu\-Sindhi\+riots\+of\+1988\&pg\=PA120\|access\-date\=12 September 2015}}{{cite book\|last1\=Nichola Khan\|title\=Mohajir Militancy in Pakistan: Violence and Transformation in the Karachi\|date\=5 April 2010\|publisher\=Routledge\|isbn\=9781135161934\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=m2yMAgAAQBAJ\&q\=Urdu\-Sindhi\+riots\+of\+1988\&pg\=PA33\|access\-date\=12 September 2015}}{{cite book\|last1\=Michel Boivin\|title\=Sindh Through History and Representations: French Contributions to Sindhi Studies\|date\=2008\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|pages\=146\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-547503\-6\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=bXYMAQAAMAAJ\&q\=Urdu\-Sindhi\+riots\+of\+1988\|access\-date\=12 September 2015}}{{cite book\|last1\=Hari Sharan Chhabra\|title\=World Focus, Volume 15\|date\=1994\|publisher\=H.S. Chhabra\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-ydnAAAAMAAJ\&q\=Urdu\-Sindhi\+riots\+of\+1988\|access\-date\=12 September 2015}}
|
[
"Post\\-modern age\n----------------",
"Hyderabad, twice the capital of Sindh and now the sixth largest city of Pakistan, is one of the oldest cities of the [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia \"South Asia\"). Hyderabad is a communication centre, connected by rail with [Peshawar](/wiki/Peshawar \"Peshawar\") and [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi \"Karachi\"). The second largest city of the province of Sindh, it has over 6 million people dwelling in it.",
"### Diverse ethnic settlements",
"People migrated from across the border into Pakistan were all ethnically diverse. Migrants that settled in the province of Punjab were predominantly Punjabi speaking people and amalgamated well with the natives, whilst the people that came into the territories of the province of Sindh found no bond with the natives of Sindh, neither cultural nor racial, not even religious at times. Most Sindhi natives were Hindus. The new emigrants found difficult to mingle with the native neighbours in their newly allotted homes. And even decades after independence, the tensions seems to rise even steeper limits. The emigrants were given a new identity, a new name – Muhajirs.",
"### Being a *Muhajir* and recognition",
"Towards the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s, Karachi was a haven for Muslim refugees who fled anti\\-Muslim violence in India, known merely as *[Muhajirs](/wiki/Muhajir_%28Pakistan%29 \"Muhajir (Pakistan)\")*, the word having descent from [Hijrat](/wiki/Hijri_year \"Hijri year\"), the exodus of early Muslims along with the prophet from [Mecca](/wiki/Mecca \"Mecca\") to [Medina](/wiki/Medina \"Medina\") to escape persecution due to religious beliefs. With Karachi overflowing with migrants, the influx reached the ends of the Hyderabad city at the south, where [Latifabad](/wiki/Latifabad \"Latifabad\") is located.",
"The refugees that travelled across the border spoke [Urdu](/wiki/Urdu_language \"Urdu language\") and had cultural and social traditions different from that of their counterparts the Sindhis adopted. With the adoption of Urdu as a National language, it was apparent that the Muhajirs were in the forefront of the struggle for Pakistani nationalism whilst their Sindhi, Punjabi and Pathan counterparts supported their own regional identities and found nationalism a fad excuse by the Muhajirs to gather more power out of the system.",
"The federal power, that rested with the Muhajirs, starting to gradually sift into the hands of more Punjabi 'bureaucratic\\-military clique'. The Sindhis fought back to resurrect their dying culture and in 1972, according to the Sindh Act, imposed the teaching of Sindhi language compulsory in schools all over the province of Sindh. These actions led to the first violent clashes involving muhajir groups.",
"### The ethnic riots",
"{{Cleanup rewrite\\|\\|section\\|date\\=February 2019}}\nThe 1980s saw a black period in the history of Hyderabad as riots erupted in the city between the two ethnic diversities in majority, the [Sindhis](/wiki/Sindhi_people \"Sindhi people\") and the [Muhajir](/wiki/Muhajir_%28Urdu-speaking_people%29 \"Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)\"). The city had never been the same again, forever divided by ethnicity, scared by racist hatred.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/backgrounders/index.html\\| title\\=Pakistan Backgrounder\\|publisher\\=South Asia Terrorism Portal\\| access\\-date\\=14 April 2008}} This type of tension was never felt in the town; even when Hindus were part of the community in pre\\-independence Hyderabad.",
"On 30 September 1988 after sunset simultaneously at several places in Hyderabad and Latifabad (thickly populated by Mahajirs) gangs of armed people started firing at people in streets causing about more that 300 casualties most of them were mahajirs, surprisingly no law enforcement agency, including police interrupted the assault and all killers escaped, not a single killing vehicle was apprehended next day few sindhis were killed in Karachi., it was reported that the streets of Hyderabad were littered with bodies right from [Hirabad](/wiki/Hirabad%2C_Hyderabad \"Hirabad, Hyderabad\") to [Latifabad](/wiki/Latifabad \"Latifabad\"). a commission was set up and some people were charged with crime but not a single culprit was taken to task, and one after other all got free from sindh high court. government, then headed by ghulam ishaq khan as president did no serious attempt to find the killers and after 1988 election people party govt made it sure that no evidence or witness should go to court, generally mahajirs think it was job of establishment who used sindhi nationalist organisations as weapon. those govt officers serving in city of Hyderabad walked out without any enquiry. and awarded by beynazeer government. it is intriguing that not a single sindhi got killed that fateful evening.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pildat.org/publications/publication/Conflict\\_management/EthnicConflictinSindhOctober2011\\.pdf \\|title\\=Ethnic conflict in Sindh \\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101150/http://www.pildat.org/publications/publication/Conflict\\_management/EthnicConflictinSindhOctober2011\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=22 December 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"The political hoopla over the domestic violence and civil killings provoked a massive police operation in the city with 2000 policemen surrounded the Pacco Qillo locality. The huge army of peacemakers could not curb the riots and had to be called back. There was only a trickle of internal migrations before the operation, but the operation triggered a mass exodus of population. The Muhajir migrated en masse from [Qasimabad](/wiki/Qasimabad_%28Hyderabad%29 \"Qasimabad (Hyderabad)\") and the interior of Sindh into [Latifabad](/wiki/Latifabad \"Latifabad\"). Similarly, the Sindhis people moved to [Qasimabad](/wiki/Qasimabad_%28Hyderabad%29 \"Qasimabad (Hyderabad)\") from Hyderabad and [Latifabad](/wiki/Latifabad \"Latifabad\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/02/world/ethnic\\-rioting\\-in\\-karachi\\-kills\\-46\\-and\\-injures\\-50\\.html\\|title \\= Ethnic Rioting in Karachi Kills 46 and Injures 50\\|newspaper \\= The New York Times\\|date \\= 2 October 1988}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Col. Ved Prakash\\|title\\=Encyclopaedia of Terrorism in the World, Volume 1\\|year\\=2011\\|publisher\\=Kalpaz publication\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7835\\-869\\-7\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-9iF9n2a80EC\\&q\\=Urdu\\-Sindhi\\+riots\\+of\\+1988\\&pg\\=PA367\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2015}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Oskar Verkaaik\\|first1\\=by\\|title\\=Migrants and Militants: Fun and Urban Violence in Pakistan\\|year\\=2004\\|publisher\\=Princeton university press\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/migrantsmilitant0000verk\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/migrantsmilitant0000verk/page/189 189]\\|quote\\=Urdu\\-Sindhi riots of 1988\\.\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2015}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Alyssa Ayres\\|first1\\=By\\|title\\=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan\\|date\\=23 July 2009\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University press\\|isbn\\=9780521519311\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=FddJQi1dQ30C\\&q\\=Urdu\\-Sindhi\\+riots\\+of\\+1988\\&pg\\=PA54\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2015}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Papiya Ghosh\\|first1\\=By\\|title\\=Partition and the South Asian Diaspora: Extending the Subcontinent\\|date\\=21 March 2014\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-42409\\-7\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xP4jAwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=Urdu\\-Sindhi\\+riots\\+of\\+1988\\&pg\\=PA120\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2015}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Nichola Khan\\|title\\=Mohajir Militancy in Pakistan: Violence and Transformation in the Karachi\\|date\\=5 April 2010\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|isbn\\=9781135161934\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=m2yMAgAAQBAJ\\&q\\=Urdu\\-Sindhi\\+riots\\+of\\+1988\\&pg\\=PA33\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2015}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Michel Boivin\\|title\\=Sindh Through History and Representations: French Contributions to Sindhi Studies\\|date\\=2008\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|pages\\=146\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-547503\\-6\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=bXYMAQAAMAAJ\\&q\\=Urdu\\-Sindhi\\+riots\\+of\\+1988\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2015}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Hari Sharan Chhabra\\|title\\=World Focus, Volume 15\\|date\\=1994\\|publisher\\=H.S. Chhabra\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-ydnAAAAMAAJ\\&q\\=Urdu\\-Sindhi\\+riots\\+of\\+1988\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2015}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The first recorded European arriving on Hao was [Pedro Fernández de Quirós](/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Quir%C3%B3s "Pedro Fernández de Quirós") on 10 February 1606\. He named it *Conversion de San Pablo*.Kelly, Celsus, O.F.M. *La Austrialia del Espiritu Santo. The Journal of Fray Martín de Munilla O.F.M. and other documents relating to the Voyage of Pedro Fernández de Quirós to the South Sea (1605\-1606\) and the Franciscan Missionary Plan (1617\-1627\)* Cambridge, 1966, p.39,62\. He was followed by [José Andía y Varela](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_And%C3%ADa_y_Varela "José Andía y Varela") in 1774\.
Because of its shape, [French](/wiki/France "France") explorer [Louis Antoine de Bougainville](/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Bougainville "Louis Antoine de Bougainville") named it "Île de la Harpe" (**Harp Island**). In some maps it also appears as **Bow Island**.{{cite book\|last1\=Salmond\|first1\=Anne\|title\=Aphrodite's Island\|date\=2010\|publisher\=University of California Press\|location\=Berkeley\|isbn\=9780520261143\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/93 93]\|url\-access\=registration\|url\=https://archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/93}}
Hao was the first [atoll](/wiki/Atoll "Atoll") of the Tuamotus that Russian explorer [Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen](/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen "Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen") visited in 1820 on the ships *Vostok* and *Mirni*.
In the late\-1980s, two French intelligence ([DGSE](/wiki/DGSE "DGSE")) operatives were briefly confined to the military base on the island after France obtained their release from a [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") prison for sinking the [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace "Greenpeace") ship [*Rainbow Warrior*](/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior "Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior"). Their earlier\-than\-agreed\-upon [repatriation](/wiki/Repatriation "Repatriation") from the island by the French government became a diplomatic incident between [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") and [France](/wiki/France "France").
Hao's military airfield, now known as [Hao Airport](/wiki/Hao_Airport "Hao Airport"), was transferred to the civilian authorities in 2000\. This airport {{Airport codes\|HOI\|NTTO}} serves many of the smaller eastern [Tuamotus](/wiki/Tuamotus "Tuamotus"), whose landing strips are too short to land aircraft large enough to make the flight to [Tahiti](/wiki/Tahiti "Tahiti"). Its 3\.46 km (2\.15 mi) runway was to be a designated [Transoceanic abort landing sites](/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_landing_sites "List of Space Shuttle landing sites") for the [Space Shuttle](/wiki/Space_Shuttle "Space Shuttle"), had it taken on flight operation from the [Vandenberg launch facility](/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base "Vandenberg Space Force Base"), which never came to be.
The economic future of the atoll remains in question: the [military base](/wiki/Military_base "Military base"), which was the support base for [nuclear testing](/wiki/Nuclear_testing "Nuclear testing") on the nearby [Mururoa](/wiki/Mururoa "Mururoa") atoll, was permanently shut down in 2002, along with its many support facilities, including the [electrical](/wiki/Electricity "Electricity") and [desalinization plants](/wiki/Desalinization "Desalinization") and the [hospital](/wiki/Hospital "Hospital"). The livelihood of many of the atoll's inhabitants was directly tied to the military base.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The first recorded European arriving on Hao was [Pedro Fernández de Quirós](/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Quir%C3%B3s \"Pedro Fernández de Quirós\") on 10 February 1606\\. He named it *Conversion de San Pablo*.Kelly, Celsus, O.F.M. *La Austrialia del Espiritu Santo. The Journal of Fray Martín de Munilla O.F.M. and other documents relating to the Voyage of Pedro Fernández de Quirós to the South Sea (1605\\-1606\\) and the Franciscan Missionary Plan (1617\\-1627\\)* Cambridge, 1966, p.39,62\\. He was followed by [José Andía y Varela](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_And%C3%ADa_y_Varela \"José Andía y Varela\") in 1774\\.",
"Because of its shape, [French](/wiki/France \"France\") explorer [Louis Antoine de Bougainville](/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Bougainville \"Louis Antoine de Bougainville\") named it \"Île de la Harpe\" (**Harp Island**). In some maps it also appears as **Bow Island**.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Salmond\\|first1\\=Anne\\|title\\=Aphrodite's Island\\|date\\=2010\\|publisher\\=University of California Press\\|location\\=Berkeley\\|isbn\\=9780520261143\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/93 93]\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/93}}",
"Hao was the first [atoll](/wiki/Atoll \"Atoll\") of the Tuamotus that Russian explorer [Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen](/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen \"Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen\") visited in 1820 on the ships *Vostok* and *Mirni*.",
"In the late\\-1980s, two French intelligence ([DGSE](/wiki/DGSE \"DGSE\")) operatives were briefly confined to the military base on the island after France obtained their release from a [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") prison for sinking the [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace \"Greenpeace\") ship [*Rainbow Warrior*](/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior \"Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior\"). Their earlier\\-than\\-agreed\\-upon [repatriation](/wiki/Repatriation \"Repatriation\") from the island by the French government became a diplomatic incident between [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") and [France](/wiki/France \"France\").",
"Hao's military airfield, now known as [Hao Airport](/wiki/Hao_Airport \"Hao Airport\"), was transferred to the civilian authorities in 2000\\. This airport {{Airport codes\\|HOI\\|NTTO}} serves many of the smaller eastern [Tuamotus](/wiki/Tuamotus \"Tuamotus\"), whose landing strips are too short to land aircraft large enough to make the flight to [Tahiti](/wiki/Tahiti \"Tahiti\"). Its 3\\.46 km (2\\.15 mi) runway was to be a designated [Transoceanic abort landing sites](/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_landing_sites \"List of Space Shuttle landing sites\") for the [Space Shuttle](/wiki/Space_Shuttle \"Space Shuttle\"), had it taken on flight operation from the [Vandenberg launch facility](/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base \"Vandenberg Space Force Base\"), which never came to be.",
"The economic future of the atoll remains in question: the [military base](/wiki/Military_base \"Military base\"), which was the support base for [nuclear testing](/wiki/Nuclear_testing \"Nuclear testing\") on the nearby [Mururoa](/wiki/Mururoa \"Mururoa\") atoll, was permanently shut down in 2002, along with its many support facilities, including the [electrical](/wiki/Electricity \"Electricity\") and [desalinization plants](/wiki/Desalinization \"Desalinization\") and the [hospital](/wiki/Hospital \"Hospital\"). The livelihood of many of the atoll's inhabitants was directly tied to the military base.",
""
] |
Career
------
Rodriguez performed freelance design work in New York before becoming Women’s Design Director for the [Anne Klein](/wiki/Anne_Klein_%28fashion_designer%29 "Anne Klein (fashion designer)") label, then later working for [Calvin Klein](/wiki/Calvin_Klein "Calvin Klein"). His first major attention came in 1996 when he designed the [wedding dress](/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Carolyn_Bessette "Wedding dress of Carolyn Bessette") of fellow Calvin Klein employee [Carolyn Bessette](/wiki/Carolyn_Bessette_Kennedy "Carolyn Bessette Kennedy") for her wedding to [John F. Kennedy Jr.](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr. "John F. Kennedy Jr.")
Early in his career, Rodriguez worked as a design assistant at [Calvin Klein](/wiki/Calvin_Klein_%28fashion_house%29 "Calvin Klein (fashion house)"), as a design consultant at Tse Athletics, and as design director of [Cerruti Arte](/wiki/Cerruti_1881 "Cerruti 1881") (1995–1997\).[CERRUTI STRENGTHENS HIS WOMEN’S TIES](https://wwd.com/feature/article-1136104-1764139/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily "Women's Wear Daily")*, 20 December 1995\.[RODRIGUEZ NOT RENEWING HIS CONTRACT WITH CERRUTI](https://wwd.com/feature/article-1105559-1792152/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily "Women's Wear Daily")*, 18 March 1997\.
### *Loewe*
From 1997 to 2001, Rodriguez held the position as women’s ready\-to\-wear designer at [Loewe](/wiki/Loewe_%28fashion_brand%29 "Loewe (fashion brand)").Sara Raper and Lisa Lockwood (16 June 1997\), [NARCISO RODRIGUEZ: BRINGING N.Y. SMARTS TO LVMH’S LOEWE](https://wwd.com/feature/article-1112392-1786093/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily "Women's Wear Daily")*.[LOEWE, NARCISO PART, NO SUCCESSOR NAMED](https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/article-1184183/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily "Women's Wear Daily")*, 4 May 2001\.
### *Narciso Rodriguez*
Also in 1997, Rodriguez launched his own label. That year, he showed his first fur collection under his own name for Goldin\-Feldman in New York.Sara Raper and Lisa Lockwood (16 June 1997\), [NARCISO RODRIGUEZ: BRINGING N.Y. SMARTS TO LVMH’S LOEWE](https://wwd.com/feature/article-1112392-1786093/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily "Women's Wear Daily")*.
When [*George* magazine](/wiki/George_magazine "George magazine") collapsed after John F. Kennedy Jr.'s death, Rodriguez hired Stephanie Mikesell, who had been an editorial assistant there, as his assistant. He designed her wedding gown when she married [Mark Madoff](/wiki/Mark_Madoff "Mark Madoff"), eldest son of [Bernie Madoff](/wiki/Bernie_Madoff "Bernie Madoff").
In 2003, Rodriguez launched his first fragrance, [Narciso Rodriguez for Her](/wiki/Narciso_Rodriguez_for_Her "Narciso Rodriguez for Her"), inspired by a bottle of Egyptian musk oil he had been given in high school.
By 2006, Rodriguez, who had ended his partnership with his label's manufacturer, Aeffe, was over [US$](/wiki/US%24 "US$")1 million in debt to his suppliers, and needed fabric donations for his spring collection.{{cite news \| authorlink\= Cathy Horyn \|last\= Horyn \| first\= Cathy \| date\= May 7, 2007 \| url\= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/07/nyregion/07narciso.html \| title\= Fashion Industry Rallies to Aid Designer in Trouble \| work \= \[\[The New York Times]]\| accessdate \= May 7, 2007}}
On May 5, 2007, [Liz Claiborne](/wiki/Liz_Claiborne "Liz Claiborne") acquired a 50% interest in the Narciso Rodriguez label. However, in 2008, Narciso Rodriguez bought the 50% interest back from Liz Claiborne for 12 million dollars.{{cite web \| date \= May 5, 2007 \| url\= http://phx.corporate\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\=82611\&p\=irol\-newsArticle\&ID\=996459\&highlight\= \| title \= Narciso Rodriguez and Liz Claiborne Inc. Announce Partnership Agreement\| website \= corporate\-ir.net\| accessdate\= June 29, 2008}} {{Dead link\| date\=April 2020 \|bot\= InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
On November 4, 2008, [Michelle Obama](/wiki/Michelle_Obama "Michelle Obama") wore a dress from Narciso Rodriguez's spring 2009 collection when she joined her husband, [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"), appearing for the first time as president\-elect of the United States, on the stage at Grant Park in Chicago; it received substantial attention in the press.{{cite news \| last \= La Ferla\| first \= Ruth \| url\= http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/that\-dress\-everyone\-has\-an\-opinion/ \| title\= That Dress? Everyone Has an Opinion\| work \= The New York Times \| date \= November 5, 2008 \| accessdate\= November 5, 2008}} The dress, originally unveiled at New York City's Fashion Week in September 2008, came from Rodriguez's "stress\-relief" design collection. Rodriguez was a strong supporter in the fashion world of Barack Obama's campaign; in August 2008, he blamed a slowdown in his business on "this Bush mess".{{cite web \| url\= http://www.wwd.com/fashion\-news/fashion\-scoops/rodriguez\-poolside\-moving\-on\-1719306 \| title \= Rodriguez Poolside... Moving On\| work \= \[\[Women's Wear Daily]] \| publisher \=\| date \= August 20, 2008 \|accessdate\= November 6, 2008}} Michelle Obama wore Narciso Rodriguez for her final State of the Union appearance as First Lady.{{Cite web\| last\= Yotka\| first\=Steff\|title\=The Significance of the Dress Michelle Obama Wore for Her Final Speech as First Lady\| url\= https://www.vogue.com/article/michelle\-obama\-chooses\-narciso\-rodriguez\-for\-final\-speech\-as\-first\-lady\|access\-date\=June 3, 2020\| website\= Vogue\| date\=January 6, 2017\| language\=en}} The same year, Rodriguez' dresses were featured in a catwalk scene in the feature film *[The Women](/wiki/The_Women_%282008_film%29 "The Women (2008 film)")*, as being the designs of the character Mary Haines (played by [Meg Ryan](/wiki/Meg_Ryan "Meg Ryan")).
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Rodriguez performed freelance design work in New York before becoming Women’s Design Director for the [Anne Klein](/wiki/Anne_Klein_%28fashion_designer%29 \"Anne Klein (fashion designer)\") label, then later working for [Calvin Klein](/wiki/Calvin_Klein \"Calvin Klein\"). His first major attention came in 1996 when he designed the [wedding dress](/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Carolyn_Bessette \"Wedding dress of Carolyn Bessette\") of fellow Calvin Klein employee [Carolyn Bessette](/wiki/Carolyn_Bessette_Kennedy \"Carolyn Bessette Kennedy\") for her wedding to [John F. Kennedy Jr.](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr. \"John F. Kennedy Jr.\")",
"Early in his career, Rodriguez worked as a design assistant at [Calvin Klein](/wiki/Calvin_Klein_%28fashion_house%29 \"Calvin Klein (fashion house)\"), as a design consultant at Tse Athletics, and as design director of [Cerruti Arte](/wiki/Cerruti_1881 \"Cerruti 1881\") (1995–1997\\).[CERRUTI STRENGTHENS HIS WOMEN’S TIES](https://wwd.com/feature/article-1136104-1764139/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily \"Women's Wear Daily\")*, 20 December 1995\\.[RODRIGUEZ NOT RENEWING HIS CONTRACT WITH CERRUTI](https://wwd.com/feature/article-1105559-1792152/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily \"Women's Wear Daily\")*, 18 March 1997\\.",
"### *Loewe*",
"From 1997 to 2001, Rodriguez held the position as women’s ready\\-to\\-wear designer at [Loewe](/wiki/Loewe_%28fashion_brand%29 \"Loewe (fashion brand)\").Sara Raper and Lisa Lockwood (16 June 1997\\), [NARCISO RODRIGUEZ: BRINGING N.Y. SMARTS TO LVMH’S LOEWE](https://wwd.com/feature/article-1112392-1786093/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily \"Women's Wear Daily\")*.[LOEWE, NARCISO PART, NO SUCCESSOR NAMED](https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/article-1184183/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily \"Women's Wear Daily\")*, 4 May 2001\\.",
"### *Narciso Rodriguez*",
"Also in 1997, Rodriguez launched his own label. That year, he showed his first fur collection under his own name for Goldin\\-Feldman in New York.Sara Raper and Lisa Lockwood (16 June 1997\\), [NARCISO RODRIGUEZ: BRINGING N.Y. SMARTS TO LVMH’S LOEWE](https://wwd.com/feature/article-1112392-1786093/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily \"Women's Wear Daily\")*.",
"When [*George* magazine](/wiki/George_magazine \"George magazine\") collapsed after John F. Kennedy Jr.'s death, Rodriguez hired Stephanie Mikesell, who had been an editorial assistant there, as his assistant. He designed her wedding gown when she married [Mark Madoff](/wiki/Mark_Madoff \"Mark Madoff\"), eldest son of [Bernie Madoff](/wiki/Bernie_Madoff \"Bernie Madoff\").",
"In 2003, Rodriguez launched his first fragrance, [Narciso Rodriguez for Her](/wiki/Narciso_Rodriguez_for_Her \"Narciso Rodriguez for Her\"), inspired by a bottle of Egyptian musk oil he had been given in high school.",
"By 2006, Rodriguez, who had ended his partnership with his label's manufacturer, Aeffe, was over [US$](/wiki/US%24 \"US$\")1 million in debt to his suppliers, and needed fabric donations for his spring collection.{{cite news \\| authorlink\\= Cathy Horyn \\|last\\= Horyn \\| first\\= Cathy \\| date\\= May 7, 2007 \\| url\\= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/07/nyregion/07narciso.html \\| title\\= Fashion Industry Rallies to Aid Designer in Trouble \\| work \\= \\[\\[The New York Times]]\\| accessdate \\= May 7, 2007}}",
"On May 5, 2007, [Liz Claiborne](/wiki/Liz_Claiborne \"Liz Claiborne\") acquired a 50% interest in the Narciso Rodriguez label. However, in 2008, Narciso Rodriguez bought the 50% interest back from Liz Claiborne for 12 million dollars.{{cite web \\| date \\= May 5, 2007 \\| url\\= http://phx.corporate\\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=82611\\&p\\=irol\\-newsArticle\\&ID\\=996459\\&highlight\\= \\| title \\= Narciso Rodriguez and Liz Claiborne Inc. Announce Partnership Agreement\\| website \\= corporate\\-ir.net\\| accessdate\\= June 29, 2008}} {{Dead link\\| date\\=April 2020 \\|bot\\= InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"On November 4, 2008, [Michelle Obama](/wiki/Michelle_Obama \"Michelle Obama\") wore a dress from Narciso Rodriguez's spring 2009 collection when she joined her husband, [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\"), appearing for the first time as president\\-elect of the United States, on the stage at Grant Park in Chicago; it received substantial attention in the press.{{cite news \\| last \\= La Ferla\\| first \\= Ruth \\| url\\= http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/that\\-dress\\-everyone\\-has\\-an\\-opinion/ \\| title\\= That Dress? Everyone Has an Opinion\\| work \\= The New York Times \\| date \\= November 5, 2008 \\| accessdate\\= November 5, 2008}} The dress, originally unveiled at New York City's Fashion Week in September 2008, came from Rodriguez's \"stress\\-relief\" design collection. Rodriguez was a strong supporter in the fashion world of Barack Obama's campaign; in August 2008, he blamed a slowdown in his business on \"this Bush mess\".{{cite web \\| url\\= http://www.wwd.com/fashion\\-news/fashion\\-scoops/rodriguez\\-poolside\\-moving\\-on\\-1719306 \\| title \\= Rodriguez Poolside... Moving On\\| work \\= \\[\\[Women's Wear Daily]] \\| publisher \\=\\| date \\= August 20, 2008 \\|accessdate\\= November 6, 2008}} Michelle Obama wore Narciso Rodriguez for her final State of the Union appearance as First Lady.{{Cite web\\| last\\= Yotka\\| first\\=Steff\\|title\\=The Significance of the Dress Michelle Obama Wore for Her Final Speech as First Lady\\| url\\= https://www.vogue.com/article/michelle\\-obama\\-chooses\\-narciso\\-rodriguez\\-for\\-final\\-speech\\-as\\-first\\-lady\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2020\\| website\\= Vogue\\| date\\=January 6, 2017\\| language\\=en}} The same year, Rodriguez' dresses were featured in a catwalk scene in the feature film *[The Women](/wiki/The_Women_%282008_film%29 \"The Women (2008 film)\")*, as being the designs of the character Mary Haines (played by [Meg Ryan](/wiki/Meg_Ryan \"Meg Ryan\")).",
""
] |
Books
-----
### *Ring* (1991\)
{{main\|Ring (Suzuki novel)}}
This story is set in present\-day [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"). When four teenagers mysteriously die one night at the same time, Kazuyuki Asakawa, a journalist and uncle to one of the teens, takes a particular interest in the case and investigates. This leads him to a holiday resort called Hakone Pacific Island, where the four teens stayed one week before their death. There he watches a videotape left behind in their room which contains a series of abstract and realistic images. At the end of the sequence of cryptic and disturbing images, a warning appears: "The one who saw these images is destined to die in one week at this time. If you do not wish to die, do as will be said from now on. That is—" but the rest is erased by an advertisement. This has a strange mental effect on Kazuyuki, who immediately believes that the tape has now placed its mark on him.
He enlists the help of his best friend, Ryuji Takayama, a philosophy graduate and an admitted rapist. When Ryuji hears Kazuyuki's story, he watches the tape, and asks Kazuyuki to make him a copy for him to study at home. Their investigations lead them to the volcanic island of Oshima. After Kazuyuki's wife and child also watch the tape, Kazuyuki realises he must find the truth and perform the "charm" to prevent the deaths of both his family and his friend.
Then their investigations lead them to search for a person named Sadako Yamamura. Sadako was the daughter of Shizuko Yamamura, who was known for her exceptional [ESP](/wiki/Extra-Sensory_Perception "Extra-Sensory Perception") abilities but later branded as a charlatan. In depression, Shizuko jumped into [Mount Mihara](/wiki/Mount_Mihara "Mount Mihara")'s crater. Later they learn that Sadako, who lived 30 years ago, was still missing. The evidence leads them back to Hakone where they find a well. At the bottom lie Sadako's remains; Kazuyuki sets her free by giving her a proper burial. Thinking he has performed the charm, Ryuji and Kazuyuki go home convinced. At Ryuji's deadline, he is watching the videotape; the space around the TV becomes distorted. He dials Mai Takano, his assistant. The television shows the scene of rolling dice. Ryuji tries to telephone Kazuyuki and yells "Get me out of here!" before screaming as he is killed by the curse.
When Kazuyuki realizes that the charm was to copy the tape and show it to somebody else, he rushes to his family to save them.
### *Spiral* (1995\)
{{main\|Spiral (Suzuki novel)}}
The events in the story occur a day after Ryuji's death. By chance, Ando Mitsuo, Ryuji's former university classmate, is assigned to do the autopsy of Ryuji. He and his colleague, Miyashita, found a benign tumor in Ryuji's throat which is believed to be the cause of his death. They are puzzled because the tumor that they find resembles a smallpox tumor that was eradicated 30 years ago. Ando, along with his colleague, Miyashita, find out that an organism called the Ring Virus causes this tumor. The virus is transferred to the body through the tape and begins to grow into a tumor inside the viewer's throat. When the charm is not performed, the tumor grows until it blocks the airway and kills the person. To stop this, the tape must be copied and shown to another person. Inside his stomach they find the word RING and a series of cryptic messages. This further perplexes Ando.
In search for the cryptic messages meaning, he comes to meet Ryuji's assistant, Mai Takano. Mai, who seems to know something about the videotape, tells Ando about the curse but is unsure how Ryuji died. As a scientist, Ando laughs at Mai's explanation. He goes to talk to Kazuyuki but finds that he and his family were involved in a car accident. It is discovered that Kazuyuki's wife and child were dead before the crash. Kazuyuki is critically wounded and unable to talk. At the accident site there lies a crushed videotape. When Mai suddenly disappears, Ando is further motivated to investigate. He stumbles upon Ryuji's files which contain the title, THE RING. He is uncertain about the discovery because it contains supernatural explanations and contradicts scientific ones.
The virus mutated and uses the report as a medium. After reading the report, Ando has thoughts of Sadako and the well. Through a series of events, he is led to the well in Hakone.
Days after Mai's disappearance, he meets a beautiful woman named Masako who introduced herself as Mai's older sister. He falls in love with her. In doing so, they make love one night and Masako ends up pregnant. Later he finds out that Masako and Sadako are the same. One night he receives a letter from Sadako/Masako stating: "Don't ever disobey me because you don't know who you are dealing with". Ando chooses Sadako and is told to publish Ryuji's files and dominate the world.
### *Loop* (1998\)
{{main\|Loop (novel)}}
A medical student named Kaoru Futami has a father who has contracted a deadly disease called Metastatic Human Cancer (MHC), a cancer involving both animals and plants. He discovers that his father was involved in a massive supercomputer project named LOOP. The LOOP was a computer simulation of the emergence of life but that did not succeed. It is known that everyone who was involved in the LOOP has died by the same type of cancer.
In the course of events, Kaoru meets a woman named Reiko and falls in love with her. They sleep together, and Reiko becomes pregnant, which makes Reiko vulnerable to MHC. Kaoru continues his investigations, which lead him to a man (and the last surviving person involved in the LOOP) named Amano. Amano reveals that LOOP was a project involving 100 supercomputers strung together and aiming to recreate life. Amano tells Kaoru of a lab in New Mexico where another scientist might be alive. Kaoru goes there only to find the scientist dead. Then, he enters the lab and finds a pair of virtual reality goggles and gloves. He tried it, and minutes later he is in the LOOP.
In the LOOP, he sees everything, but one event intrigues him, the emergence of the Ring Virus. He sees in detail all the events of the previous novels from different angles. After some discussion with Amano, he knows that the LOOP's creator wanted to recreate Ryuji's death and in so doing could clone him and insert him into someone's womb. The cloned Ryuji, however, had the Ring Virus in him. When Ryuji was born, the virus escaped and mutated into MHC.
Kaoru is desperate to find a cure for MHC, but he encounters a storm that leaves him dying. He is saved by an old man named Cristoph Eliot, the leader of the LOOP project. He reveals that Kaoru was Ryuji's clone and so has an exceptional gift, immunity to MHC.
Kaoru has to be analyzed so that his immunity can be understood. An analysis machine is created. The analyzed object, however, has to be molecularized in order to be scanned accurately, meaning that Kaoru might die. Heroically, he agrees to this.
The old man transfers Kaoru's analyzed molecules into the LOOP. He promises that Reiko, his wife, can see him through the VR Goggles and that she will not be alone. In the LOOP, Kaoru is reborn through Sadako as Ryuji. He creates a vaccine for the Ring virus which he gives to Ando, re\-enacting the epilogue of *Spiral*. The book ends with Kaoru/Ryuji sitting watching the stars, thinking that Reiko is watching over him.
### *Birthday* (1999\)
{{main\|Birthday (short story collection)}}
This short story collection consists of stories related to the *Ring* novels. It was also meant to be the conclusion to the *Ring* series at the time.
**Floating Coffin** – these are the final moments of Mai Takano's life after disappearing during the events of *Spiral*.
It begins when she watches the tape. She starts ovulating then, and Sadako's DNA is planted in Mai's eggs. After viewing the tape, she feels nausea. Unknown to her, Sadako is being conceived in her womb. Days later, Sadako has total control of Mai since she lacks the will to resist. Exactly seven days after viewing the tape, Mai gives birth to a baby Sadako. When Sadako is reborn, she kills Mai with her psychic powers.
**Lemon Heart** – the second story of the collection tells the story of Sadako when she was 19 years old in Tokyo. This is 30 years prior to *Ring*.
When Sadako graduated from high school, she joined the Hiroshi Acting Troupe as an apprentice. As days go by, she falls in love with Toyama, the soundman. Once, she is caught performing *[nensha](/wiki/Thoughtography "Thoughtography")* with a turned\-off TV. This alienates her from the group. While Sadako and Toyama are intimate, their conversation is accidentally recorded. When a member plays this recording to the rest of the troupe, much drama ensues. Because of these events, Sadako flees to Hakone to her father, who is in the hospital. It is later revealed that all who heard the recording died years later under mysterious circumstances.
At a well, a doctor rapes her, but she defends herself with a psychic attack on the doctor. He retaliates by strangling Sadako, which incapacitates her power. Helpless, she is thrown into the well. As she dies, she has a vision of being reborn inside Mai Takano's womb, which occurs in the first story.
**Happy Birthday** – the final story develops the plot of the last novel, *[Loop](/wiki/Loop_%28novel%29 "Loop (novel)")*, while incorporating new information disclosed in the previous two short stories. It depicts the last events taking place in the *Ring* universe chronologically and is also the conclusion of the series.
Reiko is questioning the worth of giving birth to a child if the only world he'll arrive in is full of death. Her older son has died, and the father of her unborn child still missing. There she goes to a lab and learn the final secrets of the LOOP.
### *S* (2012\)
{{main\|S (Suzuki novel)}}
**S** is a 2012 Koji Suzuki novel and the fifth entry of the series.
Following on the story told in the series of novels that began with the runaway bestseller *Ring*, this work starts with 28\-year\-old image processing specialist Takanori Ando being handed a USB memory stick by the president of the CG production company where he works. Tasked with analyzing its contents, Ando gasps at the graphic images he sees, and quickly concludes that they cannot have been faked or generated by CG software. Assuming the man in the video did indeed kill himself, what could his purpose have been in leaving this footage behind?
Ando saves the file to his PC. When he plays it again the next day, the man's body has shifted to a lower position, and in subsequent viewings, the video undergoes further changes. Meanwhile, Ando's fiancée Akane Maruyama, a 24\-year\-old high\-school teacher, learns she is pregnant with his child. When she is at Ando's apartment, she is drawn as if by an irresistible force to watch the suicide video on his PC. After examining the video more closely, Ando manages to identify the apartment building where he believes it was filmed. He also realizes that someone is following him, though intermittently, and that he may in fact be in danger.
The man who holds the key to the story is philosophy instructor Ryuji Takayama, who appeared in previous volumes of the series. Twenty\-five years ago, Takayama had died after watching a video that transmitted a curse, but, miraculously returning to life, he has been battling the evil villainess Sadako to prevent the Sadako Virus from spreading. Akane is in fact Takayama's child by a woman who carries Sadako's DNA, and the man who kills himself in the suicide video is a way of informing Ando about the intervening events.
### *Tide* (2013\)
The sixth and final entry in the series, *Tide* is linked most directly to *Loop*.{{cite web \|title\=''Tide'' \|url\=http://www.booksfromjapan.jp/publications/item/2210\-tide \|website\=Books from Japan \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312050940/http://www.booksfromjapan.jp/publications/item/2210\-tide \|archivedate\=2019\-03\-12 \|date\=2013 \|url\-status\=dead}} {{ISBN\|978\-4041105191}}
Cram\-school math instructor Seiji Kashiwada is a creation of the supercomputer LOOP, and the biological information implanted in him reflects the lives of Ryuji Takayama, who appeared in both Ring and Loop, and Kaoru Futami, who appeared in the latter volume; but due to a system error, portions of his memory have become lost. One day, student Rie Yoshina comes to him for advice regarding her friend Haruna Tajima, who inexplicably fell into a coma after seeing a female dogu figurine of the Jomon Period (ca. 12,000–300 BCE) depicting the release of a snake. It is a baffling story, but as he listens to Rie's account, Seiji senses intuitively that it is a message directed at him. As if guided by some unknown force, he begins going back over the events that took place in Ring. The reader learns about the conflicts between Shizuko Yamamura and her daughter Sadako, who were central to the events; about the early years of the ancient ascetic who gave Shizuko her special powers; and about the surprising secret of Ryuji Takayama's birth. In the process, Seiji becomes one with Ryuji, and begins filling in the missing pieces of his memory. At the same time, he comes to feel a connection with the unbroken tides of human passion and memory that have ebbed and flowed since time immemorial, and in turn, to understand why he has been given life in this world.
|
[
"Books\n-----",
"### *Ring* (1991\\)",
"{{main\\|Ring (Suzuki novel)}}\nThis story is set in present\\-day [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"). When four teenagers mysteriously die one night at the same time, Kazuyuki Asakawa, a journalist and uncle to one of the teens, takes a particular interest in the case and investigates. This leads him to a holiday resort called Hakone Pacific Island, where the four teens stayed one week before their death. There he watches a videotape left behind in their room which contains a series of abstract and realistic images. At the end of the sequence of cryptic and disturbing images, a warning appears: \"The one who saw these images is destined to die in one week at this time. If you do not wish to die, do as will be said from now on. That is—\" but the rest is erased by an advertisement. This has a strange mental effect on Kazuyuki, who immediately believes that the tape has now placed its mark on him.",
"He enlists the help of his best friend, Ryuji Takayama, a philosophy graduate and an admitted rapist. When Ryuji hears Kazuyuki's story, he watches the tape, and asks Kazuyuki to make him a copy for him to study at home. Their investigations lead them to the volcanic island of Oshima. After Kazuyuki's wife and child also watch the tape, Kazuyuki realises he must find the truth and perform the \"charm\" to prevent the deaths of both his family and his friend.",
"Then their investigations lead them to search for a person named Sadako Yamamura. Sadako was the daughter of Shizuko Yamamura, who was known for her exceptional [ESP](/wiki/Extra-Sensory_Perception \"Extra-Sensory Perception\") abilities but later branded as a charlatan. In depression, Shizuko jumped into [Mount Mihara](/wiki/Mount_Mihara \"Mount Mihara\")'s crater. Later they learn that Sadako, who lived 30 years ago, was still missing. The evidence leads them back to Hakone where they find a well. At the bottom lie Sadako's remains; Kazuyuki sets her free by giving her a proper burial. Thinking he has performed the charm, Ryuji and Kazuyuki go home convinced. At Ryuji's deadline, he is watching the videotape; the space around the TV becomes distorted. He dials Mai Takano, his assistant. The television shows the scene of rolling dice. Ryuji tries to telephone Kazuyuki and yells \"Get me out of here!\" before screaming as he is killed by the curse.",
"When Kazuyuki realizes that the charm was to copy the tape and show it to somebody else, he rushes to his family to save them.",
"### *Spiral* (1995\\)",
"{{main\\|Spiral (Suzuki novel)}}\nThe events in the story occur a day after Ryuji's death. By chance, Ando Mitsuo, Ryuji's former university classmate, is assigned to do the autopsy of Ryuji. He and his colleague, Miyashita, found a benign tumor in Ryuji's throat which is believed to be the cause of his death. They are puzzled because the tumor that they find resembles a smallpox tumor that was eradicated 30 years ago. Ando, along with his colleague, Miyashita, find out that an organism called the Ring Virus causes this tumor. The virus is transferred to the body through the tape and begins to grow into a tumor inside the viewer's throat. When the charm is not performed, the tumor grows until it blocks the airway and kills the person. To stop this, the tape must be copied and shown to another person. Inside his stomach they find the word RING and a series of cryptic messages. This further perplexes Ando.",
"In search for the cryptic messages meaning, he comes to meet Ryuji's assistant, Mai Takano. Mai, who seems to know something about the videotape, tells Ando about the curse but is unsure how Ryuji died. As a scientist, Ando laughs at Mai's explanation. He goes to talk to Kazuyuki but finds that he and his family were involved in a car accident. It is discovered that Kazuyuki's wife and child were dead before the crash. Kazuyuki is critically wounded and unable to talk. At the accident site there lies a crushed videotape. When Mai suddenly disappears, Ando is further motivated to investigate. He stumbles upon Ryuji's files which contain the title, THE RING. He is uncertain about the discovery because it contains supernatural explanations and contradicts scientific ones.",
"The virus mutated and uses the report as a medium. After reading the report, Ando has thoughts of Sadako and the well. Through a series of events, he is led to the well in Hakone.",
"Days after Mai's disappearance, he meets a beautiful woman named Masako who introduced herself as Mai's older sister. He falls in love with her. In doing so, they make love one night and Masako ends up pregnant. Later he finds out that Masako and Sadako are the same. One night he receives a letter from Sadako/Masako stating: \"Don't ever disobey me because you don't know who you are dealing with\". Ando chooses Sadako and is told to publish Ryuji's files and dominate the world.",
"### *Loop* (1998\\)",
"{{main\\|Loop (novel)}}\nA medical student named Kaoru Futami has a father who has contracted a deadly disease called Metastatic Human Cancer (MHC), a cancer involving both animals and plants. He discovers that his father was involved in a massive supercomputer project named LOOP. The LOOP was a computer simulation of the emergence of life but that did not succeed. It is known that everyone who was involved in the LOOP has died by the same type of cancer.",
"In the course of events, Kaoru meets a woman named Reiko and falls in love with her. They sleep together, and Reiko becomes pregnant, which makes Reiko vulnerable to MHC. Kaoru continues his investigations, which lead him to a man (and the last surviving person involved in the LOOP) named Amano. Amano reveals that LOOP was a project involving 100 supercomputers strung together and aiming to recreate life. Amano tells Kaoru of a lab in New Mexico where another scientist might be alive. Kaoru goes there only to find the scientist dead. Then, he enters the lab and finds a pair of virtual reality goggles and gloves. He tried it, and minutes later he is in the LOOP.",
"In the LOOP, he sees everything, but one event intrigues him, the emergence of the Ring Virus. He sees in detail all the events of the previous novels from different angles. After some discussion with Amano, he knows that the LOOP's creator wanted to recreate Ryuji's death and in so doing could clone him and insert him into someone's womb. The cloned Ryuji, however, had the Ring Virus in him. When Ryuji was born, the virus escaped and mutated into MHC.",
"Kaoru is desperate to find a cure for MHC, but he encounters a storm that leaves him dying. He is saved by an old man named Cristoph Eliot, the leader of the LOOP project. He reveals that Kaoru was Ryuji's clone and so has an exceptional gift, immunity to MHC.",
"Kaoru has to be analyzed so that his immunity can be understood. An analysis machine is created. The analyzed object, however, has to be molecularized in order to be scanned accurately, meaning that Kaoru might die. Heroically, he agrees to this.",
"The old man transfers Kaoru's analyzed molecules into the LOOP. He promises that Reiko, his wife, can see him through the VR Goggles and that she will not be alone. In the LOOP, Kaoru is reborn through Sadako as Ryuji. He creates a vaccine for the Ring virus which he gives to Ando, re\\-enacting the epilogue of *Spiral*. The book ends with Kaoru/Ryuji sitting watching the stars, thinking that Reiko is watching over him.",
"### *Birthday* (1999\\)",
"{{main\\|Birthday (short story collection)}}\nThis short story collection consists of stories related to the *Ring* novels. It was also meant to be the conclusion to the *Ring* series at the time.",
"**Floating Coffin** – these are the final moments of Mai Takano's life after disappearing during the events of *Spiral*.",
"It begins when she watches the tape. She starts ovulating then, and Sadako's DNA is planted in Mai's eggs. After viewing the tape, she feels nausea. Unknown to her, Sadako is being conceived in her womb. Days later, Sadako has total control of Mai since she lacks the will to resist. Exactly seven days after viewing the tape, Mai gives birth to a baby Sadako. When Sadako is reborn, she kills Mai with her psychic powers.",
"**Lemon Heart** – the second story of the collection tells the story of Sadako when she was 19 years old in Tokyo. This is 30 years prior to *Ring*.",
"When Sadako graduated from high school, she joined the Hiroshi Acting Troupe as an apprentice. As days go by, she falls in love with Toyama, the soundman. Once, she is caught performing *[nensha](/wiki/Thoughtography \"Thoughtography\")* with a turned\\-off TV. This alienates her from the group. While Sadako and Toyama are intimate, their conversation is accidentally recorded. When a member plays this recording to the rest of the troupe, much drama ensues. Because of these events, Sadako flees to Hakone to her father, who is in the hospital. It is later revealed that all who heard the recording died years later under mysterious circumstances.",
"At a well, a doctor rapes her, but she defends herself with a psychic attack on the doctor. He retaliates by strangling Sadako, which incapacitates her power. Helpless, she is thrown into the well. As she dies, she has a vision of being reborn inside Mai Takano's womb, which occurs in the first story.",
"**Happy Birthday** – the final story develops the plot of the last novel, *[Loop](/wiki/Loop_%28novel%29 \"Loop (novel)\")*, while incorporating new information disclosed in the previous two short stories. It depicts the last events taking place in the *Ring* universe chronologically and is also the conclusion of the series.",
"Reiko is questioning the worth of giving birth to a child if the only world he'll arrive in is full of death. Her older son has died, and the father of her unborn child still missing. There she goes to a lab and learn the final secrets of the LOOP.",
"### *S* (2012\\)",
"{{main\\|S (Suzuki novel)}}\n**S** is a 2012 Koji Suzuki novel and the fifth entry of the series.",
"Following on the story told in the series of novels that began with the runaway bestseller *Ring*, this work starts with 28\\-year\\-old image processing specialist Takanori Ando being handed a USB memory stick by the president of the CG production company where he works. Tasked with analyzing its contents, Ando gasps at the graphic images he sees, and quickly concludes that they cannot have been faked or generated by CG software. Assuming the man in the video did indeed kill himself, what could his purpose have been in leaving this footage behind?\nAndo saves the file to his PC. When he plays it again the next day, the man's body has shifted to a lower position, and in subsequent viewings, the video undergoes further changes. Meanwhile, Ando's fiancée Akane Maruyama, a 24\\-year\\-old high\\-school teacher, learns she is pregnant with his child. When she is at Ando's apartment, she is drawn as if by an irresistible force to watch the suicide video on his PC. After examining the video more closely, Ando manages to identify the apartment building where he believes it was filmed. He also realizes that someone is following him, though intermittently, and that he may in fact be in danger.\nThe man who holds the key to the story is philosophy instructor Ryuji Takayama, who appeared in previous volumes of the series. Twenty\\-five years ago, Takayama had died after watching a video that transmitted a curse, but, miraculously returning to life, he has been battling the evil villainess Sadako to prevent the Sadako Virus from spreading. Akane is in fact Takayama's child by a woman who carries Sadako's DNA, and the man who kills himself in the suicide video is a way of informing Ando about the intervening events.",
"### *Tide* (2013\\)",
"The sixth and final entry in the series, *Tide* is linked most directly to *Loop*.{{cite web \\|title\\=''Tide'' \\|url\\=http://www.booksfromjapan.jp/publications/item/2210\\-tide \\|website\\=Books from Japan \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312050940/http://www.booksfromjapan.jp/publications/item/2210\\-tide \\|archivedate\\=2019\\-03\\-12 \\|date\\=2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} {{ISBN\\|978\\-4041105191}}",
"Cram\\-school math instructor Seiji Kashiwada is a creation of the supercomputer LOOP, and the biological information implanted in him reflects the lives of Ryuji Takayama, who appeared in both Ring and Loop, and Kaoru Futami, who appeared in the latter volume; but due to a system error, portions of his memory have become lost. One day, student Rie Yoshina comes to him for advice regarding her friend Haruna Tajima, who inexplicably fell into a coma after seeing a female dogu figurine of the Jomon Period (ca. 12,000–300 BCE) depicting the release of a snake. It is a baffling story, but as he listens to Rie's account, Seiji senses intuitively that it is a message directed at him. As if guided by some unknown force, he begins going back over the events that took place in Ring. The reader learns about the conflicts between Shizuko Yamamura and her daughter Sadako, who were central to the events; about the early years of the ancient ascetic who gave Shizuko her special powers; and about the surprising secret of Ryuji Takayama's birth. In the process, Seiji becomes one with Ryuji, and begins filling in the missing pieces of his memory. At the same time, he comes to feel a connection with the unbroken tides of human passion and memory that have ebbed and flowed since time immemorial, and in turn, to understand why he has been given life in this world.",
""
] |
### *Loop* (1998\)
{{main\|Loop (novel)}}
A medical student named Kaoru Futami has a father who has contracted a deadly disease called Metastatic Human Cancer (MHC), a cancer involving both animals and plants. He discovers that his father was involved in a massive supercomputer project named LOOP. The LOOP was a computer simulation of the emergence of life but that did not succeed. It is known that everyone who was involved in the LOOP has died by the same type of cancer.
In the course of events, Kaoru meets a woman named Reiko and falls in love with her. They sleep together, and Reiko becomes pregnant, which makes Reiko vulnerable to MHC. Kaoru continues his investigations, which lead him to a man (and the last surviving person involved in the LOOP) named Amano. Amano reveals that LOOP was a project involving 100 supercomputers strung together and aiming to recreate life. Amano tells Kaoru of a lab in New Mexico where another scientist might be alive. Kaoru goes there only to find the scientist dead. Then, he enters the lab and finds a pair of virtual reality goggles and gloves. He tried it, and minutes later he is in the LOOP.
In the LOOP, he sees everything, but one event intrigues him, the emergence of the Ring Virus. He sees in detail all the events of the previous novels from different angles. After some discussion with Amano, he knows that the LOOP's creator wanted to recreate Ryuji's death and in so doing could clone him and insert him into someone's womb. The cloned Ryuji, however, had the Ring Virus in him. When Ryuji was born, the virus escaped and mutated into MHC.
Kaoru is desperate to find a cure for MHC, but he encounters a storm that leaves him dying. He is saved by an old man named Cristoph Eliot, the leader of the LOOP project. He reveals that Kaoru was Ryuji's clone and so has an exceptional gift, immunity to MHC.
Kaoru has to be analyzed so that his immunity can be understood. An analysis machine is created. The analyzed object, however, has to be molecularized in order to be scanned accurately, meaning that Kaoru might die. Heroically, he agrees to this.
The old man transfers Kaoru's analyzed molecules into the LOOP. He promises that Reiko, his wife, can see him through the VR Goggles and that she will not be alone. In the LOOP, Kaoru is reborn through Sadako as Ryuji. He creates a vaccine for the Ring virus which he gives to Ando, re\-enacting the epilogue of *Spiral*. The book ends with Kaoru/Ryuji sitting watching the stars, thinking that Reiko is watching over him.
|
[
"### *Loop* (1998\\)",
"{{main\\|Loop (novel)}}\nA medical student named Kaoru Futami has a father who has contracted a deadly disease called Metastatic Human Cancer (MHC), a cancer involving both animals and plants. He discovers that his father was involved in a massive supercomputer project named LOOP. The LOOP was a computer simulation of the emergence of life but that did not succeed. It is known that everyone who was involved in the LOOP has died by the same type of cancer.",
"In the course of events, Kaoru meets a woman named Reiko and falls in love with her. They sleep together, and Reiko becomes pregnant, which makes Reiko vulnerable to MHC. Kaoru continues his investigations, which lead him to a man (and the last surviving person involved in the LOOP) named Amano. Amano reveals that LOOP was a project involving 100 supercomputers strung together and aiming to recreate life. Amano tells Kaoru of a lab in New Mexico where another scientist might be alive. Kaoru goes there only to find the scientist dead. Then, he enters the lab and finds a pair of virtual reality goggles and gloves. He tried it, and minutes later he is in the LOOP.",
"In the LOOP, he sees everything, but one event intrigues him, the emergence of the Ring Virus. He sees in detail all the events of the previous novels from different angles. After some discussion with Amano, he knows that the LOOP's creator wanted to recreate Ryuji's death and in so doing could clone him and insert him into someone's womb. The cloned Ryuji, however, had the Ring Virus in him. When Ryuji was born, the virus escaped and mutated into MHC.",
"Kaoru is desperate to find a cure for MHC, but he encounters a storm that leaves him dying. He is saved by an old man named Cristoph Eliot, the leader of the LOOP project. He reveals that Kaoru was Ryuji's clone and so has an exceptional gift, immunity to MHC.",
"Kaoru has to be analyzed so that his immunity can be understood. An analysis machine is created. The analyzed object, however, has to be molecularized in order to be scanned accurately, meaning that Kaoru might die. Heroically, he agrees to this.",
"The old man transfers Kaoru's analyzed molecules into the LOOP. He promises that Reiko, his wife, can see him through the VR Goggles and that she will not be alone. In the LOOP, Kaoru is reborn through Sadako as Ryuji. He creates a vaccine for the Ring virus which he gives to Ando, re\\-enacting the epilogue of *Spiral*. The book ends with Kaoru/Ryuji sitting watching the stars, thinking that Reiko is watching over him.",
""
] |
Palóc customs
-------------
In many places, family life is still based on the old patriarchal order. When a Palóc lad gets married, he takes his new daughter\-in\-law home to his parents' house. As a result of this custom, more than one Palóc father lived with three or four married sons and their children under the same roof.
The family is headed by the farmer and the farmer's wife. The oldest male or female member of the family (or the head) holds both positions. They are held in absolute respect and esteem. The farmer is the lord of the manor, the guardian of the property and the steward of the fields. The farmer's wife is the head of the household; she does the cooking and baking, while the other women can only help with the bread. No woman under a farmer's wife is allowed to interfere in cooking, which is why the Palóc woman learns to cook only in late maidenhood. The younger women of the family may weave, sew, wash or help with the lighter field work, if the farmer allows it. If something disrupts extended family life and bread is broken, the wealth is divided up and an "arrow is drawn."
Their food is nutritious. Poultry are not kept for sale, but for their own household. Few places see as many geese in one place as the Palóc. In winter there are always one or two fatteners in the barn. The men sit around the table and the women stand behind their husbands and spoon from the common big bowl. The corner seat next to the table is the main seat, where the farmer sits and the more deserving guest is also seated. According to the ancient custom, the host always drinks from the brandy or wine bottle first and only then offers it to the others, saying: 'I give it with honour', to which the guest replies: 'Thank you, I'll take it with honour'. When toasting, the host says: 'Powerful God', to which the guest replies: 'I will never leave you', or 'Our Father God', 'Praise be to you all'.
They have retained many of the old features of their marital customs. Most marriages are contracted in love, but if the interests of the child require it, parents may marry at a very early age, around 14\. The Palóc lad chooses his life partner in advance, but he never marries a stranger, another villager or even another street person, because it would be a great shame. If his parents do not object, the girl and the boy exchange shawls, followed on the appointed day by a formal engagement called the "shawl\-house". The wedding takes place in the third week after the "shawl\-house". The wedding guests are invited by groomsmen in straps and bows. The wedding is held in autumn or carnival, preferably on a Monday. The night before the wedding, the 'wedding officers', 'bridesmaids or bridesmaids' are called out and the bride's bed, linen and tulip chest are brought to the groom's house. On the morning of the wedding, the bride sends the groom a wedding gift. The betrothed couple go separately to their "god's house", each with their own bridesmaids. The bride in a carriage and in complete silence, the groom on foot, with dancing lads and a band of horsemen waving national flags to the sound of music. The 'wedding queen' is brought to the groom's house only in the evening, after the 'sun sacrifice'. She is picked up in a carriage and on horseback by a brilliant entourage. The "spokesman" first asks the girl to leave her parents, then they put her in a carriage and the wedding procession begins. At the front, the groom and his companions ride on horses, carrying burning torches, followed by the bride's four\-horse carriage with bell\-ringing harness.
When they arrive at the groom's house, they sit at a long table and are treated to a series of dishes, accompanied by poetic toasts from the groomsmen. After dinner comes the 'bride dance', followed by the 'bride laying'. The bride and groom then celebrate the bride's bridal shower. The next morning, the bride is led to her "initiation" in her wedding dress. This is when most of the 'old bridal' part of the wedding begins. At this point the festivities continue for several days. A characteristic feature of the old Palóc weddings was that they lasted for more than a week.
The arrival of a newborn baby is accompanied by preparations. The daughter\-in\-law cherries, blesses, surrounds the "mushroom bridesmaid" with a "tent sheet" and ties a clove of garlic, a small bread crust and a pinch of salt to the end of the sheet to protect the unborn child from charms, from being struck in the eye and to prevent the "bad" ones from changing it at night. For the same purpose, the newborn is bathed in "clean grass" and a reader is placed in the bandage of the swaddling robe until the christening. The christening is always held in the morning, attended only by women, and is accompanied by the consumption of bread and brandy for the health of the newborn.
According to the Palóc belief, the death of every man is marked by a shooting star in the sky. A window is opened to the soul of the dying person to make it easier for him to escape. The dead person is washed, dressed in a festive costume, boots are put on his feet, but the horseshoe is removed so that when he goes home at night "to thank for his lodging" he will not knock. The women's hauberks are also removed and replaced with a piece of wood or a pen, saying that it is hard for the dead to wear iron. The dead are placed under the master beam on the side of the house facing the street, so that they lie lengthwise underneath. The burial is followed by the gate, where the dead are laid out. The knife, spoon and fork are laid crosswise on top of each other, the plate is turned downwards and the chair is left empty, because they believe that the dead person is also sitting on the tower.
|
[
"Palóc customs\n-------------",
"In many places, family life is still based on the old patriarchal order. When a Palóc lad gets married, he takes his new daughter\\-in\\-law home to his parents' house. As a result of this custom, more than one Palóc father lived with three or four married sons and their children under the same roof.",
"The family is headed by the farmer and the farmer's wife. The oldest male or female member of the family (or the head) holds both positions. They are held in absolute respect and esteem. The farmer is the lord of the manor, the guardian of the property and the steward of the fields. The farmer's wife is the head of the household; she does the cooking and baking, while the other women can only help with the bread. No woman under a farmer's wife is allowed to interfere in cooking, which is why the Palóc woman learns to cook only in late maidenhood. The younger women of the family may weave, sew, wash or help with the lighter field work, if the farmer allows it. If something disrupts extended family life and bread is broken, the wealth is divided up and an \"arrow is drawn.\"",
"Their food is nutritious. Poultry are not kept for sale, but for their own household. Few places see as many geese in one place as the Palóc. In winter there are always one or two fatteners in the barn. The men sit around the table and the women stand behind their husbands and spoon from the common big bowl. The corner seat next to the table is the main seat, where the farmer sits and the more deserving guest is also seated. According to the ancient custom, the host always drinks from the brandy or wine bottle first and only then offers it to the others, saying: 'I give it with honour', to which the guest replies: 'Thank you, I'll take it with honour'. When toasting, the host says: 'Powerful God', to which the guest replies: 'I will never leave you', or 'Our Father God', 'Praise be to you all'.",
"They have retained many of the old features of their marital customs. Most marriages are contracted in love, but if the interests of the child require it, parents may marry at a very early age, around 14\\. The Palóc lad chooses his life partner in advance, but he never marries a stranger, another villager or even another street person, because it would be a great shame. If his parents do not object, the girl and the boy exchange shawls, followed on the appointed day by a formal engagement called the \"shawl\\-house\". The wedding takes place in the third week after the \"shawl\\-house\". The wedding guests are invited by groomsmen in straps and bows. The wedding is held in autumn or carnival, preferably on a Monday. The night before the wedding, the 'wedding officers', 'bridesmaids or bridesmaids' are called out and the bride's bed, linen and tulip chest are brought to the groom's house. On the morning of the wedding, the bride sends the groom a wedding gift. The betrothed couple go separately to their \"god's house\", each with their own bridesmaids. The bride in a carriage and in complete silence, the groom on foot, with dancing lads and a band of horsemen waving national flags to the sound of music. The 'wedding queen' is brought to the groom's house only in the evening, after the 'sun sacrifice'. She is picked up in a carriage and on horseback by a brilliant entourage. The \"spokesman\" first asks the girl to leave her parents, then they put her in a carriage and the wedding procession begins. At the front, the groom and his companions ride on horses, carrying burning torches, followed by the bride's four\\-horse carriage with bell\\-ringing harness.",
"When they arrive at the groom's house, they sit at a long table and are treated to a series of dishes, accompanied by poetic toasts from the groomsmen. After dinner comes the 'bride dance', followed by the 'bride laying'. The bride and groom then celebrate the bride's bridal shower. The next morning, the bride is led to her \"initiation\" in her wedding dress. This is when most of the 'old bridal' part of the wedding begins. At this point the festivities continue for several days. A characteristic feature of the old Palóc weddings was that they lasted for more than a week.",
"The arrival of a newborn baby is accompanied by preparations. The daughter\\-in\\-law cherries, blesses, surrounds the \"mushroom bridesmaid\" with a \"tent sheet\" and ties a clove of garlic, a small bread crust and a pinch of salt to the end of the sheet to protect the unborn child from charms, from being struck in the eye and to prevent the \"bad\" ones from changing it at night. For the same purpose, the newborn is bathed in \"clean grass\" and a reader is placed in the bandage of the swaddling robe until the christening. The christening is always held in the morning, attended only by women, and is accompanied by the consumption of bread and brandy for the health of the newborn.",
"According to the Palóc belief, the death of every man is marked by a shooting star in the sky. A window is opened to the soul of the dying person to make it easier for him to escape. The dead person is washed, dressed in a festive costume, boots are put on his feet, but the horseshoe is removed so that when he goes home at night \"to thank for his lodging\" he will not knock. The women's hauberks are also removed and replaced with a piece of wood or a pen, saying that it is hard for the dead to wear iron. The dead are placed under the master beam on the side of the house facing the street, so that they lie lengthwise underneath. The burial is followed by the gate, where the dead are laid out. The knife, spoon and fork are laid crosswise on top of each other, the plate is turned downwards and the chair is left empty, because they believe that the dead person is also sitting on the tower.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Thackery ([Clive Owen](/wiki/Clive_Owen "Clive Owen")) continues experiencing severe stomach ache, causing more collapses. While Zinberg ([Michael Nathanson](/wiki/Michael_Nathanson_%28actor%29 "Michael Nathanson (actor)")) suggests many treatments, Thackery rejects them, wanting the surgery to be done in his terms. After the fire, Henry (Charles Aitken) decides not to build the new hospital, while Barrow ([Jeremy Bobb](/wiki/Jeremy_Bobb "Jeremy Bobb")) is suspected of starting the fire.
Cornelia ([Juliet Rylance](/wiki/Juliet_Rylance "Juliet Rylance")) decides to accompany Phillip (Tom Lipinski) in his trip to Ohio. However, she meets with Henry beforehand and is shocked to discover that he is responsible for shipping operations for the family. She then accuses him of killing Speight and burning the new hospital, which he does not deny. He then threatens her that he covered his tracks and that her word is not enough to convict him of the crimes. Scared for her life, she decides to flee to [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia").
Cleary ([Chris Sullivan](/wiki/Chris_Sullivan_%28actor%29 "Chris Sullivan (actor)")) proposes to Harriet ([Cara Seymour](/wiki/Cara_Seymour "Cara Seymour")). While taking confession, he admits to the priest that he informed on Harriet to the police so that the Church would expel her, allowing him a chance to pursue her romantically. The next day, Harriet accepts his proposal. Meanwhile, Gallinger ([Eric Johnson](/wiki/Eric_Johnson_%28actor%29 "Eric Johnson (actor)")) is offered to travel the world promoting eugenics, which he decides to accept.
Without any support, Thackery decides to perform the bowel surgery on himself, using a mirror and his own spinal block technique in lieu of anesthesia. While carefully operating, he accidentally nicks his [abdominal aorta](/wiki/Abdominal_aorta "Abdominal aorta") and loses consciousness after bleeding out. Gallinger, Chickering ([Michael Angarano](/wiki/Michael_Angarano "Michael Angarano")) and Edwards ([André Holland](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Holland "André Holland")) then are forced to try in reviving him, but his condition worsens. Desperate, Chickering leaves to retrieve adrenaline and injects Thackery. His fate is not revealed.
Edwards finds Abigail's notes on Thackery's desk. As he is unable to perform surgery due to his eye, he asks Henry to be allowed in continuing Thackery's investigation into drug addiction, which Henry grants him. He visits the last patient on Thackery's addiction ward, intending to help him overcome his addiction.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Thackery ([Clive Owen](/wiki/Clive_Owen \"Clive Owen\")) continues experiencing severe stomach ache, causing more collapses. While Zinberg ([Michael Nathanson](/wiki/Michael_Nathanson_%28actor%29 \"Michael Nathanson (actor)\")) suggests many treatments, Thackery rejects them, wanting the surgery to be done in his terms. After the fire, Henry (Charles Aitken) decides not to build the new hospital, while Barrow ([Jeremy Bobb](/wiki/Jeremy_Bobb \"Jeremy Bobb\")) is suspected of starting the fire.",
"Cornelia ([Juliet Rylance](/wiki/Juliet_Rylance \"Juliet Rylance\")) decides to accompany Phillip (Tom Lipinski) in his trip to Ohio. However, she meets with Henry beforehand and is shocked to discover that he is responsible for shipping operations for the family. She then accuses him of killing Speight and burning the new hospital, which he does not deny. He then threatens her that he covered his tracks and that her word is not enough to convict him of the crimes. Scared for her life, she decides to flee to [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\").",
"Cleary ([Chris Sullivan](/wiki/Chris_Sullivan_%28actor%29 \"Chris Sullivan (actor)\")) proposes to Harriet ([Cara Seymour](/wiki/Cara_Seymour \"Cara Seymour\")). While taking confession, he admits to the priest that he informed on Harriet to the police so that the Church would expel her, allowing him a chance to pursue her romantically. The next day, Harriet accepts his proposal. Meanwhile, Gallinger ([Eric Johnson](/wiki/Eric_Johnson_%28actor%29 \"Eric Johnson (actor)\")) is offered to travel the world promoting eugenics, which he decides to accept.",
"Without any support, Thackery decides to perform the bowel surgery on himself, using a mirror and his own spinal block technique in lieu of anesthesia. While carefully operating, he accidentally nicks his [abdominal aorta](/wiki/Abdominal_aorta \"Abdominal aorta\") and loses consciousness after bleeding out. Gallinger, Chickering ([Michael Angarano](/wiki/Michael_Angarano \"Michael Angarano\")) and Edwards ([André Holland](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Holland \"André Holland\")) then are forced to try in reviving him, but his condition worsens. Desperate, Chickering leaves to retrieve adrenaline and injects Thackery. His fate is not revealed.",
"Edwards finds Abigail's notes on Thackery's desk. As he is unable to perform surgery due to his eye, he asks Henry to be allowed in continuing Thackery's investigation into drug addiction, which Henry grants him. He visits the last patient on Thackery's addiction ward, intending to help him overcome his addiction.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Kennes grew up in a working\-class family in [Boom](/wiki/Boom%2C_Belgium "Boom, Belgium"). At 15, he started working as a metal worker.Liselotte Degroote, ["Rudi Kennes: “Aan het piket zongen wij antifascistische liederen”"](https://www.solidair.org/artikels/rudi-kennes-aan-het-piket-zongen-wij-antifascistische-liederen), *Solidair*, 2 November 2021, accessed 29 September 2023\.
In 1978 he began working at the large automobile factory [Opel Antwerp](/wiki/Opel_Antwerp "Opel Antwerp"), where he became a member of the [works council](/wiki/Works_council "Works council") in 1983\. Between 2005 and 2011 he was chief union representative at Opel Antwerp for the [ABVV](/wiki/General_Labour_Federation_of_Belgium "General Labour Federation of Belgium") [metal workers union](/wiki/Union_of_the_Belgian_Metal_Industry "Union of the Belgian Metal Industry") and between 2006 and 2011 Kennes was vice president of the [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") [European Works Council](/wiki/European_Works_Council "European Works Council").
During that period GM began a restructuring, and the closing of Opel Antwerp was proposed in 2009\. The unions at Opel Antwerp unsuccessfully resisted these plans and in early 2010 the company definitively decided to close the factory, causing 2600 workers to lose their jobs. As chief union rep, Kennes became the public face of the struggle to keep the factory open and was recognized as "[Flanders](/wiki/Flanders "Flanders")' best\-known union representative".Erik Raspoet, "Rudi Kennes Vlaanderens bekendste vakbondsafgevaardigde", *[De Morgen](/wiki/De_Morgen "De Morgen")*, 4 July 2009, p. 54\-55\.
Kennes was a candidate in the [2007 Belgian federal election](/wiki/2007_Belgian_federal_election "2007 Belgian federal election") for [sp.a](/wiki/Vooruit_%28political_party%29 "Vooruit (political party)") in [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp_%28province%29 "Antwerp (province)"). As a popular trade unionists, he was offered a place on the sp.a list for the [2009 regional election in Flanders](/wiki/2009_Belgian_regional_elections "2009 Belgian regional elections"), but he refused the spot. He was once again on the list for the [2010 federal election](/wiki/2010_Belgian_federal_election "2010 Belgian federal election").
Between 2013 and 2018 Kennes served as municipal council member for sp.a in [Willebroek](/wiki/Willebroek "Willebroek"). After the 2018 local elections, he left sp.a, but because elected member Griet Reyntiens left the council, Kennes re\-entered in 2021, first as an independent and then as a member of the [Workers' Party of Belgium](/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Belgium "Workers' Party of Belgium") (PVDA). In the meantime, Kennes had begun working as parliamentary assistant to PVDA's [Gaby Colebunders](/wiki/Gaby_Colebunders "Gaby Colebunders").
Kennes was the Workers' Party's lead candidate in the [2024 European Parliament elections](/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_elections "2024 European Parliament elections") for Belgium's Dutch\-language constituency. He was elected into the European Parliament on June 9, the first Marxist MEP from Flanders. The party maintained its seat from the French\-language constituency, held by [Marc Botenga](/wiki/Marc_Botenga "Marc Botenga"), and so doubled its representation.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Kennes grew up in a working\\-class family in [Boom](/wiki/Boom%2C_Belgium \"Boom, Belgium\"). At 15, he started working as a metal worker.Liselotte Degroote, [\"Rudi Kennes: “Aan het piket zongen wij antifascistische liederen”\"](https://www.solidair.org/artikels/rudi-kennes-aan-het-piket-zongen-wij-antifascistische-liederen), *Solidair*, 2 November 2021, accessed 29 September 2023\\.",
"In 1978 he began working at the large automobile factory [Opel Antwerp](/wiki/Opel_Antwerp \"Opel Antwerp\"), where he became a member of the [works council](/wiki/Works_council \"Works council\") in 1983\\. Between 2005 and 2011 he was chief union representative at Opel Antwerp for the [ABVV](/wiki/General_Labour_Federation_of_Belgium \"General Labour Federation of Belgium\") [metal workers union](/wiki/Union_of_the_Belgian_Metal_Industry \"Union of the Belgian Metal Industry\") and between 2006 and 2011 Kennes was vice president of the [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") [European Works Council](/wiki/European_Works_Council \"European Works Council\").",
"During that period GM began a restructuring, and the closing of Opel Antwerp was proposed in 2009\\. The unions at Opel Antwerp unsuccessfully resisted these plans and in early 2010 the company definitively decided to close the factory, causing 2600 workers to lose their jobs. As chief union rep, Kennes became the public face of the struggle to keep the factory open and was recognized as \"[Flanders](/wiki/Flanders \"Flanders\")' best\\-known union representative\".Erik Raspoet, \"Rudi Kennes Vlaanderens bekendste vakbondsafgevaardigde\", *[De Morgen](/wiki/De_Morgen \"De Morgen\")*, 4 July 2009, p. 54\\-55\\.",
"Kennes was a candidate in the [2007 Belgian federal election](/wiki/2007_Belgian_federal_election \"2007 Belgian federal election\") for [sp.a](/wiki/Vooruit_%28political_party%29 \"Vooruit (political party)\") in [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp_%28province%29 \"Antwerp (province)\"). As a popular trade unionists, he was offered a place on the sp.a list for the [2009 regional election in Flanders](/wiki/2009_Belgian_regional_elections \"2009 Belgian regional elections\"), but he refused the spot. He was once again on the list for the [2010 federal election](/wiki/2010_Belgian_federal_election \"2010 Belgian federal election\").",
"Between 2013 and 2018 Kennes served as municipal council member for sp.a in [Willebroek](/wiki/Willebroek \"Willebroek\"). After the 2018 local elections, he left sp.a, but because elected member Griet Reyntiens left the council, Kennes re\\-entered in 2021, first as an independent and then as a member of the [Workers' Party of Belgium](/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Belgium \"Workers' Party of Belgium\") (PVDA). In the meantime, Kennes had begun working as parliamentary assistant to PVDA's [Gaby Colebunders](/wiki/Gaby_Colebunders \"Gaby Colebunders\").",
"Kennes was the Workers' Party's lead candidate in the [2024 European Parliament elections](/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_elections \"2024 European Parliament elections\") for Belgium's Dutch\\-language constituency. He was elected into the European Parliament on June 9, the first Marxist MEP from Flanders. The party maintained its seat from the French\\-language constituency, held by [Marc Botenga](/wiki/Marc_Botenga \"Marc Botenga\"), and so doubled its representation.",
""
] |
Motivation and history
----------------------
Spring Roo's mission statement is to *"fundamentally improve Java developer productivity without compromising engineering integrity or flexibility"*.["Spring Roo reference documentation"](http://static.springsource.org/spring-roo/reference/html/background.html#background-mission), Mission Statement section; Retrieved 2010\-2\-21\.
The technology was first demonstrated during the opening keynote at the SpringOne Europe developer conference on 27 April 2009, with an initial alpha release concurrently being published. During the keynote an application was built live on\-stage that would be used by conference attendees to vote on the preferred name for the project (which at that time was codenamed "Roo" within [SpringSource](/wiki/SpringSource "SpringSource")).["Tech Videos: The Future of Java Innovation"](http://www.bestechvideos.com/2009/06/11/springone-europe-2009-keynote-the-future-of-java-innovation) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009064424/http://www.bestechvideos.com/2009/06/11/springone\-europe\-2009\-keynote\-the\-future\-of\-java\-innovation \|date\=2009\-10\-09 }} by Rod Johnson (CEO of SpringSource); Retrieved 2009\-10\-17\. Ultimately the name "Spring Roo" was preferred over alternatives including Spring Boost, Spring Spark, Spring HyperDrive and Spring Dart.["Spring Roo reference documentation"](http://static.springsource.org/spring-roo/reference/html/background.html#background-history), History section; Retrieved 2010\-2\-21\.
Several releases followed,["InfoQ: Spring Roo 1\.0 M1 Released"](http://www.infoq.com/news/2009/05/spring-roo-1.0-m1-release) by Srini Penchikala; Dated 2009\-5\-31\.["Jira issue tracking for Spring Roo Project releases"](https://jira.springsource.org/browse/ROO#selectedTab=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.project%3Aversions-panel); Retrieved 2010\-2\-21\. with the Roo 1\.0\.0\.RELEASE ([general availability](/wiki/Development_stage "Development stage")) released in December 2009\. In October 2010, Spring Roo 1\.1\.0\.RELEASE was released. The 1\.1\.0 release moved to an OSGi foundation with associated add\-on discovery model, plus added support for incremental database reverse engineering, Spring MVC page complexity reduction, Google Web Toolkit, Google App Engine, Apache Solr, JSON and smaller features like serializable automation.["A Big Hop Forward: Spring Roo 1\.1\.0 Is Released!"](http://blog.springsource.com/2010/10/27/spring-roo-1-1-0-is-released/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028205359/http://blog.springsource.com/2010/10/27/spring\-roo\-1\-1\-0\-is\-released/ \|date\=2010\-10\-28 }}, by Ben Alex (lead of Spring Roo at SpringSource); Retrieved 2010\-10\-27\. The current Roo project engineers are employed by SpringSource and as such Roo releases typically support the latest available releases of other [Spring](/wiki/Spring_Framework "Spring Framework") portfolio projects.
In 2014 [DISID](http://www.disid.com/) takes over the leadership of the open source framework Spring Roo after the partnership agreement with Pivotal.
They collaborate on further development of the Spring Roo project. Roo will continue in its goal of providing a code\-gen style of RAD framework.
The Spring Roo project will remain as an open source project under Spring, maintaining the same current licensing policy. Both Pivotal and DISID are calling on the Spring and Java communities for anyone who would like to collaborate in the project.
|
[
"Motivation and history\n----------------------",
"Spring Roo's mission statement is to *\"fundamentally improve Java developer productivity without compromising engineering integrity or flexibility\"*.[\"Spring Roo reference documentation\"](http://static.springsource.org/spring-roo/reference/html/background.html#background-mission), Mission Statement section; Retrieved 2010\\-2\\-21\\.",
"The technology was first demonstrated during the opening keynote at the SpringOne Europe developer conference on 27 April 2009, with an initial alpha release concurrently being published. During the keynote an application was built live on\\-stage that would be used by conference attendees to vote on the preferred name for the project (which at that time was codenamed \"Roo\" within [SpringSource](/wiki/SpringSource \"SpringSource\")).[\"Tech Videos: The Future of Java Innovation\"](http://www.bestechvideos.com/2009/06/11/springone-europe-2009-keynote-the-future-of-java-innovation) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009064424/http://www.bestechvideos.com/2009/06/11/springone\\-europe\\-2009\\-keynote\\-the\\-future\\-of\\-java\\-innovation \\|date\\=2009\\-10\\-09 }} by Rod Johnson (CEO of SpringSource); Retrieved 2009\\-10\\-17\\. Ultimately the name \"Spring Roo\" was preferred over alternatives including Spring Boost, Spring Spark, Spring HyperDrive and Spring Dart.[\"Spring Roo reference documentation\"](http://static.springsource.org/spring-roo/reference/html/background.html#background-history), History section; Retrieved 2010\\-2\\-21\\.",
"Several releases followed,[\"InfoQ: Spring Roo 1\\.0 M1 Released\"](http://www.infoq.com/news/2009/05/spring-roo-1.0-m1-release) by Srini Penchikala; Dated 2009\\-5\\-31\\.[\"Jira issue tracking for Spring Roo Project releases\"](https://jira.springsource.org/browse/ROO#selectedTab=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.project%3Aversions-panel); Retrieved 2010\\-2\\-21\\. with the Roo 1\\.0\\.0\\.RELEASE ([general availability](/wiki/Development_stage \"Development stage\")) released in December 2009\\. In October 2010, Spring Roo 1\\.1\\.0\\.RELEASE was released. The 1\\.1\\.0 release moved to an OSGi foundation with associated add\\-on discovery model, plus added support for incremental database reverse engineering, Spring MVC page complexity reduction, Google Web Toolkit, Google App Engine, Apache Solr, JSON and smaller features like serializable automation.[\"A Big Hop Forward: Spring Roo 1\\.1\\.0 Is Released!\"](http://blog.springsource.com/2010/10/27/spring-roo-1-1-0-is-released/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028205359/http://blog.springsource.com/2010/10/27/spring\\-roo\\-1\\-1\\-0\\-is\\-released/ \\|date\\=2010\\-10\\-28 }}, by Ben Alex (lead of Spring Roo at SpringSource); Retrieved 2010\\-10\\-27\\. The current Roo project engineers are employed by SpringSource and as such Roo releases typically support the latest available releases of other [Spring](/wiki/Spring_Framework \"Spring Framework\") portfolio projects.",
"In 2014 [DISID](http://www.disid.com/) takes over the leadership of the open source framework Spring Roo after the partnership agreement with Pivotal.\nThey collaborate on further development of the Spring Roo project. Roo will continue in its goal of providing a code\\-gen style of RAD framework.",
"The Spring Roo project will remain as an open source project under Spring, maintaining the same current licensing policy. Both Pivotal and DISID are calling on the Spring and Java communities for anyone who would like to collaborate in the project.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Publishing
Hyman began his publishing career soon after graduating in 1955, securing a position at [Evans Brothers](/wiki/Evans_Brothers_%28publisher%29 "Evans Brothers (publisher)") that he had found through the Employment Group of the [Publishers' Association](/wiki/Publishers%27_Association "Publishers' Association"). Hyman remained with Evans Brothers for 22 years, working in various positions and rising eventually to the post of Managing Director.
His first role at Evans Brothers was working on publicity for the education department, with an initial task of writing the blurb for the 1955 *Year Book of Education*. In 1956, he moved to the production department, of which he was made the manager the following year. In 1964, he became a director, having also had experience of editorial work within the company. He was then made Deputy Managing Director in 1967\. He served as the managing director between 1972 and 1977\.
In 1977, he became the chairman of [Bell \& Hyman](/wiki/George_Bell_%26_Sons "George Bell & Sons"), remaining in this position until the company's merge with [Allen \& Unwin](/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin "Allen & Unwin") in 1986\. He served as the managing director of the new company, Unwin Hyman, until 1988, at which point he became its chairman and chief executive.
Between 1991 and 2004, Hyman served as the chairman for [Laurence King Publishing](/wiki/Laurence_King_Publishing "Laurence King Publishing").
### Boards and councils
In 1975, he became involved in the work of the [Publishers' Association](/wiki/Publishers%27_Association "Publishers' Association"), of which he was a member until 1992\. He served in several executive positions, namely as treasurer (1982–1984\), vice president (1988–1989 and 1991–1992\) and president (1989–1991\).
### As author
Hyman is also the author of several works, most notably the compiler of *A Dictionary of Famous Quotations* (1962\). He has also been the editor of other dictionaries, including the *Boys' and Girls' First Dictionary* (1967\), the *Bell \& Hyman First Colour Dictionary* (1985\) and the *Universal Primary Dictionary* (1976\). The *Universal Primary Dictionary* was compiled for use in Africa.
Together with his wife Inge, he has also written a number of children's books, including *Barnabas Ball at the Circus* (1967\), *Runaway James and the Night Owl* (1968\), *The Hippo Who Wanted To Fly* (1973\), *The Magical Fish* (1974\), *Peter's Magic Hide\-and\-Seek* (1982\).
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Publishing",
"Hyman began his publishing career soon after graduating in 1955, securing a position at [Evans Brothers](/wiki/Evans_Brothers_%28publisher%29 \"Evans Brothers (publisher)\") that he had found through the Employment Group of the [Publishers' Association](/wiki/Publishers%27_Association \"Publishers' Association\"). Hyman remained with Evans Brothers for 22 years, working in various positions and rising eventually to the post of Managing Director.",
"His first role at Evans Brothers was working on publicity for the education department, with an initial task of writing the blurb for the 1955 *Year Book of Education*. In 1956, he moved to the production department, of which he was made the manager the following year. In 1964, he became a director, having also had experience of editorial work within the company. He was then made Deputy Managing Director in 1967\\. He served as the managing director between 1972 and 1977\\.",
"In 1977, he became the chairman of [Bell \\& Hyman](/wiki/George_Bell_%26_Sons \"George Bell & Sons\"), remaining in this position until the company's merge with [Allen \\& Unwin](/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin \"Allen & Unwin\") in 1986\\. He served as the managing director of the new company, Unwin Hyman, until 1988, at which point he became its chairman and chief executive.",
"Between 1991 and 2004, Hyman served as the chairman for [Laurence King Publishing](/wiki/Laurence_King_Publishing \"Laurence King Publishing\").",
"### Boards and councils",
"In 1975, he became involved in the work of the [Publishers' Association](/wiki/Publishers%27_Association \"Publishers' Association\"), of which he was a member until 1992\\. He served in several executive positions, namely as treasurer (1982–1984\\), vice president (1988–1989 and 1991–1992\\) and president (1989–1991\\).",
"### As author",
"Hyman is also the author of several works, most notably the compiler of *A Dictionary of Famous Quotations* (1962\\). He has also been the editor of other dictionaries, including the *Boys' and Girls' First Dictionary* (1967\\), the *Bell \\& Hyman First Colour Dictionary* (1985\\) and the *Universal Primary Dictionary* (1976\\). The *Universal Primary Dictionary* was compiled for use in Africa.",
"Together with his wife Inge, he has also written a number of children's books, including *Barnabas Ball at the Circus* (1967\\), *Runaway James and the Night Owl* (1968\\), *The Hippo Who Wanted To Fly* (1973\\), *The Magical Fish* (1974\\), *Peter's Magic Hide\\-and\\-Seek* (1982\\).",
""
] |
Career
------
During the 1970s, she rejected the belief, among many contemporary designers, that computers and digitalization would compromise the [International Typographic Style](/wiki/International_Typographic_Style "International Typographic Style"); instead, she exploited emergent technologies and the *Basic Chance Principle*{{cite web \| url\=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chance\-randomness/basic\-chance.html\#A.2 \| title\=Chance versus Randomness \> A. Some Basic Principles About Chance (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) }} as integral parts of digital art, a position she has held throughout her career.
After completing her postgraduate studies in Switzerland, Greiman moved to Philadelphia and became an Associate Professor at the Philadelphia College of Art, (now known as University of the Arts)<https://www.uarts.edu/> {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} and worked as a freelance designer in Philadelphia and New York City. Utilizing her aesthetic that "...blends technology, science, word and image with color and space...".{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.designishistory.com/1980/april\-greiman/\|title\=April Greiman : Design Is History\|last\=Flask\|first\=Dominic\|website\=www.designishistory.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=March 11, 2017}}{{cite news\|title\=Targeted News Service\|date\=February 13, 2013\|id\={{ProQuest\|1287348251}}}} Greiman worked on projects with [Emilio Ambasz](/wiki/Emilio_Ambasz "Emilio Ambasz"), Curator of Design at the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art").
In 1976 Greiman moved to Los Angeles, after a brief stint as a freelancer with a corporate design agency in Century City, and established the studio, April Greiman, Inc*.*{{Cite web\|title\=home\|url\=https://www.madeinspace.la/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-15\|website\=madeinspace\|language\=en}} and became a leading figure of the emergent California [New Wave](/wiki/New_Wave_%28design%29 "New Wave (design)").
Upon Greiman's relocation from New York City to Los Angeles, she met designer\-photographer [Jayme Odgers](/wiki/Jayme_Odgers "Jayme Odgers"), who became a significant collaborator. In 1978 they designed a famous Cal Arts poster that became a seminal design of the California New Wave.{{cite news\|last1\=Whiteson\|first1\=Leon\|title\=A Designing Woman With Radical Ideas April Greiman Says Her Graphics Style Is 'an Experiment in Creating "Hybrid Imagery"'\|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|date\=October 9, 1988}}{{cite web \| url\=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1176676/cal\-arts\-poster\-april\-greiman/ \| title\=Cal Arts \| date\=1978 }} They also collaborated on a poster design for the [1984 Los Angeles Olympics](/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics "1984 Summer Olympics"). In 1981 they created an iconic poster of running legs silhouetted against a square of bright blue sky that was published in 1982 in advance of the 1984 Olympics.{{cite web \| url\=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah\_1764573 \| title\=Poster for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games held in Los Angeles, California }}
In 1982, Greiman was appointed Director of the design department at the [California Institute of the Arts](/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts "California Institute of the Arts"), also known as Cal Arts.{{cite book\|title\=Graphic design for the 21st century\|last\=Fiell\|first\=Charlotte\|publisher\=\[\[Taschen]]\|year\=2003\|isbn\=978\-3\-8228\-1605\-9\|page\=244\|author2\=Peter Fiell}} In 1984, she lobbied successfully to change the department name to Visual Communications, as she felt the term “graphic design” would prove too limiting to future designers. At Cal Arts she had the opportunity to experiment with new technology where she had access to an analog computer, synthesizer and video equipment set up by the instructor and famed artist, [Nam June Paik](/wiki/Nam_June_Paik "Nam June Paik"), and investigated in greater depth the effects of technology in her own work.
Greiman began acquiring her own equipment beginning with a first generation half\-inch video camera. This led to working with the [Quantel Paintbox](/wiki/Quantel_Paintbox "Quantel Paintbox"). By observing this new and innovative equipment, Greiman applied this knowledge to early low\-resolution tools, such as [Amiga](/wiki/Amiga "Amiga") and [Apple Inc.](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") (formerly Apple Computer Inc.).
An early adopter of computer technology, as noted in Apple's *Mac @ 30* video,{{Citation\|title\=Apple \- Mac 30 years of innovation\|url\=https://vimeo.com/84955412\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-15}} in February 1984 in Monterey, California, Greiman attended the first [TED Conference](/wiki/TED_Conference "TED Conference"), or Technology, Entertainment, and Design conference that featured several notable speakers including demos of the [compact disc](/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc"), co\-developed by [Philips](/wiki/Philips "Philips") and [Sony](/wiki/Sony "Sony"), and one of the first demonstrations of the Apple Macintosh computer by [Alan Kay](/wiki/Alan_Kay "Alan Kay") which inspired her to acquire her first computer, the [Macintosh computer](/wiki/Macintosh_computer "Macintosh computer").{{cite web \| url\=http://idsgn.org/posts/design\-discussions\-april\-greiman\-on\-technology/ \| title\=Design discussions: April Greiman on technology: Idsgn (A design blog) }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist\-aprilgreiman \|title\=Medalists: April Greiman \|publisher\=\[\[American Institute of Graphic Arts]] \|accessdate\=January 31, 2011 \| archiveurl\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110102013202/http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist\-aprilgreiman\| archivedate\= January 2, 2011 \| url\-status\= live}}
In 1986, Greiman was invited by [The Walker Art Center](/wiki/The_Walker_Art_Center "The Walker Art Center") to produce Issue 133 of *Design Quarterly* entitled: *Does It Make Sense?*[http://walkerquarterly.s3\.amazonaws.com/DQ\-133\_April\_Greiman.pdf](http://walkerquarterly.s3.amazonaws.com/DQ-133_April_Greiman.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=August 2024}}[https://walkerart.org/magazine/design\-quarterly\-andrew\-blauvelt](https://walkerart.org/magazine/design-quarterly-andrew-blauvelt) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} The edition was edited by [Mildred Friedman](/wiki/Mildred_Friedman "Mildred Friedman") and published by the [MIT Press](/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press") \& Walker Art Center. Using MacVision, a combination hardware/software interface to digitize still frames from a video camera or [VCR](/wiki/VCR "VCR"),{{cite web \| url\=https://32by32\.com/macvision/ \| title\=MacVision \| date\=November 26, 1984 }} Greiman re\-imagined the magazine as a fold\-out artwork. The nearly three\-by\-six foot print carefully unfolds three times across and nine times down revealing a life\-sized image of Greiman's outstretched naked body adorned with symbolic images and text. *Does It Make Sense?* was a provocative gesture, which "emphatically countered the objective, rational and masculine tendencies of modernist design," Greiman has said about the artwork's unusual format and title, "the sense it has for me is that it’s new and yet old,… it’s a magazine, which is an artwork, which is an object, which is… crazy.” *Does It Make sense?* also launched the Walker Art Center's new *Everyday Art Gallery*{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-03\-21 \|title\=Minnesota by Design – Design Quarterly 133 \|url\=https://walkerart.org/minnesotabydesign/objects/design\-quarterly\-133 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-18 \|archive\-url\=http://web.archive.org/web/20150321230514/https://walkerart.org/minnesotabydesign/objects/design\-quarterly\-133 \|archive\-date\=March 21, 2015 }} and part of many institution and museum collections.<https://www.moma.org/calendar/galleries/5668> {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
In 1988 in *[MacWorld](/wiki/MacWorld "MacWorld")'''s[Macworld](/wiki/Macworld "Macworld"){{Circular reference\|date\=August 2024}} First Annual Mac Masters Art Competition, Greiman was awarded Fine Arts First Prize (A) for her* Pacific Wave Sculpture*,[https://vintageapple.org/macworld/pdf/MacWorld\_8808\_August\_1988\.pdf](https://vintageapple.org/macworld/pdf/MacWorld_8808_August_1988.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=August 2024}} a project produced for the [Fortuny Museum](/wiki/Fortuny_Museum "Fortuny Museum") in Venice, Italy, for the museum's* Pacific Wave Festival*, an exhibition celebrating California graphic
designers September 27 – December 27, 1987\.{{cite book\|last1\=Greiman\|first1\=April\|title\=Hybrid Imagery\|last2\=Farrelly\|first2\=Liz\|date\=1990\|publisher\=Watson\-Guptill\|isbn\=0823025187\|location\=New York}}{{rp\|39}} Greiman also designed the official poster,* Pacific Wave*,{{cite web \| url\=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1176678/pacific\-wave\-museo\-fortuny\-poster\-greiman\-april/ \| title\=Pacific Wave, Museo Fortuny \| date\=1987 }} for the festival, now in several museum collections{{cite web \| url\=https://www.cooperhewitt.org/event/april\-greiman\-objects\-in\-space\-04\-28\-2021/ \| title\=April Greiman \| Objects in Space \| Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum \| date\=April 7, 2021 }} including [LACMA](/wiki/LACMA "LACMA"),{{cite web \| url\=https://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/digital\-witness\-revolutions\-design\-photography\-and\-film \| title\=Digital Witness: Revolutions in Design, Photography, and Film }} and featured in
[The Getty](/wiki/The_Getty "The Getty")'s marketing for 2024 PST ART:* Art \& Science Collide*, an initiative with arts institutions across Southern California.{{cite web \| url\=https://pst.art/en/exhibitions/digital\-witness\-revolutions\-in\-design\-photography\-and\-film \| title\=Digital Witness: Revolutions in Design, Photography, and Film }}*
In 1995, the [US Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service") issued a 32\-cent Women's Suffrage commemorative stamp designed by Greiman to commemorate the [Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution](/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") (Women's Voting Rights).{{cite book\|title\=April Greiman: floating ideas into time and space\|last\=Farrelly\|first\=Liz\|publisher\=Watson\-Guptill\|year\=1998\|page\=61}} The stamp went on sale nationwide on August 28,1995\. The stamp was printed by Ashton\-Potter USA, Ltd. (established in 1925 in Canada by the Ashton and Potter families) in the [offset printing](/wiki/Offset_printing "Offset printing") / [intaglio (printmaking)](/wiki/Intaglio_%28printmaking%29 "Intaglio (printmaking)") process and is included in the collection of the [National Postal Museum](/wiki/National_Postal_Museum "National Postal Museum") of the [Smithsonian Institution](/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution "Smithsonian Institution").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.si.edu/object/32c\-woman\-suffrage\-single%3Anpm\_1996\.2066\.201 \| title\=32c Woman Suffrage single }}
In 1997, Greiman and her husband, architect [Michael Rotondi](/wiki/Michael_Rotondi "Michael Rotondi"), purchased Miracle Manor, a 1940's motel in the Desert Hot Springs on top of Miracle Hill, with naturally hot and cold mineral springs discovered over 100 years ago. Innovatively restored and turned it into a retreat showcased their three\-dimensional design as an oasis of the spirit with "pool and buildings with a purity equal to the desert's."{{cite news \| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/09/garden/design\-notebook\-motel\-makeover\-no\-room\-for\-kitsch.html \| title\=Design Notebook; Motel Makeover: No Room for Kitsch \| work\=The New York Times \| date\=July 9, 1998 \| last1\=Giovannini \| first1\=Joseph }} Celebrating the subtle forms and textures of the desert, sky, and waters.{{cite web \| url\=https://bestselfmedia.com/miracle\-manor\-retreat/ \| title\=Miracle Manor Retreat \| date\=October 13, 2015 }}
In 2005, Greiman established her current [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles")\-based design consultancy Made In Space.
Notable projects listed below.
### Teaching
In 1982, Greiman became the Director of the Visual Communications Program of the California Institute of the Arts’ design department.{{Cite web\|last\=Artsy\|first\=Avishay\|date\=2021\-06\-20\|title\=California Continues to Rewrite the Rules of Design\|url\=http://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/california\-continues\-to\-rewrite\-the\-rules\-of\-design\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-16\|website\=Hyperallergic\|language\=en\-US}} In 1992, she was adjunct faculty at the [Southern California Institute of Architecture](/wiki/Southern_California_Institute_of_Architecture "Southern California Institute of Architecture") until 2009 when she moved on to the [Woodbury University](/wiki/Woodbury_University "Woodbury University") School of Architecture until 2018\.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}} In Spring 2020, Greiman became a tenured professor of design at the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") Roski School of Art and Design.{{Cite web\|title\=April Greiman Roski Appointment {{!}} Roski School of Art and Design\|url\=https://roski.usc.edu/news/april\-greiman\-roski\-appointment\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-16\|website\=roski.usc.edu}}
With four honorary doctorates, April Greiman is seen as one of the "ultimate risktakers" for her unorthodox and progressive approach to design by embracing new technologies.{{cite book\|last1\=Carter\|first1\=Rob\|title\=American Typography Today\|date\=1989\|publisher\=Van Nostrand Reinhold\|isbn\=0\-442\-22106\-1\|location\=New York\|page\=56}}
Honors and Awards
-----------------
Vesta Award for Outstanding Achievements of Women, Hearth and Home Magazine, Los Angeles, California, 1985{{Cite web\|title\=3rd Annual Vesta Awards. Graphic designer, April Greiman, winner. :: Woman's Building\|url\=http://collections.otis.edu/cdm/ref/collection/wb/id/902\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-16\|website\=collections.otis.edu}}
Alliance Graphique Internationale (AGI), Invited Board Member, 1986
Grand Prize Winner, Macintosh Masters in Art Competition, Macworld, San Francisco, California, 1988 Winner, Unesco International Poster Contest, 1987
Winner, The Modern Poster Competition, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York City, New York, 1988
Hall Chair Fellowship, Hallmark Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri, 1990
Frankfurt Book Fair Bronze Medal for * + - * + - From the Edge: Southern California Institute of Architecture*,Der Stiftung Buchkunst Prâmiert (Best Books of the World), Los Angeles, California, 1994
50 Best Books of the Year, [AIGA](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts "American Institute of Graphic Arts"), New York City, New York, 1997
[AIGA](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts "American Institute of Graphic Arts"), Gold Medalist, New York City, New York, 1998{{cite web\|title\=April Greiman\|url\=https://www.aiga.org/aiga/content/inspiration/aiga\-medalist/april\-greiman/\|website\=aiga.org\|publisher\=America Institute of Graphic Arts\|accessdate\=June 26, 2018\|archive\-date\=June 27, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034400/https://www.aiga.org/aiga/content/inspiration/aiga\-medalist/april\-greiman/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\=Medalists: April Greiman\|url\=http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist\-aprilgreiman\|url\-status\=live\|publisher\=\[\[American Institute of Graphic Arts]]\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102013202/http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist\-aprilgreiman\|archivedate\=January 2, 2011\|accessdate\=January 31, 2011}}
[Chrysler Award for Design Innovation](/wiki/Chrysler_Design_Award "Chrysler Design Award"), Auburn Hill, Michigan, 1998
Finalist, Inaugural National Design Award in Communication Arts, Awarded at White House, Clinton Administration, Washington, DC, 2000
[Kansas City Art Institute](/wiki/Kansas_City_Art_Institute "Kansas City Art Institute"), Honorary Doctorate, Kansas City, Missouri, 2001
College of Art and Design, [Lesley University](/wiki/Lesley_University "Lesley University"), Honorary Doctorate, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2002
[Academy of Art University](/wiki/Academy_of_Art_University "Academy of Art University"), Honorary Doctorate, San Francisco, California, 2003
Masters Series Award, [School of Visual Arts](/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts "School of Visual Arts"), New York City, New York, 2008
[Art Center College of Design](/wiki/ArtCenter_College_of_Design "ArtCenter College of Design"), Honorary Doctorate, Pasadena, California, 2012
Honorary Member Award for Lifetime Achievement Award, Society of Typographic Arts, Chicago, Illinois, 2018{{Cite web\|title\=the Society of Typographic Arts\|url\=https://typographicarts.org/about\#honorarymembers\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-15\|website\=the Society of Typographic Arts\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215220928/https://typographicarts.org/about \|archive\-date\=December 15, 2021 }}{{cite web\|url\=https://sta\-chicago.org/events/sta\-honors\|title\=STA Honors: April Greiman\|website\=Society of Typographic Arts\|accessdate\=June 26, 2018}}
Notable Works and Accomplishments
---------------------------------
[thumb\|Greiman in collaboration with RoTo Architects on BBAC, an aquatic sports community center with *Made In Space's* project scope of public art, signage, and wayfinding.](/wiki/File:Bbac2.jpg "Bbac2.jpg")
Belmont Beach Aquatic Center, color palette, environmental graphics, and signage for 5\-acre aquatic sports community recreation center with RoTo Architects, Long Beach, CA,*
* + - * + in progress*Indian Institute of Technology,*
* Experimental Typography, *Keynote Speech, Industrial Design Centre, Mumbai, India, March 2, 2019 – March 4, 2019
Architecture \+ Design Museum (A\+D),*
* Farbe/Color: Armin Hofmann*, Exhibition Design and Curation with RoTo Architects, 2013, traveled to Miller Institute for Contemporary Art, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, November 15, 201 – March 1, 2015; Rosenwald\-Wolf Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 24 – October 7, 2016; and Minneapolis College of Art and Design (MCAD) Gallery, Minneapolis, Minnesota, July 28 – September 17, 2017\.
Apple Documentary Movie,*
* MAC @ 30*, Featured Designer, January 2014 <https://vimeo.com/84955412>
Architecture \+ Design Museum (A\+D),*
* Drylands Design*, Exhibition Environmental Graphics and Graphic Design with Laurie Haycock Makela, Office of Hadley and Peter Arnold and Chu\-Gooding Architects, Los Angeles, California, 2012
Victoria and Albert Museum (V\&A),*
* Postmodernism: Style and Subversion, 1970–1990*, Exhibition and Publication with Essay, September 24, 2011– January 15, 2012
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS),*
* American Masters: The Architect and the Painter, Charles and Ray Eames*, Video Contribution to Film, 2011
Pacoima Neighborhood City Hall, Environmental Graphics, Signage and Color Palette for Architecture with RoTo Architects, Pacoima, California, 2010
Orange County Great Park, Environmental Graphics, Signage and Color Palette for 1400\-acre Park with Ken Smith Landscape Architect, Irvine, California, 2008
Madame Tussaud’s Wax Museum, Color and Materials Palette for Architecture with RoTo Architects, Hollywood, California, 2008[thumb\|300x300px\|*Hand Holding a Bowl of Rice*, Greiman's 8,200 sq.ft. public art commission on two facing facades and entrance to Wilshire\-Vermont Metro LA, 2007\.](/wiki/File:Wilshire_Vermont.tif "Wilshire Vermont.tif")*
+ - * Hand Holding a Bowl of Rice*, Public Art Commission for Wilshire Vermont Metro Station, Los Angeles, California, 2007
Art Center College of Design, Honorary Doctorate, Los Angeles, California, 2012
Pasadena Museum of California Art,*
+ Drive\-by Shooting: April Greiman Digital Photography*, Solo Exhibition and Monograph Publication Design, Pasadena, California, September 9 – October 8, 2006
Prairie View School of Art and Architecture, Color and Materials Palette for Architecture with [RoTo Architects](https://www.rotoark.com), and Texas A \& M University, Prairie View, Texas, 2005
Rotovision,*
+ Something From Nothing*, Monograph Publication Design, 2001
Monacelli Press, From the Center: Design Process @ SCI\-Arc,” 1998{{cite book\|title\=From the Center: Design Process at Sci\-Arc\|last1\=Rotondi\|first1\=Michael\|last2\=Reeve\|first2\=Margaret\|last3\=Greiman\|first3\=April\|date\=1997\|publisher\=The Monacelli Press, Inc.\|isbn\=1\-885254\-34\-2\|location\=New York, New York}}
Chrysler Award for Design Innovation, Auburn Hill, Michigan, 1998{{cite book\|title\=Ten Years—A Decade of Design—Chrysler Design Awards\|date\=2002\|publisher\=The Magazine Works, Inc.\|location\=Wilton, Connecticut\|page\=98}}
Miracle Manor Retreat, Design Concept, Interactive and Environmental Graphics and Interiors for Architecture with RoTo Architects, Desert Hot Springs, California, 1997–2018
Rizzoli International Publications,*
- * Michele Saee: Buildings \& Projects*, Publication Design, 1997\.[alt\=19th amendment USPS Stamp (women's voting rights)\|thumb\|19th amendment USPS Stamp (women's voting rights)](/wiki/File:19th_amendment_USPS_Stamp.jpg "19th amendment USPS Stamp.jpg")
US Postal Commission,*
* 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution*, Women's Voting Rights Commemorative Stamp, Washington, District of Columbia (DC), August 26, 1995
Warehouse C, Color Palette for Architecture with [RoTo Architects](https://www.rotoark.com), Nagasaki, Japan, 1995
Artemis Publishers*
+ , ItsnotwhatAprilyouthinkitGreimanis \= cen'estpascequevouscroyez*, Monograph Publication Design, 1994
Der Stiftung Buchkunst Prâmiert (Best Books of the World), for*
* From the Edge, Student Workbook, *Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI\-Arc), Frankfurt Book Fair Bronze Medal, 1994
Aldus Corporation Video Conference Program, Spokesperson with Paul Brainerd, New York City, New York; Chicago, Illinois; Seattle, Washington; and Toronto, Canada, 1993
Nicola Restaurant, Color and Materials Palette for Architecture as well as Custom Dinnerware, Billboards, Branding and Graphics with [RoTo Architects](https://www.rotoark.com), Los Angeles, California, 1993
Carlson\-Reges Residence, Color and Materials Palette for Architecture with [RoTo Architects](https://www.rotoark.com), Los Angeles, California, 1992
Community Redevelopment Agency of Los Angeles (CRA/LA),*
+ - * Walk Earth Talk*, Public Art Commission collaboration with Lucille Clifton, Citicorp Plaza Poet’s Walk, Los Angeles, California, 1991
Watson\-Guptill Publishers,*
* Hybrid Imagery: The Fusion of Technology and Graphic Design*, Monograph Publication Design, 1990
Walker Art Center,*
* Graphic Design in America: A Visual Language History*, Exhibition, Poster and Billboard, Featured Designer, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1989
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), Computer Graphic Studies Grant, Washington, District of Columbia, 1987{{cite book\|url\=https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/NEA\-Annual\-Report\-1987\.pdf\|title\=NEA Annual Report 1987\|date\=1987\|publisher\=National Endowment for the Arts\|page\=18\|accessdate\=June 27, 2018}}
Walker Art Center and MIT Press,*
+ Design Quarterly \#133: ‘Does it Make Sense?’*, Publication Design, 1986\. [https://walkerart.org/minnesotabydesign/objects/design\-quarterly\-133](https://walkerart.org/minnesotabydesign/objects/design-quarterly-133)
Olympic Organizing Committee,*
* Official Poster for the 1984 Olympic Games*, Collaboration with Jayme Odgers, Los Angeles, California, 1984
WET Magazine, Magazine Cover, Collaboration with Jayme Odgers, 1976
Museum of Modern Art (MOMA),*
+ The Taxi Project*, Exhibition and Catalogue Design with Emilio Ambasz, Curator, New York City, New York, 1975*
Collections
-----------
Collections of the [Cooper Hewitt Design Museum](/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt_Design_Museum "Cooper Hewitt Design Museum"), [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art") (MOMA), [San Francisco Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art "San Francisco Museum of Modern Art") (SFMOMA), [Los Angeles County Museum of Art](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art "Los Angeles County Museum of Art") (LACMA) and [Centre Pompidou](/wiki/Centre_Pompidou "Centre Pompidou")
Monographs
----------
April Greiman, * WhiteSpace: April Greiman Photography*, published by April Greiman, 2021{{cite book\|url\=https://100\.sta\-chicago.org/winners/2021/whitespace\-april\-greiman\-photography/\|title\=WhiteSpace: April Greiman Photography\|last1\=Greiman\|first1\=April\|date\=2021\|publisher\=April Greiman\|isbn\=978\-0\-57\-887250\-6\|location\=Los Angeles\|accessdate\=March 5, 2022}}
April Greiman,*
* Drive\-by Shooting: April Greiman Digital Photography*, exhibition catalog for Pasadena Museum of California Art, 2006{{cite book\|url\=http://drive\-byshooting.com/\|title\=Drive\-by Shooting: April Greiman Digital Photography\|last1\=Greiman\|first1\=April\|date\=2006\|publisher\=Pasadena Museum of California Art/April Greiman – Made in Space\|isbn\=1\-4243\-1448\-8\|location\=Los Angeles\|accessdate\=June 27, 2018}}
April Greiman and Aris Janigian,*
* Something From Nothing*, Rotovision, 2001{{cite book\|title\=Something from Nothing\|last1\=Greiman\|first1\=April\|last2\=Janigian\|first2\=Aris\|date\=2001\|publisher\=RotoVision SA\|isbn\=2\-88046\-547\-8\|location\=East Sussex, UK}}
April Greiman and Liz Farelly,*
* Floating Ideas into Time and Space*, Watson\-Guptill Publishers, Cutting Edge Series, 1998{{Cite book\|title\=April Greiman: floating ideas into time and space\|last1\=Farrelly\|first1\=Liz\|last2\=Greiman\|first2\=April\|date\=January 1, 1998\|publisher\=Watson\-Guptill Publications\|isbn\=0823012018\|location\=New York\|language\=English\|oclc\=40459397}}
F. Fort, R Poynor and C. Kultenbrouwer,*
* it'snotwhatyouthinkitis \= cen'estpascequevouscroyez*, Artemis Publishers, 1994{{Cite book\|title\=April Greiman: it'snotwhatyouthinkitis \= cen'estpascequevouscroyez\|last1\=Greiman\|first1\=April\|last2\=Poynor\|first2\=Rick\|last3\=Arc en rêve centre d'architecture\|date\=January 1, 1994\|publisher\=Arc en rêve centre d'architecture ; Artemis\|isbn\=3760884172\|location\=Bordeaux; Zürich; New York, N.Y.\|oclc\=31347967}}
April Greiman,*
* Hybrid Imagery: The Fusion of Technology and Graphic Design*, Watson\-Guptill Publishers,1990*
Keynote Speeches
----------------
* April Greiman, *Seeing is a way of thinking. Thinking, a way of seeing, Virginia Tech School of Architecture and Design, March 14, 2022*
* Objects in Space, *Alliance Graphique Internationale (AGI) Open Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, September 24, 2019*
* Experimental Typography, *Indian Institute of Technology, Industrial Design Centre, Mumbai, India, March 2, 2019 – March 4, 2019*
* Color as Space, Space as Color, *Bend Design Conference, Bend, Oregon, October 2, 2018*
* Borders, *Alliance Graphique Internationale (AGI) at La Maison du Radio, Paris, France, September 20, 2017*
* Grand Masters of Design, *Indian Institute of Technology, Industrial Design Centre, Mumbai, India, February 4, 2007 – February 9, 2007*
* April Greiman*, MAC Summit at University of California–Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 1995*
* April Greiman, *Too Corporation, MacWorld, Tokyo, Japan, 1992*
* April Greiman, *IDEAS ‘92 Student Symposium, Melbourne, Australia, 1992*
Professional Societies and Positions
------------------------------------
Fellow, Nature, Art \& Habitat, 2017
Elected Member, The Trusteeship, International Women’s Forum, Newport Beach, California, 2010
Women in the Arts, Art Table, 2004
Jury Chairperson, General Services Administration Design Awards, Washington, District of Columbia, 1999
USA Expert Juror, China’s First International Graphic Arts Competition, Beijing, China, 1996
USA Expert Juror, Expo 2000 Mascot Competition, Hannover, Germany, 1995
USA Expert Juror, Netherlands All Design Disciplines Competition, Netherlands, 1995
USA Expert Juror, City of Berlin Identity Program Competition, Berlin, Germany, 1993
Chairperson, AIGA Communications Graphics Competition, New York City, New York, 1993
Co\-Chair with Tibor Kalman, What’s Going On Now, AIGA National Conference, San Francisco, California, 1987
Invited Member, [Alliance Graphique Internationale](/wiki/Alliance_Graphique_Internationale "Alliance Graphique Internationale") (AGI), 1986–present
National Board Member, [AIGA](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts "American Institute of Graphic Arts"), 1986–1988
President and Vice\-President, AIGA, Los Angeles, 1982–1988
Solo Exhibitions
----------------
[thumb\|300x300px\|Exhibition view of Greiman's solo exhibition *Drive\-by Shooting: April Greiman Digital Photography* at the [Pasadena Museum of California Art](/wiki/Pasadena_Museum_of_California_Art "Pasadena Museum of California Art"), 2006\. In](/wiki/File:Drive-byshooting.jpg "Drive-byshooting.jpg") 2006, the [Pasadena Museum of California Art](/wiki/Pasadena_Museum_of_California_Art "Pasadena Museum of California Art") mounted a one\-woman show of her digital photography entitled: * + - * + - * + - * + - * Drive\-by Shooting: April Greiman Digital Photography*.{{cite web\|title\=Pasadena Museum of California Art in Los Angeles Past Exhibitions\|url\=http://www.pmcaonline.org/past\-exhibitions.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225193210/http://www.pmcaonline.org/past\-exhibitions.html\|archivedate\=February 25, 2011}} Greiman was also in the major group show at [Centre Georges Pompidou](/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou "Centre Georges Pompidou") in Paris called* Elle@Centre Pompidou*.{{cite web\|title\=elles@centrepompidou women artists in the collections of the National Modern Art Museum\|url\=http://www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Manifs.nsf/0/44638F832F0AFABFC12575290030CF0D?OpenDocument\&sessionM\=2\.2\.1\&L\=2\|access\-date\=March 11, 2011\|archive\-date\=March 15, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315200515/http://www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Manifs.nsf/0/44638F832F0AFABFC12575290030CF0D?OpenDocument\&sessionM\=2\.2\.1\&L\=2\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2007, Greiman completed her largest ever work: a public mural,* Hand Holding a Bowl of Rice*, spanning "seven stories of two building facades marking the entrance to the [Wilshire Vermont Metro Station](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail "Los Angeles Metro Rail") in Los Angeles."{{cite web\|title\=AGI : Members : Greiman\|url\=http://www.a\-g\-i.org/1923/members/greiman.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085417/http://www.a\-g\-i.org/1923/members/greiman.html\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2011\|access\-date\=March 28, 2011}} In 2014, Greiman collaborated with the [London](/wiki/London "London") based artist\-run organization [Auto Italia South East](/wiki/Auto_Italia_South_East "Auto Italia South East") along with a group of artists including Metahaven, in an exhibition* POLYMYTH x Miss Information*. The exhibition program was included in the external listings for [Frieze Art Fair](/wiki/Frieze_Art_Fair "Frieze Art Fair").{{cite web\|last1\=Kay\|first1\=Jean\|date\=November 20, 2014\|title\=An overview of Frieze 2014 on the fringe\|url\=http://www.aqnb.com/2014/11/20/an\-overview\-of\-frieze\-2014\-on\-the\-fringe/\|access\-date\=October 11, 2016\|publisher\=AQNB}} In 2023 Greiman co\-curated with Stacie B. London, and included her artwork in* It's About Time*, a multidisciplinary group art exhibition of 17 artists at The Brand Library \& Art Center, September–November 2023\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.brandlibrary.art/post/Its\-About\-Time \| title\=It's About Time \| date\=July 6, 2023 }}{{cite web \| url\=https://online.fliphtml5\.com/tzjnt/bqkl/\#p\=1 \| title\=Brand Art Center's 'It's About Time' Catalogue }}*
* Do Not Trust Atoms: April Greiman, Avatars and New Photography, *bulthaup Los Angeles ‘Kunsthalle b,’ Los Angeles, California, February 1, 2017 – May 15, 2017*
* Objects in Space: April Greiman, *Woodbury University Wedge Gallery, Burbank, California, March 4, 2014 – March 30, 2014*
* New Works: April Greiman, *curated by Stacie B. London, Subvecta Motus Gallery, Glendale, California, November 2012 – January 2013*
* Think About What You Think About: April Greiman*, Yoon Design: Ddoong Gallery, Korea Society of Basic Design \& Art, Seoul, Korea, December 10, 2012 – December 16, 2012*
* The Masters Series: April Greiman*, School of Visual Arts (SVA) Visual Arts Museum, New York City, New York, October 20, 2008 – December 13, 2008*
* Objects in Space, *Salve Regina University, Newport, Rhode Island, October 17, 2007 – November 11, 2007*
* Drive\-by Shooting: April Greiman Digital Photography*, Pasadena Museum of California Art, Pasadena, California, September 9, 2006 – October 8, 2006*
* Objects in Space*, Nova Ljubjlanska Banka, Llubljana, Slovenia, November 2004*
* Something from Nothing*, Modern Book Gallery, Westwood, California, 2001*
* Objects in Space*, Selby Gallery, Ringling School of Art and Design, Sarasota, Florida, October 25, 1999 – November 24, 1999*
* It’snotwhatAprilyouthinkitGreimanis*, Arc en Rêve Centre d’Architecture, Bordeaux, France, 1994\.*
* Computer Graphics: April Greiman*, Itoya Gallery, Tokyo, Japan, 1994\.*
* April Greiman: Hybrid Imagery*, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel, 1989*
* One Woman Show, *Turner Dailey Gallery, Los Angeles, California, 1989*
* April Greiman, *Reinhold–Brown Gallery, New York City, New York, 1986
[thumb\|300x300px\|Installation
view from group exhibition *Designing Modern Women 1890–1990*, [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), (MoMA), New York, NY, October 5, 2013 – October 19, 2014](/wiki/File:Designing_Modern_Women_April_Greiman.jpg "Designing Modern Women April Greiman.jpg")*
Selected Group Exhibitions
--------------------------
* Digital Witness: Revolutions in Design, Photography, and Film*, [LACMA](/wiki/LACMA "LACMA"), Los Angeles, California, presented as part of [The Getty](/wiki/The_Getty "The Getty") initiative PST ART:* Art \& Science Collide*, November 24, 2024 – July 13, 2025{{cite web \| url\=https://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/digital\-witness\-revolutions\-design\-photography\-and\-film \| title\=Digital Witness: Revolutions in Design, Photography, and Film }}*
* Body Constructs*, [MoMA](/wiki/MoMA "MoMA"), Collection gallery, organized by Evangelos Kotsioris, Assistant Curator, and Paula Vilaplana de Miguel, New York, New York, January 2024–ongoing<https://www.moma.org/calendar/galleries/5668> {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}*
* It's About Time*, co\-curated with Stacie B. London, Brand Library \& Art Center, [Glendale Public Library](/wiki/Glendale_Public_Library "Glendale Public Library"), Glendale, California, September 23 – November 22, 2023{{cite web \| url\=https://online.fliphtml5\.com/tzjnt/bqkl/\#p\=1 \| title\=Brand Art Center's 'It's About Time' Catalogue }}*
* Between the Lines, Typography in LACMA’s Collection, *[Los Angeles County Museum of Art](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art "Los Angeles County Museum of Art"), Los Angeles, California, May 19, 2019–ongoing*
* West of Modernism: California Graphic Design, 1975–1995, *Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, September 30, 2018 – April 21, 2019*
* California: Designing Freedom*, [Designmuseo](/wiki/Designmuseum_Denmark "Designmuseum Denmark"), Helsinki, Finland, November 10, 2017 – March 4, 2018*
* California: Designing Freedom*, The Design Museum, London, England, May 24, 2017 – October 17, 2017*
* Static*, Castle Fitzjohns Gallery, New York City, New York, 2016–2017*
* Typeface to Interface: Graphic Design from the Collection*, [San Francisco Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art "San Francisco Museum of Modern Art"), San Francisco, California, May 14, 2016 – October 23, 2016*
* Physical: Sex and the Body in the 1980s*, [Los Angeles County Museum of Art](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art "Los Angeles County Museum of Art"), Los Angeles, California, March 20, 2016 – July 31, 2016*
* Designing Modern Women 1890–1990*, [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), New York City, New York, October 5, 2013 – October 19, 2014*
* California’s Designing Women: 1896–1986*, The Autry Museum, Los Angeles, California, August 10, 2012 – January 6, 2013*
* elles@centrepompidou: Women Artists in the Collections of the National Modern Art Museum*, [Centre Pompidou](/wiki/Centre_Pompidou "Centre Pompidou"), Paris, France, May 27, 2009 – February 21, 2011*
* Graphic Design: Now in Production*, [Walker Art Center](/wiki/Walker_Art_Center "Walker Art Center"), Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2011{{Cite news\|last\=Rawsthorn\|first\=Alice\|date\=2011\-10\-17\|title\=With a Big Boost From Technology\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/17/arts/17iht\-design17\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-16\|issn\=0362\-4331}}*
* Graphic Design in America: A Visual Language History*, Design Museum of London, London, England, 1990*
* Graphic Design in America: A Visual Language History, *IBM Gallery of Science and Art, New York City, New York, 1989*
* Design USA*, [United States Information Agency](/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency "United States Information Agency"), Travelling Exhibition throughout the United Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR), 1989*
* Graphic Design in America: A Visual Language History'', [Walker Art Center](/wiki/Walker_Art_Center "Walker Art Center"), Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1989
[thumb\|300x300px\|Greiman designed the identity and stationery system for [Coop Himmelb(l)au](/wiki/Coop_Himmelb%28l%29au "Coop Himmelb(l)au"), a cooperative architectural design firm, known for their experimental, complex, and asymmetrical approach to architecture.](/wiki/File:Chbl_construction_vest.jpg "Chbl construction vest.jpg")
|
[
"Career\n------",
"During the 1970s, she rejected the belief, among many contemporary designers, that computers and digitalization would compromise the [International Typographic Style](/wiki/International_Typographic_Style \"International Typographic Style\"); instead, she exploited emergent technologies and the *Basic Chance Principle*{{cite web \\| url\\=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chance\\-randomness/basic\\-chance.html\\#A.2 \\| title\\=Chance versus Randomness \\> A. Some Basic Principles About Chance (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) }} as integral parts of digital art, a position she has held throughout her career.",
"After completing her postgraduate studies in Switzerland, Greiman moved to Philadelphia and became an Associate Professor at the Philadelphia College of Art, (now known as University of the Arts)<https://www.uarts.edu/> {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} and worked as a freelance designer in Philadelphia and New York City. Utilizing her aesthetic that \"...blends technology, science, word and image with color and space...\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.designishistory.com/1980/april\\-greiman/\\|title\\=April Greiman : Design Is History\\|last\\=Flask\\|first\\=Dominic\\|website\\=www.designishistory.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2017}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Targeted News Service\\|date\\=February 13, 2013\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1287348251}}}} Greiman worked on projects with [Emilio Ambasz](/wiki/Emilio_Ambasz \"Emilio Ambasz\"), Curator of Design at the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\").",
"In 1976 Greiman moved to Los Angeles, after a brief stint as a freelancer with a corporate design agency in Century City, and established the studio, April Greiman, Inc*.*{{Cite web\\|title\\=home\\|url\\=https://www.madeinspace.la/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-15\\|website\\=madeinspace\\|language\\=en}} and became a leading figure of the emergent California [New Wave](/wiki/New_Wave_%28design%29 \"New Wave (design)\").",
"Upon Greiman's relocation from New York City to Los Angeles, she met designer\\-photographer [Jayme Odgers](/wiki/Jayme_Odgers \"Jayme Odgers\"), who became a significant collaborator. In 1978 they designed a famous Cal Arts poster that became a seminal design of the California New Wave.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Whiteson\\|first1\\=Leon\\|title\\=A Designing Woman With Radical Ideas April Greiman Says Her Graphics Style Is 'an Experiment in Creating \"Hybrid Imagery\"'\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\\=October 9, 1988}}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1176676/cal\\-arts\\-poster\\-april\\-greiman/ \\| title\\=Cal Arts \\| date\\=1978 }} They also collaborated on a poster design for the [1984 Los Angeles Olympics](/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics \"1984 Summer Olympics\"). In 1981 they created an iconic poster of running legs silhouetted against a square of bright blue sky that was published in 1982 in advance of the 1984 Olympics.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah\\_1764573 \\| title\\=Poster for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games held in Los Angeles, California }}",
"In 1982, Greiman was appointed Director of the design department at the [California Institute of the Arts](/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts \"California Institute of the Arts\"), also known as Cal Arts.{{cite book\\|title\\=Graphic design for the 21st century\\|last\\=Fiell\\|first\\=Charlotte\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Taschen]]\\|year\\=2003\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-8228\\-1605\\-9\\|page\\=244\\|author2\\=Peter Fiell}} In 1984, she lobbied successfully to change the department name to Visual Communications, as she felt the term “graphic design” would prove too limiting to future designers. At Cal Arts she had the opportunity to experiment with new technology where she had access to an analog computer, synthesizer and video equipment set up by the instructor and famed artist, [Nam June Paik](/wiki/Nam_June_Paik \"Nam June Paik\"), and investigated in greater depth the effects of technology in her own work.",
"Greiman began acquiring her own equipment beginning with a first generation half\\-inch video camera. This led to working with the [Quantel Paintbox](/wiki/Quantel_Paintbox \"Quantel Paintbox\"). By observing this new and innovative equipment, Greiman applied this knowledge to early low\\-resolution tools, such as [Amiga](/wiki/Amiga \"Amiga\") and [Apple Inc.](/wiki/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") (formerly Apple Computer Inc.).",
"An early adopter of computer technology, as noted in Apple's *Mac @ 30* video,{{Citation\\|title\\=Apple \\- Mac 30 years of innovation\\|url\\=https://vimeo.com/84955412\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-15}} in February 1984 in Monterey, California, Greiman attended the first [TED Conference](/wiki/TED_Conference \"TED Conference\"), or Technology, Entertainment, and Design conference that featured several notable speakers including demos of the [compact disc](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\"), co\\-developed by [Philips](/wiki/Philips \"Philips\") and [Sony](/wiki/Sony \"Sony\"), and one of the first demonstrations of the Apple Macintosh computer by [Alan Kay](/wiki/Alan_Kay \"Alan Kay\") which inspired her to acquire her first computer, the [Macintosh computer](/wiki/Macintosh_computer \"Macintosh computer\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://idsgn.org/posts/design\\-discussions\\-april\\-greiman\\-on\\-technology/ \\| title\\=Design discussions: April Greiman on technology: Idsgn (A design blog) }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist\\-aprilgreiman \\|title\\=Medalists: April Greiman \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American Institute of Graphic Arts]] \\|accessdate\\=January 31, 2011 \\| archiveurl\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110102013202/http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist\\-aprilgreiman\\| archivedate\\= January 2, 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"In 1986, Greiman was invited by [The Walker Art Center](/wiki/The_Walker_Art_Center \"The Walker Art Center\") to produce Issue 133 of *Design Quarterly* entitled: *Does It Make Sense?*[http://walkerquarterly.s3\\.amazonaws.com/DQ\\-133\\_April\\_Greiman.pdf](http://walkerquarterly.s3.amazonaws.com/DQ-133_April_Greiman.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=August 2024}}[https://walkerart.org/magazine/design\\-quarterly\\-andrew\\-blauvelt](https://walkerart.org/magazine/design-quarterly-andrew-blauvelt) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} The edition was edited by [Mildred Friedman](/wiki/Mildred_Friedman \"Mildred Friedman\") and published by the [MIT Press](/wiki/MIT_Press \"MIT Press\") \\& Walker Art Center. Using MacVision, a combination hardware/software interface to digitize still frames from a video camera or [VCR](/wiki/VCR \"VCR\"),{{cite web \\| url\\=https://32by32\\.com/macvision/ \\| title\\=MacVision \\| date\\=November 26, 1984 }} Greiman re\\-imagined the magazine as a fold\\-out artwork. The nearly three\\-by\\-six foot print carefully unfolds three times across and nine times down revealing a life\\-sized image of Greiman's outstretched naked body adorned with symbolic images and text. *Does It Make Sense?* was a provocative gesture, which \"emphatically countered the objective, rational and masculine tendencies of modernist design,\" Greiman has said about the artwork's unusual format and title, \"the sense it has for me is that it’s new and yet old,… it’s a magazine, which is an artwork, which is an object, which is… crazy.” *Does It Make sense?* also launched the Walker Art Center's new *Everyday Art Gallery*{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-21 \\|title\\=Minnesota by Design – Design Quarterly 133 \\|url\\=https://walkerart.org/minnesotabydesign/objects/design\\-quarterly\\-133 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-18 \\|archive\\-url\\=http://web.archive.org/web/20150321230514/https://walkerart.org/minnesotabydesign/objects/design\\-quarterly\\-133 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 21, 2015 }} and part of many institution and museum collections.<https://www.moma.org/calendar/galleries/5668> {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"In 1988 in *[MacWorld](/wiki/MacWorld \"MacWorld\")'''s[Macworld](/wiki/Macworld \"Macworld\"){{Circular reference\\|date\\=August 2024}} First Annual Mac Masters Art Competition, Greiman was awarded Fine Arts First Prize (A) for her* Pacific Wave Sculpture*,[https://vintageapple.org/macworld/pdf/MacWorld\\_8808\\_August\\_1988\\.pdf](https://vintageapple.org/macworld/pdf/MacWorld_8808_August_1988.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=August 2024}} a project produced for the [Fortuny Museum](/wiki/Fortuny_Museum \"Fortuny Museum\") in Venice, Italy, for the museum's* Pacific Wave Festival*, an exhibition celebrating California graphic\ndesigners September 27 – December 27, 1987\\.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Greiman\\|first1\\=April\\|title\\=Hybrid Imagery\\|last2\\=Farrelly\\|first2\\=Liz\\|date\\=1990\\|publisher\\=Watson\\-Guptill\\|isbn\\=0823025187\\|location\\=New York}}{{rp\\|39}} Greiman also designed the official poster,* Pacific Wave*,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1176678/pacific\\-wave\\-museo\\-fortuny\\-poster\\-greiman\\-april/ \\| title\\=Pacific Wave, Museo Fortuny \\| date\\=1987 }} for the festival, now in several museum collections{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.cooperhewitt.org/event/april\\-greiman\\-objects\\-in\\-space\\-04\\-28\\-2021/ \\| title\\=April Greiman \\| Objects in Space \\| Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum \\| date\\=April 7, 2021 }} including [LACMA](/wiki/LACMA \"LACMA\"),{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/digital\\-witness\\-revolutions\\-design\\-photography\\-and\\-film \\| title\\=Digital Witness: Revolutions in Design, Photography, and Film }} and featured in \n[The Getty](/wiki/The_Getty \"The Getty\")'s marketing for 2024 PST ART:* Art \\& Science Collide*, an initiative with arts institutions across Southern California.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://pst.art/en/exhibitions/digital\\-witness\\-revolutions\\-in\\-design\\-photography\\-and\\-film \\| title\\=Digital Witness: Revolutions in Design, Photography, and Film }}*",
"In 1995, the [US Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\") issued a 32\\-cent Women's Suffrage commemorative stamp designed by Greiman to commemorate the [Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution](/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\") (Women's Voting Rights).{{cite book\\|title\\=April Greiman: floating ideas into time and space\\|last\\=Farrelly\\|first\\=Liz\\|publisher\\=Watson\\-Guptill\\|year\\=1998\\|page\\=61}} The stamp went on sale nationwide on August 28,1995\\. The stamp was printed by Ashton\\-Potter USA, Ltd. (established in 1925 in Canada by the Ashton and Potter families) in the [offset printing](/wiki/Offset_printing \"Offset printing\") / [intaglio (printmaking)](/wiki/Intaglio_%28printmaking%29 \"Intaglio (printmaking)\") process and is included in the collection of the [National Postal Museum](/wiki/National_Postal_Museum \"National Postal Museum\") of the [Smithsonian Institution](/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution \"Smithsonian Institution\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.si.edu/object/32c\\-woman\\-suffrage\\-single%3Anpm\\_1996\\.2066\\.201 \\| title\\=32c Woman Suffrage single }}\nIn 1997, Greiman and her husband, architect [Michael Rotondi](/wiki/Michael_Rotondi \"Michael Rotondi\"), purchased Miracle Manor, a 1940's motel in the Desert Hot Springs on top of Miracle Hill, with naturally hot and cold mineral springs discovered over 100 years ago. Innovatively restored and turned it into a retreat showcased their three\\-dimensional design as an oasis of the spirit with \"pool and buildings with a purity equal to the desert's.\"{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/09/garden/design\\-notebook\\-motel\\-makeover\\-no\\-room\\-for\\-kitsch.html \\| title\\=Design Notebook; Motel Makeover: No Room for Kitsch \\| work\\=The New York Times \\| date\\=July 9, 1998 \\| last1\\=Giovannini \\| first1\\=Joseph }} Celebrating the subtle forms and textures of the desert, sky, and waters.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://bestselfmedia.com/miracle\\-manor\\-retreat/ \\| title\\=Miracle Manor Retreat \\| date\\=October 13, 2015 }} \nIn 2005, Greiman established her current [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\")\\-based design consultancy Made In Space.",
"Notable projects listed below.\n### Teaching",
"In 1982, Greiman became the Director of the Visual Communications Program of the California Institute of the Arts’ design department.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Artsy\\|first\\=Avishay\\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-20\\|title\\=California Continues to Rewrite the Rules of Design\\|url\\=http://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/california\\-continues\\-to\\-rewrite\\-the\\-rules\\-of\\-design\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-16\\|website\\=Hyperallergic\\|language\\=en\\-US}} In 1992, she was adjunct faculty at the [Southern California Institute of Architecture](/wiki/Southern_California_Institute_of_Architecture \"Southern California Institute of Architecture\") until 2009 when she moved on to the [Woodbury University](/wiki/Woodbury_University \"Woodbury University\") School of Architecture until 2018\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}} In Spring 2020, Greiman became a tenured professor of design at the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\") Roski School of Art and Design.{{Cite web\\|title\\=April Greiman Roski Appointment {{!}} Roski School of Art and Design\\|url\\=https://roski.usc.edu/news/april\\-greiman\\-roski\\-appointment\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-16\\|website\\=roski.usc.edu}}\nWith four honorary doctorates, April Greiman is seen as one of the \"ultimate risktakers\" for her unorthodox and progressive approach to design by embracing new technologies.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Carter\\|first1\\=Rob\\|title\\=American Typography Today\\|date\\=1989\\|publisher\\=Van Nostrand Reinhold\\|isbn\\=0\\-442\\-22106\\-1\\|location\\=New York\\|page\\=56}}\nHonors and Awards\n-----------------",
"Vesta Award for Outstanding Achievements of Women, Hearth and Home Magazine, Los Angeles, California, 1985{{Cite web\\|title\\=3rd Annual Vesta Awards. Graphic designer, April Greiman, winner. :: Woman's Building\\|url\\=http://collections.otis.edu/cdm/ref/collection/wb/id/902\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-16\\|website\\=collections.otis.edu}}\n Alliance Graphique Internationale (AGI), Invited Board Member, 1986\n Grand Prize Winner, Macintosh Masters in Art Competition, Macworld, San Francisco, California, 1988 Winner, Unesco International Poster Contest, 1987\n Winner, The Modern Poster Competition, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York City, New York, 1988\n Hall Chair Fellowship, Hallmark Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri, 1990\n Frankfurt Book Fair Bronze Medal for * + - * + - From the Edge: Southern California Institute of Architecture*,Der Stiftung Buchkunst Prâmiert (Best Books of the World), Los Angeles, California, 1994\n\t\t\t\t\t 50 Best Books of the Year, [AIGA](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts \"American Institute of Graphic Arts\"), New York City, New York, 1997\n\t\t\t\t\t [AIGA](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts \"American Institute of Graphic Arts\"), Gold Medalist, New York City, New York, 1998{{cite web\\|title\\=April Greiman\\|url\\=https://www.aiga.org/aiga/content/inspiration/aiga\\-medalist/april\\-greiman/\\|website\\=aiga.org\\|publisher\\=America Institute of Graphic Arts\\|accessdate\\=June 26, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=June 27, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034400/https://www.aiga.org/aiga/content/inspiration/aiga\\-medalist/april\\-greiman/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Medalists: April Greiman\\|url\\=http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist\\-aprilgreiman\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American Institute of Graphic Arts]]\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102013202/http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist\\-aprilgreiman\\|archivedate\\=January 2, 2011\\|accessdate\\=January 31, 2011}}\n\t\t\t\t\t[Chrysler Award for Design Innovation](/wiki/Chrysler_Design_Award \"Chrysler Design Award\"), Auburn Hill, Michigan, 1998\n\t\t\t\t\t Finalist, Inaugural National Design Award in Communication Arts, Awarded at White House, Clinton Administration, Washington, DC, 2000\n\t\t\t\t\t [Kansas City Art Institute](/wiki/Kansas_City_Art_Institute \"Kansas City Art Institute\"), Honorary Doctorate, Kansas City, Missouri, 2001\n\t\t\t\t\t College of Art and Design, [Lesley University](/wiki/Lesley_University \"Lesley University\"), Honorary Doctorate, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2002\n\t\t\t\t\t [Academy of Art University](/wiki/Academy_of_Art_University \"Academy of Art University\"), Honorary Doctorate, San Francisco, California, 2003\n\t\t\t\t\tMasters Series Award, [School of Visual Arts](/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts \"School of Visual Arts\"), New York City, New York, 2008\n\t\t\t\t\t[Art Center College of Design](/wiki/ArtCenter_College_of_Design \"ArtCenter College of Design\"), Honorary Doctorate, Pasadena, California, 2012\n\t\t\t\t\tHonorary Member Award for Lifetime Achievement Award, Society of Typographic Arts, Chicago, Illinois, 2018{{Cite web\\|title\\=the Society of Typographic Arts\\|url\\=https://typographicarts.org/about\\#honorarymembers\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-15\\|website\\=the Society of Typographic Arts\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215220928/https://typographicarts.org/about \\|archive\\-date\\=December 15, 2021 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sta\\-chicago.org/events/sta\\-honors\\|title\\=STA Honors: April Greiman\\|website\\=Society of Typographic Arts\\|accessdate\\=June 26, 2018}}\n\t\t\t\t\tNotable Works and Accomplishments\n\t\t\t\t\t---------------------------------\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t[thumb\\|Greiman in collaboration with RoTo Architects on BBAC, an aquatic sports community center with *Made In Space's* project scope of public art, signage, and wayfinding.](/wiki/File:Bbac2.jpg \"Bbac2.jpg\")\n\t\t\t\t\t Belmont Beach Aquatic Center, color palette, environmental graphics, and signage for 5\\-acre aquatic sports community recreation center with RoTo Architects, Long Beach, CA,* \n\t\t\t\t\t\t* + - * + in progress*Indian Institute of Technology,*\n* Experimental Typography, *Keynote Speech, Industrial Design Centre, Mumbai, India, March 2, 2019 – March 4, 2019\nArchitecture \\+ Design Museum (A\\+D),*\n* Farbe/Color: Armin Hofmann*, Exhibition Design and Curation with RoTo Architects, 2013, traveled to Miller Institute for Contemporary Art, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, November 15, 201 – March 1, 2015; Rosenwald\\-Wolf Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 24 – October 7, 2016; and Minneapolis College of Art and Design (MCAD) Gallery, Minneapolis, Minnesota, July 28 – September 17, 2017\\.\nApple Documentary Movie,*\n* MAC @ 30*, Featured Designer, January 2014 <https://vimeo.com/84955412>\nArchitecture \\+ Design Museum (A\\+D),*\n* Drylands Design*, Exhibition Environmental Graphics and Graphic Design with Laurie Haycock Makela, Office of Hadley and Peter Arnold and Chu\\-Gooding Architects, Los Angeles, California, 2012\nVictoria and Albert Museum (V\\&A),*\n* Postmodernism: Style and Subversion, 1970–1990*, Exhibition and Publication with Essay, September 24, 2011– January 15, 2012\nPublic Broadcasting Service (PBS),*\n* American Masters: The Architect and the Painter, Charles and Ray Eames*, Video Contribution to Film, 2011\nPacoima Neighborhood City Hall, Environmental Graphics, Signage and Color Palette for Architecture with RoTo Architects, Pacoima, California, 2010\nOrange County Great Park, Environmental Graphics, Signage and Color Palette for 1400\\-acre Park with Ken Smith Landscape Architect, Irvine, California, 2008\nMadame Tussaud’s Wax Museum, Color and Materials Palette for Architecture with RoTo Architects, Hollywood, California, 2008[thumb\\|300x300px\\|*Hand Holding a Bowl of Rice*, Greiman's 8,200 sq.ft. public art commission on two facing facades and entrance to Wilshire\\-Vermont Metro LA, 2007\\.](/wiki/File:Wilshire_Vermont.tif \"Wilshire Vermont.tif\")*\n\t+ - * Hand Holding a Bowl of Rice*, Public Art Commission for Wilshire Vermont Metro Station, Los Angeles, California, 2007\n\t\t\tArt Center College of Design, Honorary Doctorate, Los Angeles, California, 2012\n\t\t\tPasadena Museum of California Art,*\n\t+ Drive\\-by Shooting: April Greiman Digital Photography*, Solo Exhibition and Monograph Publication Design, Pasadena, California, September 9 – October 8, 2006\n\tPrairie View School of Art and Architecture, Color and Materials Palette for Architecture with [RoTo Architects](https://www.rotoark.com), and Texas A \\& M University, Prairie View, Texas, 2005\n\tRotovision,*\n\t+ Something From Nothing*, Monograph Publication Design, 2001\n\tMonacelli Press, From the Center: Design Process @ SCI\\-Arc,” 1998{{cite book\\|title\\=From the Center: Design Process at Sci\\-Arc\\|last1\\=Rotondi\\|first1\\=Michael\\|last2\\=Reeve\\|first2\\=Margaret\\|last3\\=Greiman\\|first3\\=April\\|date\\=1997\\|publisher\\=The Monacelli Press, Inc.\\|isbn\\=1\\-885254\\-34\\-2\\|location\\=New York, New York}}\n\tChrysler Award for Design Innovation, Auburn Hill, Michigan, 1998{{cite book\\|title\\=Ten Years—A Decade of Design—Chrysler Design Awards\\|date\\=2002\\|publisher\\=The Magazine Works, Inc.\\|location\\=Wilton, Connecticut\\|page\\=98}}\n\tMiracle Manor Retreat, Design Concept, Interactive and Environmental Graphics and Interiors for Architecture with RoTo Architects, Desert Hot Springs, California, 1997–2018\n\tRizzoli International Publications,* \n\t\t- * Michele Saee: Buildings \\& Projects*, Publication Design, 1997\\.[alt\\=19th amendment USPS Stamp (women's voting rights)\\|thumb\\|19th amendment USPS Stamp (women's voting rights)](/wiki/File:19th_amendment_USPS_Stamp.jpg \"19th amendment USPS Stamp.jpg\")\n\t\t\tUS Postal Commission,*\n* 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution*, Women's Voting Rights Commemorative Stamp, Washington, District of Columbia (DC), August 26, 1995\nWarehouse C, Color Palette for Architecture with [RoTo Architects](https://www.rotoark.com), Nagasaki, Japan, 1995\nArtemis Publishers*\n\t+ , ItsnotwhatAprilyouthinkitGreimanis \\= cen'estpascequevouscroyez*, Monograph Publication Design, 1994\n\tDer Stiftung Buchkunst Prâmiert (Best Books of the World), for*\n* From the Edge, Student Workbook, *Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI\\-Arc), Frankfurt Book Fair Bronze Medal, 1994\nAldus Corporation Video Conference Program, Spokesperson with Paul Brainerd, New York City, New York; Chicago, Illinois; Seattle, Washington; and Toronto, Canada, 1993\nNicola Restaurant, Color and Materials Palette for Architecture as well as Custom Dinnerware, Billboards, Branding and Graphics with [RoTo Architects](https://www.rotoark.com), Los Angeles, California, 1993\nCarlson\\-Reges Residence, Color and Materials Palette for Architecture with [RoTo Architects](https://www.rotoark.com), Los Angeles, California, 1992\nCommunity Redevelopment Agency of Los Angeles (CRA/LA),* \n\t+ - * Walk Earth Talk*, Public Art Commission collaboration with Lucille Clifton, Citicorp Plaza Poet’s Walk, Los Angeles, California, 1991\n\t\t\tWatson\\-Guptill Publishers,*\n* Hybrid Imagery: The Fusion of Technology and Graphic Design*, Monograph Publication Design, 1990\nWalker Art Center,*\n* Graphic Design in America: A Visual Language History*, Exhibition, Poster and Billboard, Featured Designer, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1989\nNational Endowment for the Arts (NEA), Computer Graphic Studies Grant, Washington, District of Columbia, 1987{{cite book\\|url\\=https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/NEA\\-Annual\\-Report\\-1987\\.pdf\\|title\\=NEA Annual Report 1987\\|date\\=1987\\|publisher\\=National Endowment for the Arts\\|page\\=18\\|accessdate\\=June 27, 2018}}\nWalker Art Center and MIT Press,* \n\t+ Design Quarterly \\#133: ‘Does it Make Sense?’*, Publication Design, 1986\\. [https://walkerart.org/minnesotabydesign/objects/design\\-quarterly\\-133](https://walkerart.org/minnesotabydesign/objects/design-quarterly-133)\n\tOlympic Organizing Committee,*\n* Official Poster for the 1984 Olympic Games*, Collaboration with Jayme Odgers, Los Angeles, California, 1984\nWET Magazine, Magazine Cover, Collaboration with Jayme Odgers, 1976\nMuseum of Modern Art (MOMA),* \n\t+ The Taxi Project*, Exhibition and Catalogue Design with Emilio Ambasz, Curator, New York City, New York, 1975*",
"Collections\n-----------",
"Collections of the [Cooper Hewitt Design Museum](/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt_Design_Museum \"Cooper Hewitt Design Museum\"), [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\") (MOMA), [San Francisco Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art \"San Francisco Museum of Modern Art\") (SFMOMA), [Los Angeles County Museum of Art](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art \"Los Angeles County Museum of Art\") (LACMA) and [Centre Pompidou](/wiki/Centre_Pompidou \"Centre Pompidou\")\nMonographs\n----------",
"April Greiman, * WhiteSpace: April Greiman Photography*, published by April Greiman, 2021{{cite book\\|url\\=https://100\\.sta\\-chicago.org/winners/2021/whitespace\\-april\\-greiman\\-photography/\\|title\\=WhiteSpace: April Greiman Photography\\|last1\\=Greiman\\|first1\\=April\\|date\\=2021\\|publisher\\=April Greiman\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-57\\-887250\\-6\\|location\\=Los Angeles\\|accessdate\\=March 5, 2022}}\n April Greiman,*\n* Drive\\-by Shooting: April Greiman Digital Photography*, exhibition catalog for Pasadena Museum of California Art, 2006{{cite book\\|url\\=http://drive\\-byshooting.com/\\|title\\=Drive\\-by Shooting: April Greiman Digital Photography\\|last1\\=Greiman\\|first1\\=April\\|date\\=2006\\|publisher\\=Pasadena Museum of California Art/April Greiman – Made in Space\\|isbn\\=1\\-4243\\-1448\\-8\\|location\\=Los Angeles\\|accessdate\\=June 27, 2018}}\n April Greiman and Aris Janigian,*\n* Something From Nothing*, Rotovision, 2001{{cite book\\|title\\=Something from Nothing\\|last1\\=Greiman\\|first1\\=April\\|last2\\=Janigian\\|first2\\=Aris\\|date\\=2001\\|publisher\\=RotoVision SA\\|isbn\\=2\\-88046\\-547\\-8\\|location\\=East Sussex, UK}}\n April Greiman and Liz Farelly,*\n* Floating Ideas into Time and Space*, Watson\\-Guptill Publishers, Cutting Edge Series, 1998{{Cite book\\|title\\=April Greiman: floating ideas into time and space\\|last1\\=Farrelly\\|first1\\=Liz\\|last2\\=Greiman\\|first2\\=April\\|date\\=January 1, 1998\\|publisher\\=Watson\\-Guptill Publications\\|isbn\\=0823012018\\|location\\=New York\\|language\\=English\\|oclc\\=40459397}}\n F. Fort, R Poynor and C. Kultenbrouwer,*\n* it'snotwhatyouthinkitis \\= cen'estpascequevouscroyez*, Artemis Publishers, 1994{{Cite book\\|title\\=April Greiman: it'snotwhatyouthinkitis \\= cen'estpascequevouscroyez\\|last1\\=Greiman\\|first1\\=April\\|last2\\=Poynor\\|first2\\=Rick\\|last3\\=Arc en rêve centre d'architecture\\|date\\=January 1, 1994\\|publisher\\=Arc en rêve centre d'architecture ; Artemis\\|isbn\\=3760884172\\|location\\=Bordeaux; Zürich; New York, N.Y.\\|oclc\\=31347967}}\n April Greiman,*\n* Hybrid Imagery: The Fusion of Technology and Graphic Design*, Watson\\-Guptill Publishers,1990*",
"Keynote Speeches\n----------------",
"* April Greiman, *Seeing is a way of thinking. Thinking, a way of seeing, Virginia Tech School of Architecture and Design, March 14, 2022*\n* Objects in Space, *Alliance Graphique Internationale (AGI) Open Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, September 24, 2019*\n* Experimental Typography, *Indian Institute of Technology, Industrial Design Centre, Mumbai, India, March 2, 2019 – March 4, 2019*\n* Color as Space, Space as Color, *Bend Design Conference, Bend, Oregon, October 2, 2018*\n* Borders, *Alliance Graphique Internationale (AGI) at La Maison du Radio, Paris, France, September 20, 2017*\n* Grand Masters of Design, *Indian Institute of Technology, Industrial Design Centre, Mumbai, India, February 4, 2007 – February 9, 2007*\n* April Greiman*, MAC Summit at University of California–Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 1995*\n* April Greiman, *Too Corporation, MacWorld, Tokyo, Japan, 1992*\n* April Greiman, *IDEAS ‘92 Student Symposium, Melbourne, Australia, 1992*",
"Professional Societies and Positions\n------------------------------------",
"Fellow, Nature, Art \\& Habitat, 2017\n Elected Member, The Trusteeship, International Women’s Forum, Newport Beach, California, 2010\n Women in the Arts, Art Table, 2004\n Jury Chairperson, General Services Administration Design Awards, Washington, District of Columbia, 1999\n USA Expert Juror, China’s First International Graphic Arts Competition, Beijing, China, 1996\n USA Expert Juror, Expo 2000 Mascot Competition, Hannover, Germany, 1995\n USA Expert Juror, Netherlands All Design Disciplines Competition, Netherlands, 1995\n USA Expert Juror, City of Berlin Identity Program Competition, Berlin, Germany, 1993\n Chairperson, AIGA Communications Graphics Competition, New York City, New York, 1993\n Co\\-Chair with Tibor Kalman, What’s Going On Now, AIGA National Conference, San Francisco, California, 1987\nInvited Member, [Alliance Graphique Internationale](/wiki/Alliance_Graphique_Internationale \"Alliance Graphique Internationale\") (AGI), 1986–present\n National Board Member, [AIGA](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts \"American Institute of Graphic Arts\"), 1986–1988\n President and Vice\\-President, AIGA, Los Angeles, 1982–1988\nSolo Exhibitions\n----------------",
"[thumb\\|300x300px\\|Exhibition view of Greiman's solo exhibition *Drive\\-by Shooting: April Greiman Digital Photography* at the [Pasadena Museum of California Art](/wiki/Pasadena_Museum_of_California_Art \"Pasadena Museum of California Art\"), 2006\\. In](/wiki/File:Drive-byshooting.jpg \"Drive-byshooting.jpg\") 2006, the [Pasadena Museum of California Art](/wiki/Pasadena_Museum_of_California_Art \"Pasadena Museum of California Art\") mounted a one\\-woman show of her digital photography entitled: * + - * + - * + - * + - * Drive\\-by Shooting: April Greiman Digital Photography*.{{cite web\\|title\\=Pasadena Museum of California Art in Los Angeles Past Exhibitions\\|url\\=http://www.pmcaonline.org/past\\-exhibitions.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225193210/http://www.pmcaonline.org/past\\-exhibitions.html\\|archivedate\\=February 25, 2011}} Greiman was also in the major group show at [Centre Georges Pompidou](/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou \"Centre Georges Pompidou\") in Paris called* Elle@Centre Pompidou*.{{cite web\\|title\\=elles@centrepompidou women artists in the collections of the National Modern Art Museum\\|url\\=http://www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Manifs.nsf/0/44638F832F0AFABFC12575290030CF0D?OpenDocument\\&sessionM\\=2\\.2\\.1\\&L\\=2\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=March 15, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315200515/http://www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Manifs.nsf/0/44638F832F0AFABFC12575290030CF0D?OpenDocument\\&sessionM\\=2\\.2\\.1\\&L\\=2\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2007, Greiman completed her largest ever work: a public mural,* Hand Holding a Bowl of Rice*, spanning \"seven stories of two building facades marking the entrance to the [Wilshire Vermont Metro Station](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail \"Los Angeles Metro Rail\") in Los Angeles.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=AGI : Members : Greiman\\|url\\=http://www.a\\-g\\-i.org/1923/members/greiman.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085417/http://www.a\\-g\\-i.org/1923/members/greiman.html\\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=March 28, 2011}} In 2014, Greiman collaborated with the [London](/wiki/London \"London\") based artist\\-run organization [Auto Italia South East](/wiki/Auto_Italia_South_East \"Auto Italia South East\") along with a group of artists including Metahaven, in an exhibition* POLYMYTH x Miss Information*. The exhibition program was included in the external listings for [Frieze Art Fair](/wiki/Frieze_Art_Fair \"Frieze Art Fair\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Kay\\|first1\\=Jean\\|date\\=November 20, 2014\\|title\\=An overview of Frieze 2014 on the fringe\\|url\\=http://www.aqnb.com/2014/11/20/an\\-overview\\-of\\-frieze\\-2014\\-on\\-the\\-fringe/\\|access\\-date\\=October 11, 2016\\|publisher\\=AQNB}} In 2023 Greiman co\\-curated with Stacie B. London, and included her artwork in* It's About Time*, a multidisciplinary group art exhibition of 17 artists at The Brand Library \\& Art Center, September–November 2023\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.brandlibrary.art/post/Its\\-About\\-Time \\| title\\=It's About Time \\| date\\=July 6, 2023 }}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://online.fliphtml5\\.com/tzjnt/bqkl/\\#p\\=1 \\| title\\=Brand Art Center's 'It's About Time' Catalogue }}*\n* Do Not Trust Atoms: April Greiman, Avatars and New Photography, *bulthaup Los Angeles ‘Kunsthalle b,’ Los Angeles, California, February 1, 2017 – May 15, 2017*\n* Objects in Space: April Greiman, *Woodbury University Wedge Gallery, Burbank, California, March 4, 2014 – March 30, 2014*\n* New Works: April Greiman, *curated by Stacie B. London, Subvecta Motus Gallery, Glendale, California, November 2012 – January 2013*\n* Think About What You Think About: April Greiman*, Yoon Design: Ddoong Gallery, Korea Society of Basic Design \\& Art, Seoul, Korea, December 10, 2012 – December 16, 2012*\n* The Masters Series: April Greiman*, School of Visual Arts (SVA) Visual Arts Museum, New York City, New York, October 20, 2008 – December 13, 2008*\n* Objects in Space, *Salve Regina University, Newport, Rhode Island, October 17, 2007 – November 11, 2007*\n* Drive\\-by Shooting: April Greiman Digital Photography*, Pasadena Museum of California Art, Pasadena, California, September 9, 2006 – October 8, 2006*\n* Objects in Space*, Nova Ljubjlanska Banka, Llubljana, Slovenia, November 2004*\n* Something from Nothing*, Modern Book Gallery, Westwood, California, 2001*\n* Objects in Space*, Selby Gallery, Ringling School of Art and Design, Sarasota, Florida, October 25, 1999 – November 24, 1999*\n* It’snotwhatAprilyouthinkitGreimanis*, Arc en Rêve Centre d’Architecture, Bordeaux, France, 1994\\.*\n* Computer Graphics: April Greiman*, Itoya Gallery, Tokyo, Japan, 1994\\.*\n* April Greiman: Hybrid Imagery*, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel, 1989*\n* One Woman Show, *Turner Dailey Gallery, Los Angeles, California, 1989*\n* April Greiman, *Reinhold–Brown Gallery, New York City, New York, 1986\n[thumb\\|300x300px\\|Installation \nview from group exhibition *Designing Modern Women 1890–1990*, [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\"), (MoMA), New York, NY, October 5, 2013 – October 19, 2014](/wiki/File:Designing_Modern_Women_April_Greiman.jpg \"Designing Modern Women April Greiman.jpg\")*",
"Selected Group Exhibitions\n--------------------------",
"* Digital Witness: Revolutions in Design, Photography, and Film*, [LACMA](/wiki/LACMA \"LACMA\"), Los Angeles, California, presented as part of [The Getty](/wiki/The_Getty \"The Getty\") initiative PST ART:* Art \\& Science Collide*, November 24, 2024 – July 13, 2025{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/digital\\-witness\\-revolutions\\-design\\-photography\\-and\\-film \\| title\\=Digital Witness: Revolutions in Design, Photography, and Film }}*\n* Body Constructs*, [MoMA](/wiki/MoMA \"MoMA\"), Collection gallery, organized by Evangelos Kotsioris, Assistant Curator, and Paula Vilaplana de Miguel, New York, New York, January 2024–ongoing<https://www.moma.org/calendar/galleries/5668> {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}*\n* It's About Time*, co\\-curated with Stacie B. London, Brand Library \\& Art Center, [Glendale Public Library](/wiki/Glendale_Public_Library \"Glendale Public Library\"), Glendale, California, September 23 – November 22, 2023{{cite web \\| url\\=https://online.fliphtml5\\.com/tzjnt/bqkl/\\#p\\=1 \\| title\\=Brand Art Center's 'It's About Time' Catalogue }}*\n* Between the Lines, Typography in LACMA’s Collection, *[Los Angeles County Museum of Art](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art \"Los Angeles County Museum of Art\"), Los Angeles, California, May 19, 2019–ongoing*\n* West of Modernism: California Graphic Design, 1975–1995, *Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, September 30, 2018 – April 21, 2019*\n* California: Designing Freedom*, [Designmuseo](/wiki/Designmuseum_Denmark \"Designmuseum Denmark\"), Helsinki, Finland, November 10, 2017 – March 4, 2018*\n* California: Designing Freedom*, The Design Museum, London, England, May 24, 2017 – October 17, 2017*\n* Static*, Castle Fitzjohns Gallery, New York City, New York, 2016–2017*\n* Typeface to Interface: Graphic Design from the Collection*, [San Francisco Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art \"San Francisco Museum of Modern Art\"), San Francisco, California, May 14, 2016 – October 23, 2016*\n* Physical: Sex and the Body in the 1980s*, [Los Angeles County Museum of Art](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art \"Los Angeles County Museum of Art\"), Los Angeles, California, March 20, 2016 – July 31, 2016*\n* Designing Modern Women 1890–1990*, [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\"), New York City, New York, October 5, 2013 – October 19, 2014*\n* California’s Designing Women: 1896–1986*, The Autry Museum, Los Angeles, California, August 10, 2012 – January 6, 2013*\n* elles@centrepompidou: Women Artists in the Collections of the National Modern Art Museum*, [Centre Pompidou](/wiki/Centre_Pompidou \"Centre Pompidou\"), Paris, France, May 27, 2009 – February 21, 2011*\n* Graphic Design: Now in Production*, [Walker Art Center](/wiki/Walker_Art_Center \"Walker Art Center\"), Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2011{{Cite news\\|last\\=Rawsthorn\\|first\\=Alice\\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-17\\|title\\=With a Big Boost From Technology\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/17/arts/17iht\\-design17\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-16\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}*\n* Graphic Design in America: A Visual Language History*, Design Museum of London, London, England, 1990*\n* Graphic Design in America: A Visual Language History, *IBM Gallery of Science and Art, New York City, New York, 1989*\n* Design USA*, [United States Information Agency](/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency \"United States Information Agency\"), Travelling Exhibition throughout the United Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR), 1989*\n* Graphic Design in America: A Visual Language History'', [Walker Art Center](/wiki/Walker_Art_Center \"Walker Art Center\"), Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1989\n[thumb\\|300x300px\\|Greiman designed the identity and stationery system for [Coop Himmelb(l)au](/wiki/Coop_Himmelb%28l%29au \"Coop Himmelb(l)au\"), a cooperative architectural design firm, known for their experimental, complex, and asymmetrical approach to architecture.](/wiki/File:Chbl_construction_vest.jpg \"Chbl construction vest.jpg\")"
] |
Life
----
John Frewen was born in [Sapcote](/wiki/Sapcote "Sapcote"), Leicestershire, the son of the Revd. Thomas Frewen and Esther (née Simpkin). In 1777 Thomas Frewen received the bequest of [Cold Overton Hall](/wiki/Cold_Overton_Hall "Cold Overton Hall") in Leicestershire from the Turner family, on the condition that he should adopt the surname and arms of the Turners, which he accordingly did, uniting it to Frewen in a double barrel.
John was educated at [Rugby School](/wiki/Rugby_School "Rugby School") and [Queen's College, Oxford](/wiki/Queen%27s_College%2C_Oxford "Queen's College, Oxford"), where he graduated BA in 1778\.'Archive of the Frewen Family of Brickwall in Northiam (Sussex)' (East Sussex and Brighton and Hove Record Offices), [ref. NRA 17704 Frewen](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/N13733974); Entry Page with contents listing in The Discovery Catalogue, The National Archives (UK), [Ref: FRE](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/5771ea84-032b-471f-bdbe-4f43006c3ff2#-1). In 1779 he was admitted to the [Middle Temple](/wiki/Middle_Temple "Middle Temple").
He inherited Cold Overton Hall at his father's death in 1791, and adopted the name and arms of Turner at that time for the same purpose. In that year he served as [High Sheriff of Leicestershire](/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Leicestershire "High Sheriff of Leicestershire"). He became Lieutenant\-Colonel of [Leicestershire Yeomanry](/wiki/Leicestershire_Yeomanry "Leicestershire Yeomanry") in 1797, and MP for the Irish seat of [Athlone, Westmeath](/wiki/Athlone_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Athlone (UK Parliament constituency)") from 1807 to 1812\.
He married in 1808 Eleanor Clark, sister of the writer and Parisian salon hostess [Mary Mohl](/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Clarke_Mohl "Mary Elizabeth Clarke Mohl") and daughter of Charles Clark of Westminster. Mary frequently stayed with the Frewen\-Turners at their home in [Cold Overton](/wiki/Cold_Overton "Cold Overton").Patrick Waddington, 'Mohl, Mary Elizabeth (1793–1883\)’, *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (Oxford University Press, 2004\); online edn, January 2007 [Retrieved 5 February 2015](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18880,) Their children included the future politicians [Charles Frewen](/wiki/Charles_Frewen "Charles Frewen") and [Thomas Frewen Turner](/wiki/Thomas_Frewen_Turner "Thomas Frewen Turner").
He died at Coventry in 1829\. His funerary monument in the church at Cold Overton is by [William Grinsell Nicholl](/wiki/William_Grinsell_Nicholl "William Grinsell Nicholl").R.F. Gunnis, *Dictionary of British Sculptors, 1660\-1851*, Revised Edition, 2 vols (Abbey Press, London 1968\).
|
[
"Life\n----",
"John Frewen was born in [Sapcote](/wiki/Sapcote \"Sapcote\"), Leicestershire, the son of the Revd. Thomas Frewen and Esther (née Simpkin). In 1777 Thomas Frewen received the bequest of [Cold Overton Hall](/wiki/Cold_Overton_Hall \"Cold Overton Hall\") in Leicestershire from the Turner family, on the condition that he should adopt the surname and arms of the Turners, which he accordingly did, uniting it to Frewen in a double barrel.",
"John was educated at [Rugby School](/wiki/Rugby_School \"Rugby School\") and [Queen's College, Oxford](/wiki/Queen%27s_College%2C_Oxford \"Queen's College, Oxford\"), where he graduated BA in 1778\\.'Archive of the Frewen Family of Brickwall in Northiam (Sussex)' (East Sussex and Brighton and Hove Record Offices), [ref. NRA 17704 Frewen](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/N13733974); Entry Page with contents listing in The Discovery Catalogue, The National Archives (UK), [Ref: FRE](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/5771ea84-032b-471f-bdbe-4f43006c3ff2#-1). In 1779 he was admitted to the [Middle Temple](/wiki/Middle_Temple \"Middle Temple\").",
"He inherited Cold Overton Hall at his father's death in 1791, and adopted the name and arms of Turner at that time for the same purpose. In that year he served as [High Sheriff of Leicestershire](/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Leicestershire \"High Sheriff of Leicestershire\"). He became Lieutenant\\-Colonel of [Leicestershire Yeomanry](/wiki/Leicestershire_Yeomanry \"Leicestershire Yeomanry\") in 1797, and MP for the Irish seat of [Athlone, Westmeath](/wiki/Athlone_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Athlone (UK Parliament constituency)\") from 1807 to 1812\\.",
"He married in 1808 Eleanor Clark, sister of the writer and Parisian salon hostess [Mary Mohl](/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Clarke_Mohl \"Mary Elizabeth Clarke Mohl\") and daughter of Charles Clark of Westminster. Mary frequently stayed with the Frewen\\-Turners at their home in [Cold Overton](/wiki/Cold_Overton \"Cold Overton\").Patrick Waddington, 'Mohl, Mary Elizabeth (1793–1883\\)’, *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (Oxford University Press, 2004\\); online edn, January 2007 [Retrieved 5 February 2015](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18880,) Their children included the future politicians [Charles Frewen](/wiki/Charles_Frewen \"Charles Frewen\") and [Thomas Frewen Turner](/wiki/Thomas_Frewen_Turner \"Thomas Frewen Turner\").",
"He died at Coventry in 1829\\. His funerary monument in the church at Cold Overton is by [William Grinsell Nicholl](/wiki/William_Grinsell_Nicholl \"William Grinsell Nicholl\").R.F. Gunnis, *Dictionary of British Sculptors, 1660\\-1851*, Revised Edition, 2 vols (Abbey Press, London 1968\\).",
""
] |
Biography
---------
On {{start date and age\|1773\|5\|11\|paren\=y}}, Hawley was born to Elijah and Mercy Hawley in [Bridgeport, Connecticut](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_Connecticut "Bridgeport, Connecticut"), where he would also be raised.
As an adult, Hawley became a flour merchant in central New York. He collected wheat in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva%2C_New_York "Geneva, New York") and had it milled in [Seneca Falls](/wiki/Seneca_Falls%2C_New_York "Seneca Falls, New York"). Hawley's investments were based on the hopes that the [General Schuyler](/wiki/Philip_Schuyler "Philip Schuyler")'s [Western Inland Lock Navigation Company](/wiki/Western_Inland_Lock_Navigation_Company "Western Inland Lock Navigation Company") would continue its river improvements to Seneca Falls, which would reduce Hawley's costs of shipping the flour to the cities on the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean"). Unfortunately for Hawley, the Western Company halted progress on continued improvements to the rivers after Schuyler's death in 1804\.{{cite book \|last\=Koeppel \|first\=Gerard \|title\=Bond of Union: Building the Erie Canal and the American Empire \|publisher\=Da Capo Press \|year\=2010 }}
Struggling to receive shipments and make deliveries over the wretched roadways of the era, Hawley imagined the canal as early as 1805\.
Eventually, in 1806, Hawley's difficulties in securing reasonably priced transportation resulted in him being sentenced to [debtors' prison](/wiki/Debtors%27_prison "Debtors' prison") for twenty months. While serving his term, writing under the name "Hercules", he published fourteen essays on the idea of the canal from the [Hudson River](/wiki/Hudson_River "Hudson River") to [Lake Erie](/wiki/Lake_Erie "Lake Erie"). The essays were published in 1807 and 1808, appearing in the *Genesee Messenger*.{{cite web \|url\=https://interactive.wttw.com/ten/modern\-marvels/erie\-canal \|title\=Erie Canal (10 Modern Marvels) \|work\=WTTW Chicago \|date\=2018\-07\-09 \|accessdate\=2024\-04\-02 \|quote\=In 1806, merchant Jesse Hawley’s inability to secure quick, economical transportation for his flour cost him not only money but his freedom. He was sentenced to 20 months in debtors’ prison after one of his shipments of flour went bad. }}{{cite book \|last\=Bernstein \|first\=Peter L. \|year\=2005 \|title\=Wedding of the Waters \|publisher\=W.W. Norton \& Company \|location\=New York }}{{cite book \|last1\=Hosack \|first1\=David \|title\=Memoir of De Witt Clinton: With an appendix containing numerous documents \|date\=1829 \|publisher\=J. Seymour \|location\=New York \|pages\=301–342 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/de\-witt\-clinton\-memoir\-jesse\-hawley\-essays/mode/1up \|accessdate\=2024\-01\-07 \|quote\=Hawley's letters are reprinted in full in one of the appendices to Hosack's biography. }}
Considering his modest education and lack of formal training as an [engineer](/wiki/Engineer "Engineer") or [surveyor](/wiki/Surveying "Surveying"), Hawley's writing was remarkable; he pulled together a wealth of information necessary to the project, provided detailed analysis of the problems to be solved, and wrote with great eloquence and foresight on the importance the canal would have to the state and to the nation. Although they were deemed the ravings of a madman by some, Hawley's essays were proven to be immensely influential on the development of the canal.
Although Hawley's writing inspired others, such as [Joseph Endicott](/wiki/Joseph_Ellicott_%28surveyor%29 "Joseph Ellicott (surveyor)") and [DeWitt Clinton](/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton "DeWitt Clinton"), to pass laws to construct what later became the Erie Canal, Hawley continued as a struggling merchant. His assets were [apportioned](/wiki/Apportionment "Apportionment") in 1812\.{{cite book \|last\=Stein \|first\=Mark \|title\=How the States Got Their Shapes Too \|publisher\=Smithsonian Books \|year\=2011 }}
In May 1812, Hawley married Elizabeth "Betsey" Ralston Tiffany, a young widow, in Canandaigua. They had a daughter, Julia, who survived her father by six months. After their divorce{{when\|date\=April 2024}}, Hawley married{{when\|date\=April 2024}} Elizabeth L. Hawley.
In 1817, Hawley was appointed collector of revenue for the port of [Genesee](/wiki/Genesee%2C_New_York "Genesee, New York"). Hawley was a member of the [New York State Assembly](/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly "New York State Assembly"), representing [Genesee County](/wiki/Genesee_County%2C_New_York "Genesee County, New York") in the [1820–21](/wiki/44th_New_York_State_Legislature "44th New York State Legislature") session. He took part in the celebrations of the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, representing the people of the city of [Rochester](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York "Rochester, New York").
Hawley's continued interest in the Erie Canal is evidenced in an 1840 essay, *An Essay on the Enlargement of the Erie Canal*.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2024}}
On {{death date and age\|1842\|1\|10\|1773\|5\|11\|paren\=y}}, Hawley died. He was buried at the [Cold Springs Cemetery](/wiki/Cold_Springs_Cemetery "Cold Springs Cemetery") in [Lockport, New York](/wiki/Lockport_%28city%29%2C_New_York "Lockport (city), New York").{{citation needed\|date\=April 2024}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"On {{start date and age\\|1773\\|5\\|11\\|paren\\=y}}, Hawley was born to Elijah and Mercy Hawley in [Bridgeport, Connecticut](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_Connecticut \"Bridgeport, Connecticut\"), where he would also be raised.",
"As an adult, Hawley became a flour merchant in central New York. He collected wheat in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva%2C_New_York \"Geneva, New York\") and had it milled in [Seneca Falls](/wiki/Seneca_Falls%2C_New_York \"Seneca Falls, New York\"). Hawley's investments were based on the hopes that the [General Schuyler](/wiki/Philip_Schuyler \"Philip Schuyler\")'s [Western Inland Lock Navigation Company](/wiki/Western_Inland_Lock_Navigation_Company \"Western Inland Lock Navigation Company\") would continue its river improvements to Seneca Falls, which would reduce Hawley's costs of shipping the flour to the cities on the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\"). Unfortunately for Hawley, the Western Company halted progress on continued improvements to the rivers after Schuyler's death in 1804\\.{{cite book \\|last\\=Koeppel \\|first\\=Gerard \\|title\\=Bond of Union: Building the Erie Canal and the American Empire \\|publisher\\=Da Capo Press \\|year\\=2010 }}",
"Struggling to receive shipments and make deliveries over the wretched roadways of the era, Hawley imagined the canal as early as 1805\\.",
"Eventually, in 1806, Hawley's difficulties in securing reasonably priced transportation resulted in him being sentenced to [debtors' prison](/wiki/Debtors%27_prison \"Debtors' prison\") for twenty months. While serving his term, writing under the name \"Hercules\", he published fourteen essays on the idea of the canal from the [Hudson River](/wiki/Hudson_River \"Hudson River\") to [Lake Erie](/wiki/Lake_Erie \"Lake Erie\"). The essays were published in 1807 and 1808, appearing in the *Genesee Messenger*.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://interactive.wttw.com/ten/modern\\-marvels/erie\\-canal \\|title\\=Erie Canal (10 Modern Marvels) \\|work\\=WTTW Chicago \\|date\\=2018\\-07\\-09 \\|accessdate\\=2024\\-04\\-02 \\|quote\\=In 1806, merchant Jesse Hawley’s inability to secure quick, economical transportation for his flour cost him not only money but his freedom. He was sentenced to 20 months in debtors’ prison after one of his shipments of flour went bad. }}{{cite book \\|last\\=Bernstein \\|first\\=Peter L. \\|year\\=2005 \\|title\\=Wedding of the Waters \\|publisher\\=W.W. Norton \\& Company \\|location\\=New York }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Hosack \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Memoir of De Witt Clinton: With an appendix containing numerous documents \\|date\\=1829 \\|publisher\\=J. Seymour \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=301–342 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/de\\-witt\\-clinton\\-memoir\\-jesse\\-hawley\\-essays/mode/1up \\|accessdate\\=2024\\-01\\-07 \\|quote\\=Hawley's letters are reprinted in full in one of the appendices to Hosack's biography. }}",
"Considering his modest education and lack of formal training as an [engineer](/wiki/Engineer \"Engineer\") or [surveyor](/wiki/Surveying \"Surveying\"), Hawley's writing was remarkable; he pulled together a wealth of information necessary to the project, provided detailed analysis of the problems to be solved, and wrote with great eloquence and foresight on the importance the canal would have to the state and to the nation. Although they were deemed the ravings of a madman by some, Hawley's essays were proven to be immensely influential on the development of the canal.",
"Although Hawley's writing inspired others, such as [Joseph Endicott](/wiki/Joseph_Ellicott_%28surveyor%29 \"Joseph Ellicott (surveyor)\") and [DeWitt Clinton](/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton \"DeWitt Clinton\"), to pass laws to construct what later became the Erie Canal, Hawley continued as a struggling merchant. His assets were [apportioned](/wiki/Apportionment \"Apportionment\") in 1812\\.{{cite book \\|last\\=Stein \\|first\\=Mark \\|title\\=How the States Got Their Shapes Too \\|publisher\\=Smithsonian Books \\|year\\=2011 }}",
"In May 1812, Hawley married Elizabeth \"Betsey\" Ralston Tiffany, a young widow, in Canandaigua. They had a daughter, Julia, who survived her father by six months. After their divorce{{when\\|date\\=April 2024}}, Hawley married{{when\\|date\\=April 2024}} Elizabeth L. Hawley.",
"In 1817, Hawley was appointed collector of revenue for the port of [Genesee](/wiki/Genesee%2C_New_York \"Genesee, New York\"). Hawley was a member of the [New York State Assembly](/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly \"New York State Assembly\"), representing [Genesee County](/wiki/Genesee_County%2C_New_York \"Genesee County, New York\") in the [1820–21](/wiki/44th_New_York_State_Legislature \"44th New York State Legislature\") session. He took part in the celebrations of the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, representing the people of the city of [Rochester](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York \"Rochester, New York\").",
"Hawley's continued interest in the Erie Canal is evidenced in an 1840 essay, *An Essay on the Enlargement of the Erie Canal*.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}",
"On {{death date and age\\|1842\\|1\\|10\\|1773\\|5\\|11\\|paren\\=y}}, Hawley died. He was buried at the [Cold Springs Cemetery](/wiki/Cold_Springs_Cemetery \"Cold Springs Cemetery\") in [Lockport, New York](/wiki/Lockport_%28city%29%2C_New_York \"Lockport (city), New York\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The vision of the founders was to create an independent and impartial forum for researchers in the fledgling field of voluntary action and citizen participation. For a long time, AVAS’ annual conferences and quarterly journal were the only outlets available to scholars interested in this area of research.
AVAS originally held parallel conferences with the [Association for Volunteer Administration](/wiki/Association_for_Volunteer_Administration "Association for Volunteer Administration") and the Association of Volunteer Bureaus. The first conference was held in Denver, Colorado in 1974\. The first solo conference was held in 1982 in Lansing, Michigan. These annual conventions allowed the organization to fulfill its purpose, as stated in the by\-laws, to "stimulate, coordinate, and otherwise aid the efforts of those engaged in research, other scholarship and professional activity related to the understanding and improvement of nonprofit organizations and voluntary action" by creating a face\-to\-face forum for idea exchange.
AVAS’ publications were a major part of its contribution to the research community. The newsletter begun in 1973 and contained information about events and individuals in the research community as well as information specific to the organization. Citizen Participation and Voluntary Action Abstracts appeared originally as a supplement to the first newsletter, bringing together a variety of resources for researchers working in this interdisciplinary field. Volunteer Administration was published by AVAS until 1982, and is now published by the Association of Volunteer Administrators as the *Journal of Volunteer Administration*. The *Journal of Voluntary Action Research (JVAR)* begun in 1972 and was, for a long time, the only scholarly journal focusing on all aspects of voluntary action research. In 1986 JVAR attempted to broaden its focus to include the rapidly growing field of nonprofit study by adding a subtitle: Studies of Voluntarism, Citizen Participation, Philanthropy, and Nonprofit Organizations. 1988 heralded a new publisher for the journal, and an entirely new name\- [Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly (NVSQ)](/wiki/Nonprofit_and_Voluntary_Sector_Quarterly "Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly"). More recently, the organization has collaborated with the Indiana University Center on Philanthropy on Research in Progress.
ARNOVA's executive office moved from its original home at [Boston College](/wiki/Boston_College "Boston College") to [Pennsylvania State University](/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University "Pennsylvania State University"), and then again to the Lincoln Filene Center at [Tufts University](/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") in 1986\. In 1990 the office moved again to become loosely affiliated with the Department of Adult and Youth Education at Washington State University. Continuing financial problems and low membership throughout the 1980s caused Delwyn A. Dyer to convene a Strategic Planning Committee in 1988\. Following the committee's recommendation, the board of directors voted to change the organization's name from the narrowly focused Association for Voluntary Action Scholars to the more inclusive Association of Researchers on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action (ARNOVA).
The planning process continued at a retreat on February 8–10, 1991, in [Corpus Christi, Texas](/wiki/Corpus_Christi%2C_Texas "Corpus Christi, Texas"). Board members focused on the need to upgrade the association's services, enhance its reputation, and reach out to include a diverse, interdisciplinary group of researchers and practitioners interested in voluntary action and nonprofit study. Following the retreat, [Kirsten Gronbjerg](/wiki/Kirsten_Gronbjerg "Kirsten Gronbjerg") (co\-president 1993\-1994\) prepared a document stating ARNOVA's goals to present to possible funders.
A second retreat was held at lifetime member David Mason's ranch on March 19–21, 1993\. Decisions made at the Mason Ranch Retreat resulted in the formalization of ARNOVA's relationships with Independent Sector and the academic centers, and the affiliation of [NVSQ](/wiki/Nonprofit_and_Voluntary_Sector_Quarterly "Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly") with the Program on Non\-Profit Organizations (PONPO) at [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") and the executive office with the Indiana University Center on Philanthropy in 1994\. These affiliations strengthened ARNOVA's position as a research organization. Consequent funding from the [Ford Foundation](/wiki/Ford_Foundation "Ford Foundation") and the [Kellogg Foundation](/wiki/Kellogg_Foundation "Kellogg Foundation") gave the organization the wherewithal to become the "interdisciplinary fellowship of scholars" its founders had envisioned.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The vision of the founders was to create an independent and impartial forum for researchers in the fledgling field of voluntary action and citizen participation. For a long time, AVAS’ annual conferences and quarterly journal were the only outlets available to scholars interested in this area of research.",
"AVAS originally held parallel conferences with the [Association for Volunteer Administration](/wiki/Association_for_Volunteer_Administration \"Association for Volunteer Administration\") and the Association of Volunteer Bureaus. The first conference was held in Denver, Colorado in 1974\\. The first solo conference was held in 1982 in Lansing, Michigan. These annual conventions allowed the organization to fulfill its purpose, as stated in the by\\-laws, to \"stimulate, coordinate, and otherwise aid the efforts of those engaged in research, other scholarship and professional activity related to the understanding and improvement of nonprofit organizations and voluntary action\" by creating a face\\-to\\-face forum for idea exchange.",
"AVAS’ publications were a major part of its contribution to the research community. The newsletter begun in 1973 and contained information about events and individuals in the research community as well as information specific to the organization. Citizen Participation and Voluntary Action Abstracts appeared originally as a supplement to the first newsletter, bringing together a variety of resources for researchers working in this interdisciplinary field. Volunteer Administration was published by AVAS until 1982, and is now published by the Association of Volunteer Administrators as the *Journal of Volunteer Administration*. The *Journal of Voluntary Action Research (JVAR)* begun in 1972 and was, for a long time, the only scholarly journal focusing on all aspects of voluntary action research. In 1986 JVAR attempted to broaden its focus to include the rapidly growing field of nonprofit study by adding a subtitle: Studies of Voluntarism, Citizen Participation, Philanthropy, and Nonprofit Organizations. 1988 heralded a new publisher for the journal, and an entirely new name\\- [Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly (NVSQ)](/wiki/Nonprofit_and_Voluntary_Sector_Quarterly \"Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly\"). More recently, the organization has collaborated with the Indiana University Center on Philanthropy on Research in Progress.",
"ARNOVA's executive office moved from its original home at [Boston College](/wiki/Boston_College \"Boston College\") to [Pennsylvania State University](/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University \"Pennsylvania State University\"), and then again to the Lincoln Filene Center at [Tufts University](/wiki/Tufts_University \"Tufts University\") in 1986\\. In 1990 the office moved again to become loosely affiliated with the Department of Adult and Youth Education at Washington State University. Continuing financial problems and low membership throughout the 1980s caused Delwyn A. Dyer to convene a Strategic Planning Committee in 1988\\. Following the committee's recommendation, the board of directors voted to change the organization's name from the narrowly focused Association for Voluntary Action Scholars to the more inclusive Association of Researchers on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action (ARNOVA).",
"The planning process continued at a retreat on February 8–10, 1991, in [Corpus Christi, Texas](/wiki/Corpus_Christi%2C_Texas \"Corpus Christi, Texas\"). Board members focused on the need to upgrade the association's services, enhance its reputation, and reach out to include a diverse, interdisciplinary group of researchers and practitioners interested in voluntary action and nonprofit study. Following the retreat, [Kirsten Gronbjerg](/wiki/Kirsten_Gronbjerg \"Kirsten Gronbjerg\") (co\\-president 1993\\-1994\\) prepared a document stating ARNOVA's goals to present to possible funders.",
"A second retreat was held at lifetime member David Mason's ranch on March 19–21, 1993\\. Decisions made at the Mason Ranch Retreat resulted in the formalization of ARNOVA's relationships with Independent Sector and the academic centers, and the affiliation of [NVSQ](/wiki/Nonprofit_and_Voluntary_Sector_Quarterly \"Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly\") with the Program on Non\\-Profit Organizations (PONPO) at [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University \"Yale University\") and the executive office with the Indiana University Center on Philanthropy in 1994\\. These affiliations strengthened ARNOVA's position as a research organization. Consequent funding from the [Ford Foundation](/wiki/Ford_Foundation \"Ford Foundation\") and the [Kellogg Foundation](/wiki/Kellogg_Foundation \"Kellogg Foundation\") gave the organization the wherewithal to become the \"interdisciplinary fellowship of scholars\" its founders had envisioned.",
""
] |
Recreation
----------
There is a camping facility on a [ridge](/wiki/Ridge "Ridge") overlooking the park. There are 48 sites for tents and [travel trailers](/wiki/Travel_trailer "Travel trailer"), with flush toilets, warm showers at the camp site, plus some sites with electricity. Group tenting is permitted in the large group tenting area. Two wooden cottages are available for rent. The cottages have electric lights and outlets as well as double and single bunks that sleep up to five, wooden floors, windows, skylights, a porch, fire ring, and picnic table.
Over 275 picnic tables are available for use on the ground of Ryerson Station State Park. The park also has five [pavilions](/wiki/Pavilions "Pavilions") and a small playground in the main picnic area.
Hunting is permitted in {{convert\|1000\|acre}} of Ryerson Station State Park. Hunters are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the [Pennsylvania Game Commission](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Game_Commission "Pennsylvania Game Commission"). The common game species are [ruffed grouse](/wiki/Ruffed_grouse "Ruffed grouse"), [eastern gray squirrels](/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel "Eastern gray squirrel"), [wild turkey](/wiki/Wild_turkey "Wild turkey") and [white\-tailed deer](/wiki/White-tailed_deer "White-tailed deer"). The hunting of [groundhogs](/wiki/Groundhog "Groundhog") is prohibited.
Duke Lake had been [stocked](/wiki/Fish_stocking "Fish stocking") by the [Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Fish_and_Boat_Commission "Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission") with [trout](/wiki/Trout "Trout") in the spring and again in the fall. Non\-powered and electric powered boats with current registration from any state and having a launching or mooring permit from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission had been permitted onto the waters of the lake. Gasoline powered boats were prohibited.
In July 2005, Duke Lake was drawn down due to concerns about the structural integrity of the dam across the North Fork of the Dunkard Fork of Wheeling Creek. As of March 2012, the lake bed remains dry.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/news/resource/res2005/05\-0802\-ryersonstationsp.aspx \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20060327234040/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/news/resource/res2005/05\-0802\-ryersonstationsp.aspx \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= March 27, 2006 \| title \= DCNR to begin drawdown of lake at Ryerson Station State Park in Greene County \| access\-date \= 2007\-12\-19 \| publisher \= \[\[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]]}}
Structural cracks in the Duke Lake Dam are reported to be the result of [longwall mining](/wiki/Longwall_mining "Longwall mining").{{cite web \| url \= http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/minres/bmr/Ryerson\_report/Ryerson\_report.htm \| title \= Ryerson Station Dam Interim Report \| access\-date \= 2010\-03\-03 \| publisher \= \[\[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615160328/http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/minres/bmr/Ryerson\_report/Ryerson\_report.htm \| archive\-date \= 2011\-06\-15 \| url\-status \= dead }}
The dam had been scheduled to be rebuilt by 2017 in a deal with [Consol Energy](/wiki/Consol_Energy "Consol Energy") that allowed the company to refrain from admitting fault for the original damage, continue mining under the park, and begin drilling for natural gas under the park in the future.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.anglersnotebook.com/2013/05/21/coal\-natural\-gas\-and\-consols\-duke\-lake\-deal/ \| title \= Coal Mining, Fracking, and Consol's Duke Lake Deal \| access\-date \= 2012\-05\-30 \| publisher \= Angler's Notebook}} However, due to the ground's mining\-related instability, the rebuild was abandoned in 2015\.{{cite web \| url \= http://triblive.com/news/adminpage/8787417\-74/dam\-lake\-state \| title \= State halts efforts to restore Greene County's Duke Lake \| access\-date \= 2017\-09\-18 \| publisher \= Trib Total Media}}
The swimming pool is open from 11:00 am until 7:00 pm beginning [Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day") weekend and ending [Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day "Labor Day") weekend. The park has {{convert\|11\|mi}} of hiking trails. The trails pass through several different habitats, mature forests, evergreen plantations, wet valley bottoms and fields.
The snow\-covered slopes of the park are opened to sledding and [tobogganing](/wiki/Toboggan "Toboggan") when the weather permits. Duke Lake is open for [ice fishing](/wiki/Ice_fishing "Ice fishing") and ice skating but at your own risk as the thickness of the ice is not monitored by the park staff. [Cross\-country skiing](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing "Cross-country skiing") and [snowmobiling](/wiki/Snowmobile "Snowmobile") are permitted on some of the hiking trails.
|
[
"Recreation\n----------",
"There is a camping facility on a [ridge](/wiki/Ridge \"Ridge\") overlooking the park. There are 48 sites for tents and [travel trailers](/wiki/Travel_trailer \"Travel trailer\"), with flush toilets, warm showers at the camp site, plus some sites with electricity. Group tenting is permitted in the large group tenting area. Two wooden cottages are available for rent. The cottages have electric lights and outlets as well as double and single bunks that sleep up to five, wooden floors, windows, skylights, a porch, fire ring, and picnic table.",
"Over 275 picnic tables are available for use on the ground of Ryerson Station State Park. The park also has five [pavilions](/wiki/Pavilions \"Pavilions\") and a small playground in the main picnic area.",
"Hunting is permitted in {{convert\\|1000\\|acre}} of Ryerson Station State Park. Hunters are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the [Pennsylvania Game Commission](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Game_Commission \"Pennsylvania Game Commission\"). The common game species are [ruffed grouse](/wiki/Ruffed_grouse \"Ruffed grouse\"), [eastern gray squirrels](/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel \"Eastern gray squirrel\"), [wild turkey](/wiki/Wild_turkey \"Wild turkey\") and [white\\-tailed deer](/wiki/White-tailed_deer \"White-tailed deer\"). The hunting of [groundhogs](/wiki/Groundhog \"Groundhog\") is prohibited.",
"Duke Lake had been [stocked](/wiki/Fish_stocking \"Fish stocking\") by the [Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Fish_and_Boat_Commission \"Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission\") with [trout](/wiki/Trout \"Trout\") in the spring and again in the fall. Non\\-powered and electric powered boats with current registration from any state and having a launching or mooring permit from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission had been permitted onto the waters of the lake. Gasoline powered boats were prohibited.",
"In July 2005, Duke Lake was drawn down due to concerns about the structural integrity of the dam across the North Fork of the Dunkard Fork of Wheeling Creek. As of March 2012, the lake bed remains dry.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/news/resource/res2005/05\\-0802\\-ryersonstationsp.aspx \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060327234040/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/news/resource/res2005/05\\-0802\\-ryersonstationsp.aspx \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= March 27, 2006 \\| title \\= DCNR to begin drawdown of lake at Ryerson Station State Park in Greene County \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-12\\-19 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]]}}",
"Structural cracks in the Duke Lake Dam are reported to be the result of [longwall mining](/wiki/Longwall_mining \"Longwall mining\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/minres/bmr/Ryerson\\_report/Ryerson\\_report.htm \\| title \\= Ryerson Station Dam Interim Report \\| access\\-date \\= 2010\\-03\\-03 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615160328/http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/minres/bmr/Ryerson\\_report/Ryerson\\_report.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= 2011\\-06\\-15 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}",
"The dam had been scheduled to be rebuilt by 2017 in a deal with [Consol Energy](/wiki/Consol_Energy \"Consol Energy\") that allowed the company to refrain from admitting fault for the original damage, continue mining under the park, and begin drilling for natural gas under the park in the future.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.anglersnotebook.com/2013/05/21/coal\\-natural\\-gas\\-and\\-consols\\-duke\\-lake\\-deal/ \\| title \\= Coal Mining, Fracking, and Consol's Duke Lake Deal \\| access\\-date \\= 2012\\-05\\-30 \\| publisher \\= Angler's Notebook}} However, due to the ground's mining\\-related instability, the rebuild was abandoned in 2015\\.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://triblive.com/news/adminpage/8787417\\-74/dam\\-lake\\-state \\| title \\= State halts efforts to restore Greene County's Duke Lake \\| access\\-date \\= 2017\\-09\\-18 \\| publisher \\= Trib Total Media}}",
"The swimming pool is open from 11:00 am until 7:00 pm beginning [Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day \"Memorial Day\") weekend and ending [Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day \"Labor Day\") weekend. The park has {{convert\\|11\\|mi}} of hiking trails. The trails pass through several different habitats, mature forests, evergreen plantations, wet valley bottoms and fields.",
"The snow\\-covered slopes of the park are opened to sledding and [tobogganing](/wiki/Toboggan \"Toboggan\") when the weather permits. Duke Lake is open for [ice fishing](/wiki/Ice_fishing \"Ice fishing\") and ice skating but at your own risk as the thickness of the ice is not monitored by the park staff. [Cross\\-country skiing](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing \"Cross-country skiing\") and [snowmobiling](/wiki/Snowmobile \"Snowmobile\") are permitted on some of the hiking trails.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
When McGee visits Tush Bannon, his wife Janine and their children at their motel/marina, he finds the business in trouble. Tush explains that the local authorities are making life difficult for him by such means as introducing roadworks on the only access road. Pressure is being put on the Bannons by a well\-connected local businessman, Preston LaFrance, to sell to a large corporation that wants to develop the land for industrial use. Most of the income they have left is from a few houseboats, one of which is rented to Arlie Denn and her husband, hippies who make a small living selling handicrafts.
The next time McGee sees Tush, they bump into one another at a bar, where Tush is in conversation with a smart young woman named Mary Smith. He tells McGee that Smith is an agent for an entrepreneur named Gary Santo, who wants to acquire the whole parcel of land. Tush has appealed to both LaFrance and Santo without success; they are not interested in his personal circumstances and are prepared to put him out of business to get what they want. Tush cannot afford to sell his land at the deflated price now being offered. All he can do now is to resume his old job as a salesman.
When McGee next goes to call on the Bannons, he finds the motel and marina closed down, and learns that Tush was found dead on the premises the previous day, apparently having committed suicide by releasing a heavy hoist onto his own head. Suspecting foul play, McGee investigates further and learns that Tush's wife Janine, having been forced to leave the property by bailiffs, has gone to stay with an old friend, Connie Alvarez, and is not yet aware of her husband's death. Satisfied that Tush did not kill himself, McGee begins a campaign to help Janine and her children financially whilst seeking revenge on those whom he holds responsible.
With help from his friend Meyer, McGee builds up an elaborate scam. They con LaFrance into buying the Bannon land at an inflated price and the profits are used to buy Janine shares in Fletchers, a company whose stocks Meyer knows to be over\-priced. McGee then obtains an introduction to Gary Santo through Mary Smith, avoiding the latter's sexual advances by pretending to be away setting up a deal. He persuades Santo to invest heavily in Fletchers, thus artificially boosting the share price, selling off Janine's shares when the market peaks. McGee's girlfriend, Puss Killian, also plays a part in the scam, but then disappears, leaving a mysterious note of apology, saying that their affair is at an end.
In the meantime, McGee has been arrested by the local sheriff on suspicion of involvement in Tush Bannon's murder. Testifying against him is Arlie Denn, who witnessed the murder and has been bought off by the murderer, Freddy Hazzard, a junior deputy related to LaFrance. Hazzard, who had set up the suicide scenario after accidentally killing Tush by an over\-enthusiastic beating, goes on the run when Arlie changes her story, but reappears later on McGee's boat, *The Busted Flush*, where he takes Janine hostage and subjects her and McGee to an ordeal of several hours imprisonment, his plan being to sink the boat with them in it and get away on its small speedboat. McGee manages to get free, but is shot in the shoulder by Hazzard, who is then killed by Janine with a blow from a fire extinguisher. Wishing to avoid publicity, McGee and Janine agree to bury Hazzard at sea and they spend some time together on a fake holiday before returning to base, where McGee is confronted by Santo and Smith. Learning how he has been stung, Santo fires Smith, but she quickly loses interest in McGee. A message of explanation from Puss Killian makes him resolve to stay away from women for the foreseeable future, and he is left alone with Meyer to resume his usual way of life.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"When McGee visits Tush Bannon, his wife Janine and their children at their motel/marina, he finds the business in trouble. Tush explains that the local authorities are making life difficult for him by such means as introducing roadworks on the only access road. Pressure is being put on the Bannons by a well\\-connected local businessman, Preston LaFrance, to sell to a large corporation that wants to develop the land for industrial use. Most of the income they have left is from a few houseboats, one of which is rented to Arlie Denn and her husband, hippies who make a small living selling handicrafts.",
"The next time McGee sees Tush, they bump into one another at a bar, where Tush is in conversation with a smart young woman named Mary Smith. He tells McGee that Smith is an agent for an entrepreneur named Gary Santo, who wants to acquire the whole parcel of land. Tush has appealed to both LaFrance and Santo without success; they are not interested in his personal circumstances and are prepared to put him out of business to get what they want. Tush cannot afford to sell his land at the deflated price now being offered. All he can do now is to resume his old job as a salesman.",
"When McGee next goes to call on the Bannons, he finds the motel and marina closed down, and learns that Tush was found dead on the premises the previous day, apparently having committed suicide by releasing a heavy hoist onto his own head. Suspecting foul play, McGee investigates further and learns that Tush's wife Janine, having been forced to leave the property by bailiffs, has gone to stay with an old friend, Connie Alvarez, and is not yet aware of her husband's death. Satisfied that Tush did not kill himself, McGee begins a campaign to help Janine and her children financially whilst seeking revenge on those whom he holds responsible.",
"With help from his friend Meyer, McGee builds up an elaborate scam. They con LaFrance into buying the Bannon land at an inflated price and the profits are used to buy Janine shares in Fletchers, a company whose stocks Meyer knows to be over\\-priced. McGee then obtains an introduction to Gary Santo through Mary Smith, avoiding the latter's sexual advances by pretending to be away setting up a deal. He persuades Santo to invest heavily in Fletchers, thus artificially boosting the share price, selling off Janine's shares when the market peaks. McGee's girlfriend, Puss Killian, also plays a part in the scam, but then disappears, leaving a mysterious note of apology, saying that their affair is at an end.",
"In the meantime, McGee has been arrested by the local sheriff on suspicion of involvement in Tush Bannon's murder. Testifying against him is Arlie Denn, who witnessed the murder and has been bought off by the murderer, Freddy Hazzard, a junior deputy related to LaFrance. Hazzard, who had set up the suicide scenario after accidentally killing Tush by an over\\-enthusiastic beating, goes on the run when Arlie changes her story, but reappears later on McGee's boat, *The Busted Flush*, where he takes Janine hostage and subjects her and McGee to an ordeal of several hours imprisonment, his plan being to sink the boat with them in it and get away on its small speedboat. McGee manages to get free, but is shot in the shoulder by Hazzard, who is then killed by Janine with a blow from a fire extinguisher. Wishing to avoid publicity, McGee and Janine agree to bury Hazzard at sea and they spend some time together on a fake holiday before returning to base, where McGee is confronted by Santo and Smith. Learning how he has been stung, Santo fires Smith, but she quickly loses interest in McGee. A message of explanation from Puss Killian makes him resolve to stay away from women for the foreseeable future, and he is left alone with Meyer to resume his usual way of life.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1946: Reformation of Alberton Football Association (League)
The Alberton Football Association was reformed in 1946 after the end of World War II in 1945, renamed the Alberton Football League in 1947, with eight teams comprising the league such as Carrajung, Devon (formed 1883 also known from 1900 to 1909 as West Alberton), Foster (formed 1890\), Ramblers, Toora (formed 1891\), [Welshpool](/wiki/Welshpool_Football_Club "Welshpool Football Club"), Woodside and Yarram (formed 1887\).Gippsland Standard 1946 The name of the league is taken from the small town of Alberton, near Yarram.
The Ramblers Football Club, after a promising inaugural season in the league where it recorded six wins to just miss the finals, decided to disband from the league and Won Wron Football Club were accepted into the league for the 1949 season.Gippsland Standard 1949
Four years later, the Carrajung Football Club followed suit which enabled Fish Creek to join the Alberton League in 1953\.Foster Mirror 1953 Carrajung produced many substandard efforts during their seven years of existence in the Alberton League and many matches would result in percentage gaining contests for opposing teams. The club finished last in 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951 and 1952\. The very last game Carrajung played in the Alberton League during the 1952 season resulted in Toora forward, Frank Salmon, kicking a record 34 goals 17 behinds out of the teams 35\.18 score. Salmon's (and his teammates' efforts) helped him claim the League goalkicking award by overtaking Woodside great Charles Williamson.
### 1947–1952: Early dominance by Woodside
Woodside dominated the competition during the early stages as the club won six consecutive premierships from 1947 to 1952\.Gippsland Standard It is the only club to have achieved such a feat in the league's history.
### 1953–1967: Golden era of Fish Creek success
Fish Creek produced the most outstanding era of success in the Alberton League as it claimed 11 premierships from 15 successive Grand Final appearances between 1953 and 1967\.Gippsland StandardFoster Mirror The recruitment of former VFL Collingwood player, [Maurice 'Mocca' Dunstan](/wiki/Maurie_Dunstan "Maurie Dunstan") helped the club attain a standard of professionalism that was second to none for a sustained period.
Much focus throughout the late 1950s and 1960s centred around the future of football in the region, with many suggesting that the South Gippsland Football League and the Alberton Football League merge to generate a more powerful football league across South Gippsland for better growth in the sport. However, the AFL continued to function through many debates and became progressively stronger by the 1970s.
### 1970s: Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United and Stony Creek join the fray
In 1969, the Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United and Stony Creek Football Clubs joined the Alberton League after the SGFL eventually disbandedGippsland Standard as Welshpool won a treble of premierships from 1969 to 1971\. Welshpool also became the first club in the AFL to produce an undefeated season with its flag in 1970\.Gippsland Standard 1970
In 1973, Toora and Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United fought out a close grand final with Toora winning by a single point. It remains to this day Toora's only Alberton senior grade premiership and the only 1\-point grand final (seniors) in the Alberton league's history.
By the late 1970s, Yarram were looking to join the Latrobe Valley Football League but remained with the AFL and by the end of the 1981 season the league was reduced to nine clubs when Won Wron and Woodside merged to form the Won Wron\-Woodside Football Club.Yarram Standard News 1981
The inclusion of Tarwin in 1988Yarram Standard News 1988 returned the number of clubs to ten but by 1995, Welshpool had amalgamated with Devon.Yarram Standard News 1995
### 1996–2005: League Expansion
In 1996, Dalyston, Wonthaggi Rovers, Inverloch, Korumburra and Bena joined the Alberton Football League,South Gippsland Sentinel 1996 after the Bass Valley Wonthaggi FL had been disbanded as part of a restructuring of local football by the [Victorian Country Football League](/wiki/Victorian_Country_Football_League "Victorian Country Football League"). The "final five" system was first utilised with the inclusion of the new clubs.
Devon\-Welshpool and Won Wron\-Woodside created the Allies when they merged in 1997Yarram Standard News 1997 and then Bena and Korumburra joined forces to become Korumburra\-Bena in 2001\.South Gippsland Sentinel 2001
In 2005 the Phillip Island and Kilcunda\-Bass football clubs moved from the defunct West Gippsland Football League to the Alberton Football League.South Gippsland Sentinel
The 2008 season saw a large contingent from the Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside Football Club leave to create a new club, the Woodside \& District Wildcats, in the [North Gippsland Football League](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League "North Gippsland Football League").Gippsland Times 2008
### 2005–2008: DWWWW Allies de\-merger
{{See also\|\#Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside Recess}}
Since merging in 1997 the DWWWW Allies had enjoyed some early years of success with premierships in 1998, 1999 and 2003\. However, with the further expansion of the league in 2005 the club tired of travelling up to two hours west to places such as Dalyston, Bass and Cowes. Some supporters and players with the club began agitating for a move to the closer [North Gippsland Football League](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League "North Gippsland Football League").
This change was looking set to be approved, until in 2007 a proposal was put forth for the club to play all their home games at Woodside. The Devon\-Welshpool people of the club who were proud of the facilities at the Alberton West Recreation Reserve, refused to agree.
After a number of meetings failed to find a solution an extraordinary resolution took place. The club de\-merged.[The Age: The demerger and the damage](https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/the-demerger-and-the-damage-20100626-zazi.html)
Most of the Won Wron\-Woodside people, led by [Anthony Banik](/wiki/Anthony_Banik "Anthony Banik"), moved away from the rest of the club to form a new entity known as the Woodside \& District Wildcats. The new club would join the [North Gippsland Football League](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League "North Gippsland Football League") from the 2008 season onwards, whilst DWWWW would continue competing in the Alberton league, albeit with a heavily weakened playing list.
The division of the club extended beyond football, causing a major rift within the local community that in some cases continues to this day. Despite, the divide DWWWW refused to revert to their former name of Devon\-Welshpool. A number of Won Wron\-Woodside life members had remained on board with DWWWW through the split and the club president Matthew Moore had remained hopeful that some Won Wron\-Woodside people may return.
In the six years after the de\-merger the DWWWW football club's on\-field success was virtually non\-existent. From 2008 to 2013 the DWWWW senior team would achieve only 3 wins and a staggering 105 losses, which included four winless seasons. This level of poor on\-field results was mirrored in the reserve and junior grades.
In 2014 after multiple years of struggling for success and maintaining a large enough playing list the options had become limited and the members voted for the club to enter recess.
### 2005–2009: Formation and departure of Wonthaggi Power
At the end of 2004 the Wonthaggi Rovers *(Alberton)* and Wonthaggi Blues *([West Gippsland Latrobe](/wiki/Gippsland_Football_League "Gippsland Football League"))* would merge to become a new entity known as the Wonthaggi Power. This new club applied to enter the Alberton league, citing junior players resenting travelling to distant clubs such as Sale and Maffra.
This move was met with discontent from some existing Alberton clubs. Wonthaggi with a local population of 7000 people now had a single club to compete against towns with local populations of only approximately 200 people.
Wonthaggi Power were admitted into the Alberton Football League under the provision that if they were proven too strong they would relocate to the much stronger [West Gippsland Latrobe Football League](/wiki/West_Gippsland_Latrobe_Football_League "West Gippsland Latrobe Football League").
Wonthaggi Power achieved immediate success making the grand final in their first three years, winning two of them. The reserves and junior teams achieved similar success.
Despite this evidence, Wonthaggi members and administrators refused to relocate to the stronger competition. The club's rivals became increasingly disgruntled and began to seek assistance from the [Victorian Country Football League](/wiki/Victorian_Country_Football_League "Victorian Country Football League"). The governing body reviewed the situation and ordered Wonthaggi Power to begin competing against towns of similar size. In response Wonthaggi Power decided to launch legal action.
Early in 2008 an agreement was reached that would see Wonthaggi compete in Alberton for seasons 2008 and 2009, before departing the league at the conclusion of the 2009 season. This was a legally binding agreement, however the Alberton clubs were still seeking a more rapid solution. They discussed options of forming their own breakaway league or boycotting matches against Wonthaggi Power.
Yarram Football Club were the first club to lead a boycott. They had defeated Wonthaggi Power in the 2007 grand final the previous year and were only scheduled to play Wonthaggi Power once during the 2008 home \& away season. The Yarram committee had decided to take matters into their own hands and on 17 May 2008 in a watershed moment for the league they forfeited all grades of football and netball from their round 6 clash against Wonthaggi Power. As a consequence of the forfeiture the [Victorian Country Football League](/wiki/Victorian_Country_Football_League "Victorian Country Football League") issued Yarram with a $6,500 fine \- half of which was suspended. Other clubs would avoid following Yarram's example and would instead assist to help cover the costs of their fine.
Wonthaggi would go on to finish the season undefeated and comfortably secure first position on the ladder, whilst Yarram would finish just below them in second position.
Both teams would finally meet for the first time that year in a semi\-final clash at Tarwin Lower. In this match, Wonthaggi would defeat Yarram by a massive 64\-points in what was fierce and fiery encounter for both players and spectators. They would proceed directly through to the grand final two weeks later were their opponent would again be Yarram. Wonthaggi would become victorious, this time defeating Yarram by 57\-points to claim their third flag in the Alberton league.[The Age: The Power win but still lose](https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/the-power-to-win-but-still-lose-20080907-ge7d87.html)
The dispute would continue into the following season with the VCFL making the recommendation that Wonthaggi Power enter either [Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League (Casey Cardinia division)](/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_Nepean_Football_League "Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League") or the [West Gippsland Latrobe Football League](/wiki/Gippsland_Football_League "Gippsland Football League"). On July 14, 2009, Wonthaggi Power published an open letter to the VCFL disputing the decision. The letter referred to the decision as *'lacking clarity, direction and vision'*, whilst labelling the VCFL themselves as *'incompetent'*.[The Great Southern Star: Wonthaggi's plea for help](https://issuu.com/thestar/docs/the_great_southern_star_-_july_14__2009)
The VCFL did not publicly respond to the letter and despite Wonthaggi Power's resistance it was ultimately decided that the 2009 season would be Wonthaggi's last in Alberton.
Wonthaggi Power would once again finish on top of the ladder with only two losses during the 2009 home \& away season.
A victory in the finals would see Wonthaggi progress directly to the grand final and regardless of the result this was to be Wonthaggi's final match in Alberton. Their opponent was third placed Stony Creek, who also happened to be one of the teams to claim a victory against Wonthaggi during the season.
With such a vast difference in township populations the match was widely considered a *'David verses Goliath'* match\-up. Despite playing two more finals matches on their way to the grand final Stony Creek would defeat Wonthaggi by 14\-points. This was Stony Creek's second Alberton premiership, their first since 1983\.[South Gippsland Sentinel Times: The goal that sealed it for stony](https://sgst.com.au/2020/08/great-grand-finals-the-goal-that-sealed-it-for-stony/)
At the conclusion of the season Wonthaggi Power transferred into the newly renamed [Gippsland Football League](/wiki/Gippsland_Football_League "Gippsland Football League") for the start of the 2010 season. For the five years that Wonthaggi Power had participated in the Alberton football league they had made the grand final every season, which included winning three of them.
### 2010–2020: League Demise
The last round of the 2010 season saw Yarram defeat Tarwin. However, this result was subsequently reversed and the win awarded to Tarwin by the Victorian Country Football League (VCFL) after it was discovered that Yarram had fielded an unregistered player under another identity. Yarram club president, Paul Clavorino, claimed that the player didn't have any impact on the result. The result didn't have any effect for Yarram's finals aspirations as by this point in the season the club was already out of contention. The change in result would impact which teams would play each other in the first week of finals. As a consequence three clubs (Fish Creek, Korumburra\-Bena \& Tarwin) would end up changing opponents.[The Great Southern Star: Footy Turmoil](https://issuu.com/thestar/docs/aug_17)
#### Yarram depart to North Gippsland football league
In August 2013, Yarram applied to transfer to the [North Gippsland Football League](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League "North Gippsland Football League") (NGFL). Their application would stall with an unofficial vote from the NGFL clubs to accept Yarram resulting in a fifty\-fifty split. Some concerns cited by the NGFL clubs were the reintroduction of a bye, subsequent return to a 20\-round season and struggle between clubs for junior footballers.[Latrobe Valley Express: Split decision on Yarram](http://www.latrobevalleyexpress.com.au/story/1730209/split-decision-on-yarram/)
In October Yarram appealed to [AFL Victoria Country](/wiki/AFL_Victoria_Country "AFL Victoria Country") who after considering submissions from the relevant parties overturned the initial decision and allowed Yarram to enter the NGFL beginning with 2014 season.[Gippsland Times: Split decision on Yarram move](https://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/1862301/yarram-to-enter-ngfnl-in-2014/)
This move ended a 68\-year affiliation with the Alberton Football League of which Yarram was a founding member.[Latrobe Valley Express: Backflip on Yarram move](http://www.latrobevalleyexpress.com.au/story/1869186/backflip-on-yarram-move/)
#### Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside Recess
In its existence the Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside football has twice gone into recess. As of 2020 the club is still in recess.
##### First recess: 2014 season
On 30 March 2014, after many years of struggling since the 2008 de\-merger, members of the DWWWW football club met to vote on the fate of the club.
A shortage of players had already forced the club's committee to give up on fielding a team for the 2014 season. Now the members were voting on whether the club would be placed into a temporary recess or wound up. The club would remain alive after a vote saw close to 100% of members vote for the club to enter a recess.
With the club in recess for the 2014 season the remaining DWWWW players transferred to the neighbouring Yarram and Woodside \& District football clubs, who with the influx of players became markedly stronger.
Despite not fielding a team the DWWWW community continued to keep the club's members together with regular meal nights for everyone to get together and continue to support the club. The recess would only last for the one season with the club back fielding a team the following season in 2015\.[The Age: Allies fold third team unlucky](https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/allies-fold-third-team-unlucky-20140405-36600.html)
##### Second recess: 2018 season — Present
With the recruitment of players from outside of the local area the club was able to field football teams for the 2015, 2016 and 2017 season. During this time the club also experienced some success, coming within 11 points of a place in the 2017 grand final. Unfortunately, an acrimonious saga regarding player payment destabilised the playing group, culminating in several player players walking out on the club.
For the second time in four years the shortage of players forced the club to move into recess for the 2018 season, leaving the Alberton football league with only six clubs fielding teams. The Allies remain in recess to this day.
Since 2017, the club has the maintained a healthy financial position and continues to engage with its members through the likes of midweek meals and social functions.[Gippsland Times: DWWW likely to remain in recess](https://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/5727869/dwwww-likely-to-remain-in-recess/)
While the DWWWW remains still remains alive, the disbandment of the Alberton football league in 2020 has meant that the club is without a league to participate in. Should the club accumulate enough players to field a team again they would need to seek approval to join either the [North Gippsland](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League "North Gippsland Football League") or [Mid Gippsland](/wiki/Mid_Gippsland_Football_League "Mid Gippsland Football League") football league where they could complete.
However, many football followers in the Yarram region believe that the community of 2,200 people is simply too small to sustainably support three football clubs and that with each passing season the likelihood of DWWWW returning a team to the field continues to diminish.
#### AFL Gippsland Review
A 2015 review, conducted by AFL Gippsland to address issues of competitive imbalance and club sustainability, brought major change to structure of the Alberton Football Netball League.[2015/16 Football Review – Gippsland](https://websites.sportstg.com/get_file.cgi?id=3548840) In 2017, the Alberton League was reduced to seven clubs after the departure Dalyston, Korumburra\-Bena, Inverloch\-Kongwak, Kilcunda\-Bass and Phillip Island to the newly formed [West Gippsland Football Netball League](/wiki/West_Gippsland_Football_Netball_League "West Gippsland Football Netball League") as part of the review. Prior to the 2018 season, DWWWW went into recess again due to lack of players in the district and would remain in recess throughout the 2019 season.[Gippsland Times: DWWWW likely to remain in recess](https://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/5727869/dwwww-likely-to-remain-in-recess/)
#### Colgan Bauer Review
In 2019 [AFL Victoria](/wiki/AFL_Victoria "AFL Victoria") commissioned consultancy group Colgan Bauer to review the structure and sustainability of football in the [Gippsland](/wiki/Gippsland "Gippsland") region and provide a strategic plan for the future. A number of town hall style meetings were conducted to gather feedback from community members within the region. A number of ideas were proposed for how to preserve the Alberton Football League. These included adding two clubs from the nearby [West Gippsland Football League](/wiki/West_Gippsland_Football_Netball_League "West Gippsland Football Netball League") and the Alberton Football League joining the West Gippsland Football League as a second division.
A further review recommended that the AFL merge with the [Mid Gippsland Football League](/wiki/Mid_Gippsland_Football_League "Mid Gippsland Football League") for the 2019 season.[Weekly Times: Alberton, Mid Gippsland leagues merger proposed](https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/sport/country-football/alberton-mid-gippsland-leagues-merger-proposed/news-story/59b3d35e9ccff96e670d8eff2fb8e6d1) However a backlash by some clubs who had concerns over a 15 team competition and increased travel distance of the proposed league.[Hit Network: Merger plans scrapped for Alberton and Mid Gippsland leagues](https://www.hit.com.au/story/merger-plans-scrapped-for-alberton-and-mid-gippsland-leagues-110069)
#### Final Alberton Match
The final match in the Alberton Football League was the 2019 Grand Final which took place on 31 August 2019\. The match was contested by the Foster and Stony Creek football clubs at the Tarwin Lower recreation reserve. Foster defeated Stony Creek by 7 points in what would be the closest grand final margin since 1995\. On the date of the match occurring the future of the Alberton had not yet been determined and no one was aware that this was Alberton's final match.[The Foster Mirror: Year of the Tiger](https://foster.vic.au/year-of-the-tiger)
#### 2020 Season Cancellation
The [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") lead to the 2020 season being abandoned, despite efforts to run a junior competition in conjunction with the [Mid Gippsland Football League](/wiki/Mid_Gippsland_Football_League "Mid Gippsland Football League").[Paper News: Alberton season cancelled](https://papernews.com.au/stories/alberton-season-cancelled) Whilst the league sat idle, the planning for the future of the Alberton football clubs continued. On 24 April 2020 a meeting of the Mid Gippsland football clubs saw them vote to accept all six Alberton clubs as of the 2021 season, whilst the Alberton Football League would cease to exist. This decision was met with widespread relief after many years of uncertainty surrounding the future of the league's clubs.[ABC Gippsland: Mid Gippsland Football Netball League accepts all six Alberton clubs into comp](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-25/mid-gippsland-football-netball-league-ends-uncertainty/12592520)
On 25 November 2020 the Alberton Football League conducted its final annual general meeting. A special resolution to dissolve the league was passed and after 74 years of competition the league had officially met its end.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1946: Reformation of Alberton Football Association (League)",
"The Alberton Football Association was reformed in 1946 after the end of World War II in 1945, renamed the Alberton Football League in 1947, with eight teams comprising the league such as Carrajung, Devon (formed 1883 also known from 1900 to 1909 as West Alberton), Foster (formed 1890\\), Ramblers, Toora (formed 1891\\), [Welshpool](/wiki/Welshpool_Football_Club \"Welshpool Football Club\"), Woodside and Yarram (formed 1887\\).Gippsland Standard 1946 The name of the league is taken from the small town of Alberton, near Yarram.",
"The Ramblers Football Club, after a promising inaugural season in the league where it recorded six wins to just miss the finals, decided to disband from the league and Won Wron Football Club were accepted into the league for the 1949 season.Gippsland Standard 1949\nFour years later, the Carrajung Football Club followed suit which enabled Fish Creek to join the Alberton League in 1953\\.Foster Mirror 1953 Carrajung produced many substandard efforts during their seven years of existence in the Alberton League and many matches would result in percentage gaining contests for opposing teams. The club finished last in 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951 and 1952\\. The very last game Carrajung played in the Alberton League during the 1952 season resulted in Toora forward, Frank Salmon, kicking a record 34 goals 17 behinds out of the teams 35\\.18 score. Salmon's (and his teammates' efforts) helped him claim the League goalkicking award by overtaking Woodside great Charles Williamson.",
"### 1947–1952: Early dominance by Woodside",
"Woodside dominated the competition during the early stages as the club won six consecutive premierships from 1947 to 1952\\.Gippsland Standard It is the only club to have achieved such a feat in the league's history.",
"### 1953–1967: Golden era of Fish Creek success",
"Fish Creek produced the most outstanding era of success in the Alberton League as it claimed 11 premierships from 15 successive Grand Final appearances between 1953 and 1967\\.Gippsland StandardFoster Mirror The recruitment of former VFL Collingwood player, [Maurice 'Mocca' Dunstan](/wiki/Maurie_Dunstan \"Maurie Dunstan\") helped the club attain a standard of professionalism that was second to none for a sustained period.",
"Much focus throughout the late 1950s and 1960s centred around the future of football in the region, with many suggesting that the South Gippsland Football League and the Alberton Football League merge to generate a more powerful football league across South Gippsland for better growth in the sport. However, the AFL continued to function through many debates and became progressively stronger by the 1970s.",
"### 1970s: Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United and Stony Creek join the fray",
"In 1969, the Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United and Stony Creek Football Clubs joined the Alberton League after the SGFL eventually disbandedGippsland Standard as Welshpool won a treble of premierships from 1969 to 1971\\. Welshpool also became the first club in the AFL to produce an undefeated season with its flag in 1970\\.Gippsland Standard 1970",
"In 1973, Toora and Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United fought out a close grand final with Toora winning by a single point. It remains to this day Toora's only Alberton senior grade premiership and the only 1\\-point grand final (seniors) in the Alberton league's history.",
"By the late 1970s, Yarram were looking to join the Latrobe Valley Football League but remained with the AFL and by the end of the 1981 season the league was reduced to nine clubs when Won Wron and Woodside merged to form the Won Wron\\-Woodside Football Club.Yarram Standard News 1981",
"The inclusion of Tarwin in 1988Yarram Standard News 1988 returned the number of clubs to ten but by 1995, Welshpool had amalgamated with Devon.Yarram Standard News 1995",
"### 1996–2005: League Expansion",
"In 1996, Dalyston, Wonthaggi Rovers, Inverloch, Korumburra and Bena joined the Alberton Football League,South Gippsland Sentinel 1996 after the Bass Valley Wonthaggi FL had been disbanded as part of a restructuring of local football by the [Victorian Country Football League](/wiki/Victorian_Country_Football_League \"Victorian Country Football League\"). The \"final five\" system was first utilised with the inclusion of the new clubs.",
"Devon\\-Welshpool and Won Wron\\-Woodside created the Allies when they merged in 1997Yarram Standard News 1997 and then Bena and Korumburra joined forces to become Korumburra\\-Bena in 2001\\.South Gippsland Sentinel 2001",
"In 2005 the Phillip Island and Kilcunda\\-Bass football clubs moved from the defunct West Gippsland Football League to the Alberton Football League.South Gippsland Sentinel",
"The 2008 season saw a large contingent from the Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside Football Club leave to create a new club, the Woodside \\& District Wildcats, in the [North Gippsland Football League](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League \"North Gippsland Football League\").Gippsland Times 2008",
"### 2005–2008: DWWWW Allies de\\-merger",
"{{See also\\|\\#Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside Recess}}",
"Since merging in 1997 the DWWWW Allies had enjoyed some early years of success with premierships in 1998, 1999 and 2003\\. However, with the further expansion of the league in 2005 the club tired of travelling up to two hours west to places such as Dalyston, Bass and Cowes. Some supporters and players with the club began agitating for a move to the closer [North Gippsland Football League](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League \"North Gippsland Football League\").\nThis change was looking set to be approved, until in 2007 a proposal was put forth for the club to play all their home games at Woodside. The Devon\\-Welshpool people of the club who were proud of the facilities at the Alberton West Recreation Reserve, refused to agree.\nAfter a number of meetings failed to find a solution an extraordinary resolution took place. The club de\\-merged.[The Age: The demerger and the damage](https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/the-demerger-and-the-damage-20100626-zazi.html)",
"Most of the Won Wron\\-Woodside people, led by [Anthony Banik](/wiki/Anthony_Banik \"Anthony Banik\"), moved away from the rest of the club to form a new entity known as the Woodside \\& District Wildcats. The new club would join the [North Gippsland Football League](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League \"North Gippsland Football League\") from the 2008 season onwards, whilst DWWWW would continue competing in the Alberton league, albeit with a heavily weakened playing list.",
"The division of the club extended beyond football, causing a major rift within the local community that in some cases continues to this day. Despite, the divide DWWWW refused to revert to their former name of Devon\\-Welshpool. A number of Won Wron\\-Woodside life members had remained on board with DWWWW through the split and the club president Matthew Moore had remained hopeful that some Won Wron\\-Woodside people may return.",
"In the six years after the de\\-merger the DWWWW football club's on\\-field success was virtually non\\-existent. From 2008 to 2013 the DWWWW senior team would achieve only 3 wins and a staggering 105 losses, which included four winless seasons. This level of poor on\\-field results was mirrored in the reserve and junior grades.",
"In 2014 after multiple years of struggling for success and maintaining a large enough playing list the options had become limited and the members voted for the club to enter recess.",
"### 2005–2009: Formation and departure of Wonthaggi Power",
"At the end of 2004 the Wonthaggi Rovers *(Alberton)* and Wonthaggi Blues *([West Gippsland Latrobe](/wiki/Gippsland_Football_League \"Gippsland Football League\"))* would merge to become a new entity known as the Wonthaggi Power. This new club applied to enter the Alberton league, citing junior players resenting travelling to distant clubs such as Sale and Maffra.",
"This move was met with discontent from some existing Alberton clubs. Wonthaggi with a local population of 7000 people now had a single club to compete against towns with local populations of only approximately 200 people.\nWonthaggi Power were admitted into the Alberton Football League under the provision that if they were proven too strong they would relocate to the much stronger [West Gippsland Latrobe Football League](/wiki/West_Gippsland_Latrobe_Football_League \"West Gippsland Latrobe Football League\").",
"Wonthaggi Power achieved immediate success making the grand final in their first three years, winning two of them. The reserves and junior teams achieved similar success.\nDespite this evidence, Wonthaggi members and administrators refused to relocate to the stronger competition. The club's rivals became increasingly disgruntled and began to seek assistance from the [Victorian Country Football League](/wiki/Victorian_Country_Football_League \"Victorian Country Football League\"). The governing body reviewed the situation and ordered Wonthaggi Power to begin competing against towns of similar size. In response Wonthaggi Power decided to launch legal action.",
"Early in 2008 an agreement was reached that would see Wonthaggi compete in Alberton for seasons 2008 and 2009, before departing the league at the conclusion of the 2009 season. This was a legally binding agreement, however the Alberton clubs were still seeking a more rapid solution. They discussed options of forming their own breakaway league or boycotting matches against Wonthaggi Power.",
"Yarram Football Club were the first club to lead a boycott. They had defeated Wonthaggi Power in the 2007 grand final the previous year and were only scheduled to play Wonthaggi Power once during the 2008 home \\& away season. The Yarram committee had decided to take matters into their own hands and on 17 May 2008 in a watershed moment for the league they forfeited all grades of football and netball from their round 6 clash against Wonthaggi Power. As a consequence of the forfeiture the [Victorian Country Football League](/wiki/Victorian_Country_Football_League \"Victorian Country Football League\") issued Yarram with a $6,500 fine \\- half of which was suspended. Other clubs would avoid following Yarram's example and would instead assist to help cover the costs of their fine.",
"Wonthaggi would go on to finish the season undefeated and comfortably secure first position on the ladder, whilst Yarram would finish just below them in second position.\nBoth teams would finally meet for the first time that year in a semi\\-final clash at Tarwin Lower. In this match, Wonthaggi would defeat Yarram by a massive 64\\-points in what was fierce and fiery encounter for both players and spectators. They would proceed directly through to the grand final two weeks later were their opponent would again be Yarram. Wonthaggi would become victorious, this time defeating Yarram by 57\\-points to claim their third flag in the Alberton league.[The Age: The Power win but still lose](https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/the-power-to-win-but-still-lose-20080907-ge7d87.html)",
"The dispute would continue into the following season with the VCFL making the recommendation that Wonthaggi Power enter either [Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League (Casey Cardinia division)](/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_Nepean_Football_League \"Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League\") or the [West Gippsland Latrobe Football League](/wiki/Gippsland_Football_League \"Gippsland Football League\"). On July 14, 2009, Wonthaggi Power published an open letter to the VCFL disputing the decision. The letter referred to the decision as *'lacking clarity, direction and vision'*, whilst labelling the VCFL themselves as *'incompetent'*.[The Great Southern Star: Wonthaggi's plea for help](https://issuu.com/thestar/docs/the_great_southern_star_-_july_14__2009) \nThe VCFL did not publicly respond to the letter and despite Wonthaggi Power's resistance it was ultimately decided that the 2009 season would be Wonthaggi's last in Alberton.",
"Wonthaggi Power would once again finish on top of the ladder with only two losses during the 2009 home \\& away season.\nA victory in the finals would see Wonthaggi progress directly to the grand final and regardless of the result this was to be Wonthaggi's final match in Alberton. Their opponent was third placed Stony Creek, who also happened to be one of the teams to claim a victory against Wonthaggi during the season. \nWith such a vast difference in township populations the match was widely considered a *'David verses Goliath'* match\\-up. Despite playing two more finals matches on their way to the grand final Stony Creek would defeat Wonthaggi by 14\\-points. This was Stony Creek's second Alberton premiership, their first since 1983\\.[South Gippsland Sentinel Times: The goal that sealed it for stony](https://sgst.com.au/2020/08/great-grand-finals-the-goal-that-sealed-it-for-stony/)",
"At the conclusion of the season Wonthaggi Power transferred into the newly renamed [Gippsland Football League](/wiki/Gippsland_Football_League \"Gippsland Football League\") for the start of the 2010 season. For the five years that Wonthaggi Power had participated in the Alberton football league they had made the grand final every season, which included winning three of them.",
"### 2010–2020: League Demise",
"The last round of the 2010 season saw Yarram defeat Tarwin. However, this result was subsequently reversed and the win awarded to Tarwin by the Victorian Country Football League (VCFL) after it was discovered that Yarram had fielded an unregistered player under another identity. Yarram club president, Paul Clavorino, claimed that the player didn't have any impact on the result. The result didn't have any effect for Yarram's finals aspirations as by this point in the season the club was already out of contention. The change in result would impact which teams would play each other in the first week of finals. As a consequence three clubs (Fish Creek, Korumburra\\-Bena \\& Tarwin) would end up changing opponents.[The Great Southern Star: Footy Turmoil](https://issuu.com/thestar/docs/aug_17)",
"#### Yarram depart to North Gippsland football league",
"In August 2013, Yarram applied to transfer to the [North Gippsland Football League](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League \"North Gippsland Football League\") (NGFL). Their application would stall with an unofficial vote from the NGFL clubs to accept Yarram resulting in a fifty\\-fifty split. Some concerns cited by the NGFL clubs were the reintroduction of a bye, subsequent return to a 20\\-round season and struggle between clubs for junior footballers.[Latrobe Valley Express: Split decision on Yarram](http://www.latrobevalleyexpress.com.au/story/1730209/split-decision-on-yarram/)\nIn October Yarram appealed to [AFL Victoria Country](/wiki/AFL_Victoria_Country \"AFL Victoria Country\") who after considering submissions from the relevant parties overturned the initial decision and allowed Yarram to enter the NGFL beginning with 2014 season.[Gippsland Times: Split decision on Yarram move](https://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/1862301/yarram-to-enter-ngfnl-in-2014/)\nThis move ended a 68\\-year affiliation with the Alberton Football League of which Yarram was a founding member.[Latrobe Valley Express: Backflip on Yarram move](http://www.latrobevalleyexpress.com.au/story/1869186/backflip-on-yarram-move/)",
"#### Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside Recess",
"In its existence the Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside football has twice gone into recess. As of 2020 the club is still in recess.",
"##### First recess: 2014 season",
"On 30 March 2014, after many years of struggling since the 2008 de\\-merger, members of the DWWWW football club met to vote on the fate of the club.\nA shortage of players had already forced the club's committee to give up on fielding a team for the 2014 season. Now the members were voting on whether the club would be placed into a temporary recess or wound up. The club would remain alive after a vote saw close to 100% of members vote for the club to enter a recess.\nWith the club in recess for the 2014 season the remaining DWWWW players transferred to the neighbouring Yarram and Woodside \\& District football clubs, who with the influx of players became markedly stronger.\nDespite not fielding a team the DWWWW community continued to keep the club's members together with regular meal nights for everyone to get together and continue to support the club. The recess would only last for the one season with the club back fielding a team the following season in 2015\\.[The Age: Allies fold third team unlucky](https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/allies-fold-third-team-unlucky-20140405-36600.html)",
"##### Second recess: 2018 season — Present",
"With the recruitment of players from outside of the local area the club was able to field football teams for the 2015, 2016 and 2017 season. During this time the club also experienced some success, coming within 11 points of a place in the 2017 grand final. Unfortunately, an acrimonious saga regarding player payment destabilised the playing group, culminating in several player players walking out on the club.",
"For the second time in four years the shortage of players forced the club to move into recess for the 2018 season, leaving the Alberton football league with only six clubs fielding teams. The Allies remain in recess to this day.\nSince 2017, the club has the maintained a healthy financial position and continues to engage with its members through the likes of midweek meals and social functions.[Gippsland Times: DWWW likely to remain in recess](https://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/5727869/dwwww-likely-to-remain-in-recess/)",
"While the DWWWW remains still remains alive, the disbandment of the Alberton football league in 2020 has meant that the club is without a league to participate in. Should the club accumulate enough players to field a team again they would need to seek approval to join either the [North Gippsland](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League \"North Gippsland Football League\") or [Mid Gippsland](/wiki/Mid_Gippsland_Football_League \"Mid Gippsland Football League\") football league where they could complete.\nHowever, many football followers in the Yarram region believe that the community of 2,200 people is simply too small to sustainably support three football clubs and that with each passing season the likelihood of DWWWW returning a team to the field continues to diminish.",
"#### AFL Gippsland Review",
"A 2015 review, conducted by AFL Gippsland to address issues of competitive imbalance and club sustainability, brought major change to structure of the Alberton Football Netball League.[2015/16 Football Review – Gippsland](https://websites.sportstg.com/get_file.cgi?id=3548840) In 2017, the Alberton League was reduced to seven clubs after the departure Dalyston, Korumburra\\-Bena, Inverloch\\-Kongwak, Kilcunda\\-Bass and Phillip Island to the newly formed [West Gippsland Football Netball League](/wiki/West_Gippsland_Football_Netball_League \"West Gippsland Football Netball League\") as part of the review. Prior to the 2018 season, DWWWW went into recess again due to lack of players in the district and would remain in recess throughout the 2019 season.[Gippsland Times: DWWWW likely to remain in recess](https://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/5727869/dwwww-likely-to-remain-in-recess/)",
"#### Colgan Bauer Review",
"In 2019 [AFL Victoria](/wiki/AFL_Victoria \"AFL Victoria\") commissioned consultancy group Colgan Bauer to review the structure and sustainability of football in the [Gippsland](/wiki/Gippsland \"Gippsland\") region and provide a strategic plan for the future. A number of town hall style meetings were conducted to gather feedback from community members within the region. A number of ideas were proposed for how to preserve the Alberton Football League. These included adding two clubs from the nearby [West Gippsland Football League](/wiki/West_Gippsland_Football_Netball_League \"West Gippsland Football Netball League\") and the Alberton Football League joining the West Gippsland Football League as a second division.",
"A further review recommended that the AFL merge with the [Mid Gippsland Football League](/wiki/Mid_Gippsland_Football_League \"Mid Gippsland Football League\") for the 2019 season.[Weekly Times: Alberton, Mid Gippsland leagues merger proposed](https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/sport/country-football/alberton-mid-gippsland-leagues-merger-proposed/news-story/59b3d35e9ccff96e670d8eff2fb8e6d1) However a backlash by some clubs who had concerns over a 15 team competition and increased travel distance of the proposed league.[Hit Network: Merger plans scrapped for Alberton and Mid Gippsland leagues](https://www.hit.com.au/story/merger-plans-scrapped-for-alberton-and-mid-gippsland-leagues-110069)",
"#### Final Alberton Match",
"The final match in the Alberton Football League was the 2019 Grand Final which took place on 31 August 2019\\. The match was contested by the Foster and Stony Creek football clubs at the Tarwin Lower recreation reserve. Foster defeated Stony Creek by 7 points in what would be the closest grand final margin since 1995\\. On the date of the match occurring the future of the Alberton had not yet been determined and no one was aware that this was Alberton's final match.[The Foster Mirror: Year of the Tiger](https://foster.vic.au/year-of-the-tiger)",
"#### 2020 Season Cancellation",
"The [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") lead to the 2020 season being abandoned, despite efforts to run a junior competition in conjunction with the [Mid Gippsland Football League](/wiki/Mid_Gippsland_Football_League \"Mid Gippsland Football League\").[Paper News: Alberton season cancelled](https://papernews.com.au/stories/alberton-season-cancelled) Whilst the league sat idle, the planning for the future of the Alberton football clubs continued. On 24 April 2020 a meeting of the Mid Gippsland football clubs saw them vote to accept all six Alberton clubs as of the 2021 season, whilst the Alberton Football League would cease to exist. This decision was met with widespread relief after many years of uncertainty surrounding the future of the league's clubs.[ABC Gippsland: Mid Gippsland Football Netball League accepts all six Alberton clubs into comp](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-25/mid-gippsland-football-netball-league-ends-uncertainty/12592520)\nOn 25 November 2020 the Alberton Football League conducted its final annual general meeting. A special resolution to dissolve the league was passed and after 74 years of competition the league had officially met its end.",
""
] |
### 2005–2009: Formation and departure of Wonthaggi Power
At the end of 2004 the Wonthaggi Rovers *(Alberton)* and Wonthaggi Blues *([West Gippsland Latrobe](/wiki/Gippsland_Football_League "Gippsland Football League"))* would merge to become a new entity known as the Wonthaggi Power. This new club applied to enter the Alberton league, citing junior players resenting travelling to distant clubs such as Sale and Maffra.
This move was met with discontent from some existing Alberton clubs. Wonthaggi with a local population of 7000 people now had a single club to compete against towns with local populations of only approximately 200 people.
Wonthaggi Power were admitted into the Alberton Football League under the provision that if they were proven too strong they would relocate to the much stronger [West Gippsland Latrobe Football League](/wiki/West_Gippsland_Latrobe_Football_League "West Gippsland Latrobe Football League").
Wonthaggi Power achieved immediate success making the grand final in their first three years, winning two of them. The reserves and junior teams achieved similar success.
Despite this evidence, Wonthaggi members and administrators refused to relocate to the stronger competition. The club's rivals became increasingly disgruntled and began to seek assistance from the [Victorian Country Football League](/wiki/Victorian_Country_Football_League "Victorian Country Football League"). The governing body reviewed the situation and ordered Wonthaggi Power to begin competing against towns of similar size. In response Wonthaggi Power decided to launch legal action.
Early in 2008 an agreement was reached that would see Wonthaggi compete in Alberton for seasons 2008 and 2009, before departing the league at the conclusion of the 2009 season. This was a legally binding agreement, however the Alberton clubs were still seeking a more rapid solution. They discussed options of forming their own breakaway league or boycotting matches against Wonthaggi Power.
Yarram Football Club were the first club to lead a boycott. They had defeated Wonthaggi Power in the 2007 grand final the previous year and were only scheduled to play Wonthaggi Power once during the 2008 home \& away season. The Yarram committee had decided to take matters into their own hands and on 17 May 2008 in a watershed moment for the league they forfeited all grades of football and netball from their round 6 clash against Wonthaggi Power. As a consequence of the forfeiture the [Victorian Country Football League](/wiki/Victorian_Country_Football_League "Victorian Country Football League") issued Yarram with a $6,500 fine \- half of which was suspended. Other clubs would avoid following Yarram's example and would instead assist to help cover the costs of their fine.
Wonthaggi would go on to finish the season undefeated and comfortably secure first position on the ladder, whilst Yarram would finish just below them in second position.
Both teams would finally meet for the first time that year in a semi\-final clash at Tarwin Lower. In this match, Wonthaggi would defeat Yarram by a massive 64\-points in what was fierce and fiery encounter for both players and spectators. They would proceed directly through to the grand final two weeks later were their opponent would again be Yarram. Wonthaggi would become victorious, this time defeating Yarram by 57\-points to claim their third flag in the Alberton league.[The Age: The Power win but still lose](https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/the-power-to-win-but-still-lose-20080907-ge7d87.html)
The dispute would continue into the following season with the VCFL making the recommendation that Wonthaggi Power enter either [Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League (Casey Cardinia division)](/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_Nepean_Football_League "Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League") or the [West Gippsland Latrobe Football League](/wiki/Gippsland_Football_League "Gippsland Football League"). On July 14, 2009, Wonthaggi Power published an open letter to the VCFL disputing the decision. The letter referred to the decision as *'lacking clarity, direction and vision'*, whilst labelling the VCFL themselves as *'incompetent'*.[The Great Southern Star: Wonthaggi's plea for help](https://issuu.com/thestar/docs/the_great_southern_star_-_july_14__2009)
The VCFL did not publicly respond to the letter and despite Wonthaggi Power's resistance it was ultimately decided that the 2009 season would be Wonthaggi's last in Alberton.
Wonthaggi Power would once again finish on top of the ladder with only two losses during the 2009 home \& away season.
A victory in the finals would see Wonthaggi progress directly to the grand final and regardless of the result this was to be Wonthaggi's final match in Alberton. Their opponent was third placed Stony Creek, who also happened to be one of the teams to claim a victory against Wonthaggi during the season.
With such a vast difference in township populations the match was widely considered a *'David verses Goliath'* match\-up. Despite playing two more finals matches on their way to the grand final Stony Creek would defeat Wonthaggi by 14\-points. This was Stony Creek's second Alberton premiership, their first since 1983\.[South Gippsland Sentinel Times: The goal that sealed it for stony](https://sgst.com.au/2020/08/great-grand-finals-the-goal-that-sealed-it-for-stony/)
At the conclusion of the season Wonthaggi Power transferred into the newly renamed [Gippsland Football League](/wiki/Gippsland_Football_League "Gippsland Football League") for the start of the 2010 season. For the five years that Wonthaggi Power had participated in the Alberton football league they had made the grand final every season, which included winning three of them.
|
[
"### 2005–2009: Formation and departure of Wonthaggi Power",
"At the end of 2004 the Wonthaggi Rovers *(Alberton)* and Wonthaggi Blues *([West Gippsland Latrobe](/wiki/Gippsland_Football_League \"Gippsland Football League\"))* would merge to become a new entity known as the Wonthaggi Power. This new club applied to enter the Alberton league, citing junior players resenting travelling to distant clubs such as Sale and Maffra.",
"This move was met with discontent from some existing Alberton clubs. Wonthaggi with a local population of 7000 people now had a single club to compete against towns with local populations of only approximately 200 people.\nWonthaggi Power were admitted into the Alberton Football League under the provision that if they were proven too strong they would relocate to the much stronger [West Gippsland Latrobe Football League](/wiki/West_Gippsland_Latrobe_Football_League \"West Gippsland Latrobe Football League\").",
"Wonthaggi Power achieved immediate success making the grand final in their first three years, winning two of them. The reserves and junior teams achieved similar success.\nDespite this evidence, Wonthaggi members and administrators refused to relocate to the stronger competition. The club's rivals became increasingly disgruntled and began to seek assistance from the [Victorian Country Football League](/wiki/Victorian_Country_Football_League \"Victorian Country Football League\"). The governing body reviewed the situation and ordered Wonthaggi Power to begin competing against towns of similar size. In response Wonthaggi Power decided to launch legal action.",
"Early in 2008 an agreement was reached that would see Wonthaggi compete in Alberton for seasons 2008 and 2009, before departing the league at the conclusion of the 2009 season. This was a legally binding agreement, however the Alberton clubs were still seeking a more rapid solution. They discussed options of forming their own breakaway league or boycotting matches against Wonthaggi Power.",
"Yarram Football Club were the first club to lead a boycott. They had defeated Wonthaggi Power in the 2007 grand final the previous year and were only scheduled to play Wonthaggi Power once during the 2008 home \\& away season. The Yarram committee had decided to take matters into their own hands and on 17 May 2008 in a watershed moment for the league they forfeited all grades of football and netball from their round 6 clash against Wonthaggi Power. As a consequence of the forfeiture the [Victorian Country Football League](/wiki/Victorian_Country_Football_League \"Victorian Country Football League\") issued Yarram with a $6,500 fine \\- half of which was suspended. Other clubs would avoid following Yarram's example and would instead assist to help cover the costs of their fine.",
"Wonthaggi would go on to finish the season undefeated and comfortably secure first position on the ladder, whilst Yarram would finish just below them in second position.\nBoth teams would finally meet for the first time that year in a semi\\-final clash at Tarwin Lower. In this match, Wonthaggi would defeat Yarram by a massive 64\\-points in what was fierce and fiery encounter for both players and spectators. They would proceed directly through to the grand final two weeks later were their opponent would again be Yarram. Wonthaggi would become victorious, this time defeating Yarram by 57\\-points to claim their third flag in the Alberton league.[The Age: The Power win but still lose](https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/the-power-to-win-but-still-lose-20080907-ge7d87.html)",
"The dispute would continue into the following season with the VCFL making the recommendation that Wonthaggi Power enter either [Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League (Casey Cardinia division)](/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_Nepean_Football_League \"Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League\") or the [West Gippsland Latrobe Football League](/wiki/Gippsland_Football_League \"Gippsland Football League\"). On July 14, 2009, Wonthaggi Power published an open letter to the VCFL disputing the decision. The letter referred to the decision as *'lacking clarity, direction and vision'*, whilst labelling the VCFL themselves as *'incompetent'*.[The Great Southern Star: Wonthaggi's plea for help](https://issuu.com/thestar/docs/the_great_southern_star_-_july_14__2009) \nThe VCFL did not publicly respond to the letter and despite Wonthaggi Power's resistance it was ultimately decided that the 2009 season would be Wonthaggi's last in Alberton.",
"Wonthaggi Power would once again finish on top of the ladder with only two losses during the 2009 home \\& away season.\nA victory in the finals would see Wonthaggi progress directly to the grand final and regardless of the result this was to be Wonthaggi's final match in Alberton. Their opponent was third placed Stony Creek, who also happened to be one of the teams to claim a victory against Wonthaggi during the season. \nWith such a vast difference in township populations the match was widely considered a *'David verses Goliath'* match\\-up. Despite playing two more finals matches on their way to the grand final Stony Creek would defeat Wonthaggi by 14\\-points. This was Stony Creek's second Alberton premiership, their first since 1983\\.[South Gippsland Sentinel Times: The goal that sealed it for stony](https://sgst.com.au/2020/08/great-grand-finals-the-goal-that-sealed-it-for-stony/)",
"At the conclusion of the season Wonthaggi Power transferred into the newly renamed [Gippsland Football League](/wiki/Gippsland_Football_League \"Gippsland Football League\") for the start of the 2010 season. For the five years that Wonthaggi Power had participated in the Alberton football league they had made the grand final every season, which included winning three of them.",
""
] |
### 2010–2020: League Demise
The last round of the 2010 season saw Yarram defeat Tarwin. However, this result was subsequently reversed and the win awarded to Tarwin by the Victorian Country Football League (VCFL) after it was discovered that Yarram had fielded an unregistered player under another identity. Yarram club president, Paul Clavorino, claimed that the player didn't have any impact on the result. The result didn't have any effect for Yarram's finals aspirations as by this point in the season the club was already out of contention. The change in result would impact which teams would play each other in the first week of finals. As a consequence three clubs (Fish Creek, Korumburra\-Bena \& Tarwin) would end up changing opponents.[The Great Southern Star: Footy Turmoil](https://issuu.com/thestar/docs/aug_17)
#### Yarram depart to North Gippsland football league
In August 2013, Yarram applied to transfer to the [North Gippsland Football League](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League "North Gippsland Football League") (NGFL). Their application would stall with an unofficial vote from the NGFL clubs to accept Yarram resulting in a fifty\-fifty split. Some concerns cited by the NGFL clubs were the reintroduction of a bye, subsequent return to a 20\-round season and struggle between clubs for junior footballers.[Latrobe Valley Express: Split decision on Yarram](http://www.latrobevalleyexpress.com.au/story/1730209/split-decision-on-yarram/)
In October Yarram appealed to [AFL Victoria Country](/wiki/AFL_Victoria_Country "AFL Victoria Country") who after considering submissions from the relevant parties overturned the initial decision and allowed Yarram to enter the NGFL beginning with 2014 season.[Gippsland Times: Split decision on Yarram move](https://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/1862301/yarram-to-enter-ngfnl-in-2014/)
This move ended a 68\-year affiliation with the Alberton Football League of which Yarram was a founding member.[Latrobe Valley Express: Backflip on Yarram move](http://www.latrobevalleyexpress.com.au/story/1869186/backflip-on-yarram-move/)
#### Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside Recess
In its existence the Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside football has twice gone into recess. As of 2020 the club is still in recess.
##### First recess: 2014 season
On 30 March 2014, after many years of struggling since the 2008 de\-merger, members of the DWWWW football club met to vote on the fate of the club.
A shortage of players had already forced the club's committee to give up on fielding a team for the 2014 season. Now the members were voting on whether the club would be placed into a temporary recess or wound up. The club would remain alive after a vote saw close to 100% of members vote for the club to enter a recess.
With the club in recess for the 2014 season the remaining DWWWW players transferred to the neighbouring Yarram and Woodside \& District football clubs, who with the influx of players became markedly stronger.
Despite not fielding a team the DWWWW community continued to keep the club's members together with regular meal nights for everyone to get together and continue to support the club. The recess would only last for the one season with the club back fielding a team the following season in 2015\.[The Age: Allies fold third team unlucky](https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/allies-fold-third-team-unlucky-20140405-36600.html)
##### Second recess: 2018 season — Present
With the recruitment of players from outside of the local area the club was able to field football teams for the 2015, 2016 and 2017 season. During this time the club also experienced some success, coming within 11 points of a place in the 2017 grand final. Unfortunately, an acrimonious saga regarding player payment destabilised the playing group, culminating in several player players walking out on the club.
For the second time in four years the shortage of players forced the club to move into recess for the 2018 season, leaving the Alberton football league with only six clubs fielding teams. The Allies remain in recess to this day.
Since 2017, the club has the maintained a healthy financial position and continues to engage with its members through the likes of midweek meals and social functions.[Gippsland Times: DWWW likely to remain in recess](https://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/5727869/dwwww-likely-to-remain-in-recess/)
While the DWWWW remains still remains alive, the disbandment of the Alberton football league in 2020 has meant that the club is without a league to participate in. Should the club accumulate enough players to field a team again they would need to seek approval to join either the [North Gippsland](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League "North Gippsland Football League") or [Mid Gippsland](/wiki/Mid_Gippsland_Football_League "Mid Gippsland Football League") football league where they could complete.
However, many football followers in the Yarram region believe that the community of 2,200 people is simply too small to sustainably support three football clubs and that with each passing season the likelihood of DWWWW returning a team to the field continues to diminish.
#### AFL Gippsland Review
A 2015 review, conducted by AFL Gippsland to address issues of competitive imbalance and club sustainability, brought major change to structure of the Alberton Football Netball League.[2015/16 Football Review – Gippsland](https://websites.sportstg.com/get_file.cgi?id=3548840) In 2017, the Alberton League was reduced to seven clubs after the departure Dalyston, Korumburra\-Bena, Inverloch\-Kongwak, Kilcunda\-Bass and Phillip Island to the newly formed [West Gippsland Football Netball League](/wiki/West_Gippsland_Football_Netball_League "West Gippsland Football Netball League") as part of the review. Prior to the 2018 season, DWWWW went into recess again due to lack of players in the district and would remain in recess throughout the 2019 season.[Gippsland Times: DWWWW likely to remain in recess](https://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/5727869/dwwww-likely-to-remain-in-recess/)
#### Colgan Bauer Review
In 2019 [AFL Victoria](/wiki/AFL_Victoria "AFL Victoria") commissioned consultancy group Colgan Bauer to review the structure and sustainability of football in the [Gippsland](/wiki/Gippsland "Gippsland") region and provide a strategic plan for the future. A number of town hall style meetings were conducted to gather feedback from community members within the region. A number of ideas were proposed for how to preserve the Alberton Football League. These included adding two clubs from the nearby [West Gippsland Football League](/wiki/West_Gippsland_Football_Netball_League "West Gippsland Football Netball League") and the Alberton Football League joining the West Gippsland Football League as a second division.
A further review recommended that the AFL merge with the [Mid Gippsland Football League](/wiki/Mid_Gippsland_Football_League "Mid Gippsland Football League") for the 2019 season.[Weekly Times: Alberton, Mid Gippsland leagues merger proposed](https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/sport/country-football/alberton-mid-gippsland-leagues-merger-proposed/news-story/59b3d35e9ccff96e670d8eff2fb8e6d1) However a backlash by some clubs who had concerns over a 15 team competition and increased travel distance of the proposed league.[Hit Network: Merger plans scrapped for Alberton and Mid Gippsland leagues](https://www.hit.com.au/story/merger-plans-scrapped-for-alberton-and-mid-gippsland-leagues-110069)
#### Final Alberton Match
The final match in the Alberton Football League was the 2019 Grand Final which took place on 31 August 2019\. The match was contested by the Foster and Stony Creek football clubs at the Tarwin Lower recreation reserve. Foster defeated Stony Creek by 7 points in what would be the closest grand final margin since 1995\. On the date of the match occurring the future of the Alberton had not yet been determined and no one was aware that this was Alberton's final match.[The Foster Mirror: Year of the Tiger](https://foster.vic.au/year-of-the-tiger)
#### 2020 Season Cancellation
The [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") lead to the 2020 season being abandoned, despite efforts to run a junior competition in conjunction with the [Mid Gippsland Football League](/wiki/Mid_Gippsland_Football_League "Mid Gippsland Football League").[Paper News: Alberton season cancelled](https://papernews.com.au/stories/alberton-season-cancelled) Whilst the league sat idle, the planning for the future of the Alberton football clubs continued. On 24 April 2020 a meeting of the Mid Gippsland football clubs saw them vote to accept all six Alberton clubs as of the 2021 season, whilst the Alberton Football League would cease to exist. This decision was met with widespread relief after many years of uncertainty surrounding the future of the league's clubs.[ABC Gippsland: Mid Gippsland Football Netball League accepts all six Alberton clubs into comp](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-25/mid-gippsland-football-netball-league-ends-uncertainty/12592520)
On 25 November 2020 the Alberton Football League conducted its final annual general meeting. A special resolution to dissolve the league was passed and after 74 years of competition the league had officially met its end.
|
[
"### 2010–2020: League Demise",
"The last round of the 2010 season saw Yarram defeat Tarwin. However, this result was subsequently reversed and the win awarded to Tarwin by the Victorian Country Football League (VCFL) after it was discovered that Yarram had fielded an unregistered player under another identity. Yarram club president, Paul Clavorino, claimed that the player didn't have any impact on the result. The result didn't have any effect for Yarram's finals aspirations as by this point in the season the club was already out of contention. The change in result would impact which teams would play each other in the first week of finals. As a consequence three clubs (Fish Creek, Korumburra\\-Bena \\& Tarwin) would end up changing opponents.[The Great Southern Star: Footy Turmoil](https://issuu.com/thestar/docs/aug_17)",
"#### Yarram depart to North Gippsland football league",
"In August 2013, Yarram applied to transfer to the [North Gippsland Football League](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League \"North Gippsland Football League\") (NGFL). Their application would stall with an unofficial vote from the NGFL clubs to accept Yarram resulting in a fifty\\-fifty split. Some concerns cited by the NGFL clubs were the reintroduction of a bye, subsequent return to a 20\\-round season and struggle between clubs for junior footballers.[Latrobe Valley Express: Split decision on Yarram](http://www.latrobevalleyexpress.com.au/story/1730209/split-decision-on-yarram/)\nIn October Yarram appealed to [AFL Victoria Country](/wiki/AFL_Victoria_Country \"AFL Victoria Country\") who after considering submissions from the relevant parties overturned the initial decision and allowed Yarram to enter the NGFL beginning with 2014 season.[Gippsland Times: Split decision on Yarram move](https://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/1862301/yarram-to-enter-ngfnl-in-2014/)\nThis move ended a 68\\-year affiliation with the Alberton Football League of which Yarram was a founding member.[Latrobe Valley Express: Backflip on Yarram move](http://www.latrobevalleyexpress.com.au/story/1869186/backflip-on-yarram-move/)",
"#### Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside Recess",
"In its existence the Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside football has twice gone into recess. As of 2020 the club is still in recess.",
"##### First recess: 2014 season",
"On 30 March 2014, after many years of struggling since the 2008 de\\-merger, members of the DWWWW football club met to vote on the fate of the club.\nA shortage of players had already forced the club's committee to give up on fielding a team for the 2014 season. Now the members were voting on whether the club would be placed into a temporary recess or wound up. The club would remain alive after a vote saw close to 100% of members vote for the club to enter a recess.\nWith the club in recess for the 2014 season the remaining DWWWW players transferred to the neighbouring Yarram and Woodside \\& District football clubs, who with the influx of players became markedly stronger.\nDespite not fielding a team the DWWWW community continued to keep the club's members together with regular meal nights for everyone to get together and continue to support the club. The recess would only last for the one season with the club back fielding a team the following season in 2015\\.[The Age: Allies fold third team unlucky](https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/allies-fold-third-team-unlucky-20140405-36600.html)",
"##### Second recess: 2018 season — Present",
"With the recruitment of players from outside of the local area the club was able to field football teams for the 2015, 2016 and 2017 season. During this time the club also experienced some success, coming within 11 points of a place in the 2017 grand final. Unfortunately, an acrimonious saga regarding player payment destabilised the playing group, culminating in several player players walking out on the club.",
"For the second time in four years the shortage of players forced the club to move into recess for the 2018 season, leaving the Alberton football league with only six clubs fielding teams. The Allies remain in recess to this day.\nSince 2017, the club has the maintained a healthy financial position and continues to engage with its members through the likes of midweek meals and social functions.[Gippsland Times: DWWW likely to remain in recess](https://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/5727869/dwwww-likely-to-remain-in-recess/)",
"While the DWWWW remains still remains alive, the disbandment of the Alberton football league in 2020 has meant that the club is without a league to participate in. Should the club accumulate enough players to field a team again they would need to seek approval to join either the [North Gippsland](/wiki/North_Gippsland_Football_League \"North Gippsland Football League\") or [Mid Gippsland](/wiki/Mid_Gippsland_Football_League \"Mid Gippsland Football League\") football league where they could complete.\nHowever, many football followers in the Yarram region believe that the community of 2,200 people is simply too small to sustainably support three football clubs and that with each passing season the likelihood of DWWWW returning a team to the field continues to diminish.",
"#### AFL Gippsland Review",
"A 2015 review, conducted by AFL Gippsland to address issues of competitive imbalance and club sustainability, brought major change to structure of the Alberton Football Netball League.[2015/16 Football Review – Gippsland](https://websites.sportstg.com/get_file.cgi?id=3548840) In 2017, the Alberton League was reduced to seven clubs after the departure Dalyston, Korumburra\\-Bena, Inverloch\\-Kongwak, Kilcunda\\-Bass and Phillip Island to the newly formed [West Gippsland Football Netball League](/wiki/West_Gippsland_Football_Netball_League \"West Gippsland Football Netball League\") as part of the review. Prior to the 2018 season, DWWWW went into recess again due to lack of players in the district and would remain in recess throughout the 2019 season.[Gippsland Times: DWWWW likely to remain in recess](https://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/5727869/dwwww-likely-to-remain-in-recess/)",
"#### Colgan Bauer Review",
"In 2019 [AFL Victoria](/wiki/AFL_Victoria \"AFL Victoria\") commissioned consultancy group Colgan Bauer to review the structure and sustainability of football in the [Gippsland](/wiki/Gippsland \"Gippsland\") region and provide a strategic plan for the future. A number of town hall style meetings were conducted to gather feedback from community members within the region. A number of ideas were proposed for how to preserve the Alberton Football League. These included adding two clubs from the nearby [West Gippsland Football League](/wiki/West_Gippsland_Football_Netball_League \"West Gippsland Football Netball League\") and the Alberton Football League joining the West Gippsland Football League as a second division.",
"A further review recommended that the AFL merge with the [Mid Gippsland Football League](/wiki/Mid_Gippsland_Football_League \"Mid Gippsland Football League\") for the 2019 season.[Weekly Times: Alberton, Mid Gippsland leagues merger proposed](https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/sport/country-football/alberton-mid-gippsland-leagues-merger-proposed/news-story/59b3d35e9ccff96e670d8eff2fb8e6d1) However a backlash by some clubs who had concerns over a 15 team competition and increased travel distance of the proposed league.[Hit Network: Merger plans scrapped for Alberton and Mid Gippsland leagues](https://www.hit.com.au/story/merger-plans-scrapped-for-alberton-and-mid-gippsland-leagues-110069)",
"#### Final Alberton Match",
"The final match in the Alberton Football League was the 2019 Grand Final which took place on 31 August 2019\\. The match was contested by the Foster and Stony Creek football clubs at the Tarwin Lower recreation reserve. Foster defeated Stony Creek by 7 points in what would be the closest grand final margin since 1995\\. On the date of the match occurring the future of the Alberton had not yet been determined and no one was aware that this was Alberton's final match.[The Foster Mirror: Year of the Tiger](https://foster.vic.au/year-of-the-tiger)",
"#### 2020 Season Cancellation",
"The [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") lead to the 2020 season being abandoned, despite efforts to run a junior competition in conjunction with the [Mid Gippsland Football League](/wiki/Mid_Gippsland_Football_League \"Mid Gippsland Football League\").[Paper News: Alberton season cancelled](https://papernews.com.au/stories/alberton-season-cancelled) Whilst the league sat idle, the planning for the future of the Alberton football clubs continued. On 24 April 2020 a meeting of the Mid Gippsland football clubs saw them vote to accept all six Alberton clubs as of the 2021 season, whilst the Alberton Football League would cease to exist. This decision was met with widespread relief after many years of uncertainty surrounding the future of the league's clubs.[ABC Gippsland: Mid Gippsland Football Netball League accepts all six Alberton clubs into comp](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-25/mid-gippsland-football-netball-league-ends-uncertainty/12592520)\nOn 25 November 2020 the Alberton Football League conducted its final annual general meeting. A special resolution to dissolve the league was passed and after 74 years of competition the league had officially met its end.",
""
] |
Season structure
----------------
### Pre\-season
The Alberton Football League like most country leagues does not have a formal Pre\-season competition.
As part of their Pre\-season preparation clubs will often schedule between one and two practice matches with clubs from other leagues prior to the season beginning. These matches could take on different structures and were primarily conducted on a non\-official basis with limited match officials and scores not being recorded.
### Premiership season
The Alberton home\-and\-away season at present lasts for 15 rounds, starting in mid April and ending in early August. As of the 2017 season, each team plays 15 matches. Teams receive four premiership points for a win and two premiership points for a draw. Ladder finishing positions are based on the number of premiership points won, and "percentage" (calculated as the ratio of points scored to points conceded throughout the season) is used as a tie\-breaker when teams finish with equal premiership points.
### Finals series
Since its inception until 1995 the Alberton finals consisted of a ['final\-four' system](/wiki/McIntyre_system%23Page%E2%80%93McIntyre_system "McIntyre system#Page–McIntyre system").
With the inclusion of a number of clubs from the defunct Bass Valley Wonthaggi football league in 1996 the finals series was expanded to a ['final\-five' system](/wiki/McIntyre_system%23McIntyre_final_five_system "McIntyre system#McIntyre final five system").
The finals series was expanded again in 2005 with the inclusion of Kilcunda Bass and Phillip Island to become a ['final\-six' system](/wiki/McIntyre_system%23First_McIntyre_final_six_system "McIntyre system#First McIntyre final six system").
Since 2017 the finals series has since returned to a 'final\-four' system, after a number of clubs left resulting in a smaller competition.
The top four teams at the end of the Alberton home \& away season compete in a four\-week finals series throughout August, culminating in a grand final to determine the premiers. The grand final is played on the afternoon of the last Saturday in August.
The winning team receives a silver premiership cup and a premiership flag – a new one of each is manufactured each year. The flag has been presented since the league began and is traditionally unfurled at the team's first home game of the following season. Additionally, each player in the grand final\-winning team receives a premiership medallion.
#### 2019 Finals series
{{PagePlayoffBracket
\| RD1\= **Qualifying – Week 2 / Elimination – Week 1**
\| RD2\= **Preliminary – Week 3**
\| RD3\= **Grand Final – Week 4**
\| team\-width\= 175
\| score\-width\= 100
\| RD1\-seed1\=1
\| RD1\-team1\=[12px](/wiki/File:Mirboo_North_FC.png "Mirboo North FC.png") **Foster**
\| RD1\-score1\=**12\.8 (80\)**
\| RD1\-seed2\=2
\| RD1\-team2\= [12px](/wiki/File:Stony_creek_football_colours.jpg "Stony creek football colours.jpg") Stony Creek
\| RD1\-score2\=8\.5 (53\)
\| RD1\-seed3\=3
\| RD1\-team3\=[12px](/wiki/File:Fish_Creek_FC.png "Fish Creek FC.png") **Fish Creek**
\| RD1\-score3\=**23\.10 (148\)**
\| RD1\-seed4\=4
\| RD1\-team4\=[12px](/wiki/File:Toora_and_District_FC.png "Toora and District FC.png") Toora \& District
\| RD1\-score4\=4\.5 (29\)
\| RD2\-seed1\=2
\| RD2\-team1\= [12px](/wiki/File:Stony_creek_football_colours.jpg "Stony creek football colours.jpg") ''Stony Creek**\| RD2\-score1\=**12\.10 (82\)**\| RD2\-seed2\=3
\| RD2\-team2\=[12px](/wiki/File:Fish_Creek_FC.png "Fish Creek FC.png") Fish Creek
\| RD2\-score2\=7\.5 (47\)**
\| RD3\-seed1\=1
\| RD3\-team1\=[12px](/wiki/File:Mirboo_North_FC.png "Mirboo North FC.png") Foster**\| RD3\-score1\=**8\.7 (55\)**\| RD3\-seed2\=2
\| RD3\-team2\=[12px](/wiki/File:Stony_creek_football_colours.jpg "Stony creek football colours.jpg") Stony Creek
\| RD3\-score2\=7\.6 (48\)
}}**
#### Grand final venues
For most of its history the Alberton football league grand final was hosted at the Yarram recreation reserve. With the expansion of the league in 1996 the grand final was relocated to the Foster Showgrounds to maintain a central location with respect to the rest of the league.
With Foster football club making the grand final in 2010 and 2011 the grand final was subsequently relocated to Inverloch recreation reserve to avoid a home\-ground advantage. The grand final venue would then cycle back to Foster in 2012\. The grand final since cycled between a few different venues until Tarwin Lower recreation reserve hosted the last Alberton grand final in 2019\.
{{clear}}
Yarram Recreation Reserve *(1946–1952\)*
Welshpool Recreation Reserve *(1953\)*
Yarram Recreation Reserve *(1954–1973\)*
Foster Showgrounds *(1974\)*
Yarram Recreation Reserve *(1975\)*
Foster Showgrounds *(1976–1977\)*
Yarram Recreation Reserve *(1978–1995\)*
Foster Showgrounds *(1996–2009\)*
Inverloch Recreation Reserve *(2010–2011\)*
Foster Showgrounds *(2012\)*
Wonthaggi Recreation Reserve *(2013\)*
Meeniyan Recreation Reserve *(2014–2018\)*
Tarwin Lower Recreation Reserve *(2019\)*
Finals history
--------------
|***Year***
***Premier***
***Runner\-up***
***Third***
***Fourth***
***Fifth***
***Sixth***
| |
| **1946** | Foster 3\.4 (22\) | Woodside 2\.7 (19\) | Devon | Welshpool | | |
| **1947** | Woodside 15\.23 (113\) | Foster 9\.6 (60\) | Welshpool | Devon | | |
| **1948** | Woodside 11\.15 (81\) | Devon 11\.5 (71\) | Toora | Yarram | | |
| **1949** | Woodside 11\.18 (84\) | Welshpool 9\.14 (68\) | Yarram | Devon | | |
| **1950** | Woodside 8\.17 (65\) | Devon 7\.10 (52\) | Yarram | Welshpool | | |
| **1951** | Woodside 10\.15 (75\) | Welshpool 9\.12 (66\) | Yarram | Foster | | |
| **1952** | Woodside 3\.5 (23\) | Toora 2\.7 (19\) | Foster | Welshpool | | |
| **1953** | Welshpool 16\.20 (116\) | Fish Creek 6\.6 (42\) | Toora | Woodside | | |
| **1954** | Yarram 10\.12 (72\) | Fish Creek 11\.4 (70\) | Welshpool | Woodside | | |
| **1955** | Fish Creek 16\.7 (103\) | Welshpool 7\.10 (52\) | Woodside | Yarram | | |
| **1956** | Fish Creek 17\.12 (114\) | Woodside 15\.14 (104\) | Yarram | Welshpool | | |
| **1957** | Woodside 9\.10 (64\) | Fish Creek 7\.11 (53\) | Foster | Yarram | | |
| **1958** | Fish Creek 18\.14 (122\) | Yarram 15\.13 (103\) | Woodside | Foster | | |
| **1959** | Fish Creek 16\.15 (111\) | Yarram 11\.14 (80\) | Won Wron | Welshpool | | |
| **1960** | Fish Creek 8\.14 (62\) | Welshpool 6\.8 (44\) | Won Wron | Yarram | | |
| **1961** | Fish Creek 15\.14 (104\) | Devon 7\.6 (48\) | Toora | Won Wron | | |
| **1962** | Welshpool 7\.13 (55\) | Fish Creek 8\.5 (53\) | Foster | Yarram | | |
| **1963** | Fish Creek 13\.8 (86\) | Toora 4\.11 (35\) | Foster | Welshpool | | |
| **1964** | Fish Creek 8\.6 (54\) | Welshpool 5\.5 (35\) | Toora | Devon | | |
| **1965** | Fish Creek 9\.11 (65\) | Toora 8\.9 (57\) | Won Wron | Welshpool | | |
| **1966** | Fish Creek 17\.17 (119\) | Toora 9\.7 (61\) | Yarram | Foster | | |
| **1967** | Fish Creek 12\.8 (80\) | Welshpool 9\.11 (65\) | Won Wron | Devon | | |
| **1968** | Devon 12\.9 (81\) | Welshpool 7\.3 (45\) | Toora | Foster | | |
| **1969** | Welshpool 12\.24 (96\) | Fish Creek 9\.11 (65\) | Toora | Foster | | |
| **1970** | Welshpool 12\.16 (88\) | Toora 8\.7 (55\) | Yarram | Foster | | |
| **1971** | Welshpool 12\.12 (84\) | Woodside 6\.5 (41\) | Won Wron | Toora | | |
| **1972** | Yarram 14\.14 (98\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United 9\.20 (74\) | Woodside | Toora | | |
| **1973** | Toora 10\.13 (73\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United 10\.12 (72\) | Woodside | Foster | | |
| **1974** | Woodside 10\.13 (73\) | Yarram 5\.8 (38\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | Toora | | |
| **1975** | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United 17\.19 (121\) | Woodside 5\.16 (46\) | Welshpool | Yarram | | |
| **1976** | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United 15\.16 (106\) | Yarram 10\.12 (72\) | Woodside | Fish Creek | | |
| **1977** | Yarram 18\.15 (123\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United 16\.12 (108\) | Foster | Woodside | | |
| **1978** | Foster 13\.14 (92\) | Woodside 5\.9 (39\) | Yarram | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | | |
| **1979** | Welshpool 12\.18 (90\) | Foster 13\.10 (88\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | Stony Creek | | |
| **1980** | Foster 11\.17 (83\) | Stony Creek 8\.7 (55\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | Toora | | |
| **1981** | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United 9\.14 (68\) | Foster 6\.16 (52\) | Stony Creek | Toora | | |
| **1982** | Foster 14\.11 (95\) | Won Wron\-Woodside 8\.8 (56\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | Devon | | |
| **1983** | Stony Creek 14\.13 (97\) | Devon 7\.6 (48\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | Won Wron\-Woodside | | |
| **1984** | Foster 15\.7 (97\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United 9\.11 (65\) | Won Wron\-Woodside | Fish Creek | | |
| **1985** | Fish Creek 8\.9 (57\) | Stony Creek 3\.11 (29\) | Devon | Yarram | | |
| **1986** | Yarram 15\.12 (102\) | Devon 5\.8 (38\) | Won Wron\-Woodside | Stony Creek | | |
| **1987** | Devon 11\.10 (76\) | Fish Creek 8\.15 (63\) | Won Wron\-Woodside | Yarram | | |
| **1988** | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United 16\.15 (111\) | Fish Creek 10\.9 (69\) | Devon | Won Wron\-Woodside | | |
| **1989** | Foster 12\.10 (82\) | Toora 7\.8 (50\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | Devon | | |
| **1990** | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United 14\.19 (103\) | Foster 11\.12 (78\) | Fish Creek | Toora | | |
| **1991** | Fish Creek 20\.8 (128\) | Foster 7\.11 (53\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | Toora | | |
| **1992** | Fish Creek 14\.12 (96\) | Foster 7\.14 (56\) | Yarram | Tarwin | | |
| **1993** | Foster 20\.10 (130\) | Won Wron\-Woodside 9\.6 (60\) | Fish Creek | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | | |
| **1994** | Won Wron\-Woodside 12\.15 (87\) | Fish Creek 5\.10 (40\) | Foster | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | | |
| **1995** | Devon\-Welshpool 11\.8 (74\) | Won Wron\-Woodside 10\.8 (68\) | Fish Creek | Foster | | |
| **1996** | Devon\-Welshpool 9\.18 (72\) | Inverloch\-Kongwak 5\.5 (35\) | Dalyston | Foster | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | |
| **1997** | Korumburra 17\.14 (116\) | Inverloch\-Kongwak 13\.7 (85\) | Dalyston | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | Fish Creek | |
| **1998** | Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside 22\.19 (151\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United 14\.10 (94\) | Yarram | Korumburra | Fish Creek | |
| **1999** | Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside 15\.19 (109\) | Fish Creek 10\.10 (70\) | Inverloch\-Kongwak | Korumburra | Yarram | |
| **2000** | Fish Creek 13\.6 (84\) | Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside 10\.11 (71\) | Dalyston | Korumburra | Inverloch\-Kongwak | |
| **2001** | Fish Creek 14\.11 (95\) | Inverloch\-Kongwak 11\.6 (72\) | Korumburra\-Bena | Dalyston | Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | |
| **2002** | Fish Creek 18\.12 (120\) | Inverloch\-Kongwak 13\.13 (91\) | Dalyston | Wonthaggi | Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | |
| **2003** | Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside 13\.14 (92\) | Fish Creek 12\.12 (84\) | Dalyston | Wonthaggi | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | |
| **2004** | Tarwin 6\.13 (49\) | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United 2\.5 (17\) | Fish Creek | Stony Creek | Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | |
| **2005** | Wonthaggi 15\.8 (98\) | Fish Creek 11\.12 (78\) | Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | Tarwin | Yarram | Korumburra\-Bena |
| **2006** | Wonthaggi 20\.13 (133\) | Yarram 14\.15 (99\) | Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | Foster | Korumburra\-Bena | Tarwin |
| **2007** | Yarram 16\.10 (106\) | Wonthaggi 14\.13 (97\) | Inverloch\-Kongwak | Toora | Tarwin | Phillip Island |
| **2008** | Wonthaggi 18\.20 (128\) | Yarram 10\.11 (71\) | Phillip Island | Tarwin | Dalyston | Korumburra\-Bena |
| **2009** | Stony Creek 14\.10 (94\) | Wonthaggi 11\.14 (80\) | Korumburra\-Bena | Yarram | Tarwin | Phillip Island |
| **2010** | Foster 13\.20 (98\) | Stony Creek 11\.8 (74\) | Phillip Island | Fish Creek | Tarwin | Korumburra\-Bena |
| **2011** | Kilcunda\-Bass 13\.3 (81\) | Foster 7\.15 (57\) | Korumburra\-Bena | Fish Creek | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | Stony Creek |
| **2012** | Kilcunda\-Bass 12\.17 (89\) | Dalyston 11\.4 (70\) | Fish Creek | Korumburra\-Bena | Foster | Inverloch\-Kongwak |
| **2013** | Kilcunda\-Bass 18\.10 (118\) | Korumburra\-Bena 12\.10 (82\) | Dalyston | Fish Creek | Yarram | Phillip Island |
| **2014** | Phillip Island 17\.16 (118\) | Dalyston 11\.07 (73\) | Kilcunda\-Bass | Inverloch\-Kongwak | Korumburra\-Bena | Fish Creek |
| **2015** | Dalyston 21\.9 (135\) | Fish Creek 8\.5 (53\) | Phillip Island | Stony Creek | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | Inverloch\-Kongwak |
| **2016** | Fish Creek 6\.15 (51\) | Inverloch\-Kongwak 4\.10 (34\) | Dalyston | Foster | Kilcunda\-Bass | Stony Creek |
| **2017** | Fish Creek 17\.10 (112\) | Toora 10\.9 (69\) | Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | Stony Creek | | |
| **2018** | Fish Creek 14\.12 (96\) | Foster 6\.6 (42\) | Stony Creek | Toora | | |
| **2019** | Foster 8\.7 (55\) | Stony Creek 7\.6 (48\) | Fish Creek | Toora | | |
Peter Moore Medallists (Best and fairest winners)
-------------------------------------------------
| Year | Player | Team | Votes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1947 | Jack Mitchell | Foster | 18½ |
| 1948 | Noel Ross | Foster | 32½ |
| 1949 | Jack Mitchell | Foster | 14½ |
| 1950 | Joe Malone | Foster | 26 |
| 1951 | Joe Malone | Foster | 20 |
| 1952 | Ben Davis | Won Wron | 15 |
| 1953 | Stan O'Neill | Devon | 25 |
| 1954 | Brian Reid | Yarram | 22 |
| 1955 | Stan O'Neill | Devon | 24 |
| 1956 | Leo Clarke | Woodside | 23 |
| 1957 | Ken May | Won Wron | 20 |
| 1958 | Hugh Davis | Foster | 18 |
| 1959 | Pat Lithgow | Devon | 19 |
| 1960 | Ron Standfield | Fish Creek | 17 |
| Ian Crewes | Devon | 17 |
| 1961 | Ernie Taylor | Won Wron | 19 |
| 1962 | George Howlett | Woodside | 20 |
| 1963 | Gary Clavarino | Foster | 21 |
| 1964 | Jeff Standfield | Fish Creek | 14 |
| 1965 | Gary Clavarino | Foster | 22 |
| 1966 | Gary Clavarino | Foster | 28 |
| 1967 | Gary Clavarino | Foster | 21 |
| 1968 | John Fellows | Fish Creek | 21 |
| 1969 | Paul Sutherland | Welshpool | 24 |
| 1970 | John Burleigh | Yarram | 21 |
| 1971 | Don McKnight | Stony Creek | 30 |
| 1972 | Ross Smith | Won Wron | 19 |
| Paul Sutherland | Welshpool | 19 |
| 1973 | Angus Hume | Toora | 31 |
| 1974 | Graham Anderson | Foster | 28 |
| 1975 | Alan Lowe | Devon | 23 |
| 1976 | Peter Lynch | Yarram | 23 |
| 1977 | Wayne Lynch | Yarram | 29 |
| 1978 | Wayne Lynch | Devon | 29 |
| 1979 | Alan Lowe | Woodside | 24 |
| Chris Aitken | Welshpool | 24 |
| 1980 | Rod McRae | Toora | 29 |
| 1981 | Neil Park | Fish Creek | 18 |
| John Johnston | Toora | 18 |
| 1982 | Trevor Young | Toora | 19 |
| 1983 | John Pellicano | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 23 |
| 1984 | Robert Davies | Foster | 19 |
| Paul Clavarino | Yarram | 19 |
| Wayne Withworth | Fish Creek | 19 |
| 1985 | Rohan Burke | Yarram | 24 |
| 1986 | Paul Clavarino | Yarram | 27 |
| 1987 | [Wayne Weidemann](/wiki/Wayne_Weidemann "Wayne Weidemann") | Fish Creek | 25 |
| 1988 | Paul Heppell | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 25 |
| 1989 | Peter Lynch | Yarram | 28 |
| 1990 | Greg Ryan | Toora | 26 |
| 1991 | Wayne Lynch | Welshpool | 21 |
| 1992 | Henry Bergervoet | Won Wron\-Woodside | 23 |
| 1993 | Henry Bergervoet | Won Wron\-Woodside | 25 |
| 1994 | Brendan Littler | Won Wron\-Woodside | 21 |
| 1995 | Nicholas Shaw | Fish Creek | 23 |
| 1996 | Phil Pavey | Devon\-Welshpool | 24 |
| Justin Paul | Wonthaggi | 24 |
| 1997 | Glen Garner | Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | 25 |
| 1998 | Tim Harris | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 30 |
| 1999 | Anthony Knox | Korumburra | 19 |
| 2000 | Marshall Livingstone | Fish Creek | 27 |
| 2001 | [Barry Standfield](/wiki/Barry_Standfield "Barry Standfield") | Fish Creek | 29 |
| 2002 | Neil De Santis | Inverloch\-Kongwak | 24 |
| 2003 | David Baldi | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 26 |
| 2004 | Brad Hutchinson | Stony Creek | 31 |
| 2005 | Brett Anthony | Kilcunda\-Bass | 31 |
| 2006 | Mark Bradley | Korumburra\-Bena | 32 |
| 2007 | Griffin Underwood | Yarram | 27 |
| 2008 | James Ross | Dalyston | 32 |
| 2009 | Aaron Ware | Wonthaggi | 20 |
| 2010 | Shaun Everington | Foster | 30 |
| 2011 | Shaun Everington | Foster | 24 |
| 2012 | Travis Manne | Fish Creek | 21 |
| 2013 | Mark Bradley | Korumburra\-Bena | 26 |
| 2014 | Chris Endres | Kilcunda\-Bass | 25 |
| 2015 | Brendan Kimber | Phillip Island | 31 |
| 2016 | Chris Endres | Kilcunda\-Bass | 27 |
| Tom Cameron | Fish Creek | 27 |
| 2017 | Callum Park | Fish Creek | 25 |
| Ben Wells | Toora | 25 |
| 2018 | Ethan Park | Fish Creek | 20 |
| Jesse Manton | Toora | 20 |
| 2019 | Darcy Atkins | Stony Creek | 20 |
Century Goal Kickers
--------------------
|***Year***
***Player***
***Team***
***Goals (Incl. finals)***
| |
| **1957** | Ben Davis | Won Wron | 103 |
| **1970** | Ron Tibballs | Welshpool | 117 |
| **1972** | Kevin Foat | Woodside | 119 |
| **1974** | Kevin Foat | Woodside | 116 |
| **1977** | Harry Skreja | Yarram | 113 |
| **1978** | Daniel Dwyer | Woodside | 103 |
| **1983** | Robert Profitt | Devon | 116 |
| **1983** | Daniel Dwyer | Won Wron\-Woodside | 110 |
| **1990** | Andrew Young | Fish Creek | 124 |
| **1992** | Craig Hams | Foster | 129 |
| **1994** | Peter Anderson | Won Wron\-Woodside | 131 |
| **1995** | Peter Anderson | Won Wron\-Woodside | 112 |
| **1996** | Justin Paul | Wonthaggi | 116 |
| **1996** | Glen Martin | Inverloch\-Kongwak | 104 |
| **1997** | Phil Bramley | Yarram | 105 |
| **2002** | Rodney Tack | Dalyston | 119 |
| **2004** | Lucas McMillan | Stony Creek | 111 |
| **2006** | Rodney Tack | Wonthaggi | 135 |
| **2006** | Barry Standfield | Fish Creek | 102 |
| **2011** | Luke James | Kilcunda\-Bass | 119 |
| **2011** | Tom Bartholomew | Foster | 110 |
| **2013** | Kael Bergles | Kilcunda\-Bass | 121 |
| **2015** | Michael Kraska | Dalyston | 128 |
| **2015** | Beau Runnalls | Phillip Island | 106 |
| **2017** | Kael Bergles | Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | 122 |
Final standings
---------------
### 2004 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Meeniyan Dumbalk United** | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1878 | 1126 | 166\.79% | 68 |
| **Tarwin** | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1970 | 1144 | 172\.20% | 56 |
| **Fish Creek** | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1760 | 1331 | 132\.23% | 56 |
| **Stony Creek** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1795 | 1252 | 143\.37% | 48 |
| **DWWWW** | 11 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 1453 | 1263 | 115\.04% | 44 |
| Dalyston | 10 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1375 | 1241 | 110\.80% | 40 |
| Korumburra\-Bena | 8 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1488 | 1170 | 127\.18% | 32 |
| Inverloch\-Kongwak | 7 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1497 | 1412 | 102\.06% | 28 |
| Wonthaggi Rovers | 5 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 1121 | 1581 | 70\.90% | 22 |
| Yarram | 5 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1132 | 1527 | 74\.13% | 20 |
| Foster | 2 | 0 | 15 | 1 | 1037 | 1928 | 53\.79% | 10 |
| Toora \& District | 2 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 856 | 2387 | 35\.86% | 8 |
|
* + - * + - * + - * + - * FINALS
{{5TeamBracket\-2Elim\-B
\| team\-width\=175
\| score\-width\=80
\| RD1 \= '''Qualifying Final''' ''at Wonthaggi''
\| RD1b\= '''Elimination Final''' ''at Yarram''
\| RD2 \= '''Second semi\-final''' ''at Fish Creek''
\| RD2b\= '''First semi\-final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''
\| RD3b\= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Inverloch''
\| RD4 \= '''Grand Final''' ''at Foster''
\| RD1\-team1 \= \[\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\|12px]] '''Tarwin'''
\| RD1\-score1 \= '''13\.8 (86\)'''
\| RD1\-team2 \=\[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] Fish Creek
\| RD1\-score2 \= 12\.6 (78\)
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] '''Stony Creek'''
\| RD1\-score3 \= '''20\.18 (138\)'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[File:DWWWW\_FC\_icon.png\|12px]] DWWWW
\| RD1\-score4 \= 9\.11 (65\)
\| RD2\-team1 \= \[\[File:Boolarra\_fc\_club\_colors.png\|12px]] Meeniyan Dumbalk Utd.
\| RD2\-score1 \= 19\.13 (127\)
\| RD2\-team2 \= \[\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\|12px]] '''Tarwin'''
\| RD2\-score2 \= '''19\.14 (128\)'''
\| RD2\-team3 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD2\-score3 \= '''18\.10 (118\)'''
\| RD2\-team4 \= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] Stony Creek
\| RD2\-score4 \= 12\.12 (84\)
\| RD3\-team1 \= \[\[File:Boolarra\_fc\_club\_colors.png\|12px]] '''Meeniyan Dumbalk Utd.'''
\| RD3\-score1 \= '''13\.11 (89\)'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] Fish Creek
\| RD3\-score2 \= 11\.16 (82\)
\| RD4\-team1 \= \[\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\|12px]] '''Tarwin'''
\| RD4\-score1 \= '''6\.12 (49\)'''
\| RD4\-team2 \= \[\[File:Boolarra\_fc\_club\_colors.png\|12px]] Meeniyan Dumbalk Utd.
\| RD4\-score2 \= 2\.5 (17\)
}}
### 2007 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Wonthaggi Power** | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2315 | 896 | 258\.37% | 68 |
| **Yarram** | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2009 | 896 | 224\.22% | 68 |
| **Toora \& District** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1757 | 1314 | 133\.71% | 48 |
| **Tarwin** | 10 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1620 | 1385 | 116\.97% | 40 |
| **Inverloch\-Kongwak** | 9 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 1268 | 1384 | 91\.62% | 38 |
| **Phillip Island** | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1297 | 1244 | 104\.26% | 36 |
| Kilcunda\-Bass | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1476 | 1524 | 96\.85% | 36 |
| Fish Creek | 8 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 1387 | 1551 | 89\.43% | 34 |
| Dalyston | 8 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1442 | 1478 | 97\.56% | 32 |
| Stony Creek | 7 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 1245 | 1476 | 84\.35% | 30 |
| Korumburra\-Bena | 7 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1134 | 1423 | 79\.69% | 28 |
| Foster | 6 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 1309 | 1588 | 82\.43% | 24 |
| Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | 4 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 1067 | 2138 | 49\.91% | 16 |
| Meeniyan Dumbalk United | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 886 | 1915 | 46\.27% | 4 |
|
FINALS
{{Super League play\-offs 6 system
\| RD1 \= Week One
\| RD2 \= Week Two
\| RD3 \= Week Three
\| RD4 \= Week Four
\| team\-width \= 180
\| score\-width \= 80
\| year \=
\| RD1\-text1 \= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Korumburra''
\| RD1\-team1 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Toora \& District'''
\| RD1\-score1 \= '''18\.19 (127\)'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] Phillip Island
\| RD1\-score2 \= 8\.8 (56\)
\| RD1\-text2 \= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Dalyston''
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\|12px]] Tarwin
\| RD1\-score3 \= 10\.10 (70\)
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[File:Inverloch\_kongwak\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Inverloch\-Kongwak'''
\| RD1\-score4 \= '''14\.10 (94\)'''
\| RD2\-text1 \= '''Second semi\-final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''
\| RD2\-team1 \= \[\[File:Wonthaggi\_power\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Wonthaggi Power
\| RD2\-score1 \= 12\.12 (84\)
\| RD2\-team2 \= \[\[File:Yarram\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Yarram'''
\| RD2\-score2 \= '''14\.19 (103\)'''
\| RD2\-text2 \= '''First semi\-final''' ''at Wonthaggi''
\| RD2\-team3 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] Toora \& District
\| RD2\-score3 \= 10\.13 (73\)
\| RD2\-team4 \= \[\[File:Inverloch\_kongwak\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Inverloch\-Kongwak'''
\| RD2\-score4 \= '''13\.13 (91\)'''
\| RD3\-text1 \= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Fish Creek''
\| RD3\-team1 \= \[\[File:Wonthaggi\_power\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Wonthaggi Power'''
\| RD3\-score1 \= '''12\.8 (134\)'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= \[\[File:Inverloch\_kongwak\_icon.png\|12px]] Inverloch\-Kongwak
\| RD3\-score2 \= 5\.6 (36\)
\| RD4\-text1 \= '''Grand Final''' ''at Foster''
\| RD4\-team1 \= \[\[File:Yarram\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Yarram'''
\| RD4\-score1 \= '''16\.10 (106\)'''
\| RD4\-team2 \= \[\[File:Wonthaggi\_power\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Wonthaggi Power
\| RD4\-score2 \= 14\.13 (97\)
}}
### 2008 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Wonthaggi Power** | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2088 | 883 | 236\.47% | 72 |
| **Yarram** | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1783 | 1187 | 150\.21% | 56 |
| **Dalyston** | 13 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1810 | 1451 | 124\.74% | 52 |
| **Tarwin** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 2190 | 1441 | 151\.98% | 48 |
| **Korumburra\-Bena** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1710 | 1359 | 125\.83% | 48 |
| **Phillip Island** | 11 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 1568 | 1216 | 128\.95% | 44 |
| Inverloch\-Kongwak | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1569 | 1247 | 125\.82% | 36 |
| Stony Creek | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1549 | 1525 | 101\.57% | 36 |
| Fish Creek | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1382 | 1400 | 98\.71% | 36 |
| Toora \& District | 8 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1550 | 1503 | 103\.13% | 32 |
| Kilcunda Bass | 6 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 1571 | 1781 | 88\.21% | 24 |
| Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 3 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 1063 | 2120 | 50\.14% | 12 |
| Foster | 2 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 1450 | 2038 | 71\.15% | 8 |
| Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 784 | 2916 | 26\.89% | 0 |
|
FINALS
{{Super League play\-offs 6 system
\| RD1 \= Week One
\| RD2 \= Week Two
\| RD3 \= Week Three
\| RD4 \= Week Four
\| team\-width \= 180
\| score\-width \= 80
\| year \=
\| RD1\-text1 \= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Korumburra''
\| RD1\-team1 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] Dalyston
\| RD1\-score1 \= 16\.8 (104\)
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''
\| RD1\-score2 \= '''17\.6 (108\)'''
\| RD1\-text2 \= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Fish Creek''
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\|12px]] '''Tarwin'''
\| RD1\-score3 \= '''19\.14 (128\)'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Korumburra\-Bena
\| RD1\-score4 \= 8\.8 (56\)
\| RD2\-text1 \= '''Second semi\-final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''
\| RD2\-team1 \= \[\[File:Wonthaggi\_power\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Wonthaggi Power'''
\| RD2\-score1 \= '''20\.8 (128\)'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= \[\[File:Yarram\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Yarram
\| RD2\-score2 \= 10\.4 (64\)
\| RD2\-text2 \= '''First semi\-final''' ''at Wonthaggi''
\| RD2\-team3 \= \[\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\|12px]] Tarwin
\| RD2\-score3 \= 7\.7 (49\)
\| RD2\-team4 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''
\| RD2\-score4 \= '''6\.16 (52\)'''
\| RD3\-text1 \= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Fish Creek''
\| RD3\-team1 \= \[\[File:Yarram\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Yarram'''
\| RD3\-score1 \= '''21\.24 (150\)'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] Phillip Island
\| RD3\-score2 \= 7\.10 (52\)
\| RD4\-text1 \= '''Grand Final''' ''at Foster''
\| RD4\-team1 \= \[\[File:Wonthaggi\_power\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Wonthaggi Power'''
\| RD4\-score1 \= '''18\.20 (128\)'''
\| RD4\-team2 \= \[\[File:Yarram\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Yarram
\| RD4\-score2 \= 10\.11 (71\)
}}
### 2009 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Wonthaggi Power** | 16 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2012 | 948 | 212\.24% | 64 |
| **Korumburra\-Bena** | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1825 | 1061 | 172\.01% | 60 |
| **Stony Creek** | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1590 | 1086 | 146\.41% | 56 |
| **Yarram** | 13 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1664 | 1252 | 132\.91% | 52 |
| **Tarwin** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1641 | 1241 | 132\.23% | 48 |
| **Phillip Island** | 11 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 1559 | 1325 | 117\.66% | 44 |
| Foster | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1551 | 1373 | 112\.96% | 36 |
| Dalyston | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1481 | 1511 | 98\.01% | 36 |
| Inverloch\-Kongwak | 7 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1224 | 1267 | 96\.61% | 28 |
| Kilcunda Bass | 7 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1140 | 1446 | 78\.84% | 28 |
| Toora \& District | 5 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1029 | 1541 | 66\.77% | 20 |
| Fish Creek | 3 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 1177 | 1814 | 64\.88% | 12 |
| Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 3 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 1217 | 1875 | 64\.91% | 12 |
| Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | 2 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 804 | 2174 | 36\.98% | 8 |
|
FINALS
{{Super League play\-offs 6 system
\| RD1 \= Week One
\| RD2 \= Week Two
\| RD3 \= Week Three
\| RD4 \= Week Four
\| team\-width \= 180
\| score\-width \= 80
\| year \=
\| RD1\-text1 \= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Wonthaggi''
\| RD1\-team1 \= '''Stony Creek'''
\| RD1\-score1 \= '''11\.11 (77\)'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] Phillip Island
\| RD1\-score2 \= 7\.5 (47\)
\| RD1\-text2 \= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Stony Creek''
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[File:Yarram\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Yarram'''
\| RD1\-score3 \= '''12\.10 (82\)'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\|12px]] Tarwin
\| RD1\-score4 \= 7\.17 (59\)
\| RD2\-text1 \= '''Second semi\-final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''
\| RD2\-team1 \= \[\[File:Wonthaggi\_power\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Wonthaggi Power'''
\| RD2\-score1 \= '''12\.17 (89\)'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Korumburra\-Bena
\| RD2\-score2 \= 8\.3 (51\)
\| RD2\-text2 \= '''First semi\-final''' ''at Inverloch''
\| RD2\-team3 \= '''Stony Creek'''
\| RD2\-score3 \= '''9\.17 (71\)'''
\| RD2\-team4 \= \[\[File:Yarram\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Yarram
\| RD2\-score4 \= 9\.10 (64\)
\| RD3\-text1 \= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Fish Creek''
\| RD3\-team1 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Korumburra\-Bena
\| RD3\-score1 \= 11\.13 (79\)
\| RD3\-team2 \= '''Stony Creek'''
\| RD3\-score2 \= '''15\.14 (104\)'''
\| RD4\-text1 \= '''Grand Final''' ''at Foster''
\| RD4\-team1 \= \[\[File:Wonthaggi\_power\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Wonthaggi Power
\| RD4\-score1 \= 11\.14 (80\)
\| RD4\-team2 \= '''Stony Creek'''
\| RD4\-score2 \= '''14\.10 (94\)'''
}}
### 2010 Ladder
[right\|thumb\|300px\|Foster after winning the 2010 Alberton Football League grand final.](/wiki/Image:Foster_Premiership_team_in_2010.jpg "Foster Premiership team in 2010.jpg")
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Foster** | 17 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2367 | 966 | 245\.03% | 68 |
| **Stony Creek** | 15 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1526 | 978 | 156\.03% | 62 |
| **Phillip Island** | 12 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1737 | 916 | 189\.63% | 48 |
| **Tarwin** | 11 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 1744 | 1150 | 151\.65% | 44 |
| **Fish Creek** | 11 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 1544 | 1267 | 121\.86% | 44 |
| **Korumburra\-Bena** | 10 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1540 | 1123 | 137\.13% | 42 |
| Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 1687 | 1320 | 127\.80% | 40 |
| Kilcunda Bass | 9 | 2 | 9 | 0 | 1631 | 1348 | 120\.99% | 36 |
| Yarram | 8 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 1466 | 1310 | 111\.91% | 32 |
| Inverloch\-Kongwak | 8 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 1521 | 1510 | 100\.73% | 32 |
| Dalyston | 3 | 2 | 15 | 0 | 1325 | 1738 | 76\.24% | 12 |
| Toora \& District | 2 | 2 | 16 | 0 | 752 | 2219 | 33\.89% | 8 |
| Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | 0 | 2 | 18 | 0 | 497 | 3492 | 14\.23% | 0 |
|
FINALS
{{Super League play\-offs 6 system
\| RD1 \= Week One
\| RD2 \= Week Two
\| RD3 \= Week Three
\| RD4 \= Week Four
\| team\-width \= 180
\| score\-width \= 80
\| year \=
\| RD1\-text1 \= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Foster''
\| RD1\-team1 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''
\| RD1\-score1 \= '''8\.9 (57\)'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Korumburra\-Bena
\| RD1\-score2 \= 6\.4 (40\)
\| RD1\-text2 \= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Stony Creek''
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\|12px]] Tarwin
\| RD1\-score3 \= 4\.5 (29\)
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD1\-score4 \= '''6\.9 (45\)'''
\| RD2\-text1 \= '''Second semi\-final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''
\| RD2\-team1 \= \[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] Foster
\| RD2\-score1 \= 11\.9 (75\)
\| RD2\-team2 \= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] '''Stony Creek'''
\| RD2\-score2 \= '''12\.11 (83\)'''
\| RD2\-text2 \= '''First semi\-final''' ''at Meeniyan''
\| RD2\-team3 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''
\| RD2\-score3 \= '''11\.11 (77\)'''
\| RD2\-team4 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] Fish Creek
\| RD2\-score4 \= 6\.5 (41\)
\| RD3\-text1 \= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Fish Creek''
\| RD3\-team1 \= \[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Foster'''
\| RD3\-score1 \= '''9\.15 (69\)'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] Phillip Island
\| RD3\-score2 \= 10\.4 (64\)
\| RD4\-text1 \= '''Grand Final''' ''at Inverloch''
\| RD4\-team1 \= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] Stony Creek
\| RD4\-score1 \= 11\.8 (74\)
\| RD4\-team2 \= \[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Foster'''
\| RD4\-score2 \= '''13\.20 (98\)'''
}}
### 2011 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Kilcunda Bass** | 16 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2367 | 966 | 245\.03% | 64 |
| **Foster** | 14 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 1526 | 978 | 156\.03% | 56 |
| **Korumburra\-Bena** | 13 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 1737 | 916 | 189\.63% | 52 |
| **Fish Creek** | 12 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1744 | 1150 | 151\.65% | 48 |
| **Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United** | 12 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1544 | 1267 | 121\.86% | 48 |
| **Stony Creek** | 12 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1540 | 1123 | 137\.13% | 48 |
| Dalyston | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 1687 | 1320 | 127\.80% | 40 |
| Inverloch\-Kongwak | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 1631 | 1348 | 120\.99% | 40 |
| Yarram | 7 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 1466 | 1310 | 111\.91% | 28 |
| Phillip Island | 5 | 2 | 13 | 0 | 1521 | 1510 | 100\.73% | 20 |
| Tarwin | 5 | 2 | 13 | 0 | 1325 | 1738 | 76\.24% | 20 |
| Toora \& District | 1 | 2 | 17 | 0 | 752 | 2219 | 33\.89% | 4 |
| Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | 0 | 2 | 18 | 0 | 497 | 3492 | 14\.23% | 0 |
|
FINALS
{{Super League play\-offs 6 system
\| RD1 \= Week One
\| RD2 \= Week Two
\| RD3 \= Week Three
\| RD4 \= Week Four
\| team\-width \= 180
\| score\-width \= 80
\| year \=
\| RD1\-text1 \= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Cowes''
\| RD1\-team1 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Korumburra\-Bena'''
\| RD1\-score1 \= '''16\.10 (106\)'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] Stony Creek
\| RD1\-score2 \= 12\.6 (78\)
\| RD1\-text2 \= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Yarram''
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD1\-score3 \= '''16\.10 (106\)'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[File:Boolarra\_fc\_club\_colors.png\|12px]] Meeniyan Dumbalk Utd.
\| RD1\-score4 \= 10\.10 (70\)
\| RD2\-text1 \= '''Second semi\-final''' ''at Korumburra''
\| RD2\-team1 \= \[\[File:Kilcunda\_bass\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Kilcunda\-Bass'''
\| RD2\-score1 \= '''16\.13 (109\)'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= \[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] Foster
\| RD2\-score2 \= 15\.11 (101\)
\| RD2\-text2 \= '''First semi\-final''' ''at Foster''
\| RD2\-team3 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Korumburra\-Bena'''
\| RD2\-score3 \= '''11\.12 (78\)'''
\| RD2\-team4 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] Fish Creek
\| RD2\-score4 \= 9\.11 (65\)
\| RD3\-text1 \= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''
\| RD3\-team1 \= \[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Foster'''
\| RD3\-score1 \= '''17\.9 (111\)'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Korumburra\-Bena
\| RD3\-score2 \= 6\.14 (50\)
\| RD4\-text1 \= '''Grand Final''' ''at Inverloch''
\| RD4\-team1 \= \[\[File:Kilcunda\_bass\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Kilcunda\-Bass'''
\| RD4\-score1 \= '''13\.3 (81\)'''
\| RD4\-team2 \= \[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] Foster
\| RD4\-score2 \= 7\.15 (57\)
}}
### 2012 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Fish Creek** | 15 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1898 | 1013 | 187\.36% | 62 |
| **Kilcunda Bass** | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1653 | 1048 | 157\.73% | 60 |
| **Dalyston** | 13 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1582 | 1116 | 141\.76% | 52 |
| **Korumburra\-Bena** | 11 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 1517 | 1163 | 130\.44% | 44 |
| **Foster** | 10 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 1547 | 1499 | 103\.20% | 42 |
| **Inverloch\-Kongwak** | 10 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1717 | 1271 | 135\.09% | 40 |
| Phillip Island | 10 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1458 | 1186 | 122\.93% | 40 |
| Tarwin | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1457 | 1164 | 125\.17% | 36 |
| Yarram | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1477 | 1454 | 101\.58% | 36 |
| Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 7 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1367 | 1280 | 106\.80% | 28 |
| Stony Creek | 6 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 1248 | 1220 | 102\.30% | 24 |
| Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 736 | 2345 | 31\.39% | 4 |
| Toora \& District | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 637 | 2535 | 25\.13% | 0 |
|
FINALS
{{Super League play\-offs 6 system
\| RD1 \= Week One
\| RD2 \= Week Two
\| RD3 \= Week Three
\| RD4 \= Week Four
\| team\-width \= 180
\| score\-width \= 80
\| year \=
\| RD1\-text1 \= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Fish Creek''
\| RD1\-team1 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Dalyston'''
\| RD1\-score1 \= '''11\.7 (73\)'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[File:Inverloch\_kongwak\_icon.png\|12px]] Inverloch\-Kongwak
\| RD1\-score2 \= 5\.6 (36\)
\| RD1\-text2 \= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Yarram''
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Korumburra\-Bena'''
\| RD1\-score3 \= '''10\.17 (77\)'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] Foster
\| RD1\-score4 \= 9\.5 (59\)
\| RD2\-text1 \= '''Second semi\-final''' ''at Foster''
\| RD2\-team1 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] Fish Creek
\| RD2\-score1 \= 9\.13 (67\)
\| RD2\-team2 \= \[\[File:Kilcunda\_bass\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Kilcunda\-Bass'''
\| RD2\-score2 \= '''11\.11 (77\)'''
\| RD2\-text2 \= '''First semi\-final''' ''at Cowes''
\| RD2\-team3 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Dalyston'''
\| RD2\-score3 \= '''20\.10 (130\)'''
\| RD2\-team4 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Korumburra\-Bena
\| RD2\-score4 \= 15\.12 (102\)
\| RD3\-text1 \= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''
\| RD3\-team1 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] Fish Creek
\| RD3\-score1 \= 3\.14 (32\)
\| RD3\-team2 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Dalyston'''
\| RD3\-score2 \= '''8\.10 (58\)'''
\| RD4\-text1 \= '''Grand Final''' ''at Foster''
\| RD4\-team1 \= \[\[File:Kilcunda\_bass\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Kilcunda\-Bass'''
\| RD4\-score1 \= '''12\.17 (89\)'''
\| RD4\-team2 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] Dalyston
\| RD4\-score2 \= 11\.4 (70\)
}}
### 2013 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Kilcunda Bass** | 16 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2126 | 932 | 228\.11% | 64 |
| **Dalyston** | 16 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1767 | 911 | 193\.96% | 72 |
| **Phillip Island** | 13 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1674 | 987 | 169\.60% | 62 |
| **Yarram** | 14 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1725 | 1067 | 161\.67% | 62 |
| **Korumburra\-Bena** | 13 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 1844 | 977 | 188\.74% | 60 |
| **Fish Creek** | 12 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1644 | 1103 | 149\.05% | 56 |
| Inverloch\-Kongwak | 8 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 1238 | 1170 | 105\.81% | 40 |
| Stony Creek | 7 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 1384 | 1127 | 122\.80% | 36 |
| Tarwin | 6 | 2 | 12 | 0 | 851 | 1824 | 46\.66% | 32 |
| Foster | 6 | 1 | 12 | 0 | 1175 | 1443 | 81\.43% | 28 |
| Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 3 | 2 | 15 | 0 | 937 | 1755 | 53\.39% | 20 |
| Toora \& District | 2 | 2 | 16 | 0 | 834 | 1932 | 43\.17% | 16 |
| Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside | 0 | 2 | 18 | 0 | 514 | 2485 | 20\.68% | 8 |
|
FINALS
{{Super League play\-offs 6 system
\| RD1 \= Week One
\| RD2 \= Week Two
\| RD3 \= Week Three
\| RD4 \= Week Four
\| team\-width \= 180
\| score\-width \= 80
\| year \=
\| RD1\-text1 \= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Korumburra''
\| RD1\-team1 \= \[\[File:Yarram\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Yarram
\| RD1\-score1 \= 5\.7 (37\)
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD1\-score2 \= '''7\.6 (48\)'''
\| RD1\-text2 \= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Alberton West''
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] Phillip Island
\| RD1\-score3 \= 3\.7 (25\)
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Korumburra\-Bena'''
\| RD1\-score4 \= '''7\.8 (50\)'''
\| RD2\-text1 \= '''Second semi\-final''' ''at Cowes''
\| RD2\-team1 \= \[\[File:Kilcunda\_bass\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Kilcunda\-Bass'''
\| RD2\-score1 \= '''15\.10 (100\)'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] Dalyston
\| RD2\-score2 \= 9\.8 (62\)
\| RD2\-text2 \= '''First semi\-final''' ''at Toora''
\| RD2\-team3 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] Fish Creek
\| RD2\-score3 \= 9\.8 (62\)
\| RD2\-team4 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Korumburra\-Bena'''
\| RD2\-score4 \= '''17\.10 (112\)'''
\| RD3\-text1 \= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''
\| RD3\-team1 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] Dalyston
\| RD3\-score1 \= 8\.12 (60\)
\| RD3\-team2 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Korumburra\-Bena'''
\| RD3\-score2 \= '''15\.18 (108\)'''
\| RD4\-text1 \= '''Grand Final''' ''at Wonthaggi''
\| RD4\-team1 \= \[\[File:Kilcunda\_bass\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Kilcunda\-Bass'''
\| RD4\-score1 \= '''18\.10 (118\)'''
\| RD4\-team2 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Korumburra\-Bena
\| RD4\-score2 \= 12\.10 (82\)
}}
### 2014 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts | | Final | Team | G | B | Pts | Team | G | B | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Kilcunda Bass** | 13 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1440 | 813 | 177\.12% | 64 | | **Elimination** | Phillip Island | 19 | 22 | 136 | Fish Creek | 8 | 6 | 54 |
| **Dalyston** | 12 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1461 | 826 | 176\.88% | 60 | | **Qualifying** | Inverloch\-Kongwak | 13 | 13 | 91 | Korumburra\-Bena | 12 | 12 | 84 |
| **Phillip Island** | 11 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 1216 | 850 | 143\.06% | 56 | | **1st semi** | Phillip Island | 24 | 15 | 159 | Inverloch\-Kongwak | 7 | 8 | 50 |
| **Korumburra\-Bena** | 9 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 1238 | 906 | 136\.64% | 48 | | **2nd semi** | Dalyston | 14 | 20 | 104 | Kilcunda Bass | 14 | 9 | 93 |
| **Inverloch\-Kongwak** | 9 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 1219 | 952 | 128\.05% | 48 | | **Preliminary** | Phillip Island | 14 | 13 | 97 | Kilcunda Bass | 10 | 4 | 64 |
| **Fish Creek** | 8 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 975 | 1189 | 82\.00% | 44 | | **Grand** | Phillip Island | 17 | 16 | 118 | Dalyston | 11 | 7 | 73 |
| Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 8 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 953 | 1191 | 80\.02% | 44 | |
| Tarwin | 6 | 3 | 10 | 0 | 981 | 1256 | 78\.11% | 36 | |
| Stony Creek | 6 | 3 | 10 | 0 | 842 | 1227 | 68\.62% | 36 | |
| Toora \& District | 4 | 3 | 12 | 0 | 753 | 1288 | 58\.46% | 28 | |
| Foster | 2 | 3 | 14 | 0 | 750 | 1330 | 56\.39% | 20 | |
|
{{Super League play\-offs 6 system
\| RD1 \= Week One
\| RD2 \= Week Two
\| RD3 \= Week Three
\| RD4 \= Week Four
\| team\-width \= 180
\| score\-width \= 80
\| year \=
\| RD1\-text1 \= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Bass''
\| RD1\-team1 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''
\| RD1\-score1 \= '''19\.22 (136\)'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] Fish Creek
\| RD1\-score2 \= 8\.6 (54\)
\| RD1\-text2 \= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Fish Creek''
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[File:Welshpool\_fc\_icon.png\|12px]] Korumburra\-Bena
\| RD1\-score3 \= 12\.12 (84\)
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[File:Inverloch\_kongwak\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Inverloch\-Kongwak'''
\| RD1\-score4 \= '''13\.13 (91\)'''
\| RD2\-text1 \= '''Second semi\-final''' ''at Cowes''
\| RD2\-team1 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Dalyston'''
\| RD2\-score1 \= '''14\.20 (104\)'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= \[\[File:Kilcunda\_bass\_icon.png\|12px]] Kilcunda\-Bass
\| RD2\-score2 \= 14\.9 (93\)
\| RD2\-text2 \= '''First semi\-final''' ''at Stony Creek''
\| RD2\-team3 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''
\| RD2\-score3 \= '''24\.15 (159\)'''
\| RD2\-team4 \= \[\[File:Inverloch\_kongwak\_icon.png\|12px]] Inverloch\-Kongwak
\| RD2\-score4 \= 7\.8 (50\)
\| RD3\-text1 \= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Inverloch''
\| RD3\-team1 \= \[\[File:Kilcunda\_bass\_icon.png\|12px]] Kilcunda\-Bass
\| RD3\-score1 \= 10\.4 (64\)
\| RD3\-team2 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''
\| RD3\-score2 \= '''14\.13 (97\)'''
\| RD4\-text1 \= '''Grand Final''' ''at Meeniyan''
\| RD4\-team1 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] Dalyston
\| RD4\-score1 \= 11\.7 (73\)
\| RD4\-team2 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''
\| RD4\-score2 \= '''17\.16 (118\)'''
}}
### 2015 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts | | Final | Team | G | B | Pts | Team | G | B | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Dalyston** | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2292 | 659 | 347\.80% | 72 | | **Elimination** | Fish Creek | 9 | 13 | 67 | Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 9 | 10 | 64 |
| **Phillip Island** | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1911 | 841 | 227\.23% | 60 | | **Qualifying** | Stony Creek | 15 | 19 | 109 | Inverloch\-Kongwak | 7 | 9 | 51 |
| **Stony Creek** | 12 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 1306 | 890 | 146\.74% | 50 | | **1st semi** | Fish Creek | 11 | 14 | 80 | Stony Creek | 3 | 12 | 30 |
| **Fish Creek** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1716 | 1299 | 132\.10% | 48 | | **2nd semi** | Dalyston | 10 | 5 | 65 | Phillip Island | 2 | 3 | 15 |
| **Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1322 | 1141 | 115\.86% | 48 | | **Preliminary** | Fish Creek | 13 | 16 | 94 | Phillip Island | 7 | 18 | 60 |
| **Inverloch\-Kongwak** | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1200 | 1402 | 85\.59% | 36 | | **Grand** | Dalyston | 21 | 9 | 135 | Fish Creek | 8 | 5 | 53 |
| Foster | 8 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 991 | 1293 | 76\.64% | 32 | |
| Kilcunda Bass | 6 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 1095 | 1455 | 75\.26% | 26 | |
| Tarwin | 6 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 1178 | 1222 | 96\.40% | 24 | |
| DWWWW | 5 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1009 | 1489 | 67\.76% | 20 | |
| Toora \& District | 3 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 784 | 1687 | 46\.47% | 12 | |
| Korumburra\-Bena | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 635 | 2061 | 30\.81% | 4 | |
|
{{Super League play\-offs 6 system
\| RD1 \= Week One
\| RD2 \= Week Two
\| RD3 \= Week Three
\| RD4 \= Week Four
\| team\-width \= 180
\| score\-width \= 80
\| year \=
\| RD1\-text1 \= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Alberton West''
\| RD1\-team1 \= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] '''Stony Creek'''
\| RD1\-score1 \= '''15\.19 (109\)'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[File:Inverloch\_kongwak\_icon.png\|12px]] Inverloch\-Kongwak
\| RD1\-score2 \= 7\.9 (51\)
\| RD1\-text2 \= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Foster''
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD1\-score3 \= '''9\.13 (67\)'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[File:Boolarra\_fc\_club\_colors.png\|12px]] Meeniyan Dumbalk Utd.
\| RD1\-score4 \= 9\.10 (64\)
\| RD2\-text1 \= '''Second semi\-final''' ''at Korumburra''
\| RD2\-team1 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Dalyston'''
\| RD2\-score1 \= '''10\.5 (65\)'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] Phillip Island
\| RD2\-score2 \= 2\.3 (15\)
\| RD2\-text2 \= '''First semi\-final''' ''at Toora''
\| RD2\-team3 \= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] Stony Creek
\| RD2\-score3 \= 3\.12 (30\)
\| RD2\-team4 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD2\-score4 \= '''11\.14 (80\)'''
\| RD3\-text1 \= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''
\| RD3\-team1 \= \[\[File:Phillip\_island\_icon.png\|12px]] Phillip Island
\| RD3\-score1 \= 7\.18 (60\)
\| RD3\-team2 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD3\-score2 \= '''13\.16 (94\)'''
\| RD4\-text1 \= '''Grand Final''' ''at Meeniyan''
\| RD4\-team1 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Dalyston'''
\| RD4\-score1 \= '''21\.9 (135\)'''
\| RD4\-team2 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] Fish Creek
\| RD4\-score2 \= 8\.5 (53\)
}}
### 2016 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Fish Creek** | 16 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1828 | 997 | 183\.35% | 64 |
| **Dalyston** | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1885 | 957 | 196\.97% | 60 |
| **Foster** | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1627 | 945 | 172\.17% | 60 |
| **Inverloch\-Kongwak** | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1820 | 863 | 210\.89% | 56 |
| **Kilcunda Bass** | 11 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 1451 | 1155 | 125\.63% | 44 |
| **Stony Creek** | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1067 | 1211 | 88\.11% | 36 |
| DWWWW | 8 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1248 | 1522 | 82\.00% | 32 |
| Phillip Island | 6 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 1214 | 1346 | 90\.19% | 24 |
| Toora \& District | 5 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1192 | 1376 | 86\.63% | 20 |
| Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 5 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1091 | 1539 | 70\.89% | 20 |
| Tarwin | 3 | 0 | 14 | 1 | 972 | 1529 | 63\.57% | 14 |
| Korumburra\-Bena | 0 | 0 | 17 | 1 | 431 | 2386 | 18\.06% | 2 |
|
{{Super League play\-offs 6 system
\| RD1 \= Week One
\| RD2 \= Week Two
\| RD3 \= Week Three
\| RD4 \= Week Four
\| team\-width \= 180
\| score\-width \= 80
\| year \=
\| RD1\-text1 \= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''
\| RD1\-team1 \= \[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Foster'''
\| RD1\-score1 \= '''13\.10 (88\)'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] Stony Creek
\| RD1\-score2 \= 7\.7 (49\)
\| RD1\-text2 \= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Dalyston''
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[File:Inverloch\_kongwak\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Inverloch\-Kongwak'''
\| RD1\-score3 \= '''13\.17 (95\)'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[File:Kilcunda\_bass\_icon.png\|12px]] Kilcunda\-Bass
\| RD1\-score4 \= 4\.7 (31\)
\| RD2\-text1 \= '''Second semi\-final''' ''at Cowes''
\| RD2\-team1 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD2\-score1 \= '''13\.9 (87\)'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] Dalyston
\| RD2\-score2 \= 11\.11 (77\)
\| RD2\-text2 \= '''First semi\-final''' ''at Stony Creek''
\| RD2\-team3 \= \[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] Foster
\| RD2\-score3 \= 10\.9 (69\)
\| RD2\-team4 \= \[\[File:Inverloch\_kongwak\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Inverloch\-Kongwak'''
\| RD2\-score4 \= '''11\.11 (77\)'''
\| RD3\-text1 \= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Bass''
\| RD3\-team1 \= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] Dalyston
\| RD3\-score1 \= 11\.7 (73\)
\| RD3\-team2 \= \[\[File:Inverloch\_kongwak\_icon.png\|12px]] '''Inverloch\-Kongwak'''
\| RD3\-score2 \= '''13\.13 (91\)'''
\| RD4\-text1 \= '''Grand Final''' ''at Meeniyan''
\| RD4\-team1 \= \[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD4\-score1 \= '''6\.15 (51\)'''
\| RD4\-team2 \= \[\[File:Inverloch\_kongwak\_icon.png\|12px]] Inverloch\-Kongwak
\| RD4\-score2 \= 4\.10 (34\)
}}
### 2017 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Fish Creek** | 17 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2187 | 784 | 278\.95% | 68 |
| **Devon\-Welshpool\-Won Wron\-Woodside** | 12 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 1704 | 1015 | 167\.88% | 48 |
| **Toora \& District** | 12 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 1656 | 1065 | 155\.49% | 48 |
| **Stony Creek** | 9 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 1127 | 1208 | 93\.29% | 36 |
| Tarwin | 9 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 1284 | 1472 | 87\.23% | 36 |
| Foster | 4 | 3 | 14 | 0 | 972 | 1541 | 63\.08% | 16 |
| Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 0 | 3 | 18 | 0 | 574 | 2419 | 23\.73% | 0 |
|
FINALS **{{PagePlayoffBracket
\| RD1\= '''Semi\-finals – Week 1'''
\| RD2\= '''Preliminary – Week 2'''
\| RD3\= '''Grand Final – Week 3'''
\| team\-width\= 175
\| score\-width\= 100
\| RD1\-seed1\=1
\| RD1\-team1\=\[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD1\-score1\= '''9\.9 (63\)'''
\| RD1\-seed2\=2
\| RD1\-team2\=\[\[File:Dwwww\_2015\_icon.png\|12px]] DWWWW
\| RD1\-score2\= 6\.4 (44\)
\| RD1\-seed3\=3
\| RD1\-team3\=\[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Toora \& District'''
\| RD1\-score3\='''19\.11 (125\)'''
\| RD1\-seed4\=4
\| RD1\-team4\= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] Stony Creek
\| RD1\-score4\= 5\.4 (34\)
\| RD2\-seed1\=2
\| RD2\-team1\=\[\[File:Dwwww\_2015\_icon.png\|12px]] DWWWW
\| RD2\-score1\= 8\.13 (61\)
\| RD2\-seed2\=3
\| RD2\-team2\= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Toora \& District'''
\| RD2\-score2\= '''11\.6 (72\)'''
\| RD3\-seed1\=1
\| RD3\-team1\=\[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD3\-score1\='''17\.10 (112\)'''
\| RD3\-seed2\=3
\| RD3\-team2\=\[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] Toora \& District
\| RD3\-score2\= 10\.9 (69\)
}}
### 2018 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Fish Creek** | 14 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1417 | 663 | 213\.73% | 56 |
| **Stony Creek** | 11 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 1345 | 764 | 176\.05% | 44 |
| **Foster** | 9 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 1180 | 883 | 133\.64% | 36 |
| **Toora** | 8 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 1072 | 1006 | 106\.56% | 32 |
| Tarwin | 6 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 869 | 1410 | 61\.63% | 24 |
| Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 0 | 1 | 16 | 0 | 537 | 1694 | 31\.70% | 0 |
|
FINALS
{{PagePlayoffBracket
\| RD1\= '''Semi\-finals – Week 1'''
\| RD2\= '''Preliminary – Week 2'''
\| RD3\= '''Grand Final – Week 3'''
\| team\-width\= 175
\| score\-width\= 100
\| RD1\-seed1\=1
\| RD1\-team1\=\[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD1\-score1\= '''9\.16 (70\)'''
\| RD1\-seed2\=2
\| RD1\-team2\= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] Stony Creek
\| RD1\-score2\= 10\.8 (68\)
\| RD1\-seed3\=3
\| RD1\-team3\= \[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Foster'''
\| RD1\-score3\='''8\.4 (52\)'''
\| RD1\-seed4\=4
\| RD1\-team4\= \[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] Toora \& District
\| RD1\-score4\= 6\.11 (47\)
\| RD2\-seed1\=2
\| RD2\-team1\= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] Stony Creek
\| RD2\-score1\= 12\.7 (79\)
\| RD2\-seed2\=3
\| RD2\-team2\=\[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Foster'''
\| RD2\-score2\= '''12\.8 (80\)'''
\| RD3\-seed1\=1
\| RD3\-team1\=\[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD3\-score1\='''14\.12 (96\)'''
\| RD3\-seed2\=3
\| RD3\-team2\=\[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] Foster
\| RD3\-score2\= 6\.6 (42\)
}}
### 2019 Ladder
| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| **Foster** | 14 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1411 | 589 | 239\.56% | 56 |
| **Stony Creek** | 10 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 950 | 860 | 110\.47% | 40 |
| **Fish Creek** | 9 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1045 | 808 | 129\.33% | 36 |
| **Toora** | 5 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 912 | 1213 | 75\.19% | 20 |
| Meeniyan\-Dumbalk United | 4 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 806 | 1098 | 73\.41% | 16 |
| Tarwin | 3 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 791 | 1347 | 58\.72% | 12 |
|
FINALS'''
{{PagePlayoffBracket
\| RD1\= '''2nd semi\-final– Week 2 / 1st semi\-final– Week 1'''
\| RD2\= '''Preliminary – Week 3'''
\| RD3\= '''Grand Final – Week 4'''
\| team\-width\= 175
\| score\-width\= 100
\| RD1\-seed1\=1
\| RD1\-team1\=\[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Foster'''
\| RD1\-score1\='''12\.8 (80\)'''
\| RD1\-seed2\=2
\| RD1\-team2\= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] Stony Creek
\| RD1\-score2\=8\.5 (53\)
\| RD1\-seed3\=3
\| RD1\-team3\=\[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''
\| RD1\-score3\='''23\.10 (148\)'''
\| RD1\-seed4\=4
\| RD1\-team4\=\[\[File:Toora\_and\_District\_FC.png\|12px]] Toora \& District
\| RD1\-score4\=4\.5 (29\)
\| RD2\-seed1\=2
\| RD2\-team1\= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] '''Stony Creek'''
\| RD2\-score1\='''12\.10 (82\)'''
\| RD2\-seed2\=3
\| RD2\-team2\=\[\[File:Fish\_Creek\_FC.png\|12px]] Fish Creek
\| RD2\-score2\=7\.5 (47\)
\| RD3\-seed1\=1
\| RD3\-team1\=\[\[File:Mirboo\_North\_FC.png\|12px]] '''Foster'''
\| RD3\-score1\='''8\.7 (55\)'''
\| RD3\-seed2\=2
\| RD3\-team2\= \[\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\|12px]] Stony Creek
\| RD3\-score2\=7\.6 (48\)
}}**
|
[
"Season structure\n----------------",
"### Pre\\-season",
"The Alberton Football League like most country leagues does not have a formal Pre\\-season competition.\nAs part of their Pre\\-season preparation clubs will often schedule between one and two practice matches with clubs from other leagues prior to the season beginning. These matches could take on different structures and were primarily conducted on a non\\-official basis with limited match officials and scores not being recorded.",
"### Premiership season",
"The Alberton home\\-and\\-away season at present lasts for 15 rounds, starting in mid April and ending in early August. As of the 2017 season, each team plays 15 matches. Teams receive four premiership points for a win and two premiership points for a draw. Ladder finishing positions are based on the number of premiership points won, and \"percentage\" (calculated as the ratio of points scored to points conceded throughout the season) is used as a tie\\-breaker when teams finish with equal premiership points.",
"### Finals series",
"Since its inception until 1995 the Alberton finals consisted of a ['final\\-four' system](/wiki/McIntyre_system%23Page%E2%80%93McIntyre_system \"McIntyre system#Page–McIntyre system\").\nWith the inclusion of a number of clubs from the defunct Bass Valley Wonthaggi football league in 1996 the finals series was expanded to a ['final\\-five' system](/wiki/McIntyre_system%23McIntyre_final_five_system \"McIntyre system#McIntyre final five system\").\nThe finals series was expanded again in 2005 with the inclusion of Kilcunda Bass and Phillip Island to become a ['final\\-six' system](/wiki/McIntyre_system%23First_McIntyre_final_six_system \"McIntyre system#First McIntyre final six system\").\nSince 2017 the finals series has since returned to a 'final\\-four' system, after a number of clubs left resulting in a smaller competition.",
"The top four teams at the end of the Alberton home \\& away season compete in a four\\-week finals series throughout August, culminating in a grand final to determine the premiers. The grand final is played on the afternoon of the last Saturday in August.",
"The winning team receives a silver premiership cup and a premiership flag – a new one of each is manufactured each year. The flag has been presented since the league began and is traditionally unfurled at the team's first home game of the following season. Additionally, each player in the grand final\\-winning team receives a premiership medallion.",
"#### 2019 Finals series",
"{{PagePlayoffBracket \n\\| RD1\\= **Qualifying – Week 2 / Elimination – Week 1**\n\\| RD2\\= **Preliminary – Week 3**\n\\| RD3\\= **Grand Final – Week 4** \n\\| team\\-width\\= 175\n\\| score\\-width\\= 100",
"\\| RD1\\-seed1\\=1\n\\| RD1\\-team1\\=[12px](/wiki/File:Mirboo_North_FC.png \"Mirboo North FC.png\") **Foster**\n\\| RD1\\-score1\\=**12\\.8 (80\\)**\n\\| RD1\\-seed2\\=2\n\\| RD1\\-team2\\= [12px](/wiki/File:Stony_creek_football_colours.jpg \"Stony creek football colours.jpg\") Stony Creek\n\\| RD1\\-score2\\=8\\.5 (53\\)\n\\| RD1\\-seed3\\=3\n\\| RD1\\-team3\\=[12px](/wiki/File:Fish_Creek_FC.png \"Fish Creek FC.png\") **Fish Creek**\n\\| RD1\\-score3\\=**23\\.10 (148\\)**\n\\| RD1\\-seed4\\=4\n\\| RD1\\-team4\\=[12px](/wiki/File:Toora_and_District_FC.png \"Toora and District FC.png\") Toora \\& District\n\\| RD1\\-score4\\=4\\.5 (29\\)",
"\\| RD2\\-seed1\\=2\n\\| RD2\\-team1\\= [12px](/wiki/File:Stony_creek_football_colours.jpg \"Stony creek football colours.jpg\") ''Stony Creek**\\| RD2\\-score1\\=**12\\.10 (82\\)**\\| RD2\\-seed2\\=3\n\\| RD2\\-team2\\=[12px](/wiki/File:Fish_Creek_FC.png \"Fish Creek FC.png\") Fish Creek\n\\| RD2\\-score2\\=7\\.5 (47\\)**",
"\\| RD3\\-seed1\\=1\n\\| RD3\\-team1\\=[12px](/wiki/File:Mirboo_North_FC.png \"Mirboo North FC.png\") Foster**\\| RD3\\-score1\\=**8\\.7 (55\\)**\\| RD3\\-seed2\\=2\n\\| RD3\\-team2\\=[12px](/wiki/File:Stony_creek_football_colours.jpg \"Stony creek football colours.jpg\") Stony Creek\n\\| RD3\\-score2\\=7\\.6 (48\\)\n}}**",
"#### Grand final venues",
"For most of its history the Alberton football league grand final was hosted at the Yarram recreation reserve. With the expansion of the league in 1996 the grand final was relocated to the Foster Showgrounds to maintain a central location with respect to the rest of the league.\nWith Foster football club making the grand final in 2010 and 2011 the grand final was subsequently relocated to Inverloch recreation reserve to avoid a home\\-ground advantage. The grand final venue would then cycle back to Foster in 2012\\. The grand final since cycled between a few different venues until Tarwin Lower recreation reserve hosted the last Alberton grand final in 2019\\.\n{{clear}}\nYarram Recreation Reserve *(1946–1952\\)*\nWelshpool Recreation Reserve *(1953\\)*\nYarram Recreation Reserve *(1954–1973\\)*\nFoster Showgrounds *(1974\\)*\nYarram Recreation Reserve *(1975\\)*\nFoster Showgrounds *(1976–1977\\)*\nYarram Recreation Reserve *(1978–1995\\)*\nFoster Showgrounds *(1996–2009\\)*\nInverloch Recreation Reserve *(2010–2011\\)*\nFoster Showgrounds *(2012\\)*\nWonthaggi Recreation Reserve *(2013\\)*\nMeeniyan Recreation Reserve *(2014–2018\\)*\nTarwin Lower Recreation Reserve *(2019\\)*\nFinals history\n--------------",
"",
"|***Year***",
"***Premier***",
"***Runner\\-up***",
"***Third***",
"***Fourth***",
"***Fifth***",
"***Sixth***",
"| |\n| **1946** | Foster 3\\.4 (22\\) | Woodside 2\\.7 (19\\) | Devon | Welshpool | | |\n| **1947** | Woodside 15\\.23 (113\\) | Foster 9\\.6 (60\\) | Welshpool | Devon | | |\n| **1948** | Woodside 11\\.15 (81\\) | Devon 11\\.5 (71\\) | Toora | Yarram | | |\n| **1949** | Woodside 11\\.18 (84\\) | Welshpool 9\\.14 (68\\) | Yarram | Devon | | |\n| **1950** | Woodside 8\\.17 (65\\) | Devon 7\\.10 (52\\) | Yarram | Welshpool | | |\n| **1951** | Woodside 10\\.15 (75\\) | Welshpool 9\\.12 (66\\) | Yarram | Foster | | |\n| **1952** | Woodside 3\\.5 (23\\) | Toora 2\\.7 (19\\) | Foster | Welshpool | | |\n| **1953** | Welshpool 16\\.20 (116\\) | Fish Creek 6\\.6 (42\\) | Toora | Woodside | | |\n| **1954** | Yarram 10\\.12 (72\\) | Fish Creek 11\\.4 (70\\) | Welshpool | Woodside | | |\n| **1955** | Fish Creek 16\\.7 (103\\) | Welshpool 7\\.10 (52\\) | Woodside | Yarram | | |\n| **1956** | Fish Creek 17\\.12 (114\\) | Woodside 15\\.14 (104\\) | Yarram | Welshpool | | |\n| **1957** | Woodside 9\\.10 (64\\) | Fish Creek 7\\.11 (53\\) | Foster | Yarram | | |\n| **1958** | Fish Creek 18\\.14 (122\\) | Yarram 15\\.13 (103\\) | Woodside | Foster | | |\n| **1959** | Fish Creek 16\\.15 (111\\) | Yarram 11\\.14 (80\\) | Won Wron | Welshpool | | |\n| **1960** | Fish Creek 8\\.14 (62\\) | Welshpool 6\\.8 (44\\) | Won Wron | Yarram | | |\n| **1961** | Fish Creek 15\\.14 (104\\) | Devon 7\\.6 (48\\) | Toora | Won Wron | | |\n| **1962** | Welshpool 7\\.13 (55\\) | Fish Creek 8\\.5 (53\\) | Foster | Yarram | | |\n| **1963** | Fish Creek 13\\.8 (86\\) | Toora 4\\.11 (35\\) | Foster | Welshpool | | |\n| **1964** | Fish Creek 8\\.6 (54\\) | Welshpool 5\\.5 (35\\) | Toora | Devon | | |\n| **1965** | Fish Creek 9\\.11 (65\\) | Toora 8\\.9 (57\\) | Won Wron | Welshpool | | |\n| **1966** | Fish Creek 17\\.17 (119\\) | Toora 9\\.7 (61\\) | Yarram | Foster | | |\n| **1967** | Fish Creek 12\\.8 (80\\) | Welshpool 9\\.11 (65\\) | Won Wron | Devon | | |\n| **1968** | Devon 12\\.9 (81\\) | Welshpool 7\\.3 (45\\) | Toora | Foster | | |\n| **1969** | Welshpool 12\\.24 (96\\) | Fish Creek 9\\.11 (65\\) | Toora | Foster | | |\n| **1970** | Welshpool 12\\.16 (88\\) | Toora 8\\.7 (55\\) | Yarram | Foster | | |\n| **1971** | Welshpool 12\\.12 (84\\) | Woodside 6\\.5 (41\\) | Won Wron | Toora | | |\n| **1972** | Yarram 14\\.14 (98\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United 9\\.20 (74\\) | Woodside | Toora | | |\n| **1973** | Toora 10\\.13 (73\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United 10\\.12 (72\\) | Woodside | Foster | | |\n| **1974** | Woodside 10\\.13 (73\\) | Yarram 5\\.8 (38\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | Toora | | |\n| **1975** | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United 17\\.19 (121\\) | Woodside 5\\.16 (46\\) | Welshpool | Yarram | | |\n| **1976** | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United 15\\.16 (106\\) | Yarram 10\\.12 (72\\) | Woodside | Fish Creek | | |\n| **1977** | Yarram 18\\.15 (123\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United 16\\.12 (108\\) | Foster | Woodside | | |\n| **1978** | Foster 13\\.14 (92\\) | Woodside 5\\.9 (39\\) | Yarram | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | | |\n| **1979** | Welshpool 12\\.18 (90\\) | Foster 13\\.10 (88\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | Stony Creek | | |\n| **1980** | Foster 11\\.17 (83\\) | Stony Creek 8\\.7 (55\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | Toora | | |\n| **1981** | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United 9\\.14 (68\\) | Foster 6\\.16 (52\\) | Stony Creek | Toora | | |\n| **1982** | Foster 14\\.11 (95\\) | Won Wron\\-Woodside 8\\.8 (56\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | Devon | | |\n| **1983** | Stony Creek 14\\.13 (97\\) | Devon 7\\.6 (48\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | Won Wron\\-Woodside | | |\n| **1984** | Foster 15\\.7 (97\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United 9\\.11 (65\\) | Won Wron\\-Woodside | Fish Creek | | |\n| **1985** | Fish Creek 8\\.9 (57\\) | Stony Creek 3\\.11 (29\\) | Devon | Yarram | | |\n| **1986** | Yarram 15\\.12 (102\\) | Devon 5\\.8 (38\\) | Won Wron\\-Woodside | Stony Creek | | |\n| **1987** | Devon 11\\.10 (76\\) | Fish Creek 8\\.15 (63\\) | Won Wron\\-Woodside | Yarram | | |\n| **1988** | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United 16\\.15 (111\\) | Fish Creek 10\\.9 (69\\) | Devon | Won Wron\\-Woodside | | |\n| **1989** | Foster 12\\.10 (82\\) | Toora 7\\.8 (50\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | Devon | | |\n| **1990** | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United 14\\.19 (103\\) | Foster 11\\.12 (78\\) | Fish Creek | Toora | | |\n| **1991** | Fish Creek 20\\.8 (128\\) | Foster 7\\.11 (53\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | Toora | | |\n| **1992** | Fish Creek 14\\.12 (96\\) | Foster 7\\.14 (56\\) | Yarram | Tarwin | | |\n| **1993** | Foster 20\\.10 (130\\) | Won Wron\\-Woodside 9\\.6 (60\\) | Fish Creek | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | | |\n| **1994** | Won Wron\\-Woodside 12\\.15 (87\\) | Fish Creek 5\\.10 (40\\) | Foster | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | | |\n| **1995** | Devon\\-Welshpool 11\\.8 (74\\) | Won Wron\\-Woodside 10\\.8 (68\\) | Fish Creek | Foster | | |\n| **1996** | Devon\\-Welshpool 9\\.18 (72\\) | Inverloch\\-Kongwak 5\\.5 (35\\) | Dalyston | Foster | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | |\n| **1997** | Korumburra 17\\.14 (116\\) | Inverloch\\-Kongwak 13\\.7 (85\\) | Dalyston | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | Fish Creek | |\n| **1998** | Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside 22\\.19 (151\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United 14\\.10 (94\\) | Yarram | Korumburra | Fish Creek | |\n| **1999** | Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside 15\\.19 (109\\) | Fish Creek 10\\.10 (70\\) | Inverloch\\-Kongwak | Korumburra | Yarram | |\n| **2000** | Fish Creek 13\\.6 (84\\) | Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside 10\\.11 (71\\) | Dalyston | Korumburra | Inverloch\\-Kongwak | |\n| **2001** | Fish Creek 14\\.11 (95\\) | Inverloch\\-Kongwak 11\\.6 (72\\) | Korumburra\\-Bena | Dalyston | Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | |\n| **2002** | Fish Creek 18\\.12 (120\\) | Inverloch\\-Kongwak 13\\.13 (91\\) | Dalyston | Wonthaggi | Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | |\n| **2003** | Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside 13\\.14 (92\\) | Fish Creek 12\\.12 (84\\) | Dalyston | Wonthaggi | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | |\n| **2004** | Tarwin 6\\.13 (49\\) | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United 2\\.5 (17\\) | Fish Creek | Stony Creek | Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | |\n| **2005** | Wonthaggi 15\\.8 (98\\) | Fish Creek 11\\.12 (78\\) | Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | Tarwin | Yarram | Korumburra\\-Bena |\n| **2006** | Wonthaggi 20\\.13 (133\\) | Yarram 14\\.15 (99\\) | Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | Foster | Korumburra\\-Bena | Tarwin |\n| **2007** | Yarram 16\\.10 (106\\) | Wonthaggi 14\\.13 (97\\) | Inverloch\\-Kongwak | Toora | Tarwin | Phillip Island |\n| **2008** | Wonthaggi 18\\.20 (128\\) | Yarram 10\\.11 (71\\) | Phillip Island | Tarwin | Dalyston | Korumburra\\-Bena |\n| **2009** | Stony Creek 14\\.10 (94\\) | Wonthaggi 11\\.14 (80\\) | Korumburra\\-Bena | Yarram | Tarwin | Phillip Island |\n| **2010** | Foster 13\\.20 (98\\) | Stony Creek 11\\.8 (74\\) | Phillip Island | Fish Creek | Tarwin | Korumburra\\-Bena |\n| **2011** | Kilcunda\\-Bass 13\\.3 (81\\) | Foster 7\\.15 (57\\) | Korumburra\\-Bena | Fish Creek | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | Stony Creek |\n| **2012** | Kilcunda\\-Bass 12\\.17 (89\\) | Dalyston 11\\.4 (70\\) | Fish Creek | Korumburra\\-Bena | Foster | Inverloch\\-Kongwak |\n| **2013** | Kilcunda\\-Bass 18\\.10 (118\\) | Korumburra\\-Bena 12\\.10 (82\\) | Dalyston | Fish Creek | Yarram | Phillip Island |\n| **2014** | Phillip Island 17\\.16 (118\\) | Dalyston 11\\.07 (73\\) | Kilcunda\\-Bass | Inverloch\\-Kongwak | Korumburra\\-Bena | Fish Creek |\n| **2015** | Dalyston 21\\.9 (135\\) | Fish Creek 8\\.5 (53\\) | Phillip Island | Stony Creek | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | Inverloch\\-Kongwak |\n| **2016** | Fish Creek 6\\.15 (51\\) | Inverloch\\-Kongwak 4\\.10 (34\\) | Dalyston | Foster | Kilcunda\\-Bass | Stony Creek |\n| **2017** | Fish Creek 17\\.10 (112\\) | Toora 10\\.9 (69\\) | Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | Stony Creek | | |\n| **2018** | Fish Creek 14\\.12 (96\\) | Foster 6\\.6 (42\\) | Stony Creek | Toora | | |\n| **2019** | Foster 8\\.7 (55\\) | Stony Creek 7\\.6 (48\\) | Fish Creek | Toora | | |",
"Peter Moore Medallists (Best and fairest winners)\n-------------------------------------------------",
"",
"| Year | Player | Team | Votes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1947 | Jack Mitchell | Foster | 18½ |\n| 1948 | Noel Ross | Foster | 32½ |\n| 1949 | Jack Mitchell | Foster | 14½ |\n| 1950 | Joe Malone | Foster | 26 |\n| 1951 | Joe Malone | Foster | 20 |\n| 1952 | Ben Davis | Won Wron | 15 |\n| 1953 | Stan O'Neill | Devon | 25 |\n| 1954 | Brian Reid | Yarram | 22 |\n| 1955 | Stan O'Neill | Devon | 24 |\n| 1956 | Leo Clarke | Woodside | 23 |\n| 1957 | Ken May | Won Wron | 20 |\n| 1958 | Hugh Davis | Foster | 18 |\n| 1959 | Pat Lithgow | Devon | 19 |\n| 1960 | Ron Standfield | Fish Creek | 17 |\n| Ian Crewes | Devon | 17 |\n| 1961 | Ernie Taylor | Won Wron | 19 |\n| 1962 | George Howlett | Woodside | 20 |\n| 1963 | Gary Clavarino | Foster | 21 |\n| 1964 | Jeff Standfield | Fish Creek | 14 |\n| 1965 | Gary Clavarino | Foster | 22 |\n| 1966 | Gary Clavarino | Foster | 28 |\n| 1967 | Gary Clavarino | Foster | 21 |\n| 1968 | John Fellows | Fish Creek | 21 |\n| 1969 | Paul Sutherland | Welshpool | 24 |\n| 1970 | John Burleigh | Yarram | 21 |\n| 1971 | Don McKnight | Stony Creek | 30 |\n| 1972 | Ross Smith | Won Wron | 19 |\n| Paul Sutherland | Welshpool | 19 |\n| 1973 | Angus Hume | Toora | 31 |\n| 1974 | Graham Anderson | Foster | 28 |\n| 1975 | Alan Lowe | Devon | 23 |\n| 1976 | Peter Lynch | Yarram | 23 |\n| 1977 | Wayne Lynch | Yarram | 29 |\n| 1978 | Wayne Lynch | Devon | 29 |\n| 1979 | Alan Lowe | Woodside | 24 |\n| Chris Aitken | Welshpool | 24 |\n| 1980 | Rod McRae | Toora | 29 |\n| 1981 | Neil Park | Fish Creek | 18 |\n| John Johnston | Toora | 18 |\n| 1982 | Trevor Young | Toora | 19 |\n| 1983 | John Pellicano | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 23 |\n| 1984 | Robert Davies | Foster | 19 |\n| Paul Clavarino | Yarram | 19 |\n| Wayne Withworth | Fish Creek | 19 |\n| 1985 | Rohan Burke | Yarram | 24 |\n| 1986 | Paul Clavarino | Yarram | 27 |\n| 1987 | [Wayne Weidemann](/wiki/Wayne_Weidemann \"Wayne Weidemann\") | Fish Creek | 25 |\n| 1988 | Paul Heppell | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 25 |\n| 1989 | Peter Lynch | Yarram | 28 |\n| 1990 | Greg Ryan | Toora | 26 |\n| 1991 | Wayne Lynch | Welshpool | 21 |\n| 1992 | Henry Bergervoet | Won Wron\\-Woodside | 23 |\n| 1993 | Henry Bergervoet | Won Wron\\-Woodside | 25 |\n| 1994 | Brendan Littler | Won Wron\\-Woodside | 21 |\n| 1995 | Nicholas Shaw | Fish Creek | 23 |\n| 1996 | Phil Pavey | Devon\\-Welshpool | 24 |\n| Justin Paul | Wonthaggi | 24 |\n| 1997 | Glen Garner | Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | 25 |\n| 1998 | Tim Harris | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 30 |\n| 1999 | Anthony Knox | Korumburra | 19 |\n| 2000 | Marshall Livingstone | Fish Creek | 27 |\n| 2001 | [Barry Standfield](/wiki/Barry_Standfield \"Barry Standfield\") | Fish Creek | 29 |\n| 2002 | Neil De Santis | Inverloch\\-Kongwak | 24 |\n| 2003 | David Baldi | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 26 |\n| 2004 | Brad Hutchinson | Stony Creek | 31 |\n| 2005 | Brett Anthony | Kilcunda\\-Bass | 31 |\n| 2006 | Mark Bradley | Korumburra\\-Bena | 32 |\n| 2007 | Griffin Underwood | Yarram | 27 |\n| 2008 | James Ross | Dalyston | 32 |\n| 2009 | Aaron Ware | Wonthaggi | 20 |\n| 2010 | Shaun Everington | Foster | 30 |\n| 2011 | Shaun Everington | Foster | 24 |\n| 2012 | Travis Manne | Fish Creek | 21 |\n| 2013 | Mark Bradley | Korumburra\\-Bena | 26 |\n| 2014 | Chris Endres | Kilcunda\\-Bass | 25 |\n| 2015 | Brendan Kimber | Phillip Island | 31 |\n| 2016 | Chris Endres | Kilcunda\\-Bass | 27 |\n| Tom Cameron | Fish Creek | 27 |\n| 2017 | Callum Park | Fish Creek | 25 |\n| Ben Wells | Toora | 25 |\n| 2018 | Ethan Park | Fish Creek | 20 |\n| Jesse Manton | Toora | 20 |\n| 2019 | Darcy Atkins | Stony Creek | 20 |",
"Century Goal Kickers\n--------------------",
"",
"|***Year***",
"***Player***",
"***Team***",
"***Goals (Incl. finals)***",
"| |\n| **1957** | Ben Davis | Won Wron | 103 |\n| **1970** | Ron Tibballs | Welshpool | 117 |\n| **1972** | Kevin Foat | Woodside | 119 |\n| **1974** | Kevin Foat | Woodside | 116 |\n| **1977** | Harry Skreja | Yarram | 113 |\n| **1978** | Daniel Dwyer | Woodside | 103 |\n| **1983** | Robert Profitt | Devon | 116 |\n| **1983** | Daniel Dwyer | Won Wron\\-Woodside | 110 |\n| **1990** | Andrew Young | Fish Creek | 124 |\n| **1992** | Craig Hams | Foster | 129 |\n| **1994** | Peter Anderson | Won Wron\\-Woodside | 131 |\n| **1995** | Peter Anderson | Won Wron\\-Woodside | 112 |\n| **1996** | Justin Paul | Wonthaggi | 116 |\n| **1996** | Glen Martin | Inverloch\\-Kongwak | 104 |\n| **1997** | Phil Bramley | Yarram | 105 |\n| **2002** | Rodney Tack | Dalyston | 119 |\n| **2004** | Lucas McMillan | Stony Creek | 111 |\n| **2006** | Rodney Tack | Wonthaggi | 135 |\n| **2006** | Barry Standfield | Fish Creek | 102 |\n| **2011** | Luke James | Kilcunda\\-Bass | 119 |\n| **2011** | Tom Bartholomew | Foster | 110 |\n| **2013** | Kael Bergles | Kilcunda\\-Bass | 121 |\n| **2015** | Michael Kraska | Dalyston | 128 |\n| **2015** | Beau Runnalls | Phillip Island | 106 |\n| **2017** | Kael Bergles | Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | 122 |",
"Final standings\n---------------",
"### 2004 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Meeniyan Dumbalk United** | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1878 | 1126 | 166\\.79% | 68 |\n| **Tarwin** | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1970 | 1144 | 172\\.20% | 56 |\n| **Fish Creek** | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1760 | 1331 | 132\\.23% | 56 |\n| **Stony Creek** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1795 | 1252 | 143\\.37% | 48 |\n| **DWWWW** | 11 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 1453 | 1263 | 115\\.04% | 44 |\n| Dalyston | 10 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1375 | 1241 | 110\\.80% | 40 |\n| Korumburra\\-Bena | 8 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1488 | 1170 | 127\\.18% | 32 |\n| Inverloch\\-Kongwak | 7 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1497 | 1412 | 102\\.06% | 28 |\n| Wonthaggi Rovers | 5 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 1121 | 1581 | 70\\.90% | 22 |\n| Yarram | 5 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1132 | 1527 | 74\\.13% | 20 |\n| Foster | 2 | 0 | 15 | 1 | 1037 | 1928 | 53\\.79% | 10 |\n| Toora \\& District | 2 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 856 | 2387 | 35\\.86% | 8 |\n|",
"* + - * + - * + - * + - * FINALS",
"{{5TeamBracket\\-2Elim\\-B\n\\| team\\-width\\=175\n\\| score\\-width\\=80\n\\| RD1 \\= '''Qualifying Final''' ''at Wonthaggi''\n\\| RD1b\\= '''Elimination Final''' ''at Yarram''\n\\| RD2 \\= '''Second semi\\-final''' ''at Fish Creek''\n\\| RD2b\\= '''First semi\\-final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''\n\\| RD3b\\= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Inverloch''\n\\| RD4 \\= '''Grand Final''' ''at Foster''\n \n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\\|12px]] '''Tarwin'''\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= '''13\\.8 (86\\)'''\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\=\\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Fish Creek\n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\= 12\\.6 (78\\)",
"\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] '''Stony Creek'''\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= '''20\\.18 (138\\)'''\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:DWWWW\\_FC\\_icon.png\\|12px]] DWWWW\n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= 9\\.11 (65\\)\n \n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Boolarra\\_fc\\_club\\_colors.png\\|12px]] Meeniyan Dumbalk Utd.\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= 19\\.13 (127\\)\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\\|12px]] '''Tarwin'''\n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= '''19\\.14 (128\\)'''\n \n\\| RD2\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= '''18\\.10 (118\\)'''\n\\| RD2\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] Stony Creek\n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= 12\\.12 (84\\)\n \n\\| RD3\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Boolarra\\_fc\\_club\\_colors.png\\|12px]] '''Meeniyan Dumbalk Utd.'''\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= '''13\\.11 (89\\)'''\n\\| RD3\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Fish Creek\n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\= 11\\.16 (82\\)",
"\\| RD4\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\\|12px]] '''Tarwin'''\n\\| RD4\\-score1 \\= '''6\\.12 (49\\)'''\n\\| RD4\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Boolarra\\_fc\\_club\\_colors.png\\|12px]] Meeniyan Dumbalk Utd.\n\\| RD4\\-score2 \\= 2\\.5 (17\\)\n}}\n### 2007 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Wonthaggi Power** | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2315 | 896 | 258\\.37% | 68 |\n| **Yarram** | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2009 | 896 | 224\\.22% | 68 |\n| **Toora \\& District** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1757 | 1314 | 133\\.71% | 48 |\n| **Tarwin** | 10 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1620 | 1385 | 116\\.97% | 40 |\n| **Inverloch\\-Kongwak** | 9 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 1268 | 1384 | 91\\.62% | 38 |\n| **Phillip Island** | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1297 | 1244 | 104\\.26% | 36 |\n| Kilcunda\\-Bass | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1476 | 1524 | 96\\.85% | 36 |\n| Fish Creek | 8 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 1387 | 1551 | 89\\.43% | 34 |\n| Dalyston | 8 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1442 | 1478 | 97\\.56% | 32 |\n| Stony Creek | 7 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 1245 | 1476 | 84\\.35% | 30 |\n| Korumburra\\-Bena | 7 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1134 | 1423 | 79\\.69% | 28 |\n| Foster | 6 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 1309 | 1588 | 82\\.43% | 24 |\n| Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | 4 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 1067 | 2138 | 49\\.91% | 16 |\n| Meeniyan Dumbalk United | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 886 | 1915 | 46\\.27% | 4 |\n|",
"FINALS",
"{{Super League play\\-offs 6 system",
"\\| RD1 \\= Week One\n \\| RD2 \\= Week Two\n \\| RD3 \\= Week Three\n \\| RD4 \\= Week Four\n \\| team\\-width \\= 180\n \\| score\\-width \\= 80\n \\| year \\= \n \n \\| RD1\\-text1 \\= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Korumburra''\n \\| RD1\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Toora \\& District'''\n \\| RD1\\-score1 \\= '''18\\.19 (127\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Phillip Island\n \\| RD1\\-score2 \\= 8\\.8 (56\\)\n \n \\| RD1\\-text2 \\= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Dalyston''\n \\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\\|12px]] Tarwin\n \\| RD1\\-score3 \\= 10\\.10 (70\\)\n \\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Inverloch\\_kongwak\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Inverloch\\-Kongwak'''\n \\| RD1\\-score4 \\= '''14\\.10 (94\\)'''\n \n \\| RD2\\-text1 \\= '''Second semi\\-final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''\n \\| RD2\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Wonthaggi\\_power\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Wonthaggi Power\n \\| RD2\\-score1 \\= 12\\.12 (84\\)\n \\| RD2\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Yarram\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Yarram'''\n \\| RD2\\-score2 \\= '''14\\.19 (103\\)'''\n \n \\| RD2\\-text2 \\= '''First semi\\-final''' ''at Wonthaggi''\n \\| RD2\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Toora \\& District\n \\| RD2\\-score3 \\= 10\\.13 (73\\)\n \\| RD2\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Inverloch\\_kongwak\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Inverloch\\-Kongwak'''\n \\| RD2\\-score4 \\= '''13\\.13 (91\\)'''\n \n \\| RD3\\-text1 \\= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Fish Creek''\n \\| RD3\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Wonthaggi\\_power\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Wonthaggi Power'''\n \\| RD3\\-score1 \\= '''12\\.8 (134\\)'''\n \\| RD3\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Inverloch\\_kongwak\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Inverloch\\-Kongwak\n \\| RD3\\-score2 \\= 5\\.6 (36\\)\n \n \\| RD4\\-text1 \\= '''Grand Final''' ''at Foster''\n \\| RD4\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Yarram\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Yarram'''\n \\| RD4\\-score1 \\= '''16\\.10 (106\\)'''\n \\| RD4\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Wonthaggi\\_power\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Wonthaggi Power\n \\| RD4\\-score2 \\= 14\\.13 (97\\)\n}}\n### 2008 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Wonthaggi Power** | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2088 | 883 | 236\\.47% | 72 |\n| **Yarram** | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1783 | 1187 | 150\\.21% | 56 |\n| **Dalyston** | 13 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1810 | 1451 | 124\\.74% | 52 |\n| **Tarwin** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 2190 | 1441 | 151\\.98% | 48 |\n| **Korumburra\\-Bena** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1710 | 1359 | 125\\.83% | 48 |\n| **Phillip Island** | 11 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 1568 | 1216 | 128\\.95% | 44 |\n| Inverloch\\-Kongwak | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1569 | 1247 | 125\\.82% | 36 |\n| Stony Creek | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1549 | 1525 | 101\\.57% | 36 |\n| Fish Creek | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1382 | 1400 | 98\\.71% | 36 |\n| Toora \\& District | 8 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1550 | 1503 | 103\\.13% | 32 |\n| Kilcunda Bass | 6 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 1571 | 1781 | 88\\.21% | 24 |\n| Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 3 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 1063 | 2120 | 50\\.14% | 12 |\n| Foster | 2 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 1450 | 2038 | 71\\.15% | 8 |\n| Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 784 | 2916 | 26\\.89% | 0 |\n|",
"FINALS",
"{{Super League play\\-offs 6 system",
"\\| RD1 \\= Week One\n \\| RD2 \\= Week Two\n \\| RD3 \\= Week Three\n \\| RD4 \\= Week Four\n \\| team\\-width \\= 180\n \\| score\\-width \\= 80\n \\| year \\= \n \n \\| RD1\\-text1 \\= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Korumburra''\n \\| RD1\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Dalyston\n \\| RD1\\-score1 \\= 16\\.8 (104\\)\n \\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''\n \\| RD1\\-score2 \\= '''17\\.6 (108\\)'''\n \n \\| RD1\\-text2 \\= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Fish Creek''\n \\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\\|12px]] '''Tarwin'''\n \\| RD1\\-score3 \\= '''19\\.14 (128\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Korumburra\\-Bena\n \\| RD1\\-score4 \\= 8\\.8 (56\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text1 \\= '''Second semi\\-final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''\n \\| RD2\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Wonthaggi\\_power\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Wonthaggi Power'''\n \\| RD2\\-score1 \\= '''20\\.8 (128\\)'''\n \\| RD2\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Yarram\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Yarram\n \\| RD2\\-score2 \\= 10\\.4 (64\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text2 \\= '''First semi\\-final''' ''at Wonthaggi''\n \\| RD2\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\\|12px]] Tarwin\n \\| RD2\\-score3 \\= 7\\.7 (49\\)\n \\| RD2\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''\n \\| RD2\\-score4 \\= '''6\\.16 (52\\)'''\n \n \\| RD3\\-text1 \\= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Fish Creek''\n \\| RD3\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Yarram\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Yarram'''\n \\| RD3\\-score1 \\= '''21\\.24 (150\\)'''\n \\| RD3\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Phillip Island\n \\| RD3\\-score2 \\= 7\\.10 (52\\)\n \n \\| RD4\\-text1 \\= '''Grand Final''' ''at Foster''\n \\| RD4\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Wonthaggi\\_power\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Wonthaggi Power'''\n \\| RD4\\-score1 \\= '''18\\.20 (128\\)'''\n \\| RD4\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Yarram\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Yarram\n \\| RD4\\-score2 \\= 10\\.11 (71\\)\n}}\n### 2009 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Wonthaggi Power** | 16 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2012 | 948 | 212\\.24% | 64 |\n| **Korumburra\\-Bena** | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1825 | 1061 | 172\\.01% | 60 |\n| **Stony Creek** | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1590 | 1086 | 146\\.41% | 56 |\n| **Yarram** | 13 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1664 | 1252 | 132\\.91% | 52 |\n| **Tarwin** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1641 | 1241 | 132\\.23% | 48 |\n| **Phillip Island** | 11 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 1559 | 1325 | 117\\.66% | 44 |\n| Foster | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1551 | 1373 | 112\\.96% | 36 |\n| Dalyston | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1481 | 1511 | 98\\.01% | 36 |\n| Inverloch\\-Kongwak | 7 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1224 | 1267 | 96\\.61% | 28 |\n| Kilcunda Bass | 7 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1140 | 1446 | 78\\.84% | 28 |\n| Toora \\& District | 5 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1029 | 1541 | 66\\.77% | 20 |\n| Fish Creek | 3 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 1177 | 1814 | 64\\.88% | 12 |\n| Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 3 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 1217 | 1875 | 64\\.91% | 12 |\n| Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | 2 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 804 | 2174 | 36\\.98% | 8 |\n|",
"FINALS",
"{{Super League play\\-offs 6 system",
"\\| RD1 \\= Week One\n \\| RD2 \\= Week Two\n \\| RD3 \\= Week Three\n \\| RD4 \\= Week Four\n \\| team\\-width \\= 180\n \\| score\\-width \\= 80\n \\| year \\= \n \n \\| RD1\\-text1 \\= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Wonthaggi''\n \\| RD1\\-team1 \\= '''Stony Creek'''\n \\| RD1\\-score1 \\= '''11\\.11 (77\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Phillip Island\n \\| RD1\\-score2 \\= 7\\.5 (47\\)\n \n \\| RD1\\-text2 \\= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Stony Creek''\n \\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Yarram\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Yarram'''\n \\| RD1\\-score3 \\= '''12\\.10 (82\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\\|12px]] Tarwin\n \\| RD1\\-score4 \\= 7\\.17 (59\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text1 \\= '''Second semi\\-final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''\n \\| RD2\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Wonthaggi\\_power\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Wonthaggi Power'''\n \\| RD2\\-score1 \\= '''12\\.17 (89\\)'''\n \\| RD2\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Korumburra\\-Bena\n \\| RD2\\-score2 \\= 8\\.3 (51\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text2 \\= '''First semi\\-final''' ''at Inverloch''\n \\| RD2\\-team3 \\= '''Stony Creek'''\n \\| RD2\\-score3 \\= '''9\\.17 (71\\)'''\n \\| RD2\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Yarram\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Yarram\n \\| RD2\\-score4 \\= 9\\.10 (64\\)\n \n \\| RD3\\-text1 \\= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Fish Creek''\n \\| RD3\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Korumburra\\-Bena\n \\| RD3\\-score1 \\= 11\\.13 (79\\)\n \\| RD3\\-team2 \\= '''Stony Creek'''\n \\| RD3\\-score2 \\= '''15\\.14 (104\\)'''\n \n \\| RD4\\-text1 \\= '''Grand Final''' ''at Foster''\n \\| RD4\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Wonthaggi\\_power\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Wonthaggi Power\n \\| RD4\\-score1 \\= 11\\.14 (80\\)\n \\| RD4\\-team2 \\= '''Stony Creek'''\n \\| RD4\\-score2 \\= '''14\\.10 (94\\)'''\n}}\n### 2010 Ladder",
"[right\\|thumb\\|300px\\|Foster after winning the 2010 Alberton Football League grand final.](/wiki/Image:Foster_Premiership_team_in_2010.jpg \"Foster Premiership team in 2010.jpg\")",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Foster** | 17 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2367 | 966 | 245\\.03% | 68 |\n| **Stony Creek** | 15 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1526 | 978 | 156\\.03% | 62 |\n| **Phillip Island** | 12 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1737 | 916 | 189\\.63% | 48 |\n| **Tarwin** | 11 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 1744 | 1150 | 151\\.65% | 44 |\n| **Fish Creek** | 11 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 1544 | 1267 | 121\\.86% | 44 |\n| **Korumburra\\-Bena** | 10 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1540 | 1123 | 137\\.13% | 42 |\n| Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 1687 | 1320 | 127\\.80% | 40 |\n| Kilcunda Bass | 9 | 2 | 9 | 0 | 1631 | 1348 | 120\\.99% | 36 |\n| Yarram | 8 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 1466 | 1310 | 111\\.91% | 32 |\n| Inverloch\\-Kongwak | 8 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 1521 | 1510 | 100\\.73% | 32 |\n| Dalyston | 3 | 2 | 15 | 0 | 1325 | 1738 | 76\\.24% | 12 |\n| Toora \\& District | 2 | 2 | 16 | 0 | 752 | 2219 | 33\\.89% | 8 |\n| Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | 0 | 2 | 18 | 0 | 497 | 3492 | 14\\.23% | 0 |\n|",
"FINALS",
"{{Super League play\\-offs 6 system",
"\\| RD1 \\= Week One\n \\| RD2 \\= Week Two\n \\| RD3 \\= Week Three\n \\| RD4 \\= Week Four\n \\| team\\-width \\= 180\n \\| score\\-width \\= 80\n \\| year \\= \n \n \\| RD1\\-text1 \\= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Foster''\n \\| RD1\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''\n \\| RD1\\-score1 \\= '''8\\.9 (57\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Korumburra\\-Bena\n \\| RD1\\-score2 \\= 6\\.4 (40\\)\n \n \\| RD1\\-text2 \\= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Stony Creek''\n \\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Tarwin Football Club colours.jpg\\|12px]] Tarwin\n \\| RD1\\-score3 \\= 4\\.5 (29\\)\n \\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n \\| RD1\\-score4 \\= '''6\\.9 (45\\)'''\n \n \\| RD2\\-text1 \\= '''Second semi\\-final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''\n \\| RD2\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Foster\n \\| RD2\\-score1 \\= 11\\.9 (75\\)\n \\| RD2\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] '''Stony Creek'''\n \\| RD2\\-score2 \\= '''12\\.11 (83\\)'''\n \n \\| RD2\\-text2 \\= '''First semi\\-final''' ''at Meeniyan''\n \\| RD2\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''\n \\| RD2\\-score3 \\= '''11\\.11 (77\\)'''\n \\| RD2\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Fish Creek\n \\| RD2\\-score4 \\= 6\\.5 (41\\)\n \n \\| RD3\\-text1 \\= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Fish Creek''\n \\| RD3\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Foster'''\n \\| RD3\\-score1 \\= '''9\\.15 (69\\)'''\n \\| RD3\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Phillip Island\n \\| RD3\\-score2 \\= 10\\.4 (64\\)\n \n \\| RD4\\-text1 \\= '''Grand Final''' ''at Inverloch''\n \\| RD4\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] Stony Creek\n \\| RD4\\-score1 \\= 11\\.8 (74\\)\n \\| RD4\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Foster'''\n \\| RD4\\-score2 \\= '''13\\.20 (98\\)'''\n}}\n### 2011 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Kilcunda Bass** | 16 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2367 | 966 | 245\\.03% | 64 |\n| **Foster** | 14 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 1526 | 978 | 156\\.03% | 56 |\n| **Korumburra\\-Bena** | 13 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 1737 | 916 | 189\\.63% | 52 |\n| **Fish Creek** | 12 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1744 | 1150 | 151\\.65% | 48 |\n| **Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United** | 12 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1544 | 1267 | 121\\.86% | 48 |\n| **Stony Creek** | 12 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1540 | 1123 | 137\\.13% | 48 |\n| Dalyston | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 1687 | 1320 | 127\\.80% | 40 |\n| Inverloch\\-Kongwak | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 1631 | 1348 | 120\\.99% | 40 |\n| Yarram | 7 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 1466 | 1310 | 111\\.91% | 28 |\n| Phillip Island | 5 | 2 | 13 | 0 | 1521 | 1510 | 100\\.73% | 20 |\n| Tarwin | 5 | 2 | 13 | 0 | 1325 | 1738 | 76\\.24% | 20 |\n| Toora \\& District | 1 | 2 | 17 | 0 | 752 | 2219 | 33\\.89% | 4 |\n| Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | 0 | 2 | 18 | 0 | 497 | 3492 | 14\\.23% | 0 |\n|",
"FINALS",
"{{Super League play\\-offs 6 system",
"\\| RD1 \\= Week One\n \\| RD2 \\= Week Two\n \\| RD3 \\= Week Three\n \\| RD4 \\= Week Four\n \\| team\\-width \\= 180\n \\| score\\-width \\= 80\n \\| year \\= \n \n \\| RD1\\-text1 \\= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Cowes''\n \\| RD1\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Korumburra\\-Bena'''\n \\| RD1\\-score1 \\= '''16\\.10 (106\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] Stony Creek\n \\| RD1\\-score2 \\= 12\\.6 (78\\)\n \n \\| RD1\\-text2 \\= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Yarram''\n \\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n \\| RD1\\-score3 \\= '''16\\.10 (106\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Boolarra\\_fc\\_club\\_colors.png\\|12px]] Meeniyan Dumbalk Utd.\n \\| RD1\\-score4 \\= 10\\.10 (70\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text1 \\= '''Second semi\\-final''' ''at Korumburra''\n \\| RD2\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Kilcunda\\_bass\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Kilcunda\\-Bass'''\n \\| RD2\\-score1 \\= '''16\\.13 (109\\)'''\n \\| RD2\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Foster\n \\| RD2\\-score2 \\= 15\\.11 (101\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text2 \\= '''First semi\\-final''' ''at Foster''\n \\| RD2\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Korumburra\\-Bena'''\n \\| RD2\\-score3 \\= '''11\\.12 (78\\)'''\n \\| RD2\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Fish Creek\n \\| RD2\\-score4 \\= 9\\.11 (65\\)\n \n \\| RD3\\-text1 \\= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''\n \\| RD3\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Foster'''\n \\| RD3\\-score1 \\= '''17\\.9 (111\\)'''\n \\| RD3\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Korumburra\\-Bena\n \\| RD3\\-score2 \\= 6\\.14 (50\\)\n \n \\| RD4\\-text1 \\= '''Grand Final''' ''at Inverloch''\n \\| RD4\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Kilcunda\\_bass\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Kilcunda\\-Bass'''\n \\| RD4\\-score1 \\= '''13\\.3 (81\\)'''\n \\| RD4\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Foster\n \\| RD4\\-score2 \\= 7\\.15 (57\\)\n}}\n### 2012 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Fish Creek** | 15 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1898 | 1013 | 187\\.36% | 62 |\n| **Kilcunda Bass** | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1653 | 1048 | 157\\.73% | 60 |\n| **Dalyston** | 13 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1582 | 1116 | 141\\.76% | 52 |\n| **Korumburra\\-Bena** | 11 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 1517 | 1163 | 130\\.44% | 44 |\n| **Foster** | 10 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 1547 | 1499 | 103\\.20% | 42 |\n| **Inverloch\\-Kongwak** | 10 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1717 | 1271 | 135\\.09% | 40 |\n| Phillip Island | 10 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1458 | 1186 | 122\\.93% | 40 |\n| Tarwin | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1457 | 1164 | 125\\.17% | 36 |\n| Yarram | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1477 | 1454 | 101\\.58% | 36 |\n| Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 7 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1367 | 1280 | 106\\.80% | 28 |\n| Stony Creek | 6 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 1248 | 1220 | 102\\.30% | 24 |\n| Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 736 | 2345 | 31\\.39% | 4 |\n| Toora \\& District | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 637 | 2535 | 25\\.13% | 0 |\n|",
"FINALS",
"{{Super League play\\-offs 6 system",
"\\| RD1 \\= Week One\n \\| RD2 \\= Week Two\n \\| RD3 \\= Week Three\n \\| RD4 \\= Week Four\n \\| team\\-width \\= 180\n \\| score\\-width \\= 80\n \\| year \\= \n \n \\| RD1\\-text1 \\= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Fish Creek''\n \\| RD1\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Dalyston'''\n \\| RD1\\-score1 \\= '''11\\.7 (73\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Inverloch\\_kongwak\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Inverloch\\-Kongwak\n \\| RD1\\-score2 \\= 5\\.6 (36\\)\n \n \\| RD1\\-text2 \\= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Yarram''\n \\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Korumburra\\-Bena'''\n \\| RD1\\-score3 \\= '''10\\.17 (77\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Foster\n \\| RD1\\-score4 \\= 9\\.5 (59\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text1 \\= '''Second semi\\-final''' ''at Foster''\n \\| RD2\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Fish Creek\n \\| RD2\\-score1 \\= 9\\.13 (67\\)\n \\| RD2\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Kilcunda\\_bass\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Kilcunda\\-Bass'''\n \\| RD2\\-score2 \\= '''11\\.11 (77\\)'''\n \n \\| RD2\\-text2 \\= '''First semi\\-final''' ''at Cowes''\n \\| RD2\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Dalyston'''\n \\| RD2\\-score3 \\= '''20\\.10 (130\\)'''\n \\| RD2\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Korumburra\\-Bena\n \\| RD2\\-score4 \\= 15\\.12 (102\\)\n \n \\| RD3\\-text1 \\= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''\n \\| RD3\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Fish Creek\n \\| RD3\\-score1 \\= 3\\.14 (32\\)\n \\| RD3\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Dalyston'''\n \\| RD3\\-score2 \\= '''8\\.10 (58\\)'''\n \n \\| RD4\\-text1 \\= '''Grand Final''' ''at Foster''\n \\| RD4\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Kilcunda\\_bass\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Kilcunda\\-Bass'''\n \\| RD4\\-score1 \\= '''12\\.17 (89\\)'''\n \\| RD4\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Dalyston\n \\| RD4\\-score2 \\= 11\\.4 (70\\)\n}}\n### 2013 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Kilcunda Bass** | 16 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2126 | 932 | 228\\.11% | 64 |\n| **Dalyston** | 16 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1767 | 911 | 193\\.96% | 72 |\n| **Phillip Island** | 13 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1674 | 987 | 169\\.60% | 62 |\n| **Yarram** | 14 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1725 | 1067 | 161\\.67% | 62 |\n| **Korumburra\\-Bena** | 13 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 1844 | 977 | 188\\.74% | 60 |\n| **Fish Creek** | 12 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1644 | 1103 | 149\\.05% | 56 |\n| Inverloch\\-Kongwak | 8 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 1238 | 1170 | 105\\.81% | 40 |\n| Stony Creek | 7 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 1384 | 1127 | 122\\.80% | 36 |\n| Tarwin | 6 | 2 | 12 | 0 | 851 | 1824 | 46\\.66% | 32 |\n| Foster | 6 | 1 | 12 | 0 | 1175 | 1443 | 81\\.43% | 28 |\n| Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 3 | 2 | 15 | 0 | 937 | 1755 | 53\\.39% | 20 |\n| Toora \\& District | 2 | 2 | 16 | 0 | 834 | 1932 | 43\\.17% | 16 |\n| Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside | 0 | 2 | 18 | 0 | 514 | 2485 | 20\\.68% | 8 |\n|",
"FINALS",
"{{Super League play\\-offs 6 system",
"\\| RD1 \\= Week One\n \\| RD2 \\= Week Two\n \\| RD3 \\= Week Three\n \\| RD4 \\= Week Four\n \\| team\\-width \\= 180\n \\| score\\-width \\= 80\n \\| year \\= \n \n \\| RD1\\-text1 \\= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Korumburra''\n \\| RD1\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Yarram\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Yarram\n \\| RD1\\-score1 \\= 5\\.7 (37\\)\n \\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n \\| RD1\\-score2 \\= '''7\\.6 (48\\)'''\n \n \\| RD1\\-text2 \\= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Alberton West''\n \\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Phillip Island\n \\| RD1\\-score3 \\= 3\\.7 (25\\)\n \\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Korumburra\\-Bena'''\n \\| RD1\\-score4 \\= '''7\\.8 (50\\)'''\n \n \\| RD2\\-text1 \\= '''Second semi\\-final''' ''at Cowes''\n \\| RD2\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Kilcunda\\_bass\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Kilcunda\\-Bass'''\n \\| RD2\\-score1 \\= '''15\\.10 (100\\)'''\n \\| RD2\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Dalyston\n \\| RD2\\-score2 \\= 9\\.8 (62\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text2 \\= '''First semi\\-final''' ''at Toora''\n \\| RD2\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Fish Creek\n \\| RD2\\-score3 \\= 9\\.8 (62\\)\n \\| RD2\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Korumburra\\-Bena'''\n \\| RD2\\-score4 \\= '''17\\.10 (112\\)'''\n \n \\| RD3\\-text1 \\= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''\n \\| RD3\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Dalyston\n \\| RD3\\-score1 \\= 8\\.12 (60\\)\n \\| RD3\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Korumburra\\-Bena'''\n \\| RD3\\-score2 \\= '''15\\.18 (108\\)'''\n \n \\| RD4\\-text1 \\= '''Grand Final''' ''at Wonthaggi''\n \\| RD4\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Kilcunda\\_bass\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Kilcunda\\-Bass'''\n \\| RD4\\-score1 \\= '''18\\.10 (118\\)'''\n \\| RD4\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Korumburra\\-Bena\n \\| RD4\\-score2 \\= 12\\.10 (82\\)\n}}\n### 2014 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts | | Final | Team | G | B | Pts | Team | G | B | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Kilcunda Bass** | 13 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1440 | 813 | 177\\.12% | 64 | | **Elimination** | Phillip Island | 19 | 22 | 136 | Fish Creek | 8 | 6 | 54 |\n| **Dalyston** | 12 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1461 | 826 | 176\\.88% | 60 | | **Qualifying** | Inverloch\\-Kongwak | 13 | 13 | 91 | Korumburra\\-Bena | 12 | 12 | 84 |\n| **Phillip Island** | 11 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 1216 | 850 | 143\\.06% | 56 | | **1st semi** | Phillip Island | 24 | 15 | 159 | Inverloch\\-Kongwak | 7 | 8 | 50 |\n| **Korumburra\\-Bena** | 9 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 1238 | 906 | 136\\.64% | 48 | | **2nd semi** | Dalyston | 14 | 20 | 104 | Kilcunda Bass | 14 | 9 | 93 |\n| **Inverloch\\-Kongwak** | 9 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 1219 | 952 | 128\\.05% | 48 | | **Preliminary** | Phillip Island | 14 | 13 | 97 | Kilcunda Bass | 10 | 4 | 64 |\n| **Fish Creek** | 8 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 975 | 1189 | 82\\.00% | 44 | | **Grand** | Phillip Island | 17 | 16 | 118 | Dalyston | 11 | 7 | 73 |\n| Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 8 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 953 | 1191 | 80\\.02% | 44 | |\n| Tarwin | 6 | 3 | 10 | 0 | 981 | 1256 | 78\\.11% | 36 | |\n| Stony Creek | 6 | 3 | 10 | 0 | 842 | 1227 | 68\\.62% | 36 | |\n| Toora \\& District | 4 | 3 | 12 | 0 | 753 | 1288 | 58\\.46% | 28 | |\n| Foster | 2 | 3 | 14 | 0 | 750 | 1330 | 56\\.39% | 20 | |\n|",
"{{Super League play\\-offs 6 system",
"\\| RD1 \\= Week One\n \\| RD2 \\= Week Two\n \\| RD3 \\= Week Three\n \\| RD4 \\= Week Four\n \\| team\\-width \\= 180\n \\| score\\-width \\= 80\n \\| year \\= \n \n \\| RD1\\-text1 \\= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Bass''\n \\| RD1\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''\n \\| RD1\\-score1 \\= '''19\\.22 (136\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Fish Creek\n \\| RD1\\-score2 \\= 8\\.6 (54\\)\n \n \\| RD1\\-text2 \\= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Fish Creek''\n \\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Welshpool\\_fc\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Korumburra\\-Bena\n \\| RD1\\-score3 \\= 12\\.12 (84\\)\n \\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Inverloch\\_kongwak\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Inverloch\\-Kongwak'''\n \\| RD1\\-score4 \\= '''13\\.13 (91\\)'''\n \n \\| RD2\\-text1 \\= '''Second semi\\-final''' ''at Cowes''\n \\| RD2\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Dalyston'''\n \\| RD2\\-score1 \\= '''14\\.20 (104\\)'''\n \\| RD2\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Kilcunda\\_bass\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Kilcunda\\-Bass\n \\| RD2\\-score2 \\= 14\\.9 (93\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text2 \\= '''First semi\\-final''' ''at Stony Creek''\n \\| RD2\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''\n \\| RD2\\-score3 \\= '''24\\.15 (159\\)'''\n \\| RD2\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Inverloch\\_kongwak\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Inverloch\\-Kongwak\n \\| RD2\\-score4 \\= 7\\.8 (50\\)\n \n \\| RD3\\-text1 \\= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Inverloch''\n \\| RD3\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Kilcunda\\_bass\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Kilcunda\\-Bass\n \\| RD3\\-score1 \\= 10\\.4 (64\\)\n \\| RD3\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''\n \\| RD3\\-score2 \\= '''14\\.13 (97\\)'''\n \n \\| RD4\\-text1 \\= '''Grand Final''' ''at Meeniyan''\n \\| RD4\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Dalyston\n \\| RD4\\-score1 \\= 11\\.7 (73\\)\n \\| RD4\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Phillip Island'''\n \\| RD4\\-score2 \\= '''17\\.16 (118\\)'''\n}}\n### 2015 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts | | Final | Team | G | B | Pts | Team | G | B | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Dalyston** | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2292 | 659 | 347\\.80% | 72 | | **Elimination** | Fish Creek | 9 | 13 | 67 | Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 9 | 10 | 64 |\n| **Phillip Island** | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1911 | 841 | 227\\.23% | 60 | | **Qualifying** | Stony Creek | 15 | 19 | 109 | Inverloch\\-Kongwak | 7 | 9 | 51 |\n| **Stony Creek** | 12 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 1306 | 890 | 146\\.74% | 50 | | **1st semi** | Fish Creek | 11 | 14 | 80 | Stony Creek | 3 | 12 | 30 |\n| **Fish Creek** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1716 | 1299 | 132\\.10% | 48 | | **2nd semi** | Dalyston | 10 | 5 | 65 | Phillip Island | 2 | 3 | 15 |\n| **Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United** | 12 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1322 | 1141 | 115\\.86% | 48 | | **Preliminary** | Fish Creek | 13 | 16 | 94 | Phillip Island | 7 | 18 | 60 |\n| **Inverloch\\-Kongwak** | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1200 | 1402 | 85\\.59% | 36 | | **Grand** | Dalyston | 21 | 9 | 135 | Fish Creek | 8 | 5 | 53 |\n| Foster | 8 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 991 | 1293 | 76\\.64% | 32 | |\n| Kilcunda Bass | 6 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 1095 | 1455 | 75\\.26% | 26 | |\n| Tarwin | 6 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 1178 | 1222 | 96\\.40% | 24 | |\n| DWWWW | 5 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1009 | 1489 | 67\\.76% | 20 | |\n| Toora \\& District | 3 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 784 | 1687 | 46\\.47% | 12 | |\n| Korumburra\\-Bena | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 635 | 2061 | 30\\.81% | 4 | |\n|",
"{{Super League play\\-offs 6 system",
"\\| RD1 \\= Week One\n \\| RD2 \\= Week Two\n \\| RD3 \\= Week Three\n \\| RD4 \\= Week Four\n \\| team\\-width \\= 180\n \\| score\\-width \\= 80\n \\| year \\= \n \n \\| RD1\\-text1 \\= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Alberton West''\n \\| RD1\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] '''Stony Creek'''\n \\| RD1\\-score1 \\= '''15\\.19 (109\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Inverloch\\_kongwak\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Inverloch\\-Kongwak\n \\| RD1\\-score2 \\= 7\\.9 (51\\)\n \n \\| RD1\\-text2 \\= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Foster''\n \\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n \\| RD1\\-score3 \\= '''9\\.13 (67\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Boolarra\\_fc\\_club\\_colors.png\\|12px]] Meeniyan Dumbalk Utd.\n \\| RD1\\-score4 \\= 9\\.10 (64\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text1 \\= '''Second semi\\-final''' ''at Korumburra''\n \\| RD2\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Dalyston'''\n \\| RD2\\-score1 \\= '''10\\.5 (65\\)'''\n \\| RD2\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Phillip Island\n \\| RD2\\-score2 \\= 2\\.3 (15\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text2 \\= '''First semi\\-final''' ''at Toora''\n \\| RD2\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] Stony Creek\n \\| RD2\\-score3 \\= 3\\.12 (30\\)\n \\| RD2\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n \\| RD2\\-score4 \\= '''11\\.14 (80\\)'''\n \n \\| RD3\\-text1 \\= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''\n \\| RD3\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Phillip\\_island\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Phillip Island\n \\| RD3\\-score1 \\= 7\\.18 (60\\)\n \\| RD3\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n \\| RD3\\-score2 \\= '''13\\.16 (94\\)'''\n \n \\| RD4\\-text1 \\= '''Grand Final''' ''at Meeniyan''\n \\| RD4\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Dalyston'''\n \\| RD4\\-score1 \\= '''21\\.9 (135\\)'''\n \\| RD4\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Fish Creek\n \\| RD4\\-score2 \\= 8\\.5 (53\\)\n}}\n### 2016 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **Fish Creek** | 16 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1828 | 997 | 183\\.35% | 64 |\n| **Dalyston** | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1885 | 957 | 196\\.97% | 60 |\n| **Foster** | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1627 | 945 | 172\\.17% | 60 |\n| **Inverloch\\-Kongwak** | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1820 | 863 | 210\\.89% | 56 |\n| **Kilcunda Bass** | 11 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 1451 | 1155 | 125\\.63% | 44 |\n| **Stony Creek** | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1067 | 1211 | 88\\.11% | 36 |\n| DWWWW | 8 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1248 | 1522 | 82\\.00% | 32 |\n| Phillip Island | 6 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 1214 | 1346 | 90\\.19% | 24 |\n| Toora \\& District | 5 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1192 | 1376 | 86\\.63% | 20 |\n| Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 5 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1091 | 1539 | 70\\.89% | 20 |\n| Tarwin | 3 | 0 | 14 | 1 | 972 | 1529 | 63\\.57% | 14 |\n| Korumburra\\-Bena | 0 | 0 | 17 | 1 | 431 | 2386 | 18\\.06% | 2 |\n|",
"{{Super League play\\-offs 6 system",
"\\| RD1 \\= Week One\n \\| RD2 \\= Week Two\n \\| RD3 \\= Week Three\n \\| RD4 \\= Week Four\n \\| team\\-width \\= 180\n \\| score\\-width \\= 80\n \\| year \\= \n \n \\| RD1\\-text1 \\= '''First Elimination Final''' ''at Tarwin Lower''\n \\| RD1\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Foster'''\n \\| RD1\\-score1 \\= '''13\\.10 (88\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] Stony Creek\n \\| RD1\\-score2 \\= 7\\.7 (49\\)\n \n \\| RD1\\-text2 \\= '''Second Elimination Final''' ''at Dalyston''\n \\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Inverloch\\_kongwak\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Inverloch\\-Kongwak'''\n \\| RD1\\-score3 \\= '''13\\.17 (95\\)'''\n \\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Kilcunda\\_bass\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Kilcunda\\-Bass\n \\| RD1\\-score4 \\= 4\\.7 (31\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text1 \\= '''Second semi\\-final''' ''at Cowes''\n \\| RD2\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n \\| RD2\\-score1 \\= '''13\\.9 (87\\)'''\n \\| RD2\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Dalyston\n \\| RD2\\-score2 \\= 11\\.11 (77\\)\n \n \\| RD2\\-text2 \\= '''First semi\\-final''' ''at Stony Creek''\n \\| RD2\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Foster\n \\| RD2\\-score3 \\= 10\\.9 (69\\)\n \\| RD2\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[File:Inverloch\\_kongwak\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Inverloch\\-Kongwak'''\n \\| RD2\\-score4 \\= '''11\\.11 (77\\)'''\n \n \\| RD3\\-text1 \\= '''Preliminary Final''' ''at Bass''\n \\| RD3\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Dalyston\n \\| RD3\\-score1 \\= 11\\.7 (73\\)\n \\| RD3\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Inverloch\\_kongwak\\_icon.png\\|12px]] '''Inverloch\\-Kongwak'''\n \\| RD3\\-score2 \\= '''13\\.13 (91\\)'''\n \n \\| RD4\\-text1 \\= '''Grand Final''' ''at Meeniyan''\n \\| RD4\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n \\| RD4\\-score1 \\= '''6\\.15 (51\\)'''\n \\| RD4\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Inverloch\\_kongwak\\_icon.png\\|12px]] Inverloch\\-Kongwak\n \\| RD4\\-score2 \\= 4\\.10 (34\\)\n}}\n### 2017 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Fish Creek** | 17 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2187 | 784 | 278\\.95% | 68 |\n| **Devon\\-Welshpool\\-Won Wron\\-Woodside** | 12 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 1704 | 1015 | 167\\.88% | 48 |\n| **Toora \\& District** | 12 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 1656 | 1065 | 155\\.49% | 48 |\n| **Stony Creek** | 9 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 1127 | 1208 | 93\\.29% | 36 |\n| Tarwin | 9 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 1284 | 1472 | 87\\.23% | 36 |\n| Foster | 4 | 3 | 14 | 0 | 972 | 1541 | 63\\.08% | 16 |\n| Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 0 | 3 | 18 | 0 | 574 | 2419 | 23\\.73% | 0 |\n|",
"FINALS **{{PagePlayoffBracket \n\\| RD1\\= '''Semi\\-finals – Week 1'''\n\\| RD2\\= '''Preliminary – Week 2'''\n\\| RD3\\= '''Grand Final – Week 3''' \n\\| team\\-width\\= 175\n\\| score\\-width\\= 100",
"\\| RD1\\-seed1\\=1\n\\| RD1\\-team1\\=\\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n\\| RD1\\-score1\\= '''9\\.9 (63\\)'''\n\\| RD1\\-seed2\\=2\n\\| RD1\\-team2\\=\\[\\[File:Dwwww\\_2015\\_icon.png\\|12px]] DWWWW\n\\| RD1\\-score2\\= 6\\.4 (44\\)\n\\| RD1\\-seed3\\=3\n\\| RD1\\-team3\\=\\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Toora \\& District'''\n\\| RD1\\-score3\\='''19\\.11 (125\\)'''\n\\| RD1\\-seed4\\=4\n\\| RD1\\-team4\\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] Stony Creek\n\\| RD1\\-score4\\= 5\\.4 (34\\)",
"\\| RD2\\-seed1\\=2\n\\| RD2\\-team1\\=\\[\\[File:Dwwww\\_2015\\_icon.png\\|12px]] DWWWW\n\\| RD2\\-score1\\= 8\\.13 (61\\)\n\\| RD2\\-seed2\\=3\n\\| RD2\\-team2\\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Toora \\& District'''\n\\| RD2\\-score2\\= '''11\\.6 (72\\)'''",
"\\| RD3\\-seed1\\=1\n\\| RD3\\-team1\\=\\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n\\| RD3\\-score1\\='''17\\.10 (112\\)'''\n\\| RD3\\-seed2\\=3\n\\| RD3\\-team2\\=\\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Toora \\& District\n\\| RD3\\-score2\\= 10\\.9 (69\\)\n}}\n### 2018 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Fish Creek** | 14 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1417 | 663 | 213\\.73% | 56 |\n| **Stony Creek** | 11 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 1345 | 764 | 176\\.05% | 44 |\n| **Foster** | 9 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 1180 | 883 | 133\\.64% | 36 |\n| **Toora** | 8 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 1072 | 1006 | 106\\.56% | 32 |\n| Tarwin | 6 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 869 | 1410 | 61\\.63% | 24 |\n| Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 0 | 1 | 16 | 0 | 537 | 1694 | 31\\.70% | 0 |\n|",
"FINALS",
"{{PagePlayoffBracket \n\\| RD1\\= '''Semi\\-finals – Week 1'''\n\\| RD2\\= '''Preliminary – Week 2'''\n\\| RD3\\= '''Grand Final – Week 3''' \n\\| team\\-width\\= 175\n\\| score\\-width\\= 100",
"\\| RD1\\-seed1\\=1\n\\| RD1\\-team1\\=\\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n\\| RD1\\-score1\\= '''9\\.16 (70\\)'''\n\\| RD1\\-seed2\\=2\n\\| RD1\\-team2\\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] Stony Creek\n\\| RD1\\-score2\\= 10\\.8 (68\\)\n\\| RD1\\-seed3\\=3\n\\| RD1\\-team3\\= \\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Foster'''\n\\| RD1\\-score3\\='''8\\.4 (52\\)'''\n\\| RD1\\-seed4\\=4\n\\| RD1\\-team4\\= \\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Toora \\& District\n\\| RD1\\-score4\\= 6\\.11 (47\\)",
"\\| RD2\\-seed1\\=2\n\\| RD2\\-team1\\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] Stony Creek\n\\| RD2\\-score1\\= 12\\.7 (79\\)\n\\| RD2\\-seed2\\=3\n\\| RD2\\-team2\\=\\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Foster'''\n\\| RD2\\-score2\\= '''12\\.8 (80\\)'''",
"\\| RD3\\-seed1\\=1\n\\| RD3\\-team1\\=\\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n\\| RD3\\-score1\\='''14\\.12 (96\\)'''\n\\| RD3\\-seed2\\=3\n\\| RD3\\-team2\\=\\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Foster\n\\| RD3\\-score2\\= 6\\.6 (42\\)\n}}\n### 2019 Ladder",
"",
"| Alberton FL | Wins | Byes | Losses | Draws | For | Against | % | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|\n| **Foster** | 14 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1411 | 589 | 239\\.56% | 56 |\n| **Stony Creek** | 10 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 950 | 860 | 110\\.47% | 40 |\n| **Fish Creek** | 9 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1045 | 808 | 129\\.33% | 36 |\n| **Toora** | 5 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 912 | 1213 | 75\\.19% | 20 |\n| Meeniyan\\-Dumbalk United | 4 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 806 | 1098 | 73\\.41% | 16 |\n| Tarwin | 3 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 791 | 1347 | 58\\.72% | 12 |\n|",
"FINALS''' \n{{PagePlayoffBracket \n\\| RD1\\= '''2nd semi\\-final– Week 2 / 1st semi\\-final– Week 1'''\n\\| RD2\\= '''Preliminary – Week 3'''\n\\| RD3\\= '''Grand Final – Week 4''' \n\\| team\\-width\\= 175\n\\| score\\-width\\= 100",
"\\| RD1\\-seed1\\=1\n\\| RD1\\-team1\\=\\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Foster'''\n\\| RD1\\-score1\\='''12\\.8 (80\\)'''\n\\| RD1\\-seed2\\=2\n\\| RD1\\-team2\\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] Stony Creek\n\\| RD1\\-score2\\=8\\.5 (53\\)\n\\| RD1\\-seed3\\=3\n\\| RD1\\-team3\\=\\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Fish Creek'''\n\\| RD1\\-score3\\='''23\\.10 (148\\)'''\n\\| RD1\\-seed4\\=4\n\\| RD1\\-team4\\=\\[\\[File:Toora\\_and\\_District\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Toora \\& District\n\\| RD1\\-score4\\=4\\.5 (29\\)",
"\\| RD2\\-seed1\\=2\n\\| RD2\\-team1\\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] '''Stony Creek'''\n\\| RD2\\-score1\\='''12\\.10 (82\\)'''\n\\| RD2\\-seed2\\=3\n\\| RD2\\-team2\\=\\[\\[File:Fish\\_Creek\\_FC.png\\|12px]] Fish Creek\n\\| RD2\\-score2\\=7\\.5 (47\\)",
"\\| RD3\\-seed1\\=1\n\\| RD3\\-team1\\=\\[\\[File:Mirboo\\_North\\_FC.png\\|12px]] '''Foster'''\n\\| RD3\\-score1\\='''8\\.7 (55\\)'''\n\\| RD3\\-seed2\\=2\n\\| RD3\\-team2\\= \\[\\[File:Stony creek football colours.jpg\\|12px]] Stony Creek\n\\| RD3\\-score2\\=7\\.6 (48\\)\n}}**",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1911, the Government of [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario") announced that a new [asylum](/wiki/Lunatic_asylum "Lunatic asylum") would be built to replace a similar facility in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), and a {{convert\|624\|acre\|adj\=on}} site on [Lake Ontario](/wiki/Lake_Ontario "Lake Ontario") in Whitby was selected the following year. Whitby was chosen due its relative proximity to Toronto and for cheap power and water provided by local utilities. Most of the buildings of the new **Ontario Hospital for the Insane** were constructed from 1913 to 1916\. Upon completion, the site was taken over by the Government of [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada") to serve as a military convalescent hospital for soldiers wounded in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"). The facility was returned to the Ontario government in 1919\.
The hospital was considered a model of mental health care for its era. Patients were housed in a cottage setting in an attempt to provide a home\-like atmosphere to those undergoing treatment. The lakeside fresh\-air environment was also seen as beneficial, as was the attached hospital farm. The farm was intended to make the facility self\-sufficient in meat, milk and vegetables. It was operated until 1969\.
A nursing school was operated on the site from 1920 to 1972, when the responsibility for nursing training was transferred to Ontario's colleges.
At its peak, the hospital was home to 1,650 patients. However, starting in the 1950s, new advancements in medication, therapy and care enabled a greater degree of community care. In 1968, the name of the facility was changed to the **Whitby Psychiatric Hospital**. As more patients were discharged into community settings, the number of in\-patients dropped from 1,000 to 504 between 1970 and 1977\.
Over the years, the presence of the facility also had considerable effect on the Town of Whitby. Its original construction brought many tradespeople to the town, and until the 1960s, it was the largest employer in the municipality.
In 1979, provincial studies indicated that the facility should be rebuilt. Construction on the new hospital began several years later in 1993, and was officially opened as the [Whitby Mental Health Centre](/wiki/Whitby_Mental_Health_Centre "Whitby Mental Health Centre") in 1996\.
Many of the old buildings remained on the site until 2005 and 2006 when most were finally torn down. Their condition had deteriorated over the years and they were a popular destination for [urban explorers](/wiki/Urban_exploration "Urban exploration"). Over the years, the area immediately adjacent to the hospital site has been developed and local residents complained about unsightly and unsafe buildings.
Canadian [alternative rock](/wiki/Alternative_rock "Alternative rock") band [Billy Talent](/wiki/Billy_Talent "Billy Talent") shot their music video for [Try Honesty](/wiki/Try_Honesty "Try Honesty") in one of the old buildings in 2003, before they were torn down in 2005–6\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1911, the Government of [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\") announced that a new [asylum](/wiki/Lunatic_asylum \"Lunatic asylum\") would be built to replace a similar facility in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), and a {{convert\\|624\\|acre\\|adj\\=on}} site on [Lake Ontario](/wiki/Lake_Ontario \"Lake Ontario\") in Whitby was selected the following year. Whitby was chosen due its relative proximity to Toronto and for cheap power and water provided by local utilities. Most of the buildings of the new **Ontario Hospital for the Insane** were constructed from 1913 to 1916\\. Upon completion, the site was taken over by the Government of [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") to serve as a military convalescent hospital for soldiers wounded in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"). The facility was returned to the Ontario government in 1919\\.",
"The hospital was considered a model of mental health care for its era. Patients were housed in a cottage setting in an attempt to provide a home\\-like atmosphere to those undergoing treatment. The lakeside fresh\\-air environment was also seen as beneficial, as was the attached hospital farm. The farm was intended to make the facility self\\-sufficient in meat, milk and vegetables. It was operated until 1969\\.",
"A nursing school was operated on the site from 1920 to 1972, when the responsibility for nursing training was transferred to Ontario's colleges.",
"At its peak, the hospital was home to 1,650 patients. However, starting in the 1950s, new advancements in medication, therapy and care enabled a greater degree of community care. In 1968, the name of the facility was changed to the **Whitby Psychiatric Hospital**. As more patients were discharged into community settings, the number of in\\-patients dropped from 1,000 to 504 between 1970 and 1977\\.",
"Over the years, the presence of the facility also had considerable effect on the Town of Whitby. Its original construction brought many tradespeople to the town, and until the 1960s, it was the largest employer in the municipality.",
"In 1979, provincial studies indicated that the facility should be rebuilt. Construction on the new hospital began several years later in 1993, and was officially opened as the [Whitby Mental Health Centre](/wiki/Whitby_Mental_Health_Centre \"Whitby Mental Health Centre\") in 1996\\.",
"Many of the old buildings remained on the site until 2005 and 2006 when most were finally torn down. Their condition had deteriorated over the years and they were a popular destination for [urban explorers](/wiki/Urban_exploration \"Urban exploration\"). Over the years, the area immediately adjacent to the hospital site has been developed and local residents complained about unsightly and unsafe buildings.",
"Canadian [alternative rock](/wiki/Alternative_rock \"Alternative rock\") band [Billy Talent](/wiki/Billy_Talent \"Billy Talent\") shot their music video for [Try Honesty](/wiki/Try_Honesty \"Try Honesty\") in one of the old buildings in 2003, before they were torn down in 2005–6\\.",
""
] |
National championships
----------------------
### Basketball
Montana Western won the NAIA national title in Division I Women's basketball, in 2019\.
Rocky Mountain won the national title in men's basketball, NAIA Division I, in 2009\.
Montana State\-Northern won the national title in women's basketball, NAIA Division II, in 1993\.
Carroll reached the semi\-finals in men's basketball in 2005, as did Lewis\-Clark State in women's basketball in 2001\.
University of Providence reached finals in women's basketball in 2024, Providence defeated Carroll College in the semi finals.This marked the first time two Frontier teams meet in the national tournament.
### Football
Carroll has won the NAIA national championship six times: four straight, from 2002 to 2005, also in 2007 and 2010, and has been runner\-up twice.
Southern Oregon won the NAIA national championship in the 2014 season.
Montana Tech was the national runner\-up in 1996\.
### Wrestling
Montana State\-Northern has won six wrestling titles: 1991, 1992, 1998\-2000, 2004, and was runner\-up in 1990, 1993, and 2002\.
Montana Western was co\-champion in 1994\.
In 2014, the University of Great Falls was second and Montana State\-Northern took third at the NAIA national wrestling championship.
### Bowling
College of Great Falls (now University of Providence) was the 1973 Men's NAIA National Bowling Champion.
|
[
"National championships\n----------------------",
"### Basketball",
"Montana Western won the NAIA national title in Division I Women's basketball, in 2019\\.",
"Rocky Mountain won the national title in men's basketball, NAIA Division I, in 2009\\.",
"Montana State\\-Northern won the national title in women's basketball, NAIA Division II, in 1993\\.",
"Carroll reached the semi\\-finals in men's basketball in 2005, as did Lewis\\-Clark State in women's basketball in 2001\\.",
"University of Providence reached finals in women's basketball in 2024, Providence defeated Carroll College in the semi finals.This marked the first time two Frontier teams meet in the national tournament.",
"### Football",
"Carroll has won the NAIA national championship six times: four straight, from 2002 to 2005, also in 2007 and 2010, and has been runner\\-up twice.",
"Southern Oregon won the NAIA national championship in the 2014 season.",
"Montana Tech was the national runner\\-up in 1996\\.",
"### Wrestling",
"Montana State\\-Northern has won six wrestling titles: 1991, 1992, 1998\\-2000, 2004, and was runner\\-up in 1990, 1993, and 2002\\.",
"Montana Western was co\\-champion in 1994\\.",
"In 2014, the University of Great Falls was second and Montana State\\-Northern took third at the NAIA national wrestling championship.",
"### Bowling",
"College of Great Falls (now University of Providence) was the 1973 Men's NAIA National Bowling Champion.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 2004
#### America's X\-Cup
Team USA was created and led [Jerry Lynn](/wiki/Jerry_Lynn "Jerry Lynn") after he was appointed by TNA Management as the man for the job due to being a pioneer of the [X Division](/wiki/X_Division "X Division"). The other teams in the X\-Cup Tournaments were [Team Mexico](/wiki/Team_Mexico "Team Mexico") or Team AAA, [Team Britain](/wiki/Team_Britain "Team Britain"), [Team Canada](/wiki/Team_Canada_%28TNA%29 "Team Canada (TNA)"), and [Team Japan](/wiki/Team_Japan "Team Japan") or Team AJPW.
Team USA did not have a very good showing early on, as they lost the inaugural [America's X\-Cup Tournament](/wiki/TNA_2004_America%27s_X-Cup_Tournament "TNA 2004 America's X-Cup Tournament") to [Team Mexico](/wiki/Team_Mexico "Team Mexico") (consisting of [Juventud Guerrera](/wiki/Juventud_Guerrera "Juventud Guerrera"), [Hector Garza](/wiki/Hector_Garza "Hector Garza"), [Mr. Águila](/wiki/Mr._%C3%81guila "Mr. Águila"), and [Abismo Negro](/wiki/Abismo_Negro "Abismo Negro")).
#### Frankie Kazarian
They were also embroiled in a feud with [Frankie Kazarian](/wiki/Frankie_Kazarian "Frankie Kazarian"), who believed he was wrongfully overlooked by Lynn with regards to the selection of the team. Kazarian proceeded to make his point by attacking and defeating members of Team USA in an attempt to get Lynn's attention. Sonjay Dutt eventually left the team to pursue a grudge with Kazarian regarding this situation. Kazarian defeated Dutt and demanded the now\-open spot on the team.
TNA responded by putting him in a match with Christopher Daniels for the open spot. Daniels won the match and joined Team USA.
#### World X\-Cup
With Daniels on Team USA, the team enjoyed instant success, winning an 8\-man tag warm\-up for the World X\-Cup. Their momentum carried into the World X\-Cup, where Team USA emerged victorious.
### 2006
#### Team Formation
Team USA would return to TNA Wrestling to take part in the [2006 World X\-Cup](/wiki/TNA_2006_World_X_Cup_Tournament "TNA 2006 World X Cup Tournament"). The team's members were chosen through qualifying matches held during episodes of [TNA Impact!](/wiki/TNA_Impact%21 "TNA Impact!").
[Jay Lethal](/wiki/Jay_Lethal "Jay Lethal") was the first to qualify for the team, defeating [Shannon Moore](/wiki/Shannon_Moore "Shannon Moore") and [Roderick Strong](/wiki/Roderick_Strong "Roderick Strong") in a triple threat match. [Chris Sabin](/wiki/Chris_Sabin "Chris Sabin") was the second to qualify, defeating [Alex Shelley](/wiki/Alex_Shelley "Alex Shelley") and [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt "Sonjay Dutt") for the role. [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt "Sonjay Dutt"), who defeated [Matt Bentley](/wiki/Matt_Bentley "Matt Bentley") and [Elix Skipper](/wiki/Elix_Skipper "Elix Skipper"), was the third to qualify. Finally, [Alex Shelley](/wiki/Alex_Shelley "Alex Shelley") would qualify by defeating [Roderick Strong](/wiki/Roderick_Strong "Roderick Strong") and [Chase Stevens](/wiki/Chase_Stevens "Chase Stevens").
At a later time, former Team USA captain Jerry Lynn was given the authority of coach/mentor for the team. Despite never coming to the ring with the team during the competitions, he advised them backstage and appointed former teammate Chris Sabin as the team captain for 2006\.
#### World X\-Cup Run
Team USA jumped ahead early in the World X\-Cup, with Alex Shelley and Sonjay Dutt defeating [Minoru Tanaka](/wiki/Minoru_Tanaka_%28wrestler%29 "Minoru Tanaka (wrestler)") and [Hirooki Goto](/wiki/Hirooki_Goto "Hirooki Goto") of Team Japan on [TNA Impact!](/wiki/TNA_Impact%21 "TNA Impact!") to earn Team USA 2 points. Chris Sabin then defeated [Puma](/wiki/T._J._Perkins "T. J. Perkins") of Team Mexico to earn Team USA another 3 points. After not scoring any points in the [Gauntlet for the Gold](/wiki/Gauntlet_for_the_Gold "Gauntlet for the Gold") match at [Sacrifice](/wiki/TNA_Sacrifice%232006 "TNA Sacrifice#2006"), the team found themselves tied for first place with [Team Canada](/wiki/Team_Canada_%28TNA%29 "Team Canada (TNA)") after [Petey Williams](/wiki/Petey_Williams "Petey Williams") pinned Puma to win the Gauntlet.
Director of Authority [Larry Zbyszko](/wiki/Larry_Zbyszko "Larry Zbyszko") announced a [sudden death](/wiki/Sudden_death_%28sport%29 "Sudden death (sport)") tiebreaker between the captains of the two teams for the following episode of TNA Impact to determine the winner of the World X\-Cup. Just before the match started, both respective teams were locked out of the Impact Zone. Chris Sabin defeated Petey Williams with the Cradle Shock to win the match at the tournament for Team USA.
#### Shelley/Nash Controversies
The inclusion of Shelley on the team created controversy for Team USA, as the team was mostly full of [babyface](/wiki/Face_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Face (professional wrestling)") wrestlers, while Shelley was a heel working for [Jeff Jarrett](/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett "Jeff Jarrett")'s [Planet Jarrett](/wiki/Planet_Jarrett "Planet Jarrett") faction. Problems with Shelley led to initial losses in exhibition matches featuring Team USA taking on Team Canada and Team Japan, but Shelley turned things around and became a productive member of Team USA, aiding their efforts.
Shelley later got involved with a second controversy that started during the World X\-Cup. He was invited by [Kevin Nash](/wiki/Kevin_Nash "Kevin Nash") to conduct an interview with the big man. During the interview, Nash criticized TNA and threatened to destroy the X Division. Shelley showed the tape to Team USA, who took serious offense.
Nash appeared after the Gauntlet match at Sacrifice, beating down Puma after he had lost the match and delivering a Jackknife Powerbomb to the Team Mexico competitor. Nash also appeared the following week on TNA Impact, attacking Chris Sabin after he won the trophy. Nash broke the trophy and used parts of it to gouge Sabin, then delivered a Jackknife Powerbomb to him as well. Jerry Lynn and Team USA eventually was allowed back into the arena and made the save, but Shelley mysteriously departed with Nash.
#### Post X\-Cup
After the 2006 World X\-Cup, Alex Shelley formed the Paparazzi Productions along with Kevin Nash and they developed a short feud with USA 2006 Team Captain, Chris Sabin. Since then, Sabin is now teaming with Alex Shelley as the [Motor City Machine Guns](/wiki/Motor_City_Machine_Guns "Motor City Machine Guns"). Meanwhile, Sonjay Dutt and Jay Lethal are an on\-again\-off\-again tag\-team. Lethal is now known as "Black Machismo" and his character is based on that of ["The Macho Man" Randy Savage](/wiki/Randy_Savage "Randy Savage"). Dutt, on the other hand, is currently playing a character that is based on [Gandhi](/wiki/Gandhi "Gandhi").
### 2008
Mexico won the World X Cup 2008\.
### 2013
Team USA won the World Cup of Wrestling in a tiebreaker match against [Team Aces \& Eights](/wiki/Aces_%26_Eights "Aces & Eights").
### 2016
[EC3](/wiki/Ethan_Carter_III "Ethan Carter III"), [Tyrus](/wiki/Brodus_Clay "Brodus Clay") and [Eli Drake](/wiki/Eli_Drake "Eli Drake") represented Team TNA in the [2016 Lucha Libre World Cup](/wiki/Lucha_Libre_World_Cup_%282016%29 "Lucha Libre World Cup (2016)"), but was eliminated in the first round.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 2004",
"#### America's X\\-Cup",
"Team USA was created and led [Jerry Lynn](/wiki/Jerry_Lynn \"Jerry Lynn\") after he was appointed by TNA Management as the man for the job due to being a pioneer of the [X Division](/wiki/X_Division \"X Division\"). The other teams in the X\\-Cup Tournaments were [Team Mexico](/wiki/Team_Mexico \"Team Mexico\") or Team AAA, [Team Britain](/wiki/Team_Britain \"Team Britain\"), [Team Canada](/wiki/Team_Canada_%28TNA%29 \"Team Canada (TNA)\"), and [Team Japan](/wiki/Team_Japan \"Team Japan\") or Team AJPW.",
"Team USA did not have a very good showing early on, as they lost the inaugural [America's X\\-Cup Tournament](/wiki/TNA_2004_America%27s_X-Cup_Tournament \"TNA 2004 America's X-Cup Tournament\") to [Team Mexico](/wiki/Team_Mexico \"Team Mexico\") (consisting of [Juventud Guerrera](/wiki/Juventud_Guerrera \"Juventud Guerrera\"), [Hector Garza](/wiki/Hector_Garza \"Hector Garza\"), [Mr. Águila](/wiki/Mr._%C3%81guila \"Mr. Águila\"), and [Abismo Negro](/wiki/Abismo_Negro \"Abismo Negro\")).",
"#### Frankie Kazarian",
"They were also embroiled in a feud with [Frankie Kazarian](/wiki/Frankie_Kazarian \"Frankie Kazarian\"), who believed he was wrongfully overlooked by Lynn with regards to the selection of the team. Kazarian proceeded to make his point by attacking and defeating members of Team USA in an attempt to get Lynn's attention. Sonjay Dutt eventually left the team to pursue a grudge with Kazarian regarding this situation. Kazarian defeated Dutt and demanded the now\\-open spot on the team.",
"TNA responded by putting him in a match with Christopher Daniels for the open spot. Daniels won the match and joined Team USA.",
"#### World X\\-Cup",
"With Daniels on Team USA, the team enjoyed instant success, winning an 8\\-man tag warm\\-up for the World X\\-Cup. Their momentum carried into the World X\\-Cup, where Team USA emerged victorious.",
"### 2006",
"#### Team Formation",
"Team USA would return to TNA Wrestling to take part in the [2006 World X\\-Cup](/wiki/TNA_2006_World_X_Cup_Tournament \"TNA 2006 World X Cup Tournament\"). The team's members were chosen through qualifying matches held during episodes of [TNA Impact!](/wiki/TNA_Impact%21 \"TNA Impact!\").",
"[Jay Lethal](/wiki/Jay_Lethal \"Jay Lethal\") was the first to qualify for the team, defeating [Shannon Moore](/wiki/Shannon_Moore \"Shannon Moore\") and [Roderick Strong](/wiki/Roderick_Strong \"Roderick Strong\") in a triple threat match. [Chris Sabin](/wiki/Chris_Sabin \"Chris Sabin\") was the second to qualify, defeating [Alex Shelley](/wiki/Alex_Shelley \"Alex Shelley\") and [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt \"Sonjay Dutt\") for the role. [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt \"Sonjay Dutt\"), who defeated [Matt Bentley](/wiki/Matt_Bentley \"Matt Bentley\") and [Elix Skipper](/wiki/Elix_Skipper \"Elix Skipper\"), was the third to qualify. Finally, [Alex Shelley](/wiki/Alex_Shelley \"Alex Shelley\") would qualify by defeating [Roderick Strong](/wiki/Roderick_Strong \"Roderick Strong\") and [Chase Stevens](/wiki/Chase_Stevens \"Chase Stevens\").",
"At a later time, former Team USA captain Jerry Lynn was given the authority of coach/mentor for the team. Despite never coming to the ring with the team during the competitions, he advised them backstage and appointed former teammate Chris Sabin as the team captain for 2006\\.",
"#### World X\\-Cup Run",
"Team USA jumped ahead early in the World X\\-Cup, with Alex Shelley and Sonjay Dutt defeating [Minoru Tanaka](/wiki/Minoru_Tanaka_%28wrestler%29 \"Minoru Tanaka (wrestler)\") and [Hirooki Goto](/wiki/Hirooki_Goto \"Hirooki Goto\") of Team Japan on [TNA Impact!](/wiki/TNA_Impact%21 \"TNA Impact!\") to earn Team USA 2 points. Chris Sabin then defeated [Puma](/wiki/T._J._Perkins \"T. J. Perkins\") of Team Mexico to earn Team USA another 3 points. After not scoring any points in the [Gauntlet for the Gold](/wiki/Gauntlet_for_the_Gold \"Gauntlet for the Gold\") match at [Sacrifice](/wiki/TNA_Sacrifice%232006 \"TNA Sacrifice#2006\"), the team found themselves tied for first place with [Team Canada](/wiki/Team_Canada_%28TNA%29 \"Team Canada (TNA)\") after [Petey Williams](/wiki/Petey_Williams \"Petey Williams\") pinned Puma to win the Gauntlet.",
"Director of Authority [Larry Zbyszko](/wiki/Larry_Zbyszko \"Larry Zbyszko\") announced a [sudden death](/wiki/Sudden_death_%28sport%29 \"Sudden death (sport)\") tiebreaker between the captains of the two teams for the following episode of TNA Impact to determine the winner of the World X\\-Cup. Just before the match started, both respective teams were locked out of the Impact Zone. Chris Sabin defeated Petey Williams with the Cradle Shock to win the match at the tournament for Team USA.",
"#### Shelley/Nash Controversies",
"The inclusion of Shelley on the team created controversy for Team USA, as the team was mostly full of [babyface](/wiki/Face_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Face (professional wrestling)\") wrestlers, while Shelley was a heel working for [Jeff Jarrett](/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett \"Jeff Jarrett\")'s [Planet Jarrett](/wiki/Planet_Jarrett \"Planet Jarrett\") faction. Problems with Shelley led to initial losses in exhibition matches featuring Team USA taking on Team Canada and Team Japan, but Shelley turned things around and became a productive member of Team USA, aiding their efforts.",
"Shelley later got involved with a second controversy that started during the World X\\-Cup. He was invited by [Kevin Nash](/wiki/Kevin_Nash \"Kevin Nash\") to conduct an interview with the big man. During the interview, Nash criticized TNA and threatened to destroy the X Division. Shelley showed the tape to Team USA, who took serious offense.",
"Nash appeared after the Gauntlet match at Sacrifice, beating down Puma after he had lost the match and delivering a Jackknife Powerbomb to the Team Mexico competitor. Nash also appeared the following week on TNA Impact, attacking Chris Sabin after he won the trophy. Nash broke the trophy and used parts of it to gouge Sabin, then delivered a Jackknife Powerbomb to him as well. Jerry Lynn and Team USA eventually was allowed back into the arena and made the save, but Shelley mysteriously departed with Nash.",
"#### Post X\\-Cup",
"After the 2006 World X\\-Cup, Alex Shelley formed the Paparazzi Productions along with Kevin Nash and they developed a short feud with USA 2006 Team Captain, Chris Sabin. Since then, Sabin is now teaming with Alex Shelley as the [Motor City Machine Guns](/wiki/Motor_City_Machine_Guns \"Motor City Machine Guns\"). Meanwhile, Sonjay Dutt and Jay Lethal are an on\\-again\\-off\\-again tag\\-team. Lethal is now known as \"Black Machismo\" and his character is based on that of [\"The Macho Man\" Randy Savage](/wiki/Randy_Savage \"Randy Savage\"). Dutt, on the other hand, is currently playing a character that is based on [Gandhi](/wiki/Gandhi \"Gandhi\").",
"### 2008",
"Mexico won the World X Cup 2008\\.",
"### 2013",
"Team USA won the World Cup of Wrestling in a tiebreaker match against [Team Aces \\& Eights](/wiki/Aces_%26_Eights \"Aces & Eights\").",
"### 2016",
"[EC3](/wiki/Ethan_Carter_III \"Ethan Carter III\"), [Tyrus](/wiki/Brodus_Clay \"Brodus Clay\") and [Eli Drake](/wiki/Eli_Drake \"Eli Drake\") represented Team TNA in the [2016 Lucha Libre World Cup](/wiki/Lucha_Libre_World_Cup_%282016%29 \"Lucha Libre World Cup (2016)\"), but was eliminated in the first round.",
""
] |
### 2004
#### America's X\-Cup
Team USA was created and led [Jerry Lynn](/wiki/Jerry_Lynn "Jerry Lynn") after he was appointed by TNA Management as the man for the job due to being a pioneer of the [X Division](/wiki/X_Division "X Division"). The other teams in the X\-Cup Tournaments were [Team Mexico](/wiki/Team_Mexico "Team Mexico") or Team AAA, [Team Britain](/wiki/Team_Britain "Team Britain"), [Team Canada](/wiki/Team_Canada_%28TNA%29 "Team Canada (TNA)"), and [Team Japan](/wiki/Team_Japan "Team Japan") or Team AJPW.
Team USA did not have a very good showing early on, as they lost the inaugural [America's X\-Cup Tournament](/wiki/TNA_2004_America%27s_X-Cup_Tournament "TNA 2004 America's X-Cup Tournament") to [Team Mexico](/wiki/Team_Mexico "Team Mexico") (consisting of [Juventud Guerrera](/wiki/Juventud_Guerrera "Juventud Guerrera"), [Hector Garza](/wiki/Hector_Garza "Hector Garza"), [Mr. Águila](/wiki/Mr._%C3%81guila "Mr. Águila"), and [Abismo Negro](/wiki/Abismo_Negro "Abismo Negro")).
#### Frankie Kazarian
They were also embroiled in a feud with [Frankie Kazarian](/wiki/Frankie_Kazarian "Frankie Kazarian"), who believed he was wrongfully overlooked by Lynn with regards to the selection of the team. Kazarian proceeded to make his point by attacking and defeating members of Team USA in an attempt to get Lynn's attention. Sonjay Dutt eventually left the team to pursue a grudge with Kazarian regarding this situation. Kazarian defeated Dutt and demanded the now\-open spot on the team.
TNA responded by putting him in a match with Christopher Daniels for the open spot. Daniels won the match and joined Team USA.
#### World X\-Cup
With Daniels on Team USA, the team enjoyed instant success, winning an 8\-man tag warm\-up for the World X\-Cup. Their momentum carried into the World X\-Cup, where Team USA emerged victorious.
|
[
"### 2004",
"#### America's X\\-Cup",
"Team USA was created and led [Jerry Lynn](/wiki/Jerry_Lynn \"Jerry Lynn\") after he was appointed by TNA Management as the man for the job due to being a pioneer of the [X Division](/wiki/X_Division \"X Division\"). The other teams in the X\\-Cup Tournaments were [Team Mexico](/wiki/Team_Mexico \"Team Mexico\") or Team AAA, [Team Britain](/wiki/Team_Britain \"Team Britain\"), [Team Canada](/wiki/Team_Canada_%28TNA%29 \"Team Canada (TNA)\"), and [Team Japan](/wiki/Team_Japan \"Team Japan\") or Team AJPW.",
"Team USA did not have a very good showing early on, as they lost the inaugural [America's X\\-Cup Tournament](/wiki/TNA_2004_America%27s_X-Cup_Tournament \"TNA 2004 America's X-Cup Tournament\") to [Team Mexico](/wiki/Team_Mexico \"Team Mexico\") (consisting of [Juventud Guerrera](/wiki/Juventud_Guerrera \"Juventud Guerrera\"), [Hector Garza](/wiki/Hector_Garza \"Hector Garza\"), [Mr. Águila](/wiki/Mr._%C3%81guila \"Mr. Águila\"), and [Abismo Negro](/wiki/Abismo_Negro \"Abismo Negro\")).",
"#### Frankie Kazarian",
"They were also embroiled in a feud with [Frankie Kazarian](/wiki/Frankie_Kazarian \"Frankie Kazarian\"), who believed he was wrongfully overlooked by Lynn with regards to the selection of the team. Kazarian proceeded to make his point by attacking and defeating members of Team USA in an attempt to get Lynn's attention. Sonjay Dutt eventually left the team to pursue a grudge with Kazarian regarding this situation. Kazarian defeated Dutt and demanded the now\\-open spot on the team.",
"TNA responded by putting him in a match with Christopher Daniels for the open spot. Daniels won the match and joined Team USA.",
"#### World X\\-Cup",
"With Daniels on Team USA, the team enjoyed instant success, winning an 8\\-man tag warm\\-up for the World X\\-Cup. Their momentum carried into the World X\\-Cup, where Team USA emerged victorious.",
""
] |
### 2006
#### Team Formation
Team USA would return to TNA Wrestling to take part in the [2006 World X\-Cup](/wiki/TNA_2006_World_X_Cup_Tournament "TNA 2006 World X Cup Tournament"). The team's members were chosen through qualifying matches held during episodes of [TNA Impact!](/wiki/TNA_Impact%21 "TNA Impact!").
[Jay Lethal](/wiki/Jay_Lethal "Jay Lethal") was the first to qualify for the team, defeating [Shannon Moore](/wiki/Shannon_Moore "Shannon Moore") and [Roderick Strong](/wiki/Roderick_Strong "Roderick Strong") in a triple threat match. [Chris Sabin](/wiki/Chris_Sabin "Chris Sabin") was the second to qualify, defeating [Alex Shelley](/wiki/Alex_Shelley "Alex Shelley") and [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt "Sonjay Dutt") for the role. [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt "Sonjay Dutt"), who defeated [Matt Bentley](/wiki/Matt_Bentley "Matt Bentley") and [Elix Skipper](/wiki/Elix_Skipper "Elix Skipper"), was the third to qualify. Finally, [Alex Shelley](/wiki/Alex_Shelley "Alex Shelley") would qualify by defeating [Roderick Strong](/wiki/Roderick_Strong "Roderick Strong") and [Chase Stevens](/wiki/Chase_Stevens "Chase Stevens").
At a later time, former Team USA captain Jerry Lynn was given the authority of coach/mentor for the team. Despite never coming to the ring with the team during the competitions, he advised them backstage and appointed former teammate Chris Sabin as the team captain for 2006\.
#### World X\-Cup Run
Team USA jumped ahead early in the World X\-Cup, with Alex Shelley and Sonjay Dutt defeating [Minoru Tanaka](/wiki/Minoru_Tanaka_%28wrestler%29 "Minoru Tanaka (wrestler)") and [Hirooki Goto](/wiki/Hirooki_Goto "Hirooki Goto") of Team Japan on [TNA Impact!](/wiki/TNA_Impact%21 "TNA Impact!") to earn Team USA 2 points. Chris Sabin then defeated [Puma](/wiki/T._J._Perkins "T. J. Perkins") of Team Mexico to earn Team USA another 3 points. After not scoring any points in the [Gauntlet for the Gold](/wiki/Gauntlet_for_the_Gold "Gauntlet for the Gold") match at [Sacrifice](/wiki/TNA_Sacrifice%232006 "TNA Sacrifice#2006"), the team found themselves tied for first place with [Team Canada](/wiki/Team_Canada_%28TNA%29 "Team Canada (TNA)") after [Petey Williams](/wiki/Petey_Williams "Petey Williams") pinned Puma to win the Gauntlet.
Director of Authority [Larry Zbyszko](/wiki/Larry_Zbyszko "Larry Zbyszko") announced a [sudden death](/wiki/Sudden_death_%28sport%29 "Sudden death (sport)") tiebreaker between the captains of the two teams for the following episode of TNA Impact to determine the winner of the World X\-Cup. Just before the match started, both respective teams were locked out of the Impact Zone. Chris Sabin defeated Petey Williams with the Cradle Shock to win the match at the tournament for Team USA.
#### Shelley/Nash Controversies
The inclusion of Shelley on the team created controversy for Team USA, as the team was mostly full of [babyface](/wiki/Face_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Face (professional wrestling)") wrestlers, while Shelley was a heel working for [Jeff Jarrett](/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett "Jeff Jarrett")'s [Planet Jarrett](/wiki/Planet_Jarrett "Planet Jarrett") faction. Problems with Shelley led to initial losses in exhibition matches featuring Team USA taking on Team Canada and Team Japan, but Shelley turned things around and became a productive member of Team USA, aiding their efforts.
Shelley later got involved with a second controversy that started during the World X\-Cup. He was invited by [Kevin Nash](/wiki/Kevin_Nash "Kevin Nash") to conduct an interview with the big man. During the interview, Nash criticized TNA and threatened to destroy the X Division. Shelley showed the tape to Team USA, who took serious offense.
Nash appeared after the Gauntlet match at Sacrifice, beating down Puma after he had lost the match and delivering a Jackknife Powerbomb to the Team Mexico competitor. Nash also appeared the following week on TNA Impact, attacking Chris Sabin after he won the trophy. Nash broke the trophy and used parts of it to gouge Sabin, then delivered a Jackknife Powerbomb to him as well. Jerry Lynn and Team USA eventually was allowed back into the arena and made the save, but Shelley mysteriously departed with Nash.
#### Post X\-Cup
After the 2006 World X\-Cup, Alex Shelley formed the Paparazzi Productions along with Kevin Nash and they developed a short feud with USA 2006 Team Captain, Chris Sabin. Since then, Sabin is now teaming with Alex Shelley as the [Motor City Machine Guns](/wiki/Motor_City_Machine_Guns "Motor City Machine Guns"). Meanwhile, Sonjay Dutt and Jay Lethal are an on\-again\-off\-again tag\-team. Lethal is now known as "Black Machismo" and his character is based on that of ["The Macho Man" Randy Savage](/wiki/Randy_Savage "Randy Savage"). Dutt, on the other hand, is currently playing a character that is based on [Gandhi](/wiki/Gandhi "Gandhi").
|
[
"### 2006",
"#### Team Formation",
"Team USA would return to TNA Wrestling to take part in the [2006 World X\\-Cup](/wiki/TNA_2006_World_X_Cup_Tournament \"TNA 2006 World X Cup Tournament\"). The team's members were chosen through qualifying matches held during episodes of [TNA Impact!](/wiki/TNA_Impact%21 \"TNA Impact!\").",
"[Jay Lethal](/wiki/Jay_Lethal \"Jay Lethal\") was the first to qualify for the team, defeating [Shannon Moore](/wiki/Shannon_Moore \"Shannon Moore\") and [Roderick Strong](/wiki/Roderick_Strong \"Roderick Strong\") in a triple threat match. [Chris Sabin](/wiki/Chris_Sabin \"Chris Sabin\") was the second to qualify, defeating [Alex Shelley](/wiki/Alex_Shelley \"Alex Shelley\") and [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt \"Sonjay Dutt\") for the role. [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt \"Sonjay Dutt\"), who defeated [Matt Bentley](/wiki/Matt_Bentley \"Matt Bentley\") and [Elix Skipper](/wiki/Elix_Skipper \"Elix Skipper\"), was the third to qualify. Finally, [Alex Shelley](/wiki/Alex_Shelley \"Alex Shelley\") would qualify by defeating [Roderick Strong](/wiki/Roderick_Strong \"Roderick Strong\") and [Chase Stevens](/wiki/Chase_Stevens \"Chase Stevens\").",
"At a later time, former Team USA captain Jerry Lynn was given the authority of coach/mentor for the team. Despite never coming to the ring with the team during the competitions, he advised them backstage and appointed former teammate Chris Sabin as the team captain for 2006\\.",
"#### World X\\-Cup Run",
"Team USA jumped ahead early in the World X\\-Cup, with Alex Shelley and Sonjay Dutt defeating [Minoru Tanaka](/wiki/Minoru_Tanaka_%28wrestler%29 \"Minoru Tanaka (wrestler)\") and [Hirooki Goto](/wiki/Hirooki_Goto \"Hirooki Goto\") of Team Japan on [TNA Impact!](/wiki/TNA_Impact%21 \"TNA Impact!\") to earn Team USA 2 points. Chris Sabin then defeated [Puma](/wiki/T._J._Perkins \"T. J. Perkins\") of Team Mexico to earn Team USA another 3 points. After not scoring any points in the [Gauntlet for the Gold](/wiki/Gauntlet_for_the_Gold \"Gauntlet for the Gold\") match at [Sacrifice](/wiki/TNA_Sacrifice%232006 \"TNA Sacrifice#2006\"), the team found themselves tied for first place with [Team Canada](/wiki/Team_Canada_%28TNA%29 \"Team Canada (TNA)\") after [Petey Williams](/wiki/Petey_Williams \"Petey Williams\") pinned Puma to win the Gauntlet.",
"Director of Authority [Larry Zbyszko](/wiki/Larry_Zbyszko \"Larry Zbyszko\") announced a [sudden death](/wiki/Sudden_death_%28sport%29 \"Sudden death (sport)\") tiebreaker between the captains of the two teams for the following episode of TNA Impact to determine the winner of the World X\\-Cup. Just before the match started, both respective teams were locked out of the Impact Zone. Chris Sabin defeated Petey Williams with the Cradle Shock to win the match at the tournament for Team USA.",
"#### Shelley/Nash Controversies",
"The inclusion of Shelley on the team created controversy for Team USA, as the team was mostly full of [babyface](/wiki/Face_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Face (professional wrestling)\") wrestlers, while Shelley was a heel working for [Jeff Jarrett](/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett \"Jeff Jarrett\")'s [Planet Jarrett](/wiki/Planet_Jarrett \"Planet Jarrett\") faction. Problems with Shelley led to initial losses in exhibition matches featuring Team USA taking on Team Canada and Team Japan, but Shelley turned things around and became a productive member of Team USA, aiding their efforts.",
"Shelley later got involved with a second controversy that started during the World X\\-Cup. He was invited by [Kevin Nash](/wiki/Kevin_Nash \"Kevin Nash\") to conduct an interview with the big man. During the interview, Nash criticized TNA and threatened to destroy the X Division. Shelley showed the tape to Team USA, who took serious offense.",
"Nash appeared after the Gauntlet match at Sacrifice, beating down Puma after he had lost the match and delivering a Jackknife Powerbomb to the Team Mexico competitor. Nash also appeared the following week on TNA Impact, attacking Chris Sabin after he won the trophy. Nash broke the trophy and used parts of it to gouge Sabin, then delivered a Jackknife Powerbomb to him as well. Jerry Lynn and Team USA eventually was allowed back into the arena and made the save, but Shelley mysteriously departed with Nash.",
"#### Post X\\-Cup",
"After the 2006 World X\\-Cup, Alex Shelley formed the Paparazzi Productions along with Kevin Nash and they developed a short feud with USA 2006 Team Captain, Chris Sabin. Since then, Sabin is now teaming with Alex Shelley as the [Motor City Machine Guns](/wiki/Motor_City_Machine_Guns \"Motor City Machine Guns\"). Meanwhile, Sonjay Dutt and Jay Lethal are an on\\-again\\-off\\-again tag\\-team. Lethal is now known as \"Black Machismo\" and his character is based on that of [\"The Macho Man\" Randy Savage](/wiki/Randy_Savage \"Randy Savage\"). Dutt, on the other hand, is currently playing a character that is based on [Gandhi](/wiki/Gandhi \"Gandhi\").",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|align\=left
\|1860\= 293
\|1870\= 264
\|1880\= 355
\|1890\= 336
\|1900\= 338
\|1910\= 334
\|1920\= 397
\|1930\= 369
\|1940\= 409
\|1950\= 399
\|1960\= 488
\|1970\= 500
\|1980\= 539
\|1990\= 476
\|2000\= 440
\|2010\= 463
\|2020\= 416
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=January 6, 2013}} of 2010, there were 463 people, 149 households, and 118 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1052\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 166 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|377\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 96\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 1\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), and 2\.4% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.8% of the population.
There were 149 households, of which 44\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 16\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 10\.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 20\.8% were non\-families. 15\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\.11 and the average family size was 3\.34\.
The median age in the village was 32\.8 years. 32\.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\.8% were from 25 to 44; 22\.3% were from 45 to 64; and 12\.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49\.7% male and 50\.3% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 440 people, 160 households, and 127 families living in the village. The population density was {{convert\|996\.4\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 169 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|382\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 96\.36% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.91% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.45% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.23% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.45% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.59% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.23% of the population.
There were 160 households, out of which 33\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20\.6% were non\-families. 17\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.75 and the average family size was 3\.06\.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 27\.5% under the age of 18, 10\.0% from 18 to 24, 28\.9% from 25 to 44, 24\.3% from 45 to 64, and 9\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 97\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96\.9 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $36,000, and the median income for a family was $38,750\. Males had a median income of $26,406 versus $20,000 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the village was $13,288\. About 9\.4% of families and 8\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 7\.6% of those under age 18 and 21\.3% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|align\\=left\n\\|1860\\= 293\n\\|1870\\= 264\n\\|1880\\= 355\n\\|1890\\= 336\n\\|1900\\= 338\n\\|1910\\= 334\n\\|1920\\= 397\n\\|1930\\= 369\n\\|1940\\= 409\n\\|1950\\= 399\n\\|1960\\= 488\n\\|1970\\= 500\n\\|1980\\= 539\n\\|1990\\= 476\n\\|2000\\= 440\n\\|2010\\= 463\n\\|2020\\= 416\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=January 6, 2013}} of 2010, there were 463 people, 149 households, and 118 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1052\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 166 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|377\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 96\\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), and 2\\.4% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.8% of the population.",
"There were 149 households, of which 44\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 16\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 10\\.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 20\\.8% were non\\-families. 15\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.11 and the average family size was 3\\.34\\.",
"The median age in the village was 32\\.8 years. 32\\.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\\.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\\.8% were from 25 to 44; 22\\.3% were from 45 to 64; and 12\\.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49\\.7% male and 50\\.3% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 440 people, 160 households, and 127 families living in the village. The population density was {{convert\\|996\\.4\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 169 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|382\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 96\\.36% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.91% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.45% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.23% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.45% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.59% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.23% of the population.",
"There were 160 households, out of which 33\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59\\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20\\.6% were non\\-families. 17\\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.75 and the average family size was 3\\.06\\.",
"In the village, the population was spread out, with 27\\.5% under the age of 18, 10\\.0% from 18 to 24, 28\\.9% from 25 to 44, 24\\.3% from 45 to 64, and 9\\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 97\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96\\.9 males.",
"The median income for a household in the village was $36,000, and the median income for a family was $38,750\\. Males had a median income of $26,406 versus $20,000 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $13,288\\. About 9\\.4% of families and 8\\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 7\\.6% of those under age 18 and 21\\.3% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Timeline of the Palmiry massacre
--------------------------------
### First executions
Probably the first executions in the forest glade near Palmiry were carried out on 7 and 8 December 1939, when 70 and 80 people were murdered, respectively. According to the Wehrmacht soldiers who guarded a nearby ammunition warehouse, all the victims were Jewish.
Bartoszewski (1970\), pp. 67–68\.
The next execution was conducted on 14 December 1939 when 46 people were shot dead. At least some of the victims came from [Pruszków](/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w "Pruszków"). Among them were Stanisław Kalbarczyk, a Polish teacher from Pruszków, and two unidentified women.Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 68\.
[thumb\|Mass execution in Palmiry](/wiki/File:Egzekucja_w_Palmirach.jpg "Egzekucja w Palmirach.jpg")
The circumstances of the last mass execution conducted in Palmiry in 1939 are at least partially known. However, according to Maria Wardzyńska (a Polish historian employed in the [Institute of National Remembrance](/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance "Institute of National Remembrance")), at least 70 other people were secretly executed in Palmiry before the end of 1939\.Wardzyńska (2009\), p. 244\.
In January and February 1940 the Gestapo infiltrated and crushed the underground organization *Polska Ludowa Akcja Niepodległościowa* (PLAN) ("Polish People's Independence Action"). On 14 January, the PLAN commander, Kazimierz Andrzej Kott, escaped from the Gestapo headquarters at 25 Szucha Avenue. Soon after, several hundred people were arrested in Warsaw, among them 255 leading Jewish intellectuals. On 21 January about 80 hostages, including two women, were executed in Palmiry. Among the victims were Fr. Marceli Nowakowski (rector of the [Church of the Holiest Saviour in Warsaw](/wiki/Church_of_the_Holiest_Saviour "Church of the Holiest Saviour"), and former member of parliament) and 36 Jews (including attorney Ludwik Dyzenhaus, dentist Franciszek Sturm and chess master [Dawid Przepiórka](/wiki/Dawid_Przepi%C3%B3rka "Dawid Przepiórka")). Another 118 people arrested after Kott's escape, mostly Jews, were probably murdered in Palmiry in the first months of 1940\.Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 73\.
According to Maria Wardzyńska, about 40 inhabitants of [Zakroczym](/wiki/Zakroczym "Zakroczym") were also executed in Palmiry in January 1940\. Among them was the mayor of Zakroczym, Tadeusz Henzlich.
The next mass execution in Palmiry was carried out on 26 February 1940\. In retaliation for the death of the German mayor of [Legionowo](/wiki/Legionowo "Legionowo"), who had been assassinated two days earlier by unknown perpetrators, about 190 people were murdered at the "glade of death". Among the victims were six women. In most cases the victims of this execution came from Legionowo or from surrounding localities.Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 74\.Domańska (1978\), p. 44\.
On the night of 28 March 1940, German police officers entered the house at Sosnowa Street in Warsaw where Józef Bruckner, commander of the underground organization *Wilki* ("The Wolves"), had his conspiratorial flat. Bruckner and his aide opened fire on the policemen, and after a brief fight, they escaped from the building. In retaliation, the Germans arrested 34 Polish men who lived in this building (aged 17 to 60\). All of them were murdered in Palmiry on 23 April 1940\.Bartoszewski (1970\), pp. 78–79\.
On 2 April 1940, about 100 inmates of Pawiak and Mokotów prisons were murdered in Palmiry. The execution was conducted in retaliation for the assassination of two German soldiers in Warsaw. Among the victims were Fr. Jan Krawczyk (theologian, parson of Catholic parish in [Wilanów](/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w "Wilanów")), Bogumił Marzec (attorney), Stefan Napierski (literary critic, editor of monthly magazine of literature *Ateneum*), Bohdan Offenberg (deputy director of the Labour Fund), Zbigniew Rawicz\-Twaróg (captain of the Polish Army), Jacek Szwemin (architect), and 27 women.Bartoszewski (1970\), pp. 76–77\.
According to Polish historians, between 700Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 445\. and 900Wardzyńska (2009\), p. 243\. people were executed in Palmiry from December 1939 until April 1940\.
### *AB\-Aktion*
[thumb\|Secret list smuggled from [Pawiak](/wiki/Pawiak "Pawiak") by the Polish female guard Janina Gruszkowa (member of the Polish resistance). It contains some of the names of Polish political prisoners who were executed in Palmiry on 20–21 June 1940](/wiki/File:Secret_list_of_the_Palmiry_massacre_victims.jpg "Secret list of the Palmiry massacre victims.jpg")
[thumb\|Grave of [Maciej Rataj](/wiki/Maciej_Rataj "Maciej Rataj") at the cemetery in Palmiry](/wiki/File:Palmiry_cemetery_20080713_02.jpg "Palmiry cemetery 20080713 02.jpg")
{{Further\|German AB\-Aktion in Poland}}
In the spring of 1940, the highest [NSDAP](/wiki/Nazi_Party "Nazi Party") and SS authorities in the General Government decided to conduct a wide\-ranging police operation aimed at the extermination of the Polish political, cultural, and social elite. The mass murder of Polish politicians, intellectuals, artists, social activists, as well as people suspected of potential anti\-Nazi activity, was seen as a preemptive measure to keep the [Polish resistance](/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II "Polish resistance movement in World War II") scattered and to prevent the Poles from revolting during the planned German [invasion of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France "Battle of France"). This operation was given the code name *AB\-Aktion* (shortcut from *Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion*{{efn\|English: "Extraordinary Operation of Pacification".}}).Bartoszewski (1970\), pp. 60–62\.Mańkowski (1992\), pp. 10–12\. It officially lasted from May to July 1940 and claimed at least 6500 lives.Mańkowski (1992\), p. 13\.Rozett \& Spector (2013\), p. 101\.
At the end of March 1940, Warsaw and surrounding cities were hit by a wave of arrests. During the next two months, hundreds of Polish intellectuals and prewar politicians were detained and imprisoned in Pawiak. On 20 April, the Gestapo arrested 42 Polish attorneys in the building of Warsaw's Chamber of Attorneys. On 10 May, occupants detained over a dozen Polish school headmasters who, despite the German interdict, had closed their school on [3 May Constitution Day](/wiki/3_May_Constitution_Day "3 May Constitution Day").Mańkowski (1992\), p. 21\. The frequency and number of executions in Palmiry increased with the beginning of *AB\-Aktion*.Mańkowski (1992\), p. 24\.
The first mass execution conducted in Palmiry in the course of *AB\-Aktion* took place on 14 June 1940\. About 20 people were murdered on that day, among them Polish historian Karol Drewnowski and his son Andrzej.Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 80\.Bartoszewski (1976\), p. 39\.
The best\-documented massacre took place on 20–21 June 1940 when three transports with 358 inmates were sent from Pawiak to the place of execution near Palmiry. Among the victims were:Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 83–94\.Wardzyńska (2009\), pp. 262–263\.
* [Maciej Rataj](/wiki/Maciej_Rataj "Maciej Rataj") (politician, former [Marshal of the Sejm](/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Sejm "Marshal of the Sejm") and former acting [President of Poland](/wiki/President_of_Poland "President of Poland"))
* [Mieczysław Niedziałkowski](/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Niedzia%C5%82kowski "Mieczysław Niedziałkowski") (politician of the [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party"))
* {{ill\|Jan Pohoski\|pl}} (prewar deputy [president of Warsaw](/wiki/President_of_Warsaw "President of Warsaw"))
* {{ill\|Ludomir Skórewicz\|pl}} (prewar [starosta](/wiki/Starosta "Starosta") of Warsaw [powiat](/wiki/Powiat "Powiat"))
* [Halina Jaroszewiczowa](/wiki/Halina_Jaroszewiczowa "Halina Jaroszewiczowa") (politician, former member of parliament)
* Henryk Brun ([industrialist](/wiki/Business_magnate "Business magnate"), former member of parliament, chairman of the Polish Merchants Association)
* [Janusz Kusociński](/wiki/Janusz_Kusoci%C5%84ski "Janusz Kusociński") (athlete, winner of the 10,000 m race at the [1932 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics "1932 Summer Olympics"))
* [Feliks Zuber](/wiki/Feliks_Zuber "Feliks Zuber") (athlete, deputy president of "[Warszawianka](/wiki/Warszawianka_Warszawa "Warszawianka Warszawa")" sport club)
* [Tomasz Stankiewicz](/wiki/Tomasz_Stankiewicz "Tomasz Stankiewicz") ([track cyclist](/wiki/Track_cycling "Track cycling") who competed in the [1924 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics "1924 Summer Olympics"))
* Jan Wajzer ([doctor of law](/wiki/Doctor_of_law "Doctor of law"), secretary general of the Polish Union in [Free City of Danzig](/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig "Free City of Danzig"))
* Stefan Kwiatkowski (deputy chairman of the Association of teachers of secondary and third degree schools)
* Władysław Dziewałtowski\-Gintowt, {{ill\|Tadeusz Fabiani\|pl}}, Edmund Grabowski, {{ill\|Czesław Jankowski\|pl}}, Stanisław Jezierski, Józef Krasuski, Jerzy Niżałowski, Józef Starzewski, Wacław Tyrchowski (attorneys)
* Stanisław Beer, Jadwiga Fuks, Maria Witkowska (painters);
* {{ill\|Helena Łopuszańska\|pl}} (actress)
* [Agnieszka Dowbor\-Muśnicka](/wiki/Agnieszka_Dowbor-Mu%C5%9Bnicka "Agnieszka Dowbor-Muśnicka") (activist and daughter of General [Józef Dowbor\-Muśnicki](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Dowbor-Mu%C5%9Bnicki "Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki"))
* {{ill\|Alicja Bełcikowska\|pl}}, {{ill\|Jan Bełcikowski\|fr}}, Grzegorz Krzeczkowski, {{ill\|Wojciech Kwasieborski\|pl}}, Tadeusz Lipkowski, {{ill\|Jan Werner (1913–1940\)\|lt\=Jan Werner\|pl}} (writers and publicists)
### Last executions
[thumb\|SS\-[Gruppenführer](/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer "Gruppenführer") [Paul Moder](/wiki/Paul_Moder "Paul Moder") announcement of execution of “a number of Poles” in retaliation of death of [Igo Sym](/wiki/Igo_Sym "Igo Sym")](/wiki/File:Announcement_of_death_of_Polish_hostages_executed_after_the_death_of_Igo_Sym.jpg "Announcement of death of Polish hostages executed after the death of Igo Sym.jpg")
On 23 July 1940, Governor\-General Hans Frank officially announced the end of *AB\-Aktion*. Despite that, massacres in Palmiry continued for over a year. On 30 August 1940, at least 87 persons were executed at the forest glade. Among the victims were a number of people who were arrested in [Włochy](/wiki/W%C5%82ochy "Włochy") three months earlier.Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 94\.
Another mass execution was carried out on 17 September 1940 when about 200 prisoners of Pawiak, including 20 women, were murdered at the forest glade near Palmiry. Among the victims were: Tadeusz Panek and Zbigniew Wróblewski (attorneys), Fr. Zygmunt Sajna (parson of Catholic parish in [Góra Kalwaria](/wiki/G%C3%B3ra_Kalwaria "Góra Kalwaria")), Jadwiga Bogdziewicz and Jan Borski (journalists) and Władysław Szopinski.Wardzyńska (2009\), p. 263\. According to Regina Domańska, this massacre might be connected with the uncovering of an underground printing house at Lwowska Street in Warsaw.Domańska (1978\), p. 93\.
This was the last execution conducted in Palmiry in 1940 for which circumstances are at least partially known. However, during the postwar exhumation, three mass graves filled with 74, 28, and 24 corpses respectively, were found at the forest glade. It is certain that first two of them were filled and buried in the winter of 1940, while the third one was probably dug in the winter of 1940 or 1939\.Bartoszewski (1976\), pp. 102–104\. Polish historians were not able to determine the circumstances of those massacres. According to Regina Domańska, about 27 prisoners of Pawiak were executed in Palmiry on 4 December 1940\.Domańska (1978\), p. 113\. According to Maria Wardzyńska, up to 260 people could have been murdered in Palmiry in the winter of 1940\.Wardzyńska (2009\), pp. 263–264\.
On 7 March 1941, actor [Igo Sym](/wiki/Igo_Sym "Igo Sym"), well\-known Nazi [collaborator](/wiki/Collaboration "Collaboration") and Gestapo agent, was assassinated by the soldiers of the [Union of Armed Struggle](/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle "Union of Armed Struggle"). In retaliation, 21 Pawiak prisoners were executed in Palmiry four days later. Among the victims were [Stefan Kopeć](/wiki/Stefan_Kopec "Stefan Kopec") (biologist, professor at the [University of Warsaw](/wiki/University_of_Warsaw "University of Warsaw")) and [Kazimierz Zakrzewski](/wiki/Kazimierz_Zakrzewski "Kazimierz Zakrzewski") (historian, professor at the University of Warsaw).Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 105\.Domańska (1978\), p. 138\.
On 1 April 1941 about 20 men from [Łowicz](/wiki/%C5%81owicz "Łowicz") were executed in Palmiry. Among the victims was deputy mayor of Łowicz, Adolf Kutkowski.Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 108\.
Another massacre was conducted on 12 June 1941 when 30 prisoners of Pawiak, including 14 women, were murdered in Palmiry. Among the victims were: [Witold Hulewicz](/wiki/Witold_Hulewicz "Witold Hulewicz") (poet and radio journalist), [Stanisław Piasecki](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Piasecki "Stanisław Piasecki") (right\-wing politician and literary critic), Jerzy Szurig (lawyer, [syndicalist](/wiki/Syndicalism "Syndicalism")), Stanisław Malinowski (attorney).Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 109\.Domańska (1978\), p. 158\.
The last known mass execution in Palmiry was carried out on 17 July 1941 when 47 people, mostly prisoners of Pawiak, were murdered in the forest glade. Among the victims were Zygmunt Dymek (journalist and labor activist) and six women.
After 17 July 1941, German authorities ceased using the forest glade in Palmiry as a place of mass executions. The reason probably was that they realized the Polish resistance and the civilian population were well aware of what was happening in Palmiry.Bartoszewski (1976\), pp. 66–67\.
|
[
"Timeline of the Palmiry massacre\n--------------------------------",
"### First executions",
"Probably the first executions in the forest glade near Palmiry were carried out on 7 and 8 December 1939, when 70 and 80 people were murdered, respectively. According to the Wehrmacht soldiers who guarded a nearby ammunition warehouse, all the victims were Jewish. \nBartoszewski (1970\\), pp. 67–68\\.",
"The next execution was conducted on 14 December 1939 when 46 people were shot dead. At least some of the victims came from [Pruszków](/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w \"Pruszków\"). Among them were Stanisław Kalbarczyk, a Polish teacher from Pruszków, and two unidentified women.Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 68\\.",
"[thumb\\|Mass execution in Palmiry](/wiki/File:Egzekucja_w_Palmirach.jpg \"Egzekucja w Palmirach.jpg\")\nThe circumstances of the last mass execution conducted in Palmiry in 1939 are at least partially known. However, according to Maria Wardzyńska (a Polish historian employed in the [Institute of National Remembrance](/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance \"Institute of National Remembrance\")), at least 70 other people were secretly executed in Palmiry before the end of 1939\\.Wardzyńska (2009\\), p. 244\\.",
"In January and February 1940 the Gestapo infiltrated and crushed the underground organization *Polska Ludowa Akcja Niepodległościowa* (PLAN) (\"Polish People's Independence Action\"). On 14 January, the PLAN commander, Kazimierz Andrzej Kott, escaped from the Gestapo headquarters at 25 Szucha Avenue. Soon after, several hundred people were arrested in Warsaw, among them 255 leading Jewish intellectuals. On 21 January about 80 hostages, including two women, were executed in Palmiry. Among the victims were Fr. Marceli Nowakowski (rector of the [Church of the Holiest Saviour in Warsaw](/wiki/Church_of_the_Holiest_Saviour \"Church of the Holiest Saviour\"), and former member of parliament) and 36 Jews (including attorney Ludwik Dyzenhaus, dentist Franciszek Sturm and chess master [Dawid Przepiórka](/wiki/Dawid_Przepi%C3%B3rka \"Dawid Przepiórka\")). Another 118 people arrested after Kott's escape, mostly Jews, were probably murdered in Palmiry in the first months of 1940\\.Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 73\\.",
"According to Maria Wardzyńska, about 40 inhabitants of [Zakroczym](/wiki/Zakroczym \"Zakroczym\") were also executed in Palmiry in January 1940\\. Among them was the mayor of Zakroczym, Tadeusz Henzlich.",
"The next mass execution in Palmiry was carried out on 26 February 1940\\. In retaliation for the death of the German mayor of [Legionowo](/wiki/Legionowo \"Legionowo\"), who had been assassinated two days earlier by unknown perpetrators, about 190 people were murdered at the \"glade of death\". Among the victims were six women. In most cases the victims of this execution came from Legionowo or from surrounding localities.Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 74\\.Domańska (1978\\), p. 44\\.",
"On the night of 28 March 1940, German police officers entered the house at Sosnowa Street in Warsaw where Józef Bruckner, commander of the underground organization *Wilki* (\"The Wolves\"), had his conspiratorial flat. Bruckner and his aide opened fire on the policemen, and after a brief fight, they escaped from the building. In retaliation, the Germans arrested 34 Polish men who lived in this building (aged 17 to 60\\). All of them were murdered in Palmiry on 23 April 1940\\.Bartoszewski (1970\\), pp. 78–79\\.",
"On 2 April 1940, about 100 inmates of Pawiak and Mokotów prisons were murdered in Palmiry. The execution was conducted in retaliation for the assassination of two German soldiers in Warsaw. Among the victims were Fr. Jan Krawczyk (theologian, parson of Catholic parish in [Wilanów](/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w \"Wilanów\")), Bogumił Marzec (attorney), Stefan Napierski (literary critic, editor of monthly magazine of literature *Ateneum*), Bohdan Offenberg (deputy director of the Labour Fund), Zbigniew Rawicz\\-Twaróg (captain of the Polish Army), Jacek Szwemin (architect), and 27 women.Bartoszewski (1970\\), pp. 76–77\\.",
"According to Polish historians, between 700Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 445\\. and 900Wardzyńska (2009\\), p. 243\\. people were executed in Palmiry from December 1939 until April 1940\\.",
"### *AB\\-Aktion*",
"[thumb\\|Secret list smuggled from [Pawiak](/wiki/Pawiak \"Pawiak\") by the Polish female guard Janina Gruszkowa (member of the Polish resistance). It contains some of the names of Polish political prisoners who were executed in Palmiry on 20–21 June 1940](/wiki/File:Secret_list_of_the_Palmiry_massacre_victims.jpg \"Secret list of the Palmiry massacre victims.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Grave of [Maciej Rataj](/wiki/Maciej_Rataj \"Maciej Rataj\") at the cemetery in Palmiry](/wiki/File:Palmiry_cemetery_20080713_02.jpg \"Palmiry cemetery 20080713 02.jpg\")\n{{Further\\|German AB\\-Aktion in Poland}}\nIn the spring of 1940, the highest [NSDAP](/wiki/Nazi_Party \"Nazi Party\") and SS authorities in the General Government decided to conduct a wide\\-ranging police operation aimed at the extermination of the Polish political, cultural, and social elite. The mass murder of Polish politicians, intellectuals, artists, social activists, as well as people suspected of potential anti\\-Nazi activity, was seen as a preemptive measure to keep the [Polish resistance](/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II \"Polish resistance movement in World War II\") scattered and to prevent the Poles from revolting during the planned German [invasion of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France \"Battle of France\"). This operation was given the code name *AB\\-Aktion* (shortcut from *Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion*{{efn\\|English: \"Extraordinary Operation of Pacification\".}}).Bartoszewski (1970\\), pp. 60–62\\.Mańkowski (1992\\), pp. 10–12\\. It officially lasted from May to July 1940 and claimed at least 6500 lives.Mańkowski (1992\\), p. 13\\.Rozett \\& Spector (2013\\), p. 101\\.",
"At the end of March 1940, Warsaw and surrounding cities were hit by a wave of arrests. During the next two months, hundreds of Polish intellectuals and prewar politicians were detained and imprisoned in Pawiak. On 20 April, the Gestapo arrested 42 Polish attorneys in the building of Warsaw's Chamber of Attorneys. On 10 May, occupants detained over a dozen Polish school headmasters who, despite the German interdict, had closed their school on [3 May Constitution Day](/wiki/3_May_Constitution_Day \"3 May Constitution Day\").Mańkowski (1992\\), p. 21\\. The frequency and number of executions in Palmiry increased with the beginning of *AB\\-Aktion*.Mańkowski (1992\\), p. 24\\.",
"The first mass execution conducted in Palmiry in the course of *AB\\-Aktion* took place on 14 June 1940\\. About 20 people were murdered on that day, among them Polish historian Karol Drewnowski and his son Andrzej.Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 80\\.Bartoszewski (1976\\), p. 39\\.",
"The best\\-documented massacre took place on 20–21 June 1940 when three transports with 358 inmates were sent from Pawiak to the place of execution near Palmiry. Among the victims were:Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 83–94\\.Wardzyńska (2009\\), pp. 262–263\\.\n* [Maciej Rataj](/wiki/Maciej_Rataj \"Maciej Rataj\") (politician, former [Marshal of the Sejm](/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Sejm \"Marshal of the Sejm\") and former acting [President of Poland](/wiki/President_of_Poland \"President of Poland\"))\n* [Mieczysław Niedziałkowski](/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Niedzia%C5%82kowski \"Mieczysław Niedziałkowski\") (politician of the [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\"))\n* {{ill\\|Jan Pohoski\\|pl}} (prewar deputy [president of Warsaw](/wiki/President_of_Warsaw \"President of Warsaw\"))\n* {{ill\\|Ludomir Skórewicz\\|pl}} (prewar [starosta](/wiki/Starosta \"Starosta\") of Warsaw [powiat](/wiki/Powiat \"Powiat\"))\n* [Halina Jaroszewiczowa](/wiki/Halina_Jaroszewiczowa \"Halina Jaroszewiczowa\") (politician, former member of parliament)\n* Henryk Brun ([industrialist](/wiki/Business_magnate \"Business magnate\"), former member of parliament, chairman of the Polish Merchants Association)\n* [Janusz Kusociński](/wiki/Janusz_Kusoci%C5%84ski \"Janusz Kusociński\") (athlete, winner of the 10,000 m race at the [1932 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics \"1932 Summer Olympics\"))\n* [Feliks Zuber](/wiki/Feliks_Zuber \"Feliks Zuber\") (athlete, deputy president of \"[Warszawianka](/wiki/Warszawianka_Warszawa \"Warszawianka Warszawa\")\" sport club)\n* [Tomasz Stankiewicz](/wiki/Tomasz_Stankiewicz \"Tomasz Stankiewicz\") ([track cyclist](/wiki/Track_cycling \"Track cycling\") who competed in the [1924 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics \"1924 Summer Olympics\"))\n* Jan Wajzer ([doctor of law](/wiki/Doctor_of_law \"Doctor of law\"), secretary general of the Polish Union in [Free City of Danzig](/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig \"Free City of Danzig\"))\n* Stefan Kwiatkowski (deputy chairman of the Association of teachers of secondary and third degree schools)\n* Władysław Dziewałtowski\\-Gintowt, {{ill\\|Tadeusz Fabiani\\|pl}}, Edmund Grabowski, {{ill\\|Czesław Jankowski\\|pl}}, Stanisław Jezierski, Józef Krasuski, Jerzy Niżałowski, Józef Starzewski, Wacław Tyrchowski (attorneys)\n* Stanisław Beer, Jadwiga Fuks, Maria Witkowska (painters);\n* {{ill\\|Helena Łopuszańska\\|pl}} (actress)\n* [Agnieszka Dowbor\\-Muśnicka](/wiki/Agnieszka_Dowbor-Mu%C5%9Bnicka \"Agnieszka Dowbor-Muśnicka\") (activist and daughter of General [Józef Dowbor\\-Muśnicki](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Dowbor-Mu%C5%9Bnicki \"Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki\"))\n* {{ill\\|Alicja Bełcikowska\\|pl}}, {{ill\\|Jan Bełcikowski\\|fr}}, Grzegorz Krzeczkowski, {{ill\\|Wojciech Kwasieborski\\|pl}}, Tadeusz Lipkowski, {{ill\\|Jan Werner (1913–1940\\)\\|lt\\=Jan Werner\\|pl}} (writers and publicists)",
"### Last executions",
"[thumb\\|SS\\-[Gruppenführer](/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer \"Gruppenführer\") [Paul Moder](/wiki/Paul_Moder \"Paul Moder\") announcement of execution of “a number of Poles” in retaliation of death of [Igo Sym](/wiki/Igo_Sym \"Igo Sym\")](/wiki/File:Announcement_of_death_of_Polish_hostages_executed_after_the_death_of_Igo_Sym.jpg \"Announcement of death of Polish hostages executed after the death of Igo Sym.jpg\")\nOn 23 July 1940, Governor\\-General Hans Frank officially announced the end of *AB\\-Aktion*. Despite that, massacres in Palmiry continued for over a year. On 30 August 1940, at least 87 persons were executed at the forest glade. Among the victims were a number of people who were arrested in [Włochy](/wiki/W%C5%82ochy \"Włochy\") three months earlier.Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 94\\.",
"Another mass execution was carried out on 17 September 1940 when about 200 prisoners of Pawiak, including 20 women, were murdered at the forest glade near Palmiry. Among the victims were: Tadeusz Panek and Zbigniew Wróblewski (attorneys), Fr. Zygmunt Sajna (parson of Catholic parish in [Góra Kalwaria](/wiki/G%C3%B3ra_Kalwaria \"Góra Kalwaria\")), Jadwiga Bogdziewicz and Jan Borski (journalists) and Władysław Szopinski.Wardzyńska (2009\\), p. 263\\. According to Regina Domańska, this massacre might be connected with the uncovering of an underground printing house at Lwowska Street in Warsaw.Domańska (1978\\), p. 93\\.",
"This was the last execution conducted in Palmiry in 1940 for which circumstances are at least partially known. However, during the postwar exhumation, three mass graves filled with 74, 28, and 24 corpses respectively, were found at the forest glade. It is certain that first two of them were filled and buried in the winter of 1940, while the third one was probably dug in the winter of 1940 or 1939\\.Bartoszewski (1976\\), pp. 102–104\\. Polish historians were not able to determine the circumstances of those massacres. According to Regina Domańska, about 27 prisoners of Pawiak were executed in Palmiry on 4 December 1940\\.Domańska (1978\\), p. 113\\. According to Maria Wardzyńska, up to 260 people could have been murdered in Palmiry in the winter of 1940\\.Wardzyńska (2009\\), pp. 263–264\\.",
"On 7 March 1941, actor [Igo Sym](/wiki/Igo_Sym \"Igo Sym\"), well\\-known Nazi [collaborator](/wiki/Collaboration \"Collaboration\") and Gestapo agent, was assassinated by the soldiers of the [Union of Armed Struggle](/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle \"Union of Armed Struggle\"). In retaliation, 21 Pawiak prisoners were executed in Palmiry four days later. Among the victims were [Stefan Kopeć](/wiki/Stefan_Kopec \"Stefan Kopec\") (biologist, professor at the [University of Warsaw](/wiki/University_of_Warsaw \"University of Warsaw\")) and [Kazimierz Zakrzewski](/wiki/Kazimierz_Zakrzewski \"Kazimierz Zakrzewski\") (historian, professor at the University of Warsaw).Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 105\\.Domańska (1978\\), p. 138\\.",
"On 1 April 1941 about 20 men from [Łowicz](/wiki/%C5%81owicz \"Łowicz\") were executed in Palmiry. Among the victims was deputy mayor of Łowicz, Adolf Kutkowski.Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 108\\.",
"Another massacre was conducted on 12 June 1941 when 30 prisoners of Pawiak, including 14 women, were murdered in Palmiry. Among the victims were: [Witold Hulewicz](/wiki/Witold_Hulewicz \"Witold Hulewicz\") (poet and radio journalist), [Stanisław Piasecki](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Piasecki \"Stanisław Piasecki\") (right\\-wing politician and literary critic), Jerzy Szurig (lawyer, [syndicalist](/wiki/Syndicalism \"Syndicalism\")), Stanisław Malinowski (attorney).Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 109\\.Domańska (1978\\), p. 158\\.",
"The last known mass execution in Palmiry was carried out on 17 July 1941 when 47 people, mostly prisoners of Pawiak, were murdered in the forest glade. Among the victims were Zygmunt Dymek (journalist and labor activist) and six women.",
"After 17 July 1941, German authorities ceased using the forest glade in Palmiry as a place of mass executions. The reason probably was that they realized the Polish resistance and the civilian population were well aware of what was happening in Palmiry.Bartoszewski (1976\\), pp. 66–67\\.",
""
] |
### First executions
Probably the first executions in the forest glade near Palmiry were carried out on 7 and 8 December 1939, when 70 and 80 people were murdered, respectively. According to the Wehrmacht soldiers who guarded a nearby ammunition warehouse, all the victims were Jewish.
Bartoszewski (1970\), pp. 67–68\.
The next execution was conducted on 14 December 1939 when 46 people were shot dead. At least some of the victims came from [Pruszków](/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w "Pruszków"). Among them were Stanisław Kalbarczyk, a Polish teacher from Pruszków, and two unidentified women.Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 68\.
[thumb\|Mass execution in Palmiry](/wiki/File:Egzekucja_w_Palmirach.jpg "Egzekucja w Palmirach.jpg")
The circumstances of the last mass execution conducted in Palmiry in 1939 are at least partially known. However, according to Maria Wardzyńska (a Polish historian employed in the [Institute of National Remembrance](/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance "Institute of National Remembrance")), at least 70 other people were secretly executed in Palmiry before the end of 1939\.Wardzyńska (2009\), p. 244\.
In January and February 1940 the Gestapo infiltrated and crushed the underground organization *Polska Ludowa Akcja Niepodległościowa* (PLAN) ("Polish People's Independence Action"). On 14 January, the PLAN commander, Kazimierz Andrzej Kott, escaped from the Gestapo headquarters at 25 Szucha Avenue. Soon after, several hundred people were arrested in Warsaw, among them 255 leading Jewish intellectuals. On 21 January about 80 hostages, including two women, were executed in Palmiry. Among the victims were Fr. Marceli Nowakowski (rector of the [Church of the Holiest Saviour in Warsaw](/wiki/Church_of_the_Holiest_Saviour "Church of the Holiest Saviour"), and former member of parliament) and 36 Jews (including attorney Ludwik Dyzenhaus, dentist Franciszek Sturm and chess master [Dawid Przepiórka](/wiki/Dawid_Przepi%C3%B3rka "Dawid Przepiórka")). Another 118 people arrested after Kott's escape, mostly Jews, were probably murdered in Palmiry in the first months of 1940\.Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 73\.
According to Maria Wardzyńska, about 40 inhabitants of [Zakroczym](/wiki/Zakroczym "Zakroczym") were also executed in Palmiry in January 1940\. Among them was the mayor of Zakroczym, Tadeusz Henzlich.
The next mass execution in Palmiry was carried out on 26 February 1940\. In retaliation for the death of the German mayor of [Legionowo](/wiki/Legionowo "Legionowo"), who had been assassinated two days earlier by unknown perpetrators, about 190 people were murdered at the "glade of death". Among the victims were six women. In most cases the victims of this execution came from Legionowo or from surrounding localities.Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 74\.Domańska (1978\), p. 44\.
On the night of 28 March 1940, German police officers entered the house at Sosnowa Street in Warsaw where Józef Bruckner, commander of the underground organization *Wilki* ("The Wolves"), had his conspiratorial flat. Bruckner and his aide opened fire on the policemen, and after a brief fight, they escaped from the building. In retaliation, the Germans arrested 34 Polish men who lived in this building (aged 17 to 60\). All of them were murdered in Palmiry on 23 April 1940\.Bartoszewski (1970\), pp. 78–79\.
On 2 April 1940, about 100 inmates of Pawiak and Mokotów prisons were murdered in Palmiry. The execution was conducted in retaliation for the assassination of two German soldiers in Warsaw. Among the victims were Fr. Jan Krawczyk (theologian, parson of Catholic parish in [Wilanów](/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w "Wilanów")), Bogumił Marzec (attorney), Stefan Napierski (literary critic, editor of monthly magazine of literature *Ateneum*), Bohdan Offenberg (deputy director of the Labour Fund), Zbigniew Rawicz\-Twaróg (captain of the Polish Army), Jacek Szwemin (architect), and 27 women.Bartoszewski (1970\), pp. 76–77\.
According to Polish historians, between 700Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 445\. and 900Wardzyńska (2009\), p. 243\. people were executed in Palmiry from December 1939 until April 1940\.
|
[
"### First executions",
"Probably the first executions in the forest glade near Palmiry were carried out on 7 and 8 December 1939, when 70 and 80 people were murdered, respectively. According to the Wehrmacht soldiers who guarded a nearby ammunition warehouse, all the victims were Jewish. \nBartoszewski (1970\\), pp. 67–68\\.",
"The next execution was conducted on 14 December 1939 when 46 people were shot dead. At least some of the victims came from [Pruszków](/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w \"Pruszków\"). Among them were Stanisław Kalbarczyk, a Polish teacher from Pruszków, and two unidentified women.Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 68\\.",
"[thumb\\|Mass execution in Palmiry](/wiki/File:Egzekucja_w_Palmirach.jpg \"Egzekucja w Palmirach.jpg\")\nThe circumstances of the last mass execution conducted in Palmiry in 1939 are at least partially known. However, according to Maria Wardzyńska (a Polish historian employed in the [Institute of National Remembrance](/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance \"Institute of National Remembrance\")), at least 70 other people were secretly executed in Palmiry before the end of 1939\\.Wardzyńska (2009\\), p. 244\\.",
"In January and February 1940 the Gestapo infiltrated and crushed the underground organization *Polska Ludowa Akcja Niepodległościowa* (PLAN) (\"Polish People's Independence Action\"). On 14 January, the PLAN commander, Kazimierz Andrzej Kott, escaped from the Gestapo headquarters at 25 Szucha Avenue. Soon after, several hundred people were arrested in Warsaw, among them 255 leading Jewish intellectuals. On 21 January about 80 hostages, including two women, were executed in Palmiry. Among the victims were Fr. Marceli Nowakowski (rector of the [Church of the Holiest Saviour in Warsaw](/wiki/Church_of_the_Holiest_Saviour \"Church of the Holiest Saviour\"), and former member of parliament) and 36 Jews (including attorney Ludwik Dyzenhaus, dentist Franciszek Sturm and chess master [Dawid Przepiórka](/wiki/Dawid_Przepi%C3%B3rka \"Dawid Przepiórka\")). Another 118 people arrested after Kott's escape, mostly Jews, were probably murdered in Palmiry in the first months of 1940\\.Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 73\\.",
"According to Maria Wardzyńska, about 40 inhabitants of [Zakroczym](/wiki/Zakroczym \"Zakroczym\") were also executed in Palmiry in January 1940\\. Among them was the mayor of Zakroczym, Tadeusz Henzlich.",
"The next mass execution in Palmiry was carried out on 26 February 1940\\. In retaliation for the death of the German mayor of [Legionowo](/wiki/Legionowo \"Legionowo\"), who had been assassinated two days earlier by unknown perpetrators, about 190 people were murdered at the \"glade of death\". Among the victims were six women. In most cases the victims of this execution came from Legionowo or from surrounding localities.Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 74\\.Domańska (1978\\), p. 44\\.",
"On the night of 28 March 1940, German police officers entered the house at Sosnowa Street in Warsaw where Józef Bruckner, commander of the underground organization *Wilki* (\"The Wolves\"), had his conspiratorial flat. Bruckner and his aide opened fire on the policemen, and after a brief fight, they escaped from the building. In retaliation, the Germans arrested 34 Polish men who lived in this building (aged 17 to 60\\). All of them were murdered in Palmiry on 23 April 1940\\.Bartoszewski (1970\\), pp. 78–79\\.",
"On 2 April 1940, about 100 inmates of Pawiak and Mokotów prisons were murdered in Palmiry. The execution was conducted in retaliation for the assassination of two German soldiers in Warsaw. Among the victims were Fr. Jan Krawczyk (theologian, parson of Catholic parish in [Wilanów](/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w \"Wilanów\")), Bogumił Marzec (attorney), Stefan Napierski (literary critic, editor of monthly magazine of literature *Ateneum*), Bohdan Offenberg (deputy director of the Labour Fund), Zbigniew Rawicz\\-Twaróg (captain of the Polish Army), Jacek Szwemin (architect), and 27 women.Bartoszewski (1970\\), pp. 76–77\\.",
"According to Polish historians, between 700Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 445\\. and 900Wardzyńska (2009\\), p. 243\\. people were executed in Palmiry from December 1939 until April 1940\\.",
""
] |
### Last executions
[thumb\|SS\-[Gruppenführer](/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer "Gruppenführer") [Paul Moder](/wiki/Paul_Moder "Paul Moder") announcement of execution of “a number of Poles” in retaliation of death of [Igo Sym](/wiki/Igo_Sym "Igo Sym")](/wiki/File:Announcement_of_death_of_Polish_hostages_executed_after_the_death_of_Igo_Sym.jpg "Announcement of death of Polish hostages executed after the death of Igo Sym.jpg")
On 23 July 1940, Governor\-General Hans Frank officially announced the end of *AB\-Aktion*. Despite that, massacres in Palmiry continued for over a year. On 30 August 1940, at least 87 persons were executed at the forest glade. Among the victims were a number of people who were arrested in [Włochy](/wiki/W%C5%82ochy "Włochy") three months earlier.Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 94\.
Another mass execution was carried out on 17 September 1940 when about 200 prisoners of Pawiak, including 20 women, were murdered at the forest glade near Palmiry. Among the victims were: Tadeusz Panek and Zbigniew Wróblewski (attorneys), Fr. Zygmunt Sajna (parson of Catholic parish in [Góra Kalwaria](/wiki/G%C3%B3ra_Kalwaria "Góra Kalwaria")), Jadwiga Bogdziewicz and Jan Borski (journalists) and Władysław Szopinski.Wardzyńska (2009\), p. 263\. According to Regina Domańska, this massacre might be connected with the uncovering of an underground printing house at Lwowska Street in Warsaw.Domańska (1978\), p. 93\.
This was the last execution conducted in Palmiry in 1940 for which circumstances are at least partially known. However, during the postwar exhumation, three mass graves filled with 74, 28, and 24 corpses respectively, were found at the forest glade. It is certain that first two of them were filled and buried in the winter of 1940, while the third one was probably dug in the winter of 1940 or 1939\.Bartoszewski (1976\), pp. 102–104\. Polish historians were not able to determine the circumstances of those massacres. According to Regina Domańska, about 27 prisoners of Pawiak were executed in Palmiry on 4 December 1940\.Domańska (1978\), p. 113\. According to Maria Wardzyńska, up to 260 people could have been murdered in Palmiry in the winter of 1940\.Wardzyńska (2009\), pp. 263–264\.
On 7 March 1941, actor [Igo Sym](/wiki/Igo_Sym "Igo Sym"), well\-known Nazi [collaborator](/wiki/Collaboration "Collaboration") and Gestapo agent, was assassinated by the soldiers of the [Union of Armed Struggle](/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle "Union of Armed Struggle"). In retaliation, 21 Pawiak prisoners were executed in Palmiry four days later. Among the victims were [Stefan Kopeć](/wiki/Stefan_Kopec "Stefan Kopec") (biologist, professor at the [University of Warsaw](/wiki/University_of_Warsaw "University of Warsaw")) and [Kazimierz Zakrzewski](/wiki/Kazimierz_Zakrzewski "Kazimierz Zakrzewski") (historian, professor at the University of Warsaw).Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 105\.Domańska (1978\), p. 138\.
On 1 April 1941 about 20 men from [Łowicz](/wiki/%C5%81owicz "Łowicz") were executed in Palmiry. Among the victims was deputy mayor of Łowicz, Adolf Kutkowski.Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 108\.
Another massacre was conducted on 12 June 1941 when 30 prisoners of Pawiak, including 14 women, were murdered in Palmiry. Among the victims were: [Witold Hulewicz](/wiki/Witold_Hulewicz "Witold Hulewicz") (poet and radio journalist), [Stanisław Piasecki](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Piasecki "Stanisław Piasecki") (right\-wing politician and literary critic), Jerzy Szurig (lawyer, [syndicalist](/wiki/Syndicalism "Syndicalism")), Stanisław Malinowski (attorney).Bartoszewski (1970\), p. 109\.Domańska (1978\), p. 158\.
The last known mass execution in Palmiry was carried out on 17 July 1941 when 47 people, mostly prisoners of Pawiak, were murdered in the forest glade. Among the victims were Zygmunt Dymek (journalist and labor activist) and six women.
After 17 July 1941, German authorities ceased using the forest glade in Palmiry as a place of mass executions. The reason probably was that they realized the Polish resistance and the civilian population were well aware of what was happening in Palmiry.Bartoszewski (1976\), pp. 66–67\.
|
[
"### Last executions",
"[thumb\\|SS\\-[Gruppenführer](/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer \"Gruppenführer\") [Paul Moder](/wiki/Paul_Moder \"Paul Moder\") announcement of execution of “a number of Poles” in retaliation of death of [Igo Sym](/wiki/Igo_Sym \"Igo Sym\")](/wiki/File:Announcement_of_death_of_Polish_hostages_executed_after_the_death_of_Igo_Sym.jpg \"Announcement of death of Polish hostages executed after the death of Igo Sym.jpg\")\nOn 23 July 1940, Governor\\-General Hans Frank officially announced the end of *AB\\-Aktion*. Despite that, massacres in Palmiry continued for over a year. On 30 August 1940, at least 87 persons were executed at the forest glade. Among the victims were a number of people who were arrested in [Włochy](/wiki/W%C5%82ochy \"Włochy\") three months earlier.Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 94\\.",
"Another mass execution was carried out on 17 September 1940 when about 200 prisoners of Pawiak, including 20 women, were murdered at the forest glade near Palmiry. Among the victims were: Tadeusz Panek and Zbigniew Wróblewski (attorneys), Fr. Zygmunt Sajna (parson of Catholic parish in [Góra Kalwaria](/wiki/G%C3%B3ra_Kalwaria \"Góra Kalwaria\")), Jadwiga Bogdziewicz and Jan Borski (journalists) and Władysław Szopinski.Wardzyńska (2009\\), p. 263\\. According to Regina Domańska, this massacre might be connected with the uncovering of an underground printing house at Lwowska Street in Warsaw.Domańska (1978\\), p. 93\\.",
"This was the last execution conducted in Palmiry in 1940 for which circumstances are at least partially known. However, during the postwar exhumation, three mass graves filled with 74, 28, and 24 corpses respectively, were found at the forest glade. It is certain that first two of them were filled and buried in the winter of 1940, while the third one was probably dug in the winter of 1940 or 1939\\.Bartoszewski (1976\\), pp. 102–104\\. Polish historians were not able to determine the circumstances of those massacres. According to Regina Domańska, about 27 prisoners of Pawiak were executed in Palmiry on 4 December 1940\\.Domańska (1978\\), p. 113\\. According to Maria Wardzyńska, up to 260 people could have been murdered in Palmiry in the winter of 1940\\.Wardzyńska (2009\\), pp. 263–264\\.",
"On 7 March 1941, actor [Igo Sym](/wiki/Igo_Sym \"Igo Sym\"), well\\-known Nazi [collaborator](/wiki/Collaboration \"Collaboration\") and Gestapo agent, was assassinated by the soldiers of the [Union of Armed Struggle](/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle \"Union of Armed Struggle\"). In retaliation, 21 Pawiak prisoners were executed in Palmiry four days later. Among the victims were [Stefan Kopeć](/wiki/Stefan_Kopec \"Stefan Kopec\") (biologist, professor at the [University of Warsaw](/wiki/University_of_Warsaw \"University of Warsaw\")) and [Kazimierz Zakrzewski](/wiki/Kazimierz_Zakrzewski \"Kazimierz Zakrzewski\") (historian, professor at the University of Warsaw).Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 105\\.Domańska (1978\\), p. 138\\.",
"On 1 April 1941 about 20 men from [Łowicz](/wiki/%C5%81owicz \"Łowicz\") were executed in Palmiry. Among the victims was deputy mayor of Łowicz, Adolf Kutkowski.Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 108\\.",
"Another massacre was conducted on 12 June 1941 when 30 prisoners of Pawiak, including 14 women, were murdered in Palmiry. Among the victims were: [Witold Hulewicz](/wiki/Witold_Hulewicz \"Witold Hulewicz\") (poet and radio journalist), [Stanisław Piasecki](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Piasecki \"Stanisław Piasecki\") (right\\-wing politician and literary critic), Jerzy Szurig (lawyer, [syndicalist](/wiki/Syndicalism \"Syndicalism\")), Stanisław Malinowski (attorney).Bartoszewski (1970\\), p. 109\\.Domańska (1978\\), p. 158\\.",
"The last known mass execution in Palmiry was carried out on 17 July 1941 when 47 people, mostly prisoners of Pawiak, were murdered in the forest glade. Among the victims were Zygmunt Dymek (journalist and labor activist) and six women.",
"After 17 July 1941, German authorities ceased using the forest glade in Palmiry as a place of mass executions. The reason probably was that they realized the Polish resistance and the civilian population were well aware of what was happening in Palmiry.Bartoszewski (1976\\), pp. 66–67\\.",
""
] |
Formation of EnergySolutions
----------------------------
Envirocare of Utah purchased the [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut")\-based Scientech D\&D division in October 2005\.{{cite news \|title\=Envirocare adds nuclear waste firm \|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,635181433,00\.html \|last\=Bauman \|first\=Joe \|date\=2006\-02\-03\|publisher\=\[\[Deseret Morning News]]}} On February 2, 2006, Envirocare announced the $90 million purchase of BNG America, a subsidiary of [British Nuclear Fuels](/wiki/BNFL "BNFL") (BNFL) based in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia").{{cite news \|title\=BNFL sells American nuclear business for $90m \|url\=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,9078\-2022581,00\.html \|last\=Jameson \|first\=Angela \|date\=2006\-02\-03\|work\=\[\[The Times]] \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}{{subscription required}} Envirocare of Utah was renamed EnergySolutions, with corporate headquarters in [Salt Lake City, Utah](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City%2C_Utah "Salt Lake City, Utah"). On February 7, 2006, EnergySolutions announced it would buy [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland")\-based Duratek, a [publicly traded company](/wiki/Public_company "Public company"), for $396 million in an all\-cash deal.{{cite news \|title\=EnergySolutions OKs deal to buy Duratek \|url\=http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/1,1249,635182631,00\.html \|last\=Bauman \|first\=Joe \|date\=2006\-02\-08\|publisher\=Deseret Morning News}} The [leveraged buyout](/wiki/Leveraged_buyout "Leveraged buyout") was financed by banks led by [Citigroup](/wiki/Citigroup "Citigroup"), effectively taking the company private.
After the acquisitions, EnergySolutions had 2,500 employees in 40 [states](/wiki/U.S._states "U.S. states") with an annual revenue of $280 million.{{cite news \|title\= EnergySolutions expands \|last\=Mims \|first\=Bob \|date\=2006\-06\-07\|publisher\=\[\[Salt Lake Tribune]]}} EnergySolutions owns two of the nation's four commercial low\-level nuclear\-waste repositories, its primary competitor, [Waste Control Specialists](/wiki/Waste_Control_Specialists "Waste Control Specialists"), built a fourth repository in Texas.
### Envirocare
Envirocare of Utah, Inc. (Envirocare) buried Class A [low level radioactive waste](/wiki/Low_level_radioactive_waste "Low level radioactive waste") (LLRW) in an engineered [landfill](/wiki/Landfill "Landfill"). It began operations in 1990 in [Clive, Utah](/wiki/Clive%2C_Utah "Clive, Utah").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deq.utah.gov/references/FactSheets/Envirocare.htm \|accessdate\=2009\-10\-02 \|publisher\=Utah Dept of Environmental Quality \|title\=Envirocare of Utah \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008090331/http://www.deq.utah.gov/references/FactSheets/Envirocare.htm \|archive\-date\=2009\-10\-08 }}
Envirocare was founded by Iranian immigrant Khosrow Semnani in 1988\. Semnani served as president of the company until May 1997, when Envirocare's largest customer—the [Department of Energy](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy")—requested that he step down in the wake of a bribery scandal.{{cite news \|title\= Envirocare President Steps Down for Now \|last\=Woolf \|first\=Jim \|date\=1997\-05\-15\|publisher\=Salt Lake Tribune}}
In mid\-December 2004, Semnani sold Envirocare for an undisclosed sum. Steve Creamer became the company's new CEO. The deal was financed by private equity firms, led by [Lindsay Goldberg \& Bessemer](/wiki/Lindsay_Goldberg_%26_Bessemer "Lindsay Goldberg & Bessemer") of New York, Creamer Investments, and Peterson Partners both of Salt Lake City. Envirocare management promised to drop its plans to bury hotter class B and C nuclear waste in Utah in deference to growing political opposition to the company, which was poised to ban the waste.{{cite news \|title\=Utah to ban B and C nuclear waste \|url\=http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,600109008,00\.html.php \|last\=Bauman \|first\=Joe \|date\=2005\-02\-02\|publisher\=Deseret Morning News}} Envirocare subsequently made the acquisitions and became EnergySolutions.
### Duratek
Based in [Columbia, Maryland](/wiki/Columbia%2C_Maryland "Columbia, Maryland"), Duratek was founded in 1983\. In 1990, the company merged with General Technical Services (GTS); the resulting company was known as ***GTS Duratek***.[GTS Duratek Announces Name Change to Duratek](http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/NSD/DRTK/reports/v27.pdf) That year, the company formed a joint venture with another firm — Chem\-Nuclear Systems, Inc. — to build a commercial [vitrification](/wiki/Radioactive_waste%23Vitrification "Radioactive waste#Vitrification") system.
In 1997, GTS Duratek acquired the [Scientific Ecology Group](/wiki/Scientific_Ecology_Group "Scientific Ecology Group") (SEG). In 2000, the company purchased the nuclear services business arm of [Waste Management Inc.](/wiki/Waste_Management_%28company%29 "Waste Management (company)"){{cite news\|title\=GTS Duratek to BUy Waste Management's Nuclear Unit\|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=9C05EFDA153CF933A05750C0A9669C8B63\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=March 30, 2000\|page\=C4\|agency\=Reuters\|access\-date\=October 6, 2018}} One year later, the company announced that it was dropping GTS from its name, and was once again known as *Duratek*.
Duratek was purchased by EnergySolutions at a 25\.7% premium over the February 7, 2006 stock price when the merger was announced.
### Energy Solutions
Since its inception, Energy Solutions has collected primarily domestic, Class A nuclear waste for its west Utah desert site.
On June 7, 2007, the company announced the acquisition of the UK based BNFL subsidiary – Reactor Sites Management Company (RSMC).{{cite news \|title\=Salt Lake City firm takes over UK nuclear sites\|url\=http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,2097946,00\.html?gusrc\=rss\&feed\=24 \|last\=Macalister \|first\=Terry \|date\=2007\-06\-07\|publisher\=\[\[Guardian Unlimited]] \|location\=London}}{{cite news \| title\=BNFL sells Reactor Sites Management Company to EnergySolutions\|url\=http://www.business\-sale.com/news/article/bnfl\-sells\-reactor\-sites\-management\-company\-to\-energysolutions\-27811\.html\| date\=2007\-06\-15}} The sale included Magnox Electric Limited (MEL), a wholly owned subsidiary of RSMC, which holds the contracts and licences to operate ten nuclear reactor sites in the UK on behalf of the [Nuclear Decommissioning Authority](/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority "Nuclear Decommissioning Authority") (NDA). Through the acquisition, the company took over operational and management responsibilities of several [Magnox](/wiki/Magnox "Magnox") atomic plants from British Nuclear Fuels plc.
In 2009 it attempted to bring 20,000 tons of waste from Italy's shuttered nuclear power program through the ports of either Charleston, South Carolina, or New Orleans.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/24/energysolutions\-launches\-\_n\_403221\.html \| work\=Huffington Post \| title\=EnergySolutions Launches Ad Campaign Against Reps Who Oppose Italian Nuclear Waste Storage \| date\=2009\-12\-24}} After processing in Tennessee, about 1,600 tons would be disposed of in Utah. The importation attempt was eventually abandoned.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700048082/EnergySolutions\-abandons\-plan\-to\-import\-Italian\-nuclear\-waste\-to\-Utah.html\|title \= EnergySolutions abandons plan to import Italian nuclear waste to Utah\| website\=\[\[Deseret News]] \|date \= 14 July 2010}}
EnergySolutions sought permission in 2011 from the State of Utah for its "Semprasafe" process to blend, or dilute, the currently allowed Class A low\-level radioactive waste with more radioactive Class B and Class C wastes until it just meets the Class A waste levels its license allows per container at its Clive disposal site.[Utah environmental group says 'downblended' waste means double radioactivity in landfill](http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/52678427-90/waste-state-energysolutions-class.html.csp), Salt Lake Tribune, October 5, 2011\. Some estimates projected that this could increase Energy Solutions' Utah site total of 7,450 [curies](/wiki/Curie_%28unit%29 "Curie (unit)") of radiation per annum (2010\), to an additional 19,184 to 28,470 curies each year. The Division of Radiation Control of Utah considered, but rejected blending to allow Class B and Class C waste into Utah.[Opinion: Stick to rules on importing blended waste](http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/52686420-82/waste-blended-board-class.html.csp) Salt Lake Tribune, October 8, 2011\. This would have made Utah, after Texas, the second state in the US to allow the importation of Class B and C radioactive wastes.
On November 15, 2015, EnergySolutions announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to purchase Waste Control Specialists for $270 million in cash and $20 million in stock.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.energysolutions.com/press\-releases/energysolutions\-signs\-definitive\-agreement\-to\-acquire\-waste\-control\-specialists\-llc/\|title \= EnergySolutions Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire Waste Control Specialists LLC – Energy Solutions}} This sale was blocked by the [DOJ](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") for breaching anti\-trust law.
In November 2015, EnergySolutions sold its Projects, Products and Technology division to [WS Atkins plc](/wiki/WS_Atkins "WS Atkins") for $318 million. [Energy Capital Partners](/wiki/Energy_Capital_Partners "Energy Capital Partners") is the seller. The deal includes EnergySolutions’ North American government, Europe, and Asia businesses, and about 650 employees. EnergySolutions will retain its logistics, processing, and disposal (“LP\&D”) business, its reactor decommissioning business, including current projects at [Zion, Illinois](/wiki/Zion%2C_Illinois "Zion, Illinois") and [La Crosse, Wisconsin](/wiki/La_Crosse%2C_Wisconsin "La Crosse, Wisconsin"), and its North American utility services.
Most of the radioactive waste from the decommissioning of the [San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station](/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station "San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station") is going to the Energy Solutions facility in Clive, Utah, and is being transported by rail.{{Cite web\|last\=SONGS\|title\=SONGS Railcar Shipments\|url\=https://www.songscommunity.com/decomm\-digest/dismantling\-songs\-one\-railcar\-at\-a\-time\-for\-now\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-12\|website\=SONGS\|language\=en\-us}}{{Cite news\|last\=Nikolewski\|first\=Rob\|date\=3 December 2021\|title\=7 things to know about the demolition of the San Onofre nuclear power plant\|work\=\[\[San Diego Union Tribune]]\|url\=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/story/2021\-12\-03/things\-to\-know\-about\-the\-dismantlement\-of\-the\-san\-onofre\-nuclear\-plant?}}
|
[
"Formation of EnergySolutions\n----------------------------",
"Envirocare of Utah purchased the [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\")\\-based Scientech D\\&D division in October 2005\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Envirocare adds nuclear waste firm \\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,635181433,00\\.html \\|last\\=Bauman \\|first\\=Joe \\|date\\=2006\\-02\\-03\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Deseret Morning News]]}} On February 2, 2006, Envirocare announced the $90 million purchase of BNG America, a subsidiary of [British Nuclear Fuels](/wiki/BNFL \"BNFL\") (BNFL) based in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\").{{cite news \\|title\\=BNFL sells American nuclear business for $90m \\|url\\=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,9078\\-2022581,00\\.html \\|last\\=Jameson \\|first\\=Angela \\|date\\=2006\\-02\\-03\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times]] \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}{{subscription required}} Envirocare of Utah was renamed EnergySolutions, with corporate headquarters in [Salt Lake City, Utah](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City%2C_Utah \"Salt Lake City, Utah\"). On February 7, 2006, EnergySolutions announced it would buy [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\")\\-based Duratek, a [publicly traded company](/wiki/Public_company \"Public company\"), for $396 million in an all\\-cash deal.{{cite news \\|title\\=EnergySolutions OKs deal to buy Duratek \\|url\\=http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/1,1249,635182631,00\\.html \\|last\\=Bauman \\|first\\=Joe \\|date\\=2006\\-02\\-08\\|publisher\\=Deseret Morning News}} The [leveraged buyout](/wiki/Leveraged_buyout \"Leveraged buyout\") was financed by banks led by [Citigroup](/wiki/Citigroup \"Citigroup\"), effectively taking the company private.",
"After the acquisitions, EnergySolutions had 2,500 employees in 40 [states](/wiki/U.S._states \"U.S. states\") with an annual revenue of $280 million.{{cite news \\|title\\= EnergySolutions expands \\|last\\=Mims \\|first\\=Bob \\|date\\=2006\\-06\\-07\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Salt Lake Tribune]]}} EnergySolutions owns two of the nation's four commercial low\\-level nuclear\\-waste repositories, its primary competitor, [Waste Control Specialists](/wiki/Waste_Control_Specialists \"Waste Control Specialists\"), built a fourth repository in Texas.",
"### Envirocare",
"Envirocare of Utah, Inc. (Envirocare) buried Class A [low level radioactive waste](/wiki/Low_level_radioactive_waste \"Low level radioactive waste\") (LLRW) in an engineered [landfill](/wiki/Landfill \"Landfill\"). It began operations in 1990 in [Clive, Utah](/wiki/Clive%2C_Utah \"Clive, Utah\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deq.utah.gov/references/FactSheets/Envirocare.htm \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-10\\-02 \\|publisher\\=Utah Dept of Environmental Quality \\|title\\=Envirocare of Utah \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008090331/http://www.deq.utah.gov/references/FactSheets/Envirocare.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-10\\-08 }}",
"Envirocare was founded by Iranian immigrant Khosrow Semnani in 1988\\. Semnani served as president of the company until May 1997, when Envirocare's largest customer—the [Department of Energy](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy \"United States Department of Energy\")—requested that he step down in the wake of a bribery scandal.{{cite news \\|title\\= Envirocare President Steps Down for Now \\|last\\=Woolf \\|first\\=Jim \\|date\\=1997\\-05\\-15\\|publisher\\=Salt Lake Tribune}}",
"In mid\\-December 2004, Semnani sold Envirocare for an undisclosed sum. Steve Creamer became the company's new CEO. The deal was financed by private equity firms, led by [Lindsay Goldberg \\& Bessemer](/wiki/Lindsay_Goldberg_%26_Bessemer \"Lindsay Goldberg & Bessemer\") of New York, Creamer Investments, and Peterson Partners both of Salt Lake City. Envirocare management promised to drop its plans to bury hotter class B and C nuclear waste in Utah in deference to growing political opposition to the company, which was poised to ban the waste.{{cite news \\|title\\=Utah to ban B and C nuclear waste \\|url\\=http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,600109008,00\\.html.php \\|last\\=Bauman \\|first\\=Joe \\|date\\=2005\\-02\\-02\\|publisher\\=Deseret Morning News}} Envirocare subsequently made the acquisitions and became EnergySolutions.",
"### Duratek",
"Based in [Columbia, Maryland](/wiki/Columbia%2C_Maryland \"Columbia, Maryland\"), Duratek was founded in 1983\\. In 1990, the company merged with General Technical Services (GTS); the resulting company was known as ***GTS Duratek***.[GTS Duratek Announces Name Change to Duratek](http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/NSD/DRTK/reports/v27.pdf) That year, the company formed a joint venture with another firm — Chem\\-Nuclear Systems, Inc. — to build a commercial [vitrification](/wiki/Radioactive_waste%23Vitrification \"Radioactive waste#Vitrification\") system.",
"In 1997, GTS Duratek acquired the [Scientific Ecology Group](/wiki/Scientific_Ecology_Group \"Scientific Ecology Group\") (SEG). In 2000, the company purchased the nuclear services business arm of [Waste Management Inc.](/wiki/Waste_Management_%28company%29 \"Waste Management (company)\"){{cite news\\|title\\=GTS Duratek to BUy Waste Management's Nuclear Unit\\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=9C05EFDA153CF933A05750C0A9669C8B63\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=March 30, 2000\\|page\\=C4\\|agency\\=Reuters\\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2018}} One year later, the company announced that it was dropping GTS from its name, and was once again known as *Duratek*.",
"Duratek was purchased by EnergySolutions at a 25\\.7% premium over the February 7, 2006 stock price when the merger was announced.",
"### Energy Solutions",
"Since its inception, Energy Solutions has collected primarily domestic, Class A nuclear waste for its west Utah desert site.",
"On June 7, 2007, the company announced the acquisition of the UK based BNFL subsidiary – Reactor Sites Management Company (RSMC).{{cite news \\|title\\=Salt Lake City firm takes over UK nuclear sites\\|url\\=http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,2097946,00\\.html?gusrc\\=rss\\&feed\\=24 \\|last\\=Macalister \\|first\\=Terry \\|date\\=2007\\-06\\-07\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Guardian Unlimited]] \\|location\\=London}}{{cite news \\| title\\=BNFL sells Reactor Sites Management Company to EnergySolutions\\|url\\=http://www.business\\-sale.com/news/article/bnfl\\-sells\\-reactor\\-sites\\-management\\-company\\-to\\-energysolutions\\-27811\\.html\\| date\\=2007\\-06\\-15}} The sale included Magnox Electric Limited (MEL), a wholly owned subsidiary of RSMC, which holds the contracts and licences to operate ten nuclear reactor sites in the UK on behalf of the [Nuclear Decommissioning Authority](/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority \"Nuclear Decommissioning Authority\") (NDA). Through the acquisition, the company took over operational and management responsibilities of several [Magnox](/wiki/Magnox \"Magnox\") atomic plants from British Nuclear Fuels plc.",
"In 2009 it attempted to bring 20,000 tons of waste from Italy's shuttered nuclear power program through the ports of either Charleston, South Carolina, or New Orleans.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/24/energysolutions\\-launches\\-\\_n\\_403221\\.html \\| work\\=Huffington Post \\| title\\=EnergySolutions Launches Ad Campaign Against Reps Who Oppose Italian Nuclear Waste Storage \\| date\\=2009\\-12\\-24}} After processing in Tennessee, about 1,600 tons would be disposed of in Utah. The importation attempt was eventually abandoned.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700048082/EnergySolutions\\-abandons\\-plan\\-to\\-import\\-Italian\\-nuclear\\-waste\\-to\\-Utah.html\\|title \\= EnergySolutions abandons plan to import Italian nuclear waste to Utah\\| website\\=\\[\\[Deseret News]] \\|date \\= 14 July 2010}}",
"EnergySolutions sought permission in 2011 from the State of Utah for its \"Semprasafe\" process to blend, or dilute, the currently allowed Class A low\\-level radioactive waste with more radioactive Class B and Class C wastes until it just meets the Class A waste levels its license allows per container at its Clive disposal site.[Utah environmental group says 'downblended' waste means double radioactivity in landfill](http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/52678427-90/waste-state-energysolutions-class.html.csp), Salt Lake Tribune, October 5, 2011\\. Some estimates projected that this could increase Energy Solutions' Utah site total of 7,450 [curies](/wiki/Curie_%28unit%29 \"Curie (unit)\") of radiation per annum (2010\\), to an additional 19,184 to 28,470 curies each year. The Division of Radiation Control of Utah considered, but rejected blending to allow Class B and Class C waste into Utah.[Opinion: Stick to rules on importing blended waste](http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/52686420-82/waste-blended-board-class.html.csp) Salt Lake Tribune, October 8, 2011\\. This would have made Utah, after Texas, the second state in the US to allow the importation of Class B and C radioactive wastes.",
"On November 15, 2015, EnergySolutions announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to purchase Waste Control Specialists for $270 million in cash and $20 million in stock.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.energysolutions.com/press\\-releases/energysolutions\\-signs\\-definitive\\-agreement\\-to\\-acquire\\-waste\\-control\\-specialists\\-llc/\\|title \\= EnergySolutions Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire Waste Control Specialists LLC – Energy Solutions}} This sale was blocked by the [DOJ](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") for breaching anti\\-trust law.",
"In November 2015, EnergySolutions sold its Projects, Products and Technology division to [WS Atkins plc](/wiki/WS_Atkins \"WS Atkins\") for $318 million. [Energy Capital Partners](/wiki/Energy_Capital_Partners \"Energy Capital Partners\") is the seller. The deal includes EnergySolutions’ North American government, Europe, and Asia businesses, and about 650 employees. EnergySolutions will retain its logistics, processing, and disposal (“LP\\&D”) business, its reactor decommissioning business, including current projects at [Zion, Illinois](/wiki/Zion%2C_Illinois \"Zion, Illinois\") and [La Crosse, Wisconsin](/wiki/La_Crosse%2C_Wisconsin \"La Crosse, Wisconsin\"), and its North American utility services.",
"Most of the radioactive waste from the decommissioning of the [San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station](/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station \"San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station\") is going to the Energy Solutions facility in Clive, Utah, and is being transported by rail.{{Cite web\\|last\\=SONGS\\|title\\=SONGS Railcar Shipments\\|url\\=https://www.songscommunity.com/decomm\\-digest/dismantling\\-songs\\-one\\-railcar\\-at\\-a\\-time\\-for\\-now\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-12\\|website\\=SONGS\\|language\\=en\\-us}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=Nikolewski\\|first\\=Rob\\|date\\=3 December 2021\\|title\\=7 things to know about the demolition of the San Onofre nuclear power plant\\|work\\=\\[\\[San Diego Union Tribune]]\\|url\\=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/story/2021\\-12\\-03/things\\-to\\-know\\-about\\-the\\-dismantlement\\-of\\-the\\-san\\-onofre\\-nuclear\\-plant?}}",
""
] |
### Energy Solutions
Since its inception, Energy Solutions has collected primarily domestic, Class A nuclear waste for its west Utah desert site.
On June 7, 2007, the company announced the acquisition of the UK based BNFL subsidiary – Reactor Sites Management Company (RSMC).{{cite news \|title\=Salt Lake City firm takes over UK nuclear sites\|url\=http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,2097946,00\.html?gusrc\=rss\&feed\=24 \|last\=Macalister \|first\=Terry \|date\=2007\-06\-07\|publisher\=\[\[Guardian Unlimited]] \|location\=London}}{{cite news \| title\=BNFL sells Reactor Sites Management Company to EnergySolutions\|url\=http://www.business\-sale.com/news/article/bnfl\-sells\-reactor\-sites\-management\-company\-to\-energysolutions\-27811\.html\| date\=2007\-06\-15}} The sale included Magnox Electric Limited (MEL), a wholly owned subsidiary of RSMC, which holds the contracts and licences to operate ten nuclear reactor sites in the UK on behalf of the [Nuclear Decommissioning Authority](/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority "Nuclear Decommissioning Authority") (NDA). Through the acquisition, the company took over operational and management responsibilities of several [Magnox](/wiki/Magnox "Magnox") atomic plants from British Nuclear Fuels plc.
In 2009 it attempted to bring 20,000 tons of waste from Italy's shuttered nuclear power program through the ports of either Charleston, South Carolina, or New Orleans.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/24/energysolutions\-launches\-\_n\_403221\.html \| work\=Huffington Post \| title\=EnergySolutions Launches Ad Campaign Against Reps Who Oppose Italian Nuclear Waste Storage \| date\=2009\-12\-24}} After processing in Tennessee, about 1,600 tons would be disposed of in Utah. The importation attempt was eventually abandoned.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700048082/EnergySolutions\-abandons\-plan\-to\-import\-Italian\-nuclear\-waste\-to\-Utah.html\|title \= EnergySolutions abandons plan to import Italian nuclear waste to Utah\| website\=\[\[Deseret News]] \|date \= 14 July 2010}}
EnergySolutions sought permission in 2011 from the State of Utah for its "Semprasafe" process to blend, or dilute, the currently allowed Class A low\-level radioactive waste with more radioactive Class B and Class C wastes until it just meets the Class A waste levels its license allows per container at its Clive disposal site.[Utah environmental group says 'downblended' waste means double radioactivity in landfill](http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/52678427-90/waste-state-energysolutions-class.html.csp), Salt Lake Tribune, October 5, 2011\. Some estimates projected that this could increase Energy Solutions' Utah site total of 7,450 [curies](/wiki/Curie_%28unit%29 "Curie (unit)") of radiation per annum (2010\), to an additional 19,184 to 28,470 curies each year. The Division of Radiation Control of Utah considered, but rejected blending to allow Class B and Class C waste into Utah.[Opinion: Stick to rules on importing blended waste](http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/52686420-82/waste-blended-board-class.html.csp) Salt Lake Tribune, October 8, 2011\. This would have made Utah, after Texas, the second state in the US to allow the importation of Class B and C radioactive wastes.
On November 15, 2015, EnergySolutions announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to purchase Waste Control Specialists for $270 million in cash and $20 million in stock.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.energysolutions.com/press\-releases/energysolutions\-signs\-definitive\-agreement\-to\-acquire\-waste\-control\-specialists\-llc/\|title \= EnergySolutions Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire Waste Control Specialists LLC – Energy Solutions}} This sale was blocked by the [DOJ](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") for breaching anti\-trust law.
In November 2015, EnergySolutions sold its Projects, Products and Technology division to [WS Atkins plc](/wiki/WS_Atkins "WS Atkins") for $318 million. [Energy Capital Partners](/wiki/Energy_Capital_Partners "Energy Capital Partners") is the seller. The deal includes EnergySolutions’ North American government, Europe, and Asia businesses, and about 650 employees. EnergySolutions will retain its logistics, processing, and disposal (“LP\&D”) business, its reactor decommissioning business, including current projects at [Zion, Illinois](/wiki/Zion%2C_Illinois "Zion, Illinois") and [La Crosse, Wisconsin](/wiki/La_Crosse%2C_Wisconsin "La Crosse, Wisconsin"), and its North American utility services.
Most of the radioactive waste from the decommissioning of the [San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station](/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station "San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station") is going to the Energy Solutions facility in Clive, Utah, and is being transported by rail.{{Cite web\|last\=SONGS\|title\=SONGS Railcar Shipments\|url\=https://www.songscommunity.com/decomm\-digest/dismantling\-songs\-one\-railcar\-at\-a\-time\-for\-now\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-12\|website\=SONGS\|language\=en\-us}}{{Cite news\|last\=Nikolewski\|first\=Rob\|date\=3 December 2021\|title\=7 things to know about the demolition of the San Onofre nuclear power plant\|work\=\[\[San Diego Union Tribune]]\|url\=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/story/2021\-12\-03/things\-to\-know\-about\-the\-dismantlement\-of\-the\-san\-onofre\-nuclear\-plant?}}
|
[
"### Energy Solutions",
"Since its inception, Energy Solutions has collected primarily domestic, Class A nuclear waste for its west Utah desert site.",
"On June 7, 2007, the company announced the acquisition of the UK based BNFL subsidiary – Reactor Sites Management Company (RSMC).{{cite news \\|title\\=Salt Lake City firm takes over UK nuclear sites\\|url\\=http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,2097946,00\\.html?gusrc\\=rss\\&feed\\=24 \\|last\\=Macalister \\|first\\=Terry \\|date\\=2007\\-06\\-07\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Guardian Unlimited]] \\|location\\=London}}{{cite news \\| title\\=BNFL sells Reactor Sites Management Company to EnergySolutions\\|url\\=http://www.business\\-sale.com/news/article/bnfl\\-sells\\-reactor\\-sites\\-management\\-company\\-to\\-energysolutions\\-27811\\.html\\| date\\=2007\\-06\\-15}} The sale included Magnox Electric Limited (MEL), a wholly owned subsidiary of RSMC, which holds the contracts and licences to operate ten nuclear reactor sites in the UK on behalf of the [Nuclear Decommissioning Authority](/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority \"Nuclear Decommissioning Authority\") (NDA). Through the acquisition, the company took over operational and management responsibilities of several [Magnox](/wiki/Magnox \"Magnox\") atomic plants from British Nuclear Fuels plc.",
"In 2009 it attempted to bring 20,000 tons of waste from Italy's shuttered nuclear power program through the ports of either Charleston, South Carolina, or New Orleans.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/24/energysolutions\\-launches\\-\\_n\\_403221\\.html \\| work\\=Huffington Post \\| title\\=EnergySolutions Launches Ad Campaign Against Reps Who Oppose Italian Nuclear Waste Storage \\| date\\=2009\\-12\\-24}} After processing in Tennessee, about 1,600 tons would be disposed of in Utah. The importation attempt was eventually abandoned.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700048082/EnergySolutions\\-abandons\\-plan\\-to\\-import\\-Italian\\-nuclear\\-waste\\-to\\-Utah.html\\|title \\= EnergySolutions abandons plan to import Italian nuclear waste to Utah\\| website\\=\\[\\[Deseret News]] \\|date \\= 14 July 2010}}",
"EnergySolutions sought permission in 2011 from the State of Utah for its \"Semprasafe\" process to blend, or dilute, the currently allowed Class A low\\-level radioactive waste with more radioactive Class B and Class C wastes until it just meets the Class A waste levels its license allows per container at its Clive disposal site.[Utah environmental group says 'downblended' waste means double radioactivity in landfill](http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/52678427-90/waste-state-energysolutions-class.html.csp), Salt Lake Tribune, October 5, 2011\\. Some estimates projected that this could increase Energy Solutions' Utah site total of 7,450 [curies](/wiki/Curie_%28unit%29 \"Curie (unit)\") of radiation per annum (2010\\), to an additional 19,184 to 28,470 curies each year. The Division of Radiation Control of Utah considered, but rejected blending to allow Class B and Class C waste into Utah.[Opinion: Stick to rules on importing blended waste](http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/52686420-82/waste-blended-board-class.html.csp) Salt Lake Tribune, October 8, 2011\\. This would have made Utah, after Texas, the second state in the US to allow the importation of Class B and C radioactive wastes.",
"On November 15, 2015, EnergySolutions announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to purchase Waste Control Specialists for $270 million in cash and $20 million in stock.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.energysolutions.com/press\\-releases/energysolutions\\-signs\\-definitive\\-agreement\\-to\\-acquire\\-waste\\-control\\-specialists\\-llc/\\|title \\= EnergySolutions Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire Waste Control Specialists LLC – Energy Solutions}} This sale was blocked by the [DOJ](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") for breaching anti\\-trust law.",
"In November 2015, EnergySolutions sold its Projects, Products and Technology division to [WS Atkins plc](/wiki/WS_Atkins \"WS Atkins\") for $318 million. [Energy Capital Partners](/wiki/Energy_Capital_Partners \"Energy Capital Partners\") is the seller. The deal includes EnergySolutions’ North American government, Europe, and Asia businesses, and about 650 employees. EnergySolutions will retain its logistics, processing, and disposal (“LP\\&D”) business, its reactor decommissioning business, including current projects at [Zion, Illinois](/wiki/Zion%2C_Illinois \"Zion, Illinois\") and [La Crosse, Wisconsin](/wiki/La_Crosse%2C_Wisconsin \"La Crosse, Wisconsin\"), and its North American utility services.",
"Most of the radioactive waste from the decommissioning of the [San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station](/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station \"San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station\") is going to the Energy Solutions facility in Clive, Utah, and is being transported by rail.{{Cite web\\|last\\=SONGS\\|title\\=SONGS Railcar Shipments\\|url\\=https://www.songscommunity.com/decomm\\-digest/dismantling\\-songs\\-one\\-railcar\\-at\\-a\\-time\\-for\\-now\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-12\\|website\\=SONGS\\|language\\=en\\-us}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=Nikolewski\\|first\\=Rob\\|date\\=3 December 2021\\|title\\=7 things to know about the demolition of the San Onofre nuclear power plant\\|work\\=\\[\\[San Diego Union Tribune]]\\|url\\=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/story/2021\\-12\\-03/things\\-to\\-know\\-about\\-the\\-dismantlement\\-of\\-the\\-san\\-onofre\\-nuclear\\-plant?}}",
""
] |
Post\-retirement
----------------
Subsequently, Williams accepted the Cavaliers' offer to become a [color commentator](/wiki/Color_commentator "Color commentator") for the team's telecasts on [FSN Ohio](/wiki/FSN_Ohio "FSN Ohio"), beginning in [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NBA_season "2005–06 NBA season"), and working alongside [Michael Reghi](/wiki/Michael_Reghi "Michael Reghi"). After two seasons, on 20 October 2007, the [Milwaukee Journal Sentinel](/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel "Milwaukee Journal Sentinel") reported he would join the [Milwaukee Bucks](/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks "Milwaukee Bucks")' commentary team.[Williams to offer insights](http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=676969); JS Online, 20 October 2007 Besides doing pre and post\-game analysis for home games, he also called some games while a popular [emailer](/wiki/Email "Email") on the [Tony Kornheiser](/wiki/Tony_Kornheiser "Tony Kornheiser") radio show.
In 2008, Williams became a color commentator for another former team, the [Phoenix Suns](/wiki/Phoenix_Suns "Phoenix Suns"), broadcasting with Tom Leander and [Gary Bender](/wiki/Gary_Bender "Gary Bender").
During the 2012–13 season, Williams was an assistant coach for the Idaho Stampede in the NBA Development League.
Prior to the 2013–14 season, Williams was hired as an assistant coach for the Milwaukee Bucks under Larry Drew.
As of the 2014\-15 season, Williams serves as the analyst for [Grand Canyon Antelopes men's basketball](/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Antelopes_men%27s_basketball "Grand Canyon Antelopes men's basketball") games on Fox 10 Extra, alongside play\-by\-play announcer Barry Buetel.
In 2020, on the 'Sixers Talk' podcast, Williams credited [Michael Jordan](/wiki/Michael_Jordan "Michael Jordan") and the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls "Chicago Bulls") with helping him have an NBA career. Williams had played four years at North Carolina but had gone undrafted in the NBA draft. Jordan invited Williams to a scrimmage, which also included other NBA pros, so Williams could prove his worth. Later, Jordan called then\-Bulls general manager [Jerry Krause](/wiki/Jerry_Krause "Jerry Krause") and stated "I think Scott Williams might be able to help us out". The Bulls would eventually sign Williams and he would earn three [NBA Finals](/wiki/NBA_Finals "NBA Finals") rings (in his first three years in the league) when the Bulls capped the first of their two NBA Finals three\-peat wins, from 1991 to 1993\. Williams goes on to state "I always say I am the luckiest undrafted player in the history of the NBA, if there is such a thing".
|
[
"Post\\-retirement\n----------------",
"Subsequently, Williams accepted the Cavaliers' offer to become a [color commentator](/wiki/Color_commentator \"Color commentator\") for the team's telecasts on [FSN Ohio](/wiki/FSN_Ohio \"FSN Ohio\"), beginning in [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NBA_season \"2005–06 NBA season\"), and working alongside [Michael Reghi](/wiki/Michael_Reghi \"Michael Reghi\"). After two seasons, on 20 October 2007, the [Milwaukee Journal Sentinel](/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel \"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel\") reported he would join the [Milwaukee Bucks](/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks \"Milwaukee Bucks\")' commentary team.[Williams to offer insights](http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=676969); JS Online, 20 October 2007 Besides doing pre and post\\-game analysis for home games, he also called some games while a popular [emailer](/wiki/Email \"Email\") on the [Tony Kornheiser](/wiki/Tony_Kornheiser \"Tony Kornheiser\") radio show.",
"In 2008, Williams became a color commentator for another former team, the [Phoenix Suns](/wiki/Phoenix_Suns \"Phoenix Suns\"), broadcasting with Tom Leander and [Gary Bender](/wiki/Gary_Bender \"Gary Bender\").",
"During the 2012–13 season, Williams was an assistant coach for the Idaho Stampede in the NBA Development League.",
"Prior to the 2013–14 season, Williams was hired as an assistant coach for the Milwaukee Bucks under Larry Drew.",
"As of the 2014\\-15 season, Williams serves as the analyst for [Grand Canyon Antelopes men's basketball](/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Antelopes_men%27s_basketball \"Grand Canyon Antelopes men's basketball\") games on Fox 10 Extra, alongside play\\-by\\-play announcer Barry Buetel.",
"In 2020, on the 'Sixers Talk' podcast, Williams credited [Michael Jordan](/wiki/Michael_Jordan \"Michael Jordan\") and the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls \"Chicago Bulls\") with helping him have an NBA career. Williams had played four years at North Carolina but had gone undrafted in the NBA draft. Jordan invited Williams to a scrimmage, which also included other NBA pros, so Williams could prove his worth. Later, Jordan called then\\-Bulls general manager [Jerry Krause](/wiki/Jerry_Krause \"Jerry Krause\") and stated \"I think Scott Williams might be able to help us out\". The Bulls would eventually sign Williams and he would earn three [NBA Finals](/wiki/NBA_Finals \"NBA Finals\") rings (in his first three years in the league) when the Bulls capped the first of their two NBA Finals three\\-peat wins, from 1991 to 1993\\. Williams goes on to state \"I always say I am the luckiest undrafted player in the history of the NBA, if there is such a thing\".",
""
] |
History
-------
### Roman era
The Roman road from [Emona](/wiki/Emona "Emona") to [Celeia](/wiki/Celeia "Celeia") passed through Ježica, crossing the Sava River, and a Roman settlement is believed to have stood at the site.*Krajevni leksikon Dravske Banovine*. 1937\. Ljubljana: Zveza za tujski promet za Slovenijo.{{rp\|349}} In 1880 a Roman grave was discovered near the church. When the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") collapsed, migrating tribes destroyed the bridge. It was replaced with a ferry that operated until 1724\.Čerin, Miha. 1985\. *Ljubljansko posavje v ljudski revoluciji*. Ljubljana: Občinska konferenca SZDL Ljubljana\-Bežigrad.
### Early modern era
In 1515, 6,000 peasants gathered where the spa now stands and negotiated with the imperial commissioners, led by Styrian governor Sigmund Dietrichstein. The officials tried to placate the peasants, but they were unsuccessful, leading to the [1515 Slovene Peasant Revolt](/wiki/Slovene_peasant_revolt_of_1515 "Slovene peasant revolt of 1515").
In 1713, plans were made for the new road from Vienna to Trieste. The work was finished in 1730, and the new bridge was built in Ježica: the first since the destruction of the Roman bridge. Ježica was an important site because it controlled access to the bridge across the Sava; a large building known as *Grad* (literally, 'castle') was a former toll house for the bridge. The building was owned by the Tavčar family before the Second World War.{{rp\|349}}
### Modern era
A new bridge was built over the Sava in 1846, and was the basis for today's bridge. A school was built in Ježica in 1869, and regular schooling started in 1871\. The [Kamnik Railway](/wiki/Ljubljana_%C5%A0i%C5%A1ka%E2%80%93Kamnik_Graben_Railway "Ljubljana Šiška–Kamnik Graben Railway") was laid through Ježica in 1891, and a new train station named *Tauzherhof* was established at Ježica in 1893\. The [1895 Ljubljana earthquake](/wiki/1895_Ljubljana_earthquake "1895 Ljubljana earthquake") also caused damage in Ježica, especially to the church, which was repaired afterwards.
The first fire department was established in 1902 at the initiative of Mayor [Anton Vilfan](/wiki/Anton_Vilfan "Anton Vilfan"). In 1910, Ježica's first post office was established, the train station was renamed *Jeschza*, and water mains were installed. During the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), soldiers were quartered in people's homes, inns, and shops. Italian forces managed to approach Ježica in May, 1916 and Bregar's Meadow ({{langx\|sl\|Bregarjev travnik}}) near the [Russian Czar Inn](/wiki/Mala_Vas_%28Ljubljana%29%23Cultural_heritage "Mala Vas (Ljubljana)#Cultural heritage") was shelled.
### Second World War
On April 11, 1941 Ježica was occupied up to the Sava River by the [Italian Army](/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army_during_World_War_II "Royal Italian Army during World War II"), although the locals had expected occupation by the [German Army](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht"). German forces occupied the territory east of the bridge, and the border between Italy and Germany was established at the Črnuče Bridge. A few months later, the border was shifted a few meters south. The border crossed an area with fields called *Prod*, below the villages of [Savlje](/wiki/Savlje "Savlje") and [Kleče](/wiki/Kle%C4%8De_%28Ljubljana%29 "Kleče (Ljubljana)"). The Germans built a road through the area known as *Nemška cesta* (German Street), today's *Obvozna cesta* (Bypass Street). A new railway was also built, connecting Kamnik and the Upper Carniola Gorenjska Railway, which extended east to the village of [Laze pri Dolskem](/wiki/Laze_pri_Dolskem "Laze pri Dolskem"). The border was secured with wire fencing, minefields, and watchtowers. The main border crossing was in Ježica, where the bus station is today. Two border checkpoints still stand today. On September 7, 1941 the first resistance against the Italian forces was carried out, when a night patrol of Italian border finance police was attacked in Mala Vas. Two policemen were badly injured. The date was declared a memorial day in Ježica in 1955\. After the 1943 [Armistice of Cassibile](/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile "Armistice of Cassibile"), the Italian army left Ježica along with the rest of Ljubljana, and the German army moved in. This led to establishment of [Domobranstvo](/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard "Slovene Home Guard"). The [Slovene Partisans](/wiki/Slovene_Partisans "Slovene Partisans") entered Ježica together with the rest of Ljubljana in May 1945\.
### SFR Yugoslavia
Rebuilding of Ježica began soon after the war. An agricultural cooperative was established in 1947\. [Bus service](/wiki/Ljubljana_Passenger_Transport "Ljubljana Passenger Transport") was established, and then a [trolleybus](/wiki/Trolleybus "Trolleybus") in 1958, which was discontinued in 1968\. A Partisan grave and cenotaph was created at the Stožice Cemetery in 1950, and a plaque honoring the [People's Hero](/wiki/Order_of_the_People%27s_Hero "Order of the People's Hero") Danila Kumar was installed in 1955\. In 1961, Ježica annexed the former village of [Mala Vas na Posavju](/wiki/Mala_Vas_na_Posavju "Mala Vas na Posavju").*Spremembe naselij 1948–95*. 1996\. Database. Ljubljana: Geografski inštitut ZRC SAZU, DZS. In the 1970s, the [BS 7](/wiki/Be%C5%BEigrajska_soseska_7 "Bežigrajska soseska 7") apartment blocks were built nearby, connecting urban area with the rest of Ljubljana. Ježica was annexed by the [City of Ljubljana](/wiki/City_Municipality_of_Ljubljana "City Municipality of Ljubljana") in 1974, ending its existence as an independent settlement.
### Independent Slovenia
Ježica looks very different today than it did in the past, especially its surroundings. The small village became part of Ljubljana. Construction of new houses has redefined its landscape while the village's tourist industry has collapsed. However, a new park was built in 2014, extending from Ježica to [Jarše](/wiki/Jar%C5%A1e_%28Ljubljana%29 "Jarše (Ljubljana)") and the route has become popular for horse riders and cyclists. Other recent projects include the installation of a [roundabout](/wiki/Roundabout "Roundabout") in 2012, the renovation of the Črnuče bridge and the construction of Florjančkov Hram Hotel in 2014\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Roman era",
"The Roman road from [Emona](/wiki/Emona \"Emona\") to [Celeia](/wiki/Celeia \"Celeia\") passed through Ježica, crossing the Sava River, and a Roman settlement is believed to have stood at the site.*Krajevni leksikon Dravske Banovine*. 1937\\. Ljubljana: Zveza za tujski promet za Slovenijo.{{rp\\|349}} In 1880 a Roman grave was discovered near the church. When the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") collapsed, migrating tribes destroyed the bridge. It was replaced with a ferry that operated until 1724\\.Čerin, Miha. 1985\\. *Ljubljansko posavje v ljudski revoluciji*. Ljubljana: Občinska konferenca SZDL Ljubljana\\-Bežigrad.",
"### Early modern era",
"In 1515, 6,000 peasants gathered where the spa now stands and negotiated with the imperial commissioners, led by Styrian governor Sigmund Dietrichstein. The officials tried to placate the peasants, but they were unsuccessful, leading to the [1515 Slovene Peasant Revolt](/wiki/Slovene_peasant_revolt_of_1515 \"Slovene peasant revolt of 1515\").",
"In 1713, plans were made for the new road from Vienna to Trieste. The work was finished in 1730, and the new bridge was built in Ježica: the first since the destruction of the Roman bridge. Ježica was an important site because it controlled access to the bridge across the Sava; a large building known as *Grad* (literally, 'castle') was a former toll house for the bridge. The building was owned by the Tavčar family before the Second World War.{{rp\\|349}}",
"### Modern era",
"A new bridge was built over the Sava in 1846, and was the basis for today's bridge. A school was built in Ježica in 1869, and regular schooling started in 1871\\. The [Kamnik Railway](/wiki/Ljubljana_%C5%A0i%C5%A1ka%E2%80%93Kamnik_Graben_Railway \"Ljubljana Šiška–Kamnik Graben Railway\") was laid through Ježica in 1891, and a new train station named *Tauzherhof* was established at Ježica in 1893\\. The [1895 Ljubljana earthquake](/wiki/1895_Ljubljana_earthquake \"1895 Ljubljana earthquake\") also caused damage in Ježica, especially to the church, which was repaired afterwards.",
"The first fire department was established in 1902 at the initiative of Mayor [Anton Vilfan](/wiki/Anton_Vilfan \"Anton Vilfan\"). In 1910, Ježica's first post office was established, the train station was renamed *Jeschza*, and water mains were installed. During the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), soldiers were quartered in people's homes, inns, and shops. Italian forces managed to approach Ježica in May, 1916 and Bregar's Meadow ({{langx\\|sl\\|Bregarjev travnik}}) near the [Russian Czar Inn](/wiki/Mala_Vas_%28Ljubljana%29%23Cultural_heritage \"Mala Vas (Ljubljana)#Cultural heritage\") was shelled.",
"### Second World War",
"On April 11, 1941 Ježica was occupied up to the Sava River by the [Italian Army](/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army_during_World_War_II \"Royal Italian Army during World War II\"), although the locals had expected occupation by the [German Army](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\"). German forces occupied the territory east of the bridge, and the border between Italy and Germany was established at the Črnuče Bridge. A few months later, the border was shifted a few meters south. The border crossed an area with fields called *Prod*, below the villages of [Savlje](/wiki/Savlje \"Savlje\") and [Kleče](/wiki/Kle%C4%8De_%28Ljubljana%29 \"Kleče (Ljubljana)\"). The Germans built a road through the area known as *Nemška cesta* (German Street), today's *Obvozna cesta* (Bypass Street). A new railway was also built, connecting Kamnik and the Upper Carniola Gorenjska Railway, which extended east to the village of [Laze pri Dolskem](/wiki/Laze_pri_Dolskem \"Laze pri Dolskem\"). The border was secured with wire fencing, minefields, and watchtowers. The main border crossing was in Ježica, where the bus station is today. Two border checkpoints still stand today. On September 7, 1941 the first resistance against the Italian forces was carried out, when a night patrol of Italian border finance police was attacked in Mala Vas. Two policemen were badly injured. The date was declared a memorial day in Ježica in 1955\\. After the 1943 [Armistice of Cassibile](/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile \"Armistice of Cassibile\"), the Italian army left Ježica along with the rest of Ljubljana, and the German army moved in. This led to establishment of [Domobranstvo](/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard \"Slovene Home Guard\"). The [Slovene Partisans](/wiki/Slovene_Partisans \"Slovene Partisans\") entered Ježica together with the rest of Ljubljana in May 1945\\.",
"### SFR Yugoslavia",
"Rebuilding of Ježica began soon after the war. An agricultural cooperative was established in 1947\\. [Bus service](/wiki/Ljubljana_Passenger_Transport \"Ljubljana Passenger Transport\") was established, and then a [trolleybus](/wiki/Trolleybus \"Trolleybus\") in 1958, which was discontinued in 1968\\. A Partisan grave and cenotaph was created at the Stožice Cemetery in 1950, and a plaque honoring the [People's Hero](/wiki/Order_of_the_People%27s_Hero \"Order of the People's Hero\") Danila Kumar was installed in 1955\\. In 1961, Ježica annexed the former village of [Mala Vas na Posavju](/wiki/Mala_Vas_na_Posavju \"Mala Vas na Posavju\").*Spremembe naselij 1948–95*. 1996\\. Database. Ljubljana: Geografski inštitut ZRC SAZU, DZS. In the 1970s, the [BS 7](/wiki/Be%C5%BEigrajska_soseska_7 \"Bežigrajska soseska 7\") apartment blocks were built nearby, connecting urban area with the rest of Ljubljana. Ježica was annexed by the [City of Ljubljana](/wiki/City_Municipality_of_Ljubljana \"City Municipality of Ljubljana\") in 1974, ending its existence as an independent settlement.",
"### Independent Slovenia",
"Ježica looks very different today than it did in the past, especially its surroundings. The small village became part of Ljubljana. Construction of new houses has redefined its landscape while the village's tourist industry has collapsed. However, a new park was built in 2014, extending from Ježica to [Jarše](/wiki/Jar%C5%A1e_%28Ljubljana%29 \"Jarše (Ljubljana)\") and the route has become popular for horse riders and cyclists. Other recent projects include the installation of a [roundabout](/wiki/Roundabout \"Roundabout\") in 2012, the renovation of the Črnuče bridge and the construction of Florjančkov Hram Hotel in 2014\\.",
""
] |
Streets
-------
Ježica Street is a residential street in the upper part of the village, and Stara Ježica (old Ježica) is in the lower part. Na Produ ("on the [river gravel](/wiki/Gravel "Gravel")") is a residential street on the [Sava](/wiki/Sava "Sava"). Ulica Bratov Čebulj (Čebulj Brothers Street) is named after Alojz (1913\-1942\), Vinko (1914\-1941\) and Franc Čebulj (1916\-1942\), who fought for the [Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation](/wiki/Liberation_Front_of_the_Slovene_Nation "Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation"). Alojz died during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") at [Krvavec](/wiki/Krvavec_Ski_Resort "Krvavec Ski Resort"), Vinko was killed in Savlje and Franc was killed on the [Osovnik](/wiki/Osolnik%2C_Medvode "Osolnik, Medvode") hill above [Škofja loka](/wiki/%C5%A0kofja_Loka "Škofja Loka") (where a memorial plaque stands).
Za gasilskim domom (behind the fire station) is a residential street. Ulica bratov Kunovar (Kunovar Brothers Street) is named after Franc (1909\-1942\) and Slavko (1919\-1943\) Kunovar, born in Ježica, who also fought with the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation. Franc died in Udinboršt (near [Kranj](/wiki/Kranj "Kranj")) and Slavko died in [Kališe, Kamnik](/wiki/Kali%C5%A1e%2C_Kamnik "Kališe, Kamnik"). Kališnikov trg (Kališnik Place) is named after Jože Kališnik, born in 1923 in [Buč](/wiki/Bu%C4%8D "Buč"), an activist and became a [partisan](/wiki/Partisans_%28Yugoslavia%29 "Partisans (Yugoslavia)") in 1942\. He was killed the following year near [Podutik](/wiki/Podutik "Podutik").
Ulica Danile Kumar (Danila Kumar Street) was named after Danila Kumar (1921\-1944\), who was born in [Hum at Kojsko](/wiki/Hum%2C_Brda "Hum, Brda"). A soldier in the [Tomšič Brigade](/wiki/Tom%C5%A1i%C4%8D_Brigade "Tomšič Brigade") in 1942, Kumar became an activist of the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation and died at Škofja loka (near Lubnik). A school in [Stožice](/wiki/Sto%C5%BEice_%28Ljubljana%29 "Stožice (Ljubljana)") is named after them.
Udvančeva ulica (Udvanc Street) is named after Matija Udvanc (1912\-1942\), who was born in Ježica. A locksmith, Udvanc was a member of the Yugoslavian Communist Party, a [Yugoslav volunteer in the Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Yugoslav_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War "Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War") and a partisan. He died commanding the Selška Troop with Stane Žagar at the battle with the Germans in [Planica](/wiki/Planica%2C_Kranj "Planica, Kranj"), near [Žabnica](/wiki/%C5%BDabnica%2C_Kranj "Žabnica, Kranj").
Kratka pot (Short Track) is a residential street near Spa Laguna. Tesovnikova ulica (Tesovnik Street) is named after Viktor Tesovnik (1928\-1949\), born in Nova Štifta, who was an activist with the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation and became a soldier in 1944\. An officer in the [Yugoslav People's Army](/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army "Yugoslav People's Army"), he died from injuries in 1949\.
|
[
"Streets\n-------",
"Ježica Street is a residential street in the upper part of the village, and Stara Ježica (old Ježica) is in the lower part. Na Produ (\"on the [river gravel](/wiki/Gravel \"Gravel\")\") is a residential street on the [Sava](/wiki/Sava \"Sava\"). Ulica Bratov Čebulj (Čebulj Brothers Street) is named after Alojz (1913\\-1942\\), Vinko (1914\\-1941\\) and Franc Čebulj (1916\\-1942\\), who fought for the [Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation](/wiki/Liberation_Front_of_the_Slovene_Nation \"Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation\"). Alojz died during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") at [Krvavec](/wiki/Krvavec_Ski_Resort \"Krvavec Ski Resort\"), Vinko was killed in Savlje and Franc was killed on the [Osovnik](/wiki/Osolnik%2C_Medvode \"Osolnik, Medvode\") hill above [Škofja loka](/wiki/%C5%A0kofja_Loka \"Škofja Loka\") (where a memorial plaque stands).",
"Za gasilskim domom (behind the fire station) is a residential street. Ulica bratov Kunovar (Kunovar Brothers Street) is named after Franc (1909\\-1942\\) and Slavko (1919\\-1943\\) Kunovar, born in Ježica, who also fought with the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation. Franc died in Udinboršt (near [Kranj](/wiki/Kranj \"Kranj\")) and Slavko died in [Kališe, Kamnik](/wiki/Kali%C5%A1e%2C_Kamnik \"Kališe, Kamnik\"). Kališnikov trg (Kališnik Place) is named after Jože Kališnik, born in 1923 in [Buč](/wiki/Bu%C4%8D \"Buč\"), an activist and became a [partisan](/wiki/Partisans_%28Yugoslavia%29 \"Partisans (Yugoslavia)\") in 1942\\. He was killed the following year near [Podutik](/wiki/Podutik \"Podutik\").",
"Ulica Danile Kumar (Danila Kumar Street) was named after Danila Kumar (1921\\-1944\\), who was born in [Hum at Kojsko](/wiki/Hum%2C_Brda \"Hum, Brda\"). A soldier in the [Tomšič Brigade](/wiki/Tom%C5%A1i%C4%8D_Brigade \"Tomšič Brigade\") in 1942, Kumar became an activist of the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation and died at Škofja loka (near Lubnik). A school in [Stožice](/wiki/Sto%C5%BEice_%28Ljubljana%29 \"Stožice (Ljubljana)\") is named after them.",
"Udvančeva ulica (Udvanc Street) is named after Matija Udvanc (1912\\-1942\\), who was born in Ježica. A locksmith, Udvanc was a member of the Yugoslavian Communist Party, a [Yugoslav volunteer in the Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Yugoslav_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War \"Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War\") and a partisan. He died commanding the Selška Troop with Stane Žagar at the battle with the Germans in [Planica](/wiki/Planica%2C_Kranj \"Planica, Kranj\"), near [Žabnica](/wiki/%C5%BDabnica%2C_Kranj \"Žabnica, Kranj\").",
"Kratka pot (Short Track) is a residential street near Spa Laguna. Tesovnikova ulica (Tesovnik Street) is named after Viktor Tesovnik (1928\\-1949\\), born in Nova Štifta, who was an activist with the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation and became a soldier in 1944\\. An officer in the [Yugoslav People's Army](/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army \"Yugoslav People's Army\"), he died from injuries in 1949\\.",
""
] |
Life
----
Spiridovitch was born in [Arkhangelsk](/wiki/Arkhangelsk "Arkhangelsk"). In 1893 he graduated from military academy and was promoted to sub\-Lieutenant of the 105th Orenburg regiment garrison in [Vilna](/wiki/Vilnius "Vilnius").
In 1899 he joined [Special Corps of Gendarmes](/wiki/Special_Corps_of_Gendarmes "Special Corps of Gendarmes") and started to work in [Okhrana](/wiki/Okhrana "Okhrana") in Moscow. In 1902 he was named Chief of the Kiev Section of the Okhrana. At that time, Kiev was a principal center of activity for the [Socialist\-Revolutionary Party](/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionary_Party "Socialist-Revolutionary Party"). Spiridovitch and his men were highly recognized for their counter\-terrorist work, and at the young age of 29, was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In May 1905, Spiridovich was shot twice at close range in the streets of Kiev by a pistol fired by the Bolshevik Peter Rudnenko (who had been Spiridovich's own informer within the revolutionary circles). He was forced by his injuries to take a leave of absence from service and rest until the winter of 1905\.
In 1906 Spiridovitch was appointed the head of [Nicholas II](/wiki/Nicholas_II "Nicholas II")'s secret personal guard, the post he occupied for ten years. After the assassination of the Prime Minister [Pyotr Stolypin](/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin "Pyotr Stolypin") in Kiev, Spiridovich was investigated for failure to take necessary measures to guard Stolypin, but no charges were brought, and he retained his position.
During the First World War, Spiridovich accompanied Nicholas II on his trips between [Tsarskoe Selo](/wiki/Tsarskoe_Selo "Tsarskoe Selo"), the military headquarters in [Baranovichi](/wiki/Baranovichi "Baranovichi") and [Mogilev](/wiki/Mogilev "Mogilev"), and many military formations on the front. In 1915, he was awarded the rank of major general. In August 1916 Spiridovich was appointed mayor of [Yalta](/wiki/Yalta "Yalta").
After the [February Revolution](/wiki/February_Revolution "February Revolution") Spiridovitch, who was visiting Saint Petersburg, was arrested – as one of the first – on personal order of [Alexander Kerensky](/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky "Alexander Kerensky"). On October 2, he was released from the [Peter and Paul fortress](/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_fortress "Peter and Paul fortress") by accident, and managed to leave Russia. He and his second wife and children re\-settled in Paris in 1920\.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Spiridovitch was born in [Arkhangelsk](/wiki/Arkhangelsk \"Arkhangelsk\"). In 1893 he graduated from military academy and was promoted to sub\\-Lieutenant of the 105th Orenburg regiment garrison in [Vilna](/wiki/Vilnius \"Vilnius\").",
"In 1899 he joined [Special Corps of Gendarmes](/wiki/Special_Corps_of_Gendarmes \"Special Corps of Gendarmes\") and started to work in [Okhrana](/wiki/Okhrana \"Okhrana\") in Moscow. In 1902 he was named Chief of the Kiev Section of the Okhrana. At that time, Kiev was a principal center of activity for the [Socialist\\-Revolutionary Party](/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionary_Party \"Socialist-Revolutionary Party\"). Spiridovitch and his men were highly recognized for their counter\\-terrorist work, and at the young age of 29, was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In May 1905, Spiridovich was shot twice at close range in the streets of Kiev by a pistol fired by the Bolshevik Peter Rudnenko (who had been Spiridovich's own informer within the revolutionary circles). He was forced by his injuries to take a leave of absence from service and rest until the winter of 1905\\.",
"In 1906 Spiridovitch was appointed the head of [Nicholas II](/wiki/Nicholas_II \"Nicholas II\")'s secret personal guard, the post he occupied for ten years. After the assassination of the Prime Minister [Pyotr Stolypin](/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin \"Pyotr Stolypin\") in Kiev, Spiridovich was investigated for failure to take necessary measures to guard Stolypin, but no charges were brought, and he retained his position.",
"During the First World War, Spiridovich accompanied Nicholas II on his trips between [Tsarskoe Selo](/wiki/Tsarskoe_Selo \"Tsarskoe Selo\"), the military headquarters in [Baranovichi](/wiki/Baranovichi \"Baranovichi\") and [Mogilev](/wiki/Mogilev \"Mogilev\"), and many military formations on the front. In 1915, he was awarded the rank of major general. In August 1916 Spiridovich was appointed mayor of [Yalta](/wiki/Yalta \"Yalta\").",
"After the [February Revolution](/wiki/February_Revolution \"February Revolution\") Spiridovitch, who was visiting Saint Petersburg, was arrested – as one of the first – on personal order of [Alexander Kerensky](/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky \"Alexander Kerensky\"). On October 2, he was released from the [Peter and Paul fortress](/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_fortress \"Peter and Paul fortress\") by accident, and managed to leave Russia. He and his second wife and children re\\-settled in Paris in 1920\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early years
Reyne was born in [Lagos](/wiki/Lagos "Lagos"), [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria "Nigeria"). His father, Rodney Michael Reyne, was an English\-born former Royal Marine who served as [aide\-de\-camp](/wiki/Aide-de-camp "Aide-de-camp") to the [governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria "Governor of Victoria") of the [state](/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia "States and territories of Australia") of [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 "Victoria (Australia)"), Sir [Dallas Brooks](/wiki/Dallas_Brooks "Dallas Brooks"),{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article71807492 \|title\= The Ceremony Was Perfect \| last \= Irving \| first \= Freda \| newspaper \= \[\[The Argus (Melbourne)\|The Argus]] \| date \= 7 June 1956 \| access\-date \= 23 October 2017 \| page \= 16 \| via \= \[\[National Library of Australia]] }} and subsequently worked for [British Petroleum](/wiki/BP "BP"). His paternal grandfather, Cecil Nugent Reyne, was an English [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral "Rear admiral").{{cite news \| url \= http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article71693240 \| title \= She'll wed an A.D.C. \| newspaper \= The Argus \| date \= 3 September 1955 \|access\-date\=23 October 2017 \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} His mother, Judith Graham, née Leask, was a teacher. His younger brother, [David Reyne](/wiki/David_Reyne "David Reyne"), was also born in Nigeria. The family moved to Victoria in late 1959, where a younger sister Elisabeth was born.
Reyne lived in [Mount Eliza, Victoria](/wiki/Mount_Eliza%2C_Victoria "Mount Eliza, Victoria"), was educated at [the Peninsula School](/wiki/The_Peninsula_School "The Peninsula School") and studied drama at the [Victorian College of Arts](/wiki/Victorian_College_of_Arts "Victorian College of Arts"). He formed a band called Spiff Rouch containing fellow locals Bill McDonough, [Guy McDonough](/wiki/Guy_McDonough "Guy McDonough"), [Brad Robinson](/wiki/Brad_Robinson_%28Australian_musician%29 "Brad Robinson (Australian musician)"), Paul Williams, Robert Walker, Mark Hudson and [Simon Binks](/wiki/Simon_Binks "Simon Binks").{{cite web\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131022063048/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/a/australiancrawl.html \| url \= http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/a/australiancrawl.html \| last1 \= Holmgren \| first1 \= Magnus \| first2 \= Stefan \| last2 \= Warnqvist \| first3 \= Oliver \| last3 \= Draper \| first4 \= Bill \| last4 \= McDonough \| title \= Australian Crawl \| publisher \= \[\[Australian Rock Database]]\| archive\-date \= 22 October 2013 \| access\-date \= 1 April 2015 }}{{cite web\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130914013243/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/r/reynejames.html \| url \= http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/r/reynejames.html \| title \= James Reyne \| publisher \= Australian Rock Database \| archive\-date \= 14 September 2013 \| access\-date \= 1 April 2015 }}{{cite book \|title\=Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop \|url\=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofau00mcfa \|format\=doc \|last\=McFarlane \|first\=Ian \|author\-link\=Ian McFarlane \|publisher\=\[\[Allen \& Unwin]] \|year\=1999 \|isbn\=1\-86448\-768\-2 \|access\-date\=1 March 2008 \|url\-access\=registration }} By early 1978, Spiff Rouch had split and Reyne formed Clutch Cargo services with Binks, Robinson, Williams and his younger brother David Reyne.
### Australian Crawl
{{Main article\|Australian Crawl}}
In late 1978, Clutch Cargo was renamed Australian Crawl and started to gain popularity on the pub circuit. David Reyne left to continue an acting course and was replaced by Bill McDonough. Australian Crawl made a memorable debut on the *[Countdown](/wiki/Countdown_%28Australian_TV_series%29 "Countdown (Australian TV series)")* TV show. Reyne performed with both arms in plaster casts, a result of injuries sustained after being hit by a car. The band went on to sell more than one million albums in Australia in the 1980s. Their most popular songs are "[Reckless](/wiki/Reckless_%28Australian_Crawl_song%29 "Reckless (Australian Crawl song)")", "[Beautiful People](/wiki/Beautiful_People_%28Australian_Crawl_song%29 "Beautiful People (Australian Crawl song)")", "[Errol](/wiki/Errol_%28song%29 "Errol (song)")", "[The Boys Light Up](/wiki/The_Boys_Light_Up_%28song%29 "The Boys Light Up (song)")", "[Things Don't Seem](/wiki/Things_Don%27t_Seem "Things Don't Seem")", "[Oh No Not You Again](/wiki/Oh_No_Not_You_Again "Oh No Not You Again")" and "[Downhearted](/wiki/Downhearted "Downhearted")".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.triplem.com.au/melbourne/music/2007countdown/the\_countdown.html \|title\=Triple M's Essential 2007 Countdown \|publisher\=Triple M \|access\-date\=2 March 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120152401/http://www.triplem.com.au/melbourne/music/2007countdown/the\_countdown.html \|archive\-date\=20 November 2008 }} They were voted Countdown 1981 Most Popular Group, and Reyne was 1980 and 1981 Most Popular Male Performer.{{cite book \|last\=Atkinson \|first\=Ann \|author2\=Linsay Knight \|author3\=Margaret McPhee \|title\=The Dictionary of Performing Arts in Australia \|publisher\=\[\[Allen \& Unwin]] \|year\=1996 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ELACebeQEgcC \|isbn\=1\-86373\-898\-3 }} After the band split up in 1986,{{cite news \| title \= Last Wave Farewell \| first \= Martin \| last \= Black \| newspaper \= \[\[Western Mail (Western Australia)\|Western Mail]] \| publisher \= \[\[Bell Group\|Western Mail Ltd]] \| date \= 1–2 February 1986 \| page \= 1 }} Reyne went on to a successful solo career.
### Solo career
#### 1985–1999
While still with Australian Crawl, Reyne teamed with [Lin Buckfield](/wiki/Lin_Buckfield "Lin Buckfield") of [Electric Pandas](/wiki/Electric_Pandas "Electric Pandas"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/spicksandspecks/txt/s1964342\.htm \|title\=Spicks and Specks Episode Twenty Two \|publisher\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation\|ABC]] \|access\-date\=5 April 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608213954/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/spicksandspecks/txt/s1964342\.htm \|archive\-date\=8 June 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} to release a 1985 single, "R.O.C.K." / "Under My Thumb".{{cite web\|url\=http://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/lin\_buckfield\_and\_james\_reyne/r\_o\_c\_k\_\_\_under\_my\_thumb/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120719165322/http://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/lin\_buckfield\_and\_james\_reyne/r\_o\_c\_k\_\_\_under\_my\_thumb/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=19 July 2012 \|title\="R.O.C.K." / "Under My Thumb" \|publisher\=Rate Your Music \|access\-date\=5 April 2008 }}
In 1987, Reyne released his [self titled debut solo album](/wiki/James_Reyne_%28album%29 "James Reyne (album)") and started the "Rip it Up" tour.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.frontiertouring.com/retail/attr/form\_name/view\_retail/merchant\_id/700\|title\= AMES REYNE \- RIP IT UP TOUR\|publisher\=www.frontiertouring.com\|access\-date\=12 March 2016}} The first two singles released from the album, "[Fall of Rome](/wiki/Fall_of_Rome_%28song%29 "Fall of Rome (song)")" and "[Hammerhead](/wiki/Hammerhead_%28James_Reyne_song%29 "Hammerhead (James Reyne song)")", were top\-10 hits in Australia,{{cite web\|url\=http://australian\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\=James\+Reyne\|title\=australian\-charts.com \> Discography James Reyne\|publisher\=Hung Medien\|access\-date\=2 December 2015}} followed by the less\-successful "[Rip It Up](/wiki/Rip_it_Up_%28James_Reyne_song%29 "Rip it Up (James Reyne song)")" and "Heaven On a Stick". The album was re\-packaged in 1988 to include a further top 10 single, "Motor's Too Fast" (peaking at \#6 on the [ARIA](/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association "Australian Recording Industry Association") chartAustralian chart peaks:
Top 100 ([Kent Music Report](/wiki/Kent_Music_Report "Kent Music Report")) peaks to 19 June 1988: {{cite book\|last\=Kent\|first\=David\|author\-link\=David Kent (historian)\|title\=Australian Chart Book 1970–1992\|edition\=illustrated\|publisher\=Australian Chart Book\|location\=St Ives, N.S.W.\|year\=1993\|isbn\=0\-646\-11917\-6\|page\=250}} N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by [ARIA](/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association "Australian Recording Industry Association") from mid\-1983 until 19 June 1988\.
Top 50 ([ARIA Chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts")) peaks from 26 June 1988: {{cite web\|url\=http://australian\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\=James\+Reyne \|title\=australian\-charts.com \> Discography James Reyne \|publisher\=Hung Medien \|access\-date\=2 December 2015 }}
"Always the Way" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\|url\=http://i.imgur.com/pd4F2Ze.gif \|title\=Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 12 July 2016 \|publisher\=Imgur.com \|access\-date\=19 July 2016 }}
"Trouble in Paradise" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\|url\=http://i.imgur.com/4Uec3HY.png \|title\=Chartifacts \> Week Ending: 12 May 1991 – Issue No.68 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 68\) \|publisher\=Imgur.com (original document published by \[\[Australian Recording Industry Association\|ARIA]]) \|access\-date\=19 July 2016 }}
Top 100 (ARIA Chart) peaks from January 1990 to December 2010: {{cite book\|last\=Ryan\|first\=Gavin\|title\=Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010\|year\=2011\|publisher\=Moonlight Publishing\|location\=Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia}}
"It's Only Natural" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605213523/http://i.imgur.com/DkGCr8v.jpg \|url\=http://i.imgur.com/DkGCr8v.jpg \|archive\-date\=5 June 2015 \|title\=Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 5 June 2015 \|access\-date\=2 December 2015 \|publisher\=Imgur.com }}
Company of Strangers (ARIA Chart) peaks: {{cite web\|url\=http://australian\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\=Company\+Of\+Strangers \|title\=australian\-charts.com \> Discography Company of Strangers \|publisher\=Hung Medien \|access\-date\=2 December 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204124658/http://australian\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\=Company\+of\+Strangers \|archive\-date\= 4 December 2015 }}
"She Don't Like That" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\|url\=http://australian\-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\=Smash\+%27N%27\+Grab\&titel\=She\+Don%27t\+Like\+That\&cat\=s \|title\=australian\-charts.com \> Smash 'n' Grab \- She Don't Like That (song) \|publisher\=Hung Medien \|access\-date\=2 December 2015 }}* + - * + - * + ), replacing "Coin in a Plate", which had appeared on the original 1987 release. "Always The Way" was released as the sixth and final single from the album, but peaked outside the top 50\.
His debut was followed in May 1989 by his next solo release, *[Hard Reyne](/wiki/Hard_Reyne "Hard Reyne")*, which featured the hits "[House of Cards](/wiki/House_of_Cards_%28James_Reyne_song%29 "House of Cards (James Reyne song)")" (\#17 ARIA Charts) and "[One More River](/wiki/One_More_River_%28song%29 "One More River (song)")" (\#22 ARIA Charts). The album was produced By Simon Hussey. The project was launched with a live televised performance on Australia's MTV program on the Nine Network and an Australian tour in late 1989\. A further two singles, "Trouble in Paradise" (Oct 1989\) and "Harvest Moon" (Jan 1990\), were released from the album.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2015}}
In 1991, *[Electric Digger Dandy](/wiki/Electric_Digger_Dandy "Electric Digger Dandy")* was released. Mindful of the American market (where the album was released under the title of *Any Day Above Ground*), *Electric Digger Dandy* included a revamped version of the Australian Crawl hit "Reckless" as well as a cover of John Hiatt's "Stood Up", a duet with American singer\-songwriter [Tony Joe White](/wiki/Tony_Joe_White "Tony Joe White"). Single releases from the album included "[Slave](/wiki/Slave_%28James_Reyne_song%29 "Slave (James Reyne song)")" (\#10 ARIA Charts), "[Any Day Above Ground](/wiki/Any_Day_Above_Ground "Any Day Above Ground")" and "Some People". It remains Reyne's highest\-charting album in Australia, reaching No. 3 on the [ARIA](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts") albums chart.
In 1992, he recorded a duet with country singer [James Blundell](/wiki/James_Blundell_%28singer%29 "James Blundell (singer)") (a cover of [The Dingoes](/wiki/The_Dingoes "The Dingoes")' song, *[Way Out West](/wiki/Way_Out_West_%28The_Dingoes_song%29 "Way Out West (The Dingoes song)")*). It hit No. 2 on the Australian charts, Reyne's highest charting solo single. Later that year he joined former [Sherbet](/wiki/Sherbet_%28band%29 "Sherbet (band)") frontman [Daryl Braithwaite](/wiki/Daryl_Braithwaite "Daryl Braithwaite"), Jef Scott and [Simon Hussey](/wiki/Simon_Hussey "Simon Hussey") to create the album [Company of Strangers](/wiki/Company_of_Strangers_%28Company_of_Strangers_album%29 "Company of Strangers (Company of Strangers album)"), which spawned three Australian top 50 singles: "[Motor City (I Get Lost)](/wiki/Motor_City_%28I_Get_Lost%29 "Motor City (I Get Lost)")", "[Sweet Love](/wiki/Sweet_Love_%28Company_of_Strangers_song%29 "Sweet Love (Company of Strangers song)")", "[Daddy's Gonna Make You a Star](/wiki/Daddy%27s_Gonna_Make_You_a_Star "Daddy's Gonna Make You a Star")". A fourth single released from the album, "[Baby, You're a Rich Man](/wiki/Baby%2C_You%27re_a_Rich_Man "Baby, You're a Rich Man")", failed to enter the top 100\.
October 1994 saw the release of his fourth album, on the RooArt label, *[The Whiff of Bedlam](/wiki/The_Whiff_of_Bedlam "The Whiff of Bedlam")*, recorded in Los Angeles with [Stewart Levine](/wiki/Stewart_Levine "Stewart Levine"). The singles released from the album were "[Red Light Avenue](/wiki/Red_Light_Avenue "Red Light Avenue")", "Day in the Sun" (Dec 1994\) and "It's Only Natural" (April 1995\).{{citation needed\|date\=April 2015}}
Reyne and his band continued overseas to Europe, UK and South America. Recorded live in South America, the double\-album "[Live in Rio](/wiki/Live_in_Rio_%28James_Reyne_album%29 "Live in Rio (James Reyne album)")" was released in April 1996\. A single edit of "Oh No, Not You Again (live)" was released to coincide with the album. In September 1996, Reyne took to the [Enmore Theatre](/wiki/Enmore_Theatre "Enmore Theatre") stage in a [David Atkins](/wiki/David_Atkins "David Atkins") production of the musical *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 "Little Shop of Horrors (musical)")*.[Little Shop of Horrors](https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/28766) at AusStage: Performance opened 18 September 1996\. Accessed 1 April 2015
Reyne returned to the studio in 1997 to work with producer Ashley Caddell. Now signed to [Village Roadshow](/wiki/Village_Roadshow "Village Roadshow") Music, the first release was "Brand New Emperor's Clothes" in October 1997\. Reyne continued to write and record new material throughout 1998–1999\. In 1999, the *[Design For Living](/wiki/Design_for_Living_%28album%29 "Design for Living (album)")* album was released. In 1999, he was a guest performer on [John Farnham](/wiki/John_Farnham "John Farnham")'s "I Can't Believe He's 50 Tour". His duet with Farnham, "Don't You Know It's Magic", is included in John Farnham's album *[Live at the Regent Theatre](/wiki/Live_at_the_Regent_Theatre_%E2%80%93_1st_July_1999 "Live at the Regent Theatre – 1st July 1999")*.
#### 2004–2007
After a few years' break between studio albums, Reyne signed with [Liberation Music](/wiki/Liberation_Music "Liberation Music") in Australia. In 2004 he released *[Speedboats for Breakfast](/wiki/Speedboats_for_Breakfast "Speedboats for Breakfast")*, which included the singles "Bug" and "The Rainbow's Dead End". Of "Bug" James said: "I wanted to create a song out of playing the same four chords going round and round, building and growing all the time, with things coming in and dropping out. The listener knows there's transition but there's no real point where the change is obvious". This was followed in March 2005 by the album *[...And The Horse You Rode In On](/wiki/And_the_Horse_You_Rode_in_On "And the Horse You Rode in On")*, which contained acoustic reworkings of some of his best\-known solo and Australian Crawl compositions.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.aria.com.au/ISSUE785\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050319130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20050320\-0000/ISSUE785\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2005\-03\-19\|title\=ARIA Report\|publisher\=webarchive.nla.gov.au\|date\=14 March 2005\|access\-date\=19 March 2016}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}
In February 2005, Australian dance producers Smash 'n' Grab remixed Australian Crawl's "Reckless", which peaked at \#42 in Australia.
Reyne hosted *Dig*, a music show on [ABC2](/wiki/ABC2 "ABC2") (2006–2007\), and made an appearance on *[The AFL Footy Show](/wiki/The_AFL_Footy_Show "The AFL Footy Show")* in Melbourne in 2006\. In May 2007, he released a new studio album, *[Every Man a King](/wiki/Every_Man_a_King_%28album%29 "Every Man a King (album)")*, which features the singles "Light in the Tunnel" and "Little Man You've Had a Busy Day". A second acoustic album, *[Ghost Ships](/wiki/Ghost_Ships_%28album%29 "Ghost Ships (album)")*, was released in September 2007\.
#### 2010–present
In April 2010 Reyne released, *[TCB](/wiki/TCB_%28album%29 "TCB (album)")* (Taking Care of Business), a collection of [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley "Elvis Presley") covers. The album debuted at number 32 on the [ARIA Albums chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts"). In November 2011, he released a single, "English Girls", followed by his most autobiographical song, "Capsize", in January 2012\. Both songs feature on Reyne's album *[Thirteen](/wiki/Thirteen_%28James_Reyne_album%29 "Thirteen (James Reyne album)")* (March 2012\). Two more singles were released; "Whatcha Gonna Do About It?" and "Good Clean Fun".{{citation needed\|date\=April 2015}}
In the Australia Day Honours of 2014, Reyne was recognised with a Medal of the Order of Australia in the General Division "for service to the performing arts as a singer/songwriter, and through support for a range of charitable organisations".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/Media%20Notes%20\-%20OAM%20%28M\-R%29%20%28final%29\.pdf \|publisher\=Governor\-General's office \|title\=Australia Day 2014 Honours List OAM M\-R }}
Universal Records released a two\-CD set, *[The Anthology](/wiki/The_Anthology_%28James_Reyne_album%29 "The Anthology (James Reyne album)")*, on 1 August 2014\. The double album featured all of Reyne's earlier hits on Disc 1 and a collection of his more recent material and radio singles on Disc 2\. In late 2014, Reyne launched a "James Reyne Plays Australian Crawl" series of shows across Australia. Performing only songs from the Australian Crawl catalogue, Reyne stated it was the closest thing to a reunion as fans were ever to get.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2015}}
In July 2019, Reyne released an original song titled "Fearless" for the Australian film *[Palm Beach](/wiki/Palm_Beach_%282019_film%29 "Palm Beach (2019 film)")* [soundtrack](/wiki/Palm_Beach:Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack "Original Motion Picture Soundtrack").{{cite web\|url\= https://www.facebook.com/jamesreyne/posts/fearless\-is\-the\-brand\-new\-track\-from\-james\-reyne\-written\-especially\-for\-the\-upco/2735401739821692/ \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/193823923979499/2735401739821692 \|archive\-date\=2022\-02\-26 \|url\-access\=limited\|title\= Fearless is the brand new track from James Reyne – written especially for the upcoming Australian feature film 'Palm Beach' \|publisher\=\[\[Facebook]]\|date\=4 July 2019\|access\-date\=19 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\|url\= https://open.spotify.com/album/04I75awwrosTMqg1gSiat5\|title\=Fearless single \|publisher\=Spotify\|date\=5 July 2019\|access\-date\=19 August 2019}}
In April 2020, Reyne announced the release of his twelfth studio album, *Toon Town Lullaby*, alongside the album's lead single of the same name.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early years",
"Reyne was born in [Lagos](/wiki/Lagos \"Lagos\"), [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\"). His father, Rodney Michael Reyne, was an English\\-born former Royal Marine who served as [aide\\-de\\-camp](/wiki/Aide-de-camp \"Aide-de-camp\") to the [governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria \"Governor of Victoria\") of the [state](/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia \"States and territories of Australia\") of [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 \"Victoria (Australia)\"), Sir [Dallas Brooks](/wiki/Dallas_Brooks \"Dallas Brooks\"),{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article71807492 \\|title\\= The Ceremony Was Perfect \\| last \\= Irving \\| first \\= Freda \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Argus (Melbourne)\\|The Argus]] \\| date \\= 7 June 1956 \\| access\\-date \\= 23 October 2017 \\| page \\= 16 \\| via \\= \\[\\[National Library of Australia]] }} and subsequently worked for [British Petroleum](/wiki/BP \"BP\"). His paternal grandfather, Cecil Nugent Reyne, was an English [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral \"Rear admiral\").{{cite news \\| url \\= http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article71693240 \\| title \\= She'll wed an A.D.C. \\| newspaper \\= The Argus \\| date \\= 3 September 1955 \\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2017 \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} His mother, Judith Graham, née Leask, was a teacher. His younger brother, [David Reyne](/wiki/David_Reyne \"David Reyne\"), was also born in Nigeria. The family moved to Victoria in late 1959, where a younger sister Elisabeth was born.",
"Reyne lived in [Mount Eliza, Victoria](/wiki/Mount_Eliza%2C_Victoria \"Mount Eliza, Victoria\"), was educated at [the Peninsula School](/wiki/The_Peninsula_School \"The Peninsula School\") and studied drama at the [Victorian College of Arts](/wiki/Victorian_College_of_Arts \"Victorian College of Arts\"). He formed a band called Spiff Rouch containing fellow locals Bill McDonough, [Guy McDonough](/wiki/Guy_McDonough \"Guy McDonough\"), [Brad Robinson](/wiki/Brad_Robinson_%28Australian_musician%29 \"Brad Robinson (Australian musician)\"), Paul Williams, Robert Walker, Mark Hudson and [Simon Binks](/wiki/Simon_Binks \"Simon Binks\").{{cite web\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131022063048/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/a/australiancrawl.html \\| url \\= http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/a/australiancrawl.html \\| last1 \\= Holmgren \\| first1 \\= Magnus \\| first2 \\= Stefan \\| last2 \\= Warnqvist \\| first3 \\= Oliver \\| last3 \\= Draper \\| first4 \\= Bill \\| last4 \\= McDonough \\| title \\= Australian Crawl \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Australian Rock Database]]\\| archive\\-date \\= 22 October 2013 \\| access\\-date \\= 1 April 2015 }}{{cite web\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130914013243/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/r/reynejames.html \\| url \\= http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/r/reynejames.html \\| title \\= James Reyne \\| publisher \\= Australian Rock Database \\| archive\\-date \\= 14 September 2013 \\| access\\-date \\= 1 April 2015 }}{{cite book \\|title\\=Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofau00mcfa \\|format\\=doc \\|last\\=McFarlane \\|first\\=Ian \\|author\\-link\\=Ian McFarlane \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Allen \\& Unwin]] \\|year\\=1999 \\|isbn\\=1\\-86448\\-768\\-2 \\|access\\-date\\=1 March 2008 \\|url\\-access\\=registration }} By early 1978, Spiff Rouch had split and Reyne formed Clutch Cargo services with Binks, Robinson, Williams and his younger brother David Reyne.",
"### Australian Crawl",
"{{Main article\\|Australian Crawl}}\nIn late 1978, Clutch Cargo was renamed Australian Crawl and started to gain popularity on the pub circuit. David Reyne left to continue an acting course and was replaced by Bill McDonough. Australian Crawl made a memorable debut on the *[Countdown](/wiki/Countdown_%28Australian_TV_series%29 \"Countdown (Australian TV series)\")* TV show. Reyne performed with both arms in plaster casts, a result of injuries sustained after being hit by a car. The band went on to sell more than one million albums in Australia in the 1980s. Their most popular songs are \"[Reckless](/wiki/Reckless_%28Australian_Crawl_song%29 \"Reckless (Australian Crawl song)\")\", \"[Beautiful People](/wiki/Beautiful_People_%28Australian_Crawl_song%29 \"Beautiful People (Australian Crawl song)\")\", \"[Errol](/wiki/Errol_%28song%29 \"Errol (song)\")\", \"[The Boys Light Up](/wiki/The_Boys_Light_Up_%28song%29 \"The Boys Light Up (song)\")\", \"[Things Don't Seem](/wiki/Things_Don%27t_Seem \"Things Don't Seem\")\", \"[Oh No Not You Again](/wiki/Oh_No_Not_You_Again \"Oh No Not You Again\")\" and \"[Downhearted](/wiki/Downhearted \"Downhearted\")\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.triplem.com.au/melbourne/music/2007countdown/the\\_countdown.html \\|title\\=Triple M's Essential 2007 Countdown \\|publisher\\=Triple M \\|access\\-date\\=2 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120152401/http://www.triplem.com.au/melbourne/music/2007countdown/the\\_countdown.html \\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2008 }} They were voted Countdown 1981 Most Popular Group, and Reyne was 1980 and 1981 Most Popular Male Performer.{{cite book \\|last\\=Atkinson \\|first\\=Ann \\|author2\\=Linsay Knight \\|author3\\=Margaret McPhee \\|title\\=The Dictionary of Performing Arts in Australia \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Allen \\& Unwin]] \\|year\\=1996 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ELACebeQEgcC \\|isbn\\=1\\-86373\\-898\\-3 }} After the band split up in 1986,{{cite news \\| title \\= Last Wave Farewell \\| first \\= Martin \\| last \\= Black \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[Western Mail (Western Australia)\\|Western Mail]] \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Bell Group\\|Western Mail Ltd]] \\| date \\= 1–2 February 1986 \\| page \\= 1 }} Reyne went on to a successful solo career.",
"### Solo career",
"#### 1985–1999",
"While still with Australian Crawl, Reyne teamed with [Lin Buckfield](/wiki/Lin_Buckfield \"Lin Buckfield\") of [Electric Pandas](/wiki/Electric_Pandas \"Electric Pandas\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/spicksandspecks/txt/s1964342\\.htm \\|title\\=Spicks and Specks Episode Twenty Two \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation\\|ABC]] \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608213954/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/spicksandspecks/txt/s1964342\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} to release a 1985 single, \"R.O.C.K.\" / \"Under My Thumb\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/lin\\_buckfield\\_and\\_james\\_reyne/r\\_o\\_c\\_k\\_\\_\\_under\\_my\\_thumb/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120719165322/http://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/lin\\_buckfield\\_and\\_james\\_reyne/r\\_o\\_c\\_k\\_\\_\\_under\\_my\\_thumb/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2012 \\|title\\=\"R.O.C.K.\" / \"Under My Thumb\" \\|publisher\\=Rate Your Music \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2008 }}",
"In 1987, Reyne released his [self titled debut solo album](/wiki/James_Reyne_%28album%29 \"James Reyne (album)\") and started the \"Rip it Up\" tour.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.frontiertouring.com/retail/attr/form\\_name/view\\_retail/merchant\\_id/700\\|title\\= AMES REYNE \\- RIP IT UP TOUR\\|publisher\\=www.frontiertouring.com\\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2016}} The first two singles released from the album, \"[Fall of Rome](/wiki/Fall_of_Rome_%28song%29 \"Fall of Rome (song)\")\" and \"[Hammerhead](/wiki/Hammerhead_%28James_Reyne_song%29 \"Hammerhead (James Reyne song)\")\", were top\\-10 hits in Australia,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://australian\\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\\=James\\+Reyne\\|title\\=australian\\-charts.com \\> Discography James Reyne\\|publisher\\=Hung Medien\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2015}} followed by the less\\-successful \"[Rip It Up](/wiki/Rip_it_Up_%28James_Reyne_song%29 \"Rip it Up (James Reyne song)\")\" and \"Heaven On a Stick\". The album was re\\-packaged in 1988 to include a further top 10 single, \"Motor's Too Fast\" (peaking at \\#6 on the [ARIA](/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association \"Australian Recording Industry Association\") chartAustralian chart peaks:\nTop 100 ([Kent Music Report](/wiki/Kent_Music_Report \"Kent Music Report\")) peaks to 19 June 1988: {{cite book\\|last\\=Kent\\|first\\=David\\|author\\-link\\=David Kent (historian)\\|title\\=Australian Chart Book 1970–1992\\|edition\\=illustrated\\|publisher\\=Australian Chart Book\\|location\\=St Ives, N.S.W.\\|year\\=1993\\|isbn\\=0\\-646\\-11917\\-6\\|page\\=250}} N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by [ARIA](/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association \"Australian Recording Industry Association\") from mid\\-1983 until 19 June 1988\\.\nTop 50 ([ARIA Chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\")) peaks from 26 June 1988: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://australian\\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\\=James\\+Reyne \\|title\\=australian\\-charts.com \\> Discography James Reyne \\|publisher\\=Hung Medien \\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2015 }}\n\"Always the Way\" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://i.imgur.com/pd4F2Ze.gif \\|title\\=Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 12 July 2016 \\|publisher\\=Imgur.com \\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2016 }}\n\"Trouble in Paradise\" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://i.imgur.com/4Uec3HY.png \\|title\\=Chartifacts \\> Week Ending: 12 May 1991 – Issue No.68 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 68\\) \\|publisher\\=Imgur.com (original document published by \\[\\[Australian Recording Industry Association\\|ARIA]]) \\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2016 }}\nTop 100 (ARIA Chart) peaks from January 1990 to December 2010: {{cite book\\|last\\=Ryan\\|first\\=Gavin\\|title\\=Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010\\|year\\=2011\\|publisher\\=Moonlight Publishing\\|location\\=Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia}}\n\"It's Only Natural\" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605213523/http://i.imgur.com/DkGCr8v.jpg \\|url\\=http://i.imgur.com/DkGCr8v.jpg \\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2015 \\|title\\=Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 5 June 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2015 \\|publisher\\=Imgur.com }}\nCompany of Strangers (ARIA Chart) peaks: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://australian\\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\\=Company\\+Of\\+Strangers \\|title\\=australian\\-charts.com \\> Discography Company of Strangers \\|publisher\\=Hung Medien \\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204124658/http://australian\\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\\=Company\\+of\\+Strangers \\|archive\\-date\\= 4 December 2015 }}\n\"She Don't Like That\" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://australian\\-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\\=Smash\\+%27N%27\\+Grab\\&titel\\=She\\+Don%27t\\+Like\\+That\\&cat\\=s \\|title\\=australian\\-charts.com \\> Smash 'n' Grab \\- She Don't Like That (song) \\|publisher\\=Hung Medien \\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2015 }}* + - * + - * + ), replacing \"Coin in a Plate\", which had appeared on the original 1987 release. \"Always The Way\" was released as the sixth and final single from the album, but peaked outside the top 50\\.",
"His debut was followed in May 1989 by his next solo release, *[Hard Reyne](/wiki/Hard_Reyne \"Hard Reyne\")*, which featured the hits \"[House of Cards](/wiki/House_of_Cards_%28James_Reyne_song%29 \"House of Cards (James Reyne song)\")\" (\\#17 ARIA Charts) and \"[One More River](/wiki/One_More_River_%28song%29 \"One More River (song)\")\" (\\#22 ARIA Charts). The album was produced By Simon Hussey. The project was launched with a live televised performance on Australia's MTV program on the Nine Network and an Australian tour in late 1989\\. A further two singles, \"Trouble in Paradise\" (Oct 1989\\) and \"Harvest Moon\" (Jan 1990\\), were released from the album.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2015}}",
"In 1991, *[Electric Digger Dandy](/wiki/Electric_Digger_Dandy \"Electric Digger Dandy\")* was released. Mindful of the American market (where the album was released under the title of *Any Day Above Ground*), *Electric Digger Dandy* included a revamped version of the Australian Crawl hit \"Reckless\" as well as a cover of John Hiatt's \"Stood Up\", a duet with American singer\\-songwriter [Tony Joe White](/wiki/Tony_Joe_White \"Tony Joe White\"). Single releases from the album included \"[Slave](/wiki/Slave_%28James_Reyne_song%29 \"Slave (James Reyne song)\")\" (\\#10 ARIA Charts), \"[Any Day Above Ground](/wiki/Any_Day_Above_Ground \"Any Day Above Ground\")\" and \"Some People\". It remains Reyne's highest\\-charting album in Australia, reaching No. 3 on the [ARIA](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\") albums chart.",
"In 1992, he recorded a duet with country singer [James Blundell](/wiki/James_Blundell_%28singer%29 \"James Blundell (singer)\") (a cover of [The Dingoes](/wiki/The_Dingoes \"The Dingoes\")' song, *[Way Out West](/wiki/Way_Out_West_%28The_Dingoes_song%29 \"Way Out West (The Dingoes song)\")*). It hit No. 2 on the Australian charts, Reyne's highest charting solo single. Later that year he joined former [Sherbet](/wiki/Sherbet_%28band%29 \"Sherbet (band)\") frontman [Daryl Braithwaite](/wiki/Daryl_Braithwaite \"Daryl Braithwaite\"), Jef Scott and [Simon Hussey](/wiki/Simon_Hussey \"Simon Hussey\") to create the album [Company of Strangers](/wiki/Company_of_Strangers_%28Company_of_Strangers_album%29 \"Company of Strangers (Company of Strangers album)\"), which spawned three Australian top 50 singles: \"[Motor City (I Get Lost)](/wiki/Motor_City_%28I_Get_Lost%29 \"Motor City (I Get Lost)\")\", \"[Sweet Love](/wiki/Sweet_Love_%28Company_of_Strangers_song%29 \"Sweet Love (Company of Strangers song)\")\", \"[Daddy's Gonna Make You a Star](/wiki/Daddy%27s_Gonna_Make_You_a_Star \"Daddy's Gonna Make You a Star\")\". A fourth single released from the album, \"[Baby, You're a Rich Man](/wiki/Baby%2C_You%27re_a_Rich_Man \"Baby, You're a Rich Man\")\", failed to enter the top 100\\.",
"October 1994 saw the release of his fourth album, on the RooArt label, *[The Whiff of Bedlam](/wiki/The_Whiff_of_Bedlam \"The Whiff of Bedlam\")*, recorded in Los Angeles with [Stewart Levine](/wiki/Stewart_Levine \"Stewart Levine\"). The singles released from the album were \"[Red Light Avenue](/wiki/Red_Light_Avenue \"Red Light Avenue\")\", \"Day in the Sun\" (Dec 1994\\) and \"It's Only Natural\" (April 1995\\).{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2015}}",
"Reyne and his band continued overseas to Europe, UK and South America. Recorded live in South America, the double\\-album \"[Live in Rio](/wiki/Live_in_Rio_%28James_Reyne_album%29 \"Live in Rio (James Reyne album)\")\" was released in April 1996\\. A single edit of \"Oh No, Not You Again (live)\" was released to coincide with the album. In September 1996, Reyne took to the [Enmore Theatre](/wiki/Enmore_Theatre \"Enmore Theatre\") stage in a [David Atkins](/wiki/David_Atkins \"David Atkins\") production of the musical *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 \"Little Shop of Horrors (musical)\")*.[Little Shop of Horrors](https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/28766) at AusStage: Performance opened 18 September 1996\\. Accessed 1 April 2015",
"Reyne returned to the studio in 1997 to work with producer Ashley Caddell. Now signed to [Village Roadshow](/wiki/Village_Roadshow \"Village Roadshow\") Music, the first release was \"Brand New Emperor's Clothes\" in October 1997\\. Reyne continued to write and record new material throughout 1998–1999\\. In 1999, the *[Design For Living](/wiki/Design_for_Living_%28album%29 \"Design for Living (album)\")* album was released. In 1999, he was a guest performer on [John Farnham](/wiki/John_Farnham \"John Farnham\")'s \"I Can't Believe He's 50 Tour\". His duet with Farnham, \"Don't You Know It's Magic\", is included in John Farnham's album *[Live at the Regent Theatre](/wiki/Live_at_the_Regent_Theatre_%E2%80%93_1st_July_1999 \"Live at the Regent Theatre – 1st July 1999\")*.",
"#### 2004–2007",
"After a few years' break between studio albums, Reyne signed with [Liberation Music](/wiki/Liberation_Music \"Liberation Music\") in Australia. In 2004 he released *[Speedboats for Breakfast](/wiki/Speedboats_for_Breakfast \"Speedboats for Breakfast\")*, which included the singles \"Bug\" and \"The Rainbow's Dead End\". Of \"Bug\" James said: \"I wanted to create a song out of playing the same four chords going round and round, building and growing all the time, with things coming in and dropping out. The listener knows there's transition but there's no real point where the change is obvious\". This was followed in March 2005 by the album *[...And The Horse You Rode In On](/wiki/And_the_Horse_You_Rode_in_On \"And the Horse You Rode in On\")*, which contained acoustic reworkings of some of his best\\-known solo and Australian Crawl compositions.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aria.com.au/ISSUE785\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050319130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20050320\\-0000/ISSUE785\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2005\\-03\\-19\\|title\\=ARIA Report\\|publisher\\=webarchive.nla.gov.au\\|date\\=14 March 2005\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2016}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}",
"In February 2005, Australian dance producers Smash 'n' Grab remixed Australian Crawl's \"Reckless\", which peaked at \\#42 in Australia.",
"Reyne hosted *Dig*, a music show on [ABC2](/wiki/ABC2 \"ABC2\") (2006–2007\\), and made an appearance on *[The AFL Footy Show](/wiki/The_AFL_Footy_Show \"The AFL Footy Show\")* in Melbourne in 2006\\. In May 2007, he released a new studio album, *[Every Man a King](/wiki/Every_Man_a_King_%28album%29 \"Every Man a King (album)\")*, which features the singles \"Light in the Tunnel\" and \"Little Man You've Had a Busy Day\". A second acoustic album, *[Ghost Ships](/wiki/Ghost_Ships_%28album%29 \"Ghost Ships (album)\")*, was released in September 2007\\.",
"#### 2010–present",
"In April 2010 Reyne released, *[TCB](/wiki/TCB_%28album%29 \"TCB (album)\")* (Taking Care of Business), a collection of [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley \"Elvis Presley\") covers. The album debuted at number 32 on the [ARIA Albums chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\"). In November 2011, he released a single, \"English Girls\", followed by his most autobiographical song, \"Capsize\", in January 2012\\. Both songs feature on Reyne's album *[Thirteen](/wiki/Thirteen_%28James_Reyne_album%29 \"Thirteen (James Reyne album)\")* (March 2012\\). Two more singles were released; \"Whatcha Gonna Do About It?\" and \"Good Clean Fun\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2015}}",
"In the Australia Day Honours of 2014, Reyne was recognised with a Medal of the Order of Australia in the General Division \"for service to the performing arts as a singer/songwriter, and through support for a range of charitable organisations\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/Media%20Notes%20\\-%20OAM%20%28M\\-R%29%20%28final%29\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=Governor\\-General's office \\|title\\=Australia Day 2014 Honours List OAM M\\-R }}",
"Universal Records released a two\\-CD set, *[The Anthology](/wiki/The_Anthology_%28James_Reyne_album%29 \"The Anthology (James Reyne album)\")*, on 1 August 2014\\. The double album featured all of Reyne's earlier hits on Disc 1 and a collection of his more recent material and radio singles on Disc 2\\. In late 2014, Reyne launched a \"James Reyne Plays Australian Crawl\" series of shows across Australia. Performing only songs from the Australian Crawl catalogue, Reyne stated it was the closest thing to a reunion as fans were ever to get.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2015}}",
"In July 2019, Reyne released an original song titled \"Fearless\" for the Australian film *[Palm Beach](/wiki/Palm_Beach_%282019_film%29 \"Palm Beach (2019 film)\")* [soundtrack](/wiki/Palm_Beach:Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack \"Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\").{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.facebook.com/jamesreyne/posts/fearless\\-is\\-the\\-brand\\-new\\-track\\-from\\-james\\-reyne\\-written\\-especially\\-for\\-the\\-upco/2735401739821692/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/193823923979499/2735401739821692 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-26 \\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|title\\= Fearless is the brand new track from James Reyne – written especially for the upcoming Australian feature film 'Palm Beach' \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Facebook]]\\|date\\=4 July 2019\\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\\|url\\= https://open.spotify.com/album/04I75awwrosTMqg1gSiat5\\|title\\=Fearless single \\|publisher\\=Spotify\\|date\\=5 July 2019\\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2019}}",
"In April 2020, Reyne announced the release of his twelfth studio album, *Toon Town Lullaby*, alongside the album's lead single of the same name.",
""
] |
### Solo career
#### 1985–1999
While still with Australian Crawl, Reyne teamed with [Lin Buckfield](/wiki/Lin_Buckfield "Lin Buckfield") of [Electric Pandas](/wiki/Electric_Pandas "Electric Pandas"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/spicksandspecks/txt/s1964342\.htm \|title\=Spicks and Specks Episode Twenty Two \|publisher\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation\|ABC]] \|access\-date\=5 April 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608213954/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/spicksandspecks/txt/s1964342\.htm \|archive\-date\=8 June 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} to release a 1985 single, "R.O.C.K." / "Under My Thumb".{{cite web\|url\=http://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/lin\_buckfield\_and\_james\_reyne/r\_o\_c\_k\_\_\_under\_my\_thumb/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120719165322/http://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/lin\_buckfield\_and\_james\_reyne/r\_o\_c\_k\_\_\_under\_my\_thumb/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=19 July 2012 \|title\="R.O.C.K." / "Under My Thumb" \|publisher\=Rate Your Music \|access\-date\=5 April 2008 }}
In 1987, Reyne released his [self titled debut solo album](/wiki/James_Reyne_%28album%29 "James Reyne (album)") and started the "Rip it Up" tour.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.frontiertouring.com/retail/attr/form\_name/view\_retail/merchant\_id/700\|title\= AMES REYNE \- RIP IT UP TOUR\|publisher\=www.frontiertouring.com\|access\-date\=12 March 2016}} The first two singles released from the album, "[Fall of Rome](/wiki/Fall_of_Rome_%28song%29 "Fall of Rome (song)")" and "[Hammerhead](/wiki/Hammerhead_%28James_Reyne_song%29 "Hammerhead (James Reyne song)")", were top\-10 hits in Australia,{{cite web\|url\=http://australian\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\=James\+Reyne\|title\=australian\-charts.com \> Discography James Reyne\|publisher\=Hung Medien\|access\-date\=2 December 2015}} followed by the less\-successful "[Rip It Up](/wiki/Rip_it_Up_%28James_Reyne_song%29 "Rip it Up (James Reyne song)")" and "Heaven On a Stick". The album was re\-packaged in 1988 to include a further top 10 single, "Motor's Too Fast" (peaking at \#6 on the [ARIA](/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association "Australian Recording Industry Association") chartAustralian chart peaks:
Top 100 ([Kent Music Report](/wiki/Kent_Music_Report "Kent Music Report")) peaks to 19 June 1988: {{cite book\|last\=Kent\|first\=David\|author\-link\=David Kent (historian)\|title\=Australian Chart Book 1970–1992\|edition\=illustrated\|publisher\=Australian Chart Book\|location\=St Ives, N.S.W.\|year\=1993\|isbn\=0\-646\-11917\-6\|page\=250}} N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by [ARIA](/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association "Australian Recording Industry Association") from mid\-1983 until 19 June 1988\.
Top 50 ([ARIA Chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts")) peaks from 26 June 1988: {{cite web\|url\=http://australian\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\=James\+Reyne \|title\=australian\-charts.com \> Discography James Reyne \|publisher\=Hung Medien \|access\-date\=2 December 2015 }}
"Always the Way" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\|url\=http://i.imgur.com/pd4F2Ze.gif \|title\=Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 12 July 2016 \|publisher\=Imgur.com \|access\-date\=19 July 2016 }}
"Trouble in Paradise" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\|url\=http://i.imgur.com/4Uec3HY.png \|title\=Chartifacts \> Week Ending: 12 May 1991 – Issue No.68 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 68\) \|publisher\=Imgur.com (original document published by \[\[Australian Recording Industry Association\|ARIA]]) \|access\-date\=19 July 2016 }}
Top 100 (ARIA Chart) peaks from January 1990 to December 2010: {{cite book\|last\=Ryan\|first\=Gavin\|title\=Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010\|year\=2011\|publisher\=Moonlight Publishing\|location\=Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia}}
"It's Only Natural" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605213523/http://i.imgur.com/DkGCr8v.jpg \|url\=http://i.imgur.com/DkGCr8v.jpg \|archive\-date\=5 June 2015 \|title\=Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 5 June 2015 \|access\-date\=2 December 2015 \|publisher\=Imgur.com }}
Company of Strangers (ARIA Chart) peaks: {{cite web\|url\=http://australian\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\=Company\+Of\+Strangers \|title\=australian\-charts.com \> Discography Company of Strangers \|publisher\=Hung Medien \|access\-date\=2 December 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204124658/http://australian\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\=Company\+of\+Strangers \|archive\-date\= 4 December 2015 }}
"She Don't Like That" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\|url\=http://australian\-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\=Smash\+%27N%27\+Grab\&titel\=She\+Don%27t\+Like\+That\&cat\=s \|title\=australian\-charts.com \> Smash 'n' Grab \- She Don't Like That (song) \|publisher\=Hung Medien \|access\-date\=2 December 2015 }}* + - * + - * + ), replacing "Coin in a Plate", which had appeared on the original 1987 release. "Always The Way" was released as the sixth and final single from the album, but peaked outside the top 50\.
His debut was followed in May 1989 by his next solo release, *[Hard Reyne](/wiki/Hard_Reyne "Hard Reyne")*, which featured the hits "[House of Cards](/wiki/House_of_Cards_%28James_Reyne_song%29 "House of Cards (James Reyne song)")" (\#17 ARIA Charts) and "[One More River](/wiki/One_More_River_%28song%29 "One More River (song)")" (\#22 ARIA Charts). The album was produced By Simon Hussey. The project was launched with a live televised performance on Australia's MTV program on the Nine Network and an Australian tour in late 1989\. A further two singles, "Trouble in Paradise" (Oct 1989\) and "Harvest Moon" (Jan 1990\), were released from the album.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2015}}
In 1991, *[Electric Digger Dandy](/wiki/Electric_Digger_Dandy "Electric Digger Dandy")* was released. Mindful of the American market (where the album was released under the title of *Any Day Above Ground*), *Electric Digger Dandy* included a revamped version of the Australian Crawl hit "Reckless" as well as a cover of John Hiatt's "Stood Up", a duet with American singer\-songwriter [Tony Joe White](/wiki/Tony_Joe_White "Tony Joe White"). Single releases from the album included "[Slave](/wiki/Slave_%28James_Reyne_song%29 "Slave (James Reyne song)")" (\#10 ARIA Charts), "[Any Day Above Ground](/wiki/Any_Day_Above_Ground "Any Day Above Ground")" and "Some People". It remains Reyne's highest\-charting album in Australia, reaching No. 3 on the [ARIA](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts") albums chart.
In 1992, he recorded a duet with country singer [James Blundell](/wiki/James_Blundell_%28singer%29 "James Blundell (singer)") (a cover of [The Dingoes](/wiki/The_Dingoes "The Dingoes")' song, *[Way Out West](/wiki/Way_Out_West_%28The_Dingoes_song%29 "Way Out West (The Dingoes song)")*). It hit No. 2 on the Australian charts, Reyne's highest charting solo single. Later that year he joined former [Sherbet](/wiki/Sherbet_%28band%29 "Sherbet (band)") frontman [Daryl Braithwaite](/wiki/Daryl_Braithwaite "Daryl Braithwaite"), Jef Scott and [Simon Hussey](/wiki/Simon_Hussey "Simon Hussey") to create the album [Company of Strangers](/wiki/Company_of_Strangers_%28Company_of_Strangers_album%29 "Company of Strangers (Company of Strangers album)"), which spawned three Australian top 50 singles: "[Motor City (I Get Lost)](/wiki/Motor_City_%28I_Get_Lost%29 "Motor City (I Get Lost)")", "[Sweet Love](/wiki/Sweet_Love_%28Company_of_Strangers_song%29 "Sweet Love (Company of Strangers song)")", "[Daddy's Gonna Make You a Star](/wiki/Daddy%27s_Gonna_Make_You_a_Star "Daddy's Gonna Make You a Star")". A fourth single released from the album, "[Baby, You're a Rich Man](/wiki/Baby%2C_You%27re_a_Rich_Man "Baby, You're a Rich Man")", failed to enter the top 100\.
October 1994 saw the release of his fourth album, on the RooArt label, *[The Whiff of Bedlam](/wiki/The_Whiff_of_Bedlam "The Whiff of Bedlam")*, recorded in Los Angeles with [Stewart Levine](/wiki/Stewart_Levine "Stewart Levine"). The singles released from the album were "[Red Light Avenue](/wiki/Red_Light_Avenue "Red Light Avenue")", "Day in the Sun" (Dec 1994\) and "It's Only Natural" (April 1995\).{{citation needed\|date\=April 2015}}
Reyne and his band continued overseas to Europe, UK and South America. Recorded live in South America, the double\-album "[Live in Rio](/wiki/Live_in_Rio_%28James_Reyne_album%29 "Live in Rio (James Reyne album)")" was released in April 1996\. A single edit of "Oh No, Not You Again (live)" was released to coincide with the album. In September 1996, Reyne took to the [Enmore Theatre](/wiki/Enmore_Theatre "Enmore Theatre") stage in a [David Atkins](/wiki/David_Atkins "David Atkins") production of the musical *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 "Little Shop of Horrors (musical)")*.[Little Shop of Horrors](https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/28766) at AusStage: Performance opened 18 September 1996\. Accessed 1 April 2015
Reyne returned to the studio in 1997 to work with producer Ashley Caddell. Now signed to [Village Roadshow](/wiki/Village_Roadshow "Village Roadshow") Music, the first release was "Brand New Emperor's Clothes" in October 1997\. Reyne continued to write and record new material throughout 1998–1999\. In 1999, the *[Design For Living](/wiki/Design_for_Living_%28album%29 "Design for Living (album)")* album was released. In 1999, he was a guest performer on [John Farnham](/wiki/John_Farnham "John Farnham")'s "I Can't Believe He's 50 Tour". His duet with Farnham, "Don't You Know It's Magic", is included in John Farnham's album *[Live at the Regent Theatre](/wiki/Live_at_the_Regent_Theatre_%E2%80%93_1st_July_1999 "Live at the Regent Theatre – 1st July 1999")*.
#### 2004–2007
After a few years' break between studio albums, Reyne signed with [Liberation Music](/wiki/Liberation_Music "Liberation Music") in Australia. In 2004 he released *[Speedboats for Breakfast](/wiki/Speedboats_for_Breakfast "Speedboats for Breakfast")*, which included the singles "Bug" and "The Rainbow's Dead End". Of "Bug" James said: "I wanted to create a song out of playing the same four chords going round and round, building and growing all the time, with things coming in and dropping out. The listener knows there's transition but there's no real point where the change is obvious". This was followed in March 2005 by the album *[...And The Horse You Rode In On](/wiki/And_the_Horse_You_Rode_in_On "And the Horse You Rode in On")*, which contained acoustic reworkings of some of his best\-known solo and Australian Crawl compositions.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.aria.com.au/ISSUE785\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050319130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20050320\-0000/ISSUE785\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2005\-03\-19\|title\=ARIA Report\|publisher\=webarchive.nla.gov.au\|date\=14 March 2005\|access\-date\=19 March 2016}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}
In February 2005, Australian dance producers Smash 'n' Grab remixed Australian Crawl's "Reckless", which peaked at \#42 in Australia.
Reyne hosted *Dig*, a music show on [ABC2](/wiki/ABC2 "ABC2") (2006–2007\), and made an appearance on *[The AFL Footy Show](/wiki/The_AFL_Footy_Show "The AFL Footy Show")* in Melbourne in 2006\. In May 2007, he released a new studio album, *[Every Man a King](/wiki/Every_Man_a_King_%28album%29 "Every Man a King (album)")*, which features the singles "Light in the Tunnel" and "Little Man You've Had a Busy Day". A second acoustic album, *[Ghost Ships](/wiki/Ghost_Ships_%28album%29 "Ghost Ships (album)")*, was released in September 2007\.
#### 2010–present
In April 2010 Reyne released, *[TCB](/wiki/TCB_%28album%29 "TCB (album)")* (Taking Care of Business), a collection of [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley "Elvis Presley") covers. The album debuted at number 32 on the [ARIA Albums chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts"). In November 2011, he released a single, "English Girls", followed by his most autobiographical song, "Capsize", in January 2012\. Both songs feature on Reyne's album *[Thirteen](/wiki/Thirteen_%28James_Reyne_album%29 "Thirteen (James Reyne album)")* (March 2012\). Two more singles were released; "Whatcha Gonna Do About It?" and "Good Clean Fun".{{citation needed\|date\=April 2015}}
In the Australia Day Honours of 2014, Reyne was recognised with a Medal of the Order of Australia in the General Division "for service to the performing arts as a singer/songwriter, and through support for a range of charitable organisations".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/Media%20Notes%20\-%20OAM%20%28M\-R%29%20%28final%29\.pdf \|publisher\=Governor\-General's office \|title\=Australia Day 2014 Honours List OAM M\-R }}
Universal Records released a two\-CD set, *[The Anthology](/wiki/The_Anthology_%28James_Reyne_album%29 "The Anthology (James Reyne album)")*, on 1 August 2014\. The double album featured all of Reyne's earlier hits on Disc 1 and a collection of his more recent material and radio singles on Disc 2\. In late 2014, Reyne launched a "James Reyne Plays Australian Crawl" series of shows across Australia. Performing only songs from the Australian Crawl catalogue, Reyne stated it was the closest thing to a reunion as fans were ever to get.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2015}}
In July 2019, Reyne released an original song titled "Fearless" for the Australian film *[Palm Beach](/wiki/Palm_Beach_%282019_film%29 "Palm Beach (2019 film)")* [soundtrack](/wiki/Palm_Beach:Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack "Original Motion Picture Soundtrack").{{cite web\|url\= https://www.facebook.com/jamesreyne/posts/fearless\-is\-the\-brand\-new\-track\-from\-james\-reyne\-written\-especially\-for\-the\-upco/2735401739821692/ \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/193823923979499/2735401739821692 \|archive\-date\=2022\-02\-26 \|url\-access\=limited\|title\= Fearless is the brand new track from James Reyne – written especially for the upcoming Australian feature film 'Palm Beach' \|publisher\=\[\[Facebook]]\|date\=4 July 2019\|access\-date\=19 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\|url\= https://open.spotify.com/album/04I75awwrosTMqg1gSiat5\|title\=Fearless single \|publisher\=Spotify\|date\=5 July 2019\|access\-date\=19 August 2019}}
In April 2020, Reyne announced the release of his twelfth studio album, *Toon Town Lullaby*, alongside the album's lead single of the same name.
|
[
"### Solo career",
"#### 1985–1999",
"While still with Australian Crawl, Reyne teamed with [Lin Buckfield](/wiki/Lin_Buckfield \"Lin Buckfield\") of [Electric Pandas](/wiki/Electric_Pandas \"Electric Pandas\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/spicksandspecks/txt/s1964342\\.htm \\|title\\=Spicks and Specks Episode Twenty Two \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation\\|ABC]] \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608213954/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/spicksandspecks/txt/s1964342\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} to release a 1985 single, \"R.O.C.K.\" / \"Under My Thumb\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/lin\\_buckfield\\_and\\_james\\_reyne/r\\_o\\_c\\_k\\_\\_\\_under\\_my\\_thumb/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120719165322/http://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/lin\\_buckfield\\_and\\_james\\_reyne/r\\_o\\_c\\_k\\_\\_\\_under\\_my\\_thumb/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2012 \\|title\\=\"R.O.C.K.\" / \"Under My Thumb\" \\|publisher\\=Rate Your Music \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2008 }}",
"In 1987, Reyne released his [self titled debut solo album](/wiki/James_Reyne_%28album%29 \"James Reyne (album)\") and started the \"Rip it Up\" tour.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.frontiertouring.com/retail/attr/form\\_name/view\\_retail/merchant\\_id/700\\|title\\= AMES REYNE \\- RIP IT UP TOUR\\|publisher\\=www.frontiertouring.com\\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2016}} The first two singles released from the album, \"[Fall of Rome](/wiki/Fall_of_Rome_%28song%29 \"Fall of Rome (song)\")\" and \"[Hammerhead](/wiki/Hammerhead_%28James_Reyne_song%29 \"Hammerhead (James Reyne song)\")\", were top\\-10 hits in Australia,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://australian\\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\\=James\\+Reyne\\|title\\=australian\\-charts.com \\> Discography James Reyne\\|publisher\\=Hung Medien\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2015}} followed by the less\\-successful \"[Rip It Up](/wiki/Rip_it_Up_%28James_Reyne_song%29 \"Rip it Up (James Reyne song)\")\" and \"Heaven On a Stick\". The album was re\\-packaged in 1988 to include a further top 10 single, \"Motor's Too Fast\" (peaking at \\#6 on the [ARIA](/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association \"Australian Recording Industry Association\") chartAustralian chart peaks:\nTop 100 ([Kent Music Report](/wiki/Kent_Music_Report \"Kent Music Report\")) peaks to 19 June 1988: {{cite book\\|last\\=Kent\\|first\\=David\\|author\\-link\\=David Kent (historian)\\|title\\=Australian Chart Book 1970–1992\\|edition\\=illustrated\\|publisher\\=Australian Chart Book\\|location\\=St Ives, N.S.W.\\|year\\=1993\\|isbn\\=0\\-646\\-11917\\-6\\|page\\=250}} N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by [ARIA](/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association \"Australian Recording Industry Association\") from mid\\-1983 until 19 June 1988\\.\nTop 50 ([ARIA Chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\")) peaks from 26 June 1988: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://australian\\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\\=James\\+Reyne \\|title\\=australian\\-charts.com \\> Discography James Reyne \\|publisher\\=Hung Medien \\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2015 }}\n\"Always the Way\" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://i.imgur.com/pd4F2Ze.gif \\|title\\=Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 12 July 2016 \\|publisher\\=Imgur.com \\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2016 }}\n\"Trouble in Paradise\" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://i.imgur.com/4Uec3HY.png \\|title\\=Chartifacts \\> Week Ending: 12 May 1991 – Issue No.68 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 68\\) \\|publisher\\=Imgur.com (original document published by \\[\\[Australian Recording Industry Association\\|ARIA]]) \\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2016 }}\nTop 100 (ARIA Chart) peaks from January 1990 to December 2010: {{cite book\\|last\\=Ryan\\|first\\=Gavin\\|title\\=Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010\\|year\\=2011\\|publisher\\=Moonlight Publishing\\|location\\=Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia}}\n\"It's Only Natural\" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605213523/http://i.imgur.com/DkGCr8v.jpg \\|url\\=http://i.imgur.com/DkGCr8v.jpg \\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2015 \\|title\\=Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 5 June 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2015 \\|publisher\\=Imgur.com }}\nCompany of Strangers (ARIA Chart) peaks: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://australian\\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\\=Company\\+Of\\+Strangers \\|title\\=australian\\-charts.com \\> Discography Company of Strangers \\|publisher\\=Hung Medien \\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204124658/http://australian\\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\\=Company\\+of\\+Strangers \\|archive\\-date\\= 4 December 2015 }}\n\"She Don't Like That\" (ARIA Chart) peak: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://australian\\-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\\=Smash\\+%27N%27\\+Grab\\&titel\\=She\\+Don%27t\\+Like\\+That\\&cat\\=s \\|title\\=australian\\-charts.com \\> Smash 'n' Grab \\- She Don't Like That (song) \\|publisher\\=Hung Medien \\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2015 }}* + - * + - * + ), replacing \"Coin in a Plate\", which had appeared on the original 1987 release. \"Always The Way\" was released as the sixth and final single from the album, but peaked outside the top 50\\.",
"His debut was followed in May 1989 by his next solo release, *[Hard Reyne](/wiki/Hard_Reyne \"Hard Reyne\")*, which featured the hits \"[House of Cards](/wiki/House_of_Cards_%28James_Reyne_song%29 \"House of Cards (James Reyne song)\")\" (\\#17 ARIA Charts) and \"[One More River](/wiki/One_More_River_%28song%29 \"One More River (song)\")\" (\\#22 ARIA Charts). The album was produced By Simon Hussey. The project was launched with a live televised performance on Australia's MTV program on the Nine Network and an Australian tour in late 1989\\. A further two singles, \"Trouble in Paradise\" (Oct 1989\\) and \"Harvest Moon\" (Jan 1990\\), were released from the album.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2015}}",
"In 1991, *[Electric Digger Dandy](/wiki/Electric_Digger_Dandy \"Electric Digger Dandy\")* was released. Mindful of the American market (where the album was released under the title of *Any Day Above Ground*), *Electric Digger Dandy* included a revamped version of the Australian Crawl hit \"Reckless\" as well as a cover of John Hiatt's \"Stood Up\", a duet with American singer\\-songwriter [Tony Joe White](/wiki/Tony_Joe_White \"Tony Joe White\"). Single releases from the album included \"[Slave](/wiki/Slave_%28James_Reyne_song%29 \"Slave (James Reyne song)\")\" (\\#10 ARIA Charts), \"[Any Day Above Ground](/wiki/Any_Day_Above_Ground \"Any Day Above Ground\")\" and \"Some People\". It remains Reyne's highest\\-charting album in Australia, reaching No. 3 on the [ARIA](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\") albums chart.",
"In 1992, he recorded a duet with country singer [James Blundell](/wiki/James_Blundell_%28singer%29 \"James Blundell (singer)\") (a cover of [The Dingoes](/wiki/The_Dingoes \"The Dingoes\")' song, *[Way Out West](/wiki/Way_Out_West_%28The_Dingoes_song%29 \"Way Out West (The Dingoes song)\")*). It hit No. 2 on the Australian charts, Reyne's highest charting solo single. Later that year he joined former [Sherbet](/wiki/Sherbet_%28band%29 \"Sherbet (band)\") frontman [Daryl Braithwaite](/wiki/Daryl_Braithwaite \"Daryl Braithwaite\"), Jef Scott and [Simon Hussey](/wiki/Simon_Hussey \"Simon Hussey\") to create the album [Company of Strangers](/wiki/Company_of_Strangers_%28Company_of_Strangers_album%29 \"Company of Strangers (Company of Strangers album)\"), which spawned three Australian top 50 singles: \"[Motor City (I Get Lost)](/wiki/Motor_City_%28I_Get_Lost%29 \"Motor City (I Get Lost)\")\", \"[Sweet Love](/wiki/Sweet_Love_%28Company_of_Strangers_song%29 \"Sweet Love (Company of Strangers song)\")\", \"[Daddy's Gonna Make You a Star](/wiki/Daddy%27s_Gonna_Make_You_a_Star \"Daddy's Gonna Make You a Star\")\". A fourth single released from the album, \"[Baby, You're a Rich Man](/wiki/Baby%2C_You%27re_a_Rich_Man \"Baby, You're a Rich Man\")\", failed to enter the top 100\\.",
"October 1994 saw the release of his fourth album, on the RooArt label, *[The Whiff of Bedlam](/wiki/The_Whiff_of_Bedlam \"The Whiff of Bedlam\")*, recorded in Los Angeles with [Stewart Levine](/wiki/Stewart_Levine \"Stewart Levine\"). The singles released from the album were \"[Red Light Avenue](/wiki/Red_Light_Avenue \"Red Light Avenue\")\", \"Day in the Sun\" (Dec 1994\\) and \"It's Only Natural\" (April 1995\\).{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2015}}",
"Reyne and his band continued overseas to Europe, UK and South America. Recorded live in South America, the double\\-album \"[Live in Rio](/wiki/Live_in_Rio_%28James_Reyne_album%29 \"Live in Rio (James Reyne album)\")\" was released in April 1996\\. A single edit of \"Oh No, Not You Again (live)\" was released to coincide with the album. In September 1996, Reyne took to the [Enmore Theatre](/wiki/Enmore_Theatre \"Enmore Theatre\") stage in a [David Atkins](/wiki/David_Atkins \"David Atkins\") production of the musical *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 \"Little Shop of Horrors (musical)\")*.[Little Shop of Horrors](https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/28766) at AusStage: Performance opened 18 September 1996\\. Accessed 1 April 2015",
"Reyne returned to the studio in 1997 to work with producer Ashley Caddell. Now signed to [Village Roadshow](/wiki/Village_Roadshow \"Village Roadshow\") Music, the first release was \"Brand New Emperor's Clothes\" in October 1997\\. Reyne continued to write and record new material throughout 1998–1999\\. In 1999, the *[Design For Living](/wiki/Design_for_Living_%28album%29 \"Design for Living (album)\")* album was released. In 1999, he was a guest performer on [John Farnham](/wiki/John_Farnham \"John Farnham\")'s \"I Can't Believe He's 50 Tour\". His duet with Farnham, \"Don't You Know It's Magic\", is included in John Farnham's album *[Live at the Regent Theatre](/wiki/Live_at_the_Regent_Theatre_%E2%80%93_1st_July_1999 \"Live at the Regent Theatre – 1st July 1999\")*.",
"#### 2004–2007",
"After a few years' break between studio albums, Reyne signed with [Liberation Music](/wiki/Liberation_Music \"Liberation Music\") in Australia. In 2004 he released *[Speedboats for Breakfast](/wiki/Speedboats_for_Breakfast \"Speedboats for Breakfast\")*, which included the singles \"Bug\" and \"The Rainbow's Dead End\". Of \"Bug\" James said: \"I wanted to create a song out of playing the same four chords going round and round, building and growing all the time, with things coming in and dropping out. The listener knows there's transition but there's no real point where the change is obvious\". This was followed in March 2005 by the album *[...And The Horse You Rode In On](/wiki/And_the_Horse_You_Rode_in_On \"And the Horse You Rode in On\")*, which contained acoustic reworkings of some of his best\\-known solo and Australian Crawl compositions.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aria.com.au/ISSUE785\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050319130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20050320\\-0000/ISSUE785\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2005\\-03\\-19\\|title\\=ARIA Report\\|publisher\\=webarchive.nla.gov.au\\|date\\=14 March 2005\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2016}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}",
"In February 2005, Australian dance producers Smash 'n' Grab remixed Australian Crawl's \"Reckless\", which peaked at \\#42 in Australia.",
"Reyne hosted *Dig*, a music show on [ABC2](/wiki/ABC2 \"ABC2\") (2006–2007\\), and made an appearance on *[The AFL Footy Show](/wiki/The_AFL_Footy_Show \"The AFL Footy Show\")* in Melbourne in 2006\\. In May 2007, he released a new studio album, *[Every Man a King](/wiki/Every_Man_a_King_%28album%29 \"Every Man a King (album)\")*, which features the singles \"Light in the Tunnel\" and \"Little Man You've Had a Busy Day\". A second acoustic album, *[Ghost Ships](/wiki/Ghost_Ships_%28album%29 \"Ghost Ships (album)\")*, was released in September 2007\\.",
"#### 2010–present",
"In April 2010 Reyne released, *[TCB](/wiki/TCB_%28album%29 \"TCB (album)\")* (Taking Care of Business), a collection of [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley \"Elvis Presley\") covers. The album debuted at number 32 on the [ARIA Albums chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\"). In November 2011, he released a single, \"English Girls\", followed by his most autobiographical song, \"Capsize\", in January 2012\\. Both songs feature on Reyne's album *[Thirteen](/wiki/Thirteen_%28James_Reyne_album%29 \"Thirteen (James Reyne album)\")* (March 2012\\). Two more singles were released; \"Whatcha Gonna Do About It?\" and \"Good Clean Fun\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2015}}",
"In the Australia Day Honours of 2014, Reyne was recognised with a Medal of the Order of Australia in the General Division \"for service to the performing arts as a singer/songwriter, and through support for a range of charitable organisations\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/Media%20Notes%20\\-%20OAM%20%28M\\-R%29%20%28final%29\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=Governor\\-General's office \\|title\\=Australia Day 2014 Honours List OAM M\\-R }}",
"Universal Records released a two\\-CD set, *[The Anthology](/wiki/The_Anthology_%28James_Reyne_album%29 \"The Anthology (James Reyne album)\")*, on 1 August 2014\\. The double album featured all of Reyne's earlier hits on Disc 1 and a collection of his more recent material and radio singles on Disc 2\\. In late 2014, Reyne launched a \"James Reyne Plays Australian Crawl\" series of shows across Australia. Performing only songs from the Australian Crawl catalogue, Reyne stated it was the closest thing to a reunion as fans were ever to get.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2015}}",
"In July 2019, Reyne released an original song titled \"Fearless\" for the Australian film *[Palm Beach](/wiki/Palm_Beach_%282019_film%29 \"Palm Beach (2019 film)\")* [soundtrack](/wiki/Palm_Beach:Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack \"Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\").{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.facebook.com/jamesreyne/posts/fearless\\-is\\-the\\-brand\\-new\\-track\\-from\\-james\\-reyne\\-written\\-especially\\-for\\-the\\-upco/2735401739821692/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/193823923979499/2735401739821692 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-26 \\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|title\\= Fearless is the brand new track from James Reyne – written especially for the upcoming Australian feature film 'Palm Beach' \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Facebook]]\\|date\\=4 July 2019\\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\\|url\\= https://open.spotify.com/album/04I75awwrosTMqg1gSiat5\\|title\\=Fearless single \\|publisher\\=Spotify\\|date\\=5 July 2019\\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2019}}",
"In April 2020, Reyne announced the release of his twelfth studio album, *Toon Town Lullaby*, alongside the album's lead single of the same name.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1990s
The group's origins lie in the late 1980s pairing of [Doug McCombs](/wiki/Doug_McCombs "Doug McCombs") (bassist with [Eleventh Dream Day](/wiki/Eleventh_Dream_Day "Eleventh Dream Day")) and drummer [John Herndon](/wiki/John_Herndon "John Herndon"), who initially wanted to establish themselves as a freelance [rhythm section](/wiki/Rhythm_section "Rhythm section") (like [reggae](/wiki/Reggae "Reggae") legends [Sly and Robbie](/wiki/Sly_and_Robbie "Sly and Robbie")). The idea did not come to fruition, but their interest in grooving rhythms, as well as their recording studio knowledge led to partnerships with drummer [John McEntire](/wiki/John_McEntire "John McEntire") and bassist [Bundy K. Brown](/wiki/Bundy_K._Brown "Bundy K. Brown") (both formerly of [Bastro](/wiki/Bastro "Bastro") and [Gastr Del Sol](/wiki/Gastr_del_Sol "Gastr del Sol")) joining, followed by percussionist Dan Bitney. Though songs are credited to all the musicians, McEntire became perceived as the group's guiding force,{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2014}} as his contributions mainly took the form of being the recording engineer and mixer.
Their first single was issued in 1993, and their self\-titled debut album followed a year later.{{cite book\|title\=\[\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music]]\|editor\=Colin Larkin\|editor\-link\=Colin Larkin (writer)\|publisher\=\[\[Virgin Books]]\|date\=2000\|edition\=First\|isbn\=0\-7535\-0427\-8\|page\=399}} Instrumental and mostly mid\-tempo, *[Tortoise](/wiki/Tortoise_%28album%29 "Tortoise (album)")* slowly garnered praise and attention, notably for its unusual instrumentation (two bass guitars, three percussionists switching between drums, vibraphones and marimbas). A [remix](/wiki/Remixing "Remixing") album followed, *[Rhythms, Resolutions and Clusters](/wiki/Rhythms%2C_Resolutions_and_Clusters "Rhythms, Resolutions and Clusters")*.
Brown left and was replaced by [David Pajo](/wiki/David_Pajo "David Pajo") (formerly of [Slint](/wiki/Slint "Slint")) for 1996's *[Millions Now Living Will Never Die](/wiki/Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die "Millions Now Living Will Never Die")*, which showed up on many year\-end best of lists, and the 20\-minute *Djed* was described by critic John Bush as proof that "Tortoise made [experimental rock](/wiki/Experimental_rock "Experimental rock") do double duty as evocative, beautiful music."Bush, John. \[{{Allmusic\|class\=album\|id\=r231023\|pure\_url\=yes}} Review] ([AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic "AllMusic")) for 1996 Tortoise album *[Millions Now Living Will Never Die](/wiki/Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die "Millions Now Living Will Never Die")* Also in 1996, the band contributed to the [AIDS](/wiki/AIDS "AIDS") benefit album *[Offbeat: A Red Hot Soundtrip](/wiki/Offbeat:A_Red_Hot_Soundtrip "A Red Hot Soundtrip")* produced by the [Red Hot Organization](/wiki/Red_Hot_Organization "Red Hot Organization").
They released a Japanese\-only compilation featuring tracks from the eponymous debut, *Rhythms*, singles and compilation appearances, named *A Digest Compendium of the Tortoise's World* on November 21, 1996\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.brainwashed.com/tortoise/ \|title\=Tortoise \|website\=Brainwashed.com \|access\-date\=2016\-01\-26}}
In 1998, Tortoise released *[TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28Tortoise_album%29 "TNT (Tortoise album)")*, arguably their most jazz\-inflected album. [Jeff Parker](/wiki/Jeff_Parker_%28musician%29 "Jeff Parker (musician)") had joined as a guitarist alongside Pajo, who left the band following the album's completion.
### 2000s–present
2001 led to *[Standards](/wiki/Standards_%28Tortoise_album%29 "Standards (Tortoise album)")*, where Tortoise incorporated more electronic sounds and post\-production into its music than in previous works. In 2001, the band curated an edition of the British [All Tomorrow's Parties](/wiki/All_Tomorrow%27s_Parties_%28music_festival%29 "All Tomorrow's Parties (music festival)") festival. They then returned in 2004 to curate another day of the same event.
*[It's All Around You](/wiki/It%27s_All_Around_You "It's All Around You")* was released in 2004\. In 2006, Tortoise collaborated with [Bonnie 'Prince' Billy](/wiki/Will_Oldham "Will Oldham") on an album of covers entitled *[The Brave and the Bold](/wiki/The_Brave_and_the_Bold_%28album%29 "The Brave and the Bold (album)")*, and released *[A Lazarus Taxon](/wiki/A_Lazarus_Taxon "A Lazarus Taxon")*, a box set containing two CDs of single tracks and remixes, a third CD with an expanded *Rhythms, Resolutions and Clusters* (out of print) and a DVD of videos and film of live performances. In 2001, the band recorded "Didjeridoo" for the [Red Hot Organization](/wiki/Red_Hot_Organization "Red Hot Organization")'s compilation album *[Red Hot \+ Indigo](/wiki/Red_Hot_%2B_Indigo "Red Hot + Indigo")*, a tribute to [Duke Ellington](/wiki/Duke_Ellington "Duke Ellington"), which raised money for various charities devoted to [AIDS](/wiki/AIDS "AIDS") related causes.
Bitney and McEntire also contributed to the [Bright Eyes](/wiki/Bright_Eyes_%28band%29 "Bright Eyes (band)") album *[Cassadaga](/wiki/Cassadaga_%28album%29 "Cassadaga (album)")*. The group has worked with [multi\-instrumentalist](/wiki/Multi-instrumentalist "Multi-instrumentalist") Paul Duncan of the band [Warm Ghost](/wiki/Warm_Ghost "Warm Ghost").{{cite news
\|first\= Erick\|last\= Sermon
\|title\= Warm Ghost – Uncut Diamond EP \-\- Partisan Records: 2011
\|publisher\= Music Nerdery
\|date\= March 2011
\|url\= http://musicnerdery.com/2011/02/26/my\-newest\-review\-for\-potholes\-in\-my\-blog\-warm\-ghost\-uncut\-diamond\-ep/
\|access\-date\= 2011\-05\-08
}}
[left\|thumb\|Tortoise performing at the Pritzker Pavilion, Chicago (2008\)](/wiki/File:TortoiseChicago2008.jpg "TortoiseChicago2008.jpg")
Tortoise released their penultimate album, *[Beacons of Ancestorship](/wiki/Beacons_of_Ancestorship "Beacons of Ancestorship")*, on June 23, 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=http://pitchfork.com/news/34908\-tortoise\-announce\-new\-album\-details/ \|title\=Tortoise Announce New Album Details \| News \|website\=Pitchfork \|date\=2009\-03\-24 \|access\-date\=2014\-04\-23}} The band toured the Midwestern US in September and October 2009, and then in Europe in November and December. The band performed at the [ATP New York 2010](/wiki/All_Tomorrow%27s_Parties_%28music_festival%29 "All Tomorrow's Parties (music festival)") music festival, which was held in Monticello, New York.
In 2012, Tortoise wrote and recorded the soundtrack to [Eduardo Sánchez](/wiki/Eduardo_S%C3%A1nchez_%28director%29 "Eduardo Sánchez (director)")'s *[Lovely Molly](/wiki/Lovely_Molly%23Soundtrack "Lovely Molly#Soundtrack")*, a psychological horror film partly inspired by traditional folk songs.{{cite web\|url\=http://pitchfork.com/news/43649\-tortoise\-score\-film\-by\-blair\-witch\-director\-eduardo\-sanchez/ \|title\=Tortoise Score Film by Blair Witch Director Eduardo Sánchez \| News \|website\=Pitchfork \|date\=2011\-08\-30 \|access\-date\=2014\-04\-23}} A seventh studio album, *[The Catastrophist](/wiki/The_Catastrophist "The Catastrophist")*, was released by Thrill Jockey in early 2016, preceded by the single "Gesceap".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.spin.com/2015/10/tortoise\-the\-catastrophist\-gesceap\-single/ \|title\=Tortoise Announce New LP 'The Catastrophist,' Share 'Gesceap' Single \|website\=SPIN.com \|date\=2015\-10\-06 \|access\-date\=2016\-01\-26}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1990s",
"The group's origins lie in the late 1980s pairing of [Doug McCombs](/wiki/Doug_McCombs \"Doug McCombs\") (bassist with [Eleventh Dream Day](/wiki/Eleventh_Dream_Day \"Eleventh Dream Day\")) and drummer [John Herndon](/wiki/John_Herndon \"John Herndon\"), who initially wanted to establish themselves as a freelance [rhythm section](/wiki/Rhythm_section \"Rhythm section\") (like [reggae](/wiki/Reggae \"Reggae\") legends [Sly and Robbie](/wiki/Sly_and_Robbie \"Sly and Robbie\")). The idea did not come to fruition, but their interest in grooving rhythms, as well as their recording studio knowledge led to partnerships with drummer [John McEntire](/wiki/John_McEntire \"John McEntire\") and bassist [Bundy K. Brown](/wiki/Bundy_K._Brown \"Bundy K. Brown\") (both formerly of [Bastro](/wiki/Bastro \"Bastro\") and [Gastr Del Sol](/wiki/Gastr_del_Sol \"Gastr del Sol\")) joining, followed by percussionist Dan Bitney. Though songs are credited to all the musicians, McEntire became perceived as the group's guiding force,{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2014}} as his contributions mainly took the form of being the recording engineer and mixer.",
"Their first single was issued in 1993, and their self\\-titled debut album followed a year later.{{cite book\\|title\\=\\[\\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\\|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music]]\\|editor\\=Colin Larkin\\|editor\\-link\\=Colin Larkin (writer)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Virgin Books]]\\|date\\=2000\\|edition\\=First\\|isbn\\=0\\-7535\\-0427\\-8\\|page\\=399}} Instrumental and mostly mid\\-tempo, *[Tortoise](/wiki/Tortoise_%28album%29 \"Tortoise (album)\")* slowly garnered praise and attention, notably for its unusual instrumentation (two bass guitars, three percussionists switching between drums, vibraphones and marimbas). A [remix](/wiki/Remixing \"Remixing\") album followed, *[Rhythms, Resolutions and Clusters](/wiki/Rhythms%2C_Resolutions_and_Clusters \"Rhythms, Resolutions and Clusters\")*.",
"Brown left and was replaced by [David Pajo](/wiki/David_Pajo \"David Pajo\") (formerly of [Slint](/wiki/Slint \"Slint\")) for 1996's *[Millions Now Living Will Never Die](/wiki/Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die \"Millions Now Living Will Never Die\")*, which showed up on many year\\-end best of lists, and the 20\\-minute *Djed* was described by critic John Bush as proof that \"Tortoise made [experimental rock](/wiki/Experimental_rock \"Experimental rock\") do double duty as evocative, beautiful music.\"Bush, John. \\[{{Allmusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r231023\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} Review] ([AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\")) for 1996 Tortoise album *[Millions Now Living Will Never Die](/wiki/Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die \"Millions Now Living Will Never Die\")* Also in 1996, the band contributed to the [AIDS](/wiki/AIDS \"AIDS\") benefit album *[Offbeat: A Red Hot Soundtrip](/wiki/Offbeat:A_Red_Hot_Soundtrip \"A Red Hot Soundtrip\")* produced by the [Red Hot Organization](/wiki/Red_Hot_Organization \"Red Hot Organization\").",
"They released a Japanese\\-only compilation featuring tracks from the eponymous debut, *Rhythms*, singles and compilation appearances, named *A Digest Compendium of the Tortoise's World* on November 21, 1996\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.brainwashed.com/tortoise/ \\|title\\=Tortoise \\|website\\=Brainwashed.com \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-01\\-26}}",
"In 1998, Tortoise released *[TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28Tortoise_album%29 \"TNT (Tortoise album)\")*, arguably their most jazz\\-inflected album. [Jeff Parker](/wiki/Jeff_Parker_%28musician%29 \"Jeff Parker (musician)\") had joined as a guitarist alongside Pajo, who left the band following the album's completion.",
"### 2000s–present",
"2001 led to *[Standards](/wiki/Standards_%28Tortoise_album%29 \"Standards (Tortoise album)\")*, where Tortoise incorporated more electronic sounds and post\\-production into its music than in previous works. In 2001, the band curated an edition of the British [All Tomorrow's Parties](/wiki/All_Tomorrow%27s_Parties_%28music_festival%29 \"All Tomorrow's Parties (music festival)\") festival. They then returned in 2004 to curate another day of the same event.",
"*[It's All Around You](/wiki/It%27s_All_Around_You \"It's All Around You\")* was released in 2004\\. In 2006, Tortoise collaborated with [Bonnie 'Prince' Billy](/wiki/Will_Oldham \"Will Oldham\") on an album of covers entitled *[The Brave and the Bold](/wiki/The_Brave_and_the_Bold_%28album%29 \"The Brave and the Bold (album)\")*, and released *[A Lazarus Taxon](/wiki/A_Lazarus_Taxon \"A Lazarus Taxon\")*, a box set containing two CDs of single tracks and remixes, a third CD with an expanded *Rhythms, Resolutions and Clusters* (out of print) and a DVD of videos and film of live performances. In 2001, the band recorded \"Didjeridoo\" for the [Red Hot Organization](/wiki/Red_Hot_Organization \"Red Hot Organization\")'s compilation album *[Red Hot \\+ Indigo](/wiki/Red_Hot_%2B_Indigo \"Red Hot + Indigo\")*, a tribute to [Duke Ellington](/wiki/Duke_Ellington \"Duke Ellington\"), which raised money for various charities devoted to [AIDS](/wiki/AIDS \"AIDS\") related causes.",
"Bitney and McEntire also contributed to the [Bright Eyes](/wiki/Bright_Eyes_%28band%29 \"Bright Eyes (band)\") album *[Cassadaga](/wiki/Cassadaga_%28album%29 \"Cassadaga (album)\")*. The group has worked with [multi\\-instrumentalist](/wiki/Multi-instrumentalist \"Multi-instrumentalist\") Paul Duncan of the band [Warm Ghost](/wiki/Warm_Ghost \"Warm Ghost\").{{cite news\n \\|first\\= Erick\\|last\\= Sermon\n \\|title\\= Warm Ghost – Uncut Diamond EP \\-\\- Partisan Records: 2011\n \\|publisher\\= Music Nerdery\n \\|date\\= March 2011\n \\|url\\= http://musicnerdery.com/2011/02/26/my\\-newest\\-review\\-for\\-potholes\\-in\\-my\\-blog\\-warm\\-ghost\\-uncut\\-diamond\\-ep/\n \\|access\\-date\\= 2011\\-05\\-08\n}}\n[left\\|thumb\\|Tortoise performing at the Pritzker Pavilion, Chicago (2008\\)](/wiki/File:TortoiseChicago2008.jpg \"TortoiseChicago2008.jpg\")\nTortoise released their penultimate album, *[Beacons of Ancestorship](/wiki/Beacons_of_Ancestorship \"Beacons of Ancestorship\")*, on June 23, 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pitchfork.com/news/34908\\-tortoise\\-announce\\-new\\-album\\-details/ \\|title\\=Tortoise Announce New Album Details \\| News \\|website\\=Pitchfork \\|date\\=2009\\-03\\-24 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-04\\-23}} The band toured the Midwestern US in September and October 2009, and then in Europe in November and December. The band performed at the [ATP New York 2010](/wiki/All_Tomorrow%27s_Parties_%28music_festival%29 \"All Tomorrow's Parties (music festival)\") music festival, which was held in Monticello, New York.",
"In 2012, Tortoise wrote and recorded the soundtrack to [Eduardo Sánchez](/wiki/Eduardo_S%C3%A1nchez_%28director%29 \"Eduardo Sánchez (director)\")'s *[Lovely Molly](/wiki/Lovely_Molly%23Soundtrack \"Lovely Molly#Soundtrack\")*, a psychological horror film partly inspired by traditional folk songs.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pitchfork.com/news/43649\\-tortoise\\-score\\-film\\-by\\-blair\\-witch\\-director\\-eduardo\\-sanchez/ \\|title\\=Tortoise Score Film by Blair Witch Director Eduardo Sánchez \\| News \\|website\\=Pitchfork \\|date\\=2011\\-08\\-30 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-04\\-23}} A seventh studio album, *[The Catastrophist](/wiki/The_Catastrophist \"The Catastrophist\")*, was released by Thrill Jockey in early 2016, preceded by the single \"Gesceap\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spin.com/2015/10/tortoise\\-the\\-catastrophist\\-gesceap\\-single/ \\|title\\=Tortoise Announce New LP 'The Catastrophist,' Share 'Gesceap' Single \\|website\\=SPIN.com \\|date\\=2015\\-10\\-06 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-01\\-26}}",
""
] |
Baseball career
---------------
### Bloomington Bloomers
He started his baseball career as a minor league player for the [Bloomington Bloomers](/wiki/Bloomington_Bloomers "Bloomington Bloomers").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\=kallin001e\-\-\|title\=Ed Kallina Minor Leagues Statistics \& History\|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com}} They were in the [Illinois\-Indiana\-Iowa League](/wiki/Illinois-Indiana-Iowa_League "Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League"). He played with them from 1925 to 1927\. In 1925 he played in 31 games and had 79 plate appearances. As a pitcher he had a 3–7 record. In 1926 he played in 56 games and had 144 plate appearances. He had a 7–14 record when he was a pitcher. In 1927 he played for two teams. With the Bloomers he pitched a 3–3 record.
### Des Moines Demons
For part of 1927, he played for the [Des Moines Demons](/wiki/Des_Moines_Demons "Des Moines Demons"). He played in 25 games for them. When pitching he had a 2–3 record.
### Tulsa Oilers
In 1928, he played for the [Tulsa Oilers](/wiki/Tulsa_Oilers_%28baseball%29 "Tulsa Oilers (baseball)"). He played in 13 games for them. He had 29 plate appearances.
### Abilene Aces
He also played for the [Abilene Aces](/wiki/Abilene_Aces "Abilene Aces") in 1928\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29396106/abilene06101928/\|title\=ED KALLINA TAKES LEAD BOTH AS SLUGGER AND TWIRLER TO GRAB NIGHTCAP BY 7\-6 SCORE\|newspaper\=Abilene Reporter\-News\|date\=June 10, 1928\|pages\=4\|via\=newspapers.com}} No statistics were recorded for when he played with them.
### Sherman Snappers
In 1929 he played for the [Sherman Snappers](/wiki/Sherman_Snappers "Sherman Snappers"). He played in 17 games for them.
### Midland Colts
He also played with the [Midland Colts](/wiki/Midland_Colts "Midland Colts") in 1929\. He played in 94 games with them. He had 44 Home Runs Hit/Allowed in 1929\.
### Joplin Miners
His final season was in 1930 with the [Joplin Miners](/wiki/Joplin_Miners "Joplin Miners"). He played in 118 games with them.
|
[
"Baseball career\n---------------",
"### Bloomington Bloomers",
"He started his baseball career as a minor league player for the [Bloomington Bloomers](/wiki/Bloomington_Bloomers \"Bloomington Bloomers\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\\=kallin001e\\-\\-\\|title\\=Ed Kallina Minor Leagues Statistics \\& History\\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com}} They were in the [Illinois\\-Indiana\\-Iowa League](/wiki/Illinois-Indiana-Iowa_League \"Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League\"). He played with them from 1925 to 1927\\. In 1925 he played in 31 games and had 79 plate appearances. As a pitcher he had a 3–7 record. In 1926 he played in 56 games and had 144 plate appearances. He had a 7–14 record when he was a pitcher. In 1927 he played for two teams. With the Bloomers he pitched a 3–3 record.",
"### Des Moines Demons",
"For part of 1927, he played for the [Des Moines Demons](/wiki/Des_Moines_Demons \"Des Moines Demons\"). He played in 25 games for them. When pitching he had a 2–3 record.",
"### Tulsa Oilers",
"In 1928, he played for the [Tulsa Oilers](/wiki/Tulsa_Oilers_%28baseball%29 \"Tulsa Oilers (baseball)\"). He played in 13 games for them. He had 29 plate appearances.",
"### Abilene Aces",
"He also played for the [Abilene Aces](/wiki/Abilene_Aces \"Abilene Aces\") in 1928\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29396106/abilene06101928/\\|title\\=ED KALLINA TAKES LEAD BOTH AS SLUGGER AND TWIRLER TO GRAB NIGHTCAP BY 7\\-6 SCORE\\|newspaper\\=Abilene Reporter\\-News\\|date\\=June 10, 1928\\|pages\\=4\\|via\\=newspapers.com}} No statistics were recorded for when he played with them.",
"### Sherman Snappers",
"In 1929 he played for the [Sherman Snappers](/wiki/Sherman_Snappers \"Sherman Snappers\"). He played in 17 games for them.",
"### Midland Colts",
"He also played with the [Midland Colts](/wiki/Midland_Colts \"Midland Colts\") in 1929\\. He played in 94 games with them. He had 44 Home Runs Hit/Allowed in 1929\\.",
"### Joplin Miners",
"His final season was in 1930 with the [Joplin Miners](/wiki/Joplin_Miners \"Joplin Miners\"). He played in 118 games with them.",
""
] |
Professional wrestling career
-----------------------------
### Early career
DeCero approached promoter Paul Krusky after attending a local wrestling show and asked about entering professional wrestling. He was initially turned away by Krusky who told the 22\-year\-old DeCero he was far too small to compete. DeCero began training and within three months, he had increased his weight from 165 to 200 lbs. greatly improving his overall [muscle mass](/wiki/Muscle_mass "Muscle mass"). He later described his diet and training regimen in a 1991 interview,
{{cquote\|''I was eating 10,000 calories a day. My diet was a shake in the morning with protein powder, two eggs, two bananas, and then I'd go out and have breakfast. Then I'd have a snack, then I'd have lunch, usually two Whoppers, two Big Macs, something like that. Then I'd have another snack in the afternoon. Then I'd go train. Then I'd have another protein shake. Then I'd come home and have dinner, which was usually a steak, five baked potatoes, a whole can of corn, or beans, or peas, or something like that. And I'd have a snack before bedtime, like a sundae or something. So I was really piling it in. I got up to 200 pounds, went back to see \[Krusky], and he couldn't believe I was the same guy, because I wasn't fat, I was muscular. I was working out six days a week, real hard.''}}
Krusky agreed to take him into the business and, after paying him a fee, DeCero was introduced to a facility in [Louisville, Kentucky](/wiki/Louisville%2C_Kentucky "Louisville, Kentucky") where he was trained by [Paul Christy](/wiki/Paul_Christy "Paul Christy") and [Randy Savage](/wiki/Randy_Savage "Randy Savage"), as well as his brother [Lanny](/wiki/Lanny_Poffo "Lanny Poffo") and father [Angelo Poffo](/wiki/Angelo_Poffo "Angelo Poffo"), for eight months before making his debut in 1981\. Throughout his training, he drove 14 hours to and from Louisville each weekend, helped set up the ring and participated in wrestling matches for which he was paid $10\. This story has always been subject to question, especially as DeCero's mom Kay would regale the Windy City roster with stories of how he would come home from training with Angelo Poffo at his home in Downers Grove and demonsrate some new hold or move he learned that night. From there, he spent his rookie year in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis "Indianapolis") for the [World Wrestling Association](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Association "World Wrestling Association") as Slammin' Sammy Darro. One of his first matches was against one of his childhood heroes [Dick the Bruiser](/wiki/Dick_the_Bruiser "Dick the Bruiser").
### The Maxx Brothers
While wrestling in the WWA, DeCero met his future tag team partner [Mad Maxx](/wiki/Eli_the_Eliminator "Eli the Eliminator") and, changing his name to **Super Maxx**, they eventually began teaming together. After winning the [WWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship "WWA World Tag Team Championship") from [Dick the Bruiser](/wiki/Dick_the_Bruiser "Dick the Bruiser") \& [Jeff Van Kamp](/wiki/Jeff_Van_Kamp "Jeff Van Kamp") in 1984, they moved on to the [American Wrestling Association](/wiki/American_Wrestling_Association "American Wrestling Association") where they became one of its top tag teams during the mid\-1980s. Some of their highlight matches were against teams such as [The Midnight Rockers](/wiki/The_Midnight_Rockers "The Midnight Rockers") ([Marty Jannetty](/wiki/Marty_Jannetty "Marty Jannetty") \& [Shawn Michaels](/wiki/Shawn_Michaels "Shawn Michaels")){{cite video \| people\=American Wrestling Association (Producer) \| date\=1986 \| url\=http://www.coliseumwrestlingboxing.com/awa.htm \| title\=AWA Vol. 1 \| medium\=VHS \| location\=United States \| publisher\=ColiseumWrestlingBoxing.com}} and [AWA Tag Team Champions](/wiki/AWA_Tag_Team_Championship "AWA Tag Team Championship") [Curt Hennig](/wiki/Curt_Hennig "Curt Hennig") \& [Scott Hall](/wiki/Scott_Hall_%28wrestler%29 "Scott Hall (wrestler)"){{cite video \| people\=American Wrestling Association (Producer) \| date\=1986\-03\-22 \| url\=http://www.coreystapes.com/hall.html \| title\=Best of Scott Hall, Vol 1\. \| medium\=VHS \| location\=Indiana \| publisher\=CoreysTapes.com}} whom they faced in [Hammond, Indiana](/wiki/Hammond%2C_Indiana "Hammond, Indiana") on March 22, 1986\.{{cite web \|url\=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/ResultsArchive/Wrestlers/hennig\-curt.html \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120721165100/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/ResultsArchive/Wrestlers/hennig\-curt.html \|url\-status\=usurped \|archive\-date\=July 21, 2012 \|title\=SLAM! Wrestling: Curt Hennig \|author\=Vance Nevada, Brad Dykens, Graham Cawthon, Mike Rodgers, Ron Witmer and Jim Zordani \|date\=2009\-05\-18 \|work\=SLAM! Wrestling Bios \|publisher\=SLAM! Sports }} He and Mad Maxx also went on several tours of Japan where they earned as much as $3,000 a week and, while in [World Japan Pro Wrestling](/wiki/World_Japan_Pro_Wrestling "World Japan Pro Wrestling"), faced [IWGP Tag Team Champions](/wiki/IWGP_Tag_Team_Championship "IWGP Tag Team Championship") [Tatsumi Fujinami](/wiki/Tatsumi_Fujinami "Tatsumi Fujinami") \& [Kengo Kimura](/wiki/Kengo_Kimura "Kengo Kimura") in a no disqualification match for the [IWGP Tag Team Championship](/wiki/IWGP_Tag_Team_Championship "IWGP Tag Team Championship"). DeCero praised the Japanese and described his experiences overseas in an interview years later.
{{cquote\|''They train seven days a week out there \[in Japan]. They use karate and everything in their matches. We went out there, and we wouldn't let them intimidate us. We just started banging heads, and we ended up having good wrestling matches, and they respected us. As soon as they started throwing chops in, or kicks or something, to our stomachs, we'd just label them right in the face. That would set them back. \[Japanese fans] are rowdy, but they're afraid of Americans. We used to carry a whip, snap the whip and wrap it around their neck, so they'd panic, go nuts. And if they hit one of us, and one of the chaperones and one of the Japs saw that, they'd take him in the back and practically beat him to death for hitting us. They were real strict. It was really a unique culture. I really enjoyed it out there. It was clean, a lot cleaner than it is in this country. They mop the damn sidewalks in the morning. People are clean, restaurants were spotless. Man, you don't even see a crumb on the table. It makes it real pleasant to eat, and just to be there. It's real expensive, though.''}}
Throughout his career, he wrestled many of the top stars in the Midwest and Central States territories including [Bruiser Brody](/wiki/Bruiser_Brody "Bruiser Brody"), [Adrian Adonis](/wiki/Adrian_Adonis "Adrian Adonis"), [Dick Murdoch](/wiki/Dick_Murdoch "Dick Murdoch"), [Jesse Ventura](/wiki/Jesse_Ventura "Jesse Ventura"), [Mr. Saito](/wiki/Mr._Saito "Mr. Saito") and [Nick Bockwinkel](/wiki/Nick_Bockwinkel "Nick Bockwinkel"). Many of these wrestlers gained respect for DeCero, who frequently faced them in ["stiff" matches](/wiki/Stiff_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Stiff (professional wrestling)"), and has credited them for helping him during his early career.
### Windy City Wrestling
{{main\|Windy City Pro Wrestling}}
During his wrestling career, DeCero also worked as a city construction worker in Chicago. While on the job in 1987, he fell off a truck and landed on a [steel plate](/wiki/Steel_plate "Steel plate") suffering a severe back injury. He underwent surgery which required an [intervertebral disc](/wiki/Intervertebral_disc "Intervertebral disc") to be removed and two [spinal fusions](/wiki/Spinal_fusion "Spinal fusion"). Although he would recover from his injuries, he was told by doctors that he would unable to return to wrestling. DeCero also required surgery to remove growths caused by [steroid](/wiki/Steroid "Steroid") use. He decided to open his own promotion, [Windy City Wrestling](/wiki/Windy_City_Wrestling "Windy City Wrestling"), and spent almost a year gathering the necessary capital from family and friends prior to its debut in 1988\. Mike Gretchner was one of the biggest investors and later became the Windy City Wrestling's [general manager](/wiki/General_manager "General manager"). He also started a wrestling school, Windy City Professional Wrestling Academy, in [South Side Chicago](/wiki/South_Side_Chicago "South Side Chicago") which trained hundreds of wrestlers during the next twenty years. In September 1988, the school was profiled by the *[Chicago Sun\-Times](/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times "Chicago Sun-Times")* as reporter Larry Weintraub took part in a 3\-hour training session under Frank "The Tank" Melson, Tarzan and DeCero. DeCero later said that it was his intention to bring back the *"blood\-and\-guts wrestling that people loved years ago in the (International) Amphitheatre"* and to make Chicago the center of professional wrestling once more.
The promotion became very successful during the next two years bringing in a number of territory stars such as Mad Maxx, ["Mr. Electricity" Steven Regal](/wiki/Steve_Regal "Steve Regal"),{{cite web \|url\=http://nwitimes.com/articles/2008/01/29/sports/region\_sports/doc8ab6e9039431ee36862573de007c37aa.txt \|title\=Windy City league stirs up storylines on the Web \|author\=Burbridge, John \|date\=2008\-01\-29 \|work\=Sports \|publisher\=NWItimes.com \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130130104607/http://nwitimes.com/articles/2008/01/29/sports/region\_sports/doc8ab6e9039431ee36862573de007c37aa.txt\|archive\-date\=2013\-01\-30\|url\-status\=dead }} [Dennis Condrey](/wiki/Dennis_Condrey "Dennis Condrey"),"\`Lover Boy' Condrey revs up for slugfest at Amphitheatre". *Chicago Sun\-Times*. 12 Aug. 1988 ["Playboy" Buddy Rose](/wiki/Buddy_Rose "Buddy Rose"), [Terry "Bam Bam" Gordy](/wiki/Terry_Gordy "Terry Gordy"), [Bam Bam Bigelow](/wiki/Bam_Bam_Bigelow "Bam Bam Bigelow")"Still Learning The Ropes: Wrestling Promoter Pins Hope on School, Local TV pact." *Crain's Chicago Business*. 11 Dec. 1989 and Bruiser Brody shortly before his death;{{cite web \|url\=http://www.infinitecore.com/superstar/index.php?threadid\=14197 \|title\=Reading Topic: Brody in Chicago \|author\=Rose, Buddy \|author\-link\=Buddy Rose \|date\=2003\-11\-11 \|work\=Midwest Territories: American Wrestling Association \|publisher\=KayfabeMemories.com }} it was also where The Texas Hangmen (Psycho \& Killer) and manager [Paul E. Dangerously](/wiki/Paul_Heyman "Paul Heyman") started their early careers. Windy City Wrestling also ran a weekly half\-hour television show on [Sportsvision](/wiki/Sportsvision "Sportsvision"), produced and directed by DeCero, and aired in five markets within three years. In October 1990, DeCero appeared with head trainer Sonny Rogers and WCW Heavyweight Champion Hurricane Smith as guests on [The Doug Buffone Show](/wiki/Doug_Buffone "Doug Buffone"). The show was taped at [Ditka's Restaurant](/wiki/Ditka%27s_Restaurant "Ditka's Restaurant") in [Merrillville, Indiana](/wiki/Merrillville%2C_Indiana "Merrillville, Indiana"), and also featured former [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears "Chicago Bears") lineman [Revie Sorey](/wiki/Revie_Sorey "Revie Sorey")."Ex\-Bear Sorey, Pro Wrestlers At Ditka's." *Post\-Tribune*. (Indiana) 29 Oct. 1990: C1 By 1991, DeCero had promoted over 80 shows and helped organize fundraisers for [Toys for Tots](/wiki/Toys_for_Tots "Toys for Tots"), Muscular Dystrophy and the Maryville City for Youth. One of his benefit shows with the Chicago Coalition for the Homeless was held at the [International Amphitheater](/wiki/International_Amphitheater "International Amphitheater") and was attended by 4,000 fans. DeCero and the promotion would also organize fundraisers for local fraternal police orders, [booster clubs](/wiki/Booster_clubs "Booster clubs"), and [high schools](/wiki/High_schools "High schools").
Much of DeCero's charity work, as well as the wrestling school, attracted considerable media attention from newspapers and magazines. Windy City Wrestling was, at one point, ranked the fifth largest promotion in the United States. With the end of the 1980s wrestling boom, DeCero was hopeful that his promotion would surpass the [National Wrestling Alliance](/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance "National Wrestling Alliance") and the [World Wrestling Federation](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Federation "World Wrestling Federation"). He cited both the general decline of the NWA and [Hulk Hogan](/wiki/Hulk_Hogan "Hulk Hogan")'s departure from the WWF, as well as correctly predicting the close of [Pacific Northwest Wrestling](/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Wrestling "Pacific Northwest Wrestling"), as reasons for his promotion to become the top wrestling organization. It was also his opinion that fans had grown tired of [sports entertainment](/wiki/Sports_entertainment "Sports entertainment") and that Windy City Wrestling was one of the few, if not the only promotion, actively promoting traditional "[family friendly](/wiki/Family_friendly "Family friendly")" wrestling.
Although financial setbacks and the [decline of the territory system](/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance%23Decline_of_the_territory_system "National Wrestling Alliance#Decline of the territory system") eventually forced DeCero to keep the promotion based in the general Chicago area, it was the only Midwestern regional promotion to survive into the 1990s. He was also able to feature former WWF stars such as [Brian Knobs](/wiki/Brian_Knobs "Brian Knobs"), [Bob Backlund](/wiki/Bob_Backlund "Bob Backlund"), [Greg Valentine](/wiki/Greg_Valentine "Greg Valentine"){{cite web \|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Torch\_Flashbacks\_19/article\_4162\.shtml \|title\=Torch Flashbacks: Where were today's stars before they were stars? \- 5 Yrs Ago \|author\=Powell, Jason \|author2\=Steve Cain \|date\=2003\-06\-14 \|work\=Torch Newsletter Archive \|publisher\=PWTorch.com }} and [King Kong Bundy](/wiki/King_Kong_Bundy "King Kong Bundy"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.thezephyr.com/archives/rasslin.htm \|title\=Wrestling at the Knox County Fair\|author\=Gallagher, Jon\|date\=2006\-03\-23\|publisher\=The Zephyr}} as well as younger [Extreme Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling "Extreme Championship Wrestling") wrestlers [Rob Van Dam](/wiki/Rob_Van_Dam "Rob Van Dam") and [Sabu](/wiki/Sabu_%28wrestler%29 "Sabu (wrestler)"). His wrestling school also remained one of the top facilities in the region and whose students included Baltazar, Steve Boz, Terry Allen, Vic Capri, Trevor Blanchard,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.powwentertainment.com/pro\-blanchard.htm \|title\=Trevor Blanchard \|author\=POWW Entertainment \|work\=Profiles \|publisher\=POWWentertainment.com }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.deathvalleydriver.com/Benaka/blanchard.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020220134322/http://www.deathvalleydriver.com/Benaka/blanchard.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2002\-02\-20 \|title\=Lee Benaka Interviews: Trevor Blanchard \|author\=Benaka, Lee \|year\=1991 \|publisher\=DeathValleyDriver.com }} Jayson Reign,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wrestlingclothesline.com/jayson.htm \|title\=Ten Questions With ... Jayson Reign \|author\=Schwan, Brett \|date\=2009\-11\-10 \|publisher\=WrestlingClothesline.com }} Mike Anthony,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mindbenders.ca/wrestling/A.htm \|title\=Mindbender's Wrestling Greats: "A" \|author\=Simpson, Greg \|work\=Mindbenders Wrestling Greats \|publisher\=Mindbenders.ca }} [Ace Steel](/wiki/Ace_Steel "Ace Steel"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2006/1170537166\.shtml \|title\=Ace Steel \& Kevin Kleinrock Interviews: Steel on Trump, Kleinrock/WSX\|author\=Young, Doc \|author2\=Les Thatcher \|author2\-link\=Les Thatcher \|date\=2007\-01\-30\|publisher\=WrestleView.com}} [Sosay](/wiki/Sosay "Sosay"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.officialsosay.com/sosay/evolution.html \|title\=Sosay: Character Evolution\|date\=June 2007\|publisher\=OfficialSosay.com \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104030302/http://www.officialsosay.com/sosay/evolution.html \|archive\-date\=2007\-11\-04}} [Kevin Quinn](/wiki/Kevin_Quinn_%28wrestler%29 "Kevin Quinn (wrestler)"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.puroresufan.com/interviews/quinn.php \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20080611143054/http://www.puroresufan.com/interviews/quinn.php \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2008\-06\-11 \|title\=Interview with Kevin Quinn\|date\=June 2004\|publisher\=PuroresuFan.com}} and [Christopher Daniels](/wiki/Christopher_Daniels "Christopher Daniels"). DeCero has also helped train referee Terry Hopper,{{cite web \|url\=http://karmasunn.tripod.com/you3\.html \|title\=Are you a pro\-wrestler? \|work\=Indy Feds \& Wrestlers \|publisher\=Karma's Wrestling Retro }} female wrestler Sandra D{{cite web \|url\=http://www.glorywrestling.com/WomensWrestlingNews/20040206\_1103\.asp \|title\=Patch Interviews Sandra D \|date\=2004\-02\-06 \|work\=Squared Circle News \|publisher\=GloryWrestling.com }} and midget wrestler Puppet the Psycho Dwarf.{{cite web \|url\=http://aaj.aan.org/feature\_road3\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119142113/http://aaj.aan.org/feature\_road3\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2008\-11\-19 \|title\=On the Road with Puppet the Psycho Dwarf: An intrepid AAJ Writer goes behind the scenes with the little men who are willing to bleed for your enjoyment \|author\=Garcia\-Roberts, Gus \|year\=2007 \|work\=The Academy for Alternative Journalism \|publisher\=AAJ.org }} In 1998, he had 70 students enrolled in his school. Several of his students have appeared as [preliminary wrestlers](/wiki/Job_%28professional_wrestling%29%23Jobbers "Job (professional wrestling)#Jobbers") at WWF house shows and televised events in the area. Around this time, he started a sister wrestling promotion, Urban America Pro Wrestling, which ran events in Chicago's [inner city](/wiki/Inner_city "Inner city") neighborhoods and featured [African\-American](/wiki/African-American "African-American") and [minority](/wiki/Minority_groups "Minority groups") wrestlers.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thecubsfan.com/misc/20011217wcpw.htm \|title\=Urban America Pro Wrestling \- 12/17/01 \|date\=2001\-12\-17 \|work\=Urban America Pro Wrestling \|publisher\=TheCubsFan.com }}
### Retirement
In May 2008, DeCero announced at a WCPW show that he would be turning over the promotion to Ripper Manson. It was also at this show that he inducted the Windy City Dream Team (Lance Allen and Eddie Strong), Kevin Quinn, Frank "The Tank" Melson, K.C. Knight and "Iron" Mike Samson into the WCPW 2008 Hall of Fame. Head trainer Sonny Rogers and WCPW alumni Trevor Blanchard, Lips Manson, Zebra Kid, and Christopher Daniels accompanied them to the ring. That same year, DeCero became involved in a [kayfabe](/wiki/Kayfabe "Kayfabe") feud with new co\-owner Billy Whack who promised to *"contact everyone who DeCero may have ever crossed by non\-payment, bad business deals or personal reasons"* and *"invited every wrestler in the Chicago wrestling scene to join him in doing the one thing that every person who has ever started a wrestling group in Chicago has always wanted to do \- conquer Sam DeCero and his WCPW"*."Weekend includes IWA Mid\-South, WCPW events." *SouthtownStar*. (Chicago) 13 Nov. 2008: FL11 Billy Whack had previously promoted Lunatic Wrestling Federation, formerly based in [Mokena](/wiki/Mokena%2C_Illinois "Mokena, Illinois") and [Midlothian, Illinois](/wiki/Midlothian%2C_Illinois "Midlothian, Illinois"), which had rivaled DeCero's organization in previous years. In December 2010, Windy City Pro Wrestling closed.
On the December 31, 2012 episode of *[WWE Raw](/wiki/WWE_Raw "WWE Raw")*, [CM Punk](/wiki/CM_Punk "CM Punk") and [Paul Heyman](/wiki/Paul_Heyman "Paul Heyman") cut a promo about Punk's injury where Punk brought out his "doctor," "Dr. Samuel DeCero."
Since retirement, DeCero has begun a prolific career and venture into Wikipedia editing. Most notably, maintaining his alleged “illustrious career’s milestones.”
|
[
"Professional wrestling career\n-----------------------------",
"### Early career",
"DeCero approached promoter Paul Krusky after attending a local wrestling show and asked about entering professional wrestling. He was initially turned away by Krusky who told the 22\\-year\\-old DeCero he was far too small to compete. DeCero began training and within three months, he had increased his weight from 165 to 200 lbs. greatly improving his overall [muscle mass](/wiki/Muscle_mass \"Muscle mass\"). He later described his diet and training regimen in a 1991 interview,",
"{{cquote\\|''I was eating 10,000 calories a day. My diet was a shake in the morning with protein powder, two eggs, two bananas, and then I'd go out and have breakfast. Then I'd have a snack, then I'd have lunch, usually two Whoppers, two Big Macs, something like that. Then I'd have another snack in the afternoon. Then I'd go train. Then I'd have another protein shake. Then I'd come home and have dinner, which was usually a steak, five baked potatoes, a whole can of corn, or beans, or peas, or something like that. And I'd have a snack before bedtime, like a sundae or something. So I was really piling it in. I got up to 200 pounds, went back to see \\[Krusky], and he couldn't believe I was the same guy, because I wasn't fat, I was muscular. I was working out six days a week, real hard.''}}",
"Krusky agreed to take him into the business and, after paying him a fee, DeCero was introduced to a facility in [Louisville, Kentucky](/wiki/Louisville%2C_Kentucky \"Louisville, Kentucky\") where he was trained by [Paul Christy](/wiki/Paul_Christy \"Paul Christy\") and [Randy Savage](/wiki/Randy_Savage \"Randy Savage\"), as well as his brother [Lanny](/wiki/Lanny_Poffo \"Lanny Poffo\") and father [Angelo Poffo](/wiki/Angelo_Poffo \"Angelo Poffo\"), for eight months before making his debut in 1981\\. Throughout his training, he drove 14 hours to and from Louisville each weekend, helped set up the ring and participated in wrestling matches for which he was paid $10\\. This story has always been subject to question, especially as DeCero's mom Kay would regale the Windy City roster with stories of how he would come home from training with Angelo Poffo at his home in Downers Grove and demonsrate some new hold or move he learned that night. From there, he spent his rookie year in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis \"Indianapolis\") for the [World Wrestling Association](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Association \"World Wrestling Association\") as Slammin' Sammy Darro. One of his first matches was against one of his childhood heroes [Dick the Bruiser](/wiki/Dick_the_Bruiser \"Dick the Bruiser\").",
"### The Maxx Brothers",
"While wrestling in the WWA, DeCero met his future tag team partner [Mad Maxx](/wiki/Eli_the_Eliminator \"Eli the Eliminator\") and, changing his name to **Super Maxx**, they eventually began teaming together. After winning the [WWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"WWA World Tag Team Championship\") from [Dick the Bruiser](/wiki/Dick_the_Bruiser \"Dick the Bruiser\") \\& [Jeff Van Kamp](/wiki/Jeff_Van_Kamp \"Jeff Van Kamp\") in 1984, they moved on to the [American Wrestling Association](/wiki/American_Wrestling_Association \"American Wrestling Association\") where they became one of its top tag teams during the mid\\-1980s. Some of their highlight matches were against teams such as [The Midnight Rockers](/wiki/The_Midnight_Rockers \"The Midnight Rockers\") ([Marty Jannetty](/wiki/Marty_Jannetty \"Marty Jannetty\") \\& [Shawn Michaels](/wiki/Shawn_Michaels \"Shawn Michaels\")){{cite video \\| people\\=American Wrestling Association (Producer) \\| date\\=1986 \\| url\\=http://www.coliseumwrestlingboxing.com/awa.htm \\| title\\=AWA Vol. 1 \\| medium\\=VHS \\| location\\=United States \\| publisher\\=ColiseumWrestlingBoxing.com}} and [AWA Tag Team Champions](/wiki/AWA_Tag_Team_Championship \"AWA Tag Team Championship\") [Curt Hennig](/wiki/Curt_Hennig \"Curt Hennig\") \\& [Scott Hall](/wiki/Scott_Hall_%28wrestler%29 \"Scott Hall (wrestler)\"){{cite video \\| people\\=American Wrestling Association (Producer) \\| date\\=1986\\-03\\-22 \\| url\\=http://www.coreystapes.com/hall.html \\| title\\=Best of Scott Hall, Vol 1\\. \\| medium\\=VHS \\| location\\=Indiana \\| publisher\\=CoreysTapes.com}} whom they faced in [Hammond, Indiana](/wiki/Hammond%2C_Indiana \"Hammond, Indiana\") on March 22, 1986\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/ResultsArchive/Wrestlers/hennig\\-curt.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120721165100/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/ResultsArchive/Wrestlers/hennig\\-curt.html \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|archive\\-date\\=July 21, 2012 \\|title\\=SLAM! Wrestling: Curt Hennig \\|author\\=Vance Nevada, Brad Dykens, Graham Cawthon, Mike Rodgers, Ron Witmer and Jim Zordani \\|date\\=2009\\-05\\-18 \\|work\\=SLAM! Wrestling Bios \\|publisher\\=SLAM! Sports }} He and Mad Maxx also went on several tours of Japan where they earned as much as $3,000 a week and, while in [World Japan Pro Wrestling](/wiki/World_Japan_Pro_Wrestling \"World Japan Pro Wrestling\"), faced [IWGP Tag Team Champions](/wiki/IWGP_Tag_Team_Championship \"IWGP Tag Team Championship\") [Tatsumi Fujinami](/wiki/Tatsumi_Fujinami \"Tatsumi Fujinami\") \\& [Kengo Kimura](/wiki/Kengo_Kimura \"Kengo Kimura\") in a no disqualification match for the [IWGP Tag Team Championship](/wiki/IWGP_Tag_Team_Championship \"IWGP Tag Team Championship\"). DeCero praised the Japanese and described his experiences overseas in an interview years later.",
"{{cquote\\|''They train seven days a week out there \\[in Japan]. They use karate and everything in their matches. We went out there, and we wouldn't let them intimidate us. We just started banging heads, and we ended up having good wrestling matches, and they respected us. As soon as they started throwing chops in, or kicks or something, to our stomachs, we'd just label them right in the face. That would set them back. \\[Japanese fans] are rowdy, but they're afraid of Americans. We used to carry a whip, snap the whip and wrap it around their neck, so they'd panic, go nuts. And if they hit one of us, and one of the chaperones and one of the Japs saw that, they'd take him in the back and practically beat him to death for hitting us. They were real strict. It was really a unique culture. I really enjoyed it out there. It was clean, a lot cleaner than it is in this country. They mop the damn sidewalks in the morning. People are clean, restaurants were spotless. Man, you don't even see a crumb on the table. It makes it real pleasant to eat, and just to be there. It's real expensive, though.''}}",
"Throughout his career, he wrestled many of the top stars in the Midwest and Central States territories including [Bruiser Brody](/wiki/Bruiser_Brody \"Bruiser Brody\"), [Adrian Adonis](/wiki/Adrian_Adonis \"Adrian Adonis\"), [Dick Murdoch](/wiki/Dick_Murdoch \"Dick Murdoch\"), [Jesse Ventura](/wiki/Jesse_Ventura \"Jesse Ventura\"), [Mr. Saito](/wiki/Mr._Saito \"Mr. Saito\") and [Nick Bockwinkel](/wiki/Nick_Bockwinkel \"Nick Bockwinkel\"). Many of these wrestlers gained respect for DeCero, who frequently faced them in [\"stiff\" matches](/wiki/Stiff_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Stiff (professional wrestling)\"), and has credited them for helping him during his early career.",
"### Windy City Wrestling",
"{{main\\|Windy City Pro Wrestling}}\nDuring his wrestling career, DeCero also worked as a city construction worker in Chicago. While on the job in 1987, he fell off a truck and landed on a [steel plate](/wiki/Steel_plate \"Steel plate\") suffering a severe back injury. He underwent surgery which required an [intervertebral disc](/wiki/Intervertebral_disc \"Intervertebral disc\") to be removed and two [spinal fusions](/wiki/Spinal_fusion \"Spinal fusion\"). Although he would recover from his injuries, he was told by doctors that he would unable to return to wrestling. DeCero also required surgery to remove growths caused by [steroid](/wiki/Steroid \"Steroid\") use. He decided to open his own promotion, [Windy City Wrestling](/wiki/Windy_City_Wrestling \"Windy City Wrestling\"), and spent almost a year gathering the necessary capital from family and friends prior to its debut in 1988\\. Mike Gretchner was one of the biggest investors and later became the Windy City Wrestling's [general manager](/wiki/General_manager \"General manager\"). He also started a wrestling school, Windy City Professional Wrestling Academy, in [South Side Chicago](/wiki/South_Side_Chicago \"South Side Chicago\") which trained hundreds of wrestlers during the next twenty years. In September 1988, the school was profiled by the *[Chicago Sun\\-Times](/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times \"Chicago Sun-Times\")* as reporter Larry Weintraub took part in a 3\\-hour training session under Frank \"The Tank\" Melson, Tarzan and DeCero. DeCero later said that it was his intention to bring back the *\"blood\\-and\\-guts wrestling that people loved years ago in the (International) Amphitheatre\"* and to make Chicago the center of professional wrestling once more.",
"The promotion became very successful during the next two years bringing in a number of territory stars such as Mad Maxx, [\"Mr. Electricity\" Steven Regal](/wiki/Steve_Regal \"Steve Regal\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://nwitimes.com/articles/2008/01/29/sports/region\\_sports/doc8ab6e9039431ee36862573de007c37aa.txt \\|title\\=Windy City league stirs up storylines on the Web \\|author\\=Burbridge, John \\|date\\=2008\\-01\\-29 \\|work\\=Sports \\|publisher\\=NWItimes.com \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130130104607/http://nwitimes.com/articles/2008/01/29/sports/region\\_sports/doc8ab6e9039431ee36862573de007c37aa.txt\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-30\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Dennis Condrey](/wiki/Dennis_Condrey \"Dennis Condrey\"),\"\\`Lover Boy' Condrey revs up for slugfest at Amphitheatre\". *Chicago Sun\\-Times*. 12 Aug. 1988 [\"Playboy\" Buddy Rose](/wiki/Buddy_Rose \"Buddy Rose\"), [Terry \"Bam Bam\" Gordy](/wiki/Terry_Gordy \"Terry Gordy\"), [Bam Bam Bigelow](/wiki/Bam_Bam_Bigelow \"Bam Bam Bigelow\")\"Still Learning The Ropes: Wrestling Promoter Pins Hope on School, Local TV pact.\" *Crain's Chicago Business*. 11 Dec. 1989 and Bruiser Brody shortly before his death;{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.infinitecore.com/superstar/index.php?threadid\\=14197 \\|title\\=Reading Topic: Brody in Chicago \\|author\\=Rose, Buddy \\|author\\-link\\=Buddy Rose \\|date\\=2003\\-11\\-11 \\|work\\=Midwest Territories: American Wrestling Association \\|publisher\\=KayfabeMemories.com }} it was also where The Texas Hangmen (Psycho \\& Killer) and manager [Paul E. Dangerously](/wiki/Paul_Heyman \"Paul Heyman\") started their early careers. Windy City Wrestling also ran a weekly half\\-hour television show on [Sportsvision](/wiki/Sportsvision \"Sportsvision\"), produced and directed by DeCero, and aired in five markets within three years. In October 1990, DeCero appeared with head trainer Sonny Rogers and WCW Heavyweight Champion Hurricane Smith as guests on [The Doug Buffone Show](/wiki/Doug_Buffone \"Doug Buffone\"). The show was taped at [Ditka's Restaurant](/wiki/Ditka%27s_Restaurant \"Ditka's Restaurant\") in [Merrillville, Indiana](/wiki/Merrillville%2C_Indiana \"Merrillville, Indiana\"), and also featured former [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears \"Chicago Bears\") lineman [Revie Sorey](/wiki/Revie_Sorey \"Revie Sorey\").\"Ex\\-Bear Sorey, Pro Wrestlers At Ditka's.\" *Post\\-Tribune*. (Indiana) 29 Oct. 1990: C1 By 1991, DeCero had promoted over 80 shows and helped organize fundraisers for [Toys for Tots](/wiki/Toys_for_Tots \"Toys for Tots\"), Muscular Dystrophy and the Maryville City for Youth. One of his benefit shows with the Chicago Coalition for the Homeless was held at the [International Amphitheater](/wiki/International_Amphitheater \"International Amphitheater\") and was attended by 4,000 fans. DeCero and the promotion would also organize fundraisers for local fraternal police orders, [booster clubs](/wiki/Booster_clubs \"Booster clubs\"), and [high schools](/wiki/High_schools \"High schools\").",
"Much of DeCero's charity work, as well as the wrestling school, attracted considerable media attention from newspapers and magazines. Windy City Wrestling was, at one point, ranked the fifth largest promotion in the United States. With the end of the 1980s wrestling boom, DeCero was hopeful that his promotion would surpass the [National Wrestling Alliance](/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance \"National Wrestling Alliance\") and the [World Wrestling Federation](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Federation \"World Wrestling Federation\"). He cited both the general decline of the NWA and [Hulk Hogan](/wiki/Hulk_Hogan \"Hulk Hogan\")'s departure from the WWF, as well as correctly predicting the close of [Pacific Northwest Wrestling](/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Wrestling \"Pacific Northwest Wrestling\"), as reasons for his promotion to become the top wrestling organization. It was also his opinion that fans had grown tired of [sports entertainment](/wiki/Sports_entertainment \"Sports entertainment\") and that Windy City Wrestling was one of the few, if not the only promotion, actively promoting traditional \"[family friendly](/wiki/Family_friendly \"Family friendly\")\" wrestling.",
"Although financial setbacks and the [decline of the territory system](/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance%23Decline_of_the_territory_system \"National Wrestling Alliance#Decline of the territory system\") eventually forced DeCero to keep the promotion based in the general Chicago area, it was the only Midwestern regional promotion to survive into the 1990s. He was also able to feature former WWF stars such as [Brian Knobs](/wiki/Brian_Knobs \"Brian Knobs\"), [Bob Backlund](/wiki/Bob_Backlund \"Bob Backlund\"), [Greg Valentine](/wiki/Greg_Valentine \"Greg Valentine\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Torch\\_Flashbacks\\_19/article\\_4162\\.shtml \\|title\\=Torch Flashbacks: Where were today's stars before they were stars? \\- 5 Yrs Ago \\|author\\=Powell, Jason \\|author2\\=Steve Cain \\|date\\=2003\\-06\\-14 \\|work\\=Torch Newsletter Archive \\|publisher\\=PWTorch.com }} and [King Kong Bundy](/wiki/King_Kong_Bundy \"King Kong Bundy\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thezephyr.com/archives/rasslin.htm \\|title\\=Wrestling at the Knox County Fair\\|author\\=Gallagher, Jon\\|date\\=2006\\-03\\-23\\|publisher\\=The Zephyr}} as well as younger [Extreme Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling \"Extreme Championship Wrestling\") wrestlers [Rob Van Dam](/wiki/Rob_Van_Dam \"Rob Van Dam\") and [Sabu](/wiki/Sabu_%28wrestler%29 \"Sabu (wrestler)\"). His wrestling school also remained one of the top facilities in the region and whose students included Baltazar, Steve Boz, Terry Allen, Vic Capri, Trevor Blanchard,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.powwentertainment.com/pro\\-blanchard.htm \\|title\\=Trevor Blanchard \\|author\\=POWW Entertainment \\|work\\=Profiles \\|publisher\\=POWWentertainment.com }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.deathvalleydriver.com/Benaka/blanchard.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020220134322/http://www.deathvalleydriver.com/Benaka/blanchard.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2002\\-02\\-20 \\|title\\=Lee Benaka Interviews: Trevor Blanchard \\|author\\=Benaka, Lee \\|year\\=1991 \\|publisher\\=DeathValleyDriver.com }} Jayson Reign,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wrestlingclothesline.com/jayson.htm \\|title\\=Ten Questions With ... Jayson Reign \\|author\\=Schwan, Brett \\|date\\=2009\\-11\\-10 \\|publisher\\=WrestlingClothesline.com }} Mike Anthony,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mindbenders.ca/wrestling/A.htm \\|title\\=Mindbender's Wrestling Greats: \"A\" \\|author\\=Simpson, Greg \\|work\\=Mindbenders Wrestling Greats \\|publisher\\=Mindbenders.ca }} [Ace Steel](/wiki/Ace_Steel \"Ace Steel\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2006/1170537166\\.shtml \\|title\\=Ace Steel \\& Kevin Kleinrock Interviews: Steel on Trump, Kleinrock/WSX\\|author\\=Young, Doc \\|author2\\=Les Thatcher \\|author2\\-link\\=Les Thatcher \\|date\\=2007\\-01\\-30\\|publisher\\=WrestleView.com}} [Sosay](/wiki/Sosay \"Sosay\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.officialsosay.com/sosay/evolution.html \\|title\\=Sosay: Character Evolution\\|date\\=June 2007\\|publisher\\=OfficialSosay.com \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104030302/http://www.officialsosay.com/sosay/evolution.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-04}} [Kevin Quinn](/wiki/Kevin_Quinn_%28wrestler%29 \"Kevin Quinn (wrestler)\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.puroresufan.com/interviews/quinn.php \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20080611143054/http://www.puroresufan.com/interviews/quinn.php \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-11 \\|title\\=Interview with Kevin Quinn\\|date\\=June 2004\\|publisher\\=PuroresuFan.com}} and [Christopher Daniels](/wiki/Christopher_Daniels \"Christopher Daniels\"). DeCero has also helped train referee Terry Hopper,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://karmasunn.tripod.com/you3\\.html \\|title\\=Are you a pro\\-wrestler? \\|work\\=Indy Feds \\& Wrestlers \\|publisher\\=Karma's Wrestling Retro }} female wrestler Sandra D{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.glorywrestling.com/WomensWrestlingNews/20040206\\_1103\\.asp \\|title\\=Patch Interviews Sandra D \\|date\\=2004\\-02\\-06 \\|work\\=Squared Circle News \\|publisher\\=GloryWrestling.com }} and midget wrestler Puppet the Psycho Dwarf.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://aaj.aan.org/feature\\_road3\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119142113/http://aaj.aan.org/feature\\_road3\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-19 \\|title\\=On the Road with Puppet the Psycho Dwarf: An intrepid AAJ Writer goes behind the scenes with the little men who are willing to bleed for your enjoyment \\|author\\=Garcia\\-Roberts, Gus \\|year\\=2007 \\|work\\=The Academy for Alternative Journalism \\|publisher\\=AAJ.org }} In 1998, he had 70 students enrolled in his school. Several of his students have appeared as [preliminary wrestlers](/wiki/Job_%28professional_wrestling%29%23Jobbers \"Job (professional wrestling)#Jobbers\") at WWF house shows and televised events in the area. Around this time, he started a sister wrestling promotion, Urban America Pro Wrestling, which ran events in Chicago's [inner city](/wiki/Inner_city \"Inner city\") neighborhoods and featured [African\\-American](/wiki/African-American \"African-American\") and [minority](/wiki/Minority_groups \"Minority groups\") wrestlers.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thecubsfan.com/misc/20011217wcpw.htm \\|title\\=Urban America Pro Wrestling \\- 12/17/01 \\|date\\=2001\\-12\\-17 \\|work\\=Urban America Pro Wrestling \\|publisher\\=TheCubsFan.com }}",
"### Retirement",
"In May 2008, DeCero announced at a WCPW show that he would be turning over the promotion to Ripper Manson. It was also at this show that he inducted the Windy City Dream Team (Lance Allen and Eddie Strong), Kevin Quinn, Frank \"The Tank\" Melson, K.C. Knight and \"Iron\" Mike Samson into the WCPW 2008 Hall of Fame. Head trainer Sonny Rogers and WCPW alumni Trevor Blanchard, Lips Manson, Zebra Kid, and Christopher Daniels accompanied them to the ring. That same year, DeCero became involved in a [kayfabe](/wiki/Kayfabe \"Kayfabe\") feud with new co\\-owner Billy Whack who promised to *\"contact everyone who DeCero may have ever crossed by non\\-payment, bad business deals or personal reasons\"* and *\"invited every wrestler in the Chicago wrestling scene to join him in doing the one thing that every person who has ever started a wrestling group in Chicago has always wanted to do \\- conquer Sam DeCero and his WCPW\"*.\"Weekend includes IWA Mid\\-South, WCPW events.\" *SouthtownStar*. (Chicago) 13 Nov. 2008: FL11 Billy Whack had previously promoted Lunatic Wrestling Federation, formerly based in [Mokena](/wiki/Mokena%2C_Illinois \"Mokena, Illinois\") and [Midlothian, Illinois](/wiki/Midlothian%2C_Illinois \"Midlothian, Illinois\"), which had rivaled DeCero's organization in previous years. In December 2010, Windy City Pro Wrestling closed.",
"On the December 31, 2012 episode of *[WWE Raw](/wiki/WWE_Raw \"WWE Raw\")*, [CM Punk](/wiki/CM_Punk \"CM Punk\") and [Paul Heyman](/wiki/Paul_Heyman \"Paul Heyman\") cut a promo about Punk's injury where Punk brought out his \"doctor,\" \"Dr. Samuel DeCero.\"",
"Since retirement, DeCero has begun a prolific career and venture into Wikipedia editing. Most notably, maintaining his alleged “illustrious career’s milestones.”",
""
] |
History
-------
It was designed as a double mill by P.S.Stott, in 1904\. The first mill was built then and the second mill in 1915\. It worked as a [mule spinning](/wiki/Mule_spinning "Mule spinning") mill.
It was taken over by [Fine Spinners and Doublers](/wiki/Fine_Spinners_and_Doublers "Fine Spinners and Doublers") in the 1950s.
Maple Mill was sold to [Courtaulds](/wiki/Courtaulds "Courtaulds") in 1964\. In 1968, Maple Mill was selected by Courtaulds to receive the first top secret BD 200s, [Open End Spinning machines](/wiki/Open_end_spinning "Open end spinning") from [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia"). These were experimental, and coming without documentation were difficult to operate. Simply, they were designed for Uzbek cotton not the American cotton or synthetics used in Oldham. A research visit by Courtaulds staff to [Ústí nad Labem](/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem "Ústí nad Labem") in August 1968, was interrupted by [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") tanks putting down the [Prague Spring](/wiki/Prague_Spring "Prague Spring") uprising. Later a body of Czech technicians was based at Maple Mill, until the problems had been resolved. This was a rare example of cross Iron Curtain co\-operation.{{Citation\|last\=Freeze\|first\=Karen\|year\=2007\|title\=Innovation in Communist Europe\|journal\=Business and Economic History On\-Line\|publisher\=Ellison Centre\|location\=University of Washington\|url\=http://www.h\-net.org/\~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHonline/2007/freeze.pdf }} Courtaulds ceased cotton spinning at the mill in 1991, but it was re\-opened a year later by Wills Fabrics Ltd who continued spinning and weaving on the site until the company went into administration 1998\.
### Vance Miller ownership
It was bought by [Vance Miller](/wiki/Vance_Miller "Vance Miller") and used to manufacture and market fitted kitchens and furniture.
In 2006 the [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police "Greater Manchester Police") and [Trading Standards](/wiki/Trading_Standards_Institute "Trading Standards Institute") raided the Maple Mill offices and factory of Vance Miller. As a result of the raids four people, including Miller, were arrested on suspicion of [conspiracy to defraud](/wiki/Conspiracy_to_defraud%23Conspiracy_to_defraud "Conspiracy to defraud#Conspiracy to defraud") in what was one of Tradings Standards' biggest ever operations.{{Citation\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/6194608\.stm\|title\=Four held after kitchen firm raid\|date\=29 November 2006\|work\=BBC News}} The company was able to continue trading despite Trading Standards seizing property in a bid to pursue its case against the company.
On 21 February 2007, under the [General Product Safety Regulations Act 2005](/wiki/General_Product_Safety_Regulations_2005 "General Product Safety Regulations 2005"), [Trading Standards](/wiki/Trading_Standards "Trading Standards") Officers in Oldham ordered Vance Miller, again trading from Maple Mill, to immediately withdraw four types of [minibikes](/wiki/Minibike "Minibike") from sale. The products failed national safety provisions.{{Citation\|url\=http://www.oldham.gov.uk/view\_press\_release.htm?refno\=JB/PR/ES/43/07 \|title\=Vance Miller ordered to withdraw mini motos \|date\=2007\-02\-21 \|accessdate\=2007\-07\-27 \|publisher\=oldham.gov.uk \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030803/http://www.oldham.gov.uk/view\_press\_release.htm?refno\=JB%2FPR%2FES%2F43%2F07 \|archivedate\=2007\-09\-28 }}
### Fires
[thumb\|right\|Maple Mills after the 2009 fire. Mill 1 is on the left. The remains of Mill 2 are on the right.](/wiki/File:Maple_Mill_after_fire_%283469851532%29.jpg "Maple Mill after fire (3469851532).jpg")
On 21 April 2009, a fire started near the diesel generator of the kitchen factory (Maple No.2\) and ignited the contents of propane cylinders and pallets.{{Citation \| url\=http://blogs.mirror.co.uk/investigations/2009/04/huge\-blaze\-destroys\-factory\-of.html \| title\=Huge blaze destroys factory of kitchen conman Vance Miller \| work\=Daily Mirror \| author\=Andrew Penman \| accessdate\=2009\-04\-23 \| publisher\=MGN}} Sixty firefighters used ten fire engines and "a number of specialist appliances, including two aerial appliances, to contain the fire." Fire Service spokesman Paul Duggan said: "The fire is thought to have started in a diesel generator then spread to some wooden pallets and propane cylinders nearby, some of which exploded as a result. There were people inside at the time but there were no reported injuries or any reports of anyone missing." Local townspeople near the area had been left without water or very little{{Citation\|url\=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1110190\_blaze\_wrecks\_kitchen\_traders\_mill\|title\=Blaze Wrecks Kitchen Trader's Mill\|publisher\=\[\[Manchester Evening News]]\|date\=2009\-04\-21\|accessdate\=2009\-04\-21\|last\=Britton\|first\=Paul}} The building is burnt out.
The fire was the largest incident attended by Greater Manchester Fire Service for several years. At the height of the fire, a total of 34 fire appliances from across Manchester attended including three aerial appliances, Hose Layers and High Volume Pumping Units. The Fire Service were in continuous attendance for two weeks.
On 30 September 2016 a fire devastated the first floor of Maple No.1 mill.{{cite news\|first\=Beth\|last\=Abbit\|title\=Pictures show inside of Oldham mill badly damaged in fire\|url\=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater\-manchester\-news/pictures\-show\-inside\-oldham\-mill\-11961747\|publisher\=Manchester Evening News\|date\=30 September 2016\|accessdate\=15 December 2016}}
On the morning of 15 December 2016 another fire started at the Maple No.1\. The fire started on the top floor of the mill. Around 70 firefighters attended, with nearby properties evacuated. The building was declared to be structurally unstable as a result of the fire, during which large parts of the building collapsed, and work to demolish unsafe portions of the mill began on 16 December, expected to take three days. Although the mill was vacant, some people may have been sleeping inside it. People living in caravans had been seen at the site since September 2016, with Vance Miller saying that the fire would not have started if [travellers](/wiki/Romanichal "Romanichal") had been evicted from the site. Fire crews left the mill on 24 December, nine days after the fire started; most of the mill was demolished, with only a tower remaining.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"It was designed as a double mill by P.S.Stott, in 1904\\. The first mill was built then and the second mill in 1915\\. It worked as a [mule spinning](/wiki/Mule_spinning \"Mule spinning\") mill.",
"It was taken over by [Fine Spinners and Doublers](/wiki/Fine_Spinners_and_Doublers \"Fine Spinners and Doublers\") in the 1950s.",
"Maple Mill was sold to [Courtaulds](/wiki/Courtaulds \"Courtaulds\") in 1964\\. In 1968, Maple Mill was selected by Courtaulds to receive the first top secret BD 200s, [Open End Spinning machines](/wiki/Open_end_spinning \"Open end spinning\") from [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia \"Czechoslovakia\"). These were experimental, and coming without documentation were difficult to operate. Simply, they were designed for Uzbek cotton not the American cotton or synthetics used in Oldham. A research visit by Courtaulds staff to [Ústí nad Labem](/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem \"Ústí nad Labem\") in August 1968, was interrupted by [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") tanks putting down the [Prague Spring](/wiki/Prague_Spring \"Prague Spring\") uprising. Later a body of Czech technicians was based at Maple Mill, until the problems had been resolved. This was a rare example of cross Iron Curtain co\\-operation.{{Citation\\|last\\=Freeze\\|first\\=Karen\\|year\\=2007\\|title\\=Innovation in Communist Europe\\|journal\\=Business and Economic History On\\-Line\\|publisher\\=Ellison Centre\\|location\\=University of Washington\\|url\\=http://www.h\\-net.org/\\~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHonline/2007/freeze.pdf }} Courtaulds ceased cotton spinning at the mill in 1991, but it was re\\-opened a year later by Wills Fabrics Ltd who continued spinning and weaving on the site until the company went into administration 1998\\.",
"### Vance Miller ownership",
"It was bought by [Vance Miller](/wiki/Vance_Miller \"Vance Miller\") and used to manufacture and market fitted kitchens and furniture.",
"In 2006 the [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police \"Greater Manchester Police\") and [Trading Standards](/wiki/Trading_Standards_Institute \"Trading Standards Institute\") raided the Maple Mill offices and factory of Vance Miller. As a result of the raids four people, including Miller, were arrested on suspicion of [conspiracy to defraud](/wiki/Conspiracy_to_defraud%23Conspiracy_to_defraud \"Conspiracy to defraud#Conspiracy to defraud\") in what was one of Tradings Standards' biggest ever operations.{{Citation\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/6194608\\.stm\\|title\\=Four held after kitchen firm raid\\|date\\=29 November 2006\\|work\\=BBC News}} The company was able to continue trading despite Trading Standards seizing property in a bid to pursue its case against the company.",
"On 21 February 2007, under the [General Product Safety Regulations Act 2005](/wiki/General_Product_Safety_Regulations_2005 \"General Product Safety Regulations 2005\"), [Trading Standards](/wiki/Trading_Standards \"Trading Standards\") Officers in Oldham ordered Vance Miller, again trading from Maple Mill, to immediately withdraw four types of [minibikes](/wiki/Minibike \"Minibike\") from sale. The products failed national safety provisions.{{Citation\\|url\\=http://www.oldham.gov.uk/view\\_press\\_release.htm?refno\\=JB/PR/ES/43/07 \\|title\\=Vance Miller ordered to withdraw mini motos \\|date\\=2007\\-02\\-21 \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-07\\-27 \\|publisher\\=oldham.gov.uk \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030803/http://www.oldham.gov.uk/view\\_press\\_release.htm?refno\\=JB%2FPR%2FES%2F43%2F07 \\|archivedate\\=2007\\-09\\-28 }}",
"### Fires",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Maple Mills after the 2009 fire. Mill 1 is on the left. The remains of Mill 2 are on the right.](/wiki/File:Maple_Mill_after_fire_%283469851532%29.jpg \"Maple Mill after fire (3469851532).jpg\")\nOn 21 April 2009, a fire started near the diesel generator of the kitchen factory (Maple No.2\\) and ignited the contents of propane cylinders and pallets.{{Citation \\| url\\=http://blogs.mirror.co.uk/investigations/2009/04/huge\\-blaze\\-destroys\\-factory\\-of.html \\| title\\=Huge blaze destroys factory of kitchen conman Vance Miller \\| work\\=Daily Mirror \\| author\\=Andrew Penman \\| accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-23 \\| publisher\\=MGN}} Sixty firefighters used ten fire engines and \"a number of specialist appliances, including two aerial appliances, to contain the fire.\" Fire Service spokesman Paul Duggan said: \"The fire is thought to have started in a diesel generator then spread to some wooden pallets and propane cylinders nearby, some of which exploded as a result. There were people inside at the time but there were no reported injuries or any reports of anyone missing.\" Local townspeople near the area had been left without water or very little{{Citation\\|url\\=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1110190\\_blaze\\_wrecks\\_kitchen\\_traders\\_mill\\|title\\=Blaze Wrecks Kitchen Trader's Mill\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Manchester Evening News]]\\|date\\=2009\\-04\\-21\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-21\\|last\\=Britton\\|first\\=Paul}} The building is burnt out.\nThe fire was the largest incident attended by Greater Manchester Fire Service for several years. At the height of the fire, a total of 34 fire appliances from across Manchester attended including three aerial appliances, Hose Layers and High Volume Pumping Units. The Fire Service were in continuous attendance for two weeks.",
"On 30 September 2016 a fire devastated the first floor of Maple No.1 mill.{{cite news\\|first\\=Beth\\|last\\=Abbit\\|title\\=Pictures show inside of Oldham mill badly damaged in fire\\|url\\=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater\\-manchester\\-news/pictures\\-show\\-inside\\-oldham\\-mill\\-11961747\\|publisher\\=Manchester Evening News\\|date\\=30 September 2016\\|accessdate\\=15 December 2016}}",
"On the morning of 15 December 2016 another fire started at the Maple No.1\\. The fire started on the top floor of the mill. Around 70 firefighters attended, with nearby properties evacuated. The building was declared to be structurally unstable as a result of the fire, during which large parts of the building collapsed, and work to demolish unsafe portions of the mill began on 16 December, expected to take three days. Although the mill was vacant, some people may have been sleeping inside it. People living in caravans had been seen at the site since September 2016, with Vance Miller saying that the fire would not have started if [travellers](/wiki/Romanichal \"Romanichal\") had been evicted from the site. Fire crews left the mill on 24 December, nine days after the fire started; most of the mill was demolished, with only a tower remaining.",
""
] |
Work
----
While raising a family in the 1960s and 1970s, Churchill began to write short radio dramas for [BBC Radio](/wiki/BBC_Radio "BBC Radio"). These included *The Ants* (1962\), *Not, Not, Not, Not Enough Oxygen* (1971\), and *Schreber's Nervous Illness* (1972\). She also wrote television plays for the BBC, including *[The After\-Dinner Joke](/wiki/The_After-Dinner_Joke "The After-Dinner Joke")* (1978\) and *Crimes* (1982\). These, as well as some of her [radio plays](/wiki/Radio_plays "Radio plays"), have been adapted for the stage.
In her early work, Churchill explored [gender](/wiki/Gender "Gender") and [sexuality](/wiki/Human_sexuality "Human sexuality") through modernist theatre techniques of [epic theatre](/wiki/Epic_theatre "Epic theatre"). In the mid\-1980s, she started to incorporate [dance\-theatre](/wiki/Dance_Theatre "Dance Theatre") in her writing. *[A Mouthful of Birds](/wiki/A_Mouthful_of_Birds "A Mouthful of Birds")* (1986\) is the first example of this, and references the surrealist theatre tradition of [Antonin Artaud](/wiki/Antonin_Artaud "Antonin Artaud") and the [Theatre of Cruelty](/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty "Theatre of Cruelty"). The fragmented and [surrealistic](/wiki/Surrealistic "Surrealistic") narratives in Churchill's work characterise it as [postmodernist](/wiki/Postmodern_theater "Postmodern theater").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/85149\.Caryl\_Churchill \|title\=Caryl Churchill \|website\=www.goodreads.com \|access\-date\=2020\-04\-06}}
### Themes and plays
In 1972, Churchill wrote *[Owners](/wiki/Owners_%28Play%29 "Owners (Play)")*, a two\-act, 14\-scene play about obsession with power. It was her first professionally produced stage play and "her first major theatrical endeavour"; it was produced in London the same year.
She served as resident dramatist at the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre "Royal Court Theatre") from 1974 to 1975, and was the Royal Court's first female playwright in residence.{{cite book \|last1\=Black \|first1\=Joseph \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=I6ZaDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA914 \|title\=The Broadview Anthology of British Literature Volume 6B: The Twentieth Century and Beyond: From 1945 to the Twenty\-First Century \|last2\=Conolly \|first2\=Leonard \|last3\=Flint \|first3\=Kate \|last4\=Grundy \|first4\=Isobel \|last5\=LePan \|first5\=Don \|last6\=Liuzza \|first6\=Roy \|last7\=McGann \|first7\=Jerome J. \|last8\=Prescott \|first8\=Anne Lake \|last9\=Qualls \|first9\=Barry V. \|date\=2008\-05\-22 \|publisher\=Broadview Press \|pages\=914 \|isbn\=978\-1\-55111\-924\-3}} She began collaboration with theatre companies such as the [Joint Stock Theatre Company](/wiki/Joint_Stock_Theatre_Company "Joint Stock Theatre Company") and the [Monstrous Regiment Theatre Company](/wiki/Monstrous_Regiment_Theatre_Company "Monstrous Regiment Theatre Company") (a [feminist theatre](/wiki/Feminist_theatre "Feminist theatre") collective). Both used an extended workshop period in their development of new plays.{{cite book \|editor\=Clark, Susan \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=s0KeDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT393 \|title\=Classic Plays by Women: From 1600 to 2000 \|last1\=Hrotswitha \|last2\=Cary \|first2\=Elizabeth \|last3\=Behn \|first3\=Aphra \|last4\=Centlivre \|first4\=Susanna \|last5\=Baillie \|first5\=Joanna \|last6\=Sowerby \|first6\=Githa \|last7\=Bagnold \|first7\=Enid \|last8\=Churchill \|first8\=Caryl \|last9\=Jones \|first9\=Marie \|date\=2019\-04\-02 \|publisher\=Aurora Metro Publications Ltd. \|isbn\=978\-1\-910798\-78\-2}} Churchill continues to use an [improvisational](/wiki/Improvisation "Improvisation") workshop period in developing a number of her plays. During this period, she also wrote *Objections to Sex and Violence* (1974\).
Her first play to receive wide notice was *[Cloud Nine](/wiki/Cloud_Nine_%28play%29 "Cloud Nine (play)")* (1979\), "a farce about sexual politics", set partly in a British overseas colony during the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era"). It explores the effects of the [colonialist](/wiki/Colonialist "Colonialist")/[imperialist](/wiki/Imperialist "Imperialist") mindset on intimate personal relationships, and uses cross\-gender casting for comic and instructive effect. The play became successful in Britain and in the United States, winning an [Obie Award](/wiki/Obie_Award "Obie Award") in 1982 for best play of the year in New York.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.obieawards.com/events/1980s/year\-82/ \|title\=82 \|website\=Obie Awards \|access\-date\=2020\-04\-06}}
Churchill gradually abandoned more conventions of [realism](/wiki/Realism_%28theatre%29 "Realism (theatre)"), with her loyalty to feminist themes and ideas becoming a guiding principle in her work. She won an [Obie Award](/wiki/Obie_Award "Obie Award") for best play in 1983 with *[Top Girls](/wiki/Top_Girls "Top Girls")*, "which deals with women's losing their humanity in order to attain power in a male\-dominated environment."{{cite web \|url\=https://www.obieawards.com/events/1980s/year\-83/ \|title\=83 \|website\=Obie Awards \|access\-date\=2020\-04\-06}} It features an all\-female cast, and focuses on Marlene, who has relinquished a home and family to achieve success in the world of business. Half the action takes place at a celebratory dinner where Marlene mixes with historical, iconic and fictional women who have achieved great stature in a "man's world", but always at great cost. The other half of the play, set a year in the past, focuses on Marlene's family, where the true cost of her "successful" life becomes poignantly and frighteningly apparent. In *Top Girls*, Churchill devised a system to indicate how the dialogue should be performed. She used the forward dash signal (/) to demonstrate a person interrupting the person speaking. She also used the asterisk symbol (\*) to indicate a speech following on from a speech earlier than the one immediately before it.{{cite book \|title\=Top Girls \|last\=Churchill \|first\=Caryl \|publisher\=Methuen London Ltd \|year\=1982 \|isbn\=978\-0573630231 \|location\=London \|pages\=Front \|url\=https://archive.org/details/topgirls0000chur}}
*Softcops* (first produced by the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company "Royal Shakespeare Company") in 1984\) is a "surreal play set in 19th\-century France about government attempts to depoliticize illegal acts". [Justin Hayford](/wiki/Justin_Hayford "Justin Hayford") of the *[Chicago Reader](/wiki/Chicago_Reader "Chicago Reader")* wrote that the play had little to offer to those who had already read [Michel Foucault](/wiki/Michel_Foucault "Michel Foucault")'s *[Discipline and Punish](/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish "Discipline and Punish")* (on which *Softcops* is based), and that the play "glosses Foucault's monumental work in Cliffs Notes fashion".{{cite news \|last\=Hayford \|first\=Justin \|date\=1997\-07\-31 \|title\=Softcops \|work\=Chicago Reader \|url\=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/softcops/Content?oid\=894045 \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10}} In 2018, [Michael Billington](/wiki/Michael_Billington_%28critic%29 "Michael Billington (critic)") stated that *Softcops* "felt like a meditation on crime and punishment lacking Churchill's usual gift of narrative drive."{{cite news \|last\=Billington \|first\=Michael \|date\=2018\-09\-02 \|title\=Caryl Churchill at 80: theatre's great disruptor \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/sep/02/caryl\-churchill\-at\-80\-theatre\-great\-disruptor \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10 \|issn\=0261\-3077}}
The play *[A Mouthful of Birds](/wiki/A_Mouthful_of_Birds "A Mouthful of Birds")* (1986\) was co\-written with [David Lan](/wiki/David_Lan "David Lan"). [Wallace Shawn](/wiki/Wallace_Shawn "Wallace Shawn") has argued that it is among the "rich, inventive" Churchill works that are responsible for theater remaining exciting in modern times.{{cite news \|last\=Ravenhill \|first\=Mark \|date\=2008\-09\-02 \|title\=Mark Ravenhill on the genius of playwright Caryl Churchill, 70 this week \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2008/sep/03/carylchurchill.theatre \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10 \|issn\=0261\-3077}} Cameron Woodhead of *[The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald "The Sydney Morning Herald")* billed the play as "a difficult pleasure to watch and a challenge to perform".{{cite web \|title\=A Mouthful of Birds \|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/theatre/a\-mouthful\-of\-birds\-20111103\-1mxpe.html \|last\=Woodhead \|first\=Cameron \|date\=2011\-11\-04 \|website\=The Sydney Morning Herald \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10}} Billington listed *A Mouthful of Birds* as one of Churchill's misfires, however, and dismissed the play as "mystifying in its attempt to create a dance\-drama suggesting that the violence and ecstasy of Euripides' *[The Bacchae](/wiki/The_Bacchae "The Bacchae")* were alive in modern Britain."
*[Serious Money](/wiki/Serious_Money "Serious Money")* (1987\), "a comedy about excesses in the financial world", is a verse play, chiefly written in rhyming couplets. It takes a [satirical](/wiki/Satirical "Satirical") look at the vagaries of the [stock market](/wiki/Stock_market "Stock market") and its Thatcherite denizens. The play was highly acclaimed, perhaps in part because it played immediately after the [stock market crash](/wiki/Stock_market_crash "Stock market crash") of 1987\. *Icecream* ([Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre "Royal Court Theatre") 1989\) explores Anglo\-American stereotypes. Richard Christensen of the *[Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune "Chicago Tribune")* wrote that *Icecream* "doesn't have much depth, but it does have a quirky, creepy kick to it", describing it as "a small but telling piece of theater".{{cite news \|title\='Ice Cream' A Chillng, Though Funny Concoction \|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct\-xpm\-1990\-07\-04\-9002230777\-story.html \|last\=Christiansen \|first\=Richard \|date\=1990\-07\-04 \|newspaper\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]] \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-11}} Andrew Dickson of *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")* dubbed the play "wryly picaresque" in 2015\.{{cite magazine \|title\=Caryl Churchill's Prophetic Drama \|url\=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page\-turner/caryl\-churchills\-prophetic\-drama \|last\=Dickson \|first\=Andrew \|magazine\=The New Yorker \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-11}}
Churchill's play *[The Skriker](/wiki/The_Skriker "The Skriker")* (1994\) includes distorted language, references to English folktales, and evocations of modern urban life. The Skriker is an ancient shape\-shifting fairy and death portent in a search for revenge and love.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.dramaonlinelibrary.com/plays/the\-skriker\-iid\-153894 \|title\=The Skriker \- Drama Online \|website\=Drama Online \|access\-date\=2020\-04\-06}} The play initially received lukewarm reviews from critics, but is now considered among Churchill's successes.
"The prolific Churchill continued to push boundaries into the late 1990s. In 1997 she collaborated with the composer Orlando Gough to create 'Hotel,' a choreographed opera or sung ballet set in a hotel room. Also that year her surrealistic short play 'This Is a Chair' was produced." Reviews of the London opening of *Hotel* were favorable, but with the first piece ("Eight Rooms") generally considered superior to the second ("Two Nights").{{cite book \|last\=Aston \|first\=Elaine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=BTZtDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA110 \|title\=Caryl Churchill \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|year\=2018 \|isbn\=978\-1\-78694\-251\-7 \|pages\=110}} In 2015, [Moira Buffini](/wiki/Moira_Buffini "Moira Buffini") of *The Guardian* listed *This Is a Chair* as one of Churchill's best works, stating that it "shows a real humility about the political inadequacy of playwrights."{{cite news \|last\=Buffini \|first\=Moira \|date\=2015\-06\-29 \|title\=Caryl Churchill: the playwright's finest hours \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/jun/29/caryl\-churchill\-the\-playwrights\-finest\-hours \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-16 \|issn\=0261\-3077}}
Her 2002 play, *[A Number](/wiki/A_Number "A Number")*, addresses the subject of [human cloning](/wiki/Human_cloning "Human cloning") and questions of identity. Churchill received an Obie Award in 2005 for this play.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.obieawards.com/events/2000s/year\-05/ \|title\=05 \|website\=Obie Awards \|access\-date\=2020\-04\-06}} Her adapted screenplay of *A Number* was shown on BBC TV in September 2008\.
The play *[Drunk Enough to Say I Love You?](/wiki/Drunk_Enough_to_Say_I_Love_You%3F "Drunk Enough to Say I Love You?")* (2006\) takes a critical look at what she sees as Britain's submission to the United States in foreign policy.
In 2010, Churchill was commissioned to write the [libretto](/wiki/Libretto "Libretto") for a new short opera by [Orlando Gough](/wiki/Orlando_Gough "Orlando Gough"), as part of the [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House "Royal Opera House")'s ROH2 OperaShots initiative. The resulting work, *A ring a lamp a thing*, played for five performances in the Linbury Studio Theatre at the Royal Opera House.O'Mahony, John. ["Operas about wags? Why not, says the Royal Opera House"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jun/10/ingerland-operashots-gough-pook-sawhney), *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*, 10 June 2010\.
Her play *[Love and Information](/wiki/Love_and_Information "Love and Information")* opened at the Royal Court Theatre in September 2012, directed by [James Macdonald](/wiki/James_Macdonald_%28director%29 "James Macdonald (director)"). It was well\-received by critics. The play, featuring 100 characters and performed by a cast of 15, is structured as a series of more than 50 fragmented scenes, some no longer than 25 seconds, all of which are apparently unrelated but which accumulate into a startling mosaic, a portrayal of modern consciousness and the need for human intimacy, love and connection. The play will have its regional premiere at Sheffield Theatres in June 2018, directed by Caroline Steinbeis.
*Ding Dong the Wicked* (2013\) has been described as a companion piece to *Love and Information*. [Charles Spencer](/wiki/Charles_Spencer_%28journalist%29 "Charles Spencer (journalist)") said in *The Telegraph* that the work is "little more than a clever dramatic exercise" but "nags away in the memory long after you have left the theatre".{{cite news \|last\=Spencer \|first\=Charles \|date\=2012\-10\-09 \|title\=Ding Dong the Wicked, Royal Court Theatre, review \|work\=The Telegraph \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre\-reviews/9594624/Ding\-Dong\-the\-Wicked\-Royal\-Court\-Theatre\-review.html \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-04 \|issn\=0307\-1235}} Matthew Tucker gave the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre "Royal Court Theatre") performance three out of five stars, dubbed the play "snappy", and wrote, "Some may find this latest offering terse and obscure, however, in the spirit of explorative theatre, *Ding Dong The Wicked* is an intriguing and satisfying production."{{Cite web\|last\=Tucker\|first\=Matthew\|date\=2012\-10\-11\|title\=Ding Dong The Wicked (REVIEW): The Perils Of Patriotism And Folly Of War\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/10/10/ding\-dong\-the\-wicked\-review\_n\_1956042\.html\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-04\|website\=HuffPost UK}} A reviewer for the *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard "Evening Standard")* argued: "What it all means is food for later reflection, but as always Churchill seems inventive, coolly socialist, bleak yet dazzling, a bit of a shaman. Although her technique sounds gimmicky, it works."{{Cite web\|date\=2012\-10\-05\|title\=Ding Dong the Wicked, Royal Court Downstairs, SW1 \- review\|url\=http://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/ding\-dong\-the\-wicked\-royal\-court\-downstairs\-sw1\-review\-8199523\.html\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-04\|website\=Evening Standard}} Conversely, *The Guardian*'s Michael Billington wrote that the work "feels as if it's cramming a trunkload of ideas into a tiny vanity case \[...] the tightness of the format means there is no room to explore the source of so much private and public fury, or to differentiate between one society and another. In short, the play is too generalised to make any strong emotional impact."{{Cite news\|last\=Billington\|first\=Michael\|date\=2012\-10\-05\|title\=Ding Dong the Wicked – review \|work\=The Guardian\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/oct/05/ding\-dong\-the\-wicked\-review\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-04\|issn\=0261\-3077}}
The Royal Court Theatre premiere of *Pigs and Dogs* received a positive review in *[The Stage](/wiki/The_Stage "The Stage")*{{Cite news\|last\=Tripney\|first\=Natasha\|date\=2016\-07\-23\|title\=Pigs and Dogs review, Jerwood Theatre Downstairs, Royal Court, London, 2016\|url\=https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/caryl\-churchills\-pigs\-and\-dogs\-review\-at\-royal\-court\-london\-\-an\-essay\-for\-voices\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-06\|newspaper\=The Stage}} and moderately positive reviews in *The Guardian*,{{Cite news\|last\=Gardner\|first\=Lyn\|date\=2016\-07\-24\|title\=Pigs and Dogs review – a short, sharp response to African homophobes \|work\=The Guardian\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jul/24/pigs\-and\-dogs\-review\-caryl\-churchill\-royal\-court\-uganda\-lgbt\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-06\|issn\=0261\-3077}} *[The Observer](/wiki/The_Observer "The Observer")*,{{Cite news\|last\=Clapp\|first\=Susannah\|author\-link\=Susannah Clapp \|date\=2016\-07\-31\|title\=Pigs and Dogs review – a quick shot at homophobia \|work\=The Observer \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jul/31/pigs\-and\-dogs\-royal\-court\-observer\-review \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-06 \|issn\=0029\-7712}} and *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard "Evening Standard")*,{{cite web \|date\=2016\-07\-25 \|first\=Henry \|last\=Hitchings\|title\=Pigs and Dogs: Short play's subject merits more sustained treatment \|url\=http://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/pigs\-and\-dogs\-theatre\-review\-caryl\-churchills\-striking\-short\-play\-on\-homophobia\-is\-a\-sharp\-vision\-of\-a3303621\.html \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-07 \|website\=Evening Standard}} with the last newspaper's [Henry Hitchings](/wiki/Henry_Hitchings "Henry Hitchings") stating: "While the incantatory style isn't consistently engaging, this is a striking parade of views on a subject that merits more sustained treatment." Andrzej Lukowski of [*Time Out*](/wiki/Time_Out_%28magazine%29 "Time Out (magazine)") said in a three\-star review that the play "makes its point effectively if tersely".{{cite web \|last\=Lukowski \|first\=Andrzej \|date\=2016\-07\-25 \|title\=Pigs and Dogs {{!}} Theatre in London \|url\=https://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/pigs\-and\-dogs \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-06 \|website\=Time Out London}} [Mark Lawson](/wiki/Mark_Lawson "Mark Lawson") of *The Guardian* praised *Beautiful Eyes* as a "sharp" comedy.{{cite news \|last\=Lawson \|first\=Mark \|date\=2017\-01\-21 \|title\=Top Trumps review – 12 playwrights get to grips with new president \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/jan/21/top\-trumps\-review\-theatre\-playwrights\-president\-503\-labute\-churchill\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-07 \|issn\=0261\-3077}}
### Translations
Churchill has published translations of [Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger "Seneca the Younger")'s *[Thyestes](/wiki/Thyestes "Thyestes")*, [Olivier Choinière](/wiki/Olivier_Choini%C3%A8re "Olivier Choinière")'s *Bliss (Félicité)*,Elizabeth Renzetti, "Quebec to the Royal Court". *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail "The Globe and Mail")*, April 9, 2008\. and [August Strindberg](/wiki/August_Strindberg "August Strindberg")'s *[A Dream Play](/wiki/A_Dream_Play "A Dream Play")*. Her version of *A Dream Play* was premiered at the National Theatre in 2005\.{{cite book \|last1\=Aston \|first1\=Elaine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=VWEgAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PR15 \|title\=The Cambridge Companion to Caryl Churchill \|last2\=Diamond \|first2\=Elin \|date\=2009\-12\-10 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|isbn\=978\-1\-139\-82534\-4}}
### Retrospective
The [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre "Royal Court Theatre") held a 70th\-birthday retrospective of her work by presenting readings of many of her most famous plays directed by notable playwrights, including [Martin Crimp](/wiki/Martin_Crimp "Martin Crimp") and [Mark Ravenhill](/wiki/Mark_Ravenhill "Mark Ravenhill").{{cite web \|url\=https://royalcourttheatre.com/playwrights\-playwrights\-at\-the\-duke\-of\-yorks\-theat/ \|title\=Playwrights' Playwrights at the Duke of York's Theatre \|website\=Royal Court Theatre \|date\=20 June 2012 \|access\-date\=21 September 2020}}{{cite web \|title\=Caryl Churchill readings \[2008] \|url\=http://benedict\-cumberbatch.de/en/portfolio/caryl\-churchill\-readings\-2008\-eng/ \|access\-date\=21 September 2020}}
|
[
"Work\n----",
"While raising a family in the 1960s and 1970s, Churchill began to write short radio dramas for [BBC Radio](/wiki/BBC_Radio \"BBC Radio\"). These included *The Ants* (1962\\), *Not, Not, Not, Not Enough Oxygen* (1971\\), and *Schreber's Nervous Illness* (1972\\). She also wrote television plays for the BBC, including *[The After\\-Dinner Joke](/wiki/The_After-Dinner_Joke \"The After-Dinner Joke\")* (1978\\) and *Crimes* (1982\\). These, as well as some of her [radio plays](/wiki/Radio_plays \"Radio plays\"), have been adapted for the stage.",
"In her early work, Churchill explored [gender](/wiki/Gender \"Gender\") and [sexuality](/wiki/Human_sexuality \"Human sexuality\") through modernist theatre techniques of [epic theatre](/wiki/Epic_theatre \"Epic theatre\"). In the mid\\-1980s, she started to incorporate [dance\\-theatre](/wiki/Dance_Theatre \"Dance Theatre\") in her writing. *[A Mouthful of Birds](/wiki/A_Mouthful_of_Birds \"A Mouthful of Birds\")* (1986\\) is the first example of this, and references the surrealist theatre tradition of [Antonin Artaud](/wiki/Antonin_Artaud \"Antonin Artaud\") and the [Theatre of Cruelty](/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty \"Theatre of Cruelty\"). The fragmented and [surrealistic](/wiki/Surrealistic \"Surrealistic\") narratives in Churchill's work characterise it as [postmodernist](/wiki/Postmodern_theater \"Postmodern theater\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/85149\\.Caryl\\_Churchill \\|title\\=Caryl Churchill \\|website\\=www.goodreads.com \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-06}}",
"### Themes and plays",
"In 1972, Churchill wrote *[Owners](/wiki/Owners_%28Play%29 \"Owners (Play)\")*, a two\\-act, 14\\-scene play about obsession with power. It was her first professionally produced stage play and \"her first major theatrical endeavour\"; it was produced in London the same year.",
"She served as resident dramatist at the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre \"Royal Court Theatre\") from 1974 to 1975, and was the Royal Court's first female playwright in residence.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Black \\|first1\\=Joseph \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=I6ZaDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA914 \\|title\\=The Broadview Anthology of British Literature Volume 6B: The Twentieth Century and Beyond: From 1945 to the Twenty\\-First Century \\|last2\\=Conolly \\|first2\\=Leonard \\|last3\\=Flint \\|first3\\=Kate \\|last4\\=Grundy \\|first4\\=Isobel \\|last5\\=LePan \\|first5\\=Don \\|last6\\=Liuzza \\|first6\\=Roy \\|last7\\=McGann \\|first7\\=Jerome J. \\|last8\\=Prescott \\|first8\\=Anne Lake \\|last9\\=Qualls \\|first9\\=Barry V. \\|date\\=2008\\-05\\-22 \\|publisher\\=Broadview Press \\|pages\\=914 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55111\\-924\\-3}} She began collaboration with theatre companies such as the [Joint Stock Theatre Company](/wiki/Joint_Stock_Theatre_Company \"Joint Stock Theatre Company\") and the [Monstrous Regiment Theatre Company](/wiki/Monstrous_Regiment_Theatre_Company \"Monstrous Regiment Theatre Company\") (a [feminist theatre](/wiki/Feminist_theatre \"Feminist theatre\") collective). Both used an extended workshop period in their development of new plays.{{cite book \\|editor\\=Clark, Susan \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=s0KeDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT393 \\|title\\=Classic Plays by Women: From 1600 to 2000 \\|last1\\=Hrotswitha \\|last2\\=Cary \\|first2\\=Elizabeth \\|last3\\=Behn \\|first3\\=Aphra \\|last4\\=Centlivre \\|first4\\=Susanna \\|last5\\=Baillie \\|first5\\=Joanna \\|last6\\=Sowerby \\|first6\\=Githa \\|last7\\=Bagnold \\|first7\\=Enid \\|last8\\=Churchill \\|first8\\=Caryl \\|last9\\=Jones \\|first9\\=Marie \\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-02 \\|publisher\\=Aurora Metro Publications Ltd. \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-910798\\-78\\-2}} Churchill continues to use an [improvisational](/wiki/Improvisation \"Improvisation\") workshop period in developing a number of her plays. During this period, she also wrote *Objections to Sex and Violence* (1974\\).",
"Her first play to receive wide notice was *[Cloud Nine](/wiki/Cloud_Nine_%28play%29 \"Cloud Nine (play)\")* (1979\\), \"a farce about sexual politics\", set partly in a British overseas colony during the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\"). It explores the effects of the [colonialist](/wiki/Colonialist \"Colonialist\")/[imperialist](/wiki/Imperialist \"Imperialist\") mindset on intimate personal relationships, and uses cross\\-gender casting for comic and instructive effect. The play became successful in Britain and in the United States, winning an [Obie Award](/wiki/Obie_Award \"Obie Award\") in 1982 for best play of the year in New York.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.obieawards.com/events/1980s/year\\-82/ \\|title\\=82 \\|website\\=Obie Awards \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-06}}",
"Churchill gradually abandoned more conventions of [realism](/wiki/Realism_%28theatre%29 \"Realism (theatre)\"), with her loyalty to feminist themes and ideas becoming a guiding principle in her work. She won an [Obie Award](/wiki/Obie_Award \"Obie Award\") for best play in 1983 with *[Top Girls](/wiki/Top_Girls \"Top Girls\")*, \"which deals with women's losing their humanity in order to attain power in a male\\-dominated environment.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.obieawards.com/events/1980s/year\\-83/ \\|title\\=83 \\|website\\=Obie Awards \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-06}} It features an all\\-female cast, and focuses on Marlene, who has relinquished a home and family to achieve success in the world of business. Half the action takes place at a celebratory dinner where Marlene mixes with historical, iconic and fictional women who have achieved great stature in a \"man's world\", but always at great cost. The other half of the play, set a year in the past, focuses on Marlene's family, where the true cost of her \"successful\" life becomes poignantly and frighteningly apparent. In *Top Girls*, Churchill devised a system to indicate how the dialogue should be performed. She used the forward dash signal (/) to demonstrate a person interrupting the person speaking. She also used the asterisk symbol (\\*) to indicate a speech following on from a speech earlier than the one immediately before it.{{cite book \\|title\\=Top Girls \\|last\\=Churchill \\|first\\=Caryl \\|publisher\\=Methuen London Ltd \\|year\\=1982 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0573630231 \\|location\\=London \\|pages\\=Front \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/topgirls0000chur}}",
"*Softcops* (first produced by the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company \"Royal Shakespeare Company\") in 1984\\) is a \"surreal play set in 19th\\-century France about government attempts to depoliticize illegal acts\". [Justin Hayford](/wiki/Justin_Hayford \"Justin Hayford\") of the *[Chicago Reader](/wiki/Chicago_Reader \"Chicago Reader\")* wrote that the play had little to offer to those who had already read [Michel Foucault](/wiki/Michel_Foucault \"Michel Foucault\")'s *[Discipline and Punish](/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish \"Discipline and Punish\")* (on which *Softcops* is based), and that the play \"glosses Foucault's monumental work in Cliffs Notes fashion\".{{cite news \\|last\\=Hayford \\|first\\=Justin \\|date\\=1997\\-07\\-31 \\|title\\=Softcops \\|work\\=Chicago Reader \\|url\\=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/softcops/Content?oid\\=894045 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10}} In 2018, [Michael Billington](/wiki/Michael_Billington_%28critic%29 \"Michael Billington (critic)\") stated that *Softcops* \"felt like a meditation on crime and punishment lacking Churchill's usual gift of narrative drive.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Billington \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-02 \\|title\\=Caryl Churchill at 80: theatre's great disruptor \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/sep/02/caryl\\-churchill\\-at\\-80\\-theatre\\-great\\-disruptor \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}",
"The play *[A Mouthful of Birds](/wiki/A_Mouthful_of_Birds \"A Mouthful of Birds\")* (1986\\) was co\\-written with [David Lan](/wiki/David_Lan \"David Lan\"). [Wallace Shawn](/wiki/Wallace_Shawn \"Wallace Shawn\") has argued that it is among the \"rich, inventive\" Churchill works that are responsible for theater remaining exciting in modern times.{{cite news \\|last\\=Ravenhill \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=2008\\-09\\-02 \\|title\\=Mark Ravenhill on the genius of playwright Caryl Churchill, 70 this week \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2008/sep/03/carylchurchill.theatre \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} Cameron Woodhead of *[The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald \"The Sydney Morning Herald\")* billed the play as \"a difficult pleasure to watch and a challenge to perform\".{{cite web \\|title\\=A Mouthful of Birds \\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/theatre/a\\-mouthful\\-of\\-birds\\-20111103\\-1mxpe.html \\|last\\=Woodhead \\|first\\=Cameron \\|date\\=2011\\-11\\-04 \\|website\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10}} Billington listed *A Mouthful of Birds* as one of Churchill's misfires, however, and dismissed the play as \"mystifying in its attempt to create a dance\\-drama suggesting that the violence and ecstasy of Euripides' *[The Bacchae](/wiki/The_Bacchae \"The Bacchae\")* were alive in modern Britain.\"",
"*[Serious Money](/wiki/Serious_Money \"Serious Money\")* (1987\\), \"a comedy about excesses in the financial world\", is a verse play, chiefly written in rhyming couplets. It takes a [satirical](/wiki/Satirical \"Satirical\") look at the vagaries of the [stock market](/wiki/Stock_market \"Stock market\") and its Thatcherite denizens. The play was highly acclaimed, perhaps in part because it played immediately after the [stock market crash](/wiki/Stock_market_crash \"Stock market crash\") of 1987\\. *Icecream* ([Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre \"Royal Court Theatre\") 1989\\) explores Anglo\\-American stereotypes. Richard Christensen of the *[Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\")* wrote that *Icecream* \"doesn't have much depth, but it does have a quirky, creepy kick to it\", describing it as \"a small but telling piece of theater\".{{cite news \\|title\\='Ice Cream' A Chillng, Though Funny Concoction \\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct\\-xpm\\-1990\\-07\\-04\\-9002230777\\-story.html \\|last\\=Christiansen \\|first\\=Richard \\|date\\=1990\\-07\\-04 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]] \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-11}} Andrew Dickson of *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")* dubbed the play \"wryly picaresque\" in 2015\\.{{cite magazine \\|title\\=Caryl Churchill's Prophetic Drama \\|url\\=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page\\-turner/caryl\\-churchills\\-prophetic\\-drama \\|last\\=Dickson \\|first\\=Andrew \\|magazine\\=The New Yorker \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-11}}",
"Churchill's play *[The Skriker](/wiki/The_Skriker \"The Skriker\")* (1994\\) includes distorted language, references to English folktales, and evocations of modern urban life. The Skriker is an ancient shape\\-shifting fairy and death portent in a search for revenge and love.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.dramaonlinelibrary.com/plays/the\\-skriker\\-iid\\-153894 \\|title\\=The Skriker \\- Drama Online \\|website\\=Drama Online \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-06}} The play initially received lukewarm reviews from critics, but is now considered among Churchill's successes.",
"\"The prolific Churchill continued to push boundaries into the late 1990s. In 1997 she collaborated with the composer Orlando Gough to create 'Hotel,' a choreographed opera or sung ballet set in a hotel room. Also that year her surrealistic short play 'This Is a Chair' was produced.\" Reviews of the London opening of *Hotel* were favorable, but with the first piece (\"Eight Rooms\") generally considered superior to the second (\"Two Nights\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Aston \\|first\\=Elaine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=BTZtDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA110 \\|title\\=Caryl Churchill \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|year\\=2018 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78694\\-251\\-7 \\|pages\\=110}} In 2015, [Moira Buffini](/wiki/Moira_Buffini \"Moira Buffini\") of *The Guardian* listed *This Is a Chair* as one of Churchill's best works, stating that it \"shows a real humility about the political inadequacy of playwrights.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Buffini \\|first\\=Moira \\|date\\=2015\\-06\\-29 \\|title\\=Caryl Churchill: the playwright's finest hours \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/jun/29/caryl\\-churchill\\-the\\-playwrights\\-finest\\-hours \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-16 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}",
"Her 2002 play, *[A Number](/wiki/A_Number \"A Number\")*, addresses the subject of [human cloning](/wiki/Human_cloning \"Human cloning\") and questions of identity. Churchill received an Obie Award in 2005 for this play.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.obieawards.com/events/2000s/year\\-05/ \\|title\\=05 \\|website\\=Obie Awards \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-06}} Her adapted screenplay of *A Number* was shown on BBC TV in September 2008\\.",
"The play *[Drunk Enough to Say I Love You?](/wiki/Drunk_Enough_to_Say_I_Love_You%3F \"Drunk Enough to Say I Love You?\")* (2006\\) takes a critical look at what she sees as Britain's submission to the United States in foreign policy.",
"In 2010, Churchill was commissioned to write the [libretto](/wiki/Libretto \"Libretto\") for a new short opera by [Orlando Gough](/wiki/Orlando_Gough \"Orlando Gough\"), as part of the [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\")'s ROH2 OperaShots initiative. The resulting work, *A ring a lamp a thing*, played for five performances in the Linbury Studio Theatre at the Royal Opera House.O'Mahony, John. [\"Operas about wags? Why not, says the Royal Opera House\"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jun/10/ingerland-operashots-gough-pook-sawhney), *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*, 10 June 2010\\.",
"Her play *[Love and Information](/wiki/Love_and_Information \"Love and Information\")* opened at the Royal Court Theatre in September 2012, directed by [James Macdonald](/wiki/James_Macdonald_%28director%29 \"James Macdonald (director)\"). It was well\\-received by critics. The play, featuring 100 characters and performed by a cast of 15, is structured as a series of more than 50 fragmented scenes, some no longer than 25 seconds, all of which are apparently unrelated but which accumulate into a startling mosaic, a portrayal of modern consciousness and the need for human intimacy, love and connection. The play will have its regional premiere at Sheffield Theatres in June 2018, directed by Caroline Steinbeis.",
"*Ding Dong the Wicked* (2013\\) has been described as a companion piece to *Love and Information*. [Charles Spencer](/wiki/Charles_Spencer_%28journalist%29 \"Charles Spencer (journalist)\") said in *The Telegraph* that the work is \"little more than a clever dramatic exercise\" but \"nags away in the memory long after you have left the theatre\".{{cite news \\|last\\=Spencer \\|first\\=Charles \\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-09 \\|title\\=Ding Dong the Wicked, Royal Court Theatre, review \\|work\\=The Telegraph \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre\\-reviews/9594624/Ding\\-Dong\\-the\\-Wicked\\-Royal\\-Court\\-Theatre\\-review.html \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-04 \\|issn\\=0307\\-1235}} Matthew Tucker gave the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre \"Royal Court Theatre\") performance three out of five stars, dubbed the play \"snappy\", and wrote, \"Some may find this latest offering terse and obscure, however, in the spirit of explorative theatre, *Ding Dong The Wicked* is an intriguing and satisfying production.\"{{Cite web\\|last\\=Tucker\\|first\\=Matthew\\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-11\\|title\\=Ding Dong The Wicked (REVIEW): The Perils Of Patriotism And Folly Of War\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/10/10/ding\\-dong\\-the\\-wicked\\-review\\_n\\_1956042\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-04\\|website\\=HuffPost UK}} A reviewer for the *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard \"Evening Standard\")* argued: \"What it all means is food for later reflection, but as always Churchill seems inventive, coolly socialist, bleak yet dazzling, a bit of a shaman. Although her technique sounds gimmicky, it works.\"{{Cite web\\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-05\\|title\\=Ding Dong the Wicked, Royal Court Downstairs, SW1 \\- review\\|url\\=http://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/ding\\-dong\\-the\\-wicked\\-royal\\-court\\-downstairs\\-sw1\\-review\\-8199523\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-04\\|website\\=Evening Standard}} Conversely, *The Guardian*'s Michael Billington wrote that the work \"feels as if it's cramming a trunkload of ideas into a tiny vanity case \\[...] the tightness of the format means there is no room to explore the source of so much private and public fury, or to differentiate between one society and another. In short, the play is too generalised to make any strong emotional impact.\"{{Cite news\\|last\\=Billington\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-05\\|title\\=Ding Dong the Wicked – review \\|work\\=The Guardian\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/oct/05/ding\\-dong\\-the\\-wicked\\-review\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-04\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}",
"The Royal Court Theatre premiere of *Pigs and Dogs* received a positive review in *[The Stage](/wiki/The_Stage \"The Stage\")*{{Cite news\\|last\\=Tripney\\|first\\=Natasha\\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-23\\|title\\=Pigs and Dogs review, Jerwood Theatre Downstairs, Royal Court, London, 2016\\|url\\=https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/caryl\\-churchills\\-pigs\\-and\\-dogs\\-review\\-at\\-royal\\-court\\-london\\-\\-an\\-essay\\-for\\-voices\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-06\\|newspaper\\=The Stage}} and moderately positive reviews in *The Guardian*,{{Cite news\\|last\\=Gardner\\|first\\=Lyn\\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-24\\|title\\=Pigs and Dogs review – a short, sharp response to African homophobes \\|work\\=The Guardian\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jul/24/pigs\\-and\\-dogs\\-review\\-caryl\\-churchill\\-royal\\-court\\-uganda\\-lgbt\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-06\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} *[The Observer](/wiki/The_Observer \"The Observer\")*,{{Cite news\\|last\\=Clapp\\|first\\=Susannah\\|author\\-link\\=Susannah Clapp \\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-31\\|title\\=Pigs and Dogs review – a quick shot at homophobia \\|work\\=The Observer \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jul/31/pigs\\-and\\-dogs\\-royal\\-court\\-observer\\-review \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-06 \\|issn\\=0029\\-7712}} and *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard \"Evening Standard\")*,{{cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-25 \\|first\\=Henry \\|last\\=Hitchings\\|title\\=Pigs and Dogs: Short play's subject merits more sustained treatment \\|url\\=http://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/pigs\\-and\\-dogs\\-theatre\\-review\\-caryl\\-churchills\\-striking\\-short\\-play\\-on\\-homophobia\\-is\\-a\\-sharp\\-vision\\-of\\-a3303621\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-07 \\|website\\=Evening Standard}} with the last newspaper's [Henry Hitchings](/wiki/Henry_Hitchings \"Henry Hitchings\") stating: \"While the incantatory style isn't consistently engaging, this is a striking parade of views on a subject that merits more sustained treatment.\" Andrzej Lukowski of [*Time Out*](/wiki/Time_Out_%28magazine%29 \"Time Out (magazine)\") said in a three\\-star review that the play \"makes its point effectively if tersely\".{{cite web \\|last\\=Lukowski \\|first\\=Andrzej \\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-25 \\|title\\=Pigs and Dogs {{!}} Theatre in London \\|url\\=https://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/pigs\\-and\\-dogs \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-06 \\|website\\=Time Out London}} [Mark Lawson](/wiki/Mark_Lawson \"Mark Lawson\") of *The Guardian* praised *Beautiful Eyes* as a \"sharp\" comedy.{{cite news \\|last\\=Lawson \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=2017\\-01\\-21 \\|title\\=Top Trumps review – 12 playwrights get to grips with new president \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/jan/21/top\\-trumps\\-review\\-theatre\\-playwrights\\-president\\-503\\-labute\\-churchill\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-07 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}",
"### Translations",
"Churchill has published translations of [Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger \"Seneca the Younger\")'s *[Thyestes](/wiki/Thyestes \"Thyestes\")*, [Olivier Choinière](/wiki/Olivier_Choini%C3%A8re \"Olivier Choinière\")'s *Bliss (Félicité)*,Elizabeth Renzetti, \"Quebec to the Royal Court\". *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail \"The Globe and Mail\")*, April 9, 2008\\. and [August Strindberg](/wiki/August_Strindberg \"August Strindberg\")'s *[A Dream Play](/wiki/A_Dream_Play \"A Dream Play\")*. Her version of *A Dream Play* was premiered at the National Theatre in 2005\\.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Aston \\|first1\\=Elaine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VWEgAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PR15 \\|title\\=The Cambridge Companion to Caryl Churchill \\|last2\\=Diamond \\|first2\\=Elin \\|date\\=2009\\-12\\-10 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-139\\-82534\\-4}}",
"### Retrospective",
"The [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre \"Royal Court Theatre\") held a 70th\\-birthday retrospective of her work by presenting readings of many of her most famous plays directed by notable playwrights, including [Martin Crimp](/wiki/Martin_Crimp \"Martin Crimp\") and [Mark Ravenhill](/wiki/Mark_Ravenhill \"Mark Ravenhill\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://royalcourttheatre.com/playwrights\\-playwrights\\-at\\-the\\-duke\\-of\\-yorks\\-theat/ \\|title\\=Playwrights' Playwrights at the Duke of York's Theatre \\|website\\=Royal Court Theatre \\|date\\=20 June 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=21 September 2020}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Caryl Churchill readings \\[2008] \\|url\\=http://benedict\\-cumberbatch.de/en/portfolio/caryl\\-churchill\\-readings\\-2008\\-eng/ \\|access\\-date\\=21 September 2020}}",
""
] |
### Themes and plays
In 1972, Churchill wrote *[Owners](/wiki/Owners_%28Play%29 "Owners (Play)")*, a two\-act, 14\-scene play about obsession with power. It was her first professionally produced stage play and "her first major theatrical endeavour"; it was produced in London the same year.
She served as resident dramatist at the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre "Royal Court Theatre") from 1974 to 1975, and was the Royal Court's first female playwright in residence.{{cite book \|last1\=Black \|first1\=Joseph \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=I6ZaDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA914 \|title\=The Broadview Anthology of British Literature Volume 6B: The Twentieth Century and Beyond: From 1945 to the Twenty\-First Century \|last2\=Conolly \|first2\=Leonard \|last3\=Flint \|first3\=Kate \|last4\=Grundy \|first4\=Isobel \|last5\=LePan \|first5\=Don \|last6\=Liuzza \|first6\=Roy \|last7\=McGann \|first7\=Jerome J. \|last8\=Prescott \|first8\=Anne Lake \|last9\=Qualls \|first9\=Barry V. \|date\=2008\-05\-22 \|publisher\=Broadview Press \|pages\=914 \|isbn\=978\-1\-55111\-924\-3}} She began collaboration with theatre companies such as the [Joint Stock Theatre Company](/wiki/Joint_Stock_Theatre_Company "Joint Stock Theatre Company") and the [Monstrous Regiment Theatre Company](/wiki/Monstrous_Regiment_Theatre_Company "Monstrous Regiment Theatre Company") (a [feminist theatre](/wiki/Feminist_theatre "Feminist theatre") collective). Both used an extended workshop period in their development of new plays.{{cite book \|editor\=Clark, Susan \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=s0KeDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT393 \|title\=Classic Plays by Women: From 1600 to 2000 \|last1\=Hrotswitha \|last2\=Cary \|first2\=Elizabeth \|last3\=Behn \|first3\=Aphra \|last4\=Centlivre \|first4\=Susanna \|last5\=Baillie \|first5\=Joanna \|last6\=Sowerby \|first6\=Githa \|last7\=Bagnold \|first7\=Enid \|last8\=Churchill \|first8\=Caryl \|last9\=Jones \|first9\=Marie \|date\=2019\-04\-02 \|publisher\=Aurora Metro Publications Ltd. \|isbn\=978\-1\-910798\-78\-2}} Churchill continues to use an [improvisational](/wiki/Improvisation "Improvisation") workshop period in developing a number of her plays. During this period, she also wrote *Objections to Sex and Violence* (1974\).
Her first play to receive wide notice was *[Cloud Nine](/wiki/Cloud_Nine_%28play%29 "Cloud Nine (play)")* (1979\), "a farce about sexual politics", set partly in a British overseas colony during the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era"). It explores the effects of the [colonialist](/wiki/Colonialist "Colonialist")/[imperialist](/wiki/Imperialist "Imperialist") mindset on intimate personal relationships, and uses cross\-gender casting for comic and instructive effect. The play became successful in Britain and in the United States, winning an [Obie Award](/wiki/Obie_Award "Obie Award") in 1982 for best play of the year in New York.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.obieawards.com/events/1980s/year\-82/ \|title\=82 \|website\=Obie Awards \|access\-date\=2020\-04\-06}}
Churchill gradually abandoned more conventions of [realism](/wiki/Realism_%28theatre%29 "Realism (theatre)"), with her loyalty to feminist themes and ideas becoming a guiding principle in her work. She won an [Obie Award](/wiki/Obie_Award "Obie Award") for best play in 1983 with *[Top Girls](/wiki/Top_Girls "Top Girls")*, "which deals with women's losing their humanity in order to attain power in a male\-dominated environment."{{cite web \|url\=https://www.obieawards.com/events/1980s/year\-83/ \|title\=83 \|website\=Obie Awards \|access\-date\=2020\-04\-06}} It features an all\-female cast, and focuses on Marlene, who has relinquished a home and family to achieve success in the world of business. Half the action takes place at a celebratory dinner where Marlene mixes with historical, iconic and fictional women who have achieved great stature in a "man's world", but always at great cost. The other half of the play, set a year in the past, focuses on Marlene's family, where the true cost of her "successful" life becomes poignantly and frighteningly apparent. In *Top Girls*, Churchill devised a system to indicate how the dialogue should be performed. She used the forward dash signal (/) to demonstrate a person interrupting the person speaking. She also used the asterisk symbol (\*) to indicate a speech following on from a speech earlier than the one immediately before it.{{cite book \|title\=Top Girls \|last\=Churchill \|first\=Caryl \|publisher\=Methuen London Ltd \|year\=1982 \|isbn\=978\-0573630231 \|location\=London \|pages\=Front \|url\=https://archive.org/details/topgirls0000chur}}
*Softcops* (first produced by the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company "Royal Shakespeare Company") in 1984\) is a "surreal play set in 19th\-century France about government attempts to depoliticize illegal acts". [Justin Hayford](/wiki/Justin_Hayford "Justin Hayford") of the *[Chicago Reader](/wiki/Chicago_Reader "Chicago Reader")* wrote that the play had little to offer to those who had already read [Michel Foucault](/wiki/Michel_Foucault "Michel Foucault")'s *[Discipline and Punish](/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish "Discipline and Punish")* (on which *Softcops* is based), and that the play "glosses Foucault's monumental work in Cliffs Notes fashion".{{cite news \|last\=Hayford \|first\=Justin \|date\=1997\-07\-31 \|title\=Softcops \|work\=Chicago Reader \|url\=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/softcops/Content?oid\=894045 \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10}} In 2018, [Michael Billington](/wiki/Michael_Billington_%28critic%29 "Michael Billington (critic)") stated that *Softcops* "felt like a meditation on crime and punishment lacking Churchill's usual gift of narrative drive."{{cite news \|last\=Billington \|first\=Michael \|date\=2018\-09\-02 \|title\=Caryl Churchill at 80: theatre's great disruptor \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/sep/02/caryl\-churchill\-at\-80\-theatre\-great\-disruptor \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10 \|issn\=0261\-3077}}
The play *[A Mouthful of Birds](/wiki/A_Mouthful_of_Birds "A Mouthful of Birds")* (1986\) was co\-written with [David Lan](/wiki/David_Lan "David Lan"). [Wallace Shawn](/wiki/Wallace_Shawn "Wallace Shawn") has argued that it is among the "rich, inventive" Churchill works that are responsible for theater remaining exciting in modern times.{{cite news \|last\=Ravenhill \|first\=Mark \|date\=2008\-09\-02 \|title\=Mark Ravenhill on the genius of playwright Caryl Churchill, 70 this week \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2008/sep/03/carylchurchill.theatre \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10 \|issn\=0261\-3077}} Cameron Woodhead of *[The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald "The Sydney Morning Herald")* billed the play as "a difficult pleasure to watch and a challenge to perform".{{cite web \|title\=A Mouthful of Birds \|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/theatre/a\-mouthful\-of\-birds\-20111103\-1mxpe.html \|last\=Woodhead \|first\=Cameron \|date\=2011\-11\-04 \|website\=The Sydney Morning Herald \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10}} Billington listed *A Mouthful of Birds* as one of Churchill's misfires, however, and dismissed the play as "mystifying in its attempt to create a dance\-drama suggesting that the violence and ecstasy of Euripides' *[The Bacchae](/wiki/The_Bacchae "The Bacchae")* were alive in modern Britain."
*[Serious Money](/wiki/Serious_Money "Serious Money")* (1987\), "a comedy about excesses in the financial world", is a verse play, chiefly written in rhyming couplets. It takes a [satirical](/wiki/Satirical "Satirical") look at the vagaries of the [stock market](/wiki/Stock_market "Stock market") and its Thatcherite denizens. The play was highly acclaimed, perhaps in part because it played immediately after the [stock market crash](/wiki/Stock_market_crash "Stock market crash") of 1987\. *Icecream* ([Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre "Royal Court Theatre") 1989\) explores Anglo\-American stereotypes. Richard Christensen of the *[Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune "Chicago Tribune")* wrote that *Icecream* "doesn't have much depth, but it does have a quirky, creepy kick to it", describing it as "a small but telling piece of theater".{{cite news \|title\='Ice Cream' A Chillng, Though Funny Concoction \|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct\-xpm\-1990\-07\-04\-9002230777\-story.html \|last\=Christiansen \|first\=Richard \|date\=1990\-07\-04 \|newspaper\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]] \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-11}} Andrew Dickson of *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")* dubbed the play "wryly picaresque" in 2015\.{{cite magazine \|title\=Caryl Churchill's Prophetic Drama \|url\=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page\-turner/caryl\-churchills\-prophetic\-drama \|last\=Dickson \|first\=Andrew \|magazine\=The New Yorker \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-11}}
Churchill's play *[The Skriker](/wiki/The_Skriker "The Skriker")* (1994\) includes distorted language, references to English folktales, and evocations of modern urban life. The Skriker is an ancient shape\-shifting fairy and death portent in a search for revenge and love.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.dramaonlinelibrary.com/plays/the\-skriker\-iid\-153894 \|title\=The Skriker \- Drama Online \|website\=Drama Online \|access\-date\=2020\-04\-06}} The play initially received lukewarm reviews from critics, but is now considered among Churchill's successes.
"The prolific Churchill continued to push boundaries into the late 1990s. In 1997 she collaborated with the composer Orlando Gough to create 'Hotel,' a choreographed opera or sung ballet set in a hotel room. Also that year her surrealistic short play 'This Is a Chair' was produced." Reviews of the London opening of *Hotel* were favorable, but with the first piece ("Eight Rooms") generally considered superior to the second ("Two Nights").{{cite book \|last\=Aston \|first\=Elaine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=BTZtDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA110 \|title\=Caryl Churchill \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|year\=2018 \|isbn\=978\-1\-78694\-251\-7 \|pages\=110}} In 2015, [Moira Buffini](/wiki/Moira_Buffini "Moira Buffini") of *The Guardian* listed *This Is a Chair* as one of Churchill's best works, stating that it "shows a real humility about the political inadequacy of playwrights."{{cite news \|last\=Buffini \|first\=Moira \|date\=2015\-06\-29 \|title\=Caryl Churchill: the playwright's finest hours \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/jun/29/caryl\-churchill\-the\-playwrights\-finest\-hours \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-16 \|issn\=0261\-3077}}
Her 2002 play, *[A Number](/wiki/A_Number "A Number")*, addresses the subject of [human cloning](/wiki/Human_cloning "Human cloning") and questions of identity. Churchill received an Obie Award in 2005 for this play.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.obieawards.com/events/2000s/year\-05/ \|title\=05 \|website\=Obie Awards \|access\-date\=2020\-04\-06}} Her adapted screenplay of *A Number* was shown on BBC TV in September 2008\.
The play *[Drunk Enough to Say I Love You?](/wiki/Drunk_Enough_to_Say_I_Love_You%3F "Drunk Enough to Say I Love You?")* (2006\) takes a critical look at what she sees as Britain's submission to the United States in foreign policy.
In 2010, Churchill was commissioned to write the [libretto](/wiki/Libretto "Libretto") for a new short opera by [Orlando Gough](/wiki/Orlando_Gough "Orlando Gough"), as part of the [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House "Royal Opera House")'s ROH2 OperaShots initiative. The resulting work, *A ring a lamp a thing*, played for five performances in the Linbury Studio Theatre at the Royal Opera House.O'Mahony, John. ["Operas about wags? Why not, says the Royal Opera House"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jun/10/ingerland-operashots-gough-pook-sawhney), *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*, 10 June 2010\.
Her play *[Love and Information](/wiki/Love_and_Information "Love and Information")* opened at the Royal Court Theatre in September 2012, directed by [James Macdonald](/wiki/James_Macdonald_%28director%29 "James Macdonald (director)"). It was well\-received by critics. The play, featuring 100 characters and performed by a cast of 15, is structured as a series of more than 50 fragmented scenes, some no longer than 25 seconds, all of which are apparently unrelated but which accumulate into a startling mosaic, a portrayal of modern consciousness and the need for human intimacy, love and connection. The play will have its regional premiere at Sheffield Theatres in June 2018, directed by Caroline Steinbeis.
*Ding Dong the Wicked* (2013\) has been described as a companion piece to *Love and Information*. [Charles Spencer](/wiki/Charles_Spencer_%28journalist%29 "Charles Spencer (journalist)") said in *The Telegraph* that the work is "little more than a clever dramatic exercise" but "nags away in the memory long after you have left the theatre".{{cite news \|last\=Spencer \|first\=Charles \|date\=2012\-10\-09 \|title\=Ding Dong the Wicked, Royal Court Theatre, review \|work\=The Telegraph \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre\-reviews/9594624/Ding\-Dong\-the\-Wicked\-Royal\-Court\-Theatre\-review.html \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-04 \|issn\=0307\-1235}} Matthew Tucker gave the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre "Royal Court Theatre") performance three out of five stars, dubbed the play "snappy", and wrote, "Some may find this latest offering terse and obscure, however, in the spirit of explorative theatre, *Ding Dong The Wicked* is an intriguing and satisfying production."{{Cite web\|last\=Tucker\|first\=Matthew\|date\=2012\-10\-11\|title\=Ding Dong The Wicked (REVIEW): The Perils Of Patriotism And Folly Of War\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/10/10/ding\-dong\-the\-wicked\-review\_n\_1956042\.html\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-04\|website\=HuffPost UK}} A reviewer for the *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard "Evening Standard")* argued: "What it all means is food for later reflection, but as always Churchill seems inventive, coolly socialist, bleak yet dazzling, a bit of a shaman. Although her technique sounds gimmicky, it works."{{Cite web\|date\=2012\-10\-05\|title\=Ding Dong the Wicked, Royal Court Downstairs, SW1 \- review\|url\=http://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/ding\-dong\-the\-wicked\-royal\-court\-downstairs\-sw1\-review\-8199523\.html\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-04\|website\=Evening Standard}} Conversely, *The Guardian*'s Michael Billington wrote that the work "feels as if it's cramming a trunkload of ideas into a tiny vanity case \[...] the tightness of the format means there is no room to explore the source of so much private and public fury, or to differentiate between one society and another. In short, the play is too generalised to make any strong emotional impact."{{Cite news\|last\=Billington\|first\=Michael\|date\=2012\-10\-05\|title\=Ding Dong the Wicked – review \|work\=The Guardian\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/oct/05/ding\-dong\-the\-wicked\-review\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-04\|issn\=0261\-3077}}
The Royal Court Theatre premiere of *Pigs and Dogs* received a positive review in *[The Stage](/wiki/The_Stage "The Stage")*{{Cite news\|last\=Tripney\|first\=Natasha\|date\=2016\-07\-23\|title\=Pigs and Dogs review, Jerwood Theatre Downstairs, Royal Court, London, 2016\|url\=https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/caryl\-churchills\-pigs\-and\-dogs\-review\-at\-royal\-court\-london\-\-an\-essay\-for\-voices\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-06\|newspaper\=The Stage}} and moderately positive reviews in *The Guardian*,{{Cite news\|last\=Gardner\|first\=Lyn\|date\=2016\-07\-24\|title\=Pigs and Dogs review – a short, sharp response to African homophobes \|work\=The Guardian\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jul/24/pigs\-and\-dogs\-review\-caryl\-churchill\-royal\-court\-uganda\-lgbt\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-06\|issn\=0261\-3077}} *[The Observer](/wiki/The_Observer "The Observer")*,{{Cite news\|last\=Clapp\|first\=Susannah\|author\-link\=Susannah Clapp \|date\=2016\-07\-31\|title\=Pigs and Dogs review – a quick shot at homophobia \|work\=The Observer \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jul/31/pigs\-and\-dogs\-royal\-court\-observer\-review \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-06 \|issn\=0029\-7712}} and *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard "Evening Standard")*,{{cite web \|date\=2016\-07\-25 \|first\=Henry \|last\=Hitchings\|title\=Pigs and Dogs: Short play's subject merits more sustained treatment \|url\=http://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/pigs\-and\-dogs\-theatre\-review\-caryl\-churchills\-striking\-short\-play\-on\-homophobia\-is\-a\-sharp\-vision\-of\-a3303621\.html \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-07 \|website\=Evening Standard}} with the last newspaper's [Henry Hitchings](/wiki/Henry_Hitchings "Henry Hitchings") stating: "While the incantatory style isn't consistently engaging, this is a striking parade of views on a subject that merits more sustained treatment." Andrzej Lukowski of [*Time Out*](/wiki/Time_Out_%28magazine%29 "Time Out (magazine)") said in a three\-star review that the play "makes its point effectively if tersely".{{cite web \|last\=Lukowski \|first\=Andrzej \|date\=2016\-07\-25 \|title\=Pigs and Dogs {{!}} Theatre in London \|url\=https://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/pigs\-and\-dogs \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-06 \|website\=Time Out London}} [Mark Lawson](/wiki/Mark_Lawson "Mark Lawson") of *The Guardian* praised *Beautiful Eyes* as a "sharp" comedy.{{cite news \|last\=Lawson \|first\=Mark \|date\=2017\-01\-21 \|title\=Top Trumps review – 12 playwrights get to grips with new president \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/jan/21/top\-trumps\-review\-theatre\-playwrights\-president\-503\-labute\-churchill\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-07 \|issn\=0261\-3077}}
|
[
"### Themes and plays",
"In 1972, Churchill wrote *[Owners](/wiki/Owners_%28Play%29 \"Owners (Play)\")*, a two\\-act, 14\\-scene play about obsession with power. It was her first professionally produced stage play and \"her first major theatrical endeavour\"; it was produced in London the same year.",
"She served as resident dramatist at the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre \"Royal Court Theatre\") from 1974 to 1975, and was the Royal Court's first female playwright in residence.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Black \\|first1\\=Joseph \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=I6ZaDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA914 \\|title\\=The Broadview Anthology of British Literature Volume 6B: The Twentieth Century and Beyond: From 1945 to the Twenty\\-First Century \\|last2\\=Conolly \\|first2\\=Leonard \\|last3\\=Flint \\|first3\\=Kate \\|last4\\=Grundy \\|first4\\=Isobel \\|last5\\=LePan \\|first5\\=Don \\|last6\\=Liuzza \\|first6\\=Roy \\|last7\\=McGann \\|first7\\=Jerome J. \\|last8\\=Prescott \\|first8\\=Anne Lake \\|last9\\=Qualls \\|first9\\=Barry V. \\|date\\=2008\\-05\\-22 \\|publisher\\=Broadview Press \\|pages\\=914 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55111\\-924\\-3}} She began collaboration with theatre companies such as the [Joint Stock Theatre Company](/wiki/Joint_Stock_Theatre_Company \"Joint Stock Theatre Company\") and the [Monstrous Regiment Theatre Company](/wiki/Monstrous_Regiment_Theatre_Company \"Monstrous Regiment Theatre Company\") (a [feminist theatre](/wiki/Feminist_theatre \"Feminist theatre\") collective). Both used an extended workshop period in their development of new plays.{{cite book \\|editor\\=Clark, Susan \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=s0KeDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT393 \\|title\\=Classic Plays by Women: From 1600 to 2000 \\|last1\\=Hrotswitha \\|last2\\=Cary \\|first2\\=Elizabeth \\|last3\\=Behn \\|first3\\=Aphra \\|last4\\=Centlivre \\|first4\\=Susanna \\|last5\\=Baillie \\|first5\\=Joanna \\|last6\\=Sowerby \\|first6\\=Githa \\|last7\\=Bagnold \\|first7\\=Enid \\|last8\\=Churchill \\|first8\\=Caryl \\|last9\\=Jones \\|first9\\=Marie \\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-02 \\|publisher\\=Aurora Metro Publications Ltd. \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-910798\\-78\\-2}} Churchill continues to use an [improvisational](/wiki/Improvisation \"Improvisation\") workshop period in developing a number of her plays. During this period, she also wrote *Objections to Sex and Violence* (1974\\).",
"Her first play to receive wide notice was *[Cloud Nine](/wiki/Cloud_Nine_%28play%29 \"Cloud Nine (play)\")* (1979\\), \"a farce about sexual politics\", set partly in a British overseas colony during the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\"). It explores the effects of the [colonialist](/wiki/Colonialist \"Colonialist\")/[imperialist](/wiki/Imperialist \"Imperialist\") mindset on intimate personal relationships, and uses cross\\-gender casting for comic and instructive effect. The play became successful in Britain and in the United States, winning an [Obie Award](/wiki/Obie_Award \"Obie Award\") in 1982 for best play of the year in New York.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.obieawards.com/events/1980s/year\\-82/ \\|title\\=82 \\|website\\=Obie Awards \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-06}}",
"Churchill gradually abandoned more conventions of [realism](/wiki/Realism_%28theatre%29 \"Realism (theatre)\"), with her loyalty to feminist themes and ideas becoming a guiding principle in her work. She won an [Obie Award](/wiki/Obie_Award \"Obie Award\") for best play in 1983 with *[Top Girls](/wiki/Top_Girls \"Top Girls\")*, \"which deals with women's losing their humanity in order to attain power in a male\\-dominated environment.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.obieawards.com/events/1980s/year\\-83/ \\|title\\=83 \\|website\\=Obie Awards \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-06}} It features an all\\-female cast, and focuses on Marlene, who has relinquished a home and family to achieve success in the world of business. Half the action takes place at a celebratory dinner where Marlene mixes with historical, iconic and fictional women who have achieved great stature in a \"man's world\", but always at great cost. The other half of the play, set a year in the past, focuses on Marlene's family, where the true cost of her \"successful\" life becomes poignantly and frighteningly apparent. In *Top Girls*, Churchill devised a system to indicate how the dialogue should be performed. She used the forward dash signal (/) to demonstrate a person interrupting the person speaking. She also used the asterisk symbol (\\*) to indicate a speech following on from a speech earlier than the one immediately before it.{{cite book \\|title\\=Top Girls \\|last\\=Churchill \\|first\\=Caryl \\|publisher\\=Methuen London Ltd \\|year\\=1982 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0573630231 \\|location\\=London \\|pages\\=Front \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/topgirls0000chur}}",
"*Softcops* (first produced by the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company \"Royal Shakespeare Company\") in 1984\\) is a \"surreal play set in 19th\\-century France about government attempts to depoliticize illegal acts\". [Justin Hayford](/wiki/Justin_Hayford \"Justin Hayford\") of the *[Chicago Reader](/wiki/Chicago_Reader \"Chicago Reader\")* wrote that the play had little to offer to those who had already read [Michel Foucault](/wiki/Michel_Foucault \"Michel Foucault\")'s *[Discipline and Punish](/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish \"Discipline and Punish\")* (on which *Softcops* is based), and that the play \"glosses Foucault's monumental work in Cliffs Notes fashion\".{{cite news \\|last\\=Hayford \\|first\\=Justin \\|date\\=1997\\-07\\-31 \\|title\\=Softcops \\|work\\=Chicago Reader \\|url\\=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/softcops/Content?oid\\=894045 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10}} In 2018, [Michael Billington](/wiki/Michael_Billington_%28critic%29 \"Michael Billington (critic)\") stated that *Softcops* \"felt like a meditation on crime and punishment lacking Churchill's usual gift of narrative drive.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Billington \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-02 \\|title\\=Caryl Churchill at 80: theatre's great disruptor \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/sep/02/caryl\\-churchill\\-at\\-80\\-theatre\\-great\\-disruptor \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}",
"The play *[A Mouthful of Birds](/wiki/A_Mouthful_of_Birds \"A Mouthful of Birds\")* (1986\\) was co\\-written with [David Lan](/wiki/David_Lan \"David Lan\"). [Wallace Shawn](/wiki/Wallace_Shawn \"Wallace Shawn\") has argued that it is among the \"rich, inventive\" Churchill works that are responsible for theater remaining exciting in modern times.{{cite news \\|last\\=Ravenhill \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=2008\\-09\\-02 \\|title\\=Mark Ravenhill on the genius of playwright Caryl Churchill, 70 this week \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2008/sep/03/carylchurchill.theatre \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} Cameron Woodhead of *[The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald \"The Sydney Morning Herald\")* billed the play as \"a difficult pleasure to watch and a challenge to perform\".{{cite web \\|title\\=A Mouthful of Birds \\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/theatre/a\\-mouthful\\-of\\-birds\\-20111103\\-1mxpe.html \\|last\\=Woodhead \\|first\\=Cameron \\|date\\=2011\\-11\\-04 \\|website\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10}} Billington listed *A Mouthful of Birds* as one of Churchill's misfires, however, and dismissed the play as \"mystifying in its attempt to create a dance\\-drama suggesting that the violence and ecstasy of Euripides' *[The Bacchae](/wiki/The_Bacchae \"The Bacchae\")* were alive in modern Britain.\"",
"*[Serious Money](/wiki/Serious_Money \"Serious Money\")* (1987\\), \"a comedy about excesses in the financial world\", is a verse play, chiefly written in rhyming couplets. It takes a [satirical](/wiki/Satirical \"Satirical\") look at the vagaries of the [stock market](/wiki/Stock_market \"Stock market\") and its Thatcherite denizens. The play was highly acclaimed, perhaps in part because it played immediately after the [stock market crash](/wiki/Stock_market_crash \"Stock market crash\") of 1987\\. *Icecream* ([Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre \"Royal Court Theatre\") 1989\\) explores Anglo\\-American stereotypes. Richard Christensen of the *[Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\")* wrote that *Icecream* \"doesn't have much depth, but it does have a quirky, creepy kick to it\", describing it as \"a small but telling piece of theater\".{{cite news \\|title\\='Ice Cream' A Chillng, Though Funny Concoction \\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct\\-xpm\\-1990\\-07\\-04\\-9002230777\\-story.html \\|last\\=Christiansen \\|first\\=Richard \\|date\\=1990\\-07\\-04 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]] \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-11}} Andrew Dickson of *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")* dubbed the play \"wryly picaresque\" in 2015\\.{{cite magazine \\|title\\=Caryl Churchill's Prophetic Drama \\|url\\=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page\\-turner/caryl\\-churchills\\-prophetic\\-drama \\|last\\=Dickson \\|first\\=Andrew \\|magazine\\=The New Yorker \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-11}}",
"Churchill's play *[The Skriker](/wiki/The_Skriker \"The Skriker\")* (1994\\) includes distorted language, references to English folktales, and evocations of modern urban life. The Skriker is an ancient shape\\-shifting fairy and death portent in a search for revenge and love.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.dramaonlinelibrary.com/plays/the\\-skriker\\-iid\\-153894 \\|title\\=The Skriker \\- Drama Online \\|website\\=Drama Online \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-06}} The play initially received lukewarm reviews from critics, but is now considered among Churchill's successes.",
"\"The prolific Churchill continued to push boundaries into the late 1990s. In 1997 she collaborated with the composer Orlando Gough to create 'Hotel,' a choreographed opera or sung ballet set in a hotel room. Also that year her surrealistic short play 'This Is a Chair' was produced.\" Reviews of the London opening of *Hotel* were favorable, but with the first piece (\"Eight Rooms\") generally considered superior to the second (\"Two Nights\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Aston \\|first\\=Elaine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=BTZtDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA110 \\|title\\=Caryl Churchill \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|year\\=2018 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78694\\-251\\-7 \\|pages\\=110}} In 2015, [Moira Buffini](/wiki/Moira_Buffini \"Moira Buffini\") of *The Guardian* listed *This Is a Chair* as one of Churchill's best works, stating that it \"shows a real humility about the political inadequacy of playwrights.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Buffini \\|first\\=Moira \\|date\\=2015\\-06\\-29 \\|title\\=Caryl Churchill: the playwright's finest hours \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/jun/29/caryl\\-churchill\\-the\\-playwrights\\-finest\\-hours \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-16 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}",
"Her 2002 play, *[A Number](/wiki/A_Number \"A Number\")*, addresses the subject of [human cloning](/wiki/Human_cloning \"Human cloning\") and questions of identity. Churchill received an Obie Award in 2005 for this play.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.obieawards.com/events/2000s/year\\-05/ \\|title\\=05 \\|website\\=Obie Awards \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-06}} Her adapted screenplay of *A Number* was shown on BBC TV in September 2008\\.",
"The play *[Drunk Enough to Say I Love You?](/wiki/Drunk_Enough_to_Say_I_Love_You%3F \"Drunk Enough to Say I Love You?\")* (2006\\) takes a critical look at what she sees as Britain's submission to the United States in foreign policy.",
"In 2010, Churchill was commissioned to write the [libretto](/wiki/Libretto \"Libretto\") for a new short opera by [Orlando Gough](/wiki/Orlando_Gough \"Orlando Gough\"), as part of the [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\")'s ROH2 OperaShots initiative. The resulting work, *A ring a lamp a thing*, played for five performances in the Linbury Studio Theatre at the Royal Opera House.O'Mahony, John. [\"Operas about wags? Why not, says the Royal Opera House\"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jun/10/ingerland-operashots-gough-pook-sawhney), *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*, 10 June 2010\\.",
"Her play *[Love and Information](/wiki/Love_and_Information \"Love and Information\")* opened at the Royal Court Theatre in September 2012, directed by [James Macdonald](/wiki/James_Macdonald_%28director%29 \"James Macdonald (director)\"). It was well\\-received by critics. The play, featuring 100 characters and performed by a cast of 15, is structured as a series of more than 50 fragmented scenes, some no longer than 25 seconds, all of which are apparently unrelated but which accumulate into a startling mosaic, a portrayal of modern consciousness and the need for human intimacy, love and connection. The play will have its regional premiere at Sheffield Theatres in June 2018, directed by Caroline Steinbeis.",
"*Ding Dong the Wicked* (2013\\) has been described as a companion piece to *Love and Information*. [Charles Spencer](/wiki/Charles_Spencer_%28journalist%29 \"Charles Spencer (journalist)\") said in *The Telegraph* that the work is \"little more than a clever dramatic exercise\" but \"nags away in the memory long after you have left the theatre\".{{cite news \\|last\\=Spencer \\|first\\=Charles \\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-09 \\|title\\=Ding Dong the Wicked, Royal Court Theatre, review \\|work\\=The Telegraph \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre\\-reviews/9594624/Ding\\-Dong\\-the\\-Wicked\\-Royal\\-Court\\-Theatre\\-review.html \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-04 \\|issn\\=0307\\-1235}} Matthew Tucker gave the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre \"Royal Court Theatre\") performance three out of five stars, dubbed the play \"snappy\", and wrote, \"Some may find this latest offering terse and obscure, however, in the spirit of explorative theatre, *Ding Dong The Wicked* is an intriguing and satisfying production.\"{{Cite web\\|last\\=Tucker\\|first\\=Matthew\\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-11\\|title\\=Ding Dong The Wicked (REVIEW): The Perils Of Patriotism And Folly Of War\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/10/10/ding\\-dong\\-the\\-wicked\\-review\\_n\\_1956042\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-04\\|website\\=HuffPost UK}} A reviewer for the *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard \"Evening Standard\")* argued: \"What it all means is food for later reflection, but as always Churchill seems inventive, coolly socialist, bleak yet dazzling, a bit of a shaman. Although her technique sounds gimmicky, it works.\"{{Cite web\\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-05\\|title\\=Ding Dong the Wicked, Royal Court Downstairs, SW1 \\- review\\|url\\=http://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/ding\\-dong\\-the\\-wicked\\-royal\\-court\\-downstairs\\-sw1\\-review\\-8199523\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-04\\|website\\=Evening Standard}} Conversely, *The Guardian*'s Michael Billington wrote that the work \"feels as if it's cramming a trunkload of ideas into a tiny vanity case \\[...] the tightness of the format means there is no room to explore the source of so much private and public fury, or to differentiate between one society and another. In short, the play is too generalised to make any strong emotional impact.\"{{Cite news\\|last\\=Billington\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-05\\|title\\=Ding Dong the Wicked – review \\|work\\=The Guardian\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/oct/05/ding\\-dong\\-the\\-wicked\\-review\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-04\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}",
"The Royal Court Theatre premiere of *Pigs and Dogs* received a positive review in *[The Stage](/wiki/The_Stage \"The Stage\")*{{Cite news\\|last\\=Tripney\\|first\\=Natasha\\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-23\\|title\\=Pigs and Dogs review, Jerwood Theatre Downstairs, Royal Court, London, 2016\\|url\\=https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/caryl\\-churchills\\-pigs\\-and\\-dogs\\-review\\-at\\-royal\\-court\\-london\\-\\-an\\-essay\\-for\\-voices\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-06\\|newspaper\\=The Stage}} and moderately positive reviews in *The Guardian*,{{Cite news\\|last\\=Gardner\\|first\\=Lyn\\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-24\\|title\\=Pigs and Dogs review – a short, sharp response to African homophobes \\|work\\=The Guardian\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jul/24/pigs\\-and\\-dogs\\-review\\-caryl\\-churchill\\-royal\\-court\\-uganda\\-lgbt\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-06\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} *[The Observer](/wiki/The_Observer \"The Observer\")*,{{Cite news\\|last\\=Clapp\\|first\\=Susannah\\|author\\-link\\=Susannah Clapp \\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-31\\|title\\=Pigs and Dogs review – a quick shot at homophobia \\|work\\=The Observer \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jul/31/pigs\\-and\\-dogs\\-royal\\-court\\-observer\\-review \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-06 \\|issn\\=0029\\-7712}} and *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard \"Evening Standard\")*,{{cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-25 \\|first\\=Henry \\|last\\=Hitchings\\|title\\=Pigs and Dogs: Short play's subject merits more sustained treatment \\|url\\=http://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/pigs\\-and\\-dogs\\-theatre\\-review\\-caryl\\-churchills\\-striking\\-short\\-play\\-on\\-homophobia\\-is\\-a\\-sharp\\-vision\\-of\\-a3303621\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-07 \\|website\\=Evening Standard}} with the last newspaper's [Henry Hitchings](/wiki/Henry_Hitchings \"Henry Hitchings\") stating: \"While the incantatory style isn't consistently engaging, this is a striking parade of views on a subject that merits more sustained treatment.\" Andrzej Lukowski of [*Time Out*](/wiki/Time_Out_%28magazine%29 \"Time Out (magazine)\") said in a three\\-star review that the play \"makes its point effectively if tersely\".{{cite web \\|last\\=Lukowski \\|first\\=Andrzej \\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-25 \\|title\\=Pigs and Dogs {{!}} Theatre in London \\|url\\=https://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/pigs\\-and\\-dogs \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-06 \\|website\\=Time Out London}} [Mark Lawson](/wiki/Mark_Lawson \"Mark Lawson\") of *The Guardian* praised *Beautiful Eyes* as a \"sharp\" comedy.{{cite news \\|last\\=Lawson \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=2017\\-01\\-21 \\|title\\=Top Trumps review – 12 playwrights get to grips with new president \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/jan/21/top\\-trumps\\-review\\-theatre\\-playwrights\\-president\\-503\\-labute\\-churchill\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-07 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}",
""
] |
Varieties
---------
### East Asia
#### China
[thumb\|[Lao Gan Ma](/wiki/Lao_Gan_Ma "Lao Gan Ma") brand *you la jiao* (fried chili in oil) with black beans](/wiki/File:%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B2%E5%A6%88_2.jpg "老干妈 2.jpg")
[Chili oil](/wiki/Chili_oil "Chili oil") is a distinctive Sichuan flavoring found mainly in cold dishes, as well as a few hot dishes. Chili oil is made by pouring hot oil onto a bowl of dried chilies, to which some Sichuan pepper is usually added. After steeping in hot oil for at least a few hours, the oil takes on the taste and fragrance of chili. The finer the chili is ground, the stronger the flavor (regional preferences vary; ground chili is usually used in western China, while whole dried chili is more common in northern China.)
Chinese chili sauces usually come as a thick paste, and are used either as a dipping sauce or in stir frying.
[Doubanjiang](/wiki/Doubanjiang "Doubanjiang") originates from [Sichuan cuisine](/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine "Sichuan cuisine") in which chilis are used liberally. It is made from broad bean or soybean paste, and usually contains a fair amount of chili. It is often referred to in English as "chili bean sauce".
[Guilin](/wiki/Guilin%23Cuisine "Guilin#Cuisine") (Kweilin) chili sauce (*Guìlín làjiāojiàng* 桂林辣椒醬) is made of fresh chili, garlic and fermented soybeans; it also is marketed as soy chili sauce (la jiao jiang and la dou ban jiang are not the same thing, though they look vaguely similar in the jar). *Duo jiao* (duò jiāo 剁椒) originates from [Hunan cuisine](/wiki/Hunan_cuisine "Hunan cuisine"), which is reputed to be even spicier than Sichuan cuisine. *Duo* means chopped, and *jiao* means chili. *Duo jiao* is made of chopped red chilis pickled in a brine solution, and has a salty and sour pickled taste; it is the key flavoring in the signature Hunan dish *duòjiāo yútóu* (剁椒魚頭), fish head steamed with chopped chili.
[XO sauce](/wiki/XO_sauce "XO sauce") is spicy seafood sauce from [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=spY3ct9PBxEC\&pg\=PA591\|title\=Passion of a Foodie\|last\=Vos\|first\=Heidemarie\|year\=2010\|isbn\=978\-1\-934925\-63\-8\|page\=591}} It is commonly used in southern Chinese regions like [Guangdong](/wiki/Guangdong "Guangdong") province.
[Yongfeng chili sauce](/wiki/Yongfeng_chili_sauce "Yongfeng chili sauce") is a traditional fermented hot sauce.
*You la jiao* (油辣椒, fried chili in oil) is a [Guizhou](/wiki/Guizhou "Guizhou")\-style chili oil sauce, with fried bits of ground chili and other crispy ingredients. [Chili crisp](/wiki/Chili_crisp "Chili crisp") is a similar condiment mainly composed of crunchy soybeans and chili. [Lao Gan Ma](/wiki/Lao_Gan_Ma "Lao Gan Ma") is a famous maker of both products.
#### Japan
*[Rāyu](/wiki/R%C4%81yu "Rāyu")* (chili oil), is the same as *la jiao you*, and is often used for dishes such as *[gyoza](/wiki/Gyoza "Gyoza")*.
*[Yuzu koshō](/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D "Yuzu koshō")* is a Japanese fermented paste made from chili peppers, [yuzu](/wiki/Yuzu "Yuzu") peel, and salt.Ono, Tadashi and Salat, Harris [*The Japanese Grill*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ODAe_boHajsC&dq=yuzu+kosho&pg=PA7) Random House, 2011, p. 7
*[Kōrēgūsu](/wiki/K%C5%8Dr%C4%93gusu "Kōrēgusu")*, made of chilis infused in *[awamori](/wiki/Awamori "Awamori")* rice spirit, is a popular condiment to Okinawan dishes such as [Okinawa soba](/wiki/Okinawa_soba "Okinawa soba"). The word "*kōrē*" refers to Korea ([Goguryeo](/wiki/Goguryeo "Goguryeo")).
#### Korea
[thumb\|*Gochujang* (chili paste)](/wiki/File:Gochujang_%28chilli_paste%29_2.jpg "Gochujang (chilli paste) 2.jpg")
[Chili oil](/wiki/Chili_oil "Chili oil") used in [Korean cuisine](/wiki/Korean_cuisine "Korean cuisine") is made by adding *[gochugaru](/wiki/Korean_chili_pepper "Korean chili pepper")* ([Korean chili](/wiki/Korean_chili_pepper "Korean chili pepper") powder/flakes) to hot oil (usually [sesame oil](/wiki/Sesame_oil "Sesame oil") and/or [vegetable oil](/wiki/Vegetable_oil "Vegetable oil")) in the final stage of stir\-frying and before adding water, in soup dishes like *[yukgaejang](/wiki/Yukgaejang "Yukgaejang")* and *[sundubu\-jjigae](/wiki/Sundubu-jjigae "Sundubu-jjigae")*.
*[Dadaegi](/wiki/Dadaegi "Dadaegi")* is a chili paste made by mixing ground or minced red, and dried red chili peppers (or chili powder/flakes) along with ground or minced garlic, onions, ground black pepper, salt or soy sauce, sugar, meat stock, sesame oil, and toasted sesame seeds. It is added to dishes like *[naengmyeon](/wiki/Naengmyeon "Naengmyeon")* (cold noodle soup) or *[dwaeji\-gukbap](/wiki/Dwaeji_gukbap "Dwaeji gukbap")* (pork soup with rice) to add spiciness.
*[Gochujang](/wiki/Gochujang "Gochujang")*, or red chili paste,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.korean.go.kr/common/download.do?file\_path\=notice\&c\_file\_name\=140730\_%ED%95%9C%EC%8B%9D%EB%AA%85\_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90\_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0\_%EB%B0%8F\_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80\_%EB%B2%88%EC%97%AD\_%ED%99%95%EC%A0%95%EC%95%88\_.pdf\&o\_file\_name\=140730\_%ED%95%9C%EC%8B%9D%EB%AA%85\_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90\_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0\_%EB%B0%8F\_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80\_%EB%B2%88%EC%97%AD\_%ED%99%95%EC%A0%95%EC%95%88\_.pdf\|last\=National Institute of Korean Language\|date\=30 July 2014\|language\=ko\|script\-title\=ko:주요 한식명(200개) 로마자 표기 및 번역(영, 중, 일) 표준안\|access\-date\=25 February 2017}}
{{cite press release \|date\=2014\-05\-02 \|script\-title\=ko:주요 한식명 로마자 표기 및 표준 번역 확정안 공지 \|url\=http://www.korean.go.kr/front/board/boardStandardView.do?board\_id\=4\&mn\_id\=17\&b\_seq\=1465 \|website\=\[\[National Institute of Korean Language]] \|language\=ko}}* is a savory, sweet, and spicy [fermented](/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing "Fermentation in food processing") [condiment](/wiki/Condiment "Condiment") made with [chili powder](/wiki/Chili_powder "Chili powder"), [glutinous rice flour](/wiki/Glutinous_rice_flour "Glutinous rice flour"), *[meju](/wiki/Meju "Meju")* (fermented soybean) powder, barley [malt](/wiki/Malt "Malt") powder, and salt. The sweetness comes from the starch of cooked glutinous rice, cultured with [saccharifying](/wiki/Hydrolysis "Hydrolysis") enzymes during the fermentation process.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?\_method\=view\&MAS\_IDX\=101013000806068\|title\=gochujang\|website\=\[\[Doopedia]]\|publisher\=\[\[Doosan Corporation]]\|language\=ko\|script\-title\=ko:고추장\|access\-date\=17 April 2017}} Traditionally, it has been naturally [fermented](/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing "Fermentation in food processing") over years in *[jangdok](/wiki/Jangdok "Jangdok")* (earthenware) on an elevated stone platform, called *[jangdokdae](/wiki/Jangdokdae "Jangdokdae")*, in the [backyard](/wiki/Backyard "Backyard").
*[Ssamjang](/wiki/Ssamjang "Ssamjang")* is a thick, spicy paste eaten with grilled meat, often in *[ssam](/wiki/Ssam "Ssam")* (vegetable wraps), in [Korean barbecue](/wiki/Korean_barbecue "Korean barbecue"). It is made of *[doenjang](/wiki/Doenjang "Doenjang")* (soybean paste), *[gochujang](/wiki/Gochujang "Gochujang")* (chili paste), [sesame oil](/wiki/Sesame_oil "Sesame oil"), onion, garlic, green onions, and optionally sugar.
### Southeast Asia
#### Laos
[Jaew bong](/wiki/Jeow_bong "Jeow bong") is a sweet and spicy Laotian chili paste.
#### Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore
[thumb\|Sambal](/wiki/File:Sambal_rica.JPG "Sambal rica.JPG")
[Sambal](/wiki/Sambal "Sambal") is a generic term for many varieties of chili\-based sauces popular in [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei "Brunei"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Sambal%23Indonesia "Sambal#Indonesia"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Sambal%23Malaysia "Sambal#Malaysia"). [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") and [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sambal%23Sri_Lanka "Sambal#Sri Lanka"). Most of sambals are traditionally made using stone pestle and mortar, according to each recipe. Nevertheless, there are some bottled mass\-produced sambal brands today. *Saus Cabai* (Indonesia) or *Sos Cili* (Malaysia and Brunei), a category of its own, uses tomato puree, chili juice, sugar, salt and some other spices or seasonings to give the spicy, but not too hot, taste. Some countryside commercial varieties use [bird's eye chili](/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili "Bird's eye chili") (*cili padi*, *cabai rawit* or *burung*) together with its seeds to raise the level of heat (piquancy) of the sauce. Variants include the typical concoctions with ginger and garlic (for chicken rice) and variants that are made into gummy consistency as with ketchup/tomato sauce.
In [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine "Indonesian cuisine"), the bottled commercially available chili sauce is known as bottled *saus cabai*. They are also commonly known as bottled *[sambal](/wiki/Sambal "Sambal")*. However, unlike the coarse textured and richly flavored traditional *sambal*, this bottled *sambal* or chili sauce has an even gloppy texture similar to those of tomato sauce, and rather simple hot flavor. Unlike traditional *sambal*, enrichened with [shrimp paste](/wiki/Shrimp_paste "Shrimp paste"), the commercial sambal sauce usually uses finely blended red chili pepper and garlic, and sometimes a little bit of sugar, without any addition of shrimp paste.
#### Philippines
{{See also\|Philippine condiments}}
[thumb\|Filipino *agre dulce* (sweet and sour sauce)](/wiki/File:0794Cuisine_foods_of_Bulacan_15.jpg "0794Cuisine foods of Bulacan 15.jpg")
The generic term for [dipping sauces](/wiki/Philippine_condiments "Philippine condiments") in the [Philippines](/wiki/Filipino_cuisine "Filipino cuisine") is *sawsawan*, which may or may not include chilis. Unlike sauces in other Southeast Asian regions, most *sawsawan* are not prepared beforehand, but has to be assembled on the table according to the preferences of the diner. As such, chilis are usually optional. However, there are also native sauces and pastes which utilize chilis as main ingredients.{{cite web \|title\=How to make the Best Sweet Spicy Sawsawan \|url\=https://www.angsarap.net/2017/06/07/make\-best\-sweet\-spicy\-sawsawan/ \|website\=Ang Sarap \|access\-date\=10 July 2019\|date\=2017\-06\-07 }}
The most common is the traditional Filipino [sweet and sour sauce](/wiki/Sweet_and_sour_sauce "Sweet and sour sauce") known as *[agre dulce](/wiki/Agre_dulce "Agre dulce")* (or *agri dulci*) which is made from [cornstarch](/wiki/Cornstarch "Cornstarch"), salt, sugar, [labuyo chilis](/wiki/Labuyo_chili "Labuyo chili"), and tomato or [banana ketchup](/wiki/Banana_ketchup "Banana ketchup"). It is the traditional dipping sauces of fried dishes like *[lumpia](/wiki/Lumpia "Lumpia")* or *[okoy](/wiki/Okoy "Okoy")*.{{cite book \|last1\=Alejandro \|first1\=Reynaldo G. \|title\=The Philippine Cookbook \|date\=1985 \|publisher\=Penguin \|isbn\=9780399511448 \|page\=202}}{{cite web \|title\=Sweet and Sour Sauce (Agre Dulce) \|url\=http://kusinanimanding.blogspot.com/2015/05/sweet\-and\-sour\-sauce\-agre\-dulce.html \|website\=Kusina ni Manding \|access\-date\=9 July 2019\|date\=2015\-05\-16 }}{{cite book \|last1\=Alejandro \|first1\=Reynaldo G. \|title\=Food of the Philippines \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=Tuttle Publishing \|isbn\=9781462905454 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7eZkCwAAQBAJ}}
A similar sauce used for fried street food appetizers is known simply as "manong's sauce" or "fishball sauce". It is named after *manong*, a term of respect used for an older man in [Tagalog](/wiki/Tagalog_language "Tagalog language") and the most common way of addressing street food vendors. It is made with flour or cornstarch, sugar, soy sauce, garlic, labuyo chilis, ground pepper, and *[muscovado](/wiki/Muscovado "Muscovado")* or [brown sugar](/wiki/Brown_sugar "Brown sugar"). Lime or lemon\-flavored [carbonated](/wiki/Carbonated "Carbonated") [soft drinks](/wiki/Soft_drink "Soft drink") may also be used.{{cite web \|title\=Fishball Sauce Recipe \|url\=https://www.foxyfolksy.com/fishball\-sauce\-recipe/ \|website\=Foxy Folksy \|access\-date\=11 July 2019\|date\=2018\-08\-27 }}{{cite web \|title\=Fishballs Sauce ala Manong's Sauce Recipe \|url\=https://www.atbp.ph/2017/01/29/fishballs\-sauce\-ala\-manongs\-sauce\-recipe/ \|website\=Atbp.ph \|date\=29 January 2017 \|access\-date\=11 July 2019}}{{cite web \|title\=Filipino Street Food: Fishball Sauce Recipe \|url\=http://maputingcooking.com/recipe/filipino\-street\-food\-fishball\-sauce\-recipe/ \|website\=Maputing Cooking \|access\-date\=11 July 2019}}{{cite web \|title\=Fish Ball Sauce Recipe, Just Like Manong's \|url\=http://www.certifiedfoodies.com/2013/08/fish\-ball\-sauce\-recipe/ \|website\=Certified Foodies \|access\-date\=11 July 2019\|date\=2013\-08\-14 }}
Another spicy condiment used for street food is the "siomai sauce" or "chili garlic sauce". It is usually eaten with Philippine *[siomai](/wiki/Siomai "Siomai")*. It uses minced labuyo chilis, garlic, and powdered dried shrimp or finely minced meat simmered in water and then oil. It takes on a flavor similar to Chinese [chili oil](/wiki/Chili_oil "Chili oil") infused dim sum sauces, which is its ultimate origin. It is typically spritzed with [calamansi](/wiki/Calamansi "Calamansi") before eating.{{cite web \|title\=How to make Homemade Siomai Sauce \|url\=https://www.mamasguiderecipes.com/2017/04/24/make\-homemade\-siomai\-sauce/ \|website\=Mama's Guide Recipes \|access\-date\=10 July 2019\|date\=2017\-04\-24 }}
Among the [Maranao people](/wiki/Maranao_people "Maranao people"), another notable condiment is the *[palapa](/wiki/Palapa_%28condiment%29 "Palapa (condiment)")*, a very spicy condiment made from *[sakurab](/wiki/Sakurab "Sakurab")* (native scallions), ginger, [turmeric](/wiki/Turmeric "Turmeric"), and labuyo chilis. It is an ubiquitous accompaniment to Maranao meals.{{cite news \|last1\=Santos \|first1\=Kara \|title\=Home \> Life Maranao condiment 'palapa' offers recipe for hope \|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/life/09/27/18/maranao\-condiment\-palapa\-offers\-recipe\-for\-hope \|access\-date\=5 March 2019 \|work\=ABS\-CBN News \|date\=27 September 2018}}{{cite web \|last1\=Morocco \|first1\=Chris \|title\=This Condiment Is Sweet, Spicy, Garlicky and Just Ridiculously Good \|url\=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/this\-condiment\-is\-sweet\-spicy\-garlicky\-and\-just\-ridiculously\-good \|website\=Healthyish \|date\=26 July 2017 \|publisher\=Bon Appétit \|access\-date\=5 March 2019}}
#### Thailand
[thumb\|*Nam phrik* phao ("chili jam")](/wiki/File:Thai_chilli_paste_in_oil%2C_Thai_roasted_chilli_jam.jpg "Thai chilli paste in oil, Thai roasted chilli jam.jpg")
Thais put raw chilies on a very wide variety of food, in lieu of chili sauces. Chili sauces are eaten as condiments but they can also be used as an ingredient.
*[Nam phrik](/wiki/Nam_phrik "Nam phrik")* is the generic name for a Thai chili dip or paste. A Thai cookbook from 1974 lists over 100 different recipes.[http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/bitstream/handle/10635/17685/2\.%20Thesis%20body%20\-%20What%20is%20Thai%20Cuisine.pdf?sequence\=2](http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/bitstream/handle/10635/17685/2.%20Thesis%20body%20-%20What%20is%20Thai%20Cuisine.pdf?sequence=2){{dead link\|date\=May 2018\|bot\=SheriffIsInTown\|fix\-attempted\=yes}} *Nam phrik phao* (roasted chili paste), *nam phrik num* (pounded grilled green chili paste) and *nam phrik kapi* (chili paste made with fermented [shrimp paste](/wiki/Shrimp_paste "Shrimp paste")) are some of the more well\-known varieties. Many Thai dipping sauces (*[nam chim](/wiki/Nam_chim "Nam chim")*) contain chili peppers. *Nam chim chaeo* uses ground dried chili peppers to achieve its spiciness. Available worldwide is *nam chim kai*, also known as "chili sauce for chicken" or "Thai sweet chili sauce". *Phrik nam pla* is [fish sauce](/wiki/Fish_sauce "Fish sauce") (*nam pla*) with chopped raw chilies, lime juice and sometimes garlic. [Sriracha sauce](/wiki/Sriracha_sauce "Sriracha sauce") is a Thai chili sauce, originally from the town of [Si Racha](/wiki/Si_Racha "Si Racha"), Thailand.
[Sriracha sauce](/wiki/Sriracha_sauce "Sriracha sauce") is a type of hot sauce or chili sauce made from a paste of chili peppers, distilled vinegar, garlic, sugar, and salt. It is named after the coastal city of [Si Racha](/wiki/Si_Racha "Si Racha"), in the [Chonburi Province](/wiki/Chonburi_Province "Chonburi Province") of [Eastern Thailand](/wiki/Eastern_Thailand "Eastern Thailand"), where it was possibly first produced for dishes served at local seafood restaurants.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/20/dining/20united.html\|title\=A Chili Sauce to Crow About\|last\=Edge\|first\=John\|date\=May 19, 2009\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=2013\-02\-15}}
A type of chili sauce is Thai [sweet chili sauce](/wiki/Sweet_chili_sauce "Sweet chili sauce"),[HOT! \- Make Your Own Sauce! \- Justin Thyme](https://books.google.com/books?id=BfetROU8PvEC&pg=PA36). p. 36\.[*Thai Cooking: A Step\-by\-Step Guide to Authentic Dishes Made Easy*, Darlene Anne Schmidt](https://books.google.com/books?id=9Vmvq8SRLyMC&pg=PA18). p. 18\. which is used as a dipping sauce, a marinade, and for cooking, such as in [stir fried](/wiki/Stir_frying "Stir frying") dishes. The company Mae Ploy is a major manufacturer of Thai sweet chili sauce. Most major supermarket chain stores in North America carry Thai sweet chili sauce. Sweet chili sauce is used in [Thai cuisine](/wiki/Thai_cuisine "Thai cuisine"),[*Caesars: The Essential Guide to Your Favourite Cocktail*, Clint Pattemore](https://books.google.com/books?id=UYzIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT112) and is also sometimes used in the preparation of [sushi](/wiki/Sushi "Sushi").[*Sushi For Dummies*, Judi Strada, Mineko Takane Moreno](https://books.google.com/books?id=R_KXS-Lcse0C&pg=PT54)
Some versions of *[Nam phrik](/wiki/Nam_phrik "Nam phrik")*, a range of chili\-based, hot sauces typical of [Thai cuisine](/wiki/Thai_cuisine "Thai cuisine"), are sweetened with sugar.
#### Vietnam
[thumb\|Homemade tương ớt (chili sauce)](/wiki/File:T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%E1%BB%9Bt_nh%C3%A0_l%C3%A0m_2018_%284%29.jpg "Tương ớt nhà làm 2018 (4).jpg")
Vietnamese *tương ớt* (chili sauce) is made from sun\-ripened chili peppers, vinegar, garlic, sugar and salt. It is very popular in Vietnamese cuisine, often used in a wide variety of foods.
### South Asia
[thumb\|Apple chili chutney](/wiki/File:Apfel-Chili-Chutney_im_Glas.jpg "Apfel-Chili-Chutney im Glas.jpg")
Chili (Hindi: mirch), fresh, semi\-dried or dried, is a crucial ingredient throughout [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia"), with multiple strains having arrived through Portuguese trade from the sixteenth century. Many varieties are now popular in different parts of the sub\-continent such as [Naga Chilli](/wiki/Naga_Viper_pepper "Naga Viper pepper") from [Nagaland](/wiki/Nagaland "Nagaland"), [Chamba Chukh](/wiki/Chamba_Chukh "Chamba Chukh") from [Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh "Himachal Pradesh"), [Guntur Chilli](/wiki/Guntur_chilli "Guntur chilli") from [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh "Andhra Pradesh"), Jwala Chilli from [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat "Gujarat") among others. Hot sauces proper, however, were not common until recent decades, as varieties such as [bhut jolokia](/wiki/Bhut_jolokia "Bhut jolokia") and [naga morich](/wiki/Naga_morich "Naga morich") attained global fame.
In Nepal, Nun\-khursani is a popular condiment made with salt and chilli peppers like Akabare on a grinding stone called a {{lang\|ne\|silauto}}. This is often used as a [chutney](/wiki/Chutney "Chutney") and can be eaten with many meals and snacks like [dal bhat](/wiki/Dal_bhat "Dal bhat"), roasted corn, grilled chicken, cucumbers, oranges, and more.
[Chilli Chutney](/wiki/Chutney "Chutney") is an Indian chilli pepper condiment with spices and herbs.
### Middle East
#### Levant
Shatta ([Arabic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic"): شطة *shaṭṭah*) is a popular hot sauce made from wholly grounded fresh chili peppers by mixing them with oil (usually [olive](/wiki/Olive_oil "Olive oil")). Vinegar, garlic, or other spices are commonly added. There are two varieties of Shatta: green and red. The red variety is made with tomatoes. It is made from [piri piri](/wiki/Piri_piri "Piri piri"), or similarly hot peppers. The degree of hotness varies according to the type of chili used and preference of the maker (homemade Shatta is usually hotter than commercial brands). Commonly used in [falafel](/wiki/Falafel "Falafel") sandwiches, [hummus](/wiki/Hummus "Hummus") dishes, or as a condiment. [Muhammara](/wiki/Muhammara "Muhammara") ({{lang\-ar\|محمرة}} *muḥammarah*) is a hot pepper dip made from [Aleppo pepper](/wiki/Aleppo_pepper "Aleppo pepper"), ground [walnuts](/wiki/Walnut "Walnut"), dried bread, and olive oil. Other spices and flavorings may be added. It is served as a dip or spread for bread or as a sauce for fish and meat. The dish is also known in Turkey, where it may be called *acuka*.
#### Maghreb
[thumb\|Harissa](/wiki/File:Harissa_in_a_jar_%28vertical%29.jpg "Harissa in a jar (vertical).jpg")
[Harissa](/wiki/Harissa "Harissa") is a popular hot sauce used in Tunisia and elsewhere in the Maghreb (especially [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria "Algeria") and [Libya](/wiki/Libya "Libya")). It is usually made from ground red birdseye chili peppers with olive oil, garlic, cumin and coriander although caraway is sometimes used instead of cumin and recipes vary. The sauce is of a dark red grainy texture. It is sometimes spread on bread rolls but also used as a condiment with a variety of meals. Tunisian Harissa is much hotter than that found in neighboring countries. Cap Bon is a popular brand of Harissa. Harissa is often sold in tin cans. Harissa is also popular in [Israel](/wiki/Israeli_cuisine "Israeli cuisine"), on account of immigration of Maghrebi Jews.
#### Turkey
[Biber salçası](/wiki/Biber_sal%C3%A7as%C4%B1 "Biber salçası") is a Turkish red pepper paste.
#### Yemen
[Sahawiq](/wiki/Sahawiq "Sahawiq") is produced by grinding fresh peppers with garlic, coriander, and sometimes other ingredients. It is popular both in Yemen and in Israel, where it was brought by [Yemenite Jews](/wiki/Yemenite_Jews "Yemenite Jews"), and where it is called סחוג *s'khug*.
### Africa
#### Ghana
[thumb\|Shito](/wiki/File:Shito.jpg "Shito.jpg")
[Shito](/wiki/Shito "Shito") is a Ghanaian chili sauce.
#### Malawi
[Nali Sauce](/wiki/Nali_Sauce "Nali Sauce") is a style of piri piri chili sauce.
#### Somalia
[Shigni](/wiki/Shigni "Shigni") is a Somali chili sauce or [chutney](/wiki/Chutney "Chutney"), made from [chili peppers](/wiki/Chili_pepper "Chili pepper"), [onion](/wiki/Onion "Onion"), [garlic](/wiki/Garlic "Garlic"), [tomato](/wiki/Tomato "Tomato"), [lemon juice](/wiki/Lemon_juice "Lemon juice"), [cilantro](/wiki/Cilantro "Cilantro") and so on.
#### South Africa
Peri Peri sauce is a style of [piri piri](/wiki/Piri_piri "Piri piri") chili sauce used by [Nando's](/wiki/Nando%27s "Nando's") Chicken fast food restaurants.
#### Tunisia
[Harissa](/wiki/Harissa "Harissa") is a chili paste based on roasted red peppers and olive oil, seasoned with garlic, coriander seed and other herbs.
### Europe
Adjika Mingrelian and Adjika Abkhazian (Georgia)
#### Hungary
*Erős Pista* (lit. "Strong Steve") and *Piros Arany* (lit. "Red Gold") hot pepper paste, both made from minced hot [paprika](/wiki/Paprika "Paprika") (Capsicum annuum L.); paprika is commonly grown in Hungary and both hot and mild paprika are in common usage there.
#### Portugal
[thumb\|*Piri piri* sauce](/wiki/File:09-07-2017_Peninsular_Molho_Piri-piri%2C_extra-forte.JPG "09-07-2017 Peninsular Molho Piri-piri, extra-forte.JPG")
*[Piri piri](/wiki/Piri_piri "Piri piri")* is the popular chili sauce; the term "*piri piri*" came to English through the Portuguese language through contact with [Portuguese Mozambique](/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique "Portuguese Mozambique").{{cite web\|title\=Part One: In the Beginning\|url\=http://www.nandos.co.uk/story/index.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218042021/http://nandos.co.uk/story/index.html\|archive\-date\=2012\-12\-18\|access\-date\=2012\-12\-20}}
### Oceania
#### New Zealand
Many influences reflecting the increasingly diverse ethnicity of its population. Common styles available in supermarkets are:
* Sweet chili sauce – a [Thai](/wiki/Thai_cuisine "Thai cuisine") style sweet dipping sauce (debatable as to whether this can be called a hot sauce).
* Hot sauces based on North and Latin American types (Tabasco, Huffman, Kaitaia Fire are most commonly available but Mexican and Peruvian branded sauces may also be found).
* Malaysian chili sauces with Indian influence.
* *Peri Peri* sauce is a [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine "Portuguese cuisine") style *piri piri* sauce that is also common in South Africa.
* Chinese style sauces such as black bean and chili.
#### Pacific Islands
The [Pacific Islands](/wiki/Pacific_Islands "Pacific Islands") are influenced by Asian and European cuisines. Hot chili sauce is a thick [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_cuisine "Chinese cuisine") style sauce. Sweet chili sauce is a [Thai](/wiki/Thai_cuisine "Thai cuisine") style sweet dipping sauce. Peri Peri sauce is a [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine "Portuguese cuisine") style *piri piri* sauce.
### Americas
{{See also\|Hot sauce\#Styles}}
#### Andes
[Ají](/wiki/Aj%C3%AD_%28sauce%29 "Ají (sauce)") is a spicy sauce that often contains tomatoes, cilantro (coriander), ají pepper, onions, and water. It is prepared in Andean countries such as [Bolivia](/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia"), [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia "Colombia"), and [Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru").
[Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru") and [Bolivian](/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia") medium hot, frutal rocoto sauces are popular.
#### Caribbean
[Hot sauces](/wiki/Hot_sauce "Hot sauce") are used extensively in the Caribbean.
#### Mexico
[thumb\|Mexican salsa (sauce)](/wiki/File:Mexico.Salsa.02.jpg "Mexico.Salsa.02.jpg")
Mexican chili sauces are known as [salsa](/wiki/Salsa_%28food%29 "Salsa (food)") (literally "sauce").
#### United States
[Pepper jelly](/wiki/Pepper_jelly "Pepper jelly") is made in the United States.
|
[
"Varieties\n---------",
"### East Asia",
"#### China",
"[thumb\\|[Lao Gan Ma](/wiki/Lao_Gan_Ma \"Lao Gan Ma\") brand *you la jiao* (fried chili in oil) with black beans](/wiki/File:%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B2%E5%A6%88_2.jpg \"老干妈 2.jpg\")\n[Chili oil](/wiki/Chili_oil \"Chili oil\") is a distinctive Sichuan flavoring found mainly in cold dishes, as well as a few hot dishes. Chili oil is made by pouring hot oil onto a bowl of dried chilies, to which some Sichuan pepper is usually added. After steeping in hot oil for at least a few hours, the oil takes on the taste and fragrance of chili. The finer the chili is ground, the stronger the flavor (regional preferences vary; ground chili is usually used in western China, while whole dried chili is more common in northern China.)",
"Chinese chili sauces usually come as a thick paste, and are used either as a dipping sauce or in stir frying.",
"[Doubanjiang](/wiki/Doubanjiang \"Doubanjiang\") originates from [Sichuan cuisine](/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine \"Sichuan cuisine\") in which chilis are used liberally. It is made from broad bean or soybean paste, and usually contains a fair amount of chili. It is often referred to in English as \"chili bean sauce\".",
"[Guilin](/wiki/Guilin%23Cuisine \"Guilin#Cuisine\") (Kweilin) chili sauce (*Guìlín làjiāojiàng* 桂林辣椒醬) is made of fresh chili, garlic and fermented soybeans; it also is marketed as soy chili sauce (la jiao jiang and la dou ban jiang are not the same thing, though they look vaguely similar in the jar). *Duo jiao* (duò jiāo 剁椒) originates from [Hunan cuisine](/wiki/Hunan_cuisine \"Hunan cuisine\"), which is reputed to be even spicier than Sichuan cuisine. *Duo* means chopped, and *jiao* means chili. *Duo jiao* is made of chopped red chilis pickled in a brine solution, and has a salty and sour pickled taste; it is the key flavoring in the signature Hunan dish *duòjiāo yútóu* (剁椒魚頭), fish head steamed with chopped chili.",
"[XO sauce](/wiki/XO_sauce \"XO sauce\") is spicy seafood sauce from [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=spY3ct9PBxEC\\&pg\\=PA591\\|title\\=Passion of a Foodie\\|last\\=Vos\\|first\\=Heidemarie\\|year\\=2010\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-934925\\-63\\-8\\|page\\=591}} It is commonly used in southern Chinese regions like [Guangdong](/wiki/Guangdong \"Guangdong\") province.",
"[Yongfeng chili sauce](/wiki/Yongfeng_chili_sauce \"Yongfeng chili sauce\") is a traditional fermented hot sauce.",
"*You la jiao* (油辣椒, fried chili in oil) is a [Guizhou](/wiki/Guizhou \"Guizhou\")\\-style chili oil sauce, with fried bits of ground chili and other crispy ingredients. [Chili crisp](/wiki/Chili_crisp \"Chili crisp\") is a similar condiment mainly composed of crunchy soybeans and chili. [Lao Gan Ma](/wiki/Lao_Gan_Ma \"Lao Gan Ma\") is a famous maker of both products.",
"#### Japan",
"*[Rāyu](/wiki/R%C4%81yu \"Rāyu\")* (chili oil), is the same as *la jiao you*, and is often used for dishes such as *[gyoza](/wiki/Gyoza \"Gyoza\")*.",
"*[Yuzu koshō](/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D \"Yuzu koshō\")* is a Japanese fermented paste made from chili peppers, [yuzu](/wiki/Yuzu \"Yuzu\") peel, and salt.Ono, Tadashi and Salat, Harris [*The Japanese Grill*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ODAe_boHajsC&dq=yuzu+kosho&pg=PA7) Random House, 2011, p. 7",
"*[Kōrēgūsu](/wiki/K%C5%8Dr%C4%93gusu \"Kōrēgusu\")*, made of chilis infused in *[awamori](/wiki/Awamori \"Awamori\")* rice spirit, is a popular condiment to Okinawan dishes such as [Okinawa soba](/wiki/Okinawa_soba \"Okinawa soba\"). The word \"*kōrē*\" refers to Korea ([Goguryeo](/wiki/Goguryeo \"Goguryeo\")).",
"#### Korea",
"[thumb\\|*Gochujang* (chili paste)](/wiki/File:Gochujang_%28chilli_paste%29_2.jpg \"Gochujang (chilli paste) 2.jpg\")\n[Chili oil](/wiki/Chili_oil \"Chili oil\") used in [Korean cuisine](/wiki/Korean_cuisine \"Korean cuisine\") is made by adding *[gochugaru](/wiki/Korean_chili_pepper \"Korean chili pepper\")* ([Korean chili](/wiki/Korean_chili_pepper \"Korean chili pepper\") powder/flakes) to hot oil (usually [sesame oil](/wiki/Sesame_oil \"Sesame oil\") and/or [vegetable oil](/wiki/Vegetable_oil \"Vegetable oil\")) in the final stage of stir\\-frying and before adding water, in soup dishes like *[yukgaejang](/wiki/Yukgaejang \"Yukgaejang\")* and *[sundubu\\-jjigae](/wiki/Sundubu-jjigae \"Sundubu-jjigae\")*.",
"*[Dadaegi](/wiki/Dadaegi \"Dadaegi\")* is a chili paste made by mixing ground or minced red, and dried red chili peppers (or chili powder/flakes) along with ground or minced garlic, onions, ground black pepper, salt or soy sauce, sugar, meat stock, sesame oil, and toasted sesame seeds. It is added to dishes like *[naengmyeon](/wiki/Naengmyeon \"Naengmyeon\")* (cold noodle soup) or *[dwaeji\\-gukbap](/wiki/Dwaeji_gukbap \"Dwaeji gukbap\")* (pork soup with rice) to add spiciness.",
"*[Gochujang](/wiki/Gochujang \"Gochujang\")*, or red chili paste,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.korean.go.kr/common/download.do?file\\_path\\=notice\\&c\\_file\\_name\\=140730\\_%ED%95%9C%EC%8B%9D%EB%AA%85\\_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90\\_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0\\_%EB%B0%8F\\_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80\\_%EB%B2%88%EC%97%AD\\_%ED%99%95%EC%A0%95%EC%95%88\\_.pdf\\&o\\_file\\_name\\=140730\\_%ED%95%9C%EC%8B%9D%EB%AA%85\\_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90\\_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0\\_%EB%B0%8F\\_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80\\_%EB%B2%88%EC%97%AD\\_%ED%99%95%EC%A0%95%EC%95%88\\_.pdf\\|last\\=National Institute of Korean Language\\|date\\=30 July 2014\\|language\\=ko\\|script\\-title\\=ko:주요 한식명(200개) 로마자 표기 및 번역(영, 중, 일) 표준안\\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2017}}\n{{cite press release \\|date\\=2014\\-05\\-02 \\|script\\-title\\=ko:주요 한식명 로마자 표기 및 표준 번역 확정안 공지 \\|url\\=http://www.korean.go.kr/front/board/boardStandardView.do?board\\_id\\=4\\&mn\\_id\\=17\\&b\\_seq\\=1465 \\|website\\=\\[\\[National Institute of Korean Language]] \\|language\\=ko}}* is a savory, sweet, and spicy [fermented](/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing \"Fermentation in food processing\") [condiment](/wiki/Condiment \"Condiment\") made with [chili powder](/wiki/Chili_powder \"Chili powder\"), [glutinous rice flour](/wiki/Glutinous_rice_flour \"Glutinous rice flour\"), *[meju](/wiki/Meju \"Meju\")* (fermented soybean) powder, barley [malt](/wiki/Malt \"Malt\") powder, and salt. The sweetness comes from the starch of cooked glutinous rice, cultured with [saccharifying](/wiki/Hydrolysis \"Hydrolysis\") enzymes during the fermentation process.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?\\_method\\=view\\&MAS\\_IDX\\=101013000806068\\|title\\=gochujang\\|website\\=\\[\\[Doopedia]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Doosan Corporation]]\\|language\\=ko\\|script\\-title\\=ko:고추장\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2017}} Traditionally, it has been naturally [fermented](/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing \"Fermentation in food processing\") over years in *[jangdok](/wiki/Jangdok \"Jangdok\")* (earthenware) on an elevated stone platform, called *[jangdokdae](/wiki/Jangdokdae \"Jangdokdae\")*, in the [backyard](/wiki/Backyard \"Backyard\").",
"*[Ssamjang](/wiki/Ssamjang \"Ssamjang\")* is a thick, spicy paste eaten with grilled meat, often in *[ssam](/wiki/Ssam \"Ssam\")* (vegetable wraps), in [Korean barbecue](/wiki/Korean_barbecue \"Korean barbecue\"). It is made of *[doenjang](/wiki/Doenjang \"Doenjang\")* (soybean paste), *[gochujang](/wiki/Gochujang \"Gochujang\")* (chili paste), [sesame oil](/wiki/Sesame_oil \"Sesame oil\"), onion, garlic, green onions, and optionally sugar.",
"### Southeast Asia",
"#### Laos",
"[Jaew bong](/wiki/Jeow_bong \"Jeow bong\") is a sweet and spicy Laotian chili paste.",
"#### Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore",
"[thumb\\|Sambal](/wiki/File:Sambal_rica.JPG \"Sambal rica.JPG\")\n[Sambal](/wiki/Sambal \"Sambal\") is a generic term for many varieties of chili\\-based sauces popular in [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei \"Brunei\"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Sambal%23Indonesia \"Sambal#Indonesia\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Sambal%23Malaysia \"Sambal#Malaysia\"). [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") and [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sambal%23Sri_Lanka \"Sambal#Sri Lanka\"). Most of sambals are traditionally made using stone pestle and mortar, according to each recipe. Nevertheless, there are some bottled mass\\-produced sambal brands today. *Saus Cabai* (Indonesia) or *Sos Cili* (Malaysia and Brunei), a category of its own, uses tomato puree, chili juice, sugar, salt and some other spices or seasonings to give the spicy, but not too hot, taste. Some countryside commercial varieties use [bird's eye chili](/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili \"Bird's eye chili\") (*cili padi*, *cabai rawit* or *burung*) together with its seeds to raise the level of heat (piquancy) of the sauce. Variants include the typical concoctions with ginger and garlic (for chicken rice) and variants that are made into gummy consistency as with ketchup/tomato sauce.",
"In [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine \"Indonesian cuisine\"), the bottled commercially available chili sauce is known as bottled *saus cabai*. They are also commonly known as bottled *[sambal](/wiki/Sambal \"Sambal\")*. However, unlike the coarse textured and richly flavored traditional *sambal*, this bottled *sambal* or chili sauce has an even gloppy texture similar to those of tomato sauce, and rather simple hot flavor. Unlike traditional *sambal*, enrichened with [shrimp paste](/wiki/Shrimp_paste \"Shrimp paste\"), the commercial sambal sauce usually uses finely blended red chili pepper and garlic, and sometimes a little bit of sugar, without any addition of shrimp paste.",
"#### Philippines",
"{{See also\\|Philippine condiments}}\n[thumb\\|Filipino *agre dulce* (sweet and sour sauce)](/wiki/File:0794Cuisine_foods_of_Bulacan_15.jpg \"0794Cuisine foods of Bulacan 15.jpg\")\nThe generic term for [dipping sauces](/wiki/Philippine_condiments \"Philippine condiments\") in the [Philippines](/wiki/Filipino_cuisine \"Filipino cuisine\") is *sawsawan*, which may or may not include chilis. Unlike sauces in other Southeast Asian regions, most *sawsawan* are not prepared beforehand, but has to be assembled on the table according to the preferences of the diner. As such, chilis are usually optional. However, there are also native sauces and pastes which utilize chilis as main ingredients.{{cite web \\|title\\=How to make the Best Sweet Spicy Sawsawan \\|url\\=https://www.angsarap.net/2017/06/07/make\\-best\\-sweet\\-spicy\\-sawsawan/ \\|website\\=Ang Sarap \\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2019\\|date\\=2017\\-06\\-07 }}",
"The most common is the traditional Filipino [sweet and sour sauce](/wiki/Sweet_and_sour_sauce \"Sweet and sour sauce\") known as *[agre dulce](/wiki/Agre_dulce \"Agre dulce\")* (or *agri dulci*) which is made from [cornstarch](/wiki/Cornstarch \"Cornstarch\"), salt, sugar, [labuyo chilis](/wiki/Labuyo_chili \"Labuyo chili\"), and tomato or [banana ketchup](/wiki/Banana_ketchup \"Banana ketchup\"). It is the traditional dipping sauces of fried dishes like *[lumpia](/wiki/Lumpia \"Lumpia\")* or *[okoy](/wiki/Okoy \"Okoy\")*.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Alejandro \\|first1\\=Reynaldo G. \\|title\\=The Philippine Cookbook \\|date\\=1985 \\|publisher\\=Penguin \\|isbn\\=9780399511448 \\|page\\=202}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Sweet and Sour Sauce (Agre Dulce) \\|url\\=http://kusinanimanding.blogspot.com/2015/05/sweet\\-and\\-sour\\-sauce\\-agre\\-dulce.html \\|website\\=Kusina ni Manding \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2019\\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-16 }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Alejandro \\|first1\\=Reynaldo G. \\|title\\=Food of the Philippines \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=Tuttle Publishing \\|isbn\\=9781462905454 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7eZkCwAAQBAJ}}",
"A similar sauce used for fried street food appetizers is known simply as \"manong's sauce\" or \"fishball sauce\". It is named after *manong*, a term of respect used for an older man in [Tagalog](/wiki/Tagalog_language \"Tagalog language\") and the most common way of addressing street food vendors. It is made with flour or cornstarch, sugar, soy sauce, garlic, labuyo chilis, ground pepper, and *[muscovado](/wiki/Muscovado \"Muscovado\")* or [brown sugar](/wiki/Brown_sugar \"Brown sugar\"). Lime or lemon\\-flavored [carbonated](/wiki/Carbonated \"Carbonated\") [soft drinks](/wiki/Soft_drink \"Soft drink\") may also be used.{{cite web \\|title\\=Fishball Sauce Recipe \\|url\\=https://www.foxyfolksy.com/fishball\\-sauce\\-recipe/ \\|website\\=Foxy Folksy \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2019\\|date\\=2018\\-08\\-27 }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Fishballs Sauce ala Manong's Sauce Recipe \\|url\\=https://www.atbp.ph/2017/01/29/fishballs\\-sauce\\-ala\\-manongs\\-sauce\\-recipe/ \\|website\\=Atbp.ph \\|date\\=29 January 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2019}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Filipino Street Food: Fishball Sauce Recipe \\|url\\=http://maputingcooking.com/recipe/filipino\\-street\\-food\\-fishball\\-sauce\\-recipe/ \\|website\\=Maputing Cooking \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2019}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Fish Ball Sauce Recipe, Just Like Manong's \\|url\\=http://www.certifiedfoodies.com/2013/08/fish\\-ball\\-sauce\\-recipe/ \\|website\\=Certified Foodies \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2019\\|date\\=2013\\-08\\-14 }}",
"Another spicy condiment used for street food is the \"siomai sauce\" or \"chili garlic sauce\". It is usually eaten with Philippine *[siomai](/wiki/Siomai \"Siomai\")*. It uses minced labuyo chilis, garlic, and powdered dried shrimp or finely minced meat simmered in water and then oil. It takes on a flavor similar to Chinese [chili oil](/wiki/Chili_oil \"Chili oil\") infused dim sum sauces, which is its ultimate origin. It is typically spritzed with [calamansi](/wiki/Calamansi \"Calamansi\") before eating.{{cite web \\|title\\=How to make Homemade Siomai Sauce \\|url\\=https://www.mamasguiderecipes.com/2017/04/24/make\\-homemade\\-siomai\\-sauce/ \\|website\\=Mama's Guide Recipes \\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2019\\|date\\=2017\\-04\\-24 }}",
"Among the [Maranao people](/wiki/Maranao_people \"Maranao people\"), another notable condiment is the *[palapa](/wiki/Palapa_%28condiment%29 \"Palapa (condiment)\")*, a very spicy condiment made from *[sakurab](/wiki/Sakurab \"Sakurab\")* (native scallions), ginger, [turmeric](/wiki/Turmeric \"Turmeric\"), and labuyo chilis. It is an ubiquitous accompaniment to Maranao meals.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Santos \\|first1\\=Kara \\|title\\=Home \\> Life Maranao condiment 'palapa' offers recipe for hope \\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/life/09/27/18/maranao\\-condiment\\-palapa\\-offers\\-recipe\\-for\\-hope \\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2019 \\|work\\=ABS\\-CBN News \\|date\\=27 September 2018}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Morocco \\|first1\\=Chris \\|title\\=This Condiment Is Sweet, Spicy, Garlicky and Just Ridiculously Good \\|url\\=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/this\\-condiment\\-is\\-sweet\\-spicy\\-garlicky\\-and\\-just\\-ridiculously\\-good \\|website\\=Healthyish \\|date\\=26 July 2017 \\|publisher\\=Bon Appétit \\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2019}}",
"#### Thailand",
"[thumb\\|*Nam phrik* phao (\"chili jam\")](/wiki/File:Thai_chilli_paste_in_oil%2C_Thai_roasted_chilli_jam.jpg \"Thai chilli paste in oil, Thai roasted chilli jam.jpg\")\nThais put raw chilies on a very wide variety of food, in lieu of chili sauces. Chili sauces are eaten as condiments but they can also be used as an ingredient.",
"*[Nam phrik](/wiki/Nam_phrik \"Nam phrik\")* is the generic name for a Thai chili dip or paste. A Thai cookbook from 1974 lists over 100 different recipes.[http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/bitstream/handle/10635/17685/2\\.%20Thesis%20body%20\\-%20What%20is%20Thai%20Cuisine.pdf?sequence\\=2](http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/bitstream/handle/10635/17685/2.%20Thesis%20body%20-%20What%20is%20Thai%20Cuisine.pdf?sequence=2){{dead link\\|date\\=May 2018\\|bot\\=SheriffIsInTown\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}} *Nam phrik phao* (roasted chili paste), *nam phrik num* (pounded grilled green chili paste) and *nam phrik kapi* (chili paste made with fermented [shrimp paste](/wiki/Shrimp_paste \"Shrimp paste\")) are some of the more well\\-known varieties. Many Thai dipping sauces (*[nam chim](/wiki/Nam_chim \"Nam chim\")*) contain chili peppers. *Nam chim chaeo* uses ground dried chili peppers to achieve its spiciness. Available worldwide is *nam chim kai*, also known as \"chili sauce for chicken\" or \"Thai sweet chili sauce\". *Phrik nam pla* is [fish sauce](/wiki/Fish_sauce \"Fish sauce\") (*nam pla*) with chopped raw chilies, lime juice and sometimes garlic. [Sriracha sauce](/wiki/Sriracha_sauce \"Sriracha sauce\") is a Thai chili sauce, originally from the town of [Si Racha](/wiki/Si_Racha \"Si Racha\"), Thailand.",
"[Sriracha sauce](/wiki/Sriracha_sauce \"Sriracha sauce\") is a type of hot sauce or chili sauce made from a paste of chili peppers, distilled vinegar, garlic, sugar, and salt. It is named after the coastal city of [Si Racha](/wiki/Si_Racha \"Si Racha\"), in the [Chonburi Province](/wiki/Chonburi_Province \"Chonburi Province\") of [Eastern Thailand](/wiki/Eastern_Thailand \"Eastern Thailand\"), where it was possibly first produced for dishes served at local seafood restaurants.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/20/dining/20united.html\\|title\\=A Chili Sauce to Crow About\\|last\\=Edge\\|first\\=John\\|date\\=May 19, 2009\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-15}}",
"A type of chili sauce is Thai [sweet chili sauce](/wiki/Sweet_chili_sauce \"Sweet chili sauce\"),[HOT! \\- Make Your Own Sauce! \\- Justin Thyme](https://books.google.com/books?id=BfetROU8PvEC&pg=PA36). p. 36\\.[*Thai Cooking: A Step\\-by\\-Step Guide to Authentic Dishes Made Easy*, Darlene Anne Schmidt](https://books.google.com/books?id=9Vmvq8SRLyMC&pg=PA18). p. 18\\. which is used as a dipping sauce, a marinade, and for cooking, such as in [stir fried](/wiki/Stir_frying \"Stir frying\") dishes. The company Mae Ploy is a major manufacturer of Thai sweet chili sauce. Most major supermarket chain stores in North America carry Thai sweet chili sauce. Sweet chili sauce is used in [Thai cuisine](/wiki/Thai_cuisine \"Thai cuisine\"),[*Caesars: The Essential Guide to Your Favourite Cocktail*, Clint Pattemore](https://books.google.com/books?id=UYzIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT112) and is also sometimes used in the preparation of [sushi](/wiki/Sushi \"Sushi\").[*Sushi For Dummies*, Judi Strada, Mineko Takane Moreno](https://books.google.com/books?id=R_KXS-Lcse0C&pg=PT54)",
"Some versions of *[Nam phrik](/wiki/Nam_phrik \"Nam phrik\")*, a range of chili\\-based, hot sauces typical of [Thai cuisine](/wiki/Thai_cuisine \"Thai cuisine\"), are sweetened with sugar.",
"#### Vietnam",
"[thumb\\|Homemade tương ớt (chili sauce)](/wiki/File:T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%E1%BB%9Bt_nh%C3%A0_l%C3%A0m_2018_%284%29.jpg \"Tương ớt nhà làm 2018 (4).jpg\")\nVietnamese *tương ớt* (chili sauce) is made from sun\\-ripened chili peppers, vinegar, garlic, sugar and salt. It is very popular in Vietnamese cuisine, often used in a wide variety of foods.",
"### South Asia",
"[thumb\\|Apple chili chutney](/wiki/File:Apfel-Chili-Chutney_im_Glas.jpg \"Apfel-Chili-Chutney im Glas.jpg\")\nChili (Hindi: mirch), fresh, semi\\-dried or dried, is a crucial ingredient throughout [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia \"South Asia\"), with multiple strains having arrived through Portuguese trade from the sixteenth century. Many varieties are now popular in different parts of the sub\\-continent such as [Naga Chilli](/wiki/Naga_Viper_pepper \"Naga Viper pepper\") from [Nagaland](/wiki/Nagaland \"Nagaland\"), [Chamba Chukh](/wiki/Chamba_Chukh \"Chamba Chukh\") from [Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh \"Himachal Pradesh\"), [Guntur Chilli](/wiki/Guntur_chilli \"Guntur chilli\") from [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\"), Jwala Chilli from [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat \"Gujarat\") among others. Hot sauces proper, however, were not common until recent decades, as varieties such as [bhut jolokia](/wiki/Bhut_jolokia \"Bhut jolokia\") and [naga morich](/wiki/Naga_morich \"Naga morich\") attained global fame.",
"In Nepal, Nun\\-khursani is a popular condiment made with salt and chilli peppers like Akabare on a grinding stone called a {{lang\\|ne\\|silauto}}. This is often used as a [chutney](/wiki/Chutney \"Chutney\") and can be eaten with many meals and snacks like [dal bhat](/wiki/Dal_bhat \"Dal bhat\"), roasted corn, grilled chicken, cucumbers, oranges, and more.",
"[Chilli Chutney](/wiki/Chutney \"Chutney\") is an Indian chilli pepper condiment with spices and herbs.",
"### Middle East",
"#### Levant",
"Shatta ([Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\"): شطة *shaṭṭah*) is a popular hot sauce made from wholly grounded fresh chili peppers by mixing them with oil (usually [olive](/wiki/Olive_oil \"Olive oil\")). Vinegar, garlic, or other spices are commonly added. There are two varieties of Shatta: green and red. The red variety is made with tomatoes. It is made from [piri piri](/wiki/Piri_piri \"Piri piri\"), or similarly hot peppers. The degree of hotness varies according to the type of chili used and preference of the maker (homemade Shatta is usually hotter than commercial brands). Commonly used in [falafel](/wiki/Falafel \"Falafel\") sandwiches, [hummus](/wiki/Hummus \"Hummus\") dishes, or as a condiment. [Muhammara](/wiki/Muhammara \"Muhammara\") ({{lang\\-ar\\|محمرة}} *muḥammarah*) is a hot pepper dip made from [Aleppo pepper](/wiki/Aleppo_pepper \"Aleppo pepper\"), ground [walnuts](/wiki/Walnut \"Walnut\"), dried bread, and olive oil. Other spices and flavorings may be added. It is served as a dip or spread for bread or as a sauce for fish and meat. The dish is also known in Turkey, where it may be called *acuka*.",
"#### Maghreb",
"[thumb\\|Harissa](/wiki/File:Harissa_in_a_jar_%28vertical%29.jpg \"Harissa in a jar (vertical).jpg\")\n[Harissa](/wiki/Harissa \"Harissa\") is a popular hot sauce used in Tunisia and elsewhere in the Maghreb (especially [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria \"Algeria\") and [Libya](/wiki/Libya \"Libya\")). It is usually made from ground red birdseye chili peppers with olive oil, garlic, cumin and coriander although caraway is sometimes used instead of cumin and recipes vary. The sauce is of a dark red grainy texture. It is sometimes spread on bread rolls but also used as a condiment with a variety of meals. Tunisian Harissa is much hotter than that found in neighboring countries. Cap Bon is a popular brand of Harissa. Harissa is often sold in tin cans. Harissa is also popular in [Israel](/wiki/Israeli_cuisine \"Israeli cuisine\"), on account of immigration of Maghrebi Jews.",
"#### Turkey",
"[Biber salçası](/wiki/Biber_sal%C3%A7as%C4%B1 \"Biber salçası\") is a Turkish red pepper paste.",
"#### Yemen",
"[Sahawiq](/wiki/Sahawiq \"Sahawiq\") is produced by grinding fresh peppers with garlic, coriander, and sometimes other ingredients. It is popular both in Yemen and in Israel, where it was brought by [Yemenite Jews](/wiki/Yemenite_Jews \"Yemenite Jews\"), and where it is called סחוג *s'khug*.",
"### Africa",
"#### Ghana",
"[thumb\\|Shito](/wiki/File:Shito.jpg \"Shito.jpg\")\n[Shito](/wiki/Shito \"Shito\") is a Ghanaian chili sauce.",
"#### Malawi",
"[Nali Sauce](/wiki/Nali_Sauce \"Nali Sauce\") is a style of piri piri chili sauce.",
"#### Somalia",
"[Shigni](/wiki/Shigni \"Shigni\") is a Somali chili sauce or [chutney](/wiki/Chutney \"Chutney\"), made from [chili peppers](/wiki/Chili_pepper \"Chili pepper\"), [onion](/wiki/Onion \"Onion\"), [garlic](/wiki/Garlic \"Garlic\"), [tomato](/wiki/Tomato \"Tomato\"), [lemon juice](/wiki/Lemon_juice \"Lemon juice\"), [cilantro](/wiki/Cilantro \"Cilantro\") and so on.",
"#### South Africa",
"Peri Peri sauce is a style of [piri piri](/wiki/Piri_piri \"Piri piri\") chili sauce used by [Nando's](/wiki/Nando%27s \"Nando's\") Chicken fast food restaurants.",
"#### Tunisia",
"[Harissa](/wiki/Harissa \"Harissa\") is a chili paste based on roasted red peppers and olive oil, seasoned with garlic, coriander seed and other herbs.",
"### Europe",
"Adjika Mingrelian and Adjika Abkhazian (Georgia)",
"#### Hungary",
"*Erős Pista* (lit. \"Strong Steve\") and *Piros Arany* (lit. \"Red Gold\") hot pepper paste, both made from minced hot [paprika](/wiki/Paprika \"Paprika\") (Capsicum annuum L.); paprika is commonly grown in Hungary and both hot and mild paprika are in common usage there.",
"#### Portugal",
"[thumb\\|*Piri piri* sauce](/wiki/File:09-07-2017_Peninsular_Molho_Piri-piri%2C_extra-forte.JPG \"09-07-2017 Peninsular Molho Piri-piri, extra-forte.JPG\")\n*[Piri piri](/wiki/Piri_piri \"Piri piri\")* is the popular chili sauce; the term \"*piri piri*\" came to English through the Portuguese language through contact with [Portuguese Mozambique](/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique \"Portuguese Mozambique\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Part One: In the Beginning\\|url\\=http://www.nandos.co.uk/story/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218042021/http://nandos.co.uk/story/index.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-18\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-20}}",
"### Oceania",
"#### New Zealand",
"Many influences reflecting the increasingly diverse ethnicity of its population. Common styles available in supermarkets are:",
"* Sweet chili sauce – a [Thai](/wiki/Thai_cuisine \"Thai cuisine\") style sweet dipping sauce (debatable as to whether this can be called a hot sauce).\n* Hot sauces based on North and Latin American types (Tabasco, Huffman, Kaitaia Fire are most commonly available but Mexican and Peruvian branded sauces may also be found).\n* Malaysian chili sauces with Indian influence.\n* *Peri Peri* sauce is a [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine \"Portuguese cuisine\") style *piri piri* sauce that is also common in South Africa.\n* Chinese style sauces such as black bean and chili.",
"#### Pacific Islands",
"The [Pacific Islands](/wiki/Pacific_Islands \"Pacific Islands\") are influenced by Asian and European cuisines. Hot chili sauce is a thick [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_cuisine \"Chinese cuisine\") style sauce. Sweet chili sauce is a [Thai](/wiki/Thai_cuisine \"Thai cuisine\") style sweet dipping sauce. Peri Peri sauce is a [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine \"Portuguese cuisine\") style *piri piri* sauce.",
"### Americas",
"{{See also\\|Hot sauce\\#Styles}}",
"#### Andes",
"[Ají](/wiki/Aj%C3%AD_%28sauce%29 \"Ají (sauce)\") is a spicy sauce that often contains tomatoes, cilantro (coriander), ají pepper, onions, and water. It is prepared in Andean countries such as [Bolivia](/wiki/Bolivia \"Bolivia\"), [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\"), and [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\").",
"[Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\") and [Bolivian](/wiki/Bolivia \"Bolivia\") medium hot, frutal rocoto sauces are popular.",
"#### Caribbean",
"[Hot sauces](/wiki/Hot_sauce \"Hot sauce\") are used extensively in the Caribbean.",
"#### Mexico",
"[thumb\\|Mexican salsa (sauce)](/wiki/File:Mexico.Salsa.02.jpg \"Mexico.Salsa.02.jpg\")\nMexican chili sauces are known as [salsa](/wiki/Salsa_%28food%29 \"Salsa (food)\") (literally \"sauce\").",
"#### United States",
"[Pepper jelly](/wiki/Pepper_jelly \"Pepper jelly\") is made in the United States.",
""
] |
Growth
------
The first principal, William Ainger, was only 31 when appointed, and had no previous experience of running a theological institution. However, the college prospered immediately, with numbers rising to 36 admissions in 1822\. Ainger had to work alone until 1826, when the increasing scope of the training course obliged him to take on an assistant, the Rev. Richard Parkinson, and to double the fees to £10 a term. Although Ainger also carried out all the duties of a parish priest, he had the time and energy to make the reputation of the college grow. Shortly before Ainger's death in 1840 at the age of 55, St Bees College was mentioned specifically in national legislation along with Oxford and Cambridge, [Durham](/wiki/Durham_University "Durham University") and [St David's College, Lampeter](/wiki/University_of_Wales%2C_Lampeter "University of Wales, Lampeter").
Ainger's successor was the Rev. Richard Buddicom, aged 60, who had quite a different theological standpoint and came from the [evangelical](/wiki/Evangelical_Anglicanism "Evangelical Anglicanism") wing of the church. He was an early supporter of the [Church Missionary Society](/wiki/Church_Mission_Society "Church Mission Society"), and was elected to the newly built chapel of St George's, Everton, in 1813, where he remained until coming to St Bees. He had published a large body of sermons and had a huge reputation as a preacher. When he preached for the first time in Whitehaven, over 3,000 people came to hear him. Although principal, he took very seriously his responsibility for Whitehaven with 20,000 people, which was still part of the ecclesiastical parish of St Bees. Whitehaven had three chapels of ease; Trinity, St James and St Nicholas, each with a curate.
Buddicom died in 1846\. His successor was [Richard Parkinson](/wiki/Richard_Parkinson_%28priest%29 "Richard Parkinson (priest)"), who had been a lecturer at the college until 1833, when he was appointed a Fellow of Manchester Collegiate church (now the cathedral). Under Parkinson College admissions rose, and he set about schemes for improving the college and buildings. He proposed to incorporate the college with a charter, so it could confer degrees, and to build residential accommodation. Parkinson offered to donate £5,000 personally. However, he would not surrender power to a proposed governing council of clergy and laity, and consequently the scheme failed. Had the college progressed in this way, it may well have survived into the 20th century. Instead, Parkinson applied his energies to extending the vicarage and improving the church.
Canon Parkinson died in 1858, and his successor, and was succeeded by Rev. G. H. Ainger, the son of the first principal, William Ainger. He was to be known as the great builder of the college and restorer of the priory. The college continued to prosper, and during the 1860s annual admissions were frequently over 40\. College life seems to have been particularly lively at this time, with many grand celebrations. There was a gala day at the Priory when Ainger was presented with a handsome portrait costing £100\. The Militia band played, and a special train was put on from Whitehaven. On another occasion, the anniversary dinner of the college in 1862, no fewer than 25 toasts were proposed, which attracted the criticism of the Whitehaven Temperance Society.
The popularity of the college meant there had to be additional teaching facilities, and in 1863 a new building was completed to the design of [William Butterfield](/wiki/William_Butterfield "William Butterfield"), to provide two large lecture rooms. This still stands to the south of the priory and is known as the New College Halls. Ainger was principal until 1871, when he moved to be vicar of [Rothbury](/wiki/Rothbury "Rothbury").
|
[
"Growth\n------",
"The first principal, William Ainger, was only 31 when appointed, and had no previous experience of running a theological institution. However, the college prospered immediately, with numbers rising to 36 admissions in 1822\\. Ainger had to work alone until 1826, when the increasing scope of the training course obliged him to take on an assistant, the Rev. Richard Parkinson, and to double the fees to £10 a term. Although Ainger also carried out all the duties of a parish priest, he had the time and energy to make the reputation of the college grow. Shortly before Ainger's death in 1840 at the age of 55, St Bees College was mentioned specifically in national legislation along with Oxford and Cambridge, [Durham](/wiki/Durham_University \"Durham University\") and [St David's College, Lampeter](/wiki/University_of_Wales%2C_Lampeter \"University of Wales, Lampeter\").",
"Ainger's successor was the Rev. Richard Buddicom, aged 60, who had quite a different theological standpoint and came from the [evangelical](/wiki/Evangelical_Anglicanism \"Evangelical Anglicanism\") wing of the church. He was an early supporter of the [Church Missionary Society](/wiki/Church_Mission_Society \"Church Mission Society\"), and was elected to the newly built chapel of St George's, Everton, in 1813, where he remained until coming to St Bees. He had published a large body of sermons and had a huge reputation as a preacher. When he preached for the first time in Whitehaven, over 3,000 people came to hear him. Although principal, he took very seriously his responsibility for Whitehaven with 20,000 people, which was still part of the ecclesiastical parish of St Bees. Whitehaven had three chapels of ease; Trinity, St James and St Nicholas, each with a curate.",
"Buddicom died in 1846\\. His successor was [Richard Parkinson](/wiki/Richard_Parkinson_%28priest%29 \"Richard Parkinson (priest)\"), who had been a lecturer at the college until 1833, when he was appointed a Fellow of Manchester Collegiate church (now the cathedral). Under Parkinson College admissions rose, and he set about schemes for improving the college and buildings. He proposed to incorporate the college with a charter, so it could confer degrees, and to build residential accommodation. Parkinson offered to donate £5,000 personally. However, he would not surrender power to a proposed governing council of clergy and laity, and consequently the scheme failed. Had the college progressed in this way, it may well have survived into the 20th century. Instead, Parkinson applied his energies to extending the vicarage and improving the church.",
"Canon Parkinson died in 1858, and his successor, and was succeeded by Rev. G. H. Ainger, the son of the first principal, William Ainger. He was to be known as the great builder of the college and restorer of the priory. The college continued to prosper, and during the 1860s annual admissions were frequently over 40\\. College life seems to have been particularly lively at this time, with many grand celebrations. There was a gala day at the Priory when Ainger was presented with a handsome portrait costing £100\\. The Militia band played, and a special train was put on from Whitehaven. On another occasion, the anniversary dinner of the college in 1862, no fewer than 25 toasts were proposed, which attracted the criticism of the Whitehaven Temperance Society.",
"The popularity of the college meant there had to be additional teaching facilities, and in 1863 a new building was completed to the design of [William Butterfield](/wiki/William_Butterfield \"William Butterfield\"), to provide two large lecture rooms. This still stands to the south of the priory and is known as the New College Halls. Ainger was principal until 1871, when he moved to be vicar of [Rothbury](/wiki/Rothbury \"Rothbury\").",
""
] |
Revival
-------
### Great Western Railway (TOC)
The *Torbay Express* name is also used by [Great Western Railway (train operating company)](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_%28train_operating_company%29 "Great Western Railway (train operating company)") for its 10:35 service from [London Paddington](/wiki/London_Paddington_railway_station "London Paddington railway station") to [Paignton](/wiki/Paignton_railway_station "Paignton railway station") (via [Castle Cary](/wiki/Castle_Cary_railway_station "Castle Cary railway station")), and the 13:55 return (via [Castle Cary](/wiki/Castle_Cary_railway_station "Castle Cary railway station") and the [Reading to Taunton Line](/wiki/Reading_to_Taunton_Line "Reading to Taunton Line")).
### Summer steam excursion
[thumb\|right\|250px\|Ex\-GWR 'King' 4\-6\-0 No.6024 *King Edward I* heads the revived *Torbay Express* charter at Sprey Point, [Devon](/wiki/Devon "Devon"), July 2006](/wiki/File:6024_King_Edward_1_heads_the_Torbay_Express_-_geograph.org.uk_-_657890.jpg "6024 King Edward 1 heads the Torbay Express - geograph.org.uk - 657890.jpg")
From 2003, [Past\-Time Rail](/wiki/Past-Time_Rail "Past-Time Rail") revived the *Torbay Express* as a passenger charter [steam locomotive](/wiki/Steam_locomotive "Steam locomotive") service, to run on certain summer Sundays and some Saturdays, from: [Bristol Temple Meads](/wiki/Bristol_Temple_Meads_railway_station "Bristol Temple Meads railway station") via stops at [Weston\-Super\-Mare](/wiki/Weston-super-Mare_railway_station "Weston-super-Mare railway station") and [Taunton](/wiki/Taunton_railway_station "Taunton railway station"); to [Paignton](/wiki/Paignton_railway_station "Paignton railway station") and onwards via the [Dartmouth Steam Railway](/wiki/Dartmouth_Steam_Railway "Dartmouth Steam Railway") to [Kingswear](/wiki/Kingswear_railway_station "Kingswear railway station"). For the 2014 season, two of the booked railtours ran via [Westbury](/wiki/Westbury_railway_station "Westbury railway station") instead of Weston\-super\-Mare, calling at [Bath Spa](/wiki/Bath_Spa_railway_station "Bath Spa railway station"), [Trowbridge](/wiki/Trowbridge_railway_station "Trowbridge railway station"), Westbury and Taunton, then picking up the normal route. At first, this was done because of engineering works. However, thanks to its success, the same concept was repeated with two trains for the 2015 season.
After Past\-Time Rail went bankrupt in June 2009, the service obligation has been taken over by **Torbay Express Ltd**. This company was formed as a subsidiary of booking agent [Pathfinder Tours](/wiki/Pathfinder_Tours "Pathfinder Tours"), itself a subsidiary of [Riviera Trains](/wiki/Riviera_Trains "Riviera Trains"). As well as taking direct bookings, the company also takes bookings through Pathfinder Tours, who advertise the service as part of their tour programme, and also supply their own volunteers to steward the trains.
Since being taken over by Pathfinder Tours/Riviera Trains, the [British Railways Mark 1](/wiki/British_Railways_Mark_1 "British Railways Mark 1") coaching stock has been supplied in historic cream/brown by Riviera, and staffed by Pathfinder. The back\-up diesel locomotive is supplied and operated by [DB Schenker Rail (UK)](/wiki/DB_Schenker_Rail_%28UK%29 "DB Schenker Rail (UK)"), sourced from a varying number of spot\-hire companies, mainly [West Coast Railways](/wiki/West_Coast_Railways "West Coast Railways"). During the operating season, the coaching stock is stabled in a spare covered road under the engine shed of Bristol Temple Meads, whilst the steam locomotive is stabled at a temporary operating base at [Bristol Barton Hill](/wiki/Barton_Hill%2C_Bristol "Barton Hill, Bristol") MPD.
Initial steam power was supplied by [GWR 7800 Class 7802 *Bradley Manor*](/wiki/GWR_7800_Class_7802_Bradley_Manor "GWR 7800 Class 7802 Bradley Manor") and [GWR 4073 Class 5051 *Earl Bathurst*](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class_5051_Earl_Bathurst "GWR 4073 Class 5051 Earl Bathurst"), but has varied since by season, latterly supplied from the [Jeremy Hosking](/wiki/Jeremy_Hosking "Jeremy Hosking")\-backed [Locomotive Services Ltd](/wiki/Royal_Scot_Locomotive_and_General_Trust%23Locomotive_Services_Ltd. "Royal Scot Locomotive and General Trust#Locomotive Services Ltd."). Motive power has included: [GWR 6000 Class 6024 *King Edward I*](/wiki/GWR_6000_Class_6024_King_Edward_I "GWR 6000 Class 6024 King Edward I"); [LNER Class A4 60009 *Union of South Africa*](/wiki/LNER_Class_A4_4488_Union_of_South_Africa "LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa"); [LNER Class A1 60163 *Tornado*](/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado "LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado"); [SR Battle of Britain Class 34067 *Tangmere*](/wiki/SR_West_Country_and_Battle_of_Britain_classes%2334067 "SR West Country and Battle of Britain classes#34067"); [BR Class 8P 71000 *Duke of Gloucester*](/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_8 "BR Standard Class 8"); [BR Britannia Class 7MT 70000 *Britannia*](/wiki/BR_standard_class_7_70000_Britannia "BR standard class 7 70000 Britannia"); [LNER Class A4 4464 *Bittern*](/wiki/LNER_Class_A4_4464_Bittern "LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern"); [SR West Country Class 34046 *Braunton*](/wiki/List_of_SR_West_Country_and_Battle_of_Britain_class_locomotives%2334046 "List of SR West Country and Battle of Britain class locomotives#34046"); [GWR 4073 Class 5029 *Nunney Castle*](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class_5029_Nunney_Castle "GWR 4073 Class 5029 Nunney Castle"); [LMS Royal Scot Class 46100 *Royal Scot*](/wiki/LMS_Royal_Scot_Class_6100_Royal_Scot "LMS Royal Scot Class 6100 Royal Scot"); [SR Merchant Navy Class 35028 *Clan Line*](/wiki/SR_Merchant_Navy_Class_35028_Clan_Line "SR Merchant Navy Class 35028 Clan Line").
Torbay Express LTD was liquidated in 2020\. A replacement service by [Locomotive Services Limited](/wiki/Locomotive_Services_Limited "Locomotive Services Limited") runs on Saturdays as the “English Riviera Express”.
|
[
"Revival\n-------",
"### Great Western Railway (TOC)",
"The *Torbay Express* name is also used by [Great Western Railway (train operating company)](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_%28train_operating_company%29 \"Great Western Railway (train operating company)\") for its 10:35 service from [London Paddington](/wiki/London_Paddington_railway_station \"London Paddington railway station\") to [Paignton](/wiki/Paignton_railway_station \"Paignton railway station\") (via [Castle Cary](/wiki/Castle_Cary_railway_station \"Castle Cary railway station\")), and the 13:55 return (via [Castle Cary](/wiki/Castle_Cary_railway_station \"Castle Cary railway station\") and the [Reading to Taunton Line](/wiki/Reading_to_Taunton_Line \"Reading to Taunton Line\")).",
"### Summer steam excursion",
"[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Ex\\-GWR 'King' 4\\-6\\-0 No.6024 *King Edward I* heads the revived *Torbay Express* charter at Sprey Point, [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\"), July 2006](/wiki/File:6024_King_Edward_1_heads_the_Torbay_Express_-_geograph.org.uk_-_657890.jpg \"6024 King Edward 1 heads the Torbay Express - geograph.org.uk - 657890.jpg\")\nFrom 2003, [Past\\-Time Rail](/wiki/Past-Time_Rail \"Past-Time Rail\") revived the *Torbay Express* as a passenger charter [steam locomotive](/wiki/Steam_locomotive \"Steam locomotive\") service, to run on certain summer Sundays and some Saturdays, from: [Bristol Temple Meads](/wiki/Bristol_Temple_Meads_railway_station \"Bristol Temple Meads railway station\") via stops at [Weston\\-Super\\-Mare](/wiki/Weston-super-Mare_railway_station \"Weston-super-Mare railway station\") and [Taunton](/wiki/Taunton_railway_station \"Taunton railway station\"); to [Paignton](/wiki/Paignton_railway_station \"Paignton railway station\") and onwards via the [Dartmouth Steam Railway](/wiki/Dartmouth_Steam_Railway \"Dartmouth Steam Railway\") to [Kingswear](/wiki/Kingswear_railway_station \"Kingswear railway station\"). For the 2014 season, two of the booked railtours ran via [Westbury](/wiki/Westbury_railway_station \"Westbury railway station\") instead of Weston\\-super\\-Mare, calling at [Bath Spa](/wiki/Bath_Spa_railway_station \"Bath Spa railway station\"), [Trowbridge](/wiki/Trowbridge_railway_station \"Trowbridge railway station\"), Westbury and Taunton, then picking up the normal route. At first, this was done because of engineering works. However, thanks to its success, the same concept was repeated with two trains for the 2015 season.",
"After Past\\-Time Rail went bankrupt in June 2009, the service obligation has been taken over by **Torbay Express Ltd**. This company was formed as a subsidiary of booking agent [Pathfinder Tours](/wiki/Pathfinder_Tours \"Pathfinder Tours\"), itself a subsidiary of [Riviera Trains](/wiki/Riviera_Trains \"Riviera Trains\"). As well as taking direct bookings, the company also takes bookings through Pathfinder Tours, who advertise the service as part of their tour programme, and also supply their own volunteers to steward the trains.",
"Since being taken over by Pathfinder Tours/Riviera Trains, the [British Railways Mark 1](/wiki/British_Railways_Mark_1 \"British Railways Mark 1\") coaching stock has been supplied in historic cream/brown by Riviera, and staffed by Pathfinder. The back\\-up diesel locomotive is supplied and operated by [DB Schenker Rail (UK)](/wiki/DB_Schenker_Rail_%28UK%29 \"DB Schenker Rail (UK)\"), sourced from a varying number of spot\\-hire companies, mainly [West Coast Railways](/wiki/West_Coast_Railways \"West Coast Railways\"). During the operating season, the coaching stock is stabled in a spare covered road under the engine shed of Bristol Temple Meads, whilst the steam locomotive is stabled at a temporary operating base at [Bristol Barton Hill](/wiki/Barton_Hill%2C_Bristol \"Barton Hill, Bristol\") MPD.",
"Initial steam power was supplied by [GWR 7800 Class 7802 *Bradley Manor*](/wiki/GWR_7800_Class_7802_Bradley_Manor \"GWR 7800 Class 7802 Bradley Manor\") and [GWR 4073 Class 5051 *Earl Bathurst*](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class_5051_Earl_Bathurst \"GWR 4073 Class 5051 Earl Bathurst\"), but has varied since by season, latterly supplied from the [Jeremy Hosking](/wiki/Jeremy_Hosking \"Jeremy Hosking\")\\-backed [Locomotive Services Ltd](/wiki/Royal_Scot_Locomotive_and_General_Trust%23Locomotive_Services_Ltd. \"Royal Scot Locomotive and General Trust#Locomotive Services Ltd.\"). Motive power has included: [GWR 6000 Class 6024 *King Edward I*](/wiki/GWR_6000_Class_6024_King_Edward_I \"GWR 6000 Class 6024 King Edward I\"); [LNER Class A4 60009 *Union of South Africa*](/wiki/LNER_Class_A4_4488_Union_of_South_Africa \"LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa\"); [LNER Class A1 60163 *Tornado*](/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado \"LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado\"); [SR Battle of Britain Class 34067 *Tangmere*](/wiki/SR_West_Country_and_Battle_of_Britain_classes%2334067 \"SR West Country and Battle of Britain classes#34067\"); [BR Class 8P 71000 *Duke of Gloucester*](/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_8 \"BR Standard Class 8\"); [BR Britannia Class 7MT 70000 *Britannia*](/wiki/BR_standard_class_7_70000_Britannia \"BR standard class 7 70000 Britannia\"); [LNER Class A4 4464 *Bittern*](/wiki/LNER_Class_A4_4464_Bittern \"LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern\"); [SR West Country Class 34046 *Braunton*](/wiki/List_of_SR_West_Country_and_Battle_of_Britain_class_locomotives%2334046 \"List of SR West Country and Battle of Britain class locomotives#34046\"); [GWR 4073 Class 5029 *Nunney Castle*](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class_5029_Nunney_Castle \"GWR 4073 Class 5029 Nunney Castle\"); [LMS Royal Scot Class 46100 *Royal Scot*](/wiki/LMS_Royal_Scot_Class_6100_Royal_Scot \"LMS Royal Scot Class 6100 Royal Scot\"); [SR Merchant Navy Class 35028 *Clan Line*](/wiki/SR_Merchant_Navy_Class_35028_Clan_Line \"SR Merchant Navy Class 35028 Clan Line\").",
"Torbay Express LTD was liquidated in 2020\\. A replacement service by [Locomotive Services Limited](/wiki/Locomotive_Services_Limited \"Locomotive Services Limited\") runs on Saturdays as the “English Riviera Express”.",
""
] |
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