text
stringlengths 791
228k
| parts
listlengths 6
567
|
|---|---|
### Mafia and anti\-Mafia Museum of Corleone
The CIDMA museum (*Centro Internazionale di Documentazione sulla Mafia e del Movimento Antimafia*) was inaugurated on 12 December 2000, in the presence of the highest authorities of the Republic, including the President of the Republic [Carlo Azeglio Ciampi](/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi "Carlo Azeglio Ciampi") and the deputy Secretary\-General of the United Nations [Pino Arlacchi](/wiki/Pino_Arlacchi "Pino Arlacchi"), on behalf of Secretary\-General [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan "Kofi Annan"). The CIDMA intends to pursue "Culture, Progress and Legality" as its objectives.
CIDMA has several rooms for visitors: Room of the Folders of the [Maxi Trial](/wiki/Maxi_Trial "Maxi Trial") ({{lang\-it\|Maxiprocesso di Palermo}}), the Room of the Messages, the Room of Pain and the final room dedicated to [Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa](/wiki/Carlo_Alberto_Dalla_Chiesa "Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa"), an Italian general who campaigned against terrorism and was assassinated by the Mafia. The first room contains Maxi\-Trial documents which marked a milestone in the fight against [Cosa Nostra](/wiki/Cosa_Nostra "Cosa Nostra").
The documents, given to Corleone by the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Palermo, are a testimony to the work of magistrates like [Giovanni Falcone](/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone "Giovanni Falcone") and [Paolo Borsellino](/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino "Paolo Borsellino") who paid with their lives for their commitment to the fight against the Mafia. Among the folders there are the confessions of the famous *[pentito](/wiki/Pentito "Pentito")* ("repentant") [Tommaso Buscetta](/wiki/Tommaso_Buscetta "Tommaso Buscetta") to Judge Falcone.
In the Room of the Messages, visitors may see the photos of the well\-known, Sicilian photographer [Letizia Battaglia](/wiki/Letizia_Battaglia "Letizia Battaglia") who had the courage to go on site to capture tragic photographs of Mafia murders. She was able to capture significant details that made her shots documents detailing the murder methods used by the Mafia in the 1970s–1980s. The different positions of the bodies allow visitors to reconstruct the Mafia's strategy.
The Room of Pain houses a permanent exhibition of Shobha, Letizia Battaglia's daughter, who followed in her mother's footsteps, taking photos of the dismay, helplessness, and despair felt by those who have lost someone at the hands of the Mafia. In the room there are also photos of Letizia Battaglia documenting Mafia crimes. This approach allows visitors to understand the cause\-effect relationships that exist between the crimes and the consequences they produce in the lives of affected families and the entire community.
The room Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa is dedicated to General Dalla Chiesa. It contains photos of some of the main bosses of the Mafia placed side by side with those in the legal system who fought organized crime.
Local guides also offer tours through the CIDMA.
|
[
"### Mafia and anti\\-Mafia Museum of Corleone",
"The CIDMA museum (*Centro Internazionale di Documentazione sulla Mafia e del Movimento Antimafia*) was inaugurated on 12 December 2000, in the presence of the highest authorities of the Republic, including the President of the Republic [Carlo Azeglio Ciampi](/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi \"Carlo Azeglio Ciampi\") and the deputy Secretary\\-General of the United Nations [Pino Arlacchi](/wiki/Pino_Arlacchi \"Pino Arlacchi\"), on behalf of Secretary\\-General [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan \"Kofi Annan\"). The CIDMA intends to pursue \"Culture, Progress and Legality\" as its objectives.",
"CIDMA has several rooms for visitors: Room of the Folders of the [Maxi Trial](/wiki/Maxi_Trial \"Maxi Trial\") ({{lang\\-it\\|Maxiprocesso di Palermo}}), the Room of the Messages, the Room of Pain and the final room dedicated to [Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa](/wiki/Carlo_Alberto_Dalla_Chiesa \"Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa\"), an Italian general who campaigned against terrorism and was assassinated by the Mafia. The first room contains Maxi\\-Trial documents which marked a milestone in the fight against [Cosa Nostra](/wiki/Cosa_Nostra \"Cosa Nostra\").",
"The documents, given to Corleone by the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Palermo, are a testimony to the work of magistrates like [Giovanni Falcone](/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone \"Giovanni Falcone\") and [Paolo Borsellino](/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino \"Paolo Borsellino\") who paid with their lives for their commitment to the fight against the Mafia. Among the folders there are the confessions of the famous *[pentito](/wiki/Pentito \"Pentito\")* (\"repentant\") [Tommaso Buscetta](/wiki/Tommaso_Buscetta \"Tommaso Buscetta\") to Judge Falcone.",
"In the Room of the Messages, visitors may see the photos of the well\\-known, Sicilian photographer [Letizia Battaglia](/wiki/Letizia_Battaglia \"Letizia Battaglia\") who had the courage to go on site to capture tragic photographs of Mafia murders. She was able to capture significant details that made her shots documents detailing the murder methods used by the Mafia in the 1970s–1980s. The different positions of the bodies allow visitors to reconstruct the Mafia's strategy.",
"The Room of Pain houses a permanent exhibition of Shobha, Letizia Battaglia's daughter, who followed in her mother's footsteps, taking photos of the dismay, helplessness, and despair felt by those who have lost someone at the hands of the Mafia. In the room there are also photos of Letizia Battaglia documenting Mafia crimes. This approach allows visitors to understand the cause\\-effect relationships that exist between the crimes and the consequences they produce in the lives of affected families and the entire community.",
"The room Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa is dedicated to General Dalla Chiesa. It contains photos of some of the main bosses of the Mafia placed side by side with those in the legal system who fought organized crime.",
"Local guides also offer tours through the CIDMA.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\| 1880 \= 132
\| 1890 \= 400
\| 1930 \= 983
\| 1940 \= 1050
\| 1950 \= 1254
\| 1960 \= 1422
\| 1970 \= 1554
\| 1980 \= 2075
\| 1990 \= 1949
\| 2000 \= 2122
\| 2010 \= 2444
\| 2020 \= 2659
\| align\-fn \= center
\| footnote \= \[https://web.archive.org/web/20060208103743/http://www.census.gov:80/prod/www/abs/decennial/ U.S. Decennial Census]
}}
[thumb\|Statue of Charles and Juana Barnard, early settlers in Glen Rose](/wiki/File:Barnards_statue_in_Glen_Rose.png "Barnards statue in Glen Rose.png")
### 2020 census
| \+**Glen Rose racial composition**{{Cite web \|title\=Explore Census Data \|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US4829876\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2 \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-21 \|website\=data.census.gov}} (NH \= Non\-Hispanic){{efn\|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.https://www.census.gov/ {{nonspecific\|date\=August 2022}}{{cite web \|title\=About the Hispanic Population and its Origin \|url\=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic\-origin/about.html \|website\=www.census.gov \|access\-date\=18 May 2022}}}} | Race | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") (NH) | 1,946 | 73\.19% |
| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") (NH) | 16 | 0\.6% |
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") (NH) | 25 | 0\.94% |
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") (NH) | 44 | 1\.65% |
| Some Other Race (NH) | 10 | 0\.38% |
| [Mixed/Multi\-Racial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 110 | 4\.14% |
| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") | 508 | 19\.1% |
| **Total** | **2,659** | |
As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 2,659 people, 996 households, and 693 families residing in the city.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 2,122 people, 801 households, and 543 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|777\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 903 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|330\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 91\.09% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.28% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.94% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.38% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 5\.51% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.79% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 15\.32% of the population.
There were 801 households, out of which 36\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 14\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32\.1% were non\-families. 29\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.54 and the average family size was 3\.13\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 28\.4% under the age of 18, 8\.1% from 18 to 24, 26\.5% from 25 to 44, 19\.6% from 45 to 64, and 17\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82\.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,837, and the median income for a family was $37,545\. Males had a median income of $30,238 versus $19,500 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $14,940\. About 12\.2% of families and 14\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 17\.2% of those under age 18 and 16\.2% of those age 65 or over.
Glen Rose is part of the [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas")\-[Fort Worth](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas "Fort Worth, Texas")\-[Arlington](/wiki/Arlington%2C_Texas "Arlington, Texas"), TX [Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_Metroplex "Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex").
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\| 1880 \\= 132\n\\| 1890 \\= 400\n\\| 1930 \\= 983\n\\| 1940 \\= 1050\n\\| 1950 \\= 1254\n\\| 1960 \\= 1422\n\\| 1970 \\= 1554\n\\| 1980 \\= 2075\n\\| 1990 \\= 1949\n\\| 2000 \\= 2122\n\\| 2010 \\= 2444\n\\| 2020 \\= 2659\n\\| align\\-fn \\= center\n\\| footnote \\= \\[https://web.archive.org/web/20060208103743/http://www.census.gov:80/prod/www/abs/decennial/ U.S. Decennial Census]\n}}",
"[thumb\\|Statue of Charles and Juana Barnard, early settlers in Glen Rose](/wiki/File:Barnards_statue_in_Glen_Rose.png \"Barnards statue in Glen Rose.png\")",
"### 2020 census",
"",
"| \\+**Glen Rose racial composition**{{Cite web \\|title\\=Explore Census Data \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US4829876\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-21 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} (NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic){{efn\\|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.https://www.census.gov/ {{nonspecific\\|date\\=August 2022}}{{cite web \\|title\\=About the Hispanic Population and its Origin \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic\\-origin/about.html \\|website\\=www.census.gov \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022}}}} | Race | Number | Percentage |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") (NH) | 1,946 | 73\\.19% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") (NH) | 16 | 0\\.6% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") (NH) | 25 | 0\\.94% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") (NH) | 44 | 1\\.65% |\n| Some Other Race (NH) | 10 | 0\\.38% |\n| [Mixed/Multi\\-Racial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 110 | 4\\.14% |\n| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") | 508 | 19\\.1% |\n| **Total** | **2,659** | |",
"As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 2,659 people, 996 households, and 693 families residing in the city.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 2,122 people, 801 households, and 543 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|777\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 903 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|330\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 91\\.09% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.28% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.94% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.38% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 5\\.51% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.79% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 15\\.32% of the population.",
"There were 801 households, out of which 36\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 14\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32\\.1% were non\\-families. 29\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.54 and the average family size was 3\\.13\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 28\\.4% under the age of 18, 8\\.1% from 18 to 24, 26\\.5% from 25 to 44, 19\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 17\\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82\\.0 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $29,837, and the median income for a family was $37,545\\. Males had a median income of $30,238 versus $19,500 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $14,940\\. About 12\\.2% of families and 14\\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 17\\.2% of those under age 18 and 16\\.2% of those age 65 or over.",
"Glen Rose is part of the [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\")\\-[Fort Worth](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas \"Fort Worth, Texas\")\\-[Arlington](/wiki/Arlington%2C_Texas \"Arlington, Texas\"), TX [Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_Metroplex \"Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex\").",
""
] |
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 2,122 people, 801 households, and 543 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|777\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 903 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|330\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 91\.09% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.28% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.94% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.38% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 5\.51% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.79% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 15\.32% of the population.
There were 801 households, out of which 36\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 14\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32\.1% were non\-families. 29\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.54 and the average family size was 3\.13\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 28\.4% under the age of 18, 8\.1% from 18 to 24, 26\.5% from 25 to 44, 19\.6% from 45 to 64, and 17\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82\.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,837, and the median income for a family was $37,545\. Males had a median income of $30,238 versus $19,500 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $14,940\. About 12\.2% of families and 14\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 17\.2% of those under age 18 and 16\.2% of those age 65 or over.
Glen Rose is part of the [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas")\-[Fort Worth](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas "Fort Worth, Texas")\-[Arlington](/wiki/Arlington%2C_Texas "Arlington, Texas"), TX [Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_Metroplex "Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex").
|
[
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 2,122 people, 801 households, and 543 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|777\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 903 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|330\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 91\\.09% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.28% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.94% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.38% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 5\\.51% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.79% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 15\\.32% of the population.",
"There were 801 households, out of which 36\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 14\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32\\.1% were non\\-families. 29\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.54 and the average family size was 3\\.13\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 28\\.4% under the age of 18, 8\\.1% from 18 to 24, 26\\.5% from 25 to 44, 19\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 17\\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82\\.0 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $29,837, and the median income for a family was $37,545\\. Males had a median income of $30,238 versus $19,500 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $14,940\\. About 12\\.2% of families and 14\\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 17\\.2% of those under age 18 and 16\\.2% of those age 65 or over.",
"Glen Rose is part of the [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\")\\-[Fort Worth](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas \"Fort Worth, Texas\")\\-[Arlington](/wiki/Arlington%2C_Texas \"Arlington, Texas\"), TX [Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_Metroplex \"Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex\").",
""
] |
Related conformal field theories
--------------------------------
### Coset realizations
The A\-series minimal model with indices (p,q) coincides with the following coset of [WZW models](/wiki/WZW_model "WZW model"):
\\frac{SU(2\)\_k\\times SU(2\)\_1}{SU(2\)\_{k\+1}}\\ , \\quad \\text{where} \\quad k \= \\frac{q}{p\-q}\-2\\ .
Assuming p\>q, the level k is integer if and only if p\=q\+1 i.e. if and only if the minimal model is unitary.
There exist other realizations of certain minimal models, diagonal or not, as cosets of WZW models, not necessarily based on the group SU(2\).
### Generalized minimal models
For any central charge c\\in\\mathbb{C}, there is a diagonal CFT whose spectrum is made of all degenerate representations,
\\mathcal{S}\=\\bigoplus\_{r,s\=1}^\\infty \\mathcal{R}\_{r,s}\\otimes \\bar{\\mathcal{R}}\_{r,s} \\ .
When the central charge tends to c\_{p,q}, the generalized minimal models tend to the corresponding A\-series minimal model.S. Ribault, "Conformal field theory on the plane", [arXiv:1406\.4290](https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.4290) This means in particular that the degenerate representations that are not in the Kac table decouple.
### Liouville theory
Since [Liouville theory](/wiki/Liouville_field_theory "Liouville field theory") reduces to a generalized minimal model when the fields are taken to be degenerate, it further reduces to an A\-series minimal model when the central charge is then sent to c\_{p,q}.
Moreover, A\-series minimal models have a well\-defined limit as c\\to 1: a diagonal CFT with a continuous spectrum called Runkel–Watts theory,I. Runkel, G. Watts, "A Nonrational CFT with c \= 1 as a limit of minimal models", [arXiv:hep\-th/0107118](https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0107118) which coincides with the limit of Liouville theory when c\\to 1^\+.V. Schomerus, "Rolling tachyons from Liouville theory",[arXiv:hep\-th/0306026](https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0306026)
### Products of minimal models
There are three cases of minimal models that are products of two minimal models.T. Quella, I. Runkel, G. Watts, "Reflection and Transmission for Conformal Defects", [arxiv:hep\-th/0611296](https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0611296)
At the level of their spectrums, the relations are:
\\mathcal{S}^\\text{A\-series}\_{2,5}\\otimes \\mathcal{S}^\\text{A\-series}\_{2,5} \= \\mathcal{S}^\\text{D\-series}\_{3,10}\\ ,
\\mathcal{S}^\\text{A\-series}\_{2,5}\\otimes \\mathcal{S}^\\text{A\-series}\_{3,4} \=
\\mathcal{S}^\\text{E\-series}\_{5,12} \\ ,
\\mathcal{S}^\\text{A\-series}\_{2,5}\\otimes \\mathcal{S}^\\text{A\-series}\_{2,7} \=
\\mathcal{S}^\\text{E\-series}\_{7,30} \\ .
### Fermionic extensions of minimal models
If q\\equiv 0\\bmod 4, the A\-series and the D\-series (p,q) minimal models each have a fermionic extension. These two fermionic extensions involve fields with half\-integer spins, and they are related to one another by a parity\-shift operation.
|
[
"Related conformal field theories\n--------------------------------",
"### Coset realizations",
"The A\\-series minimal model with indices (p,q) coincides with the following coset of [WZW models](/wiki/WZW_model \"WZW model\"):\n \\\\frac{SU(2\\)\\_k\\\\times SU(2\\)\\_1}{SU(2\\)\\_{k\\+1}}\\\\ , \\\\quad \\\\text{where} \\\\quad k \\= \\\\frac{q}{p\\-q}\\-2\\\\ . \nAssuming p\\>q, the level k is integer if and only if p\\=q\\+1 i.e. if and only if the minimal model is unitary.",
"There exist other realizations of certain minimal models, diagonal or not, as cosets of WZW models, not necessarily based on the group SU(2\\).",
"### Generalized minimal models",
"For any central charge c\\\\in\\\\mathbb{C}, there is a diagonal CFT whose spectrum is made of all degenerate representations,\n \\\\mathcal{S}\\=\\\\bigoplus\\_{r,s\\=1}^\\\\infty \\\\mathcal{R}\\_{r,s}\\\\otimes \\\\bar{\\\\mathcal{R}}\\_{r,s} \\\\ . \nWhen the central charge tends to c\\_{p,q}, the generalized minimal models tend to the corresponding A\\-series minimal model.S. Ribault, \"Conformal field theory on the plane\", [arXiv:1406\\.4290](https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.4290) This means in particular that the degenerate representations that are not in the Kac table decouple.",
"### Liouville theory",
"Since [Liouville theory](/wiki/Liouville_field_theory \"Liouville field theory\") reduces to a generalized minimal model when the fields are taken to be degenerate, it further reduces to an A\\-series minimal model when the central charge is then sent to c\\_{p,q}.",
"Moreover, A\\-series minimal models have a well\\-defined limit as c\\\\to 1: a diagonal CFT with a continuous spectrum called Runkel–Watts theory,I. Runkel, G. Watts, \"A Nonrational CFT with c \\= 1 as a limit of minimal models\", [arXiv:hep\\-th/0107118](https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0107118) which coincides with the limit of Liouville theory when c\\\\to 1^\\+.V. Schomerus, \"Rolling tachyons from Liouville theory\",[arXiv:hep\\-th/0306026](https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0306026)",
"### Products of minimal models",
"There are three cases of minimal models that are products of two minimal models.T. Quella, I. Runkel, G. Watts, \"Reflection and Transmission for Conformal Defects\", [arxiv:hep\\-th/0611296](https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0611296)\nAt the level of their spectrums, the relations are:\n \\\\mathcal{S}^\\\\text{A\\-series}\\_{2,5}\\\\otimes \\\\mathcal{S}^\\\\text{A\\-series}\\_{2,5} \\= \\\\mathcal{S}^\\\\text{D\\-series}\\_{3,10}\\\\ , \n \\\\mathcal{S}^\\\\text{A\\-series}\\_{2,5}\\\\otimes \\\\mathcal{S}^\\\\text{A\\-series}\\_{3,4} \\=\n\\\\mathcal{S}^\\\\text{E\\-series}\\_{5,12} \\\\ , \n \\\\mathcal{S}^\\\\text{A\\-series}\\_{2,5}\\\\otimes \\\\mathcal{S}^\\\\text{A\\-series}\\_{2,7} \\= \n\\\\mathcal{S}^\\\\text{E\\-series}\\_{7,30} \\\\ .",
"### Fermionic extensions of minimal models",
"If q\\\\equiv 0\\\\bmod 4, the A\\-series and the D\\-series (p,q) minimal models each have a fermionic extension. These two fermionic extensions involve fields with half\\-integer spins, and they are related to one another by a parity\\-shift operation.",
""
] |
Career
------
### 1989–2001: civil service and research
Sylvie Goulard worked in the Legal Affairs Directorate of the [French Ministry for Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_%28France%29 "Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)") from 1989 until 1999\. She served in particular on the French team responsible for negotiating German reunification.
From 1993 to 1996, she worked at the Conseil d’État (State Council), after which she returned to the Policy Planning Department of the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs, where she was responsible for European issues in conjunction with the equivalent department of the German government.
From 1999 to 2001, she was an associate researcher at the French Centre de Recherches Internationales.{{Cite web\|title\=8th parliamentary term {{!}} Sylvie GOULARD {{!}} MEPs {{!}} European Parliament\|url\=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/97137/SYLVIE\_GOULARD/history/8\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-09\|website\=www.europarl.europa.eu\|date\=6 December 1964 \|language\=en\|archive\-date\=29 December 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229062043/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/97137/SYLVIE\_GOULARD/history/8\|url\-status\=live}}
### 2001–2004: political advisor to Romano Prodi
As a political advisor to [Romano Prodi](/wiki/Romano_Prodi "Romano Prodi") when he was president of the [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission"), from 2001 to 2004, Goulard followed the work of the convention presided by [Valéry Giscard d'Estaing](/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing") which was primarily made up of members of national parliaments, who had been charged by the [European Council](/wiki/European_Council "European Council") to draft a European constitution.
Goulard's work focuses on the necessity of pursuing European integration whilst also inviting increased public debate about European questions. Europe's citizens must become more engaged with its development in the future. They need to be informed and active: and to achieve this cultural and professional exchanges and learning foreign languages are essential.
### 2006–2010: president of the Mouvement Européen\-France (ME\-F)
At the end of 2006 Goulard was elected president of the Mouvement Européen\-France (ME\-F), succeeding [Pierre Moscovici](/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici "Pierre Moscovici"), who had also been a candidate. She was re\-elected as president in December 2008\. Le Mouvement Européen\-France regularly organises meetings, conferences and debates which aim are to enable a dialogue between political figures, experts and the general public.
### 2009–2017: Member of the European Parliament
Goulard was first elected [Member of the European Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament "Member of the European Parliament") in the [2009 elections](/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_France "2009 European Parliament election in France"). Throughout her time in parliament, she served on the [Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs](/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Economic_and_Monetary_Affairs "European Parliament Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs"). In 2009 became a substitute member of the Agriculture and Rural Development Committee and in 2014, she became a substitute member of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs. In that capacity, she served as [rapporteur](/wiki/Rapporteur "Rapporteur") on budgetary surveillance in the [Eurozone](/wiki/Eurozone "Eurozone").
In addition to her committee assignments, Goulard served as chairwoman of the European Parliament Intergroup on "Extreme Poverty and Human Rights".
On 15 September 2010, Goulard supported the new initiative [Spinelli Group](/wiki/Spinelli_Group "Spinelli Group"), which was founded to reinvigorate the strive for [federalisation of the European Union](/wiki/Federalism_in_Europe "Federalism in Europe") (EU). Other prominent supporters are: [Daniel Cohn\-Bendit](/wiki/Daniel_Cohn-Bendit "Daniel Cohn-Bendit"), [Guy Verhofstadt](/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt "Guy Verhofstadt"), [Isabelle Durand](/wiki/Isabelle_Durant "Isabelle Durant") as well as [Jacques Delors](/wiki/Jacques_Delors "Jacques Delors"), [Joschka Fischer](/wiki/Joschka_Fischer "Joschka Fischer"), [Andrew Duff](/wiki/Andrew_Duff "Andrew Duff") and [Elmar Brok](/wiki/Elmar_Brok "Elmar Brok").
On the national level, [François Bayrou](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou "François Bayrou") included Goulard in his [shadow cabinet](/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_France "Shadow Cabinet of France") in 2010; in this capacity, Goulard served as opposition counterpart to Ministry of European Affairs [Laurent Wauquiez](/wiki/Laurent_Wauquiez "Laurent Wauquiez").Rodolphe Geisler (September 20, 2010\), [François Bayrou se dote d'un «Shadow Cabinet»](https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2010/09/20/01002-20100920ARTFIG00645-francois-bayrou-se-dote-d-un-shadow-cabinet.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032530/https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2010/09/20/01002\-20100920ARTFIG00645\-francois\-bayrou\-se\-dote\-d\-un\-shadow\-cabinet.php \|date\=9 November 2020 }} *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro "Le Figaro")*.
In November 2016, Goulard officially announced her candidacy for the office of [President of the European Parliament](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament "President of the European Parliament");Sébastien Le Fol (28 November 2016\), [Sylvie Goulard veut réveiller le Parlement européen](http://www.lepoint.fr/europe/parlement-europeen-sylvie-goulard-la-troisieme-femme-28-11-2016-2086242_2626.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230231855/http://www.lepoint.fr/europe/parlement\-europeen\-sylvie\-goulard\-la\-troisieme\-femme\-28\-11\-2016\-2086242\_2626\.php \|date\=30 December 2016 }} *[Le Point](/wiki/Le_Point "Le Point")*. the post eventually went to [Antonio Tajani](/wiki/Antonio_Tajani "Antonio Tajani").
During her time in parliament, Goulard continued to write regularly in a wide range of both French (*[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde "Le Monde")*, *[La Croix](/wiki/La_Croix_%28newspaper%29 "La Croix (newspaper)")*, *[Libération](/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration "Libération")*) and international (*[Süddeutsche Zeitung](/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung "Süddeutsche Zeitung")*, *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")* particularly) newspapers.
### 2017: Minister of the Armed Forces
Goulard was appointed by President [Emmanuel Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron") Minister of the Armed Forces on 17 May, in the First Government of [Edouard Philippe](/wiki/Edouard_Philippe "Edouard Philippe"). In this capacity, she ranked above her immediate predecessor and foreign minister [Jean\-Yves Le Drian](/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian "Jean-Yves Le Drian") in the government hierarchy. She was only the second woman to head the ministry, which reverted to its pre\-1974 name of Ministry of the Armed Forces.John Irish (17 May 2017\), [Macron emphasises EU in French foreign, defence ministry postings](https://www.reuters.com/article/france-election-government-foreign-idUSL8N1IJ5F8) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809140824/http://www.reuters.com/article/france\-election\-government\-foreign\-idUSL8N1IJ5F8 \|date\=9 August 2017 }} [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters").
Goulard was replaced by [Florence Parly](/wiki/Florence_Parly "Florence Parly"), a former executive and budget official, in the 21 June government reshuffle.{{cite news\|title\=Macron reshuffles Cabinet, boosts women to top posts\|url\=http://www.france24\.com/en/20170620\-france\-defence\-minister\-goulard\-quits\-eu\-fake\-jobs\-inquiry\|accessdate\=21 June 2017\|agency\=Associated Press\|publisher\=France 24\|archive\-date\=20 June 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620165445/http://www.france24\.com/en/20170620\-france\-defence\-minister\-goulard\-quits\-eu\-fake\-jobs\-inquiry\|url\-status\=live}} She had stepped down after an inquiry over alleged misuse of payments for assistants in the European ParliamentAnne\-Sylvaine Chassany and Claire Jones (17 January 2017\), [https://www.ft.com/content/defca2fc\-faff\-11e7\-9b32\-d7d59aace167](https://www.ft.com/content/defca2fc-faff-11e7-9b32-d7d59aace167) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071213/https://www.ft.com/content/defca2fc\-faff\-11e7\-9b32\-d7d59aace167 \|date\=21 January 2018 }} *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*. was opened on 20 June 2017\.{{cite news\|title\=French defence minister quits over new EU fake jobs inquiry\|url\=http://www.france24\.com/en/20170620\-france\-defence\-minister\-goulard\-quits\-eu\-fake\-jobs\-inquiry\|accessdate\=21 June 2017\|agency\=Associated Press\|publisher\=France 24\|archive\-date\=20 June 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620165445/http://www.france24\.com/en/20170620\-france\-defence\-minister\-goulard\-quits\-eu\-fake\-jobs\-inquiry\|url\-status\=live}}
### 2018–2022: Deputy Governor of the Banque de France
On 17 January 2018, Goulard was appointed Deputy Governor of the [Banque de France](/wiki/Bank_of_France "Bank of France"), succeeding Denis Beau. In 2020, she was also appointed by the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization")’s Regional Office for [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") to serve as a member of the Pan\-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development, chaired by [Mario Monti](/wiki/Mario_Monti "Mario Monti").[Announcing the Pan\-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development: Rethinking Policy Priorities in the light of Pandemics](https://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/sections/press-releases/2020/announcing-the-pan-european-commission-on-health-and-sustainable-development-rethinking-policy-priorities-in-the-light-of-pandemics) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812140920/https://www.euro.who.int/en/media\-centre/sections/press\-releases/2020/announcing\-the\-pan\-european\-commission\-on\-health\-and\-sustainable\-development\-rethinking\-policy\-priorities\-in\-the\-light\-of\-pandemics \|date\=12 August 2020 }} [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization"), Regional Office for Europe, press release of August 11, 2020\.
She is in charge of European and international topics, including preparations for G7 and G20 summits. She monitors issues relating to financial stability and financial risks, as well as green finance{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-08\|title\=Comment les banques centrales veulent " verdir " la finance\|url\=https://www.lesechos.fr/idees\-debats/cercle/comment\-les\-banques\-centrales\-veulent\-verdir\-la\-finance\-1036445\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-09\|website\=Les Echos\|language\=fr\|archive\-date\=14 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114144420/https://www.lesechos.fr/idees\-debats/cercle/comment\-les\-banques\-centrales\-veulent\-verdir\-la\-finance\-1036445\|url\-status\=live}} and gender equality. She has been outspoken on questions related to global warming, in particular citing the impact of climate change on financial stability{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-05\-04\|title\=Opinion {{!}} Stabilité financière : l'Europe et ses atouts\|url\=https://www.lesechos.fr/idees\-debats/cercle/opinion\-stabilite\-financiere\-leurope\-et\-ses\-atouts\-1200350\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-09\|website\=Les Echos\|language\=fr\|archive\-date\=14 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114144419/https://www.lesechos.fr/idees\-debats/cercle/opinion\-stabilite\-financiere\-leurope\-et\-ses\-atouts\-1200350\|url\-status\=live}} and calling on the financial sector to shift massively “towards green investments”.{{Cite news\|date\=2020\-06\-23\|title\=Sylvie Goulard : " Le réchauffement climatique crée des risques pour la stabilité financière "\|language\=fr\|work\=Le Monde.fr\|url\=https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2020/06/23/sylvie\-goulard\-le\-rechauffement\-climatique\-cree\-des\-risques\-pour\-la\-stabilite\-financiere\_6043867\_3234\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-09\|archive\-date\=2 March 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302070138/https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2020/06/23/sylvie\-goulard\-le\-rechauffement\-climatique\-cree\-des\-risques\-pour\-la\-stabilite\-financiere\_6043867\_3234\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
She has expressed support for the euro{{Cite web\|date\=2018\-10\-13\|title\=Sylvie Goulard : " L'euro est plus que jamais notre avenir "\|url\=https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/europe/sylvie\-goulard\-leuro\-est\-plus\-que\-jamais\-notre\-avenir\-141746\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-09\|website\=Les Echos\|language\=fr\|archive\-date\=3 December 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203075934/https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/europe/sylvie\-goulard\-leuro\-est\-plus\-que\-jamais\-notre\-avenir\-141746\|url\-status\=live}} and the initiative launched by top banks to create a European Payments Initiative (EPI), with a view to promoting European sovereignty. She welcomed the disciplined budgetary approach of the so\-called “frugal” European countries, which made it possible to implement the Economic Recovery Plan, as well as the 2021–2027 EU budget.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-07\-26\|title\=Sylvie Goulard: "Sans le sérieux des frugaux, il n'y aurait pas eu de plan de relance"\|url\=https://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/actualite\-economique/sylvie\-goulard\-sur\-le\-plan\-de\-relance\-l\-expansion\-infinie\-des\-dettes\-est\-une\-illusion\_2131570\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-09\|website\=LExpansion.com\|language\=fr\|archive\-date\=28 March 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328183028/https://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/actualite\-economique/sylvie\-goulard\-sur\-le\-plan\-de\-relance\-l\-expansion\-infinie\-des\-dettes\-est\-une\-illusion\_2131570\.html\|url\-status\=live}} She supports European competition policy, which she sees as beneficial to inhibit the emergence of monopolies, as well as to lower prices, promote consumer purchasing power and compel companies to innovate.{{Cite web\|title\=Quel degré d'ouverture pour l'Union européenne ?\|url\=https://www.alternatives\-economiques.fr/degre\-douverture\-lunion\-europeenne/00089333\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-09\|website\=Alternatives Economiques\|date\=April 2019 \|language\=fr\|archive\-date\=14 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114144430/https://www.alternatives\-economiques.fr/degre\-douverture\-lunion\-europeenne/00089333\|url\-status\=live}}
Goulard is also a member of the One Planet Lab.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-03\-04\|title\=What is the One Planet Lab?\|url\=https://www.i4ce.org/what\-is\-the\-one\-planet\-lab/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-09\|website\=I4CE\|language\=en\-GB\|archive\-date\=6 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506165815/https://www.i4ce.org/what\-is\-the\-one\-planet\-lab/\|url\-status\=live}}
### 2019: Nomination to be France's European Commissioner
[thumbnail\|Hearing of Sylvie Goulard, candidate commissioner for internal market.](/wiki/File:Hearing_of_Sylvie_Goulard_%28France%29_%2C_candidate_commissioner_for_internal_market_%2848832160786%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Hearing of Sylvie Goulard (France) , candidate commissioner for internal market (48832160786) (cropped).jpg")
On 28 August 2019 President Macron nominated Goulard{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.politico.eu/article/france\-nominates\-sylvie\-goulard\-as\-eu\-commissioner/\|title\=Macron picks longtime ally as EU commissioner\|date\=28 August 2019\|website\=Politico Europe\|accessdate\=6 October 2019\|archive\-date\=15 September 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915080949/https://www.politico.eu/article/france\-nominates\-sylvie\-goulard\-as\-eu\-commissioner/\|url\-status\=live}} to be the French Commissioner in the [von der Leyen Commission](/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission "Von der Leyen Commission") and lead the newly established [Directorate\-General for Defence Industry and Space](/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space "Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space")\<ref\>Andrea Muratore, [Difesa europea, Ursula spegne i sogni di Macron](https://it.insideover.com/politica/la-von-der-leyen-chiude-alla-difesa-europea-autonoma.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928101436/https://it.insideover.com/politica/la\-von\-der\-leyen\-chiude\-alla\-difesa\-europea\-autonoma.html \|date\=28 September 2019 }} *La von der Leyen chiude alla Difesa europea autonoma], [Inside Over](/wiki/Il_Giornale "Il Giornale"), 13 September 2019\</ref\>*
After two "tense" hearings before the EP [Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection](/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Internal_Market_and_Consumer_Protection "European Parliament Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection") (IMCO) and the [Committee on Industry, Research and Energy](/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Industry%2C_Research_and_Energy "European Parliament Committee on Industry, Research and Energy") (ITRE), her nomination was rejected on 10 October 2019, with 82 votes against, 32 in favour and 1 abstention.{{Cite web\|first\=Jon\|last\=Stone\|date\=10 October 2019\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sylvie\-goulard\-emmanuel\-macron\-eu\-commissioner\-european\-parliament\-meps\-a9150716\.html\|work\=\[\[The Independent]]\|title\=Sylvie Goulard: Emmanuel Macron's pick for EU commissioner blocked by European Parliament\|access\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010155315/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sylvie\-goulard\-emmanuel\-macron\-eu\-commissioner\-european\-parliament\-meps\-a9150716\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/resumed\-hearing\-of\-sylvie\-goulard\-commissioner\-designate\-internal\-market\-opening\-statement\-by\-sylvie\-goulard\_I179004\-V\_rv\|title\=Resumed hearing of Sylvie GOULARD, Commissioner\-designate, Internal Market: Opening statement by Sylvie GOULARD\|date\=10 October 2019\|publisher\=European Parliament\|access\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010152359/https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/resumed\-hearing\-of\-sylvie\-goulard\-commissioner\-designate\-internal\-market\-opening\-statement\-by\-sylvie\-goulard\_I179004\-V\_rv\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.politico.eu/article/frances\-commission\-pick\-sylvie\-goulard\-rejected\-by\-parliament/\|title\=France's Commission pick Sylvie Goulard rejected by Parliament\|date\=10 October 2019\|website\=POLITICO\|accessdate\=10 October 2019\|archive\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010131517/https://www.politico.eu/article/frances\-commission\-pick\-sylvie\-goulard\-rejected\-by\-parliament/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite journal\|url\=https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci\-parlamento\-europeo\-rechaza\-candidata\-francesa\-para\-comision\-sylvie\-goulard\-201910101622\_noticia.html\|journal\=\[\[ABC (Spain)\|ABC]]\|title\=El Parlamento Europeo rechaza a la candidata francesa para la Comisión, Sylvie Goulard\|date\=10 October 2019\|first\=Enrique\|last\=Serbeto\|language\=es\|access\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010192618/https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci\-parlamento\-europeo\-rechaza\-candidata\-francesa\-para\-comision\-sylvie\-goulard\-201910101622\_noticia.html\|url\-status\=live}} The rejection was linked to her inability to explain her effective work for the [Berggruen Institute](/wiki/Berggruen_Institute "Berggruen Institute"), and the fact that she explained that she would not resign even if she was formally indicted{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/10/macron\-blames\-political\-game\-as\-meps\-reject\-commission\-candidate\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=10 October 2019\|title\=Macron blames 'political game' as MEPs reject commission candidate\|accessdate\=13 October 2019\|quote\=''France's candidate Sylvie Goulard rejected over job with thinktank and party's alleged misuse of funds''\|archive\-date\=13 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013113601/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/10/macron\-blames\-political\-game\-as\-meps\-reject\-commission\-candidate\|url\-status\=live}}
The EPP group's MEPs showed strong animosity against the Goulard's nomination, related to ongoing investigations by the [European Anti\-Fraud Office](/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office "European Anti-Fraud Office"). The group tweeted a message (later deleted) reading "Guys, we are going to kill her in the vote later but do not say until then" and attributed to Pedro López de Pablo, the director of communications of the group.{{Cite journal\|url\=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/on\-va\-la\-flinguer\-lors\-du\-vote\-la\-bourde\-du\-ppe\-dans\-un\-tweet\-publie\-apres\-le\-rejet\-de\-la\-candidature\-de\-sylvie\-goulard\_3653287\.html\|website\=France Info\|publisher\=\[\[France Info (TV channel)\|France Info]]\|title\='On va la flinguer lors du vote' : la bourde du PPE dans un tweet publié après le rejet de la candidature de Sylvie Goulard\|date\=10 October 2019\|access\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010164525/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/on\-va\-la\-flinguer\-lors\-du\-vote\-la\-bourde\-du\-ppe\-dans\-un\-tweet\-publie\-apres\-le\-rejet\-de\-la\-candidature\-de\-sylvie\-goulard\_3653287\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.euronews.com/2019/10/10/centre\-right\-eu\-parliament\-group\-to\-vote\-against\-macrons\-eu\-candidate\-spokesman\|website\=euronews.com\|publisher\=\[\[Euronews]]\|date\=10 October 2019\|title\=Centre\-right EU parliament group to vote against Macron's EU candidate – spokesman\|access\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010164522/https://www.euronews.com/2019/10/10/centre\-right\-eu\-parliament\-group\-to\-vote\-against\-macrons\-eu\-candidate\-spokesman\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.euractiv.com/section/future\-eu/news/why\-the\-european\-parliament\-rejected\-sylvie\-goulard/1389450/\|website\=euractiv.com\|publisher\=\[\[Euractiv]]\|title\=Why the European Parliament rejected Sylvie Goulard\|first\=Aline\|last\=Robert\|date\=10 October 2019\|access\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-date\=10 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010153012/https://www.euractiv.com/section/future\-eu/news/why\-the\-european\-parliament\-rejected\-sylvie\-goulard/1389450/\|url\-status\=live}}
Many medias concluded that this was a blow for Emmanuel Macron ambitions in Europe. [Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde "Le Monde") titled that this, after the previous [Nathalie Loiseau](/wiki/Nathalie_Loiseau "Nathalie Loiseau") failed leadership in the European parliament, was another consequence of the arrogance of the French President in Europe, and that the European parliament gave him a lesson about morality.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/10/11/commission\-europeenne\-les\-lecons\-d\-un\-camouflet\-pour\-emmanuel\-macron\_6015181\_3232\.html\|work\=\[\[Le Monde]]\|date\=11 October 2019\|title\=Echec de Sylvie Goulard à la Commission européenne : les leçons d'un camouflet pour Emmanuel Macron\|accessdate\=13 October 2019\|archive\-date\=13 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013001209/https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/10/11/commission\-europeenne\-les\-lecons\-d\-un\-camouflet\-pour\-emmanuel\-macron\_6015181\_3232\.html\|url\-status\=live}} On 21 October 2019, two dozen personalities from across Europe, including [Robert Badinter](/wiki/Robert_Badinter "Robert Badinter"), Silvia Costa, David Capitant, [Etienne Davignon](/wiki/Etienne_Davignon "Etienne Davignon"), [Jacques de Larosière](/wiki/Jacques_de_Larosi%C3%A8re "Jacques de Larosière"), [Clemens Fuest](/wiki/Clemens_Fuest "Clemens Fuest"), [Jean\-Paul Gauzès](/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gauz%C3%A8s "Jean-Paul Gauzès"), Charles Grant, [Miguel Poiares Maduro](/wiki/Miguel_Poiares_Maduro "Miguel Poiares Maduro"), Paolo Magri, Giampiero Massolo, Riccardo Perissich, Etienne Pflimlin, [Jean\-Marc Sauvé](/wiki/Jean-Marc_Sauv%C3%A9 "Jean-Marc Sauvé"), Giuseppe Tesauro and [Jean\-Claude Trichet](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet "Jean-Claude Trichet"), co\-signed a statement{{Cite journal\|url\=https://www.verfassungsblog.de/fairness\-trust\-and\-the\-rule\-of\-law\|date\=21 October 2019\|title\=Fairness, Trust and the Rule of Law\|journal\=\[\[verfassungsblog.de]]\|doi\=10\.17176/20191021\-112444\-0 \|access\-date\=21 October 2019\|archive\-date\=21 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021212132/https://verfassungsblog.de/fairness\-trust\-and\-the\-rule\-of\-law/\|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Pernice \|first1\=Ingolf }} that the European Parliament was wrong to dismiss Sylvie Goulard.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.politico.eu/newsletter/brussels\-playbook/politico\-brussels\-playbook\-presented\-by\-corteva\-brexit\-deja\-vu\-give\-goulard\-a\-chance\-junckers\-farewell\-tour\|work\=\[\[Politico Europe]]\|date\=21 October 2019\|title\=Brussels Playbook\|access\-date\=21 October 2019\|archive\-date\=21 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021212134/https://www.politico.eu/newsletter/brussels\-playbook/politico\-brussels\-playbook\-presented\-by\-corteva\-brexit\-deja\-vu\-give\-goulard\-a\-chance\-junckers\-farewell\-tour/\|url\-status\=live}}
On 29 November 2019, she was formally indicted for misappropriation of public funds.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/sylvie\-goulard\-a\-ete\-mise\-en\-examen\-pour\-detournement\-de\-fonds\-publics\_105942/\|publisher\=\[\[Libération]]\|date\=2019\-12\-02\|title\=Sylvie Goulard a été mise en examen pour détournement de fonds publics\|accessdate\=2019\-12\-08\|archive\-date\=3 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203180713/https://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/sylvie\-goulard\-a\-ete\-mise\-en\-examen\-pour\-detournement\-de\-fonds\-publics\_105942/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/12/02/sylvie\-goulard\-mise\-en\-examen\-dans\-l\-affaire\-des\-assistants\-parlementaires\-du\-modem\_6021368\_823448\.html\|publisher\=\[\[Le Monde]]\|date\=2019\-12\-02\|title\=Sylvie Goulard, ex\-ministre des armées, mise en examen dans l'affaire des assistants parlementaires du MoDem\|accessdate\=2019\-12\-08\|archive\-date\=9 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209011605/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/12/02/sylvie\-goulard\-mise\-en\-examen\-dans\-l\-affaire\-des\-assistants\-parlementaires\-du\-modem\_6021368\_823448\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1212344/EU\-news\-Emmanuel\-Macron\-Sylvie\-Goulard\-European\-Commission\-latest\-update\|publisher\=\[\[Daily Express]]\|date\=2019\-12\-03\|title\=Macron crisis: First pick as EU commissioner faces investigation over fake jobs scandal\|accessdate\=2019\-12\-08\|archive\-date\=8 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208144342/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1212344/EU\-news\-Emmanuel\-Macron\-Sylvie\-Goulard\-European\-Commission\-latest\-update\|url\-status\=live}}
The case against Goulard was dropped in 2023, while it proceeded to a criminal trial for eleven others.{{cite web\|access\-date\=2024\-09\-17\|title\=French judge drops embezzlement case against Sylvie Goulard\|url\=https://www.politico.eu/article/sylvie\-goulard\-cleared\-from\-charges\-that\-could\-have\-costed\-her\-commissioner\-job\-commission\-candidate\-sylvie\-goulard\-cleared\-from\-embezzlement\-charges\-emmanuel\-macron\-european\-commission\-presidency\-thi/\|date\=2023\-03\-09\|website\=POLITICO}}
Other activities
----------------
Berlin\-Brandenburg Institute for Franco\-German Cooperation in Europe, member of the advisory board
[Berggruen Institute](/wiki/Berggruen_Institute "Berggruen Institute"), special advisor from 2013 to 2016{{cite web\|title\=Mais pourquoi Sylvie Goulard a\-t\-elle quitté le gouvernement?\|url\=http://www.lejdd.fr/politique/mais\-pourquoi\-sylvie\-goulard\-a\-t\-elle\-quitte\-le\-gouvernement\-3371234\|website\=Le Journal du Dimanche\|date\=25 June 2017 \|access\-date\=29 June 2017\|archive\-date\=28 June 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628231647/http://www.lejdd.fr/politique/mais\-pourquoi\-sylvie\-goulard\-a\-t\-elle\-quitte\-le\-gouvernement\-3371234\|url\-status\=live}}.
[Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales](/wiki/Centre_d%27Etudes_Prospectives_et_d%27Informations_Internationales "Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales") (CEPII), Member of the Board[Board](http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/cepii/conseil.asp) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808084719/http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/cepii/conseil.asp \|date\=8 August 2020 }} [Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales](/wiki/Centre_d%27Etudes_Prospectives_et_d%27Informations_Internationales "Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales") (CEPII).
[Centre for European Reform](/wiki/Centre_for_European_Reform "Centre for European Reform") (CER), Member of the Advisory Board[Advisory Board](https://www.cer.eu/advisory-board) [Centre for European Reform](/wiki/Centre_for_European_Reform "Centre for European Reform") (CER).
Deutsche Nationalstiftung, member of the senate
Europartenaires, member of the board
[European Council on Foreign Relations](/wiki/European_Council_on_Foreign_Relations "European Council on Foreign Relations") (ECFR), member
[European Policy Centre](/wiki/European_Policy_Centre "European Policy Centre") (EPC), member of the advisory council
Friends of Europe, member of the board of trustees
[Franco\-German Institute](/wiki/Franco-German_Institute "Franco-German Institute") (DFI), Member of the Board[Board](https://www.dfi.de/de/DFI/ueber_vorstand.shtml) [Franco\-German Institute](/wiki/Franco-German_Institute "Franco-German Institute") (DFI).
[French Institute of International Relations](/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_des_relations_internationales "Institut français des relations internationales") (IFRI), member of the strategic advisory board[Strategic Advisory Board](https://www.ifri.org/en/about/governance/strategic-consulting) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409105359/https://www.ifri.org/en/about/governance/strategic\-consulting \|date\=9 April 2020 }} [French Institute of International Relations](/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_des_relations_internationales "Institut français des relations internationales") (IFRI).
[Institute for European Politics](/wiki/Institute_for_European_Politics "Institute for European Politics") (IEP), member of the scientific committee
[Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe](/wiki/Jean_Monnet_Foundation_for_Europe "Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe"), member of the board of trustees
Leibniz Institute for Financial Research (SAFE), Member of the Policy Council[Policy Council](https://safe-frankfurt.de/policy-center/about/policy-advisory-council.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121171726/https://safe\-frankfurt.de/policy\-center/about/policy\-advisory\-council.html \|date\=21 November 2021 }} Leibniz Institute for Financial Research (SAFE).
New Pact for Europe, member of the advisory group[Advisory Group](http://www.newpactforeurope.eu/who-we-are/advisory/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230002034/http://www.newpactforeurope.eu/who\-we\-are/advisory/ \|date\=30 December 2016 }} New Pact for Europe.
United Europe, member of the board of directors
[Stand Up For Europe](/wiki/Stand_Up_For_Europe "Stand Up For Europe"), member of the support committee.
Political positions
-------------------
Goulard, a centrist, strongly supports [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO") and the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), and holds hawkish views on the regimes of [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") and [Recep Tayyip Erdoğan](/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"). In 2004, before accession discussions were opened with [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), Goulard had taken a position in the debate citing concerns about the eventual enlargement of the European Union to include Turkey by underlining the necessity of preserving the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union")'s political ambitions and its capacity to act. She also called for doubts of citizens, facing a European project whose direction they do not properly understand, to be taken seriously.
Following the [2014 elections](/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election "2014 European Parliament election"), Goulard joined fellow MEPs [Othmar Karas](/wiki/Othmar_Karas "Othmar Karas"), [Sven Giegold](/wiki/Sven_Giegold "Sven Giegold"), [Sophie in 't Veld](/wiki/Sophie_in_%27t_Veld "Sophie in 't Veld") and [Alessia Mosca](/wiki/Alessia_Mosca "Alessia Mosca") in an [open letter](/wiki/Open_letter "Open letter") aimed at exerting pressure on the [President of the European Commission](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission "President of the European Commission") and national government leaders during the nominations process to improve the [gender balance](/wiki/Gender_balance "Gender balance") in the composition of the [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission").Cynthia Kroet (26 June 2014\), [A shortage of women round the Commission table](http://www.politico.eu/article/a-shortage-of-women-round-the-commission-table/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225013536/http://www.politico.eu/article/a\-shortage\-of\-women\-round\-the\-commission\-table/ \|date\=25 February 2016 }} *[Politico Europe](/wiki/Politico_Europe "Politico Europe")*.
Personal life
-------------
She is married to Guillaume Goulard, councilor of state, and is mother of three children.
Decorations
-----------
[80px](/wiki/File:Ordre_national_du_Merite_Chevalier_ribbon.svg "Ordre national du Merite Chevalier ribbon.svg") Knight of the National Order of Merit (2008\)
[80px](/wiki/File:GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_3_BVK_1Kl.svg "GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 3 BVK 1Kl.svg") Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit (2017\){{Cite web\|last\=Goulard\|first\=Sylvie\|date\=2015\-06\-18\|title\=Sylvie Goulard décorée de la croix d'Officier de l'Ordre fédéral du Mérite\|url\=https://www.sylviegoulard.eu/sylvie\-goulard\-decoree\-de\-la\-croix\-dofficier\-de\-lordre\-federal\-du\-merite/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-09\|website\=Sylvie Goulard\|language\=fr\-FR\|archive\-date\=30 December 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230014324/https://www.sylviegoulard.eu/sylvie\-goulard\-decoree\-de\-la\-croix\-dofficier\-de\-lordre\-federal\-du\-merite/\|url\-status\=live}}
Bibliography
------------
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + Le Grand Turc et la République de Venise*, Fayard, 2004 Prix du livre pour l’Europe 2005\.*
* Le Partenariat privilégié, alternative à l’adhésion *en collaboration avec Rudolf Scharping, Karl Theodor Freiherr zu Guttenberg, Pierre Defraigne, Carlo Altomonte, Lucas Delattre, Note bleue de la Fondation Schuman no 38, 6 décembre 2006*
* Le Coq et la Perle*, Seuil, février 2007*
* L'Europe pour les nuls*, First, 2007 ; 3e édition, 2014 Prix du Livre européen de l'essai 2009\.*
* Il faut cultiver notre jardin européen*, Seuil, juin 2008*
* La Mondialisation pour les Nuls*, de Francis Fontaine avec Brune de Bodman et Sylvie Goulard, First, 2010*
* De la démocratie en Europe*, avec Mario Monti, Flammarion, 2012*
* Europe : amour ou chambre à part*, Flammarion, 2013, coll. " Café Voltaire »*
* Goodbye Europe'', Flammarion, 2016
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 1989–2001: civil service and research",
"Sylvie Goulard worked in the Legal Affairs Directorate of the [French Ministry for Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_%28France%29 \"Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)\") from 1989 until 1999\\. She served in particular on the French team responsible for negotiating German reunification.",
"From 1993 to 1996, she worked at the Conseil d’État (State Council), after which she returned to the Policy Planning Department of the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs, where she was responsible for European issues in conjunction with the equivalent department of the German government.",
"From 1999 to 2001, she was an associate researcher at the French Centre de Recherches Internationales.{{Cite web\\|title\\=8th parliamentary term {{!}} Sylvie GOULARD {{!}} MEPs {{!}} European Parliament\\|url\\=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/97137/SYLVIE\\_GOULARD/history/8\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-09\\|website\\=www.europarl.europa.eu\\|date\\=6 December 1964 \\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=29 December 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229062043/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/97137/SYLVIE\\_GOULARD/history/8\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 2001–2004: political advisor to Romano Prodi",
"As a political advisor to [Romano Prodi](/wiki/Romano_Prodi \"Romano Prodi\") when he was president of the [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission \"European Commission\"), from 2001 to 2004, Goulard followed the work of the convention presided by [Valéry Giscard d'Estaing](/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing \"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing\") which was primarily made up of members of national parliaments, who had been charged by the [European Council](/wiki/European_Council \"European Council\") to draft a European constitution.",
"Goulard's work focuses on the necessity of pursuing European integration whilst also inviting increased public debate about European questions. Europe's citizens must become more engaged with its development in the future. They need to be informed and active: and to achieve this cultural and professional exchanges and learning foreign languages are essential.",
"### 2006–2010: president of the Mouvement Européen\\-France (ME\\-F)",
"At the end of 2006 Goulard was elected president of the Mouvement Européen\\-France (ME\\-F), succeeding [Pierre Moscovici](/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici \"Pierre Moscovici\"), who had also been a candidate. She was re\\-elected as president in December 2008\\. Le Mouvement Européen\\-France regularly organises meetings, conferences and debates which aim are to enable a dialogue between political figures, experts and the general public.",
"### 2009–2017: Member of the European Parliament",
"Goulard was first elected [Member of the European Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament \"Member of the European Parliament\") in the [2009 elections](/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_France \"2009 European Parliament election in France\"). Throughout her time in parliament, she served on the [Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs](/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Economic_and_Monetary_Affairs \"European Parliament Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs\"). In 2009 became a substitute member of the Agriculture and Rural Development Committee and in 2014, she became a substitute member of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs. In that capacity, she served as [rapporteur](/wiki/Rapporteur \"Rapporteur\") on budgetary surveillance in the [Eurozone](/wiki/Eurozone \"Eurozone\").",
"In addition to her committee assignments, Goulard served as chairwoman of the European Parliament Intergroup on \"Extreme Poverty and Human Rights\".",
"On 15 September 2010, Goulard supported the new initiative [Spinelli Group](/wiki/Spinelli_Group \"Spinelli Group\"), which was founded to reinvigorate the strive for [federalisation of the European Union](/wiki/Federalism_in_Europe \"Federalism in Europe\") (EU). Other prominent supporters are: [Daniel Cohn\\-Bendit](/wiki/Daniel_Cohn-Bendit \"Daniel Cohn-Bendit\"), [Guy Verhofstadt](/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt \"Guy Verhofstadt\"), [Isabelle Durand](/wiki/Isabelle_Durant \"Isabelle Durant\") as well as [Jacques Delors](/wiki/Jacques_Delors \"Jacques Delors\"), [Joschka Fischer](/wiki/Joschka_Fischer \"Joschka Fischer\"), [Andrew Duff](/wiki/Andrew_Duff \"Andrew Duff\") and [Elmar Brok](/wiki/Elmar_Brok \"Elmar Brok\").",
"On the national level, [François Bayrou](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou \"François Bayrou\") included Goulard in his [shadow cabinet](/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_France \"Shadow Cabinet of France\") in 2010; in this capacity, Goulard served as opposition counterpart to Ministry of European Affairs [Laurent Wauquiez](/wiki/Laurent_Wauquiez \"Laurent Wauquiez\").Rodolphe Geisler (September 20, 2010\\), [François Bayrou se dote d'un «Shadow Cabinet»](https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2010/09/20/01002-20100920ARTFIG00645-francois-bayrou-se-dote-d-un-shadow-cabinet.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032530/https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2010/09/20/01002\\-20100920ARTFIG00645\\-francois\\-bayrou\\-se\\-dote\\-d\\-un\\-shadow\\-cabinet.php \\|date\\=9 November 2020 }} *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro \"Le Figaro\")*.",
"In November 2016, Goulard officially announced her candidacy for the office of [President of the European Parliament](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament \"President of the European Parliament\");Sébastien Le Fol (28 November 2016\\), [Sylvie Goulard veut réveiller le Parlement européen](http://www.lepoint.fr/europe/parlement-europeen-sylvie-goulard-la-troisieme-femme-28-11-2016-2086242_2626.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230231855/http://www.lepoint.fr/europe/parlement\\-europeen\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-la\\-troisieme\\-femme\\-28\\-11\\-2016\\-2086242\\_2626\\.php \\|date\\=30 December 2016 }} *[Le Point](/wiki/Le_Point \"Le Point\")*. the post eventually went to [Antonio Tajani](/wiki/Antonio_Tajani \"Antonio Tajani\").",
"During her time in parliament, Goulard continued to write regularly in a wide range of both French (*[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde \"Le Monde\")*, *[La Croix](/wiki/La_Croix_%28newspaper%29 \"La Croix (newspaper)\")*, *[Libération](/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration \"Libération\")*) and international (*[Süddeutsche Zeitung](/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung \"Süddeutsche Zeitung\")*, *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")* particularly) newspapers.",
"### 2017: Minister of the Armed Forces",
"Goulard was appointed by President [Emmanuel Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron \"Emmanuel Macron\") Minister of the Armed Forces on 17 May, in the First Government of [Edouard Philippe](/wiki/Edouard_Philippe \"Edouard Philippe\"). In this capacity, she ranked above her immediate predecessor and foreign minister [Jean\\-Yves Le Drian](/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian \"Jean-Yves Le Drian\") in the government hierarchy. She was only the second woman to head the ministry, which reverted to its pre\\-1974 name of Ministry of the Armed Forces.John Irish (17 May 2017\\), [Macron emphasises EU in French foreign, defence ministry postings](https://www.reuters.com/article/france-election-government-foreign-idUSL8N1IJ5F8) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809140824/http://www.reuters.com/article/france\\-election\\-government\\-foreign\\-idUSL8N1IJ5F8 \\|date\\=9 August 2017 }} [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\").\nGoulard was replaced by [Florence Parly](/wiki/Florence_Parly \"Florence Parly\"), a former executive and budget official, in the 21 June government reshuffle.{{cite news\\|title\\=Macron reshuffles Cabinet, boosts women to top posts\\|url\\=http://www.france24\\.com/en/20170620\\-france\\-defence\\-minister\\-goulard\\-quits\\-eu\\-fake\\-jobs\\-inquiry\\|accessdate\\=21 June 2017\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|publisher\\=France 24\\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620165445/http://www.france24\\.com/en/20170620\\-france\\-defence\\-minister\\-goulard\\-quits\\-eu\\-fake\\-jobs\\-inquiry\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She had stepped down after an inquiry over alleged misuse of payments for assistants in the European ParliamentAnne\\-Sylvaine Chassany and Claire Jones (17 January 2017\\), [https://www.ft.com/content/defca2fc\\-faff\\-11e7\\-9b32\\-d7d59aace167](https://www.ft.com/content/defca2fc-faff-11e7-9b32-d7d59aace167) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071213/https://www.ft.com/content/defca2fc\\-faff\\-11e7\\-9b32\\-d7d59aace167 \\|date\\=21 January 2018 }} *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*. was opened on 20 June 2017\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=French defence minister quits over new EU fake jobs inquiry\\|url\\=http://www.france24\\.com/en/20170620\\-france\\-defence\\-minister\\-goulard\\-quits\\-eu\\-fake\\-jobs\\-inquiry\\|accessdate\\=21 June 2017\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|publisher\\=France 24\\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620165445/http://www.france24\\.com/en/20170620\\-france\\-defence\\-minister\\-goulard\\-quits\\-eu\\-fake\\-jobs\\-inquiry\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 2018–2022: Deputy Governor of the Banque de France",
"On 17 January 2018, Goulard was appointed Deputy Governor of the [Banque de France](/wiki/Bank_of_France \"Bank of France\"), succeeding Denis Beau. In 2020, she was also appointed by the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\")’s Regional Office for [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") to serve as a member of the Pan\\-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development, chaired by [Mario Monti](/wiki/Mario_Monti \"Mario Monti\").[Announcing the Pan\\-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development: Rethinking Policy Priorities in the light of Pandemics](https://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/sections/press-releases/2020/announcing-the-pan-european-commission-on-health-and-sustainable-development-rethinking-policy-priorities-in-the-light-of-pandemics) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812140920/https://www.euro.who.int/en/media\\-centre/sections/press\\-releases/2020/announcing\\-the\\-pan\\-european\\-commission\\-on\\-health\\-and\\-sustainable\\-development\\-rethinking\\-policy\\-priorities\\-in\\-the\\-light\\-of\\-pandemics \\|date\\=12 August 2020 }} [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\"), Regional Office for Europe, press release of August 11, 2020\\.",
"She is in charge of European and international topics, including preparations for G7 and G20 summits. She monitors issues relating to financial stability and financial risks, as well as green finance{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-08\\|title\\=Comment les banques centrales veulent \" verdir \" la finance\\|url\\=https://www.lesechos.fr/idees\\-debats/cercle/comment\\-les\\-banques\\-centrales\\-veulent\\-verdir\\-la\\-finance\\-1036445\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-09\\|website\\=Les Echos\\|language\\=fr\\|archive\\-date\\=14 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114144420/https://www.lesechos.fr/idees\\-debats/cercle/comment\\-les\\-banques\\-centrales\\-veulent\\-verdir\\-la\\-finance\\-1036445\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and gender equality. She has been outspoken on questions related to global warming, in particular citing the impact of climate change on financial stability{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-04\\|title\\=Opinion {{!}} Stabilité financière : l'Europe et ses atouts\\|url\\=https://www.lesechos.fr/idees\\-debats/cercle/opinion\\-stabilite\\-financiere\\-leurope\\-et\\-ses\\-atouts\\-1200350\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-09\\|website\\=Les Echos\\|language\\=fr\\|archive\\-date\\=14 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114144419/https://www.lesechos.fr/idees\\-debats/cercle/opinion\\-stabilite\\-financiere\\-leurope\\-et\\-ses\\-atouts\\-1200350\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and calling on the financial sector to shift massively “towards green investments”.{{Cite news\\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-23\\|title\\=Sylvie Goulard : \" Le réchauffement climatique crée des risques pour la stabilité financière \"\\|language\\=fr\\|work\\=Le Monde.fr\\|url\\=https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2020/06/23/sylvie\\-goulard\\-le\\-rechauffement\\-climatique\\-cree\\-des\\-risques\\-pour\\-la\\-stabilite\\-financiere\\_6043867\\_3234\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-09\\|archive\\-date\\=2 March 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302070138/https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2020/06/23/sylvie\\-goulard\\-le\\-rechauffement\\-climatique\\-cree\\-des\\-risques\\-pour\\-la\\-stabilite\\-financiere\\_6043867\\_3234\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"She has expressed support for the euro{{Cite web\\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-13\\|title\\=Sylvie Goulard : \" L'euro est plus que jamais notre avenir \"\\|url\\=https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/europe/sylvie\\-goulard\\-leuro\\-est\\-plus\\-que\\-jamais\\-notre\\-avenir\\-141746\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-09\\|website\\=Les Echos\\|language\\=fr\\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203075934/https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/europe/sylvie\\-goulard\\-leuro\\-est\\-plus\\-que\\-jamais\\-notre\\-avenir\\-141746\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and the initiative launched by top banks to create a European Payments Initiative (EPI), with a view to promoting European sovereignty. She welcomed the disciplined budgetary approach of the so\\-called “frugal” European countries, which made it possible to implement the Economic Recovery Plan, as well as the 2021–2027 EU budget.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-07\\-26\\|title\\=Sylvie Goulard: \"Sans le sérieux des frugaux, il n'y aurait pas eu de plan de relance\"\\|url\\=https://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/actualite\\-economique/sylvie\\-goulard\\-sur\\-le\\-plan\\-de\\-relance\\-l\\-expansion\\-infinie\\-des\\-dettes\\-est\\-une\\-illusion\\_2131570\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-09\\|website\\=LExpansion.com\\|language\\=fr\\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328183028/https://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/actualite\\-economique/sylvie\\-goulard\\-sur\\-le\\-plan\\-de\\-relance\\-l\\-expansion\\-infinie\\-des\\-dettes\\-est\\-une\\-illusion\\_2131570\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She supports European competition policy, which she sees as beneficial to inhibit the emergence of monopolies, as well as to lower prices, promote consumer purchasing power and compel companies to innovate.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Quel degré d'ouverture pour l'Union européenne ?\\|url\\=https://www.alternatives\\-economiques.fr/degre\\-douverture\\-lunion\\-europeenne/00089333\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-09\\|website\\=Alternatives Economiques\\|date\\=April 2019 \\|language\\=fr\\|archive\\-date\\=14 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114144430/https://www.alternatives\\-economiques.fr/degre\\-douverture\\-lunion\\-europeenne/00089333\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Goulard is also a member of the One Planet Lab.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-04\\|title\\=What is the One Planet Lab?\\|url\\=https://www.i4ce.org/what\\-is\\-the\\-one\\-planet\\-lab/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-09\\|website\\=I4CE\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|archive\\-date\\=6 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506165815/https://www.i4ce.org/what\\-is\\-the\\-one\\-planet\\-lab/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 2019: Nomination to be France's European Commissioner",
"[thumbnail\\|Hearing of Sylvie Goulard, candidate commissioner for internal market.](/wiki/File:Hearing_of_Sylvie_Goulard_%28France%29_%2C_candidate_commissioner_for_internal_market_%2848832160786%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Hearing of Sylvie Goulard (France) , candidate commissioner for internal market (48832160786) (cropped).jpg\")\nOn 28 August 2019 President Macron nominated Goulard{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.politico.eu/article/france\\-nominates\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-as\\-eu\\-commissioner/\\|title\\=Macron picks longtime ally as EU commissioner\\|date\\=28 August 2019\\|website\\=Politico Europe\\|accessdate\\=6 October 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=15 September 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915080949/https://www.politico.eu/article/france\\-nominates\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-as\\-eu\\-commissioner/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} to be the French Commissioner in the [von der Leyen Commission](/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission \"Von der Leyen Commission\") and lead the newly established [Directorate\\-General for Defence Industry and Space](/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space \"Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space\")\\<ref\\>Andrea Muratore, [Difesa europea, Ursula spegne i sogni di Macron](https://it.insideover.com/politica/la-von-der-leyen-chiude-alla-difesa-europea-autonoma.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928101436/https://it.insideover.com/politica/la\\-von\\-der\\-leyen\\-chiude\\-alla\\-difesa\\-europea\\-autonoma.html \\|date\\=28 September 2019 }} *La von der Leyen chiude alla Difesa europea autonoma], [Inside Over](/wiki/Il_Giornale \"Il Giornale\"), 13 September 2019\\</ref\\>*",
"After two \"tense\" hearings before the EP [Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection](/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Internal_Market_and_Consumer_Protection \"European Parliament Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection\") (IMCO) and the [Committee on Industry, Research and Energy](/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Industry%2C_Research_and_Energy \"European Parliament Committee on Industry, Research and Energy\") (ITRE), her nomination was rejected on 10 October 2019, with 82 votes against, 32 in favour and 1 abstention.{{Cite web\\|first\\=Jon\\|last\\=Stone\\|date\\=10 October 2019\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sylvie\\-goulard\\-emmanuel\\-macron\\-eu\\-commissioner\\-european\\-parliament\\-meps\\-a9150716\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|title\\=Sylvie Goulard: Emmanuel Macron's pick for EU commissioner blocked by European Parliament\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010155315/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sylvie\\-goulard\\-emmanuel\\-macron\\-eu\\-commissioner\\-european\\-parliament\\-meps\\-a9150716\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/resumed\\-hearing\\-of\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-commissioner\\-designate\\-internal\\-market\\-opening\\-statement\\-by\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\_I179004\\-V\\_rv\\|title\\=Resumed hearing of Sylvie GOULARD, Commissioner\\-designate, Internal Market: Opening statement by Sylvie GOULARD\\|date\\=10 October 2019\\|publisher\\=European Parliament\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010152359/https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/resumed\\-hearing\\-of\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-commissioner\\-designate\\-internal\\-market\\-opening\\-statement\\-by\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\_I179004\\-V\\_rv\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.politico.eu/article/frances\\-commission\\-pick\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-rejected\\-by\\-parliament/\\|title\\=France's Commission pick Sylvie Goulard rejected by Parliament\\|date\\=10 October 2019\\|website\\=POLITICO\\|accessdate\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010131517/https://www.politico.eu/article/frances\\-commission\\-pick\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-rejected\\-by\\-parliament/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite journal\\|url\\=https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci\\-parlamento\\-europeo\\-rechaza\\-candidata\\-francesa\\-para\\-comision\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-201910101622\\_noticia.html\\|journal\\=\\[\\[ABC (Spain)\\|ABC]]\\|title\\=El Parlamento Europeo rechaza a la candidata francesa para la Comisión, Sylvie Goulard\\|date\\=10 October 2019\\|first\\=Enrique\\|last\\=Serbeto\\|language\\=es\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010192618/https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci\\-parlamento\\-europeo\\-rechaza\\-candidata\\-francesa\\-para\\-comision\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-201910101622\\_noticia.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The rejection was linked to her inability to explain her effective work for the [Berggruen Institute](/wiki/Berggruen_Institute \"Berggruen Institute\"), and the fact that she explained that she would not resign even if she was formally indicted{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/10/macron\\-blames\\-political\\-game\\-as\\-meps\\-reject\\-commission\\-candidate\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=10 October 2019\\|title\\=Macron blames 'political game' as MEPs reject commission candidate\\|accessdate\\=13 October 2019\\|quote\\=''France's candidate Sylvie Goulard rejected over job with thinktank and party's alleged misuse of funds''\\|archive\\-date\\=13 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013113601/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/10/macron\\-blames\\-political\\-game\\-as\\-meps\\-reject\\-commission\\-candidate\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nThe EPP group's MEPs showed strong animosity against the Goulard's nomination, related to ongoing investigations by the [European Anti\\-Fraud Office](/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office \"European Anti-Fraud Office\"). The group tweeted a message (later deleted) reading \"Guys, we are going to kill her in the vote later but do not say until then\" and attributed to Pedro López de Pablo, the director of communications of the group.{{Cite journal\\|url\\=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/on\\-va\\-la\\-flinguer\\-lors\\-du\\-vote\\-la\\-bourde\\-du\\-ppe\\-dans\\-un\\-tweet\\-publie\\-apres\\-le\\-rejet\\-de\\-la\\-candidature\\-de\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\_3653287\\.html\\|website\\=France Info\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[France Info (TV channel)\\|France Info]]\\|title\\='On va la flinguer lors du vote' : la bourde du PPE dans un tweet publié après le rejet de la candidature de Sylvie Goulard\\|date\\=10 October 2019\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010164525/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/on\\-va\\-la\\-flinguer\\-lors\\-du\\-vote\\-la\\-bourde\\-du\\-ppe\\-dans\\-un\\-tweet\\-publie\\-apres\\-le\\-rejet\\-de\\-la\\-candidature\\-de\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\_3653287\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.euronews.com/2019/10/10/centre\\-right\\-eu\\-parliament\\-group\\-to\\-vote\\-against\\-macrons\\-eu\\-candidate\\-spokesman\\|website\\=euronews.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Euronews]]\\|date\\=10 October 2019\\|title\\=Centre\\-right EU parliament group to vote against Macron's EU candidate – spokesman\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010164522/https://www.euronews.com/2019/10/10/centre\\-right\\-eu\\-parliament\\-group\\-to\\-vote\\-against\\-macrons\\-eu\\-candidate\\-spokesman\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.euractiv.com/section/future\\-eu/news/why\\-the\\-european\\-parliament\\-rejected\\-sylvie\\-goulard/1389450/\\|website\\=euractiv.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Euractiv]]\\|title\\=Why the European Parliament rejected Sylvie Goulard\\|first\\=Aline\\|last\\=Robert\\|date\\=10 October 2019\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010153012/https://www.euractiv.com/section/future\\-eu/news/why\\-the\\-european\\-parliament\\-rejected\\-sylvie\\-goulard/1389450/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nMany medias concluded that this was a blow for Emmanuel Macron ambitions in Europe. [Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde \"Le Monde\") titled that this, after the previous [Nathalie Loiseau](/wiki/Nathalie_Loiseau \"Nathalie Loiseau\") failed leadership in the European parliament, was another consequence of the arrogance of the French President in Europe, and that the European parliament gave him a lesson about morality.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/10/11/commission\\-europeenne\\-les\\-lecons\\-d\\-un\\-camouflet\\-pour\\-emmanuel\\-macron\\_6015181\\_3232\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[Le Monde]]\\|date\\=11 October 2019\\|title\\=Echec de Sylvie Goulard à la Commission européenne : les leçons d'un camouflet pour Emmanuel Macron\\|accessdate\\=13 October 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=13 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013001209/https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/10/11/commission\\-europeenne\\-les\\-lecons\\-d\\-un\\-camouflet\\-pour\\-emmanuel\\-macron\\_6015181\\_3232\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 21 October 2019, two dozen personalities from across Europe, including [Robert Badinter](/wiki/Robert_Badinter \"Robert Badinter\"), Silvia Costa, David Capitant, [Etienne Davignon](/wiki/Etienne_Davignon \"Etienne Davignon\"), [Jacques de Larosière](/wiki/Jacques_de_Larosi%C3%A8re \"Jacques de Larosière\"), [Clemens Fuest](/wiki/Clemens_Fuest \"Clemens Fuest\"), [Jean\\-Paul Gauzès](/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gauz%C3%A8s \"Jean-Paul Gauzès\"), Charles Grant, [Miguel Poiares Maduro](/wiki/Miguel_Poiares_Maduro \"Miguel Poiares Maduro\"), Paolo Magri, Giampiero Massolo, Riccardo Perissich, Etienne Pflimlin, [Jean\\-Marc Sauvé](/wiki/Jean-Marc_Sauv%C3%A9 \"Jean-Marc Sauvé\"), Giuseppe Tesauro and [Jean\\-Claude Trichet](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet \"Jean-Claude Trichet\"), co\\-signed a statement{{Cite journal\\|url\\=https://www.verfassungsblog.de/fairness\\-trust\\-and\\-the\\-rule\\-of\\-law\\|date\\=21 October 2019\\|title\\=Fairness, Trust and the Rule of Law\\|journal\\=\\[\\[verfassungsblog.de]]\\|doi\\=10\\.17176/20191021\\-112444\\-0 \\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021212132/https://verfassungsblog.de/fairness\\-trust\\-and\\-the\\-rule\\-of\\-law/\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Pernice \\|first1\\=Ingolf }} that the European Parliament was wrong to dismiss Sylvie Goulard.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.politico.eu/newsletter/brussels\\-playbook/politico\\-brussels\\-playbook\\-presented\\-by\\-corteva\\-brexit\\-deja\\-vu\\-give\\-goulard\\-a\\-chance\\-junckers\\-farewell\\-tour\\|work\\=\\[\\[Politico Europe]]\\|date\\=21 October 2019\\|title\\=Brussels Playbook\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021212134/https://www.politico.eu/newsletter/brussels\\-playbook/politico\\-brussels\\-playbook\\-presented\\-by\\-corteva\\-brexit\\-deja\\-vu\\-give\\-goulard\\-a\\-chance\\-junckers\\-farewell\\-tour/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nOn 29 November 2019, she was formally indicted for misappropriation of public funds.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/sylvie\\-goulard\\-a\\-ete\\-mise\\-en\\-examen\\-pour\\-detournement\\-de\\-fonds\\-publics\\_105942/\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Libération]]\\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-02\\|title\\=Sylvie Goulard a été mise en examen pour détournement de fonds publics\\|accessdate\\=2019\\-12\\-08\\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203180713/https://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/sylvie\\-goulard\\-a\\-ete\\-mise\\-en\\-examen\\-pour\\-detournement\\-de\\-fonds\\-publics\\_105942/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/12/02/sylvie\\-goulard\\-mise\\-en\\-examen\\-dans\\-l\\-affaire\\-des\\-assistants\\-parlementaires\\-du\\-modem\\_6021368\\_823448\\.html\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Le Monde]]\\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-02\\|title\\=Sylvie Goulard, ex\\-ministre des armées, mise en examen dans l'affaire des assistants parlementaires du MoDem\\|accessdate\\=2019\\-12\\-08\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209011605/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/12/02/sylvie\\-goulard\\-mise\\-en\\-examen\\-dans\\-l\\-affaire\\-des\\-assistants\\-parlementaires\\-du\\-modem\\_6021368\\_823448\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1212344/EU\\-news\\-Emmanuel\\-Macron\\-Sylvie\\-Goulard\\-European\\-Commission\\-latest\\-update\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Daily Express]]\\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-03\\|title\\=Macron crisis: First pick as EU commissioner faces investigation over fake jobs scandal\\|accessdate\\=2019\\-12\\-08\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208144342/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1212344/EU\\-news\\-Emmanuel\\-Macron\\-Sylvie\\-Goulard\\-European\\-Commission\\-latest\\-update\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nThe case against Goulard was dropped in 2023, while it proceeded to a criminal trial for eleven others.{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-17\\|title\\=French judge drops embezzlement case against Sylvie Goulard\\|url\\=https://www.politico.eu/article/sylvie\\-goulard\\-cleared\\-from\\-charges\\-that\\-could\\-have\\-costed\\-her\\-commissioner\\-job\\-commission\\-candidate\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-cleared\\-from\\-embezzlement\\-charges\\-emmanuel\\-macron\\-european\\-commission\\-presidency\\-thi/\\|date\\=2023\\-03\\-09\\|website\\=POLITICO}}\nOther activities\n----------------",
"Berlin\\-Brandenburg Institute for Franco\\-German Cooperation in Europe, member of the advisory board\n [Berggruen Institute](/wiki/Berggruen_Institute \"Berggruen Institute\"), special advisor from 2013 to 2016{{cite web\\|title\\=Mais pourquoi Sylvie Goulard a\\-t\\-elle quitté le gouvernement?\\|url\\=http://www.lejdd.fr/politique/mais\\-pourquoi\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-a\\-t\\-elle\\-quitte\\-le\\-gouvernement\\-3371234\\|website\\=Le Journal du Dimanche\\|date\\=25 June 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628231647/http://www.lejdd.fr/politique/mais\\-pourquoi\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-a\\-t\\-elle\\-quitte\\-le\\-gouvernement\\-3371234\\|url\\-status\\=live}}.\n[Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales](/wiki/Centre_d%27Etudes_Prospectives_et_d%27Informations_Internationales \"Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales\") (CEPII), Member of the Board[Board](http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/cepii/conseil.asp) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808084719/http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/cepii/conseil.asp \\|date\\=8 August 2020 }} [Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales](/wiki/Centre_d%27Etudes_Prospectives_et_d%27Informations_Internationales \"Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales\") (CEPII).\n[Centre for European Reform](/wiki/Centre_for_European_Reform \"Centre for European Reform\") (CER), Member of the Advisory Board[Advisory Board](https://www.cer.eu/advisory-board) [Centre for European Reform](/wiki/Centre_for_European_Reform \"Centre for European Reform\") (CER).\n Deutsche Nationalstiftung, member of the senate\n Europartenaires, member of the board\n [European Council on Foreign Relations](/wiki/European_Council_on_Foreign_Relations \"European Council on Foreign Relations\") (ECFR), member \n [European Policy Centre](/wiki/European_Policy_Centre \"European Policy Centre\") (EPC), member of the advisory council\n Friends of Europe, member of the board of trustees\n [Franco\\-German Institute](/wiki/Franco-German_Institute \"Franco-German Institute\") (DFI), Member of the Board[Board](https://www.dfi.de/de/DFI/ueber_vorstand.shtml) [Franco\\-German Institute](/wiki/Franco-German_Institute \"Franco-German Institute\") (DFI).\n[French Institute of International Relations](/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_des_relations_internationales \"Institut français des relations internationales\") (IFRI), member of the strategic advisory board[Strategic Advisory Board](https://www.ifri.org/en/about/governance/strategic-consulting) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409105359/https://www.ifri.org/en/about/governance/strategic\\-consulting \\|date\\=9 April 2020 }} [French Institute of International Relations](/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_des_relations_internationales \"Institut français des relations internationales\") (IFRI).\n[Institute for European Politics](/wiki/Institute_for_European_Politics \"Institute for European Politics\") (IEP), member of the scientific committee\n [Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe](/wiki/Jean_Monnet_Foundation_for_Europe \"Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe\"), member of the board of trustees \n Leibniz Institute for Financial Research (SAFE), Member of the Policy Council[Policy Council](https://safe-frankfurt.de/policy-center/about/policy-advisory-council.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121171726/https://safe\\-frankfurt.de/policy\\-center/about/policy\\-advisory\\-council.html \\|date\\=21 November 2021 }} Leibniz Institute for Financial Research (SAFE). \n New Pact for Europe, member of the advisory group[Advisory Group](http://www.newpactforeurope.eu/who-we-are/advisory/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230002034/http://www.newpactforeurope.eu/who\\-we\\-are/advisory/ \\|date\\=30 December 2016 }} New Pact for Europe.\n United Europe, member of the board of directors\n [Stand Up For Europe](/wiki/Stand_Up_For_Europe \"Stand Up For Europe\"), member of the support committee.\nPolitical positions\n-------------------",
"Goulard, a centrist, strongly supports [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\") and the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), and holds hawkish views on the regimes of [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") and [Recep Tayyip Erdoğan](/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan \"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan\"). In 2004, before accession discussions were opened with [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), Goulard had taken a position in the debate citing concerns about the eventual enlargement of the European Union to include Turkey by underlining the necessity of preserving the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\")'s political ambitions and its capacity to act. She also called for doubts of citizens, facing a European project whose direction they do not properly understand, to be taken seriously.\nFollowing the [2014 elections](/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election \"2014 European Parliament election\"), Goulard joined fellow MEPs [Othmar Karas](/wiki/Othmar_Karas \"Othmar Karas\"), [Sven Giegold](/wiki/Sven_Giegold \"Sven Giegold\"), [Sophie in 't Veld](/wiki/Sophie_in_%27t_Veld \"Sophie in 't Veld\") and [Alessia Mosca](/wiki/Alessia_Mosca \"Alessia Mosca\") in an [open letter](/wiki/Open_letter \"Open letter\") aimed at exerting pressure on the [President of the European Commission](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission \"President of the European Commission\") and national government leaders during the nominations process to improve the [gender balance](/wiki/Gender_balance \"Gender balance\") in the composition of the [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission \"European Commission\").Cynthia Kroet (26 June 2014\\), [A shortage of women round the Commission table](http://www.politico.eu/article/a-shortage-of-women-round-the-commission-table/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225013536/http://www.politico.eu/article/a\\-shortage\\-of\\-women\\-round\\-the\\-commission\\-table/ \\|date\\=25 February 2016 }} *[Politico Europe](/wiki/Politico_Europe \"Politico Europe\")*.\nPersonal life\n-------------",
"She is married to Guillaume Goulard, councilor of state, and is mother of three children.\nDecorations\n-----------",
"[80px](/wiki/File:Ordre_national_du_Merite_Chevalier_ribbon.svg \"Ordre national du Merite Chevalier ribbon.svg\") Knight of the National Order of Merit (2008\\)\n[80px](/wiki/File:GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_3_BVK_1Kl.svg \"GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 3 BVK 1Kl.svg\") Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit (2017\\){{Cite web\\|last\\=Goulard\\|first\\=Sylvie\\|date\\=2015\\-06\\-18\\|title\\=Sylvie Goulard décorée de la croix d'Officier de l'Ordre fédéral du Mérite\\|url\\=https://www.sylviegoulard.eu/sylvie\\-goulard\\-decoree\\-de\\-la\\-croix\\-dofficier\\-de\\-lordre\\-federal\\-du\\-merite/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-09\\|website\\=Sylvie Goulard\\|language\\=fr\\-FR\\|archive\\-date\\=30 December 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230014324/https://www.sylviegoulard.eu/sylvie\\-goulard\\-decoree\\-de\\-la\\-croix\\-dofficier\\-de\\-lordre\\-federal\\-du\\-merite/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nBibliography\n------------",
"* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + Le Grand Turc et la République de Venise*, Fayard, 2004 Prix du livre pour l’Europe 2005\\.*\n* Le Partenariat privilégié, alternative à l’adhésion *en collaboration avec Rudolf Scharping, Karl Theodor Freiherr zu Guttenberg, Pierre Defraigne, Carlo Altomonte, Lucas Delattre, Note bleue de la Fondation Schuman no 38, 6 décembre 2006*\n* Le Coq et la Perle*, Seuil, février 2007*\n* L'Europe pour les nuls*, First, 2007 ; 3e édition, 2014 Prix du Livre européen de l'essai 2009\\.*\n* Il faut cultiver notre jardin européen*, Seuil, juin 2008*\n* La Mondialisation pour les Nuls*, de Francis Fontaine avec Brune de Bodman et Sylvie Goulard, First, 2010*\n* De la démocratie en Europe*, avec Mario Monti, Flammarion, 2012*\n* Europe : amour ou chambre à part*, Flammarion, 2013, coll. \" Café Voltaire »*\n* Goodbye Europe'', Flammarion, 2016"
] |
### 2009–2017: Member of the European Parliament
Goulard was first elected [Member of the European Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament "Member of the European Parliament") in the [2009 elections](/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_France "2009 European Parliament election in France"). Throughout her time in parliament, she served on the [Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs](/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Economic_and_Monetary_Affairs "European Parliament Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs"). In 2009 became a substitute member of the Agriculture and Rural Development Committee and in 2014, she became a substitute member of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs. In that capacity, she served as [rapporteur](/wiki/Rapporteur "Rapporteur") on budgetary surveillance in the [Eurozone](/wiki/Eurozone "Eurozone").
In addition to her committee assignments, Goulard served as chairwoman of the European Parliament Intergroup on "Extreme Poverty and Human Rights".
On 15 September 2010, Goulard supported the new initiative [Spinelli Group](/wiki/Spinelli_Group "Spinelli Group"), which was founded to reinvigorate the strive for [federalisation of the European Union](/wiki/Federalism_in_Europe "Federalism in Europe") (EU). Other prominent supporters are: [Daniel Cohn\-Bendit](/wiki/Daniel_Cohn-Bendit "Daniel Cohn-Bendit"), [Guy Verhofstadt](/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt "Guy Verhofstadt"), [Isabelle Durand](/wiki/Isabelle_Durant "Isabelle Durant") as well as [Jacques Delors](/wiki/Jacques_Delors "Jacques Delors"), [Joschka Fischer](/wiki/Joschka_Fischer "Joschka Fischer"), [Andrew Duff](/wiki/Andrew_Duff "Andrew Duff") and [Elmar Brok](/wiki/Elmar_Brok "Elmar Brok").
On the national level, [François Bayrou](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou "François Bayrou") included Goulard in his [shadow cabinet](/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_France "Shadow Cabinet of France") in 2010; in this capacity, Goulard served as opposition counterpart to Ministry of European Affairs [Laurent Wauquiez](/wiki/Laurent_Wauquiez "Laurent Wauquiez").Rodolphe Geisler (September 20, 2010\), [François Bayrou se dote d'un «Shadow Cabinet»](https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2010/09/20/01002-20100920ARTFIG00645-francois-bayrou-se-dote-d-un-shadow-cabinet.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032530/https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2010/09/20/01002\-20100920ARTFIG00645\-francois\-bayrou\-se\-dote\-d\-un\-shadow\-cabinet.php \|date\=9 November 2020 }} *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro "Le Figaro")*.
In November 2016, Goulard officially announced her candidacy for the office of [President of the European Parliament](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament "President of the European Parliament");Sébastien Le Fol (28 November 2016\), [Sylvie Goulard veut réveiller le Parlement européen](http://www.lepoint.fr/europe/parlement-europeen-sylvie-goulard-la-troisieme-femme-28-11-2016-2086242_2626.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230231855/http://www.lepoint.fr/europe/parlement\-europeen\-sylvie\-goulard\-la\-troisieme\-femme\-28\-11\-2016\-2086242\_2626\.php \|date\=30 December 2016 }} *[Le Point](/wiki/Le_Point "Le Point")*. the post eventually went to [Antonio Tajani](/wiki/Antonio_Tajani "Antonio Tajani").
During her time in parliament, Goulard continued to write regularly in a wide range of both French (*[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde "Le Monde")*, *[La Croix](/wiki/La_Croix_%28newspaper%29 "La Croix (newspaper)")*, *[Libération](/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration "Libération")*) and international (*[Süddeutsche Zeitung](/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung "Süddeutsche Zeitung")*, *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")* particularly) newspapers.
|
[
"### 2009–2017: Member of the European Parliament",
"Goulard was first elected [Member of the European Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament \"Member of the European Parliament\") in the [2009 elections](/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_France \"2009 European Parliament election in France\"). Throughout her time in parliament, she served on the [Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs](/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Economic_and_Monetary_Affairs \"European Parliament Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs\"). In 2009 became a substitute member of the Agriculture and Rural Development Committee and in 2014, she became a substitute member of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs. In that capacity, she served as [rapporteur](/wiki/Rapporteur \"Rapporteur\") on budgetary surveillance in the [Eurozone](/wiki/Eurozone \"Eurozone\").",
"In addition to her committee assignments, Goulard served as chairwoman of the European Parliament Intergroup on \"Extreme Poverty and Human Rights\".",
"On 15 September 2010, Goulard supported the new initiative [Spinelli Group](/wiki/Spinelli_Group \"Spinelli Group\"), which was founded to reinvigorate the strive for [federalisation of the European Union](/wiki/Federalism_in_Europe \"Federalism in Europe\") (EU). Other prominent supporters are: [Daniel Cohn\\-Bendit](/wiki/Daniel_Cohn-Bendit \"Daniel Cohn-Bendit\"), [Guy Verhofstadt](/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt \"Guy Verhofstadt\"), [Isabelle Durand](/wiki/Isabelle_Durant \"Isabelle Durant\") as well as [Jacques Delors](/wiki/Jacques_Delors \"Jacques Delors\"), [Joschka Fischer](/wiki/Joschka_Fischer \"Joschka Fischer\"), [Andrew Duff](/wiki/Andrew_Duff \"Andrew Duff\") and [Elmar Brok](/wiki/Elmar_Brok \"Elmar Brok\").",
"On the national level, [François Bayrou](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou \"François Bayrou\") included Goulard in his [shadow cabinet](/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_France \"Shadow Cabinet of France\") in 2010; in this capacity, Goulard served as opposition counterpart to Ministry of European Affairs [Laurent Wauquiez](/wiki/Laurent_Wauquiez \"Laurent Wauquiez\").Rodolphe Geisler (September 20, 2010\\), [François Bayrou se dote d'un «Shadow Cabinet»](https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2010/09/20/01002-20100920ARTFIG00645-francois-bayrou-se-dote-d-un-shadow-cabinet.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032530/https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2010/09/20/01002\\-20100920ARTFIG00645\\-francois\\-bayrou\\-se\\-dote\\-d\\-un\\-shadow\\-cabinet.php \\|date\\=9 November 2020 }} *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro \"Le Figaro\")*.",
"In November 2016, Goulard officially announced her candidacy for the office of [President of the European Parliament](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament \"President of the European Parliament\");Sébastien Le Fol (28 November 2016\\), [Sylvie Goulard veut réveiller le Parlement européen](http://www.lepoint.fr/europe/parlement-europeen-sylvie-goulard-la-troisieme-femme-28-11-2016-2086242_2626.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230231855/http://www.lepoint.fr/europe/parlement\\-europeen\\-sylvie\\-goulard\\-la\\-troisieme\\-femme\\-28\\-11\\-2016\\-2086242\\_2626\\.php \\|date\\=30 December 2016 }} *[Le Point](/wiki/Le_Point \"Le Point\")*. the post eventually went to [Antonio Tajani](/wiki/Antonio_Tajani \"Antonio Tajani\").",
"During her time in parliament, Goulard continued to write regularly in a wide range of both French (*[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde \"Le Monde\")*, *[La Croix](/wiki/La_Croix_%28newspaper%29 \"La Croix (newspaper)\")*, *[Libération](/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration \"Libération\")*) and international (*[Süddeutsche Zeitung](/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung \"Süddeutsche Zeitung\")*, *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")* particularly) newspapers.",
""
] |
World War II
------------
[thumb\|right\|RA cap badge.](/wiki/File:Koning_Soldaat.%2C_item_60.jpg "Koning Soldaat., item 60.jpg")
### Mobilisation
1st AA Battalion, RE, under the command of Lt\-Col R.M. Goldney, RA, was ordered to mobilise by 1st AA Brigade on 1 September 1939, and war was declared two days later. Battalion HQ with A and B Companies (which officially became Nos 1 and 2 Companies) left Blackdown and embarked at [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton "Southampton") on 10 September, landing at [Cherbourg Naval Base](/wiki/Cherbourg_Naval_Base "Cherbourg Naval Base") the following day.Farndale, p. 19\.Joslen, p. 462\.1st AA Bn War Diary, 1939–40, [The National Archives (TNA), Kew](/wiki/The_National_Archives_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The National Archives (United Kingdom)"), file WO 167/674\.Routledge, p. 113\. However, this may have been a mistake: it is alleged that the movement order was supposed to have said 'less 1st AA Bn RE', and the battalion was intended to defend the [Thames Estuary](/wiki/Thames_Estuary "Thames Estuary") under AA Command.
On arrival in France, the battalion deployed to protect the BEF's No 2 Base Sub\-area at [Nantes](/wiki/Nantes "Nantes"), but at the end of the month it moved up to [Fauquembergues](/wiki/Fauquembergues "Fauquembergues"), where its lights cooperated with night fighters of [No 60 Wing, Royal Air Force](/wiki/List_of_Wings_of_the_Royal_Air_Force "List of Wings of the Royal Air Force") in the Aircraft Fighting Zone (AFZ) bounded by [Bergues](/wiki/Bergues "Bergues"), [Cassel](/wiki/Cassel%2C_Nord "Cassel, Nord") and [Guisnes](/wiki/Gu%C3%AEnes "Guînes") (just inland from the ports of [Boulogne](/wiki/Boulogne "Boulogne"), [Calais](/wiki/Calais "Calais") and [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk "Dunkirk")). The 72\-light S/L layout (at an average separation of 4500 yards, seven rows deep, with Mk VIII [Sound locators](/wiki/Sound_locator "Sound locator") in the first row) was built up from west to east as 3rd Searchlight Battery arrived.Routledge, p. 115\.
3rd Searchlight Battery, RA, had mobilised at [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth "Portsmouth"), and sailed from Southampton, disembarking on 16 September at [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France "Brest, France"), where it was delayed for a week awaiting the arrival of much of its transport. It joined the rest of the battalion on 3 October and deployed three days later. On 17 October the battalion came under the command of [2nd AA Brigade](/wiki/2nd_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "2nd Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)"), and on 2 November the first *[Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe "Luftwaffe")* raider came over the battalion's area (a [Heinkel He 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 "Heinkel He 111") shot down by the RAF).3 S/L Bty War Diary, 1939–40, TNA file WO 167/682\.
4th Searchlight Battery, RA, mobilised on 1 December at [Yeovil](/wiki/Yeovil "Yeovil") and sailed from Southampton to Cherbourg on 8 December. It joined the battalion and began deploying round [La Capelle\-lès\-Boulogne](/wiki/La_Capelle-l%C3%A8s-Boulogne "La Capelle-lès-Boulogne") on 21 December, filling in the west end of the AFZ.4 S/L Bty War Diary, 1939–40, TNA file WO 167/683\. This brought the number of lights operated by the battalion up to 96\.Routledge, Table XVII, p. 125\. From late December, the regiment provided two sections at Boulogne and Dunkirk to cooperate with Light AA (LAA) guns in trying to prevent German [seaplanes](/wiki/Seaplane "Seaplane") from dropping [Parachute mines](/wiki/Parachute_mine "Parachute mine") in the harbours.A S/L Coy War Diary, 1939–40, TNA file WO 167/675\.
### Phoney War
[thumb\|right\|90 cm Searchlight in France May 1940 (this example was operated by 10th S/L Bty, 3rd S/L Rgt)](/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_France_1940_F4186.jpg "The British Army in France 1940 F4186.jpg")
Apart from occasional air raid alarms, there was little activity during the winter of 1939–40 (the [Phoney War](/wiki/Phoney_War "Phoney War")). The battalion officially became **1st Searchlight Battalion, RE,** on 17 December 1939\. and then **1st Searchlight Regiment, RA,** on 15 January 1940\.[1 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/1-searchlight-regiment-ra)Farndale, Annex M, p. 339\.
Between 16 and 21 March, A and B S/L Companies, RE, were relieved by 1st and 2nd S/L Batteries, RA, direct from 216th S/L Training Regiment at Kinmel Park, [Abergele](/wiki/Abergele "Abergele"). The equipment and some of the RE officers and sappers transferred to the new regiment but others returned to the UK, while the RA officers and [gunners](/wiki/Gunner_%28artillery%29 "Gunner (artillery)") familiarised themselves with the S/L layout.B S/L Coy War Diary, 1939–40, TNA file WO 167/676\.1 S/L Bty War Diary, 1939–40, TNA file WO 167/680\.
From 23 February the regiment formed part of [5th S/L Brigade](/wiki/5th_Searchlight_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "5th Searchlight Brigade (United Kingdom)"), which had been formed to control most of the S/L units deployed to protect airfields, ports, and the BEF's forward gun areas.Farndale, Annex A, p. 237\.[Ellis, Appendix I.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/UK-NWE-Flanders-I.html)Routledge, p. 116; Table XVIII, p. 126\.[GHQ BEF at RA 39–45\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/formations-and-markings/bef-may-june-1940/ghq) During April, 1st S/Lt Rgt was moved up close to the Belgian Border to protect the artillery concentrating there in accordance with ['Plan D'](/wiki/Battle_of_France%23Dyle_Plan/Plan_D "Battle of France#Dyle Plan/Plan D").Routledge, pp. 115\-6\.
### Battle of France
When the [Battle of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France "Battle of France") began on 10 May, the BEF started its planned advance north into Belgium, but the [German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 "German Army (Wehrmacht)") broke through the [Ardennes](/wiki/Ardennes "Ardennes") to the east, forcing the BEF to withdraw again. 1st and 3rd Searchlight Batteries were ordered to hold the bridges on the [La Bassée](/wiki/La_Bass%C3%A9e "La Bassée")–[Béthune](/wiki/B%C3%A9thune "Béthune") Canal 'at all costs' against attacks from the south. They deployed their [Boys anti\-tank rifles](/wiki/Boys_anti-tank_rifle "Boys anti-tank rifle") and [Bren guns](/wiki/Bren_gun "Bren gun"), using S/L lorries as roadblocks, while French forces withdrew through them. The towns were bombed and S/L positions were machine\-gunned by *Luftwaffe* fighters.Routledge, pp. 116\-7\. 4th Searchlight Bty, deployed round [Lille](/wiki/Lille "Lille"), saw constant enemy air activity. On 17 May it detached a group of riflemen with Boys rifles to 5th AA Brigade HQ at [Lens](/wiki/Lens%2C_Pas-de-Calais "Lens, Pas-de-Calais") (these never returned to the battery during its stay in France) while the remainder joined the Bethune canal guards.
Meanwhile, [Army Group A](/wiki/Army_Group_A "Army Group A") had cut the BEF's lines of communication into France and driven it back towards the coast at Dunkirk, cutting off the British troops at Calais and Boulogne from the main force. When planning the [evacuation from Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation "Dunkirk evacuation") (Operation Dynamo), the BEF's commanders decided that Calais and Boulogne should still be held as supply points for further fighting or possible exit points for a final withdrawal.Routledge, pp. 117–8\. On 17 May, 1st S/L Bty was ordered back to Calais, a move made difficult because all the roads were choked with refugees. There it operated in the S/L role to defend the port.
### Calais
By 20 May, the AA units at Calais, including 1st and 2nd S/L Btys, were deployed in a semi\-circle from [Fort Risban](/wiki/Fort_Risban "Fort Risban") and Fort Vert west of the town, round to the east side where there was a screen of S/L detachments one mile apart. Lt\-Col Goldney was appointed AA Defence Commander for the town. The 1st Bn [Queen Victoria's Rifles](/wiki/Queen_Victoria%27s_Rifles "Queen Victoria's Rifles") (QVR), the lead unit of [30th Infantry Brigade](/wiki/30th_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "30th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)"), arrived by sea on 22 May, just before advanced German troops began probing the defences.Farndale, p. 57\.Routledge, p. 119\.[Ellis, Chapter 10\.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/UK-NWE-Flanders-10.html)Neave, pp. 29 \& 35\.
On the night of 22/23 May the AA units engaged *Luftwaffe* raiders that bombed Calais, starting fires. But ground attack was now the biggest danger, and the S/L men had to man the perimeter as infantry, a role for which they (mainly older Territorials, raw [militiamen](/wiki/Militia_%28United_Kingdom%29%23The_Militiamen "Militia (United Kingdom)#The Militiamen") and a few ex\-RE reservists) were untrained.Neave, p. 33\. Goldney ordered his S/L detachments to concentrate at their Troop HQs (THQs) at dawn on 23 May, dig trenches and erect roadblocks.Neave, p. 37\. The first serious attack came the following day, against a position held by C Troop of 1st S/L Bty on the [Saint\-Omer](/wiki/Saint-Omer "Saint-Omer") canal at [Les Attaques](/wiki/Les_Attaques "Les Attaques"), eight miles south\-east of Calais. Reinforced by men from 2nd S/L Bty they put up a stout fight, halting a tank column for three hours before they were overwhelmed.Neave, pp. 40–2\.
Next, Goldney's HQ at Orphanage Farm came under attack. The HQ details of 1st S/L Rgt and 172nd LAA Bty (58th ([Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders](/wiki/Argyll_and_Sutherland_Highlanders "Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders")) LAA Rgt), supported by Bren gunners from Lt [Airey Neave](/wiki/Airey_Neave "Airey Neave")'s Troop of 2nd S/L Bty at nearby [Coulogne](/wiki/Coulogne "Coulogne"), held the position for five hours before Goldney ordered them to slip back towards Calais. He ordered Neave to withdraw his men by lorry to Calais, pausing only to destroy his experimental sound locator, codenamed 'Cuckoo'.Probably the new Mk IX, equipped with Visual Indicating Equipment (Routledge, pp. 55, 61\.) Neave with a sergeant and a sapper, failed to blow the apparatus up with [Gun cotton](/wiki/Gun_cotton "Gun cotton"), but two French drivers abandoned and set on fire their tankers of aviation fuel and the resultant blaze destroyed the equipment successfully.Neave, pp. 44–5\.[Jon Latimer, 'Sacrifice at Calais' at HistoryNet.](http://www.historynet.com/sacrifice-at-calais-july-98-world-war-ii-feature.htm)Frandale, p. 64\.
By 24 May the town was completely cut off, and [2nd Lieutenant](/wiki/Second_lieutenant "Second lieutenant") William Dothie, commanding a Troop of six S/L detachments east of the town, found himself out of communication with his Battery HQ. His THQ, including a number of stragglers from other units, came under attack by German tanks and aircraft in the evening and he fell back to a small farm in a nearby wood. The following morning, Dothie led an attack on the tanks in their camp, engaging them with Boys and Bren fire. Although the tanks withdrew, Dothie guessed that they would bring up reinforcements and he ordered his men to withdraw, covering their crossing of some open ground with a Bren gun. However, he and the QVR Bren gunner found themselves cut off on the wrong side of the open ground and could not get back to the rendezvous until after dark, by which time the rest of the party had made their way to Calais.[Dothie's detailed citation at TNA file WO 373/60/319\.](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7376359)['Early Escapers' at WWII Escape and Evasion.](http://www.conscript-heroes.com/Art25-EarlyEscapers.html)
[thumb\|right\|British prisoners being marched away after the fall of Calais, 26 May 1940](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L05174%2C_Calais%2C_kriegsgefangene_britische_Soldaten.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L05174, Calais, kriegsgefangene britische Soldaten.jpg")
In the town, Goldney formed the S/L and AA troops into a reserve for 30th Brigade, which was manning the outer fortifications. On 24 May 30th Brigade's infantry and the S/L gunners were involved in close\-quarter fighting and were forced back to the citadel and the harbour. Many wounded and 'non\-fighting' personnel were evacuated on the *City of Canterbury* and the *Kohistan* and a [Flotilla](/wiki/Flotilla "Flotilla") of [Destroyers](/wiki/Destroyers "Destroyers"). Goldney allowed about 200 AA troops to leave, but ordered the remainder to stay and fight. Hundreds of 'non\-fighting' men, including Neave's party, were left at the port and later in the dunes hoping for evacuation. The garrison held out in the citadel and port until 16\.00 on 26 May. The survivors, including Goldney and Neave (by now wounded) became [Prisoners of war](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war") (PoWs). During the final stages and during the night of 26/27 May some of the defenders escaped or were picked up by boats.Neave, pp. 65, 96\.Routledge, p. 120\. Reaching the shore, 2nd Lt Dothie volunteered to swim out to a destroyer to arrange evacuation, but could not reach it and had to return to the beach. Wearing nothing more than a blanket at first, he then went on the run for several days before being taken prisoner. Later, he escaped from a PoW column being marched towards Germany, returned to the coast and stole a boat in which he reached [Alderney](/wiki/Alderney "Alderney"). Finding that the [Channel Islands](/wiki/Channel_Islands "Channel Islands") were already in enemy hands, he returned to [Cherbourg Harbour](/wiki/Cherbourg_Harbour "Cherbourg Harbour") before making a second successful attempt to reach England by boat. He was awarded a [Military Cross](/wiki/Military_Cross "Military Cross") for his exploits.
Calais fell on 26 May, but its three\-day defence, holding up [Heinz Guderian](/wiki/Heinz_Guderian "Heinz Guderian")'s *XIX Panzerkorps*, had provided some respite for the Dunkirk evacuation.Neave, p. 208\.
### Dunkirk
3rd and 4th Searchlight Btys were withdrawn from the La Bassée–Béthune Canal on 19 and 20 May and sent to provide AA cover at [Hazebrouck](/wiki/Hazebrouck "Hazebrouck") and Cassel, which were heavily bombed. 4th S/L Bty sent some S/L lorries to [Lille](/wiki/Lille "Lille"), but these never rejoined. On 22 May a German mechanised column forced a passage over the [Canal de Neufossé](/wiki/Canal_de_Neufoss%C3%A9 "Canal de Neufossé") at [Blaringhem](/wiki/Blaringhem "Blaringhem") despite the defensive efforts of P Troop, 4th S/L Bty, while N Troop, 4th S/L Bty, was also forced to withdraw. The two troops reached [Furnes](/wiki/Veurne "Veurne") the following day and dug in along the [Furnes–Dunkirk Canal](/wiki/Canal_de_Furnes "Canal de Furnes"), where they were joined by O Troop and J Troop of 3rd S/L Bty, which had withdrawn from Hazebrouck to [Spycker](/wiki/Spycker "Spycker"). All the units were being regularly bombed. On 27 May, 4th S/L Bty was ordered to destroy its S/L equipment and vehicles and move into Dunkirk for evacuation, which occurred in the early hours of 28 May. Finally on 28 May 3rd S/L Bty was also ordered to destroy its equipment and march to Dunkirk docks for evacuation. Both batteries were regularly bombed and machine gunned during the evacuation, suffering several casualties.
It is claimed that only one officer and 57 men of 1st Searchlight Regiment's 52 officers and 1600 men got back to England,Neave, p. 44\. but that must apply only to the two batteries at Calais, the bulk of the other two batteries having been evacuated from Dunkirk. William Dothie got back on 2 August, and Airey Neave later made the first successful British escape from [Colditz Castle](/wiki/Colditz_Castle "Colditz Castle"), reaching England in April 1942\.
### Blitz
On return to the UK, 3rd S/L Bty was quickly re\-equipped with a reduced number of S/Ls and sent to [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") in July to bolster the AA defences of the naval base against raids by [Vichy French](/wiki/Vichy_French_Air_Force "Vichy French Air Force") and [Italian](/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica "Regia Aeronautica") bombers.Routledge, p. 201\. 4th Searchlight Bty joined 2nd S/L Rgt defending airfields in [South West England](/wiki/South_West_England "South West England")Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396\.Order of Battle of Non\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 12 May 1941, TNA file WO 212/79\. and later served in [Malta](/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_%28World_War_II%29 "Siege of Malta (World War II)").Routledge, Table XXIX, p. 175\.
1st Searchlight Regiment was reformed at the AA Command Practice Camp at [Codsall](/wiki/Codsall "Codsall"), near [Wolverhampton](/wiki/Wolverhampton "Wolverhampton"), on 24 July 1940\. The reconstituted unit consisted of 1st, 2nd, 7th and 8th S/L Btys (7th and 8th had served in France with 2nd S/L Rgt), and the replacement personnel were drawn from 477th, 479th and 480th S/L Btys, all of which were newly raised. For example, 477th S/L Bty had been formed at 217th Searchlight Training Regiment at Bradbury Lines, [Hereford](/wiki/Hereford "Hereford"), with a cadre of experienced men from the Territorial [59th (Warwickshire) S/L Rgt](/wiki/59th_%28Warwickshire%29_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "59th (Warwickshire) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery"). It was intended to join a newly formed [76 S/L Rgt](/wiki/76th_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "76th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery"), but these plans were immediately changed: 477th S/L Bty was disbanded in July and the men posted to 1st S/L Rgt.War Office letters of 2 \& 3 May and 25 July 1940 in 76 S/L Rgt War Diary, 1940–41, [The National Archives (TNA), Kew](/wiki/The_National_Archives_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The National Archives (United Kingdom)") file WO 166/3096\.
At the end of September the regiment joined [45th AA Brigade](/wiki/45th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "45th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)") of [5th AA Division](/wiki/5th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "5th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)") ([9th AA Division](/wiki/9th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "9th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)") from November) to complete the 'Illuminated Area' in [South Wales](/wiki/South_Wales "South Wales"). At the time, the towns of South Wales, including important coal and oil port facilities, refineries, steelworks and ordnance factories, were under almost nightly air attack (the [Cardiff Blitz](/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz "Cardiff Blitz") and [Swansea Blitz](/wiki/Swansea_Blitz "Swansea Blitz")). The regiment's searchlights were deployed under both 45th and [61st AA Brigade](/wiki/61st_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "61st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)"), assisting the AA guns of the Cardiff and Swansea Gun Defence Areas, while the S/L detachments occasionally engaged the raiders directly with their LMGs.45 AA Bde War Diary 1940, TNA file WO 166/2285\.Routledge, pp 391, 385\.Farndale, Annex D, pp. 258–9\.[9 AA Div at RA 39–45\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/air-defence-great-britain/9-anti-aircraft-division){{Cite web \|url\=http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh\_document\_pdf/9\-Anti\-Aircraft\-Division\-1940\-.pdf \|title\=9 AA Div at British Military History. \|access\-date\=2017\-01\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221209/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh\_document\_pdf/9\-Anti\-Aircraft\-Division\-1940\-.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-09\-23 \|url\-status\=dead }}
The regiment supplied a [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 "Cadre (military)") of experienced officers and men to 230th S/L Training Rgt at [Blandford Camp](/wiki/Blandford_Camp "Blandford Camp") where it provided the basis for a new 545 S/L Bty formed on 16 January 1941\. This battery later joined a newly forming [81st S/L Rgt](/wiki/81st_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "81st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery").
After [The Blitz](/wiki/The_Blitz "The Blitz") ended in May 1941, the regiment remained under 61st AA Brigade until January 1942, when it transferred to [27th (Home Counties) AA Brigade](/wiki/27th_%28Home_Counties%29_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade "27th (Home Counties) Anti-Aircraft Brigade") in [South East England](/wiki/South_East_England "South East England").Order of Battle of Non\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/80\.Order of Battle of Non\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, TNA file WO 212/81\.Order of Battle of Non\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 1 October 1942, TNA file WO 212/82\.
### Hit and run
The city of [Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury "Canterbury") was raided in the so\-called [Baedeker Blitz](/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz "Baedeker Blitz") soon after the regiment arrived in the area, and thereafter the AA defences of Southern England were severely tested by the *Luftwaffe**s 'hit\-and\-run' attacks along the South Coast from the summer of 1942\. The AA Divisions were disbanded on 30 September and replaced by AA Groups that more closely matched the organisation of [RAF Fighter Command](/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command "RAF Fighter Command"). 27th AA Brigade took responsibility for all S/L units under [2 AA Group](/wiki/2nd_Anti-Aircraft_Group_%28United_Kingdom%29 "2nd Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom)") covering South East England, though 8th S/L Bty was often operationally attached to [71 AA Brigade](/wiki/71st_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "71st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)") in 2 AA Group.Routledge, pp. 400–4\.Order of Battle of Non\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 13 March 1943, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/83\.Order of Battle of AA Command, 1 August 1943, TNA file WO 212/84\.***
Because of the continuing hit\-and\-run raids by *Luftwaffe* [Fighter\-bombers](/wiki/Fighter-bomber "Fighter-bomber"), the defensive armament of S/L positions was enhanced, the allocation of LMGs being increased from one to four and then six per S/L site. Later the LMGs in 27th AA Brigade were supplemented with twin [Vickers K machine gun](/wiki/Vickers_K_machine_gun "Vickers K machine gun") mountings and eventually twin 0\.5\-inch [Browning machine guns](/wiki/M2_Browning "M2 Browning") on power mountings. The guns had to be manned throughout the hours of daylight.Sainsbury, Chapter 5\.355 S/L Bty War Diary 1943, TNA file WO 166/11550\.
### Baby Blitz and Operation Diver
[thumb\|right\|150 cm Searchlight with [AA Radar](/wiki/Radar%2C_Anti-Aircraft "Radar, Anti-Aircraft") No 2 SLC](/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H35912.jpg "The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H35912.jpg")
Between 21 January and 14 March 1944 the *Luftwaffe* crossed the S/L belt of SE England to carry out 11 night raids on London in the so\-called [Baby Blitz](/wiki/Baby_Blitz "Baby Blitz"). However, by March 1944, AA Command was being forced to release manpower for service overseas, including the planned invasion of Normandy ([Operation Overlord](/wiki/Operation_Overlord "Operation Overlord")). Each of 27th AA Brigade's S/L regiments lost one of its four batteries. In the case of 1st S/L Rgt it was 8th S/L Bty that began to disband on 25 February, completing the process by 24 March.Routledge, pp. 409\-10\.Order of Battle of AA Command, 27 April 1944, TNA file WO 212/85\. being sent to Malta.8 S/L Bty War Diaries 1944 and 1945, TNA files WO 169/18679 and WO 169/22134\.
Soon after [D Day](/wiki/D_Day "D Day"), the Germans began launching [V\-1 flying bombs](/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb "V-1 flying bomb") against London by day and night. The AA resources in SE England were strongly reinforced in [Operation Diver](/wiki/Operation_Diver "Operation Diver"), the S/L belt being thickened up both to cooperate with RAF [Night fighters](/wiki/Night_fighters "Night fighters") and to use their S/L Control (SLC or 'Elsie') radar to guide LAA guns. All these units were heavily engaged until the autumn, when [21st Army Group](/wiki/21st_Army_Group "21st Army Group") overran the V\-1 launching sites in northern France.Routledge, pp. 99, 399, 411–15\.
### North West Europe
By the end of 1944, 21st Army Group had advanced to the [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium")–[Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") frontier, and required AA reinforcements to protect the vital port of [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp") and its approaches up the [Scheldt](/wiki/Scheldt "Scheldt") Estuary from bombing (including parachute mines) and 'Divers'. 1st Searchlight Regiment left 27th AA Brigade and crossed to the Continent in January 1945 under the command of Lt\-Col G.Howson to join [76th AA Brigade](/wiki/76th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "76th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)").Routledge, pp. 333–7\.Joslen, p. 463\.76 AA Bde War Diary, January–July 1945, TNA file WO 171/4889\.
[thumb\|left\|V\-1 in flight over Antwerp](/wiki/File:Antwerp_V1.jpg "Antwerp V1.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Captured V\-1 displayed at Antwerp at the end of World War II.](/wiki/File:Antwerp_V-1-2.jpg "Antwerp V-1-2.jpg")
The regiment relieved 2nd S/L Rgt on the Scheldt on 23 January, with Regimental HQ at [Goes](/wiki/Goes "Goes") on [South Beveland](/wiki/South_Beveland "South Beveland"), 1st S/L Bty HQ at ['s\-Heerenhoek](/wiki/%27s-Heerenhoek "'s-Heerenhoek") and 2nd S/L Bty HQ at [Krabbendijke](/wiki/Krabbendijke "Krabbendijke"). These two batteries took over a permanent radar watch to provide early warning for the LAA units deployed with them. The regiment also supplied the S/Ls for two [Landing Craft Flak](/wiki/Landing_craft%23Landing_Craft_Flak "Landing craft#Landing Craft Flak") operating in the estuary under [124th (Highland) LAA Rgt](/wiki/51st_%28Highland%29_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "51st (Highland) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery"). The AA units on the Scheldt were employed both in the AA and coastal defence role, because of German miniature submarines infiltrating into the shipping lane. 7th Searchlight Battery was detached and deployed at [Brasschaat](/wiki/Brasschaat "Brasschaat") near Antwerp on anti\-Diver duties under 5th [Royal Marine](/wiki/Royal_Marines "Royal Marines") AA Brigade. On 25 February a V\-1 hit inflicted casualties of five killed, two missing and six wounded on this battery.
During February the regiment began to receive the latest AA No 2 Mk VIII\* SLC centimetric radar to improve the coverage of the AA Inner Artillery Zone.Routledge, p. 99\. However, the threat of serious air raids diminished as the war drew to its close, and the Diver defences were closed down on 20 April. While some other AA units were disbanded or moved up into Germany, 1st S/L Rgt maintained its deployment throughout the final weeks of the war.Routledge, Table LVII, p. 366\.
76th AA Brigade was ordered to cease fire on 3 May 1945 when a local truce came into effect to allow supplies to be airlifted to civilians in the enemy\-occupied Netherlands ([Operation Manna](/wiki/Operations_Manna_and_Chowhound "Operations Manna and Chowhound")). This was followed on 4 May by the [German surrender at Lüneburg Heath](/wiki/German_surrender_at_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath "German surrender at Lüneburg Heath") and the end of the war in Europe ([VE Day](/wiki/VE_Day "VE Day")).
After VE Day, 76th AA Brigade remained temporarily on its AA tasks. Its units, including the whole of 1st S/L Rgt, then returned to the mainland from the Scheldt islands and concentrated north of Antwerp before moving into Germany in June to garrison the [Dortmund](/wiki/Dortmund "Dortmund")–[Bochum](/wiki/Bochum "Bochum") area.Routledge, p. 363\. 1st Searchlight Regiment returned to the UK on 1 December 1945\.76 AA Bde War Diary, August–December 1945, TNA file WO 171/4890\.
Postwar
-------
On 1 April 1947 the regiment was redesignated 78th Searchlight Regiment, RA **(not to be confused with the wartime [78th S/L Rgt](/wiki/78th_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "78th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery"), disbanded in 1943\), 1, 2 and 7 S/L Btys becoming 212, 213 and 240 S/L Btys respectively.Frederick, p. 958\.[76\-80 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 on.](http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-artillery/76th-to-80th-regiments-ra.html) However, on 30 September 1948 the regiment was re\-equipped with [3\.7\-inch AA guns](/wiki/QF_3.7-inch_AA_gun "QF 3.7-inch AA gun") as** 78th Heavy Anti\-Aircraft Regiment, RA''' (not to be confused with the wartime [78th (1st East Anglian) HAA Rgt](/wiki/1st_Norfolk_Artillery_Volunteers "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers"), which had been reformed as 284th HAA Rgt in the TA). In August 1950 the regiment went to [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar"), where 213 and 240 Btys served in the [Grand Casemates](/wiki/Grand_Casemates "Grand Casemates") and 212 Bty at [Moorish Castle](/wiki/Moorish_Castle "Moorish Castle"). On Gibraltar the regiment was equipped with a mixture of 3\.7\-inch HAA guns and [6\-pounder](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6-pounder "Ordnance QF 6-pounder") and [17\-pounder](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_17-pounder "Ordnance QF 17-pounder") anti\-tank guns. On 4 December 1953 the regiment was ordered back to [Woolwich](/wiki/Royal_Artillery_Barracks "Royal Artillery Barracks") for disbandment, which was completed on 1 February 1954\.
Notes
-----
{{reflist\|3}}
References
----------
{{refbegin\|2}}
Anon, * History of the Corps of Royal Engineers*, Vol V,* The Home Front, France, Flanders and Italy in the First World War*, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1952\.
Anon,*
* History of the Corps of Royal Engineers*, Vol VII,* Campaigns in Mesopotamia and East Africa, and the Inter\-War Period 1918–38*, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1952\.
[Major L.F. Ellis, *History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1954/Uckfield, Naval \& Military Press, 2004\.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/index.html)
Gen Sir [Martin Farndale](/wiki/Martin_Farndale "Martin Farndale"),*
+ History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941*, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, {{ISBN\|1\-85753\-080\-2}}.
J.B.M. Frederick,*
* Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978*, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, {{ISBN\|1\-85117\-009\-X}}.
{{Joslen\-OOB}}
Airey Neave,*
+ The Flames of Calais: A Soldier's Battle 1940*, London: Hodder \& Stoughton, 1972/Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 2003, {{ISBN\|0\-85052\-997\-2}}.
Maj\-Gen [R.P. Pakenham\-Walsh](/wiki/Ridley_Pakenham-Walsh "Ridley Pakenham-Walsh"),*
* History of the Corps of Royal Engineers*, Vol VIII,* 1938–1948*, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1958\.
Brig N.W. Routledge,*
* History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti\-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55*, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, {{ISBN\|1\-85753\-099\-3}}
Col J.D. Sainsbury,*
* The Hertfordshire Yeomanry Regiments, Royal Artillery, Part 2: The Heavy Anti\-Aircraft Regiment 1938–1945 and the Searchlight Battery 1937–1945; Part 3: The Post\-war Units 1947–2002*, Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Trust/Hart Books, 2003, {{ISBN\|0\-948527\-06\-4}}.
Maj O.M. Short, Maj H. Sherlock, Capt L.E.C.M. Perowne and Lt M.A. Fraser,*
* The History of the Tyne Electrical Engineers, Royal Engineers, 1884–1933*, 1933/Uckfield: Naval \& Military, nd, {{ISBN\|1\-845747\-96\-8}}.
Graham E. Watson \& Richard A. Rinaldi,*
* The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018'', Tiger Lily Books, 2018, {{ISBN\|978\-171790180\-4}}.
{{refend}}
|
[
"World War II\n------------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|RA cap badge.](/wiki/File:Koning_Soldaat.%2C_item_60.jpg \"Koning Soldaat., item 60.jpg\")",
"### Mobilisation",
"1st AA Battalion, RE, under the command of Lt\\-Col R.M. Goldney, RA, was ordered to mobilise by 1st AA Brigade on 1 September 1939, and war was declared two days later. Battalion HQ with A and B Companies (which officially became Nos 1 and 2 Companies) left Blackdown and embarked at [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton \"Southampton\") on 10 September, landing at [Cherbourg Naval Base](/wiki/Cherbourg_Naval_Base \"Cherbourg Naval Base\") the following day.Farndale, p. 19\\.Joslen, p. 462\\.1st AA Bn War Diary, 1939–40, [The National Archives (TNA), Kew](/wiki/The_National_Archives_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The National Archives (United Kingdom)\"), file WO 167/674\\.Routledge, p. 113\\. However, this may have been a mistake: it is alleged that the movement order was supposed to have said 'less 1st AA Bn RE', and the battalion was intended to defend the [Thames Estuary](/wiki/Thames_Estuary \"Thames Estuary\") under AA Command.",
"On arrival in France, the battalion deployed to protect the BEF's No 2 Base Sub\\-area at [Nantes](/wiki/Nantes \"Nantes\"), but at the end of the month it moved up to [Fauquembergues](/wiki/Fauquembergues \"Fauquembergues\"), where its lights cooperated with night fighters of [No 60 Wing, Royal Air Force](/wiki/List_of_Wings_of_the_Royal_Air_Force \"List of Wings of the Royal Air Force\") in the Aircraft Fighting Zone (AFZ) bounded by [Bergues](/wiki/Bergues \"Bergues\"), [Cassel](/wiki/Cassel%2C_Nord \"Cassel, Nord\") and [Guisnes](/wiki/Gu%C3%AEnes \"Guînes\") (just inland from the ports of [Boulogne](/wiki/Boulogne \"Boulogne\"), [Calais](/wiki/Calais \"Calais\") and [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk \"Dunkirk\")). The 72\\-light S/L layout (at an average separation of 4500 yards, seven rows deep, with Mk VIII [Sound locators](/wiki/Sound_locator \"Sound locator\") in the first row) was built up from west to east as 3rd Searchlight Battery arrived.Routledge, p. 115\\.",
"3rd Searchlight Battery, RA, had mobilised at [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth \"Portsmouth\"), and sailed from Southampton, disembarking on 16 September at [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France \"Brest, France\"), where it was delayed for a week awaiting the arrival of much of its transport. It joined the rest of the battalion on 3 October and deployed three days later. On 17 October the battalion came under the command of [2nd AA Brigade](/wiki/2nd_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"2nd Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\"), and on 2 November the first *[Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\")* raider came over the battalion's area (a [Heinkel He 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 \"Heinkel He 111\") shot down by the RAF).3 S/L Bty War Diary, 1939–40, TNA file WO 167/682\\.",
"4th Searchlight Battery, RA, mobilised on 1 December at [Yeovil](/wiki/Yeovil \"Yeovil\") and sailed from Southampton to Cherbourg on 8 December. It joined the battalion and began deploying round [La Capelle\\-lès\\-Boulogne](/wiki/La_Capelle-l%C3%A8s-Boulogne \"La Capelle-lès-Boulogne\") on 21 December, filling in the west end of the AFZ.4 S/L Bty War Diary, 1939–40, TNA file WO 167/683\\. This brought the number of lights operated by the battalion up to 96\\.Routledge, Table XVII, p. 125\\. From late December, the regiment provided two sections at Boulogne and Dunkirk to cooperate with Light AA (LAA) guns in trying to prevent German [seaplanes](/wiki/Seaplane \"Seaplane\") from dropping [Parachute mines](/wiki/Parachute_mine \"Parachute mine\") in the harbours.A S/L Coy War Diary, 1939–40, TNA file WO 167/675\\.",
"### Phoney War",
"[thumb\\|right\\|90 cm Searchlight in France May 1940 (this example was operated by 10th S/L Bty, 3rd S/L Rgt)](/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_France_1940_F4186.jpg \"The British Army in France 1940 F4186.jpg\")\nApart from occasional air raid alarms, there was little activity during the winter of 1939–40 (the [Phoney War](/wiki/Phoney_War \"Phoney War\")). The battalion officially became **1st Searchlight Battalion, RE,** on 17 December 1939\\. and then **1st Searchlight Regiment, RA,** on 15 January 1940\\.[1 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45\\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/1-searchlight-regiment-ra)Farndale, Annex M, p. 339\\.",
"Between 16 and 21 March, A and B S/L Companies, RE, were relieved by 1st and 2nd S/L Batteries, RA, direct from 216th S/L Training Regiment at Kinmel Park, [Abergele](/wiki/Abergele \"Abergele\"). The equipment and some of the RE officers and sappers transferred to the new regiment but others returned to the UK, while the RA officers and [gunners](/wiki/Gunner_%28artillery%29 \"Gunner (artillery)\") familiarised themselves with the S/L layout.B S/L Coy War Diary, 1939–40, TNA file WO 167/676\\.1 S/L Bty War Diary, 1939–40, TNA file WO 167/680\\.",
"From 23 February the regiment formed part of [5th S/L Brigade](/wiki/5th_Searchlight_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"5th Searchlight Brigade (United Kingdom)\"), which had been formed to control most of the S/L units deployed to protect airfields, ports, and the BEF's forward gun areas.Farndale, Annex A, p. 237\\.[Ellis, Appendix I.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/UK-NWE-Flanders-I.html)Routledge, p. 116; Table XVIII, p. 126\\.[GHQ BEF at RA 39–45\\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/formations-and-markings/bef-may-june-1940/ghq) During April, 1st S/Lt Rgt was moved up close to the Belgian Border to protect the artillery concentrating there in accordance with ['Plan D'](/wiki/Battle_of_France%23Dyle_Plan/Plan_D \"Battle of France#Dyle Plan/Plan D\").Routledge, pp. 115\\-6\\.",
"### Battle of France",
"When the [Battle of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France \"Battle of France\") began on 10 May, the BEF started its planned advance north into Belgium, but the [German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"German Army (Wehrmacht)\") broke through the [Ardennes](/wiki/Ardennes \"Ardennes\") to the east, forcing the BEF to withdraw again. 1st and 3rd Searchlight Batteries were ordered to hold the bridges on the [La Bassée](/wiki/La_Bass%C3%A9e \"La Bassée\")–[Béthune](/wiki/B%C3%A9thune \"Béthune\") Canal 'at all costs' against attacks from the south. They deployed their [Boys anti\\-tank rifles](/wiki/Boys_anti-tank_rifle \"Boys anti-tank rifle\") and [Bren guns](/wiki/Bren_gun \"Bren gun\"), using S/L lorries as roadblocks, while French forces withdrew through them. The towns were bombed and S/L positions were machine\\-gunned by *Luftwaffe* fighters.Routledge, pp. 116\\-7\\. 4th Searchlight Bty, deployed round [Lille](/wiki/Lille \"Lille\"), saw constant enemy air activity. On 17 May it detached a group of riflemen with Boys rifles to 5th AA Brigade HQ at [Lens](/wiki/Lens%2C_Pas-de-Calais \"Lens, Pas-de-Calais\") (these never returned to the battery during its stay in France) while the remainder joined the Bethune canal guards.",
"Meanwhile, [Army Group A](/wiki/Army_Group_A \"Army Group A\") had cut the BEF's lines of communication into France and driven it back towards the coast at Dunkirk, cutting off the British troops at Calais and Boulogne from the main force. When planning the [evacuation from Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation \"Dunkirk evacuation\") (Operation Dynamo), the BEF's commanders decided that Calais and Boulogne should still be held as supply points for further fighting or possible exit points for a final withdrawal.Routledge, pp. 117–8\\. On 17 May, 1st S/L Bty was ordered back to Calais, a move made difficult because all the roads were choked with refugees. There it operated in the S/L role to defend the port.",
"### Calais",
"By 20 May, the AA units at Calais, including 1st and 2nd S/L Btys, were deployed in a semi\\-circle from [Fort Risban](/wiki/Fort_Risban \"Fort Risban\") and Fort Vert west of the town, round to the east side where there was a screen of S/L detachments one mile apart. Lt\\-Col Goldney was appointed AA Defence Commander for the town. The 1st Bn [Queen Victoria's Rifles](/wiki/Queen_Victoria%27s_Rifles \"Queen Victoria's Rifles\") (QVR), the lead unit of [30th Infantry Brigade](/wiki/30th_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"30th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\"), arrived by sea on 22 May, just before advanced German troops began probing the defences.Farndale, p. 57\\.Routledge, p. 119\\.[Ellis, Chapter 10\\.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/UK-NWE-Flanders-10.html)Neave, pp. 29 \\& 35\\.",
"On the night of 22/23 May the AA units engaged *Luftwaffe* raiders that bombed Calais, starting fires. But ground attack was now the biggest danger, and the S/L men had to man the perimeter as infantry, a role for which they (mainly older Territorials, raw [militiamen](/wiki/Militia_%28United_Kingdom%29%23The_Militiamen \"Militia (United Kingdom)#The Militiamen\") and a few ex\\-RE reservists) were untrained.Neave, p. 33\\. Goldney ordered his S/L detachments to concentrate at their Troop HQs (THQs) at dawn on 23 May, dig trenches and erect roadblocks.Neave, p. 37\\. The first serious attack came the following day, against a position held by C Troop of 1st S/L Bty on the [Saint\\-Omer](/wiki/Saint-Omer \"Saint-Omer\") canal at [Les Attaques](/wiki/Les_Attaques \"Les Attaques\"), eight miles south\\-east of Calais. Reinforced by men from 2nd S/L Bty they put up a stout fight, halting a tank column for three hours before they were overwhelmed.Neave, pp. 40–2\\.",
"Next, Goldney's HQ at Orphanage Farm came under attack. The HQ details of 1st S/L Rgt and 172nd LAA Bty (58th ([Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders](/wiki/Argyll_and_Sutherland_Highlanders \"Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders\")) LAA Rgt), supported by Bren gunners from Lt [Airey Neave](/wiki/Airey_Neave \"Airey Neave\")'s Troop of 2nd S/L Bty at nearby [Coulogne](/wiki/Coulogne \"Coulogne\"), held the position for five hours before Goldney ordered them to slip back towards Calais. He ordered Neave to withdraw his men by lorry to Calais, pausing only to destroy his experimental sound locator, codenamed 'Cuckoo'.Probably the new Mk IX, equipped with Visual Indicating Equipment (Routledge, pp. 55, 61\\.) Neave with a sergeant and a sapper, failed to blow the apparatus up with [Gun cotton](/wiki/Gun_cotton \"Gun cotton\"), but two French drivers abandoned and set on fire their tankers of aviation fuel and the resultant blaze destroyed the equipment successfully.Neave, pp. 44–5\\.[Jon Latimer, 'Sacrifice at Calais' at HistoryNet.](http://www.historynet.com/sacrifice-at-calais-july-98-world-war-ii-feature.htm)Frandale, p. 64\\.",
"By 24 May the town was completely cut off, and [2nd Lieutenant](/wiki/Second_lieutenant \"Second lieutenant\") William Dothie, commanding a Troop of six S/L detachments east of the town, found himself out of communication with his Battery HQ. His THQ, including a number of stragglers from other units, came under attack by German tanks and aircraft in the evening and he fell back to a small farm in a nearby wood. The following morning, Dothie led an attack on the tanks in their camp, engaging them with Boys and Bren fire. Although the tanks withdrew, Dothie guessed that they would bring up reinforcements and he ordered his men to withdraw, covering their crossing of some open ground with a Bren gun. However, he and the QVR Bren gunner found themselves cut off on the wrong side of the open ground and could not get back to the rendezvous until after dark, by which time the rest of the party had made their way to Calais.[Dothie's detailed citation at TNA file WO 373/60/319\\.](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7376359)['Early Escapers' at WWII Escape and Evasion.](http://www.conscript-heroes.com/Art25-EarlyEscapers.html)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|British prisoners being marched away after the fall of Calais, 26 May 1940](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L05174%2C_Calais%2C_kriegsgefangene_britische_Soldaten.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L05174, Calais, kriegsgefangene britische Soldaten.jpg\")\nIn the town, Goldney formed the S/L and AA troops into a reserve for 30th Brigade, which was manning the outer fortifications. On 24 May 30th Brigade's infantry and the S/L gunners were involved in close\\-quarter fighting and were forced back to the citadel and the harbour. Many wounded and 'non\\-fighting' personnel were evacuated on the *City of Canterbury* and the *Kohistan* and a [Flotilla](/wiki/Flotilla \"Flotilla\") of [Destroyers](/wiki/Destroyers \"Destroyers\"). Goldney allowed about 200 AA troops to leave, but ordered the remainder to stay and fight. Hundreds of 'non\\-fighting' men, including Neave's party, were left at the port and later in the dunes hoping for evacuation. The garrison held out in the citadel and port until 16\\.00 on 26 May. The survivors, including Goldney and Neave (by now wounded) became [Prisoners of war](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war \"Prisoner of war\") (PoWs). During the final stages and during the night of 26/27 May some of the defenders escaped or were picked up by boats.Neave, pp. 65, 96\\.Routledge, p. 120\\. Reaching the shore, 2nd Lt Dothie volunteered to swim out to a destroyer to arrange evacuation, but could not reach it and had to return to the beach. Wearing nothing more than a blanket at first, he then went on the run for several days before being taken prisoner. Later, he escaped from a PoW column being marched towards Germany, returned to the coast and stole a boat in which he reached [Alderney](/wiki/Alderney \"Alderney\"). Finding that the [Channel Islands](/wiki/Channel_Islands \"Channel Islands\") were already in enemy hands, he returned to [Cherbourg Harbour](/wiki/Cherbourg_Harbour \"Cherbourg Harbour\") before making a second successful attempt to reach England by boat. He was awarded a [Military Cross](/wiki/Military_Cross \"Military Cross\") for his exploits.",
"Calais fell on 26 May, but its three\\-day defence, holding up [Heinz Guderian](/wiki/Heinz_Guderian \"Heinz Guderian\")'s *XIX Panzerkorps*, had provided some respite for the Dunkirk evacuation.Neave, p. 208\\.",
"### Dunkirk",
"3rd and 4th Searchlight Btys were withdrawn from the La Bassée–Béthune Canal on 19 and 20 May and sent to provide AA cover at [Hazebrouck](/wiki/Hazebrouck \"Hazebrouck\") and Cassel, which were heavily bombed. 4th S/L Bty sent some S/L lorries to [Lille](/wiki/Lille \"Lille\"), but these never rejoined. On 22 May a German mechanised column forced a passage over the [Canal de Neufossé](/wiki/Canal_de_Neufoss%C3%A9 \"Canal de Neufossé\") at [Blaringhem](/wiki/Blaringhem \"Blaringhem\") despite the defensive efforts of P Troop, 4th S/L Bty, while N Troop, 4th S/L Bty, was also forced to withdraw. The two troops reached [Furnes](/wiki/Veurne \"Veurne\") the following day and dug in along the [Furnes–Dunkirk Canal](/wiki/Canal_de_Furnes \"Canal de Furnes\"), where they were joined by O Troop and J Troop of 3rd S/L Bty, which had withdrawn from Hazebrouck to [Spycker](/wiki/Spycker \"Spycker\"). All the units were being regularly bombed. On 27 May, 4th S/L Bty was ordered to destroy its S/L equipment and vehicles and move into Dunkirk for evacuation, which occurred in the early hours of 28 May. Finally on 28 May 3rd S/L Bty was also ordered to destroy its equipment and march to Dunkirk docks for evacuation. Both batteries were regularly bombed and machine gunned during the evacuation, suffering several casualties.",
"It is claimed that only one officer and 57 men of 1st Searchlight Regiment's 52 officers and 1600 men got back to England,Neave, p. 44\\. but that must apply only to the two batteries at Calais, the bulk of the other two batteries having been evacuated from Dunkirk. William Dothie got back on 2 August, and Airey Neave later made the first successful British escape from [Colditz Castle](/wiki/Colditz_Castle \"Colditz Castle\"), reaching England in April 1942\\.",
"### Blitz",
"On return to the UK, 3rd S/L Bty was quickly re\\-equipped with a reduced number of S/Ls and sent to [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\") in July to bolster the AA defences of the naval base against raids by [Vichy French](/wiki/Vichy_French_Air_Force \"Vichy French Air Force\") and [Italian](/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica \"Regia Aeronautica\") bombers.Routledge, p. 201\\. 4th Searchlight Bty joined 2nd S/L Rgt defending airfields in [South West England](/wiki/South_West_England \"South West England\")Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396\\.Order of Battle of Non\\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 12 May 1941, TNA file WO 212/79\\. and later served in [Malta](/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_%28World_War_II%29 \"Siege of Malta (World War II)\").Routledge, Table XXIX, p. 175\\.",
"1st Searchlight Regiment was reformed at the AA Command Practice Camp at [Codsall](/wiki/Codsall \"Codsall\"), near [Wolverhampton](/wiki/Wolverhampton \"Wolverhampton\"), on 24 July 1940\\. The reconstituted unit consisted of 1st, 2nd, 7th and 8th S/L Btys (7th and 8th had served in France with 2nd S/L Rgt), and the replacement personnel were drawn from 477th, 479th and 480th S/L Btys, all of which were newly raised. For example, 477th S/L Bty had been formed at 217th Searchlight Training Regiment at Bradbury Lines, [Hereford](/wiki/Hereford \"Hereford\"), with a cadre of experienced men from the Territorial [59th (Warwickshire) S/L Rgt](/wiki/59th_%28Warwickshire%29_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"59th (Warwickshire) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\"). It was intended to join a newly formed [76 S/L Rgt](/wiki/76th_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"76th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\"), but these plans were immediately changed: 477th S/L Bty was disbanded in July and the men posted to 1st S/L Rgt.War Office letters of 2 \\& 3 May and 25 July 1940 in 76 S/L Rgt War Diary, 1940–41, [The National Archives (TNA), Kew](/wiki/The_National_Archives_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The National Archives (United Kingdom)\") file WO 166/3096\\.",
"At the end of September the regiment joined [45th AA Brigade](/wiki/45th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"45th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\") of [5th AA Division](/wiki/5th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"5th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\") ([9th AA Division](/wiki/9th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"9th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\") from November) to complete the 'Illuminated Area' in [South Wales](/wiki/South_Wales \"South Wales\"). At the time, the towns of South Wales, including important coal and oil port facilities, refineries, steelworks and ordnance factories, were under almost nightly air attack (the [Cardiff Blitz](/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz \"Cardiff Blitz\") and [Swansea Blitz](/wiki/Swansea_Blitz \"Swansea Blitz\")). The regiment's searchlights were deployed under both 45th and [61st AA Brigade](/wiki/61st_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"61st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\"), assisting the AA guns of the Cardiff and Swansea Gun Defence Areas, while the S/L detachments occasionally engaged the raiders directly with their LMGs.45 AA Bde War Diary 1940, TNA file WO 166/2285\\.Routledge, pp 391, 385\\.Farndale, Annex D, pp. 258–9\\.[9 AA Div at RA 39–45\\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/air-defence-great-britain/9-anti-aircraft-division){{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh\\_document\\_pdf/9\\-Anti\\-Aircraft\\-Division\\-1940\\-.pdf \\|title\\=9 AA Div at British Military History. \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-01\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221209/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh\\_document\\_pdf/9\\-Anti\\-Aircraft\\-Division\\-1940\\-.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-09\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"The regiment supplied a [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 \"Cadre (military)\") of experienced officers and men to 230th S/L Training Rgt at [Blandford Camp](/wiki/Blandford_Camp \"Blandford Camp\") where it provided the basis for a new 545 S/L Bty formed on 16 January 1941\\. This battery later joined a newly forming [81st S/L Rgt](/wiki/81st_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"81st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\").",
"After [The Blitz](/wiki/The_Blitz \"The Blitz\") ended in May 1941, the regiment remained under 61st AA Brigade until January 1942, when it transferred to [27th (Home Counties) AA Brigade](/wiki/27th_%28Home_Counties%29_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade \"27th (Home Counties) Anti-Aircraft Brigade\") in [South East England](/wiki/South_East_England \"South East England\").Order of Battle of Non\\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/80\\.Order of Battle of Non\\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, TNA file WO 212/81\\.Order of Battle of Non\\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 1 October 1942, TNA file WO 212/82\\.",
"### Hit and run",
"The city of [Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury \"Canterbury\") was raided in the so\\-called [Baedeker Blitz](/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz \"Baedeker Blitz\") soon after the regiment arrived in the area, and thereafter the AA defences of Southern England were severely tested by the *Luftwaffe**s 'hit\\-and\\-run' attacks along the South Coast from the summer of 1942\\. The AA Divisions were disbanded on 30 September and replaced by AA Groups that more closely matched the organisation of [RAF Fighter Command](/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command \"RAF Fighter Command\"). 27th AA Brigade took responsibility for all S/L units under [2 AA Group](/wiki/2nd_Anti-Aircraft_Group_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"2nd Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom)\") covering South East England, though 8th S/L Bty was often operationally attached to [71 AA Brigade](/wiki/71st_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"71st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\") in 2 AA Group.Routledge, pp. 400–4\\.Order of Battle of Non\\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 13 March 1943, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/83\\.Order of Battle of AA Command, 1 August 1943, TNA file WO 212/84\\.***",
"Because of the continuing hit\\-and\\-run raids by *Luftwaffe* [Fighter\\-bombers](/wiki/Fighter-bomber \"Fighter-bomber\"), the defensive armament of S/L positions was enhanced, the allocation of LMGs being increased from one to four and then six per S/L site. Later the LMGs in 27th AA Brigade were supplemented with twin [Vickers K machine gun](/wiki/Vickers_K_machine_gun \"Vickers K machine gun\") mountings and eventually twin 0\\.5\\-inch [Browning machine guns](/wiki/M2_Browning \"M2 Browning\") on power mountings. The guns had to be manned throughout the hours of daylight.Sainsbury, Chapter 5\\.355 S/L Bty War Diary 1943, TNA file WO 166/11550\\.\n### Baby Blitz and Operation Diver",
"[thumb\\|right\\|150 cm Searchlight with [AA Radar](/wiki/Radar%2C_Anti-Aircraft \"Radar, Anti-Aircraft\") No 2 SLC](/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H35912.jpg \"The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H35912.jpg\") \nBetween 21 January and 14 March 1944 the *Luftwaffe* crossed the S/L belt of SE England to carry out 11 night raids on London in the so\\-called [Baby Blitz](/wiki/Baby_Blitz \"Baby Blitz\"). However, by March 1944, AA Command was being forced to release manpower for service overseas, including the planned invasion of Normandy ([Operation Overlord](/wiki/Operation_Overlord \"Operation Overlord\")). Each of 27th AA Brigade's S/L regiments lost one of its four batteries. In the case of 1st S/L Rgt it was 8th S/L Bty that began to disband on 25 February, completing the process by 24 March.Routledge, pp. 409\\-10\\.Order of Battle of AA Command, 27 April 1944, TNA file WO 212/85\\. being sent to Malta.8 S/L Bty War Diaries 1944 and 1945, TNA files WO 169/18679 and WO 169/22134\\.\nSoon after [D Day](/wiki/D_Day \"D Day\"), the Germans began launching [V\\-1 flying bombs](/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb \"V-1 flying bomb\") against London by day and night. The AA resources in SE England were strongly reinforced in [Operation Diver](/wiki/Operation_Diver \"Operation Diver\"), the S/L belt being thickened up both to cooperate with RAF [Night fighters](/wiki/Night_fighters \"Night fighters\") and to use their S/L Control (SLC or 'Elsie') radar to guide LAA guns. All these units were heavily engaged until the autumn, when [21st Army Group](/wiki/21st_Army_Group \"21st Army Group\") overran the V\\-1 launching sites in northern France.Routledge, pp. 99, 399, 411–15\\.\n### North West Europe",
"By the end of 1944, 21st Army Group had advanced to the [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\")–[Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") frontier, and required AA reinforcements to protect the vital port of [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\") and its approaches up the [Scheldt](/wiki/Scheldt \"Scheldt\") Estuary from bombing (including parachute mines) and 'Divers'. 1st Searchlight Regiment left 27th AA Brigade and crossed to the Continent in January 1945 under the command of Lt\\-Col G.Howson to join [76th AA Brigade](/wiki/76th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"76th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\").Routledge, pp. 333–7\\.Joslen, p. 463\\.76 AA Bde War Diary, January–July 1945, TNA file WO 171/4889\\.\n[thumb\\|left\\|V\\-1 in flight over Antwerp](/wiki/File:Antwerp_V1.jpg \"Antwerp V1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Captured V\\-1 displayed at Antwerp at the end of World War II.](/wiki/File:Antwerp_V-1-2.jpg \"Antwerp V-1-2.jpg\")\nThe regiment relieved 2nd S/L Rgt on the Scheldt on 23 January, with Regimental HQ at [Goes](/wiki/Goes \"Goes\") on [South Beveland](/wiki/South_Beveland \"South Beveland\"), 1st S/L Bty HQ at ['s\\-Heerenhoek](/wiki/%27s-Heerenhoek \"'s-Heerenhoek\") and 2nd S/L Bty HQ at [Krabbendijke](/wiki/Krabbendijke \"Krabbendijke\"). These two batteries took over a permanent radar watch to provide early warning for the LAA units deployed with them. The regiment also supplied the S/Ls for two [Landing Craft Flak](/wiki/Landing_craft%23Landing_Craft_Flak \"Landing craft#Landing Craft Flak\") operating in the estuary under [124th (Highland) LAA Rgt](/wiki/51st_%28Highland%29_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"51st (Highland) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\"). The AA units on the Scheldt were employed both in the AA and coastal defence role, because of German miniature submarines infiltrating into the shipping lane. 7th Searchlight Battery was detached and deployed at [Brasschaat](/wiki/Brasschaat \"Brasschaat\") near Antwerp on anti\\-Diver duties under 5th [Royal Marine](/wiki/Royal_Marines \"Royal Marines\") AA Brigade. On 25 February a V\\-1 hit inflicted casualties of five killed, two missing and six wounded on this battery.\nDuring February the regiment began to receive the latest AA No 2 Mk VIII\\* SLC centimetric radar to improve the coverage of the AA Inner Artillery Zone.Routledge, p. 99\\. However, the threat of serious air raids diminished as the war drew to its close, and the Diver defences were closed down on 20 April. While some other AA units were disbanded or moved up into Germany, 1st S/L Rgt maintained its deployment throughout the final weeks of the war.Routledge, Table LVII, p. 366\\.\n76th AA Brigade was ordered to cease fire on 3 May 1945 when a local truce came into effect to allow supplies to be airlifted to civilians in the enemy\\-occupied Netherlands ([Operation Manna](/wiki/Operations_Manna_and_Chowhound \"Operations Manna and Chowhound\")). This was followed on 4 May by the [German surrender at Lüneburg Heath](/wiki/German_surrender_at_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath \"German surrender at Lüneburg Heath\") and the end of the war in Europe ([VE Day](/wiki/VE_Day \"VE Day\")).\nAfter VE Day, 76th AA Brigade remained temporarily on its AA tasks. Its units, including the whole of 1st S/L Rgt, then returned to the mainland from the Scheldt islands and concentrated north of Antwerp before moving into Germany in June to garrison the [Dortmund](/wiki/Dortmund \"Dortmund\")–[Bochum](/wiki/Bochum \"Bochum\") area.Routledge, p. 363\\. 1st Searchlight Regiment returned to the UK on 1 December 1945\\.76 AA Bde War Diary, August–December 1945, TNA file WO 171/4890\\.\nPostwar\n-------",
"On 1 April 1947 the regiment was redesignated 78th Searchlight Regiment, RA **(not to be confused with the wartime [78th S/L Rgt](/wiki/78th_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"78th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\"), disbanded in 1943\\), 1, 2 and 7 S/L Btys becoming 212, 213 and 240 S/L Btys respectively.Frederick, p. 958\\.[76\\-80 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 on.](http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-artillery/76th-to-80th-regiments-ra.html) However, on 30 September 1948 the regiment was re\\-equipped with [3\\.7\\-inch AA guns](/wiki/QF_3.7-inch_AA_gun \"QF 3.7-inch AA gun\") as** 78th Heavy Anti\\-Aircraft Regiment, RA''' (not to be confused with the wartime [78th (1st East Anglian) HAA Rgt](/wiki/1st_Norfolk_Artillery_Volunteers \"1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers\"), which had been reformed as 284th HAA Rgt in the TA). In August 1950 the regiment went to [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\"), where 213 and 240 Btys served in the [Grand Casemates](/wiki/Grand_Casemates \"Grand Casemates\") and 212 Bty at [Moorish Castle](/wiki/Moorish_Castle \"Moorish Castle\"). On Gibraltar the regiment was equipped with a mixture of 3\\.7\\-inch HAA guns and [6\\-pounder](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6-pounder \"Ordnance QF 6-pounder\") and [17\\-pounder](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_17-pounder \"Ordnance QF 17-pounder\") anti\\-tank guns. On 4 December 1953 the regiment was ordered back to [Woolwich](/wiki/Royal_Artillery_Barracks \"Royal Artillery Barracks\") for disbandment, which was completed on 1 February 1954\\.\nNotes\n-----",
"{{reflist\\|3}}\nReferences\n----------",
"{{refbegin\\|2}}\n Anon, * History of the Corps of Royal Engineers*, Vol V,* The Home Front, France, Flanders and Italy in the First World War*, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1952\\.\n Anon,*\n* History of the Corps of Royal Engineers*, Vol VII,* Campaigns in Mesopotamia and East Africa, and the Inter\\-War Period 1918–38*, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1952\\.\n [Major L.F. Ellis, *History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1954/Uckfield, Naval \\& Military Press, 2004\\.](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/index.html)\n Gen Sir [Martin Farndale](/wiki/Martin_Farndale \"Martin Farndale\"),* \n\t+ History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941*, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, {{ISBN\\|1\\-85753\\-080\\-2}}.\n\t J.B.M. Frederick,*\n* Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978*, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, {{ISBN\\|1\\-85117\\-009\\-X}}.\n {{Joslen\\-OOB}}\n Airey Neave,* \n\t+ The Flames of Calais: A Soldier's Battle 1940*, London: Hodder \\& Stoughton, 1972/Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 2003, {{ISBN\\|0\\-85052\\-997\\-2}}.\n\t Maj\\-Gen [R.P. Pakenham\\-Walsh](/wiki/Ridley_Pakenham-Walsh \"Ridley Pakenham-Walsh\"),*\n* History of the Corps of Royal Engineers*, Vol VIII,* 1938–1948*, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1958\\.\n Brig N.W. Routledge,*\n* History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti\\-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55*, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, {{ISBN\\|1\\-85753\\-099\\-3}}\n Col J.D. Sainsbury,*\n* The Hertfordshire Yeomanry Regiments, Royal Artillery, Part 2: The Heavy Anti\\-Aircraft Regiment 1938–1945 and the Searchlight Battery 1937–1945; Part 3: The Post\\-war Units 1947–2002*, Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Trust/Hart Books, 2003, {{ISBN\\|0\\-948527\\-06\\-4}}.\n Maj O.M. Short, Maj H. Sherlock, Capt L.E.C.M. Perowne and Lt M.A. Fraser,*\n* The History of the Tyne Electrical Engineers, Royal Engineers, 1884–1933*, 1933/Uckfield: Naval \\& Military, nd, {{ISBN\\|1\\-845747\\-96\\-8}}.\n Graham E. Watson \\& Richard A. Rinaldi,*\n* The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018'', Tiger Lily Books, 2018, {{ISBN\\|978\\-171790180\\-4}}.\n{{refend}}"
] |
History
-------
Guarulhos was founded on December 8, 1560, by the Jesuit priest Manuel de Paiva and entitled Nossa Senhora da Conceição. Its origin is linked to five other small villages that were in charge of defending the boundaries of [São Paulo de Piratininga Village](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_dos_Campos_de_Piratininga "São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga") against the [Tamoios](/wiki/Tamoios "Tamoios"), a tribe of Indigenous people that lived in that region.{{cite web \|url\=http://novo.guarulhos.sp.gov.br/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=61\&Itemid\=292 \|title\=História da Cidade \|publisher\=novo.guarulhos.sp.gov.br/ \|access\-date\=2011\-05\-30 \|language\=pt \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527135922/http://novo.guarulhos.sp.gov.br/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=61\&Itemid\=292 \|archive\-date\=2011\-05\-27 \|url\-status\=dead }}
In the sixteenth century, Guarulhos was a strategic location: it bordered the future São Paulo's Capital and was surrounded by the [Tietê](/wiki/Tiet%C3%AA_River "Tietê River") (south), and [Cabuçu de Cima](/wiki/Cabu%C3%A7u_de_Cima_River "Cabuçu de Cima River") (west) rivers. On that same period, was established, for similar purposes, São Miguel Village, called nowadays [São Miguel Paulista District](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_Paulista_%28district_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%29 "São Miguel Paulista (district of São Paulo)") in São Paulo.
In 1880, Guarulhos emancipated from São Paulo and was named Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos. Its current name, Guarulhos, was adopted later, after the enactment of the law \#1\.021, on November 6, 1906\.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the city was remarked by the settlement of a railroad and the power electricity system ([Light \& Power C.O.](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Tramway%2C_Light_and_Power_Company "São Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company")), by numerous requests for the implantation of a telephone system, industrial building permits, by commercial activities, and public transportation.
During the 1930s, the city witnessed the actions of the [Federal Intervention](/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930 "Brazilian Revolution of 1930") and the [Constitutional Movement](/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution "Constitutionalist Revolution") (Reflections of the Revolution that marked the end of the "Old Republic" during the 1930s in Brazil).
In 1940 the Monteiro Lobato Municipal Library was founded, in 1941, the first Health Center of the city, and ten years after that, the Holy House of Mercy of Guarulhos was established. On that decade arrive in the municipality Industries from different sectors: electricity; metallurgy; plastics; food; rubber; footwear; vehicles; clocks, and leather.
In 1945 the [São Paulo's Air Force Base](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Air_Force_Base "São Paulo Air Force Base") (BASP) was transferred from [Campo de Marte](/wiki/Campo_de_Marte_Airport "Campo de Marte Airport"), a small airport in São Paulo, to the Cumbica neighborhood in Guarulhos.
In 1958 the [Rotary Club](/wiki/Rotary_Club "Rotary Club") established a branch in the city.
The [Municipal Conservatory of Guarulhos](/wiki/Municipal_Conservatory_of_Guarulhos "Municipal Conservatory of Guarulhos") was founded in 1961\.
In 1963 the Commercial \& Industrial Association of Guarulhos was founded, nowadays, the institution is called Commerce \& Business Association of Guarulhos (Associação Comercial e Empresarial de Guarulhos – ACE).
With the big boom of the Industrial sector, a large number of manpower was drawn. This new population settled in an urban area on a continuous process of land occupation. At this rate the population grew from 35,000 in 1950 to 101,000 in 1960, from 237,000 in 1970 to 532,726 in 1980\. Most of these citizens devoted themselves to Industrial activities in Guarulhos (that hosts around 2,000 establishments), and São Paulo.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/painel/painel.php?codmun\=351880\# \|title\= IBGE Cidades Guarulhos\-SP Histórico \|publisher\=www.ibge.gov.br/ \|access\-date\=2011\-05\-30 \|language\= pt}}
In 1985 the Cumbica Airport was opened.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.guaru.com.br/secxx/detalhe.asp?codigo\=99 \|title\=GUarulhos sec. XX \|publisher\=guaru.com.br/ \|author\=Kishi, Massami \|access\-date\=2011\-05\-30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028054512/http://www.guaru.com.br/secxx/detalhe.asp?codigo\=99 \|archive\-date\=2011\-10\-28 \|url\-status\=dead }} Today it is called "[International Airport of São Paulo–Guarulhos Governor André Franco Montoro](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo/Guarulhos_International_Airport "São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport")" (Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo–Guarulhos Governador André Franco Montoro), the second\-biggest airport in Latin America.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.airtransportnews.aero/analysis.pl?id\=306 \|title\=Top 100 Airports by Seat Capacity Available on International Departing Flights \|author\=OAG MAX Online \|access\-date\=2011\-05\-30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612184525/http://www.airtransportnews.aero/analysis.pl?id\=306 \|archive\-date\=2008\-06\-12 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Between 2000 and 2006, its population grew three times as much as São Paulo State. According to [IBGE](/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics "Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics"), Guarulhos is the second most populous city in the State after São Paulo's capital. Most of its population is economically active and evenly distributed in terms of gender.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/painel/painel.php?codmun\=351880\# \|title\= IBGE Cidades Guarulhos\-SP População \|publisher\=www.ibge.gov.br/ \|access\-date\=2011\-05\-30 \|language\= pt}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Guarulhos was founded on December 8, 1560, by the Jesuit priest Manuel de Paiva and entitled Nossa Senhora da Conceição. Its origin is linked to five other small villages that were in charge of defending the boundaries of [São Paulo de Piratininga Village](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_dos_Campos_de_Piratininga \"São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga\") against the [Tamoios](/wiki/Tamoios \"Tamoios\"), a tribe of Indigenous people that lived in that region.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://novo.guarulhos.sp.gov.br/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=61\\&Itemid\\=292 \\|title\\=História da Cidade \\|publisher\\=novo.guarulhos.sp.gov.br/ \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-30 \\|language\\=pt \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527135922/http://novo.guarulhos.sp.gov.br/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=61\\&Itemid\\=292 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In the sixteenth century, Guarulhos was a strategic location: it bordered the future São Paulo's Capital and was surrounded by the [Tietê](/wiki/Tiet%C3%AA_River \"Tietê River\") (south), and [Cabuçu de Cima](/wiki/Cabu%C3%A7u_de_Cima_River \"Cabuçu de Cima River\") (west) rivers. On that same period, was established, for similar purposes, São Miguel Village, called nowadays [São Miguel Paulista District](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_Paulista_%28district_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%29 \"São Miguel Paulista (district of São Paulo)\") in São Paulo.",
"In 1880, Guarulhos emancipated from São Paulo and was named Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos. Its current name, Guarulhos, was adopted later, after the enactment of the law \\#1\\.021, on November 6, 1906\\.",
"At the beginning of the twentieth century, the city was remarked by the settlement of a railroad and the power electricity system ([Light \\& Power C.O.](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Tramway%2C_Light_and_Power_Company \"São Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company\")), by numerous requests for the implantation of a telephone system, industrial building permits, by commercial activities, and public transportation.",
"During the 1930s, the city witnessed the actions of the [Federal Intervention](/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930 \"Brazilian Revolution of 1930\") and the [Constitutional Movement](/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution \"Constitutionalist Revolution\") (Reflections of the Revolution that marked the end of the \"Old Republic\" during the 1930s in Brazil).",
"In 1940 the Monteiro Lobato Municipal Library was founded, in 1941, the first Health Center of the city, and ten years after that, the Holy House of Mercy of Guarulhos was established. On that decade arrive in the municipality Industries from different sectors: electricity; metallurgy; plastics; food; rubber; footwear; vehicles; clocks, and leather.",
"In 1945 the [São Paulo's Air Force Base](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Air_Force_Base \"São Paulo Air Force Base\") (BASP) was transferred from [Campo de Marte](/wiki/Campo_de_Marte_Airport \"Campo de Marte Airport\"), a small airport in São Paulo, to the Cumbica neighborhood in Guarulhos.",
"In 1958 the [Rotary Club](/wiki/Rotary_Club \"Rotary Club\") established a branch in the city.",
"The [Municipal Conservatory of Guarulhos](/wiki/Municipal_Conservatory_of_Guarulhos \"Municipal Conservatory of Guarulhos\") was founded in 1961\\.",
"In 1963 the Commercial \\& Industrial Association of Guarulhos was founded, nowadays, the institution is called Commerce \\& Business Association of Guarulhos (Associação Comercial e Empresarial de Guarulhos – ACE).",
"With the big boom of the Industrial sector, a large number of manpower was drawn. This new population settled in an urban area on a continuous process of land occupation. At this rate the population grew from 35,000 in 1950 to 101,000 in 1960, from 237,000 in 1970 to 532,726 in 1980\\. Most of these citizens devoted themselves to Industrial activities in Guarulhos (that hosts around 2,000 establishments), and São Paulo.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/painel/painel.php?codmun\\=351880\\# \\|title\\= IBGE Cidades Guarulhos\\-SP Histórico \\|publisher\\=www.ibge.gov.br/ \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-30 \\|language\\= pt}}",
"In 1985 the Cumbica Airport was opened.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.guaru.com.br/secxx/detalhe.asp?codigo\\=99 \\|title\\=GUarulhos sec. XX \\|publisher\\=guaru.com.br/ \\|author\\=Kishi, Massami \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028054512/http://www.guaru.com.br/secxx/detalhe.asp?codigo\\=99 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-10\\-28 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Today it is called \"[International Airport of São Paulo–Guarulhos Governor André Franco Montoro](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo/Guarulhos_International_Airport \"São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport\")\" (Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo–Guarulhos Governador André Franco Montoro), the second\\-biggest airport in Latin America.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.airtransportnews.aero/analysis.pl?id\\=306 \\|title\\=Top 100 Airports by Seat Capacity Available on International Departing Flights \\|author\\=OAG MAX Online \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612184525/http://www.airtransportnews.aero/analysis.pl?id\\=306 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Between 2000 and 2006, its population grew three times as much as São Paulo State. According to [IBGE](/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics \"Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics\"), Guarulhos is the second most populous city in the State after São Paulo's capital. Most of its population is economically active and evenly distributed in terms of gender.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/painel/painel.php?codmun\\=351880\\# \\|title\\= IBGE Cidades Guarulhos\\-SP População \\|publisher\\=www.ibge.gov.br/ \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-30 \\|language\\= pt}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Ravi Rajput comes from a poor family; his father was a foreman at a mill and could not afford to send Ravi to a private school. Ravi studied in a municipal school, got a job in a mill, and married Saru, who subsequently gave birth to their son, Gaurav. The proud parents watch as Gaurav grows up, starting walking, talking, and feigning illness just to stay home and watch [World Cup Cricket](/wiki/World_Cup_Cricket "World Cup Cricket"). Their lives are turned upside down when Gaurav faints while playing cricket.
They take him to the nearest hospital in [Bandra](/wiki/Bandra "Bandra"), where Doctors Nita and Sen inform them that their son is dying and will not survive unless he receives a [heart transplant](/wiki/Heart_transplant "Heart transplant"), the cost of which is 15 lakhs rupees. A heart is available for transplant, but the hospital will only perform the surgery on receipt of the money. A desperate Ravi turns to his [insurance company](/wiki/Insurance_company "Insurance company"), which declines to renew his policy citing an obscure clause; his employer, with whom he has worked for over 11 years, refuses to sanction above Rs.75000/\-.
When nothing works out and Dr. Sen informs Ravi that his son will soon be discharged and will probably die soon after, he gets a gun and holds 30 people [hostage](/wiki/Hostage "Hostage") in the hospital until the doctor agrees to operate on his son. DCP Rane is assigned to this matter, and his orders are to kill Ravi and end this drama. Meanwhile, the hostages realize how good a man Ravi is when he lets a pregnant woman deliver with full medical care, helps a woman facing [domestic abuse](/wiki/Domestic_abuse "Domestic abuse"), as well as an elderly gentleman whose son values money more than his father. Outside, he becomes a dark hero when the media reports that he is doing it to save his son, with a huge crowd gathering in his support.
But Ravi persists and is finally told that Gaurav will soon be operated upon. Relieved, Ravi decides to release all the hostages. He then sees that while a surgery is taking place, it is of an elderly politician (the President of the ruling political party, Narayan Swami) rather than his son. In desperation, he decides to end his life and give his heart to his son. After meeting his son for a few moments, he walks out with the hostages (who have all decided to support him) and his wife and proclaims to the world that he will end his life and give his heart to his son.
As he is about to shoot himself, the deputy leader of the ruling political party comes and asks him to listen to him. He informs him he has spoken to the President, who has decided to forgo his life since he loves children, requesting that the heart be given to the child. He assures Ravi that it is true and also that the party will take care of all the expenses of the operation. The entire crowd applauds the deputy leader, and Ravi lowers his gun. When the deputy leader's assistant comes to him and inquires (in a whisper) urgently what will happen to the President and that the President said no such thing, the deputy leader tells him that this is politics. If they had operated and saved the President's life, then this entire crowd who is pro\-Ravi would have thrown them out of power. Now, by sacrificing the President, they have gained huge popular support and will win the next elections.
Ravi is arrested and taken to court. The judge takes a very lenient view of the situation based on the hostages' evidence and sentences Ravi to a light sentence of six months. DCP Rane leads the applause from the entire court as Ravi looks on. The film ends with Gaurav playing cricket and his parents watching him.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Ravi Rajput comes from a poor family; his father was a foreman at a mill and could not afford to send Ravi to a private school. Ravi studied in a municipal school, got a job in a mill, and married Saru, who subsequently gave birth to their son, Gaurav. The proud parents watch as Gaurav grows up, starting walking, talking, and feigning illness just to stay home and watch [World Cup Cricket](/wiki/World_Cup_Cricket \"World Cup Cricket\"). Their lives are turned upside down when Gaurav faints while playing cricket.",
"They take him to the nearest hospital in [Bandra](/wiki/Bandra \"Bandra\"), where Doctors Nita and Sen inform them that their son is dying and will not survive unless he receives a [heart transplant](/wiki/Heart_transplant \"Heart transplant\"), the cost of which is 15 lakhs rupees. A heart is available for transplant, but the hospital will only perform the surgery on receipt of the money. A desperate Ravi turns to his [insurance company](/wiki/Insurance_company \"Insurance company\"), which declines to renew his policy citing an obscure clause; his employer, with whom he has worked for over 11 years, refuses to sanction above Rs.75000/\\-.",
"When nothing works out and Dr. Sen informs Ravi that his son will soon be discharged and will probably die soon after, he gets a gun and holds 30 people [hostage](/wiki/Hostage \"Hostage\") in the hospital until the doctor agrees to operate on his son. DCP Rane is assigned to this matter, and his orders are to kill Ravi and end this drama. Meanwhile, the hostages realize how good a man Ravi is when he lets a pregnant woman deliver with full medical care, helps a woman facing [domestic abuse](/wiki/Domestic_abuse \"Domestic abuse\"), as well as an elderly gentleman whose son values money more than his father. Outside, he becomes a dark hero when the media reports that he is doing it to save his son, with a huge crowd gathering in his support.",
"But Ravi persists and is finally told that Gaurav will soon be operated upon. Relieved, Ravi decides to release all the hostages. He then sees that while a surgery is taking place, it is of an elderly politician (the President of the ruling political party, Narayan Swami) rather than his son. In desperation, he decides to end his life and give his heart to his son. After meeting his son for a few moments, he walks out with the hostages (who have all decided to support him) and his wife and proclaims to the world that he will end his life and give his heart to his son.",
"As he is about to shoot himself, the deputy leader of the ruling political party comes and asks him to listen to him. He informs him he has spoken to the President, who has decided to forgo his life since he loves children, requesting that the heart be given to the child. He assures Ravi that it is true and also that the party will take care of all the expenses of the operation. The entire crowd applauds the deputy leader, and Ravi lowers his gun. When the deputy leader's assistant comes to him and inquires (in a whisper) urgently what will happen to the President and that the President said no such thing, the deputy leader tells him that this is politics. If they had operated and saved the President's life, then this entire crowd who is pro\\-Ravi would have thrown them out of power. Now, by sacrificing the President, they have gained huge popular support and will win the next elections.",
"Ravi is arrested and taken to court. The judge takes a very lenient view of the situation based on the hostages' evidence and sentences Ravi to a light sentence of six months. DCP Rane leads the applause from the entire court as Ravi looks on. The film ends with Gaurav playing cricket and his parents watching him.",
""
] |
Version history
---------------
The early versions of Pegasus were installed on MS\-DOS or Mac workstations on a NetWare network (and their [Message Handling System](/wiki/Message_Handling_System "Message Handling System") (MHS) mail system), and supported only mail between network users; for external (Internet), Mercury for Netware was required.{{cite web \|date\=1 January 2001 \|title\=Pegasus Mail (System Overviews) \|url\=http://www.pmail.com/overviews/ovw\_pmail.htm \|website\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury \|quote\=Unlike the Windows \[3\.x or 9x] versions of Pegasus Mail, the DOS version does not have built\-in support for the Internet POP3, SMTP or IMAP protocols, because there is no standard TCP/IP interface for DOS\-based computers. However, by adding our Mercury Mail Transport System as a mail server, you can provide fully\-integrated centralized Internet e\-mail services and mailing list management for your Pegasus Mail users.}} A cut\-down MHS\-only version called FirstMail was bundled with NetWare.
Early versions used only a proprietary non\-standard format (.pmj, .cnm). for mail folders; later versions offer the [standard Unix mailbox format](/wiki/Mbox "Mbox") (.mbx) as an alternative.
The latest released versions for DOS (3\.50, released in or around June 1999\)23 June 1999 is the date of the main executable file within the zip archive. and 16\-bit Windows (3\.12b, released on 24 November 1999\) are available for download. (Version 3\.12c for 16\-bit Windows was in beta\-testing during 2000 but has not been released.){{cite web \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20001205031100/http://home.kabelfoon.nl/\~jaabogae/han/p300\_index.html \|title\=Pegasus Mail for Windows \- Version 3 index \|author\=Han van den Bogaerde \|website\=Han's Pegasus Mail Site \|date\=29 October 2000 \|archive\-date\=5 December 2000 \|url\=http://home.kabelfoon.nl/\~jaabogae/han/p300\_index.html \|access\-date\=25 July 2019}} The Mac version (2\.21 from 1997\) can be found on some [FTP](/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol "File Transfer Protocol") servers that in the past offered an official Pegasus mirror service.For example, the [Free University of Berlin](ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/pc/mail/pegasus/mac/) and the [University of Kassel](ftp://ftp.uni-kassel.de/net/mail/pmail/mac/) ftp servers.
Pegasus runs under Linux using the [Wine](/wiki/Wine_%28software%29 "Wine (software)") [compatibility layer](/wiki/Compatibility_layer "Compatibility layer").{{cite web \|date\=2009\-02\-23 \|title\=KB:Pegasus Mail/Using Pegasus Mail under Linux \|url\=http://wiki.pmail.com/index.php?title\=KB:Pegasus\_Mail/Using\_Pegasus\_Mail\_under\_Linux \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910211513/http://wiki.pmail.com/index.php?title\=KB%3APegasus\_Mail%2FUsing\_Pegasus\_Mail\_under\_Linux \|archive\-date\=2015\-09\-10 \|access\-date\=2011\-04\-08}}
| \+Pegasus Mail for Windows | Major version | Initial release |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1\.x | 1993 |
| 2\.x | 1995 |
| 3\.x | 1999 |
| 4\.x | 2001 |
| 5\.x | Not yet public |
### Version 4\.x
Pegasus Mail v4\.0 was released at the end of 2001, with "more than 2500 changes or fixes".{{Cite web \|date\=2001\-12\-13 \|title\=Pegasus Mail \|url\=http://www.pmail.com/v4\_release.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011213223216/http://www.pmail.com/v4\_release.htm \|archive\-date\=2001\-12\-13 }} All versions since have been 4\.xx; David Harris has been continuously developing v5\.0 but it has been delayed. Version 5 is slated to have a completely overhauled contactbook and mail folder system.
A public beta test version of version 4\.5{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vandenbogaerde.net/pegasusmail/p45\_index.html \|title\=Pegasus Mail for Windows version 4\.5 \|date\=25 January 2010 \|author\=Han van den Bogaerde\| website\=Han's Pegasus Mail (© David Harris) information site }} was announced on 3 October 2008 which is stated to be "very complete and stable, but is provided without formal technical support \- you should almost certainly apply due diligence testing to it before using it in a production environment".{{cite web \|url\=http://community.pmail.com/forums/thread/11241\.aspx \|title\=Pegasus Mail v4\.5 public beta 1 now available \|website\=Pegasus Mail \& Mercury \- Forums » Announcements\|author\= David Harris \|date\=3 September 2008}} The new version has not only been developed further beyond earlier versions, but has been ported from now obsolete v5\.02 of [Borland C\+\+](/wiki/Borland_C%2B%2B "Borland C++") to [Microsoft Visual Studio](/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio "Microsoft Visual Studio") 2008, a major undertaking in itself. On 3 July 2009 Pegasus Mail 4\.51\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pmail.com/v45x.htm \|title\=Pegasus Mail v4\.5x Release Notes \|author\=David Harris \|website\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury }} On 23 January 2010 Pegasus Mail 4\.52 was released, which included improvements for Windows 7\.
On 2 November 2010 Harris posted a message regarding the progress of development
on the next release of Pegasus Mail, PMail Version 5\.0\. He said "We hope to release an initial version of Pegasus Mail version 5 with the new contact manager in place either late in December this year, or early in 2011\. A subsequent version with the entirely\-new message store I have been working on for over a year will follow at a later stage. I'm personally very excited about the new contact manager \- I believe it could have an enormous impact on the way many people work in a world of e\-mail overload"
On 23 February 2011 Pegasus Mail 4\.61 was released. It includes a new HTML renderer which uses the built\-in Windows renderer of Internet Explorer, but the BearHTML renderer has also been improved and can be used instead. V. 4\.61 included new graphics and an updated interface. v4\.62 had improvements to the editor and elsewhere.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pmail.com/v46x.htm \|title\=Pegasus Mail v4\.6x Release Notes \|author\=David Harris \|website\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury }} On 22 December 2011 [bug fix](/wiki/Bug_fix "Bug fix") version 4\.63 became available.
On 8 March 2014 version 4\.70 was released. This version includes [Hunspell](/wiki/Hunspell "Hunspell") for spelling check and [OpenSSL](/wiki/OpenSSL "OpenSSL") for encryption besides further improvements. v4\.71 was released in January 2016\. Version 4\.72 was released in April 2016\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pmail.com/v47x.htm \|title\=Pegasus Mail v4\.7x Release Notes \|author\=David Harris \|website\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury }} On 7 June 2018 version 4\.73 was released. This includes a much improved help file.
On 25 December 2019 Harris said that, while there has been a delay due to health issues, he "can only promise you that there is progress, and that \[he is] totally committed to getting these new versions released" and he is working, among others, on support for [OAuth2](/wiki/OAuth%23OAuth_2.0 "OAuth#OAuth 2.0") and [OpenSSL](/wiki/OpenSSL "OpenSSL") v 1\.1\.1\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pmail.com/devnews.htm \|title\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury Developer News \|website\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury \|date\=December 2019\|author\=David Harris\|access\-date\=1 January 2020}}
On 14 February 2022 a new version 4\.80 was released. There were several overall improvements. Some are: [OpenSSL](/wiki/OpenSSL "OpenSSL") was updated to version 1\.1\.1k, new support for 120dpi screens and an optimization for the HTML editor for better rendering. The anticipated support for [OAuth2](/wiki/OAuth%23OAuth_2.0 "OAuth#OAuth 2.0") was delayed into later this year.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pmail.com/v48x.htm \|title\=Pegasus Mail v4\.8x Release Notes \|website\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury \|date\=February 2022\|author\=David Harris \|access\-date\=23 April 2022}}
|
[
"Version history\n---------------",
"The early versions of Pegasus were installed on MS\\-DOS or Mac workstations on a NetWare network (and their [Message Handling System](/wiki/Message_Handling_System \"Message Handling System\") (MHS) mail system), and supported only mail between network users; for external (Internet), Mercury for Netware was required.{{cite web \\|date\\=1 January 2001 \\|title\\=Pegasus Mail (System Overviews) \\|url\\=http://www.pmail.com/overviews/ovw\\_pmail.htm \\|website\\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury \\|quote\\=Unlike the Windows \\[3\\.x or 9x] versions of Pegasus Mail, the DOS version does not have built\\-in support for the Internet POP3, SMTP or IMAP protocols, because there is no standard TCP/IP interface for DOS\\-based computers. However, by adding our Mercury Mail Transport System as a mail server, you can provide fully\\-integrated centralized Internet e\\-mail services and mailing list management for your Pegasus Mail users.}} A cut\\-down MHS\\-only version called FirstMail was bundled with NetWare.",
"Early versions used only a proprietary non\\-standard format (.pmj, .cnm). for mail folders; later versions offer the [standard Unix mailbox format](/wiki/Mbox \"Mbox\") (.mbx) as an alternative.",
"The latest released versions for DOS (3\\.50, released in or around June 1999\\)23 June 1999 is the date of the main executable file within the zip archive. and 16\\-bit Windows (3\\.12b, released on 24 November 1999\\) are available for download. (Version 3\\.12c for 16\\-bit Windows was in beta\\-testing during 2000 but has not been released.){{cite web \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20001205031100/http://home.kabelfoon.nl/\\~jaabogae/han/p300\\_index.html \\|title\\=Pegasus Mail for Windows \\- Version 3 index \\|author\\=Han van den Bogaerde \\|website\\=Han's Pegasus Mail Site \\|date\\=29 October 2000 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 December 2000 \\|url\\=http://home.kabelfoon.nl/\\~jaabogae/han/p300\\_index.html \\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2019}} The Mac version (2\\.21 from 1997\\) can be found on some [FTP](/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol \"File Transfer Protocol\") servers that in the past offered an official Pegasus mirror service.For example, the [Free University of Berlin](ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/pc/mail/pegasus/mac/) and the [University of Kassel](ftp://ftp.uni-kassel.de/net/mail/pmail/mac/) ftp servers.",
"Pegasus runs under Linux using the [Wine](/wiki/Wine_%28software%29 \"Wine (software)\") [compatibility layer](/wiki/Compatibility_layer \"Compatibility layer\").{{cite web \\|date\\=2009\\-02\\-23 \\|title\\=KB:Pegasus Mail/Using Pegasus Mail under Linux \\|url\\=http://wiki.pmail.com/index.php?title\\=KB:Pegasus\\_Mail/Using\\_Pegasus\\_Mail\\_under\\_Linux \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910211513/http://wiki.pmail.com/index.php?title\\=KB%3APegasus\\_Mail%2FUsing\\_Pegasus\\_Mail\\_under\\_Linux \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-09\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-08}}",
"| \\+Pegasus Mail for Windows | Major version | Initial release |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1\\.x | 1993 |\n| 2\\.x | 1995 |\n| 3\\.x | 1999 |\n| 4\\.x | 2001 |\n| 5\\.x | Not yet public |",
"",
"### Version 4\\.x",
"Pegasus Mail v4\\.0 was released at the end of 2001, with \"more than 2500 changes or fixes\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=2001\\-12\\-13 \\|title\\=Pegasus Mail \\|url\\=http://www.pmail.com/v4\\_release.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011213223216/http://www.pmail.com/v4\\_release.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2001\\-12\\-13 }} All versions since have been 4\\.xx; David Harris has been continuously developing v5\\.0 but it has been delayed. Version 5 is slated to have a completely overhauled contactbook and mail folder system.",
"A public beta test version of version 4\\.5{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vandenbogaerde.net/pegasusmail/p45\\_index.html \\|title\\=Pegasus Mail for Windows version 4\\.5 \\|date\\=25 January 2010 \\|author\\=Han van den Bogaerde\\| website\\=Han's Pegasus Mail (© David Harris) information site }} was announced on 3 October 2008 which is stated to be \"very complete and stable, but is provided without formal technical support \\- you should almost certainly apply due diligence testing to it before using it in a production environment\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://community.pmail.com/forums/thread/11241\\.aspx \\|title\\=Pegasus Mail v4\\.5 public beta 1 now available \\|website\\=Pegasus Mail \\& Mercury \\- Forums » Announcements\\|author\\= David Harris \\|date\\=3 September 2008}} The new version has not only been developed further beyond earlier versions, but has been ported from now obsolete v5\\.02 of [Borland C\\+\\+](/wiki/Borland_C%2B%2B \"Borland C++\") to [Microsoft Visual Studio](/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio \"Microsoft Visual Studio\") 2008, a major undertaking in itself. On 3 July 2009 Pegasus Mail 4\\.51\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pmail.com/v45x.htm \\|title\\=Pegasus Mail v4\\.5x Release Notes \\|author\\=David Harris \\|website\\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury }} On 23 January 2010 Pegasus Mail 4\\.52 was released, which included improvements for Windows 7\\.",
"On 2 November 2010 Harris posted a message regarding the progress of development\non the next release of Pegasus Mail, PMail Version 5\\.0\\. He said \"We hope to release an initial version of Pegasus Mail version 5 with the new contact manager in place either late in December this year, or early in 2011\\. A subsequent version with the entirely\\-new message store I have been working on for over a year will follow at a later stage. I'm personally very excited about the new contact manager \\- I believe it could have an enormous impact on the way many people work in a world of e\\-mail overload\"",
"On 23 February 2011 Pegasus Mail 4\\.61 was released. It includes a new HTML renderer which uses the built\\-in Windows renderer of Internet Explorer, but the BearHTML renderer has also been improved and can be used instead. V. 4\\.61 included new graphics and an updated interface. v4\\.62 had improvements to the editor and elsewhere.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pmail.com/v46x.htm \\|title\\=Pegasus Mail v4\\.6x Release Notes \\|author\\=David Harris \\|website\\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury }} On 22 December 2011 [bug fix](/wiki/Bug_fix \"Bug fix\") version 4\\.63 became available.",
"On 8 March 2014 version 4\\.70 was released. This version includes [Hunspell](/wiki/Hunspell \"Hunspell\") for spelling check and [OpenSSL](/wiki/OpenSSL \"OpenSSL\") for encryption besides further improvements. v4\\.71 was released in January 2016\\. Version 4\\.72 was released in April 2016\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pmail.com/v47x.htm \\|title\\=Pegasus Mail v4\\.7x Release Notes \\|author\\=David Harris \\|website\\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury }} On 7 June 2018 version 4\\.73 was released. This includes a much improved help file.",
"On 25 December 2019 Harris said that, while there has been a delay due to health issues, he \"can only promise you that there is progress, and that \\[he is] totally committed to getting these new versions released\" and he is working, among others, on support for [OAuth2](/wiki/OAuth%23OAuth_2.0 \"OAuth#OAuth 2.0\") and [OpenSSL](/wiki/OpenSSL \"OpenSSL\") v 1\\.1\\.1\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pmail.com/devnews.htm \\|title\\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury Developer News \\|website\\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury \\|date\\=December 2019\\|author\\=David Harris\\|access\\-date\\=1 January 2020}}",
"On 14 February 2022 a new version 4\\.80 was released. There were several overall improvements. Some are: [OpenSSL](/wiki/OpenSSL \"OpenSSL\") was updated to version 1\\.1\\.1k, new support for 120dpi screens and an optimization for the HTML editor for better rendering. The anticipated support for [OAuth2](/wiki/OAuth%23OAuth_2.0 \"OAuth#OAuth 2.0\") was delayed into later this year.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pmail.com/v48x.htm \\|title\\=Pegasus Mail v4\\.8x Release Notes \\|website\\=Pegasus Mail and Mercury \\|date\\=February 2022\\|author\\=David Harris \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2022}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
### Summary
The story follows main protagonist, Aislinn, who is attempting to navigate through adolescent life alongside a constant struggle with her life\-long ability to see faeries and fey\-kind. Though invisible to most mortals, faeries live among them, often playing the trickster, living on the fringes, with only the most prominent faeries possessing the power to reveal themselves to the human world. The [court](/wiki/Royal_court "Royal court") fey, the royalty amongst their kind, do not often concern themselves with human kind, which is why Aislinn is disconcerted when she finds that two such powerful fey have begun following her.
Keenan, King of Summer, and Donia, the Winter Girl, are at odds, as they have been for decades, both trying to win over Aislinn for their own ends; Keenan believes she may be his new Summer Queen and hopes she will take up this mantle and the risks that involves, while Donia is bound by the rules of the Winter Queen to warn Aislinn of the consequences that may befall her, should she choose to take Keenan's hand. Unbeknownst to the two quarrelling fey, Aislinn seeks safety within the protective, iron walls of her friend Seth's transformed\-trainyard home, and comfort from the arms of Seth himself, whom she has developed feelings for.
As the story progresses, Aislinn finds it increasingly difficult to stay away from Keenan's allure despite her feelings and the developing relationship with Seth, whose research into faeries and proximity to Aislinn begin to attract unwanted and dangerous attention. What's more, Aislinn's abilities are advancing well beyond just the Sight. When Keenan later informs her that, due to her being chosen, there is no way back to her life as before, and she must make the choice that decides not just her own future, but that of faery\-kind.
### Themes
There are two major recurrent themes within the book; rules and choices. The [tagline](/wiki/Tagline "Tagline") for the book are the three rules Grams tells Aislinn to follow in order to stay anonymous to faery\-kind:{{Cite book\|title\=Wicked lovely\|last\=Melissa.\|first\=Marr\|date\=2007\|publisher\=HarperTeen, an Imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers\|isbn\=9780061214653\|edition\= First\|location\=New York, NY\|pages\=back cover blurb/ tagline\|oclc\=123118232}}
> '**Rule \#3: Don't stare at invisible faeries.**
> **Rule \#2: Don't speak to invisible faeries.**
> **Rule \#1: Don't ever attract their attention.**'
The novel begins with these rules being tested almost immediately, as Aislinn already has their attention, for reasons yet unknown to her. As the story goes on, Aislinn has to battle against these ingrained rules set for her safety and challenge, even disregard, what she thinks she knows. Another significant aspect of the story regarding rules is that of those set by the Winter Queen. In order to restore Keenan's full power, both he and Donia are tasked with finding and persuading his suitors for whichever end; take the staff and become either the new Winter Girl or the Summer Queen, or avoid the risk and become a Summer Girl. However, Donia begins to suspect foul\-play as Beira changes the rules by which they have played for centuries, and threatens Donia's existence if she does not comply. The importance of this theme revolves around the characters challenging these rules, and that they should not be accepted and followed purely at face value.
This leads onto the other main theme of the book which is choices. In a version of *Wicked Lovely* containing an extra 'Chatting with Melissa Marr',{{cite web \|title\=Magness Library: Wicked Lovely Extras Inside \|url\=http://69\.8\.163\.83/surpass/websafari.exe/detail?sid\=DC327C83\-E821\-479B\-99B8\-73BD345103F6\&database\=database\&list\=R\&rec\=17\&marc\=73908 \|website\=Magness Library \|accessdate\=19 March 2019}} the author details how she wishes to impart a message of the importance of making one's own choices, and is also referenced in an interview with book bloggers 'The Book Smugglers'.{{cite web \|title\=A Chat with an Author: Melissa Marr \|url\=https://www.thebooksmugglers.com/2008/09/chat\-with\-author\-melissa\-marr.html \|website\=The Book Smugglers \|accessdate\=20 March 2019}} Marr comments how not making choices results in accepting limitations. This is significant, for within the book, when characters challenge the rules and make their own choices, they find new options and solutions.
Marr also comments in interviews and author bios how, due to growing up believing in magical and mythical creatures and ideas, her books are strongly influenced by folklore and fairytales. In the book each new chapter begins with a quote and reference to a book on folklore, magic, myths or legends.{{Cite book\|title\=Wicked lovely\|last\=Melissa.\|first\=Marr\|date\=2007\|publisher\=HarperTeen, an Imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers\|isbn\=9780061214653\|edition\= First\|location\=New York, NY\|oclc\=123118232}}
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"### Summary",
"The story follows main protagonist, Aislinn, who is attempting to navigate through adolescent life alongside a constant struggle with her life\\-long ability to see faeries and fey\\-kind. Though invisible to most mortals, faeries live among them, often playing the trickster, living on the fringes, with only the most prominent faeries possessing the power to reveal themselves to the human world. The [court](/wiki/Royal_court \"Royal court\") fey, the royalty amongst their kind, do not often concern themselves with human kind, which is why Aislinn is disconcerted when she finds that two such powerful fey have begun following her.",
"Keenan, King of Summer, and Donia, the Winter Girl, are at odds, as they have been for decades, both trying to win over Aislinn for their own ends; Keenan believes she may be his new Summer Queen and hopes she will take up this mantle and the risks that involves, while Donia is bound by the rules of the Winter Queen to warn Aislinn of the consequences that may befall her, should she choose to take Keenan's hand. Unbeknownst to the two quarrelling fey, Aislinn seeks safety within the protective, iron walls of her friend Seth's transformed\\-trainyard home, and comfort from the arms of Seth himself, whom she has developed feelings for.",
"As the story progresses, Aislinn finds it increasingly difficult to stay away from Keenan's allure despite her feelings and the developing relationship with Seth, whose research into faeries and proximity to Aislinn begin to attract unwanted and dangerous attention. What's more, Aislinn's abilities are advancing well beyond just the Sight. When Keenan later informs her that, due to her being chosen, there is no way back to her life as before, and she must make the choice that decides not just her own future, but that of faery\\-kind.",
"### Themes",
"There are two major recurrent themes within the book; rules and choices. The [tagline](/wiki/Tagline \"Tagline\") for the book are the three rules Grams tells Aislinn to follow in order to stay anonymous to faery\\-kind:{{Cite book\\|title\\=Wicked lovely\\|last\\=Melissa.\\|first\\=Marr\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=HarperTeen, an Imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers\\|isbn\\=9780061214653\\|edition\\= First\\|location\\=New York, NY\\|pages\\=back cover blurb/ tagline\\|oclc\\=123118232}} \n> '**Rule \\#3: Don't stare at invisible faeries.**",
"> **Rule \\#2: Don't speak to invisible faeries.**",
"> **Rule \\#1: Don't ever attract their attention.**'",
"The novel begins with these rules being tested almost immediately, as Aislinn already has their attention, for reasons yet unknown to her. As the story goes on, Aislinn has to battle against these ingrained rules set for her safety and challenge, even disregard, what she thinks she knows. Another significant aspect of the story regarding rules is that of those set by the Winter Queen. In order to restore Keenan's full power, both he and Donia are tasked with finding and persuading his suitors for whichever end; take the staff and become either the new Winter Girl or the Summer Queen, or avoid the risk and become a Summer Girl. However, Donia begins to suspect foul\\-play as Beira changes the rules by which they have played for centuries, and threatens Donia's existence if she does not comply. The importance of this theme revolves around the characters challenging these rules, and that they should not be accepted and followed purely at face value.",
"This leads onto the other main theme of the book which is choices. In a version of *Wicked Lovely* containing an extra 'Chatting with Melissa Marr',{{cite web \\|title\\=Magness Library: Wicked Lovely Extras Inside \\|url\\=http://69\\.8\\.163\\.83/surpass/websafari.exe/detail?sid\\=DC327C83\\-E821\\-479B\\-99B8\\-73BD345103F6\\&database\\=database\\&list\\=R\\&rec\\=17\\&marc\\=73908 \\|website\\=Magness Library \\|accessdate\\=19 March 2019}} the author details how she wishes to impart a message of the importance of making one's own choices, and is also referenced in an interview with book bloggers 'The Book Smugglers'.{{cite web \\|title\\=A Chat with an Author: Melissa Marr \\|url\\=https://www.thebooksmugglers.com/2008/09/chat\\-with\\-author\\-melissa\\-marr.html \\|website\\=The Book Smugglers \\|accessdate\\=20 March 2019}} Marr comments how not making choices results in accepting limitations. This is significant, for within the book, when characters challenge the rules and make their own choices, they find new options and solutions.",
"Marr also comments in interviews and author bios how, due to growing up believing in magical and mythical creatures and ideas, her books are strongly influenced by folklore and fairytales. In the book each new chapter begins with a quote and reference to a book on folklore, magic, myths or legends.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Wicked lovely\\|last\\=Melissa.\\|first\\=Marr\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=HarperTeen, an Imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers\\|isbn\\=9780061214653\\|edition\\= First\\|location\\=New York, NY\\|oclc\\=123118232}}",
""
] |
Buildings
---------
### Building A: Basilica
[thumb\|right\|200px\|Head of the Basilica.](/wiki/Image:Carranque-basilica.JPG "Carranque-basilica.JPG")
A Theodosian\-era building that takes as models the governors' palaces.
The hall was surrounded with 32 [monolithic](/wiki/Monolithic_column "Monolithic column") marble columns from the emperor's private quarries in [Chios](/wiki/Chios "Chios") in Greece (known as or [chium](/wiki/Chium "Chium")) and [Iscehisar](/wiki/Iscehisar "Iscehisar") and [Afyon](/wiki/Afyon "Afyon") in Anatolia ([phygium](/wiki/Phygium "Phygium") or [pavonazzeto](/wiki/Pavonazzeto "Pavonazzeto") marble).
Soon it was [converted for use in Christian cult](/wiki/Christianization "Christianization") and burials. The [Visigothic](/wiki/Visigoth "Visigoth") arrival brought some changes.
It was also used during [the Islamic age](/wiki/Al-Andalus "Al-Andalus"). The [Knights Templar](/wiki/Knights_Templar "Knights Templar") used it as an abbey or monastery.
It appears as the hermitage of *Santa María de Batres* in the *[Relaciones de Felipe II](/wiki/Topographic_Relations_of_Philip_II "Topographic Relations of Philip II")* (1576\), with most of the area used as a cemetery. It was used as such until the 17th century.
The head of the Roman building, as the hermitage of *Santa María de Abajo* ("[Saint Mary](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus "Mary, mother of Jesus") of the lower side"), lasted until around 1920 when it was dynamited to serve as construction material for the modern town.
Its decoration shows the power of the patron. There were plates of marble, red [porphyry](/wiki/Porphyry_%28geology%29 "Porphyry (geology)"), and green [serpentinite](/wiki/Serpentinite "Serpentinite"), wall painting, *[opus sectile](/wiki/Opus_sectile "Opus sectile")* and mosaics with glass and [golden\-leaf](/wiki/Golden_leaf "Golden leaf") tiles.
Anecdotally, the footprints of a [caliga](/wiki/Caliga "Caliga") and a dog paw are visible on the mortar.
The floorplan, part of the head (the chapel) and some columns are now visible.
### Building B: nympheum
Only remains of the floorplan were found.
Its location (a little knoll over the river) offers an interpretation as a monumental [cistern](/wiki/Cistern "Cistern") with a fountain. Its shape reminds of a [nymphaeum](/wiki/Nymphaeum "Nymphaeum").
It was built with [opus caementicium](/wiki/Opus_caementicium "Opus caementicium") (stone and mortar) and [opus testaceum](/wiki/Opus_testaceum "Opus testaceum") (brick). Mosaics covered the floor.
### Building C: Villa of Maternus
Remains of the [Roman villa](/wiki/Roman_villa "Roman villa") were the first found. The villa was built in the Theodosian era over earlier production facilities of an agricultural villa.
The slope was compensated with a [terraced](/wiki/Terrace_%28agriculture%29 "Terrace (agriculture)") construction over around 1,200 m2
It is shaped around a [peristylum](/wiki/Peristylum "Peristylum") patio.
The [hypocaust](/wiki/Hypocaust "Hypocaust") under\-floor heating and running water hint of the richness of the owner that becomes luxury when admiring the mosaics, assembled by at least three workshops, two of which took the unusual pride of signing their work.
Other rooms are covered with [opus signinum](/wiki/Opus_signinum "Opus signinum") (chalk and crushed bricks).
|
[
"Buildings\n---------",
"### Building A: Basilica",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Head of the Basilica.](/wiki/Image:Carranque-basilica.JPG \"Carranque-basilica.JPG\")\nA Theodosian\\-era building that takes as models the governors' palaces.\nThe hall was surrounded with 32 [monolithic](/wiki/Monolithic_column \"Monolithic column\") marble columns from the emperor's private quarries in [Chios](/wiki/Chios \"Chios\") in Greece (known as or [chium](/wiki/Chium \"Chium\")) and [Iscehisar](/wiki/Iscehisar \"Iscehisar\") and [Afyon](/wiki/Afyon \"Afyon\") in Anatolia ([phygium](/wiki/Phygium \"Phygium\") or [pavonazzeto](/wiki/Pavonazzeto \"Pavonazzeto\") marble).\nSoon it was [converted for use in Christian cult](/wiki/Christianization \"Christianization\") and burials. The [Visigothic](/wiki/Visigoth \"Visigoth\") arrival brought some changes.\nIt was also used during [the Islamic age](/wiki/Al-Andalus \"Al-Andalus\"). The [Knights Templar](/wiki/Knights_Templar \"Knights Templar\") used it as an abbey or monastery.",
"It appears as the hermitage of *Santa María de Batres* in the *[Relaciones de Felipe II](/wiki/Topographic_Relations_of_Philip_II \"Topographic Relations of Philip II\")* (1576\\), with most of the area used as a cemetery. It was used as such until the 17th century.\nThe head of the Roman building, as the hermitage of *Santa María de Abajo* (\"[Saint Mary](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus \"Mary, mother of Jesus\") of the lower side\"), lasted until around 1920 when it was dynamited to serve as construction material for the modern town.",
"Its decoration shows the power of the patron. There were plates of marble, red [porphyry](/wiki/Porphyry_%28geology%29 \"Porphyry (geology)\"), and green [serpentinite](/wiki/Serpentinite \"Serpentinite\"), wall painting, *[opus sectile](/wiki/Opus_sectile \"Opus sectile\")* and mosaics with glass and [golden\\-leaf](/wiki/Golden_leaf \"Golden leaf\") tiles.",
"Anecdotally, the footprints of a [caliga](/wiki/Caliga \"Caliga\") and a dog paw are visible on the mortar.",
"The floorplan, part of the head (the chapel) and some columns are now visible.",
"### Building B: nympheum",
"Only remains of the floorplan were found.",
"Its location (a little knoll over the river) offers an interpretation as a monumental [cistern](/wiki/Cistern \"Cistern\") with a fountain. Its shape reminds of a [nymphaeum](/wiki/Nymphaeum \"Nymphaeum\").\nIt was built with [opus caementicium](/wiki/Opus_caementicium \"Opus caementicium\") (stone and mortar) and [opus testaceum](/wiki/Opus_testaceum \"Opus testaceum\") (brick). Mosaics covered the floor.",
"### Building C: Villa of Maternus",
"Remains of the [Roman villa](/wiki/Roman_villa \"Roman villa\") were the first found. The villa was built in the Theodosian era over earlier production facilities of an agricultural villa.\nThe slope was compensated with a [terraced](/wiki/Terrace_%28agriculture%29 \"Terrace (agriculture)\") construction over around 1,200 m2\nIt is shaped around a [peristylum](/wiki/Peristylum \"Peristylum\") patio.",
"The [hypocaust](/wiki/Hypocaust \"Hypocaust\") under\\-floor heating and running water hint of the richness of the owner that becomes luxury when admiring the mosaics, assembled by at least three workshops, two of which took the unusual pride of signing their work.",
"Other rooms are covered with [opus signinum](/wiki/Opus_signinum \"Opus signinum\") (chalk and crushed bricks).",
""
] |
Gameplay
--------
Mad Libs pitted two teams of two children (one red and the other blue), in a series of physical/mental\-related challenges that pertain to the formula of the Mad Libs books, while trying to score points and win prizes.
### Main Game
#### Round 1 (Viewer Mad Lib)
In round one, a home viewer recited a Mad Lib that he/she wrote beforehand. That Mad Lib became a physical game, where the objective was to make the most progress within a 45\-second time limit or to be the first team to complete the stunt. The team who won the stunt were awarded 20 points. If there was a tie, both teams got the points.
#### Round 2 (Madder Than You)
[200px\|right\|thumb\|Two teams awaiting to start the Madder Than You round.](/wiki/Image:Madder_than_You.jpg "Madder than You.jpg")
In this two\-minute round (2:30 in earlier episodes), the contestants would come up with a series of words that would fit a category given by Sidoni, controlling a white ball (referred to on air as the "hot potato") and passing it back and forth.
The process continued until one team gave a word that did not fit the category, repeated a word (including a different form of the same word), passed the hot potato without answering, or ran out of time. When one of those violations occurred, the other team received five points, after which another category was played in the same manner. If time for the round ran out when a category was in play, no points were awarded to either team.
#### Round 3 (Mega Stunt)
Both teams competed in a physical game, consisting of anything from picking nose hairs to grabbing mohawks while being strapped to a mailbag, to grab items needed to create a Mad Lib. Each item in the game had a word on it, and the object was to get four words in four categories. Doing so completed the Mad Lib and earned the winning team 20 points.
#### Round 4 (Mixed Up Mad Libs)
In this deciding round, Sidoni read a series of statements with a crazy word inserted in each one. The contestants buzzed in to correct those statements with the right word. If the buzz\-in contestant answered incorrectly, the opposing team got a chance to answer. After each statement, the contestants at the buzzers switched places with their partners. Each correct answer was worth ten points. The round was played for 90 seconds, and the team with the most points when time ran out won the game. If both teams tied, one last Mixed\-Up Mad Lib was read, and the first player to buzz\-in and correct the statement won; otherwise his/her opponents automatically won. The winning team proceeded to the bonus round while the losing team went home with parting gifts.
#### Bonus Round (Maximum Mad Lib)
In the Maximum Mad Lib, the team decided who would give and who would receive. The giving player during the last commercial break placed five words (given to that player via envelope) anywhere in the five clue areas. After the break, the giver was given 90 seconds to get his/her partner to say those words. Sidoni gave the category to each word.
The clue areas varied each episode, and the actions involved the giving player performing an unusual event, such as saying the word with a mouth stuffed full of marshmallows, licking frosting and spelling the word with their tongue, miming the word or singing out a description.
Each time the receiver said a word, the team won that word. They could pass on a word and return to it if time permitted. If an illegal clue was given, the word was removed from play. When time ran out, the words were inserted into the Mad Lib and were individually checked after it was read. One of the five words was dubbed the grand prize word and if the team solved that word, or if they solved all five words before time expired, they won the grand prize. Otherwise, they received a consolation prize.
|
[
"Gameplay\n--------",
"Mad Libs pitted two teams of two children (one red and the other blue), in a series of physical/mental\\-related challenges that pertain to the formula of the Mad Libs books, while trying to score points and win prizes.",
"### Main Game",
"#### Round 1 (Viewer Mad Lib)",
"In round one, a home viewer recited a Mad Lib that he/she wrote beforehand. That Mad Lib became a physical game, where the objective was to make the most progress within a 45\\-second time limit or to be the first team to complete the stunt. The team who won the stunt were awarded 20 points. If there was a tie, both teams got the points.",
"#### Round 2 (Madder Than You)",
"[200px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Two teams awaiting to start the Madder Than You round.](/wiki/Image:Madder_than_You.jpg \"Madder than You.jpg\")\nIn this two\\-minute round (2:30 in earlier episodes), the contestants would come up with a series of words that would fit a category given by Sidoni, controlling a white ball (referred to on air as the \"hot potato\") and passing it back and forth.",
"The process continued until one team gave a word that did not fit the category, repeated a word (including a different form of the same word), passed the hot potato without answering, or ran out of time. When one of those violations occurred, the other team received five points, after which another category was played in the same manner. If time for the round ran out when a category was in play, no points were awarded to either team.",
"#### Round 3 (Mega Stunt)",
"Both teams competed in a physical game, consisting of anything from picking nose hairs to grabbing mohawks while being strapped to a mailbag, to grab items needed to create a Mad Lib. Each item in the game had a word on it, and the object was to get four words in four categories. Doing so completed the Mad Lib and earned the winning team 20 points.",
"#### Round 4 (Mixed Up Mad Libs)",
"In this deciding round, Sidoni read a series of statements with a crazy word inserted in each one. The contestants buzzed in to correct those statements with the right word. If the buzz\\-in contestant answered incorrectly, the opposing team got a chance to answer. After each statement, the contestants at the buzzers switched places with their partners. Each correct answer was worth ten points. The round was played for 90 seconds, and the team with the most points when time ran out won the game. If both teams tied, one last Mixed\\-Up Mad Lib was read, and the first player to buzz\\-in and correct the statement won; otherwise his/her opponents automatically won. The winning team proceeded to the bonus round while the losing team went home with parting gifts.",
"#### Bonus Round (Maximum Mad Lib)",
"In the Maximum Mad Lib, the team decided who would give and who would receive. The giving player during the last commercial break placed five words (given to that player via envelope) anywhere in the five clue areas. After the break, the giver was given 90 seconds to get his/her partner to say those words. Sidoni gave the category to each word.",
"The clue areas varied each episode, and the actions involved the giving player performing an unusual event, such as saying the word with a mouth stuffed full of marshmallows, licking frosting and spelling the word with their tongue, miming the word or singing out a description.",
"Each time the receiver said a word, the team won that word. They could pass on a word and return to it if time permitted. If an illegal clue was given, the word was removed from play. When time ran out, the words were inserted into the Mad Lib and were individually checked after it was read. One of the five words was dubbed the grand prize word and if the team solved that word, or if they solved all five words before time expired, they won the grand prize. Otherwise, they received a consolation prize.",
""
] |
### Main Game
#### Round 1 (Viewer Mad Lib)
In round one, a home viewer recited a Mad Lib that he/she wrote beforehand. That Mad Lib became a physical game, where the objective was to make the most progress within a 45\-second time limit or to be the first team to complete the stunt. The team who won the stunt were awarded 20 points. If there was a tie, both teams got the points.
#### Round 2 (Madder Than You)
[200px\|right\|thumb\|Two teams awaiting to start the Madder Than You round.](/wiki/Image:Madder_than_You.jpg "Madder than You.jpg")
In this two\-minute round (2:30 in earlier episodes), the contestants would come up with a series of words that would fit a category given by Sidoni, controlling a white ball (referred to on air as the "hot potato") and passing it back and forth.
The process continued until one team gave a word that did not fit the category, repeated a word (including a different form of the same word), passed the hot potato without answering, or ran out of time. When one of those violations occurred, the other team received five points, after which another category was played in the same manner. If time for the round ran out when a category was in play, no points were awarded to either team.
#### Round 3 (Mega Stunt)
Both teams competed in a physical game, consisting of anything from picking nose hairs to grabbing mohawks while being strapped to a mailbag, to grab items needed to create a Mad Lib. Each item in the game had a word on it, and the object was to get four words in four categories. Doing so completed the Mad Lib and earned the winning team 20 points.
#### Round 4 (Mixed Up Mad Libs)
In this deciding round, Sidoni read a series of statements with a crazy word inserted in each one. The contestants buzzed in to correct those statements with the right word. If the buzz\-in contestant answered incorrectly, the opposing team got a chance to answer. After each statement, the contestants at the buzzers switched places with their partners. Each correct answer was worth ten points. The round was played for 90 seconds, and the team with the most points when time ran out won the game. If both teams tied, one last Mixed\-Up Mad Lib was read, and the first player to buzz\-in and correct the statement won; otherwise his/her opponents automatically won. The winning team proceeded to the bonus round while the losing team went home with parting gifts.
#### Bonus Round (Maximum Mad Lib)
In the Maximum Mad Lib, the team decided who would give and who would receive. The giving player during the last commercial break placed five words (given to that player via envelope) anywhere in the five clue areas. After the break, the giver was given 90 seconds to get his/her partner to say those words. Sidoni gave the category to each word.
The clue areas varied each episode, and the actions involved the giving player performing an unusual event, such as saying the word with a mouth stuffed full of marshmallows, licking frosting and spelling the word with their tongue, miming the word or singing out a description.
Each time the receiver said a word, the team won that word. They could pass on a word and return to it if time permitted. If an illegal clue was given, the word was removed from play. When time ran out, the words were inserted into the Mad Lib and were individually checked after it was read. One of the five words was dubbed the grand prize word and if the team solved that word, or if they solved all five words before time expired, they won the grand prize. Otherwise, they received a consolation prize.
|
[
"### Main Game",
"#### Round 1 (Viewer Mad Lib)",
"In round one, a home viewer recited a Mad Lib that he/she wrote beforehand. That Mad Lib became a physical game, where the objective was to make the most progress within a 45\\-second time limit or to be the first team to complete the stunt. The team who won the stunt were awarded 20 points. If there was a tie, both teams got the points.",
"#### Round 2 (Madder Than You)",
"[200px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Two teams awaiting to start the Madder Than You round.](/wiki/Image:Madder_than_You.jpg \"Madder than You.jpg\")\nIn this two\\-minute round (2:30 in earlier episodes), the contestants would come up with a series of words that would fit a category given by Sidoni, controlling a white ball (referred to on air as the \"hot potato\") and passing it back and forth.",
"The process continued until one team gave a word that did not fit the category, repeated a word (including a different form of the same word), passed the hot potato without answering, or ran out of time. When one of those violations occurred, the other team received five points, after which another category was played in the same manner. If time for the round ran out when a category was in play, no points were awarded to either team.",
"#### Round 3 (Mega Stunt)",
"Both teams competed in a physical game, consisting of anything from picking nose hairs to grabbing mohawks while being strapped to a mailbag, to grab items needed to create a Mad Lib. Each item in the game had a word on it, and the object was to get four words in four categories. Doing so completed the Mad Lib and earned the winning team 20 points.",
"#### Round 4 (Mixed Up Mad Libs)",
"In this deciding round, Sidoni read a series of statements with a crazy word inserted in each one. The contestants buzzed in to correct those statements with the right word. If the buzz\\-in contestant answered incorrectly, the opposing team got a chance to answer. After each statement, the contestants at the buzzers switched places with their partners. Each correct answer was worth ten points. The round was played for 90 seconds, and the team with the most points when time ran out won the game. If both teams tied, one last Mixed\\-Up Mad Lib was read, and the first player to buzz\\-in and correct the statement won; otherwise his/her opponents automatically won. The winning team proceeded to the bonus round while the losing team went home with parting gifts.",
"#### Bonus Round (Maximum Mad Lib)",
"In the Maximum Mad Lib, the team decided who would give and who would receive. The giving player during the last commercial break placed five words (given to that player via envelope) anywhere in the five clue areas. After the break, the giver was given 90 seconds to get his/her partner to say those words. Sidoni gave the category to each word.",
"The clue areas varied each episode, and the actions involved the giving player performing an unusual event, such as saying the word with a mouth stuffed full of marshmallows, licking frosting and spelling the word with their tongue, miming the word or singing out a description.",
"Each time the receiver said a word, the team won that word. They could pass on a word and return to it if time permitted. If an illegal clue was given, the word was removed from play. When time ran out, the words were inserted into the Mad Lib and were individually checked after it was read. One of the five words was dubbed the grand prize word and if the team solved that word, or if they solved all five words before time expired, they won the grand prize. Otherwise, they received a consolation prize.",
""
] |
World War I
-----------
### Mobilisation
On the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, the battery mobilised at Faversham under [Major](/wiki/Major_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Major (United Kingdom)") E.L. Gowland, who had commanded it since 4 March 1911\. After mobilisation, units of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service, and on 15 August the [War Office](/wiki/War_Office "War Office") issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. These reserve units absorbed the mass of volunteers who were coming forward. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way, duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. Thus were formed the 1/1st and 2/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Bys.Becke, Pt 2b, p. 6\.
The Home Counties Division accepted the liability for service in [India](/wiki/British_Raj "British Raj") to release the regular units of the garrison there for active service on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 "Western Front (World War I)"). However, heavy artillery was not required for India, so when the division departed on 30 October, the 1/1st Bty stayed behind with the [2nd Home Counties Division](/wiki/67th_%282nd_Home_Counties%29_Division "67th (2nd Home Counties) Division") that was being formed.Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 75–82\.[67 Division at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/67th-2nd-home-counties-division/)
### 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery
The battery (normally referred to as the 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty) formally joined 2nd Home Counties Division on 30 October 1914, and the division assembled in [billets](/wiki/Billet "Billet") round [Windsor, Berkshire](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Berkshire "Windsor, Berkshire") during November. It was numbered 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division in August 1915\. On 17 November, the 1/1st Bty left the division to equip for overseas service, and it landed at [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre "Le Havre") on 29 December 1915\. It joined the XVI Heavy Brigade, RGA, in [Third Army](/wiki/Third_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Third Army (United Kingdom)") on 31 December and went into billets at [La Herlière](/wiki/La_Herli%C3%A8re "La Herlière"), south\-west of [Arras](/wiki/Arras "Arras").[Heavy Btys RGA at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-royal-artillery-in-the-first-world-war/the-heavy-batteries-of-the-royal-garrison-artillery/)['Allocation of Heavy Batteries RGA'](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646), [The National Archives (TNA), Kew](/wiki/The_National_Archives_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The National Archives (United Kingdom)"), file WO 95/5494/2\.[16th HAG War Diary May–December 1915, TNA file WO 95/216/5\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/874fd61626564f89a1180ceb26923046)
In XVI Bde 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty was serving alongside [9th](/wiki/9th_Heavy_Battery%2C_Royal_Garrison_Artillery "9th Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery"), [14th](/wiki/14th_Heavy_Battery%2C_Royal_Garrison_Artillery "14th Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery") and 114th Heavy Btys of the [New Army](/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army "Kitchener's Army"), and later [1/1st Lowland](/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Artillery%231/1st_Lowland_%28City_of_Edinburgh%29_Heavy_Battery "Edinburgh City Artillery#1/1st Lowland (City of Edinburgh) Heavy Battery") and [1/2nd Lancashire Heavy Btys](/wiki/8th_Lancashire_Artillery_Volunteers%231/2nd_Lancashire_Heavy_Battery "8th Lancashire Artillery Volunteers#1/2nd Lancashire Heavy Battery") of the TF. On 1 January 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty moved two guns into positions previously occupied by 9th Heavy Bty and took over that battery's billets at [Pommier](/wiki/Pommier "Pommier"), while the wagon lines remained at La Herlière. The gunners began preparing platforms for the other two guns, despite a shortage of timber. A shortage of ammunition for the obsolescent 4\.7\-inch guns meant that there was little firing at this time. 1/1st Kent Bty fired a few rounds to [register](/wiki/Trench_warfare%23Artillery "Trench warfare#Artillery") its guns, then from 9 January was given targets such as enemy batteries and observation posts (OPs), using [Lyddite](/wiki/Glossary_of_British_ordnance_terms%23Common_lyddite "Glossary of British ordnance terms#Common lyddite") and [high explosive](/wiki/Shell_%28projectile%29%23High-explosive_shells "Shell (projectile)#High-explosive shells") (HE) and timed [Shrapnel shells](/wiki/Shrapnel_shell "Shrapnel shell") as available. Otherwise the work consisted of night firing to harass enemy communications. From February to April the battery concentrated on [Counter\-battery](/wiki/Counter-battery_fire "Counter-battery fire") (CB) fire against targets round Essarts and [Bucquoy](/wiki/Bucquoy "Bucquoy"), occasionally firing to break up an enemy working party. In March XVI Bde came under 6th Heavy Artillery Reserve, soon redesignated [VI Corps Heavy Artillery](/wiki/VI_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "VI Corps (United Kingdom)").Anon, *9th Heavy*, 'Battery Log'.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 30–4\.[16th HAG War Diary January–August 1916, TNA file WO 95/216/6\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/326a0cfda7dc4944bba41ea8ad557ff1)Becke, Pt 4, pp. 169–74; Appendix 3\.
RGA brigades were redesignated Heavy Artillery Groups (HAGs) in April 1916, and the policy now was to move batteries between them as required.Farndale, AnnexE.Frederick, p. 718\. 16th HAG handed over its batteries to the newly arrived 48th HAG on 27 April 1916\. The work did not change, but there was more ammunition available and the improved weather meant that aircraft could be used to range the guns onto enemy batteries[48th HAG War Diary August 1915–June 1917, TNA file WO 95/225/1\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/216e15e23e914654b0f1e9b47a448bd2)
#### Gommecourt
[thumb\|300px\|right\|Transport limbers gallop past a battery of British 4\.7 inch guns on the [Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme").](/wiki/File:NLS_Haig_-_Heavy_gun_in_action.jpg "NLS Haig - Heavy gun in action.jpg")
48th HAG was assigned to [VII Corps](/wiki/VII_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "VII Corps (United Kingdom)") to support [56th (1/1st London) Division](/wiki/56th_%28London%29_Division "56th (London) Division") in Third Army's [Attack on the Gommecourt Salient](/wiki/Attack_on_the_Gommecourt_Salient "Attack on the Gommecourt Salient") for the forthcoming 'Big Push' (the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme")). Its main role was CB fire, although its 4\.7\-inch guns could not actually reach the German heavy gun positions in the rear. The planned seven\-day bombardment of the German positions began on 24 June but shortage of 4\.7\-inch ammunition meant that 48th HAG did not participate in this programme on the first three days (U, V and W Days), only carrying out some 'night line' harassing fire into German\-held villages.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 89–98\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 175–8\.MacDonald, pp. 170–2, 178–80, 192–4\.Edmonds, *1916*, Vol I, p. 460\.Ward, pp. 34 and 45\.
The 4\.7\-inch guns joined in the bombardment programme at dawn on 27 June (X Day), firing into the village of Bucquoy at 06\.00\. However, accuracy was poor: when the Kent battery fired 30 shells at German Battery position 504 at 11\.04, only three were on target. Later the guns practised a six\-minute [hurricane bombardment](/wiki/Hurricane_bombardment "Hurricane bombardment") on the German positions. Y Day was spent shelling German gun positions, but the weather was poor for observation. Because of the weather, the attack was postposed for two days, and the additional days (Y1 and Y2\) were used for further bombardment. On Y2, 48th HAG engaged 18 separate targets, and 1/1st Kent Bty fired 228 rounds, but this was far below the 400 per battery permitted, because of difficulties of observation. Many of these rounds were wide of their intended targets.MacDonald, pp. 194–6\.
On Z Day (1 July), the entire artillery supporting 56th Division fired a 65\-minute bombardment of the German front, starting at 06\.25\. At 07\.30 the guns lifted onto their pre\-arranged targets in the German support and reserve lines as the infantry got out of their forward trenches and advanced towards Gommecourt. At first this went well for 56th Division. Despite casualties from the German counter\-bombardment on their jumping\-off trenches, the smoke and morning mist helped the infantry, and they reached the German front line with little loss and moved on towards the second and reserve lines. The artillery Observation Posts (OPs) reported the signboards erected by the leading waves to mark their progress. However, the OPs themselves came under attack from the German counter\-bombardment, which prevented supplies and reinforcements crossing [No man's land](/wiki/No_man%27s_land "No man's land") to reaching the leading waves who had entered the German trenches. The heavy guns tried to suppress the German artillery, but the commander of 56th Division commented that although 'our counter\-batter groups engaged a large number of German batteries – the results were not apparent'. By mid\-afternoon, the division's slight gains were being eroded by German counter\-attacks, and all the remaining gains had to be abandoned after dark.Edmonds, *1916* Vol I, pp. 462–4, 471–3\.MacDonald, pp. 258–67, 345, 364\-8, 373–6, 385, 392–405\.Ward, p. 45\.
#### Somme
The Gommecourt attack had only been a diversion from [Fourth Army](/wiki/Fourth_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Fourth Army (United Kingdom)")'s main Somme offensive, and Third Army closed it down at the end of the first day. 48th HAG resumed routine work. On 3 August 1/1 Kent Bty was posted to Fourth Army. It pulled its guns out and marched to [Talmas](/wiki/Talmas "Talmas") to join 18th HAG, arriving on 6 August. It came into action that night about {{convert\|1000\|yd\|m}} south east of [Mametz](/wiki/Mametz%2C_Somme "Mametz, Somme") Church.[18th HAG War Diary May 1915–October 1918, TNA file WO 95/540/1\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/442f894a74df470c9b90c2e4ea5fe2af)
18th HAG was supporting the operations of [III](/wiki/III_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "III Corps (United Kingdom)") and [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XV Corps (United Kingdom)") with CB fire, and firing on 'night lines' against the villages of [Morval](/wiki/Morval%2C_Pas-de-Calais "Morval, Pas-de-Calais"), [Lesbœufs](/wiki/Lesb%C5%93ufs "Lesbœufs") and [Flers](/wiki/Flers%2C_Somme "Flers, Somme"), together with the nearby road junctions. The Mametz area was subject to German shellfire. The worn\-out old 4\.7\-inch guns were proving troublesome. III and XV Corps attacked in [Delville Wood](/wiki/Delville_Wood "Delville Wood") on 18 August, and 18th HAG participated in a protective [barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 "Barrage (artillery)") against a German counter\-attack; this sequence was repeated on 31 August. By now, 18th HAG was keeping about 50 enemy batteries under regular bursts of shelling in an attempt to suppress them. XV Corps attacked [Ginchy](/wiki/Ginchy "Ginchy") and [Guillemont](/wiki/Battle_of_Guillemont "Battle of Guillemont") on 3 September but 1/1st Kent's 4\.7's were out of action. A shortage of ammunition kept all of 18th HAG's 4\.7s silent during the [Battle of Flers–Courcelette](/wiki/Battle_of_Flers%E2%80%93Courcelette "Battle of Flers–Courcelette") on 15 September, but by 20 September the group had accumulated 5000 rounds. The batteries resumed night firing and on 24–6 September laid down concentrated bombardments to support the [Capture of Gueudecourt](/wiki/Capture_of_Gueudecourt "Capture of Gueudecourt"). During the [Battle of Le Transloy](/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Transloy "Battle of Le Transloy") (1 October) 1/1st Kent Bty kept the exits from [Ligny](/wiki/Ligny-Thilloy "Ligny-Thilloy") village under fire to assist XV Corps. Activity died away on Fourth Army's front during October.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 145–51\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 223–8\.Miles, *1916*, Vol II, pp. 198, 205–7, 385, 428–30\.
#### Winter 1916–17
[thumb\|300px\|right\|RGA manhandling a 60\-pounder gun, 1917\.](/wiki/File:60-pounder_gun_at_Wieltje_Sep_1917_IWM_Q_3019.jpg "60-pounder gun at Wieltje Sep 1917 IWM Q 3019.jpg")
62nd HAG took over 18th HAG's batteries on 2 December as 18th HAG moved to [Bussy\-lès\-Daours](/wiki/Bussy-l%C3%A8s-Daours "Bussy-lès-Daours") with XV Corps, which was taking over part of front from the French, but 1/1st Kent Bty returned to the command of 18th HAG next day and joined it on 13 December. It had one gun in the workshops but got the other three in position by 15 December. The group began routine shelling of German positions.
On 13 February 1917, 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty battery was joined by a section of 118th Heavy Bty RGA to make it up to a strength of six guns. The 118th Heavy Bty was a regular unit formed at [Woolwich](/wiki/Royal_Artillery_Barracks "Royal Artillery Barracks") shortly after the outbreak of war and had been in France with 4\.7\-inch guns since 6 November 1914\.Farndale, *Western Front*, p. 82\.Becke, Pt 1, pp. 89–95\. By now, the heavy batteries on the Western Front were adopting the modern [60\-pounder](/wiki/BL_60-pounder_gun "BL 60-pounder gun") in place of the obsolete 4\.7\-inch.Farndale, *Western Front*, Annex E.
The battery transferred to 21st HAG on 17 March. This group was engaged in following up the German retirement to the [Hindenburg Line](/wiki/Hindenburg_Line "Hindenburg Line") ([Operation Alberich](/wiki/Operation_Alberich "Operation Alberich")).[21st HAG War Diary June 1915–July 1919 (April 1917 missing) TNA file WO 95/469/1\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/4c0f98704bc54a3e913aef3f0903f131) The newly arrived 92nd HAG took over part of 21st HAG at [Fins](/wiki/Fins%2C_Somme "Fins, Somme"), including 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty, on 30 April.[92nd Bde War Diary March 1917–March 1919, TNA file WO 95/397/3\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/d7657a67a2334597849e76480d043627)
The group began CB work, then supported [8th Division](/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "8th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)") of XV Corps in a raid against La Vacquerie village (an outpost of the Hindenburg Line) on 5 May.Falls, *1917*, Vol I, p. 531\. 92nd HAG was now ordered to [Poperinge](/wiki/Poperinge "Poperinge") behind the [Ypres Salient](/wiki/Ypres_Salient "Ypres Salient"), and the 1st Echelon of 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty entrained on 1 July.
#### Ypres
On arrival at [Ypres](/wiki/Ypres "Ypres") the battery was posted to 58th HAG with [XIX Corps](/wiki/XIX_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XIX Corps (United Kingdom)"), [Fifth Army](/wiki/Fifth_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Fifth Army (United Kingdom)"), as part of the artillery concentration for the forthcoming [Third Ypres Offensive](/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele "Battle of Passchendaele"). 58th HAG was to act as the Southern CB Group. Its 60\-pdr batteries began digging in near Kruisstraaat and began their work. The preliminary bombardment for the offensive began on 16 July and the 60\-pdrs carried out 'vigorous' CB neutralising fire day and night, also sweeping the enemy's roads and tracks during the night. The delayed attack (the [Battle of Pilckem Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Pilckem_Ridge "Battle of Pilckem Ridge")) was launched at 03\.45 on 31 July. Immediately 58th HAG began vigorous neutralisation of hostile batteries. The [55th (West Lancashire) Division](/wiki/55th_%28West_Lancashire%29_Division "55th (West Lancashire) Division") of XIX Corps succeeded in crossing the obstacle of the Steenbeek stream and pressed on past Hill 35 towards the third and fourth objectives. 58th HAG's wagon lines were moved up by noon in preparation for a forward move. But 55th (WL) Division found that the siege guns had hardly touched the concrete [pillboxes](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 "Pillbox (military)") on the higher slope. The Germans counter\-attacked at 17\.00, the British infantry had to relinquish Hill 35 and several strongpoints they had captured. At the end of the day 55th (WL) Division held a line just across the Steenbeke. Nevertheless, 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty moved forward at noon on 1 August and was in action next day, the 60\-pdr batteries continuing their neutralising CB fire and night bombardment of enemy roads and communications.[58th Bde War Diary August 1917–January 1919, TNA file WO 95/393/8\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/e6870b195d194ec4844a2624c71dab9a)Becke, Pt 4, pp. 111–120\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 243–6\.Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 107–8, 135, 157–8, 166–7, 172–4, Sketch 15\.Farndale, pp. 199–204\.Wolff, pp. 148–62\.
Heavy rain then set in and the battlefield turned to mud, severely hampering movement, while the poor visibility restricted observation, so the guns had to fire 'off the map'. The next phase of the offensive was therefore delayed. Meanwhile, the German artillery continued to harass the packed British gun lines, whose own CB fire was spread over a wide area. On 11 August 58th HAG assisted an attack by the neighbouring [II Corps](/wiki/II_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "II Corps (United Kingdom)") on the [Gheluveldt Plateau](/wiki/Gheluvelt_Plateau_actions%2C_July%E2%80%93August_1917 "Gheluvelt Plateau actions, July–August 1917"), and on 14 August it bombarded [Poelcapelle](/wiki/Poelcapelle "Poelcapelle") on 14 August. XIX Corps' own attack at the [Battle of Langemarck](/wiki/Battle_of_Langemarck_%281917%29 "Battle of Langemarck (1917)") on 16 August was halted by pillboxes and strongpoints that the heavy artillery had missed, and was then driven back by a strong German counter\-attack that was not spotted by the observers in the smoke. 58th HAG then fired in support of XVIII Corps on 19 August. In between, the 60\-pdrs fired gas shells into enemy battery positions during the hours of darkness, especially before the attack of 22 August. They provided neutralising fire for a night attack on the Gallipoli strongpoint on 25 August. Then on 27 August the 60\-pdrs participated in a [Creeping barrage](/wiki/Creeping_barrage "Creeping barrage") for XIX Corps fighting near [Zonnebeke](/wiki/Zonnebeke "Zonnebeke").Becke, Pt 4, pp. 137–43\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 239–42\.Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 185–9, 194–9, 203–4, 207–8, Sketches 18 \& 20\.Farndale, p. 204\.Wolff, pp. 167–75\.
1/1st Kent Heavy Bty transferred to 42nd HAG on 5 September when XIX Corps handed over its section of the line to V Corps. The batteries were still 'strafing' enemy roads and communications and trying to neutralise hostile batteries. V Corps was involved in the limited attacks on the [Menin Road Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Menin_Road_Ridge "Battle of the Menin Road Ridge") (20–25 September) and [Polygon Wood](/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood "Battle of Polygon Wood") (beginning on 26 September), which were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. Fifth Army and V Corps then handed over the line to [Second Army](/wiki/Second_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Second Army (United Kingdom)") and [II ANZAC Corps](/wiki/II_ANZAC_Corps "II ANZAC Corps"), who launched the successful [Battle of Broodseinde](/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde "Battle of Broodseinde") (4 October). However, the battles of [Poelcappelle](/wiki/Battle_of_Poelcappelle "Battle of Poelcappelle") (9 October) and [First Passchendaele](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Passchendaele "First Battle of Passchendaele") (12 October) were progressively less successful as the weather worsened and the mud became almost insurmountable. British batteries were clearly observable from the [Passchendaele Ridge](/wiki/Passchendaele_Ridge "Passchendaele Ridge") and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 161–7\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 79–87\.Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 239–52, 263–8, 289, 288–9, 307–9, 325–32, 338–43, Sketches 23, 24, 26, 27\.Farndale, pp. 205–12\.Wolff, pp. 187–212, 220–43, 247–51\.
#### Winter 1917–18
Finally the battery was pulled out on 21 October and transferred back to 16th HAG, which was under orders to join [XIII Corps](/wiki/XIII_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XIII Corps (United Kingdom)") in a quiet sector on [First Army](/wiki/First_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "First Army (United Kingdom)")'s front at [Thélus](/wiki/Th%C3%A9lus "Thélus").[16th Bde War Diary May 1917–April 1918, TNA file WO 95/216/8\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/cc81708f0a8f4dcf99dc68dd9ac7a97b)
1/1st Kent Heavy Bty left 16th HAG and joined First Army HA in the GHQ Reserve from 20 December to 12 January 1918 In late 1917, the heavy artillery policy was changed, and HAGs became permanent brigades. 1/1st Kent Bty rejoined 92nd HAG on 13 January 1918 and remained with it until the end of the war. This was now designated as 92nd (Mobile) Brigade, RGA, composed of four six\-gun batteries of 60\-pounders.['Allocation of HA Groups', TNA file WO 95/5494/1\.](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646)Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 57–8\.Farndale, Annex M. The brigade was still in GHQ Reserve: the guns were left in their positions, but were not manned; instead in February 1918 the gunners of 1/1st Kent relieved 1st Canadian Heavy Bty to allow its gunners to leave the line for rest and training.
#### Spring Offensive
[thumb\|300px\|left\|A 60\-pounder gun being moved up in 1918\.](/wiki/File:60_pounder_gun_advancing_in_Flanders_22-09-1918_IWM_Q_6996.jpg "60 pounder gun advancing in Flanders 22-09-1918 IWM Q 6996.jpg")
The Germans launched their [Spring Offensive](/wiki/German_spring_offensive "German spring offensive") on 21 March 1918\. 92nd (M) Bde was sent up from GHQ Reserve that afternoon to reinforce the hard\-pressed Third Army, and remained with it until the [Armistice with Germany](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany "Armistice with Germany").Anon, *14th Heavy*, p. 58\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, pp. 253–4\.Farndale, *Western Front*, p. 265 and Annex M.
1/1st Kent Heavy Bty first moved to [Bihucourt](/wiki/Bihucourt "Bihucourt"), near [Bapaume](/wiki/Bapaume "Bapaume"), where it got into position on 23 March and opened fire against the advancing Germans next day in support of [6th Division](/wiki/6th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "6th Division (United Kingdom)"). However, that evening it was ordered to retire: Bapaume was being evacuated, the 'Great Retreat' had begun and by now the roads were congested. This meant that only the gun teams could struggle through to withdraw the guns, and other equipment had to be abandoned. The battery also suffered a few casualties from a long\-range gun. It withdrew through [Bucquoy](/wiki/Bucquoy "Bucquoy"), taking up a number of short\-lived positions over the next three days in support of [41st Division](/wiki/41st_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "41st Division (United Kingdom)"). [Lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 "Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)") Hutchinson from [127th (Bristol) Heavy Bty](/wiki/127th_%28Bristol%29_Heavy_Battery%2C_Royal_Garrison_Artillery "127th (Bristol) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery") took over temporary command of the battery. It came into action between [Foncquevillers](/wiki/Foncquevillers "Foncquevillers") and [Souastre](/wiki/Souastre "Souastre") on 27 March with [62nd (2nd West Riding) Division](/wiki/62nd_%282nd_West_Riding%29_Division "62nd (2nd West Riding) Division"). At first the batteries of 92nd Bde were in the open, to engage any enemy coming over the [Hébuterne](/wiki/H%C3%A9buterne "Hébuterne") ridge over open sights, but as the Germans did not get that far the guns were withdrawn behind a crest to hide their flashes. On 5 April the Germans launched a new phase of their offensive (the [Battle of the Ancre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_%281918%29 "Battle of the Ancre (1918)")) and the battery position was bombarded for 6 hours, though only four shells actually fell near. German accounts refer to the 'strong reaction' they received from the British artillery, and the attacks made little headway, ending the offensive on this front.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 59–61\.Blaxland, pp. 58–60, 66–7, 72–5, 83\-6, 106\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, p. 438\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol II, pp. 130–7\.[1/1st Kent War Diary 21 March 1918–1919, TNA file WO 95/397/4\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/9ca8f423b92140208b47e888d6cdee38){{efn\|Individual batteries were no longer required to keep their own war diaries once the RGA brigades became permanent. However, 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty's only surviving war diary begins on 21 March 1918, reflecting the confusion of that period.}}
[Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 "Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)") C.H.A. Borradaile from 110th Heavy Bty assumed command of the battery on 7 April and the battery began to replace its missing equipment and stores. Left Section (LX) was moved into gun pits and the off\-duty men moved into strong [dugouts](/wiki/Dugout_%28shelter%29%23World_War_I "Dugout (shelter)#World War I"). The following months were quiet on this front and the batteries continued to re\-equip, improve their positions and overhaul their guns. Any firing was at maximum range, and some gun positions were kept hidden and silent.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 61–5\.
#### Hundred Days Offensive
[thumb\|300px\|right\|A 60\-pounder moving up during the Hundred Days Offensive, 1918\.](/wiki/File:The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q6995.jpg "The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q6995.jpg")
After the German offensives were halted, the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I "Allies of World War I") went over to the attack in their own [Hundred Days Offensive](/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive "Hundred Days Offensive"). Third Army joined in at the [Battle of Albert](/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_%281918%29 "Battle of Albert (1918)"), beginning on 21 August. From Zero hour (04\.55\) 92nd Brigade's batteries carried out CB fire for 3 hours, then pulled their guns out and advanced through forward\-moving traffic to positions behind Bucquoy. Here 1/1st Kent Bty spent the afternoon engaging targets pointed out by observation aircraft. On 22 August the battery moved forward to Essarts, then again on 24 August as far as [Achiet\-le\-Petit](/wiki/Achiet-le-Petit "Achiet-le-Petit"), despite traffic jams. The mobile warfare (the [Battle of the Scarpe](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scarpe_%281918%29 "Battle of the Scarpe (1918)")) continued through Bihucourt, and on 28 August 1/1st Kent Bty moved to [Biefvillers\-lès\-Bapaume](/wiki/Biefvillers-l%C3%A8s-Bapaume "Biefvillers-lès-Bapaume") for a special task of enfilading the Bapaume–[Péronne](/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne%2C_Somme "Péronne, Somme") road. By the end of the month 1/1st Kent Bty was east of [Favreuil](/wiki/Favreuil "Favreuil"). Unused to mobile warfare, the battery regarded the 10\-day advance as an extended training exercise, which it continued during the pause at Favreuil.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 65–7\.Blaxland, pp. 204–10\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 182–94, 204–6, 211, 220–34, 242–58, 266–78, 298–310, 323–7, 334–6, 343–7, 361\-4, 370\.Farndale, pp. 290–3\.
The impetus was renewed with the [Second Battle of Bapaume](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bapaume "Second Battle of Bapaume"), beginning on 31 August. On 3 September the Germans retreated and the batteries were on the move again, through [Frémicourt](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9micourt "Frémicourt") and [Vélu](/wiki/V%C3%A9lu "Vélu") Wood, [Ruyaulcourt](/wiki/Ruyaulcourt "Ruyaulcourt"), and [Neuville\-Bourjonval](/wiki/Neuville-Bourjonval "Neuville-Bourjonval") (14 September). On the way, 1/1st Kent Bty received two new guns to replace those worn out by the heavy firing. The advance now paused because the Germans were now back in their Hindenburg Line positions. The Allies now carried out a series of attacks all along the Western Front, with Third Army's launching the [Battle of the Canal du Nord](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord "Battle of the Canal du Nord") on 27 September. In the evening 1/1st Kent Bty came into action behind [Gouzeaucourt](/wiki/Gouzeaucourt "Gouzeaucourt") Wood, where it had dumped 1000 rounds of ammunition over the previous two days. After the gun teams were clear, the position came under gas and HE fire, which was kept up all night, causing a few casualties and damaging two guns, one of which was repaired. The advance continued, and the battery moved up to La Vacquerie on 30 September, then to Bon Avis and Chenau Wood. Third Army's next attack was the [Second Battle of Cambrai](/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_%281918%29 "Battle of Cambrai (1918)") on 8 October, when 92nd Bde was assigned to CB fire to support [IV Corps'](/wiki/IV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "IV Corps (United Kingdom)") attack. Third Army broke through the Beaurevoir Line, after which it pursued the Germans towards the [River Selle](/wiki/River_Selle "River Selle"). On 9 October 14 and 1/1st Kent Heavy Btys were detached from 92nd Bde and directly attached to the pursuing formations, [37th Division](/wiki/37th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "37th Division (United Kingdom)") in the case of 1/1st Kents. 37th Division met little opposition and was on its final objective by noon. Over the next three days 1/1st Kent Bty followed through [Haucourt](/wiki/Haucourt-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis "Haucourt-en-Cambrésis"), [Caudry](/wiki/Caudry "Caudry") and [Beaumont](/wiki/Beaumont-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis "Beaumont-en-Cambrésis").Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 68–74\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 153–60\.Blaxland, p. 229\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 417–20, 439–41, 449\.Edmonds \& Maxwell\-Hyslop, *1918* Vol V, pp. 30–52, 199–210, 221, 238–40, Sketches 6 \& 16\.Farndale, pp. 302–4\.
There was another pause as the BEF prepared to cross the Selle. 1/1st Kent Bty reverted to 92nd Bde and continued CB and harassing fire. For the [Battle of the Selle](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Selle "Battle of the Selle") there was no long preliminary bombardment, instead a surprise attack was made at 02\.00 on 20 October under a full moon. The battery made a short move forward to [Viesly](/wiki/Viesly "Viesly"), then on 22 October it crossed the Selle to come into action near [Briastre](/wiki/Briastre "Briastre"). Here it was attached to 37th Division again for the advance to Pont\-a\-Pierres. During the October fighting heavy guns were not used on the towns, to avoid casualties among French civilians, but the 60\-pounders were used to 'search' roads and forest clearings. 1/1st Kent Bty found its biggest problem to be obtaining 60\-pdr ammunition, which the divisional artillery could not supply. It was still suffering a few casualties from long range German guns, and took up an alternative position at [Salesches](/wiki/Salesches "Salesches") on 30 October. For the [Battle of the Sambre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sambre_%281918%29 "Battle of the Sambre (1918)") on 4 November, 92nd Bde supported IV Corps in a complex fire programme to assist 37th Division and the [New Zealand Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_Division "New Zealand Division") in capturing the old fortress of [Le Quesnoy](/wiki/Capture_of_Le_Quesnoy_%281918%29 "Capture of Le Quesnoy (1918)").Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 76–7\.Blaxland, pp. 252–8\.Edmonds \& Maxwell\-Hyslop, *1918*, Vol V, pp. 334–43, 364–6, 377, 480–83\.Farndale, *Western Front*, pp. 309–14, 319\.
This was 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty's last operation: on 4 November the wagon lines joined the battery at Salesches, where the guns and wagons were parked. Hostilities ended with the Armistice on 11 November. On 20 November 92nd Bde began a long march from Salesches to the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine"), where it was to form part of the occupation forces. 1/1st Kent Bty reached Merode on 20 December. On 4 January 1919 it moved to [Huchem\-Stammeln](/wiki/Huchem-Stammeln "Huchem-Stammeln"), where it was billeted. Major Borradaile having been sent to hospital, [Brevet](/wiki/Brevet_%28military%29 "Brevet (military)") [Lieutenant\-Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)") F.W. Loveday assumed command of the battery in February. Numbers began to dwindle as men were [demobilised](/wiki/Demobilization "Demobilization"), and 1/1st Kents unofficially adopted the establishment of a 4\-gun battery. On 17 March the battery was ordered to be reduced to a cadre, and surplus men and horses were transferred to other batteries. The remaining cadre travelled to [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp") where on 20 May it embarked on SS *Sicilian* for [Tilbury Docks](/wiki/Tilbury_Docks "Tilbury Docks") and was demobilised.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 80–2\.
### 2/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery
The battery formally separated from 1/1st Bty on 26 December 1914, but it was January 1916 before it received its guns. Even then, vital equipment such as sights were still lacking. 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division had a dual role of training drafts for units serving overseas and at the same time being part of the mobile force responsible for home defence. From November 1915 it formed part of [Second Army](/wiki/Second_Army_%28Home_Forces%29 "Second Army (Home Forces)"), [Central Force](/wiki/Central_Force "Central Force"), quartered in Kent with 2/1st Bty at [Ightham](/wiki/Ightham "Ightham").
In September 1916, the battery moved to [Mundesley](/wiki/Mundesley "Mundesley") in [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk "Norfolk"), where it joined [4th Provisional Brigade](/wiki/224th_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "224th Brigade (United Kingdom)"). Provisional brigades were TF home defence formations composed of men who had not signed up for overseas service, but after the [Military Service Act 1916](/wiki/Military_Service_Act_1916 "Military Service Act 1916") swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. The Provisional Brigades' role thus expanded to include physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas. The 4th Provisional Brigade became the [224th Mixed Brigade](/wiki/224th_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "224th Brigade (United Kingdom)") in December 1916 ('mixed' in this context indicating a formation of infantry and artillery with supporting units).
At the time of the Armistice, 2/1st Kent Heavy Battery was still at Mundesley as part of 224th Mixed Bde.
|
[
"World War I\n-----------",
"### Mobilisation",
"On the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, the battery mobilised at Faversham under [Major](/wiki/Major_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Major (United Kingdom)\") E.L. Gowland, who had commanded it since 4 March 1911\\. After mobilisation, units of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service, and on 15 August the [War Office](/wiki/War_Office \"War Office\") issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. These reserve units absorbed the mass of volunteers who were coming forward. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way, duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. Thus were formed the 1/1st and 2/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Bys.Becke, Pt 2b, p. 6\\.",
"The Home Counties Division accepted the liability for service in [India](/wiki/British_Raj \"British Raj\") to release the regular units of the garrison there for active service on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Western Front (World War I)\"). However, heavy artillery was not required for India, so when the division departed on 30 October, the 1/1st Bty stayed behind with the [2nd Home Counties Division](/wiki/67th_%282nd_Home_Counties%29_Division \"67th (2nd Home Counties) Division\") that was being formed.Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 75–82\\.[67 Division at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/67th-2nd-home-counties-division/)",
"### 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery",
"The battery (normally referred to as the 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty) formally joined 2nd Home Counties Division on 30 October 1914, and the division assembled in [billets](/wiki/Billet \"Billet\") round [Windsor, Berkshire](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Berkshire \"Windsor, Berkshire\") during November. It was numbered 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division in August 1915\\. On 17 November, the 1/1st Bty left the division to equip for overseas service, and it landed at [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre \"Le Havre\") on 29 December 1915\\. It joined the XVI Heavy Brigade, RGA, in [Third Army](/wiki/Third_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Third Army (United Kingdom)\") on 31 December and went into billets at [La Herlière](/wiki/La_Herli%C3%A8re \"La Herlière\"), south\\-west of [Arras](/wiki/Arras \"Arras\").[Heavy Btys RGA at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-royal-artillery-in-the-first-world-war/the-heavy-batteries-of-the-royal-garrison-artillery/)['Allocation of Heavy Batteries RGA'](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646), [The National Archives (TNA), Kew](/wiki/The_National_Archives_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The National Archives (United Kingdom)\"), file WO 95/5494/2\\.[16th HAG War Diary May–December 1915, TNA file WO 95/216/5\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/874fd61626564f89a1180ceb26923046)",
"In XVI Bde 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty was serving alongside [9th](/wiki/9th_Heavy_Battery%2C_Royal_Garrison_Artillery \"9th Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\"), [14th](/wiki/14th_Heavy_Battery%2C_Royal_Garrison_Artillery \"14th Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\") and 114th Heavy Btys of the [New Army](/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army \"Kitchener's Army\"), and later [1/1st Lowland](/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Artillery%231/1st_Lowland_%28City_of_Edinburgh%29_Heavy_Battery \"Edinburgh City Artillery#1/1st Lowland (City of Edinburgh) Heavy Battery\") and [1/2nd Lancashire Heavy Btys](/wiki/8th_Lancashire_Artillery_Volunteers%231/2nd_Lancashire_Heavy_Battery \"8th Lancashire Artillery Volunteers#1/2nd Lancashire Heavy Battery\") of the TF. On 1 January 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty moved two guns into positions previously occupied by 9th Heavy Bty and took over that battery's billets at [Pommier](/wiki/Pommier \"Pommier\"), while the wagon lines remained at La Herlière. The gunners began preparing platforms for the other two guns, despite a shortage of timber. A shortage of ammunition for the obsolescent 4\\.7\\-inch guns meant that there was little firing at this time. 1/1st Kent Bty fired a few rounds to [register](/wiki/Trench_warfare%23Artillery \"Trench warfare#Artillery\") its guns, then from 9 January was given targets such as enemy batteries and observation posts (OPs), using [Lyddite](/wiki/Glossary_of_British_ordnance_terms%23Common_lyddite \"Glossary of British ordnance terms#Common lyddite\") and [high explosive](/wiki/Shell_%28projectile%29%23High-explosive_shells \"Shell (projectile)#High-explosive shells\") (HE) and timed [Shrapnel shells](/wiki/Shrapnel_shell \"Shrapnel shell\") as available. Otherwise the work consisted of night firing to harass enemy communications. From February to April the battery concentrated on [Counter\\-battery](/wiki/Counter-battery_fire \"Counter-battery fire\") (CB) fire against targets round Essarts and [Bucquoy](/wiki/Bucquoy \"Bucquoy\"), occasionally firing to break up an enemy working party. In March XVI Bde came under 6th Heavy Artillery Reserve, soon redesignated [VI Corps Heavy Artillery](/wiki/VI_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"VI Corps (United Kingdom)\").Anon, *9th Heavy*, 'Battery Log'.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 30–4\\.[16th HAG War Diary January–August 1916, TNA file WO 95/216/6\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/326a0cfda7dc4944bba41ea8ad557ff1)Becke, Pt 4, pp. 169–74; Appendix 3\\.",
"RGA brigades were redesignated Heavy Artillery Groups (HAGs) in April 1916, and the policy now was to move batteries between them as required.Farndale, AnnexE.Frederick, p. 718\\. 16th HAG handed over its batteries to the newly arrived 48th HAG on 27 April 1916\\. The work did not change, but there was more ammunition available and the improved weather meant that aircraft could be used to range the guns onto enemy batteries[48th HAG War Diary August 1915–June 1917, TNA file WO 95/225/1\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/216e15e23e914654b0f1e9b47a448bd2)",
"#### Gommecourt",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Transport limbers gallop past a battery of British 4\\.7 inch guns on the [Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\").](/wiki/File:NLS_Haig_-_Heavy_gun_in_action.jpg \"NLS Haig - Heavy gun in action.jpg\")\n48th HAG was assigned to [VII Corps](/wiki/VII_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"VII Corps (United Kingdom)\") to support [56th (1/1st London) Division](/wiki/56th_%28London%29_Division \"56th (London) Division\") in Third Army's [Attack on the Gommecourt Salient](/wiki/Attack_on_the_Gommecourt_Salient \"Attack on the Gommecourt Salient\") for the forthcoming 'Big Push' (the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\")). Its main role was CB fire, although its 4\\.7\\-inch guns could not actually reach the German heavy gun positions in the rear. The planned seven\\-day bombardment of the German positions began on 24 June but shortage of 4\\.7\\-inch ammunition meant that 48th HAG did not participate in this programme on the first three days (U, V and W Days), only carrying out some 'night line' harassing fire into German\\-held villages.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 89–98\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 175–8\\.MacDonald, pp. 170–2, 178–80, 192–4\\.Edmonds, *1916*, Vol I, p. 460\\.Ward, pp. 34 and 45\\.",
"The 4\\.7\\-inch guns joined in the bombardment programme at dawn on 27 June (X Day), firing into the village of Bucquoy at 06\\.00\\. However, accuracy was poor: when the Kent battery fired 30 shells at German Battery position 504 at 11\\.04, only three were on target. Later the guns practised a six\\-minute [hurricane bombardment](/wiki/Hurricane_bombardment \"Hurricane bombardment\") on the German positions. Y Day was spent shelling German gun positions, but the weather was poor for observation. Because of the weather, the attack was postposed for two days, and the additional days (Y1 and Y2\\) were used for further bombardment. On Y2, 48th HAG engaged 18 separate targets, and 1/1st Kent Bty fired 228 rounds, but this was far below the 400 per battery permitted, because of difficulties of observation. Many of these rounds were wide of their intended targets.MacDonald, pp. 194–6\\.",
"On Z Day (1 July), the entire artillery supporting 56th Division fired a 65\\-minute bombardment of the German front, starting at 06\\.25\\. At 07\\.30 the guns lifted onto their pre\\-arranged targets in the German support and reserve lines as the infantry got out of their forward trenches and advanced towards Gommecourt. At first this went well for 56th Division. Despite casualties from the German counter\\-bombardment on their jumping\\-off trenches, the smoke and morning mist helped the infantry, and they reached the German front line with little loss and moved on towards the second and reserve lines. The artillery Observation Posts (OPs) reported the signboards erected by the leading waves to mark their progress. However, the OPs themselves came under attack from the German counter\\-bombardment, which prevented supplies and reinforcements crossing [No man's land](/wiki/No_man%27s_land \"No man's land\") to reaching the leading waves who had entered the German trenches. The heavy guns tried to suppress the German artillery, but the commander of 56th Division commented that although 'our counter\\-batter groups engaged a large number of German batteries – the results were not apparent'. By mid\\-afternoon, the division's slight gains were being eroded by German counter\\-attacks, and all the remaining gains had to be abandoned after dark.Edmonds, *1916* Vol I, pp. 462–4, 471–3\\.MacDonald, pp. 258–67, 345, 364\\-8, 373–6, 385, 392–405\\.Ward, p. 45\\.",
"#### Somme",
"The Gommecourt attack had only been a diversion from [Fourth Army](/wiki/Fourth_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Fourth Army (United Kingdom)\")'s main Somme offensive, and Third Army closed it down at the end of the first day. 48th HAG resumed routine work. On 3 August 1/1 Kent Bty was posted to Fourth Army. It pulled its guns out and marched to [Talmas](/wiki/Talmas \"Talmas\") to join 18th HAG, arriving on 6 August. It came into action that night about {{convert\\|1000\\|yd\\|m}} south east of [Mametz](/wiki/Mametz%2C_Somme \"Mametz, Somme\") Church.[18th HAG War Diary May 1915–October 1918, TNA file WO 95/540/1\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/442f894a74df470c9b90c2e4ea5fe2af)",
"18th HAG was supporting the operations of [III](/wiki/III_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"III Corps (United Kingdom)\") and [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XV Corps (United Kingdom)\") with CB fire, and firing on 'night lines' against the villages of [Morval](/wiki/Morval%2C_Pas-de-Calais \"Morval, Pas-de-Calais\"), [Lesbœufs](/wiki/Lesb%C5%93ufs \"Lesbœufs\") and [Flers](/wiki/Flers%2C_Somme \"Flers, Somme\"), together with the nearby road junctions. The Mametz area was subject to German shellfire. The worn\\-out old 4\\.7\\-inch guns were proving troublesome. III and XV Corps attacked in [Delville Wood](/wiki/Delville_Wood \"Delville Wood\") on 18 August, and 18th HAG participated in a protective [barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 \"Barrage (artillery)\") against a German counter\\-attack; this sequence was repeated on 31 August. By now, 18th HAG was keeping about 50 enemy batteries under regular bursts of shelling in an attempt to suppress them. XV Corps attacked [Ginchy](/wiki/Ginchy \"Ginchy\") and [Guillemont](/wiki/Battle_of_Guillemont \"Battle of Guillemont\") on 3 September but 1/1st Kent's 4\\.7's were out of action. A shortage of ammunition kept all of 18th HAG's 4\\.7s silent during the [Battle of Flers–Courcelette](/wiki/Battle_of_Flers%E2%80%93Courcelette \"Battle of Flers–Courcelette\") on 15 September, but by 20 September the group had accumulated 5000 rounds. The batteries resumed night firing and on 24–6 September laid down concentrated bombardments to support the [Capture of Gueudecourt](/wiki/Capture_of_Gueudecourt \"Capture of Gueudecourt\"). During the [Battle of Le Transloy](/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Transloy \"Battle of Le Transloy\") (1 October) 1/1st Kent Bty kept the exits from [Ligny](/wiki/Ligny-Thilloy \"Ligny-Thilloy\") village under fire to assist XV Corps. Activity died away on Fourth Army's front during October.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 145–51\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 223–8\\.Miles, *1916*, Vol II, pp. 198, 205–7, 385, 428–30\\.",
"#### Winter 1916–17",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|RGA manhandling a 60\\-pounder gun, 1917\\.](/wiki/File:60-pounder_gun_at_Wieltje_Sep_1917_IWM_Q_3019.jpg \"60-pounder gun at Wieltje Sep 1917 IWM Q 3019.jpg\")\n62nd HAG took over 18th HAG's batteries on 2 December as 18th HAG moved to [Bussy\\-lès\\-Daours](/wiki/Bussy-l%C3%A8s-Daours \"Bussy-lès-Daours\") with XV Corps, which was taking over part of front from the French, but 1/1st Kent Bty returned to the command of 18th HAG next day and joined it on 13 December. It had one gun in the workshops but got the other three in position by 15 December. The group began routine shelling of German positions.",
"On 13 February 1917, 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty battery was joined by a section of 118th Heavy Bty RGA to make it up to a strength of six guns. The 118th Heavy Bty was a regular unit formed at [Woolwich](/wiki/Royal_Artillery_Barracks \"Royal Artillery Barracks\") shortly after the outbreak of war and had been in France with 4\\.7\\-inch guns since 6 November 1914\\.Farndale, *Western Front*, p. 82\\.Becke, Pt 1, pp. 89–95\\. By now, the heavy batteries on the Western Front were adopting the modern [60\\-pounder](/wiki/BL_60-pounder_gun \"BL 60-pounder gun\") in place of the obsolete 4\\.7\\-inch.Farndale, *Western Front*, Annex E.",
"The battery transferred to 21st HAG on 17 March. This group was engaged in following up the German retirement to the [Hindenburg Line](/wiki/Hindenburg_Line \"Hindenburg Line\") ([Operation Alberich](/wiki/Operation_Alberich \"Operation Alberich\")).[21st HAG War Diary June 1915–July 1919 (April 1917 missing) TNA file WO 95/469/1\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/4c0f98704bc54a3e913aef3f0903f131) The newly arrived 92nd HAG took over part of 21st HAG at [Fins](/wiki/Fins%2C_Somme \"Fins, Somme\"), including 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty, on 30 April.[92nd Bde War Diary March 1917–March 1919, TNA file WO 95/397/3\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/d7657a67a2334597849e76480d043627)",
"The group began CB work, then supported [8th Division](/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"8th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\") of XV Corps in a raid against La Vacquerie village (an outpost of the Hindenburg Line) on 5 May.Falls, *1917*, Vol I, p. 531\\. 92nd HAG was now ordered to [Poperinge](/wiki/Poperinge \"Poperinge\") behind the [Ypres Salient](/wiki/Ypres_Salient \"Ypres Salient\"), and the 1st Echelon of 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty entrained on 1 July.",
"#### Ypres",
"On arrival at [Ypres](/wiki/Ypres \"Ypres\") the battery was posted to 58th HAG with [XIX Corps](/wiki/XIX_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XIX Corps (United Kingdom)\"), [Fifth Army](/wiki/Fifth_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Fifth Army (United Kingdom)\"), as part of the artillery concentration for the forthcoming [Third Ypres Offensive](/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele \"Battle of Passchendaele\"). 58th HAG was to act as the Southern CB Group. Its 60\\-pdr batteries began digging in near Kruisstraaat and began their work. The preliminary bombardment for the offensive began on 16 July and the 60\\-pdrs carried out 'vigorous' CB neutralising fire day and night, also sweeping the enemy's roads and tracks during the night. The delayed attack (the [Battle of Pilckem Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Pilckem_Ridge \"Battle of Pilckem Ridge\")) was launched at 03\\.45 on 31 July. Immediately 58th HAG began vigorous neutralisation of hostile batteries. The [55th (West Lancashire) Division](/wiki/55th_%28West_Lancashire%29_Division \"55th (West Lancashire) Division\") of XIX Corps succeeded in crossing the obstacle of the Steenbeek stream and pressed on past Hill 35 towards the third and fourth objectives. 58th HAG's wagon lines were moved up by noon in preparation for a forward move. But 55th (WL) Division found that the siege guns had hardly touched the concrete [pillboxes](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 \"Pillbox (military)\") on the higher slope. The Germans counter\\-attacked at 17\\.00, the British infantry had to relinquish Hill 35 and several strongpoints they had captured. At the end of the day 55th (WL) Division held a line just across the Steenbeke. Nevertheless, 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty moved forward at noon on 1 August and was in action next day, the 60\\-pdr batteries continuing their neutralising CB fire and night bombardment of enemy roads and communications.[58th Bde War Diary August 1917–January 1919, TNA file WO 95/393/8\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/e6870b195d194ec4844a2624c71dab9a)Becke, Pt 4, pp. 111–120\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 243–6\\.Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 107–8, 135, 157–8, 166–7, 172–4, Sketch 15\\.Farndale, pp. 199–204\\.Wolff, pp. 148–62\\.",
"Heavy rain then set in and the battlefield turned to mud, severely hampering movement, while the poor visibility restricted observation, so the guns had to fire 'off the map'. The next phase of the offensive was therefore delayed. Meanwhile, the German artillery continued to harass the packed British gun lines, whose own CB fire was spread over a wide area. On 11 August 58th HAG assisted an attack by the neighbouring [II Corps](/wiki/II_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"II Corps (United Kingdom)\") on the [Gheluveldt Plateau](/wiki/Gheluvelt_Plateau_actions%2C_July%E2%80%93August_1917 \"Gheluvelt Plateau actions, July–August 1917\"), and on 14 August it bombarded [Poelcapelle](/wiki/Poelcapelle \"Poelcapelle\") on 14 August. XIX Corps' own attack at the [Battle of Langemarck](/wiki/Battle_of_Langemarck_%281917%29 \"Battle of Langemarck (1917)\") on 16 August was halted by pillboxes and strongpoints that the heavy artillery had missed, and was then driven back by a strong German counter\\-attack that was not spotted by the observers in the smoke. 58th HAG then fired in support of XVIII Corps on 19 August. In between, the 60\\-pdrs fired gas shells into enemy battery positions during the hours of darkness, especially before the attack of 22 August. They provided neutralising fire for a night attack on the Gallipoli strongpoint on 25 August. Then on 27 August the 60\\-pdrs participated in a [Creeping barrage](/wiki/Creeping_barrage \"Creeping barrage\") for XIX Corps fighting near [Zonnebeke](/wiki/Zonnebeke \"Zonnebeke\").Becke, Pt 4, pp. 137–43\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 239–42\\.Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 185–9, 194–9, 203–4, 207–8, Sketches 18 \\& 20\\.Farndale, p. 204\\.Wolff, pp. 167–75\\.",
"1/1st Kent Heavy Bty transferred to 42nd HAG on 5 September when XIX Corps handed over its section of the line to V Corps. The batteries were still 'strafing' enemy roads and communications and trying to neutralise hostile batteries. V Corps was involved in the limited attacks on the [Menin Road Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Menin_Road_Ridge \"Battle of the Menin Road Ridge\") (20–25 September) and [Polygon Wood](/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood \"Battle of Polygon Wood\") (beginning on 26 September), which were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. Fifth Army and V Corps then handed over the line to [Second Army](/wiki/Second_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Second Army (United Kingdom)\") and [II ANZAC Corps](/wiki/II_ANZAC_Corps \"II ANZAC Corps\"), who launched the successful [Battle of Broodseinde](/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde \"Battle of Broodseinde\") (4 October). However, the battles of [Poelcappelle](/wiki/Battle_of_Poelcappelle \"Battle of Poelcappelle\") (9 October) and [First Passchendaele](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Passchendaele \"First Battle of Passchendaele\") (12 October) were progressively less successful as the weather worsened and the mud became almost insurmountable. British batteries were clearly observable from the [Passchendaele Ridge](/wiki/Passchendaele_Ridge \"Passchendaele Ridge\") and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 161–7\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 79–87\\.Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 239–52, 263–8, 289, 288–9, 307–9, 325–32, 338–43, Sketches 23, 24, 26, 27\\.Farndale, pp. 205–12\\.Wolff, pp. 187–212, 220–43, 247–51\\.",
"#### Winter 1917–18",
"Finally the battery was pulled out on 21 October and transferred back to 16th HAG, which was under orders to join [XIII Corps](/wiki/XIII_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XIII Corps (United Kingdom)\") in a quiet sector on [First Army](/wiki/First_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"First Army (United Kingdom)\")'s front at [Thélus](/wiki/Th%C3%A9lus \"Thélus\").[16th Bde War Diary May 1917–April 1918, TNA file WO 95/216/8\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/cc81708f0a8f4dcf99dc68dd9ac7a97b)",
"1/1st Kent Heavy Bty left 16th HAG and joined First Army HA in the GHQ Reserve from 20 December to 12 January 1918 In late 1917, the heavy artillery policy was changed, and HAGs became permanent brigades. 1/1st Kent Bty rejoined 92nd HAG on 13 January 1918 and remained with it until the end of the war. This was now designated as 92nd (Mobile) Brigade, RGA, composed of four six\\-gun batteries of 60\\-pounders.['Allocation of HA Groups', TNA file WO 95/5494/1\\.](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646)Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 57–8\\.Farndale, Annex M. The brigade was still in GHQ Reserve: the guns were left in their positions, but were not manned; instead in February 1918 the gunners of 1/1st Kent relieved 1st Canadian Heavy Bty to allow its gunners to leave the line for rest and training.",
"#### Spring Offensive",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|A 60\\-pounder gun being moved up in 1918\\.](/wiki/File:60_pounder_gun_advancing_in_Flanders_22-09-1918_IWM_Q_6996.jpg \"60 pounder gun advancing in Flanders 22-09-1918 IWM Q 6996.jpg\")\nThe Germans launched their [Spring Offensive](/wiki/German_spring_offensive \"German spring offensive\") on 21 March 1918\\. 92nd (M) Bde was sent up from GHQ Reserve that afternoon to reinforce the hard\\-pressed Third Army, and remained with it until the [Armistice with Germany](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany \"Armistice with Germany\").Anon, *14th Heavy*, p. 58\\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, pp. 253–4\\.Farndale, *Western Front*, p. 265 and Annex M.",
"1/1st Kent Heavy Bty first moved to [Bihucourt](/wiki/Bihucourt \"Bihucourt\"), near [Bapaume](/wiki/Bapaume \"Bapaume\"), where it got into position on 23 March and opened fire against the advancing Germans next day in support of [6th Division](/wiki/6th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"6th Division (United Kingdom)\"). However, that evening it was ordered to retire: Bapaume was being evacuated, the 'Great Retreat' had begun and by now the roads were congested. This meant that only the gun teams could struggle through to withdraw the guns, and other equipment had to be abandoned. The battery also suffered a few casualties from a long\\-range gun. It withdrew through [Bucquoy](/wiki/Bucquoy \"Bucquoy\"), taking up a number of short\\-lived positions over the next three days in support of [41st Division](/wiki/41st_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"41st Division (United Kingdom)\"). [Lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 \"Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)\") Hutchinson from [127th (Bristol) Heavy Bty](/wiki/127th_%28Bristol%29_Heavy_Battery%2C_Royal_Garrison_Artillery \"127th (Bristol) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\") took over temporary command of the battery. It came into action between [Foncquevillers](/wiki/Foncquevillers \"Foncquevillers\") and [Souastre](/wiki/Souastre \"Souastre\") on 27 March with [62nd (2nd West Riding) Division](/wiki/62nd_%282nd_West_Riding%29_Division \"62nd (2nd West Riding) Division\"). At first the batteries of 92nd Bde were in the open, to engage any enemy coming over the [Hébuterne](/wiki/H%C3%A9buterne \"Hébuterne\") ridge over open sights, but as the Germans did not get that far the guns were withdrawn behind a crest to hide their flashes. On 5 April the Germans launched a new phase of their offensive (the [Battle of the Ancre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_%281918%29 \"Battle of the Ancre (1918)\")) and the battery position was bombarded for 6 hours, though only four shells actually fell near. German accounts refer to the 'strong reaction' they received from the British artillery, and the attacks made little headway, ending the offensive on this front.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 59–61\\.Blaxland, pp. 58–60, 66–7, 72–5, 83\\-6, 106\\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, p. 438\\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol II, pp. 130–7\\.[1/1st Kent War Diary 21 March 1918–1919, TNA file WO 95/397/4\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/9ca8f423b92140208b47e888d6cdee38){{efn\\|Individual batteries were no longer required to keep their own war diaries once the RGA brigades became permanent. However, 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty's only surviving war diary begins on 21 March 1918, reflecting the confusion of that period.}}",
"[Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 \"Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)\") C.H.A. Borradaile from 110th Heavy Bty assumed command of the battery on 7 April and the battery began to replace its missing equipment and stores. Left Section (LX) was moved into gun pits and the off\\-duty men moved into strong [dugouts](/wiki/Dugout_%28shelter%29%23World_War_I \"Dugout (shelter)#World War I\"). The following months were quiet on this front and the batteries continued to re\\-equip, improve their positions and overhaul their guns. Any firing was at maximum range, and some gun positions were kept hidden and silent.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 61–5\\.",
"#### Hundred Days Offensive",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|A 60\\-pounder moving up during the Hundred Days Offensive, 1918\\.](/wiki/File:The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q6995.jpg \"The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q6995.jpg\")\nAfter the German offensives were halted, the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I \"Allies of World War I\") went over to the attack in their own [Hundred Days Offensive](/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive \"Hundred Days Offensive\"). Third Army joined in at the [Battle of Albert](/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_%281918%29 \"Battle of Albert (1918)\"), beginning on 21 August. From Zero hour (04\\.55\\) 92nd Brigade's batteries carried out CB fire for 3 hours, then pulled their guns out and advanced through forward\\-moving traffic to positions behind Bucquoy. Here 1/1st Kent Bty spent the afternoon engaging targets pointed out by observation aircraft. On 22 August the battery moved forward to Essarts, then again on 24 August as far as [Achiet\\-le\\-Petit](/wiki/Achiet-le-Petit \"Achiet-le-Petit\"), despite traffic jams. The mobile warfare (the [Battle of the Scarpe](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scarpe_%281918%29 \"Battle of the Scarpe (1918)\")) continued through Bihucourt, and on 28 August 1/1st Kent Bty moved to [Biefvillers\\-lès\\-Bapaume](/wiki/Biefvillers-l%C3%A8s-Bapaume \"Biefvillers-lès-Bapaume\") for a special task of enfilading the Bapaume–[Péronne](/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne%2C_Somme \"Péronne, Somme\") road. By the end of the month 1/1st Kent Bty was east of [Favreuil](/wiki/Favreuil \"Favreuil\"). Unused to mobile warfare, the battery regarded the 10\\-day advance as an extended training exercise, which it continued during the pause at Favreuil.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 65–7\\.Blaxland, pp. 204–10\\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 182–94, 204–6, 211, 220–34, 242–58, 266–78, 298–310, 323–7, 334–6, 343–7, 361\\-4, 370\\.Farndale, pp. 290–3\\.",
"The impetus was renewed with the [Second Battle of Bapaume](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bapaume \"Second Battle of Bapaume\"), beginning on 31 August. On 3 September the Germans retreated and the batteries were on the move again, through [Frémicourt](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9micourt \"Frémicourt\") and [Vélu](/wiki/V%C3%A9lu \"Vélu\") Wood, [Ruyaulcourt](/wiki/Ruyaulcourt \"Ruyaulcourt\"), and [Neuville\\-Bourjonval](/wiki/Neuville-Bourjonval \"Neuville-Bourjonval\") (14 September). On the way, 1/1st Kent Bty received two new guns to replace those worn out by the heavy firing. The advance now paused because the Germans were now back in their Hindenburg Line positions. The Allies now carried out a series of attacks all along the Western Front, with Third Army's launching the [Battle of the Canal du Nord](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord \"Battle of the Canal du Nord\") on 27 September. In the evening 1/1st Kent Bty came into action behind [Gouzeaucourt](/wiki/Gouzeaucourt \"Gouzeaucourt\") Wood, where it had dumped 1000 rounds of ammunition over the previous two days. After the gun teams were clear, the position came under gas and HE fire, which was kept up all night, causing a few casualties and damaging two guns, one of which was repaired. The advance continued, and the battery moved up to La Vacquerie on 30 September, then to Bon Avis and Chenau Wood. Third Army's next attack was the [Second Battle of Cambrai](/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_%281918%29 \"Battle of Cambrai (1918)\") on 8 October, when 92nd Bde was assigned to CB fire to support [IV Corps'](/wiki/IV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"IV Corps (United Kingdom)\") attack. Third Army broke through the Beaurevoir Line, after which it pursued the Germans towards the [River Selle](/wiki/River_Selle \"River Selle\"). On 9 October 14 and 1/1st Kent Heavy Btys were detached from 92nd Bde and directly attached to the pursuing formations, [37th Division](/wiki/37th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"37th Division (United Kingdom)\") in the case of 1/1st Kents. 37th Division met little opposition and was on its final objective by noon. Over the next three days 1/1st Kent Bty followed through [Haucourt](/wiki/Haucourt-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis \"Haucourt-en-Cambrésis\"), [Caudry](/wiki/Caudry \"Caudry\") and [Beaumont](/wiki/Beaumont-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis \"Beaumont-en-Cambrésis\").Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 68–74\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 153–60\\.Blaxland, p. 229\\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 417–20, 439–41, 449\\.Edmonds \\& Maxwell\\-Hyslop, *1918* Vol V, pp. 30–52, 199–210, 221, 238–40, Sketches 6 \\& 16\\.Farndale, pp. 302–4\\.",
"There was another pause as the BEF prepared to cross the Selle. 1/1st Kent Bty reverted to 92nd Bde and continued CB and harassing fire. For the [Battle of the Selle](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Selle \"Battle of the Selle\") there was no long preliminary bombardment, instead a surprise attack was made at 02\\.00 on 20 October under a full moon. The battery made a short move forward to [Viesly](/wiki/Viesly \"Viesly\"), then on 22 October it crossed the Selle to come into action near [Briastre](/wiki/Briastre \"Briastre\"). Here it was attached to 37th Division again for the advance to Pont\\-a\\-Pierres. During the October fighting heavy guns were not used on the towns, to avoid casualties among French civilians, but the 60\\-pounders were used to 'search' roads and forest clearings. 1/1st Kent Bty found its biggest problem to be obtaining 60\\-pdr ammunition, which the divisional artillery could not supply. It was still suffering a few casualties from long range German guns, and took up an alternative position at [Salesches](/wiki/Salesches \"Salesches\") on 30 October. For the [Battle of the Sambre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sambre_%281918%29 \"Battle of the Sambre (1918)\") on 4 November, 92nd Bde supported IV Corps in a complex fire programme to assist 37th Division and the [New Zealand Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_Division \"New Zealand Division\") in capturing the old fortress of [Le Quesnoy](/wiki/Capture_of_Le_Quesnoy_%281918%29 \"Capture of Le Quesnoy (1918)\").Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 76–7\\.Blaxland, pp. 252–8\\.Edmonds \\& Maxwell\\-Hyslop, *1918*, Vol V, pp. 334–43, 364–6, 377, 480–83\\.Farndale, *Western Front*, pp. 309–14, 319\\.",
"This was 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty's last operation: on 4 November the wagon lines joined the battery at Salesches, where the guns and wagons were parked. Hostilities ended with the Armistice on 11 November. On 20 November 92nd Bde began a long march from Salesches to the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\"), where it was to form part of the occupation forces. 1/1st Kent Bty reached Merode on 20 December. On 4 January 1919 it moved to [Huchem\\-Stammeln](/wiki/Huchem-Stammeln \"Huchem-Stammeln\"), where it was billeted. Major Borradaile having been sent to hospital, [Brevet](/wiki/Brevet_%28military%29 \"Brevet (military)\") [Lieutenant\\-Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)\") F.W. Loveday assumed command of the battery in February. Numbers began to dwindle as men were [demobilised](/wiki/Demobilization \"Demobilization\"), and 1/1st Kents unofficially adopted the establishment of a 4\\-gun battery. On 17 March the battery was ordered to be reduced to a cadre, and surplus men and horses were transferred to other batteries. The remaining cadre travelled to [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\") where on 20 May it embarked on SS *Sicilian* for [Tilbury Docks](/wiki/Tilbury_Docks \"Tilbury Docks\") and was demobilised.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 80–2\\.",
"### 2/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery",
"The battery formally separated from 1/1st Bty on 26 December 1914, but it was January 1916 before it received its guns. Even then, vital equipment such as sights were still lacking. 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division had a dual role of training drafts for units serving overseas and at the same time being part of the mobile force responsible for home defence. From November 1915 it formed part of [Second Army](/wiki/Second_Army_%28Home_Forces%29 \"Second Army (Home Forces)\"), [Central Force](/wiki/Central_Force \"Central Force\"), quartered in Kent with 2/1st Bty at [Ightham](/wiki/Ightham \"Ightham\").",
"In September 1916, the battery moved to [Mundesley](/wiki/Mundesley \"Mundesley\") in [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk \"Norfolk\"), where it joined [4th Provisional Brigade](/wiki/224th_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"224th Brigade (United Kingdom)\"). Provisional brigades were TF home defence formations composed of men who had not signed up for overseas service, but after the [Military Service Act 1916](/wiki/Military_Service_Act_1916 \"Military Service Act 1916\") swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. The Provisional Brigades' role thus expanded to include physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas. The 4th Provisional Brigade became the [224th Mixed Brigade](/wiki/224th_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"224th Brigade (United Kingdom)\") in December 1916 ('mixed' in this context indicating a formation of infantry and artillery with supporting units).",
"At the time of the Armistice, 2/1st Kent Heavy Battery was still at Mundesley as part of 224th Mixed Bde.",
""
] |
### 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery
The battery (normally referred to as the 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty) formally joined 2nd Home Counties Division on 30 October 1914, and the division assembled in [billets](/wiki/Billet "Billet") round [Windsor, Berkshire](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Berkshire "Windsor, Berkshire") during November. It was numbered 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division in August 1915\. On 17 November, the 1/1st Bty left the division to equip for overseas service, and it landed at [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre "Le Havre") on 29 December 1915\. It joined the XVI Heavy Brigade, RGA, in [Third Army](/wiki/Third_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Third Army (United Kingdom)") on 31 December and went into billets at [La Herlière](/wiki/La_Herli%C3%A8re "La Herlière"), south\-west of [Arras](/wiki/Arras "Arras").[Heavy Btys RGA at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-royal-artillery-in-the-first-world-war/the-heavy-batteries-of-the-royal-garrison-artillery/)['Allocation of Heavy Batteries RGA'](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646), [The National Archives (TNA), Kew](/wiki/The_National_Archives_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The National Archives (United Kingdom)"), file WO 95/5494/2\.[16th HAG War Diary May–December 1915, TNA file WO 95/216/5\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/874fd61626564f89a1180ceb26923046)
In XVI Bde 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty was serving alongside [9th](/wiki/9th_Heavy_Battery%2C_Royal_Garrison_Artillery "9th Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery"), [14th](/wiki/14th_Heavy_Battery%2C_Royal_Garrison_Artillery "14th Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery") and 114th Heavy Btys of the [New Army](/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army "Kitchener's Army"), and later [1/1st Lowland](/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Artillery%231/1st_Lowland_%28City_of_Edinburgh%29_Heavy_Battery "Edinburgh City Artillery#1/1st Lowland (City of Edinburgh) Heavy Battery") and [1/2nd Lancashire Heavy Btys](/wiki/8th_Lancashire_Artillery_Volunteers%231/2nd_Lancashire_Heavy_Battery "8th Lancashire Artillery Volunteers#1/2nd Lancashire Heavy Battery") of the TF. On 1 January 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty moved two guns into positions previously occupied by 9th Heavy Bty and took over that battery's billets at [Pommier](/wiki/Pommier "Pommier"), while the wagon lines remained at La Herlière. The gunners began preparing platforms for the other two guns, despite a shortage of timber. A shortage of ammunition for the obsolescent 4\.7\-inch guns meant that there was little firing at this time. 1/1st Kent Bty fired a few rounds to [register](/wiki/Trench_warfare%23Artillery "Trench warfare#Artillery") its guns, then from 9 January was given targets such as enemy batteries and observation posts (OPs), using [Lyddite](/wiki/Glossary_of_British_ordnance_terms%23Common_lyddite "Glossary of British ordnance terms#Common lyddite") and [high explosive](/wiki/Shell_%28projectile%29%23High-explosive_shells "Shell (projectile)#High-explosive shells") (HE) and timed [Shrapnel shells](/wiki/Shrapnel_shell "Shrapnel shell") as available. Otherwise the work consisted of night firing to harass enemy communications. From February to April the battery concentrated on [Counter\-battery](/wiki/Counter-battery_fire "Counter-battery fire") (CB) fire against targets round Essarts and [Bucquoy](/wiki/Bucquoy "Bucquoy"), occasionally firing to break up an enemy working party. In March XVI Bde came under 6th Heavy Artillery Reserve, soon redesignated [VI Corps Heavy Artillery](/wiki/VI_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "VI Corps (United Kingdom)").Anon, *9th Heavy*, 'Battery Log'.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 30–4\.[16th HAG War Diary January–August 1916, TNA file WO 95/216/6\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/326a0cfda7dc4944bba41ea8ad557ff1)Becke, Pt 4, pp. 169–74; Appendix 3\.
RGA brigades were redesignated Heavy Artillery Groups (HAGs) in April 1916, and the policy now was to move batteries between them as required.Farndale, AnnexE.Frederick, p. 718\. 16th HAG handed over its batteries to the newly arrived 48th HAG on 27 April 1916\. The work did not change, but there was more ammunition available and the improved weather meant that aircraft could be used to range the guns onto enemy batteries[48th HAG War Diary August 1915–June 1917, TNA file WO 95/225/1\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/216e15e23e914654b0f1e9b47a448bd2)
#### Gommecourt
[thumb\|300px\|right\|Transport limbers gallop past a battery of British 4\.7 inch guns on the [Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme").](/wiki/File:NLS_Haig_-_Heavy_gun_in_action.jpg "NLS Haig - Heavy gun in action.jpg")
48th HAG was assigned to [VII Corps](/wiki/VII_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "VII Corps (United Kingdom)") to support [56th (1/1st London) Division](/wiki/56th_%28London%29_Division "56th (London) Division") in Third Army's [Attack on the Gommecourt Salient](/wiki/Attack_on_the_Gommecourt_Salient "Attack on the Gommecourt Salient") for the forthcoming 'Big Push' (the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme")). Its main role was CB fire, although its 4\.7\-inch guns could not actually reach the German heavy gun positions in the rear. The planned seven\-day bombardment of the German positions began on 24 June but shortage of 4\.7\-inch ammunition meant that 48th HAG did not participate in this programme on the first three days (U, V and W Days), only carrying out some 'night line' harassing fire into German\-held villages.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 89–98\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 175–8\.MacDonald, pp. 170–2, 178–80, 192–4\.Edmonds, *1916*, Vol I, p. 460\.Ward, pp. 34 and 45\.
The 4\.7\-inch guns joined in the bombardment programme at dawn on 27 June (X Day), firing into the village of Bucquoy at 06\.00\. However, accuracy was poor: when the Kent battery fired 30 shells at German Battery position 504 at 11\.04, only three were on target. Later the guns practised a six\-minute [hurricane bombardment](/wiki/Hurricane_bombardment "Hurricane bombardment") on the German positions. Y Day was spent shelling German gun positions, but the weather was poor for observation. Because of the weather, the attack was postposed for two days, and the additional days (Y1 and Y2\) were used for further bombardment. On Y2, 48th HAG engaged 18 separate targets, and 1/1st Kent Bty fired 228 rounds, but this was far below the 400 per battery permitted, because of difficulties of observation. Many of these rounds were wide of their intended targets.MacDonald, pp. 194–6\.
On Z Day (1 July), the entire artillery supporting 56th Division fired a 65\-minute bombardment of the German front, starting at 06\.25\. At 07\.30 the guns lifted onto their pre\-arranged targets in the German support and reserve lines as the infantry got out of their forward trenches and advanced towards Gommecourt. At first this went well for 56th Division. Despite casualties from the German counter\-bombardment on their jumping\-off trenches, the smoke and morning mist helped the infantry, and they reached the German front line with little loss and moved on towards the second and reserve lines. The artillery Observation Posts (OPs) reported the signboards erected by the leading waves to mark their progress. However, the OPs themselves came under attack from the German counter\-bombardment, which prevented supplies and reinforcements crossing [No man's land](/wiki/No_man%27s_land "No man's land") to reaching the leading waves who had entered the German trenches. The heavy guns tried to suppress the German artillery, but the commander of 56th Division commented that although 'our counter\-batter groups engaged a large number of German batteries – the results were not apparent'. By mid\-afternoon, the division's slight gains were being eroded by German counter\-attacks, and all the remaining gains had to be abandoned after dark.Edmonds, *1916* Vol I, pp. 462–4, 471–3\.MacDonald, pp. 258–67, 345, 364\-8, 373–6, 385, 392–405\.Ward, p. 45\.
#### Somme
The Gommecourt attack had only been a diversion from [Fourth Army](/wiki/Fourth_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Fourth Army (United Kingdom)")'s main Somme offensive, and Third Army closed it down at the end of the first day. 48th HAG resumed routine work. On 3 August 1/1 Kent Bty was posted to Fourth Army. It pulled its guns out and marched to [Talmas](/wiki/Talmas "Talmas") to join 18th HAG, arriving on 6 August. It came into action that night about {{convert\|1000\|yd\|m}} south east of [Mametz](/wiki/Mametz%2C_Somme "Mametz, Somme") Church.[18th HAG War Diary May 1915–October 1918, TNA file WO 95/540/1\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/442f894a74df470c9b90c2e4ea5fe2af)
18th HAG was supporting the operations of [III](/wiki/III_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "III Corps (United Kingdom)") and [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XV Corps (United Kingdom)") with CB fire, and firing on 'night lines' against the villages of [Morval](/wiki/Morval%2C_Pas-de-Calais "Morval, Pas-de-Calais"), [Lesbœufs](/wiki/Lesb%C5%93ufs "Lesbœufs") and [Flers](/wiki/Flers%2C_Somme "Flers, Somme"), together with the nearby road junctions. The Mametz area was subject to German shellfire. The worn\-out old 4\.7\-inch guns were proving troublesome. III and XV Corps attacked in [Delville Wood](/wiki/Delville_Wood "Delville Wood") on 18 August, and 18th HAG participated in a protective [barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 "Barrage (artillery)") against a German counter\-attack; this sequence was repeated on 31 August. By now, 18th HAG was keeping about 50 enemy batteries under regular bursts of shelling in an attempt to suppress them. XV Corps attacked [Ginchy](/wiki/Ginchy "Ginchy") and [Guillemont](/wiki/Battle_of_Guillemont "Battle of Guillemont") on 3 September but 1/1st Kent's 4\.7's were out of action. A shortage of ammunition kept all of 18th HAG's 4\.7s silent during the [Battle of Flers–Courcelette](/wiki/Battle_of_Flers%E2%80%93Courcelette "Battle of Flers–Courcelette") on 15 September, but by 20 September the group had accumulated 5000 rounds. The batteries resumed night firing and on 24–6 September laid down concentrated bombardments to support the [Capture of Gueudecourt](/wiki/Capture_of_Gueudecourt "Capture of Gueudecourt"). During the [Battle of Le Transloy](/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Transloy "Battle of Le Transloy") (1 October) 1/1st Kent Bty kept the exits from [Ligny](/wiki/Ligny-Thilloy "Ligny-Thilloy") village under fire to assist XV Corps. Activity died away on Fourth Army's front during October.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 145–51\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 223–8\.Miles, *1916*, Vol II, pp. 198, 205–7, 385, 428–30\.
#### Winter 1916–17
[thumb\|300px\|right\|RGA manhandling a 60\-pounder gun, 1917\.](/wiki/File:60-pounder_gun_at_Wieltje_Sep_1917_IWM_Q_3019.jpg "60-pounder gun at Wieltje Sep 1917 IWM Q 3019.jpg")
62nd HAG took over 18th HAG's batteries on 2 December as 18th HAG moved to [Bussy\-lès\-Daours](/wiki/Bussy-l%C3%A8s-Daours "Bussy-lès-Daours") with XV Corps, which was taking over part of front from the French, but 1/1st Kent Bty returned to the command of 18th HAG next day and joined it on 13 December. It had one gun in the workshops but got the other three in position by 15 December. The group began routine shelling of German positions.
On 13 February 1917, 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty battery was joined by a section of 118th Heavy Bty RGA to make it up to a strength of six guns. The 118th Heavy Bty was a regular unit formed at [Woolwich](/wiki/Royal_Artillery_Barracks "Royal Artillery Barracks") shortly after the outbreak of war and had been in France with 4\.7\-inch guns since 6 November 1914\.Farndale, *Western Front*, p. 82\.Becke, Pt 1, pp. 89–95\. By now, the heavy batteries on the Western Front were adopting the modern [60\-pounder](/wiki/BL_60-pounder_gun "BL 60-pounder gun") in place of the obsolete 4\.7\-inch.Farndale, *Western Front*, Annex E.
The battery transferred to 21st HAG on 17 March. This group was engaged in following up the German retirement to the [Hindenburg Line](/wiki/Hindenburg_Line "Hindenburg Line") ([Operation Alberich](/wiki/Operation_Alberich "Operation Alberich")).[21st HAG War Diary June 1915–July 1919 (April 1917 missing) TNA file WO 95/469/1\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/4c0f98704bc54a3e913aef3f0903f131) The newly arrived 92nd HAG took over part of 21st HAG at [Fins](/wiki/Fins%2C_Somme "Fins, Somme"), including 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty, on 30 April.[92nd Bde War Diary March 1917–March 1919, TNA file WO 95/397/3\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/d7657a67a2334597849e76480d043627)
The group began CB work, then supported [8th Division](/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "8th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)") of XV Corps in a raid against La Vacquerie village (an outpost of the Hindenburg Line) on 5 May.Falls, *1917*, Vol I, p. 531\. 92nd HAG was now ordered to [Poperinge](/wiki/Poperinge "Poperinge") behind the [Ypres Salient](/wiki/Ypres_Salient "Ypres Salient"), and the 1st Echelon of 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty entrained on 1 July.
#### Ypres
On arrival at [Ypres](/wiki/Ypres "Ypres") the battery was posted to 58th HAG with [XIX Corps](/wiki/XIX_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XIX Corps (United Kingdom)"), [Fifth Army](/wiki/Fifth_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Fifth Army (United Kingdom)"), as part of the artillery concentration for the forthcoming [Third Ypres Offensive](/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele "Battle of Passchendaele"). 58th HAG was to act as the Southern CB Group. Its 60\-pdr batteries began digging in near Kruisstraaat and began their work. The preliminary bombardment for the offensive began on 16 July and the 60\-pdrs carried out 'vigorous' CB neutralising fire day and night, also sweeping the enemy's roads and tracks during the night. The delayed attack (the [Battle of Pilckem Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Pilckem_Ridge "Battle of Pilckem Ridge")) was launched at 03\.45 on 31 July. Immediately 58th HAG began vigorous neutralisation of hostile batteries. The [55th (West Lancashire) Division](/wiki/55th_%28West_Lancashire%29_Division "55th (West Lancashire) Division") of XIX Corps succeeded in crossing the obstacle of the Steenbeek stream and pressed on past Hill 35 towards the third and fourth objectives. 58th HAG's wagon lines were moved up by noon in preparation for a forward move. But 55th (WL) Division found that the siege guns had hardly touched the concrete [pillboxes](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 "Pillbox (military)") on the higher slope. The Germans counter\-attacked at 17\.00, the British infantry had to relinquish Hill 35 and several strongpoints they had captured. At the end of the day 55th (WL) Division held a line just across the Steenbeke. Nevertheless, 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty moved forward at noon on 1 August and was in action next day, the 60\-pdr batteries continuing their neutralising CB fire and night bombardment of enemy roads and communications.[58th Bde War Diary August 1917–January 1919, TNA file WO 95/393/8\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/e6870b195d194ec4844a2624c71dab9a)Becke, Pt 4, pp. 111–120\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 243–6\.Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 107–8, 135, 157–8, 166–7, 172–4, Sketch 15\.Farndale, pp. 199–204\.Wolff, pp. 148–62\.
Heavy rain then set in and the battlefield turned to mud, severely hampering movement, while the poor visibility restricted observation, so the guns had to fire 'off the map'. The next phase of the offensive was therefore delayed. Meanwhile, the German artillery continued to harass the packed British gun lines, whose own CB fire was spread over a wide area. On 11 August 58th HAG assisted an attack by the neighbouring [II Corps](/wiki/II_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "II Corps (United Kingdom)") on the [Gheluveldt Plateau](/wiki/Gheluvelt_Plateau_actions%2C_July%E2%80%93August_1917 "Gheluvelt Plateau actions, July–August 1917"), and on 14 August it bombarded [Poelcapelle](/wiki/Poelcapelle "Poelcapelle") on 14 August. XIX Corps' own attack at the [Battle of Langemarck](/wiki/Battle_of_Langemarck_%281917%29 "Battle of Langemarck (1917)") on 16 August was halted by pillboxes and strongpoints that the heavy artillery had missed, and was then driven back by a strong German counter\-attack that was not spotted by the observers in the smoke. 58th HAG then fired in support of XVIII Corps on 19 August. In between, the 60\-pdrs fired gas shells into enemy battery positions during the hours of darkness, especially before the attack of 22 August. They provided neutralising fire for a night attack on the Gallipoli strongpoint on 25 August. Then on 27 August the 60\-pdrs participated in a [Creeping barrage](/wiki/Creeping_barrage "Creeping barrage") for XIX Corps fighting near [Zonnebeke](/wiki/Zonnebeke "Zonnebeke").Becke, Pt 4, pp. 137–43\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 239–42\.Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 185–9, 194–9, 203–4, 207–8, Sketches 18 \& 20\.Farndale, p. 204\.Wolff, pp. 167–75\.
1/1st Kent Heavy Bty transferred to 42nd HAG on 5 September when XIX Corps handed over its section of the line to V Corps. The batteries were still 'strafing' enemy roads and communications and trying to neutralise hostile batteries. V Corps was involved in the limited attacks on the [Menin Road Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Menin_Road_Ridge "Battle of the Menin Road Ridge") (20–25 September) and [Polygon Wood](/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood "Battle of Polygon Wood") (beginning on 26 September), which were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. Fifth Army and V Corps then handed over the line to [Second Army](/wiki/Second_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Second Army (United Kingdom)") and [II ANZAC Corps](/wiki/II_ANZAC_Corps "II ANZAC Corps"), who launched the successful [Battle of Broodseinde](/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde "Battle of Broodseinde") (4 October). However, the battles of [Poelcappelle](/wiki/Battle_of_Poelcappelle "Battle of Poelcappelle") (9 October) and [First Passchendaele](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Passchendaele "First Battle of Passchendaele") (12 October) were progressively less successful as the weather worsened and the mud became almost insurmountable. British batteries were clearly observable from the [Passchendaele Ridge](/wiki/Passchendaele_Ridge "Passchendaele Ridge") and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 161–7\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 79–87\.Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 239–52, 263–8, 289, 288–9, 307–9, 325–32, 338–43, Sketches 23, 24, 26, 27\.Farndale, pp. 205–12\.Wolff, pp. 187–212, 220–43, 247–51\.
#### Winter 1917–18
Finally the battery was pulled out on 21 October and transferred back to 16th HAG, which was under orders to join [XIII Corps](/wiki/XIII_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XIII Corps (United Kingdom)") in a quiet sector on [First Army](/wiki/First_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "First Army (United Kingdom)")'s front at [Thélus](/wiki/Th%C3%A9lus "Thélus").[16th Bde War Diary May 1917–April 1918, TNA file WO 95/216/8\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/cc81708f0a8f4dcf99dc68dd9ac7a97b)
1/1st Kent Heavy Bty left 16th HAG and joined First Army HA in the GHQ Reserve from 20 December to 12 January 1918 In late 1917, the heavy artillery policy was changed, and HAGs became permanent brigades. 1/1st Kent Bty rejoined 92nd HAG on 13 January 1918 and remained with it until the end of the war. This was now designated as 92nd (Mobile) Brigade, RGA, composed of four six\-gun batteries of 60\-pounders.['Allocation of HA Groups', TNA file WO 95/5494/1\.](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646)Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 57–8\.Farndale, Annex M. The brigade was still in GHQ Reserve: the guns were left in their positions, but were not manned; instead in February 1918 the gunners of 1/1st Kent relieved 1st Canadian Heavy Bty to allow its gunners to leave the line for rest and training.
#### Spring Offensive
[thumb\|300px\|left\|A 60\-pounder gun being moved up in 1918\.](/wiki/File:60_pounder_gun_advancing_in_Flanders_22-09-1918_IWM_Q_6996.jpg "60 pounder gun advancing in Flanders 22-09-1918 IWM Q 6996.jpg")
The Germans launched their [Spring Offensive](/wiki/German_spring_offensive "German spring offensive") on 21 March 1918\. 92nd (M) Bde was sent up from GHQ Reserve that afternoon to reinforce the hard\-pressed Third Army, and remained with it until the [Armistice with Germany](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany "Armistice with Germany").Anon, *14th Heavy*, p. 58\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, pp. 253–4\.Farndale, *Western Front*, p. 265 and Annex M.
1/1st Kent Heavy Bty first moved to [Bihucourt](/wiki/Bihucourt "Bihucourt"), near [Bapaume](/wiki/Bapaume "Bapaume"), where it got into position on 23 March and opened fire against the advancing Germans next day in support of [6th Division](/wiki/6th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "6th Division (United Kingdom)"). However, that evening it was ordered to retire: Bapaume was being evacuated, the 'Great Retreat' had begun and by now the roads were congested. This meant that only the gun teams could struggle through to withdraw the guns, and other equipment had to be abandoned. The battery also suffered a few casualties from a long\-range gun. It withdrew through [Bucquoy](/wiki/Bucquoy "Bucquoy"), taking up a number of short\-lived positions over the next three days in support of [41st Division](/wiki/41st_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "41st Division (United Kingdom)"). [Lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 "Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)") Hutchinson from [127th (Bristol) Heavy Bty](/wiki/127th_%28Bristol%29_Heavy_Battery%2C_Royal_Garrison_Artillery "127th (Bristol) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery") took over temporary command of the battery. It came into action between [Foncquevillers](/wiki/Foncquevillers "Foncquevillers") and [Souastre](/wiki/Souastre "Souastre") on 27 March with [62nd (2nd West Riding) Division](/wiki/62nd_%282nd_West_Riding%29_Division "62nd (2nd West Riding) Division"). At first the batteries of 92nd Bde were in the open, to engage any enemy coming over the [Hébuterne](/wiki/H%C3%A9buterne "Hébuterne") ridge over open sights, but as the Germans did not get that far the guns were withdrawn behind a crest to hide their flashes. On 5 April the Germans launched a new phase of their offensive (the [Battle of the Ancre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_%281918%29 "Battle of the Ancre (1918)")) and the battery position was bombarded for 6 hours, though only four shells actually fell near. German accounts refer to the 'strong reaction' they received from the British artillery, and the attacks made little headway, ending the offensive on this front.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 59–61\.Blaxland, pp. 58–60, 66–7, 72–5, 83\-6, 106\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, p. 438\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol II, pp. 130–7\.[1/1st Kent War Diary 21 March 1918–1919, TNA file WO 95/397/4\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/9ca8f423b92140208b47e888d6cdee38){{efn\|Individual batteries were no longer required to keep their own war diaries once the RGA brigades became permanent. However, 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty's only surviving war diary begins on 21 March 1918, reflecting the confusion of that period.}}
[Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 "Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)") C.H.A. Borradaile from 110th Heavy Bty assumed command of the battery on 7 April and the battery began to replace its missing equipment and stores. Left Section (LX) was moved into gun pits and the off\-duty men moved into strong [dugouts](/wiki/Dugout_%28shelter%29%23World_War_I "Dugout (shelter)#World War I"). The following months were quiet on this front and the batteries continued to re\-equip, improve their positions and overhaul their guns. Any firing was at maximum range, and some gun positions were kept hidden and silent.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 61–5\.
#### Hundred Days Offensive
[thumb\|300px\|right\|A 60\-pounder moving up during the Hundred Days Offensive, 1918\.](/wiki/File:The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q6995.jpg "The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q6995.jpg")
After the German offensives were halted, the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I "Allies of World War I") went over to the attack in their own [Hundred Days Offensive](/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive "Hundred Days Offensive"). Third Army joined in at the [Battle of Albert](/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_%281918%29 "Battle of Albert (1918)"), beginning on 21 August. From Zero hour (04\.55\) 92nd Brigade's batteries carried out CB fire for 3 hours, then pulled their guns out and advanced through forward\-moving traffic to positions behind Bucquoy. Here 1/1st Kent Bty spent the afternoon engaging targets pointed out by observation aircraft. On 22 August the battery moved forward to Essarts, then again on 24 August as far as [Achiet\-le\-Petit](/wiki/Achiet-le-Petit "Achiet-le-Petit"), despite traffic jams. The mobile warfare (the [Battle of the Scarpe](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scarpe_%281918%29 "Battle of the Scarpe (1918)")) continued through Bihucourt, and on 28 August 1/1st Kent Bty moved to [Biefvillers\-lès\-Bapaume](/wiki/Biefvillers-l%C3%A8s-Bapaume "Biefvillers-lès-Bapaume") for a special task of enfilading the Bapaume–[Péronne](/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne%2C_Somme "Péronne, Somme") road. By the end of the month 1/1st Kent Bty was east of [Favreuil](/wiki/Favreuil "Favreuil"). Unused to mobile warfare, the battery regarded the 10\-day advance as an extended training exercise, which it continued during the pause at Favreuil.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 65–7\.Blaxland, pp. 204–10\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 182–94, 204–6, 211, 220–34, 242–58, 266–78, 298–310, 323–7, 334–6, 343–7, 361\-4, 370\.Farndale, pp. 290–3\.
The impetus was renewed with the [Second Battle of Bapaume](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bapaume "Second Battle of Bapaume"), beginning on 31 August. On 3 September the Germans retreated and the batteries were on the move again, through [Frémicourt](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9micourt "Frémicourt") and [Vélu](/wiki/V%C3%A9lu "Vélu") Wood, [Ruyaulcourt](/wiki/Ruyaulcourt "Ruyaulcourt"), and [Neuville\-Bourjonval](/wiki/Neuville-Bourjonval "Neuville-Bourjonval") (14 September). On the way, 1/1st Kent Bty received two new guns to replace those worn out by the heavy firing. The advance now paused because the Germans were now back in their Hindenburg Line positions. The Allies now carried out a series of attacks all along the Western Front, with Third Army's launching the [Battle of the Canal du Nord](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord "Battle of the Canal du Nord") on 27 September. In the evening 1/1st Kent Bty came into action behind [Gouzeaucourt](/wiki/Gouzeaucourt "Gouzeaucourt") Wood, where it had dumped 1000 rounds of ammunition over the previous two days. After the gun teams were clear, the position came under gas and HE fire, which was kept up all night, causing a few casualties and damaging two guns, one of which was repaired. The advance continued, and the battery moved up to La Vacquerie on 30 September, then to Bon Avis and Chenau Wood. Third Army's next attack was the [Second Battle of Cambrai](/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_%281918%29 "Battle of Cambrai (1918)") on 8 October, when 92nd Bde was assigned to CB fire to support [IV Corps'](/wiki/IV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "IV Corps (United Kingdom)") attack. Third Army broke through the Beaurevoir Line, after which it pursued the Germans towards the [River Selle](/wiki/River_Selle "River Selle"). On 9 October 14 and 1/1st Kent Heavy Btys were detached from 92nd Bde and directly attached to the pursuing formations, [37th Division](/wiki/37th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "37th Division (United Kingdom)") in the case of 1/1st Kents. 37th Division met little opposition and was on its final objective by noon. Over the next three days 1/1st Kent Bty followed through [Haucourt](/wiki/Haucourt-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis "Haucourt-en-Cambrésis"), [Caudry](/wiki/Caudry "Caudry") and [Beaumont](/wiki/Beaumont-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis "Beaumont-en-Cambrésis").Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 68–74\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 153–60\.Blaxland, p. 229\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 417–20, 439–41, 449\.Edmonds \& Maxwell\-Hyslop, *1918* Vol V, pp. 30–52, 199–210, 221, 238–40, Sketches 6 \& 16\.Farndale, pp. 302–4\.
There was another pause as the BEF prepared to cross the Selle. 1/1st Kent Bty reverted to 92nd Bde and continued CB and harassing fire. For the [Battle of the Selle](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Selle "Battle of the Selle") there was no long preliminary bombardment, instead a surprise attack was made at 02\.00 on 20 October under a full moon. The battery made a short move forward to [Viesly](/wiki/Viesly "Viesly"), then on 22 October it crossed the Selle to come into action near [Briastre](/wiki/Briastre "Briastre"). Here it was attached to 37th Division again for the advance to Pont\-a\-Pierres. During the October fighting heavy guns were not used on the towns, to avoid casualties among French civilians, but the 60\-pounders were used to 'search' roads and forest clearings. 1/1st Kent Bty found its biggest problem to be obtaining 60\-pdr ammunition, which the divisional artillery could not supply. It was still suffering a few casualties from long range German guns, and took up an alternative position at [Salesches](/wiki/Salesches "Salesches") on 30 October. For the [Battle of the Sambre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sambre_%281918%29 "Battle of the Sambre (1918)") on 4 November, 92nd Bde supported IV Corps in a complex fire programme to assist 37th Division and the [New Zealand Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_Division "New Zealand Division") in capturing the old fortress of [Le Quesnoy](/wiki/Capture_of_Le_Quesnoy_%281918%29 "Capture of Le Quesnoy (1918)").Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 76–7\.Blaxland, pp. 252–8\.Edmonds \& Maxwell\-Hyslop, *1918*, Vol V, pp. 334–43, 364–6, 377, 480–83\.Farndale, *Western Front*, pp. 309–14, 319\.
This was 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty's last operation: on 4 November the wagon lines joined the battery at Salesches, where the guns and wagons were parked. Hostilities ended with the Armistice on 11 November. On 20 November 92nd Bde began a long march from Salesches to the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine"), where it was to form part of the occupation forces. 1/1st Kent Bty reached Merode on 20 December. On 4 January 1919 it moved to [Huchem\-Stammeln](/wiki/Huchem-Stammeln "Huchem-Stammeln"), where it was billeted. Major Borradaile having been sent to hospital, [Brevet](/wiki/Brevet_%28military%29 "Brevet (military)") [Lieutenant\-Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)") F.W. Loveday assumed command of the battery in February. Numbers began to dwindle as men were [demobilised](/wiki/Demobilization "Demobilization"), and 1/1st Kents unofficially adopted the establishment of a 4\-gun battery. On 17 March the battery was ordered to be reduced to a cadre, and surplus men and horses were transferred to other batteries. The remaining cadre travelled to [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp") where on 20 May it embarked on SS *Sicilian* for [Tilbury Docks](/wiki/Tilbury_Docks "Tilbury Docks") and was demobilised.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 80–2\.
|
[
"### 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery",
"The battery (normally referred to as the 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty) formally joined 2nd Home Counties Division on 30 October 1914, and the division assembled in [billets](/wiki/Billet \"Billet\") round [Windsor, Berkshire](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Berkshire \"Windsor, Berkshire\") during November. It was numbered 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division in August 1915\\. On 17 November, the 1/1st Bty left the division to equip for overseas service, and it landed at [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre \"Le Havre\") on 29 December 1915\\. It joined the XVI Heavy Brigade, RGA, in [Third Army](/wiki/Third_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Third Army (United Kingdom)\") on 31 December and went into billets at [La Herlière](/wiki/La_Herli%C3%A8re \"La Herlière\"), south\\-west of [Arras](/wiki/Arras \"Arras\").[Heavy Btys RGA at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-royal-artillery-in-the-first-world-war/the-heavy-batteries-of-the-royal-garrison-artillery/)['Allocation of Heavy Batteries RGA'](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646), [The National Archives (TNA), Kew](/wiki/The_National_Archives_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The National Archives (United Kingdom)\"), file WO 95/5494/2\\.[16th HAG War Diary May–December 1915, TNA file WO 95/216/5\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/874fd61626564f89a1180ceb26923046)",
"In XVI Bde 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty was serving alongside [9th](/wiki/9th_Heavy_Battery%2C_Royal_Garrison_Artillery \"9th Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\"), [14th](/wiki/14th_Heavy_Battery%2C_Royal_Garrison_Artillery \"14th Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\") and 114th Heavy Btys of the [New Army](/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army \"Kitchener's Army\"), and later [1/1st Lowland](/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Artillery%231/1st_Lowland_%28City_of_Edinburgh%29_Heavy_Battery \"Edinburgh City Artillery#1/1st Lowland (City of Edinburgh) Heavy Battery\") and [1/2nd Lancashire Heavy Btys](/wiki/8th_Lancashire_Artillery_Volunteers%231/2nd_Lancashire_Heavy_Battery \"8th Lancashire Artillery Volunteers#1/2nd Lancashire Heavy Battery\") of the TF. On 1 January 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty moved two guns into positions previously occupied by 9th Heavy Bty and took over that battery's billets at [Pommier](/wiki/Pommier \"Pommier\"), while the wagon lines remained at La Herlière. The gunners began preparing platforms for the other two guns, despite a shortage of timber. A shortage of ammunition for the obsolescent 4\\.7\\-inch guns meant that there was little firing at this time. 1/1st Kent Bty fired a few rounds to [register](/wiki/Trench_warfare%23Artillery \"Trench warfare#Artillery\") its guns, then from 9 January was given targets such as enemy batteries and observation posts (OPs), using [Lyddite](/wiki/Glossary_of_British_ordnance_terms%23Common_lyddite \"Glossary of British ordnance terms#Common lyddite\") and [high explosive](/wiki/Shell_%28projectile%29%23High-explosive_shells \"Shell (projectile)#High-explosive shells\") (HE) and timed [Shrapnel shells](/wiki/Shrapnel_shell \"Shrapnel shell\") as available. Otherwise the work consisted of night firing to harass enemy communications. From February to April the battery concentrated on [Counter\\-battery](/wiki/Counter-battery_fire \"Counter-battery fire\") (CB) fire against targets round Essarts and [Bucquoy](/wiki/Bucquoy \"Bucquoy\"), occasionally firing to break up an enemy working party. In March XVI Bde came under 6th Heavy Artillery Reserve, soon redesignated [VI Corps Heavy Artillery](/wiki/VI_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"VI Corps (United Kingdom)\").Anon, *9th Heavy*, 'Battery Log'.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 30–4\\.[16th HAG War Diary January–August 1916, TNA file WO 95/216/6\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/326a0cfda7dc4944bba41ea8ad557ff1)Becke, Pt 4, pp. 169–74; Appendix 3\\.",
"RGA brigades were redesignated Heavy Artillery Groups (HAGs) in April 1916, and the policy now was to move batteries between them as required.Farndale, AnnexE.Frederick, p. 718\\. 16th HAG handed over its batteries to the newly arrived 48th HAG on 27 April 1916\\. The work did not change, but there was more ammunition available and the improved weather meant that aircraft could be used to range the guns onto enemy batteries[48th HAG War Diary August 1915–June 1917, TNA file WO 95/225/1\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/216e15e23e914654b0f1e9b47a448bd2)",
"#### Gommecourt",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Transport limbers gallop past a battery of British 4\\.7 inch guns on the [Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\").](/wiki/File:NLS_Haig_-_Heavy_gun_in_action.jpg \"NLS Haig - Heavy gun in action.jpg\")\n48th HAG was assigned to [VII Corps](/wiki/VII_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"VII Corps (United Kingdom)\") to support [56th (1/1st London) Division](/wiki/56th_%28London%29_Division \"56th (London) Division\") in Third Army's [Attack on the Gommecourt Salient](/wiki/Attack_on_the_Gommecourt_Salient \"Attack on the Gommecourt Salient\") for the forthcoming 'Big Push' (the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\")). Its main role was CB fire, although its 4\\.7\\-inch guns could not actually reach the German heavy gun positions in the rear. The planned seven\\-day bombardment of the German positions began on 24 June but shortage of 4\\.7\\-inch ammunition meant that 48th HAG did not participate in this programme on the first three days (U, V and W Days), only carrying out some 'night line' harassing fire into German\\-held villages.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 89–98\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 175–8\\.MacDonald, pp. 170–2, 178–80, 192–4\\.Edmonds, *1916*, Vol I, p. 460\\.Ward, pp. 34 and 45\\.",
"The 4\\.7\\-inch guns joined in the bombardment programme at dawn on 27 June (X Day), firing into the village of Bucquoy at 06\\.00\\. However, accuracy was poor: when the Kent battery fired 30 shells at German Battery position 504 at 11\\.04, only three were on target. Later the guns practised a six\\-minute [hurricane bombardment](/wiki/Hurricane_bombardment \"Hurricane bombardment\") on the German positions. Y Day was spent shelling German gun positions, but the weather was poor for observation. Because of the weather, the attack was postposed for two days, and the additional days (Y1 and Y2\\) were used for further bombardment. On Y2, 48th HAG engaged 18 separate targets, and 1/1st Kent Bty fired 228 rounds, but this was far below the 400 per battery permitted, because of difficulties of observation. Many of these rounds were wide of their intended targets.MacDonald, pp. 194–6\\.",
"On Z Day (1 July), the entire artillery supporting 56th Division fired a 65\\-minute bombardment of the German front, starting at 06\\.25\\. At 07\\.30 the guns lifted onto their pre\\-arranged targets in the German support and reserve lines as the infantry got out of their forward trenches and advanced towards Gommecourt. At first this went well for 56th Division. Despite casualties from the German counter\\-bombardment on their jumping\\-off trenches, the smoke and morning mist helped the infantry, and they reached the German front line with little loss and moved on towards the second and reserve lines. The artillery Observation Posts (OPs) reported the signboards erected by the leading waves to mark their progress. However, the OPs themselves came under attack from the German counter\\-bombardment, which prevented supplies and reinforcements crossing [No man's land](/wiki/No_man%27s_land \"No man's land\") to reaching the leading waves who had entered the German trenches. The heavy guns tried to suppress the German artillery, but the commander of 56th Division commented that although 'our counter\\-batter groups engaged a large number of German batteries – the results were not apparent'. By mid\\-afternoon, the division's slight gains were being eroded by German counter\\-attacks, and all the remaining gains had to be abandoned after dark.Edmonds, *1916* Vol I, pp. 462–4, 471–3\\.MacDonald, pp. 258–67, 345, 364\\-8, 373–6, 385, 392–405\\.Ward, p. 45\\.",
"#### Somme",
"The Gommecourt attack had only been a diversion from [Fourth Army](/wiki/Fourth_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Fourth Army (United Kingdom)\")'s main Somme offensive, and Third Army closed it down at the end of the first day. 48th HAG resumed routine work. On 3 August 1/1 Kent Bty was posted to Fourth Army. It pulled its guns out and marched to [Talmas](/wiki/Talmas \"Talmas\") to join 18th HAG, arriving on 6 August. It came into action that night about {{convert\\|1000\\|yd\\|m}} south east of [Mametz](/wiki/Mametz%2C_Somme \"Mametz, Somme\") Church.[18th HAG War Diary May 1915–October 1918, TNA file WO 95/540/1\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/442f894a74df470c9b90c2e4ea5fe2af)",
"18th HAG was supporting the operations of [III](/wiki/III_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"III Corps (United Kingdom)\") and [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XV Corps (United Kingdom)\") with CB fire, and firing on 'night lines' against the villages of [Morval](/wiki/Morval%2C_Pas-de-Calais \"Morval, Pas-de-Calais\"), [Lesbœufs](/wiki/Lesb%C5%93ufs \"Lesbœufs\") and [Flers](/wiki/Flers%2C_Somme \"Flers, Somme\"), together with the nearby road junctions. The Mametz area was subject to German shellfire. The worn\\-out old 4\\.7\\-inch guns were proving troublesome. III and XV Corps attacked in [Delville Wood](/wiki/Delville_Wood \"Delville Wood\") on 18 August, and 18th HAG participated in a protective [barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 \"Barrage (artillery)\") against a German counter\\-attack; this sequence was repeated on 31 August. By now, 18th HAG was keeping about 50 enemy batteries under regular bursts of shelling in an attempt to suppress them. XV Corps attacked [Ginchy](/wiki/Ginchy \"Ginchy\") and [Guillemont](/wiki/Battle_of_Guillemont \"Battle of Guillemont\") on 3 September but 1/1st Kent's 4\\.7's were out of action. A shortage of ammunition kept all of 18th HAG's 4\\.7s silent during the [Battle of Flers–Courcelette](/wiki/Battle_of_Flers%E2%80%93Courcelette \"Battle of Flers–Courcelette\") on 15 September, but by 20 September the group had accumulated 5000 rounds. The batteries resumed night firing and on 24–6 September laid down concentrated bombardments to support the [Capture of Gueudecourt](/wiki/Capture_of_Gueudecourt \"Capture of Gueudecourt\"). During the [Battle of Le Transloy](/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Transloy \"Battle of Le Transloy\") (1 October) 1/1st Kent Bty kept the exits from [Ligny](/wiki/Ligny-Thilloy \"Ligny-Thilloy\") village under fire to assist XV Corps. Activity died away on Fourth Army's front during October.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 145–51\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 223–8\\.Miles, *1916*, Vol II, pp. 198, 205–7, 385, 428–30\\.",
"#### Winter 1916–17",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|RGA manhandling a 60\\-pounder gun, 1917\\.](/wiki/File:60-pounder_gun_at_Wieltje_Sep_1917_IWM_Q_3019.jpg \"60-pounder gun at Wieltje Sep 1917 IWM Q 3019.jpg\")\n62nd HAG took over 18th HAG's batteries on 2 December as 18th HAG moved to [Bussy\\-lès\\-Daours](/wiki/Bussy-l%C3%A8s-Daours \"Bussy-lès-Daours\") with XV Corps, which was taking over part of front from the French, but 1/1st Kent Bty returned to the command of 18th HAG next day and joined it on 13 December. It had one gun in the workshops but got the other three in position by 15 December. The group began routine shelling of German positions.",
"On 13 February 1917, 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty battery was joined by a section of 118th Heavy Bty RGA to make it up to a strength of six guns. The 118th Heavy Bty was a regular unit formed at [Woolwich](/wiki/Royal_Artillery_Barracks \"Royal Artillery Barracks\") shortly after the outbreak of war and had been in France with 4\\.7\\-inch guns since 6 November 1914\\.Farndale, *Western Front*, p. 82\\.Becke, Pt 1, pp. 89–95\\. By now, the heavy batteries on the Western Front were adopting the modern [60\\-pounder](/wiki/BL_60-pounder_gun \"BL 60-pounder gun\") in place of the obsolete 4\\.7\\-inch.Farndale, *Western Front*, Annex E.",
"The battery transferred to 21st HAG on 17 March. This group was engaged in following up the German retirement to the [Hindenburg Line](/wiki/Hindenburg_Line \"Hindenburg Line\") ([Operation Alberich](/wiki/Operation_Alberich \"Operation Alberich\")).[21st HAG War Diary June 1915–July 1919 (April 1917 missing) TNA file WO 95/469/1\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/4c0f98704bc54a3e913aef3f0903f131) The newly arrived 92nd HAG took over part of 21st HAG at [Fins](/wiki/Fins%2C_Somme \"Fins, Somme\"), including 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty, on 30 April.[92nd Bde War Diary March 1917–March 1919, TNA file WO 95/397/3\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/d7657a67a2334597849e76480d043627)",
"The group began CB work, then supported [8th Division](/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"8th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\") of XV Corps in a raid against La Vacquerie village (an outpost of the Hindenburg Line) on 5 May.Falls, *1917*, Vol I, p. 531\\. 92nd HAG was now ordered to [Poperinge](/wiki/Poperinge \"Poperinge\") behind the [Ypres Salient](/wiki/Ypres_Salient \"Ypres Salient\"), and the 1st Echelon of 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty entrained on 1 July.",
"#### Ypres",
"On arrival at [Ypres](/wiki/Ypres \"Ypres\") the battery was posted to 58th HAG with [XIX Corps](/wiki/XIX_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XIX Corps (United Kingdom)\"), [Fifth Army](/wiki/Fifth_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Fifth Army (United Kingdom)\"), as part of the artillery concentration for the forthcoming [Third Ypres Offensive](/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele \"Battle of Passchendaele\"). 58th HAG was to act as the Southern CB Group. Its 60\\-pdr batteries began digging in near Kruisstraaat and began their work. The preliminary bombardment for the offensive began on 16 July and the 60\\-pdrs carried out 'vigorous' CB neutralising fire day and night, also sweeping the enemy's roads and tracks during the night. The delayed attack (the [Battle of Pilckem Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Pilckem_Ridge \"Battle of Pilckem Ridge\")) was launched at 03\\.45 on 31 July. Immediately 58th HAG began vigorous neutralisation of hostile batteries. The [55th (West Lancashire) Division](/wiki/55th_%28West_Lancashire%29_Division \"55th (West Lancashire) Division\") of XIX Corps succeeded in crossing the obstacle of the Steenbeek stream and pressed on past Hill 35 towards the third and fourth objectives. 58th HAG's wagon lines were moved up by noon in preparation for a forward move. But 55th (WL) Division found that the siege guns had hardly touched the concrete [pillboxes](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 \"Pillbox (military)\") on the higher slope. The Germans counter\\-attacked at 17\\.00, the British infantry had to relinquish Hill 35 and several strongpoints they had captured. At the end of the day 55th (WL) Division held a line just across the Steenbeke. Nevertheless, 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty moved forward at noon on 1 August and was in action next day, the 60\\-pdr batteries continuing their neutralising CB fire and night bombardment of enemy roads and communications.[58th Bde War Diary August 1917–January 1919, TNA file WO 95/393/8\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/e6870b195d194ec4844a2624c71dab9a)Becke, Pt 4, pp. 111–120\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 243–6\\.Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 107–8, 135, 157–8, 166–7, 172–4, Sketch 15\\.Farndale, pp. 199–204\\.Wolff, pp. 148–62\\.",
"Heavy rain then set in and the battlefield turned to mud, severely hampering movement, while the poor visibility restricted observation, so the guns had to fire 'off the map'. The next phase of the offensive was therefore delayed. Meanwhile, the German artillery continued to harass the packed British gun lines, whose own CB fire was spread over a wide area. On 11 August 58th HAG assisted an attack by the neighbouring [II Corps](/wiki/II_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"II Corps (United Kingdom)\") on the [Gheluveldt Plateau](/wiki/Gheluvelt_Plateau_actions%2C_July%E2%80%93August_1917 \"Gheluvelt Plateau actions, July–August 1917\"), and on 14 August it bombarded [Poelcapelle](/wiki/Poelcapelle \"Poelcapelle\") on 14 August. XIX Corps' own attack at the [Battle of Langemarck](/wiki/Battle_of_Langemarck_%281917%29 \"Battle of Langemarck (1917)\") on 16 August was halted by pillboxes and strongpoints that the heavy artillery had missed, and was then driven back by a strong German counter\\-attack that was not spotted by the observers in the smoke. 58th HAG then fired in support of XVIII Corps on 19 August. In between, the 60\\-pdrs fired gas shells into enemy battery positions during the hours of darkness, especially before the attack of 22 August. They provided neutralising fire for a night attack on the Gallipoli strongpoint on 25 August. Then on 27 August the 60\\-pdrs participated in a [Creeping barrage](/wiki/Creeping_barrage \"Creeping barrage\") for XIX Corps fighting near [Zonnebeke](/wiki/Zonnebeke \"Zonnebeke\").Becke, Pt 4, pp. 137–43\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 239–42\\.Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 185–9, 194–9, 203–4, 207–8, Sketches 18 \\& 20\\.Farndale, p. 204\\.Wolff, pp. 167–75\\.",
"1/1st Kent Heavy Bty transferred to 42nd HAG on 5 September when XIX Corps handed over its section of the line to V Corps. The batteries were still 'strafing' enemy roads and communications and trying to neutralise hostile batteries. V Corps was involved in the limited attacks on the [Menin Road Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Menin_Road_Ridge \"Battle of the Menin Road Ridge\") (20–25 September) and [Polygon Wood](/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood \"Battle of Polygon Wood\") (beginning on 26 September), which were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. Fifth Army and V Corps then handed over the line to [Second Army](/wiki/Second_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Second Army (United Kingdom)\") and [II ANZAC Corps](/wiki/II_ANZAC_Corps \"II ANZAC Corps\"), who launched the successful [Battle of Broodseinde](/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde \"Battle of Broodseinde\") (4 October). However, the battles of [Poelcappelle](/wiki/Battle_of_Poelcappelle \"Battle of Poelcappelle\") (9 October) and [First Passchendaele](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Passchendaele \"First Battle of Passchendaele\") (12 October) were progressively less successful as the weather worsened and the mud became almost insurmountable. British batteries were clearly observable from the [Passchendaele Ridge](/wiki/Passchendaele_Ridge \"Passchendaele Ridge\") and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 161–7\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 79–87\\.Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 239–52, 263–8, 289, 288–9, 307–9, 325–32, 338–43, Sketches 23, 24, 26, 27\\.Farndale, pp. 205–12\\.Wolff, pp. 187–212, 220–43, 247–51\\.",
"#### Winter 1917–18",
"Finally the battery was pulled out on 21 October and transferred back to 16th HAG, which was under orders to join [XIII Corps](/wiki/XIII_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XIII Corps (United Kingdom)\") in a quiet sector on [First Army](/wiki/First_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"First Army (United Kingdom)\")'s front at [Thélus](/wiki/Th%C3%A9lus \"Thélus\").[16th Bde War Diary May 1917–April 1918, TNA file WO 95/216/8\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/cc81708f0a8f4dcf99dc68dd9ac7a97b)",
"1/1st Kent Heavy Bty left 16th HAG and joined First Army HA in the GHQ Reserve from 20 December to 12 January 1918 In late 1917, the heavy artillery policy was changed, and HAGs became permanent brigades. 1/1st Kent Bty rejoined 92nd HAG on 13 January 1918 and remained with it until the end of the war. This was now designated as 92nd (Mobile) Brigade, RGA, composed of four six\\-gun batteries of 60\\-pounders.['Allocation of HA Groups', TNA file WO 95/5494/1\\.](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646)Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 57–8\\.Farndale, Annex M. The brigade was still in GHQ Reserve: the guns were left in their positions, but were not manned; instead in February 1918 the gunners of 1/1st Kent relieved 1st Canadian Heavy Bty to allow its gunners to leave the line for rest and training.",
"#### Spring Offensive",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|A 60\\-pounder gun being moved up in 1918\\.](/wiki/File:60_pounder_gun_advancing_in_Flanders_22-09-1918_IWM_Q_6996.jpg \"60 pounder gun advancing in Flanders 22-09-1918 IWM Q 6996.jpg\")\nThe Germans launched their [Spring Offensive](/wiki/German_spring_offensive \"German spring offensive\") on 21 March 1918\\. 92nd (M) Bde was sent up from GHQ Reserve that afternoon to reinforce the hard\\-pressed Third Army, and remained with it until the [Armistice with Germany](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany \"Armistice with Germany\").Anon, *14th Heavy*, p. 58\\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, pp. 253–4\\.Farndale, *Western Front*, p. 265 and Annex M.",
"1/1st Kent Heavy Bty first moved to [Bihucourt](/wiki/Bihucourt \"Bihucourt\"), near [Bapaume](/wiki/Bapaume \"Bapaume\"), where it got into position on 23 March and opened fire against the advancing Germans next day in support of [6th Division](/wiki/6th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"6th Division (United Kingdom)\"). However, that evening it was ordered to retire: Bapaume was being evacuated, the 'Great Retreat' had begun and by now the roads were congested. This meant that only the gun teams could struggle through to withdraw the guns, and other equipment had to be abandoned. The battery also suffered a few casualties from a long\\-range gun. It withdrew through [Bucquoy](/wiki/Bucquoy \"Bucquoy\"), taking up a number of short\\-lived positions over the next three days in support of [41st Division](/wiki/41st_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"41st Division (United Kingdom)\"). [Lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 \"Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)\") Hutchinson from [127th (Bristol) Heavy Bty](/wiki/127th_%28Bristol%29_Heavy_Battery%2C_Royal_Garrison_Artillery \"127th (Bristol) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\") took over temporary command of the battery. It came into action between [Foncquevillers](/wiki/Foncquevillers \"Foncquevillers\") and [Souastre](/wiki/Souastre \"Souastre\") on 27 March with [62nd (2nd West Riding) Division](/wiki/62nd_%282nd_West_Riding%29_Division \"62nd (2nd West Riding) Division\"). At first the batteries of 92nd Bde were in the open, to engage any enemy coming over the [Hébuterne](/wiki/H%C3%A9buterne \"Hébuterne\") ridge over open sights, but as the Germans did not get that far the guns were withdrawn behind a crest to hide their flashes. On 5 April the Germans launched a new phase of their offensive (the [Battle of the Ancre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_%281918%29 \"Battle of the Ancre (1918)\")) and the battery position was bombarded for 6 hours, though only four shells actually fell near. German accounts refer to the 'strong reaction' they received from the British artillery, and the attacks made little headway, ending the offensive on this front.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 59–61\\.Blaxland, pp. 58–60, 66–7, 72–5, 83\\-6, 106\\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, p. 438\\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol II, pp. 130–7\\.[1/1st Kent War Diary 21 March 1918–1919, TNA file WO 95/397/4\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/9ca8f423b92140208b47e888d6cdee38){{efn\\|Individual batteries were no longer required to keep their own war diaries once the RGA brigades became permanent. However, 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty's only surviving war diary begins on 21 March 1918, reflecting the confusion of that period.}}",
"[Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 \"Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)\") C.H.A. Borradaile from 110th Heavy Bty assumed command of the battery on 7 April and the battery began to replace its missing equipment and stores. Left Section (LX) was moved into gun pits and the off\\-duty men moved into strong [dugouts](/wiki/Dugout_%28shelter%29%23World_War_I \"Dugout (shelter)#World War I\"). The following months were quiet on this front and the batteries continued to re\\-equip, improve their positions and overhaul their guns. Any firing was at maximum range, and some gun positions were kept hidden and silent.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 61–5\\.",
"#### Hundred Days Offensive",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|A 60\\-pounder moving up during the Hundred Days Offensive, 1918\\.](/wiki/File:The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q6995.jpg \"The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q6995.jpg\")\nAfter the German offensives were halted, the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I \"Allies of World War I\") went over to the attack in their own [Hundred Days Offensive](/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive \"Hundred Days Offensive\"). Third Army joined in at the [Battle of Albert](/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_%281918%29 \"Battle of Albert (1918)\"), beginning on 21 August. From Zero hour (04\\.55\\) 92nd Brigade's batteries carried out CB fire for 3 hours, then pulled their guns out and advanced through forward\\-moving traffic to positions behind Bucquoy. Here 1/1st Kent Bty spent the afternoon engaging targets pointed out by observation aircraft. On 22 August the battery moved forward to Essarts, then again on 24 August as far as [Achiet\\-le\\-Petit](/wiki/Achiet-le-Petit \"Achiet-le-Petit\"), despite traffic jams. The mobile warfare (the [Battle of the Scarpe](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scarpe_%281918%29 \"Battle of the Scarpe (1918)\")) continued through Bihucourt, and on 28 August 1/1st Kent Bty moved to [Biefvillers\\-lès\\-Bapaume](/wiki/Biefvillers-l%C3%A8s-Bapaume \"Biefvillers-lès-Bapaume\") for a special task of enfilading the Bapaume–[Péronne](/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne%2C_Somme \"Péronne, Somme\") road. By the end of the month 1/1st Kent Bty was east of [Favreuil](/wiki/Favreuil \"Favreuil\"). Unused to mobile warfare, the battery regarded the 10\\-day advance as an extended training exercise, which it continued during the pause at Favreuil.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 65–7\\.Blaxland, pp. 204–10\\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 182–94, 204–6, 211, 220–34, 242–58, 266–78, 298–310, 323–7, 334–6, 343–7, 361\\-4, 370\\.Farndale, pp. 290–3\\.",
"The impetus was renewed with the [Second Battle of Bapaume](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bapaume \"Second Battle of Bapaume\"), beginning on 31 August. On 3 September the Germans retreated and the batteries were on the move again, through [Frémicourt](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9micourt \"Frémicourt\") and [Vélu](/wiki/V%C3%A9lu \"Vélu\") Wood, [Ruyaulcourt](/wiki/Ruyaulcourt \"Ruyaulcourt\"), and [Neuville\\-Bourjonval](/wiki/Neuville-Bourjonval \"Neuville-Bourjonval\") (14 September). On the way, 1/1st Kent Bty received two new guns to replace those worn out by the heavy firing. The advance now paused because the Germans were now back in their Hindenburg Line positions. The Allies now carried out a series of attacks all along the Western Front, with Third Army's launching the [Battle of the Canal du Nord](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord \"Battle of the Canal du Nord\") on 27 September. In the evening 1/1st Kent Bty came into action behind [Gouzeaucourt](/wiki/Gouzeaucourt \"Gouzeaucourt\") Wood, where it had dumped 1000 rounds of ammunition over the previous two days. After the gun teams were clear, the position came under gas and HE fire, which was kept up all night, causing a few casualties and damaging two guns, one of which was repaired. The advance continued, and the battery moved up to La Vacquerie on 30 September, then to Bon Avis and Chenau Wood. Third Army's next attack was the [Second Battle of Cambrai](/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_%281918%29 \"Battle of Cambrai (1918)\") on 8 October, when 92nd Bde was assigned to CB fire to support [IV Corps'](/wiki/IV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"IV Corps (United Kingdom)\") attack. Third Army broke through the Beaurevoir Line, after which it pursued the Germans towards the [River Selle](/wiki/River_Selle \"River Selle\"). On 9 October 14 and 1/1st Kent Heavy Btys were detached from 92nd Bde and directly attached to the pursuing formations, [37th Division](/wiki/37th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"37th Division (United Kingdom)\") in the case of 1/1st Kents. 37th Division met little opposition and was on its final objective by noon. Over the next three days 1/1st Kent Bty followed through [Haucourt](/wiki/Haucourt-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis \"Haucourt-en-Cambrésis\"), [Caudry](/wiki/Caudry \"Caudry\") and [Beaumont](/wiki/Beaumont-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis \"Beaumont-en-Cambrésis\").Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 68–74\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 153–60\\.Blaxland, p. 229\\.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 417–20, 439–41, 449\\.Edmonds \\& Maxwell\\-Hyslop, *1918* Vol V, pp. 30–52, 199–210, 221, 238–40, Sketches 6 \\& 16\\.Farndale, pp. 302–4\\.",
"There was another pause as the BEF prepared to cross the Selle. 1/1st Kent Bty reverted to 92nd Bde and continued CB and harassing fire. For the [Battle of the Selle](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Selle \"Battle of the Selle\") there was no long preliminary bombardment, instead a surprise attack was made at 02\\.00 on 20 October under a full moon. The battery made a short move forward to [Viesly](/wiki/Viesly \"Viesly\"), then on 22 October it crossed the Selle to come into action near [Briastre](/wiki/Briastre \"Briastre\"). Here it was attached to 37th Division again for the advance to Pont\\-a\\-Pierres. During the October fighting heavy guns were not used on the towns, to avoid casualties among French civilians, but the 60\\-pounders were used to 'search' roads and forest clearings. 1/1st Kent Bty found its biggest problem to be obtaining 60\\-pdr ammunition, which the divisional artillery could not supply. It was still suffering a few casualties from long range German guns, and took up an alternative position at [Salesches](/wiki/Salesches \"Salesches\") on 30 October. For the [Battle of the Sambre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sambre_%281918%29 \"Battle of the Sambre (1918)\") on 4 November, 92nd Bde supported IV Corps in a complex fire programme to assist 37th Division and the [New Zealand Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_Division \"New Zealand Division\") in capturing the old fortress of [Le Quesnoy](/wiki/Capture_of_Le_Quesnoy_%281918%29 \"Capture of Le Quesnoy (1918)\").Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 76–7\\.Blaxland, pp. 252–8\\.Edmonds \\& Maxwell\\-Hyslop, *1918*, Vol V, pp. 334–43, 364–6, 377, 480–83\\.Farndale, *Western Front*, pp. 309–14, 319\\.",
"This was 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty's last operation: on 4 November the wagon lines joined the battery at Salesches, where the guns and wagons were parked. Hostilities ended with the Armistice on 11 November. On 20 November 92nd Bde began a long march from Salesches to the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\"), where it was to form part of the occupation forces. 1/1st Kent Bty reached Merode on 20 December. On 4 January 1919 it moved to [Huchem\\-Stammeln](/wiki/Huchem-Stammeln \"Huchem-Stammeln\"), where it was billeted. Major Borradaile having been sent to hospital, [Brevet](/wiki/Brevet_%28military%29 \"Brevet (military)\") [Lieutenant\\-Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)\") F.W. Loveday assumed command of the battery in February. Numbers began to dwindle as men were [demobilised](/wiki/Demobilization \"Demobilization\"), and 1/1st Kents unofficially adopted the establishment of a 4\\-gun battery. On 17 March the battery was ordered to be reduced to a cadre, and surplus men and horses were transferred to other batteries. The remaining cadre travelled to [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\") where on 20 May it embarked on SS *Sicilian* for [Tilbury Docks](/wiki/Tilbury_Docks \"Tilbury Docks\") and was demobilised.Anon, *14th Heavy*, pp. 80–2\\.",
""
] |
Findings
--------
Brick and mudbrick were the primary construction materials used, supplemented with wooden supports. Walls and floors were plastered with mud. It is noted that the entrances to the dwellings were located on the ceiling.
The architecture of the Late [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic "Chalcolithic") Age exhibits differences from the Early [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic "Chalcolithic") architecture in terms of orientation, layout, wall thickness, and brick dimensions. Structures within this period display a degree of continuity, with renovations or wall additions observed in almost all of them. The buildings are scattered and irregular, featuring courtyards and open spaces in between. These courtyards and open areas contain hearths, enclosed small spaces, and compartments. Walls are typically coated with white clay.
The architecture of the Middle [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic "Chalcolithic") period has been excavated within a limited area. In Layer 2A, which represents this period, the architecture exhibits the most significant differences from the architecture of Layer 2B, namely the use of stone foundations in 2A and smaller brick dimensions compared to 2B. The architecture of Layer 2B presents a more organized architectural plan compared to the Late [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic "Chalcolithic") layer. Mudbrick\-walled structures that directly rest on the ground were constructed in a contiguous arrangement without leaving gaps in between.
Unlike the Late [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic "Chalcolithic") structures, there is no evidence of a second floor in the Middle [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic "Chalcolithic") buildings; however, in this layer, structures are two\-storied, with the walls of the second floor being thinner. It is evident that this layer has experienced a fire.
The predominant pottery group of the Late Chalcolithic layer consists of red, red\-brown, and black\-slipped ceramics. In Layer 2A, plain artifacts in light brown and ochre colors are the most frequently found group.
In Layer 2A, fragments of clay tripod figurines depicting humans, animal figurines, a small figurine body, discs, sling stones, and spoons have been recovered. In Layer 2B, within a structure that had suffered from fire, numerous small clay female figurines were found. Some of them are flat and relatively schematic, yet facial features are clearly delineated.
In the [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic "Chalcolithic") Age layers, both [flint](/wiki/Flint "Flint") and [obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian "Obsidian") knapped stone tools have been found. Those recovered in Layer 2B display a less refined craftsmanship. In Layer 2A, carved containers made from various stones, stone beads, axes, marble bracelets, grinders, and grinding stones have been discovered as rubbing stones.
In the Late Chalcolithic Age layer, bone remains of domesticated animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and horses, as well as deers, turtles, cats, and rodent bones, have been discovered. Examination of a cow skull has indicated the domestication of this species.
|
[
"Findings\n--------",
"Brick and mudbrick were the primary construction materials used, supplemented with wooden supports. Walls and floors were plastered with mud. It is noted that the entrances to the dwellings were located on the ceiling.",
"The architecture of the Late [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic \"Chalcolithic\") Age exhibits differences from the Early [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic \"Chalcolithic\") architecture in terms of orientation, layout, wall thickness, and brick dimensions. Structures within this period display a degree of continuity, with renovations or wall additions observed in almost all of them. The buildings are scattered and irregular, featuring courtyards and open spaces in between. These courtyards and open areas contain hearths, enclosed small spaces, and compartments. Walls are typically coated with white clay.",
"The architecture of the Middle [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic \"Chalcolithic\") period has been excavated within a limited area. In Layer 2A, which represents this period, the architecture exhibits the most significant differences from the architecture of Layer 2B, namely the use of stone foundations in 2A and smaller brick dimensions compared to 2B. The architecture of Layer 2B presents a more organized architectural plan compared to the Late [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic \"Chalcolithic\") layer. Mudbrick\\-walled structures that directly rest on the ground were constructed in a contiguous arrangement without leaving gaps in between.",
"Unlike the Late [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic \"Chalcolithic\") structures, there is no evidence of a second floor in the Middle [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic \"Chalcolithic\") buildings; however, in this layer, structures are two\\-storied, with the walls of the second floor being thinner. It is evident that this layer has experienced a fire.",
"The predominant pottery group of the Late Chalcolithic layer consists of red, red\\-brown, and black\\-slipped ceramics. In Layer 2A, plain artifacts in light brown and ochre colors are the most frequently found group.",
"In Layer 2A, fragments of clay tripod figurines depicting humans, animal figurines, a small figurine body, discs, sling stones, and spoons have been recovered. In Layer 2B, within a structure that had suffered from fire, numerous small clay female figurines were found. Some of them are flat and relatively schematic, yet facial features are clearly delineated.",
"In the [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic \"Chalcolithic\") Age layers, both [flint](/wiki/Flint \"Flint\") and [obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian \"Obsidian\") knapped stone tools have been found. Those recovered in Layer 2B display a less refined craftsmanship. In Layer 2A, carved containers made from various stones, stone beads, axes, marble bracelets, grinders, and grinding stones have been discovered as rubbing stones.",
"In the Late Chalcolithic Age layer, bone remains of domesticated animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and horses, as well as deers, turtles, cats, and rodent bones, have been discovered. Examination of a cow skull has indicated the domestication of this species.",
""
] |
Africans in the early colonial period
-------------------------------------
{{Main\|Asiento for the African slave trade to Spanish America}}
[thumb\|Spanish conquistadors in Mexico led by [Hernán Cortés](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s "Hernán Cortés"). The Spaniards are accompanied by native porters, [La Malinche](/wiki/La_Malinche "La Malinche"), and a black man (holding the horse). [Codex Azcatitlan](/wiki/Codex_Azcatitlan "Codex Azcatitlan").](/wiki/File:Codex_azcatitlan222.jpg "Codex azcatitlan222.jpg")
When Spain first enslaved [Native Americans](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") on [Hispaniola](/wiki/Hispaniola "Hispaniola"), and then replaced them with captive Africans, it established slave labor as the basis for colonial sugar production. It was believed by Europeans that Africans had developed immunities to European diseases, and would not be as susceptible to fall ill as the Native Americans because they had not been exposed to the pathogens yet.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/archaeology/background/\|title\=Why were Africans enslaved?\|website\=International Slavery Museum\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-05}} In 1501, Spanish colonists began importing enslaved Africans from the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula "Iberian Peninsula") to their [Santo Domingo colony](/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo "Captaincy General of Santo Domingo") on the island of [Hispaniola](/wiki/Hispaniola "Hispaniola"). These first Africans, who had been enslaved in Europe before crossing the Atlantic, may have spoken Spanish and perhaps were even Christians. About 17 of them started in the copper mines, and about a hundred were sent to extract gold. As Old World diseases decimated Caribbean indigenous populations in the first decades of the 1500s, enslaved blacks from Africa (*bozales*) gradually replaced their labor, but they also mingled and joined in flights to freedom, creating mixed\-race [maroon](/wiki/Maroon_%28people%29 "Maroon (people)") communities in all the islands where Europeans had established [chattel slavery](/wiki/Chattel_slavery "Chattel slavery").{{cite book \| title\=Maroon Teachers: Teaching the Transatlantic Trade in Enslaved Africans \| publisher\=Ian Randle Publishers \| author\=Gift, Sandra Ingrid \| year\=2008 \| location\=Kingston, Jamaica \| isbn\=9789766373405}} Slaves first arrived in [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") in 1511, after the Black conquistador [Juan Garrido](/wiki/Juan_Garrido "Juan Garrido") helped invade the island in 1508\-1509\.
[thumb\|Fray [Bartolomé de las Casas](/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas "Bartolomé de las Casas")](/wiki/File:Fray_Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas.jpg "Fray Bartolomé de las Casas.jpg")
[thumb\|The Spanish [Amaro Pargo](/wiki/Amaro_Pargo "Amaro Pargo"), who was one of the most famous privateers of the [Golden Age of Piracy](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy "Golden Age of Piracy"), participated in the African slave trade in [Hispanic America](/wiki/Hispanic_America "Hispanic America")](/wiki/File:Amaro_Pargo.jpg "Amaro Pargo.jpg")
Spanish colonist turned Dominican friar [Bartolomé de las Casas](/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas "Bartolomé de las Casas") (1484–1566\) observed and recorded the effects of enslavement on the Native populations. Initially he sought to protect the indigenous from enslavement by advocating and participating in the African slave trade. He later argued that enslavement of both indigenous and Africans was wrong, violating their human rights. Las Casas campaigned for protections of the indigenous, especially crown limits on the exploitation of the encomienda, helping to bring about the 1542 New Laws.Gunst, Laurie. "Bartolomé de las Casas and the Question of Negro Slavery in the Early Spanish Indies." PhD dissertation, Harvard University 1982\.Juan Friede and Benjamin Keen, *Bartolome de las Casas in History. Toward an Understanding of the Man and His Work* Northern Illinois University Slavery Press, 1971\. {{ISBN\|0\-87580\-025\-4}}
In Spanish Florida and farther north, the first African slaves arrived in 1526 with [Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón](/wiki/Lucas_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Ayll%C3%B3n "Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón")'s establishment of [San Miguel de Gualdape](/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Gualdape "San Miguel de Gualdape") on the current Georgia coast.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.staugustine.com/news/20190824/1619\-project\-ignores\-fact\-that\-slaves\-were\-present\-in\-florida\-decades\-before \|title\='1619 Project' ignores fact that slaves were present in Florida decades before \|last\=Parker \|first\=Susan \|date\=2019\-08\-24 \|work\=St. Augustine Record \|access\-date\=2019\-12\-06 \|language\=en}}
{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/opinion/2019/08/29/before\-1619\-africans\-and\-the\-early\-history\-of\-spanish\-colonial\-florida\-and\-america\-column/ \|title\=Slavery took hold in Florida under the Spanish in the 'forgotten century' of 1492\-1619\. \|last\=Francis \|first\=J. Michael , Gary Mormino and Rachel Sanderson \|date\=2019\-08\-29 \|work\=Tampa Bay Times \|access\-date\=2019\-12\-06 \|language\=en}}
They rebelled and lived with indigenous people, destroying the colony in less than 2 months.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/08/23/everyone\-is\-talking\-about\-thats\-not\-actually\-when\-slavery\-america\-started/ \|title\=Perspective \- Everyone is talking about 1619\. But that's not actually when slavery in America started. \|last1\=Torres\-Spelliscy \|first1\=Ciara \|date\=2019\-08\-23 \|newspaper\=Washington Post \|access\-date\=2019\-12\-06 \|language\=en }}
More slaves arrived in Florida in 1539 with [Hernando de Soto](/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto "Hernando de Soto"), and in the 1565 founding of [St. Augustine, Florida](/wiki/St._Augustine%2C_Florida "St. Augustine, Florida").
Native Americans were also enslaved in Florida by the [encomienda](/wiki/Encomienda "Encomienda") system.{{Citation \|last\=Guitar \|first\=Lynne \|title\=No More Negotiation: Slavery and the Destabilization of Colonial Hispaniola's Encomienda System, by Lynne Guitar \|url\=https://www.kislakfoundation.org/prize/199701\.html \|access\-date\=2019\-12\-06}}
{{Citation \|title\=Indian Slavery in the Americas\- AP US History Study Guide from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History \|date\=2012\-03\-22 \|url\=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/node/239 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2019\-12\-06 \|archive\-date\=2021\-03\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151947/https://www.gilderlehrman.org/node/239 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Slaves escaping to Florida from the [colony of Georgia](/wiki/Province_of_Georgia "Province of Georgia") were freed by Carlos II's proclamation November 7, 1693 if the slaves were willing to convert to Catholicism,{{Cite news \|url\=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/the\-journey\-of\-africans\-to\-st\-augustine\-florida\-and\-the\-establishment\-of\-the\-underground\-railway \|title\=The journey of Africans to St. Augustine, Florida and the establishment of the underground railway \|last\=Hankerson \|first\=Derek \|date\=2008\-01\-02 \|work\=Patriotic Vanguard \|access\-date\=2019\-12\-06 \|language\=en}}
and it became a place of refuge for slaves fleeing the [Thirteen Colonies](/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies "Thirteen Colonies").{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.staugustine.com/news/20190520/st\-augustines\-fort\-mose\-added\-to\-unesco\-slave\-route\-project \|title\=St. Augustine's Fort Mose added to UNESCO Slave Route Project \|last\=Gardner \|first\=Sheldon \|date\=2019\-05\-20 \|work\=St. Augustine record \|access\-date\=2019\-12\-06 \|language\=en}}
In this early period, enslaved African men were often labor bosses, overseeing indigenous labor. Franciscan [Toribio de Benavente Motolinia](/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente_Motolinia "Toribio de Benavente Motolinia") (1482\-1568\), one of the [First Twelve](/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_of_Mexico "Twelve Apostles of Mexico") Franciscans to arrive in Mexico in 1524, considered blacks the Fourth Plague on Mexican Indians. He wrote "In the first years these black overseers were so absolute in their maltreatment of the Indians, over\-loading them, sending them far from their land and giving them many other tasks that many Indians died because of them and at their hands, which is the worst feature of the situation."Toribio de Benavente Motolinia. *History of the Indians of New Spain*. Translated by Elizabeth Andros Foster. Westport: Greenwood Press 1973:40\-41\. In Yucatan, there were regulations attempting to prevent blacks presence in indigenous communities.*Yucatan Before and After the Conquest by Friar Diego de Landa*. Translated by William Gates Dover Publications 1978, pp. 158, 159\. In Mexico City in 1537, a number of blacks were accused of rebellion. They were executed in the main plaza (*zócalo*) by hanging, an event recorded in an indigenous pictorial and alphabetic manuscript.*Codex Telleriano\-Remensis*, translated and edited by Eloise Quiñones Keber. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992:275\.
Demand for African slaves was high and the slave trade was controlled by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts on the west coast of Africa. Spanish colonists purchased them directly from Portuguese traders, who in turn purchased them from African traders on the Atlantic coast. With the increased dependency on enslaved Africans and with the Spanish crown opposed to enslavement of indigenous, except in the case of rebellion, slavery became associated with race and racial hierarchy, with Europeans hardening their concepts of racial ideologies. These were buttressed by prior ideologies of differentiation as that of the [limpieza de sangre](/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre "Limpieza de sangre") (en: purity of blood), which in Spain referred to individuals without the perceived taint of Jewish or Muslim ancestry.{{cite journal \|id\={{ProQuest\|215522164}} \| url\=https://www.scribd.com/doc/296509575 \| title\=The Ideology of Racial Hierarchy and the Construction of the European Slave Trade \|last1\=Asante \|first1\=Molefi Kete \| journal\=Black Renaissance \| year\=2001 \| volume\=3 \| issue\=3 \| pages\=133–146}} However, in Spanish America, purity of blood came to mean a person free of any African ancestry.{{cite journal \|last1\=Martínez \|first1\=María Elena \|title\=The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico \|journal\=William and Mary Quarterly \|date\=1 July 2004 \|volume\=61 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=479–520 \|doi\=10\.2307/3491806 \|jstor\=3491806 }}
In the vocabulary of the time, each enslaved African who arrived at the Americas was called "[Pieza de Indias](/wiki/Pe%C3%A7a "Peça")" (en: a piece of the Indies). The crown issued licenses "[asientos](/wiki/Asiento_de_Negros "Asiento de Negros")", to merchants to specifically trade slaves, regulating the trade. During the 16th century, the Spanish colonies were the most important customers of the Atlantic slave trade, claiming several thousands in sales, but other [European colonies](/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas "European colonization of the Americas") soon dwarfed these numbers when their demand for enslaved workers began to drive the slave market to unprecedented levels.
Some of the first [black](/wiki/Black_people "Black people") people in the Americas were "[Atlantic Creoles](/wiki/Atlantic_Creole "Atlantic Creole")", as the charter generation is described by the American historian [Ira Berlin](/wiki/Ira_Berlin "Ira Berlin"). [Mixed\-race](/wiki/Multiracial_people "Multiracial people") men of African and Portuguese/Spanish descent, some slaves and others free, sailed with Iberian ships and worked in the ports of Spain and Portugal; some were born in Europe, others in African ports as sons of Portuguese trade workers and African women. The mixed\-race men often grew up bilingual, making them useful as interpreters in African and Iberian ports.{{cite journal \| url\=https://www.scribd.com/doc/296527825 \| title\=From African to Creole: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African\- American Society in Mainland North America \| author\=Berlin, Ira \| journal\=The William and Mary Quarterly \| year\=1996 \| volume\=53 \| issue\=2 \| pages\=251–288\| doi\=10\.2307/2947401 \| jstor\=2947401 }}
Some famous black Spanish soldiers in the first stages of the Spanish conquest of America were [Juan Valiente](/wiki/Juan_Valiente "Juan Valiente") and Juan Beltrán in Chile, [Juan Garrido](/wiki/Juan_Garrido "Juan Garrido") (credited with the first harvesting of wheat planted in [New Spain](/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain "Viceroyalty of New Spain")) and Sebastián Toral in Mexico, Juan Bardales in Honduras and Panama, and Juan García in Peru.
The first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in the continental United States was an interracial union between a free black Spanish woman from [Jerez de la Frontera](/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera "Jerez de la Frontera") and a Spanish settler from [Segovia](/wiki/Segovia "Segovia") who met in [Seville](/wiki/Seville "Seville") and embarked together as a couple to the New World. This marriage took place in 1565 in the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine, Florida.
[Estevanico](/wiki/Estevanico "Estevanico"), recorded as a black slave from Morocco, survived the disastrous [Narváez expedition](/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition "Narváez expedition") from 1527 to 1536 when most of the men died. After the ships, horses, equipment and finally most of the men were lost, with three other survivors, Estevanico spent six years traveling overland from present\-day [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") to [Sinaloa](/wiki/Sinaloa "Sinaloa"), and finally reaching the Spanish settlement at [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City"). He learned several [Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") languages in the process. He went on to serve as a well\-respected guide. Later, while leading an expedition in what is now [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico "New Mexico") in search of [the Seven Cities of Gold](/wiki/Quivira_and_C%C3%ADbola "Quivira and Cíbola"), he was killed in a dispute with the [Zuñi](/wiki/Zuni_people "Zuni people") local people.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2012}}
The Spanish privateer and merchant [Amaro Pargo](/wiki/Amaro_Pargo "Amaro Pargo") (1678\-1747\) managed to transport slaves to the [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean"), although, it is estimated, to a lesser extent than other captains and figures of the time dedicated to this activity.{{Cite web\|url\=https://diariodeavisos.elespanol.com/2023/12/amaro\-pargo\-esclavitud/\|title\=Los destellos humanistas de Amaro Pargo contra la esclavitud\|website\=diariodeavisos.elespanol.com\|date\=17 December 2023 }} In 1710, the privateer was involved in a complaint by the priest Alonso García Ximénez, who accused him of freeing an African slave named Sebastián, who was transported to [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela") on one of Amaro's ships. The aforementioned Alonso García granted a power of attorney on July 18, 1715 to Teodoro Garcés de Salazar so that he could demand his return in [Caracas](/wiki/Caracas "Caracas"). Despite this fact, Amaro Pargo himself also owned slaves in his domestic service.
|
[
"Africans in the early colonial period\n-------------------------------------",
"{{Main\\|Asiento for the African slave trade to Spanish America}}\n[thumb\\|Spanish conquistadors in Mexico led by [Hernán Cortés](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s \"Hernán Cortés\"). The Spaniards are accompanied by native porters, [La Malinche](/wiki/La_Malinche \"La Malinche\"), and a black man (holding the horse). [Codex Azcatitlan](/wiki/Codex_Azcatitlan \"Codex Azcatitlan\").](/wiki/File:Codex_azcatitlan222.jpg \"Codex azcatitlan222.jpg\")",
"When Spain first enslaved [Native Americans](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") on [Hispaniola](/wiki/Hispaniola \"Hispaniola\"), and then replaced them with captive Africans, it established slave labor as the basis for colonial sugar production. It was believed by Europeans that Africans had developed immunities to European diseases, and would not be as susceptible to fall ill as the Native Americans because they had not been exposed to the pathogens yet.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/archaeology/background/\\|title\\=Why were Africans enslaved?\\|website\\=International Slavery Museum\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-05}} In 1501, Spanish colonists began importing enslaved Africans from the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula \"Iberian Peninsula\") to their [Santo Domingo colony](/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo \"Captaincy General of Santo Domingo\") on the island of [Hispaniola](/wiki/Hispaniola \"Hispaniola\"). These first Africans, who had been enslaved in Europe before crossing the Atlantic, may have spoken Spanish and perhaps were even Christians. About 17 of them started in the copper mines, and about a hundred were sent to extract gold. As Old World diseases decimated Caribbean indigenous populations in the first decades of the 1500s, enslaved blacks from Africa (*bozales*) gradually replaced their labor, but they also mingled and joined in flights to freedom, creating mixed\\-race [maroon](/wiki/Maroon_%28people%29 \"Maroon (people)\") communities in all the islands where Europeans had established [chattel slavery](/wiki/Chattel_slavery \"Chattel slavery\").{{cite book \\| title\\=Maroon Teachers: Teaching the Transatlantic Trade in Enslaved Africans \\| publisher\\=Ian Randle Publishers \\| author\\=Gift, Sandra Ingrid \\| year\\=2008 \\| location\\=Kingston, Jamaica \\| isbn\\=9789766373405}} Slaves first arrived in [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\") in 1511, after the Black conquistador [Juan Garrido](/wiki/Juan_Garrido \"Juan Garrido\") helped invade the island in 1508\\-1509\\.",
"[thumb\\|Fray [Bartolomé de las Casas](/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas \"Bartolomé de las Casas\")](/wiki/File:Fray_Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas.jpg \"Fray Bartolomé de las Casas.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The Spanish [Amaro Pargo](/wiki/Amaro_Pargo \"Amaro Pargo\"), who was one of the most famous privateers of the [Golden Age of Piracy](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy \"Golden Age of Piracy\"), participated in the African slave trade in [Hispanic America](/wiki/Hispanic_America \"Hispanic America\")](/wiki/File:Amaro_Pargo.jpg \"Amaro Pargo.jpg\")",
"Spanish colonist turned Dominican friar [Bartolomé de las Casas](/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas \"Bartolomé de las Casas\") (1484–1566\\) observed and recorded the effects of enslavement on the Native populations. Initially he sought to protect the indigenous from enslavement by advocating and participating in the African slave trade. He later argued that enslavement of both indigenous and Africans was wrong, violating their human rights. Las Casas campaigned for protections of the indigenous, especially crown limits on the exploitation of the encomienda, helping to bring about the 1542 New Laws.Gunst, Laurie. \"Bartolomé de las Casas and the Question of Negro Slavery in the Early Spanish Indies.\" PhD dissertation, Harvard University 1982\\.Juan Friede and Benjamin Keen, *Bartolome de las Casas in History. Toward an Understanding of the Man and His Work* Northern Illinois University Slavery Press, 1971\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-87580\\-025\\-4}}",
"In Spanish Florida and farther north, the first African slaves arrived in 1526 with [Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón](/wiki/Lucas_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Ayll%C3%B3n \"Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón\")'s establishment of [San Miguel de Gualdape](/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Gualdape \"San Miguel de Gualdape\") on the current Georgia coast.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.staugustine.com/news/20190824/1619\\-project\\-ignores\\-fact\\-that\\-slaves\\-were\\-present\\-in\\-florida\\-decades\\-before \\|title\\='1619 Project' ignores fact that slaves were present in Florida decades before \\|last\\=Parker \\|first\\=Susan \\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-24 \\|work\\=St. Augustine Record \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-06 \\|language\\=en}}\n{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/opinion/2019/08/29/before\\-1619\\-africans\\-and\\-the\\-early\\-history\\-of\\-spanish\\-colonial\\-florida\\-and\\-america\\-column/ \\|title\\=Slavery took hold in Florida under the Spanish in the 'forgotten century' of 1492\\-1619\\. \\|last\\=Francis \\|first\\=J. Michael , Gary Mormino and Rachel Sanderson \\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-29 \\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-06 \\|language\\=en}}\nThey rebelled and lived with indigenous people, destroying the colony in less than 2 months.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/08/23/everyone\\-is\\-talking\\-about\\-thats\\-not\\-actually\\-when\\-slavery\\-america\\-started/ \\|title\\=Perspective \\- Everyone is talking about 1619\\. But that's not actually when slavery in America started. \\|last1\\=Torres\\-Spelliscy \\|first1\\=Ciara \\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-23 \\|newspaper\\=Washington Post \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-06 \\|language\\=en }}\nMore slaves arrived in Florida in 1539 with [Hernando de Soto](/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto \"Hernando de Soto\"), and in the 1565 founding of [St. Augustine, Florida](/wiki/St._Augustine%2C_Florida \"St. Augustine, Florida\").\nNative Americans were also enslaved in Florida by the [encomienda](/wiki/Encomienda \"Encomienda\") system.{{Citation \\|last\\=Guitar \\|first\\=Lynne \\|title\\=No More Negotiation: Slavery and the Destabilization of Colonial Hispaniola's Encomienda System, by Lynne Guitar \\|url\\=https://www.kislakfoundation.org/prize/199701\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-06}}\n{{Citation \\|title\\=Indian Slavery in the Americas\\- AP US History Study Guide from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History \\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-22 \\|url\\=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/node/239 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-06 \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151947/https://www.gilderlehrman.org/node/239 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\nSlaves escaping to Florida from the [colony of Georgia](/wiki/Province_of_Georgia \"Province of Georgia\") were freed by Carlos II's proclamation November 7, 1693 if the slaves were willing to convert to Catholicism,{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/the\\-journey\\-of\\-africans\\-to\\-st\\-augustine\\-florida\\-and\\-the\\-establishment\\-of\\-the\\-underground\\-railway \\|title\\=The journey of Africans to St. Augustine, Florida and the establishment of the underground railway \\|last\\=Hankerson \\|first\\=Derek \\|date\\=2008\\-01\\-02 \\|work\\=Patriotic Vanguard \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-06 \\|language\\=en}}\nand it became a place of refuge for slaves fleeing the [Thirteen Colonies](/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies \"Thirteen Colonies\").{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.staugustine.com/news/20190520/st\\-augustines\\-fort\\-mose\\-added\\-to\\-unesco\\-slave\\-route\\-project \\|title\\=St. Augustine's Fort Mose added to UNESCO Slave Route Project \\|last\\=Gardner \\|first\\=Sheldon \\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-20 \\|work\\=St. Augustine record \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-06 \\|language\\=en}}",
"In this early period, enslaved African men were often labor bosses, overseeing indigenous labor. Franciscan [Toribio de Benavente Motolinia](/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente_Motolinia \"Toribio de Benavente Motolinia\") (1482\\-1568\\), one of the [First Twelve](/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_of_Mexico \"Twelve Apostles of Mexico\") Franciscans to arrive in Mexico in 1524, considered blacks the Fourth Plague on Mexican Indians. He wrote \"In the first years these black overseers were so absolute in their maltreatment of the Indians, over\\-loading them, sending them far from their land and giving them many other tasks that many Indians died because of them and at their hands, which is the worst feature of the situation.\"Toribio de Benavente Motolinia. *History of the Indians of New Spain*. Translated by Elizabeth Andros Foster. Westport: Greenwood Press 1973:40\\-41\\. In Yucatan, there were regulations attempting to prevent blacks presence in indigenous communities.*Yucatan Before and After the Conquest by Friar Diego de Landa*. Translated by William Gates Dover Publications 1978, pp. 158, 159\\. In Mexico City in 1537, a number of blacks were accused of rebellion. They were executed in the main plaza (*zócalo*) by hanging, an event recorded in an indigenous pictorial and alphabetic manuscript.*Codex Telleriano\\-Remensis*, translated and edited by Eloise Quiñones Keber. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992:275\\.",
"Demand for African slaves was high and the slave trade was controlled by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts on the west coast of Africa. Spanish colonists purchased them directly from Portuguese traders, who in turn purchased them from African traders on the Atlantic coast. With the increased dependency on enslaved Africans and with the Spanish crown opposed to enslavement of indigenous, except in the case of rebellion, slavery became associated with race and racial hierarchy, with Europeans hardening their concepts of racial ideologies. These were buttressed by prior ideologies of differentiation as that of the [limpieza de sangre](/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre \"Limpieza de sangre\") (en: purity of blood), which in Spain referred to individuals without the perceived taint of Jewish or Muslim ancestry.{{cite journal \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|215522164}} \\| url\\=https://www.scribd.com/doc/296509575 \\| title\\=The Ideology of Racial Hierarchy and the Construction of the European Slave Trade \\|last1\\=Asante \\|first1\\=Molefi Kete \\| journal\\=Black Renaissance \\| year\\=2001 \\| volume\\=3 \\| issue\\=3 \\| pages\\=133–146}} However, in Spanish America, purity of blood came to mean a person free of any African ancestry.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Martínez \\|first1\\=María Elena \\|title\\=The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico \\|journal\\=William and Mary Quarterly \\|date\\=1 July 2004 \\|volume\\=61 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=479–520 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3491806 \\|jstor\\=3491806 }}",
"In the vocabulary of the time, each enslaved African who arrived at the Americas was called \"[Pieza de Indias](/wiki/Pe%C3%A7a \"Peça\")\" (en: a piece of the Indies). The crown issued licenses \"[asientos](/wiki/Asiento_de_Negros \"Asiento de Negros\")\", to merchants to specifically trade slaves, regulating the trade. During the 16th century, the Spanish colonies were the most important customers of the Atlantic slave trade, claiming several thousands in sales, but other [European colonies](/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas \"European colonization of the Americas\") soon dwarfed these numbers when their demand for enslaved workers began to drive the slave market to unprecedented levels.",
"Some of the first [black](/wiki/Black_people \"Black people\") people in the Americas were \"[Atlantic Creoles](/wiki/Atlantic_Creole \"Atlantic Creole\")\", as the charter generation is described by the American historian [Ira Berlin](/wiki/Ira_Berlin \"Ira Berlin\"). [Mixed\\-race](/wiki/Multiracial_people \"Multiracial people\") men of African and Portuguese/Spanish descent, some slaves and others free, sailed with Iberian ships and worked in the ports of Spain and Portugal; some were born in Europe, others in African ports as sons of Portuguese trade workers and African women. The mixed\\-race men often grew up bilingual, making them useful as interpreters in African and Iberian ports.{{cite journal \\| url\\=https://www.scribd.com/doc/296527825 \\| title\\=From African to Creole: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African\\- American Society in Mainland North America \\| author\\=Berlin, Ira \\| journal\\=The William and Mary Quarterly \\| year\\=1996 \\| volume\\=53 \\| issue\\=2 \\| pages\\=251–288\\| doi\\=10\\.2307/2947401 \\| jstor\\=2947401 }}",
"Some famous black Spanish soldiers in the first stages of the Spanish conquest of America were [Juan Valiente](/wiki/Juan_Valiente \"Juan Valiente\") and Juan Beltrán in Chile, [Juan Garrido](/wiki/Juan_Garrido \"Juan Garrido\") (credited with the first harvesting of wheat planted in [New Spain](/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain \"Viceroyalty of New Spain\")) and Sebastián Toral in Mexico, Juan Bardales in Honduras and Panama, and Juan García in Peru.",
"The first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in the continental United States was an interracial union between a free black Spanish woman from [Jerez de la Frontera](/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera \"Jerez de la Frontera\") and a Spanish settler from [Segovia](/wiki/Segovia \"Segovia\") who met in [Seville](/wiki/Seville \"Seville\") and embarked together as a couple to the New World. This marriage took place in 1565 in the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine, Florida.",
"[Estevanico](/wiki/Estevanico \"Estevanico\"), recorded as a black slave from Morocco, survived the disastrous [Narváez expedition](/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition \"Narváez expedition\") from 1527 to 1536 when most of the men died. After the ships, horses, equipment and finally most of the men were lost, with three other survivors, Estevanico spent six years traveling overland from present\\-day [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") to [Sinaloa](/wiki/Sinaloa \"Sinaloa\"), and finally reaching the Spanish settlement at [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\"). He learned several [Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") languages in the process. He went on to serve as a well\\-respected guide. Later, while leading an expedition in what is now [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\") in search of [the Seven Cities of Gold](/wiki/Quivira_and_C%C3%ADbola \"Quivira and Cíbola\"), he was killed in a dispute with the [Zuñi](/wiki/Zuni_people \"Zuni people\") local people.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2012}}",
"The Spanish privateer and merchant [Amaro Pargo](/wiki/Amaro_Pargo \"Amaro Pargo\") (1678\\-1747\\) managed to transport slaves to the [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\"), although, it is estimated, to a lesser extent than other captains and figures of the time dedicated to this activity.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://diariodeavisos.elespanol.com/2023/12/amaro\\-pargo\\-esclavitud/\\|title\\=Los destellos humanistas de Amaro Pargo contra la esclavitud\\|website\\=diariodeavisos.elespanol.com\\|date\\=17 December 2023 }} In 1710, the privateer was involved in a complaint by the priest Alonso García Ximénez, who accused him of freeing an African slave named Sebastián, who was transported to [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela \"Venezuela\") on one of Amaro's ships. The aforementioned Alonso García granted a power of attorney on July 18, 1715 to Teodoro Garcés de Salazar so that he could demand his return in [Caracas](/wiki/Caracas \"Caracas\"). Despite this fact, Amaro Pargo himself also owned slaves in his domestic service.",
""
] |
Black slavery in the late colonial period
-----------------------------------------
The population of slaves in Cuba received a large boost when the [British captured Havana](/wiki/Siege_of_Havana "Siege of Havana") during the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War "Seven Years' War"), and imported 10,000 slaves from their [other colonies](/wiki/British_West_Indies "British West Indies") in the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies "West Indies") to work on newly established agricultural plantations. These slaves were left behind when the British returned Havana to the Spanish as part of the [1763 Treaty of Paris](/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29 "Treaty of Paris (1763)"), and form a significant part of the [Afro\-Cuban](/wiki/Afro-Cubans "Afro-Cubans") population today.Rogozinsky, Jan. *A Brief History of the Caribbean*. Plume. 1999\.
While historians have studied the production of sugar on plantations by enslaved workers in nineteenth\-century Cuba, they have sometimes overlooked the crucial role of the Spanish state before the 1760s. Cuba ultimately developed two distinct but interrelated sources using enslaved labor, which converged at the end of the eighteenth century. The first of these sectors was urban and was directed in large measure by the needs of the Spanish colonial state, reaching its height in the 1760s. As of 1778, it was reported by [Thomas Kitchin](/wiki/Thomas_Kitchin "Thomas Kitchin") that "about 52,000 slaves" were being brought from Africa to the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies "West Indies") by Europeans, with approximately 4,000 being brought by the Spanish.{{cite book\|last\=Kitchin\|first\=Thomas\|title\=The Present State of the West\-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe\|year\=1778\|publisher\=R. Baldwin\|location\=London\|page\=12\|url\=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4397/}}
The second sector, which flourished after 1790, was rural and was directed by private slaveholders/planters involved in the production of export [agricultural commodities](/wiki/Commodity_crop "Commodity crop"), especially sugar. After 1763, the scale and urgency of defense projects led the state to deploy many of its enslaved workers in ways that were to anticipate the intense work regimes on sugar plantations in the nineteenth century. Another important group of workers enslaved by the Spanish colonial state in the late eighteenth century were the king's laborers, who worked on the city's [fortifications](/wiki/Fortification "Fortification").
The Spanish colonies were late to exploit slave labor in the production of [sugarcane](/wiki/Sugarcane "Sugarcane"), particularly on Cuba. The Spanish colonies in the Caribbean were among the last to abolish slavery. While the British [abolished slavery](/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833 "Slavery Abolition Act 1833") by 1833, Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873\. On the mainland of colonies, Spain ended African slavery in the eighteenth century.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}} Peru was one of the countries that revived the institution for some decades after declaring independence from Spain in the early 19th century.
In 1789 the Spanish Crown led an effort to reform slavery and issued a decree, *Código Negro Español* (Spanish Black Code), that specified food and clothing provisions, put limits on the number of [work hours](/wiki/Work_hours "Work hours"), limited punishments, required religious instruction, and protected marriages, forbidding the sale of young children away from their mothers. But planters often flouted the laws and protested against them, considering them a threat to their authority and an intrusion into their personal lives.{{cite book\|last\=Childs\|first\=Matt D.\|title\=1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery\|year\=2006\|publisher\=University of North Carolina Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-8078\-5772\-4}}
The slaveowners did not protest against all the measures of the codex, many of which they argued were already common practices. They objected to efforts to set limits on their ability to apply physical punishment. For instance, the Black Codex limited [whippings](/wiki/Flagellation "Flagellation") to 25 and required the whippings "not to cause serious bruises or bleeding". The slave\-owners thought that the slaves would interpret these limits as weaknesses, ultimately leading to resistance. Another contested issue was the work hours that were restricted "from sunrise to sunset"; plantation owners responded by explaining that cutting and processing of cane needed 20\-hour days during the harvest season.
By 1570, the colonists found that the gold mines were depleted, relegating the island to a garrison for passing ships. The cultivation of crops such as tobacco, cotton, cocoa, and ginger became the cornerstone of the economy.{{Cite book \|url\={{google books \|plainurl\=y \|id\=U3yO7M6gOeUC\|page\=5}} \|title\=Slave Revolts in Puerto Rico: Conspiracies and Uprisings, 1795\-1873 \|first\=Guillermo A. \|last\=Baralt \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Markus Wiener Publishers}} With rising demand for sugar on the international market, major planters increased their labour\-intensive cultivation and processing of sugar cane. Sugar plantations supplanted mining as Puerto Rico's main industry and kept demand high for African slavery.
Those slaves who worked on sugar plantations and in sugar mills were often subject to the harshest of conditions. The field work was rigorous manual labour which the slaves began at an early age. The work days lasted close to 20 hours during harvest and processing, including cultivating and cutting the crops, hauling wagons, and processing sugarcane with dangerous machinery. The slaves were forced to reside in [barracoons](/wiki/Barracoons "Barracoons"), where they were crammed in and locked in by a padlock at night, getting about three to four hours of sleep. The conditions of the barracoons were harsh; they were highly unsanitary and extremely hot. Typically there was no ventilation; the only window was a small barred hole in the wall.{{harvnb\|Montejo\|2016\|pp\=80–82}}
[thumb\|Slaves in Cuba unloading ice from [Maine](/wiki/Maine "Maine"), 1832](/wiki/File:Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg "Slaves Unloading Ice in Cuba 1832.jpg")
Cuba's slavery system was gendered in a way that some duties were performed only by male slaves, some only by female slaves. Female slaves in [Havana](/wiki/Havana "Havana") from the 16th century onwards performed duties such as operating the town taverns, eating houses, and lodges, as well as being laundresses and domestic labourers and servants. Female slaves also served as the town prostitutes.
Some Cuban women could gain freedom by having children with white men. As in other Latin cultures, there were looser borders with the [mulatto](/wiki/Mulatto "Mulatto") or mixed\-race population. Sometimes men who took slaves as wives or concubines freed both them and their children. As in New Orleans and Saint\-Domingue, mulattos began to be classified as a third group between the European colonists and African slaves. [Freedmen](/wiki/Freedmen "Freedmen"), generally of mixed race, came to represent 20% of the total Cuban population and 41% of the non\-white Cuban population.Knight pp. 144–145
Planters encouraged Afro\-Cuban slaves to have children in order to reproduce their work force. The masters wanted to pair strong and large\-built black men with healthy black women. They were placed in the barracoons and forced to have sex and create offspring of "breed stock" children, who would sell for around 500 pesos. The planters needed children to be born to replace slaves who died under the harsh regime. Sometimes if the overseers did not like the quality of children, they separate the parents and sent the mother back to working in the fields.{{harvnb\|Montejo\|2016\|p\=39}}
African slaves were legally branded with a hot iron on the forehead, prevented their "theft" or lawsuits that challenged their captivity.{{cite web\|first\=Robert A.\|last\=Martinez\|url\=http://www.ipoaa.com/africa\_puertorico.htm\|title\=African Aspects of the Puerto Rican Personality\|publisher\=ipoaa.com\|access\-date\=March 22, 2016\|archive\-date\=December 14, 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214000250/http://www.ipoaa.com/africa\_puertorico.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} The colonists continued this branding practice for more than 250 years.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XIXE/castelar/esclavitud/cedula.htm\|title\=Teoría, Crítica e Historia: La abolición de la esclavitud y el mundo hispano\|publisher\=Ensayistas.org\|access\-date\=July 23, 2015\|language\=es}} They were sent to work in the gold mines, or in the island's ginger and sugar fields. They were allowed to live with their families in a hut on the master's land, and given a patch of land where they could farm, but otherwise were subjected to harsh treatment; including sexual abuse as the majority of colonists had arrived without women; many of them intermarried with the Africans or Taínos. Their mixed\-race descendants formed the first generations of the early Puerto Rican and Cuban populations.
[thumb\|upright\|On March 22, 1873, Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico. The owners were compensated.](/wiki/File:Indemnity_slave-bond.tif "Indemnity slave-bond.tif")
The slaves had little choice but to adapt. Many converted to Christianity and were given their masters' surnames. Both women and men were subject to the punishments of violence and humiliating abuse. Slaves who misbehaved or disobeyed their masters were often placed in stocks in the depths of the boiler houses where they were abandoned for days at a time, and oftentimes two to three months. These wooden stocks were made in two types: lying\-down or stand\-up types. women were punished, even when pregnant. They were subjected to whippings: they had to lie "face down over a scooped\-out piece of round \[earth] to protect their bellies."{{harvnb\|Montejo\|2016\|p\=40}} Some masters reportedly whipped pregnant women in the belly, often causing miscarriages. The wounds were treated with "compresses of tobacco leaves, urine and salt."{{harvnb\|Montejo\|2016\|pp\=39–40}}
After 1784, Spain provided five ways by which slaves could obtain freedom. Five years later, the Spanish Crown issued the "Royal Decree of Graces of 1789", which set new rules related to the slave trade and added restrictions to the granting of freedman status. The decree granted its subjects the right to purchase slaves and to participate in the flourishing slave trade in the Caribbean. Later that year a new slave code, also known as *El Código Negro* (The Black Code), was introduced.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/churchmews/1216/BandoNegro.htm\|title\=El 'Bando Negro' o "Código Negro"\|trans\-title\=The "Black Edict" or "Black Code"\|language\=es\|website\=Government Gazette of Puerto Rico\|issue\=No. 67 – 3 June 1848\|publisher\=fortunecity.com\|date\=May 31, 1848\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606200620/http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/churchmews/1216/BandoNegro.htm\|archive\-date\=June 6, 2007}} Under "El Código Negro", a slave could buy his freedom, in the event that his master was willing to sell, by paying the price sought in installments. Slaves were allowed to earn money during their spare time by working as shoemakers, cleaning clothes, or selling the produce they grew on their own plots of land. For the freedom of their newborn child, not yet baptized, they paid at half the going price for a baptized child. Many of these freedmen started settlements in the areas which became known as Cangrejos ([Santurce](/wiki/Santurce%2C_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico "Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico")), [Carolina](/wiki/Carolina%2C_Puerto_Rico "Carolina, Puerto Rico"), [Canóvanas](/wiki/Can%C3%B3vanas%2C_Puerto_Rico "Canóvanas, Puerto Rico"), [Loíza](/wiki/Lo%C3%ADza%2C_Puerto_Rico "Loíza, Puerto Rico"), and [Luquillo](/wiki/Luquillo%2C_Puerto_Rico "Luquillo, Puerto Rico"). Some became slave owners themselves. Despite these paths to freedom, from 1790 onwards, the number of slaves more than doubled in Puerto Rico as a result of the dramatic expansion of the sugar industry in the island.
|
[
"Black slavery in the late colonial period\n-----------------------------------------",
"The population of slaves in Cuba received a large boost when the [British captured Havana](/wiki/Siege_of_Havana \"Siege of Havana\") during the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War \"Seven Years' War\"), and imported 10,000 slaves from their [other colonies](/wiki/British_West_Indies \"British West Indies\") in the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies \"West Indies\") to work on newly established agricultural plantations. These slaves were left behind when the British returned Havana to the Spanish as part of the [1763 Treaty of Paris](/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29 \"Treaty of Paris (1763)\"), and form a significant part of the [Afro\\-Cuban](/wiki/Afro-Cubans \"Afro-Cubans\") population today.Rogozinsky, Jan. *A Brief History of the Caribbean*. Plume. 1999\\.",
"While historians have studied the production of sugar on plantations by enslaved workers in nineteenth\\-century Cuba, they have sometimes overlooked the crucial role of the Spanish state before the 1760s. Cuba ultimately developed two distinct but interrelated sources using enslaved labor, which converged at the end of the eighteenth century. The first of these sectors was urban and was directed in large measure by the needs of the Spanish colonial state, reaching its height in the 1760s. As of 1778, it was reported by [Thomas Kitchin](/wiki/Thomas_Kitchin \"Thomas Kitchin\") that \"about 52,000 slaves\" were being brought from Africa to the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies \"West Indies\") by Europeans, with approximately 4,000 being brought by the Spanish.{{cite book\\|last\\=Kitchin\\|first\\=Thomas\\|title\\=The Present State of the West\\-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe\\|year\\=1778\\|publisher\\=R. Baldwin\\|location\\=London\\|page\\=12\\|url\\=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4397/}}",
"The second sector, which flourished after 1790, was rural and was directed by private slaveholders/planters involved in the production of export [agricultural commodities](/wiki/Commodity_crop \"Commodity crop\"), especially sugar. After 1763, the scale and urgency of defense projects led the state to deploy many of its enslaved workers in ways that were to anticipate the intense work regimes on sugar plantations in the nineteenth century. Another important group of workers enslaved by the Spanish colonial state in the late eighteenth century were the king's laborers, who worked on the city's [fortifications](/wiki/Fortification \"Fortification\").",
"The Spanish colonies were late to exploit slave labor in the production of [sugarcane](/wiki/Sugarcane \"Sugarcane\"), particularly on Cuba. The Spanish colonies in the Caribbean were among the last to abolish slavery. While the British [abolished slavery](/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833 \"Slavery Abolition Act 1833\") by 1833, Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873\\. On the mainland of colonies, Spain ended African slavery in the eighteenth century.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}} Peru was one of the countries that revived the institution for some decades after declaring independence from Spain in the early 19th century.",
"In 1789 the Spanish Crown led an effort to reform slavery and issued a decree, *Código Negro Español* (Spanish Black Code), that specified food and clothing provisions, put limits on the number of [work hours](/wiki/Work_hours \"Work hours\"), limited punishments, required religious instruction, and protected marriages, forbidding the sale of young children away from their mothers. But planters often flouted the laws and protested against them, considering them a threat to their authority and an intrusion into their personal lives.{{cite book\\|last\\=Childs\\|first\\=Matt D.\\|title\\=1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery\\|year\\=2006\\|publisher\\=University of North Carolina Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8078\\-5772\\-4}}",
"The slaveowners did not protest against all the measures of the codex, many of which they argued were already common practices. They objected to efforts to set limits on their ability to apply physical punishment. For instance, the Black Codex limited [whippings](/wiki/Flagellation \"Flagellation\") to 25 and required the whippings \"not to cause serious bruises or bleeding\". The slave\\-owners thought that the slaves would interpret these limits as weaknesses, ultimately leading to resistance. Another contested issue was the work hours that were restricted \"from sunrise to sunset\"; plantation owners responded by explaining that cutting and processing of cane needed 20\\-hour days during the harvest season.",
"By 1570, the colonists found that the gold mines were depleted, relegating the island to a garrison for passing ships. The cultivation of crops such as tobacco, cotton, cocoa, and ginger became the cornerstone of the economy.{{Cite book \\|url\\={{google books \\|plainurl\\=y \\|id\\=U3yO7M6gOeUC\\|page\\=5}} \\|title\\=Slave Revolts in Puerto Rico: Conspiracies and Uprisings, 1795\\-1873 \\|first\\=Guillermo A. \\|last\\=Baralt \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Markus Wiener Publishers}} With rising demand for sugar on the international market, major planters increased their labour\\-intensive cultivation and processing of sugar cane. Sugar plantations supplanted mining as Puerto Rico's main industry and kept demand high for African slavery.",
"Those slaves who worked on sugar plantations and in sugar mills were often subject to the harshest of conditions. The field work was rigorous manual labour which the slaves began at an early age. The work days lasted close to 20 hours during harvest and processing, including cultivating and cutting the crops, hauling wagons, and processing sugarcane with dangerous machinery. The slaves were forced to reside in [barracoons](/wiki/Barracoons \"Barracoons\"), where they were crammed in and locked in by a padlock at night, getting about three to four hours of sleep. The conditions of the barracoons were harsh; they were highly unsanitary and extremely hot. Typically there was no ventilation; the only window was a small barred hole in the wall.{{harvnb\\|Montejo\\|2016\\|pp\\=80–82}}",
"[thumb\\|Slaves in Cuba unloading ice from [Maine](/wiki/Maine \"Maine\"), 1832](/wiki/File:Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg \"Slaves Unloading Ice in Cuba 1832.jpg\")\nCuba's slavery system was gendered in a way that some duties were performed only by male slaves, some only by female slaves. Female slaves in [Havana](/wiki/Havana \"Havana\") from the 16th century onwards performed duties such as operating the town taverns, eating houses, and lodges, as well as being laundresses and domestic labourers and servants. Female slaves also served as the town prostitutes.",
"Some Cuban women could gain freedom by having children with white men. As in other Latin cultures, there were looser borders with the [mulatto](/wiki/Mulatto \"Mulatto\") or mixed\\-race population. Sometimes men who took slaves as wives or concubines freed both them and their children. As in New Orleans and Saint\\-Domingue, mulattos began to be classified as a third group between the European colonists and African slaves. [Freedmen](/wiki/Freedmen \"Freedmen\"), generally of mixed race, came to represent 20% of the total Cuban population and 41% of the non\\-white Cuban population.Knight pp. 144–145",
"Planters encouraged Afro\\-Cuban slaves to have children in order to reproduce their work force. The masters wanted to pair strong and large\\-built black men with healthy black women. They were placed in the barracoons and forced to have sex and create offspring of \"breed stock\" children, who would sell for around 500 pesos. The planters needed children to be born to replace slaves who died under the harsh regime. Sometimes if the overseers did not like the quality of children, they separate the parents and sent the mother back to working in the fields.{{harvnb\\|Montejo\\|2016\\|p\\=39}}",
"African slaves were legally branded with a hot iron on the forehead, prevented their \"theft\" or lawsuits that challenged their captivity.{{cite web\\|first\\=Robert A.\\|last\\=Martinez\\|url\\=http://www.ipoaa.com/africa\\_puertorico.htm\\|title\\=African Aspects of the Puerto Rican Personality\\|publisher\\=ipoaa.com\\|access\\-date\\=March 22, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=December 14, 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214000250/http://www.ipoaa.com/africa\\_puertorico.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The colonists continued this branding practice for more than 250 years.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XIXE/castelar/esclavitud/cedula.htm\\|title\\=Teoría, Crítica e Historia: La abolición de la esclavitud y el mundo hispano\\|publisher\\=Ensayistas.org\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2015\\|language\\=es}} They were sent to work in the gold mines, or in the island's ginger and sugar fields. They were allowed to live with their families in a hut on the master's land, and given a patch of land where they could farm, but otherwise were subjected to harsh treatment; including sexual abuse as the majority of colonists had arrived without women; many of them intermarried with the Africans or Taínos. Their mixed\\-race descendants formed the first generations of the early Puerto Rican and Cuban populations.\n[thumb\\|upright\\|On March 22, 1873, Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico. The owners were compensated.](/wiki/File:Indemnity_slave-bond.tif \"Indemnity slave-bond.tif\")\nThe slaves had little choice but to adapt. Many converted to Christianity and were given their masters' surnames. Both women and men were subject to the punishments of violence and humiliating abuse. Slaves who misbehaved or disobeyed their masters were often placed in stocks in the depths of the boiler houses where they were abandoned for days at a time, and oftentimes two to three months. These wooden stocks were made in two types: lying\\-down or stand\\-up types. women were punished, even when pregnant. They were subjected to whippings: they had to lie \"face down over a scooped\\-out piece of round \\[earth] to protect their bellies.\"{{harvnb\\|Montejo\\|2016\\|p\\=40}} Some masters reportedly whipped pregnant women in the belly, often causing miscarriages. The wounds were treated with \"compresses of tobacco leaves, urine and salt.\"{{harvnb\\|Montejo\\|2016\\|pp\\=39–40}}",
"After 1784, Spain provided five ways by which slaves could obtain freedom. Five years later, the Spanish Crown issued the \"Royal Decree of Graces of 1789\", which set new rules related to the slave trade and added restrictions to the granting of freedman status. The decree granted its subjects the right to purchase slaves and to participate in the flourishing slave trade in the Caribbean. Later that year a new slave code, also known as *El Código Negro* (The Black Code), was introduced.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/churchmews/1216/BandoNegro.htm\\|title\\=El 'Bando Negro' o \"Código Negro\"\\|trans\\-title\\=The \"Black Edict\" or \"Black Code\"\\|language\\=es\\|website\\=Government Gazette of Puerto Rico\\|issue\\=No. 67 – 3 June 1848\\|publisher\\=fortunecity.com\\|date\\=May 31, 1848\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606200620/http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/churchmews/1216/BandoNegro.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=June 6, 2007}} Under \"El Código Negro\", a slave could buy his freedom, in the event that his master was willing to sell, by paying the price sought in installments. Slaves were allowed to earn money during their spare time by working as shoemakers, cleaning clothes, or selling the produce they grew on their own plots of land. For the freedom of their newborn child, not yet baptized, they paid at half the going price for a baptized child. Many of these freedmen started settlements in the areas which became known as Cangrejos ([Santurce](/wiki/Santurce%2C_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico\")), [Carolina](/wiki/Carolina%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Carolina, Puerto Rico\"), [Canóvanas](/wiki/Can%C3%B3vanas%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Canóvanas, Puerto Rico\"), [Loíza](/wiki/Lo%C3%ADza%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Loíza, Puerto Rico\"), and [Luquillo](/wiki/Luquillo%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Luquillo, Puerto Rico\"). Some became slave owners themselves. Despite these paths to freedom, from 1790 onwards, the number of slaves more than doubled in Puerto Rico as a result of the dramatic expansion of the sugar industry in the island.",
""
] |
Programing
----------
Crossing Borders is an annual five\-day festival of new plays by Latino writers and free community events. It was begun in 2011\.{{Cite web \|author\=BWW News Desk \|title\=Two River Theater Sets 2017 Crossing Borders Festival Lineup \|url\=https://www.broadwayworld.com/new\-jersey/article/Two\-River\-Theater\-Sets\-2017\-Crossing\-Borders\-Festival\-Lineup\-20170719 \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-28 \|website\=BroadwayWorld.com \|language\=en}} Nosotros is a program that fosters a closer relationship between theater and Latino artists and audiences{{Cite web \|last\=Blaine \|first\=Anna \|date\=2017\-04\-13 \|title\=Nosotros: Beauty in Two Languages \|url\=https://outlook.monmouth.edu/2017/04/nosotros\-beauty\-in\-two\-languages/ \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-01 \|website\=The Outlook \|language\=en\-US}}**.** Another annual program is a Cabaret of New Songs for the Musical Theater.
Two River Theater's new\-play commissioning program, launched in 2010, commissions two plays a year and has produced more than five of these works.{{Cite web \|title\=New Work and Commissions \|url\=https://tworivertheater.org/new\-work\-and\-commissions/ \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-01 \|website\=Two River Theater \|language\=en\-US}} Each season, the theater hosts numerous artist residencies, workshops, and readings to support the development of new work for the American theater, including separate week\-long retreats with Clubbed Thumb{{Cite web \|title\=Mission and Programs {{!}} clubbed thumb \|url\=https://www.clubbedthumb.org/mission/ \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-01 \|website\=www.clubbedthumb.org}} and NYU's Graduate Musical Theater Writing program.
In 2020 Two River began a partnership with [National Asian American Theater](/wiki/National_Asian_American_Theater "National Asian American Theater") to foster the inclusion of more Asian American Artists in theater across the country.{{Cite news \|last\=Haigney \|first\=Sophie \|date\=2020\-01\-30 \|title\=National Asian American Theater Partners With Regional Companies \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/theater/national\-asian\-american\-theater\-company.html \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-28 \|issn\=0362\-4331}}
### Education programs
Two River offers theater arts programs to students from 1st through 12th grade. Student matinees serve students in 50 schools throughout New Jersey. Classroom residencies support academic achievement and allow students to engage with theater artists. Multiple programs also introduce at\-risk adolescents to theater.
"A Little Shakespeare" series,{{Cite web \|last\=Blaine \|first\=Anna \|date\=2017\-03\-22 \|title\=Teens Excel in Shakespeare at Two River Theater \|url\=https://outlook.monmouth.edu/2017/03/teens\-excel\-in\-shakespeare\-at\-two\-river\-theater/ \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-01 \|website\=The Outlook \|language\=en\-US}} launched during Two River's 20th Anniversary Season, is an educational program that produces an annual production of a Shakespeare play performed by high\-school students.
The Metro Scholar program offers high school juniors the opportunity to explore professional theater and play a role in the life of Two River Theater.
PlayBack is a program in which selected high school students work with Two River Teaching Artists who guide them in the creation and performance of their own original play inspired by, in response to, and in conversation with a production on the theater's main stage.
Summer Ensembles is a three\-week summer program offered to students from first to twelfth grade. Teaching artists channel students’ natural energy and vitality into creative thinking, teamwork, and performance skills through theater games, songs and devising original material. Students get the opportunity to perform for their peers, and to see the inner\-workings backstage with the Two River production staff.
|
[
"Programing\n----------",
"Crossing Borders is an annual five\\-day festival of new plays by Latino writers and free community events. It was begun in 2011\\.{{Cite web \\|author\\=BWW News Desk \\|title\\=Two River Theater Sets 2017 Crossing Borders Festival Lineup \\|url\\=https://www.broadwayworld.com/new\\-jersey/article/Two\\-River\\-Theater\\-Sets\\-2017\\-Crossing\\-Borders\\-Festival\\-Lineup\\-20170719 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-28 \\|website\\=BroadwayWorld.com \\|language\\=en}} Nosotros is a program that fosters a closer relationship between theater and Latino artists and audiences{{Cite web \\|last\\=Blaine \\|first\\=Anna \\|date\\=2017\\-04\\-13 \\|title\\=Nosotros: Beauty in Two Languages \\|url\\=https://outlook.monmouth.edu/2017/04/nosotros\\-beauty\\-in\\-two\\-languages/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-01 \\|website\\=The Outlook \\|language\\=en\\-US}}**.** Another annual program is a Cabaret of New Songs for the Musical Theater.",
"Two River Theater's new\\-play commissioning program, launched in 2010, commissions two plays a year and has produced more than five of these works.{{Cite web \\|title\\=New Work and Commissions \\|url\\=https://tworivertheater.org/new\\-work\\-and\\-commissions/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-01 \\|website\\=Two River Theater \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Each season, the theater hosts numerous artist residencies, workshops, and readings to support the development of new work for the American theater, including separate week\\-long retreats with Clubbed Thumb{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mission and Programs {{!}} clubbed thumb \\|url\\=https://www.clubbedthumb.org/mission/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-01 \\|website\\=www.clubbedthumb.org}} and NYU's Graduate Musical Theater Writing program.",
"In 2020 Two River began a partnership with [National Asian American Theater](/wiki/National_Asian_American_Theater \"National Asian American Theater\") to foster the inclusion of more Asian American Artists in theater across the country.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Haigney \\|first\\=Sophie \\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-30 \\|title\\=National Asian American Theater Partners With Regional Companies \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/theater/national\\-asian\\-american\\-theater\\-company.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-28 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
"### Education programs",
"Two River offers theater arts programs to students from 1st through 12th grade. Student matinees serve students in 50 schools throughout New Jersey. Classroom residencies support academic achievement and allow students to engage with theater artists. Multiple programs also introduce at\\-risk adolescents to theater.",
"\"A Little Shakespeare\" series,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Blaine \\|first\\=Anna \\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-22 \\|title\\=Teens Excel in Shakespeare at Two River Theater \\|url\\=https://outlook.monmouth.edu/2017/03/teens\\-excel\\-in\\-shakespeare\\-at\\-two\\-river\\-theater/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-01 \\|website\\=The Outlook \\|language\\=en\\-US}} launched during Two River's 20th Anniversary Season, is an educational program that produces an annual production of a Shakespeare play performed by high\\-school students.",
"The Metro Scholar program offers high school juniors the opportunity to explore professional theater and play a role in the life of Two River Theater.",
"PlayBack is a program in which selected high school students work with Two River Teaching Artists who guide them in the creation and performance of their own original play inspired by, in response to, and in conversation with a production on the theater's main stage.",
"Summer Ensembles is a three\\-week summer program offered to students from first to twelfth grade. Teaching artists channel students’ natural energy and vitality into creative thinking, teamwork, and performance skills through theater games, songs and devising original material. Students get the opportunity to perform for their peers, and to see the inner\\-workings backstage with the Two River production staff.",
""
] |
Racing career
-------------
[thumb\|Kenyon at the 2014 Indianapolis 500\.](/wiki/File:Indy500_MelKenyon.JPG "Indy500 MelKenyon.JPG")
He attended his first auto race in 1946\. Kenyon began his racing career in 1954 racing a 1937 [Chevy](/wiki/Chevy "Chevy") Coupe. He totaled the car when a tire blew out. He raced modified stocks in 1955\. In 1958, Mel began his career in the midgets.
Kenyon's first championship was in [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR")'s [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") midget series in 1962, but he changed to [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") in the middle of the season and finished fifth in the USAC National Midget championship points.[Biography](http://www.motorsportshalloffame.com/halloffame/2003/Mel_Kenyon_main.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706094956/http://www.motorsportshalloffame.com/halloffame/2003/Mel\_Kenyon\_main.htm \|date\=2007\-07\-06 }} at the [International Motorsports Hall of Fame](/wiki/International_Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame "International Motorsports Hall of Fame")
Kenyon won the 1963 [Turkey Night Grand Prix](/wiki/Turkey_Night_Grand_Prix "Turkey Night Grand Prix"). He finished second in the 1963 USAC championship points, and won his first USAC National Midget championship in 1964\.
Kenyon failed to qualify for his first [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 "Indianapolis 500") in [1965](/wiki/1965_Indianapolis_500 "1965 Indianapolis 500"). Kenyon's tenth career race in a [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") IndyCar was at [Langhorne Speedway](/wiki/Langhorne_Speedway "Langhorne Speedway") in [Langhorne, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Langhorne%2C_Pennsylvania "Langhorne, Pennsylvania") on June 20, 1965\. Mel's engine blew up sending oil all over the car, his firesuit and the track. He lost control of the car, hit the wall and was knocked unconscious. [Jim Hurtubise](/wiki/Jim_Hurtubise "Jim Hurtubise") and [Ralph Liguori](/wiki/Ralph_Liguori "Ralph Liguori") slid in the oily track and ran straight into Mel's fuel tank. [Joe Leonard](/wiki/Joe_Leonard "Joe Leonard"), also involved in the crash, rescued Kenyon from the burning car. Because of severe burns, Kenyon went through multiple operations at the San Antonio Burn Center, and he lost nearly all of his fingers on his left hand. Mel, his brother Don and their father Everett designed a special glove with a rubber grommet sewn into the palm. The glove fit on Mel's hand and hooked into the steering wheel. The trio formed a racing team called 3\-K Racing, with Don as the crew chief.
Kenyon returned to racing in 1966\. He had twelve first or second\-place finishes, and finished second in the National Midget points. He qualified for his first [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/1966_Indianapolis_500 "1966 Indianapolis 500") just eleven months after his fiery crash, and finished fifth.
He won 17 of 49 features to claim the National midget title in 1967\.
Kenyon finished third in the [1968 Indianapolis 500](/wiki/1968_Indianapolis_500 "1968 Indianapolis 500") in a car sponsored by his hometown of [Lebanon, Indiana](/wiki/Lebanon%2C_Indiana "Lebanon, Indiana"). He did most of the work on the engine despite his hand. He routinely tore down and reassembled the [Offenhauser](/wiki/Offenhauser "Offenhauser") engine by himself. He won the 1968 National Midget crown.
Kenyon took fourth in the [1969 Indianapolis 500](/wiki/1969_Indianapolis_500 "1969 Indianapolis 500").
He nearly won his first Champ car event at [Michigan International Speedway](/wiki/Michigan_International_Speedway "Michigan International Speedway") on July 16, 1972\. Kenyon was leading as he approached the white flag, but his [Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt "A. J. Foyt") powered Eagle ran out of fuel. Mel coasted around the track and finished third.
He finished fourth in his last of eight [Indianapolis 500s](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 "Indianapolis 500") in [1973](/wiki/1973_Indianapolis_500 "1973 Indianapolis 500"). He had four Top 5 finishes in the classic race.
He won his second Turkey Night Grand Prix in 1975\. The event was held on the 605 Speedway, the first time the event was held on pavement.
He had over 100 victories in midget cars in 1984 when he was inducted in the [National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Midget_Auto_Racing_Hall_of_Fame "National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame"). He won the 1985 National Midget championship a year after his induction.
Kenyon won the Indianapolis Speedrome midget car track title in 1993\.
Kenyon stopped racing on the national tour in 1995 after his wife Marieanne became virtually comatose after suffering a major head injury in a bicycle accident. Kenyon won the Midwest\-based NAMARS championships in 1995, 1996, and 1997 while in his sixties.
Kenyon continued racing after his 70th birthday in 2003\. His son, Brice Kenyon, won the 2004 Indianapolis Speedrome midget track championship at the 1/5 mile track. Kenyon competed in the full schedule at the Indianapolis Speedrome in 2005 against his son.
### Career summary
Kenyon has seven [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club "United States Automobile Club") National Midget championships, eight runners\-up in the season points standings, and Top 5 point finishes in 21 of 27 seasons between 1966 and 1988\.
At his Motorsports Hall of Fame induction in 2003 he had 111 feature wins, 131 seconds, 107 thirds, 81 fourths, and 69 fifths, for a total of 419 Top 5 finishes. He also had 688 Top 10 finishes. The totals are for USAC National midget races only, and don't include races in the NAMARS national races, regional or local races. He had counted 380 midget total feature wins, including wins in [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"). three NAMARS midget championships, and over 380 midget feature wins in all.
Kenyon competed in 65 USAC Championship (IndyCar) and eight [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 "Indianapolis 500") races.
|
[
"Racing career\n-------------",
"[thumb\\|Kenyon at the 2014 Indianapolis 500\\.](/wiki/File:Indy500_MelKenyon.JPG \"Indy500 MelKenyon.JPG\")\nHe attended his first auto race in 1946\\. Kenyon began his racing career in 1954 racing a 1937 [Chevy](/wiki/Chevy \"Chevy\") Coupe. He totaled the car when a tire blew out. He raced modified stocks in 1955\\. In 1958, Mel began his career in the midgets.",
"Kenyon's first championship was in [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\")'s [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") midget series in 1962, but he changed to [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") in the middle of the season and finished fifth in the USAC National Midget championship points.[Biography](http://www.motorsportshalloffame.com/halloffame/2003/Mel_Kenyon_main.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706094956/http://www.motorsportshalloffame.com/halloffame/2003/Mel\\_Kenyon\\_main.htm \\|date\\=2007\\-07\\-06 }} at the [International Motorsports Hall of Fame](/wiki/International_Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame \"International Motorsports Hall of Fame\")",
"Kenyon won the 1963 [Turkey Night Grand Prix](/wiki/Turkey_Night_Grand_Prix \"Turkey Night Grand Prix\"). He finished second in the 1963 USAC championship points, and won his first USAC National Midget championship in 1964\\.",
"Kenyon failed to qualify for his first [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 \"Indianapolis 500\") in [1965](/wiki/1965_Indianapolis_500 \"1965 Indianapolis 500\"). Kenyon's tenth career race in a [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") IndyCar was at [Langhorne Speedway](/wiki/Langhorne_Speedway \"Langhorne Speedway\") in [Langhorne, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Langhorne%2C_Pennsylvania \"Langhorne, Pennsylvania\") on June 20, 1965\\. Mel's engine blew up sending oil all over the car, his firesuit and the track. He lost control of the car, hit the wall and was knocked unconscious. [Jim Hurtubise](/wiki/Jim_Hurtubise \"Jim Hurtubise\") and [Ralph Liguori](/wiki/Ralph_Liguori \"Ralph Liguori\") slid in the oily track and ran straight into Mel's fuel tank. [Joe Leonard](/wiki/Joe_Leonard \"Joe Leonard\"), also involved in the crash, rescued Kenyon from the burning car. Because of severe burns, Kenyon went through multiple operations at the San Antonio Burn Center, and he lost nearly all of his fingers on his left hand. Mel, his brother Don and their father Everett designed a special glove with a rubber grommet sewn into the palm. The glove fit on Mel's hand and hooked into the steering wheel. The trio formed a racing team called 3\\-K Racing, with Don as the crew chief.",
"Kenyon returned to racing in 1966\\. He had twelve first or second\\-place finishes, and finished second in the National Midget points. He qualified for his first [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/1966_Indianapolis_500 \"1966 Indianapolis 500\") just eleven months after his fiery crash, and finished fifth.",
"He won 17 of 49 features to claim the National midget title in 1967\\.",
"Kenyon finished third in the [1968 Indianapolis 500](/wiki/1968_Indianapolis_500 \"1968 Indianapolis 500\") in a car sponsored by his hometown of [Lebanon, Indiana](/wiki/Lebanon%2C_Indiana \"Lebanon, Indiana\"). He did most of the work on the engine despite his hand. He routinely tore down and reassembled the [Offenhauser](/wiki/Offenhauser \"Offenhauser\") engine by himself. He won the 1968 National Midget crown.",
"Kenyon took fourth in the [1969 Indianapolis 500](/wiki/1969_Indianapolis_500 \"1969 Indianapolis 500\").",
"He nearly won his first Champ car event at [Michigan International Speedway](/wiki/Michigan_International_Speedway \"Michigan International Speedway\") on July 16, 1972\\. Kenyon was leading as he approached the white flag, but his [Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt \"A. J. Foyt\") powered Eagle ran out of fuel. Mel coasted around the track and finished third.",
"He finished fourth in his last of eight [Indianapolis 500s](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 \"Indianapolis 500\") in [1973](/wiki/1973_Indianapolis_500 \"1973 Indianapolis 500\"). He had four Top 5 finishes in the classic race.",
"He won his second Turkey Night Grand Prix in 1975\\. The event was held on the 605 Speedway, the first time the event was held on pavement.",
"He had over 100 victories in midget cars in 1984 when he was inducted in the [National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Midget_Auto_Racing_Hall_of_Fame \"National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame\"). He won the 1985 National Midget championship a year after his induction.",
"Kenyon won the Indianapolis Speedrome midget car track title in 1993\\.",
"Kenyon stopped racing on the national tour in 1995 after his wife Marieanne became virtually comatose after suffering a major head injury in a bicycle accident. Kenyon won the Midwest\\-based NAMARS championships in 1995, 1996, and 1997 while in his sixties.",
"Kenyon continued racing after his 70th birthday in 2003\\. His son, Brice Kenyon, won the 2004 Indianapolis Speedrome midget track championship at the 1/5 mile track. Kenyon competed in the full schedule at the Indianapolis Speedrome in 2005 against his son.",
"### Career summary",
"Kenyon has seven [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club \"United States Automobile Club\") National Midget championships, eight runners\\-up in the season points standings, and Top 5 point finishes in 21 of 27 seasons between 1966 and 1988\\.",
"At his Motorsports Hall of Fame induction in 2003 he had 111 feature wins, 131 seconds, 107 thirds, 81 fourths, and 69 fifths, for a total of 419 Top 5 finishes. He also had 688 Top 10 finishes. The totals are for USAC National midget races only, and don't include races in the NAMARS national races, regional or local races. He had counted 380 midget total feature wins, including wins in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"). three NAMARS midget championships, and over 380 midget feature wins in all.",
"Kenyon competed in 65 USAC Championship (IndyCar) and eight [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 \"Indianapolis 500\") races.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Discovery
In 1940, the first pancreatic necrosis symptom was found in Canada's farmed Atlantic salmon, *[Salvelinus fontinalis](/wiki/Brook_trout "Brook trout")*, resulting in significant losses of juvenile trout. In the 1950s, the same symptom was observed in *[Oncorhynchus mykiss](/wiki/Rainbow_trout "Rainbow trout")* in the United States, and the fish disease was named infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN). Shortly after, the infection expanded to Europe.
### Virus identification and isolation
In 1960, Dr Wolf from Eastern Fish Disease Laboratory in the United States successfully identified the unknown disease cause and isolated the virus from fish cells. The [infectious agent](/wiki/Pathogen "Pathogen") responsible for IPN was discovered to be a small, [non\-enveloped](/wiki/Viral_envelope "Viral envelope"), icosahedral virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family, and it was named infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Since its discovery, IPNV has been acknowledged globally as a critical pathogen for salmonid fish, resulting in high death rates in juvenile fish and causing economic losses in the aquaculture sector.
After the first isolation of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, scientists in different countries isolated the virus using Dr Wolf's technique.
After the first detection of IPNV outside the Salmonidae family in 1972, IPNV has been found in diverse fish families, including various salmonid species such as rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, [coho salmon](/wiki/Coho_salmon "Coho salmon"), [chinook salmon](/wiki/Chinook_salmon "Chinook salmon"), and [brown trout](/wiki/Brown_trout "Brown trout"), as well as other fish species such as [turbot](/wiki/Turbot "Turbot"), [halibut](/wiki/Halibut "Halibut"), and [spotted wolffish](/wiki/Anarhichas_minor "Anarhichas minor").{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Mortensen SH, Evensen Ø, Rødseth OM, Hjeltnes BK \|date\= September 1993 \|title\=The relevance of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in farmed Norwegian turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) \|journal\=Aquaculture \|language\=en \|volume\=115 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=243–252 \|doi\=10\.1016/0044\-8486(93\)90140\-T \|issn\=0044\-8486}}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Sommer AI, Amundsen Strand M, Rasmussen E, Mennen S \| title \= Susceptibility of spotted wolffish Anarhichas minor to experimental infection with nodavirus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus \| journal \= Diseases of Aquatic Organisms \| volume \= 59 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 101–108 \| date \= May 2004 \| doi \= 10\.3354/dao059101 \| pmid \= 15212275 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Bergan V, Robertsen B \| title \= Characterization of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) Mx protein expression \| journal \= Developmental and Comparative Immunology \| volume \= 28 \| issue \= 10 \| pages \= 1037–1047 \| date \= August 2004 \| pmid \= 15236933 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.dci.2004\.03\.003 }} By 1995, IPNV had been recorded in 32 fish families, 11 mollusc families, and 4 crustacea families.
### History in Europe
In Europe, the first strain of IPNV was isolated in 1971\.{{cite book \| vauthors \= Lvov DK, Shchelkanov MY, Alkhovsky SV, Deryabin PG \| chapter \= Chapter 7 \- Double\-Stranded RNA Viruses \|date\= January 2015 \| title \= Zoonotic Viruses in Northern Eurasia \|pages\=113–133 \| veditors \= Lvov DK, Shchelkanov MY, Alkhovsky SV, Deryabin PG \|place\=Boston \|publisher\=Academic Press \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.1016/b978\-0\-12\-801742\-5\.00007\-6 \|isbn\=978\-0\-12\-801742\-5 }} A study has shown that the strain found in Europe has distinct antigenic properties compared to the VR229 strain.
### History in Norway
In Norway, the initial isolation of IPNV occurred in 1975 from freshwater rainbow trout.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Hillestad B, Johannessen S, Melingen GO, Moghadam HK \| title \= Identification of a New Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Variant in Atlantic Salmon (''Salmo salar'' L.) that can Cause High Mortality Even in Genetically Resistant Fish \| journal \= Frontiers in Genetics \| volume \= 12 \| pages \= 635185 \| date \= 2021 \| pmid \= 34899819 \| pmc \= 8663487 \| doi \= 10\.3389/fgene.2021\.635185 \| doi\-access \= free }} Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) was categorized as a notifiable disease between 1991 and 2008 in Norway.
### History in Japan
In 1964, the symptom of infectious pancreatic necrosis was observed among farmed juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss in [Nagano](/wiki/Nagano_%28city%29 "Nagano (city)") and [Shizuoka](/wiki/Shizuoka_%28city%29 "Shizuoka (city)"), Japan.{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Norio S\|date\=1971 \|title\=日本産魚類のウィルス病に関する研究\-I \| trans\-title \= Research on viral diseases in Japanese fish\-I \|url\=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/suisan1932/37/6/37\_6\_495/\_article/\-char/ja/ \|journal\=日本水産学会誌 \| trans\-journal \= Journal of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science \| language \= Japanese \|volume\=37 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=495–498 \|doi\=10\.2331/suisan.37\.495\|doi\-access\=free }}
Using Dr Wolf's technique previously mentioned, Dr Sano isolated the virus from fish cells and identified that IPNV caused the fish's symptoms. After Sano's finding, the farms imposed several preventive measures by raising [fish roe](/wiki/Roe "Roe") and juvenile fish separately and sanitization. The occurrence of IPN peaked in 1972 but has decreased since then. By the 1980s, IPN had become a sporadic viral disease among fish in Japan due to the selective breeding of healthier fish and increasing in the virus variants with lower pathogenicity.{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Okamoto N, Tayama T, Kawanobe M, Fujiki N, Yasuda Y, Sano T \|date\=1993 \|title\=Resistance of a rainbow trout strain to infectious pancreatic necrosis \|journal\=Aquaculture \|volume\=117 \|issue\=1–2 \|pages\=71–76 \|doi\=10\.1016/0044\-8486(93\)90124\-h \|issn\=0044\-8486}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Discovery",
"In 1940, the first pancreatic necrosis symptom was found in Canada's farmed Atlantic salmon, *[Salvelinus fontinalis](/wiki/Brook_trout \"Brook trout\")*, resulting in significant losses of juvenile trout. In the 1950s, the same symptom was observed in *[Oncorhynchus mykiss](/wiki/Rainbow_trout \"Rainbow trout\")* in the United States, and the fish disease was named infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN). Shortly after, the infection expanded to Europe.",
"### Virus identification and isolation",
"In 1960, Dr Wolf from Eastern Fish Disease Laboratory in the United States successfully identified the unknown disease cause and isolated the virus from fish cells. The [infectious agent](/wiki/Pathogen \"Pathogen\") responsible for IPN was discovered to be a small, [non\\-enveloped](/wiki/Viral_envelope \"Viral envelope\"), icosahedral virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family, and it was named infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Since its discovery, IPNV has been acknowledged globally as a critical pathogen for salmonid fish, resulting in high death rates in juvenile fish and causing economic losses in the aquaculture sector.",
"After the first isolation of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, scientists in different countries isolated the virus using Dr Wolf's technique.",
"After the first detection of IPNV outside the Salmonidae family in 1972, IPNV has been found in diverse fish families, including various salmonid species such as rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, [coho salmon](/wiki/Coho_salmon \"Coho salmon\"), [chinook salmon](/wiki/Chinook_salmon \"Chinook salmon\"), and [brown trout](/wiki/Brown_trout \"Brown trout\"), as well as other fish species such as [turbot](/wiki/Turbot \"Turbot\"), [halibut](/wiki/Halibut \"Halibut\"), and [spotted wolffish](/wiki/Anarhichas_minor \"Anarhichas minor\").{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mortensen SH, Evensen Ø, Rødseth OM, Hjeltnes BK \\|date\\= September 1993 \\|title\\=The relevance of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in farmed Norwegian turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) \\|journal\\=Aquaculture \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=115 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=243–252 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0044\\-8486(93\\)90140\\-T \\|issn\\=0044\\-8486}}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Sommer AI, Amundsen Strand M, Rasmussen E, Mennen S \\| title \\= Susceptibility of spotted wolffish Anarhichas minor to experimental infection with nodavirus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus \\| journal \\= Diseases of Aquatic Organisms \\| volume \\= 59 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 101–108 \\| date \\= May 2004 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3354/dao059101 \\| pmid \\= 15212275 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Bergan V, Robertsen B \\| title \\= Characterization of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) Mx protein expression \\| journal \\= Developmental and Comparative Immunology \\| volume \\= 28 \\| issue \\= 10 \\| pages \\= 1037–1047 \\| date \\= August 2004 \\| pmid \\= 15236933 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.dci.2004\\.03\\.003 }} By 1995, IPNV had been recorded in 32 fish families, 11 mollusc families, and 4 crustacea families.",
"### History in Europe",
"In Europe, the first strain of IPNV was isolated in 1971\\.{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Lvov DK, Shchelkanov MY, Alkhovsky SV, Deryabin PG \\| chapter \\= Chapter 7 \\- Double\\-Stranded RNA Viruses \\|date\\= January 2015 \\| title \\= Zoonotic Viruses in Northern Eurasia \\|pages\\=113–133 \\| veditors \\= Lvov DK, Shchelkanov MY, Alkhovsky SV, Deryabin PG \\|place\\=Boston \\|publisher\\=Academic Press \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/b978\\-0\\-12\\-801742\\-5\\.00007\\-6 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-12\\-801742\\-5 }} A study has shown that the strain found in Europe has distinct antigenic properties compared to the VR229 strain.",
"### History in Norway",
"In Norway, the initial isolation of IPNV occurred in 1975 from freshwater rainbow trout.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Hillestad B, Johannessen S, Melingen GO, Moghadam HK \\| title \\= Identification of a New Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Variant in Atlantic Salmon (''Salmo salar'' L.) that can Cause High Mortality Even in Genetically Resistant Fish \\| journal \\= Frontiers in Genetics \\| volume \\= 12 \\| pages \\= 635185 \\| date \\= 2021 \\| pmid \\= 34899819 \\| pmc \\= 8663487 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3389/fgene.2021\\.635185 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) was categorized as a notifiable disease between 1991 and 2008 in Norway.",
"### History in Japan",
"In 1964, the symptom of infectious pancreatic necrosis was observed among farmed juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss in [Nagano](/wiki/Nagano_%28city%29 \"Nagano (city)\") and [Shizuoka](/wiki/Shizuoka_%28city%29 \"Shizuoka (city)\"), Japan.{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Norio S\\|date\\=1971 \\|title\\=日本産魚類のウィルス病に関する研究\\-I \\| trans\\-title \\= Research on viral diseases in Japanese fish\\-I \\|url\\=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/suisan1932/37/6/37\\_6\\_495/\\_article/\\-char/ja/ \\|journal\\=日本水産学会誌 \\| trans\\-journal \\= Journal of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science \\| language \\= Japanese \\|volume\\=37 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=495–498 \\|doi\\=10\\.2331/suisan.37\\.495\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"Using Dr Wolf's technique previously mentioned, Dr Sano isolated the virus from fish cells and identified that IPNV caused the fish's symptoms. After Sano's finding, the farms imposed several preventive measures by raising [fish roe](/wiki/Roe \"Roe\") and juvenile fish separately and sanitization. The occurrence of IPN peaked in 1972 but has decreased since then. By the 1980s, IPN had become a sporadic viral disease among fish in Japan due to the selective breeding of healthier fish and increasing in the virus variants with lower pathogenicity.{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Okamoto N, Tayama T, Kawanobe M, Fujiki N, Yasuda Y, Sano T \\|date\\=1993 \\|title\\=Resistance of a rainbow trout strain to infectious pancreatic necrosis \\|journal\\=Aquaculture \\|volume\\=117 \\|issue\\=1–2 \\|pages\\=71–76 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0044\\-8486(93\\)90124\\-h \\|issn\\=0044\\-8486}}",
""
] |
Host interactions
-----------------
### Transmission
Predominantly infecting young salmonids, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) outbreaks occur both in [fingerlings](/wiki/Fingerling_%28fish%29 "Fingerling (fish)") and [parr](/wiki/Parr_%28fish%29 "Parr (fish)") (freshwater stage) and later as [post\-smolts](/wiki/Juvenile_fish "Juvenile fish") weeks after transfer to seawater. IPNV can persist in [subclinical infections](/wiki/Subclinical_infection "Subclinical infection") in fish, which can act as reservoirs for the virus. This persistence in particular tissues appears possible due to the reduction of replication in both high and low [virulence](/wiki/Virulence "Virulence") strains, allowing the virus to evade detection by the host [immune defences](/wiki/Immune_system "Immune system"){{cite journal \| vauthors \= Julin K, Johansen LH, Sommer AI, Jørgensen JB \| title \= Persistent infections with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) of different virulence in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L \| journal \= Journal of Fish Diseases \| volume \= 38 \| issue \= 11 \| pages \= 1005–19 \| date \= November 2015 \| pmid \= 25557127 \| doi \= 10\.1111/jfd.12317 }} These carriers are typically life\-long spreaders, posing a danger to other healthy fish either through recurrence of the disease within the carrier under stress, or as sources of horizontal and vertical transmission.
Horizontal transmission takes place when IPNV\-carrier fish shed the virus in urine and feces, increasing during stress. Entry into the host can occur once or multiple times via the [gills](/wiki/Gill "Gill"), across [intestinal epithelial cells](/wiki/Intestinal_epithelial_cells "Intestinal epithelial cells"), or through [skin absorption](/wiki/Absorption_%28skin%29 "Absorption (skin)").{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Ortega C, Enríquez R \|date\=2007 \|title\=Factors associated with cellular infection by the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) \|journal\=Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria \|volume\=39 \|pages\=7–18 \|doi\=10\.4067/S0301\-732X2007000100002 \|via\=ResearchGate\|doi\-access\=free }} Once inside, the precise pathways used in the cellular absorption of the virus are largely contested, however, a recent study proposes the involvement of the protein non\-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 ([Myh9](/wiki/MYH9 "MYH9")), allowing [viral entry](/wiki/Viral_entry "Viral entry").{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Shao L, Zhao J, Tang Q \|date\=2021\-02\-25 \|title\=Non\-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 is a critical factor for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus cellular entry \|journal\=Aquaculture \|language\=en \|volume\=533 \|pages\=736138 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.aquaculture.2020\.736138 \|s2cid\=228864393 \|issn\=0044\-8486}} Myh9’s conservation across many of the hosts of IPNV is speculated to contribute to the extensive [host range](/wiki/Host_range "Host range") of the virus.
Another exit for the virus is through reproductive fluids to offspring (eggs) during vertical transmission. [Progeny](/wiki/Offspring "Offspring") become infected with IPNV through [gonadal fluids](/wiki/Gonad "Gonad") from both mature male and female [broodstock](/wiki/Broodstock "Broodstock").{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Ahne W \|date\=1983 \|title\=Presence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in the seminal fluid of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson \|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\.1111/j.1365\-2761\.1983\.tb00089\.x \|journal\=Journal of Fish Diseases \|language\=en \|volume\=6 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=377 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1365\-2761\.1983\.tb00089\.x \|issn\=0140\-7775}}{{Cite web \| vauthors \= McAllister PE, Owens WJ, Ruppenthal TM \|date\=1987 \|title\=Detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in pelleted cell and particulate components from ovarian fluid of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis \| work \= U.S. Geological Survey \|url\=https://www.usgs.gov/publications/detection\-infectious\-pancreatic\-necrosis\-virus\-pelleted\-cell\-and\-particulate \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-19 }} This has been observed in Brook trout and Rainbow trout,{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Dorson M, Torchy C \|date\=1985 \|title\=Experimental transmission of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus via the sexual products \|journal\=Fish and Shellfish Pathology \| veditors \= Ellis AE \|pages\=251–260}}{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= McAllister PE, Schill WB, Owens WJ, Hodge DL \|date\=1993 \|title\=Determining the prevalence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in asymptomatic brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis: a study of clinical samples and processing methods \|journal\=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms \|volume\=15 \|pages\=157–162\|doi\=10\.3354/dao015157 \|doi\-access\=free }} but has yet to be proven in Atlantic salmon, although it is suspected.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Munro ES, Millar CP, Hastings TS \| title \= An analysis of levels of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., broodstock in Scotland between 1990\-2002 \| journal \= Journal of Fish Diseases \| volume \= 33 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 171–177 \| date \= February 2010 \| pmid \= 19929933 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1365\-2761\.2009\.01114\.x }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Smail DA, Munro ES \| title \= Isolation and quantification of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from ovarian and seminal fluids of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L \| journal \= Journal of Fish Diseases \| volume \= 31 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 49–58 \| date \= January 2008 \| pmid \= 18086034 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1365\-2761\.2007\.00866\.x }}
Long distance [waterborne transmission](/wiki/Waterborne_diseases "Waterborne diseases") IPNV may also be possible as the virus remains [viable](/wiki/wiktionary:Viable "Viable") in marine, freshwater and sediments for several months.{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Oidtmann B, Dixon P, Way K, Joiner C, Bayley AE \|date\=2018 \|title\=Risk of waterborne virus spread \- review of survival of relevant fish and crustacean viruses in the aquatic environment and implications for control measures \|journal\=Reviews in Aquaculture \|language\=en \|volume\=10 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=641–669 \|doi\=10\.1111/raq.12192\|doi\-access\=free }} Once introduced, the virus is stable across a wide range of [pH](/wiki/PH "PH") (3\-9\) and temperature, making it resistant to many [disinfectants](/wiki/Disinfectant "Disinfectant"). In one case, the [virion](/wiki/Virus "Virus") was found to still be viable after remaining at 60 C for 60 minutes.{{cite book \| vauthors \= Munro ES, Midtlyng PJ \| chapter \= Infectious pancreatic necrosis and associated aquatic birnaviruses. \|date\=2011 \| title \= Fish diseases and disorders \|volume\=3 \|pages\=1–65 \| veditors \= Woo PT, Bruno DW \|edition\=2nd \|place\=UK \|publisher\=CABI \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.1079/9781845935542\.0001 \|isbn\=978\-1\-84593\-554\-2 }} Long distance transmission raises risks of [farm to wild transmission](/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids "Aquaculture of salmonids") as has already been observed during the infection of resident fish downstream of a farm experiencing an [outbreak](/wiki/Disease_outbreak "Disease outbreak").{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= McAllister PE, Bebak J \|date\=1997 \|title\=Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in the environment: relationship to effluent from aquaculture facilities \|journal\=Journal of Fish Diseases \|volume\=20 \|issue\=201–207\|pages\=201–207 \|doi\=10\.1046/j.1365\-2761\.1997\.00297\.x }}
Other sources of transmission of the virus include wild birds, farmed escapes, and transport between [farms](/wiki/Fish_farms "Fish farms") (infected eggs, feed, equipment, inventory) alongside waterborne and within fish groups (vertical and horizontal transmission) discussed above.{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Wallace IS, Gregory A, Munro ES, Bain N, Raynard RS \|date\=2005 \|title\=Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus isolated from hake, Merluccius merluccius \|journal\=Bulletin of European Fish Pathologists \|volume\=25 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=86 \|via\=European Association of Fish Pathologists}}{{Cite report \| vauthors \= Geoghegan F, Ó Cinneide M, Ruane NM \|date\=2007 \|title\=Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus and its impact on the Irish Salmon Aquaculture and Wild Fish sectors \|url\=https://oar.marine.ie/handle/10793/270 \|language\=English}} In addition to carriers and sources of transfer, the ability of the virus to infect such a wide range of species creates [endemic](/wiki/Endemic_%28epidemiology%29 "Endemic (epidemiology)") areas for IPNV.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Miller KM, Teffer A, Tucker S, Li S, Schulze AD, Trudel M, Juanes F, Tabata A, Kaukinen KH, Ginther NG, Ming TJ, Cooke SJ, Hipfner JM, Patterson DA, Hinch SG \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Infectious disease, shifting climates, and opportunistic predators: cumulative factors potentially impacting wild salmon declines \| journal \= Evolutionary Applications \| volume \= 7 \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= 812–855 \| date \= August 2014 \| pmid \= 25469162 \| pmc \= 4227861 \| doi \= 10\.1111/eva.12164 }}
### Clinical symptoms
#### External
Monitoring in farms by visual inspection is often used to identify outbreaks of [acute](/wiki/Acute_%28medicine%29 "Acute (medicine)") cases of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. Common initial symptoms are loss of appetite and depression in infected fish.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Zhu L, Wang X, Wang K, Yang Q, He J, Qin Z, Geng Y, Ouyang P, Huang X \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Outbreak of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in farmed rainbow trout in China \| journal \= Acta Tropica \| volume \= 170 \| pages \= 63–69 \| date \= June 2017 \| pmid \= 28232067 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.actatropica.2017\.02\.025 }} Other changes to appearance also occur, including darkened skin, pale gills, [exophthalmia](/wiki/Exophthalmos "Exophthalmos") and a distended abdomen.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ellis AE, Cavaco A, Petrie A, Lockhart K, Snow M, Collet B \| title \= Histology, immunocytochemistry and qRT\-PCR analysis of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post\-smolts following infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) \| journal \= Journal of Fish Diseases \| volume \= 33 \| issue \= 10 \| pages \= 803–818 \| date \= October 2010 \| pmid \= 20561142 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1365\-2761\.2010\.01174\.x }} Skin [haemorrhages](/wiki/Bleeding "Bleeding") caused by the virus can also be seen on the belly. Fish suffering from the disease display abnormal behaviour and swimming patterns, namely periods of excitation seen in whirling movements followed by sinking in a depression period. IPNV\-carrier fish display no clinical sign of the virus, making visual detection of [persistent infection](/wiki/Infection "Infection") ineffectual.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Imajoh M, Hirayama T, Oshima S \| title \= Frequent occurrence of apoptosis is not associated with pathogenic infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) during persistent infection \| journal \= Fish \& Shellfish Immunology \| volume \= 18 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 163–177 \| date \= February 2005 \| pmid \= 15475312 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.fsi.2004\.07\.002 }}
#### Internal
Within infected fish, damage to almost all organs is visible, specifically [necrosis](/wiki/Necrosis "Necrosis") of and [lesions](/wiki/Lesion "Lesion") in the [pancreas](/wiki/Pancreas "Pancreas") and multifocal necrosis in the liver, which is pale in appearance. [Kidneys](/wiki/Kidney "Kidney"), [spleen](/wiki/Spleen "Spleen") (clusters of monocytes), [gallbladder](/wiki/Gallbladder "Gallbladder") (enlarged) and [gastrointestinal tract](/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract "Gastrointestinal tract") (white mucus) are also affected. [Ascites](/wiki/Ascites "Ascites") result in an accumulation of yellowish\-clear fluid, enlarging the abdomen. Infection by the virus also seemingly produces physiological responses within the skeletal system of salmonid fish. While these symptoms are common due rapid spread of the virus in the blood, [pathological](/wiki/Pathology "Pathology") changes to specific organs vary with age and species of fish as well as [viral strain](/wiki/Strain_%28biology%29 "Strain (biology)").
### Mortality
Reported mortality rates of farmed fry in freshwater and seawater phases differ, with the freshwater phase ranging from minimal to nearly 100% and the seawater phase resulting in 10\-20% death of infected fish. Host, environmental and virus characteristics influence observed mortality rates. Highest mortality is typically seen in young salmonids, decreasing with increasing body weight. Other factors such as species, health of the fish and genetic differences leading to variation in [susceptibility](/wiki/Susceptible_individual "Susceptible individual"). Environmental conditions influence acute infection through stressors such as temperature and [water quality](/wiki/Water_quality "Water quality"), causing outbreaks in [asymptomatic](/wiki/Asymptomatic "Asymptomatic") fish. Additionally, high packing of fish in aquaculture also induces stress and creates optimal conditions for virus transmission and evolution.
Viral properties that contribute to persistence and mortality of hosts includes the broad range of virus serotypes and strains, as well as [viral loads](/wiki/Viral_load "Viral load") associated with each grouping of virus. This variation affects the efficiency of horizontal transfer of the virus, with highly [virulent strains](/wiki/Virulence "Virulence") more effective than variations with low virulence. Additionally the stability of the virus across a range of temperature, pH and [salinity](/wiki/Salinity "Salinity") and ability to infect many different hosts makes IPNV persevering both in environments and hosts. Viral persistence in alternative hosts and environment across a range of conditions, creates conditions in which the virus remain a long\-term threat.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mutoloki S, Jøssund TB, Ritchie G, Munang'andu HM, Evensen Ø \| title \= Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus Causing Clinical and Subclinical Infections in Atlantic Salmon Have Different Genetic Fingerprints \| journal \= Frontiers in Microbiology \| volume \= 7 \| pages \= 1393 \| date \= 2016 \| pmid \= 27630636 \| doi \= 10\.3389/fmicb.2016\.01393 \| pmc \= 5006305 \| doi\-access \= free }} Differences in [virulence](/wiki/Virulence "Virulence") (10%\-90%) of strains alongside variations in host characteristics and environmental stressors are all influential for mortality rates caused by the virus.
|
[
"Host interactions\n-----------------",
"### Transmission",
"Predominantly infecting young salmonids, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) outbreaks occur both in [fingerlings](/wiki/Fingerling_%28fish%29 \"Fingerling (fish)\") and [parr](/wiki/Parr_%28fish%29 \"Parr (fish)\") (freshwater stage) and later as [post\\-smolts](/wiki/Juvenile_fish \"Juvenile fish\") weeks after transfer to seawater. IPNV can persist in [subclinical infections](/wiki/Subclinical_infection \"Subclinical infection\") in fish, which can act as reservoirs for the virus. This persistence in particular tissues appears possible due to the reduction of replication in both high and low [virulence](/wiki/Virulence \"Virulence\") strains, allowing the virus to evade detection by the host [immune defences](/wiki/Immune_system \"Immune system\"){{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Julin K, Johansen LH, Sommer AI, Jørgensen JB \\| title \\= Persistent infections with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) of different virulence in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L \\| journal \\= Journal of Fish Diseases \\| volume \\= 38 \\| issue \\= 11 \\| pages \\= 1005–19 \\| date \\= November 2015 \\| pmid \\= 25557127 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/jfd.12317 }} These carriers are typically life\\-long spreaders, posing a danger to other healthy fish either through recurrence of the disease within the carrier under stress, or as sources of horizontal and vertical transmission.",
"Horizontal transmission takes place when IPNV\\-carrier fish shed the virus in urine and feces, increasing during stress. Entry into the host can occur once or multiple times via the [gills](/wiki/Gill \"Gill\"), across [intestinal epithelial cells](/wiki/Intestinal_epithelial_cells \"Intestinal epithelial cells\"), or through [skin absorption](/wiki/Absorption_%28skin%29 \"Absorption (skin)\").{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ortega C, Enríquez R \\|date\\=2007 \\|title\\=Factors associated with cellular infection by the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) \\|journal\\=Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria \\|volume\\=39 \\|pages\\=7–18 \\|doi\\=10\\.4067/S0301\\-732X2007000100002 \\|via\\=ResearchGate\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Once inside, the precise pathways used in the cellular absorption of the virus are largely contested, however, a recent study proposes the involvement of the protein non\\-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 ([Myh9](/wiki/MYH9 \"MYH9\")), allowing [viral entry](/wiki/Viral_entry \"Viral entry\").{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Shao L, Zhao J, Tang Q \\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-25 \\|title\\=Non\\-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 is a critical factor for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus cellular entry \\|journal\\=Aquaculture \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=533 \\|pages\\=736138 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.aquaculture.2020\\.736138 \\|s2cid\\=228864393 \\|issn\\=0044\\-8486}} Myh9’s conservation across many of the hosts of IPNV is speculated to contribute to the extensive [host range](/wiki/Host_range \"Host range\") of the virus.",
"Another exit for the virus is through reproductive fluids to offspring (eggs) during vertical transmission. [Progeny](/wiki/Offspring \"Offspring\") become infected with IPNV through [gonadal fluids](/wiki/Gonad \"Gonad\") from both mature male and female [broodstock](/wiki/Broodstock \"Broodstock\").{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ahne W \\|date\\=1983 \\|title\\=Presence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in the seminal fluid of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson \\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2761\\.1983\\.tb00089\\.x \\|journal\\=Journal of Fish Diseases \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=6 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=377 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2761\\.1983\\.tb00089\\.x \\|issn\\=0140\\-7775}}{{Cite web \\| vauthors \\= McAllister PE, Owens WJ, Ruppenthal TM \\|date\\=1987 \\|title\\=Detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in pelleted cell and particulate components from ovarian fluid of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis \\| work \\= U.S. Geological Survey \\|url\\=https://www.usgs.gov/publications/detection\\-infectious\\-pancreatic\\-necrosis\\-virus\\-pelleted\\-cell\\-and\\-particulate \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-19 }} This has been observed in Brook trout and Rainbow trout,{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Dorson M, Torchy C \\|date\\=1985 \\|title\\=Experimental transmission of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus via the sexual products \\|journal\\=Fish and Shellfish Pathology \\| veditors \\= Ellis AE \\|pages\\=251–260}}{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= McAllister PE, Schill WB, Owens WJ, Hodge DL \\|date\\=1993 \\|title\\=Determining the prevalence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in asymptomatic brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis: a study of clinical samples and processing methods \\|journal\\=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms \\|volume\\=15 \\|pages\\=157–162\\|doi\\=10\\.3354/dao015157 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} but has yet to be proven in Atlantic salmon, although it is suspected.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Munro ES, Millar CP, Hastings TS \\| title \\= An analysis of levels of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., broodstock in Scotland between 1990\\-2002 \\| journal \\= Journal of Fish Diseases \\| volume \\= 33 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 171–177 \\| date \\= February 2010 \\| pmid \\= 19929933 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2761\\.2009\\.01114\\.x }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Smail DA, Munro ES \\| title \\= Isolation and quantification of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from ovarian and seminal fluids of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L \\| journal \\= Journal of Fish Diseases \\| volume \\= 31 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 49–58 \\| date \\= January 2008 \\| pmid \\= 18086034 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2761\\.2007\\.00866\\.x }}",
"Long distance [waterborne transmission](/wiki/Waterborne_diseases \"Waterborne diseases\") IPNV may also be possible as the virus remains [viable](/wiki/wiktionary:Viable \"Viable\") in marine, freshwater and sediments for several months.{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Oidtmann B, Dixon P, Way K, Joiner C, Bayley AE \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=Risk of waterborne virus spread \\- review of survival of relevant fish and crustacean viruses in the aquatic environment and implications for control measures \\|journal\\=Reviews in Aquaculture \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=10 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=641–669 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/raq.12192\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Once introduced, the virus is stable across a wide range of [pH](/wiki/PH \"PH\") (3\\-9\\) and temperature, making it resistant to many [disinfectants](/wiki/Disinfectant \"Disinfectant\"). In one case, the [virion](/wiki/Virus \"Virus\") was found to still be viable after remaining at 60 C for 60 minutes.{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Munro ES, Midtlyng PJ \\| chapter \\= Infectious pancreatic necrosis and associated aquatic birnaviruses. \\|date\\=2011 \\| title \\= Fish diseases and disorders \\|volume\\=3 \\|pages\\=1–65 \\| veditors \\= Woo PT, Bruno DW \\|edition\\=2nd \\|place\\=UK \\|publisher\\=CABI \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.1079/9781845935542\\.0001 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84593\\-554\\-2 }} Long distance transmission raises risks of [farm to wild transmission](/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids \"Aquaculture of salmonids\") as has already been observed during the infection of resident fish downstream of a farm experiencing an [outbreak](/wiki/Disease_outbreak \"Disease outbreak\").{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= McAllister PE, Bebak J \\|date\\=1997 \\|title\\=Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in the environment: relationship to effluent from aquaculture facilities \\|journal\\=Journal of Fish Diseases \\|volume\\=20 \\|issue\\=201–207\\|pages\\=201–207 \\|doi\\=10\\.1046/j.1365\\-2761\\.1997\\.00297\\.x }}",
"Other sources of transmission of the virus include wild birds, farmed escapes, and transport between [farms](/wiki/Fish_farms \"Fish farms\") (infected eggs, feed, equipment, inventory) alongside waterborne and within fish groups (vertical and horizontal transmission) discussed above.{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Wallace IS, Gregory A, Munro ES, Bain N, Raynard RS \\|date\\=2005 \\|title\\=Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus isolated from hake, Merluccius merluccius \\|journal\\=Bulletin of European Fish Pathologists \\|volume\\=25 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=86 \\|via\\=European Association of Fish Pathologists}}{{Cite report \\| vauthors \\= Geoghegan F, Ó Cinneide M, Ruane NM \\|date\\=2007 \\|title\\=Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus and its impact on the Irish Salmon Aquaculture and Wild Fish sectors \\|url\\=https://oar.marine.ie/handle/10793/270 \\|language\\=English}} In addition to carriers and sources of transfer, the ability of the virus to infect such a wide range of species creates [endemic](/wiki/Endemic_%28epidemiology%29 \"Endemic (epidemiology)\") areas for IPNV.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Miller KM, Teffer A, Tucker S, Li S, Schulze AD, Trudel M, Juanes F, Tabata A, Kaukinen KH, Ginther NG, Ming TJ, Cooke SJ, Hipfner JM, Patterson DA, Hinch SG \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Infectious disease, shifting climates, and opportunistic predators: cumulative factors potentially impacting wild salmon declines \\| journal \\= Evolutionary Applications \\| volume \\= 7 \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= 812–855 \\| date \\= August 2014 \\| pmid \\= 25469162 \\| pmc \\= 4227861 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/eva.12164 }}",
"### Clinical symptoms",
"#### External",
"Monitoring in farms by visual inspection is often used to identify outbreaks of [acute](/wiki/Acute_%28medicine%29 \"Acute (medicine)\") cases of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. Common initial symptoms are loss of appetite and depression in infected fish.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Zhu L, Wang X, Wang K, Yang Q, He J, Qin Z, Geng Y, Ouyang P, Huang X \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Outbreak of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in farmed rainbow trout in China \\| journal \\= Acta Tropica \\| volume \\= 170 \\| pages \\= 63–69 \\| date \\= June 2017 \\| pmid \\= 28232067 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.actatropica.2017\\.02\\.025 }} Other changes to appearance also occur, including darkened skin, pale gills, [exophthalmia](/wiki/Exophthalmos \"Exophthalmos\") and a distended abdomen.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ellis AE, Cavaco A, Petrie A, Lockhart K, Snow M, Collet B \\| title \\= Histology, immunocytochemistry and qRT\\-PCR analysis of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post\\-smolts following infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) \\| journal \\= Journal of Fish Diseases \\| volume \\= 33 \\| issue \\= 10 \\| pages \\= 803–818 \\| date \\= October 2010 \\| pmid \\= 20561142 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2761\\.2010\\.01174\\.x }} Skin [haemorrhages](/wiki/Bleeding \"Bleeding\") caused by the virus can also be seen on the belly. Fish suffering from the disease display abnormal behaviour and swimming patterns, namely periods of excitation seen in whirling movements followed by sinking in a depression period. IPNV\\-carrier fish display no clinical sign of the virus, making visual detection of [persistent infection](/wiki/Infection \"Infection\") ineffectual.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Imajoh M, Hirayama T, Oshima S \\| title \\= Frequent occurrence of apoptosis is not associated with pathogenic infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) during persistent infection \\| journal \\= Fish \\& Shellfish Immunology \\| volume \\= 18 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 163–177 \\| date \\= February 2005 \\| pmid \\= 15475312 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.fsi.2004\\.07\\.002 }}",
"#### Internal",
"Within infected fish, damage to almost all organs is visible, specifically [necrosis](/wiki/Necrosis \"Necrosis\") of and [lesions](/wiki/Lesion \"Lesion\") in the [pancreas](/wiki/Pancreas \"Pancreas\") and multifocal necrosis in the liver, which is pale in appearance. [Kidneys](/wiki/Kidney \"Kidney\"), [spleen](/wiki/Spleen \"Spleen\") (clusters of monocytes), [gallbladder](/wiki/Gallbladder \"Gallbladder\") (enlarged) and [gastrointestinal tract](/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract \"Gastrointestinal tract\") (white mucus) are also affected. [Ascites](/wiki/Ascites \"Ascites\") result in an accumulation of yellowish\\-clear fluid, enlarging the abdomen. Infection by the virus also seemingly produces physiological responses within the skeletal system of salmonid fish. While these symptoms are common due rapid spread of the virus in the blood, [pathological](/wiki/Pathology \"Pathology\") changes to specific organs vary with age and species of fish as well as [viral strain](/wiki/Strain_%28biology%29 \"Strain (biology)\").",
"### Mortality",
"Reported mortality rates of farmed fry in freshwater and seawater phases differ, with the freshwater phase ranging from minimal to nearly 100% and the seawater phase resulting in 10\\-20% death of infected fish. Host, environmental and virus characteristics influence observed mortality rates. Highest mortality is typically seen in young salmonids, decreasing with increasing body weight. Other factors such as species, health of the fish and genetic differences leading to variation in [susceptibility](/wiki/Susceptible_individual \"Susceptible individual\"). Environmental conditions influence acute infection through stressors such as temperature and [water quality](/wiki/Water_quality \"Water quality\"), causing outbreaks in [asymptomatic](/wiki/Asymptomatic \"Asymptomatic\") fish. Additionally, high packing of fish in aquaculture also induces stress and creates optimal conditions for virus transmission and evolution.",
"Viral properties that contribute to persistence and mortality of hosts includes the broad range of virus serotypes and strains, as well as [viral loads](/wiki/Viral_load \"Viral load\") associated with each grouping of virus. This variation affects the efficiency of horizontal transfer of the virus, with highly [virulent strains](/wiki/Virulence \"Virulence\") more effective than variations with low virulence. Additionally the stability of the virus across a range of temperature, pH and [salinity](/wiki/Salinity \"Salinity\") and ability to infect many different hosts makes IPNV persevering both in environments and hosts. Viral persistence in alternative hosts and environment across a range of conditions, creates conditions in which the virus remain a long\\-term threat.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mutoloki S, Jøssund TB, Ritchie G, Munang'andu HM, Evensen Ø \\| title \\= Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus Causing Clinical and Subclinical Infections in Atlantic Salmon Have Different Genetic Fingerprints \\| journal \\= Frontiers in Microbiology \\| volume \\= 7 \\| pages \\= 1393 \\| date \\= 2016 \\| pmid \\= 27630636 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3389/fmicb.2016\\.01393 \\| pmc \\= 5006305 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} Differences in [virulence](/wiki/Virulence \"Virulence\") (10%\\-90%) of strains alongside variations in host characteristics and environmental stressors are all influential for mortality rates caused by the virus.",
""
] |
Large scale manufacturers
-------------------------
### Current
The current mainstream automotive manufacturers in Australia all build heavy vehicles. Large scale production of light vehicles ended with the departure of Holden.
{{clear}}
#### Bustech
[thumb\|[Bustech](/wiki/Bustech "Bustech") CDi double decker bus](/wiki/File:Transport_NSW_liveried_%28mo_6088%29%2C_operated_by_Hillsbus%2C_Bustech_CDi_at_Castle_Hill_Interchange.jpg "Transport NSW liveried (mo 6088), operated by Hillsbus, Bustech CDi at Castle Hill Interchange.jpg")
[Bustech](/wiki/Bustech "Bustech") has manufactured buses on the [Gold Coast, Queensland](/wiki/Gold_Coast%2C_Queensland "Gold Coast, Queensland") since 1998\.
{{\-}}
#### Denning Manufacturing
[thumb\|[Denning Manufacturing](/wiki/Denning_Manufacturing "Denning Manufacturing") Silver Phoenix](/wiki/File:Allens_Coaches-_Denning_Silver_Phoenix_3939_MO.jpg "Allens Coaches- Denning Silver Phoenix 3939 MO.jpg")
[Denning Manufacturing](/wiki/Denning_Manufacturing "Denning Manufacturing") has manufactured buses in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane") since 2004
#### Iveco
[thumb\|Australian built pre\-generation [Iveco PowerStar](/wiki/Iveco_PowerStar "Iveco PowerStar") assembled in [Dandenong](/wiki/Dandenong "Dandenong")](/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Trucks_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency_%2871%29.jpg "New Zealand Trucks - Flickr - 111 Emergency (71).jpg")
[Iveco Australia](/wiki/Iveco "Iveco") is a subsidiary of [CNH Industrial](/wiki/CNH_Industrial "CNH Industrial") and was formed after the takeover of [International Trucks](/wiki/International_Trucks "International Trucks"). It currently produces the [Iveco PowerStar](/wiki/Iveco_PowerStar "Iveco PowerStar") in a number of variants and, up until 2020, the venerable ACCO. It is known for being the only foreign semi truck maker that isn't producing an American branded [Conventional](/wiki/Cabin_%28truck%29 "Cabin (truck)") semi truck.
IVECO Australia has announced it will cease local manufacturing at its Dandenong plant from mid\-2022**.**
{{clear}}
#### Kenworth
[thumb\|[Kenworth](/wiki/Kenworth "Kenworth") T404](/wiki/File:Woolworths_transport_truck.jpg "Woolworths transport truck.jpg")
[Kenworth Australia](/wiki/Kenworth "Kenworth") is a wholly owned subsidiary of [Paccar Inc](/wiki/Paccar_Inc "Paccar Inc"). Kenworth are currently the largest single\-nameplate manufacturer in Australia.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.trucksales.com.au/editorial/details/2019\-australian\-truck\-sales\-who\-grew\-who\-didnt\-122323/ \| title\=2019 Australian truck sales – who grew, who didn't }} Kenworth began Australian production in 1971 and mainly manufactures heavy duty semi trucks specifically for the Australian and New Zealand markets at their plant in Bayswater, Victoria. In 2018, Paccar began assembly of [DAF Trucks](/wiki/DAF_Trucks "DAF Trucks") from a facility next to Kenworth.{{clear}}
#### Mack
[Mack trucks](/wiki/Mack_truck "Mack truck") have been manufactured in Australia since 1963, starting at [Richlands, Queensland](/wiki/Richlands%2C_Queensland "Richlands, Queensland").
On 26 April 2000, [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo "Volvo") acquired the truck and bus arm of Renault. This sale included Mack. Volvo Group Australia moved Mack production into their Wacol facility not long after.
{{clear}}
#### Volvo
Volvo Group Australia began Australian production in [Wacol, Queensland](/wiki/Wacol%2C_Queensland "Wacol, Queensland") in 1972\.
After the acquisition of Mack in April 2000, both manufacturers were merged into the one facility at Wacol. This is now{{when\|date\=January 2024}} the largest vehicle plant in Australia.
### Previous
#### Australian Motor Industries
[thumb\|The [Standard Vanguard](/wiki/Standard_Vanguard "Standard Vanguard") was one of many models produced by [Australian Motor Industries](/wiki/Australian_Motor_Industries "Australian Motor Industries")](/wiki/File:1962_Standard_Vanguard_Six_%2822033100295%29.jpg "1962 Standard Vanguard Six (22033100295).jpg")
{{Main\|Australian Motor Industries}}
Founded in 1926, Australian Motor Industries (AMI) began assembly operations in 1952\. It produced a wide range of [Standard](/wiki/Standard_Motor_Company "Standard Motor Company"), [Triumph](/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company "Triumph Motor Company"), [Mercedes\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz "Mercedes-Benz") cars, as well as variety of [Rambler](/wiki/Rambler_%28automobile%29 "Rambler (automobile)") models from [American Motors Corporation](/wiki/American_Motors "American Motors") (AMC) up to 1987\. Assembly of [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") automobiles began in 1963\. The Japanese company took a controlling interest in AMI in 1968 and increased its investment until AMI renamed itself as AMI Toyota Ltd in 1985\.
{{clear}}
#### British Leyland
[thumb\|British Leyland's Australian subsidiary produced the [Leyland P76](/wiki/Leyland_P76 "Leyland P76") from 1973 to 1975](/wiki/File:Leyland_P76_Super_slightly_cropped_to_eliminate_distracting_neighbor_from_view.jpg "Leyland P76 Super slightly cropped to eliminate distracting neighbor from view.jpg")
{{Main\|British Motor Corporation (Australia)}}
[British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland") assembled and manufactured vehicles in Australia from 1950 to 1975\. British Leyland was formed when [Leyland Motors](/wiki/Leyland_Motors "Leyland Motors") and [British Motor Holdings](/wiki/British_Motor_Holdings "British Motor Holdings") (formerly BMC) merged.
{{clear}}
#### Chrysler Australia
[thumb\|[Chrysler Australia](/wiki/Chrysler_Australia "Chrysler Australia") produced the [Chrysler Valiant](/wiki/Chrysler_Valiant "Chrysler Valiant") from 1962 to 1980](/wiki/File:Chrysler_VF_Valiant_Pacer.JPG "Chrysler VF Valiant Pacer.JPG")
{{Main\|Chrysler Australia}}
[Chrysler](/wiki/Chrysler "Chrysler") departed the Australian car market in 1981 when it sold the remainder of its shareholding in Chrysler Australia Ltd to the Mitsubishi Motor Corporation of Japan. The new owner renamed the company [Mitsubishi Motors Australia](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_Australia "Mitsubishi Motors Australia") (MMA) and this company continues to operate today as one of Australia's major importers of road vehicles. However, local production of passenger vehicles was discontinued in March 2008\.Federal Chamber of Commerce: "VFACTS monthly report" December 2008 During the 1970s, Chrysler began working closely with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation after they acquired a 15 percent interest in the company in 1971, with the result that Chrysler Australia began building Mitsubishi\-designed Chrysler\-branded vehicles such as the Chrysler Valiant Galant (1972–1977 Mitsubishi Galant) and the Chrysler Sigma (1977–1985 [Mitsubishi Galant](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Galant "Mitsubishi Galant")). The Tonsley Park plant was sold to Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and was run by Mitsubishi Motors Australia after Chrysler pulled out of Australian manufacturing in 1980\. Production of the popular Sigma and Colt range of vehicles continued under the Mitsubishi name until the late\-1980s, when production was switched exclusively to the Magna.
{{clear}}
#### Ford Australia
[thumb\|The [Ford Territory](/wiki/Ford_Territory_%28Australia%29 "Ford Territory (Australia)"), an Australian [SUV](/wiki/SUV "SUV")](/wiki/File:2015_Ford_Territory_%28SZ_II%29_TX_AWD_wagon_%282015-07-03%29_01.jpg "2015 Ford Territory (SZ II) TX AWD wagon (2015-07-03) 01.jpg")
{{Main\|Ford Australia}}
[Ford Australia](/wiki/Ford_Australia "Ford Australia") is the Australian subsidiary of [Ford Motor Company](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") and was founded in [Geelong](/wiki/Geelong "Geelong") in 1925 as an outpost of [Ford Motor Company of Canada, Limited](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company_of_Canada%2C_Limited "Ford Motor Company of Canada, Limited"). At that time, Ford Canada was a separate company from Ford USA. [Henry Ford](/wiki/Henry_Ford "Henry Ford") had granted the manufacturing rights to Ford in British Empire (later Commonwealth) countries (excepting the UK) to Canadian investors. Ford Australia also has a performance car division, [Ford Performance Vehicles](/wiki/Ford_Performance_Vehicles "Ford Performance Vehicles"), with the cars being marketed under the FPV brand. In May 2013 Ford announced that it will end Australian production in October 2016,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013\-05\-23/ford\-to\-close\-geelong\-and\-broadmeadows\-plants/4707960 \|title\=Ford Australia to close Broadmeadows and Geelong plants, 1,200 jobs to go \|author\= \|date\=23 May 2013 \|work\=\[\[ABC News (Australia)]] \|access\-date\=22 May 2013}} but will remain as a competitor in the Australian marketplace with imported vehicles. All factories had closed by 20 October 2016\.
{{clear}}
#### Holden
[thumb\|The [Holden Commodore](/wiki/Holden_Commodore "Holden Commodore") (prior to 2018\) was a locally produced vehicle by [Holden](/wiki/Holden "Holden")](/wiki/File:2016_Holden_Commodore_%28VF_II%29_SV6_sedan_%282016-08-13%29_01.jpg "2016 Holden Commodore (VF II) SV6 sedan (2016-08-13) 01.jpg")
{{Main\|Holden}}
Holden was an Australian automaker based in [Elizabeth, South Australia](/wiki/Elizabeth%2C_South_Australia "Elizabeth, South Australia"). After local production ended in 2017, the company became an importer of GM\-branded motor vehicles. The company was founded in 1856 as a saddlery business in [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide "Adelaide"), South Australia, but later moved into the automotive field, becoming a subsidiary of [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") (GM) in 1931\. Holden has taken charge of vehicle operations for GM in Australasia and, on behalf of GM, holds partial ownership of [GM Korea](/wiki/GM_Korea "GM Korea") (formerly GM Daewoo) in South Korea. Over the years, Holden has offered a broad range of original, locally produced vehicles (such as the [Holden Commodore](/wiki/Holden_Commodore "Holden Commodore")), supplemented by imported GM models. In the past, Holden had offered badge\-engineered [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet"), [Isuzu](/wiki/Isuzu "Isuzu"), [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan"), [Suzuki](/wiki/Suzuki "Suzuki"), [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota"), and [Vauxhall Motors](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors "Vauxhall Motors") models in sharing arrangements, with [Daewoo](/wiki/Daewoo "Daewoo"), [Opel](/wiki/Opel "Opel"), and [Isuzu](/wiki/Isuzu "Isuzu")\-sourced models sold in later years. Holden also had a performance vehicle partner, [Holden Special Vehicles](/wiki/Holden_Special_Vehicles "Holden Special Vehicles"), which marketed modified Holdens under the HSV brand. In December 2013, Holden announced they would end their local manufacturing operations in Australia on 20 October 2017\.{{cite news \|url\=http://theage.drive.com.au/motor\-news/holden\-to\-cease\-manufacturing\-in\-2017\-20131211\-2z5mp.html \|title\=Holden to cease manufacturing in 2017 \|publisher\=Theage.drive.com.au \|date\=11 December 2013 \|access\-date\=10 February 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214180237/http://theage.drive.com.au/motor\-news/holden\-to\-cease\-manufacturing\-in\-2017\-20131211\-2z5mp.html \|archive\-date\=14 December 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }} After the closure of its production plant in [Elizabeth, South Australia](/wiki/Elizabeth%2C_South_Australia "Elizabeth, South Australia"), Holden changed its business focus to car styling and importing.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2020}} The Holden brand name was retired in 2020 and dealers compensated as they were shut down.{{cite news\| url \= https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020\-02\-17/holden\-car\-brand\-axed\-after\-160\-years\-in\-australia/11972092\| title \= Holden car brand, maker of Commodore and Barina, axed across Australia and New Zealand \- ABC News\| website \= \[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]\| date \= 17 February 2020}} {{cite web\| url \= https://www.caradvice.com.au/861880/holden\-dealers\-sign\-150\-million\-compensation\-deal/\| title \= Holden Dealers Sign $150 Million Compensation Deal {{!}} Drive Car News}}
{{clear}}
#### Leader Trucks
{{Main\|Leader Trucks}}
Leader Trucks was a truck manufacturing company based in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. It was established as an initiative of Cyril Anderson and Western Transport. Nearly 2,000 trucks were manufactured between 1972 and 1984\.
#### Mitsubishi Motors Australia
[thumb\|[Mitsubishi Motors Australia](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_Australia "Mitsubishi Motors Australia") produced the [Sigma](/wiki/Chrysler_Sigma "Chrysler Sigma") from 1980 to 1987](/wiki/File:1985_Mitsubishi_Sigma_%28GN%29_GL_2.6_station_wagon_%282015-07-15%29.jpg "1985 Mitsubishi Sigma (GN) GL 2.6 station wagon (2015-07-15).jpg")
{{Main\|Mitsubishi Motors Australia}}
Mitsubishi Motors Australia (MMA) is a fully owned subsidiary of parent company Mitsubishi Motors Corporation of Japan. A site in [Tonsley, South Australia](/wiki/Tonsley%2C_South_Australia "Tonsley, South Australia") was the location of MMA's vehicle assembly plant. The plant was closed in March 2008 when lacklustre sales of the large Mitsubishi 380 confirmed that domestic vehicle manufacturing was no longer viable.
{{clear}}
#### Nissan Australia
[thumb\|The [Nissan Pintara](/wiki/Nissan_Pintara "Nissan Pintara") was a product of Nissan Australia](/wiki/File:1989-1992_Nissan_Pintara_%28U12%29_Ti_sedan_01.jpg "1989-1992 Nissan Pintara (U12) Ti sedan 01.jpg")
{{Main\|Nissan Motor Australia}}
[Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") began assembling cars in 1966, when [Pressed Metal Corporation](/wiki/Pressed_Metal_Corporation "Pressed Metal Corporation") began assembly of the [Datsun Bluebird 1300](/wiki/Datsun_Bluebird_1300 "Datsun Bluebird 1300"). This deal ended after about a year and a half, but by 1968 Motor Producers Ltd. of Melbourne began assembling Datsuns again at their [Clayton](/wiki/Clayton%2C_Victoria "Clayton, Victoria") plant. By 1971 locally assembled cars were to include the [1200](/wiki/Datsun_1200 "Datsun 1200") and [1600](/wiki/Datsun_1600_%28510%29 "Datsun 1600 (510)") saloons, with at least 60% local parts content. A deal lasting until 1976 was signed with Motor Producers.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article110667289 \|title\= Datsun assembly deal \| editor\-last \= Brown \| editor\-first \= Robin \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|date\=13 July 1971 \|access\-date\=18 January 2015 \|page\=13 }}
Nissan used the Clayton factory to build cars in the wake of the [1973 oil crisis](/wiki/1973_oil_crisis "1973 oil crisis"). Models produced in Australia included the [Pulsar](/wiki/Nissan_Pulsar "Nissan Pulsar"), [Pintara](/wiki/Nissan_Pintara "Nissan Pintara"), and [Skyline](/wiki/Nissan_Skyline "Nissan Skyline"). By the end of the 1980s, however, Nissan was facing financial difficulties, while Nissan's local car assembly lines closed in 1992\.
{{clear}}
#### Renault Australia
Renault (Australia) Pty Ltd was established in the late 1950s to organise the importation and contract assembly of [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") vehicles in Australia.Pedr Davis, The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring, 1986, page 402 In August 1966 Renault Australia purchased the assembly facilities of Continental and General Distributors at [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg%2C_Victoria "Heidelberg, Victoria") in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_Australia "Victoria, Australia"). Models including the [Renault 10](/wiki/Renault_10 "Renault 10"), [12](/wiki/Renault_12 "Renault 12"), [16](/wiki/Renault_16 "Renault 16")"Renault 16", *Unique Cars*, Issue 323, 13 Apr – 13 May 2011, page 116 and [18](/wiki/Renault_18 "Renault 18"){{cite web\| url \= http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/car\_info\_renault\_18GTS.htm\| title \= Renault 18GTS}}. www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au, Retrieved on 23 November 2012 were assembled and the company also entered into an agreement to assemble cars for [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot "Peugeot"). Australian production ended with the closure of the Heidelberg plant in July 1981 with LNC Industries then taking over importation and distribution of Renaults in Australia. As of 2012, Renault vehicles are sold in Australia through Vehicle Distributors Australia, a wholly owned subsidiary of Nissan Australia.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.renault.com.au/about\_us/renault\_group\| title \= Renault and Australia\| access\-date \= 23 November 2012\| archive\-date \= 3 May 2013\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130503192906/http://www.renault.com.au/about\_us/renault\_group\| url\-status \= dead}}, www.renault.com.au, Retrieved on 23 November 2012\.
{{clear}}
#### Rootes Australia
[thumb\|The [Humber Vogue](/wiki/Humber_Vogue "Humber Vogue") was produced by [Rootes Australia](/wiki/Rootes_Australia "Rootes Australia")](/wiki/File:Humber_Vogue_Series_I.jpg "Humber Vogue Series I.jpg")
{{Main\|Rootes Australia}}
Rootes Australia produced a range of [Hillman](/wiki/Hillman "Hillman"), [Humber](/wiki/Humber_Limited "Humber Limited"), and [Singer](/wiki/Singer_%28car%29 "Singer (car)") automobiles in Australia between 1946 and 1965\. In December 1965, Rootes Australia was merged with [Chrysler Australia](/wiki/Chrysler_Australia "Chrysler Australia").
{{clear}}
#### Toyota Australia
[thumb\|[Toyota Aurion](/wiki/Toyota_Aurion "Toyota Aurion"), built at the [Altona](/wiki/Altona%2C_Victoria "Altona, Victoria") plant](/wiki/File:2016_Toyota_Aurion_%28GSV50R%29_AT-X_sedan_%282018-02-20%29_01.jpg "2016 Toyota Aurion (GSV50R) AT-X sedan (2018-02-20) 01.jpg")
[Toyota Australia](/wiki/Toyota_Australia "Toyota Australia") (TA), is a subsidiary of [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota"). TA first began in 1958, TA markets Toyota products and manages motorsport, advertising and business operations for Toyota in Australia. TA is also responsible for [Lexus](/wiki/Lexus "Lexus") vehicles in Australia.
On 10 February 2014, Toyota announced it would cease manufacturing vehicles and engines in Australia.{{cite news\| author\=Mark Hawthorne \|url\=http://www.theage.com.au/business/toyota\-to\-exit\-australian\-manufacturing\-2500\-jobs\-to\-go\-20140210\-32cl3\.html \|title\=Toyota to exit Australia, 30,000 jobs could go \|publisher\=\[\[The Age]]\|date\=10 February 2014 \|access\-date\=10 February 2014}}{{cite news\|last\=Dunckley \|first\=Mathew \|url\=http://www.portnews.com.au/story/2078487/toyota\-confirms\-exit\-from\-australian\-manufacturing\-in\-2017/?cs\=2452 \|title\=Toyota confirms exit from Australian manufacturing in October 3, 2017 \|work\=Port Macquarie News \|publisher\=Portnews.com.au \|date\=10 February 2014 \|access\-date\=10 February 2014}} The [Altona plant](/wiki/Toyota_Australia_Altona_Plant "Toyota Australia Altona Plant") was closed on 3 October 2017, marking the end of locally produced Toyota vehicles in Australia.
{{clear}}
#### Volkswagen Australia
[thumb\|The [Volkswagen Country Buggy](/wiki/Volkswagen_Country_Buggy "Volkswagen Country Buggy") was a product of Volkswagen Australia](/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Country_Buggy.jpg "Volkswagen Country Buggy.jpg")
[Volkswagen Australia Pty Ltd](/wiki/Volkswagen_Australia "Volkswagen Australia") was formed in 1954 by [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen "Volkswagen") of Germany and various Australian state Volkswagen distributors.Pedr Davis, The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring, 1986, page 519 The company acquired a suitable site from [Martin \& King](/wiki/Martin_%26_King "Martin & King") situated at [Clayton](/wiki/Clayton%2C_Victoria "Clayton, Victoria") having facilities for CKD vehicle assembly in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_Australia "Victoria, Australia"), that site having been used for local assembly of the [Volkswagen Beetle](/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle "Volkswagen Beetle") since 1954\. By 1960, sheet metal panels were being pressed at Clayton, and by 1967 the engine and most components were being produced there.
In 1967 Volkswagen Australia developed a unique model, the [Country Buggy](/wiki/Volkswagen_Country_Buggy "Volkswagen Country Buggy"), which used components from the [Beetle](/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle "Volkswagen Beetle") and the [Kombi](/wiki/Volkswagen_Kombi "Volkswagen Kombi").Tony Davis, Aussie Cars, 1987, page 99 This local design was later also manufactured in the Philippines.
Due to falling sales, the operation reverted to assembly only in 1968\. A new company, Motor Producers Limited, was formed and operations were expanded to include [Datsun](/wiki/Datsun "Datsun") and [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo "Volvo") models as well as Volkswagens. The factory was sold to [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") in 1976 and Australian assembly of Volkswagens ended shortly after.
{{clear}}
#### Western Star
Western Star began assembly of kit trucks in 1983 at the former White Trucks factory in Wacol, Queensland. The kits were imported from Kelowna, BC Canada. This continued until 1992, when fully built trucks were imported from Canada.
|
[
"Large scale manufacturers\n-------------------------",
"### Current",
"The current mainstream automotive manufacturers in Australia all build heavy vehicles. Large scale production of light vehicles ended with the departure of Holden.\n{{clear}}",
"#### Bustech",
"[thumb\\|[Bustech](/wiki/Bustech \"Bustech\") CDi double decker bus](/wiki/File:Transport_NSW_liveried_%28mo_6088%29%2C_operated_by_Hillsbus%2C_Bustech_CDi_at_Castle_Hill_Interchange.jpg \"Transport NSW liveried (mo 6088), operated by Hillsbus, Bustech CDi at Castle Hill Interchange.jpg\")\n[Bustech](/wiki/Bustech \"Bustech\") has manufactured buses on the [Gold Coast, Queensland](/wiki/Gold_Coast%2C_Queensland \"Gold Coast, Queensland\") since 1998\\.\n{{\\-}}",
"#### Denning Manufacturing",
"[thumb\\|[Denning Manufacturing](/wiki/Denning_Manufacturing \"Denning Manufacturing\") Silver Phoenix](/wiki/File:Allens_Coaches-_Denning_Silver_Phoenix_3939_MO.jpg \"Allens Coaches- Denning Silver Phoenix 3939 MO.jpg\")\n[Denning Manufacturing](/wiki/Denning_Manufacturing \"Denning Manufacturing\") has manufactured buses in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\") since 2004",
"#### Iveco",
"[thumb\\|Australian built pre\\-generation [Iveco PowerStar](/wiki/Iveco_PowerStar \"Iveco PowerStar\") assembled in [Dandenong](/wiki/Dandenong \"Dandenong\")](/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Trucks_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency_%2871%29.jpg \"New Zealand Trucks - Flickr - 111 Emergency (71).jpg\")\n[Iveco Australia](/wiki/Iveco \"Iveco\") is a subsidiary of [CNH Industrial](/wiki/CNH_Industrial \"CNH Industrial\") and was formed after the takeover of [International Trucks](/wiki/International_Trucks \"International Trucks\"). It currently produces the [Iveco PowerStar](/wiki/Iveco_PowerStar \"Iveco PowerStar\") in a number of variants and, up until 2020, the venerable ACCO. It is known for being the only foreign semi truck maker that isn't producing an American branded [Conventional](/wiki/Cabin_%28truck%29 \"Cabin (truck)\") semi truck.",
"IVECO Australia has announced it will cease local manufacturing at its Dandenong plant from mid\\-2022**.**\n{{clear}}",
"#### Kenworth",
"[thumb\\|[Kenworth](/wiki/Kenworth \"Kenworth\") T404](/wiki/File:Woolworths_transport_truck.jpg \"Woolworths transport truck.jpg\")",
"[Kenworth Australia](/wiki/Kenworth \"Kenworth\") is a wholly owned subsidiary of [Paccar Inc](/wiki/Paccar_Inc \"Paccar Inc\"). Kenworth are currently the largest single\\-nameplate manufacturer in Australia.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.trucksales.com.au/editorial/details/2019\\-australian\\-truck\\-sales\\-who\\-grew\\-who\\-didnt\\-122323/ \\| title\\=2019 Australian truck sales – who grew, who didn't }} Kenworth began Australian production in 1971 and mainly manufactures heavy duty semi trucks specifically for the Australian and New Zealand markets at their plant in Bayswater, Victoria. In 2018, Paccar began assembly of [DAF Trucks](/wiki/DAF_Trucks \"DAF Trucks\") from a facility next to Kenworth.{{clear}}",
"#### Mack",
"[Mack trucks](/wiki/Mack_truck \"Mack truck\") have been manufactured in Australia since 1963, starting at [Richlands, Queensland](/wiki/Richlands%2C_Queensland \"Richlands, Queensland\").",
"On 26 April 2000, [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo \"Volvo\") acquired the truck and bus arm of Renault. This sale included Mack. Volvo Group Australia moved Mack production into their Wacol facility not long after.\n{{clear}}",
"#### Volvo",
"Volvo Group Australia began Australian production in [Wacol, Queensland](/wiki/Wacol%2C_Queensland \"Wacol, Queensland\") in 1972\\.",
"After the acquisition of Mack in April 2000, both manufacturers were merged into the one facility at Wacol. This is now{{when\\|date\\=January 2024}} the largest vehicle plant in Australia.",
"### Previous",
"#### Australian Motor Industries",
"[thumb\\|The [Standard Vanguard](/wiki/Standard_Vanguard \"Standard Vanguard\") was one of many models produced by [Australian Motor Industries](/wiki/Australian_Motor_Industries \"Australian Motor Industries\")](/wiki/File:1962_Standard_Vanguard_Six_%2822033100295%29.jpg \"1962 Standard Vanguard Six (22033100295).jpg\") \n{{Main\\|Australian Motor Industries}}\nFounded in 1926, Australian Motor Industries (AMI) began assembly operations in 1952\\. It produced a wide range of [Standard](/wiki/Standard_Motor_Company \"Standard Motor Company\"), [Triumph](/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company \"Triumph Motor Company\"), [Mercedes\\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz \"Mercedes-Benz\") cars, as well as variety of [Rambler](/wiki/Rambler_%28automobile%29 \"Rambler (automobile)\") models from [American Motors Corporation](/wiki/American_Motors \"American Motors\") (AMC) up to 1987\\. Assembly of [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") automobiles began in 1963\\. The Japanese company took a controlling interest in AMI in 1968 and increased its investment until AMI renamed itself as AMI Toyota Ltd in 1985\\.",
"{{clear}}",
"#### British Leyland",
"[thumb\\|British Leyland's Australian subsidiary produced the [Leyland P76](/wiki/Leyland_P76 \"Leyland P76\") from 1973 to 1975](/wiki/File:Leyland_P76_Super_slightly_cropped_to_eliminate_distracting_neighbor_from_view.jpg \"Leyland P76 Super slightly cropped to eliminate distracting neighbor from view.jpg\") \n{{Main\\|British Motor Corporation (Australia)}}\n[British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\") assembled and manufactured vehicles in Australia from 1950 to 1975\\. British Leyland was formed when [Leyland Motors](/wiki/Leyland_Motors \"Leyland Motors\") and [British Motor Holdings](/wiki/British_Motor_Holdings \"British Motor Holdings\") (formerly BMC) merged.",
"{{clear}}",
"#### Chrysler Australia",
"[thumb\\|[Chrysler Australia](/wiki/Chrysler_Australia \"Chrysler Australia\") produced the [Chrysler Valiant](/wiki/Chrysler_Valiant \"Chrysler Valiant\") from 1962 to 1980](/wiki/File:Chrysler_VF_Valiant_Pacer.JPG \"Chrysler VF Valiant Pacer.JPG\")\n{{Main\\|Chrysler Australia}}\n[Chrysler](/wiki/Chrysler \"Chrysler\") departed the Australian car market in 1981 when it sold the remainder of its shareholding in Chrysler Australia Ltd to the Mitsubishi Motor Corporation of Japan. The new owner renamed the company [Mitsubishi Motors Australia](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_Australia \"Mitsubishi Motors Australia\") (MMA) and this company continues to operate today as one of Australia's major importers of road vehicles. However, local production of passenger vehicles was discontinued in March 2008\\.Federal Chamber of Commerce: \"VFACTS monthly report\" December 2008 During the 1970s, Chrysler began working closely with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation after they acquired a 15 percent interest in the company in 1971, with the result that Chrysler Australia began building Mitsubishi\\-designed Chrysler\\-branded vehicles such as the Chrysler Valiant Galant (1972–1977 Mitsubishi Galant) and the Chrysler Sigma (1977–1985 [Mitsubishi Galant](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Galant \"Mitsubishi Galant\")). The Tonsley Park plant was sold to Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and was run by Mitsubishi Motors Australia after Chrysler pulled out of Australian manufacturing in 1980\\. Production of the popular Sigma and Colt range of vehicles continued under the Mitsubishi name until the late\\-1980s, when production was switched exclusively to the Magna.",
"{{clear}}",
"#### Ford Australia",
"[thumb\\|The [Ford Territory](/wiki/Ford_Territory_%28Australia%29 \"Ford Territory (Australia)\"), an Australian [SUV](/wiki/SUV \"SUV\")](/wiki/File:2015_Ford_Territory_%28SZ_II%29_TX_AWD_wagon_%282015-07-03%29_01.jpg \"2015 Ford Territory (SZ II) TX AWD wagon (2015-07-03) 01.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Ford Australia}}\n[Ford Australia](/wiki/Ford_Australia \"Ford Australia\") is the Australian subsidiary of [Ford Motor Company](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") and was founded in [Geelong](/wiki/Geelong \"Geelong\") in 1925 as an outpost of [Ford Motor Company of Canada, Limited](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company_of_Canada%2C_Limited \"Ford Motor Company of Canada, Limited\"). At that time, Ford Canada was a separate company from Ford USA. [Henry Ford](/wiki/Henry_Ford \"Henry Ford\") had granted the manufacturing rights to Ford in British Empire (later Commonwealth) countries (excepting the UK) to Canadian investors. Ford Australia also has a performance car division, [Ford Performance Vehicles](/wiki/Ford_Performance_Vehicles \"Ford Performance Vehicles\"), with the cars being marketed under the FPV brand. In May 2013 Ford announced that it will end Australian production in October 2016,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013\\-05\\-23/ford\\-to\\-close\\-geelong\\-and\\-broadmeadows\\-plants/4707960 \\|title\\=Ford Australia to close Broadmeadows and Geelong plants, 1,200 jobs to go \\|author\\= \\|date\\=23 May 2013 \\|work\\=\\[\\[ABC News (Australia)]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2013}} but will remain as a competitor in the Australian marketplace with imported vehicles. All factories had closed by 20 October 2016\\.\n \n{{clear}}",
"#### Holden",
"[thumb\\|The [Holden Commodore](/wiki/Holden_Commodore \"Holden Commodore\") (prior to 2018\\) was a locally produced vehicle by [Holden](/wiki/Holden \"Holden\")](/wiki/File:2016_Holden_Commodore_%28VF_II%29_SV6_sedan_%282016-08-13%29_01.jpg \"2016 Holden Commodore (VF II) SV6 sedan (2016-08-13) 01.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Holden}}\nHolden was an Australian automaker based in [Elizabeth, South Australia](/wiki/Elizabeth%2C_South_Australia \"Elizabeth, South Australia\"). After local production ended in 2017, the company became an importer of GM\\-branded motor vehicles. The company was founded in 1856 as a saddlery business in [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide \"Adelaide\"), South Australia, but later moved into the automotive field, becoming a subsidiary of [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") (GM) in 1931\\. Holden has taken charge of vehicle operations for GM in Australasia and, on behalf of GM, holds partial ownership of [GM Korea](/wiki/GM_Korea \"GM Korea\") (formerly GM Daewoo) in South Korea. Over the years, Holden has offered a broad range of original, locally produced vehicles (such as the [Holden Commodore](/wiki/Holden_Commodore \"Holden Commodore\")), supplemented by imported GM models. In the past, Holden had offered badge\\-engineered [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\"), [Isuzu](/wiki/Isuzu \"Isuzu\"), [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\"), [Suzuki](/wiki/Suzuki \"Suzuki\"), [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\"), and [Vauxhall Motors](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors \"Vauxhall Motors\") models in sharing arrangements, with [Daewoo](/wiki/Daewoo \"Daewoo\"), [Opel](/wiki/Opel \"Opel\"), and [Isuzu](/wiki/Isuzu \"Isuzu\")\\-sourced models sold in later years. Holden also had a performance vehicle partner, [Holden Special Vehicles](/wiki/Holden_Special_Vehicles \"Holden Special Vehicles\"), which marketed modified Holdens under the HSV brand. In December 2013, Holden announced they would end their local manufacturing operations in Australia on 20 October 2017\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://theage.drive.com.au/motor\\-news/holden\\-to\\-cease\\-manufacturing\\-in\\-2017\\-20131211\\-2z5mp.html \\|title\\=Holden to cease manufacturing in 2017 \\|publisher\\=Theage.drive.com.au \\|date\\=11 December 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214180237/http://theage.drive.com.au/motor\\-news/holden\\-to\\-cease\\-manufacturing\\-in\\-2017\\-20131211\\-2z5mp.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 December 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} After the closure of its production plant in [Elizabeth, South Australia](/wiki/Elizabeth%2C_South_Australia \"Elizabeth, South Australia\"), Holden changed its business focus to car styling and importing.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2020}} The Holden brand name was retired in 2020 and dealers compensated as they were shut down.{{cite news\\| url \\= https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020\\-02\\-17/holden\\-car\\-brand\\-axed\\-after\\-160\\-years\\-in\\-australia/11972092\\| title \\= Holden car brand, maker of Commodore and Barina, axed across Australia and New Zealand \\- ABC News\\| website \\= \\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]\\| date \\= 17 February 2020}} {{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.caradvice.com.au/861880/holden\\-dealers\\-sign\\-150\\-million\\-compensation\\-deal/\\| title \\= Holden Dealers Sign $150 Million Compensation Deal {{!}} Drive Car News}}",
"{{clear}}",
"#### Leader Trucks",
"{{Main\\|Leader Trucks}}",
"Leader Trucks was a truck manufacturing company based in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. It was established as an initiative of Cyril Anderson and Western Transport. Nearly 2,000 trucks were manufactured between 1972 and 1984\\.",
"#### Mitsubishi Motors Australia",
"[thumb\\|[Mitsubishi Motors Australia](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_Australia \"Mitsubishi Motors Australia\") produced the [Sigma](/wiki/Chrysler_Sigma \"Chrysler Sigma\") from 1980 to 1987](/wiki/File:1985_Mitsubishi_Sigma_%28GN%29_GL_2.6_station_wagon_%282015-07-15%29.jpg \"1985 Mitsubishi Sigma (GN) GL 2.6 station wagon (2015-07-15).jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Mitsubishi Motors Australia}}\nMitsubishi Motors Australia (MMA) is a fully owned subsidiary of parent company Mitsubishi Motors Corporation of Japan. A site in [Tonsley, South Australia](/wiki/Tonsley%2C_South_Australia \"Tonsley, South Australia\") was the location of MMA's vehicle assembly plant. The plant was closed in March 2008 when lacklustre sales of the large Mitsubishi 380 confirmed that domestic vehicle manufacturing was no longer viable.",
"{{clear}}",
"#### Nissan Australia",
"[thumb\\|The [Nissan Pintara](/wiki/Nissan_Pintara \"Nissan Pintara\") was a product of Nissan Australia](/wiki/File:1989-1992_Nissan_Pintara_%28U12%29_Ti_sedan_01.jpg \"1989-1992 Nissan Pintara (U12) Ti sedan 01.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Nissan Motor Australia}}\n[Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\") began assembling cars in 1966, when [Pressed Metal Corporation](/wiki/Pressed_Metal_Corporation \"Pressed Metal Corporation\") began assembly of the [Datsun Bluebird 1300](/wiki/Datsun_Bluebird_1300 \"Datsun Bluebird 1300\"). This deal ended after about a year and a half, but by 1968 Motor Producers Ltd. of Melbourne began assembling Datsuns again at their [Clayton](/wiki/Clayton%2C_Victoria \"Clayton, Victoria\") plant. By 1971 locally assembled cars were to include the [1200](/wiki/Datsun_1200 \"Datsun 1200\") and [1600](/wiki/Datsun_1600_%28510%29 \"Datsun 1600 (510)\") saloons, with at least 60% local parts content. A deal lasting until 1976 was signed with Motor Producers.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article110667289 \\|title\\= Datsun assembly deal \\| editor\\-last \\= Brown \\| editor\\-first \\= Robin \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|date\\=13 July 1971 \\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2015 \\|page\\=13 }}",
"Nissan used the Clayton factory to build cars in the wake of the [1973 oil crisis](/wiki/1973_oil_crisis \"1973 oil crisis\"). Models produced in Australia included the [Pulsar](/wiki/Nissan_Pulsar \"Nissan Pulsar\"), [Pintara](/wiki/Nissan_Pintara \"Nissan Pintara\"), and [Skyline](/wiki/Nissan_Skyline \"Nissan Skyline\"). By the end of the 1980s, however, Nissan was facing financial difficulties, while Nissan's local car assembly lines closed in 1992\\.",
"{{clear}}",
"#### Renault Australia",
"Renault (Australia) Pty Ltd was established in the late 1950s to organise the importation and contract assembly of [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") vehicles in Australia.Pedr Davis, The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring, 1986, page 402 In August 1966 Renault Australia purchased the assembly facilities of Continental and General Distributors at [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg%2C_Victoria \"Heidelberg, Victoria\") in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_Australia \"Victoria, Australia\"). Models including the [Renault 10](/wiki/Renault_10 \"Renault 10\"), [12](/wiki/Renault_12 \"Renault 12\"), [16](/wiki/Renault_16 \"Renault 16\")\"Renault 16\", *Unique Cars*, Issue 323, 13 Apr – 13 May 2011, page 116 and [18](/wiki/Renault_18 \"Renault 18\"){{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/car\\_info\\_renault\\_18GTS.htm\\| title \\= Renault 18GTS}}. www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au, Retrieved on 23 November 2012 were assembled and the company also entered into an agreement to assemble cars for [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot \"Peugeot\"). Australian production ended with the closure of the Heidelberg plant in July 1981 with LNC Industries then taking over importation and distribution of Renaults in Australia. As of 2012, Renault vehicles are sold in Australia through Vehicle Distributors Australia, a wholly owned subsidiary of Nissan Australia.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.renault.com.au/about\\_us/renault\\_group\\| title \\= Renault and Australia\\| access\\-date \\= 23 November 2012\\| archive\\-date \\= 3 May 2013\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130503192906/http://www.renault.com.au/about\\_us/renault\\_group\\| url\\-status \\= dead}}, www.renault.com.au, Retrieved on 23 November 2012\\. \n{{clear}}",
"#### Rootes Australia",
"[thumb\\|The [Humber Vogue](/wiki/Humber_Vogue \"Humber Vogue\") was produced by [Rootes Australia](/wiki/Rootes_Australia \"Rootes Australia\")](/wiki/File:Humber_Vogue_Series_I.jpg \"Humber Vogue Series I.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Rootes Australia}}\nRootes Australia produced a range of [Hillman](/wiki/Hillman \"Hillman\"), [Humber](/wiki/Humber_Limited \"Humber Limited\"), and [Singer](/wiki/Singer_%28car%29 \"Singer (car)\") automobiles in Australia between 1946 and 1965\\. In December 1965, Rootes Australia was merged with [Chrysler Australia](/wiki/Chrysler_Australia \"Chrysler Australia\").\n{{clear}}",
"#### Toyota Australia",
"[thumb\\|[Toyota Aurion](/wiki/Toyota_Aurion \"Toyota Aurion\"), built at the [Altona](/wiki/Altona%2C_Victoria \"Altona, Victoria\") plant](/wiki/File:2016_Toyota_Aurion_%28GSV50R%29_AT-X_sedan_%282018-02-20%29_01.jpg \"2016 Toyota Aurion (GSV50R) AT-X sedan (2018-02-20) 01.jpg\")\n[Toyota Australia](/wiki/Toyota_Australia \"Toyota Australia\") (TA), is a subsidiary of [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\"). TA first began in 1958, TA markets Toyota products and manages motorsport, advertising and business operations for Toyota in Australia. TA is also responsible for [Lexus](/wiki/Lexus \"Lexus\") vehicles in Australia.",
"On 10 February 2014, Toyota announced it would cease manufacturing vehicles and engines in Australia.{{cite news\\| author\\=Mark Hawthorne \\|url\\=http://www.theage.com.au/business/toyota\\-to\\-exit\\-australian\\-manufacturing\\-2500\\-jobs\\-to\\-go\\-20140210\\-32cl3\\.html \\|title\\=Toyota to exit Australia, 30,000 jobs could go \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Age]]\\|date\\=10 February 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2014}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Dunckley \\|first\\=Mathew \\|url\\=http://www.portnews.com.au/story/2078487/toyota\\-confirms\\-exit\\-from\\-australian\\-manufacturing\\-in\\-2017/?cs\\=2452 \\|title\\=Toyota confirms exit from Australian manufacturing in October 3, 2017 \\|work\\=Port Macquarie News \\|publisher\\=Portnews.com.au \\|date\\=10 February 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2014}} The [Altona plant](/wiki/Toyota_Australia_Altona_Plant \"Toyota Australia Altona Plant\") was closed on 3 October 2017, marking the end of locally produced Toyota vehicles in Australia.\n{{clear}}",
"#### Volkswagen Australia",
"[thumb\\|The [Volkswagen Country Buggy](/wiki/Volkswagen_Country_Buggy \"Volkswagen Country Buggy\") was a product of Volkswagen Australia](/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Country_Buggy.jpg \"Volkswagen Country Buggy.jpg\")\n[Volkswagen Australia Pty Ltd](/wiki/Volkswagen_Australia \"Volkswagen Australia\") was formed in 1954 by [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\") of Germany and various Australian state Volkswagen distributors.Pedr Davis, The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring, 1986, page 519 The company acquired a suitable site from [Martin \\& King](/wiki/Martin_%26_King \"Martin & King\") situated at [Clayton](/wiki/Clayton%2C_Victoria \"Clayton, Victoria\") having facilities for CKD vehicle assembly in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_Australia \"Victoria, Australia\"), that site having been used for local assembly of the [Volkswagen Beetle](/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle \"Volkswagen Beetle\") since 1954\\. By 1960, sheet metal panels were being pressed at Clayton, and by 1967 the engine and most components were being produced there.",
"In 1967 Volkswagen Australia developed a unique model, the [Country Buggy](/wiki/Volkswagen_Country_Buggy \"Volkswagen Country Buggy\"), which used components from the [Beetle](/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle \"Volkswagen Beetle\") and the [Kombi](/wiki/Volkswagen_Kombi \"Volkswagen Kombi\").Tony Davis, Aussie Cars, 1987, page 99 This local design was later also manufactured in the Philippines.",
"Due to falling sales, the operation reverted to assembly only in 1968\\. A new company, Motor Producers Limited, was formed and operations were expanded to include [Datsun](/wiki/Datsun \"Datsun\") and [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo \"Volvo\") models as well as Volkswagens. The factory was sold to [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\") in 1976 and Australian assembly of Volkswagens ended shortly after.\n{{clear}}",
"#### Western Star",
"Western Star began assembly of kit trucks in 1983 at the former White Trucks factory in Wacol, Queensland. The kits were imported from Kelowna, BC Canada. This continued until 1992, when fully built trucks were imported from Canada.",
""
] |
Political and legal issues
--------------------------
[thumb\|[Ambedkar Memorial Park](/wiki/Ambedkar_Memorial_Park "Ambedkar Memorial Park") at night](/wiki/File:The_Middle_Portion_with_the_right_Dome_in_the_Backdrop.JPG "The Middle Portion with the right Dome in the Backdrop.JPG")
Mayawati's political career has attracted praise and controversy. She has been praised for her fundraising efforts on behalf of her party, and her birthdays were major media events as well as a symbol for her supporters. The increase in her personal wealth and that of her party have been viewed by critics as signs of corruption.
### Taj corridor
{{main\|Taj corridor case}}
In 2002, the government of Uttar Pradesh began improvements of the infrastructure in the Taj Heritage Corridor, the important tourist area in [Agra](/wiki/Agra "Agra") that includes the [Taj Mahal](/wiki/Taj_Mahal "Taj Mahal"). The project was soon riddled with problems, including funds being released for the project without the submission of the required detailed project reports to the environmental authorities. Suspecting there were financial irregularities as well, the [Central Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation "Central Bureau of Investigation") (CBI) raided twelve residences, including Mayawati's. It had filed a [First Information Report](/wiki/First_Information_Report "First Information Report") against her and seven others two days earlier. The raid uncovered evidence of assets disproportionate to her known income. Afterwards, Mayawati resigned from her own government to prove that she was not "hungry for power"{{cite news \|title\=Uttar Pradesh chief quits \|work\=BBC News \|date\=26 August 2003 \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\_asia/3181313\.stm \|access\-date\=25 March 2016 \|archive\-date\=15 July 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715094614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\_asia/3181313\.stm \|url\-status\=live }} She asked the BJP\-run [Government of India](/wiki/Government_of_India "Government of India") to remove [Union Tourism and Culture Minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_%28India%29 "Ministry of Tourism (India)"), [Jagmohan](/wiki/Jagmohan "Jagmohan"){{cite news \|title\=Mayawati offers to resign \|work\=The Times of India \|date\=25 August 2003 \|url\=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003\-08\-25/news/27544146\_1\_heritage\-corridor\-scam\-bjp\-ministers\-bsp\-leader \|access\-date\=25 March 2016 \|archive\-date\=7 April 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407050252/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003\-08\-25/news/27544146\_1\_heritage\-corridor\-scam\-bjp\-ministers\-bsp\-leader \|url\-status\=live }} for conspiring this all controversy against her.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28up.htm\|title\=Taj row: Mayawati demands Jagmohan's head\|website\=www.rediff.com\|access\-date\=15 July 2018\|archive\-date\=15 July 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715093912/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28up.htm\|url\-status\=live}}
In June 2007, Governor [T. V. Rajeswar](/wiki/T._V._Rajeswar "T. V. Rajeswar") said that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute her. In his 23\-page order, he said: "the fact that the Mission Management Board, consisting of officers of both the State and the Central Government, regularly met and discussed the project and the fact that even a sum of {{INR}} 17 [crores](/wiki/Crore "Crore") was spent through the Central Government public sector undertaking, NPCC, all go to show that the serious offences with which Mayawati and the Minister were charged do not stand scrutiny." Advocates unsuccessfully challenged the governor's decision in court. The Supreme Court rejected the plea of the CBI and refused to direct the governor to prosecute her. The Taj corridor case was effectively ended before going to trial.
### Disproportionate assets case
In the 2007–08 assessment year, Mayawati paid an [income tax](/wiki/Income_tax "Income tax") of {{INR}}26 crore, ranking among the top 20 taxpayers in the country. Earlier the CBI filed a case against her for owning assets disproportionate to her known sources of income. Mayawati described the CBI investigation against her as illegal.{{Cite news \|title\=CBI probe in DA case illegal: Mayawati \|url\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/cbi\-probe\-in\-da\-case\-illegal\-mayawati/story\-yyuQq9AZQAVIfXfRoWE13H.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401210949/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/cbi\-probe\-in\-da\-case\-illegal\-mayawati/story\-yyuQq9AZQAVIfXfRoWE13H.html \|archive\-date\=1 April 2023 \|work\=Hindustan Times \|date\=21 April 2010 \|access\-date\=23 March 2024}} Her party asserted that her income comes from gifts and small contributions made by party workers and supporters.
On 3 August 2011 the Delhi High court dismissed the central government's appeal against Mayawati, stating that "she has fully discharged her obligations by disclosing the identities of all of her donors, the gifts had been donated by her supporters". The central government decided not to file an appeal in the Supreme Court. On 13 March 2012 Mayawati revealed assets worth {{INR}} 111\.26 crore in an affidavit filed with her nomination papers for the Rajya Sabha. The disproportionate assets case was finally quashed on 6 July 2012—nine years later—by a Supreme Court bench of Justice [P Sathasivam](/wiki/P_Sathasivam "P Sathasivam") and [Dipak Misra](/wiki/Dipak_Misra "Dipak Misra"); the court found that the case was unwarranted. Based on an opinion received from the Directorate of Prosecution, the CBI decided not to file an appeal. On 4 October 2012 a [review petition](/wiki/Review_petition "Review petition") was filed by Kamlesh Verma, contending that the case had been dismissed merely on technical grounds, and that the evidence had not been adequately reviewed. On 8 August 2013 the Supreme Court declined a request to re\-open the case. After seeking legal advice, the CBI finally closed their file on 8 October 2013\.
### Bahujan monuments
In her tenures as a Chief Minister, Mayawati commissioned the production and public display of several monuments{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2011/10/28/141775668/in\-india\-once\-marginalized\-now\-memorialized\|title\=In India, Once\-Marginalized Now Memorialized\|work\=NPR.org\|access\-date\=15 July 2018\|archive\-date\=15 July 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715093833/https://www.npr.org/2011/10/28/141775668/in\-india\-once\-marginalized\-now\-memorialized\|url\-status\=live}} having parks, gallerias, museums,{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report\-mayawati\-unveils\-more\-ambedkar\-parks\-1477739\|title\=Mayawati unveils more Ambedkar parks\|date\=7 December 2010\|work\=dna\|access\-date\=15 July 2018\|archive\-date\=15 July 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123021/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report\-mayawati\-unveils\-more\-ambedkar\-parks\-1477739\|url\-status\=live}} memorials, murals{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india/statues\-on\-display\-again/photo\-qeyMlF2osyLoBmMnsOMXSO.html\|title\=Statues on display, again\|website\=hindustantimes\|access\-date\=15 July 2018\|date\=5 March 2012\|archive\-date\=13 August 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813084619/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india/statues\-on\-display\-again/photo\-qeyMlF2osyLoBmMnsOMXSO.html\|url\-status\=live}} and statues representing Buddhist and Hindu, Dalit/[OBC](/wiki/Other_Backward_Class "Other Backward Class"){{Cite news\|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Jyotiba\-father\-of\-the\-nation/articleshow/37207245\.cms\|title\=Jyotiba, father of the nation? \- Times of India\|work\=The Times of India\|access\-date\=15 July 2018\|archive\-date\=17 August 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817032522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Jyotiba\-father\-of\-the\-nation/articleshow/37207245\.cms\|url\-status\=live}} icons like [Gautama Buddha](/wiki/Gautama_Buddha "Gautama Buddha"), [Gadge Maharaj](/wiki/Gadge_Maharaj "Gadge Maharaj"), [Ravidas](/wiki/Ravidas "Ravidas"), [Kabir](/wiki/Kabir "Kabir"), [Narayana Guru](/wiki/Narayana_Guru "Narayana Guru"), [Jyotirao Phule](/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule "Jyotirao Phule"), [Shahu IV](/wiki/Shahu_IV "Shahu IV"), [B. R. Ambedkarr](/wiki/B._R._Ambedkarr "B. R. Ambedkarr"), BSP party founder [Kanshi Ram](/wiki/Kanshi_Ram "Kanshi Ram"), and of herself. She claims that the expenditure was required because the past governments did not show respect towards Dalit leaders, in whose memory nothing had ever been built. She spent somewhere between {{INR}}2,500 and 6,000 [crore](/wiki/Crore "Crore") (about US$500 million to US$1\.3 billion) on projects in five parks and at memorials such as the Ambedkar Memorial Park and Manyavar Kanshiram Smarak Sthal, built in the name of B.R. Ambedkar, Ramabai Ambedkar, and Kanshi Ram in Lucknow between 2007 and 2009\. The [Comptroller and Auditor General of India](/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_India "Comptroller and Auditor General of India") reported that {{INR}} 66 crore (about US$12 million) in excessive costs had been incurred on the construction of the memorials. In February 2010 Mayawati's government approved a plan for a special police force to protect the statues, as she feared that her political opponents might demolish them. In December 2010, her government received permission to continue part of the plan, namely maintenance and completion of Ambedkar Memorial Park.
Despite the existing Supreme Court stay, in October 2011 Mayawati inaugurated the [Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden](/wiki/Rashtriya_Dalit_Prerna_Sthal_and_Green_Garden "Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden"), built at a cost of {{INR}}685 crore. Since the memorial also features her own statues, Mayawati was accused by the [Indian National Congress](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress "Indian National Congress") of wasting the taxpayers' money. The BSP dismissed the allegations, stating that her statues were erected because Kanshi Ram's will requested that his statues should be constructed next to those of the current President of BSP. Mayawati accused the Congress of being "anti\-Dalit".
In January 2012, the [Election Commission](/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India "Election Commission of India") ordered that all of the statues of Mayawati as well as recent statues of elephants (the symbol of the Bahujan Samaj Party) should be covered up until after February's Uttar Pradesh election. On 26 July 2012 the statue in Lucknow was damaged by members of a group calling themselves "Uttar Pradesh Naunirman Sena". A replacement statue was re\-installed overnight by the Lucknow city administration. Following the Lucknow vandalism, there were similar such incidents in other parts of Uttar Pradesh.
### World Bank criticism
The [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank") lent India funds for development, and Mayawati was to manage projects with this money in UP. The projects were preplanned and on schedule, but the Mayawati government made changes which put the projects behind schedule, including rapidly transferring upper caste managers in and out of rural posts. The World Bank sent a letter of complaint on 1 August 2002 to India's central government stating, "We have now learnt that project managers have been replaced within three weeks of assuming office. The project coordinator of the Diversified Agriculture Support Project has been changed twice in quick succession and at the moment there is no project coordinator. In the forestry project, numerous changes have been made over past six months ... Such developments do not augur well for these time\-bound projects that require consistently good leadership." Mayawati initially responded by saying the letter was a fake and later said there had been a misunderstanding. She then decreased the number of transfers, stopped creating new posts, and temporarily reduced the level of government spending on furniture and vehicles in response to the allegations. The World Bank continued to criticise the level of corruption even after these measures had been implemented.
|
[
"Political and legal issues\n--------------------------",
"[thumb\\|[Ambedkar Memorial Park](/wiki/Ambedkar_Memorial_Park \"Ambedkar Memorial Park\") at night](/wiki/File:The_Middle_Portion_with_the_right_Dome_in_the_Backdrop.JPG \"The Middle Portion with the right Dome in the Backdrop.JPG\")",
"Mayawati's political career has attracted praise and controversy. She has been praised for her fundraising efforts on behalf of her party, and her birthdays were major media events as well as a symbol for her supporters. The increase in her personal wealth and that of her party have been viewed by critics as signs of corruption.",
"### Taj corridor",
"{{main\\|Taj corridor case}}",
"In 2002, the government of Uttar Pradesh began improvements of the infrastructure in the Taj Heritage Corridor, the important tourist area in [Agra](/wiki/Agra \"Agra\") that includes the [Taj Mahal](/wiki/Taj_Mahal \"Taj Mahal\"). The project was soon riddled with problems, including funds being released for the project without the submission of the required detailed project reports to the environmental authorities. Suspecting there were financial irregularities as well, the [Central Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Central Bureau of Investigation\") (CBI) raided twelve residences, including Mayawati's. It had filed a [First Information Report](/wiki/First_Information_Report \"First Information Report\") against her and seven others two days earlier. The raid uncovered evidence of assets disproportionate to her known income. Afterwards, Mayawati resigned from her own government to prove that she was not \"hungry for power\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Uttar Pradesh chief quits \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=26 August 2003 \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\\_asia/3181313\\.stm \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715094614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\\_asia/3181313\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} She asked the BJP\\-run [Government of India](/wiki/Government_of_India \"Government of India\") to remove [Union Tourism and Culture Minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_%28India%29 \"Ministry of Tourism (India)\"), [Jagmohan](/wiki/Jagmohan \"Jagmohan\"){{cite news \\|title\\=Mayawati offers to resign \\|work\\=The Times of India \\|date\\=25 August 2003 \\|url\\=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003\\-08\\-25/news/27544146\\_1\\_heritage\\-corridor\\-scam\\-bjp\\-ministers\\-bsp\\-leader \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 April 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407050252/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003\\-08\\-25/news/27544146\\_1\\_heritage\\-corridor\\-scam\\-bjp\\-ministers\\-bsp\\-leader \\|url\\-status\\=live }} for conspiring this all controversy against her.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28up.htm\\|title\\=Taj row: Mayawati demands Jagmohan's head\\|website\\=www.rediff.com\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=15 July 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715093912/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28up.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In June 2007, Governor [T. V. Rajeswar](/wiki/T._V._Rajeswar \"T. V. Rajeswar\") said that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute her. In his 23\\-page order, he said: \"the fact that the Mission Management Board, consisting of officers of both the State and the Central Government, regularly met and discussed the project and the fact that even a sum of {{INR}} 17 [crores](/wiki/Crore \"Crore\") was spent through the Central Government public sector undertaking, NPCC, all go to show that the serious offences with which Mayawati and the Minister were charged do not stand scrutiny.\" Advocates unsuccessfully challenged the governor's decision in court. The Supreme Court rejected the plea of the CBI and refused to direct the governor to prosecute her. The Taj corridor case was effectively ended before going to trial.",
"### Disproportionate assets case",
"In the 2007–08 assessment year, Mayawati paid an [income tax](/wiki/Income_tax \"Income tax\") of {{INR}}26 crore, ranking among the top 20 taxpayers in the country. Earlier the CBI filed a case against her for owning assets disproportionate to her known sources of income. Mayawati described the CBI investigation against her as illegal.{{Cite news \\|title\\=CBI probe in DA case illegal: Mayawati \\|url\\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/cbi\\-probe\\-in\\-da\\-case\\-illegal\\-mayawati/story\\-yyuQq9AZQAVIfXfRoWE13H.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401210949/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/cbi\\-probe\\-in\\-da\\-case\\-illegal\\-mayawati/story\\-yyuQq9AZQAVIfXfRoWE13H.html \\|archive\\-date\\=1 April 2023 \\|work\\=Hindustan Times \\|date\\=21 April 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2024}} Her party asserted that her income comes from gifts and small contributions made by party workers and supporters.",
"On 3 August 2011 the Delhi High court dismissed the central government's appeal against Mayawati, stating that \"she has fully discharged her obligations by disclosing the identities of all of her donors, the gifts had been donated by her supporters\". The central government decided not to file an appeal in the Supreme Court. On 13 March 2012 Mayawati revealed assets worth {{INR}} 111\\.26 crore in an affidavit filed with her nomination papers for the Rajya Sabha. The disproportionate assets case was finally quashed on 6 July 2012—nine years later—by a Supreme Court bench of Justice [P Sathasivam](/wiki/P_Sathasivam \"P Sathasivam\") and [Dipak Misra](/wiki/Dipak_Misra \"Dipak Misra\"); the court found that the case was unwarranted. Based on an opinion received from the Directorate of Prosecution, the CBI decided not to file an appeal. On 4 October 2012 a [review petition](/wiki/Review_petition \"Review petition\") was filed by Kamlesh Verma, contending that the case had been dismissed merely on technical grounds, and that the evidence had not been adequately reviewed. On 8 August 2013 the Supreme Court declined a request to re\\-open the case. After seeking legal advice, the CBI finally closed their file on 8 October 2013\\.",
"### Bahujan monuments",
"In her tenures as a Chief Minister, Mayawati commissioned the production and public display of several monuments{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2011/10/28/141775668/in\\-india\\-once\\-marginalized\\-now\\-memorialized\\|title\\=In India, Once\\-Marginalized Now Memorialized\\|work\\=NPR.org\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=15 July 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715093833/https://www.npr.org/2011/10/28/141775668/in\\-india\\-once\\-marginalized\\-now\\-memorialized\\|url\\-status\\=live}} having parks, gallerias, museums,{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report\\-mayawati\\-unveils\\-more\\-ambedkar\\-parks\\-1477739\\|title\\=Mayawati unveils more Ambedkar parks\\|date\\=7 December 2010\\|work\\=dna\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=15 July 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123021/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report\\-mayawati\\-unveils\\-more\\-ambedkar\\-parks\\-1477739\\|url\\-status\\=live}} memorials, murals{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india/statues\\-on\\-display\\-again/photo\\-qeyMlF2osyLoBmMnsOMXSO.html\\|title\\=Statues on display, again\\|website\\=hindustantimes\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2018\\|date\\=5 March 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=13 August 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813084619/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india/statues\\-on\\-display\\-again/photo\\-qeyMlF2osyLoBmMnsOMXSO.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and statues representing Buddhist and Hindu, Dalit/[OBC](/wiki/Other_Backward_Class \"Other Backward Class\"){{Cite news\\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Jyotiba\\-father\\-of\\-the\\-nation/articleshow/37207245\\.cms\\|title\\=Jyotiba, father of the nation? \\- Times of India\\|work\\=The Times of India\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817032522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Jyotiba\\-father\\-of\\-the\\-nation/articleshow/37207245\\.cms\\|url\\-status\\=live}} icons like [Gautama Buddha](/wiki/Gautama_Buddha \"Gautama Buddha\"), [Gadge Maharaj](/wiki/Gadge_Maharaj \"Gadge Maharaj\"), [Ravidas](/wiki/Ravidas \"Ravidas\"), [Kabir](/wiki/Kabir \"Kabir\"), [Narayana Guru](/wiki/Narayana_Guru \"Narayana Guru\"), [Jyotirao Phule](/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule \"Jyotirao Phule\"), [Shahu IV](/wiki/Shahu_IV \"Shahu IV\"), [B. R. Ambedkarr](/wiki/B._R._Ambedkarr \"B. R. Ambedkarr\"), BSP party founder [Kanshi Ram](/wiki/Kanshi_Ram \"Kanshi Ram\"), and of herself. She claims that the expenditure was required because the past governments did not show respect towards Dalit leaders, in whose memory nothing had ever been built. She spent somewhere between {{INR}}2,500 and 6,000 [crore](/wiki/Crore \"Crore\") (about US$500 million to US$1\\.3 billion) on projects in five parks and at memorials such as the Ambedkar Memorial Park and Manyavar Kanshiram Smarak Sthal, built in the name of B.R. Ambedkar, Ramabai Ambedkar, and Kanshi Ram in Lucknow between 2007 and 2009\\. The [Comptroller and Auditor General of India](/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_India \"Comptroller and Auditor General of India\") reported that {{INR}} 66 crore (about US$12 million) in excessive costs had been incurred on the construction of the memorials. In February 2010 Mayawati's government approved a plan for a special police force to protect the statues, as she feared that her political opponents might demolish them. In December 2010, her government received permission to continue part of the plan, namely maintenance and completion of Ambedkar Memorial Park.",
"Despite the existing Supreme Court stay, in October 2011 Mayawati inaugurated the [Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden](/wiki/Rashtriya_Dalit_Prerna_Sthal_and_Green_Garden \"Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden\"), built at a cost of {{INR}}685 crore. Since the memorial also features her own statues, Mayawati was accused by the [Indian National Congress](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") of wasting the taxpayers' money. The BSP dismissed the allegations, stating that her statues were erected because Kanshi Ram's will requested that his statues should be constructed next to those of the current President of BSP. Mayawati accused the Congress of being \"anti\\-Dalit\".",
"In January 2012, the [Election Commission](/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India \"Election Commission of India\") ordered that all of the statues of Mayawati as well as recent statues of elephants (the symbol of the Bahujan Samaj Party) should be covered up until after February's Uttar Pradesh election. On 26 July 2012 the statue in Lucknow was damaged by members of a group calling themselves \"Uttar Pradesh Naunirman Sena\". A replacement statue was re\\-installed overnight by the Lucknow city administration. Following the Lucknow vandalism, there were similar such incidents in other parts of Uttar Pradesh.",
"### World Bank criticism",
"The [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") lent India funds for development, and Mayawati was to manage projects with this money in UP. The projects were preplanned and on schedule, but the Mayawati government made changes which put the projects behind schedule, including rapidly transferring upper caste managers in and out of rural posts. The World Bank sent a letter of complaint on 1 August 2002 to India's central government stating, \"We have now learnt that project managers have been replaced within three weeks of assuming office. The project coordinator of the Diversified Agriculture Support Project has been changed twice in quick succession and at the moment there is no project coordinator. In the forestry project, numerous changes have been made over past six months ... Such developments do not augur well for these time\\-bound projects that require consistently good leadership.\" Mayawati initially responded by saying the letter was a fake and later said there had been a misunderstanding. She then decreased the number of transfers, stopped creating new posts, and temporarily reduced the level of government spending on furniture and vehicles in response to the allegations. The World Bank continued to criticise the level of corruption even after these measures had been implemented.",
""
] |
Branches of city police
-----------------------
### Crime Branch
Pune city Crime Branch is the department meant for prevention and detection of crime, specialised ones in particular, committed in the city. It is headed by Additional commissioner (Crime) and is assisted by DCP Crime and DCP economic offence wing (EOW) and Cyber crime. Crime Branch is responsible for co\-ordinating with other State Police/central agencies of India in serious and sensational crimes. It collects criminal intelligence for crime mapping.{{cite web\|url\=http://punepolice.gov.in/crime\_branch.html\|title\=Crime branch\|publisher\=Pune Police\|access\-date\=11 December 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217182759/http://punepolice.gov.in/crime\_branch.html\|archive\-date\=17 December 2011\|df\=dmy\-all}} Crime Branch is divided into four units covering all the four zones under commissionerate. It has the following specialised units.
#### Economic Offences Wing (EOW)
EOW investigates complicated white collar crime viz; general, cheating, frauds in banking and medical fields, job racketing, shares and bogus stamp cases. This department is utilising the services of experts in Law, Accounting, Computer etc., during the course of investigation. EOW is headed by a DCP and assisted by one ACP (EOW and Cyber crime). There are four Police Inspectors in EOW.
#### Anti\-Narcotic Cell (ANC)
ANC keeps check on drug peddling in the city. This cell initiates action against persons who deal in illegal sale and possession of Heroin, Hashish, M.Tabs, Methoquoline, Opium, Ganja, Cocaine, Consumption, Charas, Acetic acid, LSD STR/ ECA, Bhang, Morphine, Prezapam Chemicals, Buprenorphine (Inj.) under NDPS Act. It maintains surveillance at vulnerable places like Bars and Restaurants, Pubs, Hukka centres and places of dwelling by foreign nationals. The cell has helped contain the menace to a large extent. A Police Inspector is in\-charge of this cell.
#### Modus Operandi Bureau (MOB)
MOB keeps a records of arrested and convicted accused. The records are classified on the basis of modus – operandi (mode of operations, the particular way of committing a crime) of criminals. The MOB has computerised the records of over 7,000 criminals in the city. The bureau has upgraded the records of criminals, including photographs, present address, telephone and mobile numbers, details of present activities, number of cases registered against the offender and details of other accomplices if the criminal heads a gang.{{cite news\|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Police\-create\-database\-of\-7000\-criminals/articleshow/3901837\.cms\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420004702/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008\-12\-28/pune/27928478\_1\_criminals\-crime\-branch\-mob\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=20 April 2013\|title\=Police create database of 7,000 criminals\|author \= Asseem Shaikh\| date \= 28 December 2008 \|work\=\[\[The Times of India]]\| access\-date \= 5 February 2012}}
### Special Branch (SB)
This is headed by a DCP and deals with student related crimes, politicians, banned organisation and immigrants. It also operates the Foreigners Registrations Office (FRO). DCP (SB) is assisted by two ACPs.{{cite web\|url\=http://punepolice.gov.in/fro\_intro.html\|title\=Special branch\|publisher\=Pune Police\|access\-date\=11 December 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404221523/http://www.punepolice.gov.in/fro\_intro.html\|archive\-date\=4 April 2012\|df\=dmy\-all}} The Special Branch is responsible for intelligence gathering, foreigners' registration and providing security to VIPs.{{cite news\|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Special\-branch\-needs\-more\-hands/articleshow/7407522\.cms\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130104024636/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011\-02\-02/pune/28358994\_1\_special\-branch\-police\-inspectors\-pune\-police\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=4 January 2013\|title\=Special branch needs more hands\|author \= Mihir Tanksale\| date \= 2 February 2011 \|work\=\[\[The Times of India]]\| access\-date \= 19 December 2011}} SB performs special intelligence functions and has political, labour, student, communal, administrative and miscellaneous wings.
### Traffic Branch
Deals with road and traffic safety.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.punepolice.gov.in/traffic\_branch.html\|title\=Traffic Branch \|access\-date\=2 November 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312102608/http://www.punepolice.gov.in/traffic\_branch.html \|archive\-date\=12 March 2010 }} Traffic regulations, prevention and reduction in the number of accidents as well as inculcating a sense of discipline amongst road users are high on the agenda of Pune Traffic Police.[http://ptp.indictranstech.com/index.php/en/about\-us.html](http://ptp.indictranstech.com/index.php/en/about-us.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406000157/http://ptp.indictranstech.com/index.php/en/about\-us.html\|date\=6 April 2012}}
### Police Stations
There are 30 police stations under the Pune City Police Commissionerate. Each police station is headed by a senior police inspector rank officer. Crime related incidents are recorded at the [chowky](/wiki/Chowky "Chowky") and registered by police station. Crime can be registered at chowky or at police station. The police station area is divided into 3 to 4 police chowkies /beats.
[thumb\|450px\|Reception Room at a police station in Pune](/wiki/File:Reception_Room_at_a_police_station_in_Pune.jpg "Reception Room at a police station in Pune.jpg")
### Police Chowky
There are 127 police [chowkies](/wiki/Chowkies "Chowkies") under Pune city police. It is formed for the smooth working to avoid public inconvenience. Record of all important offices, different organisations, hotels, gunda elements, [history\-sheeters](/wiki/History-sheeter "History-sheeter") is maintained at the Chowky. Every police chowky has API/PSI as incharge and there are 2 police head constables and 4 police staff for the smooth function. The chowky officer and staff maintains the law and order in the chowky jurisdiction. The vigilance is kept on the criminals who are on record by chowky officer and staff. The staff is able to reach the crime/incidents spot in short time and help the people. Watch is kept on any untoward incident by the chowky and same is informed to the superiors. Different committees are formed at the chowky level e.g. Sr. citizen committee, Peace committee, and co\-ordination is kept amongst them by way of periodical meetings.
### Beat Marshall
Beat Marshalls patrol in the jurisdiction of police station. They are equipped with motor cycle, walkie talkie, carbine and rounds. Often visit the banks, malls, societies and sensitive places. Inform the control room \& the police station of a sudden incident and to control the situation.
### Mobile Patrolling
[thumb\|right\|400px\|Riot Control Vehicle of Pune City Police](/wiki/File:Riot_Control_Vehicle.jpg "Riot Control Vehicle.jpg")
It is controlled by the control room. Every police station has 3 four\-wheelers and 3 to 4 motorcycles patrolling in the concerned jurisdiction. Their duty is to patrol in the area for crime prevention, to attend to crime and calls of control room and to maintain law and order etc.
### Control Room
The Pune Police Control Room has a system for public assistance called 'Dial 100'. The Police Control Room has 10 work stations each equipped with computers equipped with special software that displays the cell/telephone no, name and addresses of a caller \& also records the voice communications. The constable sitting on a particular station hears the complainant and prepares a [challan](/wiki/Challan "Challan") of the complaint and sends it to wireless operator who in turn calls the nearest patrolling vehicle or Marshall and gives them the cell/telephone no, name \& address \& nature of assistance required by a person. The response time for police personal is normally 5 minutes.
The Control Room also monitors the regular calls from all Police Stations and patrolling mobiles. It channelises the communication of all police mobiles and static stations. The Control Room plays an important role to monitor the situation and also provide backup and regroup manpower and resources. It also maintains communication between ground staff and senior officers. The control room is headed by an officer of the rank of ACP who works under the control of the Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP), special branch.<http://www.punepolice.gov.in/pdf/Abhiyan.pdf>{{dead link\|date\=September 2013}}
|
[
"Branches of city police\n-----------------------",
"### Crime Branch",
"Pune city Crime Branch is the department meant for prevention and detection of crime, specialised ones in particular, committed in the city. It is headed by Additional commissioner (Crime) and is assisted by DCP Crime and DCP economic offence wing (EOW) and Cyber crime. Crime Branch is responsible for co\\-ordinating with other State Police/central agencies of India in serious and sensational crimes. It collects criminal intelligence for crime mapping.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://punepolice.gov.in/crime\\_branch.html\\|title\\=Crime branch\\|publisher\\=Pune Police\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217182759/http://punepolice.gov.in/crime\\_branch.html\\|archive\\-date\\=17 December 2011\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Crime Branch is divided into four units covering all the four zones under commissionerate. It has the following specialised units.",
"#### Economic Offences Wing (EOW)",
"EOW investigates complicated white collar crime viz; general, cheating, frauds in banking and medical fields, job racketing, shares and bogus stamp cases. This department is utilising the services of experts in Law, Accounting, Computer etc., during the course of investigation. EOW is headed by a DCP and assisted by one ACP (EOW and Cyber crime). There are four Police Inspectors in EOW.",
"#### Anti\\-Narcotic Cell (ANC)",
"ANC keeps check on drug peddling in the city. This cell initiates action against persons who deal in illegal sale and possession of Heroin, Hashish, M.Tabs, Methoquoline, Opium, Ganja, Cocaine, Consumption, Charas, Acetic acid, LSD STR/ ECA, Bhang, Morphine, Prezapam Chemicals, Buprenorphine (Inj.) under NDPS Act. It maintains surveillance at vulnerable places like Bars and Restaurants, Pubs, Hukka centres and places of dwelling by foreign nationals. The cell has helped contain the menace to a large extent. A Police Inspector is in\\-charge of this cell.",
"#### Modus Operandi Bureau (MOB)",
"MOB keeps a records of arrested and convicted accused. The records are classified on the basis of modus – operandi (mode of operations, the particular way of committing a crime) of criminals. The MOB has computerised the records of over 7,000 criminals in the city. The bureau has upgraded the records of criminals, including photographs, present address, telephone and mobile numbers, details of present activities, number of cases registered against the offender and details of other accomplices if the criminal heads a gang.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Police\\-create\\-database\\-of\\-7000\\-criminals/articleshow/3901837\\.cms\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420004702/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008\\-12\\-28/pune/27928478\\_1\\_criminals\\-crime\\-branch\\-mob\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2013\\|title\\=Police create database of 7,000 criminals\\|author \\= Asseem Shaikh\\| date \\= 28 December 2008 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]]\\| access\\-date \\= 5 February 2012}}",
"### Special Branch (SB)",
"This is headed by a DCP and deals with student related crimes, politicians, banned organisation and immigrants. It also operates the Foreigners Registrations Office (FRO). DCP (SB) is assisted by two ACPs.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://punepolice.gov.in/fro\\_intro.html\\|title\\=Special branch\\|publisher\\=Pune Police\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404221523/http://www.punepolice.gov.in/fro\\_intro.html\\|archive\\-date\\=4 April 2012\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} The Special Branch is responsible for intelligence gathering, foreigners' registration and providing security to VIPs.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Special\\-branch\\-needs\\-more\\-hands/articleshow/7407522\\.cms\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130104024636/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011\\-02\\-02/pune/28358994\\_1\\_special\\-branch\\-police\\-inspectors\\-pune\\-police\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2013\\|title\\=Special branch needs more hands\\|author \\= Mihir Tanksale\\| date \\= 2 February 2011 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]]\\| access\\-date \\= 19 December 2011}} SB performs special intelligence functions and has political, labour, student, communal, administrative and miscellaneous wings.",
"### Traffic Branch",
"Deals with road and traffic safety.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.punepolice.gov.in/traffic\\_branch.html\\|title\\=Traffic Branch \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312102608/http://www.punepolice.gov.in/traffic\\_branch.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 March 2010 }} Traffic regulations, prevention and reduction in the number of accidents as well as inculcating a sense of discipline amongst road users are high on the agenda of Pune Traffic Police.[http://ptp.indictranstech.com/index.php/en/about\\-us.html](http://ptp.indictranstech.com/index.php/en/about-us.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406000157/http://ptp.indictranstech.com/index.php/en/about\\-us.html\\|date\\=6 April 2012}}",
"### Police Stations",
"There are 30 police stations under the Pune City Police Commissionerate. Each police station is headed by a senior police inspector rank officer. Crime related incidents are recorded at the [chowky](/wiki/Chowky \"Chowky\") and registered by police station. Crime can be registered at chowky or at police station. The police station area is divided into 3 to 4 police chowkies /beats.\n[thumb\\|450px\\|Reception Room at a police station in Pune](/wiki/File:Reception_Room_at_a_police_station_in_Pune.jpg \"Reception Room at a police station in Pune.jpg\")",
"### Police Chowky",
"There are 127 police [chowkies](/wiki/Chowkies \"Chowkies\") under Pune city police. It is formed for the smooth working to avoid public inconvenience. Record of all important offices, different organisations, hotels, gunda elements, [history\\-sheeters](/wiki/History-sheeter \"History-sheeter\") is maintained at the Chowky. Every police chowky has API/PSI as incharge and there are 2 police head constables and 4 police staff for the smooth function. The chowky officer and staff maintains the law and order in the chowky jurisdiction. The vigilance is kept on the criminals who are on record by chowky officer and staff. The staff is able to reach the crime/incidents spot in short time and help the people. Watch is kept on any untoward incident by the chowky and same is informed to the superiors. Different committees are formed at the chowky level e.g. Sr. citizen committee, Peace committee, and co\\-ordination is kept amongst them by way of periodical meetings.",
"### Beat Marshall",
"Beat Marshalls patrol in the jurisdiction of police station. They are equipped with motor cycle, walkie talkie, carbine and rounds. Often visit the banks, malls, societies and sensitive places. Inform the control room \\& the police station of a sudden incident and to control the situation.",
"### Mobile Patrolling",
"[thumb\\|right\\|400px\\|Riot Control Vehicle of Pune City Police](/wiki/File:Riot_Control_Vehicle.jpg \"Riot Control Vehicle.jpg\")\nIt is controlled by the control room. Every police station has 3 four\\-wheelers and 3 to 4 motorcycles patrolling in the concerned jurisdiction. Their duty is to patrol in the area for crime prevention, to attend to crime and calls of control room and to maintain law and order etc.",
"### Control Room",
"The Pune Police Control Room has a system for public assistance called 'Dial 100'. The Police Control Room has 10 work stations each equipped with computers equipped with special software that displays the cell/telephone no, name and addresses of a caller \\& also records the voice communications. The constable sitting on a particular station hears the complainant and prepares a [challan](/wiki/Challan \"Challan\") of the complaint and sends it to wireless operator who in turn calls the nearest patrolling vehicle or Marshall and gives them the cell/telephone no, name \\& address \\& nature of assistance required by a person. The response time for police personal is normally 5 minutes.",
"The Control Room also monitors the regular calls from all Police Stations and patrolling mobiles. It channelises the communication of all police mobiles and static stations. The Control Room plays an important role to monitor the situation and also provide backup and regroup manpower and resources. It also maintains communication between ground staff and senior officers. The control room is headed by an officer of the rank of ACP who works under the control of the Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP), special branch.<http://www.punepolice.gov.in/pdf/Abhiyan.pdf>{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2013}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The Virus formed in February 1998, with Mike Virus on vocals, Chris on lead guitar, Fat Dave on guitar, Jarrod on drums, and Geoff on bass. The band played their first show a month later. During the band's first six months, they performed several concerts, including one in Philadelphia with the band [Special Duties](/wiki/Special_Duties "Special Duties"), and another at the now\-closed Coney Island High in New York City.
In July 1998, they recorded two songs for a split CD with New York band The Manix (with members of [The Devotchkas](/wiki/The_Devotchkas "The Devotchkas") and [The Casualties](/wiki/The_Casualties "The Casualties")). Only 130 copies of the CD were made, and they sold out quickly. Shortly thereafter, original bass player Geoff was asked to leave the band. After trying out several bass players, it was decided that Fat Dave's longtime friend Paul would join.{{cite web\|title\=The Virus Biography\|url\=http://www.sing365\.com/music/lyric.nsf/The\-Virus\-Biography/36879C4F8601FBA848256D6E002F868E\|accessdate\=14 January 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218032029/http://www.sing365\.com/music/lyric.nsf/The\-Virus\-Biography/36879C4F8601FBA848256D6E002F868E\|archivedate\=18 February 2013}}
In February 1999, the band recorded five songs for their first 7", called *Global Crisis*, and for the Punx Unite 2 compilation on Charged Records. The 7" sold out fairly quickly, and they started getting a lot more gig offers. In May, lead guitar player Chris and the band had a falling out, with Chris leaving the band. The band continued to perform regularly all over the east coast United States as a quartet.
In September, the band added a new member, Mike Authority of local Philadelphia band, No Authority. In March 2000, the band recorded 12 songs for their first full\-length CD/LP, *Still Fighting For A Future*, on Charged Records. After the album was recorded, singer Mike Virus left the band and Paul took over vocals. The band then recruited Tim from the Jersey band The Oi! Scouts.
In June, the band left for a six\-week US tour with The Casualties, Endless Struggle, Antidote and Funeral Dress. After returning from the tour, Tim informed the band that the road life wasn't for him, but he agreed to help out until the band replaced him. In December the band brought in Josh, who played in Central PA punk bands The Scarred and TMI Generation. In March 2001, the band recorded four new songs for a limited [picture disc](/wiki/Picture_disc "Picture disc") 7" to be released on Charged Records. [Punk Core Records](/wiki/Punk_Core_Records "Punk Core Records") bought the rights to release the picture disc from Charged Records, and released the 7" in October 2001, along with a *Singles \& Rarities* CD .
In June 2000, the band played the Promote Chaos festival in [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia "Atlanta, Georgia") alongside bands like: [Anti\-Nowhere League](/wiki/Anti-Nowhere_League "Anti-Nowhere League"), The Crack, and [Peter and the Test Tube Babies](/wiki/Peter_and_the_Test_Tube_Babies "Peter and the Test Tube Babies"). A month later they went to [Morecambe](/wiki/Morecambe "Morecambe"), England to play at the Holidays In The Sun festival alongside bands like [The Exploited](/wiki/The_Exploited "The Exploited"), [The Partisans](/wiki/The_Partisans_%28band%29 "The Partisans (band)"), [Charged GBH](/wiki/Charged_GBH "Charged GBH"), [U.K. Subs](/wiki/U.K._Subs "U.K. Subs"), Resistance 77, Threats and [Cock Sparrer](/wiki/Cock_Sparrer "Cock Sparrer").
Late August saw the band on a short East Coast US tour with Antidote from the Netherlands. After the tour, the band took five months off to write and record their second 12\-song CD/LP titled *Nowhere To Hide* on Punk Core Records. During those five months, Fat Dave left the band. In February 2002, the band recorded their second full\-length album. Drew joined the band on bass, and Josh moved to guitar On February 15, the band played in Philadelphia with [Slaughter \& The Dogs](/wiki/Slaughter_%26_The_Dogs "Slaughter & The Dogs").
After that, they were back to playing regular weekend gigs all over the American east coast. In April, the *Nowhere To Hide* CD \& LP was released. In July, the band again played at the Holidays In The Sun festival in England. They then went on a short west coast US tour with The Riffs from Portland. Then the band played the HITS fest in [Asbury Park, New Jersey](/wiki/Asbury_Park%2C_New_Jersey "Asbury Park, New Jersey") in early September. A highlight of the festival for the band was having [Wattie Buchan](/wiki/Wattie_Buchan "Wattie Buchan") of the Exploited join the band onstage to sing The Exploited song *I Believe In Anarchy*. The band returned to California at the end of the year to play three concerts in [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles "Hollywood, Los Angeles"), [Pomona](/wiki/Pomona%2C_California "Pomona, California") and [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California "San Diego, California") with the Riffs \& The Voids.
In January 2003, the band went into the studio to record 7 songs. Four of those 7 songs were for the ‘Benefits Of War’ 7" released on Dirty Punk Records, and the remaining 3 songs were demos that remain unreleased as of now. On Feb 14, the band played its 5\-year anniversary show in Philadelphia with guest vocalist Mike Virus from the band's original line\-up. In May, the band saw another line\-up change with the departure of the band's second vocalist, Paul. At this time the band had already had a 10\-week tour planned and many of the dates were already booked. Faced with the choices of either throwing in the towel or continuing forward with a different singer, the band chose to go forward. So the band acquired its third vocalist, Jasper, from the Boston, MA. band, The Vigilantes. For the next month the band practiced continually to prepare the new singer. Then from the beginning of July until mid September, the band toured the US and Canada with longtime New Jersey [hardcore\-punk](/wiki/Hardcore_punk "Hardcore punk") band, Blind Society. This was the first time The Virus had played any shows in Canada. After the tour, the band went to Puerto Rico for one show in Puerto Rico. That October Josh left the band.
February 2004, the Virus went on a six\-week US tour with [the Unseen](/wiki/The_Unseen_%28band%29 "The Unseen (band)"). Halfway through, Jarrod left the band and was replaced by, Black Jon, ex\-drummer of Void Control and Blind Society. In April the band traveled to Cleveland to record at Ryan Foltz's (Dropkick Murphy's) studio. It was never released.
Summer of 2004, The Destruction and Debauchery Tour with Clit 45 and Complete Control lasted 10 weeks. The Virus suffered a major van accident on the highway between Boise and Salt Lake City. The van flipped 3 times, seriously injuring the drummer Black Jon. Some tour dates in Canada were canceled but the tour resumed shortly after.
September 2004, The Virus disbanded. Dave went on to play in bands such as the Tight Fits! and Nighttime Dealers, which Paul later joined. Paul and Josh also formed the band Kamikaze Zero. Paul now owns 717 Tattoo which is located outside of Harrisburg. Jasper went on to form the [post\-punk](/wiki/Post-punk "Post-punk") band The Hunt (NY). Josh has played in The Lookies, and The Line. Black Jon continued touring and recording with [Clit 45](/wiki/Clit_45 "Clit 45"), Void Control, Guilty Faces and [Bucket Flush](/wiki/Bucket_Flush_%28band%29 "Bucket Flush (band)"). Mike Virus formed the band [Cheap Sex](/wiki/Cheap_Sex "Cheap Sex") and later formed the band [Evacuate](/wiki/Evacuate_%28Band%29 "Evacuate (Band)").
In spring of 2013, The Virus became active again garnering attention on Facebook. A free show was then announced for May. The Virus then played two official reunion shows in Connecticut and Philadelphia in early August. In November the band toured the east coast. No Tour Can Be Won covered 13 cities in 13 days, and fan support was strong.
April 2014, The Virus toured the west coast with Bad Engrish (Denver) and Evacuate (San Diego). This was an eight show tour from Seattle, WA to Tijuana, Mexico. Support was strong and the overall agreement was that THIS WAS AWESOME. In June there were two shows with Boston's Who Killed Spikey Jacket?
July 2014, The Virus headlined the FYWROK punk rock festival. Two one\-off shows were booked on the way out to Tulsa with the band playing under the name “Full Circle”, which featured 4 of the 5 Virus members. In October 2014 The Virus headlined the Northeast Upstart Fest, a 10 city touring festival.
Following the end of the Upstart Fest, Mike Authority announced he would be leaving the band. Long\-time friend and roadie Zach took the job of lead guitar. Several shows were booked for the end of March 2015 with Who Killed Spikey Jacket?, The Bad Engrish, and Ravagers. A Europe/Russia tour was announced for Spring 2015\. The Virus was invited back to FYWROK in 2015 and a small Midwest tour was planned for mid\-summer around the fest.
The Midwest tour went well, with tons of support at every show. A little bit after the tour ended, it was decided that the band would start looking for a new drummer. The band posted a want\-ad for a drummer, and was inundated with people wanting to try out. They tried out a few people, and ended up going with Tyler Capone from Chicago. The band played their first show with the new lineup in Philadelphia in April, direct\-supporting Peter and the Test\-Tube Babies. Well\-received, they decided to keep going.
The band had already been working on their new full\-length, but once the new lineup was complete, writing took precedent over everything. The guys got together every two weeks for 5 months before going into the studio. The band went into MDW Productions Studio in late April 2016 to start recording their new full\-length, "System Failure". After a few sessions in the studio, the record was done and the band could focus on playing some shows.
In June 2016, The Virus headlined a Punk Rock Bowling club show in Asbury Park, NJ, with Pears as direct support. In September, the band went to LA and played a sold\-out show at The Observatory with Corrupted Youth, The P.I.N.s, and Tanzler. The rest of the year held some more shows around the east coast and Midwest, playing Syracuse, NY with WKSJ?, and Chicago with The Casualties, among others.
*System Failure* was released on February 14, 2017, and the band has been working hard with their labels, Voltage Records in Europe and Evacuate Records in the US, to get the record out to all the people who want to hear it. The Virus had a tour planned for March 2017 in the Southwestern United States.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Virus formed in February 1998, with Mike Virus on vocals, Chris on lead guitar, Fat Dave on guitar, Jarrod on drums, and Geoff on bass. The band played their first show a month later. During the band's first six months, they performed several concerts, including one in Philadelphia with the band [Special Duties](/wiki/Special_Duties \"Special Duties\"), and another at the now\\-closed Coney Island High in New York City.",
"In July 1998, they recorded two songs for a split CD with New York band The Manix (with members of [The Devotchkas](/wiki/The_Devotchkas \"The Devotchkas\") and [The Casualties](/wiki/The_Casualties \"The Casualties\")). Only 130 copies of the CD were made, and they sold out quickly. Shortly thereafter, original bass player Geoff was asked to leave the band. After trying out several bass players, it was decided that Fat Dave's longtime friend Paul would join.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Virus Biography\\|url\\=http://www.sing365\\.com/music/lyric.nsf/The\\-Virus\\-Biography/36879C4F8601FBA848256D6E002F868E\\|accessdate\\=14 January 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218032029/http://www.sing365\\.com/music/lyric.nsf/The\\-Virus\\-Biography/36879C4F8601FBA848256D6E002F868E\\|archivedate\\=18 February 2013}}",
"In February 1999, the band recorded five songs for their first 7\", called *Global Crisis*, and for the Punx Unite 2 compilation on Charged Records. The 7\" sold out fairly quickly, and they started getting a lot more gig offers. In May, lead guitar player Chris and the band had a falling out, with Chris leaving the band. The band continued to perform regularly all over the east coast United States as a quartet.",
"In September, the band added a new member, Mike Authority of local Philadelphia band, No Authority. In March 2000, the band recorded 12 songs for their first full\\-length CD/LP, *Still Fighting For A Future*, on Charged Records. After the album was recorded, singer Mike Virus left the band and Paul took over vocals. The band then recruited Tim from the Jersey band The Oi! Scouts.",
"In June, the band left for a six\\-week US tour with The Casualties, Endless Struggle, Antidote and Funeral Dress. After returning from the tour, Tim informed the band that the road life wasn't for him, but he agreed to help out until the band replaced him. In December the band brought in Josh, who played in Central PA punk bands The Scarred and TMI Generation. In March 2001, the band recorded four new songs for a limited [picture disc](/wiki/Picture_disc \"Picture disc\") 7\" to be released on Charged Records. [Punk Core Records](/wiki/Punk_Core_Records \"Punk Core Records\") bought the rights to release the picture disc from Charged Records, and released the 7\" in October 2001, along with a *Singles \\& Rarities* CD .",
"In June 2000, the band played the Promote Chaos festival in [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia \"Atlanta, Georgia\") alongside bands like: [Anti\\-Nowhere League](/wiki/Anti-Nowhere_League \"Anti-Nowhere League\"), The Crack, and [Peter and the Test Tube Babies](/wiki/Peter_and_the_Test_Tube_Babies \"Peter and the Test Tube Babies\"). A month later they went to [Morecambe](/wiki/Morecambe \"Morecambe\"), England to play at the Holidays In The Sun festival alongside bands like [The Exploited](/wiki/The_Exploited \"The Exploited\"), [The Partisans](/wiki/The_Partisans_%28band%29 \"The Partisans (band)\"), [Charged GBH](/wiki/Charged_GBH \"Charged GBH\"), [U.K. Subs](/wiki/U.K._Subs \"U.K. Subs\"), Resistance 77, Threats and [Cock Sparrer](/wiki/Cock_Sparrer \"Cock Sparrer\").",
"Late August saw the band on a short East Coast US tour with Antidote from the Netherlands. After the tour, the band took five months off to write and record their second 12\\-song CD/LP titled *Nowhere To Hide* on Punk Core Records. During those five months, Fat Dave left the band. In February 2002, the band recorded their second full\\-length album. Drew joined the band on bass, and Josh moved to guitar On February 15, the band played in Philadelphia with [Slaughter \\& The Dogs](/wiki/Slaughter_%26_The_Dogs \"Slaughter & The Dogs\").",
"After that, they were back to playing regular weekend gigs all over the American east coast. In April, the *Nowhere To Hide* CD \\& LP was released. In July, the band again played at the Holidays In The Sun festival in England. They then went on a short west coast US tour with The Riffs from Portland. Then the band played the HITS fest in [Asbury Park, New Jersey](/wiki/Asbury_Park%2C_New_Jersey \"Asbury Park, New Jersey\") in early September. A highlight of the festival for the band was having [Wattie Buchan](/wiki/Wattie_Buchan \"Wattie Buchan\") of the Exploited join the band onstage to sing The Exploited song *I Believe In Anarchy*. The band returned to California at the end of the year to play three concerts in [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles \"Hollywood, Los Angeles\"), [Pomona](/wiki/Pomona%2C_California \"Pomona, California\") and [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California \"San Diego, California\") with the Riffs \\& The Voids.",
"In January 2003, the band went into the studio to record 7 songs. Four of those 7 songs were for the ‘Benefits Of War’ 7\" released on Dirty Punk Records, and the remaining 3 songs were demos that remain unreleased as of now. On Feb 14, the band played its 5\\-year anniversary show in Philadelphia with guest vocalist Mike Virus from the band's original line\\-up. In May, the band saw another line\\-up change with the departure of the band's second vocalist, Paul. At this time the band had already had a 10\\-week tour planned and many of the dates were already booked. Faced with the choices of either throwing in the towel or continuing forward with a different singer, the band chose to go forward. So the band acquired its third vocalist, Jasper, from the Boston, MA. band, The Vigilantes. For the next month the band practiced continually to prepare the new singer. Then from the beginning of July until mid September, the band toured the US and Canada with longtime New Jersey [hardcore\\-punk](/wiki/Hardcore_punk \"Hardcore punk\") band, Blind Society. This was the first time The Virus had played any shows in Canada. After the tour, the band went to Puerto Rico for one show in Puerto Rico. That October Josh left the band.",
"February 2004, the Virus went on a six\\-week US tour with [the Unseen](/wiki/The_Unseen_%28band%29 \"The Unseen (band)\"). Halfway through, Jarrod left the band and was replaced by, Black Jon, ex\\-drummer of Void Control and Blind Society. In April the band traveled to Cleveland to record at Ryan Foltz's (Dropkick Murphy's) studio. It was never released.",
"Summer of 2004, The Destruction and Debauchery Tour with Clit 45 and Complete Control lasted 10 weeks. The Virus suffered a major van accident on the highway between Boise and Salt Lake City. The van flipped 3 times, seriously injuring the drummer Black Jon. Some tour dates in Canada were canceled but the tour resumed shortly after.",
"September 2004, The Virus disbanded. Dave went on to play in bands such as the Tight Fits! and Nighttime Dealers, which Paul later joined. Paul and Josh also formed the band Kamikaze Zero. Paul now owns 717 Tattoo which is located outside of Harrisburg. Jasper went on to form the [post\\-punk](/wiki/Post-punk \"Post-punk\") band The Hunt (NY). Josh has played in The Lookies, and The Line. Black Jon continued touring and recording with [Clit 45](/wiki/Clit_45 \"Clit 45\"), Void Control, Guilty Faces and [Bucket Flush](/wiki/Bucket_Flush_%28band%29 \"Bucket Flush (band)\"). Mike Virus formed the band [Cheap Sex](/wiki/Cheap_Sex \"Cheap Sex\") and later formed the band [Evacuate](/wiki/Evacuate_%28Band%29 \"Evacuate (Band)\").",
"In spring of 2013, The Virus became active again garnering attention on Facebook. A free show was then announced for May. The Virus then played two official reunion shows in Connecticut and Philadelphia in early August. In November the band toured the east coast. No Tour Can Be Won covered 13 cities in 13 days, and fan support was strong.",
"April 2014, The Virus toured the west coast with Bad Engrish (Denver) and Evacuate (San Diego). This was an eight show tour from Seattle, WA to Tijuana, Mexico. Support was strong and the overall agreement was that THIS WAS AWESOME. In June there were two shows with Boston's Who Killed Spikey Jacket?",
"July 2014, The Virus headlined the FYWROK punk rock festival. Two one\\-off shows were booked on the way out to Tulsa with the band playing under the name “Full Circle”, which featured 4 of the 5 Virus members. In October 2014 The Virus headlined the Northeast Upstart Fest, a 10 city touring festival.",
"Following the end of the Upstart Fest, Mike Authority announced he would be leaving the band. Long\\-time friend and roadie Zach took the job of lead guitar. Several shows were booked for the end of March 2015 with Who Killed Spikey Jacket?, The Bad Engrish, and Ravagers. A Europe/Russia tour was announced for Spring 2015\\. The Virus was invited back to FYWROK in 2015 and a small Midwest tour was planned for mid\\-summer around the fest.",
"The Midwest tour went well, with tons of support at every show. A little bit after the tour ended, it was decided that the band would start looking for a new drummer. The band posted a want\\-ad for a drummer, and was inundated with people wanting to try out. They tried out a few people, and ended up going with Tyler Capone from Chicago. The band played their first show with the new lineup in Philadelphia in April, direct\\-supporting Peter and the Test\\-Tube Babies. Well\\-received, they decided to keep going.",
"The band had already been working on their new full\\-length, but once the new lineup was complete, writing took precedent over everything. The guys got together every two weeks for 5 months before going into the studio. The band went into MDW Productions Studio in late April 2016 to start recording their new full\\-length, \"System Failure\". After a few sessions in the studio, the record was done and the band could focus on playing some shows.",
"In June 2016, The Virus headlined a Punk Rock Bowling club show in Asbury Park, NJ, with Pears as direct support. In September, the band went to LA and played a sold\\-out show at The Observatory with Corrupted Youth, The P.I.N.s, and Tanzler. The rest of the year held some more shows around the east coast and Midwest, playing Syracuse, NY with WKSJ?, and Chicago with The Casualties, among others.",
"*System Failure* was released on February 14, 2017, and the band has been working hard with their labels, Voltage Records in Europe and Evacuate Records in the US, to get the record out to all the people who want to hear it. The Virus had a tour planned for March 2017 in the Southwestern United States.",
""
] |
Legacy
------
Since his death various parties have recognised Peel's influence. A stage for new bands at the [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival "Glastonbury Festival"), previously known as "The New Bands Tent" was renamed "The John Peel Stage" in 2005, although this was renamed again as "Woodsies" in 2023\.
In 2008 [Merseytravel](/wiki/Merseytravel "Merseytravel") announced it would be naming a train after him.
The John Peel Centre for Creative Arts opened in [Stowmarket](/wiki/Stowmarket "Stowmarket") in early 2013\. The main purposes of the centre is to serve as a live venue for music and performance and as a community meeting point.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-suffolk\-21277967 \|title\=BBC News – John Peel Centre in Stowmarket reopens \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=31 January 2013 \|access\-date\=9 February 2013}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/stowmarket\_john\_peel\_centre\_for\_creative\_arts\_prepares\_for\_first\_music\_gig\_1\_1831753 \|title\=Stowmarket: John Peel Centre for Creative Arts prepares for first music gig – News \|work\=East Anglian Daily Times \|date\=30 January 2013 \|access\-date\=9 February 2013 \|archive\-date\=6 May 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506113740/http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/stowmarket\_john\_peel\_centre\_for\_creative\_arts\_prepares\_for\_first\_music\_gig\_1\_1831753 \|url\-status\=dead }}
The 2005 [Mogwai](/wiki/Mogwai "Mogwai") live compilation album *[Government Commissions: BBC Sessions 1996–2003](/wiki/Government_Commissions:BBC_Sessions_1996%E2%80%932003 "BBC Sessions 1996–2003")* was dedicated to Peel as some of the tracks had been performed during the Peel Sessions. Peel's voice announces "Ladies and Gentlemen, Mogwai!" at the intro to "Hunted by a Freak", the album's opener.Michal 2022, 21 June Mogwai – Government Commissions: BBC Sessions 1996–2003 \[Full Album] HD \[Video] Retrieved from [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=vZuiJ4u4HM0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZuiJ4u4HM0)
On 8 October 2005 [Cotswold Rail](/wiki/Cotswold_Rail "Cotswold Rail") locomotive [47813](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_47 "British Rail Class 47") was named *John Peel* by Peel's widow Sheila at [Bury St Edmunds station](/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_railway_station "Bury St Edmunds railway station").John Peel honoured by Cotswold Rail Class 47 naming ceremony *[Rail](/wiki/Rail_%28magazine%29 "Rail (magazine)")* issue 525 26 October 2005 page 50
On 13 October 2005, the first "John Peel Day" was held to mark the anniversary of his last show. The BBC encouraged as many bands as possible to stage gigs on the 13th, and over 500 gigs took place in the UK and as far away as Canada and New Zealand, from bands ranging from Peel favourites [New Order](/wiki/New_Order_%28band%29 "New Order (band)") and [The Fall](/wiki/The_Fall_%28band%29 "The Fall (band)"), to many new and unsigned bands. A second John Peel day was held on 12 October 2006, and a third on 11 October 2007\. The BBC had originally planned to hold a John Peel Day annually, but Radio 1 has not held any official commemoration of the event since 2007, though gigs still took place around the country to mark the anniversary for a number of years afterwards.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/berkshire/content/articles/2008/10/06/john\_peel\_day\_2008\_feature.shtml \|title\=The Session – John Peel Day 2008 \|publisher\=BBC Berkshire \|access\-date\=9 February 2013}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.listentomanchester.co.uk/gig/a4091942\-87b4\-4318\-bae5\-d862e767e637\| date\=1 October 2009\|website\=Listen to Manchester \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301071307/http://www.listentomanchester.co.uk/gig/a4091942\-87b4\-4318\-bae5\-d862e767e637 \| title\= Pull Yourself Together presents... John Peel Day 2009\|archive\-date\=1 March 2012}}
In 2007, ambient duo [Stars of the Lid](/wiki/Stars_of_the_Lid "Stars of the Lid") released a tour EP ('Carte De Visite') with a track titled 'J.P.R.I.P' with a soundbyte of Peel during the intro.[https://www.discogs.com/release/1143841\-Stars\-Of\-The\-Lid\-Carte\-De\-Visite](https://www.discogs.com/release/1143841-Stars-Of-The-Lid-Carte-De-Visite) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
At the annual Gilles Peterson's [Worldwide Awards](/wiki/Worldwide_Winners "Worldwide Winners"), the "John Peel Play More Jazz Award" was named in his honour.[Radio 1 presents The Gilles Peterson Worldwide Awards ceremony](https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/11_november/22/r1_awards.shtml), *BBC Press Office*, 22 November 2004\.
In Peel's hometown of Heswall, a pub was opened in his honour in 2007\. Named The Ravenscroft, the pub was converted from the old Heswall Telephone Exchange{{cite web\|url\=https://www.flickr.com/photos/shricthism/2188881823/\|title\=Former Telephone Exchange in Heswall.\|date\=13 January 2008\|access\-date\=13 May 2019\|via\=Flickr}} but has since been renamed.{{cite web\|url\=https://whatpub.com/pubs/WIR/081/exchange\-heswall\|title\=Exchange, Heswall\|website\=whatpub.com\|access\-date\=13 May 2019}}
In 2012 Peel was among the [British cultural icons](/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom "Culture of the United Kingdom") selected by artist Sir [Peter Blake](/wiki/Peter_Blake_%28artist%29 "Peter Blake (artist)") to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' *[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band](/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band")* album cover.{{cite news\|title\=New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake's 80th birthday\|url\= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/apr/02/peter\-blake\-sgt\-pepper\-cover\-revisited\|agency\=The Guardian\|date\= 2016}}
Several Peel\-related compilation albums have been released since his death, including *[John Peel and Sheila: The Pig's Big 78s: A Beginner's Guide](/wiki/John_Peel_and_Sheila:The_Pig%27s_Big_78s:_A_Beginner%27s_Guide "The Pig's Big 78s: A Beginner's Guide")*, a project Peel started with his wife that was left unfinished when he died, and *Kats Karavan: The History of John Peel on the Radio* (2009\), a 4 CD [box set](/wiki/Box_set "Box set"). Rock music critic [Peter Paphides](/wiki/Peter_Paphides "Peter Paphides") said in a review of the box set that "\[s]ome artists remain forever associated with him", including [...And the Native Hipsters](/wiki/...And_the_Native_Hipsters "...And the Native Hipsters") with "There Goes Concorde Again", and [Ivor Cutler](/wiki/Ivor_Cutler "Ivor Cutler") with "Jam".{{cite web \|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/kats\-karavan\-the\-history\-of\-john\-peel\-on\-the\-radio\-zpn26nb9qtm \|title\=Kats Karavan: The History of John Peel on the Radio \|work\=\[\[The Sunday Times]] \|first\=Peter \|last\=Paphides \|author\-link\=Peter Paphides \|date\=12 December 2009}} A sizable online community has also emerged dedicated to sharing recordings of his radio shows.Garner, Ken. "Ripping the pith from the Peel: Institutional and Internet cultures of archiving pop music radio." *Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast \& Audio Media* 10\.2 (2012\).
In May 2012 a campaign was started to turn demolition\-threatened [Bradford](/wiki/Bradford "Bradford") Odeon into the John Peel Creative Arts Centre in the North,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.johnpeelnorth.org/ \|title\=A campaign to save Bradford Odeon and repurpose it as an arts centre inspired by and dedicated to the work of John Peel \|publisher\=John Peel North \|access\-date\=9 February 2013}} though this was ultimately unsuccessful.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-leeds\-30288587 \|title\=BBC News – Bradford Odeon live music revamp approved by council\|work\=BBC News \|date\=2 December 2014 \|access\-date\=3 December 2014}}
### Blue plaques
In 2009 [blue plaques](/wiki/Blue_plaque "Blue plaque") bearing Peel's name were unveiled at two former recording studios in [Rochdale](/wiki/Rochdale "Rochdale") – one at the site of Tractor Sound Studios in [Heywood](/wiki/Heywood%2C_Greater_Manchester "Heywood, Greater Manchester"), the other at the site of the Kenion Street Music Building – to recognise Peel's contribution to the local music industry.["Peel studios given Blue Plaques"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8272332.stm), *[BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*, 24 September 2009\. Retrieved 27 April 2015\.
In June 2017 Peel's widow Sheila unveiled a blue plaque in his honour in Great Finborough.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.eadt.co.uk/news/legendary\-dj\-john\-peel\-honoured\-by\-blue\-plaque\-in\-home\-2349578\|title\=Legendary DJ John Peel honoured by blue plaque in home village of Great Finborough\|first\=Matt\|last\=Reason\|date\=15 June 2017\|newspaper\=\[\[East Anglian Daily Times]]\|access\-date\=8 January 2021}}
|
[
"Legacy\n------",
"Since his death various parties have recognised Peel's influence. A stage for new bands at the [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival \"Glastonbury Festival\"), previously known as \"The New Bands Tent\" was renamed \"The John Peel Stage\" in 2005, although this was renamed again as \"Woodsies\" in 2023\\.",
"In 2008 [Merseytravel](/wiki/Merseytravel \"Merseytravel\") announced it would be naming a train after him.",
"The John Peel Centre for Creative Arts opened in [Stowmarket](/wiki/Stowmarket \"Stowmarket\") in early 2013\\. The main purposes of the centre is to serve as a live venue for music and performance and as a community meeting point.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-suffolk\\-21277967 \\|title\\=BBC News – John Peel Centre in Stowmarket reopens \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=31 January 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2013}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/stowmarket\\_john\\_peel\\_centre\\_for\\_creative\\_arts\\_prepares\\_for\\_first\\_music\\_gig\\_1\\_1831753 \\|title\\=Stowmarket: John Peel Centre for Creative Arts prepares for first music gig – News \\|work\\=East Anglian Daily Times \\|date\\=30 January 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 May 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506113740/http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/stowmarket\\_john\\_peel\\_centre\\_for\\_creative\\_arts\\_prepares\\_for\\_first\\_music\\_gig\\_1\\_1831753 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"The 2005 [Mogwai](/wiki/Mogwai \"Mogwai\") live compilation album *[Government Commissions: BBC Sessions 1996–2003](/wiki/Government_Commissions:BBC_Sessions_1996%E2%80%932003 \"BBC Sessions 1996–2003\")* was dedicated to Peel as some of the tracks had been performed during the Peel Sessions. Peel's voice announces \"Ladies and Gentlemen, Mogwai!\" at the intro to \"Hunted by a Freak\", the album's opener.Michal 2022, 21 June Mogwai – Government Commissions: BBC Sessions 1996–2003 \\[Full Album] HD \\[Video] Retrieved from [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=vZuiJ4u4HM0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZuiJ4u4HM0)",
"On 8 October 2005 [Cotswold Rail](/wiki/Cotswold_Rail \"Cotswold Rail\") locomotive [47813](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_47 \"British Rail Class 47\") was named *John Peel* by Peel's widow Sheila at [Bury St Edmunds station](/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_railway_station \"Bury St Edmunds railway station\").John Peel honoured by Cotswold Rail Class 47 naming ceremony *[Rail](/wiki/Rail_%28magazine%29 \"Rail (magazine)\")* issue 525 26 October 2005 page 50",
"On 13 October 2005, the first \"John Peel Day\" was held to mark the anniversary of his last show. The BBC encouraged as many bands as possible to stage gigs on the 13th, and over 500 gigs took place in the UK and as far away as Canada and New Zealand, from bands ranging from Peel favourites [New Order](/wiki/New_Order_%28band%29 \"New Order (band)\") and [The Fall](/wiki/The_Fall_%28band%29 \"The Fall (band)\"), to many new and unsigned bands. A second John Peel day was held on 12 October 2006, and a third on 11 October 2007\\. The BBC had originally planned to hold a John Peel Day annually, but Radio 1 has not held any official commemoration of the event since 2007, though gigs still took place around the country to mark the anniversary for a number of years afterwards.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/berkshire/content/articles/2008/10/06/john\\_peel\\_day\\_2008\\_feature.shtml \\|title\\=The Session – John Peel Day 2008 \\|publisher\\=BBC Berkshire \\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2013}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.listentomanchester.co.uk/gig/a4091942\\-87b4\\-4318\\-bae5\\-d862e767e637\\| date\\=1 October 2009\\|website\\=Listen to Manchester \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301071307/http://www.listentomanchester.co.uk/gig/a4091942\\-87b4\\-4318\\-bae5\\-d862e767e637 \\| title\\= Pull Yourself Together presents... John Peel Day 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=1 March 2012}}",
"In 2007, ambient duo [Stars of the Lid](/wiki/Stars_of_the_Lid \"Stars of the Lid\") released a tour EP ('Carte De Visite') with a track titled 'J.P.R.I.P' with a soundbyte of Peel during the intro.[https://www.discogs.com/release/1143841\\-Stars\\-Of\\-The\\-Lid\\-Carte\\-De\\-Visite](https://www.discogs.com/release/1143841-Stars-Of-The-Lid-Carte-De-Visite) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"At the annual Gilles Peterson's [Worldwide Awards](/wiki/Worldwide_Winners \"Worldwide Winners\"), the \"John Peel Play More Jazz Award\" was named in his honour.[Radio 1 presents The Gilles Peterson Worldwide Awards ceremony](https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/11_november/22/r1_awards.shtml), *BBC Press Office*, 22 November 2004\\.",
"In Peel's hometown of Heswall, a pub was opened in his honour in 2007\\. Named The Ravenscroft, the pub was converted from the old Heswall Telephone Exchange{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.flickr.com/photos/shricthism/2188881823/\\|title\\=Former Telephone Exchange in Heswall.\\|date\\=13 January 2008\\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2019\\|via\\=Flickr}} but has since been renamed.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://whatpub.com/pubs/WIR/081/exchange\\-heswall\\|title\\=Exchange, Heswall\\|website\\=whatpub.com\\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2019}}",
"In 2012 Peel was among the [British cultural icons](/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Culture of the United Kingdom\") selected by artist Sir [Peter Blake](/wiki/Peter_Blake_%28artist%29 \"Peter Blake (artist)\") to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' *[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band](/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\")* album cover.{{cite news\\|title\\=New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake's 80th birthday\\|url\\= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/apr/02/peter\\-blake\\-sgt\\-pepper\\-cover\\-revisited\\|agency\\=The Guardian\\|date\\= 2016}}",
"Several Peel\\-related compilation albums have been released since his death, including *[John Peel and Sheila: The Pig's Big 78s: A Beginner's Guide](/wiki/John_Peel_and_Sheila:The_Pig%27s_Big_78s:_A_Beginner%27s_Guide \"The Pig's Big 78s: A Beginner's Guide\")*, a project Peel started with his wife that was left unfinished when he died, and *Kats Karavan: The History of John Peel on the Radio* (2009\\), a 4 CD [box set](/wiki/Box_set \"Box set\"). Rock music critic [Peter Paphides](/wiki/Peter_Paphides \"Peter Paphides\") said in a review of the box set that \"\\[s]ome artists remain forever associated with him\", including [...And the Native Hipsters](/wiki/...And_the_Native_Hipsters \"...And the Native Hipsters\") with \"There Goes Concorde Again\", and [Ivor Cutler](/wiki/Ivor_Cutler \"Ivor Cutler\") with \"Jam\".{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/kats\\-karavan\\-the\\-history\\-of\\-john\\-peel\\-on\\-the\\-radio\\-zpn26nb9qtm \\|title\\=Kats Karavan: The History of John Peel on the Radio \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Sunday Times]] \\|first\\=Peter \\|last\\=Paphides \\|author\\-link\\=Peter Paphides \\|date\\=12 December 2009}} A sizable online community has also emerged dedicated to sharing recordings of his radio shows.Garner, Ken. \"Ripping the pith from the Peel: Institutional and Internet cultures of archiving pop music radio.\" *Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast \\& Audio Media* 10\\.2 (2012\\).",
"In May 2012 a campaign was started to turn demolition\\-threatened [Bradford](/wiki/Bradford \"Bradford\") Odeon into the John Peel Creative Arts Centre in the North,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.johnpeelnorth.org/ \\|title\\=A campaign to save Bradford Odeon and repurpose it as an arts centre inspired by and dedicated to the work of John Peel \\|publisher\\=John Peel North \\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2013}} though this was ultimately unsuccessful.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-leeds\\-30288587 \\|title\\=BBC News – Bradford Odeon live music revamp approved by council\\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=2 December 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2014}}",
"### Blue plaques",
"In 2009 [blue plaques](/wiki/Blue_plaque \"Blue plaque\") bearing Peel's name were unveiled at two former recording studios in [Rochdale](/wiki/Rochdale \"Rochdale\") – one at the site of Tractor Sound Studios in [Heywood](/wiki/Heywood%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Heywood, Greater Manchester\"), the other at the site of the Kenion Street Music Building – to recognise Peel's contribution to the local music industry.[\"Peel studios given Blue Plaques\"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8272332.stm), *[BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")*, 24 September 2009\\. Retrieved 27 April 2015\\.",
"In June 2017 Peel's widow Sheila unveiled a blue plaque in his honour in Great Finborough.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.eadt.co.uk/news/legendary\\-dj\\-john\\-peel\\-honoured\\-by\\-blue\\-plaque\\-in\\-home\\-2349578\\|title\\=Legendary DJ John Peel honoured by blue plaque in home village of Great Finborough\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Reason\\|date\\=15 June 2017\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[East Anglian Daily Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2021}}",
""
] |
Charged particle microbeam
--------------------------
The first microbeam facilities delivered charged particles. A charged particle microbeam facility must meet the following basic requirements:{{cite journal \| pmid \= 17132660 \| doi\=10\.1093/rpd/ncl444 \| volume\=122 \| issue\=1–4 \| title\=A comparative review of charged particle microbeam facilities \| year\=2006 \| journal\=Radiat Prot Dosimetry \| pages\=285–91 \| last1 \= Gerardi \| first1 \= S}}
1. The beam spot size should be on the order of a few micrometres or smaller, corresponding to cellular or sub\-cellular dimensions.
2. Irradiations of living cells should take place at atmospheric pressure.
3. Beam current must be reduced to levels such that targets may be irradiated with an exact number of particles with high [reproducibility](/wiki/Reproducibility "Reproducibility").
4. An imaging system is required to visualize and register cellular targets.
5. Cell positioning must have high spatial resolution and [reproducibility](/wiki/Reproducibility "Reproducibility") in order that the ion beam hit the target with a high degree of [accuracy](/wiki/Accuracy "Accuracy") and [precision](/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision "Accuracy and precision").
6. A [particle detector](/wiki/Particle_detector "Particle detector") with high efficiency must count the number of particles per target and switch off the beam after the desired number of particles have been delivered.
7. Environmental conditions (humidity, for example) for cells must be maintained such that cells are under little or no [stress](/wiki/Stress_%28mechanics%29 "Stress (mechanics)").
### *Beam spot size*
Beam spots with diameter down to about two micrometres can be obtained by [collimating](/wiki/Collimator "Collimator") the beam with pinhole apertures or with a drawn capillary. Sub\-micrometre beam spot sizes have been achieved by focusing the beam using various combinations of electrostatic or magnetic lenses. Both methods are used at present.
### *Vacuum window*
A vacuum window is necessary in order to perform microbeam experiments on living cells. Generally, this is accomplished with the use of a vacuum\-tight window of a [polymer](/wiki/Polymer "Polymer") a few micrometres thick or 100\-500 nm thick [Silicon nitride](/wiki/Silicon_nitride "Silicon nitride").
### *Cell registration and positioning*
Cells must be identified and targeted with a high degree of accuracy. This can be accomplished using cell staining and [fluorescence microscopy](/wiki/Fluorescence_microscopy "Fluorescence microscopy") or without staining through the use of techniques such as quantitative phase microscopy or phase contrast microscopy. Ultimately, the objective is to recognize cells, target them, and move them into position for irradiation as fast as possible. Throughputs of up to 15,000 cells per hour have been achieved.
### *Particle counters*
Particles must be counted with a high degree of detection efficiency in order to guarantee that a specific number of [ions](/wiki/Ions "Ions") are delivered to a single cell. Generally, detectors can be placed before or after the target to be irradiated. If the detector is placed after the target, the beam must have sufficient energy to traverse the target and reach the detector. If the detector is placed before the target, the detector must have a minimal effect on the beam. When the desired number of particles are detected, the beam is either deflected or shut off.
### *Other considerations*
Living cells must be maintained under conditions that do not [stress](/wiki/Stress_%28biological%29 "Stress (biological)") the cell, causing an unwanted biological response. Normally, cells must be attached to a [substrate](/wiki/Substrate_%28biology%29 "Substrate (biology)") so that their position can be determined by the imaging system. Recent advancements in beam position control and high speed imaging have made flow through systems possible ([Flow and Shoot](/wiki/RARAF%23Flow_and_Shoot "RARAF#Flow and Shoot")).
|
[
"Charged particle microbeam\n--------------------------",
"The first microbeam facilities delivered charged particles. A charged particle microbeam facility must meet the following basic requirements:{{cite journal \\| pmid \\= 17132660 \\| doi\\=10\\.1093/rpd/ncl444 \\| volume\\=122 \\| issue\\=1–4 \\| title\\=A comparative review of charged particle microbeam facilities \\| year\\=2006 \\| journal\\=Radiat Prot Dosimetry \\| pages\\=285–91 \\| last1 \\= Gerardi \\| first1 \\= S}}",
"1. The beam spot size should be on the order of a few micrometres or smaller, corresponding to cellular or sub\\-cellular dimensions.\n2. Irradiations of living cells should take place at atmospheric pressure.\n3. Beam current must be reduced to levels such that targets may be irradiated with an exact number of particles with high [reproducibility](/wiki/Reproducibility \"Reproducibility\").\n4. An imaging system is required to visualize and register cellular targets.\n5. Cell positioning must have high spatial resolution and [reproducibility](/wiki/Reproducibility \"Reproducibility\") in order that the ion beam hit the target with a high degree of [accuracy](/wiki/Accuracy \"Accuracy\") and [precision](/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision \"Accuracy and precision\").\n6. A [particle detector](/wiki/Particle_detector \"Particle detector\") with high efficiency must count the number of particles per target and switch off the beam after the desired number of particles have been delivered.\n7. Environmental conditions (humidity, for example) for cells must be maintained such that cells are under little or no [stress](/wiki/Stress_%28mechanics%29 \"Stress (mechanics)\").",
"### *Beam spot size*",
"Beam spots with diameter down to about two micrometres can be obtained by [collimating](/wiki/Collimator \"Collimator\") the beam with pinhole apertures or with a drawn capillary. Sub\\-micrometre beam spot sizes have been achieved by focusing the beam using various combinations of electrostatic or magnetic lenses. Both methods are used at present.",
"### *Vacuum window*",
"A vacuum window is necessary in order to perform microbeam experiments on living cells. Generally, this is accomplished with the use of a vacuum\\-tight window of a [polymer](/wiki/Polymer \"Polymer\") a few micrometres thick or 100\\-500 nm thick [Silicon nitride](/wiki/Silicon_nitride \"Silicon nitride\").",
"### *Cell registration and positioning*",
"Cells must be identified and targeted with a high degree of accuracy. This can be accomplished using cell staining and [fluorescence microscopy](/wiki/Fluorescence_microscopy \"Fluorescence microscopy\") or without staining through the use of techniques such as quantitative phase microscopy or phase contrast microscopy. Ultimately, the objective is to recognize cells, target them, and move them into position for irradiation as fast as possible. Throughputs of up to 15,000 cells per hour have been achieved.",
"### *Particle counters*",
"Particles must be counted with a high degree of detection efficiency in order to guarantee that a specific number of [ions](/wiki/Ions \"Ions\") are delivered to a single cell. Generally, detectors can be placed before or after the target to be irradiated. If the detector is placed after the target, the beam must have sufficient energy to traverse the target and reach the detector. If the detector is placed before the target, the detector must have a minimal effect on the beam. When the desired number of particles are detected, the beam is either deflected or shut off.",
"### *Other considerations*",
"Living cells must be maintained under conditions that do not [stress](/wiki/Stress_%28biological%29 \"Stress (biological)\") the cell, causing an unwanted biological response. Normally, cells must be attached to a [substrate](/wiki/Substrate_%28biology%29 \"Substrate (biology)\") so that their position can be determined by the imaging system. Recent advancements in beam position control and high speed imaging have made flow through systems possible ([Flow and Shoot](/wiki/RARAF%23Flow_and_Shoot \"RARAF#Flow and Shoot\")).",
""
] |
Life and works
--------------
### Early life
Conroy was born October 31, 1950, in [Everett, Washington](/wiki/Everett%2C_Washington "Everett, Washington"). When his parents divorced in 1958, he moved with his mother to [Arlington, Virginia](/wiki/Arlington%2C_Virginia "Arlington, Virginia"), living there until midway through his sophomore year in high school.{{cite web \|url\=http://chaplain.house.gov/chaplaincy/index.html\|title\=The Chaplain of the House, Office of the Chaplain \|publisher\=Chaplain.house.gov\|date\=May 25, 2011\|accessdate\=July 3, 2015}} Halfway through his sophomore year he moved back to Washington to live with his father. He transferred to Snohomish High School and graduated in 1968\. Conroy's mother, Ruth, has lived in [Naples, Florida](/wiki/Naples%2C_Florida "Naples, Florida"), since 1984\.{{cite web\|author\=Dave Osborn \|url\=http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2011/may/07/early\-mothers\-day\-gift\-naples\-woman\-88\-learns\-her\|title\=Early Mother's Day gift: Naples woman's son new U.S. House chaplain\|publisher\=Naplesnews.com\|date\=May 7, 2011\|accessdate\=July 3, 2015}} His mother died on July 30, 2021, 3 days before her 99th birthday. In her instructions, she requested that Conroy "do his job". He led the Rite of Committal at her graveside on August 10, 2021\.
He received a bachelor's degree from [Claremont Men's College](/wiki/Claremont_McKenna_College "Claremont McKenna College") in [Claremont, California](/wiki/Claremont%2C_California "Claremont, California"), in 1972\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.speaker.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID\=240112\|title\=Speaker Boehner to Nominate Reverend Patrick J. Conroy for House Chaplain\|publisher\=Speaker.gov\|date\=October 31, 1950\|accessdate\=July 3, 2015}}
In 1977, he received a master's degree in philosophy from [Gonzaga University](/wiki/Gonzaga_University "Gonzaga University") in [Spokane, Washington](/wiki/Spokane%2C_Washington "Spokane, Washington"); in 1979, a [J.D.](/wiki/Juris_Doctor "Juris Doctor") degree from [St. Louis University](/wiki/St._Louis_University "St. Louis University"); in 1983, a Masters of Divinity (M.Div.) from the [Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University](/wiki/Jesuit_School_of_Theology_of_Santa_Clara_University "Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University"), in Berkeley, California; and in 1984, a Masters of Sacred Theology (S.T.M.) from [Regis College](/wiki/Regis_College%2C_Toronto "Regis College, Toronto"), University of Toronto.
### Pastor and teacher
Ordained in 1983, his past work includes service as a parish priest, pastor of St. Michael's Mission in Inchelium, Washington, where the members of his congregation included residents of the [Colville Indian Reservation](/wiki/Colville_Indian_Reservation "Colville Indian Reservation") and the [Spokane Indian Reservation](/wiki/Spokane_Indian_Reservation "Spokane Indian Reservation").
From 1986\-89, he served as pastor of St Philip Benizi in [Ford, Washington](/wiki/Ford%2C_Washington "Ford, Washington"), Sacred Heart Mission in [Wellpinit, Washington](/wiki/Wellpinit%2C_Washington "Wellpinit, Washington"), and Our Lady of Lourdes in West End, Washington, serving the people of the Spokane Indian Reservation. From 1990\-94 and again from 1997\-2003, he was chaplain at [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University"). In between, Conroy was chaplain at [Seattle University](/wiki/Seattle_University "Seattle University").
While at Georgetown, Conroy – then universally known as "Father Pat" – was director of ESCAPE, a special student retreat program.{{cite web\|url\=http://campusministry.georgetown.edu/files/lessonsinsoul.htm\|accessdate\=May 7, 2011\|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423032222/http://campusministry.georgetown.edu/files/lessonsinsoul.htm\|archivedate\=April 23, 2011\|title\=Lessons in Soul\-Searching; Retreats Ease Way for Georgetown Freshmen}} Although described as non\-religious (and therefore open to all students) the program "grows out of Georgetown's Catholic traditions ... Jesuit education is not designed to force you into a way of life imposed from the outside, but to help you discover in yourself what it is that gives you the most meaning, the most peace and the most joy", Conroy explained.
On the occasion of Conroy's 25th anniversary of his ordination as a priest, the Northwest Province of the Society of Jesus used these words to describe him: "Pat's talent for connecting with people is legendary. He remembers names, faces, and notable facts of all he meets. He cares for people, and they remember him as a true friend, a true equal, and a priest they trust and in whom they can confide."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nwjesuits.org/BecomingaJesuit/Jubilees2008/Conroy.html\|accessdate\=May 7, 2011\|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929153250/http://www.nwjesuits.org/BecomingaJesuit/Jubilees2008/Conroy.html\|archivedate\=September 29, 2011\|title\=Northwest Province of the Society of Jesus}}
Prior to his selection as House Chaplain, he had been teaching freshman theology and coaching JV II softball{{cite web \|url\=https://chaplain.house.gov/chaplaincy/ \|title\=The Chaplain of the House, Office of the Chaplain \|website\=chaplain.house.gov \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214101113/http://chaplain.house.gov/chaplaincy/ \|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-14}} at [Jesuit High School](/wiki/Jesuit_High_School_%28Beaverton%2C_Oregon%29 "Jesuit High School (Beaverton, Oregon)") in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon"), since 2004\. While working at the high school, Conroy was formation assistant for the Oregon Province of the Society of Jesus from 2006–10, where his responsibilities included helping future priests work toward ordination.
### Attorney
Information on the website for the Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives includes a description of Conroy's experience as a lawyer:
> "During his years of training, Fr. Conroy did practice law for the Colville Confederated Tribes in [Omak, Washington](/wiki/Omak%2C_Washington "Omak, Washington"), representing tribal members in state courts, he represented Salvadoran refugees for the Conference of Catholic Bishops' Immigration Office in San Francisco while studying theology, and again worked for the Colville Tribes helping to develop the case for the Tribes' treaty fishing rights in the mid 1980s. He has not practiced law since 1986\."
|
[
"Life and works\n--------------",
"### Early life",
"Conroy was born October 31, 1950, in [Everett, Washington](/wiki/Everett%2C_Washington \"Everett, Washington\"). When his parents divorced in 1958, he moved with his mother to [Arlington, Virginia](/wiki/Arlington%2C_Virginia \"Arlington, Virginia\"), living there until midway through his sophomore year in high school.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://chaplain.house.gov/chaplaincy/index.html\\|title\\=The Chaplain of the House, Office of the Chaplain \\|publisher\\=Chaplain.house.gov\\|date\\=May 25, 2011\\|accessdate\\=July 3, 2015}} Halfway through his sophomore year he moved back to Washington to live with his father. He transferred to Snohomish High School and graduated in 1968\\. Conroy's mother, Ruth, has lived in [Naples, Florida](/wiki/Naples%2C_Florida \"Naples, Florida\"), since 1984\\.{{cite web\\|author\\=Dave Osborn \\|url\\=http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2011/may/07/early\\-mothers\\-day\\-gift\\-naples\\-woman\\-88\\-learns\\-her\\|title\\=Early Mother's Day gift: Naples woman's son new U.S. House chaplain\\|publisher\\=Naplesnews.com\\|date\\=May 7, 2011\\|accessdate\\=July 3, 2015}} His mother died on July 30, 2021, 3 days before her 99th birthday. In her instructions, she requested that Conroy \"do his job\". He led the Rite of Committal at her graveside on August 10, 2021\\.",
"He received a bachelor's degree from [Claremont Men's College](/wiki/Claremont_McKenna_College \"Claremont McKenna College\") in [Claremont, California](/wiki/Claremont%2C_California \"Claremont, California\"), in 1972\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.speaker.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=240112\\|title\\=Speaker Boehner to Nominate Reverend Patrick J. Conroy for House Chaplain\\|publisher\\=Speaker.gov\\|date\\=October 31, 1950\\|accessdate\\=July 3, 2015}}",
"In 1977, he received a master's degree in philosophy from [Gonzaga University](/wiki/Gonzaga_University \"Gonzaga University\") in [Spokane, Washington](/wiki/Spokane%2C_Washington \"Spokane, Washington\"); in 1979, a [J.D.](/wiki/Juris_Doctor \"Juris Doctor\") degree from [St. Louis University](/wiki/St._Louis_University \"St. Louis University\"); in 1983, a Masters of Divinity (M.Div.) from the [Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University](/wiki/Jesuit_School_of_Theology_of_Santa_Clara_University \"Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University\"), in Berkeley, California; and in 1984, a Masters of Sacred Theology (S.T.M.) from [Regis College](/wiki/Regis_College%2C_Toronto \"Regis College, Toronto\"), University of Toronto.",
"### Pastor and teacher",
"Ordained in 1983, his past work includes service as a parish priest, pastor of St. Michael's Mission in Inchelium, Washington, where the members of his congregation included residents of the [Colville Indian Reservation](/wiki/Colville_Indian_Reservation \"Colville Indian Reservation\") and the [Spokane Indian Reservation](/wiki/Spokane_Indian_Reservation \"Spokane Indian Reservation\").",
"From 1986\\-89, he served as pastor of St Philip Benizi in [Ford, Washington](/wiki/Ford%2C_Washington \"Ford, Washington\"), Sacred Heart Mission in [Wellpinit, Washington](/wiki/Wellpinit%2C_Washington \"Wellpinit, Washington\"), and Our Lady of Lourdes in West End, Washington, serving the people of the Spokane Indian Reservation. From 1990\\-94 and again from 1997\\-2003, he was chaplain at [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University \"Georgetown University\"). In between, Conroy was chaplain at [Seattle University](/wiki/Seattle_University \"Seattle University\").",
"While at Georgetown, Conroy – then universally known as \"Father Pat\" – was director of ESCAPE, a special student retreat program.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://campusministry.georgetown.edu/files/lessonsinsoul.htm\\|accessdate\\=May 7, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423032222/http://campusministry.georgetown.edu/files/lessonsinsoul.htm\\|archivedate\\=April 23, 2011\\|title\\=Lessons in Soul\\-Searching; Retreats Ease Way for Georgetown Freshmen}} Although described as non\\-religious (and therefore open to all students) the program \"grows out of Georgetown's Catholic traditions ... Jesuit education is not designed to force you into a way of life imposed from the outside, but to help you discover in yourself what it is that gives you the most meaning, the most peace and the most joy\", Conroy explained.",
"On the occasion of Conroy's 25th anniversary of his ordination as a priest, the Northwest Province of the Society of Jesus used these words to describe him: \"Pat's talent for connecting with people is legendary. He remembers names, faces, and notable facts of all he meets. He cares for people, and they remember him as a true friend, a true equal, and a priest they trust and in whom they can confide.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nwjesuits.org/BecomingaJesuit/Jubilees2008/Conroy.html\\|accessdate\\=May 7, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929153250/http://www.nwjesuits.org/BecomingaJesuit/Jubilees2008/Conroy.html\\|archivedate\\=September 29, 2011\\|title\\=Northwest Province of the Society of Jesus}}",
"Prior to his selection as House Chaplain, he had been teaching freshman theology and coaching JV II softball{{cite web \\|url\\=https://chaplain.house.gov/chaplaincy/ \\|title\\=The Chaplain of the House, Office of the Chaplain \\|website\\=chaplain.house.gov \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214101113/http://chaplain.house.gov/chaplaincy/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-14}} at [Jesuit High School](/wiki/Jesuit_High_School_%28Beaverton%2C_Oregon%29 \"Jesuit High School (Beaverton, Oregon)\") in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), since 2004\\. While working at the high school, Conroy was formation assistant for the Oregon Province of the Society of Jesus from 2006–10, where his responsibilities included helping future priests work toward ordination.",
"### Attorney",
"Information on the website for the Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives includes a description of Conroy's experience as a lawyer:",
"> \"During his years of training, Fr. Conroy did practice law for the Colville Confederated Tribes in [Omak, Washington](/wiki/Omak%2C_Washington \"Omak, Washington\"), representing tribal members in state courts, he represented Salvadoran refugees for the Conference of Catholic Bishops' Immigration Office in San Francisco while studying theology, and again worked for the Colville Tribes helping to develop the case for the Tribes' treaty fishing rights in the mid 1980s. He has not practiced law since 1986\\.\"",
"",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
The film opens with journalist Siatta Scott Johnson's narration over Johnson\-Sirleaf's inauguration on 16 January 2006\. Among the distinguished guests in attendance are the then first lady of the USA [Laura Bush](/wiki/Laura_Bush "Laura Bush"), secretary of state [Condoleezza Rice](/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice "Condoleezza Rice"), and South African president [Thabo Mbeki](/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki "Thabo Mbeki"). Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is the first ever freely elected female head of state in Africa.
Momentarily archive footage is shown of events in Liberia during the 14 year civil war—scenes of public executions, child soldiers and maimed victims–scenes reoccurring briefly throughout the documentary. Then the president's cabinet is shown, Sirleaf appoints women in high administrative posts dubbed “the Iron Ladies”; Beatrice Munah Sieh is appointed the national chief of police, [Antoinette Sayeh](/wiki/Antoinette_Sayeh "Antoinette Sayeh") is appointed the Minister of Finance, the Minister of Justice and the Minister of Commerce too are women.
Johnson\-Sirleaf discloses the disadvantaged position of Liberia, having inherited weak institutions as a result of the civil war for instance; the ministry of finance is systematically corrupt and only has a very small budget, and the police lack basic resources such as weapons. Concerning corruption, Johnson\-Sirleaf intends to have zero tolerance. External footage of the legacy of former president [Charles Taylor](/wiki/Charles_Taylor_%28Liberian_politician%29 "Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)")’s civil war is shown. Johnson\-Sirleaf laments that Taylor loyalists are a constant threat to the stability of Liberia.
Siatta Scott Johnson investigates public opinion with regard to the two governments and finds a divided sentiment between the people. In her efforts to make inclusive decisions, Johnson\-Sirleaf meets with former rebel leaders and other opposition leaders at state of the nation meetings. In spite of her efforts towards inclusiveness [Edwin Snowe](/wiki/Edwin_Snowe "Edwin Snowe"), who was elected spokesperson for the House of Representatives on the same day Johnson\-Sirleaf took office, is seen as an outspoken critic of the president, relentlessly seeking political allies to call for the president’s impeachment.
Antoinette Sayeh travels to Washington DC to speak at the World Bank Headquarters on Liberian’s outstanding debt, $3\.7 billion owned to creditors such as the IMF, The World Bank and the USA, the latter being the oldest bilateral partner due to their historical ties. The debt is a deterrent to the country’s ability to raise new financing from multi\-lateral institutions.
Back in Liberia Johnson\-Sirleaf personally responds to angry mobs of workers and reformed soldiers, including [Armed Forces of Liberia](/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Liberia "Armed Forces of Liberia") soldiers who were forced out of work due to the peace agreement, demanding higher salaries and pensions respectively by speaking candidly on the government’s limitations, instead of making the typical empty political promises. Towards the end of her first year as president and influx of Chinese investment is made explicit, the film shows a montage of infra\-structures built by the Chinese, the new partnership is marked by an official visit form president [Hu Jintao](/wiki/Hu_Jintao "Hu Jintao").
Meanwhile Condoleezza Rice representing the USA at the Liberia partners’ forum 2007, announces a cancellation of the $391 million debt. This becomes the most important achievement of Johnson\-Sirleaf’s first year in office. The film concludes on a positive note, with Johnson\-Sirleaf’s voice commentary over images of her waving at the crowd during open presidencies, juxtaposed with images of women chanting and cheering for the president.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"The film opens with journalist Siatta Scott Johnson's narration over Johnson\\-Sirleaf's inauguration on 16 January 2006\\. Among the distinguished guests in attendance are the then first lady of the USA [Laura Bush](/wiki/Laura_Bush \"Laura Bush\"), secretary of state [Condoleezza Rice](/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice \"Condoleezza Rice\"), and South African president [Thabo Mbeki](/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki \"Thabo Mbeki\"). Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is the first ever freely elected female head of state in Africa.",
"Momentarily archive footage is shown of events in Liberia during the 14 year civil war—scenes of public executions, child soldiers and maimed victims–scenes reoccurring briefly throughout the documentary. Then the president's cabinet is shown, Sirleaf appoints women in high administrative posts dubbed “the Iron Ladies”; Beatrice Munah Sieh is appointed the national chief of police, [Antoinette Sayeh](/wiki/Antoinette_Sayeh \"Antoinette Sayeh\") is appointed the Minister of Finance, the Minister of Justice and the Minister of Commerce too are women.",
"Johnson\\-Sirleaf discloses the disadvantaged position of Liberia, having inherited weak institutions as a result of the civil war for instance; the ministry of finance is systematically corrupt and only has a very small budget, and the police lack basic resources such as weapons. Concerning corruption, Johnson\\-Sirleaf intends to have zero tolerance. External footage of the legacy of former president [Charles Taylor](/wiki/Charles_Taylor_%28Liberian_politician%29 \"Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)\")’s civil war is shown. Johnson\\-Sirleaf laments that Taylor loyalists are a constant threat to the stability of Liberia.",
"Siatta Scott Johnson investigates public opinion with regard to the two governments and finds a divided sentiment between the people. In her efforts to make inclusive decisions, Johnson\\-Sirleaf meets with former rebel leaders and other opposition leaders at state of the nation meetings. In spite of her efforts towards inclusiveness [Edwin Snowe](/wiki/Edwin_Snowe \"Edwin Snowe\"), who was elected spokesperson for the House of Representatives on the same day Johnson\\-Sirleaf took office, is seen as an outspoken critic of the president, relentlessly seeking political allies to call for the president’s impeachment.",
"Antoinette Sayeh travels to Washington DC to speak at the World Bank Headquarters on Liberian’s outstanding debt, $3\\.7 billion owned to creditors such as the IMF, The World Bank and the USA, the latter being the oldest bilateral partner due to their historical ties. The debt is a deterrent to the country’s ability to raise new financing from multi\\-lateral institutions.",
"Back in Liberia Johnson\\-Sirleaf personally responds to angry mobs of workers and reformed soldiers, including [Armed Forces of Liberia](/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Liberia \"Armed Forces of Liberia\") soldiers who were forced out of work due to the peace agreement, demanding higher salaries and pensions respectively by speaking candidly on the government’s limitations, instead of making the typical empty political promises. Towards the end of her first year as president and influx of Chinese investment is made explicit, the film shows a montage of infra\\-structures built by the Chinese, the new partnership is marked by an official visit form president [Hu Jintao](/wiki/Hu_Jintao \"Hu Jintao\").",
"Meanwhile Condoleezza Rice representing the USA at the Liberia partners’ forum 2007, announces a cancellation of the $391 million debt. This becomes the most important achievement of Johnson\\-Sirleaf’s first year in office. The film concludes on a positive note, with Johnson\\-Sirleaf’s voice commentary over images of her waving at the crowd during open presidencies, juxtaposed with images of women chanting and cheering for the president.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Music
In 1992, the 18\-year\-old Christy decided to pursue music in college in Kansas. In the week before he was set to begin, he heard one of his favorite bands, Public Assassin from [Springfield, Missouri](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Missouri "Springfield, Missouri"), were looking for a new drummer. After a successful audition in August 1992, he chose to join them rather than study.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.metalinsider.net/tributes/richard\-christy\-remembers\-friend\-and\-bandmate\-steve\-childers\|title\=Richard Christy remembers friend and bandmate Steve Childers\|first\=Richard\|last\=Christy\|publisher\=Metal Insider\|date\=February 22, 2016\|access\-date\=July 6, 2016}} He then moved from his Fort Scott home and into "an old warehouse" in Springfield, and played on "Raw as Fuck", a same\-titled mini\-CD, and a demo titled *Murdered*. They toured the midwest across 1993, playing covers. As he needed further income to support himself, Christy learned to become a residential electrician. In December 1993, Christy and Public Assassin guitarist Steve Childers formed a comical group, Skip Skiffington and The Elite, with Skiffington on vocals and Rick Granberg on keyboards. During this time, Christy played in a "joke punk band" with several friends named Pisser, playing [GG Allin](/wiki/GG_Allin "GG Allin") and Cocknoose covers. In 1995, Public Assassin disbanded after Christy and Childers had several differences with singer/bassist Greg Ponder.{{Cite magazine\|url\=http://www.billboard.com/artist/1531856/richard\-christy/biography\|title\=Artists / Richard Christy\|magazine\=Billboard\|access\-date\=July 5, 2016}}
In late 1995, Christy and Childers formed Burning Inside new recruits Jamie Prim on vocals/bass and, later on, Michael Estes on guitar. To increase their potential, the group relocated in February 1996 to [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida"), an area favorable for the metal scene. Christy arrived by car, carrying everything he owned.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.metalmaniacs.com/2008/richard\-christy\-from\-rags\-to\-richard/\|title\=Richard Christy – From Rags to Richard\|first\=Ben\|last\=Hogg\|publisher\=Metal Maniacs\|date\=February 12, 2012\|access\-date\=July 6, 2016}} They toured, recorded songs for five metal tribute albums, and produced a six\-song demo tape of new material released as *The Eve of the Entities* (2000\).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.voicesfromthedarkside.de/Interviews/BURNING\-INSIDE\-\-6855\.html\|title\=Interviews: Burning Inside\|first\=Frank\|last\=Stöver\|publisher\=Voices from the Darkside\|access\-date\=July 6, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 8, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808043132/http://www.voicesfromthedarkside.de/Interviews/BURNING\-INSIDE\-\-6855\.html\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/burning\-inside\-mn0000942237\|title\=Burning Inside: Biography\|publisher\=AllMusic\|access\-date\=July 6, 2016}} Christy stayed in Florida for eight years. His income from music and electric work was limited, so he could only afford accommodation in a storage unit where he also kept and practiced his drums for as much as six hours each day. With only an outside garden hose to shower with, he later wrote a song about his appreciation for more comfortable living named "The Beast Outside My Window".{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.alternativecontrolct.com/music/richard\-christy\-from\-death\-in\-a\-storage\-locker\-to\-a\-room\-with\-a\-view/\|title\=Richard Christy: From Death in a Storage Locker to a Room with a View\|publisher\=Alternative Control\|date\=January 13, 2012\|first\=Jessie\|last\=May\|access\-date\=July 5, 2016}} Christy joined local metal group [Acheron](/wiki/Acheron_%28band%29 "Acheron (band)"), touring and playing on *Anti\-God, Anti\-Christ* (1996\) and *Necromanteion Communion* (1998\). His boss at his electrical company allowed him to spend time away to record and tour with his bands.{{Cite web\|url\=http://hellbound.ca/2011/10/richard\-christy\-the\-hellbound\-interview/\|title\=Richard Christy: The Hellbound Interview\|publisher\=Hellbound.ca\|first\=Justin M.\|last\=Norton\|date\=October 2011\|access\-date\=July 5, 2016}}
In 1997, Christy met fellow Orlando resident, singer and guitarist [Chuck Schuldiner](/wiki/Chuck_Schuldiner "Chuck Schuldiner"), in a chance encounter at a Florida book store in [Altamonte Mall](/wiki/Altamonte_Mall "Altamonte Mall"). Schuldiner was, and remains, an influential figure in Christy's career. Christy was a big fan of Schuldiner's metal band [Death](/wiki/Death_%28metal_band%29 "Death (metal band)"), so when he learned the group needed a drummer his friends suggested his name and he was offered an audition. Christy knew "all of their albums ... back and forth", and auditioned in July 1997{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.npr.org/sections/allsongs/2011/12/12/143518038/death\-is\-never\-finished\-remembering\-death\-metal\-pioneer\-chuck\-schuldiner\|title\=Death Is Never Finished: Remembering Death Metal Pioneer Chuck Schuldiner\|first\=Lars\|last\=Gotrich\|date\=December 12, 2011\|access\-date\=January 27, 2024}} with only Schuldiner and himself present. The audition was a success, and Christy played on *[The Sound of Perseverance](/wiki/The_Sound_of_Perseverance "The Sound of Perseverance")* (1998\), an album he called "the album I'm most proud of". In May 1998, Christy toured Europe for four months with Death, which included a spot at the [Dynamo Open Air](/wiki/Dynamo_Open_Air "Dynamo Open Air") festival in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") in front of 35,000 people. A friendship and musical camaraderie with Schuldiner also brought Christy into the line\-up of Schuldiner's [progressive metal](/wiki/Progressive_metal "Progressive metal") group, the more melodic [Control Denied](/wiki/Control_Denied "Control Denied"). Christy played drums on their debut album, *[The Fragile Art of Existence](/wiki/The_Fragile_Art_of_Existence "The Fragile Art of Existence")* (1999\) and *When Man and Machine Collide*, an incomplete album that is yet to be released. The two became close friends, and Christy would spend several [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving "Thanksgiving") holidays with Schuldiner's family. In December 2001, Schuldiner died from brain cancer. Christy remains close with the family.
Between 1999 and 2004, Christy became a member of [Iced Earth](/wiki/Iced_Earth "Iced Earth") and [Leash Law](/wiki/Leash_Law "Leash Law"), timing his schedule in order to perform in multiple bands at once. In April 2000, he played with [Incantation](/wiki/Incantation_%28band%29 "Incantation (band)") on their tour in support of *[The Infernal Storm](/wiki/The_Infernal_Storm "The Infernal Storm")* (2000\), playing to audiences of several hundred at each show.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.tartareandesire.com/interviews/incantation.html\|title\=INCANTATION\|first\=Tony\|last\=Belcher\|publisher\=Tartarean Desire Webzine\|date\=August 2004\|access\-date\=July 6, 2016}} Afterwards, he toured Europe with [Demons and Wizards](/wiki/Demons_and_Wizards_%28band%29 "Demons and Wizards (band)"),{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.chroniclesofchaos.com/articles.aspx?id\=1\-306\|title\=Burn Florida Burn\|first\=Paul\|last\=Schwarz\|date\=December 8, 2000\|access\-date\=July 6, 2016}} playing festivals of up to 20,000 people in attendance. He landed the gig in Iced Earth through contacts he knew at [Century Media Records](/wiki/Century_Media_Records "Century Media Records"), a prominent heavy metal label. His first live gigs with them followed in August 2000, playing festivals including the [Wacken Open Air](/wiki/Wacken_Open_Air "Wacken Open Air") festival in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany").
In 2004, Christy began a five\-and\-a\-half year hiatus as an active musician, but kept in touch with the metal scene by practicing his drums, attending local concerts, and writing articles for several publications. By 2008, he started to write new material, playing the guitar more than he had done previously, and ended up with an entire album in demo form. He signed a recording deal with [Metal Blade Records](/wiki/Metal_Blade_Records "Metal Blade Records") in 2009 to release an album with his metal [supergroup](/wiki/Supergroup_%28music%29 "Supergroup (music)"), [Charred Walls of the Damned](/wiki/Charred_Walls_of_the_Damned "Charred Walls of the Damned"). He asked his first choice of musicians to take part in the project: bassist [Steve Di Giorgio](/wiki/Steve_Di_Giorgio "Steve Di Giorgio"), vocalist [Tim "Ripper" Owens](/wiki/Tim_%22Ripper%22_Owens "Tim ") and guitarist [Jason Suecof](/wiki/Jason_Suecof "Jason Suecof"). It took roughly three months for Christy to settle on the band's name, and had around 200 possible names as "every good band name has been taken". Their self\-titled debut album was released in 2010\. Their second, *Cold Winds on Timeless Days*, followed in 2011\. Christy named the latter as the first letter of each word matched the band's initials.
Christy has performed live with [Dream Theater](/wiki/Dream_Theater "Dream Theater"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.richardchristy.com/drum\_corner.html\|title\=The Official Richard Christy website \|publisher\=Richard Christy \|access\-date\=October 10, 2011}} "A Favor House Atlantic" with [Coheed and Cambria](/wiki/Coheed_and_Cambria "Coheed and Cambria"),{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.metalinsider.net/video/richard\-christy\-jams\-with\-coheed\-and\-cambria\|title\=Richard Christy jams with Coheed and Cambria\|first\=Bram\|last\=Teitelman\|publisher\=Metal Insider\|date\=October 12, 2015\|access\-date\=July 6, 2016}} [Tiwanaku](/wiki/Tiwanaku "Tiwanaku"), Rick Renstrom, and [Wykked Wytch](/wiki/Wykked_Wytch "Wykked Wytch").
Sometime after 2011, Christy put together music that featured his three guinea pigs. Three of the songs were released under the band name Boar Glue as part of a split EP with [Hatebeak](/wiki/Hatebeak "Hatebeak"), another band that features an African grey parrot.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.decibelmagazine.com/2019/02/28/animal\-fronted\-bands\-hatebeak\-and\-boar\-glue\-release\-split\-lp/\|title\=Animal\-Fronted Bands Hatebeak and Boar Glue Release Split LP\|first\=Vince\|last\=Bellino\|date\=February 28, 2019\|publisher\=Decibel\|access\-date\=April 18, 2019}}
### *The Howard Stern Show*
Christy became an avid listener of *[The Howard Stern Show](/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show "The Howard Stern Show")* in 1996 when he moved to Florida, listening to the program "every morning religiously" with headphones while he worked as an electrician.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.metalsucks.net/2010/01/11/richard\-christy\-the\-metalsucks\-interview/\|title\=Richard Christy: The Metalsucks Interview\|publisher\=Metalsucks\|date\=January 11, 2010\|first\=Satan\|last\=Rosenbloom\|access\-date\=July 5, 2016}} After he obtained the number to reach the show's answering machine from the Internet, he began to submit comical voicemail messages in 1999, that were played frequently on the air. From 2001, Christy began to send in song parodies and bits about staffers [Robin Quivers](/wiki/Robin_Quivers "Robin Quivers") and [K.C. Armstrong](/wiki/K.C._Armstrong "K.C. Armstrong"). He made his debut appearance on April 24, 2003, when the show was broadcast from the [Hard Rock Hotel and Casino](/wiki/Hard_Rock_Hotel_and_Casino_%28Las_Vegas%29 "Hard Rock Hotel and Casino (Las Vegas)") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip "Las Vegas Strip"). Christy lost a round of [blackjack](/wiki/Blackjack "Blackjack") in hope of winning a date with a porn star.{{Cite episode\|title\=April 24, 2003\|series\=The Howard Stern Show\|type\=radio\|network\=Infinity Broadcasting\|airdate\=April 24, 2003\|station\=WXRK\-FM}}
Following the departure of ["Stuttering John" Melendez](/wiki/John_Melendez "John Melendez") in February 2004,{{Cite episode\|title\=February 27, 2004\|series\=The Howard Stern Show\|type\=radio\|network\=Infinity Broadcasting\|airdate\=February 27, 2004\|station\=WXRK\-FM}} Stern announced the Get John's Job contest a month later, pitting ten listeners who had contributed to the show against each other in competition for the vacated position. Each contestant was given a week to display their talents they could bring to the show, after which the listeners voted online for their favorite. Christy produced a required demo CD of his bits, and was selected to compete for the prize of an initial three\-month contract and $25,000\.{{Cite episode\|title\=March 17, 2004\|series\=The Howard Stern Show\|type\=radio\|network\=Infinity Broadcasting\|airdate\=March 17, 2004\|station\=WXRK\-FM}} Leaving Iced Earth was a difficult decision for Christy, but felt he could not waste the opportunity to pursue his "dream job" and work for Stern. He had also grown tired of living in Florida, and wished to move.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.duffsbrooklyn.com/interviews/richardchristy20071110\.shtml\|title\=INTERVIEW: RICHARD CHRISTY, NOVEMBER 10TH, 2007\|publisher\=Duff's Brooklyn\|date\=November 10, 2007\|access\-date\=July 5, 2016}} On July 1, 2004, Christy won the contest with 30% of the vote; [Sal Governale](/wiki/Sal_Governale "Sal Governale") was second with 24%.{{Cite episode\|title\=July 1, 2004\|series\=The Howard Stern Show\|type\=radio\|network\=Infinity Broadcasting\|airdate\=July 1, 2004\|station\=WXRK\-FM}} By September 2004, both had joined the show as full\-time staff members.{{Cite episode\|title\=November 17, 2005\|series\=The Howard Stern Show\|type\=radio\|network\=Infinity Broadcasting\|airdate\=November 17, 2005\|station\=WXRK\-FM}} Christy then relocated from Florida to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), where the show is based.
Christy has become known on the show for his prank calls, song parodies, and outrageous stunts, usually performed with Governale. He faced challengers in porn trivia in Stump the Perv,{{Cite episode\|title\=October 19, 2005\|series\=The Howard Stern Show\|type\=radio\|network\=Infinity Broadcasting\|airdate\=October 19, 2005\|station\=WXRK\-FM}} vomited on guests, received a bikini wax,{{Cite web\|url\=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/richardchristy.htm\|title\=Richard Christy Interview\|first\=Chad\|last\=Bowar\|publisher\=About.com Entertainment\|access\-date\=July 6, 2016\|archive\-date\=January 16, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116205941/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/richardchristy.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} and painted his genitals. From 2005, Christy performed nationwide as a stand\-up comedian as part of the Killers of Comedy Tour with other show cast members.
In 2006, the show relocated to [Sirius XM Radio](/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio "Sirius XM Radio"). Christy hosted a semi\-regular metal show on the [Liquid Metal](/wiki/Liquid_Metal_%28Sirius_XM%29 "Liquid Metal (Sirius XM)") channel named *Richard Christy's Heavy Metal Hoedown*. Christy also hosted *Inside the Porn Actors Studio* on [Howard 101](/wiki/Howard_100_and_Howard_101 "Howard 100 and Howard 101"), an interview series that parodied the television series *[Inside the Actors Studio](/wiki/Inside_the_Actors_Studio "Inside the Actors Studio")* with porn actresses, with Christy filling the role of host [James Lipton](/wiki/James_Lipton "James Lipton").
### Film and television
Christy once dreamed of a career in film after he saw [Brad Pitt](/wiki/Brad_Pitt "Brad Pitt"), from nearby [Springfield, Missouri](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Missouri "Springfield, Missouri"), in *[Interview with the Vampire](/wiki/Interview_with_the_Vampire "Interview with the Vampire")*. He hung up posters of Pitt in his New York City apartment, and once worked at a computer store owned by Pitt's parents.SIRIUS XM Radio, Howard 100 – *The Wrap\-Up Show* from November 5, 2007 He has been a fan of horror films since his youth, and rates *[Halloween](/wiki/Halloween_%281978_film%29 "Halloween (1978 film)")* (1978\) as his "faaavorite". In the mid\-1990s, while living in Missouri, he started to make his own independent, low budget films. His first, *Evil Ned 2*, a horror comedy was made in 1994\. This was followed by its sequel, *Evil Ned 3: The Return of Evil Ned 2 – Electric Boogaloo*, in 1995, with a plot involving "dirty magazines, huge hog testicles, gay monsters, [Amish](/wiki/Amish "Amish") erotica, and evil talking ducks". The film was produced for $250,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.twoboots.com/pioneer/evildeadned.html \|title\=Richard Christy in person for The Evil Dead \+ Evil Ned at the Pioneer Theater – Movie Theater in New York City \|publisher\=Twoboots.com \|access\-date\=October 10, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928052631/http://www.twoboots.com/pioneer/evildeadned.html \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2011 }} "200 of which was spent on beer".{{Cite web \|url\= http://www.bravewords.com/news/richard\-christy\-directorial\-debut\-evil\-ned\-3\-the\-return\-of\-evil\-ned\-2\-electric\-boogaloo\-now\-available\-for\-streaming \|title\= RICHARD CHRISTY – "Directorial Debut" EVIL NED 3 \-THE RETURN OF EVIL NED 2 – ELECTRIC BOOGALOO NOW AVAILABLE FOR STREAMING \|first\=Richard \|last\=Christy \|date\=June 16, 2007 \|publisher\= Braveworlds \|access\-date\= July 5, 2016}} The film premiered at a Missouri hotel, and was made available online in 2007\. In 2001, Christy released his feature\-length film, *Leaving Grunion County*. Its premiere was held at the [Enzian Theater](/wiki/Enzian_Theater "Enzian Theater") in [Maitland, Florida](/wiki/Maitland%2C_Florida "Maitland, Florida") that April.
In 2006, Christy and Governale wrote, directed, and starred in the 30\-minute comedy film *[Supertwink](/wiki/Supertwink "Supertwink")* for Stern's on\-demand [digital cable](/wiki/Digital_cable "Digital cable") service [Howard Stern On Demand](/wiki/Howard_Stern_On_Demand "Howard Stern On Demand"). It premiered at the Pioneer Theater in New York City on January 4, 2006\. The film was reviewed by critic [Richard Roeper](/wiki/Richard_Roeper "Richard Roeper"), who panned it.{{cite web\|url\=http://imdb.com/title/tt0495046/quotes \|title\=Supertwink (2006\) (TV) – Memorable quotes \|publisher\=Internet Movie Database \|date\=May 1, 2009 \|access\-date\=October 10, 2011}} In 2007, Christy appeared in *[Harold \& Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay](/wiki/Harold_%26_Kumar_Escape_from_Guantanamo_Bay "Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay")* playing the role of a [Ku Klux Klansman](/wiki/KKK "KKK") named Kenny.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.slashfilm.com/2007/02/16/howard\-stern\-show\-cameos\-harold\-and\-kumar\-2/ \|title\=Howard Stern Show cameos Harold and Kumar 2 \|publisher\=Slashfilm.com \|date\=February 16, 2007 \|access\-date\=October 10, 2011}} In the same year, he landed his first television role *[Rescue Me](/wiki/Rescue_Me_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Rescue Me (U.S. TV series)")*, portraying a "really creepy guy at end of bar".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marksfriggin.com/news.htm\#wed \|title\=Howard Stern Show News \|publisher\=MarksFriggin.com \|access\-date\=October 10, 2011}} In 2009, he appeared as Caleb in the horror film *[Albino Farm](/wiki/Albino_Farm "Albino Farm")*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fangoria.com/eventsmain/weekend\-of\-horrors/woh\-updates/118\-las\-vegas\-2009/4103\-chris\-jericho\-richard\-christy\-a\-more\-coming\-to\-the\-trinity\-of\-terrors.html \|title\=Chris Jericho, Richard Christy, \& More coming to the TRINITY OF TERRORS! \|publisher\=Fangoria.com \|access\-date\=October 10, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004162005/http://www.fangoria.com/eventsmain/weekend\-of\-horrors/woh\-updates/118\-las\-vegas\-2009/4103\-chris\-jericho\-richard\-christy\-a\-more\-coming\-to\-the\-trinity\-of\-terrors.html \|archive\-date\=October 4, 2009 }} Also in 2009, Christy and Governale appeared in the 2009 horror novel *Castaways*, written by horror and crime novelist [Brian Keene](/wiki/Brian_Keene "Brian Keene").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.briankeene.com/wp\-content/uploads/2008/11/horror\-novel\-pkg.wav \|title\=The Official Brian Keene Website \|access\-date\=October 10, 2011 \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927224145/http://www.briankeene.com/wp\-content/uploads/2008/11/horror\-novel\-pkg.wav \|url\-status\=dead }} Christy has recorded [voiceovers](/wiki/Voiceover "Voiceover") for the [Adult Swim](/wiki/Adult_Swim "Adult Swim") shows *[Metalocalypse](/wiki/Metalocalypse "Metalocalypse")*{{cite web \|url\=http://www.richardchristy.com/ \|title\=The Official Richard Christy Website \|publisher\=Richard Christy \|access\-date\=October 10, 2011 \|archive\-date\=June 13, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613080931/http://www.richardchristy.com/ \|url\-status\=dead }} and *[Rick and Morty](/wiki/Rick_and_Morty "Rick and Morty")*. He guest appeared on the [Cartoon Network](/wiki/Cartoon_Network "Cartoon Network") series *[Uncle Grandpa](/wiki/Uncle_Grandpa "Uncle Grandpa")*, playing Ric. Christy later made a cameo in *[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Vol._2 "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2")* as a character simply named "Down There!".{{cite tweet \|last\=Christy \|first\=Richard \|author\-link\=Richard Christy \|user\=cwotd \|number\=860479310892867584 \|date\=May 5, 2017 \|title\=Halloween came early on the set of \#GotGVol2 \& it was a freakin blast! Thank U @JamesGunn \#DownThere @Guardians is out now \& it RULES!! \|access\-date\=May 8, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/6qJ3D7k7F?url\=https://twitter.com/cwotd/status/860479310892867584 \|archive\-date\=May 8, 2017 \|url\-status\=live}}
Christy has written articles for *Decibel* magazine about his love for horror films, named "Richard Christy's Horrorscope".
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Music",
"In 1992, the 18\\-year\\-old Christy decided to pursue music in college in Kansas. In the week before he was set to begin, he heard one of his favorite bands, Public Assassin from [Springfield, Missouri](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Missouri \"Springfield, Missouri\"), were looking for a new drummer. After a successful audition in August 1992, he chose to join them rather than study.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.metalinsider.net/tributes/richard\\-christy\\-remembers\\-friend\\-and\\-bandmate\\-steve\\-childers\\|title\\=Richard Christy remembers friend and bandmate Steve Childers\\|first\\=Richard\\|last\\=Christy\\|publisher\\=Metal Insider\\|date\\=February 22, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2016}} He then moved from his Fort Scott home and into \"an old warehouse\" in Springfield, and played on \"Raw as Fuck\", a same\\-titled mini\\-CD, and a demo titled *Murdered*. They toured the midwest across 1993, playing covers. As he needed further income to support himself, Christy learned to become a residential electrician. In December 1993, Christy and Public Assassin guitarist Steve Childers formed a comical group, Skip Skiffington and The Elite, with Skiffington on vocals and Rick Granberg on keyboards. During this time, Christy played in a \"joke punk band\" with several friends named Pisser, playing [GG Allin](/wiki/GG_Allin \"GG Allin\") and Cocknoose covers. In 1995, Public Assassin disbanded after Christy and Childers had several differences with singer/bassist Greg Ponder.{{Cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/artist/1531856/richard\\-christy/biography\\|title\\=Artists / Richard Christy\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2016}}",
"In late 1995, Christy and Childers formed Burning Inside new recruits Jamie Prim on vocals/bass and, later on, Michael Estes on guitar. To increase their potential, the group relocated in February 1996 to [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\"), an area favorable for the metal scene. Christy arrived by car, carrying everything he owned.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.metalmaniacs.com/2008/richard\\-christy\\-from\\-rags\\-to\\-richard/\\|title\\=Richard Christy – From Rags to Richard\\|first\\=Ben\\|last\\=Hogg\\|publisher\\=Metal Maniacs\\|date\\=February 12, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2016}} They toured, recorded songs for five metal tribute albums, and produced a six\\-song demo tape of new material released as *The Eve of the Entities* (2000\\).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.voicesfromthedarkside.de/Interviews/BURNING\\-INSIDE\\-\\-6855\\.html\\|title\\=Interviews: Burning Inside\\|first\\=Frank\\|last\\=Stöver\\|publisher\\=Voices from the Darkside\\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 8, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808043132/http://www.voicesfromthedarkside.de/Interviews/BURNING\\-INSIDE\\-\\-6855\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/burning\\-inside\\-mn0000942237\\|title\\=Burning Inside: Biography\\|publisher\\=AllMusic\\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2016}} Christy stayed in Florida for eight years. His income from music and electric work was limited, so he could only afford accommodation in a storage unit where he also kept and practiced his drums for as much as six hours each day. With only an outside garden hose to shower with, he later wrote a song about his appreciation for more comfortable living named \"The Beast Outside My Window\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.alternativecontrolct.com/music/richard\\-christy\\-from\\-death\\-in\\-a\\-storage\\-locker\\-to\\-a\\-room\\-with\\-a\\-view/\\|title\\=Richard Christy: From Death in a Storage Locker to a Room with a View\\|publisher\\=Alternative Control\\|date\\=January 13, 2012\\|first\\=Jessie\\|last\\=May\\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2016}} Christy joined local metal group [Acheron](/wiki/Acheron_%28band%29 \"Acheron (band)\"), touring and playing on *Anti\\-God, Anti\\-Christ* (1996\\) and *Necromanteion Communion* (1998\\). His boss at his electrical company allowed him to spend time away to record and tour with his bands.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://hellbound.ca/2011/10/richard\\-christy\\-the\\-hellbound\\-interview/\\|title\\=Richard Christy: The Hellbound Interview\\|publisher\\=Hellbound.ca\\|first\\=Justin M.\\|last\\=Norton\\|date\\=October 2011\\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2016}}",
"In 1997, Christy met fellow Orlando resident, singer and guitarist [Chuck Schuldiner](/wiki/Chuck_Schuldiner \"Chuck Schuldiner\"), in a chance encounter at a Florida book store in [Altamonte Mall](/wiki/Altamonte_Mall \"Altamonte Mall\"). Schuldiner was, and remains, an influential figure in Christy's career. Christy was a big fan of Schuldiner's metal band [Death](/wiki/Death_%28metal_band%29 \"Death (metal band)\"), so when he learned the group needed a drummer his friends suggested his name and he was offered an audition. Christy knew \"all of their albums ... back and forth\", and auditioned in July 1997{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/sections/allsongs/2011/12/12/143518038/death\\-is\\-never\\-finished\\-remembering\\-death\\-metal\\-pioneer\\-chuck\\-schuldiner\\|title\\=Death Is Never Finished: Remembering Death Metal Pioneer Chuck Schuldiner\\|first\\=Lars\\|last\\=Gotrich\\|date\\=December 12, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=January 27, 2024}} with only Schuldiner and himself present. The audition was a success, and Christy played on *[The Sound of Perseverance](/wiki/The_Sound_of_Perseverance \"The Sound of Perseverance\")* (1998\\), an album he called \"the album I'm most proud of\". In May 1998, Christy toured Europe for four months with Death, which included a spot at the [Dynamo Open Air](/wiki/Dynamo_Open_Air \"Dynamo Open Air\") festival in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") in front of 35,000 people. A friendship and musical camaraderie with Schuldiner also brought Christy into the line\\-up of Schuldiner's [progressive metal](/wiki/Progressive_metal \"Progressive metal\") group, the more melodic [Control Denied](/wiki/Control_Denied \"Control Denied\"). Christy played drums on their debut album, *[The Fragile Art of Existence](/wiki/The_Fragile_Art_of_Existence \"The Fragile Art of Existence\")* (1999\\) and *When Man and Machine Collide*, an incomplete album that is yet to be released. The two became close friends, and Christy would spend several [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving \"Thanksgiving\") holidays with Schuldiner's family. In December 2001, Schuldiner died from brain cancer. Christy remains close with the family.",
"Between 1999 and 2004, Christy became a member of [Iced Earth](/wiki/Iced_Earth \"Iced Earth\") and [Leash Law](/wiki/Leash_Law \"Leash Law\"), timing his schedule in order to perform in multiple bands at once. In April 2000, he played with [Incantation](/wiki/Incantation_%28band%29 \"Incantation (band)\") on their tour in support of *[The Infernal Storm](/wiki/The_Infernal_Storm \"The Infernal Storm\")* (2000\\), playing to audiences of several hundred at each show.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tartareandesire.com/interviews/incantation.html\\|title\\=INCANTATION\\|first\\=Tony\\|last\\=Belcher\\|publisher\\=Tartarean Desire Webzine\\|date\\=August 2004\\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2016}} Afterwards, he toured Europe with [Demons and Wizards](/wiki/Demons_and_Wizards_%28band%29 \"Demons and Wizards (band)\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chroniclesofchaos.com/articles.aspx?id\\=1\\-306\\|title\\=Burn Florida Burn\\|first\\=Paul\\|last\\=Schwarz\\|date\\=December 8, 2000\\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2016}} playing festivals of up to 20,000 people in attendance. He landed the gig in Iced Earth through contacts he knew at [Century Media Records](/wiki/Century_Media_Records \"Century Media Records\"), a prominent heavy metal label. His first live gigs with them followed in August 2000, playing festivals including the [Wacken Open Air](/wiki/Wacken_Open_Air \"Wacken Open Air\") festival in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\").",
"In 2004, Christy began a five\\-and\\-a\\-half year hiatus as an active musician, but kept in touch with the metal scene by practicing his drums, attending local concerts, and writing articles for several publications. By 2008, he started to write new material, playing the guitar more than he had done previously, and ended up with an entire album in demo form. He signed a recording deal with [Metal Blade Records](/wiki/Metal_Blade_Records \"Metal Blade Records\") in 2009 to release an album with his metal [supergroup](/wiki/Supergroup_%28music%29 \"Supergroup (music)\"), [Charred Walls of the Damned](/wiki/Charred_Walls_of_the_Damned \"Charred Walls of the Damned\"). He asked his first choice of musicians to take part in the project: bassist [Steve Di Giorgio](/wiki/Steve_Di_Giorgio \"Steve Di Giorgio\"), vocalist [Tim \"Ripper\" Owens](/wiki/Tim_%22Ripper%22_Owens \"Tim \") and guitarist [Jason Suecof](/wiki/Jason_Suecof \"Jason Suecof\"). It took roughly three months for Christy to settle on the band's name, and had around 200 possible names as \"every good band name has been taken\". Their self\\-titled debut album was released in 2010\\. Their second, *Cold Winds on Timeless Days*, followed in 2011\\. Christy named the latter as the first letter of each word matched the band's initials.",
"Christy has performed live with [Dream Theater](/wiki/Dream_Theater \"Dream Theater\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.richardchristy.com/drum\\_corner.html\\|title\\=The Official Richard Christy website \\|publisher\\=Richard Christy \\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2011}} \"A Favor House Atlantic\" with [Coheed and Cambria](/wiki/Coheed_and_Cambria \"Coheed and Cambria\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.metalinsider.net/video/richard\\-christy\\-jams\\-with\\-coheed\\-and\\-cambria\\|title\\=Richard Christy jams with Coheed and Cambria\\|first\\=Bram\\|last\\=Teitelman\\|publisher\\=Metal Insider\\|date\\=October 12, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2016}} [Tiwanaku](/wiki/Tiwanaku \"Tiwanaku\"), Rick Renstrom, and [Wykked Wytch](/wiki/Wykked_Wytch \"Wykked Wytch\").",
"Sometime after 2011, Christy put together music that featured his three guinea pigs. Three of the songs were released under the band name Boar Glue as part of a split EP with [Hatebeak](/wiki/Hatebeak \"Hatebeak\"), another band that features an African grey parrot.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.decibelmagazine.com/2019/02/28/animal\\-fronted\\-bands\\-hatebeak\\-and\\-boar\\-glue\\-release\\-split\\-lp/\\|title\\=Animal\\-Fronted Bands Hatebeak and Boar Glue Release Split LP\\|first\\=Vince\\|last\\=Bellino\\|date\\=February 28, 2019\\|publisher\\=Decibel\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2019}}",
"### *The Howard Stern Show*",
"Christy became an avid listener of *[The Howard Stern Show](/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show \"The Howard Stern Show\")* in 1996 when he moved to Florida, listening to the program \"every morning religiously\" with headphones while he worked as an electrician.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.metalsucks.net/2010/01/11/richard\\-christy\\-the\\-metalsucks\\-interview/\\|title\\=Richard Christy: The Metalsucks Interview\\|publisher\\=Metalsucks\\|date\\=January 11, 2010\\|first\\=Satan\\|last\\=Rosenbloom\\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2016}} After he obtained the number to reach the show's answering machine from the Internet, he began to submit comical voicemail messages in 1999, that were played frequently on the air. From 2001, Christy began to send in song parodies and bits about staffers [Robin Quivers](/wiki/Robin_Quivers \"Robin Quivers\") and [K.C. Armstrong](/wiki/K.C._Armstrong \"K.C. Armstrong\"). He made his debut appearance on April 24, 2003, when the show was broadcast from the [Hard Rock Hotel and Casino](/wiki/Hard_Rock_Hotel_and_Casino_%28Las_Vegas%29 \"Hard Rock Hotel and Casino (Las Vegas)\") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip \"Las Vegas Strip\"). Christy lost a round of [blackjack](/wiki/Blackjack \"Blackjack\") in hope of winning a date with a porn star.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=April 24, 2003\\|series\\=The Howard Stern Show\\|type\\=radio\\|network\\=Infinity Broadcasting\\|airdate\\=April 24, 2003\\|station\\=WXRK\\-FM}}",
"Following the departure of [\"Stuttering John\" Melendez](/wiki/John_Melendez \"John Melendez\") in February 2004,{{Cite episode\\|title\\=February 27, 2004\\|series\\=The Howard Stern Show\\|type\\=radio\\|network\\=Infinity Broadcasting\\|airdate\\=February 27, 2004\\|station\\=WXRK\\-FM}} Stern announced the Get John's Job contest a month later, pitting ten listeners who had contributed to the show against each other in competition for the vacated position. Each contestant was given a week to display their talents they could bring to the show, after which the listeners voted online for their favorite. Christy produced a required demo CD of his bits, and was selected to compete for the prize of an initial three\\-month contract and $25,000\\.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=March 17, 2004\\|series\\=The Howard Stern Show\\|type\\=radio\\|network\\=Infinity Broadcasting\\|airdate\\=March 17, 2004\\|station\\=WXRK\\-FM}} Leaving Iced Earth was a difficult decision for Christy, but felt he could not waste the opportunity to pursue his \"dream job\" and work for Stern. He had also grown tired of living in Florida, and wished to move.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.duffsbrooklyn.com/interviews/richardchristy20071110\\.shtml\\|title\\=INTERVIEW: RICHARD CHRISTY, NOVEMBER 10TH, 2007\\|publisher\\=Duff's Brooklyn\\|date\\=November 10, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2016}} On July 1, 2004, Christy won the contest with 30% of the vote; [Sal Governale](/wiki/Sal_Governale \"Sal Governale\") was second with 24%.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=July 1, 2004\\|series\\=The Howard Stern Show\\|type\\=radio\\|network\\=Infinity Broadcasting\\|airdate\\=July 1, 2004\\|station\\=WXRK\\-FM}} By September 2004, both had joined the show as full\\-time staff members.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=November 17, 2005\\|series\\=The Howard Stern Show\\|type\\=radio\\|network\\=Infinity Broadcasting\\|airdate\\=November 17, 2005\\|station\\=WXRK\\-FM}} Christy then relocated from Florida to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), where the show is based.",
"Christy has become known on the show for his prank calls, song parodies, and outrageous stunts, usually performed with Governale. He faced challengers in porn trivia in Stump the Perv,{{Cite episode\\|title\\=October 19, 2005\\|series\\=The Howard Stern Show\\|type\\=radio\\|network\\=Infinity Broadcasting\\|airdate\\=October 19, 2005\\|station\\=WXRK\\-FM}} vomited on guests, received a bikini wax,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/richardchristy.htm\\|title\\=Richard Christy Interview\\|first\\=Chad\\|last\\=Bowar\\|publisher\\=About.com Entertainment\\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116205941/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/richardchristy.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and painted his genitals. From 2005, Christy performed nationwide as a stand\\-up comedian as part of the Killers of Comedy Tour with other show cast members.",
"In 2006, the show relocated to [Sirius XM Radio](/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio \"Sirius XM Radio\"). Christy hosted a semi\\-regular metal show on the [Liquid Metal](/wiki/Liquid_Metal_%28Sirius_XM%29 \"Liquid Metal (Sirius XM)\") channel named *Richard Christy's Heavy Metal Hoedown*. Christy also hosted *Inside the Porn Actors Studio* on [Howard 101](/wiki/Howard_100_and_Howard_101 \"Howard 100 and Howard 101\"), an interview series that parodied the television series *[Inside the Actors Studio](/wiki/Inside_the_Actors_Studio \"Inside the Actors Studio\")* with porn actresses, with Christy filling the role of host [James Lipton](/wiki/James_Lipton \"James Lipton\").",
"### Film and television",
"Christy once dreamed of a career in film after he saw [Brad Pitt](/wiki/Brad_Pitt \"Brad Pitt\"), from nearby [Springfield, Missouri](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Missouri \"Springfield, Missouri\"), in *[Interview with the Vampire](/wiki/Interview_with_the_Vampire \"Interview with the Vampire\")*. He hung up posters of Pitt in his New York City apartment, and once worked at a computer store owned by Pitt's parents.SIRIUS XM Radio, Howard 100 – *The Wrap\\-Up Show* from November 5, 2007 He has been a fan of horror films since his youth, and rates *[Halloween](/wiki/Halloween_%281978_film%29 \"Halloween (1978 film)\")* (1978\\) as his \"faaavorite\". In the mid\\-1990s, while living in Missouri, he started to make his own independent, low budget films. His first, *Evil Ned 2*, a horror comedy was made in 1994\\. This was followed by its sequel, *Evil Ned 3: The Return of Evil Ned 2 – Electric Boogaloo*, in 1995, with a plot involving \"dirty magazines, huge hog testicles, gay monsters, [Amish](/wiki/Amish \"Amish\") erotica, and evil talking ducks\". The film was produced for $250,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.twoboots.com/pioneer/evildeadned.html \\|title\\=Richard Christy in person for The Evil Dead \\+ Evil Ned at the Pioneer Theater – Movie Theater in New York City \\|publisher\\=Twoboots.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928052631/http://www.twoboots.com/pioneer/evildeadned.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2011 }} \"200 of which was spent on beer\".{{Cite web \\|url\\= http://www.bravewords.com/news/richard\\-christy\\-directorial\\-debut\\-evil\\-ned\\-3\\-the\\-return\\-of\\-evil\\-ned\\-2\\-electric\\-boogaloo\\-now\\-available\\-for\\-streaming \\|title\\= RICHARD CHRISTY – \"Directorial Debut\" EVIL NED 3 \\-THE RETURN OF EVIL NED 2 – ELECTRIC BOOGALOO NOW AVAILABLE FOR STREAMING \\|first\\=Richard \\|last\\=Christy \\|date\\=June 16, 2007 \\|publisher\\= Braveworlds \\|access\\-date\\= July 5, 2016}} The film premiered at a Missouri hotel, and was made available online in 2007\\. In 2001, Christy released his feature\\-length film, *Leaving Grunion County*. Its premiere was held at the [Enzian Theater](/wiki/Enzian_Theater \"Enzian Theater\") in [Maitland, Florida](/wiki/Maitland%2C_Florida \"Maitland, Florida\") that April.",
"In 2006, Christy and Governale wrote, directed, and starred in the 30\\-minute comedy film *[Supertwink](/wiki/Supertwink \"Supertwink\")* for Stern's on\\-demand [digital cable](/wiki/Digital_cable \"Digital cable\") service [Howard Stern On Demand](/wiki/Howard_Stern_On_Demand \"Howard Stern On Demand\"). It premiered at the Pioneer Theater in New York City on January 4, 2006\\. The film was reviewed by critic [Richard Roeper](/wiki/Richard_Roeper \"Richard Roeper\"), who panned it.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://imdb.com/title/tt0495046/quotes \\|title\\=Supertwink (2006\\) (TV) – Memorable quotes \\|publisher\\=Internet Movie Database \\|date\\=May 1, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2011}} In 2007, Christy appeared in *[Harold \\& Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay](/wiki/Harold_%26_Kumar_Escape_from_Guantanamo_Bay \"Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay\")* playing the role of a [Ku Klux Klansman](/wiki/KKK \"KKK\") named Kenny.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.slashfilm.com/2007/02/16/howard\\-stern\\-show\\-cameos\\-harold\\-and\\-kumar\\-2/ \\|title\\=Howard Stern Show cameos Harold and Kumar 2 \\|publisher\\=Slashfilm.com \\|date\\=February 16, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2011}} In the same year, he landed his first television role *[Rescue Me](/wiki/Rescue_Me_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Rescue Me (U.S. TV series)\")*, portraying a \"really creepy guy at end of bar\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marksfriggin.com/news.htm\\#wed \\|title\\=Howard Stern Show News \\|publisher\\=MarksFriggin.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2011}} In 2009, he appeared as Caleb in the horror film *[Albino Farm](/wiki/Albino_Farm \"Albino Farm\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fangoria.com/eventsmain/weekend\\-of\\-horrors/woh\\-updates/118\\-las\\-vegas\\-2009/4103\\-chris\\-jericho\\-richard\\-christy\\-a\\-more\\-coming\\-to\\-the\\-trinity\\-of\\-terrors.html \\|title\\=Chris Jericho, Richard Christy, \\& More coming to the TRINITY OF TERRORS! \\|publisher\\=Fangoria.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004162005/http://www.fangoria.com/eventsmain/weekend\\-of\\-horrors/woh\\-updates/118\\-las\\-vegas\\-2009/4103\\-chris\\-jericho\\-richard\\-christy\\-a\\-more\\-coming\\-to\\-the\\-trinity\\-of\\-terrors.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2009 }} Also in 2009, Christy and Governale appeared in the 2009 horror novel *Castaways*, written by horror and crime novelist [Brian Keene](/wiki/Brian_Keene \"Brian Keene\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.briankeene.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2008/11/horror\\-novel\\-pkg.wav \\|title\\=The Official Brian Keene Website \\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927224145/http://www.briankeene.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2008/11/horror\\-novel\\-pkg.wav \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Christy has recorded [voiceovers](/wiki/Voiceover \"Voiceover\") for the [Adult Swim](/wiki/Adult_Swim \"Adult Swim\") shows *[Metalocalypse](/wiki/Metalocalypse \"Metalocalypse\")*{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.richardchristy.com/ \\|title\\=The Official Richard Christy Website \\|publisher\\=Richard Christy \\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 13, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613080931/http://www.richardchristy.com/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and *[Rick and Morty](/wiki/Rick_and_Morty \"Rick and Morty\")*. He guest appeared on the [Cartoon Network](/wiki/Cartoon_Network \"Cartoon Network\") series *[Uncle Grandpa](/wiki/Uncle_Grandpa \"Uncle Grandpa\")*, playing Ric. Christy later made a cameo in *[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Vol._2 \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\")* as a character simply named \"Down There!\".{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Christy \\|first\\=Richard \\|author\\-link\\=Richard Christy \\|user\\=cwotd \\|number\\=860479310892867584 \\|date\\=May 5, 2017 \\|title\\=Halloween came early on the set of \\#GotGVol2 \\& it was a freakin blast! Thank U @JamesGunn \\#DownThere @Guardians is out now \\& it RULES!! \\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/6qJ3D7k7F?url\\=https://twitter.com/cwotd/status/860479310892867584 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 8, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Christy has written articles for *Decibel* magazine about his love for horror films, named \"Richard Christy's Horrorscope\".",
""
] |
Release
-------
*Slayers Return* was originally released theatrically in Japan on August 3, 1996, distributed by [Toei Animation](/wiki/Toei_Animation "Toei Animation") and screened in as a [double feature](/wiki/Double_feature "Double feature") with the film version of *[X](/wiki/X_%28manga%29 "X (manga)")*. [Bandai Visual](/wiki/Bandai_Visual "Bandai Visual")'s home version was released on the [VHS](/wiki/VHS "VHS") and [LaserDisc](/wiki/LaserDisc "LaserDisc") in April 1997,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00005EE8Q \|title\=スレイヤーズ RETURN 【劇場版】 VHS \|publisher\=Amazon.co.jp \|date\=1997\-04\-25 \|access\-date\=2013\-09\-22 \|archive\-date\=2022\-09\-05 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905165753/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00005EE8Q \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.suruga\-ya.jp/database/122001137001\.html \|title\=劇場版 スレイヤーズ リターン・DVD・中古・通販ショップの駿河屋 \|publisher\=Suruga\-ya.jp \|date\=1997\-04\-25 \|access\-date\=2013\-09\-22 \|archive\-date\=2013\-09\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926134447/http://www.suruga\-ya.jp/database/122001137001\.html \|url\-status\=live }} and re\-released on the [DVD](/wiki/DVD "DVD") as part of the *EMOTION the Best Slayers Movie Edition DVD\-BOX* (EMOTION the Best スレイヤーズ 劇場版 DVD\-BOX) collection of all *Slayers* films in 2010\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B0035VPU10 \|title\=EMOTION the Best スレイヤーズ 劇場版 DVD\-BOX \|date\=28 May 2010 \|publisher\=Amazon.co.jp \|access\-date\=2013\-09\-22 \|archive\-date\=2023\-03\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315062501/http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B0035VPU10 \|url\-status\=live }} It was included in the collection of digitally remastered *Slayers* films and OAV series,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fandompost.com/2014/11/20/slayers\-anime\-features\-ova\-japanese\-box\-set\-planned/ \|title\='Slayers' Anime Features \& OVA Japanese Box Set Planned \|date\=20 November 2014 \|publisher\=The Fandom Post \|access\-date\=2015\-11\-04 \|archive\-date\=2015\-09\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025238/http://www.fandompost.com/2014/11/20/slayers\-anime\-features\-ova\-japanese\-box\-set\-planned/ \|url\-status\=live }} released on [Blu\-ray](/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") in Japan on October 30, 2015\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime\-news/2015/07/10/delayed\-slayers\-filmova\-blu\-ray\-box\-scheduled\-for\-october\-30\-2015 \|title\=Delayed "Slayers" Film/OVA Blu\-ray Box Scheduled for October 30, 2015 \|publisher\=Crunchyroll \|date\=2015\-07\-10 \|access\-date\=2015\-11\-04 \|archive\-date\=2016\-01\-31 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131062052/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime\-news/2015/07/10/delayed\-slayers\-filmova\-blu\-ray\-box\-scheduled\-for\-october\-30\-2015 \|url\-status\=live }}
The film was released by [ADV Films](/wiki/ADV_Films "ADV Films") on the [DVD](/wiki/DVD "DVD") in [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America") in 2003 as *Slayers Movie 2 \- The Return*; ADV also acquired distribution rights for it in the [UK](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2003\-11\-27/adv\-films\-uk\-acquisitions \|title\=ADV Films UK Acquisitions \- News \|publisher\=Anime News Network \|date\=2013\-09\-18 \|access\-date\=2013\-09\-22 \|archive\-date\=2013\-09\-30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930095137/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2003\-11\-27/adv\-films\-uk\-acquisitions \|url\-status\=live }} *Return* was later released by ADV with the other four *Slayers* movies in a "Movie" boxset, and with the other four movies and both OVA series in a "Movies and OVAs" box set.
The English dubbing version was written by Dan Kanemitsu and directed and produced by Sandra Krasa. The film was also broadcast in the English version by ADV's [Anime Network](/wiki/Anime_Network "Anime Network"), and was released in [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") by [Madman Entertainment](/wiki/Madman_Entertainment "Madman Entertainment"), in [France](/wiki/France "France") by [Déclic Images](/wiki/D%C3%A9clic_Images "Déclic Images"), in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") by Yamato Video (dubbed to Italian by DEA Digital Editing Audio), and in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") by ACOG and OVA Films (dubbed to German by Circle of Arts).
### Books
A companion guide book was published by [Fujimi Shobō](/wiki/Fujimi_Shob%C5%8D "Fujimi Shobō") in the *Dragon Magazine Collection* in August 1996 (released also in the low\-budget "miniartbook" versionDarek Styrna, "Exclusive Manga Club: Slayers \- Miniartbook", *Kawaii* 34 (October–November 2001\), page 20\.), followed by *Slayers Return Anime Comic* in November 1996\. The scripts for *Return*, *[Great](/wiki/Slayers_Great "Slayers Great")* and *[Gorgeous](/wiki/Slayers_Gorgeous "Slayers Gorgeous")* were published in the book *Slayers Original*.
The film's 1997 [manga](/wiki/Manga "Manga") adaptation {{Nihongo\|''Slayers RETURN hen''\|スレイヤーズ RETURN 編\|Sureiyāzu ritān hen}} was written by Hajime Kanzaka and illustrated by Shoko Yoshinaka.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=d9xmLHNJTSEC \|title\=超爆魔道伝スレイヤーズ(4\) RETURN編 \- 義仲 翔子 \|isbn\=9784047121324 \|access\-date\=2013\-09\-22 \|author1\=義仲 翔子 \|year\=1997 \|publisher\=富士見書房 \|archive\-date\=2023\-08\-16 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816011352/https://books.google.com/books?id\=d9xmLHNJTSEC \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=http://bookwalker.jp/de3a166f59\-57ed\-48aa\-a665\-39321f5801a5/%E8%B6%85%E7%88%86%E9%AD%94%E9%81%93%E4%BC%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA\-4\-RETURN%E7%B7%A8/ \|title\=超爆魔道伝スレイヤーズ(4\) RETURN編 │電子書籍ストア BOOK☆WALKER \|publisher\=Bookwalker.jp \|access\-date\=2013\-09\-22 \|archive\-date\=2013\-09\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926041323/http://bookwalker.jp/de3a166f59\-57ed\-48aa\-a665\-39321f5801a5/%E8%B6%85%E7%88%86%E9%AD%94%E9%81%93%E4%BC%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA\-4\-RETURN%E7%B7%A8/ \|url\-status\=live }} It is the fourth volume of the main *Slayers* series, although it represents a break in the continuity of the story. It was published in North America by [Central Park Media](/wiki/Central_Park_Media "Central Park Media") on February 4, 2004\.{{cite book\|title\=Slayers Return, Vol. 4 (Slayers (Graphic Novels)) \|date\= 4 February 2004\|isbn\=1586649140 \|last1\=Kanzaka \|first1\=Hajime \|publisher\= CPM Manga}}
### Soundtrack
{{Infobox album
\| name \= Slayers Return: Motion Picture R
\| type \= Soundtrack
\| artist \= \[\[Takayuki Hattori]]
\| cover \=
\| alt \=
\| released \= August 28, 1996 (Japan)
November 19, 2002 (North America)
\| recorded \= 1996
\| venue \=
\| studio \=
\| genre \= \[\[Orchestra]]l, \[\[J\-pop]]
\| length \=
\| label \= \[\[King Records (Japan)\|King Records]] (Japan)
\[\[ADV Films]] (North America)
\| producer \=
\| prev\_title \=
\| prev\_year \=
\| next\_title \=
\| next\_year \=
}}
The original soundtrack *Slayers Return: Motion Picture R* (KICA\-314\) was originally released on [CD](/wiki/CD "CD") in Japan by [King Records](/wiki/King_Records_%28Japan%29 "King Records (Japan)") on August 28, 1996\. It was later released in North America by ADV Films on November 19, 2002 (B00007BH7R).{{cite web \|url\=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00007BH7R/ \|title\=Slayers Return: Motion Picture R: Music \|website\=Amazon \|date\=2002\-11\-19 \|access\-date\=2013\-09\-22 \|archive\-date\=2023\-08\-16 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816011338/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00007BH7R/ \|url\-status\=live }}
The soundtrack contains all of the film's background music (BGM) composed by [Takayuki Hattori](/wiki/Takayuki_Hattori "Takayuki Hattori"), the ending song (as well as its special version called "Movie Size Version"), and two characters songs ("image songs") along with a special version of one of them (called "Fireball Groove Mix") and a karaoke version of the other. All vocalized songs were performed by [Megumi Hayashibara](/wiki/Megumi_Hayashibara "Megumi Hayashibara") and [Maria Kawamura](/wiki/Maria_Kawamura "Maria Kawamura").
The film's theme song "Just Be Conscious" was released as a single CD (KIDA\-136\) by [Starchild Records](/wiki/Starchild_Records "Starchild Records") on July 5, 1996\. Both "Just Be Conscious" and "Run All the Way!" were featured in Hayashibara's 1997 album *[Irāvatī](/wiki/Ir%C4%81vat%C4%AB "Irāvatī")*. The songs from the film were also later included in the CD collection *The Best of Slayers Vol. 2 (From OVA, Movie \& Game)*.
|
[
"Release\n-------",
"*Slayers Return* was originally released theatrically in Japan on August 3, 1996, distributed by [Toei Animation](/wiki/Toei_Animation \"Toei Animation\") and screened in as a [double feature](/wiki/Double_feature \"Double feature\") with the film version of *[X](/wiki/X_%28manga%29 \"X (manga)\")*. [Bandai Visual](/wiki/Bandai_Visual \"Bandai Visual\")'s home version was released on the [VHS](/wiki/VHS \"VHS\") and [LaserDisc](/wiki/LaserDisc \"LaserDisc\") in April 1997,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00005EE8Q \\|title\\=スレイヤーズ RETURN 【劇場版】 VHS \\|publisher\\=Amazon.co.jp \\|date\\=1997\\-04\\-25 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-22 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-05 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905165753/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00005EE8Q \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.suruga\\-ya.jp/database/122001137001\\.html \\|title\\=劇場版 スレイヤーズ リターン・DVD・中古・通販ショップの駿河屋 \\|publisher\\=Suruga\\-ya.jp \\|date\\=1997\\-04\\-25 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-22 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926134447/http://www.suruga\\-ya.jp/database/122001137001\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and re\\-released on the [DVD](/wiki/DVD \"DVD\") as part of the *EMOTION the Best Slayers Movie Edition DVD\\-BOX* (EMOTION the Best スレイヤーズ 劇場版 DVD\\-BOX) collection of all *Slayers* films in 2010\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B0035VPU10 \\|title\\=EMOTION the Best スレイヤーズ 劇場版 DVD\\-BOX \\|date\\=28 May 2010 \\|publisher\\=Amazon.co.jp \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-22 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315062501/http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B0035VPU10 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It was included in the collection of digitally remastered *Slayers* films and OAV series,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fandompost.com/2014/11/20/slayers\\-anime\\-features\\-ova\\-japanese\\-box\\-set\\-planned/ \\|title\\='Slayers' Anime Features \\& OVA Japanese Box Set Planned \\|date\\=20 November 2014 \\|publisher\\=The Fandom Post \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-04 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-09\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025238/http://www.fandompost.com/2014/11/20/slayers\\-anime\\-features\\-ova\\-japanese\\-box\\-set\\-planned/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} released on [Blu\\-ray](/wiki/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") in Japan on October 30, 2015\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime\\-news/2015/07/10/delayed\\-slayers\\-filmova\\-blu\\-ray\\-box\\-scheduled\\-for\\-october\\-30\\-2015 \\|title\\=Delayed \"Slayers\" Film/OVA Blu\\-ray Box Scheduled for October 30, 2015 \\|publisher\\=Crunchyroll \\|date\\=2015\\-07\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-04 \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-01\\-31 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131062052/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime\\-news/2015/07/10/delayed\\-slayers\\-filmova\\-blu\\-ray\\-box\\-scheduled\\-for\\-october\\-30\\-2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The film was released by [ADV Films](/wiki/ADV_Films \"ADV Films\") on the [DVD](/wiki/DVD \"DVD\") in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") in 2003 as *Slayers Movie 2 \\- The Return*; ADV also acquired distribution rights for it in the [UK](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2003\\-11\\-27/adv\\-films\\-uk\\-acquisitions \\|title\\=ADV Films UK Acquisitions \\- News \\|publisher\\=Anime News Network \\|date\\=2013\\-09\\-18 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-22 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930095137/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2003\\-11\\-27/adv\\-films\\-uk\\-acquisitions \\|url\\-status\\=live }} *Return* was later released by ADV with the other four *Slayers* movies in a \"Movie\" boxset, and with the other four movies and both OVA series in a \"Movies and OVAs\" box set.",
"The English dubbing version was written by Dan Kanemitsu and directed and produced by Sandra Krasa. The film was also broadcast in the English version by ADV's [Anime Network](/wiki/Anime_Network \"Anime Network\"), and was released in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") by [Madman Entertainment](/wiki/Madman_Entertainment \"Madman Entertainment\"), in [France](/wiki/France \"France\") by [Déclic Images](/wiki/D%C3%A9clic_Images \"Déclic Images\"), in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") by Yamato Video (dubbed to Italian by DEA Digital Editing Audio), and in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") by ACOG and OVA Films (dubbed to German by Circle of Arts).",
"### Books",
"A companion guide book was published by [Fujimi Shobō](/wiki/Fujimi_Shob%C5%8D \"Fujimi Shobō\") in the *Dragon Magazine Collection* in August 1996 (released also in the low\\-budget \"miniartbook\" versionDarek Styrna, \"Exclusive Manga Club: Slayers \\- Miniartbook\", *Kawaii* 34 (October–November 2001\\), page 20\\.), followed by *Slayers Return Anime Comic* in November 1996\\. The scripts for *Return*, *[Great](/wiki/Slayers_Great \"Slayers Great\")* and *[Gorgeous](/wiki/Slayers_Gorgeous \"Slayers Gorgeous\")* were published in the book *Slayers Original*.",
"The film's 1997 [manga](/wiki/Manga \"Manga\") adaptation {{Nihongo\\|''Slayers RETURN hen''\\|スレイヤーズ RETURN 編\\|Sureiyāzu ritān hen}} was written by Hajime Kanzaka and illustrated by Shoko Yoshinaka.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=d9xmLHNJTSEC \\|title\\=超爆魔道伝スレイヤーズ(4\\) RETURN編 \\- 義仲 翔子 \\|isbn\\=9784047121324 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-22 \\|author1\\=義仲 翔子 \\|year\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=富士見書房 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-16 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816011352/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=d9xmLHNJTSEC \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://bookwalker.jp/de3a166f59\\-57ed\\-48aa\\-a665\\-39321f5801a5/%E8%B6%85%E7%88%86%E9%AD%94%E9%81%93%E4%BC%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA\\-4\\-RETURN%E7%B7%A8/ \\|title\\=超爆魔道伝スレイヤーズ(4\\) RETURN編 │電子書籍ストア BOOK☆WALKER \\|publisher\\=Bookwalker.jp \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-22 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926041323/http://bookwalker.jp/de3a166f59\\-57ed\\-48aa\\-a665\\-39321f5801a5/%E8%B6%85%E7%88%86%E9%AD%94%E9%81%93%E4%BC%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA\\-4\\-RETURN%E7%B7%A8/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It is the fourth volume of the main *Slayers* series, although it represents a break in the continuity of the story. It was published in North America by [Central Park Media](/wiki/Central_Park_Media \"Central Park Media\") on February 4, 2004\\.{{cite book\\|title\\=Slayers Return, Vol. 4 (Slayers (Graphic Novels)) \\|date\\= 4 February 2004\\|isbn\\=1586649140 \\|last1\\=Kanzaka \\|first1\\=Hajime \\|publisher\\= CPM Manga}}",
"### Soundtrack",
"{{Infobox album\n\\| name \\= Slayers Return: Motion Picture R\n\\| type \\= Soundtrack\n\\| artist \\= \\[\\[Takayuki Hattori]]\n\\| cover \\=\n\\| alt \\=\n\\| released \\= August 28, 1996 (Japan) \n November 19, 2002 (North America)\n\\| recorded \\= 1996\n\\| venue \\=\n\\| studio \\=\n\\| genre \\= \\[\\[Orchestra]]l, \\[\\[J\\-pop]]\n\\| length \\=\n\\| label \\= \\[\\[King Records (Japan)\\|King Records]] (Japan) \n \\[\\[ADV Films]] (North America)\n\\| producer \\=\n\\| prev\\_title \\=\n\\| prev\\_year \\=\n\\| next\\_title \\=\n\\| next\\_year \\=\n}}",
"The original soundtrack *Slayers Return: Motion Picture R* (KICA\\-314\\) was originally released on [CD](/wiki/CD \"CD\") in Japan by [King Records](/wiki/King_Records_%28Japan%29 \"King Records (Japan)\") on August 28, 1996\\. It was later released in North America by ADV Films on November 19, 2002 (B00007BH7R).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00007BH7R/ \\|title\\=Slayers Return: Motion Picture R: Music \\|website\\=Amazon \\|date\\=2002\\-11\\-19 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-22 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-16 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816011338/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00007BH7R/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The soundtrack contains all of the film's background music (BGM) composed by [Takayuki Hattori](/wiki/Takayuki_Hattori \"Takayuki Hattori\"), the ending song (as well as its special version called \"Movie Size Version\"), and two characters songs (\"image songs\") along with a special version of one of them (called \"Fireball Groove Mix\") and a karaoke version of the other. All vocalized songs were performed by [Megumi Hayashibara](/wiki/Megumi_Hayashibara \"Megumi Hayashibara\") and [Maria Kawamura](/wiki/Maria_Kawamura \"Maria Kawamura\").",
"The film's theme song \"Just Be Conscious\" was released as a single CD (KIDA\\-136\\) by [Starchild Records](/wiki/Starchild_Records \"Starchild Records\") on July 5, 1996\\. Both \"Just Be Conscious\" and \"Run All the Way!\" were featured in Hayashibara's 1997 album *[Irāvatī](/wiki/Ir%C4%81vat%C4%AB \"Irāvatī\")*. The songs from the film were also later included in the CD collection *The Best of Slayers Vol. 2 (From OVA, Movie \\& Game)*.",
""
] |
Life
----
Montfort Browne was from an Irish family: he was one of the three sons of Edmund Browne of New Grove, [County Clare](/wiki/County_Clare "County Clare") and Jane Westropp, daughter of Mountfort Westropp of Attyflin, [County Limerick](/wiki/County_Limerick "County Limerick"). In 1764 Edmund and his sons were jointly granted 20000 acres of land in West Florida. Montfort made an "ill\-advised" marriage to Louisa Mysnell: the marriage was unhappy and childless, and the couple soon separated. According to his own writings, he served in the [35th Regiment of Foot](/wiki/35th_Regiment_of_Foot "35th Regiment of Foot") during the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War "Seven Years' War"), where he saw much action in the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies "West Indies"), and was twice wounded. In 1763 a complaint was lodged against him that resulted in an unfavourable court of inquiry against him. When the British took control of West Florida after the war, Browne sponsored French [Huguenot](/wiki/Huguenot "Huguenot") and Irish immigrants to the area. Through a patronage connection with the colonial secretary, the [Earl of Hillsborough](/wiki/Wills_Hill%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire "Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire"), he secured the lieutenant governorship of the new province in November 1764\. Accompanied by his Irish recruits, he arrived at the provincial capital, [Pensacola](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida "Pensacola, Florida"), in January 1766\.
### West Florida
His first year as lieutenant governor was turbulent. Some of his land claims were contested, and the property he owned on [Dauphin Island](/wiki/Dauphin_Island%2C_Alabama "Dauphin Island, Alabama") was found to be unsuitable for the population he had planned to settle there. His relationship with Governor [George Johnstone](/wiki/George_Johnstone_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)") was strained when Browne sided with the military in disputes between them and the governor. Johnstone left West Florida in January 1767, leaving Browne in command of the province.
Browne in 1768 led a successful expedition to the region of [Natchez](/wiki/Natchez%2C_Mississippi "Natchez, Mississippi"), bringing back a report of the fertility of the land and its lack of population, and suggesting that it be developed. For his services in the war he had been awarded {{convert\|20000\|acre\|ha}} in the province, and he used the trip to stake out large parcels of land on the eastern banks of the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River"), just north of present\-day [Baton Rouge, Louisiana](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana "Baton Rouge, Louisiana"). Irregularities in Browne's bookkeeping in 1768 drew criticism from his patron Hillsborough, and Browne formally requested that his books be audited when Johnstone's successor [John Eliot](/wiki/John_Eliot_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "John Eliot (Royal Navy officer)") arrived in April 1769\. Unfortunately, Eliot committed suicide a month after his arrival, and Browne reluctantly retook the reins of power. He sent the provincial surveyor, [Elias Durnford](/wiki/Elias_Durnford "Elias Durnford"), to London in May 1769 to answer ongoing complaints that colonists were making against him, but Durnford returned that December with orders removing Browne from power and granting Durnford an acting governorship.
As Browne was preparing to leave the province, he was involved in a duel with a Pensacolan trader. The man was wounded, and Browne would have faced criminal charges had the man died. Fortunately for Browne, he recovered, and Browne sailed for England in February 1770\. He spent much of the next two years in England, having his finances scrutinized by the colonial office, and continuing to drum up interest in settlements on the Mississippi. There was public speculation on both sides of the Atlantic that the Mississippi lands would eventually be separated into their own province, with Browne as its governor. Hillsborough was apparently supportive of the idea, and resigned as colonial secretary when it was rejected. Browne continued to lobby Hillsborough's successor, the [Earl of Dartmouth](/wiki/William_Legge%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth "William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth"), for the establishment of a province on the Mississippi, but was unsuccessful. He was instead eventually granted the governorship of [the Bahamas](/wiki/The_Bahamas "The Bahamas") in March 1774\.
### Bahamas and Revolutionary War service
While governor of the Bahamas, Browne continued to promote the desirability of land on the Mississippi. At one point he advertised for sale tracts of land as large as {{convert\|150000\|acre\|ha}}, suggesting that he had acquired more land while in England. He made several trips from the Bahamas to West Florida to pursue his interests in 1774 and 1775\. After the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War") broke out in 1775, he took some precautions to secure [Nassau](/wiki/Nassau%2C_Bahamas "Nassau, Bahamas"). He had had ample warning that the Americans might make an attack there, but was caught off guard when [American ships arrived](/wiki/Raid_of_Nassau "Raid of Nassau") off Nassau's sandbar at the entrance to its port on the morning of 3 March 1776\. He rushed to [Government House](/wiki/Government_House%2C_The_Bahamas "Government House, The Bahamas") in his nightshirt to order the firing of cannon to summon the militia. Though he managed to get most of the island's gunpowder stores away to [St. Augustine, Florida](/wiki/St._Augustine%2C_Florida "St. Augustine, Florida"), he failed to hold the island and was taken prisoner. With 12 other high\-ranking hostages from the island he was taken back to the [Chesapeake Bay](/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay "Chesapeake Bay") by the American fleet, and was released, in part, by the efforts of his friend [Timothy Hierlihy](/wiki/Timothy_Hierlihy "Timothy Hierlihy"), in exchange for [William Alexander](/wiki/William_Alexander%2C_Lord_Stirling "William Alexander, Lord Stirling").
In 1777, then a colonel, Browne wrote to the English government of his discontent at serving under the authority of two brigadier generals "who have never seen a Shot fired", seeking promotion to major general. He was instead promoted to the rank of brigadier general himself, remaining in that rank for the duration of his service. Browne formed the Loyalist Prince of Wales' American Regiment, served at the [siege of Rhode Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island "Battle of Rhode Island"), and spent some time in Florida before finally returning to the Bahamas to resume his post there in July 1778\. He then faced accusations of cowardice and incompetence for his conduct of the battle and, after dismissing his council in an attempt to scotch the rumours (an unprecedented move), he was replaced by [John Robert Maxwell](/wiki/John_Robert_Maxwell "John Robert Maxwell") two years later in 1780\.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Montfort Browne was from an Irish family: he was one of the three sons of Edmund Browne of New Grove, [County Clare](/wiki/County_Clare \"County Clare\") and Jane Westropp, daughter of Mountfort Westropp of Attyflin, [County Limerick](/wiki/County_Limerick \"County Limerick\"). In 1764 Edmund and his sons were jointly granted 20000 acres of land in West Florida. Montfort made an \"ill\\-advised\" marriage to Louisa Mysnell: the marriage was unhappy and childless, and the couple soon separated. According to his own writings, he served in the [35th Regiment of Foot](/wiki/35th_Regiment_of_Foot \"35th Regiment of Foot\") during the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War \"Seven Years' War\"), where he saw much action in the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies \"West Indies\"), and was twice wounded. In 1763 a complaint was lodged against him that resulted in an unfavourable court of inquiry against him. When the British took control of West Florida after the war, Browne sponsored French [Huguenot](/wiki/Huguenot \"Huguenot\") and Irish immigrants to the area. Through a patronage connection with the colonial secretary, the [Earl of Hillsborough](/wiki/Wills_Hill%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire \"Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire\"), he secured the lieutenant governorship of the new province in November 1764\\. Accompanied by his Irish recruits, he arrived at the provincial capital, [Pensacola](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida \"Pensacola, Florida\"), in January 1766\\.",
"### West Florida",
"His first year as lieutenant governor was turbulent. Some of his land claims were contested, and the property he owned on [Dauphin Island](/wiki/Dauphin_Island%2C_Alabama \"Dauphin Island, Alabama\") was found to be unsuitable for the population he had planned to settle there. His relationship with Governor [George Johnstone](/wiki/George_Johnstone_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)\") was strained when Browne sided with the military in disputes between them and the governor. Johnstone left West Florida in January 1767, leaving Browne in command of the province.",
"Browne in 1768 led a successful expedition to the region of [Natchez](/wiki/Natchez%2C_Mississippi \"Natchez, Mississippi\"), bringing back a report of the fertility of the land and its lack of population, and suggesting that it be developed. For his services in the war he had been awarded {{convert\\|20000\\|acre\\|ha}} in the province, and he used the trip to stake out large parcels of land on the eastern banks of the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\"), just north of present\\-day [Baton Rouge, Louisiana](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana \"Baton Rouge, Louisiana\"). Irregularities in Browne's bookkeeping in 1768 drew criticism from his patron Hillsborough, and Browne formally requested that his books be audited when Johnstone's successor [John Eliot](/wiki/John_Eliot_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"John Eliot (Royal Navy officer)\") arrived in April 1769\\. Unfortunately, Eliot committed suicide a month after his arrival, and Browne reluctantly retook the reins of power. He sent the provincial surveyor, [Elias Durnford](/wiki/Elias_Durnford \"Elias Durnford\"), to London in May 1769 to answer ongoing complaints that colonists were making against him, but Durnford returned that December with orders removing Browne from power and granting Durnford an acting governorship.",
"As Browne was preparing to leave the province, he was involved in a duel with a Pensacolan trader. The man was wounded, and Browne would have faced criminal charges had the man died. Fortunately for Browne, he recovered, and Browne sailed for England in February 1770\\. He spent much of the next two years in England, having his finances scrutinized by the colonial office, and continuing to drum up interest in settlements on the Mississippi. There was public speculation on both sides of the Atlantic that the Mississippi lands would eventually be separated into their own province, with Browne as its governor. Hillsborough was apparently supportive of the idea, and resigned as colonial secretary when it was rejected. Browne continued to lobby Hillsborough's successor, the [Earl of Dartmouth](/wiki/William_Legge%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth \"William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth\"), for the establishment of a province on the Mississippi, but was unsuccessful. He was instead eventually granted the governorship of [the Bahamas](/wiki/The_Bahamas \"The Bahamas\") in March 1774\\.",
"### Bahamas and Revolutionary War service",
"While governor of the Bahamas, Browne continued to promote the desirability of land on the Mississippi. At one point he advertised for sale tracts of land as large as {{convert\\|150000\\|acre\\|ha}}, suggesting that he had acquired more land while in England. He made several trips from the Bahamas to West Florida to pursue his interests in 1774 and 1775\\. After the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\") broke out in 1775, he took some precautions to secure [Nassau](/wiki/Nassau%2C_Bahamas \"Nassau, Bahamas\"). He had had ample warning that the Americans might make an attack there, but was caught off guard when [American ships arrived](/wiki/Raid_of_Nassau \"Raid of Nassau\") off Nassau's sandbar at the entrance to its port on the morning of 3 March 1776\\. He rushed to [Government House](/wiki/Government_House%2C_The_Bahamas \"Government House, The Bahamas\") in his nightshirt to order the firing of cannon to summon the militia. Though he managed to get most of the island's gunpowder stores away to [St. Augustine, Florida](/wiki/St._Augustine%2C_Florida \"St. Augustine, Florida\"), he failed to hold the island and was taken prisoner. With 12 other high\\-ranking hostages from the island he was taken back to the [Chesapeake Bay](/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay \"Chesapeake Bay\") by the American fleet, and was released, in part, by the efforts of his friend [Timothy Hierlihy](/wiki/Timothy_Hierlihy \"Timothy Hierlihy\"), in exchange for [William Alexander](/wiki/William_Alexander%2C_Lord_Stirling \"William Alexander, Lord Stirling\").",
"In 1777, then a colonel, Browne wrote to the English government of his discontent at serving under the authority of two brigadier generals \"who have never seen a Shot fired\", seeking promotion to major general. He was instead promoted to the rank of brigadier general himself, remaining in that rank for the duration of his service. Browne formed the Loyalist Prince of Wales' American Regiment, served at the [siege of Rhode Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island \"Battle of Rhode Island\"), and spent some time in Florida before finally returning to the Bahamas to resume his post there in July 1778\\. He then faced accusations of cowardice and incompetence for his conduct of the battle and, after dismissing his council in an attempt to scotch the rumours (an unprecedented move), he was replaced by [John Robert Maxwell](/wiki/John_Robert_Maxwell \"John Robert Maxwell\") two years later in 1780\\.",
""
] |
Overview
--------
{{Main\|List of Young Justice episodes}}
{{:List of Young Justice episodes}}
### Season 1
*Young Justice* focuses on the lives of a group of teenage sidekicks attempting to establish themselves as proven superheroes as they deal with normal adolescent issues in their personal lives.{{r\|SHTV}}{{r\|WB1}} The show corresponds to the present time of our world, a time period Vietti has called "a new age of heroes".{{r\|WB1}}
[Robin](/wiki/Dick_Grayson "Dick Grayson"), [Aqualad](/wiki/Aqualad_%28Kaldur%27ahm%29 "Aqualad (Kaldur'ahm)"), [Kid Flash](/wiki/Wally_West "Wally West"), and [Speedy](/wiki/Roy_Harper_%28comics%29 "Roy Harper (comics)") (later revealed to be a clone of the original Roy Harper) are invited by their mentors [Batman](/wiki/Batman "Batman"), [Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman "Aquaman"), [Flash](/wiki/Flash_%28Barry_Allen%29 "Flash (Barry Allen)"), and [Green Arrow](/wiki/Green_Arrow "Green Arrow") to tour the Hall of Justice and sit in on a meeting of the [Justice League](/wiki/Justice_League "Justice League"). At the last minute however they are called away. This angers Speedy, who resigns from being a sidekick. The other three use this as an opportunity to prove themselves and investigate a fire at [Cadmus Labs](/wiki/Project_Cadmus "Project Cadmus"). While there they uncover a clone of [Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman") named [Superboy](/wiki/Superboy_%28Kon-El%29 "Superboy (Kon-El)"). They free him and in the ensuing escape expose Cadmus' illegal activities. Impressed, Batman and the rest of the Justice League agree to allow the sidekicks to form their own team to run secret missions for the League. Batman establishes [Young Justice](/wiki/Young_Justice "Young Justice") in a secret cave located inside a former Justice League headquarters, [Mount Justice](/wiki/Mount_Justice "Mount Justice"), a hollowed\-out mountain. Here the teens are trained by [Black Canary](/wiki/Black_Canary_%28Dinah_Laurel_Lance%29 "Black Canary (Dinah Laurel Lance)"), given missions by Batman, and are watched over by [Red Tornado](/wiki/Red_Tornado "Red Tornado"). They are joined by [Miss Martian](/wiki/Miss_Martian "Miss Martian"), niece of the [Martian Manhunter](/wiki/Martian_Manhunter "Martian Manhunter"), and [Artemis](/wiki/Artemis_Crock "Artemis Crock"), Green Arrow's newest [protégé](/wiki/Mentorship "Mentorship"). The team frequently clashes with the Light, a secret cabal of super villains, whose actions and identities are unknown to the Justice League. The Light consist of [Vandal Savage](/wiki/Vandal_Savage "Vandal Savage"), [Ra's al Ghul](/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul "Ra's al Ghul"), [Lex Luthor](/wiki/Lex_Luthor "Lex Luthor"), [Queen Bee](/wiki/Queen_Bee_%28comics%29 "Queen Bee (comics)") of Bialya, [Ocean Master](/wiki/Ocean_Master "Ocean Master"), [Brain](/wiki/Brain_%28DC_Comics%29 "Brain (DC Comics)"), and [Klarion the Witch Boy](/wiki/Klarion_the_Witch_Boy "Klarion the Witch Boy"). Young Justice also wrestles with internal problems when it is revealed that one of their members is working for the Light. When Speedy, now going by Red Arrow, becomes a member of the Justice League, he is revealed to be the traitor and enslaves the entire League with magic and alien tech infused nano\-mites. Young Justice is able to break the Light's hold on all the members of Justice League, though several members had been briefly transported off world for reasons unknown or where.
### Season 2: *Invasion*
Five years later, Robin (now going by "[Nightwing](/wiki/Nightwing_%28Dick_Grayson%29 "Nightwing (Dick Grayson)")"), Miss Martian, and Superboy have been offered a chance to join the Justice League, but they have decided to remain with the Young Justice. Nightwing now serves as team leader, trainer, guardian, and League liaison. Kid Flash and Artemis have retired, while Aqualad has left the team to be with his villainous long\-lost father [Black Manta](/wiki/Black_Manta "Black Manta"), a member of the Light who replaces Ocean Master. New members include [Beast Boy](/wiki/Beast_Boy "Beast Boy"), Blue Beetle ([Jaime Reyes](/wiki/Jaime_Reyes "Jaime Reyes")), Robin ([Tim Drake](/wiki/Tim_Drake "Tim Drake")), [Batgirl](/wiki/Batgirl "Batgirl"), [Bumblebee](/wiki/Bumblebee_%28DC_Comics%29 "Bumblebee (DC Comics)"), [Lagoon Boy](/wiki/Lagoon_Boy "Lagoon Boy"), [Wonder Girl (Cassie Sandsmark)](/wiki/Wonder_Girl_%28Cassie_Sandsmark%29 "Wonder Girl (Cassie Sandsmark)"), and Impulse ([Bart Allen](/wiki/Bart_Allen "Bart Allen")).
When an alien force attempts a hostile takeover of Earth, it is revealed that the Justice League had, in a show of force, attacked a peaceful planet while under the control of "the Light" five years ago. This showed multiple alien races that Earth could be considered a viable member of their empires. After the invasion is defeated, those members of the Justice League who led the attack leave Earth in an attempt to clear their names.
As more and more aliens come to Earth, the people's faith in the Justice League begins to dwindle and shift to the [Reach](/wiki/Reach_%28comics%29 "Reach (comics)"), an alien race that offered a peaceful, diplomatic relationship. It is revealed that the Reach are allies of the Light who are looking to conquer Earth. Their actions attract the attention of their enemy [Mongul](/wiki/Mongul "Mongul"), who brings his planetary destruction weapon, the War World, to destroy the Reach. Young Justice is able to defeat Mongul. Aqualad reveals himself to be a double agent during a summit between the Light and the Reach that Lex Luthor and Queen Bee are unable to attend. He provides the Reach with evidence that the Light was going to betray them and together with his teammates takes down Black Manta and Brain while Vandal Savage, Ra's al Ghul, and Klarion are evacuating. Meanwhile, the other half brings the War World to [Darkseid](/wiki/Darkseid "Darkseid") on [Apokolips](/wiki/Apokolips "Apokolips") as Vandal Savage quotes "business as usual."
### Season 3: *Outsiders*
{{Main\|Young Justice: Outsiders}}
Two years later, the Team battles metahuman trafficking since the Reach had revealed the existence of the meta\-gene dormant within humans and how they could be activated. As a result, various nations and organizations have started participating in such activities. [Geo\-Force](/wiki/Geo-Force "Geo-Force") and [Halo](/wiki/Halo_%28DC_Comics%29 "Halo (DC Comics)") are among the experiments done by the Markovian government. In addition, they must also deal with the further plots of the Light (who now have [Deathstroke](/wiki/Deathstroke "Deathstroke"), [Ultra\-Humanite](/wiki/Ultra-Humanite "Ultra-Humanite"), and [Gretchen Goode](/wiki/Granny_Goodness "Granny Goodness") replacing Ra's al Ghul, Brain, and Black Manta) as well as the appearance of brand\-new characters from the planets [New Genesis](/wiki/New_Genesis "New Genesis") and Apokolips. Concurrently to all this, Geo\-Force searches for his long\-lost younger sister [Terra](/wiki/Terra_%28comics%29 "Terra (comics)"). After it is revealed that the higher\-ups of "The Team" discovered that Terra was secretly in league with Deathstroke, Geo\-Force kills his tyrannical uncle, becoming the king of Markovia and ending relations with them.
### Season 4: *Phantoms*
On July 20, 2019, at [San Diego Comic\-Con](/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con "San Diego Comic-Con"), it was announced by series creators Vietti and Weisman that DC Universe had renewed the series for a fourth season.{{cite AV media \|date\=July 23, 2019 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=LMOCSQhr72A \|title\=Young Justice panel (SDCC19\) – Q\&A w/ Greg Weisman \& Brandon Vietti \|publisher\=YJ Wiki \|via\=\[\[YouTube]] \|access\-date\=October 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909045158/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=LMOCSQhr72A \|archive\-date\=September 9, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} On September 12, 2020, it was announced that the fourth season will be titled *Young Justice: Phantoms*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cbr.com/young\-justice\-title\-logo\-season\-4/\|title\=Young Justice Debuts Title, Logo for Season 4\|first\=Tim\|last\=Adams\|date\=September 12, 2020\|access\-date\=August 17, 2021\|website\=\[\[Comic Book Resources]]\|archive\-date\=May 14, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514041240/https://www.cbr.com/young\-justice\-title\-logo\-season\-4/\|url\-status\=live}} On September 18, 2020, it was announced *Young Justice* will be moving to [HBO Max](/wiki/HBO_Max "HBO Max").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.dccomics.com/blog/2020/09/18/dc\-universe\-transforms\-into\-dc\-universe\-infinite\-the\-ultimate\-comic\-book\|title\=DC Universe Transforms into DC Universe Infinite, The Ultimate Comic Book Subscription Service\|date\=September 18, 2020\|access\-date\=August 17, 2021\|website\=\[\[DC Comics]]\|archive\-date\=September 20, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920093438/https://www.dccomics.com/blog/2020/09/18/dc\-universe\-transforms\-into\-dc\-universe\-infinite\-the\-ultimate\-comic\-book\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://screenrant.com/young\-justice\-show\-season\-4\-hbo\-max\-release/\|title\=Young Justice Season 4 Confirmed To Release On HBO Max\|first\=Rebecca\|last\=VanAcker\|date\=September 18, 2020\|access\-date\=August 17, 2021\|website\=\[\[Screen Rant]]\|archive\-date\=August 12, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812163036/https://screenrant.com/young\-justice\-show\-season\-4\-hbo\-max\-release/\|url\-status\=live}} On July 2, 2021, Greg Weisman confirmed that the entirety of season four would be animated by [Studio Mir](/wiki/Studio_Mir "Studio Mir").{{cite web\|title\=Search Ask Greg : Gargoyles : Station Eight\|url\=https://www.s8\.org/gargoyles/askgreg/search.php?qid\=23965\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-19\|website\=www.s8\.org\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019050134/https://www.s8\.org/gargoyles/askgreg/search.php?qid\=23965\|url\-status\=live}} The first two episodes of season 4 were released on October 16, 2021, on HBO Max.{{cite web\|url \= https://www.thevulcanreporter.com/exclusives/young\-justice\-season\-4\-hbo\-max\-release\-date/\|title \= 'Young Justice' Season 4 HBO Max Release Date Revealed\|date \= July 12, 2021\|access\-date \= July 15, 2021\|archive\-date \= July 15, 2021\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20210715185901/https://www.thevulcanreporter.com/exclusives/young\-justice\-season\-4\-hbo\-max\-release\-date/\|url\-status \= live}} Season 4's narrative, which takes place one year after season 3, is divided into four part arcs focused on specific Team members from season 1, with a background focus on the [Legion of Super\-Heroes](/wiki/Legion_of_Super-Heroes "Legion of Super-Heroes") who also play a part in the story and a strong focus on Superboy as the central character of the season.
Miss Martian and Superboy go to Mars for their wedding ceremony as racial turmoil erupts from the murder of the Martian king and the actions of Miss Martian's revolutionary brother [Ma'alefa'ak](/wiki/Ma%27alefa%27ak "Ma'alefa'ak"); Tigress tries to get through to her sister [Cheshire](/wiki/Cheshire_%28comics%29 "Cheshire (comics)") as [Lady Shiva](/wiki/Lady_Shiva "Lady Shiva") makes a move to claim possible [League of Shadows](/wiki/League_of_Assassins "League of Assassins") defectors Onyx, [Cassandra Savage](/wiki/Scandal_Savage "Scandal Savage"), and her mute daughter [Orphan](/wiki/Cassandra_Cain "Cassandra Cain"); [Zatanna](/wiki/Zatanna "Zatanna") and her [Sentinels of Magic](/wiki/Sentinels_of_Magic "Sentinels of Magic") are faced with the arrival of Child, seeking to replace Klarion as the primary Lord of Chaos; Kaldur'ahm returns to Atlantis as a prophecy involving [Ocean Master](/wiki/Ocean_Master "Ocean Master") and [Arion](/wiki/Arion_%28character%29 "Arion (character)") reverberates throughout the oceans; [Rocket](/wiki/Rocket_%28DC_Comics%29 "Rocket (DC Comics)") is deployed to [New Genesis](/wiki/New_Genesis "New Genesis") for Justice League business as the machinations of Apokolips rear their heads; and [Nightwing](/wiki/Dick_Grayson "Dick Grayson") and various other teams of heroes must stop an impending invasion of Kryptonian criminals led by [General Zod](/wiki/General_Zod "General Zod") from escaping from the [Phantom Zone](/wiki/Phantom_Zone "Phantom Zone"), an inter\-dimensional prison, who threaten to conquer the galaxy, all the while trying to save one of their own.
However, as each Team member deals with their plots, the background narrative of Superboy's presumed death from stopping a gene bomb belonging to Ma'alefa'ak reverberates throughout the mini\-arcs, leaving Miss Martian profoundly heartbroken over the loss of her fiancé, further driving Beast Boy into a downward spiral of depression, being the incentive behind [Tigress](/wiki/Artemis_Crock "Artemis Crock") reaching out to Cheshire, Zatanna learning he is still alive in another dimension, Kaldur struggling to hold back his grief, Rocket unknowingly coming into contact with his attempted murderer [Lor\-Zod](/wiki/Chris_Kent_%28character%29 "Chris Kent (character)"), the son of General Zod, while Nightwing finally uncovers the mystery and conspiracy surrounding Superboy's disappearance, discovering he is trapped inside the Phantom Zone and works alongside the original Team to rescue him, which is complicated by Superboy suffering from Zone Sickness and being molded into loyalty to Zod.
Following the defeat of the House of Zod and finally freed from General Zod's control, Superboy and Miss Martian finally get married on Earth in a private ceremony with a large gathering of heroes, friends, family and allies attending the wedding, including past and present members of the Justice League, Team and Outsiders. In the meantime, The Light have captured the Kryptonians on the War World whilst on Apokolips, Darkseid is introduced to the next generation of [Furies](/wiki/Female_Furies "Female Furies"), consisting of [Supergirl](/wiki/Supergirl_%28Kara_Zor-El%29 "Supergirl (Kara Zor-El)") and [Black Mary](/wiki/Mary_Marvel "Mary Marvel").
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"{{Main\\|List of Young Justice episodes}}\n{{:List of Young Justice episodes}}",
"### Season 1",
"*Young Justice* focuses on the lives of a group of teenage sidekicks attempting to establish themselves as proven superheroes as they deal with normal adolescent issues in their personal lives.{{r\\|SHTV}}{{r\\|WB1}} The show corresponds to the present time of our world, a time period Vietti has called \"a new age of heroes\".{{r\\|WB1}}",
"[Robin](/wiki/Dick_Grayson \"Dick Grayson\"), [Aqualad](/wiki/Aqualad_%28Kaldur%27ahm%29 \"Aqualad (Kaldur'ahm)\"), [Kid Flash](/wiki/Wally_West \"Wally West\"), and [Speedy](/wiki/Roy_Harper_%28comics%29 \"Roy Harper (comics)\") (later revealed to be a clone of the original Roy Harper) are invited by their mentors [Batman](/wiki/Batman \"Batman\"), [Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman \"Aquaman\"), [Flash](/wiki/Flash_%28Barry_Allen%29 \"Flash (Barry Allen)\"), and [Green Arrow](/wiki/Green_Arrow \"Green Arrow\") to tour the Hall of Justice and sit in on a meeting of the [Justice League](/wiki/Justice_League \"Justice League\"). At the last minute however they are called away. This angers Speedy, who resigns from being a sidekick. The other three use this as an opportunity to prove themselves and investigate a fire at [Cadmus Labs](/wiki/Project_Cadmus \"Project Cadmus\"). While there they uncover a clone of [Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\") named [Superboy](/wiki/Superboy_%28Kon-El%29 \"Superboy (Kon-El)\"). They free him and in the ensuing escape expose Cadmus' illegal activities. Impressed, Batman and the rest of the Justice League agree to allow the sidekicks to form their own team to run secret missions for the League. Batman establishes [Young Justice](/wiki/Young_Justice \"Young Justice\") in a secret cave located inside a former Justice League headquarters, [Mount Justice](/wiki/Mount_Justice \"Mount Justice\"), a hollowed\\-out mountain. Here the teens are trained by [Black Canary](/wiki/Black_Canary_%28Dinah_Laurel_Lance%29 \"Black Canary (Dinah Laurel Lance)\"), given missions by Batman, and are watched over by [Red Tornado](/wiki/Red_Tornado \"Red Tornado\"). They are joined by [Miss Martian](/wiki/Miss_Martian \"Miss Martian\"), niece of the [Martian Manhunter](/wiki/Martian_Manhunter \"Martian Manhunter\"), and [Artemis](/wiki/Artemis_Crock \"Artemis Crock\"), Green Arrow's newest [protégé](/wiki/Mentorship \"Mentorship\"). The team frequently clashes with the Light, a secret cabal of super villains, whose actions and identities are unknown to the Justice League. The Light consist of [Vandal Savage](/wiki/Vandal_Savage \"Vandal Savage\"), [Ra's al Ghul](/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul \"Ra's al Ghul\"), [Lex Luthor](/wiki/Lex_Luthor \"Lex Luthor\"), [Queen Bee](/wiki/Queen_Bee_%28comics%29 \"Queen Bee (comics)\") of Bialya, [Ocean Master](/wiki/Ocean_Master \"Ocean Master\"), [Brain](/wiki/Brain_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Brain (DC Comics)\"), and [Klarion the Witch Boy](/wiki/Klarion_the_Witch_Boy \"Klarion the Witch Boy\"). Young Justice also wrestles with internal problems when it is revealed that one of their members is working for the Light. When Speedy, now going by Red Arrow, becomes a member of the Justice League, he is revealed to be the traitor and enslaves the entire League with magic and alien tech infused nano\\-mites. Young Justice is able to break the Light's hold on all the members of Justice League, though several members had been briefly transported off world for reasons unknown or where.",
"### Season 2: *Invasion*",
"Five years later, Robin (now going by \"[Nightwing](/wiki/Nightwing_%28Dick_Grayson%29 \"Nightwing (Dick Grayson)\")\"), Miss Martian, and Superboy have been offered a chance to join the Justice League, but they have decided to remain with the Young Justice. Nightwing now serves as team leader, trainer, guardian, and League liaison. Kid Flash and Artemis have retired, while Aqualad has left the team to be with his villainous long\\-lost father [Black Manta](/wiki/Black_Manta \"Black Manta\"), a member of the Light who replaces Ocean Master. New members include [Beast Boy](/wiki/Beast_Boy \"Beast Boy\"), Blue Beetle ([Jaime Reyes](/wiki/Jaime_Reyes \"Jaime Reyes\")), Robin ([Tim Drake](/wiki/Tim_Drake \"Tim Drake\")), [Batgirl](/wiki/Batgirl \"Batgirl\"), [Bumblebee](/wiki/Bumblebee_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Bumblebee (DC Comics)\"), [Lagoon Boy](/wiki/Lagoon_Boy \"Lagoon Boy\"), [Wonder Girl (Cassie Sandsmark)](/wiki/Wonder_Girl_%28Cassie_Sandsmark%29 \"Wonder Girl (Cassie Sandsmark)\"), and Impulse ([Bart Allen](/wiki/Bart_Allen \"Bart Allen\")).",
"When an alien force attempts a hostile takeover of Earth, it is revealed that the Justice League had, in a show of force, attacked a peaceful planet while under the control of \"the Light\" five years ago. This showed multiple alien races that Earth could be considered a viable member of their empires. After the invasion is defeated, those members of the Justice League who led the attack leave Earth in an attempt to clear their names.",
"As more and more aliens come to Earth, the people's faith in the Justice League begins to dwindle and shift to the [Reach](/wiki/Reach_%28comics%29 \"Reach (comics)\"), an alien race that offered a peaceful, diplomatic relationship. It is revealed that the Reach are allies of the Light who are looking to conquer Earth. Their actions attract the attention of their enemy [Mongul](/wiki/Mongul \"Mongul\"), who brings his planetary destruction weapon, the War World, to destroy the Reach. Young Justice is able to defeat Mongul. Aqualad reveals himself to be a double agent during a summit between the Light and the Reach that Lex Luthor and Queen Bee are unable to attend. He provides the Reach with evidence that the Light was going to betray them and together with his teammates takes down Black Manta and Brain while Vandal Savage, Ra's al Ghul, and Klarion are evacuating. Meanwhile, the other half brings the War World to [Darkseid](/wiki/Darkseid \"Darkseid\") on [Apokolips](/wiki/Apokolips \"Apokolips\") as Vandal Savage quotes \"business as usual.\"",
"### Season 3: *Outsiders*",
"{{Main\\|Young Justice: Outsiders}}\nTwo years later, the Team battles metahuman trafficking since the Reach had revealed the existence of the meta\\-gene dormant within humans and how they could be activated. As a result, various nations and organizations have started participating in such activities. [Geo\\-Force](/wiki/Geo-Force \"Geo-Force\") and [Halo](/wiki/Halo_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Halo (DC Comics)\") are among the experiments done by the Markovian government. In addition, they must also deal with the further plots of the Light (who now have [Deathstroke](/wiki/Deathstroke \"Deathstroke\"), [Ultra\\-Humanite](/wiki/Ultra-Humanite \"Ultra-Humanite\"), and [Gretchen Goode](/wiki/Granny_Goodness \"Granny Goodness\") replacing Ra's al Ghul, Brain, and Black Manta) as well as the appearance of brand\\-new characters from the planets [New Genesis](/wiki/New_Genesis \"New Genesis\") and Apokolips. Concurrently to all this, Geo\\-Force searches for his long\\-lost younger sister [Terra](/wiki/Terra_%28comics%29 \"Terra (comics)\"). After it is revealed that the higher\\-ups of \"The Team\" discovered that Terra was secretly in league with Deathstroke, Geo\\-Force kills his tyrannical uncle, becoming the king of Markovia and ending relations with them.",
"### Season 4: *Phantoms*",
"On July 20, 2019, at [San Diego Comic\\-Con](/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con \"San Diego Comic-Con\"), it was announced by series creators Vietti and Weisman that DC Universe had renewed the series for a fourth season.{{cite AV media \\|date\\=July 23, 2019 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=LMOCSQhr72A \\|title\\=Young Justice panel (SDCC19\\) – Q\\&A w/ Greg Weisman \\& Brandon Vietti \\|publisher\\=YJ Wiki \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|access\\-date\\=October 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909045158/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=LMOCSQhr72A \\|archive\\-date\\=September 9, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} On September 12, 2020, it was announced that the fourth season will be titled *Young Justice: Phantoms*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cbr.com/young\\-justice\\-title\\-logo\\-season\\-4/\\|title\\=Young Justice Debuts Title, Logo for Season 4\\|first\\=Tim\\|last\\=Adams\\|date\\=September 12, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Comic Book Resources]]\\|archive\\-date\\=May 14, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514041240/https://www.cbr.com/young\\-justice\\-title\\-logo\\-season\\-4/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On September 18, 2020, it was announced *Young Justice* will be moving to [HBO Max](/wiki/HBO_Max \"HBO Max\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dccomics.com/blog/2020/09/18/dc\\-universe\\-transforms\\-into\\-dc\\-universe\\-infinite\\-the\\-ultimate\\-comic\\-book\\|title\\=DC Universe Transforms into DC Universe Infinite, The Ultimate Comic Book Subscription Service\\|date\\=September 18, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[DC Comics]]\\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920093438/https://www.dccomics.com/blog/2020/09/18/dc\\-universe\\-transforms\\-into\\-dc\\-universe\\-infinite\\-the\\-ultimate\\-comic\\-book\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/young\\-justice\\-show\\-season\\-4\\-hbo\\-max\\-release/\\|title\\=Young Justice Season 4 Confirmed To Release On HBO Max\\|first\\=Rebecca\\|last\\=VanAcker\\|date\\=September 18, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Screen Rant]]\\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812163036/https://screenrant.com/young\\-justice\\-show\\-season\\-4\\-hbo\\-max\\-release/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On July 2, 2021, Greg Weisman confirmed that the entirety of season four would be animated by [Studio Mir](/wiki/Studio_Mir \"Studio Mir\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Search Ask Greg : Gargoyles : Station Eight\\|url\\=https://www.s8\\.org/gargoyles/askgreg/search.php?qid\\=23965\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-19\\|website\\=www.s8\\.org\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019050134/https://www.s8\\.org/gargoyles/askgreg/search.php?qid\\=23965\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The first two episodes of season 4 were released on October 16, 2021, on HBO Max.{{cite web\\|url \\= https://www.thevulcanreporter.com/exclusives/young\\-justice\\-season\\-4\\-hbo\\-max\\-release\\-date/\\|title \\= 'Young Justice' Season 4 HBO Max Release Date Revealed\\|date \\= July 12, 2021\\|access\\-date \\= July 15, 2021\\|archive\\-date \\= July 15, 2021\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210715185901/https://www.thevulcanreporter.com/exclusives/young\\-justice\\-season\\-4\\-hbo\\-max\\-release\\-date/\\|url\\-status \\= live}} Season 4's narrative, which takes place one year after season 3, is divided into four part arcs focused on specific Team members from season 1, with a background focus on the [Legion of Super\\-Heroes](/wiki/Legion_of_Super-Heroes \"Legion of Super-Heroes\") who also play a part in the story and a strong focus on Superboy as the central character of the season.",
"Miss Martian and Superboy go to Mars for their wedding ceremony as racial turmoil erupts from the murder of the Martian king and the actions of Miss Martian's revolutionary brother [Ma'alefa'ak](/wiki/Ma%27alefa%27ak \"Ma'alefa'ak\"); Tigress tries to get through to her sister [Cheshire](/wiki/Cheshire_%28comics%29 \"Cheshire (comics)\") as [Lady Shiva](/wiki/Lady_Shiva \"Lady Shiva\") makes a move to claim possible [League of Shadows](/wiki/League_of_Assassins \"League of Assassins\") defectors Onyx, [Cassandra Savage](/wiki/Scandal_Savage \"Scandal Savage\"), and her mute daughter [Orphan](/wiki/Cassandra_Cain \"Cassandra Cain\"); [Zatanna](/wiki/Zatanna \"Zatanna\") and her [Sentinels of Magic](/wiki/Sentinels_of_Magic \"Sentinels of Magic\") are faced with the arrival of Child, seeking to replace Klarion as the primary Lord of Chaos; Kaldur'ahm returns to Atlantis as a prophecy involving [Ocean Master](/wiki/Ocean_Master \"Ocean Master\") and [Arion](/wiki/Arion_%28character%29 \"Arion (character)\") reverberates throughout the oceans; [Rocket](/wiki/Rocket_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Rocket (DC Comics)\") is deployed to [New Genesis](/wiki/New_Genesis \"New Genesis\") for Justice League business as the machinations of Apokolips rear their heads; and [Nightwing](/wiki/Dick_Grayson \"Dick Grayson\") and various other teams of heroes must stop an impending invasion of Kryptonian criminals led by [General Zod](/wiki/General_Zod \"General Zod\") from escaping from the [Phantom Zone](/wiki/Phantom_Zone \"Phantom Zone\"), an inter\\-dimensional prison, who threaten to conquer the galaxy, all the while trying to save one of their own.",
"However, as each Team member deals with their plots, the background narrative of Superboy's presumed death from stopping a gene bomb belonging to Ma'alefa'ak reverberates throughout the mini\\-arcs, leaving Miss Martian profoundly heartbroken over the loss of her fiancé, further driving Beast Boy into a downward spiral of depression, being the incentive behind [Tigress](/wiki/Artemis_Crock \"Artemis Crock\") reaching out to Cheshire, Zatanna learning he is still alive in another dimension, Kaldur struggling to hold back his grief, Rocket unknowingly coming into contact with his attempted murderer [Lor\\-Zod](/wiki/Chris_Kent_%28character%29 \"Chris Kent (character)\"), the son of General Zod, while Nightwing finally uncovers the mystery and conspiracy surrounding Superboy's disappearance, discovering he is trapped inside the Phantom Zone and works alongside the original Team to rescue him, which is complicated by Superboy suffering from Zone Sickness and being molded into loyalty to Zod.",
"Following the defeat of the House of Zod and finally freed from General Zod's control, Superboy and Miss Martian finally get married on Earth in a private ceremony with a large gathering of heroes, friends, family and allies attending the wedding, including past and present members of the Justice League, Team and Outsiders. In the meantime, The Light have captured the Kryptonians on the War World whilst on Apokolips, Darkseid is introduced to the next generation of [Furies](/wiki/Female_Furies \"Female Furies\"), consisting of [Supergirl](/wiki/Supergirl_%28Kara_Zor-El%29 \"Supergirl (Kara Zor-El)\") and [Black Mary](/wiki/Mary_Marvel \"Mary Marvel\").",
""
] |
History
-------
### Founding
The Students' Society was first incorporated in 1964, just one year after the creation of the [University of Victoria](/wiki/University_of_Victoria "University of Victoria") (UVic) itself, as the Alma Mater Society of the University of Victoria (AMS).Ministry of Finance and Corporate Relations. Registrar of Companies. Society Act Certificate. David W. Boyd. (Number S\-6839\). Victoria: Province of British Columbia, 1989\. The AMS took its name from student associations like the [University of British Columbia](/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia "University of British Columbia") and [McGill University](/wiki/McGill_University "McGill University"), to which [Victoria College](/wiki/Victoria_College%2C_British_Columbia "Victoria College, British Columbia") (UVic's predecessor) was affiliated. The name was changed in 1989 to make clearer what the organization actually is, a student society.
Students at the newly founded UVic already had their own building and a ready\-made students' society, as students at Victoria College (now the home of [Camosun College](/wiki/Camosun_College "Camosun College")) were organized well before the UVic campus opened. As early as 1957, students at Victoria College began levying a building fee in anticipation of their new home at UVic.1956/57 Victoria College Student Handbook. Page 33\. Victoria, BC: Victoria College, 1956\. Consequently, the Student Union Building (SUB) was one of the first buildings built on campus. The SUB opened in 1963, built with matching funds made available by the provincial government's building fund program.Neering, Rosemary. The Story of the University of Victoria and its Origin in Victoria College. Page 41\. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, 1988\. The building itself only consisted of the SUB Upper Lounge, the wing where the General Office is now located, and a downstairs section which housed the original Felicita's Pub.
Between 1963 and 1970, membership in the Society was around two thousand students.Neering, Rosemary. The Story of the University of Victoria and its Origin in Victoria College. Page 21\. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, 1988\. There were only four buildings on campus and in 1967, when the residence buildings went up, only 300 students lived on campus. The Society at that time was mostly operated by volunteers and a very small staff. However, towards the end of the sixties, the Society began to grow more sophisticated. By the seventies, the cafeteria (previously more of a kiosk) began operating regularly, the Society got a liquor license, and the pub increased its hours."Subpub open Saturday soon." The Martlet \[Victoria] 21 Nov. 1974: 2\. What is now Cinecenta got its start with students, working out of an office in the SUB, showing movies using a 16mm projector in the MacLaurin and Elliot buildings.{{cite web\|url\=http://ring.uvic.ca/01sep20/cover.html\|title\=The Ring: September 20, 2001\|website\=ring.uvic.ca\|access\-date\=26 June 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224234618/http://ring.uvic.ca/01sep20/cover.html\|archive\-date\=2012\-02\-24\|url\-status\=dead}}
In 1976 the building expanded, again financed through students. This time, however, the fee referendum to finance the additional 30 000 square feet failed. The Society's operating budget could only finance a smaller addition of 13 000 square feet, which meant that many of the architectural features originally designed for the expansion were lost."$1 M SUB addition opened." The Martlet \[Victoria] 15 Jan. 1976: 2 The 1976 addition saw the wing where Cinecenta and the Munchie Bar, Medicine Centre Pharmacy, Chiropractor, and On the Fringe are now located. Also the third floor was added as the home of CFUV (now located in the SUB's lower level).
### 1980s and 1990s
The Society’s organizational structure changed significantly in 1989\. At this point, the Society began employing its own general manager.The staff in the building unionized under the United Steelworkers (presently local 2952\).Games, Rebecca. "Cinecenta Unionizes." The Martlet \[Victoria] 27 Jul. 1989: 1\. In the fall of 1989, the entire structure of the Society was reorganized into the divisional structure, which exists with some modifications today.Langford, Lisa, and Siobhan Murphy. "Society employees' jobs restructured." The Martlet \[Victoria] 18 Jan. 1990: 1\.
The Student Initiatives Project, approved by referendum in 1991, consisted of a significant fee increase to finance the expansion and renovation of the SUB, to build a campus Day Care building, and to finance an Emergency Student Aid Fund.MacKinnon, James. "Student initiative funds tied up disagreements." The Martlet \[Victoria] 5 Sept. 1991:3\. The completion of the expansion and renovation of the SUB in 1996 was another significant marker in the history of the Society.Mercer, Adrenne, and Miko Ross. "Stress level high in coffee bean debate." The Martlet \[Victoria] 9 Nov. 1995:1\. The SUB as it is known today is a product of that expansion.
### 2000s
The growth and change of the 1990s led to a worsening financial situation which reached a crisis point in 2001\. The Society had been running deficits every year for about 10 years until the cumulative deficit had reached the hundreds of thousands.Groves, Kevin. "Anatomy of a crisis." Martlet \[Victoria] 25 Oct. 2001: 3\. As if this unsustainable trend wasn’t enough, the Society rang up an over $400,000 deficit in just one year in 2000–2001\.Thompson, John. "Student society reacts to year's dismal finances." The Martlet \[Victoria] 10 Jan. 2002: 3\. The huge deficit was only discovered during the Society’s annual audit in fall 2001, as the corrupt Business \& Operations Manager, Vivek Sharma, had been falsifying statements and stealing from the Society.Thompson, John. "Former SUB business manager guilty of fraud." The Martlet \[Victoria] 8 Jan. 2004: 2\. The Board responded swiftly and decisively by pressing charges against the since resigned Sharma, terminating the General Manager, and conducting a forensic audit.Steward, Darren. "Society fires general manager." The Martlet \[Victoria] 25 Oct. 2001: 3\.Groves, Kevin. "UVSS starts to pick up pieces after fiscal shock." Martlet \[Victoria] 25 Oct. 2001: 3\.
After this crisis unfolded, the Board of Directors embarked on a plan to tighten controls in the SUB’s business operations by such methods as reducing labour costs and food wastage, controlling liquor, and putting locks on freezers and coolers to prevent theft.Thompson, John. "UVSS licks financial wounds and looks ahead." The Martlet \[Victoria] 8 Nov. 2001: 3\. The Society also secured a half\-million dollar loan from UVic against the SUB, which was instrumental in ensuring that the Society was able to meet its financial obligations without interruption. As the 2001–2002 financial year was already half over when the financial crisis was uncovered, the Society could not escape another deficit in the hundreds of thousands. However, beginning in 2002–2003 the Society ran surpluses every year until the Society’s debt of approximately $1 million was repaid in full in 2006–2007\.
In 2008 the [United Steel Workers](/wiki/United_Steel_Workers "United Steel Workers") union representing staff at the UVSS went on strike for a three months,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.martlet.ca/martlet/article/UVSS\-deficit\-soars\-above\-expectations/ \|title\=The Martlet \| UVSS deficit soars above expectations \|access\-date\=2012\-05\-25 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120904163612/http://www.martlet.ca/martlet/article/UVSS\-deficit\-soars\-above\-expectations/ \|archive\-date\=2012\-09\-04 }} this in combination with a weak economy, and rising costs pushed the Society back into a $350,000 debt by 2009\.
### 2010\-present
To address the growing deficit and put the Society back on its feet the 2010\-2011 board put a number of fee referendums to members in November 2010 all of which passed.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.martlet.ca/martlet/article/all\-uvss\-referenda\-pass/ \|title\=The Martlet \| All UVSS referenda pass \|access\-date\=2012\-05\-25 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227161817/http://www.martlet.ca/martlet/article/all\-uvss\-referenda\-pass/ \|archive\-date\=2010\-12\-27 }} The Capital Fund was reduced and shifted into the Operations Fund, dedicated fees for events and elections were established, and a modest increase of 40 cents per full\-time student per semester, each semester over a three\-year period was also established. Besides this, the 2010\-2011 board shifted from a three\-person senior management structure to a two\-person management structure which further reduced costs for the Society.
In 2010\-11, the Board moved from a 4\-person executive structure to a 5\-person executive structure. This change was passed at a Special General Meeting in January 2010 and was largely done in acknowledgement of the fact that certain executive positions had an inordinate amount of work in comparison to other positions.
Major changes on the political front happened in the early twenty\-tens as well. After holding a referendum on membership in the Canadian Federation of Students, UVSS members voted to leave the Federation in March 2011 after more than twenty\-five years of membership. Following this, the UVSS established the [Where's The Funding?](/wiki/Where%27s_The_Funding%3F "Where's The Funding?") campaign in conjunction with a number of other student societies in BC.{{cite web \|url\=http://ubyssey.ca/news/wheres\-the\-funding\-campaign556/ \|title\=BC universities launch "Where's the Funding?" campaign on Valentine's Day \| the Ubyssey \|access\-date\=2012\-05\-25 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707174036/http://ubyssey.ca/news/wheres\-the\-funding\-campaign556/ \|archive\-date\=2012\-07\-07 }}
In recent years, the divestment movement has been a primary focus for UVSS campaigns.{{cite web\|url\=https://uvss.ca/advocacy/campaigns/divest\-uvic/ \|title\=Divest UVic \- UVSS \- University of Victoria Students' Society \|publisher\=Uvss.ca \|date\= \|accessdate\=2021\-11\-30}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Founding",
"The Students' Society was first incorporated in 1964, just one year after the creation of the [University of Victoria](/wiki/University_of_Victoria \"University of Victoria\") (UVic) itself, as the Alma Mater Society of the University of Victoria (AMS).Ministry of Finance and Corporate Relations. Registrar of Companies. Society Act Certificate. David W. Boyd. (Number S\\-6839\\). Victoria: Province of British Columbia, 1989\\. The AMS took its name from student associations like the [University of British Columbia](/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia \"University of British Columbia\") and [McGill University](/wiki/McGill_University \"McGill University\"), to which [Victoria College](/wiki/Victoria_College%2C_British_Columbia \"Victoria College, British Columbia\") (UVic's predecessor) was affiliated. The name was changed in 1989 to make clearer what the organization actually is, a student society.",
"Students at the newly founded UVic already had their own building and a ready\\-made students' society, as students at Victoria College (now the home of [Camosun College](/wiki/Camosun_College \"Camosun College\")) were organized well before the UVic campus opened. As early as 1957, students at Victoria College began levying a building fee in anticipation of their new home at UVic.1956/57 Victoria College Student Handbook. Page 33\\. Victoria, BC: Victoria College, 1956\\. Consequently, the Student Union Building (SUB) was one of the first buildings built on campus. The SUB opened in 1963, built with matching funds made available by the provincial government's building fund program.Neering, Rosemary. The Story of the University of Victoria and its Origin in Victoria College. Page 41\\. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, 1988\\. The building itself only consisted of the SUB Upper Lounge, the wing where the General Office is now located, and a downstairs section which housed the original Felicita's Pub.",
"Between 1963 and 1970, membership in the Society was around two thousand students.Neering, Rosemary. The Story of the University of Victoria and its Origin in Victoria College. Page 21\\. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, 1988\\. There were only four buildings on campus and in 1967, when the residence buildings went up, only 300 students lived on campus. The Society at that time was mostly operated by volunteers and a very small staff. However, towards the end of the sixties, the Society began to grow more sophisticated. By the seventies, the cafeteria (previously more of a kiosk) began operating regularly, the Society got a liquor license, and the pub increased its hours.\"Subpub open Saturday soon.\" The Martlet \\[Victoria] 21 Nov. 1974: 2\\. What is now Cinecenta got its start with students, working out of an office in the SUB, showing movies using a 16mm projector in the MacLaurin and Elliot buildings.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ring.uvic.ca/01sep20/cover.html\\|title\\=The Ring: September 20, 2001\\|website\\=ring.uvic.ca\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224234618/http://ring.uvic.ca/01sep20/cover.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-24\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In 1976 the building expanded, again financed through students. This time, however, the fee referendum to finance the additional 30 000 square feet failed. The Society's operating budget could only finance a smaller addition of 13 000 square feet, which meant that many of the architectural features originally designed for the expansion were lost.\"$1 M SUB addition opened.\" The Martlet \\[Victoria] 15 Jan. 1976: 2 The 1976 addition saw the wing where Cinecenta and the Munchie Bar, Medicine Centre Pharmacy, Chiropractor, and On the Fringe are now located. Also the third floor was added as the home of CFUV (now located in the SUB's lower level).",
"### 1980s and 1990s",
"The Society’s organizational structure changed significantly in 1989\\. At this point, the Society began employing its own general manager.The staff in the building unionized under the United Steelworkers (presently local 2952\\).Games, Rebecca. \"Cinecenta Unionizes.\" The Martlet \\[Victoria] 27 Jul. 1989: 1\\. In the fall of 1989, the entire structure of the Society was reorganized into the divisional structure, which exists with some modifications today.Langford, Lisa, and Siobhan Murphy. \"Society employees' jobs restructured.\" The Martlet \\[Victoria] 18 Jan. 1990: 1\\.",
"The Student Initiatives Project, approved by referendum in 1991, consisted of a significant fee increase to finance the expansion and renovation of the SUB, to build a campus Day Care building, and to finance an Emergency Student Aid Fund.MacKinnon, James. \"Student initiative funds tied up disagreements.\" The Martlet \\[Victoria] 5 Sept. 1991:3\\. The completion of the expansion and renovation of the SUB in 1996 was another significant marker in the history of the Society.Mercer, Adrenne, and Miko Ross. \"Stress level high in coffee bean debate.\" The Martlet \\[Victoria] 9 Nov. 1995:1\\. The SUB as it is known today is a product of that expansion.",
"### 2000s",
"The growth and change of the 1990s led to a worsening financial situation which reached a crisis point in 2001\\. The Society had been running deficits every year for about 10 years until the cumulative deficit had reached the hundreds of thousands.Groves, Kevin. \"Anatomy of a crisis.\" Martlet \\[Victoria] 25 Oct. 2001: 3\\. As if this unsustainable trend wasn’t enough, the Society rang up an over $400,000 deficit in just one year in 2000–2001\\.Thompson, John. \"Student society reacts to year's dismal finances.\" The Martlet \\[Victoria] 10 Jan. 2002: 3\\. The huge deficit was only discovered during the Society’s annual audit in fall 2001, as the corrupt Business \\& Operations Manager, Vivek Sharma, had been falsifying statements and stealing from the Society.Thompson, John. \"Former SUB business manager guilty of fraud.\" The Martlet \\[Victoria] 8 Jan. 2004: 2\\. The Board responded swiftly and decisively by pressing charges against the since resigned Sharma, terminating the General Manager, and conducting a forensic audit.Steward, Darren. \"Society fires general manager.\" The Martlet \\[Victoria] 25 Oct. 2001: 3\\.Groves, Kevin. \"UVSS starts to pick up pieces after fiscal shock.\" Martlet \\[Victoria] 25 Oct. 2001: 3\\.",
"After this crisis unfolded, the Board of Directors embarked on a plan to tighten controls in the SUB’s business operations by such methods as reducing labour costs and food wastage, controlling liquor, and putting locks on freezers and coolers to prevent theft.Thompson, John. \"UVSS licks financial wounds and looks ahead.\" The Martlet \\[Victoria] 8 Nov. 2001: 3\\. The Society also secured a half\\-million dollar loan from UVic against the SUB, which was instrumental in ensuring that the Society was able to meet its financial obligations without interruption. As the 2001–2002 financial year was already half over when the financial crisis was uncovered, the Society could not escape another deficit in the hundreds of thousands. However, beginning in 2002–2003 the Society ran surpluses every year until the Society’s debt of approximately $1 million was repaid in full in 2006–2007\\.",
"In 2008 the [United Steel Workers](/wiki/United_Steel_Workers \"United Steel Workers\") union representing staff at the UVSS went on strike for a three months,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.martlet.ca/martlet/article/UVSS\\-deficit\\-soars\\-above\\-expectations/ \\|title\\=The Martlet \\| UVSS deficit soars above expectations \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120904163612/http://www.martlet.ca/martlet/article/UVSS\\-deficit\\-soars\\-above\\-expectations/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-04 }} this in combination with a weak economy, and rising costs pushed the Society back into a $350,000 debt by 2009\\.",
"### 2010\\-present",
"To address the growing deficit and put the Society back on its feet the 2010\\-2011 board put a number of fee referendums to members in November 2010 all of which passed.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.martlet.ca/martlet/article/all\\-uvss\\-referenda\\-pass/ \\|title\\=The Martlet \\| All UVSS referenda pass \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227161817/http://www.martlet.ca/martlet/article/all\\-uvss\\-referenda\\-pass/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-27 }} The Capital Fund was reduced and shifted into the Operations Fund, dedicated fees for events and elections were established, and a modest increase of 40 cents per full\\-time student per semester, each semester over a three\\-year period was also established. Besides this, the 2010\\-2011 board shifted from a three\\-person senior management structure to a two\\-person management structure which further reduced costs for the Society.",
"In 2010\\-11, the Board moved from a 4\\-person executive structure to a 5\\-person executive structure. This change was passed at a Special General Meeting in January 2010 and was largely done in acknowledgement of the fact that certain executive positions had an inordinate amount of work in comparison to other positions.",
"Major changes on the political front happened in the early twenty\\-tens as well. After holding a referendum on membership in the Canadian Federation of Students, UVSS members voted to leave the Federation in March 2011 after more than twenty\\-five years of membership. Following this, the UVSS established the [Where's The Funding?](/wiki/Where%27s_The_Funding%3F \"Where's The Funding?\") campaign in conjunction with a number of other student societies in BC.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ubyssey.ca/news/wheres\\-the\\-funding\\-campaign556/ \\|title\\=BC universities launch \"Where's the Funding?\" campaign on Valentine's Day \\| the Ubyssey \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707174036/http://ubyssey.ca/news/wheres\\-the\\-funding\\-campaign556/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-07 }}",
"In recent years, the divestment movement has been a primary focus for UVSS campaigns.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://uvss.ca/advocacy/campaigns/divest\\-uvic/ \\|title\\=Divest UVic \\- UVSS \\- University of Victoria Students' Society \\|publisher\\=Uvss.ca \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2021\\-11\\-30}}",
""
] |
Affiliate organizations
-----------------------
Affiliate organizations are on\-campus groups that receive a student levy that has been approved by referendum. All of the affiliate groups act semi\-autonomously with their own governing structures.
### The Martlet
[The Martlet](/wiki/The_Martlet "The Martlet") is a bi\-weekly [student newspaper](/wiki/Student_newspaper "Student newspaper") at the [University of Victoria](/wiki/University_of_Victoria "University of Victoria") (UVic) in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_British_Columbia "Victoria, British Columbia"), [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia"), Canada. There are over a dozen employees on the payroll, but significant work is done by student volunteers (writing, taking photos, copy editing). The Martlet is funded partially by student fees, and partially by [advertisements](/wiki/Advertisements "Advertisements"). The newspaper is distributed freely around the UVic campus and various locations around greater Victoria every second Thursday during the school year, and on a monthly basis in the summer. The paper also maintains a [website](http://www.martlet.ca). The Martlet was a member of the [Canadian University Press](/wiki/Canadian_University_Press "Canadian University Press") but ceased membership in 2013\.
### CFUV 101\.9FM
[CFUV](/wiki/CFUV "CFUV") is a [campus](/wiki/Campus_radio "Campus radio")/[community radio](/wiki/Community_radio "Community radio") station broadcasting on 101\.9 [FM](/wiki/FM_radio "FM radio") in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia"), Canada. It serves the [University of Victoria](/wiki/University_of_Victoria "University of Victoria"), [Greater Victoria](/wiki/Greater_Victoria "Greater Victoria") and, via cable, [Vancouver Island](/wiki/Vancouver_Island "Vancouver Island") and many areas in the [Lower Mainland](/wiki/Lower_Mainland "Lower Mainland"). It is owned and run by the University of Victoria Student Radio Society.{{cite web\|author\=CFUV \|url\=http://cfuv.uvic.ca/assets/pdfs/Orientation%20Manual%2006\-07%205th%20edition.pdf \|title\=Orientation Manual 06\-07 5th edition \|access\-date\=2008\-03\-29 }}{{dead link\|date\=May 2016\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} The station offers programs that include a diverse range of musical styles and talk shows on political and cultural issues.
### Vancouver Island Public Interest Research Group (VIPIRG)
VIPIRG is a non\-profit organization dedicated to research, education, advocacy and action in the public interest.
VIPIRG also hosts an alternative research centre with magazines, videos, books and clippings dealing with a wide range of social justice and environmental issues.
### UVic Sustainability Project (UVSP)
UVSP is a student\-run organization that strives to work with the campus community to achieve a balance between what is ecologically necessary, socially desirable and economically feasible at UVic.
### UVic Campus Community Gardens
The Campus [Community Garden](/wiki/Community_Garden "Community Garden") is a UVSS club that manages the [urban agriculture](/wiki/Urban_agriculture "Urban agriculture") space on campus, with practical support from Facilities Management and the UVic Sustainability Office. The garden is located off of Mckenzie Avenue across from the athletic fields. There are 90 plots at the gardens. Due to the high demand for plots, rentals are restricted to current UVic students, faculty and staff, though volunteers from outside the UVic community are welcome.
|
[
"Affiliate organizations\n-----------------------",
"Affiliate organizations are on\\-campus groups that receive a student levy that has been approved by referendum. All of the affiliate groups act semi\\-autonomously with their own governing structures.",
"### The Martlet",
"[The Martlet](/wiki/The_Martlet \"The Martlet\") is a bi\\-weekly [student newspaper](/wiki/Student_newspaper \"Student newspaper\") at the [University of Victoria](/wiki/University_of_Victoria \"University of Victoria\") (UVic) in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_British_Columbia \"Victoria, British Columbia\"), [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\"), Canada. There are over a dozen employees on the payroll, but significant work is done by student volunteers (writing, taking photos, copy editing). The Martlet is funded partially by student fees, and partially by [advertisements](/wiki/Advertisements \"Advertisements\"). The newspaper is distributed freely around the UVic campus and various locations around greater Victoria every second Thursday during the school year, and on a monthly basis in the summer. The paper also maintains a [website](http://www.martlet.ca). The Martlet was a member of the [Canadian University Press](/wiki/Canadian_University_Press \"Canadian University Press\") but ceased membership in 2013\\.",
"### CFUV 101\\.9FM",
"[CFUV](/wiki/CFUV \"CFUV\") is a [campus](/wiki/Campus_radio \"Campus radio\")/[community radio](/wiki/Community_radio \"Community radio\") station broadcasting on 101\\.9 [FM](/wiki/FM_radio \"FM radio\") in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\"), Canada. It serves the [University of Victoria](/wiki/University_of_Victoria \"University of Victoria\"), [Greater Victoria](/wiki/Greater_Victoria \"Greater Victoria\") and, via cable, [Vancouver Island](/wiki/Vancouver_Island \"Vancouver Island\") and many areas in the [Lower Mainland](/wiki/Lower_Mainland \"Lower Mainland\"). It is owned and run by the University of Victoria Student Radio Society.{{cite web\\|author\\=CFUV \\|url\\=http://cfuv.uvic.ca/assets/pdfs/Orientation%20Manual%2006\\-07%205th%20edition.pdf \\|title\\=Orientation Manual 06\\-07 5th edition \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-03\\-29 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=May 2016\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} The station offers programs that include a diverse range of musical styles and talk shows on political and cultural issues.",
"### Vancouver Island Public Interest Research Group (VIPIRG)",
"VIPIRG is a non\\-profit organization dedicated to research, education, advocacy and action in the public interest.",
"VIPIRG also hosts an alternative research centre with magazines, videos, books and clippings dealing with a wide range of social justice and environmental issues.",
"### UVic Sustainability Project (UVSP)",
"UVSP is a student\\-run organization that strives to work with the campus community to achieve a balance between what is ecologically necessary, socially desirable and economically feasible at UVic.",
"### UVic Campus Community Gardens",
"The Campus [Community Garden](/wiki/Community_Garden \"Community Garden\") is a UVSS club that manages the [urban agriculture](/wiki/Urban_agriculture \"Urban agriculture\") space on campus, with practical support from Facilities Management and the UVic Sustainability Office. The garden is located off of Mckenzie Avenue across from the athletic fields. There are 90 plots at the gardens. Due to the high demand for plots, rentals are restricted to current UVic students, faculty and staff, though volunteers from outside the UVic community are welcome.",
""
] |
Services
--------
### Universal Bus Pass (U\-PASS)
The Universal Bus Pass (U\-PASS), started in 1999, allows students unlimited travel on the [Victoria Regional Transit System](/wiki/Victoria_Regional_Transit_System "Victoria Regional Transit System"). The Pass must be renewed each semester at either the University Centre or the Info Booth in the SUB and costs the equivalent of one adult monthly pass.{{cite web\|url\=http://web.uvic.ca/calendar2012/FACS/UnIn/UTanOF/USSoUBPPU.html\|title\=UVic Calendar: UVic Students' Society Universal Bus Pass Plan (U\-Pass)\|website\=web.uvic.ca\|access\-date\=26 June 2017}}
### Anti\-Violence Project (AVP)
The Anti\-Violence Project (AVP) is the on\-campus sexual assault centre. The support services are confidential and available to anyone who has experienced sexualized violence or knows someone who has.
### Food Bank
Rising tuition costs and debt loads signalled an increase in the needs of the membership and in September 2000, the Board of Directors began funding and operating an emergency food bank in the SUB.Rudisill, Carey. "Students to benefit from UVSS food bank." The Martlet \[Victoria] 5 Oct. 2000:3\. By 2003, demand had increased substantially and a referendum approved a $0\.50 per student levy to operate the food bank.Smith, Briony, and John Thompson. "Putting Students First sweeps election." The Martlet \[Victoria] 13 Mar. 2003: 5\.
### Health and Dental Plan
Established by student referendum, the UVSS Health and Dental Plan is extended health and dental coverage specifically for students.
All undergraduate students who are registered in at least 3 units of on\-campus classes are automatically enrolled in the health plan.
### Ombudsperson
The Office of the Ombudsperson is an independent, impartial, and confidential resource for undergraduate and graduate students (current, former, or prospective) and other members of the University community.
The Office provides information and guidance on students’ rights \& responsibilities, and UVic regulations \& procedures. The Ombudsperson is also an "agent for change," recommending improvements to policies and advocating for fair procedures. The ombuds office also offers workshops and talks on conflict and communication, fairness, and related issues.
### Other services
Though the Student Union Building, the UVSS also offers free phones, a banner room, a darkroom, and study space.{{cite web \|url\=http://uvss.uvic.ca/services/general\-resources/ \|title\=General Resources \|access\-date\=2012\-05\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626012648/http://www.uvss.uvic.ca/services/general\-resources/ \|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-26 }}
|
[
"Services\n--------",
"### Universal Bus Pass (U\\-PASS)",
"The Universal Bus Pass (U\\-PASS), started in 1999, allows students unlimited travel on the [Victoria Regional Transit System](/wiki/Victoria_Regional_Transit_System \"Victoria Regional Transit System\"). The Pass must be renewed each semester at either the University Centre or the Info Booth in the SUB and costs the equivalent of one adult monthly pass.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://web.uvic.ca/calendar2012/FACS/UnIn/UTanOF/USSoUBPPU.html\\|title\\=UVic Calendar: UVic Students' Society Universal Bus Pass Plan (U\\-Pass)\\|website\\=web.uvic.ca\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2017}}",
"### Anti\\-Violence Project (AVP)",
"The Anti\\-Violence Project (AVP) is the on\\-campus sexual assault centre. The support services are confidential and available to anyone who has experienced sexualized violence or knows someone who has.",
"### Food Bank",
"Rising tuition costs and debt loads signalled an increase in the needs of the membership and in September 2000, the Board of Directors began funding and operating an emergency food bank in the SUB.Rudisill, Carey. \"Students to benefit from UVSS food bank.\" The Martlet \\[Victoria] 5 Oct. 2000:3\\. By 2003, demand had increased substantially and a referendum approved a $0\\.50 per student levy to operate the food bank.Smith, Briony, and John Thompson. \"Putting Students First sweeps election.\" The Martlet \\[Victoria] 13 Mar. 2003: 5\\.",
"### Health and Dental Plan",
"Established by student referendum, the UVSS Health and Dental Plan is extended health and dental coverage specifically for students. \nAll undergraduate students who are registered in at least 3 units of on\\-campus classes are automatically enrolled in the health plan.",
"### Ombudsperson",
"The Office of the Ombudsperson is an independent, impartial, and confidential resource for undergraduate and graduate students (current, former, or prospective) and other members of the University community.",
"The Office provides information and guidance on students’ rights \\& responsibilities, and UVic regulations \\& procedures. The Ombudsperson is also an \"agent for change,\" recommending improvements to policies and advocating for fair procedures. The ombuds office also offers workshops and talks on conflict and communication, fairness, and related issues.",
"### Other services",
"Though the Student Union Building, the UVSS also offers free phones, a banner room, a darkroom, and study space.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://uvss.uvic.ca/services/general\\-resources/ \\|title\\=General Resources \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626012648/http://www.uvss.uvic.ca/services/general\\-resources/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-26 }}",
""
] |
Development
-----------
[thumb\|alt\=A man with short dark hair in a pink shirt, speaking into a microphone in his right hand.\|[Eugene Jarvis](/wiki/Eugene_Jarvis "Eugene Jarvis"), a pinball programmer at the time, headed development of *Defender*.](/wiki/File:EugeneJarvis_cax2006_brighter.jpg "EugeneJarvis cax2006 brighter.jpg")
*Defender* was Williams Electronics' first attempt at developing a new video game; the company's earlier game was a *[Pong](/wiki/Pong "Pong")* clone. The popularity of coin\-operated arcade games in 1979 spurred the company to shift its focus from pinball games to arcade games.{{cite book\| title \= Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Games Programmers\| editor \= James Hague\| year \= 1997\| chapter \= Eugene Jarvis\| publisher \= Dadgum Games\| chapter\-url \= https://dadgum.com/halcyon/BOOK/JARVIS.HTM\| access\-date \= 2009\-12\-06\| title\-link \= Halcyon Days (book)}} The company chose Eugene Jarvis, who had a successful record of Williams pinball games, to head development. [Larry DeMar](/wiki/Larry_DeMar "Larry DeMar"), Sam Dicker, and Paul Dussault assisted Jarvis.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/4078/the\_history\_of\_defender\_the\_joys\_.php\| title \= The History of Defender: The Joys of Difficult Games\| website \= Gamasutra\| first \= Matt\| last \= Barton\|author2\=Bill Loguidice\| date \= 2009\-07\-14\| access\-date \= 2009\-12\-06}} At the time, Williams had a small staff and the management was unfamiliar with technology used for its electronic games. As a result, the staff was afforded a large amount of creative freedom.
### Initial development
Space was a popular setting for video games at the time, and Jarvis felt the abstract setting would help obscure simple graphics that lacked realism. Initially, Jarvis spent 3–4 months developing color variations of [Taito](/wiki/Taito "Taito")'s *[Space Invaders](/wiki/Space_Invaders "Space Invaders")* and [Atari, Inc.](/wiki/Atari%2C_Inc. "Atari, Inc.")'s *[Asteroids](/wiki/Asteroids_%28video_game%29 "Asteroids (video game)")*.{{cite video game\| title\= \[\[Midway Arcade Treasures]]\| developer\= \[\[Backbone Entertainment\|Digital Eclipse]]\| publisher\= \[\[Midway Games]]\| date\= 2003\-11\-18\| platform\= \[\[PlayStation 2]]\| level\= The Inside Story On Defender}} First inspired by *Space Invaders*, he created a similar game with new gameplay mechanics. After spending a few weeks on the design, however, the team abandoned the idea, believing it lacked enjoyment. Development then shifted to emulating Atari's *Asteroids*, but hardware differences between *Asteroids* and *Defender*{{'}}s proposed specifications were problematic. *Asteroids* displays [vector graphics](/wiki/Vector_graphics "Vector graphics") on a special monitor, while the staff planned to use pixel graphics on a conventional monitor. The team experimented with recreating the game with pixel graphics, but also abandoned it because they felt the gameplay lacked enjoyment and visual appeal.
Believing their first attempts to be too derivative, the developers held brainstorming sessions. During a session, they agreed that one of *Asteroids*{{'}}s favorable elements was its [wraparound](/wiki/Wraparound_%28video_games%29 "Wraparound (video games)"). They felt a game that allowed the player to fly off the screen would be exciting and decided to create a game world larger than the screen displayed. The game's environment was made longer than the screen and scrolled horizontally. Expanding on the idea, they envisioned a version of *Space Invaders* rotated 90 [degrees](/wiki/Degree_%28angle%29 "Degree (angle)"). By changing the orientation of *Space Invaders*{{'}} design, the ship moved up and down while flying horizontally. Large asteroids, an element from *Asteroids*, were then added to the game world, but were later removed because the staff felt it lacked enjoyment. Jarvis intended the screen to scroll only from left to right; fellow Williams employee [Steve Ritchie](/wiki/Steve_Ritchie_%28pinball_designer%29 "Steve Ritchie (pinball designer)"), however, convinced him the game should be able to scroll in either direction.
After six months of development, the team felt the game had not made enough progress. They examined other games and concluded that survival was a necessary component to implement. To achieve this, they devised enemies to present a threat, the first of which was the "Lander". Jarvis enjoyed violent, action entertainment, and wanted the game to have those elements, but felt the action should have a reasonable objective. Inspired by the 1960s television show *[The Defenders](/wiki/The_Defenders_%281961_TV_series%29 "The Defenders (1961 TV series)")*, Jarvis titled the game *Defender*, reasoning that the title helped justify the violence. He added astronauts to expand on the space theme and give players something to defend while they shot enemies. The element of flying over a planetscape was added after a brainstorming session between Jarvis and Ritchie.{{cite journal\| journal \= JoyStik\| title \= Interview: Eugene Jarvis\|date\=September 1982\| page \= 7\|issue \= 1}} The landscape is depicted as a line only a pixel wide, primarily because the hardware was not powerful enough to generate anything more detailed.
### Later development
By July, development was behind schedule and Jarvis's superior began to pressure him to finish the game in time for a then\-upcoming trade show, the AMOA, in September. Jarvis spent several weeks creating the astronauts, which his boss felt should be omitted if the process didn't speed up. The pressure frustrated him to the point he considered resigning. Around that time, a new programmer named Sam Dicker was hired. He assisted in programming the game and added visual and audio effects. For example, Dicker implemented a particle effect [algorithm](/wiki/Algorithm "Algorithm") to generate unique explosions for destroyed enemies. The new elements re\-invigorated Jarvis, who felt the project began to show promise.
Development then shifted focus to the enemies. Landers were given the ability to capture humans, and a new enemy was devised from the mechanic: "Mutants", captured humans that had turned hostile. The Mutants added a rescue element to the game that Jarvis believed made it more interesting to players and encouraged them to continue playing. The element of making a "comeback" from a dire situation was applied to the planet as well. Jarvis felt it mimicked the ups and downs of real life. "Bombers", enemies which release floating bombs on the screen, were added next. More enemies were added to create different gameplay elements. "Swarmers" and "Pods" were designed to attack the spaceship as opposed to the astronauts. "Baiters" were included to add pressure to the player by preventing them from lingering. The enemies quickly follow the spaceship to collide with it, and were based on a similar enemy in *Asteroids*.
By September, the game was still unfinished, and almost every Williams programmer assisted in meeting the deadline for the AMOA trade show.{{cite web\| url \= http://archive.gamespy.com/halloffame/may01/defender/\| title \= Hall of Fame: Defender\| publisher \= \[\[GameSpy]]\| first \= David\| last \= Cuciz\| date \= May 2001\| access\-date \= 2009\-12\-06 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112002131/http://archive.gamespy.com/halloffame/may01/defender/ \|archive\-date\=2005\-01\-12}} The evening before the trade show, the arcade cabinets were delivered for display. The developers, however, forgot to create an [attract mode](/wiki/Attract_mode "Attract mode") (an automated sequence designed to entice an audience to play) and high score system for the game, and began working on them that night. DeMar coded the attract mode, Dussault and Dicker created the high score table, and Jarvis [playtested](/wiki/Playtested "Playtested") and fixed bugs.{{cite magazine \|title\=Are You a Hardcore Gamer? \|magazine\=\[\[Next Generation (magazine)\|Next Generation]]\|issue\=38\|publisher\=\[\[Imagine Media]] \|date\=February 1998\|pages\=47–48}} Early the next morning, the team created the final [EPROM](/wiki/EPROM "EPROM") chips for the mode and installed them in a cabinet. The chips were put in backwards, causing an [electrical short](/wiki/Electrical_short "Electrical short") when the cabinet was turned on, so the team had to quickly burn a new set of EPROMs. Once the attract mode was operational, Jarvis and the team returned to their homes to prepare for the show. After the show, the developers expanded the game to allow users to play indefinitely. The display model featured five levels, which the team felt was more than enough because of the game's difficulty. Most Williams employees could not progress past the third level and Jarvis's score of 60,000 points seemed unbeatable to them. The developers decided it was best to be prepared for players that might exceed their expectations and added more levels that repeated.
### Hardware
The game features amplified [monaural](/wiki/Monaural "Monaural") sound and [pixel graphics](/wiki/Raster_graphics "Raster graphics") on a [CRT monitor](/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube "Cathode-ray tube"). A [Motorola 6809](/wiki/Motorola_6809 "Motorola 6809") [central processing unit](/wiki/Central_processing_unit "Central processing unit") handles the graphics and gameplay, while a [Motorola 6800](/wiki/Motorola_6800 "Motorola 6800") microprocessor handles the audio.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.klov.com/game\_detail.php?game\_id\=7547\| title \= Defender \- Videogame by Williams (1980\)\| publisher \= \[\[Killer List of Videogames]]\| access\-date \= 2009\-12\-06}} A pack of three [AA batteries](/wiki/AA_battery "AA battery") provide power to save the game's settings and high scores when the machine is unplugged from an electrical outlet. The cabinet artwork is stenciled on the wooden frame.{{cite book\| title \= Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games\| first \= David\| last \= Ellis\| pages \= \[https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/337 337–340]\| chapter \= Arcade Classics\| publisher \= \[\[Random House]]\| isbn \= 0\-375\-72038\-3\| year \= 2004\| chapter\-url \= https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi\| url \= https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/337}}
Development started by focusing on the game's hardware. The staff first debated what type of monitor to use: black\-and\-white or color. They reasoned that using advanced technology would better establish them as good designers and chose a color monitor. The developers estimated that the game would require 4 colors, but instead chose hardware that could display each pixel in 16 colors. At the time, the designers believed that was more than they would ever need for a game. The monitor's resolution is 320×256, an expansion from the then\-industry standard of 256×256\. The staff believed that the wider screen provided a better aspect ratio and would improve the game's presentation.{{cite magazine\|magazine\= \[\[Retro Gamer]]\| publisher \= \[\[Imagine Publishing]]\| title \= The Making of Defender\| issue \= 55\| pages \= 34–39\|date\=October 2008}} Video games at the time relied on hardware to animate graphics, but the developers decided to use software to handle animation and programmed the game in [assembly language](/wiki/Assembly_language "Assembly language"). The switch allowed them to display more on\-screen objects at a lower cost.
The game's control scheme uses a two\-way joystick and five buttons. Jarvis designed the controls to emulate both *Space Invaders* and *Asteroids* simultaneously. The player's left hand manipulates the joystick similar to *Space Invaders* and the right hand pushes buttons similar to *Asteroids*. The button functions to shoot projectiles and accelerate use a similar layout to *Asteroids*. Jarvis reasoned that players were accustomed to the control schemes of past games and felt altering past designs would prove difficult for them.
|
[
"Development\n-----------",
"[thumb\\|alt\\=A man with short dark hair in a pink shirt, speaking into a microphone in his right hand.\\|[Eugene Jarvis](/wiki/Eugene_Jarvis \"Eugene Jarvis\"), a pinball programmer at the time, headed development of *Defender*.](/wiki/File:EugeneJarvis_cax2006_brighter.jpg \"EugeneJarvis cax2006 brighter.jpg\")",
"*Defender* was Williams Electronics' first attempt at developing a new video game; the company's earlier game was a *[Pong](/wiki/Pong \"Pong\")* clone. The popularity of coin\\-operated arcade games in 1979 spurred the company to shift its focus from pinball games to arcade games.{{cite book\\| title \\= Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Games Programmers\\| editor \\= James Hague\\| year \\= 1997\\| chapter \\= Eugene Jarvis\\| publisher \\= Dadgum Games\\| chapter\\-url \\= https://dadgum.com/halcyon/BOOK/JARVIS.HTM\\| access\\-date \\= 2009\\-12\\-06\\| title\\-link \\= Halcyon Days (book)}} The company chose Eugene Jarvis, who had a successful record of Williams pinball games, to head development. [Larry DeMar](/wiki/Larry_DeMar \"Larry DeMar\"), Sam Dicker, and Paul Dussault assisted Jarvis.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/4078/the\\_history\\_of\\_defender\\_the\\_joys\\_.php\\| title \\= The History of Defender: The Joys of Difficult Games\\| website \\= Gamasutra\\| first \\= Matt\\| last \\= Barton\\|author2\\=Bill Loguidice\\| date \\= 2009\\-07\\-14\\| access\\-date \\= 2009\\-12\\-06}} At the time, Williams had a small staff and the management was unfamiliar with technology used for its electronic games. As a result, the staff was afforded a large amount of creative freedom.",
"### Initial development",
"Space was a popular setting for video games at the time, and Jarvis felt the abstract setting would help obscure simple graphics that lacked realism. Initially, Jarvis spent 3–4 months developing color variations of [Taito](/wiki/Taito \"Taito\")'s *[Space Invaders](/wiki/Space_Invaders \"Space Invaders\")* and [Atari, Inc.](/wiki/Atari%2C_Inc. \"Atari, Inc.\")'s *[Asteroids](/wiki/Asteroids_%28video_game%29 \"Asteroids (video game)\")*.{{cite video game\\| title\\= \\[\\[Midway Arcade Treasures]]\\| developer\\= \\[\\[Backbone Entertainment\\|Digital Eclipse]]\\| publisher\\= \\[\\[Midway Games]]\\| date\\= 2003\\-11\\-18\\| platform\\= \\[\\[PlayStation 2]]\\| level\\= The Inside Story On Defender}} First inspired by *Space Invaders*, he created a similar game with new gameplay mechanics. After spending a few weeks on the design, however, the team abandoned the idea, believing it lacked enjoyment. Development then shifted to emulating Atari's *Asteroids*, but hardware differences between *Asteroids* and *Defender*{{'}}s proposed specifications were problematic. *Asteroids* displays [vector graphics](/wiki/Vector_graphics \"Vector graphics\") on a special monitor, while the staff planned to use pixel graphics on a conventional monitor. The team experimented with recreating the game with pixel graphics, but also abandoned it because they felt the gameplay lacked enjoyment and visual appeal.",
"Believing their first attempts to be too derivative, the developers held brainstorming sessions. During a session, they agreed that one of *Asteroids*{{'}}s favorable elements was its [wraparound](/wiki/Wraparound_%28video_games%29 \"Wraparound (video games)\"). They felt a game that allowed the player to fly off the screen would be exciting and decided to create a game world larger than the screen displayed. The game's environment was made longer than the screen and scrolled horizontally. Expanding on the idea, they envisioned a version of *Space Invaders* rotated 90 [degrees](/wiki/Degree_%28angle%29 \"Degree (angle)\"). By changing the orientation of *Space Invaders*{{'}} design, the ship moved up and down while flying horizontally. Large asteroids, an element from *Asteroids*, were then added to the game world, but were later removed because the staff felt it lacked enjoyment. Jarvis intended the screen to scroll only from left to right; fellow Williams employee [Steve Ritchie](/wiki/Steve_Ritchie_%28pinball_designer%29 \"Steve Ritchie (pinball designer)\"), however, convinced him the game should be able to scroll in either direction.",
"After six months of development, the team felt the game had not made enough progress. They examined other games and concluded that survival was a necessary component to implement. To achieve this, they devised enemies to present a threat, the first of which was the \"Lander\". Jarvis enjoyed violent, action entertainment, and wanted the game to have those elements, but felt the action should have a reasonable objective. Inspired by the 1960s television show *[The Defenders](/wiki/The_Defenders_%281961_TV_series%29 \"The Defenders (1961 TV series)\")*, Jarvis titled the game *Defender*, reasoning that the title helped justify the violence. He added astronauts to expand on the space theme and give players something to defend while they shot enemies. The element of flying over a planetscape was added after a brainstorming session between Jarvis and Ritchie.{{cite journal\\| journal \\= JoyStik\\| title \\= Interview: Eugene Jarvis\\|date\\=September 1982\\| page \\= 7\\|issue \\= 1}} The landscape is depicted as a line only a pixel wide, primarily because the hardware was not powerful enough to generate anything more detailed.",
"### Later development",
"By July, development was behind schedule and Jarvis's superior began to pressure him to finish the game in time for a then\\-upcoming trade show, the AMOA, in September. Jarvis spent several weeks creating the astronauts, which his boss felt should be omitted if the process didn't speed up. The pressure frustrated him to the point he considered resigning. Around that time, a new programmer named Sam Dicker was hired. He assisted in programming the game and added visual and audio effects. For example, Dicker implemented a particle effect [algorithm](/wiki/Algorithm \"Algorithm\") to generate unique explosions for destroyed enemies. The new elements re\\-invigorated Jarvis, who felt the project began to show promise.",
"Development then shifted focus to the enemies. Landers were given the ability to capture humans, and a new enemy was devised from the mechanic: \"Mutants\", captured humans that had turned hostile. The Mutants added a rescue element to the game that Jarvis believed made it more interesting to players and encouraged them to continue playing. The element of making a \"comeback\" from a dire situation was applied to the planet as well. Jarvis felt it mimicked the ups and downs of real life. \"Bombers\", enemies which release floating bombs on the screen, were added next. More enemies were added to create different gameplay elements. \"Swarmers\" and \"Pods\" were designed to attack the spaceship as opposed to the astronauts. \"Baiters\" were included to add pressure to the player by preventing them from lingering. The enemies quickly follow the spaceship to collide with it, and were based on a similar enemy in *Asteroids*.",
"By September, the game was still unfinished, and almost every Williams programmer assisted in meeting the deadline for the AMOA trade show.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://archive.gamespy.com/halloffame/may01/defender/\\| title \\= Hall of Fame: Defender\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[GameSpy]]\\| first \\= David\\| last \\= Cuciz\\| date \\= May 2001\\| access\\-date \\= 2009\\-12\\-06 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112002131/http://archive.gamespy.com/halloffame/may01/defender/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2005\\-01\\-12}} The evening before the trade show, the arcade cabinets were delivered for display. The developers, however, forgot to create an [attract mode](/wiki/Attract_mode \"Attract mode\") (an automated sequence designed to entice an audience to play) and high score system for the game, and began working on them that night. DeMar coded the attract mode, Dussault and Dicker created the high score table, and Jarvis [playtested](/wiki/Playtested \"Playtested\") and fixed bugs.{{cite magazine \\|title\\=Are You a Hardcore Gamer? \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Next Generation (magazine)\\|Next Generation]]\\|issue\\=38\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Imagine Media]] \\|date\\=February 1998\\|pages\\=47–48}} Early the next morning, the team created the final [EPROM](/wiki/EPROM \"EPROM\") chips for the mode and installed them in a cabinet. The chips were put in backwards, causing an [electrical short](/wiki/Electrical_short \"Electrical short\") when the cabinet was turned on, so the team had to quickly burn a new set of EPROMs. Once the attract mode was operational, Jarvis and the team returned to their homes to prepare for the show. After the show, the developers expanded the game to allow users to play indefinitely. The display model featured five levels, which the team felt was more than enough because of the game's difficulty. Most Williams employees could not progress past the third level and Jarvis's score of 60,000 points seemed unbeatable to them. The developers decided it was best to be prepared for players that might exceed their expectations and added more levels that repeated.",
"### Hardware",
"The game features amplified [monaural](/wiki/Monaural \"Monaural\") sound and [pixel graphics](/wiki/Raster_graphics \"Raster graphics\") on a [CRT monitor](/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube \"Cathode-ray tube\"). A [Motorola 6809](/wiki/Motorola_6809 \"Motorola 6809\") [central processing unit](/wiki/Central_processing_unit \"Central processing unit\") handles the graphics and gameplay, while a [Motorola 6800](/wiki/Motorola_6800 \"Motorola 6800\") microprocessor handles the audio.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.klov.com/game\\_detail.php?game\\_id\\=7547\\| title \\= Defender \\- Videogame by Williams (1980\\)\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Killer List of Videogames]]\\| access\\-date \\= 2009\\-12\\-06}} A pack of three [AA batteries](/wiki/AA_battery \"AA battery\") provide power to save the game's settings and high scores when the machine is unplugged from an electrical outlet. The cabinet artwork is stenciled on the wooden frame.{{cite book\\| title \\= Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games\\| first \\= David\\| last \\= Ellis\\| pages \\= \\[https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/337 337–340]\\| chapter \\= Arcade Classics\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Random House]]\\| isbn \\= 0\\-375\\-72038\\-3\\| year \\= 2004\\| chapter\\-url \\= https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi\\| url \\= https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/337}}",
"Development started by focusing on the game's hardware. The staff first debated what type of monitor to use: black\\-and\\-white or color. They reasoned that using advanced technology would better establish them as good designers and chose a color monitor. The developers estimated that the game would require 4 colors, but instead chose hardware that could display each pixel in 16 colors. At the time, the designers believed that was more than they would ever need for a game. The monitor's resolution is 320×256, an expansion from the then\\-industry standard of 256×256\\. The staff believed that the wider screen provided a better aspect ratio and would improve the game's presentation.{{cite magazine\\|magazine\\= \\[\\[Retro Gamer]]\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Imagine Publishing]]\\| title \\= The Making of Defender\\| issue \\= 55\\| pages \\= 34–39\\|date\\=October 2008}} Video games at the time relied on hardware to animate graphics, but the developers decided to use software to handle animation and programmed the game in [assembly language](/wiki/Assembly_language \"Assembly language\"). The switch allowed them to display more on\\-screen objects at a lower cost.",
"The game's control scheme uses a two\\-way joystick and five buttons. Jarvis designed the controls to emulate both *Space Invaders* and *Asteroids* simultaneously. The player's left hand manipulates the joystick similar to *Space Invaders* and the right hand pushes buttons similar to *Asteroids*. The button functions to shoot projectiles and accelerate use a similar layout to *Asteroids*. Jarvis reasoned that players were accustomed to the control schemes of past games and felt altering past designs would prove difficult for them.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1800s
Prior to 1900s, travel across Nebraska was extremely difficult. Roads were few and far between and as you traveled west from Omaha, any roads that did exist were simply two ruts in the prairie. Prior to World War I the transportation needs of the country were mostly met by steamboats and railways. Farmers experienced difficulties delivering their harvest to markets, especially so when heavy rains caused any trails to become impassible muddy quagmires.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|pp\=1–2}}. As the desire for public, well maintained roads grew, the State of Nebraska recognized this need and passed laws permitting counties to build roads and levy taxes as well as designating section lines as roads.
In 1855, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of a military road from Omaha to [Fort Kearney](/wiki/Fort_Kearney "Fort Kearney") and the Territorial Legislature passed a law on January 26, 1856 placing the authority for construction of roads with the counties through which they ran. It gave the counties the power to levy taxes and appropriate labor for construction. In 1860, a project to build a {{convert\|190\|mi\|km\|adj\=mid\|\-long}} road from Nebraska City to Fort Kearney was initiated by the Nebraska City community and [Otoe County](/wiki/Otoe_County%2C_Nebraska "Otoe County, Nebraska") Commissioners in what became one of the most traveled roads in the west as part of the [Denver Trail](/wiki/Denver_Trail "Denver Trail"). In 1879, the Nebraska Legislature passed a law providing all section lines become public roads. By 1904, Nebraska had almost {{convert\|80,000\|mi\|m}} of roads, the majority of which were section line roads, the condition of which were usually poor.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|pp\=10–11}}.
During the late 19th century, various interest groups began putting pressure on the Federal Government to examine its role in national road development. Groups such as the [Good Roads Movement](/wiki/Good_Roads_Movement "Good Roads Movement") lobbied local, state and federal officials on the benefits of a good road network, not just for bicyclists, but for the benefit of rural communities and farmers. In response to this movement, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture and former acting governor of Nebraska, [Julius Sterling Morton](/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton "Julius Sterling Morton") set up the Office of Road Inquiry within the Department of Agriculture to investigate the condition of roads throughout the nation.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|p\=6}}. The automobile increased the demand for better roads. Farmers, in particular, pressed for improved farm\-to\-market roads as they began purchasing automobiles to transport their goods. The Federal Government struggled with their role in the development of an improved road network. In 1912, Congress passed the Post Office Appropriation Act which allotted $500,000 (equivalent to ${{formatprice\|{{inflation\|US\-GDP\|500000\|1912}}}} in {{inflation\-year\|US\-GDP}}{{inflation\-fn\|US\-GDP}}) for rural road construction to improve mail delivery.
### Early 1900s
Entrepreneur [Carl Graham Fisher](/wiki/Carl_Graham_Fisher "Carl Graham Fisher") envisioned a transcontinental highway, allowing vehicular travel from [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey "Jersey City, New Jersey") to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"). The plans for this road, named the [Lincoln Highway](/wiki/Lincoln_Highway "Lincoln Highway"), went through Omaha and across the entire state of Nebraska. On December 12, 1914, the first charter meeting of the [American Association of State Highway Officials](/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials "American Association of State Highway Officials") (AASHO) met in Washington, D.C. to form an association of state highway officials and draft a federal aid road bill. The bill promoted cooperation between the states and federal government, as equals, in the development and improvement of the nation's highways. President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson") signed the [Federal Aid Road Act of 1916](/wiki/Federal_Aid_Road_Act_of_1916 "Federal Aid Road Act of 1916") which provided $75 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice\|{{inflation\|US\-GDP\|75000000\|1916}}}} in {{inflation\-year\|US\-GDP}}{{inflation\-fn\|US\-GDP}}) in federal money in 50–50 matching funds to the states for improving up to six percent of their statewide roads over a five\-year period.
By 1914, Nebraska had three major highways, the [Meridian Highway](/wiki/Meridian_Highway "Meridian Highway"), the [Lincoln Highway](/wiki/Lincoln_Highway "Lincoln Highway") and the Omaha–Lincoln–Denver (OLD) Highway. While, overall, these highways were in good shape, as they progressed west, they deteriorated into deeply rutted trails.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|p\=82}}.
When the [Federal Aid Road Act of 1916](/wiki/Federal_Aid_Road_Act_of_1916 "Federal Aid Road Act of 1916") was signed into law the Nebraska Legislature wasted no time and appropriated $640,000 (equivalent to ${{formatprice\|{{inflation\|US\-GDP\|640000\|1916}}}} in {{inflation\-year\|US\-GDP}}{{inflation\-fn\|US\-GDP}}) to match the appropriation from the Federal Road Fund and authorized the State Board of Irrigation, Highways, and Draining (a predecessor to the Department of Roads) to begin construction. As part of this, the board worked with county officials to devise a plan to connect all county seats in the state with approximately {{convert\|5,000\|mi\|km\|0}} of highways. During the 1920s the state began to lay gravel for state highways and by the end of the decade ranked 14th in the nation in state highway mileage that was graveled or better.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|pp\=16, 22}}.
In 1926, the Nebraska Bureau of Roads and Bridges began erecting the first state and U.S. Highway markers. Prior to that, signage along highways was non\-existent except along the Lincoln Highway where the Automobile Association of California erected red, white and blue enameled steel signs and along the Omaha\-Lincoln\-Denver highway where local citizens painted route markers on telephone poles. The covered wagon emblazoned on the Nebraska state highway shield was designed by State Engineer Robert Cochran.
World War II brought highway construction to a stand still in most of the country, however for national security purposes, the War Department and the Public Roads Administration identified a system of highways throughout the nation which was crucial for military purposes. This Strategic Network of Highways included [US 75](/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Nebraska "U.S. Route 75 in Nebraska"), [US 30A](/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Nebraska%23History "U.S. Route 30 in Nebraska#History"), [US 30](/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Nebraska "U.S. Route 30 in Nebraska"), [US 81](/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Nebraska "U.S. Route 81 in Nebraska"), [US 275](/wiki/U.S._Route_275_in_Nebraska "U.S. Route 275 in Nebraska") and [US 281](/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Nebraska "U.S. Route 281 in Nebraska") in Nebraska. In 1941 the first four\-lane divided highway was completed along US 73/75 from Omaha south to [Fort Crook](/wiki/Fort_Crook%2C_Nebraska "Fort Crook, Nebraska").
The conversion of gravel highways to hard surfacing became a priority of the department in 1950s, but limited funding meant this plan had to be executed strategically. As such, the department engineers developed a sufficiency rating system to prioritize projects based on their condition, economic factors, safety and service.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|p\=57}}.
As funding became an issue and keeping up with maintenance of the existing highway system became difficult, the department realized the public needed to be more aware of the need for proper funding and as a result developed the State Highway Commission in 1953 to act in an advisory capacity to the State Engineer and to formulate a highway system to be financed with revenue produced by highway user taxes.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|pp\=58–59}}.
### Interstate Highway System
In 1956, President [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") signed the Federal Aid Highway Act which authorized the construction of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways. This set the stage for a more aggressive approach to the state highway system than before by providing $168 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice\|{{inflation\|US\-GDP\|168000000\|1956}}}} in {{inflation\-year\|US\-GDP}}{{inflation\-fn\|US\-GDP}}) for highway construction before the end of the decade.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|p\=63}}. The first projects under the new act involved the relocation of US 30 east of [Kimball](/wiki/Kimball%2C_Nebraska "Kimball, Nebraska"). This {{convert\|14\.8\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} section was completed in October 1955 and would later become a portion of Interstate 80 in December 1973\. The department's first Interstate project was a {{convert\|6\.4\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} section of I\-80 near [Gretna](/wiki/Gretna%2C_Nebraska "Gretna, Nebraska") that began in June 1957 and opened to traffic in November 1959, ushering in the era of Interstate Highway travel in Nebraska.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|pp\=66–67}}.
The Interstate continued to be the focus of development throughout 1960s and 1970s with [I\-180](/wiki/Interstate_180_in_Nebraska "Interstate 180 in Nebraska") completed in 1964, [I\-76](/wiki/Interstate_76_%28Colorado%E2%80%93Nebraska%29 "Interstate 76 (Colorado–Nebraska)") in 1969, [I\-480](/wiki/Interstate_480_%28Iowa%E2%80%93Nebraska%29 "Interstate 480 (Iowa–Nebraska)") in 1970, [I\-80](/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Nebraska "Interstate 80 in Nebraska") in 1974, [I\-680](/wiki/Interstate_680_%28Iowa%E2%80%93Nebraska%29 "Interstate 680 (Iowa–Nebraska)") in 1975 and [I\-129](/wiki/Interstate_129 "Interstate 129") in 1977\. With the completion of I\-80 across the state, Nebraska became the first state in the nation to complete its mainline portion of the Interstate System; I\-80 would not be complete nationwide until 1986\.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|p\=87}}.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1800s",
"Prior to 1900s, travel across Nebraska was extremely difficult. Roads were few and far between and as you traveled west from Omaha, any roads that did exist were simply two ruts in the prairie. Prior to World War I the transportation needs of the country were mostly met by steamboats and railways. Farmers experienced difficulties delivering their harvest to markets, especially so when heavy rains caused any trails to become impassible muddy quagmires.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|pp\\=1–2}}. As the desire for public, well maintained roads grew, the State of Nebraska recognized this need and passed laws permitting counties to build roads and levy taxes as well as designating section lines as roads.",
"In 1855, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of a military road from Omaha to [Fort Kearney](/wiki/Fort_Kearney \"Fort Kearney\") and the Territorial Legislature passed a law on January 26, 1856 placing the authority for construction of roads with the counties through which they ran. It gave the counties the power to levy taxes and appropriate labor for construction. In 1860, a project to build a {{convert\\|190\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=mid\\|\\-long}} road from Nebraska City to Fort Kearney was initiated by the Nebraska City community and [Otoe County](/wiki/Otoe_County%2C_Nebraska \"Otoe County, Nebraska\") Commissioners in what became one of the most traveled roads in the west as part of the [Denver Trail](/wiki/Denver_Trail \"Denver Trail\"). In 1879, the Nebraska Legislature passed a law providing all section lines become public roads. By 1904, Nebraska had almost {{convert\\|80,000\\|mi\\|m}} of roads, the majority of which were section line roads, the condition of which were usually poor.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|pp\\=10–11}}.",
"During the late 19th century, various interest groups began putting pressure on the Federal Government to examine its role in national road development. Groups such as the [Good Roads Movement](/wiki/Good_Roads_Movement \"Good Roads Movement\") lobbied local, state and federal officials on the benefits of a good road network, not just for bicyclists, but for the benefit of rural communities and farmers. In response to this movement, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture and former acting governor of Nebraska, [Julius Sterling Morton](/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton \"Julius Sterling Morton\") set up the Office of Road Inquiry within the Department of Agriculture to investigate the condition of roads throughout the nation.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|p\\=6}}. The automobile increased the demand for better roads. Farmers, in particular, pressed for improved farm\\-to\\-market roads as they began purchasing automobiles to transport their goods. The Federal Government struggled with their role in the development of an improved road network. In 1912, Congress passed the Post Office Appropriation Act which allotted $500,000 (equivalent to ${{formatprice\\|{{inflation\\|US\\-GDP\\|500000\\|1912}}}} in {{inflation\\-year\\|US\\-GDP}}{{inflation\\-fn\\|US\\-GDP}}) for rural road construction to improve mail delivery.",
"### Early 1900s",
"Entrepreneur [Carl Graham Fisher](/wiki/Carl_Graham_Fisher \"Carl Graham Fisher\") envisioned a transcontinental highway, allowing vehicular travel from [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Jersey City, New Jersey\") to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). The plans for this road, named the [Lincoln Highway](/wiki/Lincoln_Highway \"Lincoln Highway\"), went through Omaha and across the entire state of Nebraska. On December 12, 1914, the first charter meeting of the [American Association of State Highway Officials](/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials \"American Association of State Highway Officials\") (AASHO) met in Washington, D.C. to form an association of state highway officials and draft a federal aid road bill. The bill promoted cooperation between the states and federal government, as equals, in the development and improvement of the nation's highways. President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson \"Woodrow Wilson\") signed the [Federal Aid Road Act of 1916](/wiki/Federal_Aid_Road_Act_of_1916 \"Federal Aid Road Act of 1916\") which provided $75 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice\\|{{inflation\\|US\\-GDP\\|75000000\\|1916}}}} in {{inflation\\-year\\|US\\-GDP}}{{inflation\\-fn\\|US\\-GDP}}) in federal money in 50–50 matching funds to the states for improving up to six percent of their statewide roads over a five\\-year period.",
"By 1914, Nebraska had three major highways, the [Meridian Highway](/wiki/Meridian_Highway \"Meridian Highway\"), the [Lincoln Highway](/wiki/Lincoln_Highway \"Lincoln Highway\") and the Omaha–Lincoln–Denver (OLD) Highway. While, overall, these highways were in good shape, as they progressed west, they deteriorated into deeply rutted trails.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|p\\=82}}.",
"When the [Federal Aid Road Act of 1916](/wiki/Federal_Aid_Road_Act_of_1916 \"Federal Aid Road Act of 1916\") was signed into law the Nebraska Legislature wasted no time and appropriated $640,000 (equivalent to ${{formatprice\\|{{inflation\\|US\\-GDP\\|640000\\|1916}}}} in {{inflation\\-year\\|US\\-GDP}}{{inflation\\-fn\\|US\\-GDP}}) to match the appropriation from the Federal Road Fund and authorized the State Board of Irrigation, Highways, and Draining (a predecessor to the Department of Roads) to begin construction. As part of this, the board worked with county officials to devise a plan to connect all county seats in the state with approximately {{convert\\|5,000\\|mi\\|km\\|0}} of highways. During the 1920s the state began to lay gravel for state highways and by the end of the decade ranked 14th in the nation in state highway mileage that was graveled or better.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|pp\\=16, 22}}.",
"In 1926, the Nebraska Bureau of Roads and Bridges began erecting the first state and U.S. Highway markers. Prior to that, signage along highways was non\\-existent except along the Lincoln Highway where the Automobile Association of California erected red, white and blue enameled steel signs and along the Omaha\\-Lincoln\\-Denver highway where local citizens painted route markers on telephone poles. The covered wagon emblazoned on the Nebraska state highway shield was designed by State Engineer Robert Cochran.",
"World War II brought highway construction to a stand still in most of the country, however for national security purposes, the War Department and the Public Roads Administration identified a system of highways throughout the nation which was crucial for military purposes. This Strategic Network of Highways included [US 75](/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Nebraska \"U.S. Route 75 in Nebraska\"), [US 30A](/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Nebraska%23History \"U.S. Route 30 in Nebraska#History\"), [US 30](/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Nebraska \"U.S. Route 30 in Nebraska\"), [US 81](/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Nebraska \"U.S. Route 81 in Nebraska\"), [US 275](/wiki/U.S._Route_275_in_Nebraska \"U.S. Route 275 in Nebraska\") and [US 281](/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Nebraska \"U.S. Route 281 in Nebraska\") in Nebraska. In 1941 the first four\\-lane divided highway was completed along US 73/75 from Omaha south to [Fort Crook](/wiki/Fort_Crook%2C_Nebraska \"Fort Crook, Nebraska\").",
"The conversion of gravel highways to hard surfacing became a priority of the department in 1950s, but limited funding meant this plan had to be executed strategically. As such, the department engineers developed a sufficiency rating system to prioritize projects based on their condition, economic factors, safety and service.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|p\\=57}}.",
"As funding became an issue and keeping up with maintenance of the existing highway system became difficult, the department realized the public needed to be more aware of the need for proper funding and as a result developed the State Highway Commission in 1953 to act in an advisory capacity to the State Engineer and to formulate a highway system to be financed with revenue produced by highway user taxes.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|pp\\=58–59}}.",
"### Interstate Highway System",
"In 1956, President [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\") signed the Federal Aid Highway Act which authorized the construction of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways. This set the stage for a more aggressive approach to the state highway system than before by providing $168 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice\\|{{inflation\\|US\\-GDP\\|168000000\\|1956}}}} in {{inflation\\-year\\|US\\-GDP}}{{inflation\\-fn\\|US\\-GDP}}) for highway construction before the end of the decade.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|p\\=63}}. The first projects under the new act involved the relocation of US 30 east of [Kimball](/wiki/Kimball%2C_Nebraska \"Kimball, Nebraska\"). This {{convert\\|14\\.8\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} section was completed in October 1955 and would later become a portion of Interstate 80 in December 1973\\. The department's first Interstate project was a {{convert\\|6\\.4\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} section of I\\-80 near [Gretna](/wiki/Gretna%2C_Nebraska \"Gretna, Nebraska\") that began in June 1957 and opened to traffic in November 1959, ushering in the era of Interstate Highway travel in Nebraska.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|pp\\=66–67}}.",
"The Interstate continued to be the focus of development throughout 1960s and 1970s with [I\\-180](/wiki/Interstate_180_in_Nebraska \"Interstate 180 in Nebraska\") completed in 1964, [I\\-76](/wiki/Interstate_76_%28Colorado%E2%80%93Nebraska%29 \"Interstate 76 (Colorado–Nebraska)\") in 1969, [I\\-480](/wiki/Interstate_480_%28Iowa%E2%80%93Nebraska%29 \"Interstate 480 (Iowa–Nebraska)\") in 1970, [I\\-80](/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Nebraska \"Interstate 80 in Nebraska\") in 1974, [I\\-680](/wiki/Interstate_680_%28Iowa%E2%80%93Nebraska%29 \"Interstate 680 (Iowa–Nebraska)\") in 1975 and [I\\-129](/wiki/Interstate_129 \"Interstate 129\") in 1977\\. With the completion of I\\-80 across the state, Nebraska became the first state in the nation to complete its mainline portion of the Interstate System; I\\-80 would not be complete nationwide until 1986\\.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|p\\=87}}.",
""
] |
### Early 1900s
Entrepreneur [Carl Graham Fisher](/wiki/Carl_Graham_Fisher "Carl Graham Fisher") envisioned a transcontinental highway, allowing vehicular travel from [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey "Jersey City, New Jersey") to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"). The plans for this road, named the [Lincoln Highway](/wiki/Lincoln_Highway "Lincoln Highway"), went through Omaha and across the entire state of Nebraska. On December 12, 1914, the first charter meeting of the [American Association of State Highway Officials](/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials "American Association of State Highway Officials") (AASHO) met in Washington, D.C. to form an association of state highway officials and draft a federal aid road bill. The bill promoted cooperation between the states and federal government, as equals, in the development and improvement of the nation's highways. President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson") signed the [Federal Aid Road Act of 1916](/wiki/Federal_Aid_Road_Act_of_1916 "Federal Aid Road Act of 1916") which provided $75 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice\|{{inflation\|US\-GDP\|75000000\|1916}}}} in {{inflation\-year\|US\-GDP}}{{inflation\-fn\|US\-GDP}}) in federal money in 50–50 matching funds to the states for improving up to six percent of their statewide roads over a five\-year period.
By 1914, Nebraska had three major highways, the [Meridian Highway](/wiki/Meridian_Highway "Meridian Highway"), the [Lincoln Highway](/wiki/Lincoln_Highway "Lincoln Highway") and the Omaha–Lincoln–Denver (OLD) Highway. While, overall, these highways were in good shape, as they progressed west, they deteriorated into deeply rutted trails.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|p\=82}}.
When the [Federal Aid Road Act of 1916](/wiki/Federal_Aid_Road_Act_of_1916 "Federal Aid Road Act of 1916") was signed into law the Nebraska Legislature wasted no time and appropriated $640,000 (equivalent to ${{formatprice\|{{inflation\|US\-GDP\|640000\|1916}}}} in {{inflation\-year\|US\-GDP}}{{inflation\-fn\|US\-GDP}}) to match the appropriation from the Federal Road Fund and authorized the State Board of Irrigation, Highways, and Draining (a predecessor to the Department of Roads) to begin construction. As part of this, the board worked with county officials to devise a plan to connect all county seats in the state with approximately {{convert\|5,000\|mi\|km\|0}} of highways. During the 1920s the state began to lay gravel for state highways and by the end of the decade ranked 14th in the nation in state highway mileage that was graveled or better.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|pp\=16, 22}}.
In 1926, the Nebraska Bureau of Roads and Bridges began erecting the first state and U.S. Highway markers. Prior to that, signage along highways was non\-existent except along the Lincoln Highway where the Automobile Association of California erected red, white and blue enameled steel signs and along the Omaha\-Lincoln\-Denver highway where local citizens painted route markers on telephone poles. The covered wagon emblazoned on the Nebraska state highway shield was designed by State Engineer Robert Cochran.
World War II brought highway construction to a stand still in most of the country, however for national security purposes, the War Department and the Public Roads Administration identified a system of highways throughout the nation which was crucial for military purposes. This Strategic Network of Highways included [US 75](/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Nebraska "U.S. Route 75 in Nebraska"), [US 30A](/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Nebraska%23History "U.S. Route 30 in Nebraska#History"), [US 30](/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Nebraska "U.S. Route 30 in Nebraska"), [US 81](/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Nebraska "U.S. Route 81 in Nebraska"), [US 275](/wiki/U.S._Route_275_in_Nebraska "U.S. Route 275 in Nebraska") and [US 281](/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Nebraska "U.S. Route 281 in Nebraska") in Nebraska. In 1941 the first four\-lane divided highway was completed along US 73/75 from Omaha south to [Fort Crook](/wiki/Fort_Crook%2C_Nebraska "Fort Crook, Nebraska").
The conversion of gravel highways to hard surfacing became a priority of the department in 1950s, but limited funding meant this plan had to be executed strategically. As such, the department engineers developed a sufficiency rating system to prioritize projects based on their condition, economic factors, safety and service.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|p\=57}}.
As funding became an issue and keeping up with maintenance of the existing highway system became difficult, the department realized the public needed to be more aware of the need for proper funding and as a result developed the State Highway Commission in 1953 to act in an advisory capacity to the State Engineer and to formulate a highway system to be financed with revenue produced by highway user taxes.{{harvp\|Koster\|1997\|pp\=58–59}}.
|
[
"### Early 1900s",
"Entrepreneur [Carl Graham Fisher](/wiki/Carl_Graham_Fisher \"Carl Graham Fisher\") envisioned a transcontinental highway, allowing vehicular travel from [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Jersey City, New Jersey\") to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). The plans for this road, named the [Lincoln Highway](/wiki/Lincoln_Highway \"Lincoln Highway\"), went through Omaha and across the entire state of Nebraska. On December 12, 1914, the first charter meeting of the [American Association of State Highway Officials](/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials \"American Association of State Highway Officials\") (AASHO) met in Washington, D.C. to form an association of state highway officials and draft a federal aid road bill. The bill promoted cooperation between the states and federal government, as equals, in the development and improvement of the nation's highways. President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson \"Woodrow Wilson\") signed the [Federal Aid Road Act of 1916](/wiki/Federal_Aid_Road_Act_of_1916 \"Federal Aid Road Act of 1916\") which provided $75 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice\\|{{inflation\\|US\\-GDP\\|75000000\\|1916}}}} in {{inflation\\-year\\|US\\-GDP}}{{inflation\\-fn\\|US\\-GDP}}) in federal money in 50–50 matching funds to the states for improving up to six percent of their statewide roads over a five\\-year period.",
"By 1914, Nebraska had three major highways, the [Meridian Highway](/wiki/Meridian_Highway \"Meridian Highway\"), the [Lincoln Highway](/wiki/Lincoln_Highway \"Lincoln Highway\") and the Omaha–Lincoln–Denver (OLD) Highway. While, overall, these highways were in good shape, as they progressed west, they deteriorated into deeply rutted trails.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|p\\=82}}.",
"When the [Federal Aid Road Act of 1916](/wiki/Federal_Aid_Road_Act_of_1916 \"Federal Aid Road Act of 1916\") was signed into law the Nebraska Legislature wasted no time and appropriated $640,000 (equivalent to ${{formatprice\\|{{inflation\\|US\\-GDP\\|640000\\|1916}}}} in {{inflation\\-year\\|US\\-GDP}}{{inflation\\-fn\\|US\\-GDP}}) to match the appropriation from the Federal Road Fund and authorized the State Board of Irrigation, Highways, and Draining (a predecessor to the Department of Roads) to begin construction. As part of this, the board worked with county officials to devise a plan to connect all county seats in the state with approximately {{convert\\|5,000\\|mi\\|km\\|0}} of highways. During the 1920s the state began to lay gravel for state highways and by the end of the decade ranked 14th in the nation in state highway mileage that was graveled or better.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|pp\\=16, 22}}.",
"In 1926, the Nebraska Bureau of Roads and Bridges began erecting the first state and U.S. Highway markers. Prior to that, signage along highways was non\\-existent except along the Lincoln Highway where the Automobile Association of California erected red, white and blue enameled steel signs and along the Omaha\\-Lincoln\\-Denver highway where local citizens painted route markers on telephone poles. The covered wagon emblazoned on the Nebraska state highway shield was designed by State Engineer Robert Cochran.",
"World War II brought highway construction to a stand still in most of the country, however for national security purposes, the War Department and the Public Roads Administration identified a system of highways throughout the nation which was crucial for military purposes. This Strategic Network of Highways included [US 75](/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Nebraska \"U.S. Route 75 in Nebraska\"), [US 30A](/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Nebraska%23History \"U.S. Route 30 in Nebraska#History\"), [US 30](/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Nebraska \"U.S. Route 30 in Nebraska\"), [US 81](/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Nebraska \"U.S. Route 81 in Nebraska\"), [US 275](/wiki/U.S._Route_275_in_Nebraska \"U.S. Route 275 in Nebraska\") and [US 281](/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Nebraska \"U.S. Route 281 in Nebraska\") in Nebraska. In 1941 the first four\\-lane divided highway was completed along US 73/75 from Omaha south to [Fort Crook](/wiki/Fort_Crook%2C_Nebraska \"Fort Crook, Nebraska\").",
"The conversion of gravel highways to hard surfacing became a priority of the department in 1950s, but limited funding meant this plan had to be executed strategically. As such, the department engineers developed a sufficiency rating system to prioritize projects based on their condition, economic factors, safety and service.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|p\\=57}}.",
"As funding became an issue and keeping up with maintenance of the existing highway system became difficult, the department realized the public needed to be more aware of the need for proper funding and as a result developed the State Highway Commission in 1953 to act in an advisory capacity to the State Engineer and to formulate a highway system to be financed with revenue produced by highway user taxes.{{harvp\\|Koster\\|1997\\|pp\\=58–59}}.",
""
] |
Main characters
---------------
### Hideki Motosuwa
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Tomokazu Sugita]]\|\[\[Crispin Freeman]]}}
{{nihongo\|Hideki Motosuwa\|本須和 秀樹 \|Motosuwa Hideki}} is a 19\-year\-old (18 in the anime) repeat student (*[ronin](/wiki/Ronin_%28student%29 "Ronin (student)")*) attempting to get into a university by studying at Seki [cram school](/wiki/Cram_school "Cram school"), which his parents have sent him to. They have also severed his allowance, which means he has to work at Yorokonde (My Pleasure), an [izakaya](/wiki/Izakaya "Izakaya"), to make ends meet. One night, while walking home from a convenience store, he finds a persocom lying in the trash outside his apartment building. He takes her home, and after much searching, switches her on and finds that the only word she can utter is "Chi". Because of this, he gives her the name "Chi" and takes her into his care, doing his best to protect and teach her.
Hideki could best be described as "a fish out of water." Living in the country his entire life, Hideki has trouble adjusting to his new life in Tokyo. Due to this, he is prone to outbursts of confusion and frustration. Also, because of the time spent by himself on his family's farm (which in the anime is revealed to be in [Hokkaidō](/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D "Hokkaidō")), Hideki has a habit of thinking out loud and talking to himself. This leads to some very entertaining moments between himself and the women he meets. Like many young men, Hideki has an active libido, possessing many pornographic magazines which he refers to as "okazu" ("side dish"). (In the English manga translation, Chi refers to one of the magazines as a "tasty side dish"; in the anime's American translation, Chi refers to these magazines as "Hideki's yummies"). When he moves to Tokyo, Hideki desires a persocom so that he can finally surf the internet for pornography. It should be stated however that he isn't the only character who thinks this way. In fact Shinbo himself proudly admits that Plum ([Sumomo](/wiki/Sumomo "Sumomo") in the anime) is also equipped to perform these tasks when he first meets Hideki.
Despite his shortcomings and occasional moments of awkwardness with the bustling environment of Tokyo, Hideki is a genuinely kind and honest person, whose habit of thinking of others' well\-being before his own can cause many problems. When a friend is in trouble, especially Chi, he is always there to help. Although many characters in the series often tease him for being a "nice guy", mostly by saying that's why he's a virgin, they turn to him for advice with their problems, knowing he will always hear them out and do his best to assist them.
In an extra 27th episode included on the Chobits anime DVD, it is shown that Hideki is finally admitted to college after studying for a year at the prep school.
### Chi
{{main\|Chi (Chobits)}}
{{anchor\|Elda}}
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Rie Tanaka]]\|\[\[Georgette Rose]]}}
{{nihongo\|Chi\|ちぃ\|Chii}} is a "chobit," a technologically advanced persocom rumored to possess true sapience, unlike other persocoms.{{cite book \| author\=Clamp \| author\-link\=Clamp (manga artists) \| title\=Chobits volume 1 \| orig\-year\=2001 \| year\=2002 \| publisher\=Tokyopop \| isbn\=978\-1\-931514\-92\-7 \| url\-access\=registration \| url\=https://archive.org/details/chobitsvol10000clam }} She is found by Hideki one night in the trash, as he makes his way home from work. Her on\-off switch is located in an unusual location. CLAMP has stated that this was done to create a major plot point. Upon Hideki finding the switch and turning her on, she is only able to say the word "chi," remembers nothing of her past life, and is unable to perform even simple tasks. Because of this, Hideki names her Chi and undertakes teaching her how to function. Because her system cannot be scanned by other persocoms, Minoru Kokubunji suggests she may be one of the legendary chobits. Through the course of the series, Chi learns basic skills, and eventually takes a job to help support Hideki.
As Chi and Hideki learn more about her, Chi begins to have visions of another persocom who is identical to herself. Hideki eventually learns that this is Freya, her twin, and that Chi was originally called Elda; after Freya fell in love and broke her heart, her memories were downloaded into Chi, before her system stopped. While Ms. Hibiya was telling Hideki about Chi's earlier life Freya was telling a simpler, less detailed, version of the same story to Chi.
During the series, Chi reads a series of children's picture books, *A City with No People*, about a character searching for the "person just for me," which were written pseudonymously by Chitose Hibiya as a way of reconnecting Chi to her past self as Elda, and to guide Chi's search for love. At the end of the series, Hideki finally admits that he loves Chi, and is her special person.
|
[
"Main characters\n---------------",
"### Hideki Motosuwa",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Tomokazu Sugita]]\\|\\[\\[Crispin Freeman]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Hideki Motosuwa\\|本須和 秀樹 \\|Motosuwa Hideki}} is a 19\\-year\\-old (18 in the anime) repeat student (*[ronin](/wiki/Ronin_%28student%29 \"Ronin (student)\")*) attempting to get into a university by studying at Seki [cram school](/wiki/Cram_school \"Cram school\"), which his parents have sent him to. They have also severed his allowance, which means he has to work at Yorokonde (My Pleasure), an [izakaya](/wiki/Izakaya \"Izakaya\"), to make ends meet. One night, while walking home from a convenience store, he finds a persocom lying in the trash outside his apartment building. He takes her home, and after much searching, switches her on and finds that the only word she can utter is \"Chi\". Because of this, he gives her the name \"Chi\" and takes her into his care, doing his best to protect and teach her.",
"Hideki could best be described as \"a fish out of water.\" Living in the country his entire life, Hideki has trouble adjusting to his new life in Tokyo. Due to this, he is prone to outbursts of confusion and frustration. Also, because of the time spent by himself on his family's farm (which in the anime is revealed to be in [Hokkaidō](/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D \"Hokkaidō\")), Hideki has a habit of thinking out loud and talking to himself. This leads to some very entertaining moments between himself and the women he meets. Like many young men, Hideki has an active libido, possessing many pornographic magazines which he refers to as \"okazu\" (\"side dish\"). (In the English manga translation, Chi refers to one of the magazines as a \"tasty side dish\"; in the anime's American translation, Chi refers to these magazines as \"Hideki's yummies\"). When he moves to Tokyo, Hideki desires a persocom so that he can finally surf the internet for pornography. It should be stated however that he isn't the only character who thinks this way. In fact Shinbo himself proudly admits that Plum ([Sumomo](/wiki/Sumomo \"Sumomo\") in the anime) is also equipped to perform these tasks when he first meets Hideki.",
"Despite his shortcomings and occasional moments of awkwardness with the bustling environment of Tokyo, Hideki is a genuinely kind and honest person, whose habit of thinking of others' well\\-being before his own can cause many problems. When a friend is in trouble, especially Chi, he is always there to help. Although many characters in the series often tease him for being a \"nice guy\", mostly by saying that's why he's a virgin, they turn to him for advice with their problems, knowing he will always hear them out and do his best to assist them.",
"In an extra 27th episode included on the Chobits anime DVD, it is shown that Hideki is finally admitted to college after studying for a year at the prep school.",
"### Chi",
"{{main\\|Chi (Chobits)}}\n{{anchor\\|Elda}}\n{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Rie Tanaka]]\\|\\[\\[Georgette Rose]]}}",
"{{nihongo\\|Chi\\|ちぃ\\|Chii}} is a \"chobit,\" a technologically advanced persocom rumored to possess true sapience, unlike other persocoms.{{cite book \\| author\\=Clamp \\| author\\-link\\=Clamp (manga artists) \\| title\\=Chobits volume 1 \\| orig\\-year\\=2001 \\| year\\=2002 \\| publisher\\=Tokyopop \\| isbn\\=978\\-1\\-931514\\-92\\-7 \\| url\\-access\\=registration \\| url\\=https://archive.org/details/chobitsvol10000clam }} She is found by Hideki one night in the trash, as he makes his way home from work. Her on\\-off switch is located in an unusual location. CLAMP has stated that this was done to create a major plot point. Upon Hideki finding the switch and turning her on, she is only able to say the word \"chi,\" remembers nothing of her past life, and is unable to perform even simple tasks. Because of this, Hideki names her Chi and undertakes teaching her how to function. Because her system cannot be scanned by other persocoms, Minoru Kokubunji suggests she may be one of the legendary chobits. Through the course of the series, Chi learns basic skills, and eventually takes a job to help support Hideki.",
"As Chi and Hideki learn more about her, Chi begins to have visions of another persocom who is identical to herself. Hideki eventually learns that this is Freya, her twin, and that Chi was originally called Elda; after Freya fell in love and broke her heart, her memories were downloaded into Chi, before her system stopped. While Ms. Hibiya was telling Hideki about Chi's earlier life Freya was telling a simpler, less detailed, version of the same story to Chi.",
"During the series, Chi reads a series of children's picture books, *A City with No People*, about a character searching for the \"person just for me,\" which were written pseudonymously by Chitose Hibiya as a way of reconnecting Chi to her past self as Elda, and to guide Chi's search for love. At the end of the series, Hideki finally admits that he loves Chi, and is her special person.",
""
] |
Humans
------
### Chitose Hibiya
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Kikuko Inoue]]\|\[\[Bridget Hoffman\|Ellen Wilkinson]]}}
{{nihongo\|Chitose Hibiya\|日比谷 千歳 \|Hibiya Chitose}} is the landlady at the apartment where Hideki is staying. In the manga, she was previously an employee of Piffle Princess Enterprises and participated in the development of Angels and later, persocoms. She was married to the president of the company, the late [Ichiro Mihara](/wiki/List_of_Angelic_Layer_characters%23Ichiro_%22Icchan%22_Mihara "List of Angelic Layer characters#Ichiro ") (a character from CLAMP's [shared universe](/wiki/Shared_universe "Shared universe") work *[Angelic Layer](/wiki/Angelic_Layer "Angelic Layer")*{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.advfilms.com/characters/icchan.php \|title\=Ichiro Mihara \|access\-date\=February 1, 2015\|work\=ADV Films.com \|publisher\= A.D. Vision, Inc. \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503180430/http://www.angeliclayerdvd.com/characters/icchan.php\|archive\-date\=2006\-05\-03}}), who used the data gathered from the Angelic Layer research to create the Chobits to be Chitose's children, because she was unable to have children of her own. She also authors the *A City with No People* series of books to help Chi find the Person Just for Her.
### Hiromu Shinbo
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Tomokazu Seki]]\|\[\[Tony Oliver]]}}
{{nihongo\|Hiromu Shinbo{{efn\|Shinbo's name is spelled Shinbo on the Japanese ''Chobits'' website and in the English anime \& manga, and is also pronounced identically (Japanese "n" is pronounced as "m" before bilabials such as "p" and "b").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tbs.co.jp/chobits/old/chara/c\_shinbo.html\|title\=Shinbo Hiromu\|publisher\=TBS\|language\=ja\|access\-date\=September 11, 2009}}{{cite web\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417094740/http://www.chobitsdvd.com/characters/shinbo.html \|archive\-date\=April 17, 2003 \|url\=http://www.chobitsdvd.com/characters/shinbo.html \|title\=Hiromu Shinbo (English) \|publisher\=Chobitsdvd.com \|access\-date\=September 11, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204135653/http://www.tokyopop.com/S\-1030/\|archive\-date\=February 4, 2007\|url\=http://www.tokyopop.com/S\-1030/\|title\=Chobit's official website (Shinbo)\|access\-date\=September 11, 2009}}}}\|新保弘 \|Shinbo Hiromu}} is Hideki's best friend and is also studying at Seki cram school. In the anime, Shinbo lives in the same apartment complex as Hideki and is his next\-door neighbor. Shinbo is usually the first person Hideki turns to for help with persocoms. Shortly after beginning school he finds his teacher Takako Shimizu in a park late at night because she had been unwittingly locked out of her house by her husband, who was too busy with his persocom. He later falls in love and becomes her husband.
### Hiroyasu Ueda
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Yuji Ueda]]\|\[\[Steven Blum\|David Lucas]]}}
{{nihongo\|Hiroyasu Ueda\|植田 弘康\|Ueda Hiroyasu}} is the owner of Chiroru, a local bakery which Yumi (and in the manga, Hideki) once worked in and which Chi ends up working at. He is 39 years old, although he looks as though he is only in his mid\-20s, at one point noting jokingly that he has a "[baby face](/wiki/wikt:Babyface "Babyface")".
He too has suffered a trauma involving persocoms. When he first opened his bakery, he bought a persocom to help with math and accounting, which he admits he is terrible at. He eventually fell in love with this persocom and then married her, but she developed a hard disk fault which resulted in the gradual degradation of her memory, until she remembered almost nothing at all.
Rarely, she would suddenly recall small fragments of memories from her life with Hiroyasu. He could not bring himself to have her repaired because her memories might be lost completely in the process of transferring them to a new hard drive, and he felt she would not be the same person if this happened. Soon, her memory degraded to the point that she could not remember anything for more than a few seconds at a time, and Hiroyasu had to keep a constant watch on her to prevent her from wandering away. One night while walking with his persocom, Hiroyasu, lost in thought, walked into the middle of the street, unaware of an oncoming truck. In a final moment of clarity, his persocom pushed him out of the way and was herself run over. Her last word to Hiroyasu was "Konnichiwa"; the default greeting for a newly activated persocom with no memories.
Hiroyasu and Yumi Oumura were in love in the past, but broke up when Yumi quit her job at the bakery after discovering that the persocom he was previously married to was named "Yumi" and feared she could never live up to the other Yumi. Through the help of Chi and Hideki, he and Yumi resume their relationship.
### Minoru Kokubunji (M)
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Houko Kuwashima]]\|\[\[Mona Marshall]]}}
{{nihongo\|Minoru Kokubunji\|国分寺 稔 \|Kokubunji Minoru}} is a wealthy twelve\-year\-old genius, whose specialty is persocoms. In particular, he has built a custom persocom named Yuzuki, designed to look like his late sister, and has given her self\-teaching software, meaning that she can learn things on her own instead of having to have programs loaded into her as is the case with most persocoms.
For the most part, Minoru is a very reserved and very gentle individual who surrounds himself with persocoms. His curiosity over Chi's origins leads to him becoming one of Hideki Motosuwa's closest friends. Minoru does what he can to help his friends whether it be technological help, such as tracking things down or allowing Hideki to make video phone calls, or advice on relationships with persocoms. Although he is known for being calm and collected most of the time, Minoru's attitude completely changes when Yuzuki is present. Similar to Hideki's behavior toward Chi, Minoru is very protective of Yuzuki and is prone to outbursts whenever she is in trouble. He is also very forgiving, always comforting her on the fact that it is never her fault if something goes wrong.
Minoru is also known as "M" on the bulletin boards, where he is considered one of the leading experts in the field of persocom development. Minoru's late sister is [Kaede Saito](/wiki/List_of_Angelic_Layer_characters%23Kaede_Saito "List of Angelic Layer characters#Kaede Saito"), a character from *[Angelic Layer](/wiki/Angelic_Layer "Angelic Layer")*.
### Takako Shimizu
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Ryoka Yuzuki]]\|\[\[Wendee Lee]]}}
{{nihongo\|Takako Shimizu\|清水 多香子\|Shimizu Takako}} is Hideki and Shinbo's teacher at the Seki cram school. Like Yumi, Shimizu has had a negative experience with persocoms: Her husband bought a persocom, and eventually she became unimportant to him compared to the persocom. He spent more and more time with it until he forgot about his wife completely, locking her out of the house one night because he was so enamored with it. Because of this, Shimizu is no longer able to trust human men. In the end, she returns to the cram school, married to Shinbo.
### Yoshiyuki Kojima (Dragonfly)
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Jun'ichi Suwabe]]\|Terrence Stone}}
Known in online circles as "Dragonfly", {{nihongo\|Yoshiyuki Kojima\|小島 良由起\|Kojima Yoshiyuki}} is an ego\-driven custom persocom\-builder and a man willing to overlook scruples to learn more about building better persocoms. Unlike Minoru Kokubunji, he is more obsessed with persocoms and even kidnaps Chi during the course of the story. He attempts to hack into Chi, using all of his persocoms in a massive parallel processing network. During this time, he makes an ill\-advised attempt to sexually molest Chi, and Freya takes over, restraining him with all of the cords attached to her. She then attacks him with a concussion blast, blowing out the windows in his house and knocking him unconscious. Afterwards, he is seen assisting Minoru to help solve the mystery of Chi and the Chobits. He mentions that Chi "is too interesting a safe not to try and crack!" Because of these events, Hideki feels uncomfortable in his presence.
Yoshiyuki is the original owner of Kotoko.
### Yumi Omura
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Megumi Toyoguchi]]\|\[\[Julie Maddalena]]}}
{{nihongo\|Yumi Omura{{efn\|Yumi's last name is spelled "Omura" in the Japanese website, and in the English anime release, but is mentioned as "Oumura" in the English Tokyopop manga releases.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tbs.co.jp/chobits/old/chara/c\_yumi.html\|title\=Omura Yumi\|publisher\=TBS\|language\=ja\|access\-date\=September 11, 2009}}{{cite web\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417094617/http://www.chobitsdvd.com/characters/yumi.html \|archive\-date\=April 17, 2003 \|url\=http://www.chobitsdvd.com/characters/yumi.html \|title\=Yumi Omura (English) \|publisher\=Chobitsdvd.com \|access\-date\=September 11, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead }}}}\|大村 裕美\|Ōmura Yumi}} is a seventeen\-year\-old girl who works at the Japanese pub called My Pleasure alongside Hideki. In the anime, she is the daughter of the club's owner, but in the manga, she is only an employee. It is initially implied that Yumi is interested in a relationship with Hideki, but as the series progresses it is revealed that she initially approached him because he also worked at My Pleasure, and that she thinks of him as an older brother. Throughout most of the series Yumi has an inferiority complex toward persocoms, and becomes upset at any mention of a human\-sized persocom. However, she does carry a small persocom, shaped like a rabbit, on a key chain that can only do basic functions. In the manga she says that she has a larger persocom, also shaped like a rabbit, at home. In one episode of the anime it is revealed that one of those functions is a cell phone, which is later used by Chi to determine her location.
The reason for her inferiority complex is that while Yumi was working at Chiroru she fell in love with the manager, Hiroyasu Ueda. She gathered the courage to tell him, and found out that he reciprocated her feelings. However, Yumi later discovered that Ueda had previously been married to a persocom that he had named Yumi (see Hiroyasu's entry) and she thought that he would compare her to the persocom Yumi and find her inferior.
However, Hideki eventually manages to persuade Yumi that Hiroyasu wouldn't have started anything if he didn't love Yumi for who she was, and he and Yumi resume their relationship.
|
[
"Humans\n------",
"### Chitose Hibiya",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Kikuko Inoue]]\\|\\[\\[Bridget Hoffman\\|Ellen Wilkinson]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Chitose Hibiya\\|日比谷 千歳 \\|Hibiya Chitose}} is the landlady at the apartment where Hideki is staying. In the manga, she was previously an employee of Piffle Princess Enterprises and participated in the development of Angels and later, persocoms. She was married to the president of the company, the late [Ichiro Mihara](/wiki/List_of_Angelic_Layer_characters%23Ichiro_%22Icchan%22_Mihara \"List of Angelic Layer characters#Ichiro \") (a character from CLAMP's [shared universe](/wiki/Shared_universe \"Shared universe\") work *[Angelic Layer](/wiki/Angelic_Layer \"Angelic Layer\")*{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.advfilms.com/characters/icchan.php \\|title\\=Ichiro Mihara \\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2015\\|work\\=ADV Films.com \\|publisher\\= A.D. Vision, Inc. \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503180430/http://www.angeliclayerdvd.com/characters/icchan.php\\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-05\\-03}}), who used the data gathered from the Angelic Layer research to create the Chobits to be Chitose's children, because she was unable to have children of her own. She also authors the *A City with No People* series of books to help Chi find the Person Just for Her.",
"### Hiromu Shinbo",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Tomokazu Seki]]\\|\\[\\[Tony Oliver]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Hiromu Shinbo{{efn\\|Shinbo's name is spelled Shinbo on the Japanese ''Chobits'' website and in the English anime \\& manga, and is also pronounced identically (Japanese \"n\" is pronounced as \"m\" before bilabials such as \"p\" and \"b\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tbs.co.jp/chobits/old/chara/c\\_shinbo.html\\|title\\=Shinbo Hiromu\\|publisher\\=TBS\\|language\\=ja\\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2009}}{{cite web\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417094740/http://www.chobitsdvd.com/characters/shinbo.html \\|archive\\-date\\=April 17, 2003 \\|url\\=http://www.chobitsdvd.com/characters/shinbo.html \\|title\\=Hiromu Shinbo (English) \\|publisher\\=Chobitsdvd.com \\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204135653/http://www.tokyopop.com/S\\-1030/\\|archive\\-date\\=February 4, 2007\\|url\\=http://www.tokyopop.com/S\\-1030/\\|title\\=Chobit's official website (Shinbo)\\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2009}}}}\\|新保弘 \\|Shinbo Hiromu}} is Hideki's best friend and is also studying at Seki cram school. In the anime, Shinbo lives in the same apartment complex as Hideki and is his next\\-door neighbor. Shinbo is usually the first person Hideki turns to for help with persocoms. Shortly after beginning school he finds his teacher Takako Shimizu in a park late at night because she had been unwittingly locked out of her house by her husband, who was too busy with his persocom. He later falls in love and becomes her husband.",
"### Hiroyasu Ueda",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Yuji Ueda]]\\|\\[\\[Steven Blum\\|David Lucas]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Hiroyasu Ueda\\|植田 弘康\\|Ueda Hiroyasu}} is the owner of Chiroru, a local bakery which Yumi (and in the manga, Hideki) once worked in and which Chi ends up working at. He is 39 years old, although he looks as though he is only in his mid\\-20s, at one point noting jokingly that he has a \"[baby face](/wiki/wikt:Babyface \"Babyface\")\".",
"He too has suffered a trauma involving persocoms. When he first opened his bakery, he bought a persocom to help with math and accounting, which he admits he is terrible at. He eventually fell in love with this persocom and then married her, but she developed a hard disk fault which resulted in the gradual degradation of her memory, until she remembered almost nothing at all.",
"Rarely, she would suddenly recall small fragments of memories from her life with Hiroyasu. He could not bring himself to have her repaired because her memories might be lost completely in the process of transferring them to a new hard drive, and he felt she would not be the same person if this happened. Soon, her memory degraded to the point that she could not remember anything for more than a few seconds at a time, and Hiroyasu had to keep a constant watch on her to prevent her from wandering away. One night while walking with his persocom, Hiroyasu, lost in thought, walked into the middle of the street, unaware of an oncoming truck. In a final moment of clarity, his persocom pushed him out of the way and was herself run over. Her last word to Hiroyasu was \"Konnichiwa\"; the default greeting for a newly activated persocom with no memories.",
"Hiroyasu and Yumi Oumura were in love in the past, but broke up when Yumi quit her job at the bakery after discovering that the persocom he was previously married to was named \"Yumi\" and feared she could never live up to the other Yumi. Through the help of Chi and Hideki, he and Yumi resume their relationship.",
"### Minoru Kokubunji (M)",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Houko Kuwashima]]\\|\\[\\[Mona Marshall]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Minoru Kokubunji\\|国分寺 稔 \\|Kokubunji Minoru}} is a wealthy twelve\\-year\\-old genius, whose specialty is persocoms. In particular, he has built a custom persocom named Yuzuki, designed to look like his late sister, and has given her self\\-teaching software, meaning that she can learn things on her own instead of having to have programs loaded into her as is the case with most persocoms.",
"For the most part, Minoru is a very reserved and very gentle individual who surrounds himself with persocoms. His curiosity over Chi's origins leads to him becoming one of Hideki Motosuwa's closest friends. Minoru does what he can to help his friends whether it be technological help, such as tracking things down or allowing Hideki to make video phone calls, or advice on relationships with persocoms. Although he is known for being calm and collected most of the time, Minoru's attitude completely changes when Yuzuki is present. Similar to Hideki's behavior toward Chi, Minoru is very protective of Yuzuki and is prone to outbursts whenever she is in trouble. He is also very forgiving, always comforting her on the fact that it is never her fault if something goes wrong.",
"Minoru is also known as \"M\" on the bulletin boards, where he is considered one of the leading experts in the field of persocom development. Minoru's late sister is [Kaede Saito](/wiki/List_of_Angelic_Layer_characters%23Kaede_Saito \"List of Angelic Layer characters#Kaede Saito\"), a character from *[Angelic Layer](/wiki/Angelic_Layer \"Angelic Layer\")*.",
"### Takako Shimizu",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Ryoka Yuzuki]]\\|\\[\\[Wendee Lee]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Takako Shimizu\\|清水 多香子\\|Shimizu Takako}} is Hideki and Shinbo's teacher at the Seki cram school. Like Yumi, Shimizu has had a negative experience with persocoms: Her husband bought a persocom, and eventually she became unimportant to him compared to the persocom. He spent more and more time with it until he forgot about his wife completely, locking her out of the house one night because he was so enamored with it. Because of this, Shimizu is no longer able to trust human men. In the end, she returns to the cram school, married to Shinbo.",
"### Yoshiyuki Kojima (Dragonfly)",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Jun'ichi Suwabe]]\\|Terrence Stone}}\nKnown in online circles as \"Dragonfly\", {{nihongo\\|Yoshiyuki Kojima\\|小島 良由起\\|Kojima Yoshiyuki}} is an ego\\-driven custom persocom\\-builder and a man willing to overlook scruples to learn more about building better persocoms. Unlike Minoru Kokubunji, he is more obsessed with persocoms and even kidnaps Chi during the course of the story. He attempts to hack into Chi, using all of his persocoms in a massive parallel processing network. During this time, he makes an ill\\-advised attempt to sexually molest Chi, and Freya takes over, restraining him with all of the cords attached to her. She then attacks him with a concussion blast, blowing out the windows in his house and knocking him unconscious. Afterwards, he is seen assisting Minoru to help solve the mystery of Chi and the Chobits. He mentions that Chi \"is too interesting a safe not to try and crack!\" Because of these events, Hideki feels uncomfortable in his presence.",
"Yoshiyuki is the original owner of Kotoko.",
"### Yumi Omura",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Megumi Toyoguchi]]\\|\\[\\[Julie Maddalena]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Yumi Omura{{efn\\|Yumi's last name is spelled \"Omura\" in the Japanese website, and in the English anime release, but is mentioned as \"Oumura\" in the English Tokyopop manga releases.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tbs.co.jp/chobits/old/chara/c\\_yumi.html\\|title\\=Omura Yumi\\|publisher\\=TBS\\|language\\=ja\\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2009}}{{cite web\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417094617/http://www.chobitsdvd.com/characters/yumi.html \\|archive\\-date\\=April 17, 2003 \\|url\\=http://www.chobitsdvd.com/characters/yumi.html \\|title\\=Yumi Omura (English) \\|publisher\\=Chobitsdvd.com \\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}}}\\|大村 裕美\\|Ōmura Yumi}} is a seventeen\\-year\\-old girl who works at the Japanese pub called My Pleasure alongside Hideki. In the anime, she is the daughter of the club's owner, but in the manga, she is only an employee. It is initially implied that Yumi is interested in a relationship with Hideki, but as the series progresses it is revealed that she initially approached him because he also worked at My Pleasure, and that she thinks of him as an older brother. Throughout most of the series Yumi has an inferiority complex toward persocoms, and becomes upset at any mention of a human\\-sized persocom. However, she does carry a small persocom, shaped like a rabbit, on a key chain that can only do basic functions. In the manga she says that she has a larger persocom, also shaped like a rabbit, at home. In one episode of the anime it is revealed that one of those functions is a cell phone, which is later used by Chi to determine her location.",
"The reason for her inferiority complex is that while Yumi was working at Chiroru she fell in love with the manager, Hiroyasu Ueda. She gathered the courage to tell him, and found out that he reciprocated her feelings. However, Yumi later discovered that Ueda had previously been married to a persocom that he had named Yumi (see Hiroyasu's entry) and she thought that he would compare her to the persocom Yumi and find her inferior.",
"However, Hideki eventually manages to persuade Yumi that Hiroyasu wouldn't have started anything if he didn't love Yumi for who she was, and he and Yumi resume their relationship.",
""
] |
Persocoms
---------
### Freya
{{voiced by\|\[\[Rie Tanaka]]\|\[\[Michelle Ruff]]}}
{{nihongo\|Freya\|フレイヤ\|Fureiya}} was the first Chobit, who was created before Elda by Hibiya's husband, Ichiro Mihara. Freya was created to be Hibiya's daughter, because she was unable to have children of her own. Freya's development was kept secret from Hibiya; she did not know of Freya's existence until she was called down to the lab one day, without explanation. Upon awakening for the very first time, she was given the name Freya by Hibiya.
Freya lived happily with the Mihara couple for a time, until Hibiya noticed that her attitude was becoming increasingly melancholy, with no explanation as to why. At this point, Hibiya asked her husband to build a little sister for Freya, in an attempt to make her happy again. From this request, Elda was created. Freya was happy to have a little sister, and for a time, seemed to be acting normally, although, as Hibiya would later tell Hideki in the anime, "*there were still these odd times when she looked as though she was thinking very deeply about something*."
Some time after, Freya suddenly lost consciousness and collapsed to the ground. In the anime, the impetus for this event was witnessing her mother and father flirting with each other in the compound's courtyard. It was only then that Hibiya finally realized the source of Freya's sadness; she had fallen in love with her own father, Mihara. Freya knew that her father still loved his wife, and did not want to disturb their happiness, so she pained her heart with efforts to suppress her feelings. Over time, her pain became so great that she began to malfunction under the strain of her emotional burden. Freya was no longer able to move, and was bedridden from that point on. Toward the end, she could not lift a finger or even shift her focus, and began to suffer from memory loss.
In the anime, Freya never found the courage to tell her father how she truly felt; in the manga, she resigns herself to the fact that because of the damage to her body, all hope is lost regardless of the outcome, and chooses to tell him her true feelings. Eventually Freya's pain became so unbearable, that she chose to self\-terminate, rather than continue to exist. Before this could happen, Elda offered to take Freya's heart into her own, so that she would not disappear completely, and so that her memories would be preserved. In the anime, nobody knew that Elda had taken in Freya's heart; conversely, in the manga, both Hibiya and Mihara learned of this only moments after it occurred.
Now that Elda has become Chi, Freya does everything she can to ensure that Chi will find the person just for her. Freya comforts Chi when she is in distress, guides her to understand her feelings for Hideki, and intervenes when she is in danger.
### Kotoko
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Yukana Nogami\|Yukana]]\|\[\[Kari Wahlgren]]}}
{{nihongo\|Kotoko\|琴子}} is a laptop\-sized persocom, like Sumomo, but, she told Chi, "I am desktop powerful." She was custom\-built by Yoshiyuki and has much higher specifications than Sumomo. Kotoko originally belonged to Yoshiyuki, but following Chi's kidnapping, Hideki and Shinbo force Yoshiyuki to transfer ownership of Kotoko to Hideki so that her memories of Yoshiyuki kidnapping Chi cannot be erased. Kotoko is far more serious than Sumomo, and thinks that everyone in the Motosuwa household is crazy, Sumomo in particular. Kotoko's specialty is research, which twice drives the story forward. Kotoko is also programmed to always tell the truth, no matter what, even when it works to her owner's disadvantage. She is serious and cynical, except when researching something, to the point of being *[tsundere](/wiki/Tsundere "Tsundere")*.{{cite episode \| title\=Hibiya and Kotoko Chat \| episode\-link\=List\_of\_Chobits\_episodes\#Unaired episodes (DVD exclusives) \| series\=Chobits \| series\-link\=Chobits \| number\=24\.5 \| minutes\=23}}{{cite web \| url\=http://www.animenext.org \| title\=Kari Wahlgren \& Mike Pollock guests at Animenext 2006 \| work\=\[\[Anime Next]] \| date\=February 17, 2006 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218013407/http://www.animenext.org/ \| archive\-date\=February 18, 2006 \| url\-status\=dead}}
### Sumomo
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Motoko Kumai]]\|\[\[Sandy Fox]]}}
{{nihongo\|Sumomo{{efn\|Sumomo is mentioned as "Plum" in the Tokyopop English manga, as it is a direct translation of her Japanese name.}}\|すもも}} is a miniature "mobile persocom"—the equivalent of a [laptop computer](/wiki/Laptop "Laptop"). Wearing an outfit that makes her resemble a [genie](/wiki/Genie "Genie"), she is programmed to be cute and tends to be quite hyperactive, for example leading Hideki in wakeup exercises each morning and dancing when she is in standby mode. Shinbo was the original owner of Sumomo, but left her with Hideki after leaving with Takako. He later transfers Sumomo's registration to Hideki, giving him permanent ownership. At the beginning of the series, Shinbo uses Sumomo in an attempt to analyze Chi, and Sumomo is nearly broken in the process, requiring new main memory, and in the manga, a new video card as well. Once Kotoko joined Hideki, she quickly came to the conclusion that Sumomo was mad, with her nonsensical ways.
### Yuzuki
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Fumiko Orikasa]]\|\[\[Karen Strassman]]}}
{{nihongo\|Yuzuki\|柚姫}} is a custom\-built persocom created by Minoru Kokubunji roughly two years before the start of the series. She is very tall with long braids and blue hair. Her main outfit is a maid's uniform and at times outdoor civilian clothing. Yuzuki was created to resemble, physically and mentally, Minoru's late sister, Kaede, who had died from an illness two years earlier and has given her self\-teaching software, meaning that she can learn things on her own instead of having to have programs loaded into her as is the case with most persocoms. Yuzuki is programmed with all of the data that Minoru could remember about his sister; what she liked, what she disliked, as well as her habits and behaviors. However, Minoru still realizes that no matter how realistic she may be, she is still only a persocom that is following her programming. Yuzuki also possesses an awareness of her own limitations, although she doesn't share it when conversing with Yumi and Yumi has told of her own feelings of limitation with respect to persocoms.
Yuzuki is shown to have good interaction with other persocoms around her. She is very sweet to Chi when they first met and even helps her learn along the way. To Yuzuki's surprise, Chi even helps her discover her true feelings for Minoru and thanks her for it.
It is shown in the manga that Yuzuki can also be very insecure. She always worries that she is not perfect enough for Minoru, just like how Yumi feels she cannot compare to a persocom.
Yuzuki, like every other persocom, was incapacitated twice in the story when Chi is in danger. After one of those Minoru asks what she experienced while she was incapacitated.
Toward the end of the anime and manga, Yuzuki loses a large portion of Kaede's personality data as a result of trying to hack into Zima and being counter\-hacked by Dita.{{cite book \| title\=Chobits Volume 6 \| author\=Clamp \| author\-link\=Clamp (manga artists) \| orig\-year\=2002 \| year\=2003 \| publisher\=Tokyopop \| pages\=192 \| isbn\=978\-1\-59182\-257\-8}} However, Minoru declines to reenter this data, because he has grown to love Yuzuki for who she is; because she is Yuzuki, rather than because she is a replacement for his sister.
### Dita
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Yuka Tokumitsu]]\|\[\[Dorothy Elias\-Fahn]]}}
{{nihongo\|Dita\|ディタ}} Dita is one of the two persocoms looking for Chi. Her role is to protect Zima both physically and as a pro\-active [firewall](/wiki/Firewall_%28computing%29 "Firewall (computing)") protection program, hacking into any persocom who poses a threat to Zima. In the original manga series she is also a government persocom assigned to protect the nation's databank (Zima), the anime adaptation though drops the government connection. She is observed by Zima in the manga as having a temper (even if her program doesn't recognize it as such).{{cite book \| title\=Chobits Volume 8 \| author\=Clamp \| author\-link\=Clamp (manga artists) \| orig\-year\=2002 \| year\=2003 \| publisher\=Tokyopop \| pages\=123 \| isbn\=1\-59182\-409\-5}} Dita appears to show feelings for Zima, but constantly denies it believing that persocoms cannot or should not experience such feelings. Towards the end of the series, Zima disables Dita when she tries to go after Chi to stop her program from running. Upon awakening asking what happened, she is told by Zima that "this fairytale had a happy ending". The two are last seen holding each other as presumptive lovers after a final small resistance by Dita, who again tries to deny her feelings.
### Zima
{{Voiced by\|\[\[Isshin Chiba]]\|\[\[Kirk Thornton]]}}
{{nihongo\|Zima\|ジーマ\|Jīma}} is one of two government persocoms who are looking for Chi and is the Japanese government's national data bank which all persocoms are connected to. During the course of the series an attempt is made by Yuzuki to hack into him to gain information concerning Chi. In the anime, Zima remarks that he and Dita were created from the same basic system architecture that Chi is, rendering them immune to her ability to immobilize persocoms. This does not appear to be the case in the manga.
Zima and Dita have been assigned to prevent Chi from executing her final program, as it is believed that the program would destroy the person\-recognition abilities of all persocoms. The manga and anime differ on what would cause the final program to execute. It executes in a preliminary way twice during the story when Chi is in danger. Zima, however, believes that this will resolve in a good way and doesn't want to take action against Chi. He believes that if Chi can find her own happy ending, he can have happiness with Dita. He loves Dita but she doesn't understand this because she thinks that persocoms are unable to have anything considered to be true feelings. He lies to Dita about Chi's whereabouts and stalls as long as possible before finally going to stop her. However, upon arriving Zima physically restrains Dita from attacking Chi.
In the anime, Zima is referred to as "The King of Persocoms".
|
[
"Persocoms\n---------",
"### Freya",
"{{voiced by\\|\\[\\[Rie Tanaka]]\\|\\[\\[Michelle Ruff]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Freya\\|フレイヤ\\|Fureiya}} was the first Chobit, who was created before Elda by Hibiya's husband, Ichiro Mihara. Freya was created to be Hibiya's daughter, because she was unable to have children of her own. Freya's development was kept secret from Hibiya; she did not know of Freya's existence until she was called down to the lab one day, without explanation. Upon awakening for the very first time, she was given the name Freya by Hibiya.\nFreya lived happily with the Mihara couple for a time, until Hibiya noticed that her attitude was becoming increasingly melancholy, with no explanation as to why. At this point, Hibiya asked her husband to build a little sister for Freya, in an attempt to make her happy again. From this request, Elda was created. Freya was happy to have a little sister, and for a time, seemed to be acting normally, although, as Hibiya would later tell Hideki in the anime, \"*there were still these odd times when she looked as though she was thinking very deeply about something*.\"",
"Some time after, Freya suddenly lost consciousness and collapsed to the ground. In the anime, the impetus for this event was witnessing her mother and father flirting with each other in the compound's courtyard. It was only then that Hibiya finally realized the source of Freya's sadness; she had fallen in love with her own father, Mihara. Freya knew that her father still loved his wife, and did not want to disturb their happiness, so she pained her heart with efforts to suppress her feelings. Over time, her pain became so great that she began to malfunction under the strain of her emotional burden. Freya was no longer able to move, and was bedridden from that point on. Toward the end, she could not lift a finger or even shift her focus, and began to suffer from memory loss.",
"In the anime, Freya never found the courage to tell her father how she truly felt; in the manga, she resigns herself to the fact that because of the damage to her body, all hope is lost regardless of the outcome, and chooses to tell him her true feelings. Eventually Freya's pain became so unbearable, that she chose to self\\-terminate, rather than continue to exist. Before this could happen, Elda offered to take Freya's heart into her own, so that she would not disappear completely, and so that her memories would be preserved. In the anime, nobody knew that Elda had taken in Freya's heart; conversely, in the manga, both Hibiya and Mihara learned of this only moments after it occurred.",
"Now that Elda has become Chi, Freya does everything she can to ensure that Chi will find the person just for her. Freya comforts Chi when she is in distress, guides her to understand her feelings for Hideki, and intervenes when she is in danger.",
"### Kotoko",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Yukana Nogami\\|Yukana]]\\|\\[\\[Kari Wahlgren]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Kotoko\\|琴子}} is a laptop\\-sized persocom, like Sumomo, but, she told Chi, \"I am desktop powerful.\" She was custom\\-built by Yoshiyuki and has much higher specifications than Sumomo. Kotoko originally belonged to Yoshiyuki, but following Chi's kidnapping, Hideki and Shinbo force Yoshiyuki to transfer ownership of Kotoko to Hideki so that her memories of Yoshiyuki kidnapping Chi cannot be erased. Kotoko is far more serious than Sumomo, and thinks that everyone in the Motosuwa household is crazy, Sumomo in particular. Kotoko's specialty is research, which twice drives the story forward. Kotoko is also programmed to always tell the truth, no matter what, even when it works to her owner's disadvantage. She is serious and cynical, except when researching something, to the point of being *[tsundere](/wiki/Tsundere \"Tsundere\")*.{{cite episode \\| title\\=Hibiya and Kotoko Chat \\| episode\\-link\\=List\\_of\\_Chobits\\_episodes\\#Unaired episodes (DVD exclusives) \\| series\\=Chobits \\| series\\-link\\=Chobits \\| number\\=24\\.5 \\| minutes\\=23}}{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.animenext.org \\| title\\=Kari Wahlgren \\& Mike Pollock guests at Animenext 2006 \\| work\\=\\[\\[Anime Next]] \\| date\\=February 17, 2006 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218013407/http://www.animenext.org/ \\| archive\\-date\\=February 18, 2006 \\| url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Sumomo",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Motoko Kumai]]\\|\\[\\[Sandy Fox]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Sumomo{{efn\\|Sumomo is mentioned as \"Plum\" in the Tokyopop English manga, as it is a direct translation of her Japanese name.}}\\|すもも}} is a miniature \"mobile persocom\"—the equivalent of a [laptop computer](/wiki/Laptop \"Laptop\"). Wearing an outfit that makes her resemble a [genie](/wiki/Genie \"Genie\"), she is programmed to be cute and tends to be quite hyperactive, for example leading Hideki in wakeup exercises each morning and dancing when she is in standby mode. Shinbo was the original owner of Sumomo, but left her with Hideki after leaving with Takako. He later transfers Sumomo's registration to Hideki, giving him permanent ownership. At the beginning of the series, Shinbo uses Sumomo in an attempt to analyze Chi, and Sumomo is nearly broken in the process, requiring new main memory, and in the manga, a new video card as well. Once Kotoko joined Hideki, she quickly came to the conclusion that Sumomo was mad, with her nonsensical ways.",
"### Yuzuki",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Fumiko Orikasa]]\\|\\[\\[Karen Strassman]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Yuzuki\\|柚姫}} is a custom\\-built persocom created by Minoru Kokubunji roughly two years before the start of the series. She is very tall with long braids and blue hair. Her main outfit is a maid's uniform and at times outdoor civilian clothing. Yuzuki was created to resemble, physically and mentally, Minoru's late sister, Kaede, who had died from an illness two years earlier and has given her self\\-teaching software, meaning that she can learn things on her own instead of having to have programs loaded into her as is the case with most persocoms. Yuzuki is programmed with all of the data that Minoru could remember about his sister; what she liked, what she disliked, as well as her habits and behaviors. However, Minoru still realizes that no matter how realistic she may be, she is still only a persocom that is following her programming. Yuzuki also possesses an awareness of her own limitations, although she doesn't share it when conversing with Yumi and Yumi has told of her own feelings of limitation with respect to persocoms.",
"Yuzuki is shown to have good interaction with other persocoms around her. She is very sweet to Chi when they first met and even helps her learn along the way. To Yuzuki's surprise, Chi even helps her discover her true feelings for Minoru and thanks her for it.",
"It is shown in the manga that Yuzuki can also be very insecure. She always worries that she is not perfect enough for Minoru, just like how Yumi feels she cannot compare to a persocom.",
"Yuzuki, like every other persocom, was incapacitated twice in the story when Chi is in danger. After one of those Minoru asks what she experienced while she was incapacitated.",
"Toward the end of the anime and manga, Yuzuki loses a large portion of Kaede's personality data as a result of trying to hack into Zima and being counter\\-hacked by Dita.{{cite book \\| title\\=Chobits Volume 6 \\| author\\=Clamp \\| author\\-link\\=Clamp (manga artists) \\| orig\\-year\\=2002 \\| year\\=2003 \\| publisher\\=Tokyopop \\| pages\\=192 \\| isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59182\\-257\\-8}} However, Minoru declines to reenter this data, because he has grown to love Yuzuki for who she is; because she is Yuzuki, rather than because she is a replacement for his sister.",
"### Dita",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Yuka Tokumitsu]]\\|\\[\\[Dorothy Elias\\-Fahn]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Dita\\|ディタ}} Dita is one of the two persocoms looking for Chi. Her role is to protect Zima both physically and as a pro\\-active [firewall](/wiki/Firewall_%28computing%29 \"Firewall (computing)\") protection program, hacking into any persocom who poses a threat to Zima. In the original manga series she is also a government persocom assigned to protect the nation's databank (Zima), the anime adaptation though drops the government connection. She is observed by Zima in the manga as having a temper (even if her program doesn't recognize it as such).{{cite book \\| title\\=Chobits Volume 8 \\| author\\=Clamp \\| author\\-link\\=Clamp (manga artists) \\| orig\\-year\\=2002 \\| year\\=2003 \\| publisher\\=Tokyopop \\| pages\\=123 \\| isbn\\=1\\-59182\\-409\\-5}} Dita appears to show feelings for Zima, but constantly denies it believing that persocoms cannot or should not experience such feelings. Towards the end of the series, Zima disables Dita when she tries to go after Chi to stop her program from running. Upon awakening asking what happened, she is told by Zima that \"this fairytale had a happy ending\". The two are last seen holding each other as presumptive lovers after a final small resistance by Dita, who again tries to deny her feelings.",
"### Zima",
"{{Voiced by\\|\\[\\[Isshin Chiba]]\\|\\[\\[Kirk Thornton]]}}\n{{nihongo\\|Zima\\|ジーマ\\|Jīma}} is one of two government persocoms who are looking for Chi and is the Japanese government's national data bank which all persocoms are connected to. During the course of the series an attempt is made by Yuzuki to hack into him to gain information concerning Chi. In the anime, Zima remarks that he and Dita were created from the same basic system architecture that Chi is, rendering them immune to her ability to immobilize persocoms. This does not appear to be the case in the manga.",
"Zima and Dita have been assigned to prevent Chi from executing her final program, as it is believed that the program would destroy the person\\-recognition abilities of all persocoms. The manga and anime differ on what would cause the final program to execute. It executes in a preliminary way twice during the story when Chi is in danger. Zima, however, believes that this will resolve in a good way and doesn't want to take action against Chi. He believes that if Chi can find her own happy ending, he can have happiness with Dita. He loves Dita but she doesn't understand this because she thinks that persocoms are unable to have anything considered to be true feelings. He lies to Dita about Chi's whereabouts and stalls as long as possible before finally going to stop her. However, upon arriving Zima physically restrains Dita from attacking Chi.",
"In the anime, Zima is referred to as \"The King of Persocoms\".",
""
] |
Format
------
### Overview
Before the proper rounds take place, two qualifying rounds are played in March and April. 176 clubs from tier 4 and 5 enter the first qualifying round and 44 of these advance to the first round where they are joined by 84 teams from tiers 1, 2 and 3\.
The first round of the cup are played in April, around the same time as the [Eliteserien](/wiki/Eliteserien_%28football%29 "Eliteserien (football)") season starts. The first two rounds are set up by the [Norwegian Football Association](/wiki/Norwegian_Football_Association "Norwegian Football Association"), and the top flight teams are usually pitted against fairly weak amateur teams, often in rural areas, on the amateur team's home pitch. Early upsets, where an amateur team knocks a professional team out of the tournament do happen occasionally. For example, in 2012 the Eliteserien teams [Sandnes Ulf](/wiki/Sandnes_Ulf "Sandnes Ulf") and [Sogndal](/wiki/Sogndal_Fotball "Sogndal Fotball") were knocked out in the first round by the third division (fourth tier) teams [Staal Jørpeland IL](/wiki/Staal_J%C3%B8rpeland_IL "Staal Jørpeland IL") and [Florø SK](/wiki/Flor%C3%B8_SK "Florø SK") respectively.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk\_sogn\_og\_fjordane/1\.8116439\|title\=Staal og FSK skreiv fotballhistorie\|date\=3 May 2012\|language\=no\|publisher\=NRK Sogn og Fjordane}} Even if the amateur team loses, squaring off against a professional team may well be the highlight of their season.
From the third round to the semi\-final, matchups are drawn at random, the teams face off once, and the winner goes on to the next round. The final match is played at [Ullevaal Stadium](/wiki/Ullevaal_Stadium "Ullevaal Stadium") (national stadium) in November or December, and takes place near the end of the Norwegian football season.
The cup is very popular in Norway, and tickets for the final match are hard to get hold of, as the game usually sells out quickly. The supporters of the two teams playing in the final match are seated at the two short\-ends of the pitch, while the more neutral supporters are seated by the long\-ends. The match is also televised on national television.
### Schedule
Most entrants from level 4 and all entrants from level 5 have to play to qualifying rounds to join the competition proper.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.fotball.no/turneringer/nm\-menn/2016/informasjon\-om\-nm\-spill\-i\-2017\-og\-2018/ \|title\=Informasjon om NM\-spill i 2017 og 2018 \|work\=www.fotball.no \|publisher\=Norwegian Football Association (NFF)\|language\=no \|date\=12 December 2016 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018}} Reserve teams of Eliteserien clubs, who are eligible to play in [2\. divisjon](/wiki/2._divisjon "2. divisjon") (level 3\) cannot enter. Depending on the number of reserve teams, the first round proper will be filled with the best clubs from level 4 until the number of teams from levels 1–4 is 84\. Clubs from higher levels are then added in the first round, as per the table below. The months in which rounds are played are traditional, with exact dates subject to each year's calendar.
| Round | New entrants at this round | Month | No of matches |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Qualifying Competition** | | | |
| First Qualifying Round | Level 4 and 5 clubs | March | 88 |
| Second Qualifying Round | none | April | 44 |
| **Competition Proper** | | | |
| First Round | Level 1, 2 and 3 clubs | April | 64 |
| Second Round |none
May
32 |
| Third Round | 16 |
| Fourth Round | June | 8 |
| Quarter\-finals | August | 4 |
| Semi\-finals | September | 2 |
| Final | December | 1 |
### Tiebreaking
In all rounds, if a fixture result in a draw after normal time, the winner is settled by a period of [extra time](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 "Overtime (sports)"), and if still necessary, a [penalty shootout](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 "Penalty shoot-out (association football)"). Earlier, fixtures resulting in a draw (after normal time) would go to a [replay](/wiki/Replay_%28sports%29 "Replay (sports)"), played at the venue of the away team.
The first Cup Final to go to a replay was the 1945 final, between [Lyn](/wiki/FK_Lyn "FK Lyn") and [Fredrikstad](/wiki/Fredrikstad_FK "Fredrikstad FK"). The initial tie finished 1–1 and the first replay also finished 1–1\. Lyn won the second replay 4–0\. The only other time the final has taken three matches to settle was the 1965 final between Oslo rivals [Skeid](/wiki/Skeid_Fotball "Skeid Fotball") and [Frigg](/wiki/Frigg_Oslo_FK "Frigg Oslo FK") (2–2, 1–1, 2–1\). The last replayed final was the [1995 final](/wiki/1995_Norwegian_Football_Cup_final "1995 Norwegian Football Cup final"), when Rosenborg and Brann fought a 1–1 draw. The replay saw Rosenborg win the Cup, with the score 3–1\. The first final to be decided by a penalty shootout was the [2009 final](/wiki/2009_Norwegian_Football_Cup_final "2009 Norwegian Football Cup final") between [Molde](/wiki/Molde_FK "Molde FK") and [Aalesund](/wiki/Aalesunds_FK "Aalesunds FK"). The score ended 1–1 after normal time and 2–2 after extra time. Aalesund won the final 5–4 on penalties.
|
[
"Format\n------",
"### Overview",
"Before the proper rounds take place, two qualifying rounds are played in March and April. 176 clubs from tier 4 and 5 enter the first qualifying round and 44 of these advance to the first round where they are joined by 84 teams from tiers 1, 2 and 3\\.",
"The first round of the cup are played in April, around the same time as the [Eliteserien](/wiki/Eliteserien_%28football%29 \"Eliteserien (football)\") season starts. The first two rounds are set up by the [Norwegian Football Association](/wiki/Norwegian_Football_Association \"Norwegian Football Association\"), and the top flight teams are usually pitted against fairly weak amateur teams, often in rural areas, on the amateur team's home pitch. Early upsets, where an amateur team knocks a professional team out of the tournament do happen occasionally. For example, in 2012 the Eliteserien teams [Sandnes Ulf](/wiki/Sandnes_Ulf \"Sandnes Ulf\") and [Sogndal](/wiki/Sogndal_Fotball \"Sogndal Fotball\") were knocked out in the first round by the third division (fourth tier) teams [Staal Jørpeland IL](/wiki/Staal_J%C3%B8rpeland_IL \"Staal Jørpeland IL\") and [Florø SK](/wiki/Flor%C3%B8_SK \"Florø SK\") respectively.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk\\_sogn\\_og\\_fjordane/1\\.8116439\\|title\\=Staal og FSK skreiv fotballhistorie\\|date\\=3 May 2012\\|language\\=no\\|publisher\\=NRK Sogn og Fjordane}} Even if the amateur team loses, squaring off against a professional team may well be the highlight of their season.",
"From the third round to the semi\\-final, matchups are drawn at random, the teams face off once, and the winner goes on to the next round. The final match is played at [Ullevaal Stadium](/wiki/Ullevaal_Stadium \"Ullevaal Stadium\") (national stadium) in November or December, and takes place near the end of the Norwegian football season.",
"The cup is very popular in Norway, and tickets for the final match are hard to get hold of, as the game usually sells out quickly. The supporters of the two teams playing in the final match are seated at the two short\\-ends of the pitch, while the more neutral supporters are seated by the long\\-ends. The match is also televised on national television.",
"### Schedule",
"Most entrants from level 4 and all entrants from level 5 have to play to qualifying rounds to join the competition proper.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.fotball.no/turneringer/nm\\-menn/2016/informasjon\\-om\\-nm\\-spill\\-i\\-2017\\-og\\-2018/ \\|title\\=Informasjon om NM\\-spill i 2017 og 2018 \\|work\\=www.fotball.no \\|publisher\\=Norwegian Football Association (NFF)\\|language\\=no \\|date\\=12 December 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018}} Reserve teams of Eliteserien clubs, who are eligible to play in [2\\. divisjon](/wiki/2._divisjon \"2. divisjon\") (level 3\\) cannot enter. Depending on the number of reserve teams, the first round proper will be filled with the best clubs from level 4 until the number of teams from levels 1–4 is 84\\. Clubs from higher levels are then added in the first round, as per the table below. The months in which rounds are played are traditional, with exact dates subject to each year's calendar.",
"| Round | New entrants at this round | Month | No of matches |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **Qualifying Competition** | | | |\n| First Qualifying Round | Level 4 and 5 clubs | March | 88 |\n| Second Qualifying Round | none | April | 44 |\n| **Competition Proper** | | | |\n| First Round | Level 1, 2 and 3 clubs | April | 64 |\n| Second Round |none",
"May",
"32 |\n| Third Round | 16 |\n| Fourth Round | June | 8 |\n| Quarter\\-finals | August | 4 |\n| Semi\\-finals | September | 2 |\n| Final | December | 1 |",
"",
"### Tiebreaking",
"In all rounds, if a fixture result in a draw after normal time, the winner is settled by a period of [extra time](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 \"Overtime (sports)\"), and if still necessary, a [penalty shootout](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\"). Earlier, fixtures resulting in a draw (after normal time) would go to a [replay](/wiki/Replay_%28sports%29 \"Replay (sports)\"), played at the venue of the away team.",
"The first Cup Final to go to a replay was the 1945 final, between [Lyn](/wiki/FK_Lyn \"FK Lyn\") and [Fredrikstad](/wiki/Fredrikstad_FK \"Fredrikstad FK\"). The initial tie finished 1–1 and the first replay also finished 1–1\\. Lyn won the second replay 4–0\\. The only other time the final has taken three matches to settle was the 1965 final between Oslo rivals [Skeid](/wiki/Skeid_Fotball \"Skeid Fotball\") and [Frigg](/wiki/Frigg_Oslo_FK \"Frigg Oslo FK\") (2–2, 1–1, 2–1\\). The last replayed final was the [1995 final](/wiki/1995_Norwegian_Football_Cup_final \"1995 Norwegian Football Cup final\"), when Rosenborg and Brann fought a 1–1 draw. The replay saw Rosenborg win the Cup, with the score 3–1\\. The first final to be decided by a penalty shootout was the [2009 final](/wiki/2009_Norwegian_Football_Cup_final \"2009 Norwegian Football Cup final\") between [Molde](/wiki/Molde_FK \"Molde FK\") and [Aalesund](/wiki/Aalesunds_FK \"Aalesunds FK\"). The score ended 1–1 after normal time and 2–2 after extra time. Aalesund won the final 5–4 on penalties.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### 1992–2003: Trying for first major win
Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional. He bypassed the tour's qualifying process ([Q\-School](/wiki/PGA_Tour_Qualifying_Tournament "PGA Tour Qualifying Tournament")) because of his 1991 win in Tucson, which earned him a two\-year exemption. In [1992](/wiki/1992_PGA_Tour "1992 PGA Tour"), Mickelson hired [Jim "Bones" Mackay](/wiki/Jim_%22Bones%22_Mackay "Jim "){{cite news \|last\=McCabe \|first\=Jim \|title\=Dash and carry: Mickelson caddy makes the rounds \|newspaper\=\[\[The Boston Globe]] \|date\=August 31, 2008 \|url\=http://www.boston.com/sports/golf/articles/2008/08/31/dash\_and\_carry/ \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} as his caddy. He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the [Byron Nelson Golf Classic](/wiki/Byron_Nelson_Golf_Classic "Byron Nelson Golf Classic") and the [World Series of Golf](/wiki/WGC-Bridgestone_Invitational "WGC-Bridgestone Invitational") in [1996](/wiki/1996_PGA_Tour "1996 PGA Tour"),{{cite news \|title\=Phil Mickelson won a PGA Tour event as an amateur on this day 30 years ago \|url\=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2021/01/13/phil\-mickelson\-amateur\-pga\-tour\-win\-1991/ \|work\=Golfweek \|date\=13 January 2021}} the [AT\&T Pebble Beach National Pro\-Am](/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_National_Pro-Am "AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am") in [1998](/wiki/1998_PGA_Tour "1998 PGA Tour"), the [Colonial National Invitation](/wiki/Colonial_National_Invitation "Colonial National Invitation") in [2000](/wiki/2000_PGA_Tour "2000 PGA Tour"), and the [Greater Hartford Open](/wiki/Greater_Hartford_Open "Greater Hartford Open") in [2001](/wiki/2001_PGA_Tour "2001 PGA Tour") and again in [2002](/wiki/2002_PGA_Tour "2002 PGA Tour").
He appeared as himself in a non\-speaking role in the 1996 film *[Tin Cup](/wiki/Tin_Cup "Tin Cup")*, starring [Kevin Costner](/wiki/Kevin_Costner "Kevin Costner"). His 2000 [Buick Invitational](/wiki/Buick_Invitational "Buick Invitational") win ended [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods "Tiger Woods")'s streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA Tour. After the win, Mickelson said, "I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament."{{cite book \|title\=The Gigantic Book of Golf Quotations \|editor\-first\=Jim \|editor\-last\=Apfelbaum \|year\=2007 \|publisher\=Skyhorse Publishing \|isbn\=978\-1\-60239\-014\-0}} Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the [2003 season](/wiki/2003_PGA_Tour "2003 PGA Tour") (17 top\-ten finishes, and six second\- or third\-place finishes between 1999 and 2003\), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the "best player never to win a major".{{cite magazine \|first\=Jack \|last\=McCallum \|url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1026476/index.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218043728/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1026476/index.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=December 18, 2009 \|title\=Major Issues \|magazine\=Sports Illustrated \|date\=August 19, 2002 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}
### 2004–2006: First three major wins
[thumb\|upright\|Mickelson at [The Open Championship](/wiki/The_Open_Championship "The Open Championship") in [2006](/wiki/2006_Open_Championship "2006 Open Championship") at [Hoylake](/wiki/Royal_Liverpool_Golf_Club%2C_Hoylake "Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Hoylake")](/wiki/File:Phil_Mickelson%2C_Open_2006.jpg "Phil Mickelson, Open 2006.jpg")
Mickelson's first [major championship](/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championships "Men's major golf championships") win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in [2004](/wiki/2004_PGA_Tour "2004 PGA Tour"), when he secured victory in the [Masters](/wiki/2004_Masters_Tournament "2004 Masters Tournament") with an {{convert\|18\|ft\|adj\=on}} birdie putt on the final hole. [Ernie Els](/wiki/Ernie_Els "Ernie Els") was the runner\-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/golf/2013/04/06/masters\-10\-memorable\-shots\-phil\-mickelson\-leaps\-in\-2004/2057709/ \|title\=Masters shots to remember: Finally, they get their Phil \|newspaper\=USA Today \|date\=April 6, 2013 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} In addition to getting the "majors monkey" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left\-handed swing to win a major; the others being [New Zealander](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") [Sir Bob Charles](/wiki/Sir_Bob_Charles "Sir Bob Charles"), who won [The Open Championship](/wiki/The_Open_Championship "The Open Championship") in [1963](/wiki/1963_Open_Championship "1963 Open Championship"), and [Canadian](/wiki/Canadians "Canadians") [Mike Weir](/wiki/Mike_Weir "Mike Weir"), who won The Masters in [2003](/wiki/2003_Masters_Tournament "2003 Masters Tournament"). (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right\-hander who plays left\-handed.) A fourth left\-handed winner is natural southpaw [Bubba Watson](/wiki/Bubba_Watson "Bubba Watson"), the Masters champion in [2012](/wiki/2012_Masters_Tournament "2012 Masters Tournament") and [2014](/wiki/2014_Masters_Tournament "2014 Masters Tournament").
Prior to the [Ryder Cup](/wiki/Ryder_Cup "Ryder Cup") in [2004](/wiki/2004_Ryder_Cup "2004 Ryder Cup"), Mickelson was dropped from his long\-standing contract with [Titleist](/wiki/Titleist "Titleist")/Acushnet Golf after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a [Callaway Golf](/wiki/Callaway_Golf "Callaway Golf") executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This message was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi\-year deal with Titleist 16 months early and signed on with Callaway Golf. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a {{nowrap\|1\-3\-0}} record but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.thegolfchannel.com/core.aspx?page\=15110\&dv\=6616763\&select\=14242 \|title\=Business Edge: Mickelson, Callaway Sign Endorsement Deal \|first\=Adam \|last\=Barr \|work\=\[\[Golf Channel]] \|date\=September 7, 2004 \|access\-date\=November 20, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106032959/http://www.thegolfchannel.com/core.aspx?page\=15110\&dv\=6616763\&select\=14242 \|archive\-date\=November 6, 2007 }}
In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career\-low for an 18\-hole round: a 59 at the [PGA Grand Slam of Golf](/wiki/PGA_Grand_Slam_of_Golf "PGA Grand Slam of Golf") at Poipu Bay Golf Course in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii"). The [following year](/wiki/2005_PGA_Tour "2005 PGA Tour"), Mickelson captured his second major at the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2005_PGA_Championship "2005 PGA Championship") at [Baltusrol](/wiki/Baltusrol_Golf_Club "Baltusrol Golf Club") in a Monday final\-round conclusion due to inclement weather the previous day. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within {{convert\|18\|in}} of the cup and made his birdie to finish at a 4\-under\-par total of 276, one shot ahead of [Steve Elkington](/wiki/Steve_Elkington "Steve Elkington") and [Thomas Bjørn](/wiki/Thomas_Bj%C3%B8rn "Thomas Bjørn"). Mickelson captured his third major title the [following spring](/wiki/2006_PGA_Tour "2006 PGA Tour") at the [Masters](/wiki/2006_Masters_Tournament "2006 Masters Tournament"). He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3\-under\-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner\-up [Tim Clark](/wiki/Tim_Clark_%28golfer%29 "Tim Clark (golfer)").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.golf.com/tour\-and\-news/master\-craftsman\-mickelson\-captures\-second\-green\-jacket \|title\=Master Craftsman: Mickelson captures second green jacket \|work\=Golf.com \|date\=October 14, 2008 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} This win propelled him to 2nd place in the [Official World Golf Ranking](/wiki/Official_World_Golf_Ranking "Official World Golf Ranking") (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of [Vijay Singh](/wiki/Vijay_Singh "Vijay Singh") and [Retief Goosen](/wiki/Retief_Goosen "Retief Goosen").
### 2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open
After winning two majors in a row heading into the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2006_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "2006 U.S. Open (golf)") at [Winged Foot](/wiki/Winged_Foot "Winged Foot"), Mickelson was bidding to join [Ben Hogan](/wiki/Ben_Hogan "Ben Hogan") and [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods "Tiger Woods") as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year). Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at \+6 (286\), one shot behind [Geoff Ogilvy](/wiki/Geoff_Ogilvy "Geoff Ogilvy").
Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. On the 17th hole, with the lead at \+4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole. He had a one\-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole.
Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one\-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled\-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree and did not advance more than {{convert\|50\|yd}}. His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18\-hole playoff with Ogilvy.{{cite news \|title\=Phil's Phailure will hurt for a while \|url\=https://www.espn.com/espn/columns/story?columnist\=wojciechowski\_gene\&id\=2490682 \|work\=ESPN \|date\=June 25, 2006 \|first\=Gene \|last\=Wojciechowski \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}
After his disappointing finish, Mickelson said: "I'm still in shock. I still can't believe I did that. This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won. Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play. I want to thank all the people that supported me. The only thing I can say is I'm sorry."{{cite news \|title\=Ogilvy grabs U.S. Open when Mickelson, Montgomerie stumble \|url\=http://usatoday30\.usatoday.com/sports/golf/pga/2006\-06\-18\-us\-open\_x.htm?POE\=SPOISVA \|newspaper\=USA Today \|first\=Tom \|last\=Spousta \|date\=June 20, 2006 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} He was even more candid when he said: "I just can't believe I did that. I'm such an idiot."{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=JiYW9KWBAek \|title\=Phil Mickelson Calls Himself an Idiot \|website\=\[\[YouTube]] \|date\=August 27, 2011 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=newsarchive\&sid\=aEkRo8qmlT5o \|title\=Mickelson, With Loss at U.S. Open, Apologizes as Golf 'Idiot' \|first\=Michael \|last\=Buteau \|date\=June 19, 2006 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013 \|work\=Bloomberg}}
### 2006–2008
[thumb\|upright\|left\|Mickelson at 2007 Barclays Singapore Open.](/wiki/File:Phil_Mickelson_at_2007_Barclays_Singapore_Open.jpg "Phil Mickelson at 2007 Barclays Singapore Open.jpg")
During the third round of the 2006 [Ford Championship at Doral](/wiki/Ford_Championship_at_Doral "Ford Championship at Doral"), Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par\-5 10th broke the man's watch.{{cite web\|url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/golf/03/04/lefty.doral/?section\=si\_latest \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106011907/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/golf/03/04/lefty.doral/?section\=si\_latest \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=November 6, 2007 \|title\=Tips appreciated \|agency\=SportsTicker \|magazine\=\[\[Sports Illustrated]] \|date\=March 4, 2006 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, [Conrad Dobler](/wiki/Conrad_Dobler "Conrad Dobler"), and his family on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at [Miami University](/wiki/Miami_University "Miami University") in [Oxford, Ohio](/wiki/Oxford%2C_Ohio "Oxford, Ohio").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/columns/story?columnist\=verdi\_bob\&id\=2756572 \|title\=Mickelson gives to Dobler family \|last\=Verdi \|first\=Bob \|work\=ESPN \|date\=February 14, 2007 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}
Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He then began working with [Butch Harmon](/wiki/Butch_Harmon "Butch Harmon"), a former coach of [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods "Tiger Woods") and [Greg Norman](/wiki/Greg_Norman "Greg Norman"). On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three\-under 69 to win [The Players Championship](/wiki/2007_Players_Championship "2007 Players Championship") with an 11\-under\-par 277\.
In the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2007_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "2007 U.S. Open (golf)") at [Oakmont](/wiki/Oakmont_Country_Club "Oakmont Country Club") in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.
On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the [Deutsche Bank Championship](/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_Championship "Deutsche Bank Championship"), which is the second [FedEx Cup](/wiki/FedEx_Cup "FedEx Cup") playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, [Tim Finchem](/wiki/Tim_Finchem "Tim Finchem"), had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.{{cite news \|title\=Mickelson Won't Play In BMW Championship \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|date\=September 5, 2007 \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2007/09/04/AR2007090401775\.html \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}
In 2008, Mickelson won the [Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial](/wiki/Crowne_Plaza_Invitational_at_Colonial "Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial") with a −14, one shot ahead of [Tim Clark](/wiki/Tim_Clark_%28golfer%29 "Tim Clark (golfer)") and [Rod Pampling](/wiki/Rod_Pampling "Rod Pampling"). Mickelson shot a first\-round 65 to start off the tournament at −5\. He ended the day tied with [Brett Wetterich](/wiki/Brett_Wetterich "Brett Wetterich"), two shots behind leader, [Johnson Wagner](/wiki/Johnson_Wagner "Johnson Wagner").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pgatour.com/news/2008/05/22/notebook052208\.html \|title\=Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial: First\-Round Notebook \|publisher\=PGA Tour \|date\=May 22, 2008 \|first\=Stewart \|last\=Moore \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} Mickelson shot a second\-round 68, and the third round 65, overall, being −12 for the first three rounds.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/leaderboard?tournamentId\=430 \|title\=Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial leaderboard \|work\=ESPN \|date\=May 25, 2008 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way. Many players would have punched out and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot. Instead, Mickelson pulled out a high\-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one\-putted for the win.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pgatour.com/news/2008/05/25/colonialap.html \|title\=Birdie on 72nd hole gives Mickelson win at Colonial \|date\=May 25, 2008 \|publisher\=\[\[PGA Tour]] \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}
In a *[Men's Vogue](/wiki/Men%27s_Vogue "Men's Vogue")* article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose {{convert\|20\|lb\|spell\=in}} with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. "Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career," Cochran said.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.golftipshome.com/regaining\-his\-stride\-how\-phil\-mickelson\-did\-it/ \|title\=How Phil Mickelson regained his stride \|publisher\=Golf Tips Home \|access\-date\=November 26, 2014}} Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.{{cite magazine \|url\=http://www.mensvogue.com/health/slideshows/2008/08/phil\-mickelson \|title\=Phil Mickelson's weight loss workout \|magazine\=Men's Vogue \|date\=August 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818125621/http://www.mensvogue.com/health/slideshows/2008/08/phil\-mickelson \|archive\-date\=August 18, 2008}}
Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008\.{{cite web \|title\=National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame – Phil Mickelson \|url\=http://www.niashf.org/inductees/phil\-mickelson/ \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}
### 2009
Mickelson won his first [2009](/wiki/2009_PGA_Tour "2009 PGA Tour") tour event when he defended his title at the [Northern Trust Open](/wiki/Northern_Trust_Open "Northern Trust Open") at [Riviera](/wiki/Riviera_Country_Club "Riviera Country Club"), one stroke ahead of [Steve Stricker](/wiki/Steve_Stricker "Steve Stricker"). The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed [Vijay Singh](/wiki/Vijay_Singh "Vijay Singh") for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th, and his first [World Golf Championship](/wiki/World_Golf_Championship "World Golf Championship"), at the [WGC\-CA Championship](/wiki/2009_WGC-CA_Championship "2009 WGC-CA Championship") with a one\-stroke win over [Nick Watney](/wiki/Nick_Watney "Nick Watney").
On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with [breast cancer](/wiki/Breast_cancer "Breast cancer"), and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the [HP Byron Nelson Championship](/wiki/HP_Byron_Nelson_Championship "HP Byron Nelson Championship") May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the [Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial](/wiki/Crowne_Plaza_Invitational_at_Colonial "Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial"), but withdrew from both events.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.golf.com/ap\-news/mickelsons\-season\-hold\-wife\-diagnosed\-breast\-cancer \|title\=Mickelson's season on hold as wife diagnosed with breast cancer \|first\=Cameron \|last\=Morfit \|date\=June 20, 2009 \|work\=Golf.com \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} During the final round of the 2009 [BMW PGA Championship](/wiki/BMW_PGA_Championship "BMW PGA Championship"), fellow golfer and family friend [John Daly](/wiki/John_Daly_%28golfer%29 "John Daly (golfer)") wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.{{cite web \|url\=http://tsn.ca/golf/story/?id\=279781 \|title\=Daly Wears Pink in Final Round in Honour of Amy Mickelson \|publisher\=TSN \|date\=May 24, 2009 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} Also, the next Saturday, at the [Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial](/wiki/Crowne_Plaza_Invitational_at_Colonial "Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial"), a "Pink Out" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family.
On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the [St. Jude Classic](/wiki/St._Jude_Classic "St. Jude Classic") and the [U.S. Open](/wiki/U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "U.S. Open (golf)"), since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.{{cite news \|title\=Report: Mickelson to play June 11 \|work \=ESPN \|date\=June 1, 2009 \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/news/story?id\=4222629 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the [2009 U.S. Open](/wiki/2009_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "2009 U.S. Open (golf)") and recorded his fifth runner\-up finish at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "U.S. Open (golf)"). He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; [Lucas Glover](/wiki/Lucas_Glover "Lucas Glover") captured the championship.
On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pgatour.com/news/2009/07/06/mickelson\_motherap.html \|title\=Mickelson's mother has breast cancer \|publisher\=PGA Tour \|date\=July 6, 2009 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing [The Open Championship](/wiki/2009_Open_Championship "2009 Open Championship") at [Turnberry](/wiki/Turnberry_%28golf_course%29 "Turnberry (golf course)"). On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the [WGC\-Bridgestone Invitational](/wiki/2009_WGC-Bridgestone_Invitational "2009 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational"), the week before the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2009_PGA_Championship "2009 PGA Championship") at [Hazeltine National Golf Club](/wiki/Hazeltine_National_Golf_Club "Hazeltine National Golf Club").
In September, Mickelson won [The Tour Championship](/wiki/The_Tour_Championship "The Tour Championship") for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods "Tiger Woods").{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/8277883\.stm \|title\=Mickelson wins Tour Championship \|date\=September 27, 2009 \|work\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 [FedEx Cup](/wiki/FedEx_Cup "FedEx Cup") standings.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/golf/uspga/6238807/Phil\-Mickelson\-wins\-US\-Tour\-Championship\-as\-Tiger\-Woods\-pockets\-10\-million.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/golf/uspga/6238807/Phil\-Mickelson\-wins\-US\-Tour\-Championship\-as\-Tiger\-Woods\-pockets\-10\-million.html \|archive\-date\=January 12, 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Phil Mickelson wins US Tour Championship as Tiger Woods pockets $10 million \|date\=September 28, 2009 \|newspaper\=The Daily Telegraph \|location\=London \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}{{cbignore}}
On November 8, Mickelson won the [WGC\-HSBC Champions](/wiki/2009_WGC-HSBC_Champions "2009 WGC-HSBC Champions") by one shot over [Ernie Els](/wiki/Ernie_Els "Ernie Els") in [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai").{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/8349005\.stm \|title\=Mickelson holds off Els in China \|date\=November 8, 2009 \|work\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}
### 2010: Third Masters win
In [2010](/wiki/2010_PGA_Tour "2010 PGA Tour"), Mickelson won the [Masters Tournament](/wiki/2010_Masters_Tournament "2010 Masters Tournament") on April 11 with a 16\-under\-par performance, giving him a three\-stroke win over [Lee Westwood](/wiki/Lee_Westwood "Lee Westwood"). The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/masters/2010\-04\-11\-the\-masters\_N.htm \|title\=Mickelson seizes the moment, captures Masters for third time \|date\=April 11, 2010 \|newspaper\=USA Today \|first\=Steve \|last\=DiMeglio \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole\-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par\-4 14th, then on the next, the par\-5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed the 12th hole and failed to capitalize on the par\-5 13th, settling for par.
Westwood recaptured a one\-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey\-free 67 to Westwood's 71\. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though [K. J. Choi](/wiki/K._J._Choi "K. J. Choi") and [Anthony Kim](/wiki/Anthony_Kim "Anthony Kim") made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/12/sports/golf/12golf.html?ref\=sports \|title\=Mickelson Captures His Third Masters Title \|date\=April 11, 2010 \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|first\=Larry \|last\=Dorman \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}
For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer [Jim Nantz](/wiki/Jim_Nantz "Jim Nantz")'s call of the final birdie putt, "That's a win for the family," was seen by many as capturing the moment well.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.golfdigest.com/golf\-tours\-news/golf\-masters/2010\-04/golf\-masters\-ap\-0411 \|title\=Third Time's A Charm \|date\=April 11, 2010 \|work\=Golf Digest \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}
[Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods "Tiger Woods") had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal\-ridden 20\-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11\. Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all\-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/masters10/news/story?id\=5078765 \|title\=Masters Ratings Climb 36 Percent \|work\=ESPN \|date\=April 12, 2010 \|agency\=Associated Press \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of [Ernie Els](/wiki/Ernie_Els "Ernie Els"), [Vijay Singh](/wiki/Vijay_Singh "Vijay Singh"), and [Pádraig Harrington](/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington "Pádraig Harrington"), with three major championships each.
#### Remainder of 2010
Mickelson, one of the favorites for the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2010_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "2010 U.S. Open (golf)") at [Pebble Beach](/wiki/Pebble_Beach_Golf_Links "Pebble Beach Golf Links"), shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the remainder of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the [world rankings](/wiki/Official_World_Golf_Ranking "Official World Golf Ranking") following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman [Lee Westwood](/wiki/Lee_Westwood "Lee Westwood").
In the days leading up to the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2010_PGA_Championship "2010 PGA Championship") at [Whistling Straits](/wiki/Whistling_Straits "Whistling Straits"), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with [psoriatic arthritis](/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis "Psoriatic arthritis"). He added that he had started medical treatment and had become a [vegetarian](/wiki/Vegetarianism "Vegetarianism") in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintained that both his short\- and long\-term prognosis were good, that the condition should have no long\-term effect on his golfing career, and that he felt well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots behind winner [Martin Kaymer](/wiki/Martin_Kaymer "Martin Kaymer").
### 2011
Mickelson started his [2011 season](/wiki/2011_PGA_Tour "2011 PGA Tour") at the [Farmers Insurance Open](/wiki/Farmers_Insurance_Open "Farmers Insurance Open") at [Torrey Pines Golf Course](/wiki/Torrey_Pines_Golf_Course "Torrey Pines Golf Course"). He shot {{nowrap\|67–69–68}} and was tied for the 54 hole lead with [Bill Haas](/wiki/Bill_Haas "Bill Haas"). Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with [Bubba Watson](/wiki/Bubba_Watson "Bubba Watson"). He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament.
On April 3, Mickelson won the [Shell Houston Open](/wiki/Shell_Houston_Open "Shell Houston Open") with a 20\-under\-par, three\-stroke win over [Scott Verplank](/wiki/Scott_Verplank "Scott Verplank"). Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods "Tiger Woods") fell to No. 7\. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the [1997 Masters Tournament](/wiki/1997_Masters_Tournament "1997 Masters Tournament").
At [The Open Championship](/wiki/2011_Open_Championship "2011 Open Championship"), Mickelson recorded just his second top\-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with [Dustin Johnson](/wiki/Dustin_Johnson "Dustin Johnson"). His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion [Darren Clarke](/wiki/Darren_Clarke "Darren Clarke"). However, putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place.
### 2012: 40th career PGA Tour win
Mickelson made his [2012](/wiki/2012_PGA_Tour "2012 PGA Tour") debut at the [Humana Challenge](/wiki/Humana_Challenge "Humana Challenge") and finished tied for 49th. He missed the cut at the [Farmers Insurance Open](/wiki/Farmers_Insurance_Open "Farmers Insurance Open") after shooting rounds of 77 and 68\. In the final round of the [AT\&T Pebble Beach National Pro\-Am](/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_National_Pro-Am "AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am"), Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final\-round score of 8\-under 64 and a four\-round total of 269\.{{cite news \|title\=Phil Mickelson wins at Pebble Beach \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\_/id/7568923/phil\-mickelson\-roars\-tiger\-woods\-win\-pebble\-beach \|work\=ESPN \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=February 13, 2012 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour. The following week at [Riviera Country Club](/wiki/Riviera_Country_Club "Riviera Country Club"), Mickelson lost the [Northern Trust Open](/wiki/Northern_Trust_Open "Northern Trust Open") in a three\-way playoff.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\_/id/7592952/bill\-haas\-edges\-phil\-mickelson\-keegan\-bradley\-second\-playoff\-hole \|title\=Bill Haas wins at Riviera in playoff \|date\=February 20, 2012 \|work\=ESPN \|agency\=Associated Press \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when [Bill Haas](/wiki/Bill_Haas "Bill Haas") posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27\-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and [Keegan Bradley](/wiki/Keegan_Bradley "Keegan Bradley"). Haas however won the playoff with a 40\-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second\-place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10\.{{cite web \|url\=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/archive/2012/owgr07f2012\.pdf \|title\=Official World Golf Ranking, Week 7, 2012 \|publisher\=OWGR \|date\=February 19, 2012 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}
Mickelson finished tied for third at the [Masters](/wiki/2012_Masters_Tournament "2012 Masters Tournament"). After opening the tournament with a two\-over\-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader [Peter Hanson](/wiki/Peter_Hanson "Peter Hanson") by Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple\-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par\-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight\-under overall. Earlier in the tournament, he received widespread praise for being present to watch [Jack Nicklaus](/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus "Jack Nicklaus"), [Arnold Palmer](/wiki/Arnold_Palmer "Arnold Palmer"), and [Gary Player](/wiki/Gary_Player "Gary Player") hit the ceremonial opening tee\-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.post\-gazette.com/stories/sports/golf/mickelson\-takes\-in\-ceremonial\-shots\-630143/ \|title\=Mickelson takes in ceremonial shots \|first\=Gerry \|last\=Dulac \|newspaper\=Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette \|date\=April 6, 2012 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}}
Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the [HP Byron Nelson Championship](/wiki/HP_Byron_Nelson_Championship "HP Byron Nelson Championship"), but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T\-7th. He then withdrew from the [Memorial Tournament](/wiki/Memorial_Tournament "Memorial Tournament"), citing mental fatigue, after a first\-round 79\. Mickelson was paired with [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods "Tiger Woods") and [Bubba Watson](/wiki/Bubba_Watson "Bubba Watson") at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2012_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "2012 U.S. Open (golf)").{{Cite web \|title\=Groupings \& Starting Times 112th U.S. Open Championship \|publisher\=USGA \|url\=http://2012\.usopen.com/en\_US/scoring/groupings/round1\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-02}} He fought to make the cut and finished T\-65th. After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the [Greenbrier Classic](/wiki/Greenbrier_Classic "Greenbrier Classic"). Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at [2012 Open Championship](/wiki/The_Open_Championship "The Open Championship"), shooting 73\-78 (11 over par). He finished T\-43rd at the [WGC\-Bridgestone Invitational](/wiki/WGC-Bridgestone_Invitational "WGC-Bridgestone Invitational"). He then finished T\-36th at the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2012_PGA_Championship "2012 PGA Championship").
To start the [2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs](/wiki/2012_FedEx_Cup_Playoffs "2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs"), Mickelson finished T38 at [The Barclays](/wiki/The_Barclays "The Barclays"), \+1 for the tournament. He tied with Tiger Woods, [Zach Johnson](/wiki/Zach_Johnson "Zach Johnson"), and five other players. In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens.{{cite news \|url\=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/mickelson\-goes\-claw\-234203968\-\-golf.html \|title\=Mickelson goes to the claw \|work\=Yahoo! Sports\|first\=Doug \|last\=Ferguson \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=August 31, 2012 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} At the next event, the [Deutsche Bank Championship](/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_Championship "Deutsche Bank Championship"), he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with [Dustin Johnson](/wiki/Dustin_Johnson "Dustin Johnson").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01810\.phil\-mickelson.html/season/\#uber \|title\=Phil Mickelson – Season \|publisher\=PGA Tour \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} At the [BMW Championship](/wiki/BMW_Championship_%28PGA_Tour%29 "BMW Championship (PGA Tour)"), Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64\. On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with [Lee Westwood](/wiki/Lee_Westwood "Lee Westwood"), two shots behind leader, and back\-to\-back winner, [Rory McIlroy](/wiki/Rory_McIlroy "Rory McIlroy"). At the [Tour Championship](/wiki/Tour_Championship "Tour Championship"), he ended up finishing tied for 15th. He went on to have a 3–1 record at the [Ryder Cup](/wiki/Ryder_Cup "Ryder Cup"); however, the USA team lost the event.
### 2013
Mickelson began the [2013 season](/wiki/2013_PGA_Tour "2013 PGA Tour") in January by playing in the [Humana Challenge](/wiki/Humana_Challenge "Humana Challenge"), where he finished T37 at −17\. His next event was the following week in his home event near [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego") at the [Farmers Insurance Open](/wiki/Farmers_Insurance_Open "Farmers Insurance Open"). Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s.
In the first round of the Waste Management [Phoenix Open](/wiki/Phoenix_Open "Phoenix Open"), Mickelson tied his career\-low round of 60\. He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59\. However, his 25\-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history. Mickelson led the tournament wire\-to\-wire and completed a four\-shot win over [Brandt Snedeker](/wiki/Brandt_Snedeker "Brandt Snedeker") for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title. Mickelson's score of 28\-under\-par tied Mark Calcavecchia's tournament scoring record.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.azcentral.com/sports/golf/phoenixopen/articles/20130203phil\-mickelson\-win\-phoenix\-open\-ties\-tournament\-scoring\-record.html \|title\=Phil Mickelson wins Phoenix Open, ties tournament scoring record \|first\=John \|last\=Davis \|work\=azcentral.com \|date\=February 4, 2012 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013}} He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22\.
#### Sixth runner\-up finish at the U.S. Open
At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2013_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "2013 U.S. Open (golf)") at [Merion](/wiki/Merion_Golf_Club "Merion Golf Club"), Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of {{nowrap\|67\-72\-70 (−1\)}} over the first three days, but he started the final round by three\-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double\-bogeys to fall out of the lead. He regained the lead at the par\-4 10th when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle. However, a misjudgment at the short par\-3 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader [Justin Rose](/wiki/Justin_Rose "Justin Rose"). Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose. Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey.
Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with [Jason Day](/wiki/Jason_Day "Jason Day"), two strokes behind Justin Rose. It was the sixth runner\-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind [Jack Nicklaus](/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus "Jack Nicklaus")'s seven runner\-up finishes at [The Open Championship](/wiki/The_Open_Championship "The Open Championship").{{cite news \|url\=http://www1\.skysports.com/golf/us\-open/story/14640/8779755 \|title\=Justin rose wins first major at 2013 U.S. Open as Mickelson finishes second \|work\=Sky Sports \|date\=June 16, 2013 \|access\-date\=June 19, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620124552/http://www1\.skysports.com/golf/us\-open/story/14640/8779755 \|archive\-date\=June 20, 2013 }} After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said "this is tough to swallow after coming so close... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it... it hurts."{{cite news \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/usopen13/story/\_/id/9393366/2013\-us\-open\-justin\-rose\-wins\-phil\-mickelson\-second\-again \|title\=Phil Mickelson finishes second at 2013 U.S. Open \|work\=ESPN \|first\=Bob \|last\=Harig \|date\=June 16, 2013 \|access\-date\=June 19, 2013}} It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday.
#### Fifth major title at the Open Championship
The week before [The Open Championship](/wiki/2013_Open_Championship "2013 Open Championship"), Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the [Scottish Open](/wiki/Scottish_Open_%28golf%29 "Scottish Open (golf)") on July 14, after a sudden\-death playoff against [Branden Grace](/wiki/Branden_Grace "Branden Grace"). After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship. Mickelson said: "I've never felt more excited going into The Open. I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention. Coming out on top just gives me more confidence."{{cite news \|last\=McLean \|first\=Euan \|title\=Scottish Open: Fabulous Phil Mickelson breaks his hoodoo \|url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/golf/scottish\-open\-2013\-fabulous\-phil\-2054425 \|newspaper\=Daily Record \|location\=Glasgow \|date\=July 15, 2013 \|access\-date\=July 16, 2013}}
The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the [Open Championship](/wiki/2013_Open_Championship "2013 Open Championship") (often referred to as the British Open) [Muirfield Golf Links](/wiki/Muirfield "Muirfield") in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"); the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf. This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/golf/theopen/10193872/The\-Open\-2013\-Phil\-Mickelson\-wins\-fifth\-major\-title\-to\-win\-142nd\-Open\-at\-Muirfield\-by\-three\-strokes.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/golf/theopen/10193872/The\-Open\-2013\-Phil\-Mickelson\-wins\-fifth\-major\-title\-to\-win\-142nd\-Open\-at\-Muirfield\-by\-three\-strokes.html \|archive\-date\=January 12, 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Phil Mickelson wins fifth major title to win 142nd Open at Muirfield by three strokes \|first\=James \|last\=Corrigan \|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]] \|date\=July 21, 2013 \|access\-date\=July 22, 2013 \|location\=London}}{{cbignore}} Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/theopen/story/\_/id/9496665/phil\-mickelson\-wins\-open\-championship\-1st\-brilliant\-66 \|title\=Lefty captures Claret Jug, 5th major \|date\=July 21, 2013 \|work\=ESPN \|first\= Bob \|last\=Harig \|access\-date\=July 22, 2013 }} He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round. Mickelson later said: "I played arguably the best round of my career, and shot the round of my life. The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open. But you have to be resilient in this game."{{cite news \|title\=The Open 2013: Phil Mickelson cards superb 66 to win at Muirfield \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/golf/23397191 \|work\=BBC Sport \|first\=Rob \|last\=Hodgetts \|date\=July 21, 2013 \|access\-date\=July 21, 2013}} In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, "Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me."{{cite news \|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/mickelson\-relives\-british\-open\-victory\-muirfield\-173850620\.html \|title\=Mickelson relives British Open victory at Muirfield \|work\=Yahoo News \|agency\=Associated Press \|first\=Steve \|last\=Douglas \|date\=July 12, 2015}}
### 2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors
[thumb\|Mickelson at the [2014 Players Championship](/wiki/2014_Players_Championship "2014 Players Championship").](/wiki/File:Players_Championship_-_2014_-_Phil_Mickelson_%2814162065051%29.jpg "Players Championship - 2014 - Phil Mickelson (14162065051).jpg")
Mickelson missed the cut at the [Masters](/wiki/2014_Masters_Tournament "2014 Masters Tournament") for the first time since 1997\. He failed to contend at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2014_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "2014 U.S. Open (golf)") at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam. Mickelson's lone top\-10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year's final major, the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2014_PGA_Championship "2014 PGA Championship") at [Valhalla](/wiki/Valhalla_Golf_Club "Valhalla Golf Club"). Mickelson shot rounds of 69\-67\-67\-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one [Rory McIlroy](/wiki/Rory_McIlroy "Rory McIlroy").
Prior to the [2015 Masters](/wiki/2015_Masters_Tournament "2015 Masters Tournament"), Mickelson's best finish in [2015](/wiki/2015_PGA_Tour "2015 PGA Tour") was a tie for 17th. At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of {{nowrap\|70\-68\-67\-69}} to finish tied for second with [Justin Rose](/wiki/Justin_Rose "Justin Rose"), four shots behind champion [Jordan Spieth](/wiki/Jordan_Spieth "Jordan Spieth"). The second\-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all\-time only to [Jack Nicklaus](/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus "Jack Nicklaus") in that regard.
At [The Open Championship](/wiki/2015_Open_Championship "2015 Open Championship"), Mickelson shot rounds of {{nowrap\|70\-72\-70}} and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty. In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead. After a missed {{convert\|10\|ft\|adj\=on}} birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed [Old Course at St Andrews](/wiki/Old_Course_at_St_Andrews "Old Course at St Andrews") onto a second\-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel. The out\-of\-bounds drive lead to a triple\-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention.
Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things.{{Cite web \|title\=Mickelson, Harmon part ways \|url\=https://www.pgatour.com/news/2015/11/04/phil\-mickelson\-butch\-harmon\-part\-ways.html \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-02 \|publisher\=PGA Tour}}
### 2016: New swing coach
After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach. The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson's swing back.
Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his [2016](/wiki/2016_PGA_Tour "2016 PGA Tour") debut at the [CareerBuilder Challenge](/wiki/CareerBuilder_Challenge "CareerBuilder Challenge"). He shot rounds of {{nowrap\|68\-65\-66\-68}} to finish in a tie for third place at 21\-under\-par. It was only Mickelson's fifth top\-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship. The third\-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season.
At the [AT\&T Pebble Beach Pro\-Am](/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_Pro-Am "AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am"), Mickelson shot rounds of {{nowrap\|68\-65\-66\-72}} to finish in solo second place, a shot behind [Vaughn Taylor](/wiki/Vaughn_Taylor "Vaughn Taylor"). Mickelson lipped out a five\-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole. He entered the final round with a two\-stroke lead, his first 54\-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship.{{cite magazine \|url\=http://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf\-news/phil\-mickelson\-falls\-agonisingly\-short\-at\-pebble \|title\=Phil Mickelson falls agonisingly short at Pebble \|date\=February 15, 2016 \|magazine\=bunkered \|first\=Martin \|last\=Inglis}}
Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of [The Open Championship](/wiki/2016_Open_Championship "2016 Open Championship") at [Royal Troon](/wiki/Royal_Troon_Golf_Club "Royal Troon Golf Club"). The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round. Mickelson had a {{convert\|15\|ft\|adj\=on}} birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2016/jul/14/the\-open\-2016\-day\-one\-live \|title\=The Open 2016: day one – as it happened \|date\=July 14, 2016 \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|first1\=Scott \|last1\=Murray \|first2\=Stuart \|last2\=Goodwin \|access\-date\=July 15, 2016}} He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one\-shot lead over [Henrik Stenson](/wiki/Henrik_Stenson "Henrik Stenson") going into the weekend. In the third round, Mickelson shot a one\-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson. Despite Mickelson's bogey\-free 65 in the final round, Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots. Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner\-up. Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner\-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner\-up in major championship history.
### 2017: Recovery from surgeries
In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the [CareerBuilder Challenge](/wiki/CareerBuilder_Challenge "CareerBuilder Challenge") was a triumphant one, leading to a T\-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would have got him to 8\-under par instead posting −7 {{nowrap\|(71\-72\-67\-71\)}} to finish T14 at the [Farmers Insurance Open](/wiki/Farmers_Insurance_Open "Farmers Insurance Open"). The following week, at the Waste Management [Phoenix Open](/wiki/Phoenix_Open "Phoenix Open"), which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65\. He played his first nine holes in 4\-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T\-16 finish, for his sixth straight top\-25 finish on tour.
Mickelson came close to winning again at the [FedEx St. Jude Classic](/wiki/FedEx_St._Jude_Classic "FedEx St. Jude Classic") where he had finished in second place the previous year to [Daniel Berger](/wiki/Daniel_Berger_%28golfer%29 "Daniel Berger (golfer)"). He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention. Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole. His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water, so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple\-bogey. He managed to get one shot back, but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year.
Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter's high school graduation. A week later, his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement.{{cite magazine \|url\=http://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf\-news/phil\-mickelson\-and\-caddie\-bones\-part\-ways \|title\=Phil Mickelson and caddie Bones part ways \|date\=June 20, 2017 \|magazine\=bunkered \|first\=Martin \|last\=Inglis}} Mickelson then missed the cut at both [The Open Championship](/wiki/2017_Open_Championship "2017 Open Championship") and the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2017_PGA_Championship "2017 PGA Championship").
On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the [Dell Technologies Championship](/wiki/Dell_Technologies_Championship "Dell Technologies Championship"), Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the [Presidents Cup](/wiki/2017_Presidents_Cup "2017 Presidents Cup").{{cite magazine \|url\=http://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf\-news/phil\-mickelson\-gets\-captains\-pick\-for\-presidents\-cup \|title\=Phil Mickelson gets captain's pick for Presidents Cup \|date\=September 7, 2017 \|magazine\=bunkered \|first\=Martin \|last\=Inglis}} This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994\.
### 2018–2019: Winless streak ends
On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the [WGC\-Mexico Championship](/wiki/2018_WGC-Mexico_Championship "2018 WGC-Mexico Championship"), with a final\-round score of 66 and a total score of −16\. Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with [Justin Thomas](/wiki/Justin_Thomas "Justin Thomas"). He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden\-death playoff with a par. After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out. Thomas however could not get up and down for par, meaning Mickelson claimed the championship. The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the [2013 Open Championship](/wiki/2013_Open_Championship "2013 Open Championship").{{cite news \|last1\=Kukreti \|first1\=Shobhit \|title\=Phil Mickelson lauds Tiger Woods joining the PGA Tour policy board as a player director \- "Awesome news" \|url\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/golf/news\-phil\-mickelson\-lauds\-tiger\-woods\-joining\-pga\-tour\-policy\-board\-player\-director\-awesome\-news \|work\=Sportskeeda \|date\=2 August 2023 \|language\=en\-us}} He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/golf/2018/03/04/phil\-mickelson\-wins\-playoff\-in\-mexico\-ends\-long\-drought/111093854/ \|title\=Phil Mickelson wins playoff in Mexico, ends long drought \|date\=March 4, 2018 \|newspaper\=USA Today \|agency\=Associated Press \|access\-date\=March 6, 2018}}
In the third round of the [2018 U.S. Open](/wiki/2018_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "2018 U.S. Open (golf)"), Mickelson incurred a two\-stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball with intent while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (\+11\). His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified.{{cite web \|title\=US Open: Butch Harmon reflects on Phil Mickelson's penalty incident \|url\=http://www.skysports.com/golf/news/12040/11407962/butch\-harmon\-feels\-phil\-mickelson\-should\-have\-withdrawn\-from\-us\-open \|publisher\=Sky Sports \|first\=Keith \|last\=Jackson \|date\=June 17, 2018 \|access\-date\=June 17, 2018}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jun/20/phil\-mickelson\-apologizes\-hitting\-moving\-ball \|title\=Phil Mickelson says he's sorry for hitting moving ball during US Open \|date\=June 20, 2018 \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|agency\=Press Association \|access\-date\=June 21, 2018}}
Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the [2018 Ryder Cup](/wiki/2018_Ryder_Cup "2018 Ryder Cup"), held in Paris between September 28 and 30\.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/no\-surprises\-tiger\-woods\-phil\-mickelson\-and\-bryson\-dechambeau\-named\-to\-us\-ryder\-cup\-team \|title\=No surprises: Tiger Woods, Phil Mickelson and Bryson DeChambeau named to U.S. Ryder Cup team \|magazine\=Golf Digest \|first\=John \|last\=Strege \|date\=September 4, 2018}} Paired with [Bryson DeChambeau](/wiki/Bryson_DeChambeau "Bryson DeChambeau") in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's [Sergio García](/wiki/Sergio_Garc%C3%ADa "Sergio García") and [Alex Norén](/wiki/Alex_Nor%C3%A9n "Alex Norén"). In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to [Francesco Molinari](/wiki/Francesco_Molinari "Francesco Molinari"), as Team USA slumped to a 17\.5 to 10\.5 defeat.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/sep/30/ryder\-cup\-2018\-europe\-win\-usa\-golf \|title\=Ryder Cup 2018: Europe rout USA to exceed Thomas Bjørn's wildest dreams \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|first\=Ewan \|last\=Murray \|date\=September 30, 2018}}
On November 23, 2018, Mickelson won the pay\-per\-view event, Capital One's The Match. This was a $9,000,000 winner\-takes\-all match against [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods "Tiger Woods") at [Shadow Creek Golf Course](/wiki/Shadow_Creek_Golf_Course "Shadow Creek Golf Course") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas"). Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four\-foot putt after Woods missed a seven\-foot putt on the 22nd hole.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.pga.com/news/golf\-buzz/tiger\-woods\-phil\-mickelson\-match\-score\-highlights\-results \|publisher\=PGA of America \|date\=November 23, 2018 \|title\=Phil Mickelson beats Tiger Woods in The Match on 22nd hole \|first\=Wayne \|last\=Staats}}
In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the [AT\&T Pebble Beach Pro\-Am](/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_Pro-Am "AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am"), shooting a bogey\-free final round 65 to defeat [Paul Casey](/wiki/Paul_Casey "Paul Casey") by three strokes. The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying [Mark O'Meara](/wiki/Mark_O%27Meara "Mark O'Meara") for most victories in the event.{{cite news \|last\=Porter \|first\=Kyle \|title\=2019 Pebble Beach Pro\-Am leaderboard, grades: Phil Mickelson takes home record fifth title \|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/golf/news/2019\-pebble\-beach\-pro\-am\-leaderboard\-grades\-phil\-mickelson\-takes\-home\-record\-fifth\-title/ \|work\=CBS Sports \|date\=February 11, 2019 \|access\-date\=February 11, 2019}} At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event.
### 2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut
[left\|thumb\|Mickelson at [Torrey Pines](/wiki/Torrey_Pines_Golf_Course "Torrey Pines Golf Course") in January 2020](/wiki/File:Phil_Mickelson_2020_Farmers_Open.jpg "Phil Mickelson 2020 Farmers Open.jpg")
In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that "after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years" he would play in the 2020 [Saudi International](/wiki/Saudi_International_%28golf%29 "Saudi International (golf)") tournament on the [European Tour](/wiki/European_Tour "European Tour") and would miss [Waste Management Phoenix Open](/wiki/Waste_Management_Phoenix_Open "Waste Management Phoenix Open") for the first time since 1989\. However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was widely criticized for ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf\-news/phil\-mickelson\-hits\-out\-at\-critics\-of\-his\-saudi\-appearance \|title\=Phil Mickelson hits out at critics of his Saudi appearance \|first\=Michael \|last\=McEwan \|date\=December 3, 2019\|access\-date\=December 3, 2019 \|magazine\=bunkered}} Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third.{{Cite news \|title\=2020 Saudi International Powered by SBIA \|url\=https://www.golfchannel.com/tours/european\-tour/2020/saudi\-international\-powered\-sbia \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-02 \|work\=Golf Channel}}
Mickelson finished 3rd at the 2020 [AT\&T Pebble Beach Pro\-Am](/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_Pro-Am "AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am") and tied for 2nd in the [WGC\-FedEx St. Jude Invitational](/wiki/2020_WGC-FedEx_St._Jude_Invitational "2020 WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational"). Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event. He was ultimately eliminated from the [FedEx Cup Playoffs](/wiki/2020_FedEx_Cup_Playoffs "2020 FedEx Cup Playoffs") following [The Northern Trust](/wiki/The_Northern_Trust "The Northern Trust") at [TPC Boston](/wiki/TPC_Boston "TPC Boston") in August 2020\. One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the [PGA Tour Champions](/wiki/PGA_Tour_Champions "PGA Tour Champions"). He won the Charles Schwab Series at Ozarks National in his first tournament after becoming eligible for PGA Tour Champions on his 50th birthday on June 16, 2020\. He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/lists/20\-golfers\-who\-won\-pga\-tour\-champions\-debut/ \|title\=The 20 golfers who won their PGA Tour Champions debuts \|magazine\=Golfweek \|first\=Todd \|last\=Kelly \|date\=August 26, 2020}} Mickelson's 191 stroke total tied the PGA Tour Champions all\-time record for a three\-day event.
In October 2020, Mickelson won the [Dominion Energy Charity Classic](/wiki/Dominion_Energy_Charity_Classic "Dominion Energy Charity Classic") in Virginia. It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/mickelson\-wins\-in\-richmond\-to\-got\-2\-for\-2\-on\-senior\-tour\-1\.1540535 \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|website\=www.tsn.ca \|date\=October 18, 2020 \|access\-date\=October 18, 2020 \|title\=Mickelson wins in Richmond; Weir places 2nd}}
### 2021: The oldest major champion
In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour. However, he fell short in the [Cologuard Classic](/wiki/Cologuard_Classic "Cologuard Classic"), finishing in a T\-20 position with a score of 4 under par.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/phil\-mickelson\-s\-bid\-for\-a\-pga\-tour\-champions\-record\-ends\-\-prema/amp \|title\=Phil Mickelson's bid for a PGA Tour Champions record ends prematurely \|magazine\=Golf Digest \|first\=John \|last\=Strege \|date\=February 28, 2021}}
In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54\-hole lead at the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2021_PGA_Championship "2021 PGA Championship") at the [Kiawah Island Golf Resort](/wiki/Kiawah_Island_Golf_Resort "Kiawah Island Golf Resort") in [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina"), leading [Brooks Koepka](/wiki/Brooks_Koepka "Brooks Koepka") by one shot with one day to play. He shot a final\-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and [Louis Oosthuizen](/wiki/Louis_Oosthuizen "Louis Oosthuizen") by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50\.{{Cite news\|last\=Pietruszkiewicz \|first\=Nick \|date\=May 23, 2021 \|title\=How Phil Mickelson stunned golf by becoming the oldest major champion \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\_/id/31497332/how\-phil\-mickelson\-stunned\-golf\-becoming\-oldest\-major\-champion \|access\-date\=May 23, 2021 \|work\=ESPN}} As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the [thumbs up](/wiki/Thumbs_up "Thumbs up") to the crowd as they cheered. However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner [Brooks Koepka](/wiki/Brooks_Koepka "Brooks Koepka") was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole. Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two\-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6\-under, besting the field by two strokes.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/golf/57224082 \|title\=US PGA Championship: Phil Mickelson becomes oldest major winner with sixth title \|date\=May 23, 2021 \|work\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=May 24, 2021}}
In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions. Mickelson shot a final round 4\-under\-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk \& Friends over [Miguel Ángel Jiménez](/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Jim%C3%A9nez "Miguel Ángel Jiménez") in [Jacksonville, Florida](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida "Jacksonville, Florida").{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.si.com/golf/news/phil\-mickelson\-wins\-furyk\-friends\-for\-third\-senior\-victory\-in\-four\-starts \|agency\=Associated Press \|magazine\=Sports Illustrated \|title\=Phil Mickelson Wins Furyk \& Friends for Third Senior Victory in Four Starts \|date\=October 10, 2021 \|access\-date\=October 11, 2021}}
In November 2021, Mickelson won the season\-ending [Charles Schwab Cup Championship](/wiki/Charles_Schwab_Cup_Championship "Charles Schwab Cup Championship") in [Phoenix, Arizona](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona"), with a final round six\-under par 65\. This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on [PGA Tour Champions](/wiki/PGA_Tour_Champions "PGA Tour Champions").{{cite web \|url\=https://golf.com/news/phil\-mickelson\-wins\-remarkable\-pga\-tour\-champions/ \|website\=Golf.com \|first\=Josh \|last\=Berhow \|date\=November 14, 2021 \|access\-date\=November 14, 2021 \|title\=Phil Mickelson continues remarkable PGA Tour Champions run with another victory}}
### 2022: LIV Golf
Mickelson told a journalist that despite [Saudi Arabians](/wiki/Saudis "Saudis") being "scary motherfuckers" who had murdered journalist [Jamal Khashoggi](/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi "Jamal Khashoggi") and executed gay people, he supported the Saudi\-backed [LIV Golf](/wiki/LIV_Golf "LIV Golf") because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour.{{Cite news \|last\=VanHaaren \|first\=Tom \|date\=February 24, 2022 \|title\=Inside how Phil Mickelson's challenge of the PGA Tour backfired so quickly and what comes next \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\_/id/33354910/this\-was\-failed\-coup\-how\-phil\-mickelson\-challenge\-pga\-tour\-backfired\-quickly\-comes\-next \|work\=\[\[ESPN]] \|access\-date\=February 28, 2022}} In response to these comments, Mickelson lost sponsors [Amstel Light](/wiki/Amstel_Light "Amstel Light") and [KPMG](/wiki/KPMG "KPMG"). Mickelson announced he would be stepping away from golf to spend time with his family and would miss the [2022 Masters Tournament](/wiki/2022_Masters_Tournament "2022 Masters Tournament"). In May, he also decided to withdraw from the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2022_PGA_Championship "2022 PGA Championship"){{Cite news \|title\=Mickelson withdraws from PGA Championship \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC Sport \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/golf/61442619 \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-15}} which he won in 2021\.{{Cite web \|title\=Phil Mickelson withdraws from 2022 PGA Championship field as reigning champion continues hiatus \|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/golf/news/phil\-mickelson\-withdraws\-from\-2022\-pga\-championship\-field\-as\-reigning\-champion\-continues\-hiatus/ \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-13 \|work\=CBS Sports}} On June 6, 2022, LIV Golf CEO [Greg Norman](/wiki/Greg_Norman "Greg Norman") announced that Mickelson will play in the first event on the [LIV Golf Invitational Series](/wiki/LIV_Golf_Invitational_Series "LIV Golf Invitational Series") beginning on June 9, 2022\.{{Cite news \|date\=2022\-06\-06 \|title\=Mickelson added to field for LIV Golf's first event \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\_/id/34048152/phil\-mickelson\-added\-field\-first\-saudi\-backed\-liv\-golf\-invitational\-beginning\-thursday\-london \|work\=ESPN \|first\=Mark \|last\=Schlabach \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-06}} On June 9, 2022, the first day of the [LIV Golf Invitational London](/wiki/LIV_Golf_Invitational_London "LIV Golf Invitational London"), the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour "PGA Tour") suspended Mickelson and 16 other current and former tour members for participating in a conflicting event without permission from the tour.{{cite news \|last\=Schlabach \|first\=Mark \|title\=PGA Tour suspends LIV golfers from all events \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\_/id/34063037/pga\-tour\-suspends\-all\-players\-taking\-part\-first\-liv\-golf\-tournament \|work\=ESPN \|access\-date\=9 June 2022 \|date\=9 June 2022}}
### 2023
At the [2023 Masters Tournament](/wiki/2023_Masters_Tournament "2023 Masters Tournament"), Mickelson made what many viewed as the performance of the tournament, beginning the final day ten shots off of the lead, and finishing in tied second. Shooting a 65, Mickelson equaled his lowest score at Augusta almost 27 years ago. In the last seven holes, he scored five birdies and two pars.
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### 1992–2003: Trying for first major win",
"Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional. He bypassed the tour's qualifying process ([Q\\-School](/wiki/PGA_Tour_Qualifying_Tournament \"PGA Tour Qualifying Tournament\")) because of his 1991 win in Tucson, which earned him a two\\-year exemption. In [1992](/wiki/1992_PGA_Tour \"1992 PGA Tour\"), Mickelson hired [Jim \"Bones\" Mackay](/wiki/Jim_%22Bones%22_Mackay \"Jim \"){{cite news \\|last\\=McCabe \\|first\\=Jim \\|title\\=Dash and carry: Mickelson caddy makes the rounds \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\|date\\=August 31, 2008 \\|url\\=http://www.boston.com/sports/golf/articles/2008/08/31/dash\\_and\\_carry/ \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} as his caddy. He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the [Byron Nelson Golf Classic](/wiki/Byron_Nelson_Golf_Classic \"Byron Nelson Golf Classic\") and the [World Series of Golf](/wiki/WGC-Bridgestone_Invitational \"WGC-Bridgestone Invitational\") in [1996](/wiki/1996_PGA_Tour \"1996 PGA Tour\"),{{cite news \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson won a PGA Tour event as an amateur on this day 30 years ago \\|url\\=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2021/01/13/phil\\-mickelson\\-amateur\\-pga\\-tour\\-win\\-1991/ \\|work\\=Golfweek \\|date\\=13 January 2021}} the [AT\\&T Pebble Beach National Pro\\-Am](/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_National_Pro-Am \"AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am\") in [1998](/wiki/1998_PGA_Tour \"1998 PGA Tour\"), the [Colonial National Invitation](/wiki/Colonial_National_Invitation \"Colonial National Invitation\") in [2000](/wiki/2000_PGA_Tour \"2000 PGA Tour\"), and the [Greater Hartford Open](/wiki/Greater_Hartford_Open \"Greater Hartford Open\") in [2001](/wiki/2001_PGA_Tour \"2001 PGA Tour\") and again in [2002](/wiki/2002_PGA_Tour \"2002 PGA Tour\").",
"He appeared as himself in a non\\-speaking role in the 1996 film *[Tin Cup](/wiki/Tin_Cup \"Tin Cup\")*, starring [Kevin Costner](/wiki/Kevin_Costner \"Kevin Costner\"). His 2000 [Buick Invitational](/wiki/Buick_Invitational \"Buick Invitational\") win ended [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods \"Tiger Woods\")'s streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA Tour. After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\"{{cite book \\|title\\=The Gigantic Book of Golf Quotations \\|editor\\-first\\=Jim \\|editor\\-last\\=Apfelbaum \\|year\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Skyhorse Publishing \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-60239\\-014\\-0}} Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the [2003 season](/wiki/2003_PGA_Tour \"2003 PGA Tour\") (17 top\\-ten finishes, and six second\\- or third\\-place finishes between 1999 and 2003\\), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\".{{cite magazine \\|first\\=Jack \\|last\\=McCallum \\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1026476/index.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218043728/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1026476/index.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=December 18, 2009 \\|title\\=Major Issues \\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated \\|date\\=August 19, 2002 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}",
"### 2004–2006: First three major wins",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Mickelson at [The Open Championship](/wiki/The_Open_Championship \"The Open Championship\") in [2006](/wiki/2006_Open_Championship \"2006 Open Championship\") at [Hoylake](/wiki/Royal_Liverpool_Golf_Club%2C_Hoylake \"Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Hoylake\")](/wiki/File:Phil_Mickelson%2C_Open_2006.jpg \"Phil Mickelson, Open 2006.jpg\")\nMickelson's first [major championship](/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championships \"Men's major golf championships\") win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in [2004](/wiki/2004_PGA_Tour \"2004 PGA Tour\"), when he secured victory in the [Masters](/wiki/2004_Masters_Tournament \"2004 Masters Tournament\") with an {{convert\\|18\\|ft\\|adj\\=on}} birdie putt on the final hole. [Ernie Els](/wiki/Ernie_Els \"Ernie Els\") was the runner\\-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/golf/2013/04/06/masters\\-10\\-memorable\\-shots\\-phil\\-mickelson\\-leaps\\-in\\-2004/2057709/ \\|title\\=Masters shots to remember: Finally, they get their Phil \\|newspaper\\=USA Today \\|date\\=April 6, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left\\-handed swing to win a major; the others being [New Zealander](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") [Sir Bob Charles](/wiki/Sir_Bob_Charles \"Sir Bob Charles\"), who won [The Open Championship](/wiki/The_Open_Championship \"The Open Championship\") in [1963](/wiki/1963_Open_Championship \"1963 Open Championship\"), and [Canadian](/wiki/Canadians \"Canadians\") [Mike Weir](/wiki/Mike_Weir \"Mike Weir\"), who won The Masters in [2003](/wiki/2003_Masters_Tournament \"2003 Masters Tournament\"). (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right\\-hander who plays left\\-handed.) A fourth left\\-handed winner is natural southpaw [Bubba Watson](/wiki/Bubba_Watson \"Bubba Watson\"), the Masters champion in [2012](/wiki/2012_Masters_Tournament \"2012 Masters Tournament\") and [2014](/wiki/2014_Masters_Tournament \"2014 Masters Tournament\").",
"Prior to the [Ryder Cup](/wiki/Ryder_Cup \"Ryder Cup\") in [2004](/wiki/2004_Ryder_Cup \"2004 Ryder Cup\"), Mickelson was dropped from his long\\-standing contract with [Titleist](/wiki/Titleist \"Titleist\")/Acushnet Golf after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a [Callaway Golf](/wiki/Callaway_Golf \"Callaway Golf\") executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This message was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi\\-year deal with Titleist 16 months early and signed on with Callaway Golf. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a {{nowrap\\|1\\-3\\-0}} record but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thegolfchannel.com/core.aspx?page\\=15110\\&dv\\=6616763\\&select\\=14242 \\|title\\=Business Edge: Mickelson, Callaway Sign Endorsement Deal \\|first\\=Adam \\|last\\=Barr \\|work\\=\\[\\[Golf Channel]] \\|date\\=September 7, 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106032959/http://www.thegolfchannel.com/core.aspx?page\\=15110\\&dv\\=6616763\\&select\\=14242 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 6, 2007 }}",
"In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career\\-low for an 18\\-hole round: a 59 at the [PGA Grand Slam of Golf](/wiki/PGA_Grand_Slam_of_Golf \"PGA Grand Slam of Golf\") at Poipu Bay Golf Course in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\"). The [following year](/wiki/2005_PGA_Tour \"2005 PGA Tour\"), Mickelson captured his second major at the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2005_PGA_Championship \"2005 PGA Championship\") at [Baltusrol](/wiki/Baltusrol_Golf_Club \"Baltusrol Golf Club\") in a Monday final\\-round conclusion due to inclement weather the previous day. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within {{convert\\|18\\|in}} of the cup and made his birdie to finish at a 4\\-under\\-par total of 276, one shot ahead of [Steve Elkington](/wiki/Steve_Elkington \"Steve Elkington\") and [Thomas Bjørn](/wiki/Thomas_Bj%C3%B8rn \"Thomas Bjørn\"). Mickelson captured his third major title the [following spring](/wiki/2006_PGA_Tour \"2006 PGA Tour\") at the [Masters](/wiki/2006_Masters_Tournament \"2006 Masters Tournament\"). He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3\\-under\\-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner\\-up [Tim Clark](/wiki/Tim_Clark_%28golfer%29 \"Tim Clark (golfer)\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.golf.com/tour\\-and\\-news/master\\-craftsman\\-mickelson\\-captures\\-second\\-green\\-jacket \\|title\\=Master Craftsman: Mickelson captures second green jacket \\|work\\=Golf.com \\|date\\=October 14, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} This win propelled him to 2nd place in the [Official World Golf Ranking](/wiki/Official_World_Golf_Ranking \"Official World Golf Ranking\") (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of [Vijay Singh](/wiki/Vijay_Singh \"Vijay Singh\") and [Retief Goosen](/wiki/Retief_Goosen \"Retief Goosen\").",
"### 2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open",
"After winning two majors in a row heading into the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2006_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"2006 U.S. Open (golf)\") at [Winged Foot](/wiki/Winged_Foot \"Winged Foot\"), Mickelson was bidding to join [Ben Hogan](/wiki/Ben_Hogan \"Ben Hogan\") and [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods \"Tiger Woods\") as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year). Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at \\+6 (286\\), one shot behind [Geoff Ogilvy](/wiki/Geoff_Ogilvy \"Geoff Ogilvy\").",
"Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. On the 17th hole, with the lead at \\+4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole. He had a one\\-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole.",
"Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one\\-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled\\-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree and did not advance more than {{convert\\|50\\|yd}}. His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18\\-hole playoff with Ogilvy.{{cite news \\|title\\=Phil's Phailure will hurt for a while \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/espn/columns/story?columnist\\=wojciechowski\\_gene\\&id\\=2490682 \\|work\\=ESPN \\|date\\=June 25, 2006 \\|first\\=Gene \\|last\\=Wojciechowski \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}",
"After his disappointing finish, Mickelson said: \"I'm still in shock. I still can't believe I did that. This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won. Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play. I want to thank all the people that supported me. The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Ogilvy grabs U.S. Open when Mickelson, Montgomerie stumble \\|url\\=http://usatoday30\\.usatoday.com/sports/golf/pga/2006\\-06\\-18\\-us\\-open\\_x.htm?POE\\=SPOISVA \\|newspaper\\=USA Today \\|first\\=Tom \\|last\\=Spousta \\|date\\=June 20, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} He was even more candid when he said: \"I just can't believe I did that. I'm such an idiot.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=JiYW9KWBAek \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson Calls Himself an Idiot \\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|date\\=August 27, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=newsarchive\\&sid\\=aEkRo8qmlT5o \\|title\\=Mickelson, With Loss at U.S. Open, Apologizes as Golf 'Idiot' \\|first\\=Michael \\|last\\=Buteau \\|date\\=June 19, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013 \\|work\\=Bloomberg}}",
"### 2006–2008",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|Mickelson at 2007 Barclays Singapore Open.](/wiki/File:Phil_Mickelson_at_2007_Barclays_Singapore_Open.jpg \"Phil Mickelson at 2007 Barclays Singapore Open.jpg\")",
"During the third round of the 2006 [Ford Championship at Doral](/wiki/Ford_Championship_at_Doral \"Ford Championship at Doral\"), Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par\\-5 10th broke the man's watch.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/golf/03/04/lefty.doral/?section\\=si\\_latest \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106011907/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/golf/03/04/lefty.doral/?section\\=si\\_latest \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=November 6, 2007 \\|title\\=Tips appreciated \\|agency\\=SportsTicker \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Sports Illustrated]] \\|date\\=March 4, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, [Conrad Dobler](/wiki/Conrad_Dobler \"Conrad Dobler\"), and his family on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at [Miami University](/wiki/Miami_University \"Miami University\") in [Oxford, Ohio](/wiki/Oxford%2C_Ohio \"Oxford, Ohio\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/columns/story?columnist\\=verdi\\_bob\\&id\\=2756572 \\|title\\=Mickelson gives to Dobler family \\|last\\=Verdi \\|first\\=Bob \\|work\\=ESPN \\|date\\=February 14, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}",
"Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He then began working with [Butch Harmon](/wiki/Butch_Harmon \"Butch Harmon\"), a former coach of [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods \"Tiger Woods\") and [Greg Norman](/wiki/Greg_Norman \"Greg Norman\"). On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three\\-under 69 to win [The Players Championship](/wiki/2007_Players_Championship \"2007 Players Championship\") with an 11\\-under\\-par 277\\.",
"In the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2007_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"2007 U.S. Open (golf)\") at [Oakmont](/wiki/Oakmont_Country_Club \"Oakmont Country Club\") in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.",
"On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the [Deutsche Bank Championship](/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_Championship \"Deutsche Bank Championship\"), which is the second [FedEx Cup](/wiki/FedEx_Cup \"FedEx Cup\") playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, [Tim Finchem](/wiki/Tim_Finchem \"Tim Finchem\"), had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.{{cite news \\|title\\=Mickelson Won't Play In BMW Championship \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|date\\=September 5, 2007 \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2007/09/04/AR2007090401775\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}",
"In 2008, Mickelson won the [Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial](/wiki/Crowne_Plaza_Invitational_at_Colonial \"Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial\") with a −14, one shot ahead of [Tim Clark](/wiki/Tim_Clark_%28golfer%29 \"Tim Clark (golfer)\") and [Rod Pampling](/wiki/Rod_Pampling \"Rod Pampling\"). Mickelson shot a first\\-round 65 to start off the tournament at −5\\. He ended the day tied with [Brett Wetterich](/wiki/Brett_Wetterich \"Brett Wetterich\"), two shots behind leader, [Johnson Wagner](/wiki/Johnson_Wagner \"Johnson Wagner\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pgatour.com/news/2008/05/22/notebook052208\\.html \\|title\\=Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial: First\\-Round Notebook \\|publisher\\=PGA Tour \\|date\\=May 22, 2008 \\|first\\=Stewart \\|last\\=Moore \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} Mickelson shot a second\\-round 68, and the third round 65, overall, being −12 for the first three rounds.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/leaderboard?tournamentId\\=430 \\|title\\=Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial leaderboard \\|work\\=ESPN \\|date\\=May 25, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way. Many players would have punched out and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot. Instead, Mickelson pulled out a high\\-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one\\-putted for the win.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pgatour.com/news/2008/05/25/colonialap.html \\|title\\=Birdie on 72nd hole gives Mickelson win at Colonial \\|date\\=May 25, 2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[PGA Tour]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}",
"In a *[Men's Vogue](/wiki/Men%27s_Vogue \"Men's Vogue\")* article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose {{convert\\|20\\|lb\\|spell\\=in}} with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. \"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.golftipshome.com/regaining\\-his\\-stride\\-how\\-phil\\-mickelson\\-did\\-it/ \\|title\\=How Phil Mickelson regained his stride \\|publisher\\=Golf Tips Home \\|access\\-date\\=November 26, 2014}} Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=http://www.mensvogue.com/health/slideshows/2008/08/phil\\-mickelson \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson's weight loss workout \\|magazine\\=Men's Vogue \\|date\\=August 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818125621/http://www.mensvogue.com/health/slideshows/2008/08/phil\\-mickelson \\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2008}}",
"Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame – Phil Mickelson \\|url\\=http://www.niashf.org/inductees/phil\\-mickelson/ \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}",
"### 2009",
"Mickelson won his first [2009](/wiki/2009_PGA_Tour \"2009 PGA Tour\") tour event when he defended his title at the [Northern Trust Open](/wiki/Northern_Trust_Open \"Northern Trust Open\") at [Riviera](/wiki/Riviera_Country_Club \"Riviera Country Club\"), one stroke ahead of [Steve Stricker](/wiki/Steve_Stricker \"Steve Stricker\"). The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed [Vijay Singh](/wiki/Vijay_Singh \"Vijay Singh\") for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th, and his first [World Golf Championship](/wiki/World_Golf_Championship \"World Golf Championship\"), at the [WGC\\-CA Championship](/wiki/2009_WGC-CA_Championship \"2009 WGC-CA Championship\") with a one\\-stroke win over [Nick Watney](/wiki/Nick_Watney \"Nick Watney\").",
"On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with [breast cancer](/wiki/Breast_cancer \"Breast cancer\"), and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the [HP Byron Nelson Championship](/wiki/HP_Byron_Nelson_Championship \"HP Byron Nelson Championship\") May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the [Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial](/wiki/Crowne_Plaza_Invitational_at_Colonial \"Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial\"), but withdrew from both events.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.golf.com/ap\\-news/mickelsons\\-season\\-hold\\-wife\\-diagnosed\\-breast\\-cancer \\|title\\=Mickelson's season on hold as wife diagnosed with breast cancer \\|first\\=Cameron \\|last\\=Morfit \\|date\\=June 20, 2009 \\|work\\=Golf.com \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} During the final round of the 2009 [BMW PGA Championship](/wiki/BMW_PGA_Championship \"BMW PGA Championship\"), fellow golfer and family friend [John Daly](/wiki/John_Daly_%28golfer%29 \"John Daly (golfer)\") wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://tsn.ca/golf/story/?id\\=279781 \\|title\\=Daly Wears Pink in Final Round in Honour of Amy Mickelson \\|publisher\\=TSN \\|date\\=May 24, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} Also, the next Saturday, at the [Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial](/wiki/Crowne_Plaza_Invitational_at_Colonial \"Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial\"), a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family.",
"On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the [St. Jude Classic](/wiki/St._Jude_Classic \"St. Jude Classic\") and the [U.S. Open](/wiki/U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"U.S. Open (golf)\"), since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.{{cite news \\|title\\=Report: Mickelson to play June 11 \\|work \\=ESPN \\|date\\=June 1, 2009 \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/news/story?id\\=4222629 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the [2009 U.S. Open](/wiki/2009_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"2009 U.S. Open (golf)\") and recorded his fifth runner\\-up finish at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"U.S. Open (golf)\"). He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; [Lucas Glover](/wiki/Lucas_Glover \"Lucas Glover\") captured the championship.",
"On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pgatour.com/news/2009/07/06/mickelson\\_motherap.html \\|title\\=Mickelson's mother has breast cancer \\|publisher\\=PGA Tour \\|date\\=July 6, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing [The Open Championship](/wiki/2009_Open_Championship \"2009 Open Championship\") at [Turnberry](/wiki/Turnberry_%28golf_course%29 \"Turnberry (golf course)\"). On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the [WGC\\-Bridgestone Invitational](/wiki/2009_WGC-Bridgestone_Invitational \"2009 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational\"), the week before the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2009_PGA_Championship \"2009 PGA Championship\") at [Hazeltine National Golf Club](/wiki/Hazeltine_National_Golf_Club \"Hazeltine National Golf Club\").",
"In September, Mickelson won [The Tour Championship](/wiki/The_Tour_Championship \"The Tour Championship\") for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods \"Tiger Woods\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/8277883\\.stm \\|title\\=Mickelson wins Tour Championship \\|date\\=September 27, 2009 \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 [FedEx Cup](/wiki/FedEx_Cup \"FedEx Cup\") standings.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/golf/uspga/6238807/Phil\\-Mickelson\\-wins\\-US\\-Tour\\-Championship\\-as\\-Tiger\\-Woods\\-pockets\\-10\\-million.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/golf/uspga/6238807/Phil\\-Mickelson\\-wins\\-US\\-Tour\\-Championship\\-as\\-Tiger\\-Woods\\-pockets\\-10\\-million.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson wins US Tour Championship as Tiger Woods pockets $10 million \\|date\\=September 28, 2009 \\|newspaper\\=The Daily Telegraph \\|location\\=London \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}{{cbignore}}",
"On November 8, Mickelson won the [WGC\\-HSBC Champions](/wiki/2009_WGC-HSBC_Champions \"2009 WGC-HSBC Champions\") by one shot over [Ernie Els](/wiki/Ernie_Els \"Ernie Els\") in [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai \"Shanghai\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/8349005\\.stm \\|title\\=Mickelson holds off Els in China \\|date\\=November 8, 2009 \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}",
"### 2010: Third Masters win",
"In [2010](/wiki/2010_PGA_Tour \"2010 PGA Tour\"), Mickelson won the [Masters Tournament](/wiki/2010_Masters_Tournament \"2010 Masters Tournament\") on April 11 with a 16\\-under\\-par performance, giving him a three\\-stroke win over [Lee Westwood](/wiki/Lee_Westwood \"Lee Westwood\"). The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/masters/2010\\-04\\-11\\-the\\-masters\\_N.htm \\|title\\=Mickelson seizes the moment, captures Masters for third time \\|date\\=April 11, 2010 \\|newspaper\\=USA Today \\|first\\=Steve \\|last\\=DiMeglio \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole\\-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par\\-4 14th, then on the next, the par\\-5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed the 12th hole and failed to capitalize on the par\\-5 13th, settling for par.",
"Westwood recaptured a one\\-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey\\-free 67 to Westwood's 71\\. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though [K. J. Choi](/wiki/K._J._Choi \"K. J. Choi\") and [Anthony Kim](/wiki/Anthony_Kim \"Anthony Kim\") made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/12/sports/golf/12golf.html?ref\\=sports \\|title\\=Mickelson Captures His Third Masters Title \\|date\\=April 11, 2010 \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|first\\=Larry \\|last\\=Dorman \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}",
"For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer [Jim Nantz](/wiki/Jim_Nantz \"Jim Nantz\")'s call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.golfdigest.com/golf\\-tours\\-news/golf\\-masters/2010\\-04/golf\\-masters\\-ap\\-0411 \\|title\\=Third Time's A Charm \\|date\\=April 11, 2010 \\|work\\=Golf Digest \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}",
"[Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods \"Tiger Woods\") had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal\\-ridden 20\\-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11\\. Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all\\-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/masters10/news/story?id\\=5078765 \\|title\\=Masters Ratings Climb 36 Percent \\|work\\=ESPN \\|date\\=April 12, 2010 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of [Ernie Els](/wiki/Ernie_Els \"Ernie Els\"), [Vijay Singh](/wiki/Vijay_Singh \"Vijay Singh\"), and [Pádraig Harrington](/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington \"Pádraig Harrington\"), with three major championships each.",
"#### Remainder of 2010",
"Mickelson, one of the favorites for the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2010_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"2010 U.S. Open (golf)\") at [Pebble Beach](/wiki/Pebble_Beach_Golf_Links \"Pebble Beach Golf Links\"), shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the remainder of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the [world rankings](/wiki/Official_World_Golf_Ranking \"Official World Golf Ranking\") following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman [Lee Westwood](/wiki/Lee_Westwood \"Lee Westwood\").",
"In the days leading up to the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2010_PGA_Championship \"2010 PGA Championship\") at [Whistling Straits](/wiki/Whistling_Straits \"Whistling Straits\"), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with [psoriatic arthritis](/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis \"Psoriatic arthritis\"). He added that he had started medical treatment and had become a [vegetarian](/wiki/Vegetarianism \"Vegetarianism\") in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintained that both his short\\- and long\\-term prognosis were good, that the condition should have no long\\-term effect on his golfing career, and that he felt well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots behind winner [Martin Kaymer](/wiki/Martin_Kaymer \"Martin Kaymer\").",
"### 2011",
"Mickelson started his [2011 season](/wiki/2011_PGA_Tour \"2011 PGA Tour\") at the [Farmers Insurance Open](/wiki/Farmers_Insurance_Open \"Farmers Insurance Open\") at [Torrey Pines Golf Course](/wiki/Torrey_Pines_Golf_Course \"Torrey Pines Golf Course\"). He shot {{nowrap\\|67–69–68}} and was tied for the 54 hole lead with [Bill Haas](/wiki/Bill_Haas \"Bill Haas\"). Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with [Bubba Watson](/wiki/Bubba_Watson \"Bubba Watson\"). He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament.",
"On April 3, Mickelson won the [Shell Houston Open](/wiki/Shell_Houston_Open \"Shell Houston Open\") with a 20\\-under\\-par, three\\-stroke win over [Scott Verplank](/wiki/Scott_Verplank \"Scott Verplank\"). Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods \"Tiger Woods\") fell to No. 7\\. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the [1997 Masters Tournament](/wiki/1997_Masters_Tournament \"1997 Masters Tournament\").",
"At [The Open Championship](/wiki/2011_Open_Championship \"2011 Open Championship\"), Mickelson recorded just his second top\\-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with [Dustin Johnson](/wiki/Dustin_Johnson \"Dustin Johnson\"). His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion [Darren Clarke](/wiki/Darren_Clarke \"Darren Clarke\"). However, putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place.",
"### 2012: 40th career PGA Tour win",
"Mickelson made his [2012](/wiki/2012_PGA_Tour \"2012 PGA Tour\") debut at the [Humana Challenge](/wiki/Humana_Challenge \"Humana Challenge\") and finished tied for 49th. He missed the cut at the [Farmers Insurance Open](/wiki/Farmers_Insurance_Open \"Farmers Insurance Open\") after shooting rounds of 77 and 68\\. In the final round of the [AT\\&T Pebble Beach National Pro\\-Am](/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_National_Pro-Am \"AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am\"), Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final\\-round score of 8\\-under 64 and a four\\-round total of 269\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson wins at Pebble Beach \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\\_/id/7568923/phil\\-mickelson\\-roars\\-tiger\\-woods\\-win\\-pebble\\-beach \\|work\\=ESPN \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=February 13, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour. The following week at [Riviera Country Club](/wiki/Riviera_Country_Club \"Riviera Country Club\"), Mickelson lost the [Northern Trust Open](/wiki/Northern_Trust_Open \"Northern Trust Open\") in a three\\-way playoff.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\\_/id/7592952/bill\\-haas\\-edges\\-phil\\-mickelson\\-keegan\\-bradley\\-second\\-playoff\\-hole \\|title\\=Bill Haas wins at Riviera in playoff \\|date\\=February 20, 2012 \\|work\\=ESPN \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when [Bill Haas](/wiki/Bill_Haas \"Bill Haas\") posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27\\-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and [Keegan Bradley](/wiki/Keegan_Bradley \"Keegan Bradley\"). Haas however won the playoff with a 40\\-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second\\-place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/archive/2012/owgr07f2012\\.pdf \\|title\\=Official World Golf Ranking, Week 7, 2012 \\|publisher\\=OWGR \\|date\\=February 19, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}",
"Mickelson finished tied for third at the [Masters](/wiki/2012_Masters_Tournament \"2012 Masters Tournament\"). After opening the tournament with a two\\-over\\-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader [Peter Hanson](/wiki/Peter_Hanson \"Peter Hanson\") by Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple\\-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par\\-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight\\-under overall. Earlier in the tournament, he received widespread praise for being present to watch [Jack Nicklaus](/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus \"Jack Nicklaus\"), [Arnold Palmer](/wiki/Arnold_Palmer \"Arnold Palmer\"), and [Gary Player](/wiki/Gary_Player \"Gary Player\") hit the ceremonial opening tee\\-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.post\\-gazette.com/stories/sports/golf/mickelson\\-takes\\-in\\-ceremonial\\-shots\\-630143/ \\|title\\=Mickelson takes in ceremonial shots \\|first\\=Gerry \\|last\\=Dulac \\|newspaper\\=Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette \\|date\\=April 6, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}}",
"Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the [HP Byron Nelson Championship](/wiki/HP_Byron_Nelson_Championship \"HP Byron Nelson Championship\"), but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T\\-7th. He then withdrew from the [Memorial Tournament](/wiki/Memorial_Tournament \"Memorial Tournament\"), citing mental fatigue, after a first\\-round 79\\. Mickelson was paired with [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods \"Tiger Woods\") and [Bubba Watson](/wiki/Bubba_Watson \"Bubba Watson\") at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2012_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"2012 U.S. Open (golf)\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Groupings \\& Starting Times 112th U.S. Open Championship \\|publisher\\=USGA \\|url\\=http://2012\\.usopen.com/en\\_US/scoring/groupings/round1\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-02}} He fought to make the cut and finished T\\-65th. After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the [Greenbrier Classic](/wiki/Greenbrier_Classic \"Greenbrier Classic\"). Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at [2012 Open Championship](/wiki/The_Open_Championship \"The Open Championship\"), shooting 73\\-78 (11 over par). He finished T\\-43rd at the [WGC\\-Bridgestone Invitational](/wiki/WGC-Bridgestone_Invitational \"WGC-Bridgestone Invitational\"). He then finished T\\-36th at the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2012_PGA_Championship \"2012 PGA Championship\").",
"To start the [2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs](/wiki/2012_FedEx_Cup_Playoffs \"2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs\"), Mickelson finished T38 at [The Barclays](/wiki/The_Barclays \"The Barclays\"), \\+1 for the tournament. He tied with Tiger Woods, [Zach Johnson](/wiki/Zach_Johnson \"Zach Johnson\"), and five other players. In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/mickelson\\-goes\\-claw\\-234203968\\-\\-golf.html \\|title\\=Mickelson goes to the claw \\|work\\=Yahoo! Sports\\|first\\=Doug \\|last\\=Ferguson \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=August 31, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} At the next event, the [Deutsche Bank Championship](/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_Championship \"Deutsche Bank Championship\"), he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with [Dustin Johnson](/wiki/Dustin_Johnson \"Dustin Johnson\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01810\\.phil\\-mickelson.html/season/\\#uber \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson – Season \\|publisher\\=PGA Tour \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} At the [BMW Championship](/wiki/BMW_Championship_%28PGA_Tour%29 \"BMW Championship (PGA Tour)\"), Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64\\. On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with [Lee Westwood](/wiki/Lee_Westwood \"Lee Westwood\"), two shots behind leader, and back\\-to\\-back winner, [Rory McIlroy](/wiki/Rory_McIlroy \"Rory McIlroy\"). At the [Tour Championship](/wiki/Tour_Championship \"Tour Championship\"), he ended up finishing tied for 15th. He went on to have a 3–1 record at the [Ryder Cup](/wiki/Ryder_Cup \"Ryder Cup\"); however, the USA team lost the event.",
"### 2013",
"Mickelson began the [2013 season](/wiki/2013_PGA_Tour \"2013 PGA Tour\") in January by playing in the [Humana Challenge](/wiki/Humana_Challenge \"Humana Challenge\"), where he finished T37 at −17\\. His next event was the following week in his home event near [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\") at the [Farmers Insurance Open](/wiki/Farmers_Insurance_Open \"Farmers Insurance Open\"). Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s.",
"In the first round of the Waste Management [Phoenix Open](/wiki/Phoenix_Open \"Phoenix Open\"), Mickelson tied his career\\-low round of 60\\. He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59\\. However, his 25\\-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history. Mickelson led the tournament wire\\-to\\-wire and completed a four\\-shot win over [Brandt Snedeker](/wiki/Brandt_Snedeker \"Brandt Snedeker\") for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title. Mickelson's score of 28\\-under\\-par tied Mark Calcavecchia's tournament scoring record.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.azcentral.com/sports/golf/phoenixopen/articles/20130203phil\\-mickelson\\-win\\-phoenix\\-open\\-ties\\-tournament\\-scoring\\-record.html \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson wins Phoenix Open, ties tournament scoring record \\|first\\=John \\|last\\=Davis \\|work\\=azcentral.com \\|date\\=February 4, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013}} He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22\\.",
"#### Sixth runner\\-up finish at the U.S. Open",
"At the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2013_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"2013 U.S. Open (golf)\") at [Merion](/wiki/Merion_Golf_Club \"Merion Golf Club\"), Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of {{nowrap\\|67\\-72\\-70 (−1\\)}} over the first three days, but he started the final round by three\\-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double\\-bogeys to fall out of the lead. He regained the lead at the par\\-4 10th when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle. However, a misjudgment at the short par\\-3 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader [Justin Rose](/wiki/Justin_Rose \"Justin Rose\"). Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose. Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey.",
"Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with [Jason Day](/wiki/Jason_Day \"Jason Day\"), two strokes behind Justin Rose. It was the sixth runner\\-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind [Jack Nicklaus](/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus \"Jack Nicklaus\")'s seven runner\\-up finishes at [The Open Championship](/wiki/The_Open_Championship \"The Open Championship\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www1\\.skysports.com/golf/us\\-open/story/14640/8779755 \\|title\\=Justin rose wins first major at 2013 U.S. Open as Mickelson finishes second \\|work\\=Sky Sports \\|date\\=June 16, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620124552/http://www1\\.skysports.com/golf/us\\-open/story/14640/8779755 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 20, 2013 }} After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it... it hurts.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/usopen13/story/\\_/id/9393366/2013\\-us\\-open\\-justin\\-rose\\-wins\\-phil\\-mickelson\\-second\\-again \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson finishes second at 2013 U.S. Open \\|work\\=ESPN \\|first\\=Bob \\|last\\=Harig \\|date\\=June 16, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2013}} It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday.",
"#### Fifth major title at the Open Championship",
"The week before [The Open Championship](/wiki/2013_Open_Championship \"2013 Open Championship\"), Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the [Scottish Open](/wiki/Scottish_Open_%28golf%29 \"Scottish Open (golf)\") on July 14, after a sudden\\-death playoff against [Branden Grace](/wiki/Branden_Grace \"Branden Grace\"). After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship. Mickelson said: \"I've never felt more excited going into The Open. I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention. Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=McLean \\|first\\=Euan \\|title\\=Scottish Open: Fabulous Phil Mickelson breaks his hoodoo \\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/golf/scottish\\-open\\-2013\\-fabulous\\-phil\\-2054425 \\|newspaper\\=Daily Record \\|location\\=Glasgow \\|date\\=July 15, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2013}}",
"The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the [Open Championship](/wiki/2013_Open_Championship \"2013 Open Championship\") (often referred to as the British Open) [Muirfield Golf Links](/wiki/Muirfield \"Muirfield\") in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"); the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf. This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/golf/theopen/10193872/The\\-Open\\-2013\\-Phil\\-Mickelson\\-wins\\-fifth\\-major\\-title\\-to\\-win\\-142nd\\-Open\\-at\\-Muirfield\\-by\\-three\\-strokes.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/golf/theopen/10193872/The\\-Open\\-2013\\-Phil\\-Mickelson\\-wins\\-fifth\\-major\\-title\\-to\\-win\\-142nd\\-Open\\-at\\-Muirfield\\-by\\-three\\-strokes.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson wins fifth major title to win 142nd Open at Muirfield by three strokes \\|first\\=James \\|last\\=Corrigan \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]] \\|date\\=July 21, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2013 \\|location\\=London}}{{cbignore}} Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/theopen/story/\\_/id/9496665/phil\\-mickelson\\-wins\\-open\\-championship\\-1st\\-brilliant\\-66 \\|title\\=Lefty captures Claret Jug, 5th major \\|date\\=July 21, 2013 \\|work\\=ESPN \\|first\\= Bob \\|last\\=Harig \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2013 }} He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round. Mickelson later said: \"I played arguably the best round of my career, and shot the round of my life. The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open. But you have to be resilient in this game.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=The Open 2013: Phil Mickelson cards superb 66 to win at Muirfield \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/golf/23397191 \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|first\\=Rob \\|last\\=Hodgetts \\|date\\=July 21, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2013}} In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/mickelson\\-relives\\-british\\-open\\-victory\\-muirfield\\-173850620\\.html \\|title\\=Mickelson relives British Open victory at Muirfield \\|work\\=Yahoo News \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|first\\=Steve \\|last\\=Douglas \\|date\\=July 12, 2015}}",
"### 2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors",
"[thumb\\|Mickelson at the [2014 Players Championship](/wiki/2014_Players_Championship \"2014 Players Championship\").](/wiki/File:Players_Championship_-_2014_-_Phil_Mickelson_%2814162065051%29.jpg \"Players Championship - 2014 - Phil Mickelson (14162065051).jpg\")\nMickelson missed the cut at the [Masters](/wiki/2014_Masters_Tournament \"2014 Masters Tournament\") for the first time since 1997\\. He failed to contend at the [U.S. Open](/wiki/2014_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"2014 U.S. Open (golf)\") at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam. Mickelson's lone top\\-10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year's final major, the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2014_PGA_Championship \"2014 PGA Championship\") at [Valhalla](/wiki/Valhalla_Golf_Club \"Valhalla Golf Club\"). Mickelson shot rounds of 69\\-67\\-67\\-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one [Rory McIlroy](/wiki/Rory_McIlroy \"Rory McIlroy\").",
"Prior to the [2015 Masters](/wiki/2015_Masters_Tournament \"2015 Masters Tournament\"), Mickelson's best finish in [2015](/wiki/2015_PGA_Tour \"2015 PGA Tour\") was a tie for 17th. At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of {{nowrap\\|70\\-68\\-67\\-69}} to finish tied for second with [Justin Rose](/wiki/Justin_Rose \"Justin Rose\"), four shots behind champion [Jordan Spieth](/wiki/Jordan_Spieth \"Jordan Spieth\"). The second\\-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all\\-time only to [Jack Nicklaus](/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus \"Jack Nicklaus\") in that regard.",
"At [The Open Championship](/wiki/2015_Open_Championship \"2015 Open Championship\"), Mickelson shot rounds of {{nowrap\\|70\\-72\\-70}} and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty. In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead. After a missed {{convert\\|10\\|ft\\|adj\\=on}} birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed [Old Course at St Andrews](/wiki/Old_Course_at_St_Andrews \"Old Course at St Andrews\") onto a second\\-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel. The out\\-of\\-bounds drive lead to a triple\\-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention.",
"Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mickelson, Harmon part ways \\|url\\=https://www.pgatour.com/news/2015/11/04/phil\\-mickelson\\-butch\\-harmon\\-part\\-ways.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-02 \\|publisher\\=PGA Tour}}",
"### 2016: New swing coach",
"After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach. The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson's swing back.",
"Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his [2016](/wiki/2016_PGA_Tour \"2016 PGA Tour\") debut at the [CareerBuilder Challenge](/wiki/CareerBuilder_Challenge \"CareerBuilder Challenge\"). He shot rounds of {{nowrap\\|68\\-65\\-66\\-68}} to finish in a tie for third place at 21\\-under\\-par. It was only Mickelson's fifth top\\-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship. The third\\-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season.",
"At the [AT\\&T Pebble Beach Pro\\-Am](/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_Pro-Am \"AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am\"), Mickelson shot rounds of {{nowrap\\|68\\-65\\-66\\-72}} to finish in solo second place, a shot behind [Vaughn Taylor](/wiki/Vaughn_Taylor \"Vaughn Taylor\"). Mickelson lipped out a five\\-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole. He entered the final round with a two\\-stroke lead, his first 54\\-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=http://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf\\-news/phil\\-mickelson\\-falls\\-agonisingly\\-short\\-at\\-pebble \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson falls agonisingly short at Pebble \\|date\\=February 15, 2016 \\|magazine\\=bunkered \\|first\\=Martin \\|last\\=Inglis}}",
"Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of [The Open Championship](/wiki/2016_Open_Championship \"2016 Open Championship\") at [Royal Troon](/wiki/Royal_Troon_Golf_Club \"Royal Troon Golf Club\"). The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round. Mickelson had a {{convert\\|15\\|ft\\|adj\\=on}} birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2016/jul/14/the\\-open\\-2016\\-day\\-one\\-live \\|title\\=The Open 2016: day one – as it happened \\|date\\=July 14, 2016 \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|first1\\=Scott \\|last1\\=Murray \\|first2\\=Stuart \\|last2\\=Goodwin \\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2016}} He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one\\-shot lead over [Henrik Stenson](/wiki/Henrik_Stenson \"Henrik Stenson\") going into the weekend. In the third round, Mickelson shot a one\\-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson. Despite Mickelson's bogey\\-free 65 in the final round, Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots. Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner\\-up. Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner\\-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner\\-up in major championship history.",
"### 2017: Recovery from surgeries",
"In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the [CareerBuilder Challenge](/wiki/CareerBuilder_Challenge \"CareerBuilder Challenge\") was a triumphant one, leading to a T\\-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would have got him to 8\\-under par instead posting −7 {{nowrap\\|(71\\-72\\-67\\-71\\)}} to finish T14 at the [Farmers Insurance Open](/wiki/Farmers_Insurance_Open \"Farmers Insurance Open\"). The following week, at the Waste Management [Phoenix Open](/wiki/Phoenix_Open \"Phoenix Open\"), which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65\\. He played his first nine holes in 4\\-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T\\-16 finish, for his sixth straight top\\-25 finish on tour.",
"Mickelson came close to winning again at the [FedEx St. Jude Classic](/wiki/FedEx_St._Jude_Classic \"FedEx St. Jude Classic\") where he had finished in second place the previous year to [Daniel Berger](/wiki/Daniel_Berger_%28golfer%29 \"Daniel Berger (golfer)\"). He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention. Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole. His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water, so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple\\-bogey. He managed to get one shot back, but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year.",
"Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter's high school graduation. A week later, his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=http://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf\\-news/phil\\-mickelson\\-and\\-caddie\\-bones\\-part\\-ways \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson and caddie Bones part ways \\|date\\=June 20, 2017 \\|magazine\\=bunkered \\|first\\=Martin \\|last\\=Inglis}} Mickelson then missed the cut at both [The Open Championship](/wiki/2017_Open_Championship \"2017 Open Championship\") and the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2017_PGA_Championship \"2017 PGA Championship\").",
"On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the [Dell Technologies Championship](/wiki/Dell_Technologies_Championship \"Dell Technologies Championship\"), Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the [Presidents Cup](/wiki/2017_Presidents_Cup \"2017 Presidents Cup\").{{cite magazine \\|url\\=http://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf\\-news/phil\\-mickelson\\-gets\\-captains\\-pick\\-for\\-presidents\\-cup \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson gets captain's pick for Presidents Cup \\|date\\=September 7, 2017 \\|magazine\\=bunkered \\|first\\=Martin \\|last\\=Inglis}} This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994\\.",
"### 2018–2019: Winless streak ends",
"On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the [WGC\\-Mexico Championship](/wiki/2018_WGC-Mexico_Championship \"2018 WGC-Mexico Championship\"), with a final\\-round score of 66 and a total score of −16\\. Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with [Justin Thomas](/wiki/Justin_Thomas \"Justin Thomas\"). He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden\\-death playoff with a par. After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out. Thomas however could not get up and down for par, meaning Mickelson claimed the championship. The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the [2013 Open Championship](/wiki/2013_Open_Championship \"2013 Open Championship\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Kukreti \\|first1\\=Shobhit \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson lauds Tiger Woods joining the PGA Tour policy board as a player director \\- \"Awesome news\" \\|url\\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/golf/news\\-phil\\-mickelson\\-lauds\\-tiger\\-woods\\-joining\\-pga\\-tour\\-policy\\-board\\-player\\-director\\-awesome\\-news \\|work\\=Sportskeeda \\|date\\=2 August 2023 \\|language\\=en\\-us}} He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/golf/2018/03/04/phil\\-mickelson\\-wins\\-playoff\\-in\\-mexico\\-ends\\-long\\-drought/111093854/ \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson wins playoff in Mexico, ends long drought \\|date\\=March 4, 2018 \\|newspaper\\=USA Today \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|access\\-date\\=March 6, 2018}}",
"In the third round of the [2018 U.S. Open](/wiki/2018_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"2018 U.S. Open (golf)\"), Mickelson incurred a two\\-stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball with intent while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (\\+11\\). His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified.{{cite web \\|title\\=US Open: Butch Harmon reflects on Phil Mickelson's penalty incident \\|url\\=http://www.skysports.com/golf/news/12040/11407962/butch\\-harmon\\-feels\\-phil\\-mickelson\\-should\\-have\\-withdrawn\\-from\\-us\\-open \\|publisher\\=Sky Sports \\|first\\=Keith \\|last\\=Jackson \\|date\\=June 17, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2018}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jun/20/phil\\-mickelson\\-apologizes\\-hitting\\-moving\\-ball \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson says he's sorry for hitting moving ball during US Open \\|date\\=June 20, 2018 \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|agency\\=Press Association \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2018}}",
"Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the [2018 Ryder Cup](/wiki/2018_Ryder_Cup \"2018 Ryder Cup\"), held in Paris between September 28 and 30\\.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/no\\-surprises\\-tiger\\-woods\\-phil\\-mickelson\\-and\\-bryson\\-dechambeau\\-named\\-to\\-us\\-ryder\\-cup\\-team \\|title\\=No surprises: Tiger Woods, Phil Mickelson and Bryson DeChambeau named to U.S. Ryder Cup team \\|magazine\\=Golf Digest \\|first\\=John \\|last\\=Strege \\|date\\=September 4, 2018}} Paired with [Bryson DeChambeau](/wiki/Bryson_DeChambeau \"Bryson DeChambeau\") in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's [Sergio García](/wiki/Sergio_Garc%C3%ADa \"Sergio García\") and [Alex Norén](/wiki/Alex_Nor%C3%A9n \"Alex Norén\"). In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to [Francesco Molinari](/wiki/Francesco_Molinari \"Francesco Molinari\"), as Team USA slumped to a 17\\.5 to 10\\.5 defeat.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/sep/30/ryder\\-cup\\-2018\\-europe\\-win\\-usa\\-golf \\|title\\=Ryder Cup 2018: Europe rout USA to exceed Thomas Bjørn's wildest dreams \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|first\\=Ewan \\|last\\=Murray \\|date\\=September 30, 2018}}",
"On November 23, 2018, Mickelson won the pay\\-per\\-view event, Capital One's The Match. This was a $9,000,000 winner\\-takes\\-all match against [Tiger Woods](/wiki/Tiger_Woods \"Tiger Woods\") at [Shadow Creek Golf Course](/wiki/Shadow_Creek_Golf_Course \"Shadow Creek Golf Course\") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\"). Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four\\-foot putt after Woods missed a seven\\-foot putt on the 22nd hole.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pga.com/news/golf\\-buzz/tiger\\-woods\\-phil\\-mickelson\\-match\\-score\\-highlights\\-results \\|publisher\\=PGA of America \\|date\\=November 23, 2018 \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson beats Tiger Woods in The Match on 22nd hole \\|first\\=Wayne \\|last\\=Staats}}",
"In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the [AT\\&T Pebble Beach Pro\\-Am](/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_Pro-Am \"AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am\"), shooting a bogey\\-free final round 65 to defeat [Paul Casey](/wiki/Paul_Casey \"Paul Casey\") by three strokes. The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying [Mark O'Meara](/wiki/Mark_O%27Meara \"Mark O'Meara\") for most victories in the event.{{cite news \\|last\\=Porter \\|first\\=Kyle \\|title\\=2019 Pebble Beach Pro\\-Am leaderboard, grades: Phil Mickelson takes home record fifth title \\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/golf/news/2019\\-pebble\\-beach\\-pro\\-am\\-leaderboard\\-grades\\-phil\\-mickelson\\-takes\\-home\\-record\\-fifth\\-title/ \\|work\\=CBS Sports \\|date\\=February 11, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2019}} At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event.",
"### 2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Mickelson at [Torrey Pines](/wiki/Torrey_Pines_Golf_Course \"Torrey Pines Golf Course\") in January 2020](/wiki/File:Phil_Mickelson_2020_Farmers_Open.jpg \"Phil Mickelson 2020 Farmers Open.jpg\")\nIn December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 [Saudi International](/wiki/Saudi_International_%28golf%29 \"Saudi International (golf)\") tournament on the [European Tour](/wiki/European_Tour \"European Tour\") and would miss [Waste Management Phoenix Open](/wiki/Waste_Management_Phoenix_Open \"Waste Management Phoenix Open\") for the first time since 1989\\. However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was widely criticized for ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf\\-news/phil\\-mickelson\\-hits\\-out\\-at\\-critics\\-of\\-his\\-saudi\\-appearance \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson hits out at critics of his Saudi appearance \\|first\\=Michael \\|last\\=McEwan \\|date\\=December 3, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2019 \\|magazine\\=bunkered}} Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third.{{Cite news \\|title\\=2020 Saudi International Powered by SBIA \\|url\\=https://www.golfchannel.com/tours/european\\-tour/2020/saudi\\-international\\-powered\\-sbia \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-02 \\|work\\=Golf Channel}}",
"Mickelson finished 3rd at the 2020 [AT\\&T Pebble Beach Pro\\-Am](/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_Pro-Am \"AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am\") and tied for 2nd in the [WGC\\-FedEx St. Jude Invitational](/wiki/2020_WGC-FedEx_St._Jude_Invitational \"2020 WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational\"). Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event. He was ultimately eliminated from the [FedEx Cup Playoffs](/wiki/2020_FedEx_Cup_Playoffs \"2020 FedEx Cup Playoffs\") following [The Northern Trust](/wiki/The_Northern_Trust \"The Northern Trust\") at [TPC Boston](/wiki/TPC_Boston \"TPC Boston\") in August 2020\\. One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the [PGA Tour Champions](/wiki/PGA_Tour_Champions \"PGA Tour Champions\"). He won the Charles Schwab Series at Ozarks National in his first tournament after becoming eligible for PGA Tour Champions on his 50th birthday on June 16, 2020\\. He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/lists/20\\-golfers\\-who\\-won\\-pga\\-tour\\-champions\\-debut/ \\|title\\=The 20 golfers who won their PGA Tour Champions debuts \\|magazine\\=Golfweek \\|first\\=Todd \\|last\\=Kelly \\|date\\=August 26, 2020}} Mickelson's 191 stroke total tied the PGA Tour Champions all\\-time record for a three\\-day event.",
"In October 2020, Mickelson won the [Dominion Energy Charity Classic](/wiki/Dominion_Energy_Charity_Classic \"Dominion Energy Charity Classic\") in Virginia. It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/mickelson\\-wins\\-in\\-richmond\\-to\\-got\\-2\\-for\\-2\\-on\\-senior\\-tour\\-1\\.1540535 \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|website\\=www.tsn.ca \\|date\\=October 18, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2020 \\|title\\=Mickelson wins in Richmond; Weir places 2nd}}",
"### 2021: The oldest major champion",
"In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour. However, he fell short in the [Cologuard Classic](/wiki/Cologuard_Classic \"Cologuard Classic\"), finishing in a T\\-20 position with a score of 4 under par.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/phil\\-mickelson\\-s\\-bid\\-for\\-a\\-pga\\-tour\\-champions\\-record\\-ends\\-\\-prema/amp \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson's bid for a PGA Tour Champions record ends prematurely \\|magazine\\=Golf Digest \\|first\\=John \\|last\\=Strege \\|date\\=February 28, 2021}}",
"In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54\\-hole lead at the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2021_PGA_Championship \"2021 PGA Championship\") at the [Kiawah Island Golf Resort](/wiki/Kiawah_Island_Golf_Resort \"Kiawah Island Golf Resort\") in [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\"), leading [Brooks Koepka](/wiki/Brooks_Koepka \"Brooks Koepka\") by one shot with one day to play. He shot a final\\-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and [Louis Oosthuizen](/wiki/Louis_Oosthuizen \"Louis Oosthuizen\") by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50\\.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Pietruszkiewicz \\|first\\=Nick \\|date\\=May 23, 2021 \\|title\\=How Phil Mickelson stunned golf by becoming the oldest major champion \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\\_/id/31497332/how\\-phil\\-mickelson\\-stunned\\-golf\\-becoming\\-oldest\\-major\\-champion \\|access\\-date\\=May 23, 2021 \\|work\\=ESPN}} As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the [thumbs up](/wiki/Thumbs_up \"Thumbs up\") to the crowd as they cheered. However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner [Brooks Koepka](/wiki/Brooks_Koepka \"Brooks Koepka\") was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole. Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two\\-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6\\-under, besting the field by two strokes.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/golf/57224082 \\|title\\=US PGA Championship: Phil Mickelson becomes oldest major winner with sixth title \\|date\\=May 23, 2021 \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2021}}",
"In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions. Mickelson shot a final round 4\\-under\\-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk \\& Friends over [Miguel Ángel Jiménez](/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Jim%C3%A9nez \"Miguel Ángel Jiménez\") in [Jacksonville, Florida](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida \"Jacksonville, Florida\").{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.si.com/golf/news/phil\\-mickelson\\-wins\\-furyk\\-friends\\-for\\-third\\-senior\\-victory\\-in\\-four\\-starts \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson Wins Furyk \\& Friends for Third Senior Victory in Four Starts \\|date\\=October 10, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=October 11, 2021}}",
"In November 2021, Mickelson won the season\\-ending [Charles Schwab Cup Championship](/wiki/Charles_Schwab_Cup_Championship \"Charles Schwab Cup Championship\") in [Phoenix, Arizona](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\"), with a final round six\\-under par 65\\. This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on [PGA Tour Champions](/wiki/PGA_Tour_Champions \"PGA Tour Champions\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://golf.com/news/phil\\-mickelson\\-wins\\-remarkable\\-pga\\-tour\\-champions/ \\|website\\=Golf.com \\|first\\=Josh \\|last\\=Berhow \\|date\\=November 14, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2021 \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson continues remarkable PGA Tour Champions run with another victory}}",
"### 2022: LIV Golf",
"Mickelson told a journalist that despite [Saudi Arabians](/wiki/Saudis \"Saudis\") being \"scary motherfuckers\" who had murdered journalist [Jamal Khashoggi](/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi \"Jamal Khashoggi\") and executed gay people, he supported the Saudi\\-backed [LIV Golf](/wiki/LIV_Golf \"LIV Golf\") because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour.{{Cite news \\|last\\=VanHaaren \\|first\\=Tom \\|date\\=February 24, 2022 \\|title\\=Inside how Phil Mickelson's challenge of the PGA Tour backfired so quickly and what comes next \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\\_/id/33354910/this\\-was\\-failed\\-coup\\-how\\-phil\\-mickelson\\-challenge\\-pga\\-tour\\-backfired\\-quickly\\-comes\\-next \\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\|access\\-date\\=February 28, 2022}} In response to these comments, Mickelson lost sponsors [Amstel Light](/wiki/Amstel_Light \"Amstel Light\") and [KPMG](/wiki/KPMG \"KPMG\"). Mickelson announced he would be stepping away from golf to spend time with his family and would miss the [2022 Masters Tournament](/wiki/2022_Masters_Tournament \"2022 Masters Tournament\"). In May, he also decided to withdraw from the [PGA Championship](/wiki/2022_PGA_Championship \"2022 PGA Championship\"){{Cite news \\|title\\=Mickelson withdraws from PGA Championship \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/golf/61442619 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-15}} which he won in 2021\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Phil Mickelson withdraws from 2022 PGA Championship field as reigning champion continues hiatus \\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/golf/news/phil\\-mickelson\\-withdraws\\-from\\-2022\\-pga\\-championship\\-field\\-as\\-reigning\\-champion\\-continues\\-hiatus/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=CBS Sports}} On June 6, 2022, LIV Golf CEO [Greg Norman](/wiki/Greg_Norman \"Greg Norman\") announced that Mickelson will play in the first event on the [LIV Golf Invitational Series](/wiki/LIV_Golf_Invitational_Series \"LIV Golf Invitational Series\") beginning on June 9, 2022\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-06 \\|title\\=Mickelson added to field for LIV Golf's first event \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\\_/id/34048152/phil\\-mickelson\\-added\\-field\\-first\\-saudi\\-backed\\-liv\\-golf\\-invitational\\-beginning\\-thursday\\-london \\|work\\=ESPN \\|first\\=Mark \\|last\\=Schlabach \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-06}} On June 9, 2022, the first day of the [LIV Golf Invitational London](/wiki/LIV_Golf_Invitational_London \"LIV Golf Invitational London\"), the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour \"PGA Tour\") suspended Mickelson and 16 other current and former tour members for participating in a conflicting event without permission from the tour.{{cite news \\|last\\=Schlabach \\|first\\=Mark \\|title\\=PGA Tour suspends LIV golfers from all events \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\\_/id/34063037/pga\\-tour\\-suspends\\-all\\-players\\-taking\\-part\\-first\\-liv\\-golf\\-tournament \\|work\\=ESPN \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2022 \\|date\\=9 June 2022}}",
"### 2023",
"At the [2023 Masters Tournament](/wiki/2023_Masters_Tournament \"2023 Masters Tournament\"), Mickelson made what many viewed as the performance of the tournament, beginning the final day ten shots off of the lead, and finishing in tied second. Shooting a 65, Mickelson equaled his lowest score at Augusta almost 27 years ago. In the last seven holes, he scored five birdies and two pars.",
""
] |
Story
-----
Little is known about Collin's early life. From the novels it can be gathered that was born in or around 1779, had an above\-average education and that he worked as an apprentice in a bank—a position his aunt Jacqueline had obtained for him. In the first decade of the 19th century he first came into contact with the criminal underworld. When a young Italian soldier that Collin was interested in committed a forgery, Collin took the responsibility and was sentenced to five years' hard labour in 1810\. Several attempted escapes have increased the sentence to 20 years by 1818, when the first novel that includes him takes place.
In *Father Goriot*, set in late 1818/early 1819 (or 1819/1820 when later novels refer to the events), Collin lived under the name of Vautrin in the House Vauquer after an escape from the [Bagne of Toulon](/wiki/Bagne_of_Toulon "Bagne of Toulon") in 1815\. He is described as a cynical man, who likes to crack jokes, speaks rather intimately with everyone, and seems to know everything and have been everywhere. He also is very adept at repairing locks. However, the police are on his tracks: The chief of the [Sûreté](/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9 "Sûreté"), one Bibi\-Lupin, under the name of Gondureau, confronts two other inhabitants of the House Vauquer, telling them that Vautrin is really the escaped convict Jacques Collin, who functions as a banker and a confidant to the Parisian underworld. Bibi\-Lupin asks them to help arrest Vautrin but they need proof that he really is Jacques Collin. He gives them a drug that will knock Vautrin unconscious, so they can search on his shoulders for the [branded letters](/wiki/Human_branding "Human branding") T.F., which stand for "Travaux \[forcés]" and "Faussaire" ("hard labor" and "forger"). The plan works and Collin is arrested and imprisoned in [Rochefort](/wiki/Rochefort%2C_Charente-Maritime "Rochefort, Charente-Maritime"). Later, it is revealed that Collin escapes prison disguised as a guard escorting another prisoner.
Some years later, in the novel *Illusions Perdues*, one Abbé Carlos Herrera stops Lucien de Rubempré from drowning himself in the [Charente](/wiki/Charente_%28river%29 "Charente (river)"). He strikes a pact with Lucien: He will make him rich and successful but Lucien has to obey him without questions. The novel ends there.
In *Splendeurs et misères de courtisanes*, beginning in 1824, Herrera and Lucien have moved to Paris. Here we quickly learn that Herrera is really Collin. Lucien falls in love with one Esther Gobseck and they lead a happy life, although only meeting at nights, for approximately five years, until the Baron Nucingen glimpses Esther and falls in love with her. Collin realizes that they can get a lot of money out of Nucingen if he becomes Esther's lover. The money would then serve Lucien to marry the rich, but plain Clothilde de Grandlieu. They get the needed million together, but Esther kills herself after having had to sleep with Nucingen in May 1830\. Her suicide note is not discovered, money is missing from her house and Herrera and Lucien are arrested on suspicion of having killed her.
The police suspect Herrera of being Collin but can't prove it. Collin, pretending that he is Lucien's true father to explain his affection for the young man, plays the role of the priest so admirably that the judge is nearly convinced. When Esther's suicide note and testament are found, Herrera's and Lucien's liberation seems to be only a matter of formalities. But Lucien cracks under questioning and reveals Herrera's true identity. Lucien subsequently hangs himself, but not without retracting everything he said, leaving doubts about Herrera's identity again.
Three of Collin's former partners in crime are also in prison but Collin convinces them to treat him as Abbé Herrera. He learns from them that his friend Théodore Calvi is awaiting execution and that another of the men, La Pouraille, also has no hopes of escaping the death sentence. Calvi was Vautrin's lover in Rochefort and the two escaped together. Collin uses his ingenuity to twist the facts and prove Calvi innocent (even though Calvi is in fact guilty) and saves La Pouraille too. This involves giving himself up: like his historical model [Eugène François Vidocq](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Vidocq "Eugène François Vidocq") he offers to serve as an informer to the prosecutor. After he manages to treat the madness of one of Lucien's former mistresses (she became mad after learning about Lucien's death, as her last talk with Lucien was a row) with one of Lucien's love letters to her, his offer is accepted.
A small note informs us that Collin remained chief of the Sûreté for fifteen years and retired in 1845\.
[Charles Rabou](/wiki/Charles_Rabou "Charles Rabou"), who finished the novel *{{Interlanguage link\|The Deputy of Arcis\|fr\|3\=Le Député d'Arcis}}* after Balzac's death, included Vautrin in this story. However, his Vautrin loses most of his former genius. The novel gives Vautrin a son (unlikely, seeing as it is made very clear that he has never had any interest in women) and includes his death at the hands of a forger. Vautrin's later life story is not considered *[canon](/wiki/Canon_%28fiction%29 "Canon (fiction)")*.
|
[
"Story\n-----",
"Little is known about Collin's early life. From the novels it can be gathered that was born in or around 1779, had an above\\-average education and that he worked as an apprentice in a bank—a position his aunt Jacqueline had obtained for him. In the first decade of the 19th century he first came into contact with the criminal underworld. When a young Italian soldier that Collin was interested in committed a forgery, Collin took the responsibility and was sentenced to five years' hard labour in 1810\\. Several attempted escapes have increased the sentence to 20 years by 1818, when the first novel that includes him takes place.",
"In *Father Goriot*, set in late 1818/early 1819 (or 1819/1820 when later novels refer to the events), Collin lived under the name of Vautrin in the House Vauquer after an escape from the [Bagne of Toulon](/wiki/Bagne_of_Toulon \"Bagne of Toulon\") in 1815\\. He is described as a cynical man, who likes to crack jokes, speaks rather intimately with everyone, and seems to know everything and have been everywhere. He also is very adept at repairing locks. However, the police are on his tracks: The chief of the [Sûreté](/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9 \"Sûreté\"), one Bibi\\-Lupin, under the name of Gondureau, confronts two other inhabitants of the House Vauquer, telling them that Vautrin is really the escaped convict Jacques Collin, who functions as a banker and a confidant to the Parisian underworld. Bibi\\-Lupin asks them to help arrest Vautrin but they need proof that he really is Jacques Collin. He gives them a drug that will knock Vautrin unconscious, so they can search on his shoulders for the [branded letters](/wiki/Human_branding \"Human branding\") T.F., which stand for \"Travaux \\[forcés]\" and \"Faussaire\" (\"hard labor\" and \"forger\"). The plan works and Collin is arrested and imprisoned in [Rochefort](/wiki/Rochefort%2C_Charente-Maritime \"Rochefort, Charente-Maritime\"). Later, it is revealed that Collin escapes prison disguised as a guard escorting another prisoner.",
"Some years later, in the novel *Illusions Perdues*, one Abbé Carlos Herrera stops Lucien de Rubempré from drowning himself in the [Charente](/wiki/Charente_%28river%29 \"Charente (river)\"). He strikes a pact with Lucien: He will make him rich and successful but Lucien has to obey him without questions. The novel ends there.",
"In *Splendeurs et misères de courtisanes*, beginning in 1824, Herrera and Lucien have moved to Paris. Here we quickly learn that Herrera is really Collin. Lucien falls in love with one Esther Gobseck and they lead a happy life, although only meeting at nights, for approximately five years, until the Baron Nucingen glimpses Esther and falls in love with her. Collin realizes that they can get a lot of money out of Nucingen if he becomes Esther's lover. The money would then serve Lucien to marry the rich, but plain Clothilde de Grandlieu. They get the needed million together, but Esther kills herself after having had to sleep with Nucingen in May 1830\\. Her suicide note is not discovered, money is missing from her house and Herrera and Lucien are arrested on suspicion of having killed her.",
"The police suspect Herrera of being Collin but can't prove it. Collin, pretending that he is Lucien's true father to explain his affection for the young man, plays the role of the priest so admirably that the judge is nearly convinced. When Esther's suicide note and testament are found, Herrera's and Lucien's liberation seems to be only a matter of formalities. But Lucien cracks under questioning and reveals Herrera's true identity. Lucien subsequently hangs himself, but not without retracting everything he said, leaving doubts about Herrera's identity again.",
"Three of Collin's former partners in crime are also in prison but Collin convinces them to treat him as Abbé Herrera. He learns from them that his friend Théodore Calvi is awaiting execution and that another of the men, La Pouraille, also has no hopes of escaping the death sentence. Calvi was Vautrin's lover in Rochefort and the two escaped together. Collin uses his ingenuity to twist the facts and prove Calvi innocent (even though Calvi is in fact guilty) and saves La Pouraille too. This involves giving himself up: like his historical model [Eugène François Vidocq](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Vidocq \"Eugène François Vidocq\") he offers to serve as an informer to the prosecutor. After he manages to treat the madness of one of Lucien's former mistresses (she became mad after learning about Lucien's death, as her last talk with Lucien was a row) with one of Lucien's love letters to her, his offer is accepted.",
"A small note informs us that Collin remained chief of the Sûreté for fifteen years and retired in 1845\\.",
"[Charles Rabou](/wiki/Charles_Rabou \"Charles Rabou\"), who finished the novel *{{Interlanguage link\\|The Deputy of Arcis\\|fr\\|3\\=Le Député d'Arcis}}* after Balzac's death, included Vautrin in this story. However, his Vautrin loses most of his former genius. The novel gives Vautrin a son (unlikely, seeing as it is made very clear that he has never had any interest in women) and includes his death at the hands of a forger. Vautrin's later life story is not considered *[canon](/wiki/Canon_%28fiction%29 \"Canon (fiction)\")*.",
""
] |
Plot summaries
--------------
### Issue \#1
Angelica Jones lives with her middle\-aged father and paternal grandmother. "Angel" (her father's pet name for her) is shy and withdrawn, and her family moves frequently, but she gets emotional support from her "Nana".{{Cite web \|title\=Firestar (1986\) \#1 {{!}} Comic Issues {{!}} Marvel \|url\=https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/20048/firestar\_1986\_1 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-22 \|website\=Marvel Entertainment}}
At her new school, Angelica is taunted by a girl named Cassie. One day when Angelica becomes upset, her hand starts to glow, causing her milk carton to explode. Some distance away, at the Massachusetts Academy, the energy signature of an emerging [mutant](/wiki/Mutant_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Mutant (Marvel Comics)") is noticed by [Emma Frost](/wiki/Emma_Frost "Emma Frost"), the White Queen of the [Hellfire Club](/wiki/Hellfire_Club_%28comics%29 "Hellfire Club (comics)"), but the trace disappears before her technicians can pinpoint an exact location.
After Angelica finds her entry in an ice sculpting contest ruined by Cassie, Angelica's whole body begins to glow, causing all the ice sculptures to melt. The White Queen notices the child again through use of her mutant\-detecting system Multivak, as does [Professor Charles Xavier](/wiki/Professor_X "Professor X") through his [Cerebro](/wiki/Cerebro "Cerebro") system. Both are mutant [telepaths](/wiki/Telepaths "Telepaths") who seek to train young, emerging mutants, but Xavier wishes to help mutants integrate peaceably into society through training at his [School for Gifted Youngsters](/wiki/X-Mansion "X-Mansion"), while the Hellfire Club's agenda is to create a social class of elite mutants, with themselves at the top.
When Angelica arrives home, she finds out her Nana has died. As Angelica's father wonders what to do with his "Angel", Emma Frost lets herself in. She explains that Angelica is a mutant, and she will be able to teach the girl about her powers and how to use them at her Massachusetts Academy. Frost then speaks to the girl much as her Nana once did, with reassurances of how special she is. Angelica decides to go with her. Xavier arrives in a limousine, only minutes too late; he regretfully decides that in this instance, the White Queen has won.
The comic book origin of Firestar shares a few similarities with her animated counterpart's origin, as shown in the *Amazing Friends* episode, "A Firestar Is Born". The animated Firestar was also raised by a single father in his middle years, who was a construction worker. The animated Firestar also contended with a female peer who bullied her, a girl named Bonnie; the difference being that in the cartoon, Angelica apparently lived in the same area throughout her youth, as she is shown dealing with Bonnie from childhood to late adolescence.
### Issue \#2
The story picks up months after Angelica arrives at the Massachusetts Academy. A few of the other students are also mutants, and are members of the Hellfire Club's training team, the [Hellions](/wiki/Hellions_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Hellions (Marvel Comics)"). Angelica is kept isolated from the other mutant students by orders of Ms. Frost.{{Cite web \|title\=Firestar (1986\) \#2 {{!}} Comic Issues {{!}} Marvel \|url\=https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/20049/firestar\_1986\_2 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-22 \|website\=Marvel Entertainment}}
Angelica is still very withdrawn and socially awkward, her only friends besides Ms. Frost being her personal bodyguard, Randall Chase, and her favorite horse. The White Queen has many plans for Angelica, whom she has given the code\-name "Firestar", intending to groom her into an assassin and bodyguard, and to obtain her assistance for power struggles within the club. She starts to plague Angelica with nightmares through a device disguised as a bracelet. Angelica makes progress with her powers, learning that she can use them to fly.
A dance held at the Massachusetts Academy is attended not only by the Academy student body, but also by the [New Mutants](/wiki/New_Mutants%23The_New_Mutants%2C_vol._1 "New Mutants#The New Mutants, vol. 1"), a "junior team" of teenage mutants trained at Xavier's school. During the dance, the stable suddenly catches fire. Angelica runs to the stable to save her horse, but it collapses and dies as soon as it is clear of the flames. Believing that she killed the horse and started the fire, Angelica starts to break down emotionally with fear of herself and her powers. In truth, the White Queen started the fire through hidden devices, and telepathically killed the horse, knowing that breaking down Angelica's psyche will ultimately lead to the girl belonging to the Hellfire Club body and soul.
### *Uncanny X\-Men* \#193
Chronologically, the events of Firestar's published debut in *Uncanny X\-Men* \#193 occur between issue \#2 and \#3 of the *Firestar* limited series. At some point between issue \#2 and the *Uncanny* story, Firestar is given her unique masked costume. She is manipulated by the powers of the Hellion [Empath](/wiki/Empath_%28comics%29 "Empath (comics)") to join him and his teammate [Roulette](/wiki/Roulette_%28comics%29 "Roulette (comics)") in an attempt to aid another Hellion, Thunderbird (later known as [Warpath](/wiki/Warpath_%28comics%29 "Warpath (comics)")), in the latter's revenge campaign against the [X\-Men](/wiki/X-Men "X-Men"), whom he held responsible for the death of his brother, the first [Thunderbird](/wiki/Thunderbird_%28John_Proudstar%29 "Thunderbird (John Proudstar)"). Firestar and the Hellions involved are all defeated, and [Professor Xavier](/wiki/Professor_X "Professor X"), Thunderbird's prime target, manages to convince him that Thunderbird lost his life heroically.{{Cite web \|title\=Uncanny X\-Men (1963\) \#193 {{!}} Comic Issues {{!}} Marvel \|url\=https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/13734/uncanny\_x\-men\_1963\_193 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-22 \|website\=Marvel Entertainment}}
Afterwards, Angelica and her classmates are brought to Xavier's school, and Xavier offers her a place at the school. Angelica is touched by the offer, but loyalty to Ms. Frost prompts her to refuse. Xavier accepts her decision, saying only that he hopes Frost proves worthy of Angelica's loyalty. Thunderbird also refuses a similar offer, and they are allowed to return to the Massachessetts Academy. In a nod to the events of the *Firestar* limited series, which was published not long after the *Uncanny* story, [Sam Guthrie](/wiki/Cannonball_%28comics%29 "Cannonball (comics)") appears in the background of the final scene at Xavier's school.
### Issue \#3
With practice, Firestar's maneuvering in flight is getting better, as well as her ability to control how she releases heat.{{Cite web \|title\=Firestar (1986\) \#3 {{!}} Comic Issues {{!}} Marvel \|url\=https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/20050/firestar\_1986\_3 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-22 \|website\=Marvel Entertainment}}
Angelica accidentally almost reveals her mutant nature to Mrs. Cohen, the dance teacher, but she still is granted a promised visit home. The visit seems too early for Angelica's father. He has not come to terms with her being a mutant, and greets her distantly. Angelica is hurt and shocked, and decides to cut the visit short. In a scene at the airport, a mob of angry, frightened people attack her and her father when she is discovered to be a mutant. Angelica fights back with her powers, trying to chase the mob away by firing microwave blasts around them rather than attacking them directly. One man is severely injured.
It turns out the encounter was not accidental, but was planned by the White Queen herself, intended to force Firestar to use her powers directly against a living target. Soon, claims the White Queen, Firestar will use her powers as an assassin, and the [Black Queen](/wiki/Selene_%28comics%29 "Selene (comics)") will surely die.
### Issue \#4
In the opening sequence, what seems to be a sniper attack against Ms. Frost is actually a set\-up to make Angelica believe in the menace of the Black Queen. Ms. Frost invites Angelica to a formal dance at the Hellfire Club in New York City. She intends to use Angelica as an assassin against the Black Queen during the event. When Randall worries too much about the White Queen's plans, Frost has him captured and tells Angelica that he had been killed by Selene.{{Cite web \|title\=Firestar (1986\) \#4 {{!}} Comic Issues {{!}} Marvel \|url\=https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/20051/firestar\_1986\_4 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-22 \|website\=Marvel Entertainment}}
In truth, Randall has been merely held captive; he escapes, but is mortally wounded in the process. He manages to get to Angelica, telling her the truth with his dying breath. Furious, Angelica goes to confront the White Queen in her underground complex as Firestar, and cutting totally loose with her powers, she humiliates Frost. Forcing the Queen to run for her life, Firestar causes an explosion, severely damaging the underground complex and the school buildings above. The White Queen lets Firestar escape for the time being, deciding that there would be no profit in taking action and that she would have to find another way to deal with the Black Queen.
Angelica returns to her father, more confident now, as she knows that she can control her powers and always could; it was her own self\-doubt and insecurity that kept her from doing so before. Her father, regretting his rejection of his "Angel" before, embraces her back into his life.
|
[
"Plot summaries\n--------------",
"### Issue \\#1",
"Angelica Jones lives with her middle\\-aged father and paternal grandmother. \"Angel\" (her father's pet name for her) is shy and withdrawn, and her family moves frequently, but she gets emotional support from her \"Nana\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=Firestar (1986\\) \\#1 {{!}} Comic Issues {{!}} Marvel \\|url\\=https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/20048/firestar\\_1986\\_1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-22 \\|website\\=Marvel Entertainment}}",
"At her new school, Angelica is taunted by a girl named Cassie. One day when Angelica becomes upset, her hand starts to glow, causing her milk carton to explode. Some distance away, at the Massachusetts Academy, the energy signature of an emerging [mutant](/wiki/Mutant_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Mutant (Marvel Comics)\") is noticed by [Emma Frost](/wiki/Emma_Frost \"Emma Frost\"), the White Queen of the [Hellfire Club](/wiki/Hellfire_Club_%28comics%29 \"Hellfire Club (comics)\"), but the trace disappears before her technicians can pinpoint an exact location.",
"After Angelica finds her entry in an ice sculpting contest ruined by Cassie, Angelica's whole body begins to glow, causing all the ice sculptures to melt. The White Queen notices the child again through use of her mutant\\-detecting system Multivak, as does [Professor Charles Xavier](/wiki/Professor_X \"Professor X\") through his [Cerebro](/wiki/Cerebro \"Cerebro\") system. Both are mutant [telepaths](/wiki/Telepaths \"Telepaths\") who seek to train young, emerging mutants, but Xavier wishes to help mutants integrate peaceably into society through training at his [School for Gifted Youngsters](/wiki/X-Mansion \"X-Mansion\"), while the Hellfire Club's agenda is to create a social class of elite mutants, with themselves at the top.",
"When Angelica arrives home, she finds out her Nana has died. As Angelica's father wonders what to do with his \"Angel\", Emma Frost lets herself in. She explains that Angelica is a mutant, and she will be able to teach the girl about her powers and how to use them at her Massachusetts Academy. Frost then speaks to the girl much as her Nana once did, with reassurances of how special she is. Angelica decides to go with her. Xavier arrives in a limousine, only minutes too late; he regretfully decides that in this instance, the White Queen has won.",
"The comic book origin of Firestar shares a few similarities with her animated counterpart's origin, as shown in the *Amazing Friends* episode, \"A Firestar Is Born\". The animated Firestar was also raised by a single father in his middle years, who was a construction worker. The animated Firestar also contended with a female peer who bullied her, a girl named Bonnie; the difference being that in the cartoon, Angelica apparently lived in the same area throughout her youth, as she is shown dealing with Bonnie from childhood to late adolescence.",
"### Issue \\#2",
"The story picks up months after Angelica arrives at the Massachusetts Academy. A few of the other students are also mutants, and are members of the Hellfire Club's training team, the [Hellions](/wiki/Hellions_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Hellions (Marvel Comics)\"). Angelica is kept isolated from the other mutant students by orders of Ms. Frost.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Firestar (1986\\) \\#2 {{!}} Comic Issues {{!}} Marvel \\|url\\=https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/20049/firestar\\_1986\\_2 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-22 \\|website\\=Marvel Entertainment}}",
"Angelica is still very withdrawn and socially awkward, her only friends besides Ms. Frost being her personal bodyguard, Randall Chase, and her favorite horse. The White Queen has many plans for Angelica, whom she has given the code\\-name \"Firestar\", intending to groom her into an assassin and bodyguard, and to obtain her assistance for power struggles within the club. She starts to plague Angelica with nightmares through a device disguised as a bracelet. Angelica makes progress with her powers, learning that she can use them to fly.",
"A dance held at the Massachusetts Academy is attended not only by the Academy student body, but also by the [New Mutants](/wiki/New_Mutants%23The_New_Mutants%2C_vol._1 \"New Mutants#The New Mutants, vol. 1\"), a \"junior team\" of teenage mutants trained at Xavier's school. During the dance, the stable suddenly catches fire. Angelica runs to the stable to save her horse, but it collapses and dies as soon as it is clear of the flames. Believing that she killed the horse and started the fire, Angelica starts to break down emotionally with fear of herself and her powers. In truth, the White Queen started the fire through hidden devices, and telepathically killed the horse, knowing that breaking down Angelica's psyche will ultimately lead to the girl belonging to the Hellfire Club body and soul.",
"### *Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#193",
"Chronologically, the events of Firestar's published debut in *Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#193 occur between issue \\#2 and \\#3 of the *Firestar* limited series. At some point between issue \\#2 and the *Uncanny* story, Firestar is given her unique masked costume. She is manipulated by the powers of the Hellion [Empath](/wiki/Empath_%28comics%29 \"Empath (comics)\") to join him and his teammate [Roulette](/wiki/Roulette_%28comics%29 \"Roulette (comics)\") in an attempt to aid another Hellion, Thunderbird (later known as [Warpath](/wiki/Warpath_%28comics%29 \"Warpath (comics)\")), in the latter's revenge campaign against the [X\\-Men](/wiki/X-Men \"X-Men\"), whom he held responsible for the death of his brother, the first [Thunderbird](/wiki/Thunderbird_%28John_Proudstar%29 \"Thunderbird (John Proudstar)\"). Firestar and the Hellions involved are all defeated, and [Professor Xavier](/wiki/Professor_X \"Professor X\"), Thunderbird's prime target, manages to convince him that Thunderbird lost his life heroically.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Uncanny X\\-Men (1963\\) \\#193 {{!}} Comic Issues {{!}} Marvel \\|url\\=https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/13734/uncanny\\_x\\-men\\_1963\\_193 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-22 \\|website\\=Marvel Entertainment}}",
"Afterwards, Angelica and her classmates are brought to Xavier's school, and Xavier offers her a place at the school. Angelica is touched by the offer, but loyalty to Ms. Frost prompts her to refuse. Xavier accepts her decision, saying only that he hopes Frost proves worthy of Angelica's loyalty. Thunderbird also refuses a similar offer, and they are allowed to return to the Massachessetts Academy. In a nod to the events of the *Firestar* limited series, which was published not long after the *Uncanny* story, [Sam Guthrie](/wiki/Cannonball_%28comics%29 \"Cannonball (comics)\") appears in the background of the final scene at Xavier's school.",
"### Issue \\#3",
"With practice, Firestar's maneuvering in flight is getting better, as well as her ability to control how she releases heat.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Firestar (1986\\) \\#3 {{!}} Comic Issues {{!}} Marvel \\|url\\=https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/20050/firestar\\_1986\\_3 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-22 \\|website\\=Marvel Entertainment}}",
"Angelica accidentally almost reveals her mutant nature to Mrs. Cohen, the dance teacher, but she still is granted a promised visit home. The visit seems too early for Angelica's father. He has not come to terms with her being a mutant, and greets her distantly. Angelica is hurt and shocked, and decides to cut the visit short. In a scene at the airport, a mob of angry, frightened people attack her and her father when she is discovered to be a mutant. Angelica fights back with her powers, trying to chase the mob away by firing microwave blasts around them rather than attacking them directly. One man is severely injured.",
"It turns out the encounter was not accidental, but was planned by the White Queen herself, intended to force Firestar to use her powers directly against a living target. Soon, claims the White Queen, Firestar will use her powers as an assassin, and the [Black Queen](/wiki/Selene_%28comics%29 \"Selene (comics)\") will surely die.",
"### Issue \\#4",
"In the opening sequence, what seems to be a sniper attack against Ms. Frost is actually a set\\-up to make Angelica believe in the menace of the Black Queen. Ms. Frost invites Angelica to a formal dance at the Hellfire Club in New York City. She intends to use Angelica as an assassin against the Black Queen during the event. When Randall worries too much about the White Queen's plans, Frost has him captured and tells Angelica that he had been killed by Selene.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Firestar (1986\\) \\#4 {{!}} Comic Issues {{!}} Marvel \\|url\\=https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/20051/firestar\\_1986\\_4 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-22 \\|website\\=Marvel Entertainment}}",
"In truth, Randall has been merely held captive; he escapes, but is mortally wounded in the process. He manages to get to Angelica, telling her the truth with his dying breath. Furious, Angelica goes to confront the White Queen in her underground complex as Firestar, and cutting totally loose with her powers, she humiliates Frost. Forcing the Queen to run for her life, Firestar causes an explosion, severely damaging the underground complex and the school buildings above. The White Queen lets Firestar escape for the time being, deciding that there would be no profit in taking action and that she would have to find another way to deal with the Black Queen.",
"Angelica returns to her father, more confident now, as she knows that she can control her powers and always could; it was her own self\\-doubt and insecurity that kept her from doing so before. Her father, regretting his rejection of his \"Angel\" before, embraces her back into his life.",
""
] |
Naval Support Activity Mid\-South
---------------------------------
{{Main\|Naval Support Activity Mid\-South}}
[thumb\|Aerial view of the Naval Air Station Memphis in the mid\-1940s](/wiki/Image:NAS_Memphis_NAN8-47.jpg "NAS Memphis NAN8-47.jpg")
Millington is home to the [Naval Support Activity Mid\-South](/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Mid-South "Naval Support Activity Mid-South") (NAVSUPPACT) naval station, one of the largest single employers in the state of [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee"), with more than 7,500 military, civilian, and contractor employees on {{convert\|1950\|acre\|km2}}.{{cite web\|title\=Naval Support Activity Mid\-South\|url\=https://www.cnic.navy.mil/regions/cnrse/installations/nsa\_mid\_south.html\|website\=Commander, Navy Installations Command\|publisher\=US Navy\|access\-date\=November 29, 2017}} The naval base hosts many tenant organizations, notably the [Bureau of Naval Personnel](/wiki/Bureau_of_Naval_Personnel "Bureau of Naval Personnel") (BUPERS). Formerly known as the [Naval Air Station (NAS)](/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_Air_Stations "List of United States Naval Air Stations") [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee "Memphis, Tennessee"), a major technical training center for the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") and Marine Corps comprising over {{convert\|3800\|acre\|km2}}, the 1993 [Base Realignment and Closure](/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure "Base Realignment and Closure") Commission report resulted in significant changes to the base's mission and its re\-designation in 1995 as the **Naval Support Activity Memphis**. The airfield, which is now the [Millington Regional Jetport](/wiki/Millington_Regional_Jetport "Millington Regional Jetport"), was turned over to the city of Millington. In 1998, the name of the naval station was changed to **Naval Support Activity Mid\-South** to better reflect its current mission and the Navy's approach to regionalization. Many military retirees, who live in and around Millington in order to have access to base facilities, contribute to the local economy.
This site was originally established in November 1917 as Park Field, an Army Signal Corps Aviation School used to train pilots for service with the [Allied Forces](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I "Allies of World War I") during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). By February 1918, flight operations were in full swing, but only until November of that year when the [Armistice](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany "Armistice with Germany") was signed. Two days after the signing, training operations were ceased.
At that time the airfield began pioneering [airmail](/wiki/Airmail "Airmail") routes throughout Tennessee and the surrounding states. In March 1920, the government officially purchased Park Field. However, the airfield continued to decline until it was little more than a storage area for aircraft and parts.
Ironically, the [Stock Market Crash of 1929](/wiki/Stock_Market_Crash_of_1929 "Stock Market Crash of 1929") breathed new life into Park Field. During the 1930s the field served as a transient camp for unemployed workers. In 1937 the [Resettlement Administration](/wiki/Resettlement_Administration "Resettlement Administration") took over the land and developed model farms used to demonstrate what could be achieved with correctly managed land. Park Field remained under this agency's jurisdiction until the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").
Just as the onset of World War I had given Park Field its birth in 1917, the declaration of war on December 8, 1941, had similar results, heralding the arrival of naval aviation to the Memphis area. In February 1942, the Navy Shore Station Development Board recommended approval of a reserve aviation base on the former site of Park Field.
The Naval Training Station was commissioned along with the Naval Reserve Aviation Base in 1942\. On January 1, 1943, the name was changed from Naval Reserve Aviation Base to Naval Air Station Memphis. The main role of Naval Air Station Memphis was to provide aviation maintenance and pilot training. During this period of time more than 20,000 students were trained annually.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.millingtontn.gov/navy.php \|title\=Navy Base Info \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050203/http://www.millingtontn.gov/navy.php \|archive\-date\=July 21, 2011 }} Pilot training for Student [Naval Aviators](/wiki/Naval_Aviator "Naval Aviator") was discontinued after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), but NAS Memphis continued to thrive as home of **Naval Air Technical Training Center Memphis** (NATTC Memphis), providing initial and advanced technical training to various aviation operations, aviation maintenance and aviation support specialities coded under Navy enlisted aviation ratings and Marine Corps enlisted aviation Military Occupational Specialities. Training activities by these "A" Schools and "C" Schools at NATTC Memphis continued until 1993 when BRAC (Base Realignment and Closure Commission){{cite web\|url\=http://www.brac.gov\|title\=BRAC\|access\-date\=April 4, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405120706/http://www.brac.gov/\|archive\-date\=April 5, 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} recommended that the training schools under NATTC transfer to [NAS Pensacola](/wiki/NAS_Pensacola "NAS Pensacola"), Florida and occupy spaces being vacated by the former Naval Aviation Depot Pensacola (NADEP Pensacola) that was also being closed by BRAC action. During the same time period BRAC also recommended that BUPERS (Bureau of Naval Personnel){{cite web\|url\=http://www.npc.navy.mil/channels\|title\=BUPERS\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220083330/http://www.npc.navy.mil/Channels/\|archive\-date\=December 20, 2010}} move from [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") to Millington.
[thumb\|Plane at Midsouth Air Show, NSA Mid\-South in 2007](/wiki/Image:MillingtonAirshow20071.jpg "MillingtonAirshow20071.jpg")
Annual events
* Flag City Freedom Celebration
+ Draws more than 30,000 visitors to the city
+ July 4
+ [USA Stadium](/wiki/USA_Stadium "USA Stadium"){{Cite web\|url\=http://millington\-news.com/2017/04/20/different\-venue\-board\-votes\-continue\-contract\-fireworks\-freedom\-celebration/\|title\=Different Venue: Board votes to continue contract for fireworks at Freedom Celebration \- Millington Star\|website\=millington\-news.com}}
* Air show{{cite web\|url\=http://www.msairshow.com\|title\=AirShow}}
+ Sponsored by Mid\-South Airshow Foundation
+ 1999 to 2007
+ was held every two years
+ US Blue Angels
|
[
"Naval Support Activity Mid\\-South\n---------------------------------",
"{{Main\\|Naval Support Activity Mid\\-South}}\n[thumb\\|Aerial view of the Naval Air Station Memphis in the mid\\-1940s](/wiki/Image:NAS_Memphis_NAN8-47.jpg \"NAS Memphis NAN8-47.jpg\")",
"Millington is home to the [Naval Support Activity Mid\\-South](/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Mid-South \"Naval Support Activity Mid-South\") (NAVSUPPACT) naval station, one of the largest single employers in the state of [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\"), with more than 7,500 military, civilian, and contractor employees on {{convert\\|1950\\|acre\\|km2}}.{{cite web\\|title\\=Naval Support Activity Mid\\-South\\|url\\=https://www.cnic.navy.mil/regions/cnrse/installations/nsa\\_mid\\_south.html\\|website\\=Commander, Navy Installations Command\\|publisher\\=US Navy\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2017}} The naval base hosts many tenant organizations, notably the [Bureau of Naval Personnel](/wiki/Bureau_of_Naval_Personnel \"Bureau of Naval Personnel\") (BUPERS). Formerly known as the [Naval Air Station (NAS)](/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_Air_Stations \"List of United States Naval Air Stations\") [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee \"Memphis, Tennessee\"), a major technical training center for the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") and Marine Corps comprising over {{convert\\|3800\\|acre\\|km2}}, the 1993 [Base Realignment and Closure](/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure \"Base Realignment and Closure\") Commission report resulted in significant changes to the base's mission and its re\\-designation in 1995 as the **Naval Support Activity Memphis**. The airfield, which is now the [Millington Regional Jetport](/wiki/Millington_Regional_Jetport \"Millington Regional Jetport\"), was turned over to the city of Millington. In 1998, the name of the naval station was changed to **Naval Support Activity Mid\\-South** to better reflect its current mission and the Navy's approach to regionalization. Many military retirees, who live in and around Millington in order to have access to base facilities, contribute to the local economy.",
"This site was originally established in November 1917 as Park Field, an Army Signal Corps Aviation School used to train pilots for service with the [Allied Forces](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I \"Allies of World War I\") during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). By February 1918, flight operations were in full swing, but only until November of that year when the [Armistice](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany \"Armistice with Germany\") was signed. Two days after the signing, training operations were ceased.",
"At that time the airfield began pioneering [airmail](/wiki/Airmail \"Airmail\") routes throughout Tennessee and the surrounding states. In March 1920, the government officially purchased Park Field. However, the airfield continued to decline until it was little more than a storage area for aircraft and parts.",
"Ironically, the [Stock Market Crash of 1929](/wiki/Stock_Market_Crash_of_1929 \"Stock Market Crash of 1929\") breathed new life into Park Field. During the 1930s the field served as a transient camp for unemployed workers. In 1937 the [Resettlement Administration](/wiki/Resettlement_Administration \"Resettlement Administration\") took over the land and developed model farms used to demonstrate what could be achieved with correctly managed land. Park Field remained under this agency's jurisdiction until the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").",
"Just as the onset of World War I had given Park Field its birth in 1917, the declaration of war on December 8, 1941, had similar results, heralding the arrival of naval aviation to the Memphis area. In February 1942, the Navy Shore Station Development Board recommended approval of a reserve aviation base on the former site of Park Field.",
"The Naval Training Station was commissioned along with the Naval Reserve Aviation Base in 1942\\. On January 1, 1943, the name was changed from Naval Reserve Aviation Base to Naval Air Station Memphis. The main role of Naval Air Station Memphis was to provide aviation maintenance and pilot training. During this period of time more than 20,000 students were trained annually.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.millingtontn.gov/navy.php \\|title\\=Navy Base Info \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050203/http://www.millingtontn.gov/navy.php \\|archive\\-date\\=July 21, 2011 }} Pilot training for Student [Naval Aviators](/wiki/Naval_Aviator \"Naval Aviator\") was discontinued after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), but NAS Memphis continued to thrive as home of **Naval Air Technical Training Center Memphis** (NATTC Memphis), providing initial and advanced technical training to various aviation operations, aviation maintenance and aviation support specialities coded under Navy enlisted aviation ratings and Marine Corps enlisted aviation Military Occupational Specialities. Training activities by these \"A\" Schools and \"C\" Schools at NATTC Memphis continued until 1993 when BRAC (Base Realignment and Closure Commission){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.brac.gov\\|title\\=BRAC\\|access\\-date\\=April 4, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405120706/http://www.brac.gov/\\|archive\\-date\\=April 5, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} recommended that the training schools under NATTC transfer to [NAS Pensacola](/wiki/NAS_Pensacola \"NAS Pensacola\"), Florida and occupy spaces being vacated by the former Naval Aviation Depot Pensacola (NADEP Pensacola) that was also being closed by BRAC action. During the same time period BRAC also recommended that BUPERS (Bureau of Naval Personnel){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.npc.navy.mil/channels\\|title\\=BUPERS\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220083330/http://www.npc.navy.mil/Channels/\\|archive\\-date\\=December 20, 2010}} move from [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\") to Millington.",
"[thumb\\|Plane at Midsouth Air Show, NSA Mid\\-South in 2007](/wiki/Image:MillingtonAirshow20071.jpg \"MillingtonAirshow20071.jpg\")",
"Annual events\n* Flag City Freedom Celebration\n\t+ Draws more than 30,000 visitors to the city\n\t+ July 4\n\t+ [USA Stadium](/wiki/USA_Stadium \"USA Stadium\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://millington\\-news.com/2017/04/20/different\\-venue\\-board\\-votes\\-continue\\-contract\\-fireworks\\-freedom\\-celebration/\\|title\\=Different Venue: Board votes to continue contract for fireworks at Freedom Celebration \\- Millington Star\\|website\\=millington\\-news.com}}\n* Air show{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.msairshow.com\\|title\\=AirShow}}\n\t+ Sponsored by Mid\\-South Airshow Foundation\n\t+ 1999 to 2007\n\t+ was held every two years\n\t+ US Blue Angels"
] |
Plot
----
Jane, who owns a successful bakery in [Santa Barbara, California](/wiki/Santa_Barbara%2C_California "Santa Barbara, California"), and Jake Adler, a successful attorney, have been divorced for 10 years. They had three children together, two girls and a boy, the youngest of whom has just left for college, leaving Jane feeling lonely. Jake has since married Agness, the much younger woman with whom he cheated on Jane.
Jane and Jake attend their son Luke's graduation from college in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), while Agness remains behind as her son Pedro is ill. The two have drinks and have a pleasant evening reminiscing together, which leads to them ending up in bed together. Jane instantly regrets what they've done, while Jake is thrilled and continues to pursue Jane when they return to Santa Barbara. They soon begin an affair.
While Agness has Jake scheduled for regular sessions at a fertility clinic, Jake is secretly taking medication to decrease his frequent urination, the side effects of which are decreased sperm count and dizziness. After one of his sessions, he has a lunchtime rendezvous with Jane at a hotel. Jake collapses in the hotel room and a doctor is called. The doctor speculates that the reason for Jake's distress may be the medication and says he should stop taking it. Jake and Jane's children know nothing of the affair, but Harley, who is engaged to their daughter Lauren, spots the pair and the doctor in the hotel and endures considerable stress while keeping their secret.
After Jane spends an evening cooking an elaborate meal at Jake's request and he doesn't appear due to Agness changing her plans, Jane ends the affair and begins seeing Adam, the architect hired to remodel her home who is still healing from a divorce of his own.
On the night of Luke's graduation party in Santa Barbara, Jane invites Adam to the party. She is stoned when he picks her up because she has taken a hit from a marijuana joint that Jake had given her earlier. Before going into the party, Adam smokes some of the joint with Jane. Once inside, they are laughing and happily high, Jake becomes jealous observing them, and after pressing Jane, smokes some with her also. Agness then observes Jake and Jane dancing together and senses they are having an affair.
After the party, Adam and Jane go to Jane's bakery, where they make chocolate croissants together and end the evening with a romantic kiss. Jake and Agness separate, although it is not clear who has left whom, and the kids, sympathetic to Jake's apparent heartbreak, ask him to stay with them at Jane's, where they enjoy a pleasant evening together as a family.
Jake goes into Jane's bedroom and disrobes in an attempt to seduce her, unaware that she has been speaking with Adam via webcam. He sees Jake and Jane is forced to admit to him and her children that while she and Jake did have an affair, it's over and she is not interested in getting back together with him. Adam later tells Jane he cannot continue seeing her because it will only lead to heartbreak.
Jane reconciles with her children, who admit they were troubled by what has happened between their parents because they're still recovering from the divorce, and amicably ends her affair with Jake for good.
On a rainy day, the construction crew arrives at Jane's house to commence the remodeling. Adam unexpectedly appears, telling her that breaking ground in the rain is good luck, and the two share a laugh as he asks her if she would be willing to make chocolate croissants again.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Jane, who owns a successful bakery in [Santa Barbara, California](/wiki/Santa_Barbara%2C_California \"Santa Barbara, California\"), and Jake Adler, a successful attorney, have been divorced for 10 years. They had three children together, two girls and a boy, the youngest of whom has just left for college, leaving Jane feeling lonely. Jake has since married Agness, the much younger woman with whom he cheated on Jane.",
"Jane and Jake attend their son Luke's graduation from college in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), while Agness remains behind as her son Pedro is ill. The two have drinks and have a pleasant evening reminiscing together, which leads to them ending up in bed together. Jane instantly regrets what they've done, while Jake is thrilled and continues to pursue Jane when they return to Santa Barbara. They soon begin an affair.",
"While Agness has Jake scheduled for regular sessions at a fertility clinic, Jake is secretly taking medication to decrease his frequent urination, the side effects of which are decreased sperm count and dizziness. After one of his sessions, he has a lunchtime rendezvous with Jane at a hotel. Jake collapses in the hotel room and a doctor is called. The doctor speculates that the reason for Jake's distress may be the medication and says he should stop taking it. Jake and Jane's children know nothing of the affair, but Harley, who is engaged to their daughter Lauren, spots the pair and the doctor in the hotel and endures considerable stress while keeping their secret.",
"After Jane spends an evening cooking an elaborate meal at Jake's request and he doesn't appear due to Agness changing her plans, Jane ends the affair and begins seeing Adam, the architect hired to remodel her home who is still healing from a divorce of his own.",
"On the night of Luke's graduation party in Santa Barbara, Jane invites Adam to the party. She is stoned when he picks her up because she has taken a hit from a marijuana joint that Jake had given her earlier. Before going into the party, Adam smokes some of the joint with Jane. Once inside, they are laughing and happily high, Jake becomes jealous observing them, and after pressing Jane, smokes some with her also. Agness then observes Jake and Jane dancing together and senses they are having an affair.",
"After the party, Adam and Jane go to Jane's bakery, where they make chocolate croissants together and end the evening with a romantic kiss. Jake and Agness separate, although it is not clear who has left whom, and the kids, sympathetic to Jake's apparent heartbreak, ask him to stay with them at Jane's, where they enjoy a pleasant evening together as a family.",
"Jake goes into Jane's bedroom and disrobes in an attempt to seduce her, unaware that she has been speaking with Adam via webcam. He sees Jake and Jane is forced to admit to him and her children that while she and Jake did have an affair, it's over and she is not interested in getting back together with him. Adam later tells Jane he cannot continue seeing her because it will only lead to heartbreak.",
"Jane reconciles with her children, who admit they were troubled by what has happened between their parents because they're still recovering from the divorce, and amicably ends her affair with Jake for good.",
"On a rainy day, the construction crew arrives at Jane's house to commence the remodeling. Adam unexpectedly appears, telling her that breaking ground in the rain is good luck, and the two share a laugh as he asks her if she would be willing to make chocolate croissants again.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Formation and early years (1981–1986\)
[250x250px\|thumb\|Tom Angelripper live 2016](/wiki/File:Sodom_M%C3%BCnchen_2016_%285_von_10%29.jpg "Sodom München 2016 (5 von 10).jpg")
Sodom's original line\-up consisted of [Tom Angelripper](/wiki/Tom_Angelripper "Tom Angelripper"), Bloody Monster, Arius "Blasphemer", and Aggressor. Reportedly named in reference to the [Venom](/wiki/Venom_%28band%29 "Venom (band)") song "One Thousand Days in Sodom", the band was initiated by Tom as a desperate attempt to get out of having to work in [coal mines](/wiki/Coal_mine "Coal mine") in his home town of [Gelsenkirchen](/wiki/Gelsenkirchen "Gelsenkirchen"). The band became a cohesive unit when [Chris Witchhunter](/wiki/Christian_%22Witchhunter%22_Dudek "Christian ") (Christian Dudek) from [Essen](/wiki/Essen_%28Germany%29 "Essen (Germany)") replaced Bloody Monster on drums, bringing songwriting experience from his time in school, and spearheading the creativity process after Arius had been fired. Taking inspiration from bands such as [Iron Maiden](/wiki/Iron_Maiden "Iron Maiden"), [Judas Priest](/wiki/Judas_Priest "Judas Priest"), [Motörhead](/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead "Motörhead"), [Venom](/wiki/Venom_%28band%29 "Venom (band)"), [Kiss](/wiki/Kiss_%28band%29 "Kiss (band)"), [Tank](/wiki/Tank_%28band%29 "Tank (band)"), [Accept](/wiki/Accept_%28band%29 "Accept (band)"), [Raven](/wiki/Raven_%28British_band%29 "Raven (British band)"), [Rainbow](/wiki/Rainbow_%28rock_band%29 "Rainbow (rock band)"), [AC/DC](/wiki/AC/DC "AC/DC") and [UFO](/wiki/UFO_%28band%29 "UFO (band)"),{{cn\|date\=September 2024}} the group continued as a three\-piece in the Motörhead\-fashion and released two demos which led to a record deal with Steamhammer. Aggressor left the band shortly before releasing the *[In the Sign of Evil](/wiki/In_the_Sign_of_Evil "In the Sign of Evil")* EP (which is generally regarded as an important early [black metal](/wiki/Black_metal "Black metal") release), and was replaced by Grave Violator, who himself did not last long, and left following the recording of *In the Sign of Evil*. Michael "Destructor" Wulf was found as a replacement, after which the band went and recorded *[Obsessed by Cruelty](/wiki/Obsessed_by_Cruelty "Obsessed by Cruelty")* (1986\), their full\-length debut featuring music that was mostly in the vein of *In the Sign of Evil.* Wulf did not last in the band long, and later went and joined Kreator{{cite book\|title\=\[\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\|The Guinness Who's Who of Heavy Metal]]\|editor\=Colin Larkin\|editor\-link\=Colin Larkin (writer)\|publisher\=\[\[Guinness Publishing]]\|date\=1995\|edition\=Second\|isbn\=0\-85112\-656\-1\|pages\=332/3}} (where he also only had a short stint; he died after a tragic motorcycle accident in 1993\).
### Change to thrash metal and increasing popularity (1987–1990\)
For the most part, Sodom was at first not taken seriously, with various press sources describing them as "a second\-rate Venom clone with semi\-inventive lyrics". One member would change that. [Frank "Blackfire" Gosdzik](/wiki/Frank_Blackfire "Frank Blackfire") came in to fill the guitar spot Wulf had left behind. Frank convinced Tom that thrash metal was moving beyond horror/occult/satanic themes of bands like Venom to embrace political, societal, and war themes. Tom was already interested in various wars yet remained a peacenik. New inspiration culminated into Gosdzik's full\-length debut with the band, 1987's *[Persecution Mania](/wiki/Persecution_Mania "Persecution Mania")*. The new lyrical approach and increased musicianship on the part of Frank gave the band great acclaim (as well as a gas\-masked mascot Knarrenheinz, who appeared for the first time on *Persecution Mania*{{'}}s cover). They subsequently toured Europe with [Whiplash](/wiki/Whiplash_%28band%29 "Whiplash (band)"), [Destruction](/wiki/Destruction_%28band%29 "Destruction (band)"), and [Coroner](/wiki/Coroner_%28band%29 "Coroner (band)").{{cite web\|url\=http://metallipromo.com/de.html\|title\=Destruction Tour Dates\|work\=metallipromo.com\|access\-date\=6 June 2021}} After that, the band returned to the studio to make another album. The resulting album, *[Agent Orange](/wiki/Agent_Orange_%28album%29 "Agent Orange (album)")* (1989\), sold 100,000 copies in Germany alone. It was this album that made Sodom famous, giving them worldwide critical acclaim, and secured their place alongside Kreator and [Destruction](/wiki/Destruction_%28band%29 "Destruction (band)") as one of the great Teutonic thrash metal bands. To this date, *Agent Orange* has sold more than any other German thrash metal album in the world.{{Citation needed\|date\=October 2020}} In support of the album, Sodom went on tour with a then lesser\-known [Sepultura](/wiki/Sepultura "Sepultura").
Problems were brewing inside of the band, however. Tom and Chris descended further into alcoholism. Furthermore, Frank had grown tired of composing music that his bandmates would often perform poorly live. [Mille Petrozza](/wiki/Mille_Petrozza "Mille Petrozza") offered Frank a position with his band [Kreator](/wiki/Kreator "Kreator"), after they lost their second guitarist, and Frank accepted. Angelripper went out looking for a replacement and found Michael Hoffmann, formerly of German thrashers [Assassin](/wiki/Assassin_%28German_band%29 "Assassin (German band)").
### Changes in formation (1990–1996\)
[thumb\|Sodom performing at [Hole in the Sky](/wiki/Hole_in_the_Sky_%28festival%29 "Hole in the Sky (festival)") 2009](/wiki/File:Sodom-hole_in_the_sky-by_Christian-Misje.jpg "Sodom-hole in the sky-by Christian-Misje.jpg")
With a new line\-up, the album *[Better off Dead](/wiki/Better_off_Dead_%28album%29 "Better off Dead (album)")* was released in 1990, and another grueling tour in Europe followed, playing with bands like [Acid Drinkers](/wiki/Acid_Drinkers "Acid Drinkers"), [Destruction](/wiki/Destruction_%28band%29 "Destruction (band)"), [Accu§er](/wiki/Accuser_%28band%29 "Accuser (band)"), [Running Wild](/wiki/Running_Wild_%28band%29 "Running Wild (band)"), [Coroner](/wiki/Coroner_%28band%29 "Coroner (band)"), [Tankard](/wiki/Tankard_%28band%29 "Tankard (band)") and [Atrocity](/wiki/Atrocity_%28band%29 "Atrocity (band)"). During the South American tour, Hoffmann decided to stay in Brazil and was therefore forced to quit. Andy Brings replaced him, and a new album was recorded, *[Tapping the Vein](/wiki/Tapping_the_Vein_%28album%29 "Tapping the Vein (album)")* (1992\), with elements of death metal. This proved to be the last album with the drummer Witchhunter: He was kicked out of the band, and Atomic Steif formerly of both [Holy Moses](/wiki/Holy_Moses "Holy Moses") and [Living Death](/wiki/Living_Death_%28band%29 "Living Death (band)") became his replacement behind the drum kit.
On 15 September 1991, Sodom played in [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia "Sofia"), Bulgaria. The show was notable for the band because the audience of fifteen thousand people was one of the largest they had ever as a headliner. It was notable for the audience because it was the first show of a Western metal band in Bulgaria after the fall of communism (the only remotely similar event being a performance of the hard rock band [Uriah Heep](/wiki/Uriah_Heep_%28band%29 "Uriah Heep (band)") in 1987\).
The group's next album, *[Get What You Deserve](/wiki/Get_What_You_Deserve "Get What You Deserve")* (1994\) introduced [punk](/wiki/Punk_rock "Punk rock")\-infused sound. *Get What You Deserve* had an arguably [grotesque](/wiki/Grotesque "Grotesque") album cover (featuring a dead man shot and lying in his bed with a woman tied\-up nearby), and many fans did not take to the band's new direction. This period also marked the beginning of less international visibility for the band as thrash lost its commercial viability for the remainder of the 1990s, due to the rising popularity of [grunge](/wiki/Grunge "Grunge") and [alternative rock](/wiki/Alternative_rock "Alternative rock"). Angelripper also started a solo career doing metal impressions of drinking songs, German [Schlagers](/wiki/Schlager_music "Schlager music") and even Christmas\-type [carols](/wiki/Carols "Carols"). A live album was recorded of the tour in support of the resulting album called *Marooned – Live*.
*[Masquerade in Blood](/wiki/Masquerade_in_Blood "Masquerade in Blood")* added [groove metal](/wiki/Groove_metal "Groove metal") to the group's evolving blend of [crossover thrash](/wiki/Crossover_thrash "Crossover thrash") and death metal. It was released in 1995 and the update of their style was successful.{{cite web\|title\=''Masquerade in Blood – Sodom'' review\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/masquerade\-in\-blood\-mw0000615324\|publisher\=\[\[Allmusic]]\|author\=Eduardo Rivadavia}} Again another guitarist had to be found. The new choice, Strahli, did not stay very long with the band. He was arrested and imprisoned on drug\-related matters, and the band had since lost contact with him, until January 2011, when they learned that he had died in Düsseldorf.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=153053 \|title\=Blabbermouth.Net – Former Sodom Guitarist Dirk Strahlmeier Dies \|publisher\=Roadrunnerrecords.com \|access\-date\=2011\-07\-01 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811083044/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=153053 \|archive\-date\=2011\-08\-11 }} Atomic Steif also left and again Angelripper needed to search for new members. These were found: a guitarist in Bernemann and a drummer in Bobby Schottkowski. This line\-up stabilized the band significantly and lasted until December 2010, when Schottkowski left.
### Return to thrash metal (1997–2009\)
[thumb\|Sodom in Bangkok, Thailand (2007\)](/wiki/File:SodominBKK.JPG "SodominBKK.JPG")
The album *['Til Death Do Us Unite](/wiki/%27Til_Death_Do_Us_Unite "'Til Death Do Us Unite")* featured a controversial album cover, depicting a woman's pregnant belly and a man's beer gut pressing in a human skull together. This album marked the beginning of Sodom's return to thrash but was still more along the lines of a thrash\-crossover sound and had much in common with bands like [Suicidal Tendencies](/wiki/Suicidal_Tendencies "Suicidal Tendencies"). It also spawned the song for which Sodom would make their most famous music video, the highly\-controversial song "Fuck the Police". After this album, Sodom returned to the studio and released *[Code Red](/wiki/Code_Red_%28Sodom_album%29 "Code Red (Sodom album)")* in 1999 which marked a full return to the Teutonic thrash metal sound of the 1980s, and it was met with praise from fans and press alike. A limited edition featured a bonus CD containing a tribute to Sodom album, *Homage to the Gods*. With 2001 came the release of *[M\-16](/wiki/M-16_%28album%29 "M-16 (album)")*, a concept album about the movie *[Apocalypse Now](/wiki/Apocalypse_Now "Apocalypse Now")*, which took its title from the famed [M16](/wiki/M16_rifle "M16 rifle") assault rifle.
In 2003, a double live album was recorded in Bangkok, Thailand, titled *[*One Night in Bangkok*](/wiki/One_Night_in_Bangkok_%28album%29 "One Night in Bangkok (album)")*. A new album simply titled *[Sodom](/wiki/Sodom_%28album%29 "Sodom (album)")* was released in 2006, in the same vein as *M\-16*. The title was chosen – as Angelripper explained it – "because every band needs a self\-titled album", and the band had never released one. The album was delayed however, because the DVD *Lords of Depravity* took more time to compose than initially thought.
In 2007, Tom was asked by the record label Steamhammer for any tracks to be released on the *In the Sign of Evil* EP. Tom believed there were, and the label floated the idea to Tom to get ex\-members Chris Witchhunter and Grave Violator (real name: Franz Josef "Peppi" Dominik) to re\-record the EP with the bonus tracks. The result became *[The Final Sign of Evil](/wiki/The_Final_Sign_of_Evil "The Final Sign of Evil")*. Chris "Witchhunter" Dudek died on 7 September 2008 from liver failure after a long battle with illness."Remember The Fallen", *[Terrorizer](/wiki/Terrorizer_%28magazine%29 "Terrorizer (magazine)")*, Issue 176, November 2008
In 2009, Sodom returned to the UK to play their first show in the country in 20 years at [Bloodstock Open Air](/wiki/Bloodstock_Open_Air "Bloodstock Open Air").
### Markus {{nobold\|"}}Makka{{nobold\|"}} Freiwald\-era (2010–2017\)
[250x250px\|thumb\|right\|Bernd "Bernemann" Kost in 2016](/wiki/File:Sodom_M%C3%BCnchen_2016_%2810_von_10%29.jpg "Sodom München 2016 (10 von 10).jpg")
*[In War and Pieces](/wiki/In_War_and_Pieces "In War and Pieces")*, Sodom's thirteenth studio album, was released in Europe on 22 November 2010, and released in North America on 11 January 2011\.{{cite web\|url\=http://sputnikmusic.com/news.php?newsid\=15632 \|title\=Sodom album artwork \|publisher\=Sputnikmusic \|access\-date\=2011\-07\-01}} On 30 November 2010, it was announced that Bobby Schottkowski would be leaving the band, due to "personal and private problems" between Tom Angelripper and Schottkowski.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.facebook.com/notes/sodom/end\-of\-the\-cooperation\-between\-sodom\-and\-the\-drummer\-bobby\-schottkowski/164757973559237\#!/notes/sodom/end\-of\-the\-cooperation\-between\-sodom\-and\-the\-drummer\-bobby\-schottkowski/164757973559237 \|title\=End of the cooperation between Sodom and the drummer Bobby Schottkowski \|publisher\=\[\[Facebook]] \|date\= 30 November 2010 \|access\-date\=2011\-07\-01}} On 8 December 2010, Markus "Makka" Freiwald was announced to be Sodom's new drummer.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=150595 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215010152/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=150595 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2010\-12\-15 \|title\=BLABBERMOUTH.NET – SODOM Announces New Drummer \|publisher\=Roadrunnerrecords.com \|access\-date\=2011\-07\-01 }}
In late January 2012, Sodom began writing their fourteenth studio album, which they planned to record in May 2012 for a late summer release.{{cite web\|title\=SODOM To Record New Album In May\|date\=31 January 2012\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-to\-record\-new\-album\-in\-may/\|publisher\=BlabberMouth}} On 17 December 2012, the band announced the album would be released on 29 April 2013\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-to\-release\-new\-album\-in\-april/\#kV82ocRjP0XEI8fU.99 \|title\=Sodom To Release New Album In April \|publisher\=Blabbermouth.net \|date\=2012\-12\-17 \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-29}} The album is titled *[Epitome of Torture](/wiki/Epitome_of_Torture "Epitome of Torture")* and features 13 tracks.{{cite web\|url\=http://thrashm.tl/2013/02/sodoms\-epitome\-of\-torture\-due\-april/\|title\=sodom, epitome of torture\|publisher\=Thrashm.tl\|access\-date\=2014\-07\-29\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104054021/http://thrashm.tl/2013/02/sodoms\-epitome\-of\-torture\-due\-april/\|archive\-date\=2015\-01\-04}} The album was released in Germany on 26 April, and in the US on 7 May.
In November 2014, Sodom released the EP *[Sacred Warpath](/wiki/Sacred_Warpath "Sacred Warpath")* as a preview of their fifteenth studio album. The EP contains one original studio track, and live versions of three previously released songs.{{cite web\|title\=Sodom To Release 'Sacred Warpath' EP\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-to\-release\-sacred\-warpath\-ep/\|work\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|date\=October 17, 2014\|access\-date\=January 3, 2015}}
On 9 June 2016, Sodom announced their fifteenth studio album *[Decision Day](/wiki/Decision_Day "Decision Day")* on their Facebook page. It was released on August 26 of that year.{{cite web\|title\=Sodom To Release 'Decision Day' Album In August\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-to\-release\-decision\-day\-album\-in\-august/\|work\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|date\=June 9, 2016\|access\-date\=June 9, 2016}}
Sodom released the compilation album, *Demonized*, on 1 September 2017\. Available only on cassette and 12" vinyl, it features the band's first two demo recordings, *Witching Metal* from 1982 and *Victims of Death* from 1984\.
Shortly after the release of *Decision Day*, Angelripper stated that Sodom had "some ideas for \[their] next album which \[they] want to bring out in 2018\."{{cite web\|title\=INTERVIEW: Tom Angelripper – Sodom\|url\=http://distortedsoundmag.com/interview\-tom\-angelripper\-sodom/\|work\=distortedsoundmag.com\|date\=September 9, 2016\|access\-date\=August 19, 2017}}
### Reunion with Frank {{nobold\|"}}Blackfire{{nobold\|"}} Gosdzik (2017–present)
[thumb\|Tom Angelripper at Rockharz Open Air 2018](/wiki/File:Sodom_Rockharz_2018_13.jpg "Sodom Rockharz 2018 13.jpg")
On 3 December 2017, Sodom announced that they would reunite with three of their former guitarists Josef "Grave Violator" Dominic (who performed on *[In the Sign of Evil](/wiki/In_the_Sign_of_Evil "In the Sign of Evil")*), Frank "Blackfire" Gosdzik (*[Persecution Mania](/wiki/Persecution_Mania "Persecution Mania")* and *[Agent Orange](/wiki/Agent_Orange_%28album%29 "Agent Orange (album)")*) and Andy Brings (*[Tapping the Vein](/wiki/Tapping_the_Vein_%28album%29 "Tapping the Vein (album)")* and *[Get What You Deserve](/wiki/Get_What_You_Deserve "Get What You Deserve")*) during their 35th anniversary show on 26 December in [Bochum](/wiki/Bochum "Bochum"), Germany, marking the first time since Dominic, Gosdzik and Brings left the band in 1985, 1989, and 1995, respectively, that either guitarist had performed live with Sodom. Their previous performances were at [Wacken](/wiki/Wacken_Open_Air "Wacken Open Air") in 2007\.{{cite web\|title\=Sodom To Be Rejoined By Three Former Guitarists At 35th\-Anniversary Concert In Germany\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-to\-be\-rejoined\-by\-three\-former\-guitarists\-at\-35th\-anniversary\-concert\-in\-germany/\|publisher\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|date\=December 3, 2017\|access\-date\=December 3, 2017}} They performed three songs separate from one another's appearances from the respective albums they appeared on.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/video\-sodom\-rejoined\-by\-three\-former\-guitarists\-at\-35th\-anniversary\-concert\-in\-germany/\|title\=Video: SODOM Rejoined By Three Former Guitarists At 35th\-Anniversary Concert In Germany\|date\=31 December 2017\|publisher\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|access\-date\=31 December 2017}}
On 5 January 2018, Angelripper announced his partings from Bernemann and Makka "to pave the way for new challenges." He then said that he would introduce the new members on 7 April at the 2018 edition of the Full Metal Mountain festival, and that they would work on a new album together.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-parts\-ways\-with\-guitarist\-drummer/\|title\=SODOM Parts Ways With Guitarist, Drummer\|date\=5 January 2018\|publisher\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|access\-date\=January 5, 2018}} Bernemann and Makka later said that they were fired from the band via [WhatsApp](/wiki/WhatsApp_Messenger "WhatsApp Messenger") without Angelripper listening to the new material they were working on for the band's next album.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-guitarist\-and\-drummer\-were\-fired\-via\-whatsapp/\|title\=SODOM Guitarist And Drummer Were Fired Via WhatsApp\|date\=8 January 2018\|publisher\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|access\-date\=8 January 2018}} On 22 January 2018, Angelripper announced that he had expanded the band's line\-up as a four piece. He was rejoined by guitarist Frank "Blackfire" Gosdzik and added Stefan "Husky" Hüskens and Yorck Segatz as the band's new drummer and second guitarist respectively.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-announces\-new\-lineup\-expands\-to\-four\-piece/\|title\=SODOM Announces New Lineup, Expands To Four\-Piece\|date\=22 January 2018\|publisher\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|access\-date\=22 January 2018}} On 26 February 2018, Sodom cancelled their appearance at the Full Metal Mountain festival "due to the short\-term change of line\-up and the restructuring of my band Sodom", as explained by Angelripper. He then said that the time was "simply too short to put the new line\-up in a solid live set".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.full\-metal\-mountain.com/en/news/news/news\-detail/sodom\-have\-to\-cancel\-their\-performance\-at\-full\-metal\-mountain\-2018/\|title\=Sodom have to cancel their performance at Full Metal Mountain 2018\|publisher\=full\-metal\-mountain.com\|access\-date\=26 February 2018}} The new line\-up of the band made their live debut on 18 May at the 2018 edition of the [Rock Hard Festival](/wiki/Rock_Hard_Festival "Rock Hard Festival").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/watch\-new\-sodom\-lineup\-perform\-live\-for\-first\-time/\|title\=Watch New SODOM Lineup Perform Live For First Time\|date\=19 May 2018\|publisher\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|access\-date\=19 May 2018}} Sodom also participated in the 2018 installment of the MTV [Headbangers Ball](/wiki/Headbangers_Ball "Headbangers Ball") European Tour with [Death Angel](/wiki/Death_Angel "Death Angel"), [Suicidal Angels](/wiki/Suicidal_Angels "Suicidal Angels") and [Exodus](/wiki/Exodus_%28band%29 "Exodus (band)") from late November to mid\-December.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-death\-angel\-and\-suicidal\-angels\-to\-join\-forces\-for\-mtv\-headbangers\-ball\-european\-tour/\|title\=SODOM, DEATH ANGEL And SUICIDAL ANGELS To Join Forces For 'MTV Headbangers Ball' European Tour\|publisher\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|date\=June 1, 2018\|access\-date\=June 6, 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/\-to\-headline\-european\-mtv\-headbangers\-ball\-tour/\|title\= To Headline European 'MTV Headbangers Ball Tour'\|date\=14 July 2018\|publisher\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|access\-date\=July 14, 2018}} This new lineup recorded the EPs *Partisan* (2018\) and *Out of the Frontline Trench* (2019\).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-to\-release\-partisan\-ep\-in\-november/\|title\=SODOM To Release 'Partisan' EP In November\|publisher\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|date\=September 11, 2018\|access\-date\=September 24, 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-to\-release\-out\-of\-the\-frontline\-trench\-ep\-in\-november/\|title\=SODOM To Release 'Out Of The Frontline Trench' EP In November\|website\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|date\=4 September 2019\|access\-date\=4 September 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=https://metalinjection.net/av/new\-music/sodom\-knocks\-you\-down\-on\-new\-song\-down\-on\-your\-knees\|title\=SODOM Knocks You Down On New Song "Down On Your Knees"\|website\=Metal Injection\|date\=19 October 2019\|access\-date\=19 October 2019}}
On 13 January 2020, drummer Stefan "Husky" Hüskens departed the band due to "some changes at \[his] full\-time job, as well as a few other matters", and would not return in the future.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-drummer\-stefan\-husky\-huskens\-exits\-band/\|title\=SODOM Drummer STEFAN 'HUSKY' HÜSKENS Exits Band\|website\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|date\=13 January 2020\|access\-date\=13 January 2020}} He was replaced by Toni Merkel.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-recruits\-drummer\-toni\-merkel/\|title\=SODOM Recruits Drummer TONI MERKEL\|website\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|date\=23 January 2020\|access\-date\=23 January 2020}}
On 12 June 2020, Sodom announced that they had begun recording their sixteenth studio album, entitled *[Genesis XIX](/wiki/Genesis_XIX "Genesis XIX")*, at Woodhouse Studio in [Hagen](/wiki/Hagen "Hagen"), Germany with producer Siggi Bemm.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-begins\-recording\-genesis\-xix\-album/\|title\=SODOM Begins Recording 'Genesis XIX' Album\|publisher\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|access\-date\=June 13, 2020\|date\=June 12, 2020}} Mixing of the album was completed in August 2020\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-completes\-mixing\-genesis\-xix\-album\|title\=SODOM Completes Mixing 'Genesis XIX' Album\|website\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|date\=23 August 2020\|access\-date\=31 August 2020}} A month later, it was announced that the album would be released on 27 November.
On 11 May 2021, Sodom announced an upcoming EP titled *Bombenhagel*, containing a re\-recorded version of the song "Bombenhagel" from their 1987 album *[Persecution Mania](/wiki/Persecution_Mania "Persecution Mania")* as well as two new tracks, set to be released on 20 August.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-bombenhagel\-ep\-details\-revealed/\|title\=SODOM: 'Bombenhagel' EP Details Revealed\|website\=Blabbermouth\|date\=21 May 2021\|access\-date\=19 August 2021}}
In a December 2021 interview with Rockman, Tom Angelripper revealed that Sodom had begun writing new material for their next album.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=\-DYsKOlv98U\&feature\=youtu.be\|title\=Episode \#8: Derrick Green (Sepultura) \& Tom Angelripper (Sodom)\|website\=\[\[YouTube]]\|date\=3 December 2021 }} A month later, Sodom was announced as one of the bands to have its contract with [SPV/Steamhammer Records](/wiki/SPV_GmbH "SPV GmbH") renewed.{{cite web\|url\=https://bravewords.com/news/sodom\-magnum\-rage\-virgin\-steele\-axel\-rudi\-pell\-and\-more\-steamhammer\-spvs\-longtime\-bands\-renew\-contracts\-yet\-again\|title\=SODOM, MAGNUM, RAGE, VIRGIN STEELE, AXEL RUDI PELL, And More; Steamhammer / SPV's Longtime Bands Renew Contracts Yet Again\|publisher\=\[\[Brave Words \& Bloody Knuckles]]\|access\-date\=January 23, 2022\|date\=January 17, 2022}} In May 2022, Angelripper said that the band's new album would be released in 2023;{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rafabasa.com/2022/05/30/sodom\-entrevista\-con\-tom\-angelripper\-antes\-de\-rock\-imperium/\|title\=SODOM – Entrevista con Tom Angelripper antes de ROCK IMPERIUM\|date\=30 May 2022 \|publisher\=rafabasa.com\|language\=es\|access\-date\=6 June 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://metalstorm.net/events/news\_comments.php?news\_id\=46321\|title\=Sodom – To Release New Record In 2023\|publisher\=\[\[Metal Storm (webzine)\|Metal Storm]]\|access\-date\=June 7, 2022\|date\=June 7, 2022}} he later stated that it would not be released until 2024\.{{cite web\|url\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-frontman\-says\-next\-lp\-will\-be\-bands\-heaviest\-album\-ever\|title\=SODOM Frontman Says Next LP Will Be Band's 'Heaviest Album Ever'\|publisher\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|access\-date\=June 13, 2023\|date\=November 9, 2022}} Angelripper confirmed in September 2024 that the album was finished for a late 2024 or early 2025 release.{{cite web\|url\=https://metalstorm.net/events/news\_comments.php?news\_id\=55595\|title\=Sodom \- Finishing New Album\|publisher\=\[\[Metal Storm (webzine)\|Metal Storm]]\|access\-date\=September 20, 2024\|date\=September 20, 2024}}
To coincide with its 40th anniversary, Sodom released the compilation album *40 Years at War – The Greatest Hell of Sodom* on 28 October 2022\. The set includes one song from each of the band's studio albums between *Obsessed by Cruelty* and *Genesis XIX*, in addition to "Sepulchral Voice" from the *In the Sign of Evil* EP.{{cite web\|url\=https://bravewords.com/news/sodom\-to\-release\-40th\-anniversary\-album\-40\-years\-at\-war\-the\-greatest\-hell\-of\-sodom\-in\-october\|title\=SODOM To Release 40th Anniversary Album, 40 Years At War – The Greatest Hell Of Sodom, In October\|publisher\=\[\[Brave Words \& Bloody Knuckles]]\|access\-date\=August 5, 2022\|date\=August 5, 2022}} The band released another EP, titled *1982*, on 10 November 2023, which includes both the title track and re\-recordings of the band's early songs.{{cite web \| url\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\-to\-release\-1982\-ep\-in\-november \| title\=SODOM to Release '1982' EP in November \| date\=25 August 2023 }}
On 31 July 2023 it was announced that Sodom (along with [Kreator](/wiki/Kreator "Kreator"), [Destruction](/wiki/Destruction_%28band%29 "Destruction (band)") and [Tankard](/wiki/Tankard_%28band%29 "Tankard (band)")) were on the bill for the Klash of the Ruhrpott festival, which took place at Amphitheater Gelsenkirchen in [Gelsenkirchen](/wiki/Gelsenkirchen "Gelsenkirchen"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") on 20 July 2024\. This show marked the first time that all of the "Big Teutonic Four" bands had performed together.{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-07\-31 \|title\='Big Four' Of German Thrash Metal, KREATOR, SODOM, DESTRUCTION And TANKARD, Announce 2024 Festival \|url\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/big\-four\-of\-german\-thrash\-metal\-kreator\-sodom\-destruction\-and\-tankard\-announce\-2024\-festival \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-01 \|website\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]] \|language\=en}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Formation and early years (1981–1986\\)",
"[250x250px\\|thumb\\|Tom Angelripper live 2016](/wiki/File:Sodom_M%C3%BCnchen_2016_%285_von_10%29.jpg \"Sodom München 2016 (5 von 10).jpg\")\nSodom's original line\\-up consisted of [Tom Angelripper](/wiki/Tom_Angelripper \"Tom Angelripper\"), Bloody Monster, Arius \"Blasphemer\", and Aggressor. Reportedly named in reference to the [Venom](/wiki/Venom_%28band%29 \"Venom (band)\") song \"One Thousand Days in Sodom\", the band was initiated by Tom as a desperate attempt to get out of having to work in [coal mines](/wiki/Coal_mine \"Coal mine\") in his home town of [Gelsenkirchen](/wiki/Gelsenkirchen \"Gelsenkirchen\"). The band became a cohesive unit when [Chris Witchhunter](/wiki/Christian_%22Witchhunter%22_Dudek \"Christian \") (Christian Dudek) from [Essen](/wiki/Essen_%28Germany%29 \"Essen (Germany)\") replaced Bloody Monster on drums, bringing songwriting experience from his time in school, and spearheading the creativity process after Arius had been fired. Taking inspiration from bands such as [Iron Maiden](/wiki/Iron_Maiden \"Iron Maiden\"), [Judas Priest](/wiki/Judas_Priest \"Judas Priest\"), [Motörhead](/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead \"Motörhead\"), [Venom](/wiki/Venom_%28band%29 \"Venom (band)\"), [Kiss](/wiki/Kiss_%28band%29 \"Kiss (band)\"), [Tank](/wiki/Tank_%28band%29 \"Tank (band)\"), [Accept](/wiki/Accept_%28band%29 \"Accept (band)\"), [Raven](/wiki/Raven_%28British_band%29 \"Raven (British band)\"), [Rainbow](/wiki/Rainbow_%28rock_band%29 \"Rainbow (rock band)\"), [AC/DC](/wiki/AC/DC \"AC/DC\") and [UFO](/wiki/UFO_%28band%29 \"UFO (band)\"),{{cn\\|date\\=September 2024}} the group continued as a three\\-piece in the Motörhead\\-fashion and released two demos which led to a record deal with Steamhammer. Aggressor left the band shortly before releasing the *[In the Sign of Evil](/wiki/In_the_Sign_of_Evil \"In the Sign of Evil\")* EP (which is generally regarded as an important early [black metal](/wiki/Black_metal \"Black metal\") release), and was replaced by Grave Violator, who himself did not last long, and left following the recording of *In the Sign of Evil*. Michael \"Destructor\" Wulf was found as a replacement, after which the band went and recorded *[Obsessed by Cruelty](/wiki/Obsessed_by_Cruelty \"Obsessed by Cruelty\")* (1986\\), their full\\-length debut featuring music that was mostly in the vein of *In the Sign of Evil.* Wulf did not last in the band long, and later went and joined Kreator{{cite book\\|title\\=\\[\\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\\|The Guinness Who's Who of Heavy Metal]]\\|editor\\=Colin Larkin\\|editor\\-link\\=Colin Larkin (writer)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Guinness Publishing]]\\|date\\=1995\\|edition\\=Second\\|isbn\\=0\\-85112\\-656\\-1\\|pages\\=332/3}} (where he also only had a short stint; he died after a tragic motorcycle accident in 1993\\).",
"### Change to thrash metal and increasing popularity (1987–1990\\)",
"For the most part, Sodom was at first not taken seriously, with various press sources describing them as \"a second\\-rate Venom clone with semi\\-inventive lyrics\". One member would change that. [Frank \"Blackfire\" Gosdzik](/wiki/Frank_Blackfire \"Frank Blackfire\") came in to fill the guitar spot Wulf had left behind. Frank convinced Tom that thrash metal was moving beyond horror/occult/satanic themes of bands like Venom to embrace political, societal, and war themes. Tom was already interested in various wars yet remained a peacenik. New inspiration culminated into Gosdzik's full\\-length debut with the band, 1987's *[Persecution Mania](/wiki/Persecution_Mania \"Persecution Mania\")*. The new lyrical approach and increased musicianship on the part of Frank gave the band great acclaim (as well as a gas\\-masked mascot Knarrenheinz, who appeared for the first time on *Persecution Mania*{{'}}s cover). They subsequently toured Europe with [Whiplash](/wiki/Whiplash_%28band%29 \"Whiplash (band)\"), [Destruction](/wiki/Destruction_%28band%29 \"Destruction (band)\"), and [Coroner](/wiki/Coroner_%28band%29 \"Coroner (band)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://metallipromo.com/de.html\\|title\\=Destruction Tour Dates\\|work\\=metallipromo.com\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2021}} After that, the band returned to the studio to make another album. The resulting album, *[Agent Orange](/wiki/Agent_Orange_%28album%29 \"Agent Orange (album)\")* (1989\\), sold 100,000 copies in Germany alone. It was this album that made Sodom famous, giving them worldwide critical acclaim, and secured their place alongside Kreator and [Destruction](/wiki/Destruction_%28band%29 \"Destruction (band)\") as one of the great Teutonic thrash metal bands. To this date, *Agent Orange* has sold more than any other German thrash metal album in the world.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=October 2020}} In support of the album, Sodom went on tour with a then lesser\\-known [Sepultura](/wiki/Sepultura \"Sepultura\").",
"Problems were brewing inside of the band, however. Tom and Chris descended further into alcoholism. Furthermore, Frank had grown tired of composing music that his bandmates would often perform poorly live. [Mille Petrozza](/wiki/Mille_Petrozza \"Mille Petrozza\") offered Frank a position with his band [Kreator](/wiki/Kreator \"Kreator\"), after they lost their second guitarist, and Frank accepted. Angelripper went out looking for a replacement and found Michael Hoffmann, formerly of German thrashers [Assassin](/wiki/Assassin_%28German_band%29 \"Assassin (German band)\").",
"### Changes in formation (1990–1996\\)",
"[thumb\\|Sodom performing at [Hole in the Sky](/wiki/Hole_in_the_Sky_%28festival%29 \"Hole in the Sky (festival)\") 2009](/wiki/File:Sodom-hole_in_the_sky-by_Christian-Misje.jpg \"Sodom-hole in the sky-by Christian-Misje.jpg\")\nWith a new line\\-up, the album *[Better off Dead](/wiki/Better_off_Dead_%28album%29 \"Better off Dead (album)\")* was released in 1990, and another grueling tour in Europe followed, playing with bands like [Acid Drinkers](/wiki/Acid_Drinkers \"Acid Drinkers\"), [Destruction](/wiki/Destruction_%28band%29 \"Destruction (band)\"), [Accu§er](/wiki/Accuser_%28band%29 \"Accuser (band)\"), [Running Wild](/wiki/Running_Wild_%28band%29 \"Running Wild (band)\"), [Coroner](/wiki/Coroner_%28band%29 \"Coroner (band)\"), [Tankard](/wiki/Tankard_%28band%29 \"Tankard (band)\") and [Atrocity](/wiki/Atrocity_%28band%29 \"Atrocity (band)\"). During the South American tour, Hoffmann decided to stay in Brazil and was therefore forced to quit. Andy Brings replaced him, and a new album was recorded, *[Tapping the Vein](/wiki/Tapping_the_Vein_%28album%29 \"Tapping the Vein (album)\")* (1992\\), with elements of death metal. This proved to be the last album with the drummer Witchhunter: He was kicked out of the band, and Atomic Steif formerly of both [Holy Moses](/wiki/Holy_Moses \"Holy Moses\") and [Living Death](/wiki/Living_Death_%28band%29 \"Living Death (band)\") became his replacement behind the drum kit.",
"On 15 September 1991, Sodom played in [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia \"Sofia\"), Bulgaria. The show was notable for the band because the audience of fifteen thousand people was one of the largest they had ever as a headliner. It was notable for the audience because it was the first show of a Western metal band in Bulgaria after the fall of communism (the only remotely similar event being a performance of the hard rock band [Uriah Heep](/wiki/Uriah_Heep_%28band%29 \"Uriah Heep (band)\") in 1987\\).",
"The group's next album, *[Get What You Deserve](/wiki/Get_What_You_Deserve \"Get What You Deserve\")* (1994\\) introduced [punk](/wiki/Punk_rock \"Punk rock\")\\-infused sound. *Get What You Deserve* had an arguably [grotesque](/wiki/Grotesque \"Grotesque\") album cover (featuring a dead man shot and lying in his bed with a woman tied\\-up nearby), and many fans did not take to the band's new direction. This period also marked the beginning of less international visibility for the band as thrash lost its commercial viability for the remainder of the 1990s, due to the rising popularity of [grunge](/wiki/Grunge \"Grunge\") and [alternative rock](/wiki/Alternative_rock \"Alternative rock\"). Angelripper also started a solo career doing metal impressions of drinking songs, German [Schlagers](/wiki/Schlager_music \"Schlager music\") and even Christmas\\-type [carols](/wiki/Carols \"Carols\"). A live album was recorded of the tour in support of the resulting album called *Marooned – Live*.",
"*[Masquerade in Blood](/wiki/Masquerade_in_Blood \"Masquerade in Blood\")* added [groove metal](/wiki/Groove_metal \"Groove metal\") to the group's evolving blend of [crossover thrash](/wiki/Crossover_thrash \"Crossover thrash\") and death metal. It was released in 1995 and the update of their style was successful.{{cite web\\|title\\=''Masquerade in Blood – Sodom'' review\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/masquerade\\-in\\-blood\\-mw0000615324\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Allmusic]]\\|author\\=Eduardo Rivadavia}} Again another guitarist had to be found. The new choice, Strahli, did not stay very long with the band. He was arrested and imprisoned on drug\\-related matters, and the band had since lost contact with him, until January 2011, when they learned that he had died in Düsseldorf.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=153053 \\|title\\=Blabbermouth.Net – Former Sodom Guitarist Dirk Strahlmeier Dies \\|publisher\\=Roadrunnerrecords.com \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-01 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811083044/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=153053 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-11 }} Atomic Steif also left and again Angelripper needed to search for new members. These were found: a guitarist in Bernemann and a drummer in Bobby Schottkowski. This line\\-up stabilized the band significantly and lasted until December 2010, when Schottkowski left.",
"### Return to thrash metal (1997–2009\\)",
"[thumb\\|Sodom in Bangkok, Thailand (2007\\)](/wiki/File:SodominBKK.JPG \"SodominBKK.JPG\")\nThe album *['Til Death Do Us Unite](/wiki/%27Til_Death_Do_Us_Unite \"'Til Death Do Us Unite\")* featured a controversial album cover, depicting a woman's pregnant belly and a man's beer gut pressing in a human skull together. This album marked the beginning of Sodom's return to thrash but was still more along the lines of a thrash\\-crossover sound and had much in common with bands like [Suicidal Tendencies](/wiki/Suicidal_Tendencies \"Suicidal Tendencies\"). It also spawned the song for which Sodom would make their most famous music video, the highly\\-controversial song \"Fuck the Police\". After this album, Sodom returned to the studio and released *[Code Red](/wiki/Code_Red_%28Sodom_album%29 \"Code Red (Sodom album)\")* in 1999 which marked a full return to the Teutonic thrash metal sound of the 1980s, and it was met with praise from fans and press alike. A limited edition featured a bonus CD containing a tribute to Sodom album, *Homage to the Gods*. With 2001 came the release of *[M\\-16](/wiki/M-16_%28album%29 \"M-16 (album)\")*, a concept album about the movie *[Apocalypse Now](/wiki/Apocalypse_Now \"Apocalypse Now\")*, which took its title from the famed [M16](/wiki/M16_rifle \"M16 rifle\") assault rifle.",
"In 2003, a double live album was recorded in Bangkok, Thailand, titled *[*One Night in Bangkok*](/wiki/One_Night_in_Bangkok_%28album%29 \"One Night in Bangkok (album)\")*. A new album simply titled *[Sodom](/wiki/Sodom_%28album%29 \"Sodom (album)\")* was released in 2006, in the same vein as *M\\-16*. The title was chosen – as Angelripper explained it – \"because every band needs a self\\-titled album\", and the band had never released one. The album was delayed however, because the DVD *Lords of Depravity* took more time to compose than initially thought.",
"In 2007, Tom was asked by the record label Steamhammer for any tracks to be released on the *In the Sign of Evil* EP. Tom believed there were, and the label floated the idea to Tom to get ex\\-members Chris Witchhunter and Grave Violator (real name: Franz Josef \"Peppi\" Dominik) to re\\-record the EP with the bonus tracks. The result became *[The Final Sign of Evil](/wiki/The_Final_Sign_of_Evil \"The Final Sign of Evil\")*. Chris \"Witchhunter\" Dudek died on 7 September 2008 from liver failure after a long battle with illness.\"Remember The Fallen\", *[Terrorizer](/wiki/Terrorizer_%28magazine%29 \"Terrorizer (magazine)\")*, Issue 176, November 2008",
"In 2009, Sodom returned to the UK to play their first show in the country in 20 years at [Bloodstock Open Air](/wiki/Bloodstock_Open_Air \"Bloodstock Open Air\").",
"### Markus {{nobold\\|\"}}Makka{{nobold\\|\"}} Freiwald\\-era (2010–2017\\)",
"[250x250px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Bernd \"Bernemann\" Kost in 2016](/wiki/File:Sodom_M%C3%BCnchen_2016_%2810_von_10%29.jpg \"Sodom München 2016 (10 von 10).jpg\")\n*[In War and Pieces](/wiki/In_War_and_Pieces \"In War and Pieces\")*, Sodom's thirteenth studio album, was released in Europe on 22 November 2010, and released in North America on 11 January 2011\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sputnikmusic.com/news.php?newsid\\=15632 \\|title\\=Sodom album artwork \\|publisher\\=Sputnikmusic \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-01}} On 30 November 2010, it was announced that Bobby Schottkowski would be leaving the band, due to \"personal and private problems\" between Tom Angelripper and Schottkowski.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.facebook.com/notes/sodom/end\\-of\\-the\\-cooperation\\-between\\-sodom\\-and\\-the\\-drummer\\-bobby\\-schottkowski/164757973559237\\#!/notes/sodom/end\\-of\\-the\\-cooperation\\-between\\-sodom\\-and\\-the\\-drummer\\-bobby\\-schottkowski/164757973559237 \\|title\\=End of the cooperation between Sodom and the drummer Bobby Schottkowski \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Facebook]] \\|date\\= 30 November 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-01}} On 8 December 2010, Markus \"Makka\" Freiwald was announced to be Sodom's new drummer.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=150595 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215010152/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=150595 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-15 \\|title\\=BLABBERMOUTH.NET – SODOM Announces New Drummer \\|publisher\\=Roadrunnerrecords.com \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-01 }}",
"In late January 2012, Sodom began writing their fourteenth studio album, which they planned to record in May 2012 for a late summer release.{{cite web\\|title\\=SODOM To Record New Album In May\\|date\\=31 January 2012\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-to\\-record\\-new\\-album\\-in\\-may/\\|publisher\\=BlabberMouth}} On 17 December 2012, the band announced the album would be released on 29 April 2013\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-to\\-release\\-new\\-album\\-in\\-april/\\#kV82ocRjP0XEI8fU.99 \\|title\\=Sodom To Release New Album In April \\|publisher\\=Blabbermouth.net \\|date\\=2012\\-12\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-29}} The album is titled *[Epitome of Torture](/wiki/Epitome_of_Torture \"Epitome of Torture\")* and features 13 tracks.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thrashm.tl/2013/02/sodoms\\-epitome\\-of\\-torture\\-due\\-april/\\|title\\=sodom, epitome of torture\\|publisher\\=Thrashm.tl\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-29\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104054021/http://thrashm.tl/2013/02/sodoms\\-epitome\\-of\\-torture\\-due\\-april/\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-04}} The album was released in Germany on 26 April, and in the US on 7 May.",
"In November 2014, Sodom released the EP *[Sacred Warpath](/wiki/Sacred_Warpath \"Sacred Warpath\")* as a preview of their fifteenth studio album. The EP contains one original studio track, and live versions of three previously released songs.{{cite web\\|title\\=Sodom To Release 'Sacred Warpath' EP\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-to\\-release\\-sacred\\-warpath\\-ep/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|date\\=October 17, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=January 3, 2015}}",
"On 9 June 2016, Sodom announced their fifteenth studio album *[Decision Day](/wiki/Decision_Day \"Decision Day\")* on their Facebook page. It was released on August 26 of that year.{{cite web\\|title\\=Sodom To Release 'Decision Day' Album In August\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-to\\-release\\-decision\\-day\\-album\\-in\\-august/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|date\\=June 9, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2016}}",
"Sodom released the compilation album, *Demonized*, on 1 September 2017\\. Available only on cassette and 12\" vinyl, it features the band's first two demo recordings, *Witching Metal* from 1982 and *Victims of Death* from 1984\\.",
"Shortly after the release of *Decision Day*, Angelripper stated that Sodom had \"some ideas for \\[their] next album which \\[they] want to bring out in 2018\\.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=INTERVIEW: Tom Angelripper – Sodom\\|url\\=http://distortedsoundmag.com/interview\\-tom\\-angelripper\\-sodom/\\|work\\=distortedsoundmag.com\\|date\\=September 9, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=August 19, 2017}}",
"### Reunion with Frank {{nobold\\|\"}}Blackfire{{nobold\\|\"}} Gosdzik (2017–present)",
"[thumb\\|Tom Angelripper at Rockharz Open Air 2018](/wiki/File:Sodom_Rockharz_2018_13.jpg \"Sodom Rockharz 2018 13.jpg\")\nOn 3 December 2017, Sodom announced that they would reunite with three of their former guitarists Josef \"Grave Violator\" Dominic (who performed on *[In the Sign of Evil](/wiki/In_the_Sign_of_Evil \"In the Sign of Evil\")*), Frank \"Blackfire\" Gosdzik (*[Persecution Mania](/wiki/Persecution_Mania \"Persecution Mania\")* and *[Agent Orange](/wiki/Agent_Orange_%28album%29 \"Agent Orange (album)\")*) and Andy Brings (*[Tapping the Vein](/wiki/Tapping_the_Vein_%28album%29 \"Tapping the Vein (album)\")* and *[Get What You Deserve](/wiki/Get_What_You_Deserve \"Get What You Deserve\")*) during their 35th anniversary show on 26 December in [Bochum](/wiki/Bochum \"Bochum\"), Germany, marking the first time since Dominic, Gosdzik and Brings left the band in 1985, 1989, and 1995, respectively, that either guitarist had performed live with Sodom. Their previous performances were at [Wacken](/wiki/Wacken_Open_Air \"Wacken Open Air\") in 2007\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Sodom To Be Rejoined By Three Former Guitarists At 35th\\-Anniversary Concert In Germany\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-to\\-be\\-rejoined\\-by\\-three\\-former\\-guitarists\\-at\\-35th\\-anniversary\\-concert\\-in\\-germany/\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|date\\=December 3, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2017}} They performed three songs separate from one another's appearances from the respective albums they appeared on.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/video\\-sodom\\-rejoined\\-by\\-three\\-former\\-guitarists\\-at\\-35th\\-anniversary\\-concert\\-in\\-germany/\\|title\\=Video: SODOM Rejoined By Three Former Guitarists At 35th\\-Anniversary Concert In Germany\\|date\\=31 December 2017\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2017}}",
"On 5 January 2018, Angelripper announced his partings from Bernemann and Makka \"to pave the way for new challenges.\" He then said that he would introduce the new members on 7 April at the 2018 edition of the Full Metal Mountain festival, and that they would work on a new album together.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-parts\\-ways\\-with\\-guitarist\\-drummer/\\|title\\=SODOM Parts Ways With Guitarist, Drummer\\|date\\=5 January 2018\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2018}} Bernemann and Makka later said that they were fired from the band via [WhatsApp](/wiki/WhatsApp_Messenger \"WhatsApp Messenger\") without Angelripper listening to the new material they were working on for the band's next album.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-guitarist\\-and\\-drummer\\-were\\-fired\\-via\\-whatsapp/\\|title\\=SODOM Guitarist And Drummer Were Fired Via WhatsApp\\|date\\=8 January 2018\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2018}} On 22 January 2018, Angelripper announced that he had expanded the band's line\\-up as a four piece. He was rejoined by guitarist Frank \"Blackfire\" Gosdzik and added Stefan \"Husky\" Hüskens and Yorck Segatz as the band's new drummer and second guitarist respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-announces\\-new\\-lineup\\-expands\\-to\\-four\\-piece/\\|title\\=SODOM Announces New Lineup, Expands To Four\\-Piece\\|date\\=22 January 2018\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2018}} On 26 February 2018, Sodom cancelled their appearance at the Full Metal Mountain festival \"due to the short\\-term change of line\\-up and the restructuring of my band Sodom\", as explained by Angelripper. He then said that the time was \"simply too short to put the new line\\-up in a solid live set\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.full\\-metal\\-mountain.com/en/news/news/news\\-detail/sodom\\-have\\-to\\-cancel\\-their\\-performance\\-at\\-full\\-metal\\-mountain\\-2018/\\|title\\=Sodom have to cancel their performance at Full Metal Mountain 2018\\|publisher\\=full\\-metal\\-mountain.com\\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2018}} The new line\\-up of the band made their live debut on 18 May at the 2018 edition of the [Rock Hard Festival](/wiki/Rock_Hard_Festival \"Rock Hard Festival\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/watch\\-new\\-sodom\\-lineup\\-perform\\-live\\-for\\-first\\-time/\\|title\\=Watch New SODOM Lineup Perform Live For First Time\\|date\\=19 May 2018\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2018}} Sodom also participated in the 2018 installment of the MTV [Headbangers Ball](/wiki/Headbangers_Ball \"Headbangers Ball\") European Tour with [Death Angel](/wiki/Death_Angel \"Death Angel\"), [Suicidal Angels](/wiki/Suicidal_Angels \"Suicidal Angels\") and [Exodus](/wiki/Exodus_%28band%29 \"Exodus (band)\") from late November to mid\\-December.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-death\\-angel\\-and\\-suicidal\\-angels\\-to\\-join\\-forces\\-for\\-mtv\\-headbangers\\-ball\\-european\\-tour/\\|title\\=SODOM, DEATH ANGEL And SUICIDAL ANGELS To Join Forces For 'MTV Headbangers Ball' European Tour\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|date\\=June 1, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/\\-to\\-headline\\-european\\-mtv\\-headbangers\\-ball\\-tour/\\|title\\= To Headline European 'MTV Headbangers Ball Tour'\\|date\\=14 July 2018\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 14, 2018}} This new lineup recorded the EPs *Partisan* (2018\\) and *Out of the Frontline Trench* (2019\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-to\\-release\\-partisan\\-ep\\-in\\-november/\\|title\\=SODOM To Release 'Partisan' EP In November\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|date\\=September 11, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-to\\-release\\-out\\-of\\-the\\-frontline\\-trench\\-ep\\-in\\-november/\\|title\\=SODOM To Release 'Out Of The Frontline Trench' EP In November\\|website\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|date\\=4 September 2019\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://metalinjection.net/av/new\\-music/sodom\\-knocks\\-you\\-down\\-on\\-new\\-song\\-down\\-on\\-your\\-knees\\|title\\=SODOM Knocks You Down On New Song \"Down On Your Knees\"\\|website\\=Metal Injection\\|date\\=19 October 2019\\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2019}}",
"On 13 January 2020, drummer Stefan \"Husky\" Hüskens departed the band due to \"some changes at \\[his] full\\-time job, as well as a few other matters\", and would not return in the future.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-drummer\\-stefan\\-husky\\-huskens\\-exits\\-band/\\|title\\=SODOM Drummer STEFAN 'HUSKY' HÜSKENS Exits Band\\|website\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|date\\=13 January 2020\\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2020}} He was replaced by Toni Merkel.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-recruits\\-drummer\\-toni\\-merkel/\\|title\\=SODOM Recruits Drummer TONI MERKEL\\|website\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|date\\=23 January 2020\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2020}}",
"On 12 June 2020, Sodom announced that they had begun recording their sixteenth studio album, entitled *[Genesis XIX](/wiki/Genesis_XIX \"Genesis XIX\")*, at Woodhouse Studio in [Hagen](/wiki/Hagen \"Hagen\"), Germany with producer Siggi Bemm.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-begins\\-recording\\-genesis\\-xix\\-album/\\|title\\=SODOM Begins Recording 'Genesis XIX' Album\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2020\\|date\\=June 12, 2020}} Mixing of the album was completed in August 2020\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-completes\\-mixing\\-genesis\\-xix\\-album\\|title\\=SODOM Completes Mixing 'Genesis XIX' Album\\|website\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|date\\=23 August 2020\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2020}} A month later, it was announced that the album would be released on 27 November.",
"On 11 May 2021, Sodom announced an upcoming EP titled *Bombenhagel*, containing a re\\-recorded version of the song \"Bombenhagel\" from their 1987 album *[Persecution Mania](/wiki/Persecution_Mania \"Persecution Mania\")* as well as two new tracks, set to be released on 20 August.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-bombenhagel\\-ep\\-details\\-revealed/\\|title\\=SODOM: 'Bombenhagel' EP Details Revealed\\|website\\=Blabbermouth\\|date\\=21 May 2021\\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2021}}",
"In a December 2021 interview with Rockman, Tom Angelripper revealed that Sodom had begun writing new material for their next album.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=\\-DYsKOlv98U\\&feature\\=youtu.be\\|title\\=Episode \\#8: Derrick Green (Sepultura) \\& Tom Angelripper (Sodom)\\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]\\|date\\=3 December 2021 }} A month later, Sodom was announced as one of the bands to have its contract with [SPV/Steamhammer Records](/wiki/SPV_GmbH \"SPV GmbH\") renewed.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://bravewords.com/news/sodom\\-magnum\\-rage\\-virgin\\-steele\\-axel\\-rudi\\-pell\\-and\\-more\\-steamhammer\\-spvs\\-longtime\\-bands\\-renew\\-contracts\\-yet\\-again\\|title\\=SODOM, MAGNUM, RAGE, VIRGIN STEELE, AXEL RUDI PELL, And More; Steamhammer / SPV's Longtime Bands Renew Contracts Yet Again\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Brave Words \\& Bloody Knuckles]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2022\\|date\\=January 17, 2022}} In May 2022, Angelripper said that the band's new album would be released in 2023;{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rafabasa.com/2022/05/30/sodom\\-entrevista\\-con\\-tom\\-angelripper\\-antes\\-de\\-rock\\-imperium/\\|title\\=SODOM – Entrevista con Tom Angelripper antes de ROCK IMPERIUM\\|date\\=30 May 2022 \\|publisher\\=rafabasa.com\\|language\\=es\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://metalstorm.net/events/news\\_comments.php?news\\_id\\=46321\\|title\\=Sodom – To Release New Record In 2023\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Metal Storm (webzine)\\|Metal Storm]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2022\\|date\\=June 7, 2022}} he later stated that it would not be released until 2024\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-frontman\\-says\\-next\\-lp\\-will\\-be\\-bands\\-heaviest\\-album\\-ever\\|title\\=SODOM Frontman Says Next LP Will Be Band's 'Heaviest Album Ever'\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2023\\|date\\=November 9, 2022}} Angelripper confirmed in September 2024 that the album was finished for a late 2024 or early 2025 release.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://metalstorm.net/events/news\\_comments.php?news\\_id\\=55595\\|title\\=Sodom \\- Finishing New Album\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Metal Storm (webzine)\\|Metal Storm]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2024\\|date\\=September 20, 2024}}",
"To coincide with its 40th anniversary, Sodom released the compilation album *40 Years at War – The Greatest Hell of Sodom* on 28 October 2022\\. The set includes one song from each of the band's studio albums between *Obsessed by Cruelty* and *Genesis XIX*, in addition to \"Sepulchral Voice\" from the *In the Sign of Evil* EP.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://bravewords.com/news/sodom\\-to\\-release\\-40th\\-anniversary\\-album\\-40\\-years\\-at\\-war\\-the\\-greatest\\-hell\\-of\\-sodom\\-in\\-october\\|title\\=SODOM To Release 40th Anniversary Album, 40 Years At War – The Greatest Hell Of Sodom, In October\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Brave Words \\& Bloody Knuckles]]\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2022\\|date\\=August 5, 2022}} The band released another EP, titled *1982*, on 10 November 2023, which includes both the title track and re\\-recordings of the band's early songs.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/sodom\\-to\\-release\\-1982\\-ep\\-in\\-november \\| title\\=SODOM to Release '1982' EP in November \\| date\\=25 August 2023 }}",
"On 31 July 2023 it was announced that Sodom (along with [Kreator](/wiki/Kreator \"Kreator\"), [Destruction](/wiki/Destruction_%28band%29 \"Destruction (band)\") and [Tankard](/wiki/Tankard_%28band%29 \"Tankard (band)\")) were on the bill for the Klash of the Ruhrpott festival, which took place at Amphitheater Gelsenkirchen in [Gelsenkirchen](/wiki/Gelsenkirchen \"Gelsenkirchen\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") on 20 July 2024\\. This show marked the first time that all of the \"Big Teutonic Four\" bands had performed together.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-31 \\|title\\='Big Four' Of German Thrash Metal, KREATOR, SODOM, DESTRUCTION And TANKARD, Announce 2024 Festival \\|url\\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/big\\-four\\-of\\-german\\-thrash\\-metal\\-kreator\\-sodom\\-destruction\\-and\\-tankard\\-announce\\-2024\\-festival \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-01 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]] \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Gameplay
--------
Players control an agent of [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. "S.H.I.E.L.D."){{cite web\|url\=http://kotaku.com/5887257/marvel\-avengers\-alliance\-lets\-you\-assemble\-your\-own\-oddball\-avengers\-lineup\-on\-facebook \|title\=Marvel: Avengers Alliance Lets You Assemble Your Own Oddball Avengers Team on Facebook \|publisher\=Kotaku.com \|date\=2012\-02\-22 \|access\-date\=2012\-06\-28}} and can customize the agent by gaining experience, leveling up, and equipping their agents with weapons and uniforms obtained within the game. The player can team up with two of 166 Marvel heroes in the game, each with their unique skills and abilities. While some heroes are locked and can only be recruited on some occasions, most of them are available for general recruitment, and can be bought with "Command Points", one of the currencies that appears in the game.
Gameplay consists of turn\-based fights that pit the player's agent and heroes against one or more waves of three or fewer enemies, with each character having unique attacks. There are six character classes: blaster, bruiser, scrapper, infiltrator, tactician and generalist. The first five classes have a specific strength and a specific weakness to one of the other classes, in a [rock\-paper\-scissors](/wiki/Rock-paper-scissors "Rock-paper-scissors") style. Blasters have guaranteed critical hits against bruisers and ignore their defense stats. Bruisers increase their statistics when they attack or are attacked by scrappers. Scrappers have a second automatic attack (follow\-up attack) against infiltrators. Infiltrators gain the ability to counter enemies' attacks after attacking or being attacked by tacticians, while the latter gain an extra turn when they attack or are attacked by blasters. The generalist class has no special strengths or weaknesses against other classes. Some playable heroes can switch classes during the game, and a character class may be changed with alternate costumes. The player has access to uniforms of all the classes.
### Collections
Collections are a feature used to recruit new characters to your team, most of whom were previously Villains. It was first unveiled as part of Special Operations \- Cry Havok.
Collections can be completed by opening Lockboxes to collect Comic Book Covers. Collecting all eight unique Covers of the Collection will unlock the Hero.
### Player Vs. Player (PVP)
For a limited time, Player Vs. Player (PVP) tournaments are available where the players fight to reach different tiers (Silver, Gold, Diamond, [Vibranium](/wiki/Vibranium "Vibranium") and [Adamantium](/wiki/Adamantium "Adamantium")). Players who placed at Adamantium tier at the end of the PvP season are awarded a new hero. PvP fighting can also be done during non\-tournament times in practice mode only.
### Special Operations (Spec Ops)
Special Operations are limited time challenges in which the player has to complete, at least, 25 tasks in order to obtain a new hero. Unique boss items can be acquired through battle, and special weapons or items are rewarded for every 5 tasks completed. The only exception has been the first Spec Ops mission, in which the player had to get 5 star mastery in all the missions.
### Daily Missions
The daily mission is a 24\-hour limited mission. These missions award elite rewards when completed and also include certain restrictions to be played. After the 24\-hour window ends the mission is exchanged for a different one and any cumulative score the player had is returned to zero.
### Simulator
The S.H.I.E.L.D. Simulator is composed of two parts: Challenges and Villain Archive. The Challenges are a set of difficult fights with special conditions and rules which, if completed, earn the player a reward. The Villain Archive provides a brief biography of each villain and also a free fight simulation against them.
|
[
"Gameplay\n--------",
"Players control an agent of [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. \"S.H.I.E.L.D.\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://kotaku.com/5887257/marvel\\-avengers\\-alliance\\-lets\\-you\\-assemble\\-your\\-own\\-oddball\\-avengers\\-lineup\\-on\\-facebook \\|title\\=Marvel: Avengers Alliance Lets You Assemble Your Own Oddball Avengers Team on Facebook \\|publisher\\=Kotaku.com \\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-22 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-28}} and can customize the agent by gaining experience, leveling up, and equipping their agents with weapons and uniforms obtained within the game. The player can team up with two of 166 Marvel heroes in the game, each with their unique skills and abilities. While some heroes are locked and can only be recruited on some occasions, most of them are available for general recruitment, and can be bought with \"Command Points\", one of the currencies that appears in the game.",
"Gameplay consists of turn\\-based fights that pit the player's agent and heroes against one or more waves of three or fewer enemies, with each character having unique attacks. There are six character classes: blaster, bruiser, scrapper, infiltrator, tactician and generalist. The first five classes have a specific strength and a specific weakness to one of the other classes, in a [rock\\-paper\\-scissors](/wiki/Rock-paper-scissors \"Rock-paper-scissors\") style. Blasters have guaranteed critical hits against bruisers and ignore their defense stats. Bruisers increase their statistics when they attack or are attacked by scrappers. Scrappers have a second automatic attack (follow\\-up attack) against infiltrators. Infiltrators gain the ability to counter enemies' attacks after attacking or being attacked by tacticians, while the latter gain an extra turn when they attack or are attacked by blasters. The generalist class has no special strengths or weaknesses against other classes. Some playable heroes can switch classes during the game, and a character class may be changed with alternate costumes. The player has access to uniforms of all the classes.",
"### Collections",
"Collections are a feature used to recruit new characters to your team, most of whom were previously Villains. It was first unveiled as part of Special Operations \\- Cry Havok.",
"Collections can be completed by opening Lockboxes to collect Comic Book Covers. Collecting all eight unique Covers of the Collection will unlock the Hero.",
"### Player Vs. Player (PVP)",
"For a limited time, Player Vs. Player (PVP) tournaments are available where the players fight to reach different tiers (Silver, Gold, Diamond, [Vibranium](/wiki/Vibranium \"Vibranium\") and [Adamantium](/wiki/Adamantium \"Adamantium\")). Players who placed at Adamantium tier at the end of the PvP season are awarded a new hero. PvP fighting can also be done during non\\-tournament times in practice mode only.",
"### Special Operations (Spec Ops)",
"Special Operations are limited time challenges in which the player has to complete, at least, 25 tasks in order to obtain a new hero. Unique boss items can be acquired through battle, and special weapons or items are rewarded for every 5 tasks completed. The only exception has been the first Spec Ops mission, in which the player had to get 5 star mastery in all the missions.",
"### Daily Missions",
"The daily mission is a 24\\-hour limited mission. These missions award elite rewards when completed and also include certain restrictions to be played. After the 24\\-hour window ends the mission is exchanged for a different one and any cumulative score the player had is returned to zero.",
"### Simulator",
"The S.H.I.E.L.D. Simulator is composed of two parts: Challenges and Villain Archive. The Challenges are a set of difficult fights with special conditions and rules which, if completed, earn the player a reward. The Villain Archive provides a brief biography of each villain and also a free fight simulation against them.",
""
] |
Musical career
--------------
Since the 1980s Webb has played with numerous jazz, pop and reggae groups including Manchester's [Carmel](/wiki/Carmel_%28band%29 "Carmel (band)") and Harlem Spirit. As a songwriter he has collaborated with many UK jazz musicians and vocalists, including [Ayanna Witter\-Johnson](/wiki/Ayanna_Witter-Johnson "Ayanna Witter-Johnson"), Tammy Weis, Nicola Emmanuelle,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/music/nicola\-emmanuelle\-flies\-to\-cabarets\-rescue\-7409659\.html\|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20130422064157/http://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/music/nicola\-emmanuelle\-flies\-to\-cabarets\-rescue\-7409659\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=Nicola Emmanuelle flies to cabaret's rescue – Music – Going Out – London Evening Standard\|archivedate\=22 April 2013\|access\-date\=9 December 2020}} Jo Harrop, and Alexander Stewart. His songs have been recorded by [Liane Carroll](/wiki/Liane_Carroll "Liane Carroll"), [China Moses](/wiki/China_Moses "China Moses"), Alexia Gardner, [Mina Agossi](/wiki/Mina_Agossi "Mina Agossi"), [David McAlmont](/wiki/David_McAlmont "David McAlmont") and Alexander Stewart, among others. Musicians he has performed live with include [Gary Crosby](/wiki/Gary_Crosby_%28bassist%29 "Gary Crosby (bassist)"), [Guy Barker](/wiki/Guy_Barker "Guy Barker"), [Danny Moss](/wiki/Danny_Moss "Danny Moss"), [Denys Baptiste](/wiki/Denys_Baptiste "Denys Baptiste"), Nathaniel Facey, [Gwyneth Herbert](/wiki/Gwyneth_Herbert "Gwyneth Herbert") and [China Moses](/wiki/China_Moses "China Moses"). He also performed as a percussionist in the London School of Samba for a period in the early 1990s.
Since 2008, he has also directed and performed in a number of music and spoken word productions, including the jazz history shows *Strayhorn the Songwriter*{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jazzwisemagazine.com/news\-mainmenu\-139/67\-2010/11694\-jazz\-breaking\-news\-strayhorn\-the\-songwriter\-celebrated\-by\-china\-moses\-alexander\-stewart\-and\-the\-frank\-griffith\-nonet \|title\=Jazz breaking news: Strayhorn The Songwriter Celebrated By China Moses, Alexander Stewart, And The Frank Griffith Nonet \|publisher\=Jazzwisemagazine.com \|date\=22 November 2010 \|accessdate\=2013\-03\-23}} (about composer/arranger [Billy Strayhorn](/wiki/Billy_Strayhorn "Billy Strayhorn")) in 2010 and *Jazz at [Cafe Society](/wiki/Cafe_Society "Cafe Society")* (about the 1940s New York club) in 2011 – both commissioned by the [London Jazz Festival](/wiki/London_Jazz_Festival "London Jazz Festival"). *Jazz at Cafe Society* had a successful run at London's [Tricycle Theatre](/wiki/Tricycle_Theatre "Tricycle Theatre") in July 2012 and was repeated at London's Leicester Square Theatre as *Cafe Society Swing* in December 2013 and June 2014\.{{Cite web \|last\=Hobart \|first\=Mike \|date\=2012\-07\-18 \|title\=Jazz at Café Society, Tricycle Theatre, London \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/bf9c2dc0\-cff3\-11e1\-bcaa\-00144feabdc0 \|url\-access\=subscription \|accessdate\=12 July 2020 \|website\=Financial Times}} In November 2013, Webb created a narrated jazz show based on two years in the life of jazz musician [Charlie Parker](/wiki/Charlie_Parker "Charlie Parker") called *Charlie Parker on Dial* which played at the London Jazz Festival and subsequently at London's [Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club](/wiki/Ronnie_Scott%27s_Jazz_Club "Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club").
*Cafe Society Swing* ran for three weeks at New York's [59E59 Theaters](/wiki/59E59_Theaters "59E59 Theaters") over Christmas 2014 with a US cast including vocalists [Charenee Wade](/wiki/Charenee_Wade "Charenee Wade"), [Cyrille Aimée](/wiki/Cyrille_Aim%C3%A9e "Cyrille Aimée"), [Allan Harris](/wiki/Allan_Harris_%28musician%29 "Allan Harris (musician)") and an eight\-piece band including saxophonist [Camille Thurman](/wiki/Camille_Thurman "Camille Thurman") and bassist [Mimi Jones](/wiki/Mimi_Jones "Mimi Jones"), with Webb MD\-ing from the piano chair. It attracted positive reviews including a Critic's Pick from *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/theater/cafe\-society\-swing\-at\-59e59\-theaters.html?\_r\=0\|title\=Rich Songs Tell a Jazz Club’s Bittersweet Story \|publisher\=nytimes.com/ \|date\=23 December 2014 \|accessdate\=2015\-06\-22}} The show has since toured the UK in a concert format, fronted by vocalists Vimala Rowe and Ciyo Brown. It also ran for two weeks at [Theatre Royal Stratford East](/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Stratford_East "Theatre Royal Stratford East") in June 2018 with [China Moses](/wiki/China_Moses "China Moses") and Judi Jackson joining Vimala Rowe and Ciyo Brown in singing roles.
In June 2016, Webb released the CD *Call Me Lucky* on Splash Point Records under the name Alex Webb \& The Copasetics, which contained 13 original songs sung by 11 different jazz vocalists, including [Allan Harris](/wiki/Allan_Harris_%28musician%29 "Allan Harris (musician)"), [David McAlmont](/wiki/David_McAlmont "David McAlmont"), [Alexia Gardner](/wiki/Alexia_Gardner "Alexia Gardner"), and some of his previous collaborators such as [Liane Carroll](/wiki/Liane_Carroll "Liane Carroll") and [China Moses](/wiki/China_Moses "China Moses"). The album received universally warm reviews.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jun/02/alex\-webb\-the\-copasetics\-call\-me\-lucky\-review\-golden\-age\-jazz\-creatively\-revitalised.html?\_r\=0\|title\=Alex Webb \& the Copasetics: Call Me Lucky review – golden age jazz creatively revitalised \|website\=Theguardian.com/ \|date\=2 June 2016 \|accessdate\=2016\-07\-06}}
During mid 2017, Webb premiered a musical he had co\-composed with [Camilla Beeput](/wiki/Camilla_Beeput "Camilla Beeput") at the Norfolk \& Norwich, Bath and Aldeburgh festivals. *Stormy: the Life of [Lena Horne](/wiki/Lena_Horne "Lena Horne")* was a one\-woman show, played by Beeput, that told the story of the African\-American singer, actress and civil rights activist through Beeput's script and a series of Beeput\-Webb compositions. The show received excellent reviews, including from *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/times2/theatre\-review\-stormy\-at\-komedia\-bath\-lbs7hc3z8\|title\=Theatre review: Stormy at Komedia, Bath\|publisher\=thetimes.co.uk/ \|date\=26 May 2017 \|accessdate\=2017\-10\-23}} which called it "a bravura one\-woman display from the charismatic Camilla Beeput". Since 2018 Webb has, with saxophonist [Tony Kofi](/wiki/Tony_Kofi "Tony Kofi"), co\-led a group celebrating the music of [Cannonball Adderley](/wiki/Cannonball_Adderley "Cannonball Adderley") and created a words\-and\-music project based on the music of [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday "Billie Holiday").
In November 2019, Webb released an album of original songs and unusual cover versions with [David McAlmont](/wiki/David_McAlmont "David McAlmont") – *The Last Bohemians* by McAlmont \& Webb (Copasetic/Lateralize) – which received highly positive reviews{{cite web\|url\=https://jazzjournal.co.uk/2019/12/11/mcalmont\-webb\-the\-last\-bohemians/\|title\=Album review: The Last Bohemians\|publisher\=jazzjournal.co.uk/ \|date\=11 December 2019 \|accessdate\=2019\-08\-17}} and, in March 2020, Webb was featured on Tony Kofi's *Another Kind of Soul* (Last Music Co), a live album documenting the band's Cannonball Adderley project.
In January 2022, Webb released another album, *British Standard Time*, on Lateralize Records which featured vocalists Jo Harrop, [Carroll Thompson](/wiki/Carroll_Thompson "Carroll Thompson"), [Tony Momrelle](/wiki/Tony_Momrelle "Tony Momrelle") and Luca Manning performing songs by British songwriters and composers. The album was well\-received by critics, was a [Jazz FM](/wiki/Jazz_FM_%28UK%29 "Jazz FM (UK)") Album of The Week, and made an editor's choice by *[Jazzwise](/wiki/Jazzwise "Jazzwise")* magazine.
|
[
"Musical career\n--------------",
"Since the 1980s Webb has played with numerous jazz, pop and reggae groups including Manchester's [Carmel](/wiki/Carmel_%28band%29 \"Carmel (band)\") and Harlem Spirit. As a songwriter he has collaborated with many UK jazz musicians and vocalists, including [Ayanna Witter\\-Johnson](/wiki/Ayanna_Witter-Johnson \"Ayanna Witter-Johnson\"), Tammy Weis, Nicola Emmanuelle,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/music/nicola\\-emmanuelle\\-flies\\-to\\-cabarets\\-rescue\\-7409659\\.html\\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20130422064157/http://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/music/nicola\\-emmanuelle\\-flies\\-to\\-cabarets\\-rescue\\-7409659\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=Nicola Emmanuelle flies to cabaret's rescue – Music – Going Out – London Evening Standard\\|archivedate\\=22 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2020}} Jo Harrop, and Alexander Stewart. His songs have been recorded by [Liane Carroll](/wiki/Liane_Carroll \"Liane Carroll\"), [China Moses](/wiki/China_Moses \"China Moses\"), Alexia Gardner, [Mina Agossi](/wiki/Mina_Agossi \"Mina Agossi\"), [David McAlmont](/wiki/David_McAlmont \"David McAlmont\") and Alexander Stewart, among others. Musicians he has performed live with include [Gary Crosby](/wiki/Gary_Crosby_%28bassist%29 \"Gary Crosby (bassist)\"), [Guy Barker](/wiki/Guy_Barker \"Guy Barker\"), [Danny Moss](/wiki/Danny_Moss \"Danny Moss\"), [Denys Baptiste](/wiki/Denys_Baptiste \"Denys Baptiste\"), Nathaniel Facey, [Gwyneth Herbert](/wiki/Gwyneth_Herbert \"Gwyneth Herbert\") and [China Moses](/wiki/China_Moses \"China Moses\"). He also performed as a percussionist in the London School of Samba for a period in the early 1990s.",
"Since 2008, he has also directed and performed in a number of music and spoken word productions, including the jazz history shows *Strayhorn the Songwriter*{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jazzwisemagazine.com/news\\-mainmenu\\-139/67\\-2010/11694\\-jazz\\-breaking\\-news\\-strayhorn\\-the\\-songwriter\\-celebrated\\-by\\-china\\-moses\\-alexander\\-stewart\\-and\\-the\\-frank\\-griffith\\-nonet \\|title\\=Jazz breaking news: Strayhorn The Songwriter Celebrated By China Moses, Alexander Stewart, And The Frank Griffith Nonet \\|publisher\\=Jazzwisemagazine.com \\|date\\=22 November 2010 \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-03\\-23}} (about composer/arranger [Billy Strayhorn](/wiki/Billy_Strayhorn \"Billy Strayhorn\")) in 2010 and *Jazz at [Cafe Society](/wiki/Cafe_Society \"Cafe Society\")* (about the 1940s New York club) in 2011 – both commissioned by the [London Jazz Festival](/wiki/London_Jazz_Festival \"London Jazz Festival\"). *Jazz at Cafe Society* had a successful run at London's [Tricycle Theatre](/wiki/Tricycle_Theatre \"Tricycle Theatre\") in July 2012 and was repeated at London's Leicester Square Theatre as *Cafe Society Swing* in December 2013 and June 2014\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hobart \\|first\\=Mike \\|date\\=2012\\-07\\-18 \\|title\\=Jazz at Café Society, Tricycle Theatre, London \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/bf9c2dc0\\-cff3\\-11e1\\-bcaa\\-00144feabdc0 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|accessdate\\=12 July 2020 \\|website\\=Financial Times}} In November 2013, Webb created a narrated jazz show based on two years in the life of jazz musician [Charlie Parker](/wiki/Charlie_Parker \"Charlie Parker\") called *Charlie Parker on Dial* which played at the London Jazz Festival and subsequently at London's [Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club](/wiki/Ronnie_Scott%27s_Jazz_Club \"Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club\").",
"*Cafe Society Swing* ran for three weeks at New York's [59E59 Theaters](/wiki/59E59_Theaters \"59E59 Theaters\") over Christmas 2014 with a US cast including vocalists [Charenee Wade](/wiki/Charenee_Wade \"Charenee Wade\"), [Cyrille Aimée](/wiki/Cyrille_Aim%C3%A9e \"Cyrille Aimée\"), [Allan Harris](/wiki/Allan_Harris_%28musician%29 \"Allan Harris (musician)\") and an eight\\-piece band including saxophonist [Camille Thurman](/wiki/Camille_Thurman \"Camille Thurman\") and bassist [Mimi Jones](/wiki/Mimi_Jones \"Mimi Jones\"), with Webb MD\\-ing from the piano chair. It attracted positive reviews including a Critic's Pick from *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/theater/cafe\\-society\\-swing\\-at\\-59e59\\-theaters.html?\\_r\\=0\\|title\\=Rich Songs Tell a Jazz Club’s Bittersweet Story \\|publisher\\=nytimes.com/ \\|date\\=23 December 2014 \\|accessdate\\=2015\\-06\\-22}} The show has since toured the UK in a concert format, fronted by vocalists Vimala Rowe and Ciyo Brown. It also ran for two weeks at [Theatre Royal Stratford East](/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Stratford_East \"Theatre Royal Stratford East\") in June 2018 with [China Moses](/wiki/China_Moses \"China Moses\") and Judi Jackson joining Vimala Rowe and Ciyo Brown in singing roles.",
"In June 2016, Webb released the CD *Call Me Lucky* on Splash Point Records under the name Alex Webb \\& The Copasetics, which contained 13 original songs sung by 11 different jazz vocalists, including [Allan Harris](/wiki/Allan_Harris_%28musician%29 \"Allan Harris (musician)\"), [David McAlmont](/wiki/David_McAlmont \"David McAlmont\"), [Alexia Gardner](/wiki/Alexia_Gardner \"Alexia Gardner\"), and some of his previous collaborators such as [Liane Carroll](/wiki/Liane_Carroll \"Liane Carroll\") and [China Moses](/wiki/China_Moses \"China Moses\"). The album received universally warm reviews.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jun/02/alex\\-webb\\-the\\-copasetics\\-call\\-me\\-lucky\\-review\\-golden\\-age\\-jazz\\-creatively\\-revitalised.html?\\_r\\=0\\|title\\=Alex Webb \\& the Copasetics: Call Me Lucky review – golden age jazz creatively revitalised \\|website\\=Theguardian.com/ \\|date\\=2 June 2016 \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-07\\-06}}",
"During mid 2017, Webb premiered a musical he had co\\-composed with [Camilla Beeput](/wiki/Camilla_Beeput \"Camilla Beeput\") at the Norfolk \\& Norwich, Bath and Aldeburgh festivals. *Stormy: the Life of [Lena Horne](/wiki/Lena_Horne \"Lena Horne\")* was a one\\-woman show, played by Beeput, that told the story of the African\\-American singer, actress and civil rights activist through Beeput's script and a series of Beeput\\-Webb compositions. The show received excellent reviews, including from *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")*,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/times2/theatre\\-review\\-stormy\\-at\\-komedia\\-bath\\-lbs7hc3z8\\|title\\=Theatre review: Stormy at Komedia, Bath\\|publisher\\=thetimes.co.uk/ \\|date\\=26 May 2017 \\|accessdate\\=2017\\-10\\-23}} which called it \"a bravura one\\-woman display from the charismatic Camilla Beeput\". Since 2018 Webb has, with saxophonist [Tony Kofi](/wiki/Tony_Kofi \"Tony Kofi\"), co\\-led a group celebrating the music of [Cannonball Adderley](/wiki/Cannonball_Adderley \"Cannonball Adderley\") and created a words\\-and\\-music project based on the music of [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday \"Billie Holiday\").",
"In November 2019, Webb released an album of original songs and unusual cover versions with [David McAlmont](/wiki/David_McAlmont \"David McAlmont\") – *The Last Bohemians* by McAlmont \\& Webb (Copasetic/Lateralize) – which received highly positive reviews{{cite web\\|url\\=https://jazzjournal.co.uk/2019/12/11/mcalmont\\-webb\\-the\\-last\\-bohemians/\\|title\\=Album review: The Last Bohemians\\|publisher\\=jazzjournal.co.uk/ \\|date\\=11 December 2019 \\|accessdate\\=2019\\-08\\-17}} and, in March 2020, Webb was featured on Tony Kofi's *Another Kind of Soul* (Last Music Co), a live album documenting the band's Cannonball Adderley project.",
"In January 2022, Webb released another album, *British Standard Time*, on Lateralize Records which featured vocalists Jo Harrop, [Carroll Thompson](/wiki/Carroll_Thompson \"Carroll Thompson\"), [Tony Momrelle](/wiki/Tony_Momrelle \"Tony Momrelle\") and Luca Manning performing songs by British songwriters and composers. The album was well\\-received by critics, was a [Jazz FM](/wiki/Jazz_FM_%28UK%29 \"Jazz FM (UK)\") Album of The Week, and made an editor's choice by *[Jazzwise](/wiki/Jazzwise \"Jazzwise\")* magazine.",
""
] |
Career
------
Wang was born in [Tumed Left Banner](/wiki/Tumed_Left_Banner "Tumed Left Banner"), near the city of [Hohhot](/wiki/Hohhot "Hohhot"), in [Inner Mongolia](/wiki/Inner_Mongolia "Inner Mongolia") in June 1961, he is of [Mongol](/wiki/Mongol "Mongol") ethnic background.
Following the resumption of the [University Entrance Examination](/wiki/Gaokao "Gaokao") in 1977, Wang entered [Taiyuan University of Technology](/wiki/Taiyuan_University_of_Technology "Taiyuan University of Technology") in October 1978, majoring in coal mining engineering, where he graduated in August 1982\.
Wang became involved in politics in August 1982 and he joined the [Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") in June 1986\.
In September 2001 he was promoted to become a member of the [Hohhot](/wiki/Hohhot "Hohhot") Communist Party Standing Committee and Vice\-Mayor of Hohhot, a position he held until March 2003\.
Wang served as the vice\-chairman of [Inner Mongolia Development and Reform Commission](/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission "National Development and Reform Commission") between March 2003 to December 2003\.
In December 2003, he was appointed the Party Vice\-Secretary and Chairman of [Bayannur](/wiki/Bayannur "Bayannur") League (position equivalent of a Mayor); he remained in that position until 2008, when he was promoted to become Party Secretary of Bayannur.
In May 2010, Wang was elevated to become the Head of Inner Mongolia [United Front Work Department](/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department "United Front Work Department"), a sub\-provincial\-level position due to holding a concurrent seat on the Inner Mongolia [Party Standing Committee](/wiki/Party_Standing_Committee "Party Standing Committee").
On June 30, 2013, it was announced that Wang would be investigated by the [Central Commission for Discipline Inspection](/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection "Central Commission for Discipline Inspection") of the Chinese Communist Party for "serious violations of laws and regulations".[内蒙统战部长王素毅因违纪被免职](http://www.apdnews.com/news/29375.html) *apdnews.com*. Chinese.{{cite web\|access\-date\=2012\-10\-30\|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2013\-06/30/c\_124931733\.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703182206/http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2013\-06/30/c\_124931733\.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 3, 2013\|script\-title\=zh:内蒙古自治区党委常委、统战部部长王素毅接受调查\|publisher\=Xinhuanet }} On July 3, 2013, Wang was dismissed from his position for corruption. He was one of the first senior officials sacked for corruption after the [18th Party Congress](/wiki/18th_Party_Congress_%28China%29 "18th Party Congress (China)").
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Wang was born in [Tumed Left Banner](/wiki/Tumed_Left_Banner \"Tumed Left Banner\"), near the city of [Hohhot](/wiki/Hohhot \"Hohhot\"), in [Inner Mongolia](/wiki/Inner_Mongolia \"Inner Mongolia\") in June 1961, he is of [Mongol](/wiki/Mongol \"Mongol\") ethnic background.",
"Following the resumption of the [University Entrance Examination](/wiki/Gaokao \"Gaokao\") in 1977, Wang entered [Taiyuan University of Technology](/wiki/Taiyuan_University_of_Technology \"Taiyuan University of Technology\") in October 1978, majoring in coal mining engineering, where he graduated in August 1982\\.",
"Wang became involved in politics in August 1982 and he joined the [Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party \"Chinese Communist Party\") in June 1986\\.",
"In September 2001 he was promoted to become a member of the [Hohhot](/wiki/Hohhot \"Hohhot\") Communist Party Standing Committee and Vice\\-Mayor of Hohhot, a position he held until March 2003\\.",
"Wang served as the vice\\-chairman of [Inner Mongolia Development and Reform Commission](/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission \"National Development and Reform Commission\") between March 2003 to December 2003\\.",
"In December 2003, he was appointed the Party Vice\\-Secretary and Chairman of [Bayannur](/wiki/Bayannur \"Bayannur\") League (position equivalent of a Mayor); he remained in that position until 2008, when he was promoted to become Party Secretary of Bayannur.",
"In May 2010, Wang was elevated to become the Head of Inner Mongolia [United Front Work Department](/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department \"United Front Work Department\"), a sub\\-provincial\\-level position due to holding a concurrent seat on the Inner Mongolia [Party Standing Committee](/wiki/Party_Standing_Committee \"Party Standing Committee\").",
"On June 30, 2013, it was announced that Wang would be investigated by the [Central Commission for Discipline Inspection](/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection \"Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\") of the Chinese Communist Party for \"serious violations of laws and regulations\".[内蒙统战部长王素毅因违纪被免职](http://www.apdnews.com/news/29375.html) *apdnews.com*. Chinese.{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-30\\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2013\\-06/30/c\\_124931733\\.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703182206/http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2013\\-06/30/c\\_124931733\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 3, 2013\\|script\\-title\\=zh:内蒙古自治区党委常委、统战部部长王素毅接受调查\\|publisher\\=Xinhuanet }} On July 3, 2013, Wang was dismissed from his position for corruption. He was one of the first senior officials sacked for corruption after the [18th Party Congress](/wiki/18th_Party_Congress_%28China%29 \"18th Party Congress (China)\").",
""
] |
World football transfer record
------------------------------
The first player to ever be transferred for a fee of over £100 was Scottish [striker](/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29 "Forward (association football)") [Willie Groves](/wiki/Willie_Groves "Willie Groves") when he together with [Jack Reynolds](/wiki/Jack_Reynolds_%28footballer%2C_born_1869%29 "Jack Reynolds (footballer, born 1869)") (£50\) made the switch from [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C.") to [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") in 1893, eight years after the legalisation of professionalism in the sport. It took just another twelve years for the figure to become £1000, when [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C.") striker [Alf Common](/wiki/Alf_Common "Alf Common") moved to [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C.").{{cite news \|last\=Proud \|first\=Keith \|url\=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/memories/teesside/3603267\.The\_player\_with\_the\_Common\_touch\_/ \|title\=The player with the Common touch \|work\=The Northern Echo \|date\=18 August 2008 \|access\-date\=12 January 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930115017/http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/memories/teesside/3603267\.The\_player\_with\_the\_Common\_touch\_/ \|archive\-date\=30 September 2012 }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23560273 \|title\=World record football transfer fees \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=1 September 2013 \|access\-date\=12 January 2014}} It was not until 1928 that the first five\-figure transfer took place. [David Jack](/wiki/David_Jack_%28footballer%29 "David Jack (footballer)") of [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") was the subject of interest from [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C."), and in order to negotiate the fee down, Arsenal manager [Herbert Chapman](/wiki/Herbert_Chapman "Herbert Chapman") got the Bolton representatives [drunk](/wiki/Drunk "Drunk").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/16066822 \|title\=Arsenal honour Thierry Henry, Tony Adams \& Herbert Chapman \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=7 December 2011 \|access\-date\=12 January 2014}}{{cite news \|last\=Flanagan \|first\=Chris \|url\=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/how\-13\-other\-world\-record\-transfers\-panned\-out \|title\=How 13 other world record transfers panned out \|publisher\=Four Four Two \|date\=4 September 2013 \|access\-date\=12 January 2014 \|archive\-date\=10 November 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110171831/http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/how\-13\-other\-world\-record\-transfers\-panned\-out \|url\-status\=live }} Subsequently, David Jack was transferred for a world record fee when Arsenal paid £10,890 to Bolton for his services, after Bolton had asked for £13,000, which was double the previous record made when Sunderland signed [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. "Burnley F.C.")'s [Bob Kelly](/wiki/Bob_Kelly_%28footballer%29 "Bob Kelly (footballer)") a fee of for £6,500\.
{{multiple image
\| footer \= \[\[Diego Maradona]] and \[\[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)\|Ronaldo]] (pictured) were twice transferred for world record fees.{{cite news \|last\=Smyth \|first\=Rob \|title\=Ronaldo at 40: Il Fenomeno's legacy as greatest ever No9, despite dodgy knees \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/sep/17/ronaldo\-40\-birthday\-brazil\-greatest\-ever\-striker \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=17 September 2016 \|access\-date\=1 April 2017 \|archive\-date\=7 September 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907161434/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/sep/17/ronaldo\-40\-birthday\-brazil\-greatest\-ever\-striker \|url\-status\=live}}
\| image1 \=
\| image2 \= Ronaldo Cannes (cropped).jpg
}}
The first player from outside Great Britain to break the record was [Bernabé Ferreyra](/wiki/Bernab%C3%A9_Ferreyra "Bernabé Ferreyra"), a player known as *La Fiera* for his powerful shot. His 1932 transfer from [Tigre](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Tigre "Club Atlético Tigre") to [River Plate](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate "Club Atlético River Plate") cost £23k, and the record would last for 17 years (the longest the record has lasted) until it was broken by Manchester United's sale of [Johnny Morris](/wiki/Johnny_Morris_%28footballer%29 "Johnny Morris (footballer)") to [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. "Derby County F.C.") for £24k in March 1949\. The record was broken seven further times between 1949 and 1961, when [Luis Suárez Miramontes](/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez_Miramontes "Luis Suárez Miramontes") was sold by [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") to [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") for £152k, becoming the first ever player sold for more than £100k. In 1968, [Pietro Anastasi](/wiki/Pietro_Anastasi "Pietro Anastasi") became the first £500k player when [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") purchased him from [Varese](/wiki/A.S._Varese_1910 "A.S. Varese 1910"), which was followed seven years later with [Giuseppe Savoldi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Savoldi "Giuseppe Savoldi") becoming the first million pound player when he transferred from [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909 "Bologna F.C. 1909") to [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli "S.S.C. Napoli").
After [Alf Common](/wiki/Alf_Common "Alf Common") and David Jack, the third player to twice be transferred for world record fees is [Diego Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Maradona "Diego Maradona"). His transfers from [Boca Juniors](/wiki/Boca_Juniors "Boca Juniors") to Barcelona for £3m, and then to Napoli for £5m, both broke the record in 1982 and 1984 respectively. In the space of 61 days in 1992, three transfers broke the record, all by Italian clubs: [Jean\-Pierre Papin](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Papin "Jean-Pierre Papin") transferred from [Marseille](/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille "Olympique de Marseille") to [A.C. Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan"), becoming the first ever £10m player. Almost immediately, rivals Juventus topped that with the signing of [Gianluca Vialli](/wiki/Gianluca_Vialli "Gianluca Vialli") for a fee of £12m from [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria "U.C. Sampdoria"). Milan then completed the signing of [Gianluigi Lentini](/wiki/Gianluigi_Lentini "Gianluigi Lentini") for a fee of £13m which stood as the record for three years.
The 1996 transfer of [Alan Shearer](/wiki/Alan_Shearer "Alan Shearer") from [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. "Blackburn Rovers F.C.") to [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C."), for a fee of £15m,{{cite news \|last1\=Turnbull \|first1\=Simon \|last2\=Nixon \|first2\=Alan \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/shearer\-goes\-home\-for\-pounds\-15m\-1331235\.html \|title\=Shearer goes home for pounds 15m \|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|date\=30 July 1996 \|access\-date\=12 January 2014 \|location\=London \|archive\-date\=5 November 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105081252/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/shearer\-goes\-home\-for\-pounds\-15m\-1331235\.html \|url\-status\=live }} kickstarted a year\-by\-year succession of record breaking transfers: [Ronaldo](/wiki/Ronaldo_%28Brazilian_footballer%29 "Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)") moved [the following year](/wiki/1997_in_association_football "1997 in association football") to Inter Milan from Barcelona for a fee of £17m,{{cite news \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\-ronaldo\-signs\-up\-for\-inter\-1257195\.html \|title\=Ronaldo signs up for Inter \|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|date\=21 June 1997 \|access\-date\=12 January 2014 \|location\=London \|archive\-date\=25 January 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125130230/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\-ronaldo\-signs\-up\-for\-inter\-1257195\.html \|url\-status\=live }} which was followed in 1998 by the shock transfer of his fellow countryman [Denílson](/wiki/Den%C3%ADlson_de_Oliveira_Ara%C3%BAjo "Denílson de Oliveira Araújo") from [São Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_FC "São Paulo FC") to [Real Betis](/wiki/Real_Betis "Real Betis") for a fee of approximately £21m.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/france\-98\-denilson\-the\-menacing\-1163252\.html \|title\=Denilson The Menacing \|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|date\=7 June 1998 \|access\-date\=12 January 2014 \|location\=London \|first\=Andrew \|last\=Longmore \|archive\-date\=25 January 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125130228/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/france\-98\-denilson\-the\-menacing\-1163252\.html \|url\-status\=live }} In 1999 and 2000, Italian clubs returned to their record\-breaking ways, with [Christian Vieri](/wiki/Christian_Vieri "Christian Vieri") transferring from [Lazio](/wiki/S.S._Lazio "S.S. Lazio") to Inter Milan for £28m,{{cite news \|last\=Whyte \|first\=Derrick \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\-inters\-pounds\-28m\-swap\-deal\-for\-lazios\-vieri\-1099122\.html \|title\=Inter's pounds 28m swap deal for Lazio's Vieri \|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|date\=9 June 1999 \|access\-date\=12 January 2014 \|location\=London \|archive\-date\=25 January 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125130002/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\-inters\-pounds\-28m\-swap\-deal\-for\-lazios\-vieri\-1099122\.html \|url\-status\=live }} while [Hernán Crespo](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Crespo "Hernán Crespo")'s transfer from [Parma](/wiki/Parma_F.C. "Parma F.C.") to Lazio ensured he became the first player to cost more than £30m.{{cite web \|last\=Agnew \|first\=Paddy \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/jul/12/newsstory.sport \|title\=Crespo to join Lazio in record £36m transfer \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=12 July 2000 \|access\-date\=12 January 2014 \|archive\-date\=12 January 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112024742/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/jul/12/newsstory.sport \|url\-status\=live }} The transfer prompted the BBC to ask "has the world gone mad"?{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/830192\.stm \|title\=When transfers go mad \|work\=BBC Sport \|date\=12 July 2000 \|access\-date\=12 January 2014 }} It took two weeks for the record to be broken when [Luís Figo](/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Figo "Luís Figo") made a controversial £37m move from Barcelona to rivals [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F. "Real Madrid C.F.").{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/848836\.stm \|title\=Figo's the Real deal \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=24 July 2000 \|access\-date\=1 September 2013}} A year later, Real increased the record again with a signing of [Zinedine Zidane](/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane "Zinedine Zidane") for £48 million (150 billion lire).{{cite web \|last\=Ley \|first\=John \|title\=Zidane in £48m Real deal\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/3008694/Zidane\-in\-48m\-Real\-deal.html\|work\=The Daily Telegraph \|access\-date\=4 August 2017 \|date\=9 July 2001 \|archive\-date\=18 October 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185422/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/3008694/Zidane\-in\-48m\-Real\-deal.html \|url\-status\=live}}
Zidane's record stood for 8 years, the longest since the 1940s. Real Madrid continued with the *Galácticos* policy by buying [Kaká](/wiki/Kak%C3%A1 "Kaká") from [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan") for €67 million (£56 million),{{cite web \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/5469863/Real\-Madrid\-to\-confirm\-world\-record\-56m\-signing\-of\-Kaka.html \|title\=Real Madrid to confirm world record £56m signing of Kaka \|date\=7 June 2009 \|access\-date\=13 February 2015 \|website\=The Daily Telegraph \|last\=Wilson \|first\=Jeremy \|archive\-date\=30 April 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430052459/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/5469863/Real\-Madrid\-to\-confirm\-world\-record\-56m\-signing\-of\-Kaka.html \|url\-status\=live}} which was the world record in pound sterling. However, both world record in euro and in pound sterling were broken by Real themselves when signing [Cristiano Ronaldo](/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo "Cristiano Ronaldo") for £80m (€94m) from [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") in [the same transfer window](/wiki/2009_in_association_football "2009 in association football"),{{cite web\|title\=Ronaldo completes record Madrid switch \| date\=26 June 2009 \|url\=http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid\=837497\.html \|publisher\=UEFA\|access\-date\=4 August 2017\|archive\-date\=14 September 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914100837/http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid\=837497\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Four years later Real Madrid broke the record again after completed the signing of [Gareth Bale](/wiki/Gareth_Bale "Gareth Bale") from [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.") in 2013\. Although Real initially insisted that the transfer cost €91\.59 million, slightly less than the Ronaldo fee, the deal was widely reported to be around €100 million (around £85\.1 million).{{cite web \|title\=Just how much did Bale's transfer to Real Madrid cost?\|date\=21 January 2016 \|url\=http://www.itv.com/news/wales/2016\-01\-21/just\-how\-much\-did\-bales\-transfer\-to\-real\-madrid\-cost/ \|publisher\=ITV \|access\-date\=4 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=4 August 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804214541/http://www.itv.com/news/wales/2016\-01\-21/just\-how\-much\-did\-bales\-transfer\-to\-real\-madrid\-cost/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last\=Conn \|first\=David \|title\=Why Real Madrid think that even €100m for Gareth Bale is not silly money \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/sep/01/gareth\-bale\-100m\-transfer\-real\-madrid \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|date\=31 August 2013 \|access\-date\=4 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=4 August 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804215339/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/sep/01/gareth\-bale\-100m\-transfer\-real\-madrid \|url\-status\=live}} Documents leaked in 2016 by [Football Leaks](/wiki/Football_Leaks "Football Leaks") revealed that instalments brought the final Bale fee up to a total of €100,759,418\.{{cite news \|last\=Percy \|first\=John \|title\=Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/01/29/gareth\-bale\-contract\-leak\-sparks\-panic\-at\-real\-madrid/ \|work\=The Daily Telegraph \|date\=29 January 2016 \|access\-date\=4 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=12 August 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812111424/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/01/29/gareth\-bale\-contract\-leak\-sparks\-panic\-at\-real\-madrid/ \|url\-status\=live}} In 2016, Manchester United eventually took the record away from Real Madrid, signing French midfielder [Paul Pogba](/wiki/Paul_Pogba "Paul Pogba") for €105 million (£89 million),{{cite news \|title\=Paul Pogba: Manchester United re\-sign France midfielder for world\-record £89m \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37016170 \|work\=\[\[BBC Sport]] \|date\=4 August 2017 \|access\-date\=4 August 2017}} four years after having released him to Juventus for [training compensation](/wiki/Training_compensation "Training compensation").
A year after the Pogba transfer, however, there was a major jump in the record fee. [Paris Saint\-Germain](/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C. "Paris Saint-Germain F.C.") matched the €222 million buyout fee of Barcelona's [Neymar](/wiki/Neymar "Neymar"), converted to a reported £198 million by different sources,{{cite web \|last1\=Lowe \|first1\=Sid \|last2\=Laurens \|first2\=Julien \|last3\=Hunter \|first3\=Andy \|title\=Neymar set to seal world\-record move to PSG worth £450m in fees and wages \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/aug/02/neymar\-psg\-barcelona\-tells\-team\-mates\-leave \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=2 August 2017 \|access\-date\=4 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=3 August 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803141552/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/aug/02/neymar\-psg\-barcelona\-tells\-team\-mates\-leave \|url\-status\=live}} or £200 million more than double the previous record. This was the first time that the record fee was paid by a French club.
### Historical progression
| Year |Player
Selling club
Buying club
Fee (£)
| --- |
| 1893 | {{flagicon\|SCO}} [Willie Groves](/wiki/Willie_Groves "Willie Groves") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") | {{sort\|01\|100}} |
| 1896 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Fred Wheldon](/wiki/Fred_Wheldon "Fred Wheldon") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Small Heath](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. "Birmingham City F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") | {{sort\|01\.5\|350\-500}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114105135/wheldon\-transfer\-and\-wages/ \|title\=Football player's transfer. Extraordinary terms \|newspaper\=Staffordshire Sentinel \|date\=30 June 1896 \|page\=3 \|via\=Newspapers.com \|quote\=The Aston Villa had decided to give them £100 cash down and to play Small Heath a match on September 1st, probably at Perry Barr. They had guaranteed no less a sum that £250 from this, and Small Heath were also to have half any amount taken in excess of the guarantee. This would mean a gain to Small Heath of about £500\. Wheldon was having £150 a year, and he (the chairman) understood his wages with Aston Villa would be considerably in advance of that amount.}} |
| 1903 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ben Green](/wiki/Benny_Green_%28footballer%29 "Benny Green (footballer)") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Barnsley](/wiki/Barnsley_F.C. "Barnsley F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Small Heath](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. "Birmingham City F.C.") | {{sort\|01\.6\|500}}{{Cite news\|title\=Daily Express\|date\=17 October 1903\|work\=Record Transfer Fee}} |
| 1904 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Alf Common](/wiki/Alf_Common "Alf Common") (1\) | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. "Sheffield United F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C.") | {{sort\|1\.7\|520}}{{cite web \|url\=https://spartacus\-educational.com/SUNDERcommon.htm \|title\=Alf Common \|date\=September 1997 \|first\=John \|last\=Simkin \|publisher\=Spartacus Educational \|access\-date\=8 October 2018 \|archive\-date\=8 October 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008174846/https://spartacus\-educational.com/SUNDERcommon.htm \|url\-status\=live }} |
| 1904 | {{flagicon\|SCO}} [Andy McCombie](/wiki/Andy_McCombie "Andy McCombie") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C.") | {{sort\|02\|700}}Jo Bath, Richard F Stevenson. (2013\). "The Newcastle Book of Days". p. 31\. The History Press |
| 1905 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} Alf Common (2\) | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C.") | {{sort\|03\|1,000}}{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8y6f\-XZR\-Y4C\&pg\=PA42\|year\=2005\|title\=The Leaguers: The Making of Professional Football in England, 1900–1939\|first\=Matthew\|last\=Taylor\|page\=42\|publisher\=Liverpool University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-85323\-639\-9\|access\-date\=2 August 2017\|archive\-date\=18 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185422/https://books.google.com/books?id\=8y6f\-XZR\-Y4C\&pg\=PA42\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1913 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Daniel Shea](/wiki/Danny_Shea_%28footballer%29 "Danny Shea (footballer)") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. "Blackburn Rovers F.C.") | {{sort\|03\.25\|2,000}}{{cite news\|title\=A£2,000 Transfer \|url\=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000327/19130106/020/0002 \|work\=Derby Daily Telegraph\|publisher\=\[\[British Newspaper Archive]]\|date\=6 January 1913\|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=2 August 2017\|archive\-date\=11 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211225311/http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000327/19130106/020/0002}} |
| 1913 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Tommy Barber](/wiki/Tommy_Barber "Tommy Barber") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") | {{sort\|03\.5\|2,000}}{{cite news\|title\=Important transfer\|url\=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/19130314/003/0002\|work\=Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser\|publisher\=\[\[British Newspaper Archive]]\|date\=14 March 1913\|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=2 August 2017\|archive\-date\=11 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211225317/http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/19130314/003/0002}} |
| 1914 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Percy Dawson](/wiki/Percy_Dawson_%28football%29 "Percy Dawson (football)") | {{fbaicon\|SCO}} [Heart of Midlothian](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. "Heart of Midlothian F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. "Blackburn Rovers F.C.") | {{sort\|03\.75\|2,500}}{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_Hoqp2xO7OEC\&pg\=PT48\|title\=A History of Football in 100 Objects\|first\=Gavin\|last\=Mortimer\|year\=2012\|publisher\=Profile Books \|isbn\=978\-1\-84765\-905\-7\|access\-date\=2 August 2017\|archive\-date\=18 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185442/https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_Hoqp2xO7OEC\&pg\=PT48\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1920 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [David Jack](/wiki/David_Jack_%28footballer%29 "David Jack (footballer)") (1\) | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Plymouth Argyle](/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C. "Plymouth Argyle F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") | {{sort\|03\.8\|3,500}}{{cite book\|url\=http://www.plymouth.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a\=371292\|title\=Where Are They Now – David Jack\|date\=22 September 2014\|access\-date\=15 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818072752/http://www.plymouth.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a\=371292\|archive\-date\=18 August 2016}} |
| 1921 | {{flagicon\|SCO}} [Tom Hamilton](/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_%28footballer%2C_born_1893%29 "Tom Hamilton (footballer, born 1893)") | {{fbaicon\|SCO}} [Kilmarnock](/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C. "Kilmarnock F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. "Preston North End F.C.") | {{sort\|03\.9\|4,600}}{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DZOZsXVCvS8C\&q\=%22tom\+hamilton%22\+kilmarnock\&pg\=PT83\|title\=Charles Buchan: A Lifetime in Football\|author\=\[\[Charlie Buchan]]\|publisher\=Random House\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-1\-84596\-927\-1\|access\-date\=5 October 2020\|archive\-date\=18 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185450/https://books.google.com/books?id\=DZOZsXVCvS8C\&q\=%22tom\+hamilton%22\+kilmarnock\&pg\=PT83\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1922 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Syd Puddefoot](/wiki/Syd_Puddefoot "Syd Puddefoot") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|SCO}} [Falkirk](/wiki/Falkirk_F.C. "Falkirk F.C.") | {{sort\|04\|5,000}}{{cite web\| url\=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/teams/falkirk/when\-falkirk\-broke\-the\-world\-transfer\-record\-1\-4316117\| title\=When Falkirk broke the world transfer record\| last\=Ferguson\| first\=Ed\| date\=13 December 2016\| access\-date\=1 October 2017\| archive\-date\=2 October 2017\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002070442/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/teams/falkirk/when\-falkirk\-broke\-the\-world\-transfer\-record\-1\-4316117\| url\-status\=live}} |
| 1922 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Warney Cresswell](/wiki/Warney_Cresswell "Warney Cresswell") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [South Shields](/wiki/South_Shields_F.C._%281889%29 "South Shields F.C. (1889)") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C.") | {{sort\|05\|5,500}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersC/BioCresswellW.html\|title\=Warney Cresswell\|website\=England Football Online\|access\-date\=1 October 2017\|archive\-date\=2 October 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002022530/http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersC/BioCresswellW.html\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1925 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Bob Kelly](/wiki/Bob_Kelly_%28footballer%29 "Bob Kelly (footballer)") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. "Burnley F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C.") | {{sort\|05\.5\|6,500}}{{cite book \| first\=Stuart\|last\=Barnes\| title\=News of the World Football Annual 2007/2008\| publisher\=Invincible Press\| year\=2007\| isbn\=978\-0\-00\-725555\-9}} |
| 1928 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} David Jack (2\) | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") | {{sort\|06\|10,890}} |
| 1932 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} [Bernabé Ferreyra](/wiki/Bernab%C3%A9_Ferreyra "Bernabé Ferreyra") | {{fbaicon\|ARG}} [Tigre](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Tigre "Club Atlético Tigre") | {{fbaicon\|ARG}} [River Plate](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate "Club Atlético River Plate") | {{sort\|07\|23,000}} |
| 1949 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Johnny Morris](/wiki/Johnny_Morris_%28footballer%29 "Johnny Morris (footballer)") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. "Derby County F.C.") | {{sort\|07\.2\|24,000}} |
| 1949 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Eddie Quigley](/wiki/Eddie_Quigley "Eddie Quigley") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. "Preston North End F.C.") | {{sort\|07\.4\|26,500}} |
| 1950 | {{flagicon\|WAL}} [Trevor Ford](/wiki/Trevor_Ford "Trevor Ford") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C.") | {{sort\|07\.6\|30,000}} |
| 1951 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Jackie Sewell](/wiki/Jackie_Sewell "Jackie Sewell") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. "Notts County F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.") | {{sort\|07\.8\|34,500}} |
| 1952 | {{flagicon\|SWE}} [Hans Jeppson](/wiki/Hans_Jeppson "Hans Jeppson") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Atalanta](/wiki/Atalanta_B.C. "Atalanta B.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli "S.S.C. Napoli") | {{sort\|08\|52,000}} |
| 1954 | {{flagicon\|URU}} [Juan Schiaffino](/wiki/Juan_Schiaffino "Juan Schiaffino") | {{fbaicon\|URU}} [Peñarol](/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arol "Peñarol") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan") | {{sort\|09\|72,000}} |
| 1957 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} [Omar Sivori](/wiki/Omar_Sivori "Omar Sivori") | {{fbaicon\|ARG}} [River Plate](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate "Club Atlético River Plate") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") | {{sort\|10\|93,000}} |
| 1961 | {{flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [Luis Suárez](/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez_%28footballer%2C_born_1935%29 "Luis Suárez (footballer, born 1935)") | {{fbaicon\|ESP\|1945}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") | {{sort\|11\|152,000}} |
| 1963 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Angelo Sormani](/wiki/Angelo_Sormani "Angelo Sormani") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Mantova](/wiki/Mantova_1911 "Mantova 1911") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Roma](/wiki/A.S._Roma "A.S. Roma") | {{sort\|12\|250,000}} |
| 1967 | {{flagicon\|DEN}} [Harald Nielsen](/wiki/Harald_Nielsen "Harald Nielsen") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909 "Bologna F.C. 1909") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") | {{sort\|12\.5\|300,000}}["Factbox – Evolution of world record transfer deals since 1893"](http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-hold-soccer-transfer-record-idUKBRE9800EE20130901) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132209/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/09/01/uk\-hold\-soccer\-transfer\-record\-idUKBRE9800EE20130901 \|date\=28 January 2015 }}. Reuters. Retrieved 2 May 2014 |
| 1968 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Pietro Anastasi](/wiki/Pietro_Anastasi "Pietro Anastasi") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Varese](/wiki/S.S.D._Varese_Calcio "S.S.D. Varese Calcio") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") | {{sort\|13\|500,000}} |
| 1973 | {{flagicon\|NED}} [Johan Cruyff](/wiki/Johan_Cruyff "Johan Cruyff") | {{fbaicon\|NED}} [Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax "AFC Ajax") | {{fbaicon\|ESP\|1945}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") | {{sort\|14\|922,000}} |
| 1975 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Giuseppe Savoldi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Savoldi "Giuseppe Savoldi") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909 "Bologna F.C. 1909") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli "S.S.C. Napoli") | {{sort\|15\|1,200,000}} |
| 1976 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Paolo Rossi](/wiki/Paolo_Rossi "Paolo Rossi") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Vicenza](/wiki/L.R._Vicenza "L.R. Vicenza") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") | {{sort\|16\|1,750,000}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23903470\|title\=The History of the World Transfer Record\|work\=BBC News\|access\-date\=14 February 2018}} |
| 1982 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} [Diego Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Maradona "Diego Maradona") (1\) | {{fbaicon\|ARG}} [Boca Juniors](/wiki/Boca_Juniors "Boca Juniors") | {{fbaicon\|ESP}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") | {{sort\|17\|3,000,000}} |
| 1984 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} Diego Maradona (2\) | {{fbaicon\|ESP}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli "S.S.C. Napoli") | {{sort\|18\|5,000,000}} |
| 1987 | {{flagicon\|NED}} [Ruud Gullit](/wiki/Ruud_Gullit "Ruud Gullit") | {{fbaicon\|NED}} [PSV Eindhoven](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven "PSV Eindhoven") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan") | {{sort\|19\|6,000,000}} |
| 1990 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio "Roberto Baggio") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina "ACF Fiorentina") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") | {{sort\|21\|8,000,000}} |
| 1992 | {{flagicon\|FRA}} [Jean\-Pierre Papin](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Papin "Jean-Pierre Papin") | {{fbaicon\|FRA}} [Marseille](/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille "Olympique de Marseille") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan") | {{sort\|22\|10,000,000}} |
| 1992 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Gianluca Vialli](/wiki/Gianluca_Vialli "Gianluca Vialli") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria "U.C. Sampdoria") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") | {{sort\|23\|12,000,000}} |
| 1992 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Gianluigi Lentini](/wiki/Gianluigi_Lentini "Gianluigi Lentini") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Torino](/wiki/Torino_F.C. "Torino F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan") | {{sort\|24\|13,000,000}} |
| 1996 | {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Ronaldo](/wiki/Ronaldo_%28Brazilian_footballer%29 "Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)") (1\) | {{fbaicon\|NED}} [PSV Eindhoven](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven "PSV Eindhoven") | {{fbaicon\|ESP}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") | {{sort\|25\|13,200,000}} |
| 1996 | {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Alan Shearer](/wiki/Alan_Shearer "Alan Shearer") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. "Blackburn Rovers F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C.") | {{sort\|25\.5\|15,000,000}}{{cite news \|title\=Newcastle United Pays Record $23 Million for Sheare \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=30 July 1996 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/30/sports/30iht\-soccer.t\_3\.html \|access\-date\=3 June 2009 \|first\=Rob \|last\=Hughes \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001154/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/30/sports/30iht\-soccer.t\_3\.html \|url\-status\=live }} |
| 1997 | {{flagicon\|BRA}} Ronaldo (2\) | {{fbaicon\|ESP}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") | {{sort\|26\|19,500,000}} |
| 1998 | {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Denílson](/wiki/Den%C3%ADlson_%28footballer%2C_born_1977%29 "Denílson (footballer, born 1977)") | {{fbaicon\|BRA}} [São Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_FC "São Paulo FC") | {{fbaicon\|ESP}} [Real Betis](/wiki/Real_Betis "Real Betis") | {{sort\|27\|21,500,000}}{{cite web \|title\=Brazilian Denilson on Bolton trial \|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|date\=6 January 2009 \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/transfers/brazilian\-denilson\-on\-bolton\-trial\-1229633\.html \|access\-date\=3 June 2009 \|archive\-date\=25 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725054543/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/transfers/brazilian\-denilson\-on\-bolton\-trial\-1229633\.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite book \|last\=Ash \|first\=Russell \|title\=Top Ten of Everything 2005 \|publisher\=\[\[Dorling Kindersley]] \|year\=2004 \|page\=225 }} |
| 1999 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Christian Vieri](/wiki/Christian_Vieri "Christian Vieri") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Lazio](/wiki/S.S._Lazio "S.S. Lazio") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") | {{sort\|28\|32,000,000}} |
| 2000 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} [Hernán Crespo](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Crespo "Hernán Crespo") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Parma](/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913 "Parma Calcio 1913") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Lazio](/wiki/S.S._Lazio "S.S. Lazio") | {{sort\|29\|35,500,000}} |
| 2000 | {{flagicon\|POR}} [Luís Figo](/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Figo "Luís Figo") | {{fbaicon\|ESP}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") | {{fbaicon\|ESP}} [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF "Real Madrid CF") | {{sort\|30\|37,000,000}} |
| 2001 | {{flagicon\|FRA}} [Zinedine Zidane](/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane "Zinedine Zidane") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") | {{fbaicon\|ESP}} [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF "Real Madrid CF") | {{sort\|31\|46,600,000}}{{cite news \|title\=Real tipped to land Kaka for £56m \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=3 June 2009 \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8080228\.stm \|access\-date\=3 June 2009}} |
| 2009 | {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Kaká](/wiki/Kak%C3%A1 "Kaká") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan") | {{fbaicon\|ESP}} [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF "Real Madrid CF") | {{sort\|33\|56,000,000}}{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8082147\.stm\|title\=Kaka completes Real Madrid switch\|date\=9 June 2009\|access\-date\=10 August 2017}} |
| 2009 | {{flagicon\|POR}} [Cristiano Ronaldo](/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo "Cristiano Ronaldo") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ESP}} [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF "Real Madrid CF") | {{sort\|36\|80,000,000}}{{cite news \|title\=Ronaldo agrees six\-year Real deal \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=26 June 2009 \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man\_utd/8121951\.stm \|access\-date\=26 June 2009}} |
| 2013 | {{flagicon\|WAL}} [Gareth Bale](/wiki/Gareth_Bale "Gareth Bale") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.") | {{fbaicon\|ESP}} [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF "Real Madrid CF") | {{sort\|37\|86,000,000}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23538218 \|title\=Gareth Bale joins Real Madrid from Spurs in £85m world record deal \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=1 September 2013 \|access\-date\=10 August 2017 }} |
| 2016 | {{flagicon\|FRA}} [Paul Pogba](/wiki/Paul_Pogba "Paul Pogba") | {{fbaicon\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") | {{fbaicon\|ENG}} [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") | {{sort\|38\|89,000,000}}{{cite web\|title\=United Sign Pogba\|url\=http://www.manutd.com/en/News\-And\-Features/Football\-News/2016/Aug/manchester\-united\-sign\-paul\-pogba.aspx\|website\=Official Manchester United Website\|access\-date\=8 August 2016}} |
| 2017 | {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Neymar](/wiki/Neymar "Neymar") | {{fbaicon\|ESP}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") | {{fbaicon\|FRA}} [Paris Saint\-Germain](/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C. "Paris Saint-Germain F.C.") | {{sort\|39\|200,000,000}} |
### Number of record players by country
| Country
Player records
Record selling
Record buying
| |
|{{flagicon\|England}} England 16 | 20 | 19 |
|{{flagicon\|Italy}} Italy 8 | 14 | 18 |
|{{flagicon\|Argentina}} Argentina 5 | 3 | 1 |
|{{flagicon\|Brazil}} Brazil 5 | 1 | 0 |
|{{flagicon\|FRA}} France 3 | 1 | 1 |
|{{flagicon\|SCO}} Scotland 3 | 2 | 1 |
|{{flagicon\|Netherlands}} Netherlands 2 | 3 | 0 |
|{{flagicon\|Wales}} Wales 2 | 0 | 0 |
|{{flagicon\|Portugal}} Portugal 2 | 0 | 0 |
|{{flagicon\|Spain}} Spain 1 | 5 | 9 |
|{{flagicon\|Uruguay}} Uruguay 1 | 1 | 0 |
|{{flagicon\|DEN}} Denmark 1 | 0 | 0 |
|{{flagicon\|SWE}} Sweden 1 | 0 | 0 |
### Cumulative transfers
{{Cite web \|date\=5 July 2023 \|title\=The 10 most expensive players ever ranked by total transfer fees as £291m man could move again \|url\=https://www.givemesport.com/the\-10\-most\-expensive\-players\-ever\-by\-total\-transfer\-fees\-ft\-ronaldo\-mbappe\-and\-neymar/ \|access\-date\=9 July 2023 \|website\=GiveMeSport \|language\=en}}
| Player
Paid Transfers
Fees
([£ million](/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling"))
| |
| {{flagicon\|BEL}} [Romelu Lukaku](/wiki/Romelu_Lukaku "Romelu Lukaku") |6 £352\.0 |
| {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Neymar](/wiki/Neymar "Neymar") |3 £340\.6 |
| {{flagicon\|POR}} [Cristiano Ronaldo](/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo "Cristiano Ronaldo") |4 £210\.3 |
| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [Ousmane Dembele](/wiki/Ousmane_Dembele "Ousmane Dembele") |3 £187\.3 |
| {{flagicon\|ESP}} [Álvaro Morata](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Morata "Álvaro Morata") |5 £172\.0 |
| {{flagicon\|NED}} [Matthijs de Ligt](/wiki/Matthijs_de_Ligt "Matthijs de Ligt") |3 £168\.2 |
| {{flagicon\|POR}} [João Félix](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_F%C3%A9lix "João Félix") |2 £162\.0 |
| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [Antoine Griezmann](/wiki/Antoine_Griezmann "Antoine Griezmann") |3 £155\.0 |
| {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Philippe Coutinho](/wiki/Philippe_Coutinho "Philippe Coutinho") |4 £153\.5 |
| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [Kylian Mbappé](/wiki/Kylian_Mbapp%C3%A9 "Kylian Mbappé") |1 £153\.5 |
|
[
"World football transfer record\n------------------------------",
"The first player to ever be transferred for a fee of over £100 was Scottish [striker](/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29 \"Forward (association football)\") [Willie Groves](/wiki/Willie_Groves \"Willie Groves\") when he together with [Jack Reynolds](/wiki/Jack_Reynolds_%28footballer%2C_born_1869%29 \"Jack Reynolds (footballer, born 1869)\") (£50\\) made the switch from [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\") to [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") in 1893, eight years after the legalisation of professionalism in the sport. It took just another twelve years for the figure to become £1000, when [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\") striker [Alf Common](/wiki/Alf_Common \"Alf Common\") moved to [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Proud \\|first\\=Keith \\|url\\=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/memories/teesside/3603267\\.The\\_player\\_with\\_the\\_Common\\_touch\\_/ \\|title\\=The player with the Common touch \\|work\\=The Northern Echo \\|date\\=18 August 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930115017/http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/memories/teesside/3603267\\.The\\_player\\_with\\_the\\_Common\\_touch\\_/ \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2012 }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23560273 \\|title\\=World record football transfer fees \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=1 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2014}} It was not until 1928 that the first five\\-figure transfer took place. [David Jack](/wiki/David_Jack_%28footballer%29 \"David Jack (footballer)\") of [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") was the subject of interest from [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\"), and in order to negotiate the fee down, Arsenal manager [Herbert Chapman](/wiki/Herbert_Chapman \"Herbert Chapman\") got the Bolton representatives [drunk](/wiki/Drunk \"Drunk\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/16066822 \\|title\\=Arsenal honour Thierry Henry, Tony Adams \\& Herbert Chapman \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=7 December 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2014}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Flanagan \\|first\\=Chris \\|url\\=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/how\\-13\\-other\\-world\\-record\\-transfers\\-panned\\-out \\|title\\=How 13 other world record transfers panned out \\|publisher\\=Four Four Two \\|date\\=4 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 November 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110171831/http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/how\\-13\\-other\\-world\\-record\\-transfers\\-panned\\-out \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Subsequently, David Jack was transferred for a world record fee when Arsenal paid £10,890 to Bolton for his services, after Bolton had asked for £13,000, which was double the previous record made when Sunderland signed [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. \"Burnley F.C.\")'s [Bob Kelly](/wiki/Bob_Kelly_%28footballer%29 \"Bob Kelly (footballer)\") a fee of for £6,500\\.",
"{{multiple image\n\\| footer \\= \\[\\[Diego Maradona]] and \\[\\[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)\\|Ronaldo]] (pictured) were twice transferred for world record fees.{{cite news \\|last\\=Smyth \\|first\\=Rob \\|title\\=Ronaldo at 40: Il Fenomeno's legacy as greatest ever No9, despite dodgy knees \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/sep/17/ronaldo\\-40\\-birthday\\-brazil\\-greatest\\-ever\\-striker \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=17 September 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 September 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907161434/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/sep/17/ronaldo\\-40\\-birthday\\-brazil\\-greatest\\-ever\\-striker \\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n\\| image1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Ronaldo Cannes (cropped).jpg\n}}",
"The first player from outside Great Britain to break the record was [Bernabé Ferreyra](/wiki/Bernab%C3%A9_Ferreyra \"Bernabé Ferreyra\"), a player known as *La Fiera* for his powerful shot. His 1932 transfer from [Tigre](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Tigre \"Club Atlético Tigre\") to [River Plate](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate \"Club Atlético River Plate\") cost £23k, and the record would last for 17 years (the longest the record has lasted) until it was broken by Manchester United's sale of [Johnny Morris](/wiki/Johnny_Morris_%28footballer%29 \"Johnny Morris (footballer)\") to [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. \"Derby County F.C.\") for £24k in March 1949\\. The record was broken seven further times between 1949 and 1961, when [Luis Suárez Miramontes](/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez_Miramontes \"Luis Suárez Miramontes\") was sold by [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") to [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") for £152k, becoming the first ever player sold for more than £100k. In 1968, [Pietro Anastasi](/wiki/Pietro_Anastasi \"Pietro Anastasi\") became the first £500k player when [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") purchased him from [Varese](/wiki/A.S._Varese_1910 \"A.S. Varese 1910\"), which was followed seven years later with [Giuseppe Savoldi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Savoldi \"Giuseppe Savoldi\") becoming the first million pound player when he transferred from [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909 \"Bologna F.C. 1909\") to [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli \"S.S.C. Napoli\").",
"After [Alf Common](/wiki/Alf_Common \"Alf Common\") and David Jack, the third player to twice be transferred for world record fees is [Diego Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Maradona \"Diego Maradona\"). His transfers from [Boca Juniors](/wiki/Boca_Juniors \"Boca Juniors\") to Barcelona for £3m, and then to Napoli for £5m, both broke the record in 1982 and 1984 respectively. In the space of 61 days in 1992, three transfers broke the record, all by Italian clubs: [Jean\\-Pierre Papin](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Papin \"Jean-Pierre Papin\") transferred from [Marseille](/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille \"Olympique de Marseille\") to [A.C. Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\"), becoming the first ever £10m player. Almost immediately, rivals Juventus topped that with the signing of [Gianluca Vialli](/wiki/Gianluca_Vialli \"Gianluca Vialli\") for a fee of £12m from [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria \"U.C. Sampdoria\"). Milan then completed the signing of [Gianluigi Lentini](/wiki/Gianluigi_Lentini \"Gianluigi Lentini\") for a fee of £13m which stood as the record for three years.",
"The 1996 transfer of [Alan Shearer](/wiki/Alan_Shearer \"Alan Shearer\") from [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. \"Blackburn Rovers F.C.\") to [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\"), for a fee of £15m,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Turnbull \\|first1\\=Simon \\|last2\\=Nixon \\|first2\\=Alan \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/shearer\\-goes\\-home\\-for\\-pounds\\-15m\\-1331235\\.html \\|title\\=Shearer goes home for pounds 15m \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|date\\=30 July 1996 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2014 \\|location\\=London \\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105081252/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/shearer\\-goes\\-home\\-for\\-pounds\\-15m\\-1331235\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} kickstarted a year\\-by\\-year succession of record breaking transfers: [Ronaldo](/wiki/Ronaldo_%28Brazilian_footballer%29 \"Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)\") moved [the following year](/wiki/1997_in_association_football \"1997 in association football\") to Inter Milan from Barcelona for a fee of £17m,{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\\-ronaldo\\-signs\\-up\\-for\\-inter\\-1257195\\.html \\|title\\=Ronaldo signs up for Inter \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|date\\=21 June 1997 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2014 \\|location\\=London \\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125130230/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\\-ronaldo\\-signs\\-up\\-for\\-inter\\-1257195\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} which was followed in 1998 by the shock transfer of his fellow countryman [Denílson](/wiki/Den%C3%ADlson_de_Oliveira_Ara%C3%BAjo \"Denílson de Oliveira Araújo\") from [São Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_FC \"São Paulo FC\") to [Real Betis](/wiki/Real_Betis \"Real Betis\") for a fee of approximately £21m.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/france\\-98\\-denilson\\-the\\-menacing\\-1163252\\.html \\|title\\=Denilson The Menacing \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|date\\=7 June 1998 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2014 \\|location\\=London \\|first\\=Andrew \\|last\\=Longmore \\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125130228/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/france\\-98\\-denilson\\-the\\-menacing\\-1163252\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 1999 and 2000, Italian clubs returned to their record\\-breaking ways, with [Christian Vieri](/wiki/Christian_Vieri \"Christian Vieri\") transferring from [Lazio](/wiki/S.S._Lazio \"S.S. Lazio\") to Inter Milan for £28m,{{cite news \\|last\\=Whyte \\|first\\=Derrick \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\\-inters\\-pounds\\-28m\\-swap\\-deal\\-for\\-lazios\\-vieri\\-1099122\\.html \\|title\\=Inter's pounds 28m swap deal for Lazio's Vieri \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|date\\=9 June 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2014 \\|location\\=London \\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125130002/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\\-inters\\-pounds\\-28m\\-swap\\-deal\\-for\\-lazios\\-vieri\\-1099122\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} while [Hernán Crespo](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Crespo \"Hernán Crespo\")'s transfer from [Parma](/wiki/Parma_F.C. \"Parma F.C.\") to Lazio ensured he became the first player to cost more than £30m.{{cite web \\|last\\=Agnew \\|first\\=Paddy \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/jul/12/newsstory.sport \\|title\\=Crespo to join Lazio in record £36m transfer \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=12 July 2000 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112024742/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/jul/12/newsstory.sport \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The transfer prompted the BBC to ask \"has the world gone mad\"?{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/830192\\.stm \\|title\\=When transfers go mad \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=12 July 2000 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2014 }} It took two weeks for the record to be broken when [Luís Figo](/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Figo \"Luís Figo\") made a controversial £37m move from Barcelona to rivals [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F. \"Real Madrid C.F.\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/848836\\.stm \\|title\\=Figo's the Real deal \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=24 July 2000 \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2013}} A year later, Real increased the record again with a signing of [Zinedine Zidane](/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane \"Zinedine Zidane\") for £48 million (150 billion lire).{{cite web \\|last\\=Ley \\|first\\=John \\|title\\=Zidane in £48m Real deal\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/3008694/Zidane\\-in\\-48m\\-Real\\-deal.html\\|work\\=The Daily Telegraph \\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2017 \\|date\\=9 July 2001 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185422/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/3008694/Zidane\\-in\\-48m\\-Real\\-deal.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Zidane's record stood for 8 years, the longest since the 1940s. Real Madrid continued with the *Galácticos* policy by buying [Kaká](/wiki/Kak%C3%A1 \"Kaká\") from [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\") for €67 million (£56 million),{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/5469863/Real\\-Madrid\\-to\\-confirm\\-world\\-record\\-56m\\-signing\\-of\\-Kaka.html \\|title\\=Real Madrid to confirm world record £56m signing of Kaka \\|date\\=7 June 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=13 February 2015 \\|website\\=The Daily Telegraph \\|last\\=Wilson \\|first\\=Jeremy \\|archive\\-date\\=30 April 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430052459/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/5469863/Real\\-Madrid\\-to\\-confirm\\-world\\-record\\-56m\\-signing\\-of\\-Kaka.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} which was the world record in pound sterling. However, both world record in euro and in pound sterling were broken by Real themselves when signing [Cristiano Ronaldo](/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo \"Cristiano Ronaldo\") for £80m (€94m) from [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") in [the same transfer window](/wiki/2009_in_association_football \"2009 in association football\"),{{cite web\\|title\\=Ronaldo completes record Madrid switch \\| date\\=26 June 2009 \\|url\\=http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid\\=837497\\.html \\|publisher\\=UEFA\\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914100837/http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid\\=837497\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Four years later Real Madrid broke the record again after completed the signing of [Gareth Bale](/wiki/Gareth_Bale \"Gareth Bale\") from [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\") in 2013\\. Although Real initially insisted that the transfer cost €91\\.59 million, slightly less than the Ronaldo fee, the deal was widely reported to be around €100 million (around £85\\.1 million).{{cite web \\|title\\=Just how much did Bale's transfer to Real Madrid cost?\\|date\\=21 January 2016 \\|url\\=http://www.itv.com/news/wales/2016\\-01\\-21/just\\-how\\-much\\-did\\-bales\\-transfer\\-to\\-real\\-madrid\\-cost/ \\|publisher\\=ITV \\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 August 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804214541/http://www.itv.com/news/wales/2016\\-01\\-21/just\\-how\\-much\\-did\\-bales\\-transfer\\-to\\-real\\-madrid\\-cost/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Conn \\|first\\=David \\|title\\=Why Real Madrid think that even €100m for Gareth Bale is not silly money \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/sep/01/gareth\\-bale\\-100m\\-transfer\\-real\\-madrid \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|date\\=31 August 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 August 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804215339/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/sep/01/gareth\\-bale\\-100m\\-transfer\\-real\\-madrid \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Documents leaked in 2016 by [Football Leaks](/wiki/Football_Leaks \"Football Leaks\") revealed that instalments brought the final Bale fee up to a total of €100,759,418\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Percy \\|first\\=John \\|title\\=Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/01/29/gareth\\-bale\\-contract\\-leak\\-sparks\\-panic\\-at\\-real\\-madrid/ \\|work\\=The Daily Telegraph \\|date\\=29 January 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812111424/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/01/29/gareth\\-bale\\-contract\\-leak\\-sparks\\-panic\\-at\\-real\\-madrid/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2016, Manchester United eventually took the record away from Real Madrid, signing French midfielder [Paul Pogba](/wiki/Paul_Pogba \"Paul Pogba\") for €105 million (£89 million),{{cite news \\|title\\=Paul Pogba: Manchester United re\\-sign France midfielder for world\\-record £89m \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37016170 \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\|date\\=4 August 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2017}} four years after having released him to Juventus for [training compensation](/wiki/Training_compensation \"Training compensation\").",
"A year after the Pogba transfer, however, there was a major jump in the record fee. [Paris Saint\\-Germain](/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C. \"Paris Saint-Germain F.C.\") matched the €222 million buyout fee of Barcelona's [Neymar](/wiki/Neymar \"Neymar\"), converted to a reported £198 million by different sources,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Lowe \\|first1\\=Sid \\|last2\\=Laurens \\|first2\\=Julien \\|last3\\=Hunter \\|first3\\=Andy \\|title\\=Neymar set to seal world\\-record move to PSG worth £450m in fees and wages \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/aug/02/neymar\\-psg\\-barcelona\\-tells\\-team\\-mates\\-leave \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=2 August 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 August 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803141552/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/aug/02/neymar\\-psg\\-barcelona\\-tells\\-team\\-mates\\-leave \\|url\\-status\\=live}} or £200 million more than double the previous record. This was the first time that the record fee was paid by a French club.",
"### Historical progression",
"",
"| Year |Player",
"Selling club",
"Buying club",
"Fee (£)",
"| --- |\n| 1893 | {{flagicon\\|SCO}} [Willie Groves](/wiki/Willie_Groves \"Willie Groves\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") | {{sort\\|01\\|100}} |\n| 1896 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Fred Wheldon](/wiki/Fred_Wheldon \"Fred Wheldon\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Small Heath](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. \"Birmingham City F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") | {{sort\\|01\\.5\\|350\\-500}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114105135/wheldon\\-transfer\\-and\\-wages/ \\|title\\=Football player's transfer. Extraordinary terms \\|newspaper\\=Staffordshire Sentinel \\|date\\=30 June 1896 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com \\|quote\\=The Aston Villa had decided to give them £100 cash down and to play Small Heath a match on September 1st, probably at Perry Barr. They had guaranteed no less a sum that £250 from this, and Small Heath were also to have half any amount taken in excess of the guarantee. This would mean a gain to Small Heath of about £500\\. Wheldon was having £150 a year, and he (the chairman) understood his wages with Aston Villa would be considerably in advance of that amount.}} |\n| 1903 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ben Green](/wiki/Benny_Green_%28footballer%29 \"Benny Green (footballer)\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Barnsley](/wiki/Barnsley_F.C. \"Barnsley F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Small Heath](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. \"Birmingham City F.C.\") | {{sort\\|01\\.6\\|500}}{{Cite news\\|title\\=Daily Express\\|date\\=17 October 1903\\|work\\=Record Transfer Fee}} |\n| 1904 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Alf Common](/wiki/Alf_Common \"Alf Common\") (1\\) | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. \"Sheffield United F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\") | {{sort\\|1\\.7\\|520}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://spartacus\\-educational.com/SUNDERcommon.htm \\|title\\=Alf Common \\|date\\=September 1997 \\|first\\=John \\|last\\=Simkin \\|publisher\\=Spartacus Educational \\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008174846/https://spartacus\\-educational.com/SUNDERcommon.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} |\n| 1904 | {{flagicon\\|SCO}} [Andy McCombie](/wiki/Andy_McCombie \"Andy McCombie\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\") | {{sort\\|02\\|700}}Jo Bath, Richard F Stevenson. (2013\\). \"The Newcastle Book of Days\". p. 31\\. The History Press |\n| 1905 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} Alf Common (2\\) | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\") | {{sort\\|03\\|1,000}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8y6f\\-XZR\\-Y4C\\&pg\\=PA42\\|year\\=2005\\|title\\=The Leaguers: The Making of Professional Football in England, 1900–1939\\|first\\=Matthew\\|last\\=Taylor\\|page\\=42\\|publisher\\=Liverpool University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-85323\\-639\\-9\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185422/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8y6f\\-XZR\\-Y4C\\&pg\\=PA42\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1913 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Daniel Shea](/wiki/Danny_Shea_%28footballer%29 \"Danny Shea (footballer)\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. \"Blackburn Rovers F.C.\") | {{sort\\|03\\.25\\|2,000}}{{cite news\\|title\\=A£2,000 Transfer \\|url\\=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000327/19130106/020/0002 \\|work\\=Derby Daily Telegraph\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[British Newspaper Archive]]\\|date\\=6 January 1913\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211225311/http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000327/19130106/020/0002}} |\n| 1913 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Tommy Barber](/wiki/Tommy_Barber \"Tommy Barber\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") | {{sort\\|03\\.5\\|2,000}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Important transfer\\|url\\=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/19130314/003/0002\\|work\\=Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[British Newspaper Archive]]\\|date\\=14 March 1913\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211225317/http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/19130314/003/0002}} |\n| 1914 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Percy Dawson](/wiki/Percy_Dawson_%28football%29 \"Percy Dawson (football)\") | {{fbaicon\\|SCO}} [Heart of Midlothian](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. \"Blackburn Rovers F.C.\") | {{sort\\|03\\.75\\|2,500}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_Hoqp2xO7OEC\\&pg\\=PT48\\|title\\=A History of Football in 100 Objects\\|first\\=Gavin\\|last\\=Mortimer\\|year\\=2012\\|publisher\\=Profile Books \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84765\\-905\\-7\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185442/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_Hoqp2xO7OEC\\&pg\\=PT48\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1920 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [David Jack](/wiki/David_Jack_%28footballer%29 \"David Jack (footballer)\") (1\\) | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Plymouth Argyle](/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C. \"Plymouth Argyle F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") | {{sort\\|03\\.8\\|3,500}}{{cite book\\|url\\=http://www.plymouth.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a\\=371292\\|title\\=Where Are They Now – David Jack\\|date\\=22 September 2014\\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818072752/http://www.plymouth.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a\\=371292\\|archive\\-date\\=18 August 2016}} |\n| 1921 | {{flagicon\\|SCO}} [Tom Hamilton](/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_%28footballer%2C_born_1893%29 \"Tom Hamilton (footballer, born 1893)\") | {{fbaicon\\|SCO}} [Kilmarnock](/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C. \"Kilmarnock F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. \"Preston North End F.C.\") | {{sort\\|03\\.9\\|4,600}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DZOZsXVCvS8C\\&q\\=%22tom\\+hamilton%22\\+kilmarnock\\&pg\\=PT83\\|title\\=Charles Buchan: A Lifetime in Football\\|author\\=\\[\\[Charlie Buchan]]\\|publisher\\=Random House\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84596\\-927\\-1\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185450/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DZOZsXVCvS8C\\&q\\=%22tom\\+hamilton%22\\+kilmarnock\\&pg\\=PT83\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1922 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Syd Puddefoot](/wiki/Syd_Puddefoot \"Syd Puddefoot\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|SCO}} [Falkirk](/wiki/Falkirk_F.C. \"Falkirk F.C.\") | {{sort\\|04\\|5,000}}{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/teams/falkirk/when\\-falkirk\\-broke\\-the\\-world\\-transfer\\-record\\-1\\-4316117\\| title\\=When Falkirk broke the world transfer record\\| last\\=Ferguson\\| first\\=Ed\\| date\\=13 December 2016\\| access\\-date\\=1 October 2017\\| archive\\-date\\=2 October 2017\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002070442/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/teams/falkirk/when\\-falkirk\\-broke\\-the\\-world\\-transfer\\-record\\-1\\-4316117\\| url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1922 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Warney Cresswell](/wiki/Warney_Cresswell \"Warney Cresswell\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [South Shields](/wiki/South_Shields_F.C._%281889%29 \"South Shields F.C. (1889)\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\") | {{sort\\|05\\|5,500}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersC/BioCresswellW.html\\|title\\=Warney Cresswell\\|website\\=England Football Online\\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=2 October 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002022530/http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersC/BioCresswellW.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1925 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Bob Kelly](/wiki/Bob_Kelly_%28footballer%29 \"Bob Kelly (footballer)\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. \"Burnley F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\") | {{sort\\|05\\.5\\|6,500}}{{cite book \\| first\\=Stuart\\|last\\=Barnes\\| title\\=News of the World Football Annual 2007/2008\\| publisher\\=Invincible Press\\| year\\=2007\\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-00\\-725555\\-9}} |\n| 1928 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} David Jack (2\\) | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") | {{sort\\|06\\|10,890}} |\n| 1932 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} [Bernabé Ferreyra](/wiki/Bernab%C3%A9_Ferreyra \"Bernabé Ferreyra\") | {{fbaicon\\|ARG}} [Tigre](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Tigre \"Club Atlético Tigre\") | {{fbaicon\\|ARG}} [River Plate](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate \"Club Atlético River Plate\") | {{sort\\|07\\|23,000}} |\n| 1949 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Johnny Morris](/wiki/Johnny_Morris_%28footballer%29 \"Johnny Morris (footballer)\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. \"Derby County F.C.\") | {{sort\\|07\\.2\\|24,000}} |\n| 1949 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Eddie Quigley](/wiki/Eddie_Quigley \"Eddie Quigley\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. \"Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. \"Preston North End F.C.\") | {{sort\\|07\\.4\\|26,500}} |\n| 1950 | {{flagicon\\|WAL}} [Trevor Ford](/wiki/Trevor_Ford \"Trevor Ford\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\") | {{sort\\|07\\.6\\|30,000}} |\n| 1951 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Jackie Sewell](/wiki/Jackie_Sewell \"Jackie Sewell\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. \"Notts County F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. \"Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\") | {{sort\\|07\\.8\\|34,500}} |\n| 1952 | {{flagicon\\|SWE}} [Hans Jeppson](/wiki/Hans_Jeppson \"Hans Jeppson\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Atalanta](/wiki/Atalanta_B.C. \"Atalanta B.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli \"S.S.C. Napoli\") | {{sort\\|08\\|52,000}} |\n| 1954 | {{flagicon\\|URU}} [Juan Schiaffino](/wiki/Juan_Schiaffino \"Juan Schiaffino\") | {{fbaicon\\|URU}} [Peñarol](/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arol \"Peñarol\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\") | {{sort\\|09\\|72,000}} |\n| 1957 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} [Omar Sivori](/wiki/Omar_Sivori \"Omar Sivori\") | {{fbaicon\\|ARG}} [River Plate](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate \"Club Atlético River Plate\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") | {{sort\\|10\\|93,000}} |\n| 1961 | {{flagicon\\|ESP\\|1945}} [Luis Suárez](/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez_%28footballer%2C_born_1935%29 \"Luis Suárez (footballer, born 1935)\") | {{fbaicon\\|ESP\\|1945}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") | {{sort\\|11\\|152,000}} |\n| 1963 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Angelo Sormani](/wiki/Angelo_Sormani \"Angelo Sormani\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Mantova](/wiki/Mantova_1911 \"Mantova 1911\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Roma](/wiki/A.S._Roma \"A.S. Roma\") | {{sort\\|12\\|250,000}} |\n| 1967 | {{flagicon\\|DEN}} [Harald Nielsen](/wiki/Harald_Nielsen \"Harald Nielsen\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909 \"Bologna F.C. 1909\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") | {{sort\\|12\\.5\\|300,000}}[\"Factbox – Evolution of world record transfer deals since 1893\"](http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-hold-soccer-transfer-record-idUKBRE9800EE20130901) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132209/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/09/01/uk\\-hold\\-soccer\\-transfer\\-record\\-idUKBRE9800EE20130901 \\|date\\=28 January 2015 }}. Reuters. Retrieved 2 May 2014 |\n| 1968 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Pietro Anastasi](/wiki/Pietro_Anastasi \"Pietro Anastasi\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Varese](/wiki/S.S.D._Varese_Calcio \"S.S.D. Varese Calcio\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") | {{sort\\|13\\|500,000}} |\n| 1973 | {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Johan Cruyff](/wiki/Johan_Cruyff \"Johan Cruyff\") | {{fbaicon\\|NED}} [Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax \"AFC Ajax\") | {{fbaicon\\|ESP\\|1945}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") | {{sort\\|14\\|922,000}} |\n| 1975 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Giuseppe Savoldi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Savoldi \"Giuseppe Savoldi\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909 \"Bologna F.C. 1909\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli \"S.S.C. Napoli\") | {{sort\\|15\\|1,200,000}} |\n| 1976 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Paolo Rossi](/wiki/Paolo_Rossi \"Paolo Rossi\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Vicenza](/wiki/L.R._Vicenza \"L.R. Vicenza\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") | {{sort\\|16\\|1,750,000}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23903470\\|title\\=The History of the World Transfer Record\\|work\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2018}} |\n| 1982 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} [Diego Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Maradona \"Diego Maradona\") (1\\) | {{fbaicon\\|ARG}} [Boca Juniors](/wiki/Boca_Juniors \"Boca Juniors\") | {{fbaicon\\|ESP}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") | {{sort\\|17\\|3,000,000}} |\n| 1984 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} Diego Maradona (2\\) | {{fbaicon\\|ESP}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli \"S.S.C. Napoli\") | {{sort\\|18\\|5,000,000}} |\n| 1987 | {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Ruud Gullit](/wiki/Ruud_Gullit \"Ruud Gullit\") | {{fbaicon\\|NED}} [PSV Eindhoven](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven \"PSV Eindhoven\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\") | {{sort\\|19\\|6,000,000}} |\n| 1990 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio \"Roberto Baggio\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina \"ACF Fiorentina\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") | {{sort\\|21\\|8,000,000}} |\n| 1992 | {{flagicon\\|FRA}} [Jean\\-Pierre Papin](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Papin \"Jean-Pierre Papin\") | {{fbaicon\\|FRA}} [Marseille](/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille \"Olympique de Marseille\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\") | {{sort\\|22\\|10,000,000}} |\n| 1992 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Gianluca Vialli](/wiki/Gianluca_Vialli \"Gianluca Vialli\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria \"U.C. Sampdoria\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") | {{sort\\|23\\|12,000,000}} |\n| 1992 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Gianluigi Lentini](/wiki/Gianluigi_Lentini \"Gianluigi Lentini\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Torino](/wiki/Torino_F.C. \"Torino F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\") | {{sort\\|24\\|13,000,000}} |\n| 1996 | {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Ronaldo](/wiki/Ronaldo_%28Brazilian_footballer%29 \"Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)\") (1\\) | {{fbaicon\\|NED}} [PSV Eindhoven](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven \"PSV Eindhoven\") | {{fbaicon\\|ESP}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") | {{sort\\|25\\|13,200,000}} |\n| 1996 | {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Alan Shearer](/wiki/Alan_Shearer \"Alan Shearer\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. \"Blackburn Rovers F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\") | {{sort\\|25\\.5\\|15,000,000}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Newcastle United Pays Record $23 Million for Sheare \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=30 July 1996 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/30/sports/30iht\\-soccer.t\\_3\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2009 \\|first\\=Rob \\|last\\=Hughes \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001154/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/30/sports/30iht\\-soccer.t\\_3\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} |\n| 1997 | {{flagicon\\|BRA}} Ronaldo (2\\) | {{fbaicon\\|ESP}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") | {{sort\\|26\\|19,500,000}} |\n| 1998 | {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Denílson](/wiki/Den%C3%ADlson_%28footballer%2C_born_1977%29 \"Denílson (footballer, born 1977)\") | {{fbaicon\\|BRA}} [São Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_FC \"São Paulo FC\") | {{fbaicon\\|ESP}} [Real Betis](/wiki/Real_Betis \"Real Betis\") | {{sort\\|27\\|21,500,000}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Brazilian Denilson on Bolton trial \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|date\\=6 January 2009 \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/transfers/brazilian\\-denilson\\-on\\-bolton\\-trial\\-1229633\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725054543/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/transfers/brazilian\\-denilson\\-on\\-bolton\\-trial\\-1229633\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite book \\|last\\=Ash \\|first\\=Russell \\|title\\=Top Ten of Everything 2005 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Dorling Kindersley]] \\|year\\=2004 \\|page\\=225 }} |\n| 1999 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Christian Vieri](/wiki/Christian_Vieri \"Christian Vieri\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Lazio](/wiki/S.S._Lazio \"S.S. Lazio\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") | {{sort\\|28\\|32,000,000}} |\n| 2000 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} [Hernán Crespo](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Crespo \"Hernán Crespo\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Parma](/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913 \"Parma Calcio 1913\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Lazio](/wiki/S.S._Lazio \"S.S. Lazio\") | {{sort\\|29\\|35,500,000}} |\n| 2000 | {{flagicon\\|POR}} [Luís Figo](/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Figo \"Luís Figo\") | {{fbaicon\\|ESP}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") | {{fbaicon\\|ESP}} [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF \"Real Madrid CF\") | {{sort\\|30\\|37,000,000}} |\n| 2001 | {{flagicon\\|FRA}} [Zinedine Zidane](/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane \"Zinedine Zidane\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") | {{fbaicon\\|ESP}} [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF \"Real Madrid CF\") | {{sort\\|31\\|46,600,000}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Real tipped to land Kaka for £56m \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=3 June 2009 \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8080228\\.stm \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2009}} |\n| 2009 | {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Kaká](/wiki/Kak%C3%A1 \"Kaká\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\") | {{fbaicon\\|ESP}} [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF \"Real Madrid CF\") | {{sort\\|33\\|56,000,000}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8082147\\.stm\\|title\\=Kaka completes Real Madrid switch\\|date\\=9 June 2009\\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2017}} |\n| 2009 | {{flagicon\\|POR}} [Cristiano Ronaldo](/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo \"Cristiano Ronaldo\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ESP}} [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF \"Real Madrid CF\") | {{sort\\|36\\|80,000,000}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Ronaldo agrees six\\-year Real deal \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=26 June 2009 \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man\\_utd/8121951\\.stm \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2009}} |\n| 2013 | {{flagicon\\|WAL}} [Gareth Bale](/wiki/Gareth_Bale \"Gareth Bale\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\") | {{fbaicon\\|ESP}} [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF \"Real Madrid CF\") | {{sort\\|37\\|86,000,000}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23538218 \\|title\\=Gareth Bale joins Real Madrid from Spurs in £85m world record deal \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=1 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2017 }} |\n| 2016 | {{flagicon\\|FRA}} [Paul Pogba](/wiki/Paul_Pogba \"Paul Pogba\") | {{fbaicon\\|ITA}} [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") | {{fbaicon\\|ENG}} [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") | {{sort\\|38\\|89,000,000}}{{cite web\\|title\\=United Sign Pogba\\|url\\=http://www.manutd.com/en/News\\-And\\-Features/Football\\-News/2016/Aug/manchester\\-united\\-sign\\-paul\\-pogba.aspx\\|website\\=Official Manchester United Website\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2016}} |\n| 2017 | {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Neymar](/wiki/Neymar \"Neymar\") | {{fbaicon\\|ESP}} [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") | {{fbaicon\\|FRA}} [Paris Saint\\-Germain](/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C. \"Paris Saint-Germain F.C.\") | {{sort\\|39\\|200,000,000}} |",
"### Number of record players by country",
"",
"| Country",
"Player records",
"Record selling",
"Record buying",
"| |\n|{{flagicon\\|England}} England 16 | 20 | 19 |\n|{{flagicon\\|Italy}} Italy 8 | 14 | 18 |\n|{{flagicon\\|Argentina}} Argentina 5 | 3 | 1 |\n|{{flagicon\\|Brazil}} Brazil 5 | 1 | 0 |\n|{{flagicon\\|FRA}} France 3 | 1 | 1 |\n|{{flagicon\\|SCO}} Scotland 3 | 2 | 1 |\n|{{flagicon\\|Netherlands}} Netherlands 2 | 3 | 0 |\n|{{flagicon\\|Wales}} Wales 2 | 0 | 0 |\n|{{flagicon\\|Portugal}} Portugal 2 | 0 | 0 |\n|{{flagicon\\|Spain}} Spain 1 | 5 | 9 |\n|{{flagicon\\|Uruguay}} Uruguay 1 | 1 | 0 |\n|{{flagicon\\|DEN}} Denmark 1 | 0 | 0 |\n|{{flagicon\\|SWE}} Sweden 1 | 0 | 0 |",
"### Cumulative transfers",
"{{Cite web \\|date\\=5 July 2023 \\|title\\=The 10 most expensive players ever ranked by total transfer fees as £291m man could move again \\|url\\=https://www.givemesport.com/the\\-10\\-most\\-expensive\\-players\\-ever\\-by\\-total\\-transfer\\-fees\\-ft\\-ronaldo\\-mbappe\\-and\\-neymar/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2023 \\|website\\=GiveMeSport \\|language\\=en}}",
"| Player",
"Paid Transfers",
"Fees \n([£ million](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\"))",
"| |\n| {{flagicon\\|BEL}} [Romelu Lukaku](/wiki/Romelu_Lukaku \"Romelu Lukaku\") |6 £352\\.0 |\n| {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Neymar](/wiki/Neymar \"Neymar\") |3 £340\\.6 |\n| {{flagicon\\|POR}} [Cristiano Ronaldo](/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo \"Cristiano Ronaldo\") |4 £210\\.3 |\n| {{flagicon\\|FRA}} [Ousmane Dembele](/wiki/Ousmane_Dembele \"Ousmane Dembele\") |3 £187\\.3 |\n| {{flagicon\\|ESP}} [Álvaro Morata](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Morata \"Álvaro Morata\") |5 £172\\.0 |\n| {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Matthijs de Ligt](/wiki/Matthijs_de_Ligt \"Matthijs de Ligt\") |3 £168\\.2 |\n| {{flagicon\\|POR}} [João Félix](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_F%C3%A9lix \"João Félix\") |2 £162\\.0 |\n| {{flagicon\\|FRA}} [Antoine Griezmann](/wiki/Antoine_Griezmann \"Antoine Griezmann\") |3 £155\\.0 |\n| {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Philippe Coutinho](/wiki/Philippe_Coutinho \"Philippe Coutinho\") |4 £153\\.5 |\n| {{flagicon\\|FRA}} [Kylian Mbappé](/wiki/Kylian_Mbapp%C3%A9 \"Kylian Mbappé\") |1 £153\\.5 |",
"",
""
] |
Plot
----
### Part One
Six months after the events of [Infernal Devices](/wiki/Infernal_Devices_%28Reeve_novel%29 "Infernal Devices (Reeve novel)"), General Naga, the now\-leader of the Green Storm after the supposed demise of the Stalker Fang, has formed a truce with the *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft*, blossoming a new era of trade and peace.
Theo Ngoni, returning to his home of Zagwa and reuniting with his family, foils an assassination attempt on Oenone Zero, who is married to General Naga and has taken the title of Lady Naga. Zero was in Zagwa to facilitate peace terms with Zagwa and the Green Storm; and suspects that the attempt was made by Green Storm soldiers still loyal to the Stalker Fang. Due to the possibility of another attempt, Zero has an incognito merchant airship prepared that will take her an alternate route to Naga. As Theo saved her life, Zero wants him to accompany her; Theo agrees, hopeful that he might meet Wren. En route, Zero's servant Rohini is revealed to be Cynthia Twite, a Green Storm spy who survived the events of *Infernal Devices*, and attempts to kill her, but Theo intervenes. Cynthia escapes and downs the airship. The pair survive the crash, but Zero is captured by air\-trader Napster Varley who plans to sell her to the *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft*; whilst Theo is saved from slavers by Hester Shaw and the Stalker Shrike, who is unable to kill due to Zero's tampering. After Theo informs them of Zero's capture, Hester and Shrike decide to find her, as Zero will be able to reverse Shrike's "barrier" she implemented.
Cynthia reaches Naga's base in Tienjing and lies to him that Zero was killed by the Zagwans, though Naga refuses to take action against Tractionists. Cynthia manages to weasle her way to serve in Naga's household.
In the Traction City of Peripatetiapolis, Tom Natsworthy discovers that the bullet that Nimrod Pennyroyal shot him with in *[Predator's Gold](/wiki/Predator%27s_Gold "Predator's Gold")* has damaged his heart and he has not long to live, though he doesn't tell his daughter Wren. Tom soon discovers a woman that resembles Clytie Potts, a London Apprentice Historian that he knew. When questioned, she tells him that her name is Cruwys Morchard and that she is transporting Old\-Tech devices. Unconvinced, Tom and Wren decide to pursue her, travelling on the *Jenny Haniver* to Murnau, a *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* city, where they meet Wolf von Kobold, the son of the Mayor of Murnau and commander of the traction city Harrowbarrow. Wolf believes that the survivors of MEDUSA may be still inside London, and the three agree to make an expedition to London.
Tom and Wren meet Wolf on Harrowbarrow, a burrowing Traction City, which takes them closer to London. With Wolf accompanying them, they fly the *Jenny Haniver* over the Green Storm border, and finally reaching the debris field of London. There they discover that the survivors of MEDUSA have rebuilt a society in London, led by Tom's old boss and now Mayor Chudleigh Pomeroy. Garamond, the paranoid head of security, convinces Pomeroy to keep them there as he suspects that they may inform others of London's survival. Tom, Wren and Wolf eventually discover a new traction town being rebuilt near the ruins, a project that was in\-progress long before Magnus Crome decided to use MEDUSA. Noticing that "New London" has no wheels, the leading Engineer Dr. Childermass explains that it uses Magnetic Levitation to float above the ground, making it less harmful to the environment. Wolf slips away from the conversation and escapes back to Harrowbarrow, intent on devouring New London and to use the technology to make his city better.
Meanwhile, the former Lost Boy Fishcake has partially rebuilt the Stalker Fang in [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo "Cairo"). The Stalker Fang often malfunctions, alternating in personality between the kind and supportive Anna\-side and the cold and merciless Stalker\-side. Fishcake informs Fang that Cairo is stopping to trade with Lost Boy\-ruled [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton "Brighton") where they steal a limpet and make their way to the state of Shan Guo, where the Stalker will do something "important".
Walking the rest of the way by foot, Fishcake and Fang stop at a hermitage, that is inhabited by Sathya, an exiled commander of the Green Storm and an old friend to Anna. The Anna\-side of the Stalker doesn't wish to harm Sathya, and wants former London Engineer Dr. Popjoy, who resurrected her in *Predator’s Gold* to eliminate the Stalker\-side. Despite protestations, Fishcake accompanies her to Batmunkh Gompa. However, before meeting Popjoy, the Stalker\-side returns and demands that he remove the Anna\-side. Popjoy explains to her that the brain he fitted her with in Rogue's Roost was from a much older model he found in the Arctic and that it was from a "Remembering Machine" that helped to keep a nomad culture alive. When Popjoy discovers that the Stalker Fang will reactivate ODIN (standing for Orbital Defence Initiative), an orbital weapon with firepower similar to MEDUSA, he protests; but the Stalker kills him. The Stalker Fang takes Fishcake with her to Erdene Tezh, her old home.
### Part Two
Napster Varley arrives in Airhaven, which is floating above the *Traktionstadtgesellschaft*, and unsuccessfully attempts to sell Zero to Wolf's father Kriegsmarschall von Kobold. Hester, Theo and Shrike arrive at the floating city and attempt to buy her from Varley, who asks for an extortionate price which they cannot pay. Hester and Theo discover Pennyroyal hiding in Airhaven in disgrace and debt after a newspaper exposed him as a fraud. Hester takes what remains of his money and heads to Varley's ship to buy Zero, with Theo accidentally mentioning to Pennyroyal about Zero being alive. With this knowledge and seeking to reclaim fame, Pennyroyal rounds up men from Manchester and marches to Varley's ship. Discovering a photograph of Zero that Varley placed on him, von Kobold attempts to rescue her to make further peace with Naga.
Hester's attempt to cheat Varley is discovered and he attacks her, but his abused wife kills him. As Hester and Zero make their way back, von Kobold finds them and helps them. Pennyroyal arrives with the Manchester men and a fight ensues where von Kobold is shot, but survives via his Old\-Tech armour. Shrike manages to scare them away and gets Hester and Zero to their airship the *Shadow Aspect* and escape. Pennyroyal gets into an altercation with a journalist and falls from Airhaven and is assumed dead, but lands in the rigging of the *Shadow Aspect*. Stalker\-birds arrive but escort the airship to a Green Storm air base where they are hailed as heroes. The base is soon attacked by the *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* and Harrowbarrow. All escape in an airship heading east except Theo who stays behind to retrieve a letter that Wren sent him, but is seemingly killed by a bomb shell.
Wolf returns to Harrowbarrow and meets with von Kobold and the Mayor of Manchester Adlai Browne. With support from other *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* cities, Browne intends to destroy the Green Storm, despite von Kobold wanting peace. In Tienjing, Naga is informed of the Green Storm air base being attacked but does nothing, disheartened by Zero's supposed death. Cynthia has been poisoning his green tea to make him helpless further and fanatically believes that the Stalker Fang will return.
Fishcake and the Stalker Fang, whose personalities seem to be merged, steal Popjoy's air yacht and reach Erdene Tezh and her old home. Inside, she starts to create a device which will relay orders to ODIN.
### Part Three
Theo survives the attack on the airfield and treks east across the plains toward London, where Wren's letter told him she would be; whilst the surviving Green Storm soldiers are transported off to Forward Command, an old traction city where Hester, Shrike and Zero were taken. Theo eventually reaches New London and is reunited with Wren, as well as warning the residents that the war between the Green Storm and the *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* has restarted.
ODIN is fired upon Manchester and other cities by the Stalker Fang, killing Browne. Orla Twombley, a pilot formerly from Brighton, observes the destruction and reports to von Kobold in Murnau, telling him and the remaining cities to retreat from a Green Storm weapon. Naga receives communication that Zero is alive, and, realising that Twite has deceived him confronts her. Twite attempts to kill him, but ODIN fires on Tienjing. Naga survives but Twite is killed instantly in the blast.
The residents of New London see the firepower of ODIN from afar, and fearing that it is a Green Storm weapon, make plans to head north when the city is finished. Tom, fearing for Wren, takes the *Jenny Haniver* to Tienjing, hoping to convince Naga to not use his supposed weapon. Tom leaves a letter to Wren saying his goodbyes and entrusting Theo to take care for her, admitting that he is dying. Wolf hears of Manchester's destruction and is determined to continue on to London, claiming to his underlings that Harrowbarrow's creeping nature will help them survive.
### Part Four
Hester, Shrike, Zero and Pennyroyal make their way to Batmunkh Gompa to reunite with Naga, who has been evacuated to there. They are told of the destruction of traction cities and Tienjing alike, which Shrike deduces is the work of the Stalker Fang. Zero intends to talk to Popjoy as he built the Stalker Fang and may know how to disable her for good.
Wren discovers Tom's letter and attempts to follow him with Theo, but they are stopped by Garamond, who believes they are Green Storm agents and are escaping to betray New London. It is revealed that Pomeroy had died in his sleep when Tom left New London and Garamond has taken his place. Garamond arrests the pair, but Childermass frees them and tells them to escape to a Green Storm settlement. It is revealed that Childermass is the mother of Bevis Pod.
Tom, flying the *Jenny Haniver*, is intercepted on his way to Tienjing and brought to Batmunkh Gompa, where he is interrogated by Naga. Tom pleads for Naga to not use the weapon on New London, but Naga mistakes him for a *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* spy and disbelieves him. Hester and the others arrive in Batmunkh Gompa, where Zero discovers Popjoy is dead. When Zero meets with Naga, he accuses her of being a spy, believing that London is the master of the new weapon and that Popjoy faked his death to join them. Naga has Zero beaten and detained, then orders for their forces to attack London. Pennyroyal informs Hester and Shrike of Zero's predicament, and Hester is shakily reunited with Tom, who tells her that Theo is alive and with Wren in London. With Shrike, the pair escape on the *Jenny Haniver*. The Stalker Fang targets Zhan Shan, a volcano, with ODIN, triggering an eruption that will last for weeks and destroy many provinces. Tom and Hester deduce that the Stalker Fang has gone to Erdene Tezh and fly the *Jenny Haniver* there.
Wren and Theo hear Harrowbarrow approaching to devour New London. Wren boards it whilst Theo warns the Londoners of the approaching city. Wren confronts Wolf, and tricks him into diverting Harrowbarrow into an area that is full of energy left from MEDUSA. The Green Storm arrives and attacks, though Wolf continues ahead, having dealt with the Green Storm before, but Harrowbarrow is damaged by MEDUSA's left\-over energy. Theo boards it and finds Wren, but Harrowbarrow starts moving again. Naga, informed of Harrowbarrow's approach, realises his error and defends New London, which finally begins to move, with Harrowbarrow in pursuit. Wolf confronts Wren and Theo on Harrowbarrow's back, but Wren accidentally kills Wolf when Naga's airship arrives and rescues them. Naga drops Wren and Theo on New London and pilots his airship straight into Harrowbarrow in a [kamikaze](/wiki/Kamikaze "Kamikaze") attack, destroying the city and allowing New London to escape.
On board the *Jenny Haniver*, Shrike finds Pennyroyal hiding, and the three tie him up. Stalker\-birds attack the airship, severely damaging it. Shrike manages to save the three from being killed, but falls out of the ship and into the mountains. The airship downs near Fang's old home, where Hester and Tom leave Pennyroyal. Fishcake, having heard the airship, confronts them and tries to kill Hester, but is stopped by the Stalker Fang. Fishcake demands she kills them, but the Stalker Fang hits him and Fishcake runs away. Tom's heart begins to strain and he collapses. The Stalker Fang, deciding not to kill them as they will all die soon enough, takes Tom into the house as Hester follows.
The Stalker Fang explains to Tom and Hester that she destroyed various traction cities and Green Storm bases to make the two sides fight each other, giving her time to send a command to ODIN. This command targets various volcanoes around the Earth, which will erupt and kill humanity in the resulting [volcanic winter](/wiki/Volcanic_winter "Volcanic winter"), but will "make the world green again". Fishcake finds Pennyroyal, and they plan to escape in Popjoy's sky\-yacht, but need the keys around the Stalker Fang's neck. Pennyroyal finds an anti\-Stalker weapon that Hester dropped and makes his way toward the house. Tom attempts to convince the Anna\-side of the Stalker to destroy ODIN, and the Stalker flashes between the converging personalities. Pennyroyal suddenly enters and kills the Stalker Fang, which falls onto the ODIN transmitter and destroys it. Tom's heart strains and he collapses again, whilst Pennyroyal takes the key to the sky\-yacht and attempt to bring it to them to save Tom. As Hester takes Tom outside, they see a twinkling star in the sky, and Hester realises that the Stalker Fang had ordered ODIN to destroy itself. Pennyroyal attempts to fly the sky\-yacht to Tom and Hester, but is threatened by Fishcake to leave them behind as revenge for leaving him on Brighton. Hester watches the sky\-yacht fly away, and she comforts Tom as he dies. Hester commits suicide shortly afterwards.
Zero is informed of Naga's demise, and is appointed leader of the Green Storm, which she reforms as the Anti\-Traction League. She makes a treaty with von Kobold to cease fighting forever, with many traction cities subsequently becoming static. Popjoy's sky\-yacht fails outside Batmunkh Gompa, and Fishcake abandons Pennyroyal, who travels back to Murnau and spends time in debtors' prison before writing a truthful account of the events he survived, titling it *Ignorant Armies*. However, it is never published due to his fraudulent activities, and Pennyroyal lives out the rest of his life in Peripatetiapolis with an old girlfriend. Fishcake makes his way to Sathya's hermitage, where he lives with her into adulthood and has children of his own. He comes to regret leaving Hester and Tom in Erdene Tezh, though he believes that they were resourceful enough to find a way to escape. Wren and Theo leave New London in the north a year later, and go to Zagwa to see Theo's family. When Airhaven arrives, Wren and Theo buy a new airship with Wolf's expedition money, calling it the *Jenny Haniver II* and become air\-traders. New London thrives as it escapes predator cities and trades with anti\-gravity furniture.
Miles away, Shrike revives himself and arrives at Erdene Tezh too late, finding the remains of the Stalker Fang. Although her Stalker brain is dead, Shrike downloads memories from the older part of her brain. He then finds Tom and Hester's bodies, and considers taking Hester to be Resurrected, but decides against it when he sees that they held hands when they died. As he takes their bodies, Shrike recalls his own long\-lost memories of his own two children (Ruan and Fern from *[Fever Crumb](/wiki/Fever_Crumb "Fever Crumb")*) before he was turned into a Stalker. Laying the bodies down in an outcrop nearby, Shrike shuts down and watches their bodies decompose over the years. As the years flash by him, an oak tree grows from Hester's body, and he eventually slows this time lapse when he notices human figures nearby. Finally out of his fugue state, Shrike discovers that a forest has grown round him, and meets a girl and a boy. The pair take him down into a village, where Shrike finds that he was considered an old shrine statue, and the people hung flowers around his neck for luck.
The Stalker discovers that the village has utilised Childermass' anti\-gravity machines, and that he has woken hundreds, if not thousands of years into the future. When he asks if there are any traction cities in the world, the village people explain that they are thought to be fairy tales nowadays and find the idea ridiculous. When the people ask what he was for, Shrike responds that he is a "Remembering Machine", and is asked to tell his story. Shrike starts by speaking the first lines of *[Mortal Engines](/wiki/Mortal_Engines "Mortal Engines")*:
> "It was a dark, blustery day in spring, and the City of London was chasing a small mining town across the dried\-up bed of the old North Sea..."
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"### Part One",
"Six months after the events of [Infernal Devices](/wiki/Infernal_Devices_%28Reeve_novel%29 \"Infernal Devices (Reeve novel)\"), General Naga, the now\\-leader of the Green Storm after the supposed demise of the Stalker Fang, has formed a truce with the *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft*, blossoming a new era of trade and peace.",
"Theo Ngoni, returning to his home of Zagwa and reuniting with his family, foils an assassination attempt on Oenone Zero, who is married to General Naga and has taken the title of Lady Naga. Zero was in Zagwa to facilitate peace terms with Zagwa and the Green Storm; and suspects that the attempt was made by Green Storm soldiers still loyal to the Stalker Fang. Due to the possibility of another attempt, Zero has an incognito merchant airship prepared that will take her an alternate route to Naga. As Theo saved her life, Zero wants him to accompany her; Theo agrees, hopeful that he might meet Wren. En route, Zero's servant Rohini is revealed to be Cynthia Twite, a Green Storm spy who survived the events of *Infernal Devices*, and attempts to kill her, but Theo intervenes. Cynthia escapes and downs the airship. The pair survive the crash, but Zero is captured by air\\-trader Napster Varley who plans to sell her to the *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft*; whilst Theo is saved from slavers by Hester Shaw and the Stalker Shrike, who is unable to kill due to Zero's tampering. After Theo informs them of Zero's capture, Hester and Shrike decide to find her, as Zero will be able to reverse Shrike's \"barrier\" she implemented.",
"Cynthia reaches Naga's base in Tienjing and lies to him that Zero was killed by the Zagwans, though Naga refuses to take action against Tractionists. Cynthia manages to weasle her way to serve in Naga's household.",
"In the Traction City of Peripatetiapolis, Tom Natsworthy discovers that the bullet that Nimrod Pennyroyal shot him with in *[Predator's Gold](/wiki/Predator%27s_Gold \"Predator's Gold\")* has damaged his heart and he has not long to live, though he doesn't tell his daughter Wren. Tom soon discovers a woman that resembles Clytie Potts, a London Apprentice Historian that he knew. When questioned, she tells him that her name is Cruwys Morchard and that she is transporting Old\\-Tech devices. Unconvinced, Tom and Wren decide to pursue her, travelling on the *Jenny Haniver* to Murnau, a *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* city, where they meet Wolf von Kobold, the son of the Mayor of Murnau and commander of the traction city Harrowbarrow. Wolf believes that the survivors of MEDUSA may be still inside London, and the three agree to make an expedition to London.",
"Tom and Wren meet Wolf on Harrowbarrow, a burrowing Traction City, which takes them closer to London. With Wolf accompanying them, they fly the *Jenny Haniver* over the Green Storm border, and finally reaching the debris field of London. There they discover that the survivors of MEDUSA have rebuilt a society in London, led by Tom's old boss and now Mayor Chudleigh Pomeroy. Garamond, the paranoid head of security, convinces Pomeroy to keep them there as he suspects that they may inform others of London's survival. Tom, Wren and Wolf eventually discover a new traction town being rebuilt near the ruins, a project that was in\\-progress long before Magnus Crome decided to use MEDUSA. Noticing that \"New London\" has no wheels, the leading Engineer Dr. Childermass explains that it uses Magnetic Levitation to float above the ground, making it less harmful to the environment. Wolf slips away from the conversation and escapes back to Harrowbarrow, intent on devouring New London and to use the technology to make his city better.",
"Meanwhile, the former Lost Boy Fishcake has partially rebuilt the Stalker Fang in [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\"). The Stalker Fang often malfunctions, alternating in personality between the kind and supportive Anna\\-side and the cold and merciless Stalker\\-side. Fishcake informs Fang that Cairo is stopping to trade with Lost Boy\\-ruled [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\") where they steal a limpet and make their way to the state of Shan Guo, where the Stalker will do something \"important\".",
"Walking the rest of the way by foot, Fishcake and Fang stop at a hermitage, that is inhabited by Sathya, an exiled commander of the Green Storm and an old friend to Anna. The Anna\\-side of the Stalker doesn't wish to harm Sathya, and wants former London Engineer Dr. Popjoy, who resurrected her in *Predator’s Gold* to eliminate the Stalker\\-side. Despite protestations, Fishcake accompanies her to Batmunkh Gompa. However, before meeting Popjoy, the Stalker\\-side returns and demands that he remove the Anna\\-side. Popjoy explains to her that the brain he fitted her with in Rogue's Roost was from a much older model he found in the Arctic and that it was from a \"Remembering Machine\" that helped to keep a nomad culture alive. When Popjoy discovers that the Stalker Fang will reactivate ODIN (standing for Orbital Defence Initiative), an orbital weapon with firepower similar to MEDUSA, he protests; but the Stalker kills him. The Stalker Fang takes Fishcake with her to Erdene Tezh, her old home.",
"### Part Two",
"Napster Varley arrives in Airhaven, which is floating above the *Traktionstadtgesellschaft*, and unsuccessfully attempts to sell Zero to Wolf's father Kriegsmarschall von Kobold. Hester, Theo and Shrike arrive at the floating city and attempt to buy her from Varley, who asks for an extortionate price which they cannot pay. Hester and Theo discover Pennyroyal hiding in Airhaven in disgrace and debt after a newspaper exposed him as a fraud. Hester takes what remains of his money and heads to Varley's ship to buy Zero, with Theo accidentally mentioning to Pennyroyal about Zero being alive. With this knowledge and seeking to reclaim fame, Pennyroyal rounds up men from Manchester and marches to Varley's ship. Discovering a photograph of Zero that Varley placed on him, von Kobold attempts to rescue her to make further peace with Naga.",
"Hester's attempt to cheat Varley is discovered and he attacks her, but his abused wife kills him. As Hester and Zero make their way back, von Kobold finds them and helps them. Pennyroyal arrives with the Manchester men and a fight ensues where von Kobold is shot, but survives via his Old\\-Tech armour. Shrike manages to scare them away and gets Hester and Zero to their airship the *Shadow Aspect* and escape. Pennyroyal gets into an altercation with a journalist and falls from Airhaven and is assumed dead, but lands in the rigging of the *Shadow Aspect*. Stalker\\-birds arrive but escort the airship to a Green Storm air base where they are hailed as heroes. The base is soon attacked by the *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* and Harrowbarrow. All escape in an airship heading east except Theo who stays behind to retrieve a letter that Wren sent him, but is seemingly killed by a bomb shell.",
"Wolf returns to Harrowbarrow and meets with von Kobold and the Mayor of Manchester Adlai Browne. With support from other *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* cities, Browne intends to destroy the Green Storm, despite von Kobold wanting peace. In Tienjing, Naga is informed of the Green Storm air base being attacked but does nothing, disheartened by Zero's supposed death. Cynthia has been poisoning his green tea to make him helpless further and fanatically believes that the Stalker Fang will return.",
"Fishcake and the Stalker Fang, whose personalities seem to be merged, steal Popjoy's air yacht and reach Erdene Tezh and her old home. Inside, she starts to create a device which will relay orders to ODIN.",
"### Part Three",
"Theo survives the attack on the airfield and treks east across the plains toward London, where Wren's letter told him she would be; whilst the surviving Green Storm soldiers are transported off to Forward Command, an old traction city where Hester, Shrike and Zero were taken. Theo eventually reaches New London and is reunited with Wren, as well as warning the residents that the war between the Green Storm and the *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* has restarted.",
"ODIN is fired upon Manchester and other cities by the Stalker Fang, killing Browne. Orla Twombley, a pilot formerly from Brighton, observes the destruction and reports to von Kobold in Murnau, telling him and the remaining cities to retreat from a Green Storm weapon. Naga receives communication that Zero is alive, and, realising that Twite has deceived him confronts her. Twite attempts to kill him, but ODIN fires on Tienjing. Naga survives but Twite is killed instantly in the blast.",
"The residents of New London see the firepower of ODIN from afar, and fearing that it is a Green Storm weapon, make plans to head north when the city is finished. Tom, fearing for Wren, takes the *Jenny Haniver* to Tienjing, hoping to convince Naga to not use his supposed weapon. Tom leaves a letter to Wren saying his goodbyes and entrusting Theo to take care for her, admitting that he is dying. Wolf hears of Manchester's destruction and is determined to continue on to London, claiming to his underlings that Harrowbarrow's creeping nature will help them survive.",
"### Part Four",
"Hester, Shrike, Zero and Pennyroyal make their way to Batmunkh Gompa to reunite with Naga, who has been evacuated to there. They are told of the destruction of traction cities and Tienjing alike, which Shrike deduces is the work of the Stalker Fang. Zero intends to talk to Popjoy as he built the Stalker Fang and may know how to disable her for good.",
"Wren discovers Tom's letter and attempts to follow him with Theo, but they are stopped by Garamond, who believes they are Green Storm agents and are escaping to betray New London. It is revealed that Pomeroy had died in his sleep when Tom left New London and Garamond has taken his place. Garamond arrests the pair, but Childermass frees them and tells them to escape to a Green Storm settlement. It is revealed that Childermass is the mother of Bevis Pod.",
"Tom, flying the *Jenny Haniver*, is intercepted on his way to Tienjing and brought to Batmunkh Gompa, where he is interrogated by Naga. Tom pleads for Naga to not use the weapon on New London, but Naga mistakes him for a *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* spy and disbelieves him. Hester and the others arrive in Batmunkh Gompa, where Zero discovers Popjoy is dead. When Zero meets with Naga, he accuses her of being a spy, believing that London is the master of the new weapon and that Popjoy faked his death to join them. Naga has Zero beaten and detained, then orders for their forces to attack London. Pennyroyal informs Hester and Shrike of Zero's predicament, and Hester is shakily reunited with Tom, who tells her that Theo is alive and with Wren in London. With Shrike, the pair escape on the *Jenny Haniver*. The Stalker Fang targets Zhan Shan, a volcano, with ODIN, triggering an eruption that will last for weeks and destroy many provinces. Tom and Hester deduce that the Stalker Fang has gone to Erdene Tezh and fly the *Jenny Haniver* there.",
"Wren and Theo hear Harrowbarrow approaching to devour New London. Wren boards it whilst Theo warns the Londoners of the approaching city. Wren confronts Wolf, and tricks him into diverting Harrowbarrow into an area that is full of energy left from MEDUSA. The Green Storm arrives and attacks, though Wolf continues ahead, having dealt with the Green Storm before, but Harrowbarrow is damaged by MEDUSA's left\\-over energy. Theo boards it and finds Wren, but Harrowbarrow starts moving again. Naga, informed of Harrowbarrow's approach, realises his error and defends New London, which finally begins to move, with Harrowbarrow in pursuit. Wolf confronts Wren and Theo on Harrowbarrow's back, but Wren accidentally kills Wolf when Naga's airship arrives and rescues them. Naga drops Wren and Theo on New London and pilots his airship straight into Harrowbarrow in a [kamikaze](/wiki/Kamikaze \"Kamikaze\") attack, destroying the city and allowing New London to escape.",
"On board the *Jenny Haniver*, Shrike finds Pennyroyal hiding, and the three tie him up. Stalker\\-birds attack the airship, severely damaging it. Shrike manages to save the three from being killed, but falls out of the ship and into the mountains. The airship downs near Fang's old home, where Hester and Tom leave Pennyroyal. Fishcake, having heard the airship, confronts them and tries to kill Hester, but is stopped by the Stalker Fang. Fishcake demands she kills them, but the Stalker Fang hits him and Fishcake runs away. Tom's heart begins to strain and he collapses. The Stalker Fang, deciding not to kill them as they will all die soon enough, takes Tom into the house as Hester follows.",
"The Stalker Fang explains to Tom and Hester that she destroyed various traction cities and Green Storm bases to make the two sides fight each other, giving her time to send a command to ODIN. This command targets various volcanoes around the Earth, which will erupt and kill humanity in the resulting [volcanic winter](/wiki/Volcanic_winter \"Volcanic winter\"), but will \"make the world green again\". Fishcake finds Pennyroyal, and they plan to escape in Popjoy's sky\\-yacht, but need the keys around the Stalker Fang's neck. Pennyroyal finds an anti\\-Stalker weapon that Hester dropped and makes his way toward the house. Tom attempts to convince the Anna\\-side of the Stalker to destroy ODIN, and the Stalker flashes between the converging personalities. Pennyroyal suddenly enters and kills the Stalker Fang, which falls onto the ODIN transmitter and destroys it. Tom's heart strains and he collapses again, whilst Pennyroyal takes the key to the sky\\-yacht and attempt to bring it to them to save Tom. As Hester takes Tom outside, they see a twinkling star in the sky, and Hester realises that the Stalker Fang had ordered ODIN to destroy itself. Pennyroyal attempts to fly the sky\\-yacht to Tom and Hester, but is threatened by Fishcake to leave them behind as revenge for leaving him on Brighton. Hester watches the sky\\-yacht fly away, and she comforts Tom as he dies. Hester commits suicide shortly afterwards.",
"Zero is informed of Naga's demise, and is appointed leader of the Green Storm, which she reforms as the Anti\\-Traction League. She makes a treaty with von Kobold to cease fighting forever, with many traction cities subsequently becoming static. Popjoy's sky\\-yacht fails outside Batmunkh Gompa, and Fishcake abandons Pennyroyal, who travels back to Murnau and spends time in debtors' prison before writing a truthful account of the events he survived, titling it *Ignorant Armies*. However, it is never published due to his fraudulent activities, and Pennyroyal lives out the rest of his life in Peripatetiapolis with an old girlfriend. Fishcake makes his way to Sathya's hermitage, where he lives with her into adulthood and has children of his own. He comes to regret leaving Hester and Tom in Erdene Tezh, though he believes that they were resourceful enough to find a way to escape. Wren and Theo leave New London in the north a year later, and go to Zagwa to see Theo's family. When Airhaven arrives, Wren and Theo buy a new airship with Wolf's expedition money, calling it the *Jenny Haniver II* and become air\\-traders. New London thrives as it escapes predator cities and trades with anti\\-gravity furniture.",
"Miles away, Shrike revives himself and arrives at Erdene Tezh too late, finding the remains of the Stalker Fang. Although her Stalker brain is dead, Shrike downloads memories from the older part of her brain. He then finds Tom and Hester's bodies, and considers taking Hester to be Resurrected, but decides against it when he sees that they held hands when they died. As he takes their bodies, Shrike recalls his own long\\-lost memories of his own two children (Ruan and Fern from *[Fever Crumb](/wiki/Fever_Crumb \"Fever Crumb\")*) before he was turned into a Stalker. Laying the bodies down in an outcrop nearby, Shrike shuts down and watches their bodies decompose over the years. As the years flash by him, an oak tree grows from Hester's body, and he eventually slows this time lapse when he notices human figures nearby. Finally out of his fugue state, Shrike discovers that a forest has grown round him, and meets a girl and a boy. The pair take him down into a village, where Shrike finds that he was considered an old shrine statue, and the people hung flowers around his neck for luck.",
"The Stalker discovers that the village has utilised Childermass' anti\\-gravity machines, and that he has woken hundreds, if not thousands of years into the future. When he asks if there are any traction cities in the world, the village people explain that they are thought to be fairy tales nowadays and find the idea ridiculous. When the people ask what he was for, Shrike responds that he is a \"Remembering Machine\", and is asked to tell his story. Shrike starts by speaking the first lines of *[Mortal Engines](/wiki/Mortal_Engines \"Mortal Engines\")*:",
"> \"It was a dark, blustery day in spring, and the City of London was chasing a small mining town across the dried\\-up bed of the old North Sea...\"",
"",
""
] |
### Part One
Six months after the events of [Infernal Devices](/wiki/Infernal_Devices_%28Reeve_novel%29 "Infernal Devices (Reeve novel)"), General Naga, the now\-leader of the Green Storm after the supposed demise of the Stalker Fang, has formed a truce with the *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft*, blossoming a new era of trade and peace.
Theo Ngoni, returning to his home of Zagwa and reuniting with his family, foils an assassination attempt on Oenone Zero, who is married to General Naga and has taken the title of Lady Naga. Zero was in Zagwa to facilitate peace terms with Zagwa and the Green Storm; and suspects that the attempt was made by Green Storm soldiers still loyal to the Stalker Fang. Due to the possibility of another attempt, Zero has an incognito merchant airship prepared that will take her an alternate route to Naga. As Theo saved her life, Zero wants him to accompany her; Theo agrees, hopeful that he might meet Wren. En route, Zero's servant Rohini is revealed to be Cynthia Twite, a Green Storm spy who survived the events of *Infernal Devices*, and attempts to kill her, but Theo intervenes. Cynthia escapes and downs the airship. The pair survive the crash, but Zero is captured by air\-trader Napster Varley who plans to sell her to the *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft*; whilst Theo is saved from slavers by Hester Shaw and the Stalker Shrike, who is unable to kill due to Zero's tampering. After Theo informs them of Zero's capture, Hester and Shrike decide to find her, as Zero will be able to reverse Shrike's "barrier" she implemented.
Cynthia reaches Naga's base in Tienjing and lies to him that Zero was killed by the Zagwans, though Naga refuses to take action against Tractionists. Cynthia manages to weasle her way to serve in Naga's household.
In the Traction City of Peripatetiapolis, Tom Natsworthy discovers that the bullet that Nimrod Pennyroyal shot him with in *[Predator's Gold](/wiki/Predator%27s_Gold "Predator's Gold")* has damaged his heart and he has not long to live, though he doesn't tell his daughter Wren. Tom soon discovers a woman that resembles Clytie Potts, a London Apprentice Historian that he knew. When questioned, she tells him that her name is Cruwys Morchard and that she is transporting Old\-Tech devices. Unconvinced, Tom and Wren decide to pursue her, travelling on the *Jenny Haniver* to Murnau, a *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* city, where they meet Wolf von Kobold, the son of the Mayor of Murnau and commander of the traction city Harrowbarrow. Wolf believes that the survivors of MEDUSA may be still inside London, and the three agree to make an expedition to London.
Tom and Wren meet Wolf on Harrowbarrow, a burrowing Traction City, which takes them closer to London. With Wolf accompanying them, they fly the *Jenny Haniver* over the Green Storm border, and finally reaching the debris field of London. There they discover that the survivors of MEDUSA have rebuilt a society in London, led by Tom's old boss and now Mayor Chudleigh Pomeroy. Garamond, the paranoid head of security, convinces Pomeroy to keep them there as he suspects that they may inform others of London's survival. Tom, Wren and Wolf eventually discover a new traction town being rebuilt near the ruins, a project that was in\-progress long before Magnus Crome decided to use MEDUSA. Noticing that "New London" has no wheels, the leading Engineer Dr. Childermass explains that it uses Magnetic Levitation to float above the ground, making it less harmful to the environment. Wolf slips away from the conversation and escapes back to Harrowbarrow, intent on devouring New London and to use the technology to make his city better.
Meanwhile, the former Lost Boy Fishcake has partially rebuilt the Stalker Fang in [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo "Cairo"). The Stalker Fang often malfunctions, alternating in personality between the kind and supportive Anna\-side and the cold and merciless Stalker\-side. Fishcake informs Fang that Cairo is stopping to trade with Lost Boy\-ruled [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton "Brighton") where they steal a limpet and make their way to the state of Shan Guo, where the Stalker will do something "important".
Walking the rest of the way by foot, Fishcake and Fang stop at a hermitage, that is inhabited by Sathya, an exiled commander of the Green Storm and an old friend to Anna. The Anna\-side of the Stalker doesn't wish to harm Sathya, and wants former London Engineer Dr. Popjoy, who resurrected her in *Predator’s Gold* to eliminate the Stalker\-side. Despite protestations, Fishcake accompanies her to Batmunkh Gompa. However, before meeting Popjoy, the Stalker\-side returns and demands that he remove the Anna\-side. Popjoy explains to her that the brain he fitted her with in Rogue's Roost was from a much older model he found in the Arctic and that it was from a "Remembering Machine" that helped to keep a nomad culture alive. When Popjoy discovers that the Stalker Fang will reactivate ODIN (standing for Orbital Defence Initiative), an orbital weapon with firepower similar to MEDUSA, he protests; but the Stalker kills him. The Stalker Fang takes Fishcake with her to Erdene Tezh, her old home.
|
[
"### Part One",
"Six months after the events of [Infernal Devices](/wiki/Infernal_Devices_%28Reeve_novel%29 \"Infernal Devices (Reeve novel)\"), General Naga, the now\\-leader of the Green Storm after the supposed demise of the Stalker Fang, has formed a truce with the *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft*, blossoming a new era of trade and peace.",
"Theo Ngoni, returning to his home of Zagwa and reuniting with his family, foils an assassination attempt on Oenone Zero, who is married to General Naga and has taken the title of Lady Naga. Zero was in Zagwa to facilitate peace terms with Zagwa and the Green Storm; and suspects that the attempt was made by Green Storm soldiers still loyal to the Stalker Fang. Due to the possibility of another attempt, Zero has an incognito merchant airship prepared that will take her an alternate route to Naga. As Theo saved her life, Zero wants him to accompany her; Theo agrees, hopeful that he might meet Wren. En route, Zero's servant Rohini is revealed to be Cynthia Twite, a Green Storm spy who survived the events of *Infernal Devices*, and attempts to kill her, but Theo intervenes. Cynthia escapes and downs the airship. The pair survive the crash, but Zero is captured by air\\-trader Napster Varley who plans to sell her to the *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft*; whilst Theo is saved from slavers by Hester Shaw and the Stalker Shrike, who is unable to kill due to Zero's tampering. After Theo informs them of Zero's capture, Hester and Shrike decide to find her, as Zero will be able to reverse Shrike's \"barrier\" she implemented.",
"Cynthia reaches Naga's base in Tienjing and lies to him that Zero was killed by the Zagwans, though Naga refuses to take action against Tractionists. Cynthia manages to weasle her way to serve in Naga's household.",
"In the Traction City of Peripatetiapolis, Tom Natsworthy discovers that the bullet that Nimrod Pennyroyal shot him with in *[Predator's Gold](/wiki/Predator%27s_Gold \"Predator's Gold\")* has damaged his heart and he has not long to live, though he doesn't tell his daughter Wren. Tom soon discovers a woman that resembles Clytie Potts, a London Apprentice Historian that he knew. When questioned, she tells him that her name is Cruwys Morchard and that she is transporting Old\\-Tech devices. Unconvinced, Tom and Wren decide to pursue her, travelling on the *Jenny Haniver* to Murnau, a *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* city, where they meet Wolf von Kobold, the son of the Mayor of Murnau and commander of the traction city Harrowbarrow. Wolf believes that the survivors of MEDUSA may be still inside London, and the three agree to make an expedition to London.",
"Tom and Wren meet Wolf on Harrowbarrow, a burrowing Traction City, which takes them closer to London. With Wolf accompanying them, they fly the *Jenny Haniver* over the Green Storm border, and finally reaching the debris field of London. There they discover that the survivors of MEDUSA have rebuilt a society in London, led by Tom's old boss and now Mayor Chudleigh Pomeroy. Garamond, the paranoid head of security, convinces Pomeroy to keep them there as he suspects that they may inform others of London's survival. Tom, Wren and Wolf eventually discover a new traction town being rebuilt near the ruins, a project that was in\\-progress long before Magnus Crome decided to use MEDUSA. Noticing that \"New London\" has no wheels, the leading Engineer Dr. Childermass explains that it uses Magnetic Levitation to float above the ground, making it less harmful to the environment. Wolf slips away from the conversation and escapes back to Harrowbarrow, intent on devouring New London and to use the technology to make his city better.",
"Meanwhile, the former Lost Boy Fishcake has partially rebuilt the Stalker Fang in [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\"). The Stalker Fang often malfunctions, alternating in personality between the kind and supportive Anna\\-side and the cold and merciless Stalker\\-side. Fishcake informs Fang that Cairo is stopping to trade with Lost Boy\\-ruled [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\") where they steal a limpet and make their way to the state of Shan Guo, where the Stalker will do something \"important\".",
"Walking the rest of the way by foot, Fishcake and Fang stop at a hermitage, that is inhabited by Sathya, an exiled commander of the Green Storm and an old friend to Anna. The Anna\\-side of the Stalker doesn't wish to harm Sathya, and wants former London Engineer Dr. Popjoy, who resurrected her in *Predator’s Gold* to eliminate the Stalker\\-side. Despite protestations, Fishcake accompanies her to Batmunkh Gompa. However, before meeting Popjoy, the Stalker\\-side returns and demands that he remove the Anna\\-side. Popjoy explains to her that the brain he fitted her with in Rogue's Roost was from a much older model he found in the Arctic and that it was from a \"Remembering Machine\" that helped to keep a nomad culture alive. When Popjoy discovers that the Stalker Fang will reactivate ODIN (standing for Orbital Defence Initiative), an orbital weapon with firepower similar to MEDUSA, he protests; but the Stalker kills him. The Stalker Fang takes Fishcake with her to Erdene Tezh, her old home.",
""
] |
### Part Four
Hester, Shrike, Zero and Pennyroyal make their way to Batmunkh Gompa to reunite with Naga, who has been evacuated to there. They are told of the destruction of traction cities and Tienjing alike, which Shrike deduces is the work of the Stalker Fang. Zero intends to talk to Popjoy as he built the Stalker Fang and may know how to disable her for good.
Wren discovers Tom's letter and attempts to follow him with Theo, but they are stopped by Garamond, who believes they are Green Storm agents and are escaping to betray New London. It is revealed that Pomeroy had died in his sleep when Tom left New London and Garamond has taken his place. Garamond arrests the pair, but Childermass frees them and tells them to escape to a Green Storm settlement. It is revealed that Childermass is the mother of Bevis Pod.
Tom, flying the *Jenny Haniver*, is intercepted on his way to Tienjing and brought to Batmunkh Gompa, where he is interrogated by Naga. Tom pleads for Naga to not use the weapon on New London, but Naga mistakes him for a *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* spy and disbelieves him. Hester and the others arrive in Batmunkh Gompa, where Zero discovers Popjoy is dead. When Zero meets with Naga, he accuses her of being a spy, believing that London is the master of the new weapon and that Popjoy faked his death to join them. Naga has Zero beaten and detained, then orders for their forces to attack London. Pennyroyal informs Hester and Shrike of Zero's predicament, and Hester is shakily reunited with Tom, who tells her that Theo is alive and with Wren in London. With Shrike, the pair escape on the *Jenny Haniver*. The Stalker Fang targets Zhan Shan, a volcano, with ODIN, triggering an eruption that will last for weeks and destroy many provinces. Tom and Hester deduce that the Stalker Fang has gone to Erdene Tezh and fly the *Jenny Haniver* there.
Wren and Theo hear Harrowbarrow approaching to devour New London. Wren boards it whilst Theo warns the Londoners of the approaching city. Wren confronts Wolf, and tricks him into diverting Harrowbarrow into an area that is full of energy left from MEDUSA. The Green Storm arrives and attacks, though Wolf continues ahead, having dealt with the Green Storm before, but Harrowbarrow is damaged by MEDUSA's left\-over energy. Theo boards it and finds Wren, but Harrowbarrow starts moving again. Naga, informed of Harrowbarrow's approach, realises his error and defends New London, which finally begins to move, with Harrowbarrow in pursuit. Wolf confronts Wren and Theo on Harrowbarrow's back, but Wren accidentally kills Wolf when Naga's airship arrives and rescues them. Naga drops Wren and Theo on New London and pilots his airship straight into Harrowbarrow in a [kamikaze](/wiki/Kamikaze "Kamikaze") attack, destroying the city and allowing New London to escape.
On board the *Jenny Haniver*, Shrike finds Pennyroyal hiding, and the three tie him up. Stalker\-birds attack the airship, severely damaging it. Shrike manages to save the three from being killed, but falls out of the ship and into the mountains. The airship downs near Fang's old home, where Hester and Tom leave Pennyroyal. Fishcake, having heard the airship, confronts them and tries to kill Hester, but is stopped by the Stalker Fang. Fishcake demands she kills them, but the Stalker Fang hits him and Fishcake runs away. Tom's heart begins to strain and he collapses. The Stalker Fang, deciding not to kill them as they will all die soon enough, takes Tom into the house as Hester follows.
The Stalker Fang explains to Tom and Hester that she destroyed various traction cities and Green Storm bases to make the two sides fight each other, giving her time to send a command to ODIN. This command targets various volcanoes around the Earth, which will erupt and kill humanity in the resulting [volcanic winter](/wiki/Volcanic_winter "Volcanic winter"), but will "make the world green again". Fishcake finds Pennyroyal, and they plan to escape in Popjoy's sky\-yacht, but need the keys around the Stalker Fang's neck. Pennyroyal finds an anti\-Stalker weapon that Hester dropped and makes his way toward the house. Tom attempts to convince the Anna\-side of the Stalker to destroy ODIN, and the Stalker flashes between the converging personalities. Pennyroyal suddenly enters and kills the Stalker Fang, which falls onto the ODIN transmitter and destroys it. Tom's heart strains and he collapses again, whilst Pennyroyal takes the key to the sky\-yacht and attempt to bring it to them to save Tom. As Hester takes Tom outside, they see a twinkling star in the sky, and Hester realises that the Stalker Fang had ordered ODIN to destroy itself. Pennyroyal attempts to fly the sky\-yacht to Tom and Hester, but is threatened by Fishcake to leave them behind as revenge for leaving him on Brighton. Hester watches the sky\-yacht fly away, and she comforts Tom as he dies. Hester commits suicide shortly afterwards.
Zero is informed of Naga's demise, and is appointed leader of the Green Storm, which she reforms as the Anti\-Traction League. She makes a treaty with von Kobold to cease fighting forever, with many traction cities subsequently becoming static. Popjoy's sky\-yacht fails outside Batmunkh Gompa, and Fishcake abandons Pennyroyal, who travels back to Murnau and spends time in debtors' prison before writing a truthful account of the events he survived, titling it *Ignorant Armies*. However, it is never published due to his fraudulent activities, and Pennyroyal lives out the rest of his life in Peripatetiapolis with an old girlfriend. Fishcake makes his way to Sathya's hermitage, where he lives with her into adulthood and has children of his own. He comes to regret leaving Hester and Tom in Erdene Tezh, though he believes that they were resourceful enough to find a way to escape. Wren and Theo leave New London in the north a year later, and go to Zagwa to see Theo's family. When Airhaven arrives, Wren and Theo buy a new airship with Wolf's expedition money, calling it the *Jenny Haniver II* and become air\-traders. New London thrives as it escapes predator cities and trades with anti\-gravity furniture.
Miles away, Shrike revives himself and arrives at Erdene Tezh too late, finding the remains of the Stalker Fang. Although her Stalker brain is dead, Shrike downloads memories from the older part of her brain. He then finds Tom and Hester's bodies, and considers taking Hester to be Resurrected, but decides against it when he sees that they held hands when they died. As he takes their bodies, Shrike recalls his own long\-lost memories of his own two children (Ruan and Fern from *[Fever Crumb](/wiki/Fever_Crumb "Fever Crumb")*) before he was turned into a Stalker. Laying the bodies down in an outcrop nearby, Shrike shuts down and watches their bodies decompose over the years. As the years flash by him, an oak tree grows from Hester's body, and he eventually slows this time lapse when he notices human figures nearby. Finally out of his fugue state, Shrike discovers that a forest has grown round him, and meets a girl and a boy. The pair take him down into a village, where Shrike finds that he was considered an old shrine statue, and the people hung flowers around his neck for luck.
The Stalker discovers that the village has utilised Childermass' anti\-gravity machines, and that he has woken hundreds, if not thousands of years into the future. When he asks if there are any traction cities in the world, the village people explain that they are thought to be fairy tales nowadays and find the idea ridiculous. When the people ask what he was for, Shrike responds that he is a "Remembering Machine", and is asked to tell his story. Shrike starts by speaking the first lines of *[Mortal Engines](/wiki/Mortal_Engines "Mortal Engines")*:
> "It was a dark, blustery day in spring, and the City of London was chasing a small mining town across the dried\-up bed of the old North Sea..."
|
[
"### Part Four",
"Hester, Shrike, Zero and Pennyroyal make their way to Batmunkh Gompa to reunite with Naga, who has been evacuated to there. They are told of the destruction of traction cities and Tienjing alike, which Shrike deduces is the work of the Stalker Fang. Zero intends to talk to Popjoy as he built the Stalker Fang and may know how to disable her for good.",
"Wren discovers Tom's letter and attempts to follow him with Theo, but they are stopped by Garamond, who believes they are Green Storm agents and are escaping to betray New London. It is revealed that Pomeroy had died in his sleep when Tom left New London and Garamond has taken his place. Garamond arrests the pair, but Childermass frees them and tells them to escape to a Green Storm settlement. It is revealed that Childermass is the mother of Bevis Pod.",
"Tom, flying the *Jenny Haniver*, is intercepted on his way to Tienjing and brought to Batmunkh Gompa, where he is interrogated by Naga. Tom pleads for Naga to not use the weapon on New London, but Naga mistakes him for a *Traktionstadtsgesellschaft* spy and disbelieves him. Hester and the others arrive in Batmunkh Gompa, where Zero discovers Popjoy is dead. When Zero meets with Naga, he accuses her of being a spy, believing that London is the master of the new weapon and that Popjoy faked his death to join them. Naga has Zero beaten and detained, then orders for their forces to attack London. Pennyroyal informs Hester and Shrike of Zero's predicament, and Hester is shakily reunited with Tom, who tells her that Theo is alive and with Wren in London. With Shrike, the pair escape on the *Jenny Haniver*. The Stalker Fang targets Zhan Shan, a volcano, with ODIN, triggering an eruption that will last for weeks and destroy many provinces. Tom and Hester deduce that the Stalker Fang has gone to Erdene Tezh and fly the *Jenny Haniver* there.",
"Wren and Theo hear Harrowbarrow approaching to devour New London. Wren boards it whilst Theo warns the Londoners of the approaching city. Wren confronts Wolf, and tricks him into diverting Harrowbarrow into an area that is full of energy left from MEDUSA. The Green Storm arrives and attacks, though Wolf continues ahead, having dealt with the Green Storm before, but Harrowbarrow is damaged by MEDUSA's left\\-over energy. Theo boards it and finds Wren, but Harrowbarrow starts moving again. Naga, informed of Harrowbarrow's approach, realises his error and defends New London, which finally begins to move, with Harrowbarrow in pursuit. Wolf confronts Wren and Theo on Harrowbarrow's back, but Wren accidentally kills Wolf when Naga's airship arrives and rescues them. Naga drops Wren and Theo on New London and pilots his airship straight into Harrowbarrow in a [kamikaze](/wiki/Kamikaze \"Kamikaze\") attack, destroying the city and allowing New London to escape.",
"On board the *Jenny Haniver*, Shrike finds Pennyroyal hiding, and the three tie him up. Stalker\\-birds attack the airship, severely damaging it. Shrike manages to save the three from being killed, but falls out of the ship and into the mountains. The airship downs near Fang's old home, where Hester and Tom leave Pennyroyal. Fishcake, having heard the airship, confronts them and tries to kill Hester, but is stopped by the Stalker Fang. Fishcake demands she kills them, but the Stalker Fang hits him and Fishcake runs away. Tom's heart begins to strain and he collapses. The Stalker Fang, deciding not to kill them as they will all die soon enough, takes Tom into the house as Hester follows.",
"The Stalker Fang explains to Tom and Hester that she destroyed various traction cities and Green Storm bases to make the two sides fight each other, giving her time to send a command to ODIN. This command targets various volcanoes around the Earth, which will erupt and kill humanity in the resulting [volcanic winter](/wiki/Volcanic_winter \"Volcanic winter\"), but will \"make the world green again\". Fishcake finds Pennyroyal, and they plan to escape in Popjoy's sky\\-yacht, but need the keys around the Stalker Fang's neck. Pennyroyal finds an anti\\-Stalker weapon that Hester dropped and makes his way toward the house. Tom attempts to convince the Anna\\-side of the Stalker to destroy ODIN, and the Stalker flashes between the converging personalities. Pennyroyal suddenly enters and kills the Stalker Fang, which falls onto the ODIN transmitter and destroys it. Tom's heart strains and he collapses again, whilst Pennyroyal takes the key to the sky\\-yacht and attempt to bring it to them to save Tom. As Hester takes Tom outside, they see a twinkling star in the sky, and Hester realises that the Stalker Fang had ordered ODIN to destroy itself. Pennyroyal attempts to fly the sky\\-yacht to Tom and Hester, but is threatened by Fishcake to leave them behind as revenge for leaving him on Brighton. Hester watches the sky\\-yacht fly away, and she comforts Tom as he dies. Hester commits suicide shortly afterwards.",
"Zero is informed of Naga's demise, and is appointed leader of the Green Storm, which she reforms as the Anti\\-Traction League. She makes a treaty with von Kobold to cease fighting forever, with many traction cities subsequently becoming static. Popjoy's sky\\-yacht fails outside Batmunkh Gompa, and Fishcake abandons Pennyroyal, who travels back to Murnau and spends time in debtors' prison before writing a truthful account of the events he survived, titling it *Ignorant Armies*. However, it is never published due to his fraudulent activities, and Pennyroyal lives out the rest of his life in Peripatetiapolis with an old girlfriend. Fishcake makes his way to Sathya's hermitage, where he lives with her into adulthood and has children of his own. He comes to regret leaving Hester and Tom in Erdene Tezh, though he believes that they were resourceful enough to find a way to escape. Wren and Theo leave New London in the north a year later, and go to Zagwa to see Theo's family. When Airhaven arrives, Wren and Theo buy a new airship with Wolf's expedition money, calling it the *Jenny Haniver II* and become air\\-traders. New London thrives as it escapes predator cities and trades with anti\\-gravity furniture.",
"Miles away, Shrike revives himself and arrives at Erdene Tezh too late, finding the remains of the Stalker Fang. Although her Stalker brain is dead, Shrike downloads memories from the older part of her brain. He then finds Tom and Hester's bodies, and considers taking Hester to be Resurrected, but decides against it when he sees that they held hands when they died. As he takes their bodies, Shrike recalls his own long\\-lost memories of his own two children (Ruan and Fern from *[Fever Crumb](/wiki/Fever_Crumb \"Fever Crumb\")*) before he was turned into a Stalker. Laying the bodies down in an outcrop nearby, Shrike shuts down and watches their bodies decompose over the years. As the years flash by him, an oak tree grows from Hester's body, and he eventually slows this time lapse when he notices human figures nearby. Finally out of his fugue state, Shrike discovers that a forest has grown round him, and meets a girl and a boy. The pair take him down into a village, where Shrike finds that he was considered an old shrine statue, and the people hung flowers around his neck for luck.",
"The Stalker discovers that the village has utilised Childermass' anti\\-gravity machines, and that he has woken hundreds, if not thousands of years into the future. When he asks if there are any traction cities in the world, the village people explain that they are thought to be fairy tales nowadays and find the idea ridiculous. When the people ask what he was for, Shrike responds that he is a \"Remembering Machine\", and is asked to tell his story. Shrike starts by speaking the first lines of *[Mortal Engines](/wiki/Mortal_Engines \"Mortal Engines\")*:",
"> \"It was a dark, blustery day in spring, and the City of London was chasing a small mining town across the dried\\-up bed of the old North Sea...\"",
"",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Born in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig "Leipzig"), Germany, he obtained his M.A. degree from the University College of the [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") in 1931, and his Ph.D. from the [University of Leipzig](/wiki/University_of_Leipzig "University of Leipzig") in 1934 with a dissertation entitled "Die lyrische Anthologie im England des 18\. Jahrhunderts (1670–1780\)." He taught at Toronto in the 1930s and, from 1938 onwards, at [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University"). He moved to [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") in 1957, where he was the founding chairman of both the German Department and the Department of Comparative Literature. As the John N. Woodhull Professor of Modern Languages, he remained at Princeton until his retirement in 1977\. He was twice the recipient of [Guggenheim Fellowships](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowships "Guggenheim Fellowships"), in 1950 and 1967\. From 1962, he held an honorary professorship at the [Free University of Berlin](/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin "Free University of Berlin").
In 1959, he was honored with the Commanders' Cross by the German Government. Among the other honors conferred on him were the Goethe Gold Medal in Frankfurt in 1965 and, in 1966, the Friedrich Gundolph Prize of the [Deutsche Akademie](/wiki/Deutsche_Akademie "Deutsche Akademie"). He received the University of California's Chancellor's Citation in 1985 and in 1993 the Weimar [Goethe Medal](/wiki/Goethe_Medal "Goethe Medal") in Gold.
In 1966, he arranged the meeting of the [Gruppe 47](/wiki/Gruppe_47 "Gruppe 47") in Princeton and, as President of the International Verein Germanstein he hosted their meeting in Princeton in 1970\.
His most important published work is *The Classical Age of German Literature, 1740–1815* (New York, Holmes \& Meier, 1982\). An exhaustive bibliography of his writings was published posthumously in the *Jahrbuch für Internationale Germanistik* (a [Peter Lang](/wiki/Peter_Lang_%28publishing_company%29 "Peter Lang (publishing company)") serial).
He taught as Guest Professor in many universities: [Melbourne University](/wiki/Melbourne_University "Melbourne University") (Australia), Berlin, Heidelberg, Munich, the [University of New Zealand](/wiki/University_of_New_Zealand "University of New Zealand") (Auckland), the [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California "University of California") (at Davis, Berkeley, and San Diego), and lectured widely. He was the founding president of the [Goethe Society of North America](/wiki/Goethe_Society_of_North_America "Goethe Society of North America") (in which he served from 1980 to 1989\).
### Death
He died of heart failure on 29 June 1996 in [Princeton, New Jersey](/wiki/Princeton%2C_New_Jersey "Princeton, New Jersey") at the age of 87\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Born in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig \"Leipzig\"), Germany, he obtained his M.A. degree from the University College of the [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto \"University of Toronto\") in 1931, and his Ph.D. from the [University of Leipzig](/wiki/University_of_Leipzig \"University of Leipzig\") in 1934 with a dissertation entitled \"Die lyrische Anthologie im England des 18\\. Jahrhunderts (1670–1780\\).\" He taught at Toronto in the 1930s and, from 1938 onwards, at [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University \"Cornell University\"). He moved to [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\") in 1957, where he was the founding chairman of both the German Department and the Department of Comparative Literature. As the John N. Woodhull Professor of Modern Languages, he remained at Princeton until his retirement in 1977\\. He was twice the recipient of [Guggenheim Fellowships](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowships \"Guggenheim Fellowships\"), in 1950 and 1967\\. From 1962, he held an honorary professorship at the [Free University of Berlin](/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin \"Free University of Berlin\").",
"In 1959, he was honored with the Commanders' Cross by the German Government. Among the other honors conferred on him were the Goethe Gold Medal in Frankfurt in 1965 and, in 1966, the Friedrich Gundolph Prize of the [Deutsche Akademie](/wiki/Deutsche_Akademie \"Deutsche Akademie\"). He received the University of California's Chancellor's Citation in 1985 and in 1993 the Weimar [Goethe Medal](/wiki/Goethe_Medal \"Goethe Medal\") in Gold.",
"In 1966, he arranged the meeting of the [Gruppe 47](/wiki/Gruppe_47 \"Gruppe 47\") in Princeton and, as President of the International Verein Germanstein he hosted their meeting in Princeton in 1970\\.",
"His most important published work is *The Classical Age of German Literature, 1740–1815* (New York, Holmes \\& Meier, 1982\\). An exhaustive bibliography of his writings was published posthumously in the *Jahrbuch für Internationale Germanistik* (a [Peter Lang](/wiki/Peter_Lang_%28publishing_company%29 \"Peter Lang (publishing company)\") serial).",
"He taught as Guest Professor in many universities: [Melbourne University](/wiki/Melbourne_University \"Melbourne University\") (Australia), Berlin, Heidelberg, Munich, the [University of New Zealand](/wiki/University_of_New_Zealand \"University of New Zealand\") (Auckland), the [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California \"University of California\") (at Davis, Berkeley, and San Diego), and lectured widely. He was the founding president of the [Goethe Society of North America](/wiki/Goethe_Society_of_North_America \"Goethe Society of North America\") (in which he served from 1980 to 1989\\).",
"### Death",
"He died of heart failure on 29 June 1996 in [Princeton, New Jersey](/wiki/Princeton%2C_New_Jersey \"Princeton, New Jersey\") at the age of 87\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
Joseph Rice was born on December 6, 1871, in [Leicester](/wiki/Leicester%2C_Massachusetts "Leicester, Massachusetts"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts"), to Henry and Catherine (née Donnelly) Rice.{{cite news\|work\=\[\[Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington]]\|title\=Most Reverend Joseph John Rice, Third Bishop of Burlington\|url\=http://www.vermontcatholic.org/index.php?sid\=html%2Fdisplay\_pages.php\&session\_formlocation\=\&pid\=640\&subnav\_id\=100000}} After graduating from [Leicester Academy](/wiki/Leicester_Academy "Leicester Academy") in Leicester in 1888, he studied at the [College of the Holy Cross](/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross "College of the Holy Cross") in Worcester, Massachusetts (1888–1891\), and at the [Grand Seminary of Montreal](/wiki/Grand_s%C3%A9minaire_de_Montr%C3%A9al "Grand séminaire de Montréal") in Montreal, Quebec (1891–1894\).{{cite news\|date\=1910\-01\-05\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|title\=J.J. RICE MADE BISHOP\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1910/01/05/archives/jj\-rice\-made\-bishop\-pope\-appoints\-him\-to\-see\-of\-burlington\-vt.html}}
### Priesthood
Returning to Massachusetts, Rice was [ordained](/wiki/Holy_Orders "Holy Orders") to the priesthood for the [Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts](/wiki/Diocese_of_Springfield_in_Massachusetts "Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts") by Bishop [Thomas Beaven](/wiki/Thomas_Daniel_Beaven "Thomas Daniel Beaven") on September 29, 1894\.{{cite news\|work\=Catholic\-Hierarchy.org\|title\=Bishop Joseph John Rice\|url\=http://www.catholic\-hierarchy.org/bishop/brice.html}} He then travelled to Rome to study, earning a [Doctor of Divinity](/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity "Doctor of Divinity") degree from the [College of the Propaganda](/wiki/Pontifical_Urbaniana_University "Pontifical Urbaniana University") in 1896\.
Following his return to the United States, Rice was assigned to a parish in [Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Maine "Portland, Maine"), [Maine](/wiki/Maine "Maine"). He was then sent to Northern Maine to do [missionary](/wiki/Missionary "Missionary") work among [Native Americans](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") there.{{Cite news \|date\=1938\-04\-02 \|title\=BISHOP JOSEPH RICE OF BURLINGTON, VT.; Head of Diocese Since 1910 Dies at 66\-\-Ordained in 1894 \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/04/02/archives/bishop\-joseph\-rice\-of\-burlington\-vt\-head\-of\-diocese\-since\-1910\-dies.html \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-16 \|issn\=0362\-4331}} Rice's next pastoral assignment was as an assistant pastor at St. Bernard's parish in [Fitchburg, Massachusetts](/wiki/Fitchburg%2C_Massachusetts "Fitchburg, Massachusetts"). He was then appointed as pastor of a French\-Canadian parish in [Pittsfield, Massachusetts](/wiki/Pittsfield%2C_Massachusetts "Pittsfield, Massachusetts"). Rice also served in parishes in [Oxford, Massachusetts](/wiki/Oxford%2C_Massachusetts "Oxford, Massachusetts"), and Whitinsville, Massachusetts. Rice was a professor of [philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy "Philosophy") at [St. John's Seminary](/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Seminary_%28Massachusetts%29 "Saint John's Seminary (Massachusetts)") in Boston until 1903, when he was tasked with erecting St. Peter's Parish in [Northbridge, Massachusetts](/wiki/Northbridge%2C_Massachusetts "Northbridge, Massachusetts").
### Bishop of Burlington
On January 8, 1910, Rice was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Burlington by [Pope Pius X](/wiki/Pope_Pius_X "Pope Pius X"). He received his [episcopal consecration](/wiki/Bishop_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Bishop (Catholic Church)") on April 14, 1910, from Bishop [Thomas Beaven](/wiki/Thomas_Daniel_Beaven "Thomas Daniel Beaven"), with Bishops [Matthew Harkins](/wiki/Matthew_Harkins "Matthew Harkins") and [Louis Walsh](/wiki/Louis_Sebastian_Walsh "Louis Sebastian Walsh") serving as [co\-consecrators](/wiki/Consecrator "Consecrator"), at the [Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception](/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_%28Burlington%2C_Vermont%29 "Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Burlington, Vermont)") in Burlington.
In June 1923 the cornerstone was laid for a hospital on land in Burlington previously purchased for that purpose by Bishop DeGoesbriand. The hospital was named for him. Rice placed De Goesbriand Memorial Hospital under the care of the [Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph](/wiki/Religious_Hospitallers_of_St._Joseph "Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph"). In 1927, a School of Nursing was opened.["The Bishop DeGoesbriand Hospital", University Green Area Heritage Study](https://www.uvm.edu/~hp206/2011/sites/44.html)
During his 28\-year\-long tenure, Rice opened three high schools and [Trinity College](/wiki/Trinity_College_%28Vermont%29 "Trinity College (Vermont)").{{cite news\|work\=\[\[Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington]]\|title\=A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DIOCESE BURLINGTON\|url\=http://www.vermontcatholic.org/index.php?sid\=html%2Fdisplay\_pages.php\&session\_formlocation\=\&pid\=637\&subnav\_id\=100000}} He was also confronted with a case of [anti\-Catholicism](/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States "Anti-Catholicism in the United States"); in November 1925, the [Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan "Ku Klux Klan") [burned a cross](/wiki/Cross_burning "Cross burning") on the steps of St. Augustine's Church at [Montpelier, Vermont](/wiki/Montpelier%2C_Vermont "Montpelier, Vermont").
Joseph Rice died on April 1, 1938, at age 66\. He is buried at Resurrection Park in [South Burlington, Vermont](/wiki/South_Burlington%2C_Vermont "South Burlington, Vermont").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"Joseph Rice was born on December 6, 1871, in [Leicester](/wiki/Leicester%2C_Massachusetts \"Leicester, Massachusetts\"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"), to Henry and Catherine (née Donnelly) Rice.{{cite news\\|work\\=\\[\\[Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington]]\\|title\\=Most Reverend Joseph John Rice, Third Bishop of Burlington\\|url\\=http://www.vermontcatholic.org/index.php?sid\\=html%2Fdisplay\\_pages.php\\&session\\_formlocation\\=\\&pid\\=640\\&subnav\\_id\\=100000}} After graduating from [Leicester Academy](/wiki/Leicester_Academy \"Leicester Academy\") in Leicester in 1888, he studied at the [College of the Holy Cross](/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross \"College of the Holy Cross\") in Worcester, Massachusetts (1888–1891\\), and at the [Grand Seminary of Montreal](/wiki/Grand_s%C3%A9minaire_de_Montr%C3%A9al \"Grand séminaire de Montréal\") in Montreal, Quebec (1891–1894\\).{{cite news\\|date\\=1910\\-01\\-05\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|title\\=J.J. RICE MADE BISHOP\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1910/01/05/archives/jj\\-rice\\-made\\-bishop\\-pope\\-appoints\\-him\\-to\\-see\\-of\\-burlington\\-vt.html}}",
"### Priesthood",
"Returning to Massachusetts, Rice was [ordained](/wiki/Holy_Orders \"Holy Orders\") to the priesthood for the [Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts](/wiki/Diocese_of_Springfield_in_Massachusetts \"Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts\") by Bishop [Thomas Beaven](/wiki/Thomas_Daniel_Beaven \"Thomas Daniel Beaven\") on September 29, 1894\\.{{cite news\\|work\\=Catholic\\-Hierarchy.org\\|title\\=Bishop Joseph John Rice\\|url\\=http://www.catholic\\-hierarchy.org/bishop/brice.html}} He then travelled to Rome to study, earning a [Doctor of Divinity](/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity \"Doctor of Divinity\") degree from the [College of the Propaganda](/wiki/Pontifical_Urbaniana_University \"Pontifical Urbaniana University\") in 1896\\.",
"Following his return to the United States, Rice was assigned to a parish in [Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Maine \"Portland, Maine\"), [Maine](/wiki/Maine \"Maine\"). He was then sent to Northern Maine to do [missionary](/wiki/Missionary \"Missionary\") work among [Native Americans](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") there.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1938\\-04\\-02 \\|title\\=BISHOP JOSEPH RICE OF BURLINGTON, VT.; Head of Diocese Since 1910 Dies at 66\\-\\-Ordained in 1894 \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/04/02/archives/bishop\\-joseph\\-rice\\-of\\-burlington\\-vt\\-head\\-of\\-diocese\\-since\\-1910\\-dies.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-16 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} Rice's next pastoral assignment was as an assistant pastor at St. Bernard's parish in [Fitchburg, Massachusetts](/wiki/Fitchburg%2C_Massachusetts \"Fitchburg, Massachusetts\"). He was then appointed as pastor of a French\\-Canadian parish in [Pittsfield, Massachusetts](/wiki/Pittsfield%2C_Massachusetts \"Pittsfield, Massachusetts\"). Rice also served in parishes in [Oxford, Massachusetts](/wiki/Oxford%2C_Massachusetts \"Oxford, Massachusetts\"), and Whitinsville, Massachusetts. Rice was a professor of [philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy \"Philosophy\") at [St. John's Seminary](/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Seminary_%28Massachusetts%29 \"Saint John's Seminary (Massachusetts)\") in Boston until 1903, when he was tasked with erecting St. Peter's Parish in [Northbridge, Massachusetts](/wiki/Northbridge%2C_Massachusetts \"Northbridge, Massachusetts\").",
"### Bishop of Burlington",
"On January 8, 1910, Rice was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Burlington by [Pope Pius X](/wiki/Pope_Pius_X \"Pope Pius X\"). He received his [episcopal consecration](/wiki/Bishop_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Bishop (Catholic Church)\") on April 14, 1910, from Bishop [Thomas Beaven](/wiki/Thomas_Daniel_Beaven \"Thomas Daniel Beaven\"), with Bishops [Matthew Harkins](/wiki/Matthew_Harkins \"Matthew Harkins\") and [Louis Walsh](/wiki/Louis_Sebastian_Walsh \"Louis Sebastian Walsh\") serving as [co\\-consecrators](/wiki/Consecrator \"Consecrator\"), at the [Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception](/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_%28Burlington%2C_Vermont%29 \"Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Burlington, Vermont)\") in Burlington.",
"In June 1923 the cornerstone was laid for a hospital on land in Burlington previously purchased for that purpose by Bishop DeGoesbriand. The hospital was named for him. Rice placed De Goesbriand Memorial Hospital under the care of the [Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph](/wiki/Religious_Hospitallers_of_St._Joseph \"Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph\"). In 1927, a School of Nursing was opened.[\"The Bishop DeGoesbriand Hospital\", University Green Area Heritage Study](https://www.uvm.edu/~hp206/2011/sites/44.html)",
"During his 28\\-year\\-long tenure, Rice opened three high schools and [Trinity College](/wiki/Trinity_College_%28Vermont%29 \"Trinity College (Vermont)\").{{cite news\\|work\\=\\[\\[Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington]]\\|title\\=A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DIOCESE BURLINGTON\\|url\\=http://www.vermontcatholic.org/index.php?sid\\=html%2Fdisplay\\_pages.php\\&session\\_formlocation\\=\\&pid\\=637\\&subnav\\_id\\=100000}} He was also confronted with a case of [anti\\-Catholicism](/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States \"Anti-Catholicism in the United States\"); in November 1925, the [Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan \"Ku Klux Klan\") [burned a cross](/wiki/Cross_burning \"Cross burning\") on the steps of St. Augustine's Church at [Montpelier, Vermont](/wiki/Montpelier%2C_Vermont \"Montpelier, Vermont\").",
"Joseph Rice died on April 1, 1938, at age 66\\. He is buried at Resurrection Park in [South Burlington, Vermont](/wiki/South_Burlington%2C_Vermont \"South Burlington, Vermont\").",
""
] |
Running career
--------------
### High school
Soratos attended [Salinas High School](/wiki/Salinas_High_School "Salinas High School") in Salinas, California. He was known to have been a runner of small stature. As a senior in high school, Soratos recorded a personal best 1600 meter time of 4:23\.26\.[http://www.athletic.net/TrackAndField/Athlete.aspx?AID\=168849](http://www.athletic.net/TrackAndField/Athlete.aspx?AID=168849) Athletic.net \- Cristian Soratos He was not subsequently recruited to a track program, and continued his post\-high school running career voluntarily.
### Collegiate
{{Quote\_box\|
width\=25%
\|align\=right
\|quote\="My coach and I joke around when we see the trailers for \[\[McFarland, USA\|the movie ''McFarland, USA'']] and call it ‘Hartnell, USA’ because that’s what the culture was like...There was a heavy Hispanic presence there, and it was comfortable. I wanted to keep running."
\|source\=Cristian Soratos, March 2015{{cite web \|url\=https://www.espn.com/blog/onenacion/post/\_/id/170/cristian\-soratos\-finds\-stride\-at\-montana\-state \|author\=Christopher Chavez \|title\=Cristian Soratos finds stride at Montana State \|date\=March 12, 2015}}
\|}}
Soratos first attended [Hartnell College](/wiki/Hartnell_College "Hartnell College"), where he began training for cross country and track under coach Chris Zepeda. Soratos broke [school](/wiki/Hartnell_College "Hartnell College") records on the track.[Hartnell's Leon to Montana State](http://www.cccaasports.org/sports/mxc/2014-15/releases/20141209b36303) [California Community College Athletic Association](/wiki/California_Community_College_Athletic_Association "California Community College Athletic Association"). December 9, 2014\. At Hartnell, Soratos pursued a high\-mileage training program which at one point involved running 80 miles per week.
In his sophomore year at Hartnell, Soratos won four [Coast Conference](/wiki/Coast_Conference "Coast Conference") titles and recorded 3:47 at the 2012 [California Community College Athletic Association](/wiki/California_Community_College_Athletic_Association "California Community College Athletic Association") state track and field championships in the 1500 meters,[2010\-2012 Cristian Soratos Hartnell College cross country and track and field results](https://www.tfrrs.org/athletes/3148349/Hartnell/Cristian__Soratos.html) TFRRS. June 2012\. and subsequently transferred to [Montana State University](/wiki/Montana_State_University "Montana State University") at the insisting of MSU coach Lyle Weese, who was once a standout MSU steeplechaser, professional runner, and Hartnell coach.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.runnersworld.com/college\-runner\-profiles/cristian\-soratos\-the\-unlikely\-ncaa\-mile\-leader \|author\=Matthew Hoffman \|title\=Cristian Soratos, The Unlikely NCAA Mile Leader \|date\=March 5, 2015}}
In one of MSU's home meets, on January 16, 2015, Soratos ran a 4:05 indoor mile, which the NCAA converted to a 3:56 result due to Bozeman's altitude of approximately 4,400 feet above sea level.{{cite web \|url\=http://billingsgazette.com/sports/college/big\-sky\-conference/montana\-state\-university/who\-s\-no\-at\-msu\-it\-s\-soratos\-by\-a/article\_1cd54dfb\-76ae\-585e\-bd5f\-1f849e33c56d.html \|author\=Jeff Welsch \|title\=Who's No. 1? At MSU it's Soratos, by a mile \|date\=March 12, 2015}} It was the first race in which Soratos wore his [Sonic the Hedgehog](/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_%28character%29 "Sonic the Hedgehog (character)") long socks, which attracted much attention in the sport.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.letsrun.com/news/2015/03/is\-it\-the\-socks\-cristian\-soratos\-reveals\-he\-first\-wore\-sonic\-the\-hedgehog\-socks\-when\-he\-ran\-his\-356\-87\-mile\-equivalent/ \|author\=Letsrun.com \|title\=Is It The Socks? Cristian Soratos Reveals He First Wore Sonic The Hedgehog Socks When He Ran His 3:56\.87 Mile Equivalent \|date\=March 13, 2015}}
Commentary from enthusiasts and experts alike was overwhelmingly skeptical of the NCAA\-converted result. However, the following month, Soratos garnered national attention when he ran the indoor mile of at the 2015 [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington") Huskey Classic, whose venue was much closer to sea level, with a time of 3:55\.27\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.montereyherald.com/sports/20150222/county\-clipboard\-salinas\-high\-hartnell\-grad\-cristian\-soratos\-runs\-nation\-leading\-time\-in\-mile \|author\=John Devine \|title\=County Clipboard: Salinas High, Hartnell grad Cristian Soratos runs nation\-leading time in mile \|date\=February 22, 2015}}
The result automatically put Soratos in first place in the collegiate men's national leaderboard for the indoor mile, and also qualified him for the NCAA DI Indoor Track and Field Championships.
At the [2015 NCAA DI Indoor T\&F Championships](/wiki/2015_NCAA_Division_I_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships "2015 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships"), Soratos placed second in an extraordinary indoor mile finals race behind [Edward Cheserek](/wiki/Edward_Cheserek "Edward Cheserek"), during which Soratos, after running the first three laps at approximately 64 seconds per 400 meters, exploded into the lead after the third lap with a 53\.36 second 400\-meter split in the middle of the mile race.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.letsrun.com/news/2015/03/cristian\-soratos\-goes\-for\-it\-but\-edward\-cheserek\-runs\-219\-last\-1k\-to\-win\-mens\-mile\-at\-2015\-ncaa\-indoor\-track\-and\-field\-championships/ \|author\=Letsrun.com \|title\=Cristian Soratos Goes For It But Edward Cheserek Runs 2:19 Last 1k To Win Men’s Mile at 2015 NCAA Indoor Track and Field Championships \|date\=March 14, 2015}} Although Soratos finished behind Cheserek, the running website [LetsRun.com](/wiki/LetsRun.com "LetsRun.com") called the race "a mid\-race surge for the ages" in reference to Cristian's mid\-race burst.
### Professional
On the morning of June 25, 2015, Soratos signed with [Adidas](/wiki/Adidas "Adidas"), and later in the same day ran in the men's 1500 meters of the [2015 USA Outdoor T\&F Championships](/wiki/2015_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships "2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships"), where he finished 24th overall. On September 9, 2015, Soratos ran [Hoka One One](/wiki/Hoka_One_One "Hoka One One")'s Long Island Mile in New York in a time of 3:58\.70, placing fourth overall.[http://hoka\-one\-one\-long\-island\-mile.runnerspace.com/eprofile.php?event\_id\=11220\&do\=news\&news\_id\=365943](http://hoka-one-one-long-island-mile.runnerspace.com/eprofile.php?event_id=11220&do=news&news_id=365943) Runnerspace.com: Hoka One One Long Island Mile Results (September 9, 2015\). Retrieved September 13, 2015\. On June 2, 2016, Soratos raced at the Festival of Miles in [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis"), finishing in third place with a time of 3:57\.39\.[http://mo.milesplit.com/meets/243156/results/456006/raw\#.WJ\_dAfkrLIU](http://mo.milesplit.com/meets/243156/results/456006/raw#.WJ_dAfkrLIU) MileSplit: Nike Festival of Miles \- Mens 1 Mile Run. Results by TRXC Timing, LLC. June 2, 2016\. Retrieved February 11, 2017\.
On February 11, 2017, Soratos made a significant breakthrough when he finished in first place in the men's invitational mile at the 2017 [Millrose Games](/wiki/Millrose_Games "Millrose Games"). He finished in a new personal best time of 3:54\.23\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.armorytrack.com/gprofile.php?mgroup\_id\=45586\&do\=news\&news\_id\=458017 \|author\=ArmoryTrack.com \|title\=RunnerSpace: ArmoryTrack.com \- 110th NYRR Millrose Games Results \|date\=February 11, 2017 \|accessdate\=February 12, 2017}}
On August 3, 2018, Soratos ran 3:59\.16 for the men's mile at the loaded 2018 Sir Walter Miler, finishing in last place.{{cite web \|url\=http://sir\-walter\-miler.runnerspace.com/eprofile.php?event\_id\=11516\&do\=news\&news\_id\=540392\-2018\-Results\-Sir\-Walter\-Miler \|title\=Runnerspace.com: ''Sir Walter Miler \- 2018 Results'' \|date\=August 3, 2018 \|accessdate\=August 31, 2018}} All 13 men in the race ran under four minutes, with [Lopez Lomong](/wiki/Lopez_Lomong "Lopez Lomong") winning in 3:53\.86\.
| representing [Adidas](/wiki/Adidas "Adidas") | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | [USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships](/wiki/2015_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships "2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships") | [Eugene, Oregon](/wiki/Eugene%2C_Oregon "Eugene, Oregon") | 24th | 1500 m | [3:49\.50](/wiki/2015_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships%23Men_track_events "2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships#Men track events"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.usatf.org/Events\-\-\-Calendar/2015/USATF\-Outdoor\-Championships/Results\-by\-Day/Results\-FULL.aspx \|title\=2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships Results \|publisher\=\[\[USATF]] \|accessdate\=August 4, 2018}} |
| 2016 | [USA Indoor Track and Field Championships](/wiki/2016_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships "2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships") | [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon") | 7th | 1500 m | [3:48\.33](/wiki/2016_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships "2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.usatf.org/Events\-\-\-Calendar/2016/USATF\-Indoor\-Track\-\-\-Field\-Championships/Results/Day\-2\.aspx \|title\=2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships Results 3/11/2016 to 3/12/2016 Portland Convention Center \-\- Portland, Oregon \|publisher\=\[\[USATF]] \|accessdate\=August 4, 2018}} |
|2017
[USA Indoor Track and Field Championships](/wiki/2017_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships "2017 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships") |
[Albuquerque, New Mexico](/wiki/Albuquerque%2C_New_Mexico "Albuquerque, New Mexico") |
2nd
Mile |
3:59\.56{{cite web \|url\=http://www.usatf.org/Events\-\-\-Calendar/2017/USATF\-Indoor\-Track\-\-\-Field\-Championships/LIVE\-Results.aspx \|title\=2017 USA Indoor Track \& Field Championships Results \- 3/5/2017 Albuquerque, New Mexico \|publisher\=\[\[USATF]] \|accessdate\=August 4, 2018}} |
| [USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships](/wiki/2017_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships "2017 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships") | [Sacramento, California](/wiki/Sacramento%2C_California "Sacramento, California") | 5th | 1500 m | 3:44\.49{{cite web \|url\=http://www.usatf.org/usatf/files/4c/4c7887e4\-74b1\-496b\-b673\-999b196f1ccb.htm \|title\=2017 USA Outdoor Track \& Field Championships Results \- 6/22/2017 to 6/25/2017 Hornet Stadium, Sacramento, California \|publisher\=\[\[USATF]] \|accessdate\=August 4, 2018}} |
| 2018 | [USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships](/wiki/2018_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships "2018 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships") | [Des Moines, Iowa](/wiki/Des_Moines%2C_Iowa "Des Moines, Iowa") | 8th | 1500 m | 3:44\.12{{cite web \|url\=http://www.usatf.org/Events\-\-\-Calendar/2018/USATF\-Outdoor\-Championships/Results.aspx \|title\=2018 USA Outdoor Track \& Field Championships Results \- 6/21/2018 to 6/24/2018 Drake Stadium \|publisher\=\[\[USATF]] \|accessdate\=August 4, 2018}} |
|
[
"Running career\n--------------",
"### High school",
"Soratos attended [Salinas High School](/wiki/Salinas_High_School \"Salinas High School\") in Salinas, California. He was known to have been a runner of small stature. As a senior in high school, Soratos recorded a personal best 1600 meter time of 4:23\\.26\\.[http://www.athletic.net/TrackAndField/Athlete.aspx?AID\\=168849](http://www.athletic.net/TrackAndField/Athlete.aspx?AID=168849) Athletic.net \\- Cristian Soratos He was not subsequently recruited to a track program, and continued his post\\-high school running career voluntarily.",
"### Collegiate",
"{{Quote\\_box\\|\n width\\=25%\n\\|align\\=right\n\\|quote\\=\"My coach and I joke around when we see the trailers for \\[\\[McFarland, USA\\|the movie ''McFarland, USA'']] and call it ‘Hartnell, USA’ because that’s what the culture was like...There was a heavy Hispanic presence there, and it was comfortable. I wanted to keep running.\"\n\\|source\\=Cristian Soratos, March 2015{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/blog/onenacion/post/\\_/id/170/cristian\\-soratos\\-finds\\-stride\\-at\\-montana\\-state \\|author\\=Christopher Chavez \\|title\\=Cristian Soratos finds stride at Montana State \\|date\\=March 12, 2015}}\n\\|}}\nSoratos first attended [Hartnell College](/wiki/Hartnell_College \"Hartnell College\"), where he began training for cross country and track under coach Chris Zepeda. Soratos broke [school](/wiki/Hartnell_College \"Hartnell College\") records on the track.[Hartnell's Leon to Montana State](http://www.cccaasports.org/sports/mxc/2014-15/releases/20141209b36303) [California Community College Athletic Association](/wiki/California_Community_College_Athletic_Association \"California Community College Athletic Association\"). December 9, 2014\\. At Hartnell, Soratos pursued a high\\-mileage training program which at one point involved running 80 miles per week.",
"In his sophomore year at Hartnell, Soratos won four [Coast Conference](/wiki/Coast_Conference \"Coast Conference\") titles and recorded 3:47 at the 2012 [California Community College Athletic Association](/wiki/California_Community_College_Athletic_Association \"California Community College Athletic Association\") state track and field championships in the 1500 meters,[2010\\-2012 Cristian Soratos Hartnell College cross country and track and field results](https://www.tfrrs.org/athletes/3148349/Hartnell/Cristian__Soratos.html) TFRRS. June 2012\\. and subsequently transferred to [Montana State University](/wiki/Montana_State_University \"Montana State University\") at the insisting of MSU coach Lyle Weese, who was once a standout MSU steeplechaser, professional runner, and Hartnell coach.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.runnersworld.com/college\\-runner\\-profiles/cristian\\-soratos\\-the\\-unlikely\\-ncaa\\-mile\\-leader \\|author\\=Matthew Hoffman \\|title\\=Cristian Soratos, The Unlikely NCAA Mile Leader \\|date\\=March 5, 2015}}",
"In one of MSU's home meets, on January 16, 2015, Soratos ran a 4:05 indoor mile, which the NCAA converted to a 3:56 result due to Bozeman's altitude of approximately 4,400 feet above sea level.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://billingsgazette.com/sports/college/big\\-sky\\-conference/montana\\-state\\-university/who\\-s\\-no\\-at\\-msu\\-it\\-s\\-soratos\\-by\\-a/article\\_1cd54dfb\\-76ae\\-585e\\-bd5f\\-1f849e33c56d.html \\|author\\=Jeff Welsch \\|title\\=Who's No. 1? At MSU it's Soratos, by a mile \\|date\\=March 12, 2015}} It was the first race in which Soratos wore his [Sonic the Hedgehog](/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_%28character%29 \"Sonic the Hedgehog (character)\") long socks, which attracted much attention in the sport.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.letsrun.com/news/2015/03/is\\-it\\-the\\-socks\\-cristian\\-soratos\\-reveals\\-he\\-first\\-wore\\-sonic\\-the\\-hedgehog\\-socks\\-when\\-he\\-ran\\-his\\-356\\-87\\-mile\\-equivalent/ \\|author\\=Letsrun.com \\|title\\=Is It The Socks? Cristian Soratos Reveals He First Wore Sonic The Hedgehog Socks When He Ran His 3:56\\.87 Mile Equivalent \\|date\\=March 13, 2015}}",
"Commentary from enthusiasts and experts alike was overwhelmingly skeptical of the NCAA\\-converted result. However, the following month, Soratos garnered national attention when he ran the indoor mile of at the 2015 [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington \"University of Washington\") Huskey Classic, whose venue was much closer to sea level, with a time of 3:55\\.27\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.montereyherald.com/sports/20150222/county\\-clipboard\\-salinas\\-high\\-hartnell\\-grad\\-cristian\\-soratos\\-runs\\-nation\\-leading\\-time\\-in\\-mile \\|author\\=John Devine \\|title\\=County Clipboard: Salinas High, Hartnell grad Cristian Soratos runs nation\\-leading time in mile \\|date\\=February 22, 2015}}",
"The result automatically put Soratos in first place in the collegiate men's national leaderboard for the indoor mile, and also qualified him for the NCAA DI Indoor Track and Field Championships.",
"At the [2015 NCAA DI Indoor T\\&F Championships](/wiki/2015_NCAA_Division_I_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships \"2015 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships\"), Soratos placed second in an extraordinary indoor mile finals race behind [Edward Cheserek](/wiki/Edward_Cheserek \"Edward Cheserek\"), during which Soratos, after running the first three laps at approximately 64 seconds per 400 meters, exploded into the lead after the third lap with a 53\\.36 second 400\\-meter split in the middle of the mile race.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.letsrun.com/news/2015/03/cristian\\-soratos\\-goes\\-for\\-it\\-but\\-edward\\-cheserek\\-runs\\-219\\-last\\-1k\\-to\\-win\\-mens\\-mile\\-at\\-2015\\-ncaa\\-indoor\\-track\\-and\\-field\\-championships/ \\|author\\=Letsrun.com \\|title\\=Cristian Soratos Goes For It But Edward Cheserek Runs 2:19 Last 1k To Win Men’s Mile at 2015 NCAA Indoor Track and Field Championships \\|date\\=March 14, 2015}} Although Soratos finished behind Cheserek, the running website [LetsRun.com](/wiki/LetsRun.com \"LetsRun.com\") called the race \"a mid\\-race surge for the ages\" in reference to Cristian's mid\\-race burst.",
"### Professional",
"On the morning of June 25, 2015, Soratos signed with [Adidas](/wiki/Adidas \"Adidas\"), and later in the same day ran in the men's 1500 meters of the [2015 USA Outdoor T\\&F Championships](/wiki/2015_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships \"2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships\"), where he finished 24th overall. On September 9, 2015, Soratos ran [Hoka One One](/wiki/Hoka_One_One \"Hoka One One\")'s Long Island Mile in New York in a time of 3:58\\.70, placing fourth overall.[http://hoka\\-one\\-one\\-long\\-island\\-mile.runnerspace.com/eprofile.php?event\\_id\\=11220\\&do\\=news\\&news\\_id\\=365943](http://hoka-one-one-long-island-mile.runnerspace.com/eprofile.php?event_id=11220&do=news&news_id=365943) Runnerspace.com: Hoka One One Long Island Mile Results (September 9, 2015\\). Retrieved September 13, 2015\\. On June 2, 2016, Soratos raced at the Festival of Miles in [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\"), finishing in third place with a time of 3:57\\.39\\.[http://mo.milesplit.com/meets/243156/results/456006/raw\\#.WJ\\_dAfkrLIU](http://mo.milesplit.com/meets/243156/results/456006/raw#.WJ_dAfkrLIU) MileSplit: Nike Festival of Miles \\- Mens 1 Mile Run. Results by TRXC Timing, LLC. June 2, 2016\\. Retrieved February 11, 2017\\.",
"On February 11, 2017, Soratos made a significant breakthrough when he finished in first place in the men's invitational mile at the 2017 [Millrose Games](/wiki/Millrose_Games \"Millrose Games\"). He finished in a new personal best time of 3:54\\.23\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.armorytrack.com/gprofile.php?mgroup\\_id\\=45586\\&do\\=news\\&news\\_id\\=458017 \\|author\\=ArmoryTrack.com \\|title\\=RunnerSpace: ArmoryTrack.com \\- 110th NYRR Millrose Games Results \\|date\\=February 11, 2017 \\|accessdate\\=February 12, 2017}}",
"On August 3, 2018, Soratos ran 3:59\\.16 for the men's mile at the loaded 2018 Sir Walter Miler, finishing in last place.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://sir\\-walter\\-miler.runnerspace.com/eprofile.php?event\\_id\\=11516\\&do\\=news\\&news\\_id\\=540392\\-2018\\-Results\\-Sir\\-Walter\\-Miler \\|title\\=Runnerspace.com: ''Sir Walter Miler \\- 2018 Results'' \\|date\\=August 3, 2018 \\|accessdate\\=August 31, 2018}} All 13 men in the race ran under four minutes, with [Lopez Lomong](/wiki/Lopez_Lomong \"Lopez Lomong\") winning in 3:53\\.86\\.",
"",
"| representing [Adidas](/wiki/Adidas \"Adidas\") | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2015 | [USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships](/wiki/2015_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships \"2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships\") | [Eugene, Oregon](/wiki/Eugene%2C_Oregon \"Eugene, Oregon\") | 24th | 1500 m | [3:49\\.50](/wiki/2015_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships%23Men_track_events \"2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships#Men track events\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.usatf.org/Events\\-\\-\\-Calendar/2015/USATF\\-Outdoor\\-Championships/Results\\-by\\-Day/Results\\-FULL.aspx \\|title\\=2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships Results \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[USATF]] \\|accessdate\\=August 4, 2018}} |\n| 2016 | [USA Indoor Track and Field Championships](/wiki/2016_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships \"2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships\") | [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\") | 7th | 1500 m | [3:48\\.33](/wiki/2016_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships \"2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.usatf.org/Events\\-\\-\\-Calendar/2016/USATF\\-Indoor\\-Track\\-\\-\\-Field\\-Championships/Results/Day\\-2\\.aspx \\|title\\=2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships Results 3/11/2016 to 3/12/2016 Portland Convention Center \\-\\- Portland, Oregon \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[USATF]] \\|accessdate\\=August 4, 2018}} |\n|2017",
"[USA Indoor Track and Field Championships](/wiki/2017_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships \"2017 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships\") |\n [Albuquerque, New Mexico](/wiki/Albuquerque%2C_New_Mexico \"Albuquerque, New Mexico\") |\n2nd",
"Mile |\n 3:59\\.56{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.usatf.org/Events\\-\\-\\-Calendar/2017/USATF\\-Indoor\\-Track\\-\\-\\-Field\\-Championships/LIVE\\-Results.aspx \\|title\\=2017 USA Indoor Track \\& Field Championships Results \\- 3/5/2017 Albuquerque, New Mexico \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[USATF]] \\|accessdate\\=August 4, 2018}} |\n| [USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships](/wiki/2017_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships \"2017 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships\") | [Sacramento, California](/wiki/Sacramento%2C_California \"Sacramento, California\") | 5th | 1500 m | 3:44\\.49{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.usatf.org/usatf/files/4c/4c7887e4\\-74b1\\-496b\\-b673\\-999b196f1ccb.htm \\|title\\=2017 USA Outdoor Track \\& Field Championships Results \\- 6/22/2017 to 6/25/2017 Hornet Stadium, Sacramento, California \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[USATF]] \\|accessdate\\=August 4, 2018}} |\n| 2018 | [USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships](/wiki/2018_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships \"2018 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships\") | [Des Moines, Iowa](/wiki/Des_Moines%2C_Iowa \"Des Moines, Iowa\") | 8th | 1500 m | 3:44\\.12{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.usatf.org/Events\\-\\-\\-Calendar/2018/USATF\\-Outdoor\\-Championships/Results.aspx \\|title\\=2018 USA Outdoor Track \\& Field Championships Results \\- 6/21/2018 to 6/24/2018 Drake Stadium \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[USATF]] \\|accessdate\\=August 4, 2018}} |",
""
] |
Facilities
----------
OSCA operates four co\-ops with housing and dining facilities: Keep, Tank, Harkness and Third World Co\-op/Third World Social\-Justice Co\-op. It also has one dining\-only co\-op, Pyle Inn Co\-op. All of these coops are located inside of Oberlin College\-owned buildings.[OSCA, "The Co\-ops"](http://osca.csr.oberlin.edu/about/coops/) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429223057/http://osca.csr.oberlin.edu/about/coops/ \|date\=April 29, 2009 }}
### Harkness Co\-op
Harkness opened in 1950 as a women's dorm, and in September 1967, Harkness became the fourth Oberlin housing and dining co\-op. In 1979, Harkness became the first Oberlin co\-op to use consensus, a decision process that soon spread throughout OSCA. Also in 1979, Harkness created the Contraceptive Co\-op, which eventually transformed into today's Sexual Information Center at Oberlin.{{cite web \|url\=http://osca.wilder.oberlin.edu/coops/harkness.html \|title\=OSCA \- Wilder Hall 402 \|access\-date\=2013\-09\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626081653/http://osca.wilder.oberlin.edu/coops/harkness.html \|archive\-date\=2013\-06\-26 }} For many years, Harkness was also home to the Good Food Co\-op, a consumer cooperative that was run and used by both Oberlin College students and Oberlin community members. Harkness traditions include operating the large basement dining room as a dance club and hosting a Jellyfish Parade during every full moon. Its mascot, a grey paper\-maché shark, hangs in the main stairway, and lends the moniker "sharks" to Hark's membership.
Harkness is also home to Third World Social Justice Co\-op (TWSJ), which provides safe\-space housing for BIPOC Oberlin Students and OSCA members. It is closely related to the Third World Co\-op (TWC), which provides safe\-space dining for the same groups: they are often seen as the housing and dining parts of one larger Third\-World Co\-op. Unlike other housing \& dining co\-ops, though, TWSJ and TWC are housed separately in different buildings, with Baldwin House, one of Oberlin College's women and trans\* houses situated on the opposite side of Harkness Bowl, housing the TWC kitchen. OSCA has been dealing with reports of internal racism against members of TWC/TWSJ for years, and a Racism in OSCA panel has become a staple of the Privilege \& Oppression Workshops the organization holds every semester. Both TWSJ and TWC are the lowest\-membership co\-ops in their respective categories.
### Tank Co\-op
Tank is OSCA's second\-largest co\-op, located a quarter mile east of any other building on Oberlin's Campus. Tank traditions include the annual Pig Roast. Tank is currently home to both the OSCA office, which houses most of OSCA's adult employees (the Food Safety \& Operations Advisor works out of Harkness). While many OSCA co\-ops have a certain image within the Oberlin community, none is more solidified than Tank's as a frat house.
Tank is also home to the Book Co\-op, which offers used textbooks to Oberlin College students free of charge.
### Keep Co\-op
Housed in a Tudor\-style building just north of Tappan Square, Keep Co\-op is one of OSCA's oldest. The co\-op is famous for eating on its large porch and steps in all weather and seasons. There is some debate as to whether Keep or Harkness first began the tradition of Friday Night Pizza, but the tradition has persisted in Keep as well as in Harkness.
Keep is also home to the Bike Co\-op, an independently run co\-operative providing bike maintenance to Oberlin College students. Members of the co\-op can also learn how to build their own bicycles, and are encouraged to keep any they build after a certain amount of labor has been committed. Though separate from OSCA, it operates on many the same principles.
### Pyle Inn Co\-op
OSCA's oldest co\-op, Pyle Inn has been operating continuously for over 70 years. Over time, its location has moved frequently around Oberlin's campus, but it is now housed in the basement of Asia House, along with Oberlin's Free Store. It is currently OSCA's only dining\-only co\-op, with no housing component or related co\-op. While Pyle was once OSCA's largest co\-op, membership has declined steeply in recent years, as changes in messaging from OSCA and Oberlin College has led to it being viewed as a "First\-Year Co\-op", filled largely with new, unexperienced members.
Operating out of Asia House has caused difficulty for the co\-op, as Asia House is intended to be a safe\-space for Asian students to live on campus, many of whom are not in co\-ops, leading to tense relationships between the two bodies.
|
[
"Facilities\n----------",
"OSCA operates four co\\-ops with housing and dining facilities: Keep, Tank, Harkness and Third World Co\\-op/Third World Social\\-Justice Co\\-op. It also has one dining\\-only co\\-op, Pyle Inn Co\\-op. All of these coops are located inside of Oberlin College\\-owned buildings.[OSCA, \"The Co\\-ops\"](http://osca.csr.oberlin.edu/about/coops/) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429223057/http://osca.csr.oberlin.edu/about/coops/ \\|date\\=April 29, 2009 }}",
"### Harkness Co\\-op",
"Harkness opened in 1950 as a women's dorm, and in September 1967, Harkness became the fourth Oberlin housing and dining co\\-op. In 1979, Harkness became the first Oberlin co\\-op to use consensus, a decision process that soon spread throughout OSCA. Also in 1979, Harkness created the Contraceptive Co\\-op, which eventually transformed into today's Sexual Information Center at Oberlin.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://osca.wilder.oberlin.edu/coops/harkness.html \\|title\\=OSCA \\- Wilder Hall 402 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626081653/http://osca.wilder.oberlin.edu/coops/harkness.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-26 }} For many years, Harkness was also home to the Good Food Co\\-op, a consumer cooperative that was run and used by both Oberlin College students and Oberlin community members. Harkness traditions include operating the large basement dining room as a dance club and hosting a Jellyfish Parade during every full moon. Its mascot, a grey paper\\-maché shark, hangs in the main stairway, and lends the moniker \"sharks\" to Hark's membership.",
"Harkness is also home to Third World Social Justice Co\\-op (TWSJ), which provides safe\\-space housing for BIPOC Oberlin Students and OSCA members. It is closely related to the Third World Co\\-op (TWC), which provides safe\\-space dining for the same groups: they are often seen as the housing and dining parts of one larger Third\\-World Co\\-op. Unlike other housing \\& dining co\\-ops, though, TWSJ and TWC are housed separately in different buildings, with Baldwin House, one of Oberlin College's women and trans\\* houses situated on the opposite side of Harkness Bowl, housing the TWC kitchen. OSCA has been dealing with reports of internal racism against members of TWC/TWSJ for years, and a Racism in OSCA panel has become a staple of the Privilege \\& Oppression Workshops the organization holds every semester. Both TWSJ and TWC are the lowest\\-membership co\\-ops in their respective categories.",
"### Tank Co\\-op",
"Tank is OSCA's second\\-largest co\\-op, located a quarter mile east of any other building on Oberlin's Campus. Tank traditions include the annual Pig Roast. Tank is currently home to both the OSCA office, which houses most of OSCA's adult employees (the Food Safety \\& Operations Advisor works out of Harkness). While many OSCA co\\-ops have a certain image within the Oberlin community, none is more solidified than Tank's as a frat house. \nTank is also home to the Book Co\\-op, which offers used textbooks to Oberlin College students free of charge.",
"### Keep Co\\-op",
"Housed in a Tudor\\-style building just north of Tappan Square, Keep Co\\-op is one of OSCA's oldest. The co\\-op is famous for eating on its large porch and steps in all weather and seasons. There is some debate as to whether Keep or Harkness first began the tradition of Friday Night Pizza, but the tradition has persisted in Keep as well as in Harkness.\nKeep is also home to the Bike Co\\-op, an independently run co\\-operative providing bike maintenance to Oberlin College students. Members of the co\\-op can also learn how to build their own bicycles, and are encouraged to keep any they build after a certain amount of labor has been committed. Though separate from OSCA, it operates on many the same principles.",
"### Pyle Inn Co\\-op",
"OSCA's oldest co\\-op, Pyle Inn has been operating continuously for over 70 years. Over time, its location has moved frequently around Oberlin's campus, but it is now housed in the basement of Asia House, along with Oberlin's Free Store. It is currently OSCA's only dining\\-only co\\-op, with no housing component or related co\\-op. While Pyle was once OSCA's largest co\\-op, membership has declined steeply in recent years, as changes in messaging from OSCA and Oberlin College has led to it being viewed as a \"First\\-Year Co\\-op\", filled largely with new, unexperienced members.\nOperating out of Asia House has caused difficulty for the co\\-op, as Asia House is intended to be a safe\\-space for Asian students to live on campus, many of whom are not in co\\-ops, leading to tense relationships between the two bodies.",
""
] |
Citizen Lab's investigation
---------------------------
### Initial findings
Citizen Lab discovered that the attackers were using a custom [URL shortener](/wiki/URL_shortening "URL shortening") that allowed [enumeration](/wiki/Enumeration "Enumeration"), giving them access to a list of 28,000 [URLs](/wiki/URL "URL"). Some of those URLs redirected to websites looking like [Gmail](/wiki/Gmail "Gmail"), [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"), [LinkedIn](/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn"), [Dropbox](/wiki/Dropbox_%28service%29 "Dropbox (service)") or various webmails – each page customized with the name of the victim, asking the user to re\-enter their password.{{Cite web \|last\=Galperin \|first\=Eva \|last2\=Quintin \|first2\=Cooper \|date\=2017\-09\-27 \|title\=Phish For the Future \|url\=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/09/phish\-future \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116110032/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/09/phish\-future \|archive\-date\=2021\-01\-16 \|access\-date\=2021\-02\-28 \|publisher\=\[\[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]}}
Citizen Lab baptized this hacker group 'Dark Basin' and identified several clusters among the victims:
* American environmental organizations linked to the [\#ExxonKnew campaign](/wiki/ExxonMobil_climate_change_controversy "ExxonMobil climate change controversy"):{{Cite news \|last\=Hong \|first\=Nicole \|last2\=Meier \|first2\=Barry \|last3\=Bergman \|first3\=Ronen \|date\=2020\-06\-10 \|title\=Environmentalists Targeted Exxon Mobil. Then Hackers Targeted Them. \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/nyregion/exxon\-mobil\-hackers\-greenpeace.html \|url\-status\=live \|url\-access\=limited \|access\-date\=2021\-02\-28 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201145437/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/nyregion/exxon\-mobil\-hackers\-greenpeace.html \|archive\-date\=2021\-02\-01}} [Rockefeller Brothers Fund](/wiki/Rockefeller_Brothers_Fund "Rockefeller Brothers Fund"), Climate Investigations Center, [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace "Greenpeace"), [Center for International Environmental Law](/wiki/Center_for_International_Environmental_Law "Center for International Environmental Law"), Oil Change International, [Public Citizen](/wiki/Public_Citizen "Public Citizen"), [Conservation Law Foundation](/wiki/Conservation_Law_Foundation "Conservation Law Foundation"), [Union of Concerned Scientists](/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists "Union of Concerned Scientists"), M\+R Strategic Services or [350\.org](/wiki/350.org "350.org")
* US media outlets
* Hedge funds, short sellers and financial journalists
* International banks and investment firms
* Legal firms in the [US](/wiki/United_States "United States"), [UK](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), [France](/wiki/France "France"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"), [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland "Iceland"), [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya "Kenya"), and [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria "Nigeria")
* Petroleum and energy companies
* Eastern European, Central European and Russian oligarchs
* Well\-resourced people involved in divorces or other legal matters
The variety of targets made Citizen Lab think of a mercenary activity. The research laboratory confirmed that some of these attacks were successful.
### Links to India
Several clues allowed Citizen Lab to assert *with high confidence* that Dark Basin was based in [India](/wiki/India "India").
#### Working hours
Timestamps in Dark Basin phishing emails were consistent with working hours in India, which has only one timezone: [UTC\+5:30](/wiki/UTC%2B5:30 "30").
#### Cultural references
The instances of the URL shortening service used by Dark Basin had names related to [Indian culture](/wiki/Culture_of_India "Culture of India"): [Holi](/wiki/Holi "Holi"), Rongali and Pochanchi.
#### Phishing kit
Dark Basin let their phishing kit source code, including some log files, available online. The source code was configured to print timestamps in [India's timezone](/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time "Indian Standard Time"). The log file, that showed some testing activity, included an [IP address](/wiki/IP_address "IP address") based in India.
### Links to BellTroX
Citizen Lab believes with high confidence, that BellTroX, also known as BellTroX InfoTech Services and BellTroX D\|G\|TAL Security, is the company behind Dark Basin. BellTroX, a [Delhi](/wiki/New_Delhi "New Delhi")\-based company,{{Cite news \|last\=Stubbs \|first\=Jack \|last2\=Satter \|first2\=Raphael \|last3\=Bing \|first3\=Christopher \|date\=9 June 2020 \|title\=Obscure Indian cyber firm spied on politicians, investors worldwide \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-india\-cyber\-mercenaries\-exclusive/exclusive\-obscure\-indian\-cyber\-firm\-spied\-on\-politicians\-investors\-worldwide\-idUSKBN23G1GQ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126014516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-india\-cyber\-mercenaries\-exclusive/exclusive\-obscure\-indian\-cyber\-firm\-spied\-on\-politicians\-investors\-worldwide\-idUSKBN23G1GQ \|archive\-date\=26 January 2021}} advertises on its website doing activities such as [penetration testing](/wiki/Penetration_testing "Penetration testing"), certified [ethical hacking](/wiki/Ethical_hacking "Ethical hacking"), and medical transcription. BellTroX employees are described as noisy and were often posting publicly about their illegal activities. BellTroX's founder Sumit Guptra{{Cite news \|last\=Kumar \|first\=Ankit \|date\=2020\-06\-09 \|title\=Dark Basin: Delhi\-based "Hack\-for\-Hire" firm exposed for hacking politicians, non\-profits globally \|work\=\[\[India Today]] \|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dark\-basin\-delhi\-based\-hack\-for\-hire\-firm\-exposed\-for\-hacking\-politicians\-non\-profits\-globally\-1687292\-2020\-06\-09 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=2021\-02\-28 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627075331/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dark\-basin\-delhi\-based\-hack\-for\-hire\-firm\-exposed\-for\-hacking\-politicians\-non\-profits\-globally\-1687292\-2020\-06\-09 \|archive\-date\=2020\-06\-27}} has been previously indicted and charged in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") for a hack\-for\-hire scheme on the behalf of [ViSalus](/wiki/ViSalus%23Racketeering "ViSalus#Racketeering").{{Cite press release \|title\=Private Investigators Indicted In E\-Mail Hacking Scheme \|date\=2015\-02\-11 \|publisher\=\[\[United States Attorney for the Northern District of California]] \|url\=https://www.justice.gov/usao\-ndca/pr/private\-investigators\-indicted\-e\-mail\-hacking\-scheme \|access\-date\=2021\-02\-28 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107082006/https://www.justice.gov/usao\-ndca/pr/private\-investigators\-indicted\-e\-mail\-hacking\-scheme \|archive\-date\=2021\-01\-07}}
BellTroX used the CV of one of their employees to test Dark Basin's URL shortener. They also publicly posted screenshots of links to Dark Basin's infrastructure.
Hundreds of people, working in corporate intelligence and private investigation, endorsed BellTroX on LinkedIn. Some of them are suspected to be possible clients. Those endorsements included a Canadian government official, an investigator at the [US Federal Trade Commission](/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission "Federal Trade Commission"), law enforcement officers and private investigators with prior roles in the [FBI](/wiki/FBI "FBI"), police, military and other branches of government.
On June 7, 2020, BellTroX took down their website. In December 2021, [Meta](/wiki/Meta_Platforms "Meta Platforms") ([Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook")) banned BellTroX as a "cyber\-mercenary" group.{{Cite news \|date\=17 December 2021 \|title\=Meta releases new threat report on surveillance for hire industry \|work\=The Economic Times \|url\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate\-trends/meta\-releases\-new\-threat\-report\-on\-surveillance\-for\-hire\-industry/articleshow/88330134\.cms \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217034644/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate\-trends/meta\-releases\-new\-threat\-report\-on\-surveillance\-for\-hire\-industry/articleshow/88330134\.cms \|archive\-date\=17 December 2021}}{{Cite web \|last\=Dvilyanski \|first\=Mike \|last2\=Agranovich \|first2\=David \|last3\=Gleicher \|first3\=Nathaniel \|date\=16 December 2021 \|title\=Threat Report on the Surveillance\-for\-Hire Industry \|url\=https://about.fb.com/wp\-content/uploads/2021/12/Threat\-Report\-on\-the\-Surveillance\-for\-Hire\-Industry.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216201907/https://about.fb.com/wp\-content/uploads/2021/12/Threat\-Report\-on\-the\-Surveillance\-for\-Hire\-Industry.pdf \|archive\-date\=16 December 2021 \|publisher\=\[\[Meta Platforms\|Meta]]}}
|
[
"Citizen Lab's investigation\n---------------------------",
"### Initial findings",
"Citizen Lab discovered that the attackers were using a custom [URL shortener](/wiki/URL_shortening \"URL shortening\") that allowed [enumeration](/wiki/Enumeration \"Enumeration\"), giving them access to a list of 28,000 [URLs](/wiki/URL \"URL\"). Some of those URLs redirected to websites looking like [Gmail](/wiki/Gmail \"Gmail\"), [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\"), [LinkedIn](/wiki/LinkedIn \"LinkedIn\"), [Dropbox](/wiki/Dropbox_%28service%29 \"Dropbox (service)\") or various webmails – each page customized with the name of the victim, asking the user to re\\-enter their password.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Galperin \\|first\\=Eva \\|last2\\=Quintin \\|first2\\=Cooper \\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-27 \\|title\\=Phish For the Future \\|url\\=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/09/phish\\-future \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116110032/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/09/phish\\-future \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-16 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-28 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]}}",
"Citizen Lab baptized this hacker group 'Dark Basin' and identified several clusters among the victims:",
"* American environmental organizations linked to the [\\#ExxonKnew campaign](/wiki/ExxonMobil_climate_change_controversy \"ExxonMobil climate change controversy\"):{{Cite news \\|last\\=Hong \\|first\\=Nicole \\|last2\\=Meier \\|first2\\=Barry \\|last3\\=Bergman \\|first3\\=Ronen \\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-10 \\|title\\=Environmentalists Targeted Exxon Mobil. Then Hackers Targeted Them. \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/nyregion/exxon\\-mobil\\-hackers\\-greenpeace.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-28 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201145437/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/nyregion/exxon\\-mobil\\-hackers\\-greenpeace.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-01}} [Rockefeller Brothers Fund](/wiki/Rockefeller_Brothers_Fund \"Rockefeller Brothers Fund\"), Climate Investigations Center, [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace \"Greenpeace\"), [Center for International Environmental Law](/wiki/Center_for_International_Environmental_Law \"Center for International Environmental Law\"), Oil Change International, [Public Citizen](/wiki/Public_Citizen \"Public Citizen\"), [Conservation Law Foundation](/wiki/Conservation_Law_Foundation \"Conservation Law Foundation\"), [Union of Concerned Scientists](/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists \"Union of Concerned Scientists\"), M\\+R Strategic Services or [350\\.org](/wiki/350.org \"350.org\")\n* US media outlets\n* Hedge funds, short sellers and financial journalists\n* International banks and investment firms\n* Legal firms in the [US](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), [UK](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland \"Iceland\"), [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya \"Kenya\"), and [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\")\n* Petroleum and energy companies\n* Eastern European, Central European and Russian oligarchs\n* Well\\-resourced people involved in divorces or other legal matters",
"The variety of targets made Citizen Lab think of a mercenary activity. The research laboratory confirmed that some of these attacks were successful.",
"### Links to India",
"Several clues allowed Citizen Lab to assert *with high confidence* that Dark Basin was based in [India](/wiki/India \"India\").",
"#### Working hours",
"Timestamps in Dark Basin phishing emails were consistent with working hours in India, which has only one timezone: [UTC\\+5:30](/wiki/UTC%2B5:30 \"30\").",
"#### Cultural references",
"The instances of the URL shortening service used by Dark Basin had names related to [Indian culture](/wiki/Culture_of_India \"Culture of India\"): [Holi](/wiki/Holi \"Holi\"), Rongali and Pochanchi.",
"#### Phishing kit",
"Dark Basin let their phishing kit source code, including some log files, available online. The source code was configured to print timestamps in [India's timezone](/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time \"Indian Standard Time\"). The log file, that showed some testing activity, included an [IP address](/wiki/IP_address \"IP address\") based in India.",
"### Links to BellTroX",
"Citizen Lab believes with high confidence, that BellTroX, also known as BellTroX InfoTech Services and BellTroX D\\|G\\|TAL Security, is the company behind Dark Basin. BellTroX, a [Delhi](/wiki/New_Delhi \"New Delhi\")\\-based company,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Stubbs \\|first\\=Jack \\|last2\\=Satter \\|first2\\=Raphael \\|last3\\=Bing \\|first3\\=Christopher \\|date\\=9 June 2020 \\|title\\=Obscure Indian cyber firm spied on politicians, investors worldwide \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-india\\-cyber\\-mercenaries\\-exclusive/exclusive\\-obscure\\-indian\\-cyber\\-firm\\-spied\\-on\\-politicians\\-investors\\-worldwide\\-idUSKBN23G1GQ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126014516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-india\\-cyber\\-mercenaries\\-exclusive/exclusive\\-obscure\\-indian\\-cyber\\-firm\\-spied\\-on\\-politicians\\-investors\\-worldwide\\-idUSKBN23G1GQ \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2021}} advertises on its website doing activities such as [penetration testing](/wiki/Penetration_testing \"Penetration testing\"), certified [ethical hacking](/wiki/Ethical_hacking \"Ethical hacking\"), and medical transcription. BellTroX employees are described as noisy and were often posting publicly about their illegal activities. BellTroX's founder Sumit Guptra{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kumar \\|first\\=Ankit \\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-09 \\|title\\=Dark Basin: Delhi\\-based \"Hack\\-for\\-Hire\" firm exposed for hacking politicians, non\\-profits globally \\|work\\=\\[\\[India Today]] \\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dark\\-basin\\-delhi\\-based\\-hack\\-for\\-hire\\-firm\\-exposed\\-for\\-hacking\\-politicians\\-non\\-profits\\-globally\\-1687292\\-2020\\-06\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-28 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627075331/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dark\\-basin\\-delhi\\-based\\-hack\\-for\\-hire\\-firm\\-exposed\\-for\\-hacking\\-politicians\\-non\\-profits\\-globally\\-1687292\\-2020\\-06\\-09 \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-27}} has been previously indicted and charged in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") for a hack\\-for\\-hire scheme on the behalf of [ViSalus](/wiki/ViSalus%23Racketeering \"ViSalus#Racketeering\").{{Cite press release \\|title\\=Private Investigators Indicted In E\\-Mail Hacking Scheme \\|date\\=2015\\-02\\-11 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Attorney for the Northern District of California]] \\|url\\=https://www.justice.gov/usao\\-ndca/pr/private\\-investigators\\-indicted\\-e\\-mail\\-hacking\\-scheme \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-28 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107082006/https://www.justice.gov/usao\\-ndca/pr/private\\-investigators\\-indicted\\-e\\-mail\\-hacking\\-scheme \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-07}}",
"BellTroX used the CV of one of their employees to test Dark Basin's URL shortener. They also publicly posted screenshots of links to Dark Basin's infrastructure.",
"Hundreds of people, working in corporate intelligence and private investigation, endorsed BellTroX on LinkedIn. Some of them are suspected to be possible clients. Those endorsements included a Canadian government official, an investigator at the [US Federal Trade Commission](/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission \"Federal Trade Commission\"), law enforcement officers and private investigators with prior roles in the [FBI](/wiki/FBI \"FBI\"), police, military and other branches of government.",
"On June 7, 2020, BellTroX took down their website. In December 2021, [Meta](/wiki/Meta_Platforms \"Meta Platforms\") ([Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\")) banned BellTroX as a \"cyber\\-mercenary\" group.{{Cite news \\|date\\=17 December 2021 \\|title\\=Meta releases new threat report on surveillance for hire industry \\|work\\=The Economic Times \\|url\\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate\\-trends/meta\\-releases\\-new\\-threat\\-report\\-on\\-surveillance\\-for\\-hire\\-industry/articleshow/88330134\\.cms \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217034644/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate\\-trends/meta\\-releases\\-new\\-threat\\-report\\-on\\-surveillance\\-for\\-hire\\-industry/articleshow/88330134\\.cms \\|archive\\-date\\=17 December 2021}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Dvilyanski \\|first\\=Mike \\|last2\\=Agranovich \\|first2\\=David \\|last3\\=Gleicher \\|first3\\=Nathaniel \\|date\\=16 December 2021 \\|title\\=Threat Report on the Surveillance\\-for\\-Hire Industry \\|url\\=https://about.fb.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2021/12/Threat\\-Report\\-on\\-the\\-Surveillance\\-for\\-Hire\\-Industry.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216201907/https://about.fb.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2021/12/Threat\\-Report\\-on\\-the\\-Surveillance\\-for\\-Hire\\-Industry.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=16 December 2021 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Meta Platforms\\|Meta]]}}",
""
] |
As producer
-----------
Price has produced, and at times co\-written, numerous songs for popular artists. Price has also remixed and re\-produced numerous songs under his own name as well as the names Thin White Duke (originally created by [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie "David Bowie")), Jacques Lu Cont, and Les Rythmes Digitales. Other aliases include Man with Guitar and Paper Faces (an alias for him and [Adam Blake](/wiki/Adam_Blake_%28musician%29 "Adam Blake (musician)") of the band [Zoot Woman](/wiki/Zoot_Woman "Zoot Woman")). Price's remixes are characterised by club\-led beats with [arpeggios](/wiki/Arpeggio "Arpeggio"), riffs, and vocal lines faded and filtered throughout the song for a climactic effect.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2009}} He favours keeping the original vocal arrangement of songs and re\-contextualizing the non\-lyrical content in creating his new versions.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2009}}
### Madonna
[thumb\|Madonna and Price during [the Celebration Tour](/wiki/The_Celebration_Tour "The Celebration Tour") in 2023\.](/wiki/File:Madonna_-_Celebration_Tour_Antwerp_Sportpaleis_22_10_2023_%2853288320594%29.jpg "Madonna - Celebration Tour Antwerp Sportpaleis 22 10 2023 (53288320594).jpg")
Price is best known for his work with [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna "Madonna")'s tenth studio album *[Confessions on a Dance Floor](/wiki/Confessions_on_a_Dance_Floor "Confessions on a Dance Floor")* (2005\). He began collaborating with Madonna as musical director for her 2001 [Drowned World Tour](/wiki/Drowned_World_Tour "Drowned World Tour") after remixing some of the tracks on her Music album via Mirwais. He reprised the role for her 2004 [Re\-Invention World Tour](/wiki/Re-Invention_World_Tour "Re-Invention World Tour") and 2006 [Confessions Tour](/wiki/Confessions_Tour "Confessions Tour"). Price created remixes for the album's singles "[Hung Up](/wiki/Hung_Up "Hung Up")", "[Sorry](/wiki/Sorry_%28Madonna_song%29 "Sorry (Madonna song)")" (under the Man with Guitar alias), "[Get Together](/wiki/Get_Together_%28Madonna_song%29 "Get Together (Madonna song)")", and "[Jump](/wiki/Jump_%28Madonna_song%29 "Jump (Madonna song)")", as well as the album tracks "I Love New York" and "Let It Will Be" (under the Paper Faces alias). Price co\-wrote the song "X\-Static Process" for Madonna's 2003 album *[American Life](/wiki/American_Life "American Life")*. Price has also remixed the Madonna songs "[Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood_%28Madonna_song%29 "Hollywood (Madonna song)")" from *American Life* and "[Miles Away](/wiki/Miles_Away_%28Madonna_song%29 "Miles Away (Madonna song)")" from the album *[Hard Candy](/wiki/Hard_Candy_%28Madonna_album%29 "Hard Candy (Madonna album)")*. Madonna chose his remix of "Hollywood" for her performance at the MTV Video Music Awards with [Britney Spears](/wiki/Britney_Spears "Britney Spears"), [Christina Aguilera](/wiki/Christina_Aguilera "Christina Aguilera"), and [Missy Elliott](/wiki/Missy_Elliott "Missy Elliott"). In 2023 Madonna invited Price again (17 years after their last collaboration) as musical director for her first [retrospective tour](/wiki/The_Celebration_Tour "The Celebration Tour").{{Cite news \|date\=12 October 2023 \|title\=Madonna's Celebration Tour: Greatest hits show to feature more than 40 songs\|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment\-arts\-67075718 \|access\-date\=20 October 2023}}
### The Killers
Price's work with [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers "The Killers") began with his remix of their hit single "[Mr. Brightside](/wiki/Mr._Brightside "Mr. Brightside")", released under the Thin White Duke name. Subsequently, Price remixed the song "[When You Were Young](/wiki/When_You_Were_Young "When You Were Young")", the first single from The Killers album "[Sam's Town](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town "Sam's Town")". Price produced two of the tracks re\-recorded for the release of [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers "The Killers")' B\-sides album, *[Sawdust](/wiki/Sawdust_%28album%29 "Sawdust (album)")*: "Leave the Bourbon on the Shelf" and "Sweet Talk". His remix of "[Mr. Brightside](/wiki/Mr._Brightside "Mr. Brightside")" appeared as a bonus track on that release. Price went on to produce [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers "The Killers")' third studio album, "[Day \& Age](/wiki/Day_%26_Age "Day & Age")", released on 24 November 2008\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/24024293/review/24196095/day\_\_age \|title\=Day \& Age : The Killers : Review : Rolling Stone \|website\=www.rollingstone.com \|access\-date\=17 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207014858/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/24024293/review/24196095/day\_\_age \|archive\-date\=7 December 2008 \|url\-status\=dead}} He also created an extended remix of the lead single "Human" released under the Thin White Duke name. Price also worked for The Killers vocalist [Brandon Flowers](/wiki/Brandon_Flowers "Brandon Flowers")' debut solo album *[Flamingo](/wiki/Flamingo_%28Brandon_Flowers_album%29 "Flamingo (Brandon Flowers album)")*, producing most of the songs on it, including the second single "Only the Young". The album was released on 6 September in the UK and Ireland and 14 September in the US and Canada.
The Killers' album, *[Battle Born](/wiki/Battle_Born_%28album%29 "Battle Born (album)")*, contains two tracks that Price produced, as well as a Jacques Lu Cont remix of the album's first track, "Flesh and Bone".{{cite web\|website\=Nme.com\|title\=The Killers Confirm Release Date\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/the\-killers/64828\|access\-date\=4 September 2012\|date\=10 July 2012}}
Price also produced the song "Just Another Girl", a new track on the Killers compilation album *Direct Hits*.
In the deluxe version of The Killers' 2017 album, *[Wonderful Wonderful](/wiki/Wonderful_Wonderful_%28The_Killers_album%29 "Wonderful Wonderful (The Killers album)")*, Price did a remix of the album's single, "The Man".
### Pet Shop Boys
Price was the musical director on the Pandemonium tour, and produced their 2013 album *[Electric](/wiki/Electric_%28Pet_Shop_Boys_album%29 "Electric (Pet Shop Boys album)")* which was very highly acclaimed by critics and reached No. 3 on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart") – their highest\-charting album since 1993\.{{cite web\|url\=http://idolator.com/7446470/pet\-shop\-boys\-stuart\-price\-album\-electric\-video\-tease \|title\=Pet Shop Boys Announce Stuart Price\-Produced Album 'Electric': Watch The Video Tease \| Music News, Reviews, and Gossip on \|website\=Idolator.com \|date\= 14 March 2013\|access\-date\=2014\-05\-23}} He also toured with them on at least several shows in the Electric tour (Las Vegas and Oakland). Price went on to produce their albums *[Super](/wiki/Super_%28Pet_Shop_Boys_album%29 "Super (Pet Shop Boys album)")* and *[Hotspot](/wiki/Hotspot_%28Pet_Shop_Boys_album%29 "Hotspot (Pet Shop Boys album)")* released in 2016 and 2020 respectively. Both albums received positive reviews and reached No. 3 on the UK Album Chart.{{Cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/petshopboys/status/1091063619683577857\|title\=We've just got back from a trip to Los Angeles where we were working with Stuart Price on our new album. It's sounding good! (Well, I would think that.) Neil x\#PetTextpic.twitter.com/mQeLjbr00H\|first\=Pet Shop\|last\=Boys\|website\=Twitter.com\|date\=31 January 2019}}
### Kylie Minogue
Price is the executive producer for [Kylie Minogue](/wiki/Kylie_Minogue "Kylie Minogue")'s 11th studio album titled *[Aphrodite](/wiki/Aphrodite_%28Kylie_Minogue_album%29 "Aphrodite (Kylie Minogue album)")* which was released on June 30, 2010\. On 11 June, the hit single "[All the Lovers](/wiki/All_the_Lovers "All the Lovers")" was released, and later "[Get Outta My Way](/wiki/Get_Outta_My_Way "Get Outta My Way")", which was remixed by Price into an extended version.
### Other production work
Price was the album producer on [Seal](/wiki/Seal_%28musician%29 "Seal (musician)")'s fifth studio album *[System](/wiki/System_%28Seal_album%29 "System (Seal album)")*, which was released in November 2007\. He also co\-wrote several of the album's songs. Price was among the producers of [Keane](/wiki/Keane_%28band%29 "Keane (band)")'s album *[Perfect Symmetry](/wiki/Perfect_Symmetry_%28Keane_album%29 "Perfect Symmetry (Keane album)")*, which was released in October 2008\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.keanemusic.com/\|title\=KEANE \| OFFICIAL WEBSITE\|website\=Keanemusic.com}}
Price was also reported to be working with New Order's [Bernard Sumner](/wiki/Bernard_Sumner "Bernard Sumner") on a "synthesiser album".{{Cite web\|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/36573\-bernard\-sumner\-talks\-bad\-lieutenant\-album\-new\-order\-breakup/\|title\=Bernard Sumner Talks Bad Lieutenant Album, New Order Breakup\|website\=Pitchfork.com\|date\=24 September 2009}} However, it appears the project has been shelved.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.spinner.com/2010/04/15/bernard\-sumner\-album\-stuart\-price\-scrapped/\|title\=Yahoo\|website\=Spinner.com}}
Price co\-produced the [Scissor Sisters](/wiki/Scissor_Sisters "Scissor Sisters") album *[Night Work](/wiki/Night_Work_%28album%29 "Night Work (album)")*, released on 28 June 2010\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.popjustice.com/\|title\=Popjustice: 100% Solid Pop Music • Popjustice\|website\=Popjustice.com}} The first track to be released from the album was "[Invisible Light](/wiki/Invisible_Light "Invisible Light")", followed by singles "[Fire With Fire](/wiki/Fire_with_Fire_%28song%29 "Fire with Fire (song)")" and "[Any Which Way](/wiki/Any_Which_Way "Any Which Way")".
In 2010, Price produced [Take That](/wiki/Take_That "Take That")'s studio album *[Progress](/wiki/Progress_%28Take_That_album%29 "Progress (Take That album)")* which saw [Robbie Williams](/wiki/Robbie_Williams "Robbie Williams") return to the band. Progress was the biggest selling album of 2010 and the second fastest selling British album of all time. In 2011, he worked as a producer on [Hard\-Fi](/wiki/Hard-Fi "Hard-Fi")'s 2011 album *[Killer Sounds](/wiki/Killer_Sounds "Killer Sounds")*. He worked with the band for second single "[Fire in the House](/wiki/Fire_in_the_House "Fire in the House")". In May 2012, the fourth Scissor Sisters album *[Magic Hour](/wiki/Magic_Hour_%28Scissor_Sisters_album%29 "Magic Hour (Scissor Sisters album)")* was released with two tracks produced by Stuart Price: "The Secret Life of Letters" and "Somewhere".
For the London 2012 Olympic Games, Price was asked to create a theme song as the keystone of what director Danny Boyle called the "sonic branding" of the games. Intended to be played in multiple venues, Price set out to create a modular piece, "Different elements can layer on top of each other to create a fast\-paced version for the velodrome, something slow for the background on TV, or a triumphant version of it for the medal ceremonies."{{cite news\|last\=Smyth\|first\=David\|title\=The Sound of Victory\|url\=https://www.standard.co.uk/arts/music/the\-sound\-of\-victory\-7979346\.html\|access\-date\=27 July 2012\|newspaper\=London Evening Standard\|date\=27 July 2012}}
In 2014, Price produced multiple tracks on Take That's seventh studio album *III*.
In 2015, Price produced the critically acclaimed studio album *Get to Heaven* by Manchester\-based band [Everything Everything](/wiki/Everything_Everything "Everything Everything") which Digital Spy described as "a contender for album of the year". Q also awarded the album 5 stars.
In 2017, Price produced with many different people. His first venture was with [Kiesza](/wiki/Kiesza "Kiesza") on her 2017 single, entitled "Dearly Beloved", which is expected to be the lead single on her upcoming second album. He also was credited as Jacques Lu Cont when remixing [The Knocks](/wiki/The_Knocks "The Knocks")'s single "Trouble", featuring vocals from Absofacto. The song became the second single to be released from their fifth extended play, entitled *[Testify](/wiki/Testify_%28The_Knocks_EP%29 "Testify (The Knocks EP)")*.
In 2019, Price produced British band [Sundara Karma](/wiki/Sundara_Karma "Sundara Karma")'s second album *[Ulfilas' Alphabet](/wiki/Ulfilas%27_Alphabet "Ulfilas' Alphabet")*.{{cite news\|last\=Earls\|first\=Johns\|title\=Sundara Karma unveil 'One Last Night On This Earth' video and tell us about their 'celebration' of a new album\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/sundara\-karma\-used\-not\-making\-easy\-interview\-2400602\|access\-date\=15 July 2019\|newspaper\=NME\|date\=14 November 2018}}
In 2020, Price served as a co\-producer and additional producer for four songs on [Dua Lipa](/wiki/Dua_Lipa "Dua Lipa")'s second album *[Future Nostalgia](/wiki/Future_Nostalgia "Future Nostalgia")*, three of which became singles: "[Hallucinate](/wiki/Hallucinate_%28song%29 "Hallucinate (song)")", "[Levitating](/wiki/Levitating_%28song%29 "Levitating (song)")", and "[Love Again](/wiki/Love_Again_%28Dua_Lipa_song%29 "Love Again (Dua Lipa song)")". "[Levitating](/wiki/Levitating_%28song%29 "Levitating (song)")" has since achieved diamond certification.
He also produced Aussie rockers [DMA's](/wiki/DMA%27s "DMA's") third studio album *[The Glow](/wiki/The_Glow_%28DMA%27s_album%29 "The Glow (DMA's album)")*, which was met with positive reviews.
In May 2022, the single "Superstar" by Swedish singer [Darin](/wiki/Darin_%28singer%29 "Darin (singer)") was released and produced by Price.
Price also contributed to Japanese\-British singer\-songwriter [Rina Sawayama](/wiki/Rina_Sawayama "Rina Sawayama")'s second studio album *[Hold the Girl](/wiki/Hold_the_Girl "Hold the Girl")*, which was released on September 16, 2022, and peaked at number 2 on the UK charts.
Additionally, Price co\-wrote and produced [George Ezra](/wiki/George_Ezra "George Ezra")’s platinum hit single “[Green Green Grass](/wiki/Green_Green_Grass_%28song%29 "Green Green Grass (song)")”, which emerged as one of the biggest hits of 2022\. The song reached number three on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart") and was nominated for the [Brit Award for Song Of The Year](/wiki/Brit_Award_for_Song_Of_The_Year "Brit Award for Song Of The Year") at the [2023 Brit Awards](/wiki/Brit_Awards_2023 "Brit Awards 2023")
He produced [Jessie Ware](/wiki/Jessie_Ware "Jessie Ware")’s album *[That! Feels Good](/wiki/That%21_Feels_Good%21 "That! Feels Good!")*, which reached the top 5 in the UK charts and received a Mercury nomination in 2023\.
Price's production work extended to [Romy](/wiki/Romy_Madley_Croft "Romy Madley Croft")'s [album *Mid Air*](/wiki/Mid_Air_%28Romy_album%29 "Mid Air (Romy album)"), which featured the single "[Strong](/wiki/Strong_%28Romy_song%29 "Strong (Romy song)")", a significant hit on UK radio, and received a Grammy nomination for Best Electronic Record at the 2024 ceremony.
Furthermore, Price co\-wrote and co\-produced four new songs on [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers "The Killers")' 2023 chart\-topping album release *[Rebel Diamonds](/wiki/Rebel_Diamonds "Rebel Diamonds")*, including the singles “[Boy](/wiki/Boy_%28The_Killers_song%29 "Boy (The Killers song)")”, “[Spirit](/wiki/The_Killers_discography "The Killers discography")”, and “[Your Side of Town](/wiki/Your_Side_of_Town "Your Side of Town")”.
Price has also been involved in various film projects and soundtracks in 2022 and 2023, including producing key records for *[Elvis](/wiki/Elvis_%282022_film%29 "Elvis (2022 film)")*, *[Whitney Houston: I Wanna Dance with Somebody](/wiki/Whitney_Houston:I_Wanna_Dance_with_Somebody "I Wanna Dance with Somebody")*, and *[Argylle (Electric Energy)](/wiki/Argylle "Argylle")*. In 2023, he produced the highly acclaimed *[Celebration Tour](/wiki/The_Celebration_Tour "The Celebration Tour")* for [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna "Madonna"), which received worldwide recognition.
|
[
"As producer\n-----------",
"Price has produced, and at times co\\-written, numerous songs for popular artists. Price has also remixed and re\\-produced numerous songs under his own name as well as the names Thin White Duke (originally created by [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie \"David Bowie\")), Jacques Lu Cont, and Les Rythmes Digitales. Other aliases include Man with Guitar and Paper Faces (an alias for him and [Adam Blake](/wiki/Adam_Blake_%28musician%29 \"Adam Blake (musician)\") of the band [Zoot Woman](/wiki/Zoot_Woman \"Zoot Woman\")). Price's remixes are characterised by club\\-led beats with [arpeggios](/wiki/Arpeggio \"Arpeggio\"), riffs, and vocal lines faded and filtered throughout the song for a climactic effect.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2009}} He favours keeping the original vocal arrangement of songs and re\\-contextualizing the non\\-lyrical content in creating his new versions.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2009}}",
"### Madonna",
"[thumb\\|Madonna and Price during [the Celebration Tour](/wiki/The_Celebration_Tour \"The Celebration Tour\") in 2023\\.](/wiki/File:Madonna_-_Celebration_Tour_Antwerp_Sportpaleis_22_10_2023_%2853288320594%29.jpg \"Madonna - Celebration Tour Antwerp Sportpaleis 22 10 2023 (53288320594).jpg\")",
"Price is best known for his work with [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna \"Madonna\")'s tenth studio album *[Confessions on a Dance Floor](/wiki/Confessions_on_a_Dance_Floor \"Confessions on a Dance Floor\")* (2005\\). He began collaborating with Madonna as musical director for her 2001 [Drowned World Tour](/wiki/Drowned_World_Tour \"Drowned World Tour\") after remixing some of the tracks on her Music album via Mirwais. He reprised the role for her 2004 [Re\\-Invention World Tour](/wiki/Re-Invention_World_Tour \"Re-Invention World Tour\") and 2006 [Confessions Tour](/wiki/Confessions_Tour \"Confessions Tour\"). Price created remixes for the album's singles \"[Hung Up](/wiki/Hung_Up \"Hung Up\")\", \"[Sorry](/wiki/Sorry_%28Madonna_song%29 \"Sorry (Madonna song)\")\" (under the Man with Guitar alias), \"[Get Together](/wiki/Get_Together_%28Madonna_song%29 \"Get Together (Madonna song)\")\", and \"[Jump](/wiki/Jump_%28Madonna_song%29 \"Jump (Madonna song)\")\", as well as the album tracks \"I Love New York\" and \"Let It Will Be\" (under the Paper Faces alias). Price co\\-wrote the song \"X\\-Static Process\" for Madonna's 2003 album *[American Life](/wiki/American_Life \"American Life\")*. Price has also remixed the Madonna songs \"[Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood_%28Madonna_song%29 \"Hollywood (Madonna song)\")\" from *American Life* and \"[Miles Away](/wiki/Miles_Away_%28Madonna_song%29 \"Miles Away (Madonna song)\")\" from the album *[Hard Candy](/wiki/Hard_Candy_%28Madonna_album%29 \"Hard Candy (Madonna album)\")*. Madonna chose his remix of \"Hollywood\" for her performance at the MTV Video Music Awards with [Britney Spears](/wiki/Britney_Spears \"Britney Spears\"), [Christina Aguilera](/wiki/Christina_Aguilera \"Christina Aguilera\"), and [Missy Elliott](/wiki/Missy_Elliott \"Missy Elliott\"). In 2023 Madonna invited Price again (17 years after their last collaboration) as musical director for her first [retrospective tour](/wiki/The_Celebration_Tour \"The Celebration Tour\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=12 October 2023 \\|title\\=Madonna's Celebration Tour: Greatest hits show to feature more than 40 songs\\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-67075718 \\|access\\-date\\=20 October 2023}}",
"### The Killers",
"Price's work with [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers \"The Killers\") began with his remix of their hit single \"[Mr. Brightside](/wiki/Mr._Brightside \"Mr. Brightside\")\", released under the Thin White Duke name. Subsequently, Price remixed the song \"[When You Were Young](/wiki/When_You_Were_Young \"When You Were Young\")\", the first single from The Killers album \"[Sam's Town](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town \"Sam's Town\")\". Price produced two of the tracks re\\-recorded for the release of [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers \"The Killers\")' B\\-sides album, *[Sawdust](/wiki/Sawdust_%28album%29 \"Sawdust (album)\")*: \"Leave the Bourbon on the Shelf\" and \"Sweet Talk\". His remix of \"[Mr. Brightside](/wiki/Mr._Brightside \"Mr. Brightside\")\" appeared as a bonus track on that release. Price went on to produce [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers \"The Killers\")' third studio album, \"[Day \\& Age](/wiki/Day_%26_Age \"Day & Age\")\", released on 24 November 2008\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/24024293/review/24196095/day\\_\\_age \\|title\\=Day \\& Age : The Killers : Review : Rolling Stone \\|website\\=www.rollingstone.com \\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207014858/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/24024293/review/24196095/day\\_\\_age \\|archive\\-date\\=7 December 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He also created an extended remix of the lead single \"Human\" released under the Thin White Duke name. Price also worked for The Killers vocalist [Brandon Flowers](/wiki/Brandon_Flowers \"Brandon Flowers\")' debut solo album *[Flamingo](/wiki/Flamingo_%28Brandon_Flowers_album%29 \"Flamingo (Brandon Flowers album)\")*, producing most of the songs on it, including the second single \"Only the Young\". The album was released on 6 September in the UK and Ireland and 14 September in the US and Canada.",
"The Killers' album, *[Battle Born](/wiki/Battle_Born_%28album%29 \"Battle Born (album)\")*, contains two tracks that Price produced, as well as a Jacques Lu Cont remix of the album's first track, \"Flesh and Bone\".{{cite web\\|website\\=Nme.com\\|title\\=The Killers Confirm Release Date\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/the\\-killers/64828\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2012\\|date\\=10 July 2012}}",
"Price also produced the song \"Just Another Girl\", a new track on the Killers compilation album *Direct Hits*.",
"In the deluxe version of The Killers' 2017 album, *[Wonderful Wonderful](/wiki/Wonderful_Wonderful_%28The_Killers_album%29 \"Wonderful Wonderful (The Killers album)\")*, Price did a remix of the album's single, \"The Man\".",
"### Pet Shop Boys",
"Price was the musical director on the Pandemonium tour, and produced their 2013 album *[Electric](/wiki/Electric_%28Pet_Shop_Boys_album%29 \"Electric (Pet Shop Boys album)\")* which was very highly acclaimed by critics and reached No. 3 on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\") – their highest\\-charting album since 1993\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://idolator.com/7446470/pet\\-shop\\-boys\\-stuart\\-price\\-album\\-electric\\-video\\-tease \\|title\\=Pet Shop Boys Announce Stuart Price\\-Produced Album 'Electric': Watch The Video Tease \\| Music News, Reviews, and Gossip on \\|website\\=Idolator.com \\|date\\= 14 March 2013\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-05\\-23}} He also toured with them on at least several shows in the Electric tour (Las Vegas and Oakland). Price went on to produce their albums *[Super](/wiki/Super_%28Pet_Shop_Boys_album%29 \"Super (Pet Shop Boys album)\")* and *[Hotspot](/wiki/Hotspot_%28Pet_Shop_Boys_album%29 \"Hotspot (Pet Shop Boys album)\")* released in 2016 and 2020 respectively. Both albums received positive reviews and reached No. 3 on the UK Album Chart.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/petshopboys/status/1091063619683577857\\|title\\=We've just got back from a trip to Los Angeles where we were working with Stuart Price on our new album. It's sounding good! (Well, I would think that.) Neil x\\#PetTextpic.twitter.com/mQeLjbr00H\\|first\\=Pet Shop\\|last\\=Boys\\|website\\=Twitter.com\\|date\\=31 January 2019}}",
"### Kylie Minogue",
"Price is the executive producer for [Kylie Minogue](/wiki/Kylie_Minogue \"Kylie Minogue\")'s 11th studio album titled *[Aphrodite](/wiki/Aphrodite_%28Kylie_Minogue_album%29 \"Aphrodite (Kylie Minogue album)\")* which was released on June 30, 2010\\. On 11 June, the hit single \"[All the Lovers](/wiki/All_the_Lovers \"All the Lovers\")\" was released, and later \"[Get Outta My Way](/wiki/Get_Outta_My_Way \"Get Outta My Way\")\", which was remixed by Price into an extended version.",
"### Other production work",
"Price was the album producer on [Seal](/wiki/Seal_%28musician%29 \"Seal (musician)\")'s fifth studio album *[System](/wiki/System_%28Seal_album%29 \"System (Seal album)\")*, which was released in November 2007\\. He also co\\-wrote several of the album's songs. Price was among the producers of [Keane](/wiki/Keane_%28band%29 \"Keane (band)\")'s album *[Perfect Symmetry](/wiki/Perfect_Symmetry_%28Keane_album%29 \"Perfect Symmetry (Keane album)\")*, which was released in October 2008\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.keanemusic.com/\\|title\\=KEANE \\| OFFICIAL WEBSITE\\|website\\=Keanemusic.com}}",
"Price was also reported to be working with New Order's [Bernard Sumner](/wiki/Bernard_Sumner \"Bernard Sumner\") on a \"synthesiser album\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/36573\\-bernard\\-sumner\\-talks\\-bad\\-lieutenant\\-album\\-new\\-order\\-breakup/\\|title\\=Bernard Sumner Talks Bad Lieutenant Album, New Order Breakup\\|website\\=Pitchfork.com\\|date\\=24 September 2009}} However, it appears the project has been shelved.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spinner.com/2010/04/15/bernard\\-sumner\\-album\\-stuart\\-price\\-scrapped/\\|title\\=Yahoo\\|website\\=Spinner.com}}",
"Price co\\-produced the [Scissor Sisters](/wiki/Scissor_Sisters \"Scissor Sisters\") album *[Night Work](/wiki/Night_Work_%28album%29 \"Night Work (album)\")*, released on 28 June 2010\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.popjustice.com/\\|title\\=Popjustice: 100% Solid Pop Music • Popjustice\\|website\\=Popjustice.com}} The first track to be released from the album was \"[Invisible Light](/wiki/Invisible_Light \"Invisible Light\")\", followed by singles \"[Fire With Fire](/wiki/Fire_with_Fire_%28song%29 \"Fire with Fire (song)\")\" and \"[Any Which Way](/wiki/Any_Which_Way \"Any Which Way\")\".",
"In 2010, Price produced [Take That](/wiki/Take_That \"Take That\")'s studio album *[Progress](/wiki/Progress_%28Take_That_album%29 \"Progress (Take That album)\")* which saw [Robbie Williams](/wiki/Robbie_Williams \"Robbie Williams\") return to the band. Progress was the biggest selling album of 2010 and the second fastest selling British album of all time. In 2011, he worked as a producer on [Hard\\-Fi](/wiki/Hard-Fi \"Hard-Fi\")'s 2011 album *[Killer Sounds](/wiki/Killer_Sounds \"Killer Sounds\")*. He worked with the band for second single \"[Fire in the House](/wiki/Fire_in_the_House \"Fire in the House\")\". In May 2012, the fourth Scissor Sisters album *[Magic Hour](/wiki/Magic_Hour_%28Scissor_Sisters_album%29 \"Magic Hour (Scissor Sisters album)\")* was released with two tracks produced by Stuart Price: \"The Secret Life of Letters\" and \"Somewhere\".",
"For the London 2012 Olympic Games, Price was asked to create a theme song as the keystone of what director Danny Boyle called the \"sonic branding\" of the games. Intended to be played in multiple venues, Price set out to create a modular piece, \"Different elements can layer on top of each other to create a fast\\-paced version for the velodrome, something slow for the background on TV, or a triumphant version of it for the medal ceremonies.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Smyth\\|first\\=David\\|title\\=The Sound of Victory\\|url\\=https://www.standard.co.uk/arts/music/the\\-sound\\-of\\-victory\\-7979346\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=27 July 2012\\|newspaper\\=London Evening Standard\\|date\\=27 July 2012}}",
"In 2014, Price produced multiple tracks on Take That's seventh studio album *III*.",
"In 2015, Price produced the critically acclaimed studio album *Get to Heaven* by Manchester\\-based band [Everything Everything](/wiki/Everything_Everything \"Everything Everything\") which Digital Spy described as \"a contender for album of the year\". Q also awarded the album 5 stars.",
"In 2017, Price produced with many different people. His first venture was with [Kiesza](/wiki/Kiesza \"Kiesza\") on her 2017 single, entitled \"Dearly Beloved\", which is expected to be the lead single on her upcoming second album. He also was credited as Jacques Lu Cont when remixing [The Knocks](/wiki/The_Knocks \"The Knocks\")'s single \"Trouble\", featuring vocals from Absofacto. The song became the second single to be released from their fifth extended play, entitled *[Testify](/wiki/Testify_%28The_Knocks_EP%29 \"Testify (The Knocks EP)\")*.",
"In 2019, Price produced British band [Sundara Karma](/wiki/Sundara_Karma \"Sundara Karma\")'s second album *[Ulfilas' Alphabet](/wiki/Ulfilas%27_Alphabet \"Ulfilas' Alphabet\")*.{{cite news\\|last\\=Earls\\|first\\=Johns\\|title\\=Sundara Karma unveil 'One Last Night On This Earth' video and tell us about their 'celebration' of a new album\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/sundara\\-karma\\-used\\-not\\-making\\-easy\\-interview\\-2400602\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2019\\|newspaper\\=NME\\|date\\=14 November 2018}}",
"In 2020, Price served as a co\\-producer and additional producer for four songs on [Dua Lipa](/wiki/Dua_Lipa \"Dua Lipa\")'s second album *[Future Nostalgia](/wiki/Future_Nostalgia \"Future Nostalgia\")*, three of which became singles: \"[Hallucinate](/wiki/Hallucinate_%28song%29 \"Hallucinate (song)\")\", \"[Levitating](/wiki/Levitating_%28song%29 \"Levitating (song)\")\", and \"[Love Again](/wiki/Love_Again_%28Dua_Lipa_song%29 \"Love Again (Dua Lipa song)\")\". \"[Levitating](/wiki/Levitating_%28song%29 \"Levitating (song)\")\" has since achieved diamond certification.\nHe also produced Aussie rockers [DMA's](/wiki/DMA%27s \"DMA's\") third studio album *[The Glow](/wiki/The_Glow_%28DMA%27s_album%29 \"The Glow (DMA's album)\")*, which was met with positive reviews.",
"In May 2022, the single \"Superstar\" by Swedish singer [Darin](/wiki/Darin_%28singer%29 \"Darin (singer)\") was released and produced by Price.",
"Price also contributed to Japanese\\-British singer\\-songwriter [Rina Sawayama](/wiki/Rina_Sawayama \"Rina Sawayama\")'s second studio album *[Hold the Girl](/wiki/Hold_the_Girl \"Hold the Girl\")*, which was released on September 16, 2022, and peaked at number 2 on the UK charts.",
"Additionally, Price co\\-wrote and produced [George Ezra](/wiki/George_Ezra \"George Ezra\")’s platinum hit single “[Green Green Grass](/wiki/Green_Green_Grass_%28song%29 \"Green Green Grass (song)\")”, which emerged as one of the biggest hits of 2022\\. The song reached number three on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\") and was nominated for the [Brit Award for Song Of The Year](/wiki/Brit_Award_for_Song_Of_The_Year \"Brit Award for Song Of The Year\") at the [2023 Brit Awards](/wiki/Brit_Awards_2023 \"Brit Awards 2023\")",
"He produced [Jessie Ware](/wiki/Jessie_Ware \"Jessie Ware\")’s album *[That! Feels Good](/wiki/That%21_Feels_Good%21 \"That! Feels Good!\")*, which reached the top 5 in the UK charts and received a Mercury nomination in 2023\\.",
"Price's production work extended to [Romy](/wiki/Romy_Madley_Croft \"Romy Madley Croft\")'s [album *Mid Air*](/wiki/Mid_Air_%28Romy_album%29 \"Mid Air (Romy album)\"), which featured the single \"[Strong](/wiki/Strong_%28Romy_song%29 \"Strong (Romy song)\")\", a significant hit on UK radio, and received a Grammy nomination for Best Electronic Record at the 2024 ceremony.",
"Furthermore, Price co\\-wrote and co\\-produced four new songs on [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers \"The Killers\")' 2023 chart\\-topping album release *[Rebel Diamonds](/wiki/Rebel_Diamonds \"Rebel Diamonds\")*, including the singles “[Boy](/wiki/Boy_%28The_Killers_song%29 \"Boy (The Killers song)\")”, “[Spirit](/wiki/The_Killers_discography \"The Killers discography\")”, and “[Your Side of Town](/wiki/Your_Side_of_Town \"Your Side of Town\")”.",
"Price has also been involved in various film projects and soundtracks in 2022 and 2023, including producing key records for *[Elvis](/wiki/Elvis_%282022_film%29 \"Elvis (2022 film)\")*, *[Whitney Houston: I Wanna Dance with Somebody](/wiki/Whitney_Houston:I_Wanna_Dance_with_Somebody \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody\")*, and *[Argylle (Electric Energy)](/wiki/Argylle \"Argylle\")*. In 2023, he produced the highly acclaimed *[Celebration Tour](/wiki/The_Celebration_Tour \"The Celebration Tour\")* for [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna \"Madonna\"), which received worldwide recognition.",
""
] |
### Other production work
Price was the album producer on [Seal](/wiki/Seal_%28musician%29 "Seal (musician)")'s fifth studio album *[System](/wiki/System_%28Seal_album%29 "System (Seal album)")*, which was released in November 2007\. He also co\-wrote several of the album's songs. Price was among the producers of [Keane](/wiki/Keane_%28band%29 "Keane (band)")'s album *[Perfect Symmetry](/wiki/Perfect_Symmetry_%28Keane_album%29 "Perfect Symmetry (Keane album)")*, which was released in October 2008\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.keanemusic.com/\|title\=KEANE \| OFFICIAL WEBSITE\|website\=Keanemusic.com}}
Price was also reported to be working with New Order's [Bernard Sumner](/wiki/Bernard_Sumner "Bernard Sumner") on a "synthesiser album".{{Cite web\|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/36573\-bernard\-sumner\-talks\-bad\-lieutenant\-album\-new\-order\-breakup/\|title\=Bernard Sumner Talks Bad Lieutenant Album, New Order Breakup\|website\=Pitchfork.com\|date\=24 September 2009}} However, it appears the project has been shelved.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.spinner.com/2010/04/15/bernard\-sumner\-album\-stuart\-price\-scrapped/\|title\=Yahoo\|website\=Spinner.com}}
Price co\-produced the [Scissor Sisters](/wiki/Scissor_Sisters "Scissor Sisters") album *[Night Work](/wiki/Night_Work_%28album%29 "Night Work (album)")*, released on 28 June 2010\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.popjustice.com/\|title\=Popjustice: 100% Solid Pop Music • Popjustice\|website\=Popjustice.com}} The first track to be released from the album was "[Invisible Light](/wiki/Invisible_Light "Invisible Light")", followed by singles "[Fire With Fire](/wiki/Fire_with_Fire_%28song%29 "Fire with Fire (song)")" and "[Any Which Way](/wiki/Any_Which_Way "Any Which Way")".
In 2010, Price produced [Take That](/wiki/Take_That "Take That")'s studio album *[Progress](/wiki/Progress_%28Take_That_album%29 "Progress (Take That album)")* which saw [Robbie Williams](/wiki/Robbie_Williams "Robbie Williams") return to the band. Progress was the biggest selling album of 2010 and the second fastest selling British album of all time. In 2011, he worked as a producer on [Hard\-Fi](/wiki/Hard-Fi "Hard-Fi")'s 2011 album *[Killer Sounds](/wiki/Killer_Sounds "Killer Sounds")*. He worked with the band for second single "[Fire in the House](/wiki/Fire_in_the_House "Fire in the House")". In May 2012, the fourth Scissor Sisters album *[Magic Hour](/wiki/Magic_Hour_%28Scissor_Sisters_album%29 "Magic Hour (Scissor Sisters album)")* was released with two tracks produced by Stuart Price: "The Secret Life of Letters" and "Somewhere".
For the London 2012 Olympic Games, Price was asked to create a theme song as the keystone of what director Danny Boyle called the "sonic branding" of the games. Intended to be played in multiple venues, Price set out to create a modular piece, "Different elements can layer on top of each other to create a fast\-paced version for the velodrome, something slow for the background on TV, or a triumphant version of it for the medal ceremonies."{{cite news\|last\=Smyth\|first\=David\|title\=The Sound of Victory\|url\=https://www.standard.co.uk/arts/music/the\-sound\-of\-victory\-7979346\.html\|access\-date\=27 July 2012\|newspaper\=London Evening Standard\|date\=27 July 2012}}
In 2014, Price produced multiple tracks on Take That's seventh studio album *III*.
In 2015, Price produced the critically acclaimed studio album *Get to Heaven* by Manchester\-based band [Everything Everything](/wiki/Everything_Everything "Everything Everything") which Digital Spy described as "a contender for album of the year". Q also awarded the album 5 stars.
In 2017, Price produced with many different people. His first venture was with [Kiesza](/wiki/Kiesza "Kiesza") on her 2017 single, entitled "Dearly Beloved", which is expected to be the lead single on her upcoming second album. He also was credited as Jacques Lu Cont when remixing [The Knocks](/wiki/The_Knocks "The Knocks")'s single "Trouble", featuring vocals from Absofacto. The song became the second single to be released from their fifth extended play, entitled *[Testify](/wiki/Testify_%28The_Knocks_EP%29 "Testify (The Knocks EP)")*.
In 2019, Price produced British band [Sundara Karma](/wiki/Sundara_Karma "Sundara Karma")'s second album *[Ulfilas' Alphabet](/wiki/Ulfilas%27_Alphabet "Ulfilas' Alphabet")*.{{cite news\|last\=Earls\|first\=Johns\|title\=Sundara Karma unveil 'One Last Night On This Earth' video and tell us about their 'celebration' of a new album\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/sundara\-karma\-used\-not\-making\-easy\-interview\-2400602\|access\-date\=15 July 2019\|newspaper\=NME\|date\=14 November 2018}}
In 2020, Price served as a co\-producer and additional producer for four songs on [Dua Lipa](/wiki/Dua_Lipa "Dua Lipa")'s second album *[Future Nostalgia](/wiki/Future_Nostalgia "Future Nostalgia")*, three of which became singles: "[Hallucinate](/wiki/Hallucinate_%28song%29 "Hallucinate (song)")", "[Levitating](/wiki/Levitating_%28song%29 "Levitating (song)")", and "[Love Again](/wiki/Love_Again_%28Dua_Lipa_song%29 "Love Again (Dua Lipa song)")". "[Levitating](/wiki/Levitating_%28song%29 "Levitating (song)")" has since achieved diamond certification.
He also produced Aussie rockers [DMA's](/wiki/DMA%27s "DMA's") third studio album *[The Glow](/wiki/The_Glow_%28DMA%27s_album%29 "The Glow (DMA's album)")*, which was met with positive reviews.
In May 2022, the single "Superstar" by Swedish singer [Darin](/wiki/Darin_%28singer%29 "Darin (singer)") was released and produced by Price.
Price also contributed to Japanese\-British singer\-songwriter [Rina Sawayama](/wiki/Rina_Sawayama "Rina Sawayama")'s second studio album *[Hold the Girl](/wiki/Hold_the_Girl "Hold the Girl")*, which was released on September 16, 2022, and peaked at number 2 on the UK charts.
Additionally, Price co\-wrote and produced [George Ezra](/wiki/George_Ezra "George Ezra")’s platinum hit single “[Green Green Grass](/wiki/Green_Green_Grass_%28song%29 "Green Green Grass (song)")”, which emerged as one of the biggest hits of 2022\. The song reached number three on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart") and was nominated for the [Brit Award for Song Of The Year](/wiki/Brit_Award_for_Song_Of_The_Year "Brit Award for Song Of The Year") at the [2023 Brit Awards](/wiki/Brit_Awards_2023 "Brit Awards 2023")
He produced [Jessie Ware](/wiki/Jessie_Ware "Jessie Ware")’s album *[That! Feels Good](/wiki/That%21_Feels_Good%21 "That! Feels Good!")*, which reached the top 5 in the UK charts and received a Mercury nomination in 2023\.
Price's production work extended to [Romy](/wiki/Romy_Madley_Croft "Romy Madley Croft")'s [album *Mid Air*](/wiki/Mid_Air_%28Romy_album%29 "Mid Air (Romy album)"), which featured the single "[Strong](/wiki/Strong_%28Romy_song%29 "Strong (Romy song)")", a significant hit on UK radio, and received a Grammy nomination for Best Electronic Record at the 2024 ceremony.
Furthermore, Price co\-wrote and co\-produced four new songs on [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers "The Killers")' 2023 chart\-topping album release *[Rebel Diamonds](/wiki/Rebel_Diamonds "Rebel Diamonds")*, including the singles “[Boy](/wiki/Boy_%28The_Killers_song%29 "Boy (The Killers song)")”, “[Spirit](/wiki/The_Killers_discography "The Killers discography")”, and “[Your Side of Town](/wiki/Your_Side_of_Town "Your Side of Town")”.
Price has also been involved in various film projects and soundtracks in 2022 and 2023, including producing key records for *[Elvis](/wiki/Elvis_%282022_film%29 "Elvis (2022 film)")*, *[Whitney Houston: I Wanna Dance with Somebody](/wiki/Whitney_Houston:I_Wanna_Dance_with_Somebody "I Wanna Dance with Somebody")*, and *[Argylle (Electric Energy)](/wiki/Argylle "Argylle")*. In 2023, he produced the highly acclaimed *[Celebration Tour](/wiki/The_Celebration_Tour "The Celebration Tour")* for [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna "Madonna"), which received worldwide recognition.
|
[
"### Other production work",
"Price was the album producer on [Seal](/wiki/Seal_%28musician%29 \"Seal (musician)\")'s fifth studio album *[System](/wiki/System_%28Seal_album%29 \"System (Seal album)\")*, which was released in November 2007\\. He also co\\-wrote several of the album's songs. Price was among the producers of [Keane](/wiki/Keane_%28band%29 \"Keane (band)\")'s album *[Perfect Symmetry](/wiki/Perfect_Symmetry_%28Keane_album%29 \"Perfect Symmetry (Keane album)\")*, which was released in October 2008\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.keanemusic.com/\\|title\\=KEANE \\| OFFICIAL WEBSITE\\|website\\=Keanemusic.com}}",
"Price was also reported to be working with New Order's [Bernard Sumner](/wiki/Bernard_Sumner \"Bernard Sumner\") on a \"synthesiser album\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/36573\\-bernard\\-sumner\\-talks\\-bad\\-lieutenant\\-album\\-new\\-order\\-breakup/\\|title\\=Bernard Sumner Talks Bad Lieutenant Album, New Order Breakup\\|website\\=Pitchfork.com\\|date\\=24 September 2009}} However, it appears the project has been shelved.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spinner.com/2010/04/15/bernard\\-sumner\\-album\\-stuart\\-price\\-scrapped/\\|title\\=Yahoo\\|website\\=Spinner.com}}",
"Price co\\-produced the [Scissor Sisters](/wiki/Scissor_Sisters \"Scissor Sisters\") album *[Night Work](/wiki/Night_Work_%28album%29 \"Night Work (album)\")*, released on 28 June 2010\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.popjustice.com/\\|title\\=Popjustice: 100% Solid Pop Music • Popjustice\\|website\\=Popjustice.com}} The first track to be released from the album was \"[Invisible Light](/wiki/Invisible_Light \"Invisible Light\")\", followed by singles \"[Fire With Fire](/wiki/Fire_with_Fire_%28song%29 \"Fire with Fire (song)\")\" and \"[Any Which Way](/wiki/Any_Which_Way \"Any Which Way\")\".",
"In 2010, Price produced [Take That](/wiki/Take_That \"Take That\")'s studio album *[Progress](/wiki/Progress_%28Take_That_album%29 \"Progress (Take That album)\")* which saw [Robbie Williams](/wiki/Robbie_Williams \"Robbie Williams\") return to the band. Progress was the biggest selling album of 2010 and the second fastest selling British album of all time. In 2011, he worked as a producer on [Hard\\-Fi](/wiki/Hard-Fi \"Hard-Fi\")'s 2011 album *[Killer Sounds](/wiki/Killer_Sounds \"Killer Sounds\")*. He worked with the band for second single \"[Fire in the House](/wiki/Fire_in_the_House \"Fire in the House\")\". In May 2012, the fourth Scissor Sisters album *[Magic Hour](/wiki/Magic_Hour_%28Scissor_Sisters_album%29 \"Magic Hour (Scissor Sisters album)\")* was released with two tracks produced by Stuart Price: \"The Secret Life of Letters\" and \"Somewhere\".",
"For the London 2012 Olympic Games, Price was asked to create a theme song as the keystone of what director Danny Boyle called the \"sonic branding\" of the games. Intended to be played in multiple venues, Price set out to create a modular piece, \"Different elements can layer on top of each other to create a fast\\-paced version for the velodrome, something slow for the background on TV, or a triumphant version of it for the medal ceremonies.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Smyth\\|first\\=David\\|title\\=The Sound of Victory\\|url\\=https://www.standard.co.uk/arts/music/the\\-sound\\-of\\-victory\\-7979346\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=27 July 2012\\|newspaper\\=London Evening Standard\\|date\\=27 July 2012}}",
"In 2014, Price produced multiple tracks on Take That's seventh studio album *III*.",
"In 2015, Price produced the critically acclaimed studio album *Get to Heaven* by Manchester\\-based band [Everything Everything](/wiki/Everything_Everything \"Everything Everything\") which Digital Spy described as \"a contender for album of the year\". Q also awarded the album 5 stars.",
"In 2017, Price produced with many different people. His first venture was with [Kiesza](/wiki/Kiesza \"Kiesza\") on her 2017 single, entitled \"Dearly Beloved\", which is expected to be the lead single on her upcoming second album. He also was credited as Jacques Lu Cont when remixing [The Knocks](/wiki/The_Knocks \"The Knocks\")'s single \"Trouble\", featuring vocals from Absofacto. The song became the second single to be released from their fifth extended play, entitled *[Testify](/wiki/Testify_%28The_Knocks_EP%29 \"Testify (The Knocks EP)\")*.",
"In 2019, Price produced British band [Sundara Karma](/wiki/Sundara_Karma \"Sundara Karma\")'s second album *[Ulfilas' Alphabet](/wiki/Ulfilas%27_Alphabet \"Ulfilas' Alphabet\")*.{{cite news\\|last\\=Earls\\|first\\=Johns\\|title\\=Sundara Karma unveil 'One Last Night On This Earth' video and tell us about their 'celebration' of a new album\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/sundara\\-karma\\-used\\-not\\-making\\-easy\\-interview\\-2400602\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2019\\|newspaper\\=NME\\|date\\=14 November 2018}}",
"In 2020, Price served as a co\\-producer and additional producer for four songs on [Dua Lipa](/wiki/Dua_Lipa \"Dua Lipa\")'s second album *[Future Nostalgia](/wiki/Future_Nostalgia \"Future Nostalgia\")*, three of which became singles: \"[Hallucinate](/wiki/Hallucinate_%28song%29 \"Hallucinate (song)\")\", \"[Levitating](/wiki/Levitating_%28song%29 \"Levitating (song)\")\", and \"[Love Again](/wiki/Love_Again_%28Dua_Lipa_song%29 \"Love Again (Dua Lipa song)\")\". \"[Levitating](/wiki/Levitating_%28song%29 \"Levitating (song)\")\" has since achieved diamond certification.\nHe also produced Aussie rockers [DMA's](/wiki/DMA%27s \"DMA's\") third studio album *[The Glow](/wiki/The_Glow_%28DMA%27s_album%29 \"The Glow (DMA's album)\")*, which was met with positive reviews.",
"In May 2022, the single \"Superstar\" by Swedish singer [Darin](/wiki/Darin_%28singer%29 \"Darin (singer)\") was released and produced by Price.",
"Price also contributed to Japanese\\-British singer\\-songwriter [Rina Sawayama](/wiki/Rina_Sawayama \"Rina Sawayama\")'s second studio album *[Hold the Girl](/wiki/Hold_the_Girl \"Hold the Girl\")*, which was released on September 16, 2022, and peaked at number 2 on the UK charts.",
"Additionally, Price co\\-wrote and produced [George Ezra](/wiki/George_Ezra \"George Ezra\")’s platinum hit single “[Green Green Grass](/wiki/Green_Green_Grass_%28song%29 \"Green Green Grass (song)\")”, which emerged as one of the biggest hits of 2022\\. The song reached number three on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\") and was nominated for the [Brit Award for Song Of The Year](/wiki/Brit_Award_for_Song_Of_The_Year \"Brit Award for Song Of The Year\") at the [2023 Brit Awards](/wiki/Brit_Awards_2023 \"Brit Awards 2023\")",
"He produced [Jessie Ware](/wiki/Jessie_Ware \"Jessie Ware\")’s album *[That! Feels Good](/wiki/That%21_Feels_Good%21 \"That! Feels Good!\")*, which reached the top 5 in the UK charts and received a Mercury nomination in 2023\\.",
"Price's production work extended to [Romy](/wiki/Romy_Madley_Croft \"Romy Madley Croft\")'s [album *Mid Air*](/wiki/Mid_Air_%28Romy_album%29 \"Mid Air (Romy album)\"), which featured the single \"[Strong](/wiki/Strong_%28Romy_song%29 \"Strong (Romy song)\")\", a significant hit on UK radio, and received a Grammy nomination for Best Electronic Record at the 2024 ceremony.",
"Furthermore, Price co\\-wrote and co\\-produced four new songs on [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers \"The Killers\")' 2023 chart\\-topping album release *[Rebel Diamonds](/wiki/Rebel_Diamonds \"Rebel Diamonds\")*, including the singles “[Boy](/wiki/Boy_%28The_Killers_song%29 \"Boy (The Killers song)\")”, “[Spirit](/wiki/The_Killers_discography \"The Killers discography\")”, and “[Your Side of Town](/wiki/Your_Side_of_Town \"Your Side of Town\")”.",
"Price has also been involved in various film projects and soundtracks in 2022 and 2023, including producing key records for *[Elvis](/wiki/Elvis_%282022_film%29 \"Elvis (2022 film)\")*, *[Whitney Houston: I Wanna Dance with Somebody](/wiki/Whitney_Houston:I_Wanna_Dance_with_Somebody \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody\")*, and *[Argylle (Electric Energy)](/wiki/Argylle \"Argylle\")*. In 2023, he produced the highly acclaimed *[Celebration Tour](/wiki/The_Celebration_Tour \"The Celebration Tour\")* for [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna \"Madonna\"), which received worldwide recognition.",
""
] |
Remixes
-------
Price remixed [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay "Coldplay")'s single "[Viva la Vida](/wiki/Viva_la_Vida "Viva la Vida")", released on the band's website as the Thin White Duke remix. Price has also produced and mastered tracks for [Frankmusik](/wiki/Frankmusik "Frankmusik")'s debut album, one of which is "3 Little Words". This track was released as a single on the "3 Little Words" [EP](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play"). He provided two Thin White Duke remixes for the release of [Depeche Mode](/wiki/Depeche_Mode "Depeche Mode")'s 2009 single, "Wrong".
In 2009, Price remixed "[It's Not My Problem](/wiki/It%27s_Not_My_Problem "It's Not My Problem")" for [Sneaky Sound System](/wiki/Sneaky_Sound_System "Sneaky Sound System") under the Thin White Duke alias, as well as doing remixes for [Depeche Mode](/wiki/Depeche_Mode "Depeche Mode")'s "[Wrong](/wiki/Wrong "Wrong")", Friendly Fires' "[Jump in the Pool](/wiki/Jump_in_the_Pool "Jump in the Pool")", Röyksopp's "[This Must Be It](/wiki/This_Must_Be_It "This Must Be It")" and, most recently,{{when\|reason\=What does this mean when other remixes released later are clearly mentioned below?\|date\=September 2020}} Muse's "[Undisclosed Desires](/wiki/Undisclosed_Desires "Undisclosed Desires")". Producing the tour arrangement for the [Pandemonium Tour](/wiki/Pandemonium_Tour "Pandemonium Tour") by Pet Shop Boys, Price fulfilled a personal dream. He also produced an exclusive arrangement for Pet Shop Boys' Brit Awards performance in February. Both older hits and brand new songs were combined to create a ten\-minute\-long mash up that closed the 2009 Brits.
He mixed and remixed [Miike Snow](/wiki/Miike_Snow "Miike Snow") single "The Rabbit", then produced [Take That](/wiki/Take_That "Take That")'s album *[Progress](/wiki/Progress_%28Take_That_album%29 "Progress (Take That album)")*, featuring their reunion with Robbie Williams, later working again on their first EP, *[Progressed](/wiki/Progressed_%28EP%29 "Progressed (EP)")*, released in summer 2011\. Meanwhile, the band promoted their *[Progress Live](/wiki/Progress_Live "Progress Live")* which featured Price as musical director. Price mixed and co\-produced several tracks on [Duffy's](/wiki/Duffy_%28singer%29 "Duffy (singer)") album *[Endlessly](/wiki/Endlessly_%28Duffy_album%29 "Endlessly (Duffy album)")*, including first single "[Well, Well, Well](/wiki/Well%2C_Well%2C_Well_%28Duffy_song%29 "Well, Well, Well (Duffy song)")".
Under his Jacques Lu Cont alias, he released several massive club remixes including ones for [U2](/wiki/U2 "U2"), [Katy Perry](/wiki/Katy_Perry "Katy Perry"), [Miike Snow](/wiki/Miike_Snow "Miike Snow") and [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay "Coldplay"). Under this alias he also remixed Glasgow band [Bis](https://bisnation.com)' single Eurodisco.
In June 2012 his remix of [Charlie Brown](/wiki/Charlie_Brown_%28Coldplay_song%29 "Charlie Brown (Coldplay song)") was rejected by [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay "Coldplay"),{{cite web\|last\=Thornton\|first\=JR\|title\=Coldplay – Charlie Brown (Jacques Lu Cont Remix) \[Preview]\|url\=http://www.dancingastronaut.com/2012/07/coldplay\-charlie\-brown\-jacques\-lu\-cont\-remix\-preview/\#axzz21qcsKij9\|publisher\=Dancing Astronaut\|access\-date\=27 July 2012\|date\=15 July 2012}} though Price did end up having it released through [Annie Mac](/wiki/Annie_Mac "Annie Mac")'s show on BBC Radio One on 13 July.{{cite web\|title\=Coldplay – Charlie Brown (Jacques Lu Cont Mix)\|url\=http://www.yourmusicradar.com/coldplay\-charlie\-brown\-jacques\-lu\-cont\-mix/\|website\=YourMusicRadar.com\|date\=15 July 2012}}
He also created a remix of [Juliet](/wiki/Juliet_Richardson "Juliet Richardson")'s "Avalon".
Stuart is managed by [Lucas Keller](/wiki/Lucas_Keller "Lucas Keller") and Alex Harrow at Milk \& Honey, and published by Warner Chappell for the world.
|
[
"Remixes\n-------",
"Price remixed [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay \"Coldplay\")'s single \"[Viva la Vida](/wiki/Viva_la_Vida \"Viva la Vida\")\", released on the band's website as the Thin White Duke remix. Price has also produced and mastered tracks for [Frankmusik](/wiki/Frankmusik \"Frankmusik\")'s debut album, one of which is \"3 Little Words\". This track was released as a single on the \"3 Little Words\" [EP](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\"). He provided two Thin White Duke remixes for the release of [Depeche Mode](/wiki/Depeche_Mode \"Depeche Mode\")'s 2009 single, \"Wrong\".",
"In 2009, Price remixed \"[It's Not My Problem](/wiki/It%27s_Not_My_Problem \"It's Not My Problem\")\" for [Sneaky Sound System](/wiki/Sneaky_Sound_System \"Sneaky Sound System\") under the Thin White Duke alias, as well as doing remixes for [Depeche Mode](/wiki/Depeche_Mode \"Depeche Mode\")'s \"[Wrong](/wiki/Wrong \"Wrong\")\", Friendly Fires' \"[Jump in the Pool](/wiki/Jump_in_the_Pool \"Jump in the Pool\")\", Röyksopp's \"[This Must Be It](/wiki/This_Must_Be_It \"This Must Be It\")\" and, most recently,{{when\\|reason\\=What does this mean when other remixes released later are clearly mentioned below?\\|date\\=September 2020}} Muse's \"[Undisclosed Desires](/wiki/Undisclosed_Desires \"Undisclosed Desires\")\". Producing the tour arrangement for the [Pandemonium Tour](/wiki/Pandemonium_Tour \"Pandemonium Tour\") by Pet Shop Boys, Price fulfilled a personal dream. He also produced an exclusive arrangement for Pet Shop Boys' Brit Awards performance in February. Both older hits and brand new songs were combined to create a ten\\-minute\\-long mash up that closed the 2009 Brits.",
"He mixed and remixed [Miike Snow](/wiki/Miike_Snow \"Miike Snow\") single \"The Rabbit\", then produced [Take That](/wiki/Take_That \"Take That\")'s album *[Progress](/wiki/Progress_%28Take_That_album%29 \"Progress (Take That album)\")*, featuring their reunion with Robbie Williams, later working again on their first EP, *[Progressed](/wiki/Progressed_%28EP%29 \"Progressed (EP)\")*, released in summer 2011\\. Meanwhile, the band promoted their *[Progress Live](/wiki/Progress_Live \"Progress Live\")* which featured Price as musical director. Price mixed and co\\-produced several tracks on [Duffy's](/wiki/Duffy_%28singer%29 \"Duffy (singer)\") album *[Endlessly](/wiki/Endlessly_%28Duffy_album%29 \"Endlessly (Duffy album)\")*, including first single \"[Well, Well, Well](/wiki/Well%2C_Well%2C_Well_%28Duffy_song%29 \"Well, Well, Well (Duffy song)\")\".",
"Under his Jacques Lu Cont alias, he released several massive club remixes including ones for [U2](/wiki/U2 \"U2\"), [Katy Perry](/wiki/Katy_Perry \"Katy Perry\"), [Miike Snow](/wiki/Miike_Snow \"Miike Snow\") and [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay \"Coldplay\"). Under this alias he also remixed Glasgow band [Bis](https://bisnation.com)' single Eurodisco.",
"In June 2012 his remix of [Charlie Brown](/wiki/Charlie_Brown_%28Coldplay_song%29 \"Charlie Brown (Coldplay song)\") was rejected by [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay \"Coldplay\"),{{cite web\\|last\\=Thornton\\|first\\=JR\\|title\\=Coldplay – Charlie Brown (Jacques Lu Cont Remix) \\[Preview]\\|url\\=http://www.dancingastronaut.com/2012/07/coldplay\\-charlie\\-brown\\-jacques\\-lu\\-cont\\-remix\\-preview/\\#axzz21qcsKij9\\|publisher\\=Dancing Astronaut\\|access\\-date\\=27 July 2012\\|date\\=15 July 2012}} though Price did end up having it released through [Annie Mac](/wiki/Annie_Mac \"Annie Mac\")'s show on BBC Radio One on 13 July.{{cite web\\|title\\=Coldplay – Charlie Brown (Jacques Lu Cont Mix)\\|url\\=http://www.yourmusicradar.com/coldplay\\-charlie\\-brown\\-jacques\\-lu\\-cont\\-mix/\\|website\\=YourMusicRadar.com\\|date\\=15 July 2012}}",
"He also created a remix of [Juliet](/wiki/Juliet_Richardson \"Juliet Richardson\")'s \"Avalon\".",
"Stuart is managed by [Lucas Keller](/wiki/Lucas_Keller \"Lucas Keller\") and Alex Harrow at Milk \\& Honey, and published by Warner Chappell for the world.",
""
] |
Procedure
---------
ICJ judges are elected through parallel procedures at the [General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly "United Nations General Assembly") and the [Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council"). To be elected, a candidate must obtain an absolute majority of votes both in the General Assembly and in the Security Council.
Each of the two bodies, independently from the other, has to determine five persons enjoying support of an absolute majority of its members. Currently, 97 votes constitute an absolute majority in the General Assembly and 8 votes constitute an absolute majority in the Security Council (with no distinction being made between permanent and non\-permanent members of the Security Council).
If less than five persons obtain an absolute majority of votes after the first round of balloting, further rounds are held during the same meeting, involving only those candidates that have not obtained an absolute majority of votes. If more than five persons obtain an absolute majority of votes after the first round of balloting, further rounds are held during the same meeting, involving all candidates, until the number of candidates enjoying an absolute majority of votes, becomes five or less.
When five candidates have obtained the required majority in one of the organs, the president of that organ notifies the president of the other organ of the names of the five candidates. The president of the latter does not communicate such names to the members of that organ until that organ itself has given five candidates the required majority of votes.
After both the General Assembly and the Security Council have produced a list of five names that received an absolute majority of the votes, the two lists are compared. Any candidate appearing on both lists is elected. But if fewer than five candidates have been thus elected, the two organs proceed, again independently of one another, at a second meeting and, if necessary, a third meeting to elect candidates by further ballots for seats remaining vacant, the results again being compared after the required number of candidates have obtained an absolute majority in each organ.
According to the ICJ Statute, if after the third meeting, one or more seats still remain unfilled, the General Assembly and the Security Council *may* form a joint conference consisting of six members, three appointed by each organ. This joint conference may, by an absolute majority, agree upon one name for each seat still vacant and submit the name for the respective acceptance of the General Assembly and the Security Council. If the joint conference is unanimously agreed, it may submit the name of a person not included in the list of nominations, provided that candidate fulfills the required conditions of eligibility to be a judge on the ICJ. In practice, a joint conference has never been convened. Instead, the Assembly and the Council continued balloting in further meetings until the same candidate received an absolute majority of votes in both bodies (usually after the weaker candidate withdrew).
If the General Assembly and the Security Council ultimately are unable to fill one or more vacant seats, then the judges of the ICJ who have already been elected shall proceed to fill the vacant seats by selection from among those candidates who have obtained votes either in the General Assembly or in the Security Council. In the event of a tie vote among the judges, the eldest judge shall have a casting vote. This procedure has never been used.
|
[
"Procedure\n---------",
"ICJ judges are elected through parallel procedures at the [General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly \"United Nations General Assembly\") and the [Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council \"United Nations Security Council\"). To be elected, a candidate must obtain an absolute majority of votes both in the General Assembly and in the Security Council.",
"Each of the two bodies, independently from the other, has to determine five persons enjoying support of an absolute majority of its members. Currently, 97 votes constitute an absolute majority in the General Assembly and 8 votes constitute an absolute majority in the Security Council (with no distinction being made between permanent and non\\-permanent members of the Security Council).",
"If less than five persons obtain an absolute majority of votes after the first round of balloting, further rounds are held during the same meeting, involving only those candidates that have not obtained an absolute majority of votes. If more than five persons obtain an absolute majority of votes after the first round of balloting, further rounds are held during the same meeting, involving all candidates, until the number of candidates enjoying an absolute majority of votes, becomes five or less.",
"When five candidates have obtained the required majority in one of the organs, the president of that organ notifies the president of the other organ of the names of the five candidates. The president of the latter does not communicate such names to the members of that organ until that organ itself has given five candidates the required majority of votes.",
"After both the General Assembly and the Security Council have produced a list of five names that received an absolute majority of the votes, the two lists are compared. Any candidate appearing on both lists is elected. But if fewer than five candidates have been thus elected, the two organs proceed, again independently of one another, at a second meeting and, if necessary, a third meeting to elect candidates by further ballots for seats remaining vacant, the results again being compared after the required number of candidates have obtained an absolute majority in each organ.",
"According to the ICJ Statute, if after the third meeting, one or more seats still remain unfilled, the General Assembly and the Security Council *may* form a joint conference consisting of six members, three appointed by each organ. This joint conference may, by an absolute majority, agree upon one name for each seat still vacant and submit the name for the respective acceptance of the General Assembly and the Security Council. If the joint conference is unanimously agreed, it may submit the name of a person not included in the list of nominations, provided that candidate fulfills the required conditions of eligibility to be a judge on the ICJ. In practice, a joint conference has never been convened. Instead, the Assembly and the Council continued balloting in further meetings until the same candidate received an absolute majority of votes in both bodies (usually after the weaker candidate withdrew).",
"If the General Assembly and the Security Council ultimately are unable to fill one or more vacant seats, then the judges of the ICJ who have already been elected shall proceed to fill the vacant seats by selection from among those candidates who have obtained votes either in the General Assembly or in the Security Council. In the event of a tie vote among the judges, the eldest judge shall have a casting vote. This procedure has never been used.",
""
] |
Northern Tier Experience
------------------------
What follows is a description of the typical summer program at Northern Tier's Charles L. Sommers Wilderness Canoe Base.[http://queticosuperior.org/blog/northern\-tier\-high\-adventure\-program](http://queticosuperior.org/blog/northern-tier-high-adventure-program) Northern Tier: More Than Just a Canoeing Trip By Greg Stringfellow Quetico Superior Wilderness News Quetico Superior Foundation Retrieved February 2018
### Check In
Similar to other BSA [high adventure](/wiki/High_adventure "High adventure") bases, an incoming crew will be assigned a staff member, known as an Interpreter, to help them get ready for their expedition. Upon arrival at the base, the crew will meet their interpreter while their leaders check in. After that, the crew will be issued their food and gear. Personal gear is carried in two or three [Granite Gear](/wiki/Granite_Gear "Granite Gear") packs. Food and cooking equipment are carried in boxes in specially made packs by [Kondos Outdoors](http://www.kondosoutdoors.com) in Ely. Tents, paddles, PFDs, and other safety equipment are also issued, and their use is explained by the interpreter or the outfitting staff. Included in the gear is a radio or satellite phone used for emergency communication with base while on the trek. With the help of their interpreter, the crew plans the itinerary for their trip. Unlike treks at [Philmont Scout Ranch](/wiki/Philmont_Scout_Ranch "Philmont Scout Ranch") in New Mexico, there are no pre\-assigned routes except for groups staying in the Crown Lands.{{Cite web \|title\=2017 Atikokan Crown Land Route Book \|url\=http://www.ntier.org/filestore/NorthernTier/pdf/2017\_Atikokan\_Route\_Book.pdf \|archive\-date\=April 9, 2017
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021120/http://www.ntier.org/filestore/NorthernTier/pdf/2017\_Atikokan\_Route\_Book.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }} Crews are then assigned a cabin or a yurt in which to spend their first night. The crew has dinner, participates in an orientation program, and can visit the trading post.
### On the Trail
For a crew that is leaving the Sommers base and entering the Quetico Provincial Park, groups often make an effort to finish the 3 hour paddle to reach the Canadian customs office before it closes for lunch. During the summer, the sun comes up at 5:30 am and doesn't go down until about 9:30 pm. Long days are not uncommon.
### BWCAW vs. Quetico
While both areas are designated wilderness areas, Quetico Provincial Park is often considered to be more remote and challenging than the Boundary Waters. The Boundary Waters also receives far more visitors than the Quetico. It is not unusual for crews not to see another person for several days in the Quetico. Whereas the Boundary Waters' portage trails are generally well maintained, Quetico's trails are often unmaintained. This means that in Quetico there are no boardwalks as there are in the BWCAW for swampy portages, and there are fewer park wardens clearing the trails of fallen timber and debris.
Likewise, the campsites are rather different between the two wilderness areas. Boundary Waters' campsites have designated fire grates in the fire ring and a small unenclosed fiberglass latrine "throne" set back in the woods. Quetico's campsites are far less used than BWCAW and many are not marked on maps. The sites themselves do not have a latrine (participants must dig a cat\-hole at least 150 feet away from water and camp) nor do they have a fire grate.
### Return to Base
Upon returning to the base at the completion of their journey, crews return the gear issued to them and retrieve personal items. In the evening, crews enjoy an outdoor barbecue followed by a show put on by camp staff consisting of skits and songs, known as "Rendezvous." In between these events, crews may avail themselves of the base amenities: sauna, toilets, hot showers, a sweet shop, and a trading post.
|
[
"Northern Tier Experience\n------------------------",
"What follows is a description of the typical summer program at Northern Tier's Charles L. Sommers Wilderness Canoe Base.[http://queticosuperior.org/blog/northern\\-tier\\-high\\-adventure\\-program](http://queticosuperior.org/blog/northern-tier-high-adventure-program) Northern Tier: More Than Just a Canoeing Trip By Greg Stringfellow Quetico Superior Wilderness News Quetico Superior Foundation Retrieved February 2018",
"### Check In",
"Similar to other BSA [high adventure](/wiki/High_adventure \"High adventure\") bases, an incoming crew will be assigned a staff member, known as an Interpreter, to help them get ready for their expedition. Upon arrival at the base, the crew will meet their interpreter while their leaders check in. After that, the crew will be issued their food and gear. Personal gear is carried in two or three [Granite Gear](/wiki/Granite_Gear \"Granite Gear\") packs. Food and cooking equipment are carried in boxes in specially made packs by [Kondos Outdoors](http://www.kondosoutdoors.com) in Ely. Tents, paddles, PFDs, and other safety equipment are also issued, and their use is explained by the interpreter or the outfitting staff. Included in the gear is a radio or satellite phone used for emergency communication with base while on the trek. With the help of their interpreter, the crew plans the itinerary for their trip. Unlike treks at [Philmont Scout Ranch](/wiki/Philmont_Scout_Ranch \"Philmont Scout Ranch\") in New Mexico, there are no pre\\-assigned routes except for groups staying in the Crown Lands.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2017 Atikokan Crown Land Route Book \\|url\\=http://www.ntier.org/filestore/NorthernTier/pdf/2017\\_Atikokan\\_Route\\_Book.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=April 9, 2017 \n\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021120/http://www.ntier.org/filestore/NorthernTier/pdf/2017\\_Atikokan\\_Route\\_Book.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Crews are then assigned a cabin or a yurt in which to spend their first night. The crew has dinner, participates in an orientation program, and can visit the trading post.",
"### On the Trail",
"For a crew that is leaving the Sommers base and entering the Quetico Provincial Park, groups often make an effort to finish the 3 hour paddle to reach the Canadian customs office before it closes for lunch. During the summer, the sun comes up at 5:30 am and doesn't go down until about 9:30 pm. Long days are not uncommon.",
"### BWCAW vs. Quetico",
"While both areas are designated wilderness areas, Quetico Provincial Park is often considered to be more remote and challenging than the Boundary Waters. The Boundary Waters also receives far more visitors than the Quetico. It is not unusual for crews not to see another person for several days in the Quetico. Whereas the Boundary Waters' portage trails are generally well maintained, Quetico's trails are often unmaintained. This means that in Quetico there are no boardwalks as there are in the BWCAW for swampy portages, and there are fewer park wardens clearing the trails of fallen timber and debris.",
"Likewise, the campsites are rather different between the two wilderness areas. Boundary Waters' campsites have designated fire grates in the fire ring and a small unenclosed fiberglass latrine \"throne\" set back in the woods. Quetico's campsites are far less used than BWCAW and many are not marked on maps. The sites themselves do not have a latrine (participants must dig a cat\\-hole at least 150 feet away from water and camp) nor do they have a fire grate.",
"### Return to Base",
"Upon returning to the base at the completion of their journey, crews return the gear issued to them and retrieve personal items. In the evening, crews enjoy an outdoor barbecue followed by a show put on by camp staff consisting of skits and songs, known as \"Rendezvous.\" In between these events, crews may avail themselves of the base amenities: sauna, toilets, hot showers, a sweet shop, and a trading post.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In 1938, Brad Craig ([Richard Quine](/wiki/Richard_Quine "Richard Quine")), the son of a famous Army colonel, starts his freshman ([fish](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Corps_of_Cadets%23Freshmen "Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets#Freshmen")) year at the Agricultural \& Mechanical College of Texas (now [Texas A\&M University](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University "Texas A&M University")). After spending the past four years in the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), he has acquired both an intimate knowledge of [Japanese culture](/wiki/Japanese_culture "Japanese culture") and a desire to invest in the modernization of Asia. At the train station, Brad is met by cadet “Cyanide” Jenkins ([Noah Beery, Jr.](/wiki/Noah_Beery%2C_Jr. "Noah Beery, Jr.")), his new roommate. He is also introduced to sophomore ([pisshead](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Corps_of_Cadets%23Sophomores "Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets#Sophomores")) cadet “Panhandle” Mitchell ([Robert Mitchum](/wiki/Robert_Mitchum "Robert Mitchum")), who wastes little time in penalizing Brad for various violations of cadet conduct. As Brad adjusts to life on campus, he becomes romantically involved with Nina Lambert ([Anne Gwynne](/wiki/Anne_Gwynne "Anne Gwynne")), the daughter of beloved chemistry professor “Pop” Lambert ([Harry Devenport](/wiki/Harry_Davenport_%28actor%29 "Harry Davenport (actor)")).
Following an artillery exercise, Brad observes that the brakes on his section's caisson appear to be damaged. Panhandle disregards Brad's concerns and orders the section to move out. When the brakes fail and the caisson goes careening out of control, Brad risks his life to improvise a solution and prevent a disaster. His actions save Cyanide's life and earn him Panhandle's respect. Brad is soon promoted to “fish sergeant” and his upperclassmen delight in exhausting him (smoking him out) by constantly staging fights and ordering Brad to intervene; he finally discovers the game and wreaks revenge.
As Brad's college career progresses, he discusses marriage with Nina, who is secretly smitten with Cyanide (and he with her), though each is hesitant to disclose their feelings. During the Field Artillery Ball, Brad encourages Cyanide and Nina to dance together when they finally admit their mutual attraction. By the following year, they have become a couple with Brad's blessing. Meanwhile, Brad finds himself in a difficult position when his classmates are concerned about his support of Japan. Two [Japanese\-American](/wiki/Japanese_Americans "Japanese Americans") cadets, Kubo (Allen Jung) and Matsui (Roland Got), come to his aid, their justification of [Japanese war crimes](/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes "Japanese war crimes") angers the others and earns Brad the contempt of his friends.
While guarding the Chemistry Building one night, Brad discusses with Pop Lambert his invention that will protect servicemen from poison gas. Pop hides the formula in his office to prevent tampering, but after he departs, Brad is drugged and locked in a closet, but manages to escape, seeing Kubo and Matsui ransacking the professor's office. He trails the pair and confronts their employer, a traveling salesman ([William Frawley](/wiki/William_Frawley "William Frawley")) working for the Japanese. Having taken some papers from Pop Lambert's office, Brad offers to provide the formula in exchange for a bribe, but deliberately gives them a version of the formula missing a key element whose absence will render it useless.
Brad is accused of treason for his actions, although the commandant does not have enough evidence to bring formal charges. Ostracized by the student body, Brad decides to leave the university. Months later, Brad is working for the [Japanese Navy](/wiki/Japanese_Navy "Japanese Navy") recording English\-language propaganda for distribution in the United States. He is assigned to give radio commentary on an impending Japanese assault on the [Solomon Islands](/wiki/Solomon_Islands "Solomon Islands"). The maneuver is detected and a U.S. Navy carrier group moves to intercept the Japanese fleet.
While airborne to cover the battle, Brad manages to contact the U.S. fighter group, led by Cyanide, revealing his covert infiltration of the Japanese military and offering his services to the American forces. He crashes his own aircraft into the Japanese aircraft carrier, disabling the flight deck and giving the Americans the advantage. Brad dies as the carrier is destroyed and is posthumously awarded the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor "Medal of Honor").
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In 1938, Brad Craig ([Richard Quine](/wiki/Richard_Quine \"Richard Quine\")), the son of a famous Army colonel, starts his freshman ([fish](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Corps_of_Cadets%23Freshmen \"Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets#Freshmen\")) year at the Agricultural \\& Mechanical College of Texas (now [Texas A\\&M University](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University \"Texas A&M University\")). After spending the past four years in the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), he has acquired both an intimate knowledge of [Japanese culture](/wiki/Japanese_culture \"Japanese culture\") and a desire to invest in the modernization of Asia. At the train station, Brad is met by cadet “Cyanide” Jenkins ([Noah Beery, Jr.](/wiki/Noah_Beery%2C_Jr. \"Noah Beery, Jr.\")), his new roommate. He is also introduced to sophomore ([pisshead](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Corps_of_Cadets%23Sophomores \"Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets#Sophomores\")) cadet “Panhandle” Mitchell ([Robert Mitchum](/wiki/Robert_Mitchum \"Robert Mitchum\")), who wastes little time in penalizing Brad for various violations of cadet conduct. As Brad adjusts to life on campus, he becomes romantically involved with Nina Lambert ([Anne Gwynne](/wiki/Anne_Gwynne \"Anne Gwynne\")), the daughter of beloved chemistry professor “Pop” Lambert ([Harry Devenport](/wiki/Harry_Davenport_%28actor%29 \"Harry Davenport (actor)\")).",
"Following an artillery exercise, Brad observes that the brakes on his section's caisson appear to be damaged. Panhandle disregards Brad's concerns and orders the section to move out. When the brakes fail and the caisson goes careening out of control, Brad risks his life to improvise a solution and prevent a disaster. His actions save Cyanide's life and earn him Panhandle's respect. Brad is soon promoted to “fish sergeant” and his upperclassmen delight in exhausting him (smoking him out) by constantly staging fights and ordering Brad to intervene; he finally discovers the game and wreaks revenge.",
"As Brad's college career progresses, he discusses marriage with Nina, who is secretly smitten with Cyanide (and he with her), though each is hesitant to disclose their feelings. During the Field Artillery Ball, Brad encourages Cyanide and Nina to dance together when they finally admit their mutual attraction. By the following year, they have become a couple with Brad's blessing. Meanwhile, Brad finds himself in a difficult position when his classmates are concerned about his support of Japan. Two [Japanese\\-American](/wiki/Japanese_Americans \"Japanese Americans\") cadets, Kubo (Allen Jung) and Matsui (Roland Got), come to his aid, their justification of [Japanese war crimes](/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes \"Japanese war crimes\") angers the others and earns Brad the contempt of his friends.",
"While guarding the Chemistry Building one night, Brad discusses with Pop Lambert his invention that will protect servicemen from poison gas. Pop hides the formula in his office to prevent tampering, but after he departs, Brad is drugged and locked in a closet, but manages to escape, seeing Kubo and Matsui ransacking the professor's office. He trails the pair and confronts their employer, a traveling salesman ([William Frawley](/wiki/William_Frawley \"William Frawley\")) working for the Japanese. Having taken some papers from Pop Lambert's office, Brad offers to provide the formula in exchange for a bribe, but deliberately gives them a version of the formula missing a key element whose absence will render it useless.",
"Brad is accused of treason for his actions, although the commandant does not have enough evidence to bring formal charges. Ostracized by the student body, Brad decides to leave the university. Months later, Brad is working for the [Japanese Navy](/wiki/Japanese_Navy \"Japanese Navy\") recording English\\-language propaganda for distribution in the United States. He is assigned to give radio commentary on an impending Japanese assault on the [Solomon Islands](/wiki/Solomon_Islands \"Solomon Islands\"). The maneuver is detected and a U.S. Navy carrier group moves to intercept the Japanese fleet.",
"While airborne to cover the battle, Brad manages to contact the U.S. fighter group, led by Cyanide, revealing his covert infiltration of the Japanese military and offering his services to the American forces. He crashes his own aircraft into the Japanese aircraft carrier, disabling the flight deck and giving the Americans the advantage. Brad dies as the carrier is destroyed and is posthumously awarded the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\").",
""
] |
History
-------
By 1991, Glenn Hughes’ solo career had yet to take off, he had spent much of the eighties in short lived musical collaborations with the likes of [Pat Thrall](/wiki/Pat_Thrall "Pat Thrall"), [Black Sabbath](/wiki/Black_Sabbath "Black Sabbath") and [Gary Moore](/wiki/Gary_Moore "Gary Moore") he had failed to establish himself long\-term. This was, in part due to drug issues that had first surfaced in the seventies, while he was in [Deep Purple](/wiki/Deep_Purple "Deep Purple") and continued throughout the following decade.
Hughes had first met keyboardist Geoff Downes when they were introduced to one another by Downes's then\- [Asia](/wiki/Asia_%28band%29 "Asia (band)") band\-mate [Pat Thrall](/wiki/Pat_Thrall "Pat Thrall") (who had worked with Hughes in [Hughes/Thrall](/wiki/Hughes/Thrall "Hughes/Thrall")). Downes had joined Hughes to record keyboard parts for an intended solo album financed by [Bronze Records](/wiki/Bronze_Records "Bronze Records"), but that record was subsequently shelved and remains unreleased. Downes also joined Hughes to play keyboards on a brief 1991 [Trapeze](/wiki/Trapeze_%28band%29 "Trapeze (band)") reunion tour.
In June 1991, Hughes teamed up Downes again and the two spent a week in Nomis Studios, London. They were there at the suggestion of their publishing company to write material for a new Hughes solo album.
For the sessions the pair decided to write material in a more mainstream [pop](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music") and [soul](/wiki/Soul_music "Soul music") direction, rather than the [hard](/wiki/Hard_rock "Hard rock") and [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock "Progressive rock") they were associated with. The pair wrote songs at a fast pace during their one week in the studio, writing more than a song a day.
Due to a number of reasons the project did not go beyond that week and the material was shelved. The demos were leaked and became commonly available as bootlegs.
In 1998, Blueprint Records decided to give the rehearsal tapes an official release in the form of *The Work Tapes*. The tracks were not added to and the sound\-quality of the release is not comparable to that of a studio album. It is a document of interest to fans of Hughes and Downes, rather than a complete work.
The content of *The Work Tapes* was released again in 2005 in a two\-CD set entitled *Roads of Destiny*. This release was labelled as an album by Geoff Downes and Glenn Hughes, but it features only one other song with Hughes; a cover version of the Buggles song [Video Killed the Radio Star](/wiki/Video_Killed_the_Radio_Star "Video Killed the Radio Star"), which was originally released on Downes's 1992 solo album *Vox Humana*. The rest of *Roads to Destiny* is instrumental music that does not feature Hughes.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"By 1991, Glenn Hughes’ solo career had yet to take off, he had spent much of the eighties in short lived musical collaborations with the likes of [Pat Thrall](/wiki/Pat_Thrall \"Pat Thrall\"), [Black Sabbath](/wiki/Black_Sabbath \"Black Sabbath\") and [Gary Moore](/wiki/Gary_Moore \"Gary Moore\") he had failed to establish himself long\\-term. This was, in part due to drug issues that had first surfaced in the seventies, while he was in [Deep Purple](/wiki/Deep_Purple \"Deep Purple\") and continued throughout the following decade.",
"Hughes had first met keyboardist Geoff Downes when they were introduced to one another by Downes's then\\- [Asia](/wiki/Asia_%28band%29 \"Asia (band)\") band\\-mate [Pat Thrall](/wiki/Pat_Thrall \"Pat Thrall\") (who had worked with Hughes in [Hughes/Thrall](/wiki/Hughes/Thrall \"Hughes/Thrall\")). Downes had joined Hughes to record keyboard parts for an intended solo album financed by [Bronze Records](/wiki/Bronze_Records \"Bronze Records\"), but that record was subsequently shelved and remains unreleased. Downes also joined Hughes to play keyboards on a brief 1991 [Trapeze](/wiki/Trapeze_%28band%29 \"Trapeze (band)\") reunion tour.",
"In June 1991, Hughes teamed up Downes again and the two spent a week in Nomis Studios, London. They were there at the suggestion of their publishing company to write material for a new Hughes solo album.",
"For the sessions the pair decided to write material in a more mainstream [pop](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\") and [soul](/wiki/Soul_music \"Soul music\") direction, rather than the [hard](/wiki/Hard_rock \"Hard rock\") and [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock \"Progressive rock\") they were associated with. The pair wrote songs at a fast pace during their one week in the studio, writing more than a song a day.",
"Due to a number of reasons the project did not go beyond that week and the material was shelved. The demos were leaked and became commonly available as bootlegs.",
"In 1998, Blueprint Records decided to give the rehearsal tapes an official release in the form of *The Work Tapes*. The tracks were not added to and the sound\\-quality of the release is not comparable to that of a studio album. It is a document of interest to fans of Hughes and Downes, rather than a complete work.",
"The content of *The Work Tapes* was released again in 2005 in a two\\-CD set entitled *Roads of Destiny*. This release was labelled as an album by Geoff Downes and Glenn Hughes, but it features only one other song with Hughes; a cover version of the Buggles song [Video Killed the Radio Star](/wiki/Video_Killed_the_Radio_Star \"Video Killed the Radio Star\"), which was originally released on Downes's 1992 solo album *Vox Humana*. The rest of *Roads to Destiny* is instrumental music that does not feature Hughes.",
""
] |
Game summary
------------
The 2007 Hawai{{okina}}i Bowl kicked off on December 23, 2007, at 8:00 p.m [EST](/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone "Eastern Time Zone") in front of an estimated crowd of 30,467, which was the largest crowd in Hawai{{okina}}i Bowl history for a game not featuring the [Hawai'i football team](/wiki/Hawaii_Warriors_football "Hawaii Warriors football").{{cite news\|last\=Ferrell \|first\=Scott \|title\=Bowl attendance rises \|newspaper\=The Shreveport Times \|date\=2008\-01\-10 \|url\=http://www.shreveporttimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=/20080110/SPORTS/801100316/1001/SPORTS \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-15 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524180916/http://www.shreveporttimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=%2F20080110%2FSPORTS%2F801100316%2F1001%2FSPORTS \|archive\-date\=May 24, 2015 }} The game was nationally televised on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN"), and was watched by an estimated average of 1\.6 million people, good enough for a [television rating](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings "Nielsen ratings") of 1\.47\.[Poinsettia Bowl Television Ratings Jump 38 Percent](http://navysports.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/010508aaa.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107184924/http://navysports.cstv.com/sports/m\-footbl/spec\-rel/010508aaa.html \|date\=2008\-01\-07 }} Navy Sports Information Department, navysports.cstv.com, January 5, 2008\. Retrieved January 11, 2008\. East Carolina had to travel {{convert\|4861\|mi\|km}} one way, making it the longest bowl trip of the season for any team during the 2007 bowl season. Boise State, meanwhile, traveled {{convert\|2835\|mi\|km}} to Hawai{{okina}}i.{{cite AV media \| title \= 2007 Sheraton Hawai'i Bowl \- Boise State vs. East Carolina\| date \= 2007\-12\-23}} Due to the distance involved, East Carolina fans wishing to support their school, but unable to travel to the game, bought 2,709 tickets for [troops](/wiki/Troops "Troops") stationed in Hawai{{okina}}i as a show of support.{{cite web\| last \= Batchelor\| first \= T. Scott\| title \= Pirate fans donate nearly 2,700 bowl tickets to military\| work \= The Daily Reflector\| publisher \= Cox Newspapers\| date \= 2007\-12\-19\| url \= http://www.reflector.com/search/content/news/stories/2007/12/19/donatedtix.html\| access\-date \= 2007\-12\-27\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20181215171606/http://www.reflector.com/search/content/news/stories/2007/12/19/donatedtix.html\| archive\-date \= 2018\-12\-15\| url\-status \= dead}} The weather at kickoff was mostly cloudy with winds from the northeast at 13 miles (21 km). The temperature was {{convert\|77\|F\|C\|0}}. For the officiating crew, the [referee](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Referee "Official (American football)#Referee") was Terry Leyden, [umpire](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Umpire "Official (American football)#Umpire") was Kevin Matthews, and the [linesman](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Head_linesman "Official (American football)#Head linesman") was Bob Bahne. The [line judge](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Line_judge "Official (American football)#Line judge") was Bart Longson, the [back judge](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Back_judge "Official (American football)#Back judge") was Joe Johnston and the [field judge](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Field_judge "Official (American football)#Field judge") was Ed Vinzant. The [side judge](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Side_judge "Official (American football)#Side judge") was Craig Falkner.{{cite web\| title \= 2007 NADFO Bowl Assignments\| publisher \= National Association of Division 1A Football Officials\| year \= 2007\| url \= http://www.nadfo.org/Files/2007%20NADFO%20%20Bowl%20assignments.htm \| access\-date \= 2008\-01\-15\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090107043306/http://www.nadfo.org/Files/2007%20NADFO%20%20Bowl%20assignments.htm \|archive\-date \= January 7, 2009\|url\-status\=dead}}
### First quarter
[thumb\|200px\|left\|Boise State quarterback Taylor Tharp drops back before passing the ball.East](/wiki/File:2007_Hawaii_Bowl_-_Boise_State_University_vs_East_Carolina_University_-_Taylor_Tharp.jpg "2007 Hawaii Bowl - Boise State University vs East Carolina University - Taylor Tharp.jpg") Carolina won the pre\-game [coin toss](/wiki/Coin_toss "Coin toss") and deferred the ball until the second half, allowing Boise State to receive the ball to begin the game. The Broncos received the opening [kickoff](/wiki/Kickoff_%28American_football%29 "Kickoff (American football)") at their 4–yard line and went [three\-and\-out](/wiki/Three-and-out "Three-and-out").[1st Quarter](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273570151) ESPN.com Play\-by\-Play. Retrieved December 24, 2007\. Following the Broncos' [punt](/wiki/Punt_%28gridiron_football%29 "Punt (gridiron football)"), East Carolina began its first [possession](/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football%23P "Glossary of American football#P") of the game on its 43–yard line. The offense marched to the 19–yard line of Boise State, but was stopped on third down. ECU [kicker](/wiki/Kicker_%28American_football%29 "Kicker (American football)") Ben Hartman was sent into the game and made a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28football%29 "Field goal (football)") from 36 yards away.
East Carolina [kicked](/wiki/Kickoff_%28American_football%29 "Kickoff (American football)") the ball to Boise State's Austin Smith and he returned the kickoff 89 yards for a [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown "Touchdown"). The touchdown and [extra point](/wiki/Extra_point "Extra point") made the score 7–3 and gave Boise State its only lead of the game.
The next two drives for each team ended in punts. On East Carolina's third drive, Chris Johnson rushed on the first [play](/wiki/Play_from_scrimmage "Play from scrimmage") 68 yards for a touchdown. With the point after, East Carolina lead 10–7\. The next Boise State drive ended in a three and out, and the Broncos kicked the ball away. The Pirates marched down the field 55 yards, but the quarter ended before ECU had a chance to score.
At the end of the first quarter, East Carolina led Boise State 10–7\.
### Second quarter
ECU began the second quarter on Boise's 30–yard line, and quarterback Patrick Pinkney continued the Pirates' drive with a 14–yard rush. After three more successful plays, Dominique Lindsay rushed 3 yards for a touchdown. Kicker Ben Hartman converted the point after, which made the score 17–7 ECU.[2nd Quarter](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273570151&period=2) ESPN.com Play\-by\-Play. Retrieved December 24, 2007\.
The Broncos' first drive of the second quarter was halted after a holding penalty and an [incomplete pass](/wiki/Incomplete_pass "Incomplete pass") denied BSU a chance for a [first down](/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football%23F "Glossary of American football#F"). Boise was forced to kick the ball away once more. The Pirates' second drive of the quarter began at their 26–yard line. ECU needed just four plays to march 74 yards down the field for a touchdown. On the drive, Chris Johnson rushed for 46 yards and threw an 18–yard pass for a touchdown. After the touchdown and the extra point kick, ECU led 24–7\.
Boise State's first play after the post\-touchdown kickoff was [intercepted](/wiki/Interception "Interception") by Pirates' defender Travis Williams. Despite the turnover, East Carolina was unable to attain a first down, and went three\-and\-out before punting. On Boise's second play of the new drive following the punt, the team earned its first first down of the game. The Broncos continued the drive by going 69 yards in eight plays, culminating in a touchdown. The series included five complete passes and two rushes. With the score, The Broncos had closed the gap to ten points: 24–14 East Carolina.
East Carolina started their series on their 41–yard line. A substitution infraction on ECU and an incomplete pass forced ECU to punt the ball away. On the Broncos' fourth drive of the second quarter, the team began with three complete passes for 18 yards. On the fourth play, however, BSU's [Titus Young](/wiki/Titus_Young "Titus Young") [fumbled](/wiki/Fumble "Fumble") the ball away. Pirates' defender Jay Ross recovered the fumble, and ECU had another chance on offense before the end of the first half. East Carolina ran five plays for 38 yards. With the clock running down, ECU elected to kick a field goal. The kick was good, and made the score 31–14 ECU. Boise State had one final chance on offense, and Boise Quarterback Taylor Tharp went two\-for\-four, but ran out of time before coming into field goal range.
At halftime, East Carolina led Boise State 31–14\.
### Third quarter
[thumb\|200px\|right\|Boise State begins the second half by kicking off the ball.](/wiki/File:2007_Hawaii_Bowl_-_Boise_State_University_vs_East_Carolina_University_-_Second_Half_Kickoff.jpg "2007 Hawaii Bowl - Boise State University vs East Carolina University - Second Half Kickoff.jpg")
Because Boise State had received the opening kickoff, East Carolina received the ball to open the second half. ECU completed seven rushes and four passes for 74 yards in five minutes and 53 seconds. On the last play of the drive, Brandon Simmons rushed three yards for a touchdown, and ECU increased its lead to 38–14\.[3rd Quarter](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273570151&period=3) ESPN.com Play\-by\-Play. Retrieved December 24, 2007\.
To begin its first series of the second half, Boise State returned the post\-touchdown kickoff 55 yards. Two quick plays later, Boise quarterback Taylor Tharp completed a pass to [Jeremy Avery](/wiki/Jeremy_Avery "Jeremy Avery") for a touchdown, cutting East Carolina's lead to 17 points, 38–21\.
After the punt, the Pirates were unable to obtain a first down. Three plays netted only two yards, and ECU was forced to punt the ball away. On the ensuing drive, Boise State completed three first downs on the series. BSU kicker [Kyle Brotzman](/wiki/Kyle_Brotzman "Kyle Brotzman"), converted a 31\-yard field goal and the Broncos shrank the ECU lead further. The series went 40 yards in nine plays. It took the team two minutes and 37 seconds to score.
East Carolina took the kickoff on the 39–yard line, after a Boise player illegally touched the ball on the 39\. Pinkney threw an incomplete pass to start the drive, and after two more plays failed to convert the first down, ECU was forced to punt the ball away. After a [touchback](/wiki/Touchback "Touchback"), Boise State began at its 20–yard line. The Broncos completed three plays for 11 yards before the third quarter ended.
At the end of the third quarter, East Carolina led Boise State 38–24\.
### Fourth quarter
BSU started the fourth quarter by throwing two incomplete passes. Tharp then completed two passes for a combined 39 yards before Pirates' defender J.J. Milbrook intercepted Tharp's fifth pass of the quarter. Milbrook returned the interception 27 yards. The Pirates completed one first down but failed to convert the interception into points. Kicker Matt Dodge came into the game, ostensibly to punt the ball away. In a trick play, he rushed the ball instead, picking up the first down. Despite the trick play's success, the Pirates were not able to gain another first down. On fourth down, Dodge came out again, and this time punted the ball 47 yards for a touchback.[4th Quarter](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273570151&period=4) ESPN.com Play\-by\-Play. Retrieved December 24, 2007\. The Broncos began the second drive of the fourth quarter by going 80 yards in nine plays for a touchdown. It took just three minutes and 59 seconds and BSU only three first downs. Boise had now cut the Pirates' lead to 38–31\.
On the next drive, ECU brought in a new quarterback, Rob Kass. Kass was initially successful, and gained a few first downs. The Boise State defense stiffened, however, and ECU was forced to punt the ball away. After a touchback, Boise State began on its 20–yard line. Running back Jeremy Avery rushed for four yards on the first play. On the third play, Tharp completed a pass for nine yards for a first down. Tharp then passed three straight times for 32 yards and two first downs. On subsequent plays, Tharp rushed for six yards and passed for another six to convert BSU's third first down of the drive. Three plays later, however, the Broncos' Titus Young fumbled the ball for the second time in the game, and as before, ECU recovered, seemingly sealing the victory. [300px\|thumb\|ECU Kicker Ben Hartman kicks the game\-winning field goal.\|leftAfter](/wiki/File:Winner41-38.jpg "Winner41-38.jpg") a Boise State unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, ECU began at their 39–yard line, needing only to rush the ball to keep the clock moving in order to secure the win. On the second rush by Chris Johnson, however, he fumbled the ball. The fumble was recovered by Broncos' defender Marty Tadman at the ECU 47–yard line and returned all the way for a touchdown. After the PAT, Boise State tied East Carolina 38–38\. The fumble and touchdown turned what had been an inevitable ECU victory into a tie game.
Boise kicked the ball deep, hoping to stop the Pirates' offense and force [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29%23American_and_Canadian_football "Overtime (sports)#American and Canadian football"). Following the kick, ECU began at its own nine–yard line. The Pirates began the drive with one minute and 16 seconds left in the game. Dominique Lindsay rushed for two yards before Rob Kass completed a pass to Jamar Bryant for 39 yards, enough for a first down near midfield. The Pirates' continued to move forward, passing for short yardage and rushing for short gains that kept the clock moving, but advanced the ball closer to field goal range. On the third to the last play, Kass rushed for seven yards, and ECU took a timeout with 15 seconds left. Rob Kass lost one yard while moving the ball towards the center of the field in order to set up a game\-ending kick. ECU took its last timeout, again stopping the clock. With four seconds remaining on the clock, ECU kicker Ben Hartman converted a 34–yard field goal to take the lead and the win, 41–38, as time ran out.
{{Clear}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart\|VisitorName\=BSU\|HomeName\=ECU\|state\=collapsed}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=1
\| Time\=08:22
\| Team\=ECU
\| DriveLength\=38
\| DriveTime\=4:22
\| Type\=FG
\| yards\=36
\| Kicker\='''Ben Hartman'''
\| Visitor\=0
\| Home\=3
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=1
\| Time\=08:10
\| Team\=BSU
\| DriveLength\=89
\| DriveTime\=0:00
\| Type\=Other
\| Other\='''Austin Smith''' 89\-yard touchdown kickoff return, ''Kyle Brotzman'' kick good
\| Visitor\=7
\| Home\=3
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=1
\| Time\=04:25
\| Team\=ECU
\| DriveLength\=68
\| DriveTime\=0:11
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Chris Johnson'''
\| yards\=68
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Ben Hartman''
\| Visitor\=7
\| Home\=10
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=12:31
\| Team\=ECU
\| DriveLength\=85
\| DriveTime\=4:25
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Dominique Lindsay'''
\| yards\=3
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Ben Hartman''
\| Visitor\=7
\| Home\=17
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=08:51
\| Team\=ECU
\| DriveLength\=74
\| DriveTime\=1:26
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Chris Johnson'''
\| yards\=18
\| QB\='''Patrick Pinkney'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Ben Hartman''
\| Visitor\=7
\| Home\=24
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=04:18
\| Team\=BSU
\| DriveLength\=69
\| DriveTime\=2:17
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Ryan Putnam'''
\| yards\=3
\| QB\='''Taylor Tharp'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Kyle Brotzman''
\| Visitor\=14
\| Home\=24
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=00:33
\| Team\=ECU
\| DriveLength\=38
\| DriveTime\=1:48
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Dominique Lindsay'''
\| yards\=3
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Ben Hartman''
\| Visitor\=14
\| Home\=31
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=09:02
\| Team\=ECU
\| DriveLength\=74
\| DriveTime\=5:58
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Brandon Simmons'''
\| yards\=3
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Ben Hartman''
\| Visitor\=14
\| Home\=38
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=08:10
\| Team\=BSU
\| DriveLength\=33
\| DriveTime\=0:52
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Jeremy Avery'''
\| yards\=25
\| QB\='''Taylor Tharp'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Kyle Brotzman''
\| Visitor\=21
\| Home\=38
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=03:11
\| Team\=BSU
\| DriveLength\=40
\| DriveTime\=2:38
\| Type\=FG
\| yards\=31
\| Kicker\='''Kyle Brotzman'''
\| Visitor\=24
\| Home\=38
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=07:09
\| Team\=BSU
\| DriveLength\=80
\| DriveTime\=3:59
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''D.J. Harper'''
\| yards\=1
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Kyle Brotzman''
\| Visitor\=31
\| Home\=38
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=01:25
\| Team\=BSU
\| DriveLength\=47
\| DriveTime\=0:00
\| Type\=FumbleTD
\| Def\='''Marty Tadman'''
\| yards\=47
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Kyle Brotzman''
\| Visitor\=38
\| Home\=38
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=00:00
\| Team\=ECU
\| DriveLength\=44
\| DriveTime\=1:25
\| Type\=FG
\| yards\=34
\| Kicker\='''Ben Hartman'''
\| Visitor\=38
\| Home\=41
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd\|Visitor\=41\|Home\=38}}
{{Clear}}
|
[
"Game summary\n------------",
"The 2007 Hawai{{okina}}i Bowl kicked off on December 23, 2007, at 8:00 p.m [EST](/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone \"Eastern Time Zone\") in front of an estimated crowd of 30,467, which was the largest crowd in Hawai{{okina}}i Bowl history for a game not featuring the [Hawai'i football team](/wiki/Hawaii_Warriors_football \"Hawaii Warriors football\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Ferrell \\|first\\=Scott \\|title\\=Bowl attendance rises \\|newspaper\\=The Shreveport Times \\|date\\=2008\\-01\\-10 \\|url\\=http://www.shreveporttimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=/20080110/SPORTS/801100316/1001/SPORTS \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524180916/http://www.shreveporttimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=%2F20080110%2FSPORTS%2F801100316%2F1001%2FSPORTS \\|archive\\-date\\=May 24, 2015 }} The game was nationally televised on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\"), and was watched by an estimated average of 1\\.6 million people, good enough for a [television rating](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings \"Nielsen ratings\") of 1\\.47\\.[Poinsettia Bowl Television Ratings Jump 38 Percent](http://navysports.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/010508aaa.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107184924/http://navysports.cstv.com/sports/m\\-footbl/spec\\-rel/010508aaa.html \\|date\\=2008\\-01\\-07 }} Navy Sports Information Department, navysports.cstv.com, January 5, 2008\\. Retrieved January 11, 2008\\. East Carolina had to travel {{convert\\|4861\\|mi\\|km}} one way, making it the longest bowl trip of the season for any team during the 2007 bowl season. Boise State, meanwhile, traveled {{convert\\|2835\\|mi\\|km}} to Hawai{{okina}}i.{{cite AV media \\| title \\= 2007 Sheraton Hawai'i Bowl \\- Boise State vs. East Carolina\\| date \\= 2007\\-12\\-23}} Due to the distance involved, East Carolina fans wishing to support their school, but unable to travel to the game, bought 2,709 tickets for [troops](/wiki/Troops \"Troops\") stationed in Hawai{{okina}}i as a show of support.{{cite web\\| last \\= Batchelor\\| first \\= T. Scott\\| title \\= Pirate fans donate nearly 2,700 bowl tickets to military\\| work \\= The Daily Reflector\\| publisher \\= Cox Newspapers\\| date \\= 2007\\-12\\-19\\| url \\= http://www.reflector.com/search/content/news/stories/2007/12/19/donatedtix.html\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-12\\-27\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20181215171606/http://www.reflector.com/search/content/news/stories/2007/12/19/donatedtix.html\\| archive\\-date \\= 2018\\-12\\-15\\| url\\-status \\= dead}} The weather at kickoff was mostly cloudy with winds from the northeast at 13 miles (21 km). The temperature was {{convert\\|77\\|F\\|C\\|0}}. For the officiating crew, the [referee](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Referee \"Official (American football)#Referee\") was Terry Leyden, [umpire](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Umpire \"Official (American football)#Umpire\") was Kevin Matthews, and the [linesman](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Head_linesman \"Official (American football)#Head linesman\") was Bob Bahne. The [line judge](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Line_judge \"Official (American football)#Line judge\") was Bart Longson, the [back judge](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Back_judge \"Official (American football)#Back judge\") was Joe Johnston and the [field judge](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Field_judge \"Official (American football)#Field judge\") was Ed Vinzant. The [side judge](/wiki/Official_%28American_football%29%23Side_judge \"Official (American football)#Side judge\") was Craig Falkner.{{cite web\\| title \\= 2007 NADFO Bowl Assignments\\| publisher \\= National Association of Division 1A Football Officials\\| year \\= 2007\\| url \\= http://www.nadfo.org/Files/2007%20NADFO%20%20Bowl%20assignments.htm \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-01\\-15\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090107043306/http://www.nadfo.org/Files/2007%20NADFO%20%20Bowl%20assignments.htm \\|archive\\-date \\= January 7, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### First quarter",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|left\\|Boise State quarterback Taylor Tharp drops back before passing the ball.East](/wiki/File:2007_Hawaii_Bowl_-_Boise_State_University_vs_East_Carolina_University_-_Taylor_Tharp.jpg \"2007 Hawaii Bowl - Boise State University vs East Carolina University - Taylor Tharp.jpg\") Carolina won the pre\\-game [coin toss](/wiki/Coin_toss \"Coin toss\") and deferred the ball until the second half, allowing Boise State to receive the ball to begin the game. The Broncos received the opening [kickoff](/wiki/Kickoff_%28American_football%29 \"Kickoff (American football)\") at their 4–yard line and went [three\\-and\\-out](/wiki/Three-and-out \"Three-and-out\").[1st Quarter](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273570151) ESPN.com Play\\-by\\-Play. Retrieved December 24, 2007\\. Following the Broncos' [punt](/wiki/Punt_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Punt (gridiron football)\"), East Carolina began its first [possession](/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football%23P \"Glossary of American football#P\") of the game on its 43–yard line. The offense marched to the 19–yard line of Boise State, but was stopped on third down. ECU [kicker](/wiki/Kicker_%28American_football%29 \"Kicker (American football)\") Ben Hartman was sent into the game and made a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28football%29 \"Field goal (football)\") from 36 yards away.",
"East Carolina [kicked](/wiki/Kickoff_%28American_football%29 \"Kickoff (American football)\") the ball to Boise State's Austin Smith and he returned the kickoff 89 yards for a [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown \"Touchdown\"). The touchdown and [extra point](/wiki/Extra_point \"Extra point\") made the score 7–3 and gave Boise State its only lead of the game.",
"The next two drives for each team ended in punts. On East Carolina's third drive, Chris Johnson rushed on the first [play](/wiki/Play_from_scrimmage \"Play from scrimmage\") 68 yards for a touchdown. With the point after, East Carolina lead 10–7\\. The next Boise State drive ended in a three and out, and the Broncos kicked the ball away. The Pirates marched down the field 55 yards, but the quarter ended before ECU had a chance to score.",
"At the end of the first quarter, East Carolina led Boise State 10–7\\.",
"### Second quarter",
"ECU began the second quarter on Boise's 30–yard line, and quarterback Patrick Pinkney continued the Pirates' drive with a 14–yard rush. After three more successful plays, Dominique Lindsay rushed 3 yards for a touchdown. Kicker Ben Hartman converted the point after, which made the score 17–7 ECU.[2nd Quarter](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273570151&period=2) ESPN.com Play\\-by\\-Play. Retrieved December 24, 2007\\.",
"The Broncos' first drive of the second quarter was halted after a holding penalty and an [incomplete pass](/wiki/Incomplete_pass \"Incomplete pass\") denied BSU a chance for a [first down](/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football%23F \"Glossary of American football#F\"). Boise was forced to kick the ball away once more. The Pirates' second drive of the quarter began at their 26–yard line. ECU needed just four plays to march 74 yards down the field for a touchdown. On the drive, Chris Johnson rushed for 46 yards and threw an 18–yard pass for a touchdown. After the touchdown and the extra point kick, ECU led 24–7\\.",
"Boise State's first play after the post\\-touchdown kickoff was [intercepted](/wiki/Interception \"Interception\") by Pirates' defender Travis Williams. Despite the turnover, East Carolina was unable to attain a first down, and went three\\-and\\-out before punting. On Boise's second play of the new drive following the punt, the team earned its first first down of the game. The Broncos continued the drive by going 69 yards in eight plays, culminating in a touchdown. The series included five complete passes and two rushes. With the score, The Broncos had closed the gap to ten points: 24–14 East Carolina.",
"East Carolina started their series on their 41–yard line. A substitution infraction on ECU and an incomplete pass forced ECU to punt the ball away. On the Broncos' fourth drive of the second quarter, the team began with three complete passes for 18 yards. On the fourth play, however, BSU's [Titus Young](/wiki/Titus_Young \"Titus Young\") [fumbled](/wiki/Fumble \"Fumble\") the ball away. Pirates' defender Jay Ross recovered the fumble, and ECU had another chance on offense before the end of the first half. East Carolina ran five plays for 38 yards. With the clock running down, ECU elected to kick a field goal. The kick was good, and made the score 31–14 ECU. Boise State had one final chance on offense, and Boise Quarterback Taylor Tharp went two\\-for\\-four, but ran out of time before coming into field goal range.",
"At halftime, East Carolina led Boise State 31–14\\.",
"### Third quarter",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|Boise State begins the second half by kicking off the ball.](/wiki/File:2007_Hawaii_Bowl_-_Boise_State_University_vs_East_Carolina_University_-_Second_Half_Kickoff.jpg \"2007 Hawaii Bowl - Boise State University vs East Carolina University - Second Half Kickoff.jpg\")\nBecause Boise State had received the opening kickoff, East Carolina received the ball to open the second half. ECU completed seven rushes and four passes for 74 yards in five minutes and 53 seconds. On the last play of the drive, Brandon Simmons rushed three yards for a touchdown, and ECU increased its lead to 38–14\\.[3rd Quarter](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273570151&period=3) ESPN.com Play\\-by\\-Play. Retrieved December 24, 2007\\.",
"To begin its first series of the second half, Boise State returned the post\\-touchdown kickoff 55 yards. Two quick plays later, Boise quarterback Taylor Tharp completed a pass to [Jeremy Avery](/wiki/Jeremy_Avery \"Jeremy Avery\") for a touchdown, cutting East Carolina's lead to 17 points, 38–21\\.",
"After the punt, the Pirates were unable to obtain a first down. Three plays netted only two yards, and ECU was forced to punt the ball away. On the ensuing drive, Boise State completed three first downs on the series. BSU kicker [Kyle Brotzman](/wiki/Kyle_Brotzman \"Kyle Brotzman\"), converted a 31\\-yard field goal and the Broncos shrank the ECU lead further. The series went 40 yards in nine plays. It took the team two minutes and 37 seconds to score.",
"East Carolina took the kickoff on the 39–yard line, after a Boise player illegally touched the ball on the 39\\. Pinkney threw an incomplete pass to start the drive, and after two more plays failed to convert the first down, ECU was forced to punt the ball away. After a [touchback](/wiki/Touchback \"Touchback\"), Boise State began at its 20–yard line. The Broncos completed three plays for 11 yards before the third quarter ended.",
"At the end of the third quarter, East Carolina led Boise State 38–24\\.",
"### Fourth quarter",
"BSU started the fourth quarter by throwing two incomplete passes. Tharp then completed two passes for a combined 39 yards before Pirates' defender J.J. Milbrook intercepted Tharp's fifth pass of the quarter. Milbrook returned the interception 27 yards. The Pirates completed one first down but failed to convert the interception into points. Kicker Matt Dodge came into the game, ostensibly to punt the ball away. In a trick play, he rushed the ball instead, picking up the first down. Despite the trick play's success, the Pirates were not able to gain another first down. On fourth down, Dodge came out again, and this time punted the ball 47 yards for a touchback.[4th Quarter](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273570151&period=4) ESPN.com Play\\-by\\-Play. Retrieved December 24, 2007\\. The Broncos began the second drive of the fourth quarter by going 80 yards in nine plays for a touchdown. It took just three minutes and 59 seconds and BSU only three first downs. Boise had now cut the Pirates' lead to 38–31\\.",
"On the next drive, ECU brought in a new quarterback, Rob Kass. Kass was initially successful, and gained a few first downs. The Boise State defense stiffened, however, and ECU was forced to punt the ball away. After a touchback, Boise State began on its 20–yard line. Running back Jeremy Avery rushed for four yards on the first play. On the third play, Tharp completed a pass for nine yards for a first down. Tharp then passed three straight times for 32 yards and two first downs. On subsequent plays, Tharp rushed for six yards and passed for another six to convert BSU's third first down of the drive. Three plays later, however, the Broncos' Titus Young fumbled the ball for the second time in the game, and as before, ECU recovered, seemingly sealing the victory. [300px\\|thumb\\|ECU Kicker Ben Hartman kicks the game\\-winning field goal.\\|leftAfter](/wiki/File:Winner41-38.jpg \"Winner41-38.jpg\") a Boise State unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, ECU began at their 39–yard line, needing only to rush the ball to keep the clock moving in order to secure the win. On the second rush by Chris Johnson, however, he fumbled the ball. The fumble was recovered by Broncos' defender Marty Tadman at the ECU 47–yard line and returned all the way for a touchdown. After the PAT, Boise State tied East Carolina 38–38\\. The fumble and touchdown turned what had been an inevitable ECU victory into a tie game.",
"Boise kicked the ball deep, hoping to stop the Pirates' offense and force [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29%23American_and_Canadian_football \"Overtime (sports)#American and Canadian football\"). Following the kick, ECU began at its own nine–yard line. The Pirates began the drive with one minute and 16 seconds left in the game. Dominique Lindsay rushed for two yards before Rob Kass completed a pass to Jamar Bryant for 39 yards, enough for a first down near midfield. The Pirates' continued to move forward, passing for short yardage and rushing for short gains that kept the clock moving, but advanced the ball closer to field goal range. On the third to the last play, Kass rushed for seven yards, and ECU took a timeout with 15 seconds left. Rob Kass lost one yard while moving the ball towards the center of the field in order to set up a game\\-ending kick. ECU took its last timeout, again stopping the clock. With four seconds remaining on the clock, ECU kicker Ben Hartman converted a 34–yard field goal to take the lead and the win, 41–38, as time ran out.\n{{Clear}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart\\|VisitorName\\=BSU\\|HomeName\\=ECU\\|state\\=collapsed}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=1\n\\| Time\\=08:22\n\\| Team\\=ECU\n\\| DriveLength\\=38\n\\| DriveTime\\=4:22\n\\| Type\\=FG\n\\| yards\\=36\n\\| Kicker\\='''Ben Hartman'''\n\\| Visitor\\=0\n\\| Home\\=3\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=1\n\\| Time\\=08:10\n\\| Team\\=BSU\n\\| DriveLength\\=89\n\\| DriveTime\\=0:00\n\\| Type\\=Other\n\\| Other\\='''Austin Smith''' 89\\-yard touchdown kickoff return, ''Kyle Brotzman'' kick good\n\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\| Home\\=3\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=1\n\\| Time\\=04:25\n\\| Team\\=ECU\n\\| DriveLength\\=68\n\\| DriveTime\\=0:11\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Chris Johnson'''\n\\| yards\\=68\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Ben Hartman''\n\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\| Home\\=10\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=12:31\n\\| Team\\=ECU\n\\| DriveLength\\=85\n\\| DriveTime\\=4:25\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Dominique Lindsay'''\n\\| yards\\=3\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Ben Hartman''\n\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\| Home\\=17\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=08:51\n\\| Team\\=ECU\n\\| DriveLength\\=74\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:26\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Chris Johnson'''\n\\| yards\\=18\n\\| QB\\='''Patrick Pinkney'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Ben Hartman''\n\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\| Home\\=24\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=04:18\n\\| Team\\=BSU\n\\| DriveLength\\=69\n\\| DriveTime\\=2:17\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Ryan Putnam'''\n\\| yards\\=3\n\\| QB\\='''Taylor Tharp'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Kyle Brotzman''\n\\| Visitor\\=14\n\\| Home\\=24\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=00:33\n\\| Team\\=ECU\n\\| DriveLength\\=38\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:48\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Dominique Lindsay'''\n\\| yards\\=3\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Ben Hartman''\n\\| Visitor\\=14\n\\| Home\\=31\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=09:02\n\\| Team\\=ECU\n\\| DriveLength\\=74\n\\| DriveTime\\=5:58\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Brandon Simmons'''\n\\| yards\\=3\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Ben Hartman''\n\\| Visitor\\=14\n\\| Home\\=38\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=08:10\n\\| Team\\=BSU\n\\| DriveLength\\=33\n\\| DriveTime\\=0:52\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Jeremy Avery'''\n\\| yards\\=25\n\\| QB\\='''Taylor Tharp'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Kyle Brotzman''\n\\| Visitor\\=21\n\\| Home\\=38\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=03:11\n\\| Team\\=BSU\n\\| DriveLength\\=40\n\\| DriveTime\\=2:38\n\\| Type\\=FG\n\\| yards\\=31\n\\| Kicker\\='''Kyle Brotzman'''\n\\| Visitor\\=24\n\\| Home\\=38\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=07:09\n\\| Team\\=BSU\n\\| DriveLength\\=80\n\\| DriveTime\\=3:59\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''D.J. Harper'''\n\\| yards\\=1\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Kyle Brotzman''\n\\| Visitor\\=31\n\\| Home\\=38\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=01:25\n\\| Team\\=BSU\n\\| DriveLength\\=47\n\\| DriveTime\\=0:00\n\\| Type\\=FumbleTD\n\\| Def\\='''Marty Tadman'''\n\\| yards\\=47\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Kyle Brotzman''\n\\| Visitor\\=38\n\\| Home\\=38\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=00:00\n\\| Team\\=ECU\n\\| DriveLength\\=44\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:25\n\\| Type\\=FG\n\\| yards\\=34\n\\| Kicker\\='''Ben Hartman'''\n\\| Visitor\\=38\n\\| Home\\=41\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd\\|Visitor\\=41\\|Home\\=38}}\n{{Clear}}",
""
] |
Final statistics
----------------
| \+ **Statistical comparison**[ESPN.com Hawaii Bowl Bowl Recap](https://web.archive.org/web/20170218144554/http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=273570151) . Retrieved January 3, 2008\. | | ECU | BSU |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1st Downs** | 22 | 22 |
| **Total Yards** | 476 | 368 |
| **Passing Yards** | 154 | 270 |
| **Rushing Yards** | 322 | 98 |
| **Penalties** | 7–50 | 4–50 |
| **3rd Down Conversions** | 6–15 | 6–12 |
| **4th Down Conversions** | 1–1 | 0–0 |
| **Turnovers** | 1 | 4 |
| **Time of Possession** | 33:44 | 26:16 |
East Carolina running back Chris Johnson finished the game with 223 rushing yards, 32 receiving yards, and 153 return yards for a total of 408 all\-purpose yards. That mark broke the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA "NCAA") bowl record for all\-purpose yards previously set by [Alabama's](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football "Alabama Crimson Tide football") [Sherman Williams](/wiki/Sherman_Williams_%28American_football%29 "Sherman Williams (American football)") against [Ohio State](/wiki/Ohio_State_football "Ohio State football") in the [1995 Citrus Bowl](/wiki/Citrus_Bowl "Citrus Bowl"). On the basis of his record\-setting performance, Johnson was named the game's [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player "Most Valuable Player"). On the opposite side of the ball, Boise State [tailback](/wiki/Halfback_%28American_football%29 "Halfback (American football)") Jeremy Avery had a solid, if unspectacular, outing. He produced 69 rushing yards, 43 receiving yards, 41 kick–return yards, and caught a 25–yard touchdown pass.{{cite news \| last \= Cripe\| first \= Chadd\| title \= Chris Johnson runs over BSU \- and into the NFL\| work \= IdahoStatesman.com\| publisher \= IdahoStatesman.com\| date \= 2007\-12\-24\| url \= http://www.idahostatesman.com/sports/story/246773\.html\| access\-date \= 2007\-12\-23 }} {{Dead link\|date\=June 2010\|bot\=H3llBot\|fix\-attempted\=yes}} Both Johnson and Avery received the Most Valuable Player award for their respective teams.
Boise State committed four turnovers, compared with East Carolina's one. The Broncos fumbled the ball away twice and threw two interceptions. Despite the disparity in turnover margin, the teams were strikingly similar in several statistical categories, indicating the closeness of the game: Each team earned seven points off the turnovers. Both teams committed 50 yards in penalties; the Pirates had seven penalties to the Broncos' four. In addition, both teams earned 22 first downs.
### Boise State statistical recap
| \+ **Individual leaders** |
| --- |
| Boise State Passing | | | | |
| | C/ATT\* | Yds | TD | INT |
| Taylor Tharp | 30/44 | 270 | 2 | 2 |
| Boise State Rushing | | | | |
| | Cara | Yds | TD | LGb |
| Jeremy Avery | 10 | 69 | 0 | 23 |
| Taylor Tharp | 6 | 7 | 0 | 9 |
| Ian Johnson | 4 | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| Boise State Receiving | | | | |
| | Recc | Yds | TD | LGb |
| Austin Pettis | 9 | 89 | 0 | 29 |
| Titus Young | 7 | 47 | 0 | 10 |
| Julian Hawkins | 5 | 35 | 0 | 9 |
| Jeremy Avery | 4 | 43 | 1 | 25 |
\* Completions/Attempts
a Carries
b Long play
c Receptions
Boise State University had 368 total offensive yards during the game.{{cite web\|title\=Game\-by\-Game Statistics \|work\=Boise State \|publisher\=The Automated ScorBook \|date\=2007\-12\-27 \|url\=http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-03 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617044605/http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \|archive\-date\=2010\-06\-17 }} About 73% of BSU's total offense came through the air,Extrapolated from statistics as quarterback Taylor Tharp passed for 270 yards.{{cite web\|title\=Individual Game\-by\-Game Statistics \|work\=Boise State \|publisher\=The Automated ScorBook \|date\=2007\-12\-27 \|url\=http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-03 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617044605/http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \|archive\-date\=2010\-06\-17 }} The remaining 98 yards came on the ground from five different rushers. Running back Jeremy Avery ran for a team\-high 69 yards on 10 carries, while running back D.J. Harper had the only Boise State rushing touchdown of the game.
Tharp's 30 completions were caught by eight different receivers. Austin Pettis led the team with nine catches for 89 yards, and his total accounted for one–third of the team's receiving yards. Two receivers, Jeremy Avery and Ryan Putnam, accounted for all of the team's receiving touchdowns. Avery had four catches for 43 yards, while Putnam had one catch for three yards.
Taylor Tharp's two interceptions were the second\-most he had thrown in a game during 2007, and brought his season interception total to 11\. He completed 30 of 44 pass attempts, a completion percentage of 68\.2%. His 270 yards were 13 yards more than his season average of 257 yards. With only two passing touchdowns, Tharp tied for his third\-worst passing game in 2007, faring worse only in the win against Weber State, loss to Washington, win against Fresno State, and loss to Hawai{{okina}}i.{{cite web\| title \= Taylor Tharp Profile\| work \= Boise State Broncos\| publisher \= ESPN\| date \= 2007\-12\-24\| url \= https://www.espn.com/college\-football/player/\_/id/150200\| access\-date \= 2007\-12\-28\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080118033759/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/player/profile?playerId\=150200\| archive\-date\= 18 January 2008 \| url\-status\= live}} Tharp was sacked once by Pirates' defensive lineman C.J. Wilson for a seven\-yard loss.{{cite news\|last\=Travis \|first\=Kevin \|title\=Top 10 stories of 2007 \|publisher\=Washington Daily News \|date\=2007\-12\-31 \|url\=https://www.thewashingtondailynews.com/2007/12/31/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331122855/https://www.thewashingtondailynews.com/2007/12/31/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=31 March 2022 \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-03 }}
Boise State's defense had a hard time stopping the East Carolina offense, especially in the first half. The Pirates' 31 points were the most scored all year by East Carolina in the first half. Leading the Broncos' defense was safety Marty Tadman. Tadman had seven solo tackles, three assisted tackles, and recorded a defensive touchdown after recovering Chris Johnson's fumble late in the fourth quarter. Linebacker Kyle Gingg also starred on defense, recording seven solo tackles, one assisted tackle, and one tackle for a one\-yard loss. A total of 23 players recorded at least one tackle.
Kyle Brotzman handled all the kicking duties for Boise State, punting the ball four times for 169 yards. His longest punt was 52 yards, and one kick was downed inside the Pirates' 20 yard line. His only field goal was a 31–yard kick that came with three minutes and 11 seconds left in the third quarter. Brotzman kicked off seven times for 384 yards, averaging 54\.9 yards per kick with no touchbacks. Marty Tadman had BSU's only punt return for −1 yard. The Broncos' special teams had more luck on kickoff returns. Three players had kickoff returns. Austin Smith returned four kickoffs for 173 yards. His 89–yard return for a touchdown in the first quarter was the team's longest of the game and gave Boise State its only lead of the game. Jeremy Avery returned two kicks for 41 yards, and Titus Young returned one kick for 52 yards.
Boise State controlled the time of possession only during the fourth quarter, when the Broncos scored 14 points to tie the game. Overall, however, Boise State only controlled the ball for 26 minutes and 16 seconds, in comparison to East Carolina's 33 minutes and 44 seconds.
### East Carolina statistical recap
| \+ **Individual leaders** |
| --- |
| East Carolina Passing | | | | |
| | C/ATT\* | Yds | TD | INT |
| Patrick Pinkney | 12/19 | 118 | 1 | 0 |
| Rob Kass | 1/3 | 36 | 0 | 0 |
| East Carolina Rushing | | | | |
| | Cara | Yds | TD | LGb |
| Chris Johnson | 28 | 223 | 1 | 68 |
| Patrick Pinkney | 11 | 53 | 0 | 21 |
| Dwayne Harris | 3 | 24 | 0 | 11 |
| East Carolina Receiving | | | | |
| | Recc | Yds | TD | LGb |
| Jamar Bryant | 6 | 78 | 0 | 36 |
| Chris Johnson | 3 | 32 | 1 | 18 |
| Dwayne Harris | 1 | 22 | 0 | 22 |
| Jay Sonnhalter | 1 | 16 | 0 | 16 |
\* Completions/Attempts
a Carries
b Long play
c Receptions
Almost 70% of the Pirates' rushing offense came from running back Chris Johnson, and the rushing offense itself consisted of two–thirds of East Carolina's total offensive effort. Six additional rushers contributed 99 yards on the ground. The longest rush of the game–68 yards–came from Johnson. Quarterback Patrick Pinkney played much of the game, completing 12 passes in 19 attempts. Pinkney threw for 118 yards and one touchdown, but the longest pass came from the Pirates' second quarterback, Rob Kass. Kass threw a 36–yard pass in the fourth quarter to keep the Pirates' game\-winning drive alive. The pass was Kass's only completion out of three attempts. Almost one–third of East Carolina's total offense came from the air.{{cite web\| title \= Boise State vs East Carolina (Dec 23, 2007\)\| publisher \= ECU Athletic Department\| date \= 2007\-12\-23\| url \= http://ecupirates.cstv.com/sports/m\-footbl/stats/2007\-2008/ecu1223\.html\#GAME.TEM\| access\-date \= 2007\-12\-27\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071227132802/http://ecupirates.cstv.com/sports/m\-footbl/stats/2007\-2008/ecu1223\.html\#GAME.TEM\| archive\-date \= 27 December 2007\| url\-status \= dead}}
Ben Hartman and Matt Dodge both contributed to East Carolina's kicking game. Dodge punted the ball seven times for 302 yards. His longest was a 61–yard kick, and he had four touchbacks. Hartman and Dodge shared kickoff duty. Dodge had four kickoffs, compared with Hartman's three. Dodge averaged 60\.5 yards per kick, while Hartman averaged 57 yards. In addition, Hartman added six points to the scoreboard from field goal attempts. He was two for two, with the second field goal attempt being the game\-winner in the fourth quarter. Dwayne Harris handled all punt returns. He fielded two punts, returning them for a total of five yards. Kickoff\-return duty was handled by Chris Johnson. He returned six kickoffs for 153 yards, with his longest return consisting of 39 yards.
East Carolina's defense managed a strong performance statistically and in real terms. The most obvious examples of this were the two interceptions and two forced fumbles. On the first play of the second drive of the second quarter, Boise State quarterback Taylor Tharp threw an interception to defensive back Travis Williams. Williams also recorded eight solo tackles—the second\-highest total for the Pirates–and a forced fumble. The other interception came from defensive back J.J. Milbrook, who also boasted three solo tackles, tying him for fifth–best on the team. Linebacker Jeremy forced the final Broncos turnover, gaining the ball and four yards on the play. In addition to his forced fumble, Chambliss recorded four solo tackles. The Pirates' defense as a whole only gave up three yards in the first quarter and did not allow a first down until halfway through the second quarter.
That strong defensive effort limited the Broncos' third–down conversion rate to 50%. Until the fourth quarter, BSU was just two for seven on third–down attempts. On offense, the Pirates fared slightly better, going six for fifteen on third downs.
|
[
"Final statistics\n----------------",
"",
"",
"| \\+ **Statistical comparison**[ESPN.com Hawaii Bowl Bowl Recap](https://web.archive.org/web/20170218144554/http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=273570151) . Retrieved January 3, 2008\\. | | ECU | BSU |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **1st Downs** | 22 | 22 |\n| **Total Yards** | 476 | 368 |\n| **Passing Yards** | 154 | 270 |\n| **Rushing Yards** | 322 | 98 |\n| **Penalties** | 7–50 | 4–50 |\n| **3rd Down Conversions** | 6–15 | 6–12 |\n| **4th Down Conversions** | 1–1 | 0–0 |\n| **Turnovers** | 1 | 4 |\n| **Time of Possession** | 33:44 | 26:16 |",
"",
"East Carolina running back Chris Johnson finished the game with 223 rushing yards, 32 receiving yards, and 153 return yards for a total of 408 all\\-purpose yards. That mark broke the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA \"NCAA\") bowl record for all\\-purpose yards previously set by [Alabama's](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football \"Alabama Crimson Tide football\") [Sherman Williams](/wiki/Sherman_Williams_%28American_football%29 \"Sherman Williams (American football)\") against [Ohio State](/wiki/Ohio_State_football \"Ohio State football\") in the [1995 Citrus Bowl](/wiki/Citrus_Bowl \"Citrus Bowl\"). On the basis of his record\\-setting performance, Johnson was named the game's [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player \"Most Valuable Player\"). On the opposite side of the ball, Boise State [tailback](/wiki/Halfback_%28American_football%29 \"Halfback (American football)\") Jeremy Avery had a solid, if unspectacular, outing. He produced 69 rushing yards, 43 receiving yards, 41 kick–return yards, and caught a 25–yard touchdown pass.{{cite news \\| last \\= Cripe\\| first \\= Chadd\\| title \\= Chris Johnson runs over BSU \\- and into the NFL\\| work \\= IdahoStatesman.com\\| publisher \\= IdahoStatesman.com\\| date \\= 2007\\-12\\-24\\| url \\= http://www.idahostatesman.com/sports/story/246773\\.html\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-12\\-23 }} {{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2010\\|bot\\=H3llBot\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}} Both Johnson and Avery received the Most Valuable Player award for their respective teams.",
"Boise State committed four turnovers, compared with East Carolina's one. The Broncos fumbled the ball away twice and threw two interceptions. Despite the disparity in turnover margin, the teams were strikingly similar in several statistical categories, indicating the closeness of the game: Each team earned seven points off the turnovers. Both teams committed 50 yards in penalties; the Pirates had seven penalties to the Broncos' four. In addition, both teams earned 22 first downs.",
"### Boise State statistical recap",
"",
"",
"| \\+ **Individual leaders** |\n| --- |\n| Boise State Passing | | | | |\n| | C/ATT\\* | Yds | TD | INT |\n| Taylor Tharp | 30/44 | 270 | 2 | 2 |\n| Boise State Rushing | | | | |\n| | Cara | Yds | TD | LGb |\n| Jeremy Avery | 10 | 69 | 0 | 23 |\n| Taylor Tharp | 6 | 7 | 0 | 9 |\n| Ian Johnson | 4 | 11 | 0 | 11 |\n| Boise State Receiving | | | | |\n| | Recc | Yds | TD | LGb |\n| Austin Pettis | 9 | 89 | 0 | 29 |\n| Titus Young | 7 | 47 | 0 | 10 |\n| Julian Hawkins | 5 | 35 | 0 | 9 |\n| Jeremy Avery | 4 | 43 | 1 | 25 |",
"\\* Completions/Attempts\na Carries\nb Long play\nc Receptions",
"Boise State University had 368 total offensive yards during the game.{{cite web\\|title\\=Game\\-by\\-Game Statistics \\|work\\=Boise State \\|publisher\\=The Automated ScorBook \\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-27 \\|url\\=http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617044605/http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-17 }} About 73% of BSU's total offense came through the air,Extrapolated from statistics as quarterback Taylor Tharp passed for 270 yards.{{cite web\\|title\\=Individual Game\\-by\\-Game Statistics \\|work\\=Boise State \\|publisher\\=The Automated ScorBook \\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-27 \\|url\\=http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617044605/http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-17 }} The remaining 98 yards came on the ground from five different rushers. Running back Jeremy Avery ran for a team\\-high 69 yards on 10 carries, while running back D.J. Harper had the only Boise State rushing touchdown of the game.",
"Tharp's 30 completions were caught by eight different receivers. Austin Pettis led the team with nine catches for 89 yards, and his total accounted for one–third of the team's receiving yards. Two receivers, Jeremy Avery and Ryan Putnam, accounted for all of the team's receiving touchdowns. Avery had four catches for 43 yards, while Putnam had one catch for three yards.",
"Taylor Tharp's two interceptions were the second\\-most he had thrown in a game during 2007, and brought his season interception total to 11\\. He completed 30 of 44 pass attempts, a completion percentage of 68\\.2%. His 270 yards were 13 yards more than his season average of 257 yards. With only two passing touchdowns, Tharp tied for his third\\-worst passing game in 2007, faring worse only in the win against Weber State, loss to Washington, win against Fresno State, and loss to Hawai{{okina}}i.{{cite web\\| title \\= Taylor Tharp Profile\\| work \\= Boise State Broncos\\| publisher \\= ESPN\\| date \\= 2007\\-12\\-24\\| url \\= https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/player/\\_/id/150200\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-12\\-28\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080118033759/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/player/profile?playerId\\=150200\\| archive\\-date\\= 18 January 2008 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Tharp was sacked once by Pirates' defensive lineman C.J. Wilson for a seven\\-yard loss.{{cite news\\|last\\=Travis \\|first\\=Kevin \\|title\\=Top 10 stories of 2007 \\|publisher\\=Washington Daily News \\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-31 \\|url\\=https://www.thewashingtondailynews.com/2007/12/31/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331122855/https://www.thewashingtondailynews.com/2007/12/31/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=31 March 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-03 }}",
"Boise State's defense had a hard time stopping the East Carolina offense, especially in the first half. The Pirates' 31 points were the most scored all year by East Carolina in the first half. Leading the Broncos' defense was safety Marty Tadman. Tadman had seven solo tackles, three assisted tackles, and recorded a defensive touchdown after recovering Chris Johnson's fumble late in the fourth quarter. Linebacker Kyle Gingg also starred on defense, recording seven solo tackles, one assisted tackle, and one tackle for a one\\-yard loss. A total of 23 players recorded at least one tackle.",
"Kyle Brotzman handled all the kicking duties for Boise State, punting the ball four times for 169 yards. His longest punt was 52 yards, and one kick was downed inside the Pirates' 20 yard line. His only field goal was a 31–yard kick that came with three minutes and 11 seconds left in the third quarter. Brotzman kicked off seven times for 384 yards, averaging 54\\.9 yards per kick with no touchbacks. Marty Tadman had BSU's only punt return for −1 yard. The Broncos' special teams had more luck on kickoff returns. Three players had kickoff returns. Austin Smith returned four kickoffs for 173 yards. His 89–yard return for a touchdown in the first quarter was the team's longest of the game and gave Boise State its only lead of the game. Jeremy Avery returned two kicks for 41 yards, and Titus Young returned one kick for 52 yards.",
"Boise State controlled the time of possession only during the fourth quarter, when the Broncos scored 14 points to tie the game. Overall, however, Boise State only controlled the ball for 26 minutes and 16 seconds, in comparison to East Carolina's 33 minutes and 44 seconds.",
"### East Carolina statistical recap",
"",
"",
"| \\+ **Individual leaders** |\n| --- |\n| East Carolina Passing | | | | |\n| | C/ATT\\* | Yds | TD | INT |\n| Patrick Pinkney | 12/19 | 118 | 1 | 0 |\n| Rob Kass | 1/3 | 36 | 0 | 0 |\n| East Carolina Rushing | | | | |\n| | Cara | Yds | TD | LGb |\n| Chris Johnson | 28 | 223 | 1 | 68 |\n| Patrick Pinkney | 11 | 53 | 0 | 21 |\n| Dwayne Harris | 3 | 24 | 0 | 11 |\n| East Carolina Receiving | | | | |\n| | Recc | Yds | TD | LGb |\n| Jamar Bryant | 6 | 78 | 0 | 36 |\n| Chris Johnson | 3 | 32 | 1 | 18 |\n| Dwayne Harris | 1 | 22 | 0 | 22 |\n| Jay Sonnhalter | 1 | 16 | 0 | 16 |",
"\\* Completions/Attempts\na Carries\nb Long play\nc Receptions",
"Almost 70% of the Pirates' rushing offense came from running back Chris Johnson, and the rushing offense itself consisted of two–thirds of East Carolina's total offensive effort. Six additional rushers contributed 99 yards on the ground. The longest rush of the game–68 yards–came from Johnson. Quarterback Patrick Pinkney played much of the game, completing 12 passes in 19 attempts. Pinkney threw for 118 yards and one touchdown, but the longest pass came from the Pirates' second quarterback, Rob Kass. Kass threw a 36–yard pass in the fourth quarter to keep the Pirates' game\\-winning drive alive. The pass was Kass's only completion out of three attempts. Almost one–third of East Carolina's total offense came from the air.{{cite web\\| title \\= Boise State vs East Carolina (Dec 23, 2007\\)\\| publisher \\= ECU Athletic Department\\| date \\= 2007\\-12\\-23\\| url \\= http://ecupirates.cstv.com/sports/m\\-footbl/stats/2007\\-2008/ecu1223\\.html\\#GAME.TEM\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-12\\-27\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071227132802/http://ecupirates.cstv.com/sports/m\\-footbl/stats/2007\\-2008/ecu1223\\.html\\#GAME.TEM\\| archive\\-date \\= 27 December 2007\\| url\\-status \\= dead}}",
"Ben Hartman and Matt Dodge both contributed to East Carolina's kicking game. Dodge punted the ball seven times for 302 yards. His longest was a 61–yard kick, and he had four touchbacks. Hartman and Dodge shared kickoff duty. Dodge had four kickoffs, compared with Hartman's three. Dodge averaged 60\\.5 yards per kick, while Hartman averaged 57 yards. In addition, Hartman added six points to the scoreboard from field goal attempts. He was two for two, with the second field goal attempt being the game\\-winner in the fourth quarter. Dwayne Harris handled all punt returns. He fielded two punts, returning them for a total of five yards. Kickoff\\-return duty was handled by Chris Johnson. He returned six kickoffs for 153 yards, with his longest return consisting of 39 yards.",
"East Carolina's defense managed a strong performance statistically and in real terms. The most obvious examples of this were the two interceptions and two forced fumbles. On the first play of the second drive of the second quarter, Boise State quarterback Taylor Tharp threw an interception to defensive back Travis Williams. Williams also recorded eight solo tackles—the second\\-highest total for the Pirates–and a forced fumble. The other interception came from defensive back J.J. Milbrook, who also boasted three solo tackles, tying him for fifth–best on the team. Linebacker Jeremy forced the final Broncos turnover, gaining the ball and four yards on the play. In addition to his forced fumble, Chambliss recorded four solo tackles. The Pirates' defense as a whole only gave up three yards in the first quarter and did not allow a first down until halfway through the second quarter.",
"That strong defensive effort limited the Broncos' third–down conversion rate to 50%. Until the fourth quarter, BSU was just two for seven on third–down attempts. On offense, the Pirates fared slightly better, going six for fifteen on third downs.",
""
] |
### Boise State statistical recap
| \+ **Individual leaders** |
| --- |
| Boise State Passing | | | | |
| | C/ATT\* | Yds | TD | INT |
| Taylor Tharp | 30/44 | 270 | 2 | 2 |
| Boise State Rushing | | | | |
| | Cara | Yds | TD | LGb |
| Jeremy Avery | 10 | 69 | 0 | 23 |
| Taylor Tharp | 6 | 7 | 0 | 9 |
| Ian Johnson | 4 | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| Boise State Receiving | | | | |
| | Recc | Yds | TD | LGb |
| Austin Pettis | 9 | 89 | 0 | 29 |
| Titus Young | 7 | 47 | 0 | 10 |
| Julian Hawkins | 5 | 35 | 0 | 9 |
| Jeremy Avery | 4 | 43 | 1 | 25 |
\* Completions/Attempts
a Carries
b Long play
c Receptions
Boise State University had 368 total offensive yards during the game.{{cite web\|title\=Game\-by\-Game Statistics \|work\=Boise State \|publisher\=The Automated ScorBook \|date\=2007\-12\-27 \|url\=http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-03 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617044605/http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \|archive\-date\=2010\-06\-17 }} About 73% of BSU's total offense came through the air,Extrapolated from statistics as quarterback Taylor Tharp passed for 270 yards.{{cite web\|title\=Individual Game\-by\-Game Statistics \|work\=Boise State \|publisher\=The Automated ScorBook \|date\=2007\-12\-27 \|url\=http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-03 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617044605/http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \|archive\-date\=2010\-06\-17 }} The remaining 98 yards came on the ground from five different rushers. Running back Jeremy Avery ran for a team\-high 69 yards on 10 carries, while running back D.J. Harper had the only Boise State rushing touchdown of the game.
Tharp's 30 completions were caught by eight different receivers. Austin Pettis led the team with nine catches for 89 yards, and his total accounted for one–third of the team's receiving yards. Two receivers, Jeremy Avery and Ryan Putnam, accounted for all of the team's receiving touchdowns. Avery had four catches for 43 yards, while Putnam had one catch for three yards.
Taylor Tharp's two interceptions were the second\-most he had thrown in a game during 2007, and brought his season interception total to 11\. He completed 30 of 44 pass attempts, a completion percentage of 68\.2%. His 270 yards were 13 yards more than his season average of 257 yards. With only two passing touchdowns, Tharp tied for his third\-worst passing game in 2007, faring worse only in the win against Weber State, loss to Washington, win against Fresno State, and loss to Hawai{{okina}}i.{{cite web\| title \= Taylor Tharp Profile\| work \= Boise State Broncos\| publisher \= ESPN\| date \= 2007\-12\-24\| url \= https://www.espn.com/college\-football/player/\_/id/150200\| access\-date \= 2007\-12\-28\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080118033759/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/player/profile?playerId\=150200\| archive\-date\= 18 January 2008 \| url\-status\= live}} Tharp was sacked once by Pirates' defensive lineman C.J. Wilson for a seven\-yard loss.{{cite news\|last\=Travis \|first\=Kevin \|title\=Top 10 stories of 2007 \|publisher\=Washington Daily News \|date\=2007\-12\-31 \|url\=https://www.thewashingtondailynews.com/2007/12/31/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331122855/https://www.thewashingtondailynews.com/2007/12/31/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=31 March 2022 \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-03 }}
Boise State's defense had a hard time stopping the East Carolina offense, especially in the first half. The Pirates' 31 points were the most scored all year by East Carolina in the first half. Leading the Broncos' defense was safety Marty Tadman. Tadman had seven solo tackles, three assisted tackles, and recorded a defensive touchdown after recovering Chris Johnson's fumble late in the fourth quarter. Linebacker Kyle Gingg also starred on defense, recording seven solo tackles, one assisted tackle, and one tackle for a one\-yard loss. A total of 23 players recorded at least one tackle.
Kyle Brotzman handled all the kicking duties for Boise State, punting the ball four times for 169 yards. His longest punt was 52 yards, and one kick was downed inside the Pirates' 20 yard line. His only field goal was a 31–yard kick that came with three minutes and 11 seconds left in the third quarter. Brotzman kicked off seven times for 384 yards, averaging 54\.9 yards per kick with no touchbacks. Marty Tadman had BSU's only punt return for −1 yard. The Broncos' special teams had more luck on kickoff returns. Three players had kickoff returns. Austin Smith returned four kickoffs for 173 yards. His 89–yard return for a touchdown in the first quarter was the team's longest of the game and gave Boise State its only lead of the game. Jeremy Avery returned two kicks for 41 yards, and Titus Young returned one kick for 52 yards.
Boise State controlled the time of possession only during the fourth quarter, when the Broncos scored 14 points to tie the game. Overall, however, Boise State only controlled the ball for 26 minutes and 16 seconds, in comparison to East Carolina's 33 minutes and 44 seconds.
|
[
"### Boise State statistical recap",
"",
"",
"| \\+ **Individual leaders** |\n| --- |\n| Boise State Passing | | | | |\n| | C/ATT\\* | Yds | TD | INT |\n| Taylor Tharp | 30/44 | 270 | 2 | 2 |\n| Boise State Rushing | | | | |\n| | Cara | Yds | TD | LGb |\n| Jeremy Avery | 10 | 69 | 0 | 23 |\n| Taylor Tharp | 6 | 7 | 0 | 9 |\n| Ian Johnson | 4 | 11 | 0 | 11 |\n| Boise State Receiving | | | | |\n| | Recc | Yds | TD | LGb |\n| Austin Pettis | 9 | 89 | 0 | 29 |\n| Titus Young | 7 | 47 | 0 | 10 |\n| Julian Hawkins | 5 | 35 | 0 | 9 |\n| Jeremy Avery | 4 | 43 | 1 | 25 |",
"\\* Completions/Attempts\na Carries\nb Long play\nc Receptions",
"Boise State University had 368 total offensive yards during the game.{{cite web\\|title\\=Game\\-by\\-Game Statistics \\|work\\=Boise State \\|publisher\\=The Automated ScorBook \\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-27 \\|url\\=http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617044605/http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-17 }} About 73% of BSU's total offense came through the air,Extrapolated from statistics as quarterback Taylor Tharp passed for 270 yards.{{cite web\\|title\\=Individual Game\\-by\\-Game Statistics \\|work\\=Boise State \\|publisher\\=The Automated ScorBook \\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-27 \\|url\\=http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617044605/http://www.broncosports.com/fls/9900/stats/football/2007/teamgbg.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-17 }} The remaining 98 yards came on the ground from five different rushers. Running back Jeremy Avery ran for a team\\-high 69 yards on 10 carries, while running back D.J. Harper had the only Boise State rushing touchdown of the game.",
"Tharp's 30 completions were caught by eight different receivers. Austin Pettis led the team with nine catches for 89 yards, and his total accounted for one–third of the team's receiving yards. Two receivers, Jeremy Avery and Ryan Putnam, accounted for all of the team's receiving touchdowns. Avery had four catches for 43 yards, while Putnam had one catch for three yards.",
"Taylor Tharp's two interceptions were the second\\-most he had thrown in a game during 2007, and brought his season interception total to 11\\. He completed 30 of 44 pass attempts, a completion percentage of 68\\.2%. His 270 yards were 13 yards more than his season average of 257 yards. With only two passing touchdowns, Tharp tied for his third\\-worst passing game in 2007, faring worse only in the win against Weber State, loss to Washington, win against Fresno State, and loss to Hawai{{okina}}i.{{cite web\\| title \\= Taylor Tharp Profile\\| work \\= Boise State Broncos\\| publisher \\= ESPN\\| date \\= 2007\\-12\\-24\\| url \\= https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/player/\\_/id/150200\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-12\\-28\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080118033759/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/player/profile?playerId\\=150200\\| archive\\-date\\= 18 January 2008 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Tharp was sacked once by Pirates' defensive lineman C.J. Wilson for a seven\\-yard loss.{{cite news\\|last\\=Travis \\|first\\=Kevin \\|title\\=Top 10 stories of 2007 \\|publisher\\=Washington Daily News \\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-31 \\|url\\=https://www.thewashingtondailynews.com/2007/12/31/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331122855/https://www.thewashingtondailynews.com/2007/12/31/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=31 March 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-03 }}",
"Boise State's defense had a hard time stopping the East Carolina offense, especially in the first half. The Pirates' 31 points were the most scored all year by East Carolina in the first half. Leading the Broncos' defense was safety Marty Tadman. Tadman had seven solo tackles, three assisted tackles, and recorded a defensive touchdown after recovering Chris Johnson's fumble late in the fourth quarter. Linebacker Kyle Gingg also starred on defense, recording seven solo tackles, one assisted tackle, and one tackle for a one\\-yard loss. A total of 23 players recorded at least one tackle.",
"Kyle Brotzman handled all the kicking duties for Boise State, punting the ball four times for 169 yards. His longest punt was 52 yards, and one kick was downed inside the Pirates' 20 yard line. His only field goal was a 31–yard kick that came with three minutes and 11 seconds left in the third quarter. Brotzman kicked off seven times for 384 yards, averaging 54\\.9 yards per kick with no touchbacks. Marty Tadman had BSU's only punt return for −1 yard. The Broncos' special teams had more luck on kickoff returns. Three players had kickoff returns. Austin Smith returned four kickoffs for 173 yards. His 89–yard return for a touchdown in the first quarter was the team's longest of the game and gave Boise State its only lead of the game. Jeremy Avery returned two kicks for 41 yards, and Titus Young returned one kick for 52 yards.",
"Boise State controlled the time of possession only during the fourth quarter, when the Broncos scored 14 points to tie the game. Overall, however, Boise State only controlled the ball for 26 minutes and 16 seconds, in comparison to East Carolina's 33 minutes and 44 seconds.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The Salazar sisters hold a virtual meeting to discuss their brother CJ's marital problems and reminisce a similar problem during their adolescence.
Years ago, the siblings celebrate their grandmother Ibiang's birthday. Over dinner, Ibiang criticizes their father Caloy for his insufficient income as a schoolteacher. Later, the siblings hear their mother Grace arguing with their father Caloy over his relationship with a certain Linda. Suspecting an affair, Teddie asks Grace her plans on their wedding anniversary. She answers that they will separate, shocking the siblings. Bobbie subsequently learns that Linda is the first name of Mrs. Malvar, Caloy's boss. In a café, Alex sees Caloy embracing a girl asking for a DNA sample from him. When the siblings update each other, their maid Tina Marie, who overhears them, suggests they hire a spy, Bette, who seduces the café's guard to obtain the CCTV footage. Upon reviewing the footage, Alex sees a poster of Caloy's companion, which her crush Chad identifies as a singer named Love Mae Tete. Meanwhile Grace meets with Edwin, her first love. Later, Gabbie sees a suggestive message from Erwin on Grace's cellphone, leading her to believe that her mother is having an affair.
Grace and Caloy learn that Bobbie qualified for a student exchange program to [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). Caloy recommends her to a scholarship from Linda and announces that Linda recruited him for a five\-year teaching job in the U.S. and will temporarily stay at her house. Teddie is convinced that Caloy is having an affair, but Bobbie expresses doubt when her mother agrees with Caloy's plans.
Love Mae calls Caloy to meet again at the café. Alex overhears this and calls Bette. In the café, Chad, who also meets separately with Love Marie, confesses his feelings to Bobbie, having met earlier during one of Alex's film shoots, despite Bobbie's objections. They are overheard by Alex, who gets upset. Teddie taunts Bobbie, leading to a three\-way fight with Alex, which is stopped when they are nearly hit by a car carrying Ibiang. Chad later apologizes to Alex and explains that he admires how Bobbie is so protective and loving of her. Meanwhile, Teddie reconnects with her former crush Jeremy, while Gabbie falls for her bestfriend JP, who decides to join the priesthood, breaking her heart.
After Linda arrives for a seminar, Bette hatches a plan to confront her and Love Mae at the venue by luring them to an adjacent ballroom which they book under the pretense of staging a debut. At the venue, Linda meets Bobbie, saying that she recognizes her from Caloy's pictures in their office and expresses her excitement at taking her in, saying that she would be taken care of in New York by her godson Tristan.{{efn\|group\=L\|Bobbie's boyfriend and later husband in the first film}} Linda, Love Mae, and another Linda, surnamed Jacinto, proceed to the ballroom, where Tina Marie and Bette claim to be Gabbie's parents. Mrs. Malvar, with her previous knowledge of the Salazars, accuses them of being criminals, while the siblings accuse her and Love Mae of being homewreckers. Their parents and CJ arrive to see them fighting with the "mistresses".
Caloy explains Mrs. Malvar helped him financially when she offered him a job at the school, where he met Linda Jacinto, who is revealed to be the Linda mentioned by Grace earlier. Grace clarifies that she does not have an affair with Edwin as he is gay, while Love Mae turns out to be Caloy's niece following the results of her DNA test. With the problems resolved, Grace and Caloy reaffirm their love for each other, while the girls apologize to Love Mae and Mrs. Malvar. Tina Marie comes out as a lesbian and renames herself Toti Marie.
In the present, CJ confesses that he almost cheated on his wife Princess. His sisters urge him to come clean and ask her forgiveness, while reminding him of their love.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The Salazar sisters hold a virtual meeting to discuss their brother CJ's marital problems and reminisce a similar problem during their adolescence.",
"Years ago, the siblings celebrate their grandmother Ibiang's birthday. Over dinner, Ibiang criticizes their father Caloy for his insufficient income as a schoolteacher. Later, the siblings hear their mother Grace arguing with their father Caloy over his relationship with a certain Linda. Suspecting an affair, Teddie asks Grace her plans on their wedding anniversary. She answers that they will separate, shocking the siblings. Bobbie subsequently learns that Linda is the first name of Mrs. Malvar, Caloy's boss. In a café, Alex sees Caloy embracing a girl asking for a DNA sample from him. When the siblings update each other, their maid Tina Marie, who overhears them, suggests they hire a spy, Bette, who seduces the café's guard to obtain the CCTV footage. Upon reviewing the footage, Alex sees a poster of Caloy's companion, which her crush Chad identifies as a singer named Love Mae Tete. Meanwhile Grace meets with Edwin, her first love. Later, Gabbie sees a suggestive message from Erwin on Grace's cellphone, leading her to believe that her mother is having an affair.",
"Grace and Caloy learn that Bobbie qualified for a student exchange program to [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). Caloy recommends her to a scholarship from Linda and announces that Linda recruited him for a five\\-year teaching job in the U.S. and will temporarily stay at her house. Teddie is convinced that Caloy is having an affair, but Bobbie expresses doubt when her mother agrees with Caloy's plans.",
"Love Mae calls Caloy to meet again at the café. Alex overhears this and calls Bette. In the café, Chad, who also meets separately with Love Marie, confesses his feelings to Bobbie, having met earlier during one of Alex's film shoots, despite Bobbie's objections. They are overheard by Alex, who gets upset. Teddie taunts Bobbie, leading to a three\\-way fight with Alex, which is stopped when they are nearly hit by a car carrying Ibiang. Chad later apologizes to Alex and explains that he admires how Bobbie is so protective and loving of her. Meanwhile, Teddie reconnects with her former crush Jeremy, while Gabbie falls for her bestfriend JP, who decides to join the priesthood, breaking her heart.",
"After Linda arrives for a seminar, Bette hatches a plan to confront her and Love Mae at the venue by luring them to an adjacent ballroom which they book under the pretense of staging a debut. At the venue, Linda meets Bobbie, saying that she recognizes her from Caloy's pictures in their office and expresses her excitement at taking her in, saying that she would be taken care of in New York by her godson Tristan.{{efn\\|group\\=L\\|Bobbie's boyfriend and later husband in the first film}} Linda, Love Mae, and another Linda, surnamed Jacinto, proceed to the ballroom, where Tina Marie and Bette claim to be Gabbie's parents. Mrs. Malvar, with her previous knowledge of the Salazars, accuses them of being criminals, while the siblings accuse her and Love Mae of being homewreckers. Their parents and CJ arrive to see them fighting with the \"mistresses\".",
"Caloy explains Mrs. Malvar helped him financially when she offered him a job at the school, where he met Linda Jacinto, who is revealed to be the Linda mentioned by Grace earlier. Grace clarifies that she does not have an affair with Edwin as he is gay, while Love Mae turns out to be Caloy's niece following the results of her DNA test. With the problems resolved, Grace and Caloy reaffirm their love for each other, while the girls apologize to Love Mae and Mrs. Malvar. Tina Marie comes out as a lesbian and renames herself Toti Marie.",
"In the present, CJ confesses that he almost cheated on his wife Princess. His sisters urge him to come clean and ask her forgiveness, while reminding him of their love.",
""
] |
Charitable giving
-----------------
{{main\|Charitable activities of the Knights of Columbus}}
Charity is the foremost important principle of the Knights of Columbus. At their 2023 convention, Supreme Knight [Patrick Kelly](/wiki/Patrick_E._Kelly "Patrick E. Kelly") said that the organization had donated $185{{nbsp}}million and 49{{nbsp}}million volunteer\-hours toward charity projects in 2022\.{{cite news \|last1\=Jesserer Smith \|first1\=Peter \|title\=Convention summons Knights of Columbus to discipleship, transformation of world \|url\=https://www.thebostonpilot.com/article.php?ID\=195316 \|access\-date\=March 13, 2024 \|publisher\=Boston Pilot \|date\=August 8, 2023}} Charitable activities include support for refugees, aid for victims of natural disasters, and advocating [Catholic ethics](/wiki/Catholic_ethics "Catholic ethics"), such as [opposition to same\-sex marriage](/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_same-sex_marriage "Catholic Church and same-sex marriage") and [opposition to abortion](/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion "Catholic Church and abortion").
Beginning in 1897, the National Council encouraged local councils to establish funds to support members affected by the [1890s depression](/wiki/Panic_of_1893 "Panic of 1893").{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=127}} Councils also offered employment agency services and provided aid to the poor and sick.{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=166\-7, 428, 320}} Aid has also been dispensed to assist victims of natural and man\-made disasters, starting with a flood in Kansas in 1903\.{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=161}} In 2015 alone, the order donated hundreds of thousands of US dollars to victims of typhoons and other natural disasters.
During times of war, the Order supports aid to refugees. Between 2014 and 2018, the Knights gave more than $2{{nbsp}}million to provide food, shelter, clothing, and medical care to persecuted [Christians](/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East "Christianity in the Middle East") and [other religious minorities](/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East%23Non-Abrahamic_monotheistic_faith "Religion in the Middle East#Non-Abrahamic monotheistic faith") in the Middle East. The Knights donated $250,000 in 2018 to help refugees crossing over the [Mexico–United States border](/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border "Mexico–United States border") who were seeking asylum in the United States and later expanded the program. Within days of the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine"), the 2,000 Knights of Columbus in the country worked to help those impacted. They began by providing food and clothing to those at train and bus stations in Lviv who were fleeing into Poland. They then began organizing busses to take people the Polish border. In the first three months of the war, the Knights in Poland helped more than 300,000 people, or 10% of those who fled to that country.
The Knights of Columbus has donated more than $600 million to those with intellectual and physical disabilities. One of the largest recipients of aid in this area has been the [Special Olympics](/wiki/Special_Olympics "Special Olympics"), where the Knights have been involved since the first games in 1968\.
After the Knights had donated more than 1,000 ultrasound machines to [crisis pregnancy centers](/wiki/Crisis_pregnancy_center "Crisis pregnancy center") from 2009 to 2019, Anderson said, "Our ultrasound initiative is now the greatest humanitarian achievement in the history of the Knights of Columbus. ... We can, and I am confident that we will, save millions of unborn lives." Following the United States Supreme Court decision in *[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization](/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization")*, Supreme Knight [Patrick E. Kelly](/wiki/Patrick_E._Kelly "Patrick E. Kelly") called on the order to increase their support for women facing unplanned and crisis pregnancies with the Aid and Support After Pregnancy (ASAP) initiative.
The Knights also donate to the institutional church, including being a major donor to the [United States Conference of Catholic Bishops](/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops "United States Conference of Catholic Bishops") and the [Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops](/wiki/Canadian_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops "Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops").{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=421}} {{Asof\|2017}}, the Knights' *Vicarius Christi* fund has contributed more than $57 million to the charitable efforts of the pope. The Knights have supported the Vatican's news operation for decades.
In the field of education, the Knights of Columbus have a number of scholarships and other programs for seminarians, veterans{{sfn\|Sweany\|1923\|p\=3}} and students at the [Catholic University of America](/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America "Catholic University of America"),{{sfn\|Sweany\|1923\|p\=1}} and at other Catholic colleges. Especially during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the Order operated a number of "huts" to support troops serving in combat, regardless of race or religion.{{sfn\|Sweany\|1923\|p\=3}}{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=343}}
|
[
"Charitable giving\n-----------------",
"{{main\\|Charitable activities of the Knights of Columbus}}",
"Charity is the foremost important principle of the Knights of Columbus. At their 2023 convention, Supreme Knight [Patrick Kelly](/wiki/Patrick_E._Kelly \"Patrick E. Kelly\") said that the organization had donated $185{{nbsp}}million and 49{{nbsp}}million volunteer\\-hours toward charity projects in 2022\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Jesserer Smith \\|first1\\=Peter \\|title\\=Convention summons Knights of Columbus to discipleship, transformation of world \\|url\\=https://www.thebostonpilot.com/article.php?ID\\=195316 \\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Boston Pilot \\|date\\=August 8, 2023}} Charitable activities include support for refugees, aid for victims of natural disasters, and advocating [Catholic ethics](/wiki/Catholic_ethics \"Catholic ethics\"), such as [opposition to same\\-sex marriage](/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_same-sex_marriage \"Catholic Church and same-sex marriage\") and [opposition to abortion](/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion \"Catholic Church and abortion\").",
"Beginning in 1897, the National Council encouraged local councils to establish funds to support members affected by the [1890s depression](/wiki/Panic_of_1893 \"Panic of 1893\").{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=127}} Councils also offered employment agency services and provided aid to the poor and sick.{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=166\\-7, 428, 320}} Aid has also been dispensed to assist victims of natural and man\\-made disasters, starting with a flood in Kansas in 1903\\.{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=161}} In 2015 alone, the order donated hundreds of thousands of US dollars to victims of typhoons and other natural disasters.",
"During times of war, the Order supports aid to refugees. Between 2014 and 2018, the Knights gave more than $2{{nbsp}}million to provide food, shelter, clothing, and medical care to persecuted [Christians](/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East \"Christianity in the Middle East\") and [other religious minorities](/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East%23Non-Abrahamic_monotheistic_faith \"Religion in the Middle East#Non-Abrahamic monotheistic faith\") in the Middle East. The Knights donated $250,000 in 2018 to help refugees crossing over the [Mexico–United States border](/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border \"Mexico–United States border\") who were seeking asylum in the United States and later expanded the program. Within days of the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), the 2,000 Knights of Columbus in the country worked to help those impacted. They began by providing food and clothing to those at train and bus stations in Lviv who were fleeing into Poland. They then began organizing busses to take people the Polish border. In the first three months of the war, the Knights in Poland helped more than 300,000 people, or 10% of those who fled to that country.",
"The Knights of Columbus has donated more than $600 million to those with intellectual and physical disabilities. One of the largest recipients of aid in this area has been the [Special Olympics](/wiki/Special_Olympics \"Special Olympics\"), where the Knights have been involved since the first games in 1968\\.",
"After the Knights had donated more than 1,000 ultrasound machines to [crisis pregnancy centers](/wiki/Crisis_pregnancy_center \"Crisis pregnancy center\") from 2009 to 2019, Anderson said, \"Our ultrasound initiative is now the greatest humanitarian achievement in the history of the Knights of Columbus. ... We can, and I am confident that we will, save millions of unborn lives.\" Following the United States Supreme Court decision in *[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization](/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization \"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization\")*, Supreme Knight [Patrick E. Kelly](/wiki/Patrick_E._Kelly \"Patrick E. Kelly\") called on the order to increase their support for women facing unplanned and crisis pregnancies with the Aid and Support After Pregnancy (ASAP) initiative.",
"The Knights also donate to the institutional church, including being a major donor to the [United States Conference of Catholic Bishops](/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops \"United States Conference of Catholic Bishops\") and the [Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops](/wiki/Canadian_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops \"Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops\").{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=421}} {{Asof\\|2017}}, the Knights' *Vicarius Christi* fund has contributed more than $57 million to the charitable efforts of the pope. The Knights have supported the Vatican's news operation for decades.",
"In the field of education, the Knights of Columbus have a number of scholarships and other programs for seminarians, veterans{{sfn\\|Sweany\\|1923\\|p\\=3}} and students at the [Catholic University of America](/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America \"Catholic University of America\"),{{sfn\\|Sweany\\|1923\\|p\\=1}} and at other Catholic colleges. Especially during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the Order operated a number of \"huts\" to support troops serving in combat, regardless of race or religion.{{sfn\\|Sweany\\|1923\\|p\\=3}}{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=343}}",
""
] |
Insurance program
-----------------
### Early years
| Year
Insurance in force
Assets
| |
| 1957{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=388}}
$690 million
$124 million
| 1956{{efn\|The $88{{nbsp}}million increase during 1956 was the greatest single increase in the Order's history.}}
$650{{nbsp}}million
| 1955
$562{{nbsp}}million
| 1953{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=388}}
$420 million
| 1932
$300{{nbsp}}million
|1919
$140{{nbsp}}million
| 1897
$42,282
| 1896{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=126}}
$12,000
The original insurance system devised by McGivney gave a deceased Knight's widow a $1,000 death benefit. Each member was assessed $1 upon a death, and when the number of Knights grew beyond 1,000, the assessment decreased according to the rate of increase.{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=22}} Each member, regardless of age, was assessed equally. As a result, younger, healthier members could expect to pay more over the course of their lifetimes than those men who joined when they were older.{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|pp\=36–37}} There was also a Sick Benefit Deposit for members who fell ill and could not work. Each sick Knight was entitled to draw up to $5 a week for 13 weeks (roughly equivalent to $155 in 2022 dollars). If he remained sick after that, the council to which he belonged determined the sum of money given to him.{{sfn\|Brinkley\|Fenster\|2006\|p\=123}}
The need for a reserve fund for times of epidemic was seen from the earliest days, but it was rejected several times before finally being established in 1892\.{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|pp\=63, 66, 75–76, 78}} It had $12,000 in assets in 1896\.{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=126}} By 1897, the method of funding the program changed. Each member was assessed five cents a month for 100 months, so that he would contribute $5\.
Since its first loan to St. Rose Church in [Meriden, Connecticut](/wiki/Meriden%2C_Connecticut "Meriden, Connecticut"), in the late 1890s, the Knights of Columbus have made loans to parishes, dioceses, and other Catholic institutions.{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=378}} By 1954, over $300 million had been loaned and the program "never lost one cent of principal or interest."{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=378}}
In the post–[World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") era, the interest rates on long\-term bonds dipped below levels at which the order's insurance program could sustain itself, and Supreme Knight Hart moved the order into a more aggressive program of investing in real estate.{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=377}} Under his leadership, the order established a lease\-back investment program in which the order would buy a piece of property and then lease it back to the original owner "upon terms generally that would bring to our Order a net rental equal to the normal mortgage interest rate."{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=377}} Between 1952 and 1962, 18 pieces of land were purchased for a total of $29{{nbsp}}million.{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=378}} Late in 1953 the order purchased the land beneath [Yankee Stadium](/wiki/Yankee_Stadium "Yankee Stadium") for $2\.5{{nbsp}}million.{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=378}} In 1971, the [City of New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") took the land by [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain "Eminent domain").{{sfn\|Sullivan\|2001}}
Between 1952 and 1962, 18 pieces of land were purchased as part of the lease\-back program for a total of $29 million. During this time, the amount of money invested in common stock also increased.{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=378}}
### Modern program
| Year
Insurance in force
(billions)
Assets
(billions)
| |
| 2023{{r\|PJS}}
$121
| 2021
$114
$26
| 2020
$110\+
$20\+
|2019
$109\+
$26\+
| 2018
$109
$26
| 2017
$109
|2015
$99
|2014
$100
$24
|2013
$90
$19\.8
| 2012
$88\.4
$19\.4
| 2011
$83\.5
$18\.0
| 2010
$79\.0
$16\.9
| 2009
$74\.3
$15\.5
| 2008
$70\.0
$14
| 2007
$66\.0
$13
| 2006
$61\.9
$12\.2
| 2005
$57\.7
| 2004
$53\.3
| 2003
$49\.1
| 2002
$45\.6
| 2001
$42\.9
| 2000
$40\.4
| 1999
$38
| 1997
$30
| 1992
$20
| 1990
$14
$3\.6
| 1981{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=428–429}}
$6\.4
$1
| 1976{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=428–429}}
$3\.6
$656 million
| 1975{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=413}}
$3
| 1971{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=413}}
$2
| 1964{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=397}}
$1\+
| 1960{{sfn\|Kauffman\|1982\|p\=413}}
$1
The order offers a modern, professional insurance operation with more than $121 billion of life insurance policies in force and $26 billion in assets {{as of\|2023\|June\|lc\=y}}. This places the Order on the [Fortune 1000](/wiki/Fortune_1000 "Fortune 1000") list and it is large enough to rank 49th on the [A. M. Best](/wiki/A.%C2%A0M._Best "A. M. Best") list of all life insurance companies in North America.
Products include [permanent](/wiki/Permanent_life_insurance "Permanent life insurance") and [term life insurance](/wiki/Term_life_insurance "Term life insurance"), as well as [annuities](/wiki/Annuity_%28US_financial_products%29 "Annuity (US financial products)"), [long term care insurance](/wiki/Long_term_care_insurance "Long term care insurance"), and [disability insurance](/wiki/Disability_insurance "Disability insurance"). The insurance program is not a separate business offered by the order to others, but is exclusively for the benefit of members and their families. All agents are members of the order.
The order's insurance program is the most highly rated program in North America. For more than 40 consecutive years, the order has received A. M. Best's highest rating, A\+\+.{{efn\|Standard \& Poor's downgraded the insurance program's financial strength/credit rating from AAA to AA\+ in August 2011 not due to the order's financial strength, but due to its lowering of the long\-term sovereign credit rating of the United States to AA\+. Other US insurance groups also downgraded by S\&P from AAA to AA\+ were \[\[New York Life Insurance Company\|New York Life]], \[\[Northwestern Mutual]], \[\[TIAA\-CREF\|TIAA]], and \[\[USAA]] as, like the Knights of Columbus, their assets are highly concentrated in the US and they have significant holdings in US Treasury and agency securities.}} *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")* publishes an annual list of what it refers to as "America's Best Insurance Companies", and it has included the Knights of Columbus insurance program on this list since 2022\.{{cite web \|last1\=Schwarz \|first1\=Alan \|title\=America's Best Insurance Companies \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/lists/best\-insurance\-firms/?sh\=685716ee202e \|website\=Forbes Best Insurance Firms \|access\-date\=December 18, 2023}}
The order maintains a two\-prong investment strategy: a company must first be a sound investment before stock in it is purchased, and secondly the company's activities must not conflict with [Catholic social teaching](/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching "Catholic social teaching"). The guidelines include protecting human life, promoting human dignity, reducing arms production, pursuing economic justice, protecting the environment, and encouraging corporate responsibility.{{efn\|The full guidelines are published on the episcopal conference's website.}} As of 2017, it had been named a "World's Most Ethical Company" by Ethisphere Institute for five consecutive years. Citing the awards they have won, the order calls themselves "champions of ethical investing."
In 2017, over $965 million was awarded in benefits. Since the founding of the order, $3\.5 billion in death benefits have been paid. Additionally, the insurance program has a low 3\.5 percent lapse rate of the 1\.9 million members and their families who are insured.
Its insurance operation invests in loans to various churches, schools, and other Catholic institutions. {{Asof\|2008}}, over $500{{nbsp}}million had been loaned through the ChurchLoan program. At the outset of the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), the Order established a $100 million fund to provide short\-term loans to help dioceses weather the economic storm. Each diocese was eligible to obtain a $1 million secured line of credit.
|
[
"Insurance program\n-----------------",
"### Early years",
"",
"| Year",
"Insurance in force",
"Assets",
"| |\n| 1957{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=388}}",
"$690 million",
"$124 million",
"| 1956{{efn\\|The $88{{nbsp}}million increase during 1956 was the greatest single increase in the Order's history.}}",
"$650{{nbsp}}million",
"",
"| 1955",
"$562{{nbsp}}million",
"",
"| 1953{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=388}}",
"$420 million",
"",
"| 1932",
"$300{{nbsp}}million",
"",
"|1919",
"$140{{nbsp}}million",
"",
"| 1897",
"",
"$42,282",
"| 1896{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=126}}",
"",
"$12,000",
"",
"The original insurance system devised by McGivney gave a deceased Knight's widow a $1,000 death benefit. Each member was assessed $1 upon a death, and when the number of Knights grew beyond 1,000, the assessment decreased according to the rate of increase.{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=22}} Each member, regardless of age, was assessed equally. As a result, younger, healthier members could expect to pay more over the course of their lifetimes than those men who joined when they were older.{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|pp\\=36–37}} There was also a Sick Benefit Deposit for members who fell ill and could not work. Each sick Knight was entitled to draw up to $5 a week for 13 weeks (roughly equivalent to $155 in 2022 dollars). If he remained sick after that, the council to which he belonged determined the sum of money given to him.{{sfn\\|Brinkley\\|Fenster\\|2006\\|p\\=123}}",
"The need for a reserve fund for times of epidemic was seen from the earliest days, but it was rejected several times before finally being established in 1892\\.{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|pp\\=63, 66, 75–76, 78}} It had $12,000 in assets in 1896\\.{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=126}} By 1897, the method of funding the program changed. Each member was assessed five cents a month for 100 months, so that he would contribute $5\\.",
"Since its first loan to St. Rose Church in [Meriden, Connecticut](/wiki/Meriden%2C_Connecticut \"Meriden, Connecticut\"), in the late 1890s, the Knights of Columbus have made loans to parishes, dioceses, and other Catholic institutions.{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=378}} By 1954, over $300 million had been loaned and the program \"never lost one cent of principal or interest.\"{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=378}}",
"In the post–[World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") era, the interest rates on long\\-term bonds dipped below levels at which the order's insurance program could sustain itself, and Supreme Knight Hart moved the order into a more aggressive program of investing in real estate.{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=377}} Under his leadership, the order established a lease\\-back investment program in which the order would buy a piece of property and then lease it back to the original owner \"upon terms generally that would bring to our Order a net rental equal to the normal mortgage interest rate.\"{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=377}} Between 1952 and 1962, 18 pieces of land were purchased for a total of $29{{nbsp}}million.{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=378}} Late in 1953 the order purchased the land beneath [Yankee Stadium](/wiki/Yankee_Stadium \"Yankee Stadium\") for $2\\.5{{nbsp}}million.{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=378}} In 1971, the [City of New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") took the land by [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain \"Eminent domain\").{{sfn\\|Sullivan\\|2001}}",
"Between 1952 and 1962, 18 pieces of land were purchased as part of the lease\\-back program for a total of $29 million. During this time, the amount of money invested in common stock also increased.{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=378}}",
"### Modern program",
"",
"| Year",
"Insurance in force \n(billions)",
"Assets \n(billions)",
"| |\n| 2023{{r\\|PJS}}",
"$121",
"",
"| 2021",
"$114",
"$26",
"| 2020",
"$110\\+",
"$20\\+",
"|2019",
"$109\\+",
"$26\\+",
"| 2018",
"$109",
"$26",
"| 2017",
"$109",
"",
"|2015",
"$99",
"",
"|2014",
"$100",
"$24",
"|2013",
"$90",
"$19\\.8",
"| 2012",
"$88\\.4",
"$19\\.4",
"| 2011",
"$83\\.5",
"$18\\.0",
"| 2010",
"$79\\.0",
"$16\\.9",
"| 2009",
"$74\\.3",
"$15\\.5",
"| 2008",
"$70\\.0",
"$14",
"| 2007",
"$66\\.0",
"$13",
"| 2006",
"$61\\.9",
"$12\\.2",
"| 2005",
"$57\\.7",
"",
"| 2004",
"$53\\.3",
"",
"| 2003",
"$49\\.1",
"",
"| 2002",
"$45\\.6",
"",
"| 2001",
"$42\\.9",
"",
"| 2000",
"$40\\.4",
"",
"| 1999",
"$38",
"",
"| 1997",
"$30",
"",
"| 1992",
"$20",
"",
"| 1990",
"$14",
"$3\\.6",
"| 1981{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=428–429}}",
"$6\\.4",
"$1",
"| 1976{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=428–429}}",
"$3\\.6",
"$656 million",
"| 1975{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=413}}",
"$3",
"",
"| 1971{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=413}}",
"$2",
"",
"| 1964{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=397}}",
"$1\\+",
"",
"| 1960{{sfn\\|Kauffman\\|1982\\|p\\=413}}",
"$1",
"",
"",
"The order offers a modern, professional insurance operation with more than $121 billion of life insurance policies in force and $26 billion in assets {{as of\\|2023\\|June\\|lc\\=y}}. This places the Order on the [Fortune 1000](/wiki/Fortune_1000 \"Fortune 1000\") list and it is large enough to rank 49th on the [A. M. Best](/wiki/A.%C2%A0M._Best \"A. M. Best\") list of all life insurance companies in North America.",
"Products include [permanent](/wiki/Permanent_life_insurance \"Permanent life insurance\") and [term life insurance](/wiki/Term_life_insurance \"Term life insurance\"), as well as [annuities](/wiki/Annuity_%28US_financial_products%29 \"Annuity (US financial products)\"), [long term care insurance](/wiki/Long_term_care_insurance \"Long term care insurance\"), and [disability insurance](/wiki/Disability_insurance \"Disability insurance\"). The insurance program is not a separate business offered by the order to others, but is exclusively for the benefit of members and their families. All agents are members of the order.",
"The order's insurance program is the most highly rated program in North America. For more than 40 consecutive years, the order has received A. M. Best's highest rating, A\\+\\+.{{efn\\|Standard \\& Poor's downgraded the insurance program's financial strength/credit rating from AAA to AA\\+ in August 2011 not due to the order's financial strength, but due to its lowering of the long\\-term sovereign credit rating of the United States to AA\\+. Other US insurance groups also downgraded by S\\&P from AAA to AA\\+ were \\[\\[New York Life Insurance Company\\|New York Life]], \\[\\[Northwestern Mutual]], \\[\\[TIAA\\-CREF\\|TIAA]], and \\[\\[USAA]] as, like the Knights of Columbus, their assets are highly concentrated in the US and they have significant holdings in US Treasury and agency securities.}} *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")* publishes an annual list of what it refers to as \"America's Best Insurance Companies\", and it has included the Knights of Columbus insurance program on this list since 2022\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Schwarz \\|first1\\=Alan \\|title\\=America's Best Insurance Companies \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/lists/best\\-insurance\\-firms/?sh\\=685716ee202e \\|website\\=Forbes Best Insurance Firms \\|access\\-date\\=December 18, 2023}}",
"The order maintains a two\\-prong investment strategy: a company must first be a sound investment before stock in it is purchased, and secondly the company's activities must not conflict with [Catholic social teaching](/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching \"Catholic social teaching\"). The guidelines include protecting human life, promoting human dignity, reducing arms production, pursuing economic justice, protecting the environment, and encouraging corporate responsibility.{{efn\\|The full guidelines are published on the episcopal conference's website.}} As of 2017, it had been named a \"World's Most Ethical Company\" by Ethisphere Institute for five consecutive years. Citing the awards they have won, the order calls themselves \"champions of ethical investing.\"",
"In 2017, over $965 million was awarded in benefits. Since the founding of the order, $3\\.5 billion in death benefits have been paid. Additionally, the insurance program has a low 3\\.5 percent lapse rate of the 1\\.9 million members and their families who are insured.",
"Its insurance operation invests in loans to various churches, schools, and other Catholic institutions. {{Asof\\|2008}}, over $500{{nbsp}}million had been loaned through the ChurchLoan program. At the outset of the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), the Order established a $100 million fund to provide short\\-term loans to help dioceses weather the economic storm. Each diocese was eligible to obtain a $1 million secured line of credit.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Hector Jimenez\-Bravo was born and raised in [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia "Colombia").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chefbravo.com/chefbravo/biographia.html \|title\=Hector Jimenez\-Bravo – Biography \|publisher\=chefbravo.com \|accessdate\=23 June 2011 \|language\=ru \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109085729/http://www.chefbravo.com/chefbravo/biographia.html \|archivedate\=9 January 2012 }} In the words of the chef himself, his mother has encouraged him to cook. He was interested not only in the procedure of cooking but also in its aesthetic side. In high school, he was into fine arts, which woke\-up his creative side. Later on he did enroll into the Culinary Arts Program from the [National Learning Service](/wiki/National_Service_of_Learning_%28Colombia%29 "National Service of Learning (Colombia)") in [Bogota](/wiki/Bogota "Bogota"), from where he has graduated. After in 1992 began to work in the best 5 star hotels of Colombia, such as the "Hotel Charleston Casa Medina", "Metrotel Royal Park" from Royal Hotels.
In 1995–1999 he lectured Culinary Arts at National Learning Service of [Medellin](/wiki/Medellin "Medellin").
At the age of 27, he was offered to become a Chef of Restaurants at one of the most luxurious hotels in the USA – Hilton Boston Back Bay in Boston.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.chefdb.com/nm/10596 \|title\=The Chef Data Base \|publisher\=chefdb.com \|accessdate\=19 February 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chefbravo.com/chefbravo/hronologya\-karyery.html \|title\=Hector Jimenez\-Bravo – Chronology of career \|publisher\=chefbravo.com \|accessdate\=23 June 2011 \|language\=ru \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109085629/http://www.chefbravo.com/chefbravo/hronologya\-karyery.html \|archivedate\=9 January 2012 }} He then became the youngest chef at this Hilton. At first days of his work, colleagues did not perceived Hector seriously, because of his youthful age, but soon they encountered his professionalism. According to Hector Jimenez\-Bravo, the work in the U.S. had a powerful influence on him, and divided his career into two parts – before and after Hilton.
After one of private dinners at the Hilton organized for a group of hoteliers from Canada, he was invited to work in [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa"). Hector was offered a contract to open at [The Marshes Golf Club](/wiki/Marshes_Golf_Club "Marshes Golf Club"). After a little more than 2 years he made a move to open the restaurant "Foundation" in the Canadian capital.
The restaurants led by Hector, more than once made the top 10 best restaurants in Canada. After 6 years in Canada, Jimenez\-Bravo took the citizenship of this country.
In 2006 Jimenez\-Bravo became a chef at Radisson SAS Royal Hotel, [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg "St. Petersburg").{{cite web \|url\= http://www.sptimes.ru/archive/pdf/1149\.pdf \|title\=Talk of The Town \|publisher\=sptimes.ru \|accessdate\=3 March 2006}} His work brought to the hotel Radisson the «Best Hotel Restaurant Award» from magazine "TimeOut".{{cite web \|url\= http://sobaka.ru/bars/news/6473 \|title\=Ресторанная Премия Timeout Петербург "Меню и Счет". Итоги \|date\=20 January 2011 \|publisher\=sobaka.ru \|accessdate\=20 January 2011\|language\=ru}} After his arrival to [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg "St. Petersburg"), he surprised the city with the opening of a «Nuevo Latino» concept, which was very unknown and new to the city. In 2006 the [G8](/wiki/32nd_G8_summit "32nd G8 summit") Summit took place in St. Petersburg, where Jimenez\-Bravo had a difficult task serving heads of the world's leading countries.{{cite web\|url\=http://chefbravo.com/novosti/item/152\-%D1%8F\-%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E\-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82\-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC\-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9\-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0\-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0\-%D0%B2\-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%8E\-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C\-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80\-%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81\-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE.html \|script\-title\=ru:"Я люблю тот экстрим, который Украина привнесла в мою жизнь", – Эктор Хименес Браво \|publisher\=chefbravo.com \|accessdate\=13 October 2011 \|language\=ru \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020044954/http://www.chefbravo.com/novosti/item/152\-%D1%8F\-%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E\-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82\-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC\-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9\-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0\-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0\-%D0%B2\-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%8E\-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C\-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80\-%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81\-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE.html \|archivedate\=20 October 2011 }}
After Russia, in 2007, Jimenez\-Bravo moved back to Canada, where he took a lead on the kitchen at the [Delta Hotels](/wiki/Delta_Hotels "Delta Hotels") \& Resorts in [Fredericton](/wiki/Fredericton "Fredericton").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.can\-lodgingnews.com/artman2/publish/March2008/People/Delta\_Frederictons\_chef\_named\_Culinary\_Ambassador.shtml \|title\=Delta Fredericton's chef named Culinary Ambassador \|publisher\=can\-lodgingnews.com/ \|accessdate\=30 March 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120093456/http://www.can\-lodgingnews.com/artman2/publish/March2008/People/Delta\_Frederictons\_chef\_named\_Culinary\_Ambassador.shtml \|archivedate\=20 November 2008 }}{{cite web \|last\=Rogers \|first\=Barbara \|url\= http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art53468\.asp \|title\=Dining High in Fredericton, New Brunswick \|publisher\=bellaonline.com \|accessdate\=31 December 2007}}
In 2008, Hector left for the [Maldives](/wiki/Maldives "Maldives"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.tropicaldestinationmaldives.com/resortDetail.php?idResort\=75 \|title\=W Retreat N Spa Maldives \|publisher\=tropicaldestinationmaldives.com \|accessdate\=31 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130073142/http://tropicaldestinationmaldives.com/resortDetail.php?idResort\=75 \|archive\-date\=30 January 2009 \|url\-status\=dead }} to lead the kitchens of the most famous Hotels in Asia. There he was the Director of Cuisine at "W Retreat \& SPA"{{cite web\|url\=http://chefbravo.com/images/stories/media/pdf/hospitality.pdf \|title\=Retreat \& Spa – Maldives: Chefs Win First Culinary Awards For The Property \|publisher\=chefbravo.com \|accessdate\=28 June 2008 }}{{dead link\|date\=March 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} and the "Sheraton Maldives Full Moon Resort \& SPA" hotels. Traveling to Singapore and Hong Kong, Hector studied the culture of [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_cuisine "Chinese cuisine") and [Malay cuisines](/wiki/Malay_cuisine "Malay cuisine"), and was part of the "Task Force" for the openings of the "[W Hong Kong](/wiki/W_Hong_Kong "W Hong Kong")" and the "St. Regis Singapore" hotels.
In 2009, Hector Jimenez\-Bravo received an offer from the international hotel chain [InterContinental Hotels Group](/wiki/InterContinental_Hotels_Group "InterContinental Hotels Group") to open restaurants at the five\-star hotel [InterContinental Kyiv](/wiki/InterContinental_Kyiv "InterContinental Kyiv"){{cite web \|url\= http://www.luxurytravelmagazine.com/news\-articles/intercontinental\-kiev\-opens\-in\-ukraines\-historic\-capital\-13985\.php \|title\=InterContinental Kiev Opens in Ukraine's Historic Capital \|publisher\=luxurytravelmagazine.com \|accessdate\=28 August 2009}}{{cite web\|url\=http://ehotelier.com/hospitality\-news/tellafriend.php?id\=D15613\_0\_11\_0\_M \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130629091616/http://ehotelier.com/hospitality\-news/tellafriend.php?id\=D15613\_0\_11\_0\_M \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=29 June 2013 \|title\=Hotel News in Brief \|publisher\=ehotelier.com \|accessdate\=18 February 2009 }} in [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine"), where he created and implemented the concepts of all the restaurants. Aside from the hotel, Hector developed concepts for several restaurants of the owning company.
At the end of 2010, he developed restaurant concepts and kitchen technology for the [Fairmont Grand Hotel Kyiv](/wiki/Fairmont_Hotels_and_Resorts "Fairmont Hotels and Resorts"), as well as other prestigious hotels in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv").
From September 2011, Hector has been involved into several culinary projects on Ukrainian television, primarily [STV](/wiki/STB_%28TV_channel%29 "STB (TV channel)") channel.
In 2016 Hector has opened his First restaurant of modern Chinese cuisine in Ukraine BAO. In 2018 Hector has opened NAM. Modern Vietnamese Restaurant and pastry shop Bo.Pastry.{{Cite web\|title\=Відтепер всі мої пости будуть українською, – гучна заява Ектора Хіменеса\-Браво – Смачно 24\|url\=https://24tv.ua/smachno/news/vidteper\-vsi\-moi\-posty\-budut\-ukrainskoiu\-\-huchna\-zaiava\-ektora\-khimenesa\-bravo\_id65\|website\=24tv.ua\|access\-date\=18 May 2020}}
In 2017 Hector published "The first culinary book" (in Ukrainian) which became a bestseller with 400,000 book sold. In 2018 he publishes second culinary book "New Year Culinary Book"{{Cite web\|title\=Book market in Ukraine 2019\|url\=http://www.library.univ.kiev.ua/ukr/for\_lib/konf\-2019\-1/stepuryn.pdf\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=5 May 2020}}
In May 2021 he received Ukrainian citizenship.{{Cite web\|title\=Ектор Хіменес\-Браво отримав українське громадянство\|url\=https://smachnonews.24tv.ua/ektor\-himenes\-bravo\-otrimav\-ukrayinske\-gromadyanstvo\-foto\_n1619752\|website\=24tv.ua\|date\=7 May 2021 \|access\-date\=7 May 2021}}
Since the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, Hector Jimenez\-Bravo expressed his support for Ukraine: "My heart aches for Ukraine. My place is here. Ukrainians \- are my family." He returned from Colombia, where he was on vacation in Warsaw, and began working with local voluntary organizations. Hector is involved in two directions \- refugee coordination and organizing charity events to collect funds for Ukraine. Also, Hector's restaurants and partner establishments in Kyiv prepare 2000\-2500 meals daily. Food is given to territorial defenses, Armed Forces, police, hospitals, as well as old people who need help.{{Cite web\|title\=\#ДобріІсторії. Ектор Хіменес\-Браво: Готуємо 2000 обідів на день для військових\|url\=https://www.stb.ua/ua/2022/03/21/dobriistoriyi\-ektor\-himenes\-bravo\-gotuyemo\-2000\-obidiv\-na\-den\-dlya\-vijskovyh/ March 2022}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Hector Jimenez\\-Bravo was born and raised in [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chefbravo.com/chefbravo/biographia.html \\|title\\=Hector Jimenez\\-Bravo – Biography \\|publisher\\=chefbravo.com \\|accessdate\\=23 June 2011 \\|language\\=ru \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109085729/http://www.chefbravo.com/chefbravo/biographia.html \\|archivedate\\=9 January 2012 }} In the words of the chef himself, his mother has encouraged him to cook. He was interested not only in the procedure of cooking but also in its aesthetic side. In high school, he was into fine arts, which woke\\-up his creative side. Later on he did enroll into the Culinary Arts Program from the [National Learning Service](/wiki/National_Service_of_Learning_%28Colombia%29 \"National Service of Learning (Colombia)\") in [Bogota](/wiki/Bogota \"Bogota\"), from where he has graduated. After in 1992 began to work in the best 5 star hotels of Colombia, such as the \"Hotel Charleston Casa Medina\", \"Metrotel Royal Park\" from Royal Hotels.",
"In 1995–1999 he lectured Culinary Arts at National Learning Service of [Medellin](/wiki/Medellin \"Medellin\").",
"At the age of 27, he was offered to become a Chef of Restaurants at one of the most luxurious hotels in the USA – Hilton Boston Back Bay in Boston.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.chefdb.com/nm/10596 \\|title\\=The Chef Data Base \\|publisher\\=chefdb.com \\|accessdate\\=19 February 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chefbravo.com/chefbravo/hronologya\\-karyery.html \\|title\\=Hector Jimenez\\-Bravo – Chronology of career \\|publisher\\=chefbravo.com \\|accessdate\\=23 June 2011 \\|language\\=ru \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109085629/http://www.chefbravo.com/chefbravo/hronologya\\-karyery.html \\|archivedate\\=9 January 2012 }} He then became the youngest chef at this Hilton. At first days of his work, colleagues did not perceived Hector seriously, because of his youthful age, but soon they encountered his professionalism. According to Hector Jimenez\\-Bravo, the work in the U.S. had a powerful influence on him, and divided his career into two parts – before and after Hilton.",
"After one of private dinners at the Hilton organized for a group of hoteliers from Canada, he was invited to work in [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa \"Ottawa\"). Hector was offered a contract to open at [The Marshes Golf Club](/wiki/Marshes_Golf_Club \"Marshes Golf Club\"). After a little more than 2 years he made a move to open the restaurant \"Foundation\" in the Canadian capital.",
"The restaurants led by Hector, more than once made the top 10 best restaurants in Canada. After 6 years in Canada, Jimenez\\-Bravo took the citizenship of this country.",
"In 2006 Jimenez\\-Bravo became a chef at Radisson SAS Royal Hotel, [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg \"St. Petersburg\").{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.sptimes.ru/archive/pdf/1149\\.pdf \\|title\\=Talk of The Town \\|publisher\\=sptimes.ru \\|accessdate\\=3 March 2006}} His work brought to the hotel Radisson the «Best Hotel Restaurant Award» from magazine \"TimeOut\".{{cite web \\|url\\= http://sobaka.ru/bars/news/6473 \\|title\\=Ресторанная Премия Timeout Петербург \"Меню и Счет\". Итоги \\|date\\=20 January 2011 \\|publisher\\=sobaka.ru \\|accessdate\\=20 January 2011\\|language\\=ru}} After his arrival to [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg \"St. Petersburg\"), he surprised the city with the opening of a «Nuevo Latino» concept, which was very unknown and new to the city. In 2006 the [G8](/wiki/32nd_G8_summit \"32nd G8 summit\") Summit took place in St. Petersburg, where Jimenez\\-Bravo had a difficult task serving heads of the world's leading countries.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://chefbravo.com/novosti/item/152\\-%D1%8F\\-%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E\\-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82\\-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC\\-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9\\-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0\\-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0\\-%D0%B2\\-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%8E\\-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C\\-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80\\-%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81\\-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE.html \\|script\\-title\\=ru:\"Я люблю тот экстрим, который Украина привнесла в мою жизнь\", – Эктор Хименес Браво \\|publisher\\=chefbravo.com \\|accessdate\\=13 October 2011 \\|language\\=ru \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020044954/http://www.chefbravo.com/novosti/item/152\\-%D1%8F\\-%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E\\-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82\\-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC\\-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9\\-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0\\-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0\\-%D0%B2\\-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%8E\\-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C\\-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80\\-%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81\\-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE.html \\|archivedate\\=20 October 2011 }}",
"After Russia, in 2007, Jimenez\\-Bravo moved back to Canada, where he took a lead on the kitchen at the [Delta Hotels](/wiki/Delta_Hotels \"Delta Hotels\") \\& Resorts in [Fredericton](/wiki/Fredericton \"Fredericton\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.can\\-lodgingnews.com/artman2/publish/March2008/People/Delta\\_Frederictons\\_chef\\_named\\_Culinary\\_Ambassador.shtml \\|title\\=Delta Fredericton's chef named Culinary Ambassador \\|publisher\\=can\\-lodgingnews.com/ \\|accessdate\\=30 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120093456/http://www.can\\-lodgingnews.com/artman2/publish/March2008/People/Delta\\_Frederictons\\_chef\\_named\\_Culinary\\_Ambassador.shtml \\|archivedate\\=20 November 2008 }}{{cite web \\|last\\=Rogers \\|first\\=Barbara \\|url\\= http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art53468\\.asp \\|title\\=Dining High in Fredericton, New Brunswick \\|publisher\\=bellaonline.com \\|accessdate\\=31 December 2007}}",
"In 2008, Hector left for the [Maldives](/wiki/Maldives \"Maldives\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tropicaldestinationmaldives.com/resortDetail.php?idResort\\=75 \\|title\\=W Retreat N Spa Maldives \\|publisher\\=tropicaldestinationmaldives.com \\|accessdate\\=31 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130073142/http://tropicaldestinationmaldives.com/resortDetail.php?idResort\\=75 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 January 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} to lead the kitchens of the most famous Hotels in Asia. There he was the Director of Cuisine at \"W Retreat \\& SPA\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://chefbravo.com/images/stories/media/pdf/hospitality.pdf \\|title\\=Retreat \\& Spa – Maldives: Chefs Win First Culinary Awards For The Property \\|publisher\\=chefbravo.com \\|accessdate\\=28 June 2008 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=March 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} and the \"Sheraton Maldives Full Moon Resort \\& SPA\" hotels. Traveling to Singapore and Hong Kong, Hector studied the culture of [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_cuisine \"Chinese cuisine\") and [Malay cuisines](/wiki/Malay_cuisine \"Malay cuisine\"), and was part of the \"Task Force\" for the openings of the \"[W Hong Kong](/wiki/W_Hong_Kong \"W Hong Kong\")\" and the \"St. Regis Singapore\" hotels.",
"In 2009, Hector Jimenez\\-Bravo received an offer from the international hotel chain [InterContinental Hotels Group](/wiki/InterContinental_Hotels_Group \"InterContinental Hotels Group\") to open restaurants at the five\\-star hotel [InterContinental Kyiv](/wiki/InterContinental_Kyiv \"InterContinental Kyiv\"){{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.luxurytravelmagazine.com/news\\-articles/intercontinental\\-kiev\\-opens\\-in\\-ukraines\\-historic\\-capital\\-13985\\.php \\|title\\=InterContinental Kiev Opens in Ukraine's Historic Capital \\|publisher\\=luxurytravelmagazine.com \\|accessdate\\=28 August 2009}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ehotelier.com/hospitality\\-news/tellafriend.php?id\\=D15613\\_0\\_11\\_0\\_M \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130629091616/http://ehotelier.com/hospitality\\-news/tellafriend.php?id\\=D15613\\_0\\_11\\_0\\_M \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=29 June 2013 \\|title\\=Hotel News in Brief \\|publisher\\=ehotelier.com \\|accessdate\\=18 February 2009 }} in [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\"), where he created and implemented the concepts of all the restaurants. Aside from the hotel, Hector developed concepts for several restaurants of the owning company.",
"At the end of 2010, he developed restaurant concepts and kitchen technology for the [Fairmont Grand Hotel Kyiv](/wiki/Fairmont_Hotels_and_Resorts \"Fairmont Hotels and Resorts\"), as well as other prestigious hotels in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\").",
"From September 2011, Hector has been involved into several culinary projects on Ukrainian television, primarily [STV](/wiki/STB_%28TV_channel%29 \"STB (TV channel)\") channel.",
"In 2016 Hector has opened his First restaurant of modern Chinese cuisine in Ukraine BAO. In 2018 Hector has opened NAM. Modern Vietnamese Restaurant and pastry shop Bo.Pastry.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Відтепер всі мої пости будуть українською, – гучна заява Ектора Хіменеса\\-Браво – Смачно 24\\|url\\=https://24tv.ua/smachno/news/vidteper\\-vsi\\-moi\\-posty\\-budut\\-ukrainskoiu\\-\\-huchna\\-zaiava\\-ektora\\-khimenesa\\-bravo\\_id65\\|website\\=24tv.ua\\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2020}}",
"In 2017 Hector published \"The first culinary book\" (in Ukrainian) which became a bestseller with 400,000 book sold. In 2018 he publishes second culinary book \"New Year Culinary Book\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Book market in Ukraine 2019\\|url\\=http://www.library.univ.kiev.ua/ukr/for\\_lib/konf\\-2019\\-1/stepuryn.pdf\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2020}}",
"In May 2021 he received Ukrainian citizenship.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Ектор Хіменес\\-Браво отримав українське громадянство\\|url\\=https://smachnonews.24tv.ua/ektor\\-himenes\\-bravo\\-otrimav\\-ukrayinske\\-gromadyanstvo\\-foto\\_n1619752\\|website\\=24tv.ua\\|date\\=7 May 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2021}}",
"Since the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, Hector Jimenez\\-Bravo expressed his support for Ukraine: \"My heart aches for Ukraine. My place is here. Ukrainians \\- are my family.\" He returned from Colombia, where he was on vacation in Warsaw, and began working with local voluntary organizations. Hector is involved in two directions \\- refugee coordination and organizing charity events to collect funds for Ukraine. Also, Hector's restaurants and partner establishments in Kyiv prepare 2000\\-2500 meals daily. Food is given to territorial defenses, Armed Forces, police, hospitals, as well as old people who need help.{{Cite web\\|title\\=\\#ДобріІсторії. Ектор Хіменес\\-Браво: Готуємо 2000 обідів на день для військових\\|url\\=https://www.stb.ua/ua/2022/03/21/dobriistoriyi\\-ektor\\-himenes\\-bravo\\-gotuyemo\\-2000\\-obidiv\\-na\\-den\\-dlya\\-vijskovyh/ March 2022}}",
""
] |
Career
------
Already as a young man Schlingensief had organized art events in the cellar of his parents' house, and local artists such as [Helge Schneider](/wiki/Helge_Schneider "Helge Schneider") or [Theo Jörgensmann](/wiki/Theo_J%C3%B6rgensmann "Theo Jörgensmann") performed in his early short films. He considered himself a 'provocatively thoughtful' artist. He created numerous controversial and provocative theatre pieces as well as films, his former mentor being filmmaker and media artist Werner Nekes.
### Film
[thumb\|upright\=1\.3\|Schlingensief at the 2009 Berlinale reception, with his partner {{ill\|Aino Laberenz\|de}} (right), [Alice Waters](/wiki/Alice_Waters "Alice Waters") and [Gaston Kaboré](/wiki/Gaston_Kabor%C3%A9 "Gaston Kaboré")](/wiki/File:Part_of_the_jury_o.jpg "Part of the jury o.jpg")
Already Schlingensief's debut feature film, the surreal, absurd experimental *Tunguska – Die Kisten sind da!* ("Tunguska – The Crates Are Delivered!", 1984\) was well received by critics. Growing up in the shadow of the [New German Cinema](/wiki/New_German_Cinema "New German Cinema"), Schlingensief was deeply influenced by the likes of [Rainer Werner Fassbinder](/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder "Rainer Werner Fassbinder")—many members of whose stock company of actors such as [Udo Kier](/wiki/Udo_Kier "Udo Kier"), [Margit Carstensen](/wiki/Margit_Carstensen "Margit Carstensen"), [Irm Hermann](/wiki/Irm_Hermann "Irm Hermann") or [Volker Spengler](/wiki/Volker_Spengler "Volker Spengler") became regulars in Schlingensief's films—or [Alexander Kluge](/wiki/Alexander_Kluge "Alexander Kluge"), with whom he collaborated on numerous occasions. To said period of film, Schlingensief delivered both a heartfelt homage as well as the final coup de grâce with *{{Ill\|The 120 Days of Bottrop\|de\|Die 120 Tage von Bottrop}}*—starring [Helmut Berger](/wiki/Helmut_Berger "Helmut Berger"), playing an inept director's effort to remake [Pier Paolo Pasolini](/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini "Pier Paolo Pasolini")'s *[Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom](/wiki/Sal%C3%B2%2C_or_the_120_Days_of_Sodom "Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom")* (1975\)Ken Johnson (May 1, 2014\), [Former Auteur in Love With Outrage](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/arts/design/former-auteur-in-love-with-outrage.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*.—in much the same way he dealt with German avant\-garde cinema 15 years earlier with his first feature film *Tunguska – The Crates Are Delivered* starring {{Ill\|Alfred Edel (actor)\|de\|Alfred Edel\|lt\=Alfred Edel}}. Drawing parallels to the work of British filmmaker [Derek Jarman](/wiki/Derek_Jarman "Derek Jarman"), *Egomania – Island without Hope* (1986\) starred Kier and [Tilda Swinton](/wiki/Tilda_Swinton "Tilda Swinton"). Other influences include [Luis Buñuel](/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel "Luis Buñuel"), [Werner Schroeter](/wiki/Werner_Schroeter "Werner Schroeter") or [Herbert Achternbusch](/wiki/Herbert_Achternbusch "Herbert Achternbusch")—and Schlingensief's filmic works have been compared to just as wide a range of filmmakers, from [Jean\-Luc Godard](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard "Jean-Luc Godard") to [Russ Meyer](/wiki/Russ_Meyer "Russ Meyer").
With his "Germany Trilogy", consisting of *100 Years of Adolf Hitler – The Last Hour in the Führerbunker*, *[The German Chainsaw Massacre](/wiki/The_German_Chainsaw_Massacre "The German Chainsaw Massacre") – The First Hour of the Reunification* and *Terror 2000 – Germany out of Control*, Schlingensief came to prominence. Since then he shaped the cultural and political discourse in Germany for more than two decades and established himself as one of the country's most important and versatile artists. The "Germany Trilogy" deals with three turning points in 20th\-century German history: the first movie *Hundert Jahre Adolf Hitler* ("A Hundred Years of Adolf Hitler", 1989\) covers the last hours of [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler"), the second *The German Chainsaw Massacre* (1990\), depicts the German reunification of 1990 and shows a group of East Germans who cross the border to visit West Germany and get slaughtered by a psychopathic West German family with chainsaws, and the third *Terror 2000* (1992\) focuses on xenophobic violence after the reunification process.
One of Schlingensief's central tactics was to call politicians' bluff in an attempt to reveal the inanities of their "responsible" discourse, a tactic he called "playing something through to its end". This strategy was most notable in his work *Please Love Austria* (alternately named *[Foreigners out! Schlingensiefs Container](/wiki/Foreigners_out%21_Schlingensiefs_Container "Foreigners out! Schlingensiefs Container")*) at the time of the [FPÖ](/wiki/FP%C3%96 "FPÖ") and [ÖVP](/wiki/%C3%96VP "ÖVP") coalition in Austria, a work which attracted international support, a media frenzy and countless debates about art practice.
In 2009, he joined the jury of the [Berlin International Film Festival](/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival "Berlin International Film Festival") with Tilda Swinton as jury president.
### Television
Schlingensief soon became a figure of considerable celebrity and notoriety in Germany, thanks to several popular television projects. Broadcast in 1997, *Talk 2000* was a talk show with celebrity guests in which Schlingensief sometimes interrupted interviews to discuss his own personal problems. In *U3000* (2000\), he and his crew were filmed acting crazily on platforms and in cars of the Berlin subway system; the program aired on [MTV Germany](/wiki/MTV_Germany "MTV Germany"). In *Freakstars 3000* (2003\), a six\-part *[American Idol](/wiki/American_Idol "American Idol")*\-style parody, two dozen people from an assisted\-living home for the mentally disabled competed for spots in a new band.
### Art
In 1997, Schlingesief staged an art action at the [documenta X](/wiki/Documenta_X "Documenta X") exhibition in Kassel as part of the performance space "Hybrid WorkSpace", which was curated by [Klaus Biesenbach](/wiki/Klaus_Biesenbach "Klaus Biesenbach"), [Nancy Spector](/wiki/Nancy_Spector "Nancy Spector") and [Hans\-Ulrich Obrist](/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Obrist "Hans-Ulrich Obrist"). During the performance, Schlingensief was arrested for carrying a placard with the words "Kill [Helmut Kohl](/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl")!". In November 1999, invited by P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center and organized by Klaus Biesenbach, Schlingensief carried out a performance at the Statue of Liberty in New York City, where, kneeling down at the foot of the statue, he handed Germany over to globalization.{{Cite web\|url\=http://press.moma.org/wp\-content/files\_mf/schlingensief\_walltexts.pdf\|title\=Searching for Germany '99\|website\=press.moma.org\|access\-date\=26 September 2017}}
His exhibition The Last Hour, with its twisted metalwork from a crashed car, footage of a long tunnel and paparazzi pictures of [Princess Diana](/wiki/Princess_Diana "Princess Diana"), was in 2006 rejected by the [Frieze Art Fair](/wiki/Frieze_Art_Fair "Frieze Art Fair") in London's Regent's Park and instead ended up in a little\-known gallery space in [Bethnal Green](/wiki/Bethnal_Green "Bethnal Green").[Christoph Schlingensief obituary](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/film-obituaries/8100536/Christoph-Schlingensief.html) *[The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")*, October 31, 2010\. He later joined the [Hauser \& Wirth](/wiki/Hauser_%26_Wirth "Hauser & Wirth") gallery. In 2007, the [Haus der Kunst](/wiki/Haus_der_Kunst "Haus der Kunst"), Munich, mounted an exhibition of Schlingensief's work; it presented *African Twin Towers* and short films that have been shot while the artist directed *[The Flying Dutchman](/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman_%28opera%29 "The Flying Dutchman (opera)")* at the [Teatro Amazonas](/wiki/Teatro_Amazonas "Teatro Amazonas") in Manaus, Brazil.[Christoph Schlingensief, "18 Images a Second", May 25 – September 16, 2007](http://www.hausderkunst.de/index.php?id=667&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=82&L=1) Haus der Kunst, Munich.
### Theatre
[thumb\|upright\=1\.3\|Schlingensief speaking at the *Deutschlandsuche 99* performance in front of the Volksbühne, 1999](/wiki/File:Deutschlandsuche99.jpg "Deutschlandsuche99.jpg")
In the 1990s, Schlingensief directed a series of chaotic, satirical productions at the [Volksbühne](/wiki/Volksb%C3%BChne "Volksbühne") theatre in Berlin. He also directed a version of *[Hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet "Hamlet")*, subtitled, *This is your Family, Nazi\~Line*, which premiered in Switzerland, the so\-called neutral territory equated with the Denmark of the opening line in [Shakespeare](/wiki/Shakespeare "Shakespeare")'s play where there is something foul afoot. Events around the piece questioned and attacked Switzerland's 'neutrality' in the face of growing racism and extreme right wing movements. The artist duo [Ubermorgen](/wiki/Ubermorgen "Ubermorgen") provided the Internet platform *Nazi\~Line*<http://www.naziline.de> Nazi\~Line for the project, where former members of Neo Nazi groups were sought and then cast as actors to play characters in the drama on stage as a way of re\-integrating the ex\-Neo\-Nazis with the common workforce of the theatre.
Schlingensief's work covered a variety of media, including installation and the ubiquitous 'talk show' and has in many cases led to audience members leaving the theatre space with Schlingensief and his colleagues to take part in events such as *Passion Impossible, Wake Up Call for Germany* 1997 or *Chance 2000, Vote for Yourself* in which he formed the *Last Chance Party* where anyone could become a candidate themselves in the run up to the [federal election of 1998 in Germany](/wiki/1998_German_federal_election "1998 German federal election"). The same year he made a performance project for an Austrian festival for new art [Steirischer Herbst](/wiki/Steirischer_Herbst "Steirischer Herbst") called *Chance 2000 for Graz*: eight pillars were built at the central Marienplatz square, where homeless people were invited to sit on, and the deal was that the one who sat there longest could win 7,000 shillings, plus every day the artist threw 20,000 shillings on passers\-by in front of the eyes of those who sat on the pillars.[Christoph Schlingensief Chance 2000 für Graz](http://offsite.kulturserver-graz.at/projekte/657.html) *Offsite Graz*. The project was interrupted with help of the right\-wing [Freedom Party of Austria](/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria "Freedom Party of Austria"), that collected 10,000 signatures against it.
With his demands for people to "prove they exist" in an age of total TV coverage and "act, act, act" in the sense of becoming active not 'actors', his work could be considered a direct legacy of [Bertolt Brecht](/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht "Bertolt Brecht"), as it demands involvement as opposed to passivity and merely looking on as is the case in traditional text\-based theatre. In an age of extreme [media fatigue](/wiki/Media_fatigue "Media fatigue"), his was a fresh voice albeit and undisputedly containing echoes of the past, often humorous and subversive yet never cynical. His influences included [Joseph Beuys](/wiki/Joseph_Beuys "Joseph Beuys") and his idea of [social sculpture](/wiki/Social_sculpture "Social sculpture"), and artists [Allan Kaprow](/wiki/Allan_Kaprow "Allan Kaprow") and [Dieter Roth](/wiki/Dieter_Roth "Dieter Roth"). At the time of his death, he was involved in productions for the [Ruhrtriennale](/wiki/Ruhrtriennale "Ruhrtriennale")Shirley Apthorp (August 23, 2010\), [Schlingensief, Who Put Putrid Bunny on Bayreuth Stage, Is Dead](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-22/schlingensief-director-who-put-rotten-bunny-on-bayreuth-stage-dies-at-49.html) *[Bloomberg](/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. "Bloomberg L.P.")*. and for the [Berlin Staatsoper](/wiki/Berlin_Staatsoper "Berlin Staatsoper")'s "Metanoia".George Loomis (October 12, 2010\), [The New Opera 'Metanoia' Goes On, but Without Its Provocateur](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/arts/13iht-loomis13.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*.
### Opera
In 2004, at the invitation of [Wolfgang](/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner "Wolfgang Wagner") and [Katharina Wagner](/wiki/Katharina_Wagner "Katharina Wagner"), he staged Wagner's *[Parsifal](/wiki/Parsifal "Parsifal")* for the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival "Bayreuth Festival").[Jeremy Eichler](/wiki/Jeremy_Eichler "Jeremy Eichler") (July 27, 2004\), ["A Hullabaloo for an Opening at Bayreuth"](https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/27/arts/critic-s-notebook-a-hullabaloo-for-an-opening-at-bayreuth.html), p. E1, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. When he accepted the Wagner family's invitation, it caused surprise because of his iconoclasm and his well\-known aversion to all things tainted by association with Hitler; however, he had been invited to the festival before in 1991\.[John Rockwell](/wiki/John_Rockwell "John Rockwell") (June 22, 2003\), ["The Weird Twilight of a Wagner"](https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/22/arts/music-the-weird-twilight-of-a-wagner.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Film clips and costumes focused the action on the conflict between Christianity and Islam. The production, in the first years conducted by [Pierre Boulez](/wiki/Pierre_Boulez "Pierre Boulez"), was revived in 2005 and 2006, but unlike other Bayreuth Festival stagings it was not filmed. [Christian Kracht](/wiki/Christian_Kracht "Christian Kracht") would later describe "the likes of Wolfgang Wagner" as "bourgeois \& enemy to Christoph Schlingensief".Kracht, C., \& [Woodard, D.](/wiki/David_Woodard "David Woodard"), [*Five Years*](https://wehrhahn-verlag.de/public/index.php?ID_Section=3&ID_Product=577) (Hanover: {{ill\|Wehrhahn Verlag\|de}}, 2011\), pp. 91, 94\.
In his last productions, such as the [fluxus](/wiki/Fluxus "Fluxus") [oratorio](/wiki/Oratorio "Oratorio") *Church of Fear* and the ready made opera *Mea culpa*, he staged his own cancer experience,Kaspar Mühlemann: *Christoph Schlingensief und seine Auseinandersetzung mit Joseph Beuys*. Europäische Hochschulschriften, series 28: Kunstgeschichte, vol. 439\), Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2011, {{ISBN\|978\-3\-631\-61800\-4}} and related it to his first 'stage experience' as a young altar boy.
### Opera Village Africa
{{Main\|Opera Village Africa}}
Schlingensief's commitment to developing nations later took him to Burkina Faso, where he was awarded a concession to build an opera house, arguably his most ambitious project.{{cite web \| author\=Till Briegleb \| url\=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/schlingensiefs\-operndorf\-in\-burkina\-faso\-halleluja\-der\-ambivalenz\-1\.1375354 \| title\=Halleluja der Ambivalenz \|work\=\[\[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]\| date\=2012\-06\-07\|access\-date\=2014\-12\-26}} The project, which received funding from the German government, was also to include a theater and film school, and an infirmary. Construction began in January 2010, near [Ouagadougou](/wiki/Ouagadougou "Ouagadougou"), and was later continued under the guidance of Schlingensief's wife and long\-time assistant Aino Laberenz, whom he married in 2009\. In 2012, numerous internationally renowned artists have donated works for a fundraising auction at the [Hamburger Bahnhof](/wiki/Hamburger_Bahnhof "Hamburger Bahnhof"), among them [Marina Abramović](/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87 "Marina Abramović"), [Pipilotti Rist](/wiki/Pipilotti_Rist "Pipilotti Rist"), [Georg Baselitz](/wiki/Georg_Baselitz "Georg Baselitz"), [Christo](/wiki/Christo "Christo"), [Olafur Eliasson](/wiki/Olafur_Eliasson "Olafur Eliasson"), [Andreas Gursky](/wiki/Andreas_Gursky "Andreas Gursky"), [Wolfgang Tillmans](/wiki/Wolfgang_Tillmans "Wolfgang Tillmans") and [Günther Uecker](/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Uecker "Günther Uecker"). [Patti Smith](/wiki/Patti_Smith "Patti Smith"), a friend of Schlingensief for many years, contributed a drawing that she made in the summer of 2010 during a joint exhibition in Munich.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Already as a young man Schlingensief had organized art events in the cellar of his parents' house, and local artists such as [Helge Schneider](/wiki/Helge_Schneider \"Helge Schneider\") or [Theo Jörgensmann](/wiki/Theo_J%C3%B6rgensmann \"Theo Jörgensmann\") performed in his early short films. He considered himself a 'provocatively thoughtful' artist. He created numerous controversial and provocative theatre pieces as well as films, his former mentor being filmmaker and media artist Werner Nekes.",
"### Film",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|Schlingensief at the 2009 Berlinale reception, with his partner {{ill\\|Aino Laberenz\\|de}} (right), [Alice Waters](/wiki/Alice_Waters \"Alice Waters\") and [Gaston Kaboré](/wiki/Gaston_Kabor%C3%A9 \"Gaston Kaboré\")](/wiki/File:Part_of_the_jury_o.jpg \"Part of the jury o.jpg\")\nAlready Schlingensief's debut feature film, the surreal, absurd experimental *Tunguska – Die Kisten sind da!* (\"Tunguska – The Crates Are Delivered!\", 1984\\) was well received by critics. Growing up in the shadow of the [New German Cinema](/wiki/New_German_Cinema \"New German Cinema\"), Schlingensief was deeply influenced by the likes of [Rainer Werner Fassbinder](/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder \"Rainer Werner Fassbinder\")—many members of whose stock company of actors such as [Udo Kier](/wiki/Udo_Kier \"Udo Kier\"), [Margit Carstensen](/wiki/Margit_Carstensen \"Margit Carstensen\"), [Irm Hermann](/wiki/Irm_Hermann \"Irm Hermann\") or [Volker Spengler](/wiki/Volker_Spengler \"Volker Spengler\") became regulars in Schlingensief's films—or [Alexander Kluge](/wiki/Alexander_Kluge \"Alexander Kluge\"), with whom he collaborated on numerous occasions. To said period of film, Schlingensief delivered both a heartfelt homage as well as the final coup de grâce with *{{Ill\\|The 120 Days of Bottrop\\|de\\|Die 120 Tage von Bottrop}}*—starring [Helmut Berger](/wiki/Helmut_Berger \"Helmut Berger\"), playing an inept director's effort to remake [Pier Paolo Pasolini](/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini \"Pier Paolo Pasolini\")'s *[Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom](/wiki/Sal%C3%B2%2C_or_the_120_Days_of_Sodom \"Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom\")* (1975\\)Ken Johnson (May 1, 2014\\), [Former Auteur in Love With Outrage](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/arts/design/former-auteur-in-love-with-outrage.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*.—in much the same way he dealt with German avant\\-garde cinema 15 years earlier with his first feature film *Tunguska – The Crates Are Delivered* starring {{Ill\\|Alfred Edel (actor)\\|de\\|Alfred Edel\\|lt\\=Alfred Edel}}. Drawing parallels to the work of British filmmaker [Derek Jarman](/wiki/Derek_Jarman \"Derek Jarman\"), *Egomania – Island without Hope* (1986\\) starred Kier and [Tilda Swinton](/wiki/Tilda_Swinton \"Tilda Swinton\"). Other influences include [Luis Buñuel](/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel \"Luis Buñuel\"), [Werner Schroeter](/wiki/Werner_Schroeter \"Werner Schroeter\") or [Herbert Achternbusch](/wiki/Herbert_Achternbusch \"Herbert Achternbusch\")—and Schlingensief's filmic works have been compared to just as wide a range of filmmakers, from [Jean\\-Luc Godard](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard \"Jean-Luc Godard\") to [Russ Meyer](/wiki/Russ_Meyer \"Russ Meyer\").",
"With his \"Germany Trilogy\", consisting of *100 Years of Adolf Hitler – The Last Hour in the Führerbunker*, *[The German Chainsaw Massacre](/wiki/The_German_Chainsaw_Massacre \"The German Chainsaw Massacre\") – The First Hour of the Reunification* and *Terror 2000 – Germany out of Control*, Schlingensief came to prominence. Since then he shaped the cultural and political discourse in Germany for more than two decades and established himself as one of the country's most important and versatile artists. The \"Germany Trilogy\" deals with three turning points in 20th\\-century German history: the first movie *Hundert Jahre Adolf Hitler* (\"A Hundred Years of Adolf Hitler\", 1989\\) covers the last hours of [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\"), the second *The German Chainsaw Massacre* (1990\\), depicts the German reunification of 1990 and shows a group of East Germans who cross the border to visit West Germany and get slaughtered by a psychopathic West German family with chainsaws, and the third *Terror 2000* (1992\\) focuses on xenophobic violence after the reunification process.",
"One of Schlingensief's central tactics was to call politicians' bluff in an attempt to reveal the inanities of their \"responsible\" discourse, a tactic he called \"playing something through to its end\". This strategy was most notable in his work *Please Love Austria* (alternately named *[Foreigners out! Schlingensiefs Container](/wiki/Foreigners_out%21_Schlingensiefs_Container \"Foreigners out! Schlingensiefs Container\")*) at the time of the [FPÖ](/wiki/FP%C3%96 \"FPÖ\") and [ÖVP](/wiki/%C3%96VP \"ÖVP\") coalition in Austria, a work which attracted international support, a media frenzy and countless debates about art practice.",
"In 2009, he joined the jury of the [Berlin International Film Festival](/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival \"Berlin International Film Festival\") with Tilda Swinton as jury president.",
"### Television",
"Schlingensief soon became a figure of considerable celebrity and notoriety in Germany, thanks to several popular television projects. Broadcast in 1997, *Talk 2000* was a talk show with celebrity guests in which Schlingensief sometimes interrupted interviews to discuss his own personal problems. In *U3000* (2000\\), he and his crew were filmed acting crazily on platforms and in cars of the Berlin subway system; the program aired on [MTV Germany](/wiki/MTV_Germany \"MTV Germany\"). In *Freakstars 3000* (2003\\), a six\\-part *[American Idol](/wiki/American_Idol \"American Idol\")*\\-style parody, two dozen people from an assisted\\-living home for the mentally disabled competed for spots in a new band.",
"### Art",
"In 1997, Schlingesief staged an art action at the [documenta X](/wiki/Documenta_X \"Documenta X\") exhibition in Kassel as part of the performance space \"Hybrid WorkSpace\", which was curated by [Klaus Biesenbach](/wiki/Klaus_Biesenbach \"Klaus Biesenbach\"), [Nancy Spector](/wiki/Nancy_Spector \"Nancy Spector\") and [Hans\\-Ulrich Obrist](/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Obrist \"Hans-Ulrich Obrist\"). During the performance, Schlingensief was arrested for carrying a placard with the words \"Kill [Helmut Kohl](/wiki/Helmut_Kohl \"Helmut Kohl\")!\". In November 1999, invited by P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center and organized by Klaus Biesenbach, Schlingensief carried out a performance at the Statue of Liberty in New York City, where, kneeling down at the foot of the statue, he handed Germany over to globalization.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://press.moma.org/wp\\-content/files\\_mf/schlingensief\\_walltexts.pdf\\|title\\=Searching for Germany '99\\|website\\=press.moma.org\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2017}}",
"His exhibition The Last Hour, with its twisted metalwork from a crashed car, footage of a long tunnel and paparazzi pictures of [Princess Diana](/wiki/Princess_Diana \"Princess Diana\"), was in 2006 rejected by the [Frieze Art Fair](/wiki/Frieze_Art_Fair \"Frieze Art Fair\") in London's Regent's Park and instead ended up in a little\\-known gallery space in [Bethnal Green](/wiki/Bethnal_Green \"Bethnal Green\").[Christoph Schlingensief obituary](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/film-obituaries/8100536/Christoph-Schlingensief.html) *[The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph \"The Daily Telegraph\")*, October 31, 2010\\. He later joined the [Hauser \\& Wirth](/wiki/Hauser_%26_Wirth \"Hauser & Wirth\") gallery. In 2007, the [Haus der Kunst](/wiki/Haus_der_Kunst \"Haus der Kunst\"), Munich, mounted an exhibition of Schlingensief's work; it presented *African Twin Towers* and short films that have been shot while the artist directed *[The Flying Dutchman](/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman_%28opera%29 \"The Flying Dutchman (opera)\")* at the [Teatro Amazonas](/wiki/Teatro_Amazonas \"Teatro Amazonas\") in Manaus, Brazil.[Christoph Schlingensief, \"18 Images a Second\", May 25 – September 16, 2007](http://www.hausderkunst.de/index.php?id=667&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=82&L=1) Haus der Kunst, Munich.",
"### Theatre",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|Schlingensief speaking at the *Deutschlandsuche 99* performance in front of the Volksbühne, 1999](/wiki/File:Deutschlandsuche99.jpg \"Deutschlandsuche99.jpg\")\nIn the 1990s, Schlingensief directed a series of chaotic, satirical productions at the [Volksbühne](/wiki/Volksb%C3%BChne \"Volksbühne\") theatre in Berlin. He also directed a version of *[Hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet \"Hamlet\")*, subtitled, *This is your Family, Nazi\\~Line*, which premiered in Switzerland, the so\\-called neutral territory equated with the Denmark of the opening line in [Shakespeare](/wiki/Shakespeare \"Shakespeare\")'s play where there is something foul afoot. Events around the piece questioned and attacked Switzerland's 'neutrality' in the face of growing racism and extreme right wing movements. The artist duo [Ubermorgen](/wiki/Ubermorgen \"Ubermorgen\") provided the Internet platform *Nazi\\~Line*<http://www.naziline.de> Nazi\\~Line for the project, where former members of Neo Nazi groups were sought and then cast as actors to play characters in the drama on stage as a way of re\\-integrating the ex\\-Neo\\-Nazis with the common workforce of the theatre.",
"Schlingensief's work covered a variety of media, including installation and the ubiquitous 'talk show' and has in many cases led to audience members leaving the theatre space with Schlingensief and his colleagues to take part in events such as *Passion Impossible, Wake Up Call for Germany* 1997 or *Chance 2000, Vote for Yourself* in which he formed the *Last Chance Party* where anyone could become a candidate themselves in the run up to the [federal election of 1998 in Germany](/wiki/1998_German_federal_election \"1998 German federal election\"). The same year he made a performance project for an Austrian festival for new art [Steirischer Herbst](/wiki/Steirischer_Herbst \"Steirischer Herbst\") called *Chance 2000 for Graz*: eight pillars were built at the central Marienplatz square, where homeless people were invited to sit on, and the deal was that the one who sat there longest could win 7,000 shillings, plus every day the artist threw 20,000 shillings on passers\\-by in front of the eyes of those who sat on the pillars.[Christoph Schlingensief Chance 2000 für Graz](http://offsite.kulturserver-graz.at/projekte/657.html) *Offsite Graz*. The project was interrupted with help of the right\\-wing [Freedom Party of Austria](/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria \"Freedom Party of Austria\"), that collected 10,000 signatures against it.",
"With his demands for people to \"prove they exist\" in an age of total TV coverage and \"act, act, act\" in the sense of becoming active not 'actors', his work could be considered a direct legacy of [Bertolt Brecht](/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht \"Bertolt Brecht\"), as it demands involvement as opposed to passivity and merely looking on as is the case in traditional text\\-based theatre. In an age of extreme [media fatigue](/wiki/Media_fatigue \"Media fatigue\"), his was a fresh voice albeit and undisputedly containing echoes of the past, often humorous and subversive yet never cynical. His influences included [Joseph Beuys](/wiki/Joseph_Beuys \"Joseph Beuys\") and his idea of [social sculpture](/wiki/Social_sculpture \"Social sculpture\"), and artists [Allan Kaprow](/wiki/Allan_Kaprow \"Allan Kaprow\") and [Dieter Roth](/wiki/Dieter_Roth \"Dieter Roth\"). At the time of his death, he was involved in productions for the [Ruhrtriennale](/wiki/Ruhrtriennale \"Ruhrtriennale\")Shirley Apthorp (August 23, 2010\\), [Schlingensief, Who Put Putrid Bunny on Bayreuth Stage, Is Dead](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-22/schlingensief-director-who-put-rotten-bunny-on-bayreuth-stage-dies-at-49.html) *[Bloomberg](/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. \"Bloomberg L.P.\")*. and for the [Berlin Staatsoper](/wiki/Berlin_Staatsoper \"Berlin Staatsoper\")'s \"Metanoia\".George Loomis (October 12, 2010\\), [The New Opera 'Metanoia' Goes On, but Without Its Provocateur](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/arts/13iht-loomis13.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*.",
"### Opera",
"In 2004, at the invitation of [Wolfgang](/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner \"Wolfgang Wagner\") and [Katharina Wagner](/wiki/Katharina_Wagner \"Katharina Wagner\"), he staged Wagner's *[Parsifal](/wiki/Parsifal \"Parsifal\")* for the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival \"Bayreuth Festival\").[Jeremy Eichler](/wiki/Jeremy_Eichler \"Jeremy Eichler\") (July 27, 2004\\), [\"A Hullabaloo for an Opening at Bayreuth\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/27/arts/critic-s-notebook-a-hullabaloo-for-an-opening-at-bayreuth.html), p. E1, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. When he accepted the Wagner family's invitation, it caused surprise because of his iconoclasm and his well\\-known aversion to all things tainted by association with Hitler; however, he had been invited to the festival before in 1991\\.[John Rockwell](/wiki/John_Rockwell \"John Rockwell\") (June 22, 2003\\), [\"The Weird Twilight of a Wagner\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/22/arts/music-the-weird-twilight-of-a-wagner.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. Film clips and costumes focused the action on the conflict between Christianity and Islam. The production, in the first years conducted by [Pierre Boulez](/wiki/Pierre_Boulez \"Pierre Boulez\"), was revived in 2005 and 2006, but unlike other Bayreuth Festival stagings it was not filmed. [Christian Kracht](/wiki/Christian_Kracht \"Christian Kracht\") would later describe \"the likes of Wolfgang Wagner\" as \"bourgeois \\& enemy to Christoph Schlingensief\".Kracht, C., \\& [Woodard, D.](/wiki/David_Woodard \"David Woodard\"), [*Five Years*](https://wehrhahn-verlag.de/public/index.php?ID_Section=3&ID_Product=577) (Hanover: {{ill\\|Wehrhahn Verlag\\|de}}, 2011\\), pp. 91, 94\\.",
"In his last productions, such as the [fluxus](/wiki/Fluxus \"Fluxus\") [oratorio](/wiki/Oratorio \"Oratorio\") *Church of Fear* and the ready made opera *Mea culpa*, he staged his own cancer experience,Kaspar Mühlemann: *Christoph Schlingensief und seine Auseinandersetzung mit Joseph Beuys*. Europäische Hochschulschriften, series 28: Kunstgeschichte, vol. 439\\), Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2011, {{ISBN\\|978\\-3\\-631\\-61800\\-4}} and related it to his first 'stage experience' as a young altar boy.",
"### Opera Village Africa",
"{{Main\\|Opera Village Africa}}\nSchlingensief's commitment to developing nations later took him to Burkina Faso, where he was awarded a concession to build an opera house, arguably his most ambitious project.{{cite web \\| author\\=Till Briegleb \\| url\\=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/schlingensiefs\\-operndorf\\-in\\-burkina\\-faso\\-halleluja\\-der\\-ambivalenz\\-1\\.1375354 \\| title\\=Halleluja der Ambivalenz \\|work\\=\\[\\[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]\\| date\\=2012\\-06\\-07\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-26}} The project, which received funding from the German government, was also to include a theater and film school, and an infirmary. Construction began in January 2010, near [Ouagadougou](/wiki/Ouagadougou \"Ouagadougou\"), and was later continued under the guidance of Schlingensief's wife and long\\-time assistant Aino Laberenz, whom he married in 2009\\. In 2012, numerous internationally renowned artists have donated works for a fundraising auction at the [Hamburger Bahnhof](/wiki/Hamburger_Bahnhof \"Hamburger Bahnhof\"), among them [Marina Abramović](/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87 \"Marina Abramović\"), [Pipilotti Rist](/wiki/Pipilotti_Rist \"Pipilotti Rist\"), [Georg Baselitz](/wiki/Georg_Baselitz \"Georg Baselitz\"), [Christo](/wiki/Christo \"Christo\"), [Olafur Eliasson](/wiki/Olafur_Eliasson \"Olafur Eliasson\"), [Andreas Gursky](/wiki/Andreas_Gursky \"Andreas Gursky\"), [Wolfgang Tillmans](/wiki/Wolfgang_Tillmans \"Wolfgang Tillmans\") and [Günther Uecker](/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Uecker \"Günther Uecker\"). [Patti Smith](/wiki/Patti_Smith \"Patti Smith\"), a friend of Schlingensief for many years, contributed a drawing that she made in the summer of 2010 during a joint exhibition in Munich.",
""
] |
Activities
----------
Sandestin has over seven miles (11 km) of beaches and bay front, four golf courses, 15 tennis courts, 19 swimming pools, a 113\-slip marina, children's programs, a fitness center and spa. It also includes a [zip line](/wiki/Zip-line "Zip-line"), [carousel](/wiki/Carousel "Carousel"), [ropes course](/wiki/Ropes_course "Ropes course"), and [bungee jump](/wiki/Bungee_jumping "Bungee jumping").
Sandestin has 15 private [tennis courts](/wiki/Tennis_courts "Tennis courts") in hard and [Hydrogird](/wiki/Hydrogird "Hydrogird") clay. The tennis center includes a clubhouse, private tennis courts, ladies tennis and children's offerings, and a tennis shop.
Spa Sandestin provides [hairstyling](/wiki/Hairstyling "Hairstyling"), [nail design](/wiki/Nail_design "Nail design"), facials, therapeutic body treatments and massage.
The Sandestin Fitness Center has specialized services and equipment supported by certified instructors.
Sandestin has [jet skis](/wiki/Jet_ski "Jet ski"), [canoes](/wiki/Canoes "Canoes"), [boogie boards](/wiki/Bodyboarding "Bodyboarding"), [kayaks](/wiki/Kayaks "Kayaks"), [pontoon boats](/wiki/Pontoon_boat "Pontoon boat"), sailing, [snorkeling](/wiki/Snorkeling "Snorkeling") and [scuba diving](/wiki/Scuba_diving "Scuba diving"). The Baytowne Marina also offers evening cruises, bay fishing and [deep sea fishing](/wiki/Deep_sea_fishing "Deep sea fishing").
|
[
"Activities\n----------",
"Sandestin has over seven miles (11 km) of beaches and bay front, four golf courses, 15 tennis courts, 19 swimming pools, a 113\\-slip marina, children's programs, a fitness center and spa. It also includes a [zip line](/wiki/Zip-line \"Zip-line\"), [carousel](/wiki/Carousel \"Carousel\"), [ropes course](/wiki/Ropes_course \"Ropes course\"), and [bungee jump](/wiki/Bungee_jumping \"Bungee jumping\").",
"Sandestin has 15 private [tennis courts](/wiki/Tennis_courts \"Tennis courts\") in hard and [Hydrogird](/wiki/Hydrogird \"Hydrogird\") clay. The tennis center includes a clubhouse, private tennis courts, ladies tennis and children's offerings, and a tennis shop.",
"Spa Sandestin provides [hairstyling](/wiki/Hairstyling \"Hairstyling\"), [nail design](/wiki/Nail_design \"Nail design\"), facials, therapeutic body treatments and massage.",
"The Sandestin Fitness Center has specialized services and equipment supported by certified instructors.",
"Sandestin has [jet skis](/wiki/Jet_ski \"Jet ski\"), [canoes](/wiki/Canoes \"Canoes\"), [boogie boards](/wiki/Bodyboarding \"Bodyboarding\"), [kayaks](/wiki/Kayaks \"Kayaks\"), [pontoon boats](/wiki/Pontoon_boat \"Pontoon boat\"), sailing, [snorkeling](/wiki/Snorkeling \"Snorkeling\") and [scuba diving](/wiki/Scuba_diving \"Scuba diving\"). The Baytowne Marina also offers evening cruises, bay fishing and [deep sea fishing](/wiki/Deep_sea_fishing \"Deep sea fishing\").",
""
] |
Game summary
------------
The 2007 Poinsettia Bowl was the first of 32 bowl games scheduled for [2007 college football bowl season](/wiki/NCAA_football_bowl_games%2C_2007-08 "NCAA football bowl games, 2007-08"). At the conclusion of the national anthem during the pre\-game show, four [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") [F/A\-18 Hornet](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet "McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet") aircraft performed a [flyover](/wiki/Flypast "Flypast") past the stadium.{{cite video \|year\=2007 \|title\=Another Poinsettia Bowl National Anthem and Flyover. \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=HFcn3ABFkOs \|medium\=Videotape \|publisher\=\[\[YouTube]] \|location\=\[\[Qualcomm Stadium]], \[\[San Diego, California]] \|access\-date\=2012\-11\-06 \|time\=2:09 \|id\=HFcn3ABFkOs}} The 2007 Poinsettia Bowl kicked off on 9:12 pm [EST](/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_%28North_America%29 "Eastern Standard Time (North America)") on December 20, 2007, at [Qualcomm Stadium](/wiki/Qualcomm_Stadium "Qualcomm Stadium") in [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California "San Diego, California"). The game began in fair weather, but by the start of the second half, it had begun to rain. The game was televised in the United States on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN"), although the first six minutes of game time were broadcast on [ESPN Classic](/wiki/ESPN_Classic "ESPN Classic") rather than ESPN due to a time overrun by another program. The program earned a [Nielsen rating](/wiki/Nielsen_rating "Nielsen rating") of 2\.00\.
### First quarter
Navy received the ball to begin the game. After starting their first drive on their own 45\-yard line, the Midshipmen earned a [first down](/wiki/Down_%28American_football%29 "Down (American football)") by advancing the ball to the Utah 49\-yard line, but were prevented from gaining another first down by the Utah defense. On the ensuing [punt](/wiki/Punt_%28gridiron_football%29 "Punt (gridiron football)"), Navy's [punter](/wiki/Punter_%28football%29 "Punter (football)") mishandled the [snap](/wiki/Snap_%28American_football%29 "Snap (American football)") and [fumbled](/wiki/Fumble "Fumble") the football. The Utes recovered the fumble, but ran only three plays before Midshipmen [linebacker](/wiki/Linebacker "Linebacker") Ross Pospisil [intercepted](/wiki/Intercepted "Intercepted") a pass by Utes [quarterback](/wiki/Quarterback "Quarterback") Brian Johnson and returned it across the 50\-yard line. A [facemask](/wiki/Football_helmet "Football helmet") [penalty](/wiki/Penalty_%28American_football%29 "Penalty (American football)") against Utah, several effective rushes by Midshipmen [running back](/wiki/Running_back "Running back") Reggie Campbell, and a 29\-yard reception by Campbell set up a first\-and\-goal situation. Utah's defense stiffened, however, and Navy failed to score a [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown "Touchdown") on its first two attempts inside the Utah 10\-yard line. On the third try, Campbell ran up the middle but fumbled the ball, which Utah recovered.[2nd Qtr Play\-by\-Play](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273542426&period=2) ESPN.com, December 20, 2007\. Accessed December 22, 2007\.
After recovering the fumble, Utah mounted a 13\-play, 49\-yard drive that penetrated into Navy territory before it stalled at [midfield](/wiki/Midfield "Midfield"). Utah was forced to punt the ball away, which rolled into the end zone for a [touchback](/wiki/Touchback "Touchback"). Taking possession with less than a minute remaining in the first quarter, Navy running back Reggie Campbell ran for 44 yards at the Utes' 36\-yard line. Two subsequent rushing plays ran out the first quarter and set the Midshipmen up for a third down to begin the second quarter. At the end of the first quarter, the score remained 0–0\.
### Second quarter
[thumb\|right\|400px\|Navy at the [line of scrimmage](/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage "Line of scrimmage") on Utah's goalline](/wiki/File:Navy_Utah_goalline.jpg "Navy Utah goalline.jpg")
The second quarter began with Navy facing a third down in Utah territory. A [false start](/wiki/False_start "False start") penalty on the Midshipmen and a Utah defensive stand prevented Navy from earning another first down. On fourth down, Midshipmen [kicker](/wiki/Placekicker "Placekicker") Joey Bullen attempted a 50\-yard [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28American_and_Canadian_football%29 "Field goal (American and Canadian football)"), but missed the [goalposts](/wiki/Goalpost "Goalpost") to the left, keeping the game scoreless. Utah began its next drive at its own 33\-yard line. The Utes progressed to the Navy 48\-yard line before running back Darrell Mack managed a 20\-yard run to drive the Utes to the Navy 28\-yard line. A 14\-yard pass to [wide receiver](/wiki/Wide_receiver "Wide receiver") Braden Godfrey put the Utes in Navy's [red zone](/wiki/Red_zone_%28gridiron_football%29 "Red zone (gridiron football)") for the first time, and Utah scored the first touchdown of the game on a five\-yard run from Mack three plays later. With 8:42 remaining in the second quarter, Utah led 7–0\.
Reggie Campbell returned the ensuing kickoff for 25 yards to start Navy at their own 30\-yard line. Long runs, A 19\-yard run from Shun White and a 15\-yard [pass interference](/wiki/Pass_interference "Pass interference") penalty against the Utes helped advance the ball quickly down the field. On the eighth play of the drive, Midshipmen quarterback Kaipo\-Noa Kaheaku\-Enhada crossed the [goal line](/wiki/Goal_line_%28American_football%29 "Goal line (American football)") from one yard out to tie the score at 7–7 with 5:14 remaining in the first half. On the ensuing drive, Utah was unable to move the ball effectively, and the Utes were forced to punt the ball away. [All\-American](/wiki/All-American "All-American") kicker [Louie Sakoda](/wiki/Louie_Sakoda "Louie Sakoda")'s punt traveled 29 yards, setting up the Navy offense at their own 47\-yard line with 2:39 remaining before [halftime](/wiki/Halftime "Halftime"). The Midshipmen converted a fourth down during the drive, but the drive came to a halt following a false start penalty. Kicker Joey Bullen made his second field goal attempt of the game, a 39\-yard kick through the uprights to give the Midshipmen a 10–7 lead. With 28 remaining in the first half, Utah received the kickoff and ran a single running play to run out the clock. At halftime, the Midshipmen led the Utes with a score of 10–7\.
### Third quarter
Utah began the second half on offense. After a six\-yard pass on the first play, Utah failed to gain the additional four yards needed for a first down and were forced to punt the ball away. Beginning at their own 31\-yard line, the Midshipmen moved the ball quickly. Two consecutive rushing plays earned Navy a first down, and a 15\-yard Shun White run on the third play of the drive brought the team to the Utes' 43\-yard line. On the next play, [fullback](/wiki/Fullback_%28American_football%29 "Fullback (American football)") Eric Kettani broke through the Utah defensive line and ran 43 yards for a touchdown, giving Navy a 17–7 lead with 11:52 remaining in the third quarter.
On the first play of Utah's drive, Johnson completed a 22\-yard pass to wide receiver Brian Hernandez. Utah's offense faltered, however, and was forced to punt. The ensuing punt from Sakoda was downed at the Midshipmen 8\-yard line, and Navy's offense was forced into a three plays\-and\-out possession. Beginning at their own 41\-yard line, Utes quarterback Johnson threw three consecutive completions to bring the drive to the Midshipmen 27\-yard line. Just outside the Navy red zone, the Midshipmen defense forced a fourth down for Utah. Utah attempted to convert the fourth down instead of trying a long field goal. The conversion was successful, and on the first down following the conversion, Utah executed an [end\-around](/wiki/End-around "End-around") that went for 23 yards and a touchdown. The score cut Navy's lead to three points and put the score at 17–14 with 4:47 remaining in the third quarter.
Though the midshipmen picked up one first down on their next drive, they were forced to punt the ball away with just over two minutes remaining in the quarter. Greg Veteto's punt was downed at the Utes' 16\-yard line. The Utes' offense connected on passes of 10, 18, and 11 yards before Johnson completed a 40\-yard pass to [Derrek Richards](/wiki/Derrek_Richards "Derrek Richards") for another touchdown. The 1:24 long drive took five plays and covered 84 yards. With the touchdown, Utah regained the lead by a 21–17 score. Midshipmen Campbell ran the opening kickoff return to the Navy 32\-yard line, but the team struggled on the next two plays, fumbling and recovering the ball each time. The two failed plays allowed time to run out in the third quarter. At the end of the third quarter, the Utes held a 21–17 lead.[3rd Qtr Play\-by\-Play](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273542426&period=3) ESPN.com, December 20, 2007\. Accessed December 22, 2007\.
### Fourth quarter
[thumb\|Kaheaku\-Enhada gets the two\-point conversion](/wiki/File:Kaipo-Noa_Kaheaku-Enhada_gets_2_pt_conversion_at_2007_Poinsettia_Bowl_071220-N-9909C-003.jpg "Kaipo-Noa Kaheaku-Enhada gets 2 pt conversion at 2007 Poinsettia Bowl 071220-N-9909C-003.jpg")
The Midshipmen faced a long third down play to begin the fourth quarter and was forced to punt when quarterback Kaipo\-Noa Kaheaku\-Enhada was sacked. Over the next five plays and 1:16 of game time, the Utes drove 61 yards ending when quarterback Brian Johnson scored a touchdown on a 19\-yard scramble with 12:47 remaining in the game. The score gave Utah a 28–17 lead.
The Midshipmen began their next drive at their own 19\-yard line. With several short rushes, Navy began to build a drive. A 14\-yard pass by Kaheaku\-Enhada brought the team to the Utah 47\-yard line. On the next play, fullback Eric Kettani broke free for a 35\-yard sprint that put Navy inside the Utah red zone. Two plays later, Shun White rushed 10 yards into the end zone for a touchdown. For a subsequent [two\-point conversion](/wiki/Two-point_conversion "Two-point conversion"), Kaheaku\-Enhada kept the ball and rushed forward across the goal line. The touchdown and two\-point conversion cut Utah's lead to 28–25 with 8:52 remaining.
Utah began its next possession with two quick completions of 11 yards to move the drive to the Midshipmen 49\-yard line. Johnson continued to move the ball, picking up yardage through the air and on the ground. As Utah reached Navy territory, however, the Midshipmen's defense stiffened. Inside the 10\-yard line, Utah had three tries to cross the goal line and earn a touchdown. On the third play inside the ten, Utah wide receiver Jereme Brooks caught a pass from Brian Johnson. As he extended the ball toward the goal line, he was hit by Navy cornerback Ketric Buffin. Brooks lost control of the ball, which came out of his hands, hitting the pylon at the corner of the end zone. According to NCAA rules, the pylon was both out of bounds and in the end zone.[2006 NCAA football rules and regulations](https://www.ncaa.org/library/rules/2006/2006_football_rules.pdf) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624213428/http://www.ncaa.org/library/rules/2006/2006\_football\_rules.pdf \|date\=June 24, 2008 }} (PDF) The NCAA, page FR\-80\. Accessed December 22, 2007\. Therefore, the fumble should have been considered a touchback, with Navy awarded possession at its own 20\-yard line. Instead, officials ruled that Brooks had been out of bounds before fumbling and Utah maintained possession. After the game, officials acknowledged the mistake.[Officials acknowledge late play should have been touchback](https://www.espn.com/college-football/bowls07/news/story?id=3165857) ESPN.com News Services, ESPN.com, December 22, 2007\. Accessed December 22, 2007\. Utah had one more chance to score, but turned the ball over on downs after failing to cross the goal line on a run from inside the 1\-yard line.
The Midshipmen began their next drive at their own 1\-yard line with 3:40 remaining in the game. Over the next three plays, Navy failed to gain a first down. Facing a fourth\-and\-two inside its own nine\-yard line, Kaheaku\-Enhada attempted to rush the ball for the first down, but was stopped by the Utah defense. Navy turned the ball over on downs inside its own 10\-yard line, putting Utah in position to put the game away with less than two minutes remaining. Three rushing plays later, Utah's Darrell Mack ran the ball into the end zone for the Utes' fourth touchdown of the second half, giving Utah a 35–25 lead with just 1:27 remaining in the game. The Midshipmen mounted a quick four\-play, 69\-yard touchdown drive that left 57 seconds on the clock and closed the lead to 35–32\. Navy successfully converted the ensuing [onside kick](/wiki/Onside_kick "Onside kick"). A short rush gained Navy nine yards, but kept the clock moving. On the final play of the drive, Kaheaku\-Enhada hurled the ball downfield in hopes of earning a first down, which would stop the clock and move the team to within field goal range. The ball was intercepted by a Utah defender, however, and Utah subsequently ran out the clock to end the game with a score of 35–32\.[4th Qtr Play\-by\-Play](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273542426&period=4) ESPN.com, December 20, 2007\. Accessed December 22, 2007\.
### Scoring summary
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart\|VisitorName\=UTAH\|HomeName\=NAVY\|state\=expanded}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=08:42
\| Team\=UTAH
\| DriveLength\=67
\| DriveTime\=5:33
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Darrell Mack'''
\| yards\=6
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''\[\[Louie Sakoda]]''
\| Visitor\=7
\| Home\=0
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=05:14
\| Team\=NAVY
\| DriveLength\=70
\| DriveTime\=3:28
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Kaipo\-Noa Kaheaku\-Enhada'''
\| yards\=1
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Joey Bullen''
\| Visitor\=7
\| Home\=7
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=00:28
\| Team\=NAVY
\| DriveLength\=31
\| DriveTime\=2:11
\| Type\=FG
\| yards\=39
\| Kicker\='''Joey Bullen'''
\| Visitor\=7
\| Home\=10
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=11:52
\| Team\=NAVY
\| DriveLength\=69
\| DriveTime\=1:27
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Eric Kettani'''
\| yards\=43
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Joey Bullen''
\| Visitor\=7
\| Home\=17
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=04:47
\| Team\=UTAH
\| DriveLength\=59
\| DriveTime\=2:23
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Jereme Brooks'''
\| yards\=23
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Louie Sakoda''
\| Visitor\=14
\| Home\=17
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=01:12
\| Team\=UTAH
\| DriveLength\=84
\| DriveTime\=1:24
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Derrek Richards'''
\| yards\=40
\| QB\='''\[\[Brian Johnson (quarterback)\|Brian Johnson]]'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Louie Sakoda''
\| Visitor\=21
\| Home\=17
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=12:47
\| Team\=UTAH
\| DriveLength\=61
\| DriveTime\=1:16
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Brian Johnson'''
\| yards\=19
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Louie Sakoda''
\| Visitor\=28
\| Home\=17
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=08:48
\| Team\=NAVY
\| DriveLength\=81
\| DriveTime\=3:59
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Shun White'''
\| yards\=10
\| QB\='''Kaipo\-Noa Kaheaku\-Enhada'''
\| 2pt type\=run
\| 2pt result\=good
\| Visitor\=28
\| Home\=25
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=01:27
\| Team\=UTAH
\| DriveLength\=9
\| DriveTime\=0:50
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Darrell Mack'''
\| yards\=1
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Louie Sakoda''
\| Visitor\=35
\| Home\=25
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=00:57
\| Team\=NAVY
\| DriveLength\=68
\| DriveTime\=0:30
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Zerbin Singleton'''
\| yards\=58
\| QB\='''Kaipo\-Noa Kaheaku\-Enhada'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Joey Bullen''
\| Visitor\=35
\| Home\=32
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd\|Visitor\=35\|Home\=32}}
|
[
"Game summary\n------------",
"The 2007 Poinsettia Bowl was the first of 32 bowl games scheduled for [2007 college football bowl season](/wiki/NCAA_football_bowl_games%2C_2007-08 \"NCAA football bowl games, 2007-08\"). At the conclusion of the national anthem during the pre\\-game show, four [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") [F/A\\-18 Hornet](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet \"McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet\") aircraft performed a [flyover](/wiki/Flypast \"Flypast\") past the stadium.{{cite video \\|year\\=2007 \\|title\\=Another Poinsettia Bowl National Anthem and Flyover. \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=HFcn3ABFkOs \\|medium\\=Videotape \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Qualcomm Stadium]], \\[\\[San Diego, California]] \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-06 \\|time\\=2:09 \\|id\\=HFcn3ABFkOs}} The 2007 Poinsettia Bowl kicked off on 9:12 pm [EST](/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_%28North_America%29 \"Eastern Standard Time (North America)\") on December 20, 2007, at [Qualcomm Stadium](/wiki/Qualcomm_Stadium \"Qualcomm Stadium\") in [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California \"San Diego, California\"). The game began in fair weather, but by the start of the second half, it had begun to rain. The game was televised in the United States on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\"), although the first six minutes of game time were broadcast on [ESPN Classic](/wiki/ESPN_Classic \"ESPN Classic\") rather than ESPN due to a time overrun by another program. The program earned a [Nielsen rating](/wiki/Nielsen_rating \"Nielsen rating\") of 2\\.00\\.",
"### First quarter",
"Navy received the ball to begin the game. After starting their first drive on their own 45\\-yard line, the Midshipmen earned a [first down](/wiki/Down_%28American_football%29 \"Down (American football)\") by advancing the ball to the Utah 49\\-yard line, but were prevented from gaining another first down by the Utah defense. On the ensuing [punt](/wiki/Punt_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Punt (gridiron football)\"), Navy's [punter](/wiki/Punter_%28football%29 \"Punter (football)\") mishandled the [snap](/wiki/Snap_%28American_football%29 \"Snap (American football)\") and [fumbled](/wiki/Fumble \"Fumble\") the football. The Utes recovered the fumble, but ran only three plays before Midshipmen [linebacker](/wiki/Linebacker \"Linebacker\") Ross Pospisil [intercepted](/wiki/Intercepted \"Intercepted\") a pass by Utes [quarterback](/wiki/Quarterback \"Quarterback\") Brian Johnson and returned it across the 50\\-yard line. A [facemask](/wiki/Football_helmet \"Football helmet\") [penalty](/wiki/Penalty_%28American_football%29 \"Penalty (American football)\") against Utah, several effective rushes by Midshipmen [running back](/wiki/Running_back \"Running back\") Reggie Campbell, and a 29\\-yard reception by Campbell set up a first\\-and\\-goal situation. Utah's defense stiffened, however, and Navy failed to score a [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown \"Touchdown\") on its first two attempts inside the Utah 10\\-yard line. On the third try, Campbell ran up the middle but fumbled the ball, which Utah recovered.[2nd Qtr Play\\-by\\-Play](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273542426&period=2) ESPN.com, December 20, 2007\\. Accessed December 22, 2007\\.",
"After recovering the fumble, Utah mounted a 13\\-play, 49\\-yard drive that penetrated into Navy territory before it stalled at [midfield](/wiki/Midfield \"Midfield\"). Utah was forced to punt the ball away, which rolled into the end zone for a [touchback](/wiki/Touchback \"Touchback\"). Taking possession with less than a minute remaining in the first quarter, Navy running back Reggie Campbell ran for 44 yards at the Utes' 36\\-yard line. Two subsequent rushing plays ran out the first quarter and set the Midshipmen up for a third down to begin the second quarter. At the end of the first quarter, the score remained 0–0\\.",
"### Second quarter",
"[thumb\\|right\\|400px\\|Navy at the [line of scrimmage](/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage \"Line of scrimmage\") on Utah's goalline](/wiki/File:Navy_Utah_goalline.jpg \"Navy Utah goalline.jpg\")\nThe second quarter began with Navy facing a third down in Utah territory. A [false start](/wiki/False_start \"False start\") penalty on the Midshipmen and a Utah defensive stand prevented Navy from earning another first down. On fourth down, Midshipmen [kicker](/wiki/Placekicker \"Placekicker\") Joey Bullen attempted a 50\\-yard [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28American_and_Canadian_football%29 \"Field goal (American and Canadian football)\"), but missed the [goalposts](/wiki/Goalpost \"Goalpost\") to the left, keeping the game scoreless. Utah began its next drive at its own 33\\-yard line. The Utes progressed to the Navy 48\\-yard line before running back Darrell Mack managed a 20\\-yard run to drive the Utes to the Navy 28\\-yard line. A 14\\-yard pass to [wide receiver](/wiki/Wide_receiver \"Wide receiver\") Braden Godfrey put the Utes in Navy's [red zone](/wiki/Red_zone_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Red zone (gridiron football)\") for the first time, and Utah scored the first touchdown of the game on a five\\-yard run from Mack three plays later. With 8:42 remaining in the second quarter, Utah led 7–0\\.",
"Reggie Campbell returned the ensuing kickoff for 25 yards to start Navy at their own 30\\-yard line. Long runs, A 19\\-yard run from Shun White and a 15\\-yard [pass interference](/wiki/Pass_interference \"Pass interference\") penalty against the Utes helped advance the ball quickly down the field. On the eighth play of the drive, Midshipmen quarterback Kaipo\\-Noa Kaheaku\\-Enhada crossed the [goal line](/wiki/Goal_line_%28American_football%29 \"Goal line (American football)\") from one yard out to tie the score at 7–7 with 5:14 remaining in the first half. On the ensuing drive, Utah was unable to move the ball effectively, and the Utes were forced to punt the ball away. [All\\-American](/wiki/All-American \"All-American\") kicker [Louie Sakoda](/wiki/Louie_Sakoda \"Louie Sakoda\")'s punt traveled 29 yards, setting up the Navy offense at their own 47\\-yard line with 2:39 remaining before [halftime](/wiki/Halftime \"Halftime\"). The Midshipmen converted a fourth down during the drive, but the drive came to a halt following a false start penalty. Kicker Joey Bullen made his second field goal attempt of the game, a 39\\-yard kick through the uprights to give the Midshipmen a 10–7 lead. With 28 remaining in the first half, Utah received the kickoff and ran a single running play to run out the clock. At halftime, the Midshipmen led the Utes with a score of 10–7\\.",
"### Third quarter",
"Utah began the second half on offense. After a six\\-yard pass on the first play, Utah failed to gain the additional four yards needed for a first down and were forced to punt the ball away. Beginning at their own 31\\-yard line, the Midshipmen moved the ball quickly. Two consecutive rushing plays earned Navy a first down, and a 15\\-yard Shun White run on the third play of the drive brought the team to the Utes' 43\\-yard line. On the next play, [fullback](/wiki/Fullback_%28American_football%29 \"Fullback (American football)\") Eric Kettani broke through the Utah defensive line and ran 43 yards for a touchdown, giving Navy a 17–7 lead with 11:52 remaining in the third quarter.",
"On the first play of Utah's drive, Johnson completed a 22\\-yard pass to wide receiver Brian Hernandez. Utah's offense faltered, however, and was forced to punt. The ensuing punt from Sakoda was downed at the Midshipmen 8\\-yard line, and Navy's offense was forced into a three plays\\-and\\-out possession. Beginning at their own 41\\-yard line, Utes quarterback Johnson threw three consecutive completions to bring the drive to the Midshipmen 27\\-yard line. Just outside the Navy red zone, the Midshipmen defense forced a fourth down for Utah. Utah attempted to convert the fourth down instead of trying a long field goal. The conversion was successful, and on the first down following the conversion, Utah executed an [end\\-around](/wiki/End-around \"End-around\") that went for 23 yards and a touchdown. The score cut Navy's lead to three points and put the score at 17–14 with 4:47 remaining in the third quarter.",
"Though the midshipmen picked up one first down on their next drive, they were forced to punt the ball away with just over two minutes remaining in the quarter. Greg Veteto's punt was downed at the Utes' 16\\-yard line. The Utes' offense connected on passes of 10, 18, and 11 yards before Johnson completed a 40\\-yard pass to [Derrek Richards](/wiki/Derrek_Richards \"Derrek Richards\") for another touchdown. The 1:24 long drive took five plays and covered 84 yards. With the touchdown, Utah regained the lead by a 21–17 score. Midshipmen Campbell ran the opening kickoff return to the Navy 32\\-yard line, but the team struggled on the next two plays, fumbling and recovering the ball each time. The two failed plays allowed time to run out in the third quarter. At the end of the third quarter, the Utes held a 21–17 lead.[3rd Qtr Play\\-by\\-Play](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273542426&period=3) ESPN.com, December 20, 2007\\. Accessed December 22, 2007\\.",
"### Fourth quarter",
"[thumb\\|Kaheaku\\-Enhada gets the two\\-point conversion](/wiki/File:Kaipo-Noa_Kaheaku-Enhada_gets_2_pt_conversion_at_2007_Poinsettia_Bowl_071220-N-9909C-003.jpg \"Kaipo-Noa Kaheaku-Enhada gets 2 pt conversion at 2007 Poinsettia Bowl 071220-N-9909C-003.jpg\")\nThe Midshipmen faced a long third down play to begin the fourth quarter and was forced to punt when quarterback Kaipo\\-Noa Kaheaku\\-Enhada was sacked. Over the next five plays and 1:16 of game time, the Utes drove 61 yards ending when quarterback Brian Johnson scored a touchdown on a 19\\-yard scramble with 12:47 remaining in the game. The score gave Utah a 28–17 lead.",
"The Midshipmen began their next drive at their own 19\\-yard line. With several short rushes, Navy began to build a drive. A 14\\-yard pass by Kaheaku\\-Enhada brought the team to the Utah 47\\-yard line. On the next play, fullback Eric Kettani broke free for a 35\\-yard sprint that put Navy inside the Utah red zone. Two plays later, Shun White rushed 10 yards into the end zone for a touchdown. For a subsequent [two\\-point conversion](/wiki/Two-point_conversion \"Two-point conversion\"), Kaheaku\\-Enhada kept the ball and rushed forward across the goal line. The touchdown and two\\-point conversion cut Utah's lead to 28–25 with 8:52 remaining.",
"Utah began its next possession with two quick completions of 11 yards to move the drive to the Midshipmen 49\\-yard line. Johnson continued to move the ball, picking up yardage through the air and on the ground. As Utah reached Navy territory, however, the Midshipmen's defense stiffened. Inside the 10\\-yard line, Utah had three tries to cross the goal line and earn a touchdown. On the third play inside the ten, Utah wide receiver Jereme Brooks caught a pass from Brian Johnson. As he extended the ball toward the goal line, he was hit by Navy cornerback Ketric Buffin. Brooks lost control of the ball, which came out of his hands, hitting the pylon at the corner of the end zone. According to NCAA rules, the pylon was both out of bounds and in the end zone.[2006 NCAA football rules and regulations](https://www.ncaa.org/library/rules/2006/2006_football_rules.pdf) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624213428/http://www.ncaa.org/library/rules/2006/2006\\_football\\_rules.pdf \\|date\\=June 24, 2008 }} (PDF) The NCAA, page FR\\-80\\. Accessed December 22, 2007\\. Therefore, the fumble should have been considered a touchback, with Navy awarded possession at its own 20\\-yard line. Instead, officials ruled that Brooks had been out of bounds before fumbling and Utah maintained possession. After the game, officials acknowledged the mistake.[Officials acknowledge late play should have been touchback](https://www.espn.com/college-football/bowls07/news/story?id=3165857) ESPN.com News Services, ESPN.com, December 22, 2007\\. Accessed December 22, 2007\\. Utah had one more chance to score, but turned the ball over on downs after failing to cross the goal line on a run from inside the 1\\-yard line.",
"The Midshipmen began their next drive at their own 1\\-yard line with 3:40 remaining in the game. Over the next three plays, Navy failed to gain a first down. Facing a fourth\\-and\\-two inside its own nine\\-yard line, Kaheaku\\-Enhada attempted to rush the ball for the first down, but was stopped by the Utah defense. Navy turned the ball over on downs inside its own 10\\-yard line, putting Utah in position to put the game away with less than two minutes remaining. Three rushing plays later, Utah's Darrell Mack ran the ball into the end zone for the Utes' fourth touchdown of the second half, giving Utah a 35–25 lead with just 1:27 remaining in the game. The Midshipmen mounted a quick four\\-play, 69\\-yard touchdown drive that left 57 seconds on the clock and closed the lead to 35–32\\. Navy successfully converted the ensuing [onside kick](/wiki/Onside_kick \"Onside kick\"). A short rush gained Navy nine yards, but kept the clock moving. On the final play of the drive, Kaheaku\\-Enhada hurled the ball downfield in hopes of earning a first down, which would stop the clock and move the team to within field goal range. The ball was intercepted by a Utah defender, however, and Utah subsequently ran out the clock to end the game with a score of 35–32\\.[4th Qtr Play\\-by\\-Play](https://www.espn.com/college-football/playbyplay?gameId=273542426&period=4) ESPN.com, December 20, 2007\\. Accessed December 22, 2007\\.",
"### Scoring summary",
"{{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart\\|VisitorName\\=UTAH\\|HomeName\\=NAVY\\|state\\=expanded}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=08:42\n\\| Team\\=UTAH\n\\| DriveLength\\=67\n\\| DriveTime\\=5:33\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Darrell Mack'''\n\\| yards\\=6\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''\\[\\[Louie Sakoda]]''\n\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\| Home\\=0\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=05:14\n\\| Team\\=NAVY\n\\| DriveLength\\=70\n\\| DriveTime\\=3:28\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Kaipo\\-Noa Kaheaku\\-Enhada'''\n\\| yards\\=1\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Joey Bullen''\n\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\| Home\\=7\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=00:28\n\\| Team\\=NAVY\n\\| DriveLength\\=31\n\\| DriveTime\\=2:11\n\\| Type\\=FG\n\\| yards\\=39\n\\| Kicker\\='''Joey Bullen'''\n\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\| Home\\=10\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=11:52\n\\| Team\\=NAVY\n\\| DriveLength\\=69\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:27\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Eric Kettani'''\n\\| yards\\=43\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Joey Bullen''\n\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\| Home\\=17\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=04:47\n\\| Team\\=UTAH\n\\| DriveLength\\=59\n\\| DriveTime\\=2:23\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Jereme Brooks'''\n\\| yards\\=23\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Louie Sakoda''\n\\| Visitor\\=14\n\\| Home\\=17\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=01:12\n\\| Team\\=UTAH\n\\| DriveLength\\=84\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:24\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Derrek Richards'''\n\\| yards\\=40\n\\| QB\\='''\\[\\[Brian Johnson (quarterback)\\|Brian Johnson]]'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Louie Sakoda''\n\\| Visitor\\=21\n\\| Home\\=17\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=12:47\n\\| Team\\=UTAH\n\\| DriveLength\\=61\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:16\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Brian Johnson'''\n\\| yards\\=19\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Louie Sakoda''\n\\| Visitor\\=28\n\\| Home\\=17\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=08:48\n\\| Team\\=NAVY\n\\| DriveLength\\=81\n\\| DriveTime\\=3:59\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Shun White'''\n\\| yards\\=10\n\\| QB\\='''Kaipo\\-Noa Kaheaku\\-Enhada'''\n\\| 2pt type\\=run\n\\| 2pt result\\=good\n\\| Visitor\\=28\n\\| Home\\=25\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=01:27\n\\| Team\\=UTAH\n\\| DriveLength\\=9\n\\| DriveTime\\=0:50\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Darrell Mack'''\n\\| yards\\=1\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Louie Sakoda''\n\\| Visitor\\=35\n\\| Home\\=25\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=00:57\n\\| Team\\=NAVY\n\\| DriveLength\\=68\n\\| DriveTime\\=0:30\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Zerbin Singleton'''\n\\| yards\\=58\n\\| QB\\='''Kaipo\\-Noa Kaheaku\\-Enhada'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Joey Bullen''\n\\| Visitor\\=35\n\\| Home\\=32\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd\\|Visitor\\=35\\|Home\\=32}}",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1990\= 5910
\|2000\= 6045
\|2010\= 6144
\|2020\= 6021
\|footnote\=source:{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing (1790\-2000\)\|publisher\=\[\[U.S. Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2010\-07\-17}}
}}
### 2010
At the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census") East Pasadena had a population of 6,144\. The population density was {{convert\|4,645\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of East Pasadena was 3,183 (51\.8%) White (33\.9% Non\-Hispanic White),{{cite web \|url\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0620984\.html \|title\=East Pasadena CDP QuickFacts \|work\=US Census Bureau \|year\=2014 \|access\-date\=July 29, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702004246/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0620984\.html \|archive\-date\=July 2, 2012 }} 183 (3\.0%) African American, 47 (0\.8%) Native American, 1,589 (25\.9%) Asian, 7 (0\.1%) Pacific Islander, 857 (13\.9%) from other races, and 278 (4\.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,139 persons (34\.8%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0620984\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140715024543/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0620984\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2014\|title\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \- East Pasadena CDP\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|access\-date\=July 12, 2014}}
The census reported that 6,119 people (99\.6% of the population) lived in households, 7 (0\.1%) lived in non\-institutionalized group quarters, and 18 (0\.3%) were institutionalized.
There were 2,096 households, 704 (33\.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,158 (55\.2%) were [opposite\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 241 (11\.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 115 (5\.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 98 (4\.7%) [unmarried opposite\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ "POSSLQ"), and 14 (0\.7%) [same\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships "Same-sex partnerships"). 441 households (21\.0%) were one person and 178 (8\.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.92\. There were 1,514 families (72\.2% of households); the average family size was 3\.37\.
The age distribution was 1,303 people (21\.2%) under the age of 18, 510 people (8\.3%) aged 18 to 24, 1,645 people (26\.8%) aged 25 to 44, 1,729 people (28\.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 957 people (15\.6%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 40\.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96\.0 males.
There were 2,184 housing units at an average density of 1,651\.2 per square mile, of the occupied units 1,435 (68\.5%) were owner\-occupied and 661 (31\.5%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1\.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 2\.4%. 4,286 people (69\.8% of the population) lived in owner\-occupied housing units and 1,833 people (29\.8%) lived in rental housing units.
According to the 2010 United States Census, East Pasadena had a median household income of $71,151, with 16\.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.
### 2000
At the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census "2000 United States Census") there were 6,045 people, 2,038 households, and 1,502 families in the CDP. The population density was {{convert\|4,586\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 2,124 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|1,611\.6\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census") of the CDP was 55\.70% White, 2\.55% Black or African American, 0\.79% Native American, 20\.03% Asian, 0\.05% Pacific Islander, 14\.43% from other races, and 6\.45% from two or more races. 35\.24% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States "Hispanics in the United States") or Latino of any race.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-31 \|title\=U.S. Census website }}
Of the 2,038 households 34\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58\.0% were married couples living together, 10\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26\.3% were non\-families. 21\.3% of households were one person and 7\.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.95 and the average family size was 3\.43\.
The age distribution was 24\.6% under the age of 18, 8\.4% from 18 to 24, 29\.6% from 25 to 44, 23\.8% from 45 to 64, and 13\.6% 65 or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91\.2 males.
The median household income was $53,378 and the median family income was $61,531\. Males had a median income of $50,208 versus $35,104 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $34,548\. About 6\.1% of families and 9\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 12\.6% of those under age 18 and 4\.0% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1990\\= 5910\n\\|2000\\= 6045\n\\|2010\\= 6144\n\\|2020\\= 6021\n\\|footnote\\=source:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing (1790\\-2000\\)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[U.S. Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-07\\-17}}\n}}",
"### 2010",
"At the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\") East Pasadena had a population of 6,144\\. The population density was {{convert\\|4,645\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of East Pasadena was 3,183 (51\\.8%) White (33\\.9% Non\\-Hispanic White),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0620984\\.html \\|title\\=East Pasadena CDP QuickFacts \\|work\\=US Census Bureau \\|year\\=2014 \\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702004246/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0620984\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2012 }} 183 (3\\.0%) African American, 47 (0\\.8%) Native American, 1,589 (25\\.9%) Asian, 7 (0\\.1%) Pacific Islander, 857 (13\\.9%) from other races, and 278 (4\\.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,139 persons (34\\.8%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0620984\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140715024543/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0620984\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2014\\|title\\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \\- East Pasadena CDP\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2014}}",
"The census reported that 6,119 people (99\\.6% of the population) lived in households, 7 (0\\.1%) lived in non\\-institutionalized group quarters, and 18 (0\\.3%) were institutionalized.",
"There were 2,096 households, 704 (33\\.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,158 (55\\.2%) were [opposite\\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 241 (11\\.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 115 (5\\.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 98 (4\\.7%) [unmarried opposite\\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ \"POSSLQ\"), and 14 (0\\.7%) [same\\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships \"Same-sex partnerships\"). 441 households (21\\.0%) were one person and 178 (8\\.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.92\\. There were 1,514 families (72\\.2% of households); the average family size was 3\\.37\\.",
"The age distribution was 1,303 people (21\\.2%) under the age of 18, 510 people (8\\.3%) aged 18 to 24, 1,645 people (26\\.8%) aged 25 to 44, 1,729 people (28\\.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 957 people (15\\.6%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 40\\.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96\\.0 males.",
"There were 2,184 housing units at an average density of 1,651\\.2 per square mile, of the occupied units 1,435 (68\\.5%) were owner\\-occupied and 661 (31\\.5%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1\\.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 2\\.4%. 4,286 people (69\\.8% of the population) lived in owner\\-occupied housing units and 1,833 people (29\\.8%) lived in rental housing units.",
"According to the 2010 United States Census, East Pasadena had a median household income of $71,151, with 16\\.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.",
"### 2000",
"At the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census \"2000 United States Census\") there were 6,045 people, 2,038 households, and 1,502 families in the CDP. The population density was {{convert\\|4,586\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 2,124 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|1,611\\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census\") of the CDP was 55\\.70% White, 2\\.55% Black or African American, 0\\.79% Native American, 20\\.03% Asian, 0\\.05% Pacific Islander, 14\\.43% from other races, and 6\\.45% from two or more races. 35\\.24% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States \"Hispanics in the United States\") or Latino of any race.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-31 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }}\nOf the 2,038 households 34\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58\\.0% were married couples living together, 10\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26\\.3% were non\\-families. 21\\.3% of households were one person and 7\\.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.95 and the average family size was 3\\.43\\.",
"The age distribution was 24\\.6% under the age of 18, 8\\.4% from 18 to 24, 29\\.6% from 25 to 44, 23\\.8% from 45 to 64, and 13\\.6% 65 or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91\\.2 males.",
"The median household income was $53,378 and the median family income was $61,531\\. Males had a median income of $50,208 versus $35,104 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $34,548\\. About 6\\.1% of families and 9\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 12\\.6% of those under age 18 and 4\\.0% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
### 2010
At the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census") East Pasadena had a population of 6,144\. The population density was {{convert\|4,645\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of East Pasadena was 3,183 (51\.8%) White (33\.9% Non\-Hispanic White),{{cite web \|url\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0620984\.html \|title\=East Pasadena CDP QuickFacts \|work\=US Census Bureau \|year\=2014 \|access\-date\=July 29, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702004246/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0620984\.html \|archive\-date\=July 2, 2012 }} 183 (3\.0%) African American, 47 (0\.8%) Native American, 1,589 (25\.9%) Asian, 7 (0\.1%) Pacific Islander, 857 (13\.9%) from other races, and 278 (4\.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,139 persons (34\.8%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0620984\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140715024543/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0620984\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2014\|title\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \- East Pasadena CDP\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|access\-date\=July 12, 2014}}
The census reported that 6,119 people (99\.6% of the population) lived in households, 7 (0\.1%) lived in non\-institutionalized group quarters, and 18 (0\.3%) were institutionalized.
There were 2,096 households, 704 (33\.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,158 (55\.2%) were [opposite\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 241 (11\.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 115 (5\.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 98 (4\.7%) [unmarried opposite\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ "POSSLQ"), and 14 (0\.7%) [same\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships "Same-sex partnerships"). 441 households (21\.0%) were one person and 178 (8\.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.92\. There were 1,514 families (72\.2% of households); the average family size was 3\.37\.
The age distribution was 1,303 people (21\.2%) under the age of 18, 510 people (8\.3%) aged 18 to 24, 1,645 people (26\.8%) aged 25 to 44, 1,729 people (28\.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 957 people (15\.6%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 40\.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96\.0 males.
There were 2,184 housing units at an average density of 1,651\.2 per square mile, of the occupied units 1,435 (68\.5%) were owner\-occupied and 661 (31\.5%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1\.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 2\.4%. 4,286 people (69\.8% of the population) lived in owner\-occupied housing units and 1,833 people (29\.8%) lived in rental housing units.
According to the 2010 United States Census, East Pasadena had a median household income of $71,151, with 16\.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.
|
[
"### 2010",
"At the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\") East Pasadena had a population of 6,144\\. The population density was {{convert\\|4,645\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of East Pasadena was 3,183 (51\\.8%) White (33\\.9% Non\\-Hispanic White),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0620984\\.html \\|title\\=East Pasadena CDP QuickFacts \\|work\\=US Census Bureau \\|year\\=2014 \\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702004246/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0620984\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2012 }} 183 (3\\.0%) African American, 47 (0\\.8%) Native American, 1,589 (25\\.9%) Asian, 7 (0\\.1%) Pacific Islander, 857 (13\\.9%) from other races, and 278 (4\\.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,139 persons (34\\.8%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0620984\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140715024543/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0620984\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2014\\|title\\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \\- East Pasadena CDP\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2014}}",
"The census reported that 6,119 people (99\\.6% of the population) lived in households, 7 (0\\.1%) lived in non\\-institutionalized group quarters, and 18 (0\\.3%) were institutionalized.",
"There were 2,096 households, 704 (33\\.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,158 (55\\.2%) were [opposite\\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 241 (11\\.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 115 (5\\.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 98 (4\\.7%) [unmarried opposite\\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ \"POSSLQ\"), and 14 (0\\.7%) [same\\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships \"Same-sex partnerships\"). 441 households (21\\.0%) were one person and 178 (8\\.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.92\\. There were 1,514 families (72\\.2% of households); the average family size was 3\\.37\\.",
"The age distribution was 1,303 people (21\\.2%) under the age of 18, 510 people (8\\.3%) aged 18 to 24, 1,645 people (26\\.8%) aged 25 to 44, 1,729 people (28\\.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 957 people (15\\.6%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 40\\.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96\\.0 males.",
"There were 2,184 housing units at an average density of 1,651\\.2 per square mile, of the occupied units 1,435 (68\\.5%) were owner\\-occupied and 661 (31\\.5%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1\\.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 2\\.4%. 4,286 people (69\\.8% of the population) lived in owner\\-occupied housing units and 1,833 people (29\\.8%) lived in rental housing units.",
"According to the 2010 United States Census, East Pasadena had a median household income of $71,151, with 16\\.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.",
""
] |
Famous editions
---------------
{{see also\|List of Question Time episodes}}
In early 1981, [David Steel](/wiki/David_Steel "David Steel") declared his support in principle for "a marriage" between the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 "Liberal Party (UK)") and any party which might be formed by the [Gang of Four](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%28UK%29%23Creation_of_the_SDP "Social Democratic Party (UK)#Creation of the SDP"); [David Owen](/wiki/David_Owen "David Owen"), who was also on the programme, said he could see advantages in an "electoral alliance" between them. This prefigured the period 1983–1987 when Owen and Steel were Leaders of the [SDP–Liberal Alliance](/wiki/SDP%E2%80%93Liberal_Alliance "SDP–Liberal Alliance") and tension grew over whether their deal was a prelude to a merger of the parties or merely a temporary electoral pact.
During the [1983 election campaign](/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election "1983 United Kingdom general election"), [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 "Conservative Party (UK)") [Foreign Secretary](/wiki/Foreign_Secretary "Foreign Secretary") [Francis Pym](/wiki/Francis_Pym "Francis Pym") was asked by an A\-level student named Andy Davis about the implications of the Conservatives winning the election with a landslide victory. He began by casting doubt on the likelihood of this happening and then observed "I think landslides on the whole don't produce successful governments". [Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher "Margaret Thatcher") later wrote that the remark "struck a wrong note": "people drew the inference that he did not want us to win a large majority".{{cite book \|last\=Thatcher \|first\=Margaret \|title\=The Downing Street Years \|url\=https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea00that \|url\-access\=registration \|publisher\=HarperCollins \|year\=1993 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea00that/page/n329 294] \|isbn\=0002550490}} Following the election (won by the Conservatives on a landslide) she sacked him as [Foreign Secretary](/wiki/Foreign_Secretary "Foreign Secretary"), partly because of his gaffe.{{cite book \|last\=Thatcher \|first\=Margaret \|title\=The Downing Street Years \|url\=https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea00that \|url\-access\=registration \|publisher\=HarperCollins \|year\=1993 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea00that/page/n341 306] \|isbn\=0002550490}}
In a 1984 edition, [Alan Clark](/wiki/Alan_Clark "Alan Clark"), a junior government Minister at the time, was openly critical of a government decision to buy a foreign\-made missile system, prompting guest host [Sue Lawley](/wiki/Sue_Lawley "Sue Lawley") to ask the audience, "Is there anyone here who wishes to defend the government on this, because its Minister doesn't?"
A 1994 edition was notable for a confrontation between [Jeffrey Archer](/wiki/Jeffrey_Archer "Jeffrey Archer") and the historian [David Starkey](/wiki/David_Starkey "David Starkey") over the age of homosexual consent. After arguing that 18 should be the age of consent, Archer was attacked by Starkey who told him: "Englishmen like you enjoy sitting on the fence so much because you enjoy the sensation." Archer replied "I enjoyed the very clever way you got a laugh ... I was not sitting on the fence and I was not compromising ... you don't have the right to doubt my beliefs and think just because you are an expert in this subject I don't have the right to say what I feel or get a cheap laugh out of it. I stand by 18 and I mean it."{{Citation \| last \= Havard \| first \= Ed \| title \= Question Time defined by 'epic' battles \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/question\_time/9366830\.stm \| publisher \= news.bbc.co.uk \| date \= 20 January 2011 \| access\-date \= 16 August 2011}}
The programme broadcast on 13 September 2001, which was devoted to the political implications of the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"), featured many contributions from members of the audience who were anti\-American, expressing the view that "the United States had it coming". The BBC received more than 2,000 complaints and later apologised to viewers for causing offence, stating that the edition should not have been broadcast live, but rather should have been recorded and edited.[BBC chief apologises for terror debate](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/1544897.stm), BBC News, 15 September 2001
In 2002, the editor of *[Private Eye](/wiki/Private_Eye "Private Eye")*, [Ian Hislop](/wiki/Ian_Hislop "Ian Hislop"), made an open attack on [Jeffrey Archer](/wiki/Jeffrey_Archer "Jeffrey Archer"), who had been imprisoned for [perjury](/wiki/Perjury "Perjury"), when his wife [Mary Archer](/wiki/Mary_Archer "Mary Archer") was a fellow panellist. She was noticeably angry that the issue had been raised and criticised Hislop after the recording had finished.
In March 2007, an Iraq Special was broadcast, featuring [Tony Benn](/wiki/Tony_Benn "Tony Benn"), [Benazir Bhutto](/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto "Benazir Bhutto"), [Des Browne](/wiki/Des_Browne "Des Browne"), [Liam Fox](/wiki/Liam_Fox "Liam Fox"), [Charles Kennedy](/wiki/Charles_Kennedy "Charles Kennedy") and, via [video link](/wiki/Video_link "Video link") from [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), [John Bolton](/wiki/John_Bolton "John Bolton"). The episode is particularly memorable for the clashes between Benn and Bolton.
On 11 October 2007, former editor of *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The Sun (United Kingdom)")* newspaper [Kelvin MacKenzie](/wiki/Kelvin_MacKenzie "Kelvin MacKenzie") appeared on the programme in [Cheltenham](/wiki/Cheltenham "Cheltenham") and launched an attack on Scotland. During a debate about tax, MacKenzie claimed that "Scotland believes not in entrepreneurialism like London and the south east... Scots enjoy spending it (money) but they don't enjoy creating it, which is the opposite to down south." The comments came as part of an attack on [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") [Gordon Brown](/wiki/Gordon_Brown "Gordon Brown") who MacKenzie said could not be trusted to manage the British economy because he was "a Scot" and a "socialist", and insisting that this was relevant to the debate. Fellow panellist [Chuka Umunna](/wiki/Chuka_Umunna "Chuka Umunna") from the [think tank](/wiki/Think_tank "Think tank") Compass called his comments "absolutely disgraceful", and booing and jeering were heard from the Cheltenham studio audience. The BBC received 350 complaints and MacKenzie's comments drew widespread criticism in both Scotland and England. On 3 July 2008, it was reported that the BBC Trust's editorial complaints unit had cleared the programme of any wrongdoing. *Question Time* then proceeded to broadcast the following question from Nick Hartley as part of the programme on the same evening: "After the media coverage of \[Andy] Murray's rise and fall, are we now to infer that the English resent the Scots more than the Scots resent the English?" MacKenzie reappeared on the programme in [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff "Cardiff") on 17 May 2012\.
After he was elected to the European Parliament, [Nick Griffin](/wiki/Nick_Griffin "Nick Griffin") the leader of the [British National Party](/wiki/British_National_Party "British National Party") was invited onto *Question Time* for the first time, to appear on 22 October 2009\. The decision led to [controversy and political debate](/wiki/Question_Time_British_National_Party_controversy "Question Time British National Party controversy"). Hundreds of people protested outside [BBC Television Centre](/wiki/BBC_Television_Centre "BBC Television Centre") as the edition was filmed; six people were arrested after 25 protesters forced their way into the main reception.["BNP on Question Time"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/22/bnp-question-time-live-buildup), *The Guardian*, 22 October 2009\.{{cite news\| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk\_politics/8321157\.stm \| work\=BBC News \| title\=Angry scenes face Griffin at BBC \| date\=22 October 2009 \| access\-date\=22 May 2010}} The edition attracted eight million viewers,{{cite news\|url\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk\_politics/8322322\.stm\|title\= Griffin complaint over BBC 'mob'\|publisher\=BBC News\|date\= 23 October 2009\|access\-date\= 23 October 2009}} and also drew a large number of complaints as a result of its content. Griffin himself said that he would make a formal complaint to the BBC for the way he believed he was treated by the show's other guests and the audience, who he described as a "lynch mob."
An edition aired on 19 May 2011 was recorded at [Wormwood Scrubs Prison](/wiki/Wormwood_Scrubs_Prison "Wormwood Scrubs Prison") in [London](/wiki/London "London"). The episode was the first to feature prisoners as part of the audience, while panellists included [Justice Secretary](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Justice "Secretary of State for Justice") [Ken Clarke](/wiki/Ken_Clarke "Ken Clarke") who attempted to defend controversial remarks he had made earlier in the week about rape sentencing.{{cite news\|url\= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/may/20/question\-time\-tv\-ratings\|title\= Ken Clarke detains 3 million on Question Time\|work\= The Guardian\|first\= Ben\|last\= Dowell\|date\= 20 May 2011\|access\-date\= 21 May 2011}}
A special edition of the programme was aired on 11 August 2011 following the [outbreak of rioting](/wiki/2011_England_riots "2011 England riots") which had occurred during the previous weekend and earlier that week.{{cite news\|url\= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/aug/12/question\-time\-riots\-special\|title\= Question Time riots special draws 3\.6m viewers\|work\= The Guardian\|first\= Ben\|last\= Dowell\|date\= 12 August 2011\|access\-date\= 16 August 2011}} *Question Time* had been off air for its annual summer break at the time and the edition was a scheduled at short notice due to the English riots.
An [appearance by George Galloway](/wiki/Question_Time_George_Galloway_in_Finchley_controversy "Question Time George Galloway in Finchley controversy") on the edition of 5 February 2015 recorded in Finchley gained much negative comment before the broadcast. Inviting Galloway, a politician who has been outspoken about Israel, onto the programme was thought to be provocative and insensitive because Finchley has a large Jewish minority.Sandy Rashty ["Galloway Question Time appearance is chance to call MP to account, says Board"](http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/129151/galloway-question-time-appearance-chance-call-mp-account-says-board), *The Jewish Chronicle*, 29 January 2015 Galloway, who was heckled during a discussion about antisemitism, thought he had been defamed by a question posed to him, which insinuated that he should share some of the blame for a rise in antisemitic incidents during 2014\.["George Galloway accuses BBC over Question Time 'set\-up'"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/feb/06/george-galloway-accuses-bbc-over-question-time-set-up), *The Guardian*, 6 February 2015
On 23 November 2017 the programme was shortened because an audience member became ill and could not be safely moved.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-politics\-42104904\|title\=Question Time cut short as woman falls ill\|website\=BBC News}}
On 19 March 2020 the programme broadcast from [Weston\-super\-Mare](/wiki/Weston-super-Mare "Weston-super-Mare") was the first without an audience, due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). On 26 March 2020 the programme moved to a semi\-permanent home at the [IMG](/wiki/IMG_%28company%29 "IMG (company)") Studios at [Stockley Park](/wiki/Stockley_Park "Stockley Park") in London as a measure to prevent unnecessary travel during the Coronavirus outbreak, the show followed a different format with no audience, the number of panellists reduced to four and the removal of the desk table, with the panellists and host now sitting on chairs in a semi\-circle, 2m apart from one another in order to observe social distancing rules. At the same time, the programme moved to a new, temporary timeslot of 8pm, so that it could be broadcast live and allow viewers to submit their own questions to be answered on the programme.
Four\-time [Formula One](/wiki/Formula_One "Formula One") World Champion and [Grand Prix Drivers' Association](/wiki/Grand_Prix_Drivers%27_Association "Grand Prix Drivers' Association"), the trade union for F1, director [Sebastian Vettel](/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel "Sebastian Vettel") appeared on the 12 May 2022 edition, which was broadcast from [Hackney](/wiki/Hackney%2C_London "Hackney, London").{{Cite web \|title\=Vettel: BBC Question Time appearance will be "interesting opportunity" \|url\=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/vettel\-bbc\-question\-time\-appearance\-will\-be\-interesting\-opportunity/10300878/ \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-08 \|website\=www.autosport.com \|language\=en}}{{Cite news \|title\=Vettel questions racing in F1 amid climate change \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC Sport \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/61428257 \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-13}}
|
[
"Famous editions\n---------------",
"{{see also\\|List of Question Time episodes}}\nIn early 1981, [David Steel](/wiki/David_Steel \"David Steel\") declared his support in principle for \"a marriage\" between the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Party (UK)\") and any party which might be formed by the [Gang of Four](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%28UK%29%23Creation_of_the_SDP \"Social Democratic Party (UK)#Creation of the SDP\"); [David Owen](/wiki/David_Owen \"David Owen\"), who was also on the programme, said he could see advantages in an \"electoral alliance\" between them. This prefigured the period 1983–1987 when Owen and Steel were Leaders of the [SDP–Liberal Alliance](/wiki/SDP%E2%80%93Liberal_Alliance \"SDP–Liberal Alliance\") and tension grew over whether their deal was a prelude to a merger of the parties or merely a temporary electoral pact.",
"During the [1983 election campaign](/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1983 United Kingdom general election\"), [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party (UK)\") [Foreign Secretary](/wiki/Foreign_Secretary \"Foreign Secretary\") [Francis Pym](/wiki/Francis_Pym \"Francis Pym\") was asked by an A\\-level student named Andy Davis about the implications of the Conservatives winning the election with a landslide victory. He began by casting doubt on the likelihood of this happening and then observed \"I think landslides on the whole don't produce successful governments\". [Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher \"Margaret Thatcher\") later wrote that the remark \"struck a wrong note\": \"people drew the inference that he did not want us to win a large majority\".{{cite book \\|last\\=Thatcher \\|first\\=Margaret \\|title\\=The Downing Street Years \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea00that \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|publisher\\=HarperCollins \\|year\\=1993 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea00that/page/n329 294] \\|isbn\\=0002550490}} Following the election (won by the Conservatives on a landslide) she sacked him as [Foreign Secretary](/wiki/Foreign_Secretary \"Foreign Secretary\"), partly because of his gaffe.{{cite book \\|last\\=Thatcher \\|first\\=Margaret \\|title\\=The Downing Street Years \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea00that \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|publisher\\=HarperCollins \\|year\\=1993 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea00that/page/n341 306] \\|isbn\\=0002550490}}",
"In a 1984 edition, [Alan Clark](/wiki/Alan_Clark \"Alan Clark\"), a junior government Minister at the time, was openly critical of a government decision to buy a foreign\\-made missile system, prompting guest host [Sue Lawley](/wiki/Sue_Lawley \"Sue Lawley\") to ask the audience, \"Is there anyone here who wishes to defend the government on this, because its Minister doesn't?\"",
"A 1994 edition was notable for a confrontation between [Jeffrey Archer](/wiki/Jeffrey_Archer \"Jeffrey Archer\") and the historian [David Starkey](/wiki/David_Starkey \"David Starkey\") over the age of homosexual consent. After arguing that 18 should be the age of consent, Archer was attacked by Starkey who told him: \"Englishmen like you enjoy sitting on the fence so much because you enjoy the sensation.\" Archer replied \"I enjoyed the very clever way you got a laugh ... I was not sitting on the fence and I was not compromising ... you don't have the right to doubt my beliefs and think just because you are an expert in this subject I don't have the right to say what I feel or get a cheap laugh out of it. I stand by 18 and I mean it.\"{{Citation \\| last \\= Havard \\| first \\= Ed \\| title \\= Question Time defined by 'epic' battles \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/question\\_time/9366830\\.stm \\| publisher \\= news.bbc.co.uk \\| date \\= 20 January 2011 \\| access\\-date \\= 16 August 2011}}",
"The programme broadcast on 13 September 2001, which was devoted to the political implications of the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\"), featured many contributions from members of the audience who were anti\\-American, expressing the view that \"the United States had it coming\". The BBC received more than 2,000 complaints and later apologised to viewers for causing offence, stating that the edition should not have been broadcast live, but rather should have been recorded and edited.[BBC chief apologises for terror debate](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/1544897.stm), BBC News, 15 September 2001",
"In 2002, the editor of *[Private Eye](/wiki/Private_Eye \"Private Eye\")*, [Ian Hislop](/wiki/Ian_Hislop \"Ian Hislop\"), made an open attack on [Jeffrey Archer](/wiki/Jeffrey_Archer \"Jeffrey Archer\"), who had been imprisoned for [perjury](/wiki/Perjury \"Perjury\"), when his wife [Mary Archer](/wiki/Mary_Archer \"Mary Archer\") was a fellow panellist. She was noticeably angry that the issue had been raised and criticised Hislop after the recording had finished.",
"In March 2007, an Iraq Special was broadcast, featuring [Tony Benn](/wiki/Tony_Benn \"Tony Benn\"), [Benazir Bhutto](/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto \"Benazir Bhutto\"), [Des Browne](/wiki/Des_Browne \"Des Browne\"), [Liam Fox](/wiki/Liam_Fox \"Liam Fox\"), [Charles Kennedy](/wiki/Charles_Kennedy \"Charles Kennedy\") and, via [video link](/wiki/Video_link \"Video link\") from [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), [John Bolton](/wiki/John_Bolton \"John Bolton\"). The episode is particularly memorable for the clashes between Benn and Bolton.",
"On 11 October 2007, former editor of *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The Sun (United Kingdom)\")* newspaper [Kelvin MacKenzie](/wiki/Kelvin_MacKenzie \"Kelvin MacKenzie\") appeared on the programme in [Cheltenham](/wiki/Cheltenham \"Cheltenham\") and launched an attack on Scotland. During a debate about tax, MacKenzie claimed that \"Scotland believes not in entrepreneurialism like London and the south east... Scots enjoy spending it (money) but they don't enjoy creating it, which is the opposite to down south.\" The comments came as part of an attack on [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\") [Gordon Brown](/wiki/Gordon_Brown \"Gordon Brown\") who MacKenzie said could not be trusted to manage the British economy because he was \"a Scot\" and a \"socialist\", and insisting that this was relevant to the debate. Fellow panellist [Chuka Umunna](/wiki/Chuka_Umunna \"Chuka Umunna\") from the [think tank](/wiki/Think_tank \"Think tank\") Compass called his comments \"absolutely disgraceful\", and booing and jeering were heard from the Cheltenham studio audience. The BBC received 350 complaints and MacKenzie's comments drew widespread criticism in both Scotland and England. On 3 July 2008, it was reported that the BBC Trust's editorial complaints unit had cleared the programme of any wrongdoing. *Question Time* then proceeded to broadcast the following question from Nick Hartley as part of the programme on the same evening: \"After the media coverage of \\[Andy] Murray's rise and fall, are we now to infer that the English resent the Scots more than the Scots resent the English?\" MacKenzie reappeared on the programme in [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") on 17 May 2012\\.",
"After he was elected to the European Parliament, [Nick Griffin](/wiki/Nick_Griffin \"Nick Griffin\") the leader of the [British National Party](/wiki/British_National_Party \"British National Party\") was invited onto *Question Time* for the first time, to appear on 22 October 2009\\. The decision led to [controversy and political debate](/wiki/Question_Time_British_National_Party_controversy \"Question Time British National Party controversy\"). Hundreds of people protested outside [BBC Television Centre](/wiki/BBC_Television_Centre \"BBC Television Centre\") as the edition was filmed; six people were arrested after 25 protesters forced their way into the main reception.[\"BNP on Question Time\"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/22/bnp-question-time-live-buildup), *The Guardian*, 22 October 2009\\.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk\\_politics/8321157\\.stm \\| work\\=BBC News \\| title\\=Angry scenes face Griffin at BBC \\| date\\=22 October 2009 \\| access\\-date\\=22 May 2010}} The edition attracted eight million viewers,{{cite news\\|url\\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk\\_politics/8322322\\.stm\\|title\\= Griffin complaint over BBC 'mob'\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|date\\= 23 October 2009\\|access\\-date\\= 23 October 2009}} and also drew a large number of complaints as a result of its content. Griffin himself said that he would make a formal complaint to the BBC for the way he believed he was treated by the show's other guests and the audience, who he described as a \"lynch mob.\"",
"An edition aired on 19 May 2011 was recorded at [Wormwood Scrubs Prison](/wiki/Wormwood_Scrubs_Prison \"Wormwood Scrubs Prison\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). The episode was the first to feature prisoners as part of the audience, while panellists included [Justice Secretary](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Justice \"Secretary of State for Justice\") [Ken Clarke](/wiki/Ken_Clarke \"Ken Clarke\") who attempted to defend controversial remarks he had made earlier in the week about rape sentencing.{{cite news\\|url\\= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/may/20/question\\-time\\-tv\\-ratings\\|title\\= Ken Clarke detains 3 million on Question Time\\|work\\= The Guardian\\|first\\= Ben\\|last\\= Dowell\\|date\\= 20 May 2011\\|access\\-date\\= 21 May 2011}}",
"A special edition of the programme was aired on 11 August 2011 following the [outbreak of rioting](/wiki/2011_England_riots \"2011 England riots\") which had occurred during the previous weekend and earlier that week.{{cite news\\|url\\= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/aug/12/question\\-time\\-riots\\-special\\|title\\= Question Time riots special draws 3\\.6m viewers\\|work\\= The Guardian\\|first\\= Ben\\|last\\= Dowell\\|date\\= 12 August 2011\\|access\\-date\\= 16 August 2011}} *Question Time* had been off air for its annual summer break at the time and the edition was a scheduled at short notice due to the English riots.",
"An [appearance by George Galloway](/wiki/Question_Time_George_Galloway_in_Finchley_controversy \"Question Time George Galloway in Finchley controversy\") on the edition of 5 February 2015 recorded in Finchley gained much negative comment before the broadcast. Inviting Galloway, a politician who has been outspoken about Israel, onto the programme was thought to be provocative and insensitive because Finchley has a large Jewish minority.Sandy Rashty [\"Galloway Question Time appearance is chance to call MP to account, says Board\"](http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/129151/galloway-question-time-appearance-chance-call-mp-account-says-board), *The Jewish Chronicle*, 29 January 2015 Galloway, who was heckled during a discussion about antisemitism, thought he had been defamed by a question posed to him, which insinuated that he should share some of the blame for a rise in antisemitic incidents during 2014\\.[\"George Galloway accuses BBC over Question Time 'set\\-up'\"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/feb/06/george-galloway-accuses-bbc-over-question-time-set-up), *The Guardian*, 6 February 2015",
"On 23 November 2017 the programme was shortened because an audience member became ill and could not be safely moved.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-politics\\-42104904\\|title\\=Question Time cut short as woman falls ill\\|website\\=BBC News}}",
"On 19 March 2020 the programme broadcast from [Weston\\-super\\-Mare](/wiki/Weston-super-Mare \"Weston-super-Mare\") was the first without an audience, due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). On 26 March 2020 the programme moved to a semi\\-permanent home at the [IMG](/wiki/IMG_%28company%29 \"IMG (company)\") Studios at [Stockley Park](/wiki/Stockley_Park \"Stockley Park\") in London as a measure to prevent unnecessary travel during the Coronavirus outbreak, the show followed a different format with no audience, the number of panellists reduced to four and the removal of the desk table, with the panellists and host now sitting on chairs in a semi\\-circle, 2m apart from one another in order to observe social distancing rules. At the same time, the programme moved to a new, temporary timeslot of 8pm, so that it could be broadcast live and allow viewers to submit their own questions to be answered on the programme.",
"Four\\-time [Formula One](/wiki/Formula_One \"Formula One\") World Champion and [Grand Prix Drivers' Association](/wiki/Grand_Prix_Drivers%27_Association \"Grand Prix Drivers' Association\"), the trade union for F1, director [Sebastian Vettel](/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel \"Sebastian Vettel\") appeared on the 12 May 2022 edition, which was broadcast from [Hackney](/wiki/Hackney%2C_London \"Hackney, London\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Vettel: BBC Question Time appearance will be \"interesting opportunity\" \\|url\\=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/vettel\\-bbc\\-question\\-time\\-appearance\\-will\\-be\\-interesting\\-opportunity/10300878/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-08 \\|website\\=www.autosport.com \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news \\|title\\=Vettel questions racing in F1 amid climate change \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/61428257 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-13}}",
""
] |
Musical style
-------------
At the beginning of his musical career, Sheng started out by making simplistic pieces of Chinese\-Western mixtures since he had been exposed early on to both [traditional](/wiki/Tradition "Tradition") Chinese music and ‘mainstream’ Western music. As his career continued, he found ways to incorporate traditional Chinese methods of music with modern music from Western influences. For nearly his whole composing career, Sheng has represented the Chinese culture he came from with the Western culture he moved to. As a result, Sheng's following has expanded from Asia and the United States to a global one.
His first opera, *The Song of Majnun*, was written in 1992 and looked at the tensions among the styles of Chinese, Tibetan, and European music. It was based on an Islamic story but used Tibetan folk melodies.
*H’un* (‘Lacerations’), Sheng's composition for orchestra, was written as a remembrance of the Cultural Revolution. The piece premiered in 1988 and was performed by the [New York Chamber Symphony](/wiki/New_York_Chamber_Symphony "New York Chamber Symphony").
Sheng's method of incorporating Chinese and Western methods together has been criticized and questioned. Even he himself had concerns about whether the two musical elements could be put together in a meaningful way. Some of the teachers he had advised him not to mix the two forms and to do one or another.
It wasn't until speaking with his mentor [Leonard Bernstein](/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein "Leonard Bernstein"), who supported his methods to mix the two musical elements, that Sheng believed his way of composing music has become, in a way, a "new language".
While still young in China, Sheng studied the history that made up Chinese music in three forms: [classical](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music"), folk, and [theatrical](/wiki/Theatre "Theatre"). He also looked at the history of Western music, closely studying the musical styles of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") and [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven"), as well as the music of other composers and his teachers.
The Hungarian composer [Béla Bartók](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k "Béla Bartók") is one of Sheng's greatest influences. Sheng believes that his music fits within two of the ways Bartók believed folk music can be used in composition: imitating the melody in the folkloric style and writing not deliberately in the style of folk music but with its flavor.
In 1996, Sheng traveled back to his home country of China after fourteen years to compose *Spring Dreams*, commissioned by [Yo\-Yo Ma](/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma "Yo-Yo Ma"). While there, he got accustomed again to the instruments used in China and Chinese musical thinking.
Sheng admits that his creative process is not constant. Inspiration can come after hearing a couple of notes on the television programs, researching for his next pieces, or dreaming about the music.
|
[
"Musical style\n-------------",
"At the beginning of his musical career, Sheng started out by making simplistic pieces of Chinese\\-Western mixtures since he had been exposed early on to both [traditional](/wiki/Tradition \"Tradition\") Chinese music and ‘mainstream’ Western music. As his career continued, he found ways to incorporate traditional Chinese methods of music with modern music from Western influences. For nearly his whole composing career, Sheng has represented the Chinese culture he came from with the Western culture he moved to. As a result, Sheng's following has expanded from Asia and the United States to a global one.",
"His first opera, *The Song of Majnun*, was written in 1992 and looked at the tensions among the styles of Chinese, Tibetan, and European music. It was based on an Islamic story but used Tibetan folk melodies.",
"*H’un* (‘Lacerations’), Sheng's composition for orchestra, was written as a remembrance of the Cultural Revolution. The piece premiered in 1988 and was performed by the [New York Chamber Symphony](/wiki/New_York_Chamber_Symphony \"New York Chamber Symphony\").",
"Sheng's method of incorporating Chinese and Western methods together has been criticized and questioned. Even he himself had concerns about whether the two musical elements could be put together in a meaningful way. Some of the teachers he had advised him not to mix the two forms and to do one or another.",
"It wasn't until speaking with his mentor [Leonard Bernstein](/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein \"Leonard Bernstein\"), who supported his methods to mix the two musical elements, that Sheng believed his way of composing music has become, in a way, a \"new language\".",
"While still young in China, Sheng studied the history that made up Chinese music in three forms: [classical](/wiki/Classical_music \"Classical music\"), folk, and [theatrical](/wiki/Theatre \"Theatre\"). He also looked at the history of Western music, closely studying the musical styles of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\") and [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\"), as well as the music of other composers and his teachers.",
"The Hungarian composer [Béla Bartók](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k \"Béla Bartók\") is one of Sheng's greatest influences. Sheng believes that his music fits within two of the ways Bartók believed folk music can be used in composition: imitating the melody in the folkloric style and writing not deliberately in the style of folk music but with its flavor.",
"In 1996, Sheng traveled back to his home country of China after fourteen years to compose *Spring Dreams*, commissioned by [Yo\\-Yo Ma](/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma \"Yo-Yo Ma\"). While there, he got accustomed again to the instruments used in China and Chinese musical thinking.",
"Sheng admits that his creative process is not constant. Inspiration can come after hearing a couple of notes on the television programs, researching for his next pieces, or dreaming about the music.",
""
] |
Glass–Steagall developments from 1935 to 1991
---------------------------------------------
Commercial banks withdrew from the depressed securities markets of the early 1930s even before the Glass–Steagall prohibitions on securities underwriting and dealing became effective.Garten 1989, pp. 515\-516\. Hendrickson 2001, p. 860\. Peach 1941, p. 160\. However, those prohibitions were controversial. A 1934 study of commercial bank affiliate underwriting of securities in the 1920s found such underwriting was not better than the underwriting by firms that were not affiliated with banks. That study disputed Glass–Steagall critics who suggested securities markets had been harmed by prohibiting commercial bank involvement.{{citation\| last\=Moore\| first\=Terris \| title \=Security Affiliate versus Private Investment Banker—A Study in Security Organization \| journal \=Harvard Business Review\| volume \= 12\| issue \=July\| year \= 1934\| pages\= 478–484}} A 1942 study also found that commercial bank affiliate underwriting was not better (or worse) than nonbank affiliate underwriting, but concluded this meant it was a "myth" commercial bank securities affiliates had taken advantage of bank customers to sell "worthless securities."{{citation\| last\=Edwards\| first\=George W. \| title \=The Myth of the Security Affiliate \| journal \=Journal of the American Statistical Association\| volume \= 37\| issue \=June\| year \= 1942\| pages\= 225–232\|jstor\=2279217\| doi\=10\.1080/01621459\.1942\.10500629}}
### Senator Glass's "repeal" effort
In 1935 [Senator Glass](/wiki/Carter_Glass "Carter Glass") attempted to repeal the Glass–Steagall prohibition on commercial banks underwriting corporate securities. Glass stated Glass–Steagall had unduly damaged securities markets by prohibiting commercial bank underwriting of corporate securities.{{citation\|last\=Edward\|first\=George W.\|year\=1938\|title\=The Evolution of Finance Capitalism\| publisher\=A. M. Kelley\|location\=New York\|work\=1967 (reprint of the 1938 edition published by Longmans, Green \& Co., Inc, New York)\|pages\=296–297\|lccn\=66\-22622\|oclc\=169277}}. Wilmarth 2008, p. 590\. The first Senate passed version of the Banking Act of 1935 included Glass's revision to Section 16 of the Glass–Steagall Act to permit bank underwriting of corporate securities subject to limitations and regulations.Burns 1974, pp. 170\-171\. Patrick 1993, pp. 265\-266\. Wilmarth 2008, pp. 590\-591\.
President Roosevelt opposed this revision to Section 16 and wrote Glass that "the old abuses would come back if underwriting were restored in any shape, manner, or form." In the [conference committee](/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee "United States congressional conference committee") that reconciled differences between the House and Senate passed versions of the Banking Act of 1935, Glass's language amending Section 16 was removed.Burns 1974, pp. 170\-171\. Perkins 1971, p. 269\.
### Comptroller Saxon's Glass–Steagall interpretations
President [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy")'s appointee as [Comptroller of the Currency](/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Currency "Comptroller of the Currency"), [James J. Saxon](/wiki/James_J._Saxon "James J. Saxon"), was the next public official to seriously challenge Glass–Steagall's prohibitions. As the regulator of national banks, Saxon was concerned with the competitive position of commercial banks. In 1950 commercial banks held 52% of the assets of US financial institutions. By 1960 that share had declined to 38%. Saxon wanted to expand the powers of national banks.[White 1992, p. 7\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=sII_dLAeZBgC&dq=white+comptroller+saxon+new+forceful&pg=PA7)
In 1963, the Saxon\-led [Office of the Comptroller of the Currency](/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency "Office of the Comptroller of the Currency") (OCC) issued a regulation permitting national banks to offer retail customers "commingled accounts" holding common stocks and other securities.Pitt and Williams 1983, p. 142\. *Investment Company Institute v. Camp*, [401 U.S. 617](http://supreme.justia.com/us/401/617/case.html), pp. 621\-622 (for OCC actions) (1971\). Retrieved February 18, 2012\. This amounted to permitting banks to offer mutual funds to retail customers.Langevoort 1987, pp. 688\-690\. {{harvnb\|CRS\|2010a\|pp\=8–10}}. Saxon also issued rulings that national banks could underwrite municipal revenue bonds.{{citation\| url \=http://www.occ.gov/about/what\-we\-do/history/OCC%20history%20final.pdf\| title \=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency: A Short History\| page\=22\| year\=2011\| publisher \=Comptroller of the Currency, Administrator of National Banks, US Department of Treasury\| access\-date \= February 11, 2012}}. [White 1992, p. 13\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=sII_dLAeZBgC&dq=white+comptroller+saxon+revenue+bond&pg=PA13) Courts ruled that both of these actions violated Glass–Steagall.White 1992, pp. 13 and 15\. Reinicke 1995, p. 31\.
In rejecting bank sales of accounts that functioned like mutual funds, the Supreme Court explained in *Investment Company Institute v. Camp* that it would have given "deference" to the OCC's judgment if the OCC had explained how such sales could avoid the conflicts of interest and other "subtle hazards" Glass–Steagall sought to prevent and that could arise when a bank offered a securities product to its retail customers.{{harvnb\|CRS\|2010a\|pp\=8–9}}. Courts later applied this aspect of the *Camp* ruling to uphold interpretations of Glass–Steagall by federal banking regulators.{{harvnb\|CRS\|2010a\|p\=10}} As in the *Camp* case, these interpretations by bank regulators were routinely challenged by the mutual fund industry through the [Investment Company Institute](/wiki/Investment_Company_Institute "Investment Company Institute") or the securities industry through the [Securities Industry Association](/wiki/Securities_Industry_Association "Securities Industry Association") as they sought to prevent competition from commercial banks.Macey 2000, p. 717\. Reinicke 1995, p. 31
### 1966 to 1980 developments
#### Increasing competitive pressures for commercial banks
[Regulation Q](/wiki/Regulation_Q "Regulation Q") limits on interest rates for time deposits at commercial banks, authorized by the 1933 Banking Act, first became "effective" in 1966 when market interest rates exceeded those limits.{{citation\| last\=Friedman\| first\=Benjamin M. \| author\-link\=Benjamin M. Friedman\| title \=Regulation Q and the Commercial Loan Market in the 1960s \| journal \=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking\| volume \= 7\| issue \= 3\| year \= 1975\| pages\=277–296\|jstor\=1991623\| doi\=10\.2307/1991623 }}. This produced the first of several "credit crunches" during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s as depositors withdrew funds from banks to reinvest at higher market interest rates.Minsky 1982, pp. xii\-xiv. When this "disintermediation" limited the ability of banks to meet the borrowing requests of all their corporate customers, some commercial banks helped their "best customers" establish programs to borrow directly from the "capital markets" by issuing commercial paper.{{citation\| last\=Abken\| first\=Peter A.\| title\=Commercial Paper\| journal\=Economic Review\| issue\=March/April\| year\=1981\| page\=14\| url\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 11, 2012\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064823/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\.pdf}}. Over time, commercial banks were increasingly left with lower credit quality, or more speculative, corporate borrowers that could not borrow directly from the "[capital markets](/wiki/Capital_markets "Capital markets")."Garten 1989, pp. 522\-524\. Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1147\-1148\.
Eventually, even lower credit quality corporations and (indirectly through "[securitization](/wiki/Securitization "Securitization")") consumers were able to borrow from the capital markets as improvements in communication and information technology allowed investors to evaluate and invest in a broader range of borrowers.Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1142\-1143\. Banks began to finance residential mortgages through securitization in the late 1970s. During the 1980s banks and other lenders used securitizations to provide "[capital markets](/wiki/Capital_markets "Capital markets")" funding for a wide range of assets that previously had been financed by bank loans.{{citation\|last\=Macey\| first\=Jonathan R.\| year\=1993\| title\=The Inevitability of Universal Banking\| journal\=Brooklyn Journal of International Law\| volume\=19\| issue\=1\| pages\=206–211\| url\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=2646\&context\=fss\_papers\|access\-date\=February 26, 2012}}. {{harvnb\|Kregel\|2010a\|p\=7}}. In losing "their preeminent status as expert intermediaries for the collection, processing, and analysis of information relating to extensions of credit", banks were increasingly "bypassed" as traditional "depositors" invested in securities that replaced bank loans.Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1142\-1144\.
In 1977 [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch "Merrill Lynch") introduced a "cash management account" that allowed brokerage customers to write checks on funds held in a [money market account](/wiki/Money_market_account "Money market account") or drawn from a "[line of credit](/wiki/Line_of_credit "Line of credit")" Merrill provided.Mayer 1984, pp. 34\-45\. The [Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "Securities and Exchange Commission") (SEC) had ruled that [money market funds](/wiki/Money_market_fund "Money market fund") could "redeem" investor shares at a $1 stable "net asset value" despite daily fluctuations in the value of the securities held by the funds. This allowed money market funds to develop into "near money" as "investors" wrote checks ("redemption orders") on these accounts much as "depositors" wrote checks on traditional checking accounts provided by commercial banks.{{citation\| last1\=Cook\| first1\=Timothy Q.\| last2\=Duffield\| first2\=Jeremy G.\| title\=Chapter 12: Money Market Mutual Funds and other Short\-Term Investment Pools\| work\=Instruments of the Money Market\| publisher\=\[\[Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond]]\| year\=1998\| pages\=164–167\| url\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/special\_reports/instruments\_of\_the\_money\_market/pdf/chapter\_12\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 11, 2012\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064832/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/special\_reports/instruments\_of\_the\_money\_market/pdf/chapter\_12\.pdf\| url\-status\=dead}}.
Also in the 1970s savings and loans, which were not restricted by Glass–Steagall other than Section 21, were permitted to offer "[negotiable order of withdrawal accounts](/wiki/Negotiable_order_of_withdrawal_account "Negotiable order of withdrawal account")" (NOW accounts). As with money market accounts, these accounts functioned much like checking accounts in permitting a depositor to order payments from a "savings account."{{Citation \| last\=Kaplan \| first\=Alan J. \| title\=The Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (NOW) Account: 'Checking Accounts' for Savings Banks? \| journal\=Boston College Law Review \| volume\=14 \| issue\=3 \| year\=1973 \| pages\=471–500 \| url\=http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1377\&context\=bclr \| access\-date\=February 11, 2012 }}. Litan 1987, p. 34\. {{citation\| url \= http://www.bankersonline.com/compliance/guru2006/gurus\_cmp100906d.html\| last \= Burnett\| first \= John\| title \= A Short History of NOW and MMDA Accounts\| publisher \= BankersOnline\| access\-date \= February 11, 2012\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110901052729/http://www.bankersonline.com/compliance/guru2006/gurus\_cmp100906d.html\| archive\-date \= September 1, 2011}}.
Helen Garten concluded that the "traditional regulation" of commercial banks established by the 1933 Banking Act, including Glass–Steagall, failed when nonbanking firms and the "capital markets" were able to provide replacements for bank loans and deposits, thereby reducing the profitability of commercial banking.Garten 1989, pp. 508\-509 and 521\-525\. Garten 1991, pp. 8\-14\. Richard Vietor agreed that traditional bank regulation was unable to protect commercial banks from nonbank competition. However, he noted that significant the economic and financial instability began in the mid\-1960s. This slowed economic growth and savings, which reduced demand and supply of credit; it also induced financial innovations that undermined commercial banks.Vietor 1987, pp. 33\-39\.
[Hyman Minsky](/wiki/Hyman_Minsky "Hyman Minsky") agreed financial instability had returned in 1966 and had only been constrained in the following 15 years through Federal Reserve Board engineered "credit crunches" to combat inflation followed by "[lender of last resort](/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort "Lender of last resort")" rescues of asset prices that produced new inflation. Minsky described ever worsening periods of inflation followed by unemployment as the cycle of rescues followed by credit crunches was repeated. Minsky, however, supported traditional banking regulationMayer 1974, pp. 523 and 531\-535\. and advocated further controls of finance to "promote smaller and simpler organizations weighted more toward direct financing."Minsky 1982, p. 201 Writing from a similar "[neo\-Keynesian](/wiki/Neo-Keynesian "Neo-Keynesian") perspective," [Jan Kregel](/wiki/Jan_Kregel "Jan Kregel") concluded that, after World War II, non\-regulated financial companies, supported by regulatory actions, developed means to provide bank products ("liquidity and lending accommodation") more cheaply than commercial banks through the "capital markets."{{harvnb\|Kregel\|2010b\|}}, p. 66 (Section 3\.10 "The regulatory dynamic of innovation and protection"). Kregel argued this led banking regulators to eliminate Glass–Steagall restrictions to permit banks to "duplicate these structures" using the capital markets "until there was virtually no difference in the activities of FDIC\-insured commercial banks and investment banks."{{harvnb\|Kregel\|2010b\|pp\=66–67}}.
Comptroller Saxon had feared for the competitive viability of commercial banks in the early 1960s. The "capital markets" developments in the 1970s increased the vulnerability of commercial banks to nonbank competitors. As described below, this competition would increase in the 1980s.
#### Limited congressional and regulatory developments
In 1967 the Senate passed the first of several Senate passed bills that would have revised Glass–Steagall Section 16 to permit banks to underwrite municipal revenue bonds.{{citation\| last \= Gimlin\| first \= J. S.\| title \= Banking Innovations\| series\=CQ Researcher \|work\=Editorial Research Reports 1968 \|volume\=II \|date\=July 17, 1968\| pages\=11–12 ("Rivalry of Investment and Commercial Bankers")\|publisher\=\[\[CQ Press]]\| url\=http://library.cqpress.com./cqresearcher/cqresrre1968071700\|access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}. Reinicke 1995, p. 59\. In 1974 the OCC authorized national banks to provide "automatic investment services," which permitted bank customers to authorize regular withdrawals from a deposit account to purchase identified securities.{{harvnb\|SEC\|1994\|p\=9}}. {{citation\| last\=Keefe\| first\=Arthur John \| title\=Your friendly one\-stop financial shopping centers \| journal\=American Bar Association Journal\| volume\=60\|year\= 1974\| page\=744}}. In 1977 the Federal Reserve Board staff concluded Glass–Steagall permitted banks to [privately place](/wiki/Private_placement "Private placement") commercial paper. In 1978 Bankers Trust began making such placements.Pitt and Williams 1983, pp. 154\-155\. As described below, in 1978, the OCC authorized a national bank to privately place securities issued to sell residential mortgages in a [securitization](/wiki/Securitization "Securitization")
Commercial banks, however, were frustrated with the continuing restrictions imposed by Glass–Steagall and other banking laws.Reinicke 1995, pp. 57\-58\. After many of Comptroller Saxon's decisions granting national banks greater powers had been challenged or overturned by courts, commercial banking firms had been able to expand their non\-securities activities through the "one bank holding company."Shull and White 1998, p. 5\. Because the [Bank Holding Company Act](/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act "Bank Holding Company Act") only limited nonbanking activities of companies that owned two or more commercial banks, "one bank holding companies" could own interests in any type of company other than securities firms covered by Glass–Steagall Section 20\. That "loophole" in the Bank Holding Company Act was closed by a 1970 amendment to apply the Act to any company that owned a commercial bank.Reinicke 1995, pp. 30\-31\. Shull and White 1998, pp. 5\-6\. Commercial banking firm's continuing desire for greater powers received support when [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") became President and appointed banking regulators who shared an "attitude towards deregulation of the financial industry."Reinicke 1995, p. 61\.
### Reagan Administration developments
#### State non\-member bank and nonbank bank "loopholes"
In 1982, under the chairmanship of [William Isaac](/wiki/William_Isaac "William Isaac"), the FDIC issued a "policy statement" that state chartered non\-Federal Reserve member banks could establish subsidiaries to underwrite and deal in securities. Also in 1982 the OCC, under Comptroller [C. Todd Conover](/wiki/C._T._Conover "C. T. Conover"), approved the mutual fund company [Dreyfus Corporation](/wiki/Dreyfus_Corporation "Dreyfus Corporation") and the retailer [Sears](/wiki/Sears "Sears") establishing "nonbank bank" subsidiaries that were not covered by the Bank Holding Company Act. The Federal Reserve Board, led by Chairman [Paul Volcker](/wiki/Paul_Volcker "Paul Volcker"), asked Congress to overrule both the FDIC's and the OCC's actions through new legislation.Reinicke 1995, pp. 65\-70\.
The FDIC's action confirmed that Glass–Steagall did not restrict affiliations between a state chartered non\-Federal Reserve System member bank and securities firms, even when the bank was FDIC insured.Reinicke 1995, pp. 65\-66\. {{citation\| last\=Saba\| first\=Peter \| title \=Regulation of State Nonmember Insured Banks' Securities Activities: A Model for the Repeal of Glass–Steagall? \| journal \=Harvard Journal on Legislation\| volume \=23 \| issue \=1\| year \= 1986\| pages\=220–222\|url\=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection\=journals\&handle\=hein.journals/hjl23÷\=10\&id\=\&page\=\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}. Shull and White 1998, p. 7\. State laws differed in how they regulated affiliations between banks and securities firms.{{citation\| url \=http://www.library.unt.edu/gpo/acir/Reports/policy/a\-110\.pdf\| title \=State Regulation of Banks in an Era of Deregulation\| work\=Commission Report A\-110\| pages\=19–20\| date\=September 1988\| publisher \=Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations\| access\-date \= February 11, 2012}}. Shull and White 1998, p. 7\. In the 1970s, foreign banks had taken advantage of this in establishing branches in states that permitted such affiliations.Reinicke 1995, pp. 91 and 95\. Pitt and Williams 1983, p. 167\. Although the International Banking Act of 1978 brought newly established foreign bank US branches under Glass–Steagall, foreign banks with existing US branches were "grandfathered" and permitted to retain their existing investments. Through this "loophole" [Credit Suisse](/wiki/Credit_Suisse "Credit Suisse") was able to own a controlling interest in [First Boston](/wiki/First_Boston "First Boston"), a leading US securities firm.Capatides 1992, p. 7, fn. 12\.
After the FDIC's action, commentators worried that large commercial banks would leave the Federal Reserve System (after first converting to a state charter if they were national banks) to free themselves from Glass–Steagall affiliation restrictions, as large commercial banks lobbied states to permit commercial bank investment banking activities.Reinicke 1995, pp. 66\-68 and 75\.
The OCC's action relied on a "loophole" in the Bank Holding Company Act (BHCA) that meant a company only became a "bank holding company" supervised by the Federal Reserve Board if it owned a "bank" that made "commercial loans" (i.e., loans to businesses) *and* provided "demand deposits" (i.e., checking accounts). A "nonbank bank" could be established to provide checking accounts (but not commercial loans) or commercial loans (but not checking accounts). The company owning the nonbank bank would not be a bank holding company limited to activities "closely related to banking." This permitted [Sears](/wiki/Sears "Sears"), [GE](/wiki/GE "GE"), and other commercial companies to own "nonbank banks."{{citation \| title \=Financial Services: Information on Nonbank Banks\| issue\=GAO/GGD–86–46FS\|series\=Fact Sheet for Members of Congress\|date\=March 1986\|publisher\=United States General Accounting Office\| url \=http://archive.gao.gov/d13t3/129389\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}. {{citation\|last\=Gart\|first\=Alan\|year\=1985\|title\=Banks, Thrifts, and Insurance Companies: Surviving the 1980s\|publisher\=Lexington Books\|location\=Lexington, MA\|pages\=1 and 51–83\|isbn\=978\-0\-669\-09374\-2}}. {{harvnb\|CRS\|2005\|p\=CRS\-4}}.
Glass–Steagall's affiliation restrictions applied if the nonbank bank was a national bank or otherwise a member of the Federal Reserve System. The OCC's permission for Dreyfus to own a nationally chartered "nonbank bank" was based on the OCC's conclusion that Dreyfus, as a mutual fund company, earned only a small amount of its revenue through underwriting and distributing shares in mutual funds. Two other securities firms, [J. \& W. Seligman \& Co.](/wiki/J._%26_W._Seligman_%26_Co. "J. & W. Seligman & Co.") and [Prudential\-Bache](/wiki/Prudential-Bache "Prudential-Bache"), established state chartered non\-Federal Reserve System member banks to avoid Glass–Steagall restrictions on affiliations between member banks and securities firms.Langevoort 1987, pp. 709\-712\.
#### Legislative response
Although Paul Volcker and the Federal Reserve Board sought legislation overruling the FDIC and OCC actions, they agreed bank affiliates should have broader securities powers. They supported a bill sponsored by Senate Banking Committee Chairman Jake Garn (R\-UT) that would have amended Glass–Steagall Section 20 to cover all FDIC insured banks and to permit bank affiliates to underwrite and deal in mutual funds, municipal revenue bonds, commercial paper, and mortgage\-backed securities. On September 13, 1984, the [Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") passed the Garn bill in an 89\-5 vote, but the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") controlled [House](/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_United_States "House of Representatives of the United States") did not act on the bill.Reinicke 1995, pp. 76\-77\. {{harvnb\|FRB\|1998\|p\=1}}.
In 1987, however, the Senate (with a new Democratic Party majority) joined with the House in passing the Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987 (CEBA). Although primarily dealing with the [savings and loan crisis](/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis "Savings and loan crisis"), CEBA also established a moratorium to March 1, 1988, on banking regulator actions to approve bank or affiliate securities activities, applied the affiliation restrictions of Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 to all FDIC insured banks during the moratorium, and eliminated the "nonbank bank" loophole for new FDIC insured banks (whether they took demand deposits or made commercial loans) except industrial loan companies. Existing "nonbank banks", however, were "grandfathered" so that they could continue to operate without becoming subject to BHCA restrictions.Reinicke 1995, p. 96\. {{harvnb\|CRS\|2005}}, pp. CRS\-4 to CRS\-5\. Kurucza et al. 1988, pp. 1112 and 1119\.
The CEBA was intended to provide time for Congress (rather than banking regulators) to review and resolve the Glass–Steagall issues of bank securities activities. Senator [William Proxmire](/wiki/William_Proxmire "William Proxmire") (D\-WI), the new Chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, took up this topic in 1987\.Kurucza et al. 1988, p. 1107\. Reinicke 1995, pp. 96\-99\.
#### International competitiveness debate
Wolfgang Reinicke argues that Glass–Steagall "repeal" gained unexpected Congressional support in 1987 because large banks successfully argued that Glass–Steagall prevented US banks from competing internationally.Reinicke 1995, pp. 84\-85 and 91\-101 With the argument changed from preserving the profitability of large commercial banks to preserving the "competitiveness" of US banks (and of the US economy), Senator Proxmire reversed his earlier opposition to Glass–Steagall reform.Reinicke 1995, pp. 98\-100\. Proxmire sponsored a bill that would have repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 and replaced those prohibitions with a system for regulating (and limiting the amount of) bank affiliate securities activities.Reinicke 1995, pp. 99\-100 and 105\-109\. {{harvnb\|FRB\|1998\|p\=2 ( Part II, S. 1886\)}}. He declared Glass–Steagall a "protectionist dinosaur."[White 1992, p. 53](https://books.google.com/books?id=sII_dLAeZBgC&dq=white+comptroller+transformation+proxmire+protectionist+dinosaur&pg=PA53).
By 1985 commercial banks provided 26% of short term loans to large businesses compared to 59% in 1974\. While banks cited such statistics to illustrate the "decline of commercial banking," Reinicke argues the most influential factor in Congress favoring Glass–Steagall "repeal" was the decline of US banks in international rankings. In 1960 six of the ten largest banks were US based, by 1980 only two US based banks were in the top ten, and by 1989 none was in the top twenty five.Reinicke 1995, pp. 91\-92, 95, and 115\-116\.
In the late 1980s the United Kingdom and Canada ended their historic separations of commercial and investment banking.{{citation\| last \= Ferrar\| first \= Peter J.\| title \= International Trends in the Combination of Banking, Securities, and Commerce\| journal \= Cato Journal\| volume \= 10\| issue \= 2\| year \= 1990\| pages \= 330 (UK) and 333 (Canada)\| url \= http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj10n2/cj10n2\-4\.pdf\| access\-date \= February 11, 2012\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064827/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj10n2/cj10n2\-4\.pdf\| archive\-date \= August 4, 2012}}. Reinicke 1995, pp. 92 (for the U.K.'s [Big Bang](/wiki/Big_Bang_%28financial_markets%29 "Big Bang (financial markets)")) and 95 (for broader global "deregulation"). Glass–Steagall critics scornfully noted only Japanese legislation imposed by Americans during the [Occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan "Occupation of Japan") kept the United States from being alone in separating the two activities.{{citation\| last1 \=Macey\| first1 \=Jonathan R. \| last2\=Litt\|first2\=David G.\|last3\=Miller\| first3\=Geoffrey P. \| last4\=Rubin\|first4\=Edward L.\|title \= Politics, Bureaucracies, and Financial Markets: Bank Entry into Commercial Paper Underwriting in the United States and Japan\| journal \= University of Pennsylvania Law Review\| volume \= 139\| year \= 1990\| pages \=379–380\|url \=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=2731\&context\=fss\_papers \| access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}.
As noted above, even in the United States seventeen foreign banks were free from this Glass–Steagall restriction because they had established state chartered branches before the International Banking Act of 1978 brought newly established foreign bank US branches under Glass–Steagall. Similarly, because major foreign countries did not separate investment and commercial banking, US commercial banks could underwrite and deal in securities through branches outside the United States. Paul Volcker agreed that, "broadly speaking," it made no sense that US commercial banks could underwrite securities in Europe but not in the United States.Reinicke 1995, pp. 92, 95, and 101\. {{harvnb\|GAO\|1988\|pp\=31–35}}.
#### 1987 status of Glass–Steagall debate
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s scholars published studies arguing that commercial bank affiliate underwriting during the 1920s was no worse, or was better, than underwriting by securities firms not affiliated with banks and that commercial banks were strengthened, not harmed, by securities affiliates.Benston 1990, pp. 32\-34\. {{citation\| last\=White\| first\=Eugene Nelson\| title \=Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An analysis of the investment banking activities of national banks \| journal\= Explorations in Economic History\| volume \= 23\| issue \= 1\| year \= 1986\| pages\=33–55\| doi\=10\.1016/0014\-4983(86\)90018\-5}}. {{citation\| last1\=Kroszner\| first1\=Randall S. \| last2\=Rajan\| first2\=Raghuram G.\|title \=Is the Glass–Steagall Act Justified? A Study of the U.S. Experience with Universal Banking before 1933 \| journal \= The American Economic Review\| volume\=84 \| issue\=4 \| date\=July 1993\| pages\=810–832\|url\=http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/raghuram.rajan/research/papers/randy1\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 11, 2012 \|jstor\=2118032}}. More generally, researchers attacked the idea that "integrated financial services firms" had played a role in creating the Great Depression or the collapse of the US banking system in the 1930s.Vietor 1987, pp. 38\-39\. If it was "debatable" whether Glass–Steagall was justified in the 1930s, it was easier to argue that Glass–Steagall served no legitimate purpose when the distinction between commercial and investment banking activities had been blurred by "market developments" since the 1960s.Garten 1989, pp. 512\-513\. {{citation\| last\=Macey\| first\=Jonathan R. \| title \=Special Interest Groups Legislation and the Judicial Function: The Dilemma of Glass–Steagall \| journal \=Emory Law Journal\| volume \= 33\| issue \= 1\| year \= 1984\| pages\=1–40\|url\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=2796\&context\=fss\_papers\|access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}.
Along with the "nonbank bank" "loophole" from BHCA limitations, in the 1980s the "unitary thrift" "loophole" became prominent as a means for securities and commercial firms to provide banking (or "near banking") products.Eaton 1995, pp. 1202\-1210\. The Savings and Loan Holding Company Act (SLHCA) permitted any company to own a single savings and loan. Only companies that owned two or more savings and loan were limited to thrift related businesses.{{citation\| url\=http://www.ots.treas.gov/\_files/48035\.html\| title \=Historical Framework For Regulation of Activities of Unitary Savings and Loan Holding Companies\| year\=1998\| publisher \=Office of Thrift Supervision\|access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}. Already in 1973 [First Chicago Bank](/wiki/First_Chicago_Bank "First Chicago Bank") had identified Sears as its real competitor.Mayer 1974, p. 535\. [Citicorp](/wiki/Citicorp "Citicorp") CEO [Walter Wriston](/wiki/Walter_Wriston "Walter Wriston") reached the same conclusion later in the 1970s.Mayer 1984, p. 49\. By 1982, using the "unitary thrift" and "nonbank bank" "loopholes," Sears had built the "Sears Financial Network", which combined "Super NOW" accounts and mortgage loans through a large California\-based savings and loan, the [Discover Card](/wiki/Discover_Card "Discover Card") issued by a "nonbank bank" as a credit card, securities brokerage through [Dean Witter Reynolds](/wiki/Dean_Witter_Reynolds "Dean Witter Reynolds"), home and auto insurance through [Allstate](/wiki/Allstate "Allstate"), and real estate brokerage through [Coldwell Banker](/wiki/Coldwell_Banker "Coldwell Banker").Mayer 1984, pp. 49\-52\. Shull and White 1998, p. 6\. By 1984, however, Walter Wriston concluded "the bank of the future already exists, and it's called [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch "Merrill Lynch")."Vietor 1987, p. 49\. In 1986 when major bank holding companies threatened to stop operating commercial banks in order to obtain the "competitive advantages" enjoyed by Sears and Merrill Lynch, FDIC Chairman William Seidman warned that could create "chaos."Reinicke 1995, p. 93\. {{citation\| last \= Gruber\| first \=William \| title \=150 Banks may be on Brink, Result of Competition: Fdic Boss \| newspaper \=\[\[Chicago Tribune]]\| date \=October 29, 1986 \| id \={{ProQuest\|290962054}} }}.
In a 1987 "issue brief" the [Congressional Research Service](/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service "Congressional Research Service") (CRS) summarized "some of" the major arguments
**for preserving Glass–Steagall as:**
1. Conflicts of interest characterize the granting of credit (lending) and the use of credit (investing) by the same entity, which led to abuses that originally produced the Act.
2. Depository institutions possess enormous financial power, by virtue of their control of other people's money; its extent must be limited to ensure soundness and competition in the market for funds, whether loans or investments.
3. Securities activities can be risky, leading to enormous losses. Such losses could threaten the integrity of deposits. In turn, the Government insures deposits and could be required to pay large sums if depository institutions were to collapse as the result of securities losses.
4. Depository institutions are supposed to be managed to limit risk. Their managers thus may not be conditioned to operate prudently in more speculative securities businesses. An example is the crash of [real estate investment trusts](/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust "Real estate investment trust") sponsored by bank holding companies a decade ago.
**and against preserving Glass–Steagall as:**
1. Depository institutions now operate in "deregulated" financial markets in which distinctions between loans, securities, and deposits are not well drawn. They are losing market shares to securities firms that are not so strictly regulated, and to foreign financial institutions operating without much restriction from the Act.
2. Conflicts of interest can be prevented by enforcing legislation against them, and by separating the lending and credit functions through forming distinctly separate subsidiaries of financial firms.
3. The securities activities that depository institutions are seeking are both low\-risk by their very nature, and would reduce the total risk of organizations offering them – by diversification.
4. In much of the rest of the world, depository institutions operate simultaneously and successfully in both banking and securities markets. Lessons learned from their experience can be applied to our national financial structure and regulation.{{citation\| last\=Jackson\| first\=William D.\| year\=1987\| title\=Glass–Steagall Act: Commercial vs. Investment Banking\| work\=Congressional Research Issue Brief\| issue\=IB 87061\|url\=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9065/m1/1/high\_res\_d/IB87061\_1987Jun29\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 10, 2012}}.
Reflecting the significance of the "international competitiveness" argument, a separate CRS Report stated banks were "losing historical market shares of their major activities to domestic and foreign competitors that are less restricted."Reinicke 1995, p. 98 (quoting CRS Report No. 87\-725E).
Separately, the [General Accounting Office](/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office "Government Accountability Office") (GAO) submitted to a House subcommittee a report reviewing the benefits and risks of "Glass–Steagall repeal." The report recommended a "phased approach" using a "holding company organizational structure" if Congress chose "repeal." Noting Glass–Steagall had "already been eroded and the erosion is likely to continue in the future," the GAO explained "coming to grips with the Glass–Steagall repeal question represents an opportunity to systematically and rationally address changes in the regulatory and legal structure that are needed to better address the realities of the marketplace." The GAO warned that Congress's failure to act was "potentially dangerous" in permitting a "continuation of the uneven integration of commercial and investment banking activities."{{harvnb\|GAO\|1988\|pp\=2–5}}.
As Congress was considering the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act in 1988, the [Commission of the European Communities](/wiki/Commission_of_the_European_Communities "Commission of the European Communities") proposed a "Second Banking Directive"{{citation\| last1\=Gruson\| first\=Michael \| last2\=Nikowitz \| first2\=Werner \| title \=The Second Banking Directive of the European Economic Community and Its Importance for Non\-EEC Banks\| journal\=Fordham International Law Journal\| volume \=12\| issue \=2\| year \= 1989\| pages\=205–241\|url\=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1211\&context\=ilj\&sei\-redir\=1\#search\=%222d%20eu%20banking%20directive%22 \|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}. that became effective at the beginning of 1993 and provided for the combination of commercial and investment banking throughout the [European Economic Community](/wiki/European_Economic_Community "European Economic Community").Jeannot 1999, pp. 1733, fn. 98 (on effective date), and 1736\-1738 (on securities powers). {{citation\| last1\=Barth\| first1\=James R.\| last2\=Nolle\| first2\=Daniel E.\| last3\=Rice\| first3\=Tara\| title\=Commercial Banking Structure, Regulation, and Performance: An International Comparison\| series\=OCC Working Paper\| work\=97\-6\| publisher\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\| year\=1997\| pages\=14–15\| url\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 11, 2012\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064823/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\.pdf}}. Whereas United States law sought to isolate banks from securities activities, the Second Directive represented the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union")'s conclusion that securities activities diversified bank risk, strengthening the earnings and stability of banks.Jeannot 1999, pp. 1737\-1738\.
The Senate passed the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act of 1988 in a 94\-2 vote. The House did not pass a similar bill, largely because of opposition from Representative [John Dingell](/wiki/John_Dingell "John Dingell") (D\-MI), chairman of the House Commerce and Energy Committee.Reinicke 1995, pp. 105\-111\.
### Section 20 affiliates
In April 1987, the Federal Reserve Board had approved the bank holding companies [Bankers Trust](/wiki/Bankers_Trust "Bankers Trust"), [Citicorp](/wiki/Citicorp "Citicorp"), and [J.P. Morgan \& Co.](/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co. "J.P. Morgan & Co.") establishing subsidiaries ("Section 20 affiliates") to underwrite and deal in [residential mortgage\-backed securities](/wiki/Residential_mortgage-backed_security "Residential mortgage-backed security"), municipal [revenue bonds](/wiki/Revenue_bond "Revenue bond"), and [commercial paper](/wiki/Commercial_paper "Commercial paper"). Glass–Steagall's Section 20 prohibited a bank from affiliating with a firm "primarily engaged" in underwriting and dealing in securities. The Board decided this meant Section 20 permitted a bank affiliate to earn 5% of its revenue from underwriting and dealing in these types of securities that were not "bank\-eligible securities," subject to various restrictions including "firewalls" to separate a commercial bank from its Section 20 affiliate.Reinicke 1995, pp. 103\-104\. FRB Manual, Section 3600\.21\.2\. Three months later the Board added "asset\-backed securities" backed by pools of credit card accounts or other "consumer finance assets" to the list of "bank\-ineligible securities" a Section 20 affiliate could underwrite. Bank holding companies, not commercial banks directly, owned these Section 20 affiliates.Reinicke 1995, pp. 103\-104\. FRB Manual, Section 3600\.21\.3\.
In 1978 the Federal Reserve Board had authorized bank holding companies to establish securities affiliates that underwrote and dealt in government securities and other bank\-eligible securities.Fein 2011, § 1\.04\[A], pp. 1\-14\. {{harvnb\|SEC\|1994\|pp\=10–11}}. Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker supported Congress amending Glass–Steagall to permit such affiliates to underwrite and deal in a limited amount of bank\-ineligible securities, but not corporate securities. In 1987, Volcker specifically noted (and approved the result) that this would mean only banks with large government securities activities would be able to have affiliates that would underwrite and deal in a significant volume of "bank\-ineligible securities."{{harvnb\|FRB\|1987}}, pp. 505\-506\. Reinicke 1995, p. 103\. A Section 20 affiliate with a large volume of government securities related revenue would be able to earn a significant amount of "bank\-ineligible" revenue without having more than 5% of its overall revenue come from bank\-ineligible activities.{{harvnb\|Kregel\|2010a\|p\=11}}. Volcker disagreed, however, that the Board had authority to permit this without an amendment to the Glass–Steagall Act. Citing that concern, Volcker and fellow Federal Reserve Board Governor [Wayne Angell](/wiki/Wayne_Angell "Wayne Angell") dissented from the Section 20 affiliate orders.Reinicke 1995, pp. 103\-4\. {{harvnb\|FRB\|1987}}, pp. 505\-506\.
Senator Proxmire criticized the Federal Reserve Board's Section 20 affiliate orders as defying Congressional control of Glass–Steagall. The Board's orders meant Glass–Steagall did not prevent commercial banks from affiliating with securities firms underwriting and dealing in "bank\-ineligible securities," so long as the activity was "executed in a separate subsidiary and limited in amount."Reinicke 1995, p. 103\.
After the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act of 1988 failed to become law, Senator Proxmire and a group of fellow Democratic senior [House Banking Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services "United States House Committee on Financial Services") members (including future Committee Ranking Member [John LaFalce](/wiki/John_LaFalce "John LaFalce") (D\-NY) and future Committee Chairman [Barney Frank](/wiki/Barney_Frank "Barney Frank") (D\-MA)) wrote the Federal Reserve Board recommending it expand the underwriting powers of Section 20 affiliates.Reinicke 1995, pp. 110\-111\. Expressing sentiments that Representative [James A. Leach](/wiki/Jim_Leach "Jim Leach") (R\-IA) repeated in 1996, Proxmire declared "Congress has failed to do the job" and "\[n]ow it's time for the Fed to step in."Reinicke 1995, p. 110\.
Following Senator Proxmire's letter, in 1989 the Federal Reserve Board approved Section 20 affiliates underwriting corporate debt securities and increased from 5% to 10% the percentage of its revenue a Section 20 affiliate could earn from "bank\-ineligible" activities. In 1990 the Board approved [J.P. Morgan \& Co.](/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co. "J.P. Morgan & Co.") underwriting corporate stock. With the commercial (J.P. Morgan \& Co.) and investment ([Morgan Stanley](/wiki/Morgan_Stanley "Morgan Stanley")) banking arms of the old "House of Morgan" both underwriting corporate bonds and stocks, Wolfgang Reinicke concluded the Federal Reserve Board order meant both firms now competed in "a single financial market offering both commercial and investment banking products," which "Glass–Steagall sought to rule out." Reinicke described this as "de facto repeal of Glass–Steagall."Reinicke 1995, pp. 114 and 124\-125\.
No Federal Reserve Board order was necessary for Morgan Stanley to enter that "single financial market." Glass–Steagall only prohibited investment banks from taking deposits, not from making commercial loans, and the prohibition on taking deposits had "been circumvented by the development of deposit equivalents", such as the money market fund.Eaton 1995, pp. 1189 and 1201\-1202\. Glass–Steagall also did not prevent investment banks from affiliating with nonbank banks or savings and loans.Eaton 1995, pp. 1202\-1203\. Citing this competitive "inequality," before the Federal Reserve Board approved any Section 20 affiliates, four large bank holding companies that eventually received Section 20 affiliate approvals (Chase, J.P. Morgan, Citicorp, and Bankers Trust) had threatened to give up their banking charters if they were not given greater securities powers.Reinicke 1995, p. 93\. Following the Federal Reserve Board's approvals of Section 20 affiliates a commentator concluded that the Glass–Steagall "wall" between commercial banking and "the securities and investment business" was "porous" for commercial banks and "nonexistent to investment bankers and other nonbank entities."Eaton 1995, p. 1219\.
### Greenspan\-led Federal Reserve Board
[Alan Greenspan](/wiki/Alan_Greenspan "Alan Greenspan") had replaced Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board when Proxmire sent his 1988 letter recommending the Federal Reserve Board expand the underwriting powers of Section 20 affiliates. Greenspan testified to Congress in December 1987, that the Federal Reserve Board supported Glass–Steagall repeal.Reinicke 1995, p. 104\. Greenspan 1987, p. 3\. Although Paul Volcker "had changed his position" on Glass–Steagall reform "considerably" during the 1980s, he was still "considered a conservative among the board members." With Greenspan as Chairman, the Federal Reserve Board "spoke with one voice" in joining the FDIC and OCC in calling for Glass–Steagall repeal.Reinicke 1995, p. 104\.
By 1987 Glass–Steagall "repeal" had come to mean repeal of Sections 20 and 32\. The Federal Reserve Board supported "repeal" of Glass–Steagall "insofar as it prevents bank holding companies from being affiliated with firms engaged in securities underwriting and dealing activities."Greenspan 1987, p. 3\. The Board did not propose repeal of Glass Steagall Section 16 or 21\. Bank holding companies, through separately capitalized subsidiaries, not commercial banks themselves directly, would exercise the new securities powers.Reinicke 1995, pp. 104\-105\. Greenspan 1987, pp. 3 and 15\-22\. {{harvnb\|FRB\|1998}}.
Banks and bank holding companies had already gained important regulatory approvals for securities activities before Paul Volcker retired as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board on August 11, 1987\.{{citation\|title\=Membership of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1914\-Present\|publisher\=The Federal Reserve Board\|page\=6 (Chairman from August 6, 1979–August 11, 1987\)\|url\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/bios/boardmembership.htm\|access\-date\=February 20, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218113200/http://www.federalreserve.gov/bios/boardmembership.htm\|archive\-date\=February 18, 2012}}. Aside from the Board's authorizations for Section 20 affiliates and for bank private placements of commercial paper, by 1987 federal banking regulators had authorized banks or their affiliates to (1\) sponsor [closed end investment companies](/wiki/Closed-end_fund "Closed-end fund"),Fein 2011, § 1\.04, pp. 1\-9 to 1\-12\. {{harvnb\|SEC\|1994\|pp\=8–9}}. (2\) sponsor mutual funds sold to customers in [individual retirement accounts](/wiki/Individual_retirement_account "Individual retirement account"),Fein 2011, § 4\.05\[C] \[4]. {{harvnb\|SEC\|1994\|p\=13}}. (3\) provide customers full service brokerage (i.e., advice and brokerage),Fein 2011, § 4\.05\[C] \[5]. {{harvnb\|SEC\|1994\|p\=21}}. and (4\) sell bank assets through "securitizations."Fein 2011, § 4\.05\[C] \[8]. {{harvnb\|SEC\|1994\|p\=21}}.
In 1982 [E. Gerald Corrigan](/wiki/E._Gerald_Corrigan "E. Gerald Corrigan"), president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis and a close Volcker colleague, published an influential essay titled "Are banks special?" in which he argued banks should be subject to special restrictions on affiliations because they enjoy special benefits (e.g., deposit insurance and Federal Reserve Bank loan facilities) and have special responsibilities (e.g., operating the payment system and influencing the money supply). The essay rejected the argument that it is "futile and unnecessary" to distinguish among the various types of companies in the "financial services industry."Reinicke 1995, p. 69\. {{citation \| title\=Are Banks Special \| work\=Annual Report \| publisher\=\[\[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]] \| date\=January 1982 \| url\=http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/ar/ar1982a.cfm \| access\-date\=February 12, 2012 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019174134/http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/ar/ar1982a.cfm \| archive\-date\=October 19, 2012 }}.
While Paul Volcker's January 1984, testimony to Congress repeated that banks are "special" in performing "a unique and critical role in the financial system and the economy," he still testified in support of bank affiliates underwriting securities other than corporate bonds.Reinicke 1995, pp. 71 (for opposition to underwriting corporate bonds), 74 and 76\. {{citation\| last\=Volcker\| first\=Paul \| title\=Statement before the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, United States Senate\| date\=January 16, 1984\| pages\=2–3 and 7–8\|url\=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/451/item/8288\|access\-date\=October 16, 2014}}. In its 1986 Annual Report the Volcker led Federal Reserve Board recommended that Congress permit bank holding companies to underwrite municipal revenue bonds, mortgage\-backed securities, commercial paper, and mutual funds and that Congress "undertake hearings or other studies in the area of corporate underwriting."{{Citation\| title\=73rd Annual Report, 1986\|journal\=Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System \| date\=May 18, 1987\| page\=177\|url\=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/117/item/2441?start\_page\=176 \|access\-date\=October 16, 2014}}. Reinicke 1995, p. 97\. As described above, in the 1930s Glass–Steagall advocates had alleged that bank affiliate underwriting of corporate bonds created "conflicts of interest."
In early 1987 E. Gerald Corrigan, then president of the [Federal Reserve Bank of New York](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York "Federal Reserve Bank of New York"), recommended a legislative "overhaul" to permit "financial holding companies" that would "in time" provide banking, securities, and insurance services (as authorized by the GLBA 12 years later).Reinicke 1995, pp. 93 and 97\-98\. In 1990 Corrigan testified to Congress that he rejected the "status quo" and recommended allowing banks into the "securities business" through financial service holding companies.{{Citation\| last\=Corrigan\| title\=Reforming the US Financial System: an International Perspective ''(Statement by E. Gerald Corrigan, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, before the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs)''\| date\=May 3, 1990\| journal\=Quarterly Review\| issue\=Spring\| at\=pp. 9–10, section, "Reform and modernization of the U.S. banking and financial systems"\| url\=http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/quarterly\_review/1990v15/v15n1article1\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 12, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064828/http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/quarterly\_review/1990v15/v15n1article1\.pdf\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012}}. Reinicke 1995, pp. 117 and 119\.
In 1991 Paul Volcker testified to Congress in support of the Bush Administration proposal to repeal Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\.{{Citation\| last\=Garrson\| first\=Robert M. \| title \=Volcker: Public Must Re\-Fund Bank Insurance\| newspaper\=\[\[American Banker]]\| date\=May 9, 1991}} Volcker rejected the Bush Administration proposal to permit affiliations between banks and commercial firms (i.e., non\-financial firms) and added that legislation to allow banks greater insurance powers "could be put off until a later date."{{Citation \|title\=Volker Sees Taxpayer Bailout of Bank Fund Finance: The former Fed Chief told a Senate panel that banks can't afford to pay much more into the fund that insures their deposits\| newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\| date\=May 9, 1991}}.
### 1991 Congressional action and "firewalls"
Paul Volcker gave his 1991 testimony as Congress considered repealing Glass–Steagall sections 20 and 32 as part of a broader [Bush Administration](/wiki/George_H.W._Bush%23Presidency "George H.W. Bush#Presidency") proposal to reform financial regulation.Reinicke 1995, pp. 120\-124\.
In reaction to "market developments" and regulatory and judicial decisions that had "homogenized" commercial and investment banking, Representative [Edward J. Markey](/wiki/Edward_J._Markey "Edward J. Markey") (D\-MA) had written a 1990 article arguing "Congress must amend Glass–Steagall."Markey 1990\. As chairman of a subcommittee of the [House Commerce and Energy Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce "United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce"), Markey had joined with Committee Chairman Dingell in opposing the 1988 Proxmire Financial Modernization Act. In 1990, however, Markey stated Glass–Steagall had "lost much of its effectiveness" through market, regulatory, and judicial developments that were "tantamount to an ill\-coordinated, incremental repeal" of Glass–Steagall. To correct this "disharmony" Markey proposed replacing Glass–Steagall's "prohibitions" with "regulation."Markey 1990, pp. 457\-458 and 474\-475\.
After the [House Banking Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services "United States House Committee on Financial Services") approved a bill repealing Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32, Representative Dingell again stopped House action. He reached agreement with Banking Committee Chairman [Henry B. Gonzalez](/wiki/Henry_B._Gonzalez "Henry B. Gonzalez") (D\-TX) to insert into the bill "firewalls" that banks claimed would prevent real competition between banks and securities firms.{{citation\| last\=Fisher\| first\=Keith R.\| year\=1992\| title\=Reweaving the Safety Net: Bank Diversification into Securities and Insurance Activities\| journal\=Wake Forest Law Review\| volume\=27\| issue\=1\| pages\= 231–247\|url\=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle\=hein.journals/wflr27\&id\=133\&collection\=journals\&index\=\|access\-date\=February 25, 2012}}. {{Citation\| title \=Banking Reform, Deformed (editorial)\| newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\| date\=October 31, 1991 \| page\=A26}}. The banking industry strongly opposed the bill in that form, and the House rejected it. The House debate revealed that Congress might agree on repealing Sections 20 and 32 while being divided on how bank affiliations with securities firms should be regulated.Reinicke 1995, pp. 122\-124\. Hendrickson 2001, pp. 862\-864 (finding the same reason in 1988 and 1991\).
### 1980s and 1990s bank product developments
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, as Congress considered whether to "repeal" Glass–Steagall, commercial banks and their affiliates engaged in activities that commentators later linked to the [financial crisis of 2007–2008](/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008 "Financial crisis of 2007–2008").{{harvnb\|FCIC\|2011\|pp\=38–51 and 67–155}}. Kotlikoff 2010, p. 151 (suggesting commercial bank CDO and SIV activities began after the 1999 GLBA).
#### Securitization, CDOs, and "subprime" credit
In 1978 [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America "Bank of America") issued the first [residential mortgage\-backed security](/wiki/Residential_mortgage-backed_security "Residential mortgage-backed security") that [securitized](/wiki/Securitization "Securitization") residential mortgages not guaranteed by a [government\-sponsored enterprise](/wiki/Government-sponsored_enterprise "Government-sponsored enterprise") ("private label RMBS").{{citation \|last\=Welshimer \|first\=Mark J. \|editor\-last\=Effros\|editor\-first\=Robert C. \|title\=Current Legal Issues Affecting Central Banks\| volume\=4\| chapter\=Securitization: Has It Matured?\| chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=6hHRlUOMc1oC\&q\=welshimer\+securitization\+has\+it\+matured\&pg\=PA487 \|year\=1997 \|publisher\=International Monetary Fund \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|isbn\=978\-1\-55775\-503\-2 \|pages\=488 and 493 \|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}. Also in 1978, the OCC approved a national bank, such as Bank of America, issuing [pass\-through certificates](/wiki/Pass-through_certificate "Pass-through certificate") representing interests in [residential mortgages](/wiki/Residential_mortgages "Residential mortgages") and distributing such mortgage\-backed securities to investors in a [private placement](/wiki/Private_placement "Private placement").{{Citation\|publisher\=United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Legislative Affairs \|title\=Timeline of Bank Securities Activities \|date\=June 24, 1994 \|page\=11 \|url\=http://c0403731\.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/collection/papers/1990/1994\_0624\_Fulton3447\.pdf \|archive\-url\=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121019020452/http%3A//c0403731\.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/collection/papers/1990/1994\_0624\_Fulton3447\.pdf \|archive\-date\=October 19, 2012 \|access\-date\=February 11, 2012 }} In 1987 the OCC ruled that [Security Pacific Bank](/wiki/Security_Pacific_Bank "Security Pacific Bank") could "sell" assets through "securitizations" that transferred "cash flows" from those assets to investors and also distribute in a [registered public offering](/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933 "Securities Act of 1933") the residential mortgage\-backed securities issued in the securitization.Capatides 1992, pp. 98\-105\. Fein 2011, § 4\.05\[C] \[15], pp. 4\-61 to 4\-63\. This permitted commercial banks to acquire assets for "sale" through securitizations under what later became termed the "originate to distribute" model of banking.{{Citation \| last1\=Allen\| first\=Franklin \| last2\=Santomero\| first2\=Anthony M. \|title\=The theory of financial intermediation \| journal\=Journal of Banking and Finance \| volume\=21\| issue \=10\| year \= 1998\| pages\=1464 and 1470–1473 \|jstor\=1991623 \| doi\=10\.1016/s0378\-4266(97\)00032\-0\|citeseerx \= 10\.1\.1\.38\.2468}}.
The OCC ruled that a national bank's power to sell its assets meant a national bank could sell a pool of assets in a securitization, and even distribute the securities that represented the sale, as part of the "business of banking."Fein 2011, § 4\.05\[C] \[15], pp. 4\-62\. Capatides 1992, pp. 99\-101\. This meant national banks could underwrite and distribute securities representing such sales, even though Glass–Steagall would generally prohibit a national bank underwriting or distributing non\-governmental securities (i.e., non\-"bank\-eligible" securities).Fein 2011, § 4\.05\[C] \[15], pp. 4\-62\. The federal courts upheld the OCC's approval of Security Pacific's securitization activities, with the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") refusing in 1990 to review a 1989 [Second Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit "United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit") decision sustaining the OCC's action. In arguing that the GLBA's "repeal" of Glass–Steagall played no role in the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Melanie Fein notes courts had confirmed by 1990 the power of banks to securitize their assets under Glass–Steagall.Fein 2011, § 1\.02, pp. 1\-7\.
The Second Circuit stated banks had been securitizing their assets for "ten years" before the OCC's 1987 approval of Security Pacific's securitization.*Securities Industry Association v. Robert L. Clarke*, [885 F.2d 1034](http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/885/1034/144081/), 1041 (for "ten years") (2d. Cir. 1989\). As noted above, the OCC had approved such activity in 1978\. Jan Kregel argues that the OCC's interpretation of the "incidental powers" of national banks "ultimately eviscerated Glass–Steagall."
[Continental Illinois Bank](/wiki/Continental_Illinois "Continental Illinois") is often credited with issuing the first [collateralized debt obligation](/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation "Collateralized debt obligation") (CDO) when, in 1987, it issued securities representing interests in a pool of "leveraged loans."Capatides 1992, p. 102\. {{citation\|title\=Collateralized Loan Obligations: A Powerful New Portfolio Management Tool for Banks \|last\=Kohler \|first\=Kenneth \|year\=1998 \|publisher\=Mayer, Brown \& Platt \|page\=20, fn. 3 \|url\=http://www.securitization.net/knowledge/transactions/coll\_loan\_obl.asp \|access\-date\=February 12, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213160318/http://www.securitization.net/knowledge/transactions/coll\_loan\_obl.asp \|archive\-date\=February 13, 2012 }}.
By the late 1980s Citibank had become a major provider of "subprime" mortgages and credit cards.Wilmarth 1995, pp. 57\-59\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 401\-402\. Arthur Wilmarth argued that the ability to securitize such credits encouraged banks to extend more "subprime" credit.Wilmarth 1995, pp. 55\-59\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 403\-407\. Wilmarth reported that during the 1990s credit card loans increased at a faster pace for lower\-income households than higher\-income households and that subprime mortgage loan volume quadrupled from 1993–99, before the GLBA became effective in 2000\.Wilmarth 2002, pp. 392\-393\. In 1995 Wilmarth noted that commercial bank mortgage lenders differed from nonbank lenders in retaining "a significant portion of their mortgage loans" rather than securitizing the entire exposure.Wilmarth 1995, p. 56\. Wilmarth also shared the bank regulator concern that commercial banks sold their "best assets" in securitizations and retained their riskiest assets.Wilmarth 2002, pp. 406\-407\.
#### ABCP conduits and SIVs
In the early 1980s commercial banks established asset backed commercial paper conduits (ABCP conduits) to finance corporate customer receivables. The ABCP conduit purchased receivables from the bank customer and issued [asset\-backed commercial paper](/wiki/Asset-backed_commercial_paper "Asset-backed commercial paper") to finance that purchase. The bank "advising" the ABCP conduit provided loan commitments and "credit enhancements" that supported repayment of the commercial paper. Because the ABCP conduit was owned by a third party unrelated to the bank, it was not an affiliate of the bank.Kavanaugh, Boemio \& Edwards Jr. 1992, pp. 109\-112\. {{Citation\| last1\=Stojanovic\| first1\=Dusan\|last2\=Vaughn\|first2\=Mark D.\| title\=The commercial paper market: who's minding the shop? \| journal\=The Regional Economist\| issue\=April \| year\=1998\|url\=http://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/re/articles/?id\=1758\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}} Through ABCP conduits banks could earn "fee income" and meet "customers' needs for credit" without "the need to maintain the amount of capital that would be required if loans were extended directly" to those customers.Kavanaugh, Boemio \& Edwards Jr. 1992, p. 107\.
By the late 1980s Citibank had established ABCP conduits to buy securities. Such conduits became known as [structured investment vehicles](/wiki/Structured_investment_vehicle "Structured investment vehicle") (SIVs).{{citation \|title\=The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Securitisation 2007 \|chapter\=Chapter 2: Structured Investment Vehicles \|chapter\-url\=http://www.iclg.co.uk/khadmin/Publications/pdf/1307\.pdf \|page\=5 \|last\=Sandstrom \|first\=Randall \|year\=2007 \|publisher\=Global Legal Group \|access\-date\=February 12, 2012 }}{{Dead link\|date\=January 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}. The SIV's "[arbitrage](/wiki/Arbitrage "Arbitrage")" opportunity was to earn the difference between the interest earned on the securities it purchased and the interest it paid on the ABCP and other securities it issued to fund those purchases.{{citation \|title\=The Fundamentals of Asset Backed Commercial Paper\|last1\=Bate\|first1\=Swasi\|last2\=Bushwiller\|first2\=Stephany\|last3\=Rutan\|first3\=Everett\|date\=February 3, 2003\| publisher\=Moody's Investor Service\|page\=8\|url\=http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/\~igiddy/ABS/moodysabcp.pdf\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}.
#### OTC derivatives, including credit default swaps
In the early 1980s commercial banks began entering into interest rate and currency exchange "[swaps](/wiki/Swap_%28finance%29 "Swap (finance)")" with customers. This "[over\-the\-counter](/wiki/Over-the-counter_%28finance%29 "Over-the-counter (finance)") [derivatives](/wiki/Derivative_%28finance%29 "Derivative (finance)")" market grew dramatically throughout the 1980s and 1990s.{{citation\| last\=Jickling\| first\=Mark\| date\=January 29, 2003\| title\=The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000: Derivatives Regulation Reconsidered\| work\=Congressional Research Service Report\| issue\=RL30434\| publisher\=Congressional Research Service\| pages\=4–5\| url\=http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL30434\_20030129\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 12, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064826/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL30434\_20030129\.pdf\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012}}.
In 1996 the OCC issued "guidelines" for national bank use of "[credit default swaps](/wiki/Credit_default_swap "Credit default swap")" and other "[credit derivatives](/wiki/Credit_derivative "Credit derivative")." Banks entered into "credit default swaps" to protect against defaults on loans. Banks later entered into such swaps to protect against defaults on securities. Banks acted both as "dealers" in providing such protection (or speculative "exposure") to customers and as "hedgers" or "speculators" to cover (or create) their own exposures to such risks.{{citation\|title\=Guidelines for national banks: credit derivatives\|work\=Bulletin\|issue\=OCC\-1996\-43\|publisher\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\|date\=August 12, 1996\|url\=http://www.occ.treas.gov/news\-issuances/bulletins/1996/bulletin\-1996\-43\.html\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}. {{citation\|last1\=Partnoy\|first1\=Frank\|author\-link\=Frank Partnoy\|last2\=Skeel\|first2\=David A.\|year\=2006\|title\=The Promise and Perils of Credit Derivatives\|series\=Scholarship at Penn Law\|work\=Paper 125\|url\=http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1129\&context\=upenn\_wps\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012\|archive\-date\=May 15, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515100123/http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1129\&context\=upenn\_wps\|url\-status\=dead}}.
Commercial banks became the largest dealers in swaps and other over\-the\-counter derivatives. Banking regulators ruled that swaps (including credit default swaps) were part of the "business of banking," not "securities" under the Glass–Steagall Act.{{harvnb\|CRS\|2010a\|pp\=11–12}}. {{citation\| last\=Omarova\| first\=Saule T.\| year\=2009\| title\=The Quiet Metamorphosis: How Derivatives Changed the 'Business of Banking'\| journal\=University of Miami Law Review\| volume\=63\| issue\=4\| pages\= 1069–1072 and 1077–1082\|ssrn\=1491767}}. {{Citation\| last1\=Gunther\| first1\=Jeffrey W.\| last2\=Siems\| first2\=Thomas F.\| title\=Debunking derivatives delirium\| journal\=Southwest Economy\| issue\=2\| year\=2003\| url\=http://dallasfed.org/research/swe/2003/swe0302b.html\| access\-date\=February 12, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030826025924/http://www.dallasfed.org/research/swe/2003/swe0302b.html\| archive\-date\=August 26, 2003}}
Commercial banks entered into swaps that replicated part or all of the economics of actual securities. Regulators eventually ruled banks could even buy and sell equity securities to "hedge" this activity. Jan Kregel argues the OCC's approval of bank derivatives activities under bank "incidental powers" constituted a "complete reversal of the original intention of preventing banks from dealing in securities on their own account."
|
[
"Glass–Steagall developments from 1935 to 1991\n---------------------------------------------",
"Commercial banks withdrew from the depressed securities markets of the early 1930s even before the Glass–Steagall prohibitions on securities underwriting and dealing became effective.Garten 1989, pp. 515\\-516\\. Hendrickson 2001, p. 860\\. Peach 1941, p. 160\\. However, those prohibitions were controversial. A 1934 study of commercial bank affiliate underwriting of securities in the 1920s found such underwriting was not better than the underwriting by firms that were not affiliated with banks. That study disputed Glass–Steagall critics who suggested securities markets had been harmed by prohibiting commercial bank involvement.{{citation\\| last\\=Moore\\| first\\=Terris \\| title \\=Security Affiliate versus Private Investment Banker—A Study in Security Organization \\| journal \\=Harvard Business Review\\| volume \\= 12\\| issue \\=July\\| year \\= 1934\\| pages\\= 478–484}} A 1942 study also found that commercial bank affiliate underwriting was not better (or worse) than nonbank affiliate underwriting, but concluded this meant it was a \"myth\" commercial bank securities affiliates had taken advantage of bank customers to sell \"worthless securities.\"{{citation\\| last\\=Edwards\\| first\\=George W. \\| title \\=The Myth of the Security Affiliate \\| journal \\=Journal of the American Statistical Association\\| volume \\= 37\\| issue \\=June\\| year \\= 1942\\| pages\\= 225–232\\|jstor\\=2279217\\| doi\\=10\\.1080/01621459\\.1942\\.10500629}}",
"### Senator Glass's \"repeal\" effort",
"In 1935 [Senator Glass](/wiki/Carter_Glass \"Carter Glass\") attempted to repeal the Glass–Steagall prohibition on commercial banks underwriting corporate securities. Glass stated Glass–Steagall had unduly damaged securities markets by prohibiting commercial bank underwriting of corporate securities.{{citation\\|last\\=Edward\\|first\\=George W.\\|year\\=1938\\|title\\=The Evolution of Finance Capitalism\\| publisher\\=A. M. Kelley\\|location\\=New York\\|work\\=1967 (reprint of the 1938 edition published by Longmans, Green \\& Co., Inc, New York)\\|pages\\=296–297\\|lccn\\=66\\-22622\\|oclc\\=169277}}. Wilmarth 2008, p. 590\\. The first Senate passed version of the Banking Act of 1935 included Glass's revision to Section 16 of the Glass–Steagall Act to permit bank underwriting of corporate securities subject to limitations and regulations.Burns 1974, pp. 170\\-171\\. Patrick 1993, pp. 265\\-266\\. Wilmarth 2008, pp. 590\\-591\\.",
"President Roosevelt opposed this revision to Section 16 and wrote Glass that \"the old abuses would come back if underwriting were restored in any shape, manner, or form.\" In the [conference committee](/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee \"United States congressional conference committee\") that reconciled differences between the House and Senate passed versions of the Banking Act of 1935, Glass's language amending Section 16 was removed.Burns 1974, pp. 170\\-171\\. Perkins 1971, p. 269\\.",
"### Comptroller Saxon's Glass–Steagall interpretations",
"President [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy \"John F. Kennedy\")'s appointee as [Comptroller of the Currency](/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Currency \"Comptroller of the Currency\"), [James J. Saxon](/wiki/James_J._Saxon \"James J. Saxon\"), was the next public official to seriously challenge Glass–Steagall's prohibitions. As the regulator of national banks, Saxon was concerned with the competitive position of commercial banks. In 1950 commercial banks held 52% of the assets of US financial institutions. By 1960 that share had declined to 38%. Saxon wanted to expand the powers of national banks.[White 1992, p. 7\\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=sII_dLAeZBgC&dq=white+comptroller+saxon+new+forceful&pg=PA7)",
"In 1963, the Saxon\\-led [Office of the Comptroller of the Currency](/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency \"Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\") (OCC) issued a regulation permitting national banks to offer retail customers \"commingled accounts\" holding common stocks and other securities.Pitt and Williams 1983, p. 142\\. *Investment Company Institute v. Camp*, [401 U.S. 617](http://supreme.justia.com/us/401/617/case.html), pp. 621\\-622 (for OCC actions) (1971\\). Retrieved February 18, 2012\\. This amounted to permitting banks to offer mutual funds to retail customers.Langevoort 1987, pp. 688\\-690\\. {{harvnb\\|CRS\\|2010a\\|pp\\=8–10}}. Saxon also issued rulings that national banks could underwrite municipal revenue bonds.{{citation\\| url \\=http://www.occ.gov/about/what\\-we\\-do/history/OCC%20history%20final.pdf\\| title \\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency: A Short History\\| page\\=22\\| year\\=2011\\| publisher \\=Comptroller of the Currency, Administrator of National Banks, US Department of Treasury\\| access\\-date \\= February 11, 2012}}. [White 1992, p. 13\\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=sII_dLAeZBgC&dq=white+comptroller+saxon+revenue+bond&pg=PA13) Courts ruled that both of these actions violated Glass–Steagall.White 1992, pp. 13 and 15\\. Reinicke 1995, p. 31\\.",
"In rejecting bank sales of accounts that functioned like mutual funds, the Supreme Court explained in *Investment Company Institute v. Camp* that it would have given \"deference\" to the OCC's judgment if the OCC had explained how such sales could avoid the conflicts of interest and other \"subtle hazards\" Glass–Steagall sought to prevent and that could arise when a bank offered a securities product to its retail customers.{{harvnb\\|CRS\\|2010a\\|pp\\=8–9}}. Courts later applied this aspect of the *Camp* ruling to uphold interpretations of Glass–Steagall by federal banking regulators.{{harvnb\\|CRS\\|2010a\\|p\\=10}} As in the *Camp* case, these interpretations by bank regulators were routinely challenged by the mutual fund industry through the [Investment Company Institute](/wiki/Investment_Company_Institute \"Investment Company Institute\") or the securities industry through the [Securities Industry Association](/wiki/Securities_Industry_Association \"Securities Industry Association\") as they sought to prevent competition from commercial banks.Macey 2000, p. 717\\. Reinicke 1995, p. 31",
"### 1966 to 1980 developments",
"#### Increasing competitive pressures for commercial banks",
"[Regulation Q](/wiki/Regulation_Q \"Regulation Q\") limits on interest rates for time deposits at commercial banks, authorized by the 1933 Banking Act, first became \"effective\" in 1966 when market interest rates exceeded those limits.{{citation\\| last\\=Friedman\\| first\\=Benjamin M. \\| author\\-link\\=Benjamin M. Friedman\\| title \\=Regulation Q and the Commercial Loan Market in the 1960s \\| journal \\=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking\\| volume \\= 7\\| issue \\= 3\\| year \\= 1975\\| pages\\=277–296\\|jstor\\=1991623\\| doi\\=10\\.2307/1991623 }}. This produced the first of several \"credit crunches\" during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s as depositors withdrew funds from banks to reinvest at higher market interest rates.Minsky 1982, pp. xii\\-xiv. When this \"disintermediation\" limited the ability of banks to meet the borrowing requests of all their corporate customers, some commercial banks helped their \"best customers\" establish programs to borrow directly from the \"capital markets\" by issuing commercial paper.{{citation\\| last\\=Abken\\| first\\=Peter A.\\| title\\=Commercial Paper\\| journal\\=Economic Review\\| issue\\=March/April\\| year\\=1981\\| page\\=14\\| url\\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064823/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\\.pdf}}. Over time, commercial banks were increasingly left with lower credit quality, or more speculative, corporate borrowers that could not borrow directly from the \"[capital markets](/wiki/Capital_markets \"Capital markets\").\"Garten 1989, pp. 522\\-524\\. Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1147\\-1148\\.",
"Eventually, even lower credit quality corporations and (indirectly through \"[securitization](/wiki/Securitization \"Securitization\")\") consumers were able to borrow from the capital markets as improvements in communication and information technology allowed investors to evaluate and invest in a broader range of borrowers.Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1142\\-1143\\. Banks began to finance residential mortgages through securitization in the late 1970s. During the 1980s banks and other lenders used securitizations to provide \"[capital markets](/wiki/Capital_markets \"Capital markets\")\" funding for a wide range of assets that previously had been financed by bank loans.{{citation\\|last\\=Macey\\| first\\=Jonathan R.\\| year\\=1993\\| title\\=The Inevitability of Universal Banking\\| journal\\=Brooklyn Journal of International Law\\| volume\\=19\\| issue\\=1\\| pages\\=206–211\\| url\\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=2646\\&context\\=fss\\_papers\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2012}}. {{harvnb\\|Kregel\\|2010a\\|p\\=7}}. In losing \"their preeminent status as expert intermediaries for the collection, processing, and analysis of information relating to extensions of credit\", banks were increasingly \"bypassed\" as traditional \"depositors\" invested in securities that replaced bank loans.Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1142\\-1144\\.",
"In 1977 [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch \"Merrill Lynch\") introduced a \"cash management account\" that allowed brokerage customers to write checks on funds held in a [money market account](/wiki/Money_market_account \"Money market account\") or drawn from a \"[line of credit](/wiki/Line_of_credit \"Line of credit\")\" Merrill provided.Mayer 1984, pp. 34\\-45\\. The [Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"Securities and Exchange Commission\") (SEC) had ruled that [money market funds](/wiki/Money_market_fund \"Money market fund\") could \"redeem\" investor shares at a $1 stable \"net asset value\" despite daily fluctuations in the value of the securities held by the funds. This allowed money market funds to develop into \"near money\" as \"investors\" wrote checks (\"redemption orders\") on these accounts much as \"depositors\" wrote checks on traditional checking accounts provided by commercial banks.{{citation\\| last1\\=Cook\\| first1\\=Timothy Q.\\| last2\\=Duffield\\| first2\\=Jeremy G.\\| title\\=Chapter 12: Money Market Mutual Funds and other Short\\-Term Investment Pools\\| work\\=Instruments of the Money Market\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond]]\\| year\\=1998\\| pages\\=164–167\\| url\\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/special\\_reports/instruments\\_of\\_the\\_money\\_market/pdf/chapter\\_12\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064832/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/special\\_reports/instruments\\_of\\_the\\_money\\_market/pdf/chapter\\_12\\.pdf\\| url\\-status\\=dead}}.",
"Also in the 1970s savings and loans, which were not restricted by Glass–Steagall other than Section 21, were permitted to offer \"[negotiable order of withdrawal accounts](/wiki/Negotiable_order_of_withdrawal_account \"Negotiable order of withdrawal account\")\" (NOW accounts). As with money market accounts, these accounts functioned much like checking accounts in permitting a depositor to order payments from a \"savings account.\"{{Citation \\| last\\=Kaplan \\| first\\=Alan J. \\| title\\=The Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (NOW) Account: 'Checking Accounts' for Savings Banks? \\| journal\\=Boston College Law Review \\| volume\\=14 \\| issue\\=3 \\| year\\=1973 \\| pages\\=471–500 \\| url\\=http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1377\\&context\\=bclr \\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012 }}. Litan 1987, p. 34\\. {{citation\\| url \\= http://www.bankersonline.com/compliance/guru2006/gurus\\_cmp100906d.html\\| last \\= Burnett\\| first \\= John\\| title \\= A Short History of NOW and MMDA Accounts\\| publisher \\= BankersOnline\\| access\\-date \\= February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110901052729/http://www.bankersonline.com/compliance/guru2006/gurus\\_cmp100906d.html\\| archive\\-date \\= September 1, 2011}}.",
"Helen Garten concluded that the \"traditional regulation\" of commercial banks established by the 1933 Banking Act, including Glass–Steagall, failed when nonbanking firms and the \"capital markets\" were able to provide replacements for bank loans and deposits, thereby reducing the profitability of commercial banking.Garten 1989, pp. 508\\-509 and 521\\-525\\. Garten 1991, pp. 8\\-14\\. Richard Vietor agreed that traditional bank regulation was unable to protect commercial banks from nonbank competition. However, he noted that significant the economic and financial instability began in the mid\\-1960s. This slowed economic growth and savings, which reduced demand and supply of credit; it also induced financial innovations that undermined commercial banks.Vietor 1987, pp. 33\\-39\\.",
"[Hyman Minsky](/wiki/Hyman_Minsky \"Hyman Minsky\") agreed financial instability had returned in 1966 and had only been constrained in the following 15 years through Federal Reserve Board engineered \"credit crunches\" to combat inflation followed by \"[lender of last resort](/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort \"Lender of last resort\")\" rescues of asset prices that produced new inflation. Minsky described ever worsening periods of inflation followed by unemployment as the cycle of rescues followed by credit crunches was repeated. Minsky, however, supported traditional banking regulationMayer 1974, pp. 523 and 531\\-535\\. and advocated further controls of finance to \"promote smaller and simpler organizations weighted more toward direct financing.\"Minsky 1982, p. 201 Writing from a similar \"[neo\\-Keynesian](/wiki/Neo-Keynesian \"Neo-Keynesian\") perspective,\" [Jan Kregel](/wiki/Jan_Kregel \"Jan Kregel\") concluded that, after World War II, non\\-regulated financial companies, supported by regulatory actions, developed means to provide bank products (\"liquidity and lending accommodation\") more cheaply than commercial banks through the \"capital markets.\"{{harvnb\\|Kregel\\|2010b\\|}}, p. 66 (Section 3\\.10 \"The regulatory dynamic of innovation and protection\"). Kregel argued this led banking regulators to eliminate Glass–Steagall restrictions to permit banks to \"duplicate these structures\" using the capital markets \"until there was virtually no difference in the activities of FDIC\\-insured commercial banks and investment banks.\"{{harvnb\\|Kregel\\|2010b\\|pp\\=66–67}}.",
"Comptroller Saxon had feared for the competitive viability of commercial banks in the early 1960s. The \"capital markets\" developments in the 1970s increased the vulnerability of commercial banks to nonbank competitors. As described below, this competition would increase in the 1980s.",
"#### Limited congressional and regulatory developments",
"In 1967 the Senate passed the first of several Senate passed bills that would have revised Glass–Steagall Section 16 to permit banks to underwrite municipal revenue bonds.{{citation\\| last \\= Gimlin\\| first \\= J. S.\\| title \\= Banking Innovations\\| series\\=CQ Researcher \\|work\\=Editorial Research Reports 1968 \\|volume\\=II \\|date\\=July 17, 1968\\| pages\\=11–12 (\"Rivalry of Investment and Commercial Bankers\")\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CQ Press]]\\| url\\=http://library.cqpress.com./cqresearcher/cqresrre1968071700\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}. Reinicke 1995, p. 59\\. In 1974 the OCC authorized national banks to provide \"automatic investment services,\" which permitted bank customers to authorize regular withdrawals from a deposit account to purchase identified securities.{{harvnb\\|SEC\\|1994\\|p\\=9}}. {{citation\\| last\\=Keefe\\| first\\=Arthur John \\| title\\=Your friendly one\\-stop financial shopping centers \\| journal\\=American Bar Association Journal\\| volume\\=60\\|year\\= 1974\\| page\\=744}}. In 1977 the Federal Reserve Board staff concluded Glass–Steagall permitted banks to [privately place](/wiki/Private_placement \"Private placement\") commercial paper. In 1978 Bankers Trust began making such placements.Pitt and Williams 1983, pp. 154\\-155\\. As described below, in 1978, the OCC authorized a national bank to privately place securities issued to sell residential mortgages in a [securitization](/wiki/Securitization \"Securitization\")",
"Commercial banks, however, were frustrated with the continuing restrictions imposed by Glass–Steagall and other banking laws.Reinicke 1995, pp. 57\\-58\\. After many of Comptroller Saxon's decisions granting national banks greater powers had been challenged or overturned by courts, commercial banking firms had been able to expand their non\\-securities activities through the \"one bank holding company.\"Shull and White 1998, p. 5\\. Because the [Bank Holding Company Act](/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act \"Bank Holding Company Act\") only limited nonbanking activities of companies that owned two or more commercial banks, \"one bank holding companies\" could own interests in any type of company other than securities firms covered by Glass–Steagall Section 20\\. That \"loophole\" in the Bank Holding Company Act was closed by a 1970 amendment to apply the Act to any company that owned a commercial bank.Reinicke 1995, pp. 30\\-31\\. Shull and White 1998, pp. 5\\-6\\. Commercial banking firm's continuing desire for greater powers received support when [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") became President and appointed banking regulators who shared an \"attitude towards deregulation of the financial industry.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 61\\.",
"### Reagan Administration developments",
"#### State non\\-member bank and nonbank bank \"loopholes\"",
"In 1982, under the chairmanship of [William Isaac](/wiki/William_Isaac \"William Isaac\"), the FDIC issued a \"policy statement\" that state chartered non\\-Federal Reserve member banks could establish subsidiaries to underwrite and deal in securities. Also in 1982 the OCC, under Comptroller [C. Todd Conover](/wiki/C._T._Conover \"C. T. Conover\"), approved the mutual fund company [Dreyfus Corporation](/wiki/Dreyfus_Corporation \"Dreyfus Corporation\") and the retailer [Sears](/wiki/Sears \"Sears\") establishing \"nonbank bank\" subsidiaries that were not covered by the Bank Holding Company Act. The Federal Reserve Board, led by Chairman [Paul Volcker](/wiki/Paul_Volcker \"Paul Volcker\"), asked Congress to overrule both the FDIC's and the OCC's actions through new legislation.Reinicke 1995, pp. 65\\-70\\.",
"The FDIC's action confirmed that Glass–Steagall did not restrict affiliations between a state chartered non\\-Federal Reserve System member bank and securities firms, even when the bank was FDIC insured.Reinicke 1995, pp. 65\\-66\\. {{citation\\| last\\=Saba\\| first\\=Peter \\| title \\=Regulation of State Nonmember Insured Banks' Securities Activities: A Model for the Repeal of Glass–Steagall? \\| journal \\=Harvard Journal on Legislation\\| volume \\=23 \\| issue \\=1\\| year \\= 1986\\| pages\\=220–222\\|url\\=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection\\=journals\\&handle\\=hein.journals/hjl23÷\\=10\\&id\\=\\&page\\=\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}. Shull and White 1998, p. 7\\. State laws differed in how they regulated affiliations between banks and securities firms.{{citation\\| url \\=http://www.library.unt.edu/gpo/acir/Reports/policy/a\\-110\\.pdf\\| title \\=State Regulation of Banks in an Era of Deregulation\\| work\\=Commission Report A\\-110\\| pages\\=19–20\\| date\\=September 1988\\| publisher \\=Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations\\| access\\-date \\= February 11, 2012}}. Shull and White 1998, p. 7\\. In the 1970s, foreign banks had taken advantage of this in establishing branches in states that permitted such affiliations.Reinicke 1995, pp. 91 and 95\\. Pitt and Williams 1983, p. 167\\. Although the International Banking Act of 1978 brought newly established foreign bank US branches under Glass–Steagall, foreign banks with existing US branches were \"grandfathered\" and permitted to retain their existing investments. Through this \"loophole\" [Credit Suisse](/wiki/Credit_Suisse \"Credit Suisse\") was able to own a controlling interest in [First Boston](/wiki/First_Boston \"First Boston\"), a leading US securities firm.Capatides 1992, p. 7, fn. 12\\.",
"After the FDIC's action, commentators worried that large commercial banks would leave the Federal Reserve System (after first converting to a state charter if they were national banks) to free themselves from Glass–Steagall affiliation restrictions, as large commercial banks lobbied states to permit commercial bank investment banking activities.Reinicke 1995, pp. 66\\-68 and 75\\.",
"The OCC's action relied on a \"loophole\" in the Bank Holding Company Act (BHCA) that meant a company only became a \"bank holding company\" supervised by the Federal Reserve Board if it owned a \"bank\" that made \"commercial loans\" (i.e., loans to businesses) *and* provided \"demand deposits\" (i.e., checking accounts). A \"nonbank bank\" could be established to provide checking accounts (but not commercial loans) or commercial loans (but not checking accounts). The company owning the nonbank bank would not be a bank holding company limited to activities \"closely related to banking.\" This permitted [Sears](/wiki/Sears \"Sears\"), [GE](/wiki/GE \"GE\"), and other commercial companies to own \"nonbank banks.\"{{citation \\| title \\=Financial Services: Information on Nonbank Banks\\| issue\\=GAO/GGD–86–46FS\\|series\\=Fact Sheet for Members of Congress\\|date\\=March 1986\\|publisher\\=United States General Accounting Office\\| url \\=http://archive.gao.gov/d13t3/129389\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}. {{citation\\|last\\=Gart\\|first\\=Alan\\|year\\=1985\\|title\\=Banks, Thrifts, and Insurance Companies: Surviving the 1980s\\|publisher\\=Lexington Books\\|location\\=Lexington, MA\\|pages\\=1 and 51–83\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-669\\-09374\\-2}}. {{harvnb\\|CRS\\|2005\\|p\\=CRS\\-4}}.",
"Glass–Steagall's affiliation restrictions applied if the nonbank bank was a national bank or otherwise a member of the Federal Reserve System. The OCC's permission for Dreyfus to own a nationally chartered \"nonbank bank\" was based on the OCC's conclusion that Dreyfus, as a mutual fund company, earned only a small amount of its revenue through underwriting and distributing shares in mutual funds. Two other securities firms, [J. \\& W. Seligman \\& Co.](/wiki/J._%26_W._Seligman_%26_Co. \"J. & W. Seligman & Co.\") and [Prudential\\-Bache](/wiki/Prudential-Bache \"Prudential-Bache\"), established state chartered non\\-Federal Reserve System member banks to avoid Glass–Steagall restrictions on affiliations between member banks and securities firms.Langevoort 1987, pp. 709\\-712\\.",
"#### Legislative response",
"Although Paul Volcker and the Federal Reserve Board sought legislation overruling the FDIC and OCC actions, they agreed bank affiliates should have broader securities powers. They supported a bill sponsored by Senate Banking Committee Chairman Jake Garn (R\\-UT) that would have amended Glass–Steagall Section 20 to cover all FDIC insured banks and to permit bank affiliates to underwrite and deal in mutual funds, municipal revenue bonds, commercial paper, and mortgage\\-backed securities. On September 13, 1984, the [Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") passed the Garn bill in an 89\\-5 vote, but the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") controlled [House](/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_United_States \"House of Representatives of the United States\") did not act on the bill.Reinicke 1995, pp. 76\\-77\\. {{harvnb\\|FRB\\|1998\\|p\\=1}}.",
"In 1987, however, the Senate (with a new Democratic Party majority) joined with the House in passing the Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987 (CEBA). Although primarily dealing with the [savings and loan crisis](/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis \"Savings and loan crisis\"), CEBA also established a moratorium to March 1, 1988, on banking regulator actions to approve bank or affiliate securities activities, applied the affiliation restrictions of Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 to all FDIC insured banks during the moratorium, and eliminated the \"nonbank bank\" loophole for new FDIC insured banks (whether they took demand deposits or made commercial loans) except industrial loan companies. Existing \"nonbank banks\", however, were \"grandfathered\" so that they could continue to operate without becoming subject to BHCA restrictions.Reinicke 1995, p. 96\\. {{harvnb\\|CRS\\|2005}}, pp. CRS\\-4 to CRS\\-5\\. Kurucza et al. 1988, pp. 1112 and 1119\\.",
"The CEBA was intended to provide time for Congress (rather than banking regulators) to review and resolve the Glass–Steagall issues of bank securities activities. Senator [William Proxmire](/wiki/William_Proxmire \"William Proxmire\") (D\\-WI), the new Chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, took up this topic in 1987\\.Kurucza et al. 1988, p. 1107\\. Reinicke 1995, pp. 96\\-99\\.",
"#### International competitiveness debate",
"Wolfgang Reinicke argues that Glass–Steagall \"repeal\" gained unexpected Congressional support in 1987 because large banks successfully argued that Glass–Steagall prevented US banks from competing internationally.Reinicke 1995, pp. 84\\-85 and 91\\-101 With the argument changed from preserving the profitability of large commercial banks to preserving the \"competitiveness\" of US banks (and of the US economy), Senator Proxmire reversed his earlier opposition to Glass–Steagall reform.Reinicke 1995, pp. 98\\-100\\. Proxmire sponsored a bill that would have repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 and replaced those prohibitions with a system for regulating (and limiting the amount of) bank affiliate securities activities.Reinicke 1995, pp. 99\\-100 and 105\\-109\\. {{harvnb\\|FRB\\|1998\\|p\\=2 ( Part II, S. 1886\\)}}. He declared Glass–Steagall a \"protectionist dinosaur.\"[White 1992, p. 53](https://books.google.com/books?id=sII_dLAeZBgC&dq=white+comptroller+transformation+proxmire+protectionist+dinosaur&pg=PA53).",
"By 1985 commercial banks provided 26% of short term loans to large businesses compared to 59% in 1974\\. While banks cited such statistics to illustrate the \"decline of commercial banking,\" Reinicke argues the most influential factor in Congress favoring Glass–Steagall \"repeal\" was the decline of US banks in international rankings. In 1960 six of the ten largest banks were US based, by 1980 only two US based banks were in the top ten, and by 1989 none was in the top twenty five.Reinicke 1995, pp. 91\\-92, 95, and 115\\-116\\.",
"In the late 1980s the United Kingdom and Canada ended their historic separations of commercial and investment banking.{{citation\\| last \\= Ferrar\\| first \\= Peter J.\\| title \\= International Trends in the Combination of Banking, Securities, and Commerce\\| journal \\= Cato Journal\\| volume \\= 10\\| issue \\= 2\\| year \\= 1990\\| pages \\= 330 (UK) and 333 (Canada)\\| url \\= http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj10n2/cj10n2\\-4\\.pdf\\| access\\-date \\= February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064827/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj10n2/cj10n2\\-4\\.pdf\\| archive\\-date \\= August 4, 2012}}. Reinicke 1995, pp. 92 (for the U.K.'s [Big Bang](/wiki/Big_Bang_%28financial_markets%29 \"Big Bang (financial markets)\")) and 95 (for broader global \"deregulation\"). Glass–Steagall critics scornfully noted only Japanese legislation imposed by Americans during the [Occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan \"Occupation of Japan\") kept the United States from being alone in separating the two activities.{{citation\\| last1 \\=Macey\\| first1 \\=Jonathan R. \\| last2\\=Litt\\|first2\\=David G.\\|last3\\=Miller\\| first3\\=Geoffrey P. \\| last4\\=Rubin\\|first4\\=Edward L.\\|title \\= Politics, Bureaucracies, and Financial Markets: Bank Entry into Commercial Paper Underwriting in the United States and Japan\\| journal \\= University of Pennsylvania Law Review\\| volume \\= 139\\| year \\= 1990\\| pages \\=379–380\\|url \\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=2731\\&context\\=fss\\_papers \\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}.",
"As noted above, even in the United States seventeen foreign banks were free from this Glass–Steagall restriction because they had established state chartered branches before the International Banking Act of 1978 brought newly established foreign bank US branches under Glass–Steagall. Similarly, because major foreign countries did not separate investment and commercial banking, US commercial banks could underwrite and deal in securities through branches outside the United States. Paul Volcker agreed that, \"broadly speaking,\" it made no sense that US commercial banks could underwrite securities in Europe but not in the United States.Reinicke 1995, pp. 92, 95, and 101\\. {{harvnb\\|GAO\\|1988\\|pp\\=31–35}}.",
"#### 1987 status of Glass–Steagall debate",
"Throughout the 1980s and 1990s scholars published studies arguing that commercial bank affiliate underwriting during the 1920s was no worse, or was better, than underwriting by securities firms not affiliated with banks and that commercial banks were strengthened, not harmed, by securities affiliates.Benston 1990, pp. 32\\-34\\. {{citation\\| last\\=White\\| first\\=Eugene Nelson\\| title \\=Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An analysis of the investment banking activities of national banks \\| journal\\= Explorations in Economic History\\| volume \\= 23\\| issue \\= 1\\| year \\= 1986\\| pages\\=33–55\\| doi\\=10\\.1016/0014\\-4983(86\\)90018\\-5}}. {{citation\\| last1\\=Kroszner\\| first1\\=Randall S. \\| last2\\=Rajan\\| first2\\=Raghuram G.\\|title \\=Is the Glass–Steagall Act Justified? A Study of the U.S. Experience with Universal Banking before 1933 \\| journal \\= The American Economic Review\\| volume\\=84 \\| issue\\=4 \\| date\\=July 1993\\| pages\\=810–832\\|url\\=http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/raghuram.rajan/research/papers/randy1\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012 \\|jstor\\=2118032}}. More generally, researchers attacked the idea that \"integrated financial services firms\" had played a role in creating the Great Depression or the collapse of the US banking system in the 1930s.Vietor 1987, pp. 38\\-39\\. If it was \"debatable\" whether Glass–Steagall was justified in the 1930s, it was easier to argue that Glass–Steagall served no legitimate purpose when the distinction between commercial and investment banking activities had been blurred by \"market developments\" since the 1960s.Garten 1989, pp. 512\\-513\\. {{citation\\| last\\=Macey\\| first\\=Jonathan R. \\| title \\=Special Interest Groups Legislation and the Judicial Function: The Dilemma of Glass–Steagall \\| journal \\=Emory Law Journal\\| volume \\= 33\\| issue \\= 1\\| year \\= 1984\\| pages\\=1–40\\|url\\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=2796\\&context\\=fss\\_papers\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}.",
"Along with the \"nonbank bank\" \"loophole\" from BHCA limitations, in the 1980s the \"unitary thrift\" \"loophole\" became prominent as a means for securities and commercial firms to provide banking (or \"near banking\") products.Eaton 1995, pp. 1202\\-1210\\. The Savings and Loan Holding Company Act (SLHCA) permitted any company to own a single savings and loan. Only companies that owned two or more savings and loan were limited to thrift related businesses.{{citation\\| url\\=http://www.ots.treas.gov/\\_files/48035\\.html\\| title \\=Historical Framework For Regulation of Activities of Unitary Savings and Loan Holding Companies\\| year\\=1998\\| publisher \\=Office of Thrift Supervision\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}. Already in 1973 [First Chicago Bank](/wiki/First_Chicago_Bank \"First Chicago Bank\") had identified Sears as its real competitor.Mayer 1974, p. 535\\. [Citicorp](/wiki/Citicorp \"Citicorp\") CEO [Walter Wriston](/wiki/Walter_Wriston \"Walter Wriston\") reached the same conclusion later in the 1970s.Mayer 1984, p. 49\\. By 1982, using the \"unitary thrift\" and \"nonbank bank\" \"loopholes,\" Sears had built the \"Sears Financial Network\", which combined \"Super NOW\" accounts and mortgage loans through a large California\\-based savings and loan, the [Discover Card](/wiki/Discover_Card \"Discover Card\") issued by a \"nonbank bank\" as a credit card, securities brokerage through [Dean Witter Reynolds](/wiki/Dean_Witter_Reynolds \"Dean Witter Reynolds\"), home and auto insurance through [Allstate](/wiki/Allstate \"Allstate\"), and real estate brokerage through [Coldwell Banker](/wiki/Coldwell_Banker \"Coldwell Banker\").Mayer 1984, pp. 49\\-52\\. Shull and White 1998, p. 6\\. By 1984, however, Walter Wriston concluded \"the bank of the future already exists, and it's called [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch \"Merrill Lynch\").\"Vietor 1987, p. 49\\. In 1986 when major bank holding companies threatened to stop operating commercial banks in order to obtain the \"competitive advantages\" enjoyed by Sears and Merrill Lynch, FDIC Chairman William Seidman warned that could create \"chaos.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 93\\. {{citation\\| last \\= Gruber\\| first \\=William \\| title \\=150 Banks may be on Brink, Result of Competition: Fdic Boss \\| newspaper \\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]]\\| date \\=October 29, 1986 \\| id \\={{ProQuest\\|290962054}} }}.",
"In a 1987 \"issue brief\" the [Congressional Research Service](/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service \"Congressional Research Service\") (CRS) summarized \"some of\" the major arguments",
"**for preserving Glass–Steagall as:**\n1. Conflicts of interest characterize the granting of credit (lending) and the use of credit (investing) by the same entity, which led to abuses that originally produced the Act.\n2. Depository institutions possess enormous financial power, by virtue of their control of other people's money; its extent must be limited to ensure soundness and competition in the market for funds, whether loans or investments.\n3. Securities activities can be risky, leading to enormous losses. Such losses could threaten the integrity of deposits. In turn, the Government insures deposits and could be required to pay large sums if depository institutions were to collapse as the result of securities losses.\n4. Depository institutions are supposed to be managed to limit risk. Their managers thus may not be conditioned to operate prudently in more speculative securities businesses. An example is the crash of [real estate investment trusts](/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust \"Real estate investment trust\") sponsored by bank holding companies a decade ago.",
"**and against preserving Glass–Steagall as:**",
"1. Depository institutions now operate in \"deregulated\" financial markets in which distinctions between loans, securities, and deposits are not well drawn. They are losing market shares to securities firms that are not so strictly regulated, and to foreign financial institutions operating without much restriction from the Act.\n2. Conflicts of interest can be prevented by enforcing legislation against them, and by separating the lending and credit functions through forming distinctly separate subsidiaries of financial firms.\n3. The securities activities that depository institutions are seeking are both low\\-risk by their very nature, and would reduce the total risk of organizations offering them – by diversification.\n4. In much of the rest of the world, depository institutions operate simultaneously and successfully in both banking and securities markets. Lessons learned from their experience can be applied to our national financial structure and regulation.{{citation\\| last\\=Jackson\\| first\\=William D.\\| year\\=1987\\| title\\=Glass–Steagall Act: Commercial vs. Investment Banking\\| work\\=Congressional Research Issue Brief\\| issue\\=IB 87061\\|url\\=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9065/m1/1/high\\_res\\_d/IB87061\\_1987Jun29\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2012}}.",
"Reflecting the significance of the \"international competitiveness\" argument, a separate CRS Report stated banks were \"losing historical market shares of their major activities to domestic and foreign competitors that are less restricted.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 98 (quoting CRS Report No. 87\\-725E).",
"Separately, the [General Accounting Office](/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office \"Government Accountability Office\") (GAO) submitted to a House subcommittee a report reviewing the benefits and risks of \"Glass–Steagall repeal.\" The report recommended a \"phased approach\" using a \"holding company organizational structure\" if Congress chose \"repeal.\" Noting Glass–Steagall had \"already been eroded and the erosion is likely to continue in the future,\" the GAO explained \"coming to grips with the Glass–Steagall repeal question represents an opportunity to systematically and rationally address changes in the regulatory and legal structure that are needed to better address the realities of the marketplace.\" The GAO warned that Congress's failure to act was \"potentially dangerous\" in permitting a \"continuation of the uneven integration of commercial and investment banking activities.\"{{harvnb\\|GAO\\|1988\\|pp\\=2–5}}.",
"As Congress was considering the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act in 1988, the [Commission of the European Communities](/wiki/Commission_of_the_European_Communities \"Commission of the European Communities\") proposed a \"Second Banking Directive\"{{citation\\| last1\\=Gruson\\| first\\=Michael \\| last2\\=Nikowitz \\| first2\\=Werner \\| title \\=The Second Banking Directive of the European Economic Community and Its Importance for Non\\-EEC Banks\\| journal\\=Fordham International Law Journal\\| volume \\=12\\| issue \\=2\\| year \\= 1989\\| pages\\=205–241\\|url\\=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1211\\&context\\=ilj\\&sei\\-redir\\=1\\#search\\=%222d%20eu%20banking%20directive%22 \\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}. that became effective at the beginning of 1993 and provided for the combination of commercial and investment banking throughout the [European Economic Community](/wiki/European_Economic_Community \"European Economic Community\").Jeannot 1999, pp. 1733, fn. 98 (on effective date), and 1736\\-1738 (on securities powers). {{citation\\| last1\\=Barth\\| first1\\=James R.\\| last2\\=Nolle\\| first2\\=Daniel E.\\| last3\\=Rice\\| first3\\=Tara\\| title\\=Commercial Banking Structure, Regulation, and Performance: An International Comparison\\| series\\=OCC Working Paper\\| work\\=97\\-6\\| publisher\\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\\| year\\=1997\\| pages\\=14–15\\| url\\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064823/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\\.pdf}}. Whereas United States law sought to isolate banks from securities activities, the Second Directive represented the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\")'s conclusion that securities activities diversified bank risk, strengthening the earnings and stability of banks.Jeannot 1999, pp. 1737\\-1738\\.",
"The Senate passed the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act of 1988 in a 94\\-2 vote. The House did not pass a similar bill, largely because of opposition from Representative [John Dingell](/wiki/John_Dingell \"John Dingell\") (D\\-MI), chairman of the House Commerce and Energy Committee.Reinicke 1995, pp. 105\\-111\\.",
"### Section 20 affiliates",
"In April 1987, the Federal Reserve Board had approved the bank holding companies [Bankers Trust](/wiki/Bankers_Trust \"Bankers Trust\"), [Citicorp](/wiki/Citicorp \"Citicorp\"), and [J.P. Morgan \\& Co.](/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co. \"J.P. Morgan & Co.\") establishing subsidiaries (\"Section 20 affiliates\") to underwrite and deal in [residential mortgage\\-backed securities](/wiki/Residential_mortgage-backed_security \"Residential mortgage-backed security\"), municipal [revenue bonds](/wiki/Revenue_bond \"Revenue bond\"), and [commercial paper](/wiki/Commercial_paper \"Commercial paper\"). Glass–Steagall's Section 20 prohibited a bank from affiliating with a firm \"primarily engaged\" in underwriting and dealing in securities. The Board decided this meant Section 20 permitted a bank affiliate to earn 5% of its revenue from underwriting and dealing in these types of securities that were not \"bank\\-eligible securities,\" subject to various restrictions including \"firewalls\" to separate a commercial bank from its Section 20 affiliate.Reinicke 1995, pp. 103\\-104\\. FRB Manual, Section 3600\\.21\\.2\\. Three months later the Board added \"asset\\-backed securities\" backed by pools of credit card accounts or other \"consumer finance assets\" to the list of \"bank\\-ineligible securities\" a Section 20 affiliate could underwrite. Bank holding companies, not commercial banks directly, owned these Section 20 affiliates.Reinicke 1995, pp. 103\\-104\\. FRB Manual, Section 3600\\.21\\.3\\.",
"In 1978 the Federal Reserve Board had authorized bank holding companies to establish securities affiliates that underwrote and dealt in government securities and other bank\\-eligible securities.Fein 2011, § 1\\.04\\[A], pp. 1\\-14\\. {{harvnb\\|SEC\\|1994\\|pp\\=10–11}}. Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker supported Congress amending Glass–Steagall to permit such affiliates to underwrite and deal in a limited amount of bank\\-ineligible securities, but not corporate securities. In 1987, Volcker specifically noted (and approved the result) that this would mean only banks with large government securities activities would be able to have affiliates that would underwrite and deal in a significant volume of \"bank\\-ineligible securities.\"{{harvnb\\|FRB\\|1987}}, pp. 505\\-506\\. Reinicke 1995, p. 103\\. A Section 20 affiliate with a large volume of government securities related revenue would be able to earn a significant amount of \"bank\\-ineligible\" revenue without having more than 5% of its overall revenue come from bank\\-ineligible activities.{{harvnb\\|Kregel\\|2010a\\|p\\=11}}. Volcker disagreed, however, that the Board had authority to permit this without an amendment to the Glass–Steagall Act. Citing that concern, Volcker and fellow Federal Reserve Board Governor [Wayne Angell](/wiki/Wayne_Angell \"Wayne Angell\") dissented from the Section 20 affiliate orders.Reinicke 1995, pp. 103\\-4\\. {{harvnb\\|FRB\\|1987}}, pp. 505\\-506\\.",
"Senator Proxmire criticized the Federal Reserve Board's Section 20 affiliate orders as defying Congressional control of Glass–Steagall. The Board's orders meant Glass–Steagall did not prevent commercial banks from affiliating with securities firms underwriting and dealing in \"bank\\-ineligible securities,\" so long as the activity was \"executed in a separate subsidiary and limited in amount.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 103\\.",
"After the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act of 1988 failed to become law, Senator Proxmire and a group of fellow Democratic senior [House Banking Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services \"United States House Committee on Financial Services\") members (including future Committee Ranking Member [John LaFalce](/wiki/John_LaFalce \"John LaFalce\") (D\\-NY) and future Committee Chairman [Barney Frank](/wiki/Barney_Frank \"Barney Frank\") (D\\-MA)) wrote the Federal Reserve Board recommending it expand the underwriting powers of Section 20 affiliates.Reinicke 1995, pp. 110\\-111\\. Expressing sentiments that Representative [James A. Leach](/wiki/Jim_Leach \"Jim Leach\") (R\\-IA) repeated in 1996, Proxmire declared \"Congress has failed to do the job\" and \"\\[n]ow it's time for the Fed to step in.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 110\\.",
"Following Senator Proxmire's letter, in 1989 the Federal Reserve Board approved Section 20 affiliates underwriting corporate debt securities and increased from 5% to 10% the percentage of its revenue a Section 20 affiliate could earn from \"bank\\-ineligible\" activities. In 1990 the Board approved [J.P. Morgan \\& Co.](/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co. \"J.P. Morgan & Co.\") underwriting corporate stock. With the commercial (J.P. Morgan \\& Co.) and investment ([Morgan Stanley](/wiki/Morgan_Stanley \"Morgan Stanley\")) banking arms of the old \"House of Morgan\" both underwriting corporate bonds and stocks, Wolfgang Reinicke concluded the Federal Reserve Board order meant both firms now competed in \"a single financial market offering both commercial and investment banking products,\" which \"Glass–Steagall sought to rule out.\" Reinicke described this as \"de facto repeal of Glass–Steagall.\"Reinicke 1995, pp. 114 and 124\\-125\\.",
"No Federal Reserve Board order was necessary for Morgan Stanley to enter that \"single financial market.\" Glass–Steagall only prohibited investment banks from taking deposits, not from making commercial loans, and the prohibition on taking deposits had \"been circumvented by the development of deposit equivalents\", such as the money market fund.Eaton 1995, pp. 1189 and 1201\\-1202\\. Glass–Steagall also did not prevent investment banks from affiliating with nonbank banks or savings and loans.Eaton 1995, pp. 1202\\-1203\\. Citing this competitive \"inequality,\" before the Federal Reserve Board approved any Section 20 affiliates, four large bank holding companies that eventually received Section 20 affiliate approvals (Chase, J.P. Morgan, Citicorp, and Bankers Trust) had threatened to give up their banking charters if they were not given greater securities powers.Reinicke 1995, p. 93\\. Following the Federal Reserve Board's approvals of Section 20 affiliates a commentator concluded that the Glass–Steagall \"wall\" between commercial banking and \"the securities and investment business\" was \"porous\" for commercial banks and \"nonexistent to investment bankers and other nonbank entities.\"Eaton 1995, p. 1219\\.",
"### Greenspan\\-led Federal Reserve Board",
"[Alan Greenspan](/wiki/Alan_Greenspan \"Alan Greenspan\") had replaced Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board when Proxmire sent his 1988 letter recommending the Federal Reserve Board expand the underwriting powers of Section 20 affiliates. Greenspan testified to Congress in December 1987, that the Federal Reserve Board supported Glass–Steagall repeal.Reinicke 1995, p. 104\\. Greenspan 1987, p. 3\\. Although Paul Volcker \"had changed his position\" on Glass–Steagall reform \"considerably\" during the 1980s, he was still \"considered a conservative among the board members.\" With Greenspan as Chairman, the Federal Reserve Board \"spoke with one voice\" in joining the FDIC and OCC in calling for Glass–Steagall repeal.Reinicke 1995, p. 104\\.",
"By 1987 Glass–Steagall \"repeal\" had come to mean repeal of Sections 20 and 32\\. The Federal Reserve Board supported \"repeal\" of Glass–Steagall \"insofar as it prevents bank holding companies from being affiliated with firms engaged in securities underwriting and dealing activities.\"Greenspan 1987, p. 3\\. The Board did not propose repeal of Glass Steagall Section 16 or 21\\. Bank holding companies, through separately capitalized subsidiaries, not commercial banks themselves directly, would exercise the new securities powers.Reinicke 1995, pp. 104\\-105\\. Greenspan 1987, pp. 3 and 15\\-22\\. {{harvnb\\|FRB\\|1998}}.",
"Banks and bank holding companies had already gained important regulatory approvals for securities activities before Paul Volcker retired as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board on August 11, 1987\\.{{citation\\|title\\=Membership of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1914\\-Present\\|publisher\\=The Federal Reserve Board\\|page\\=6 (Chairman from August 6, 1979–August 11, 1987\\)\\|url\\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/bios/boardmembership.htm\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218113200/http://www.federalreserve.gov/bios/boardmembership.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=February 18, 2012}}. Aside from the Board's authorizations for Section 20 affiliates and for bank private placements of commercial paper, by 1987 federal banking regulators had authorized banks or their affiliates to (1\\) sponsor [closed end investment companies](/wiki/Closed-end_fund \"Closed-end fund\"),Fein 2011, § 1\\.04, pp. 1\\-9 to 1\\-12\\. {{harvnb\\|SEC\\|1994\\|pp\\=8–9}}. (2\\) sponsor mutual funds sold to customers in [individual retirement accounts](/wiki/Individual_retirement_account \"Individual retirement account\"),Fein 2011, § 4\\.05\\[C] \\[4]. {{harvnb\\|SEC\\|1994\\|p\\=13}}. (3\\) provide customers full service brokerage (i.e., advice and brokerage),Fein 2011, § 4\\.05\\[C] \\[5]. {{harvnb\\|SEC\\|1994\\|p\\=21}}. and (4\\) sell bank assets through \"securitizations.\"Fein 2011, § 4\\.05\\[C] \\[8]. {{harvnb\\|SEC\\|1994\\|p\\=21}}.",
"In 1982 [E. Gerald Corrigan](/wiki/E._Gerald_Corrigan \"E. Gerald Corrigan\"), president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis and a close Volcker colleague, published an influential essay titled \"Are banks special?\" in which he argued banks should be subject to special restrictions on affiliations because they enjoy special benefits (e.g., deposit insurance and Federal Reserve Bank loan facilities) and have special responsibilities (e.g., operating the payment system and influencing the money supply). The essay rejected the argument that it is \"futile and unnecessary\" to distinguish among the various types of companies in the \"financial services industry.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 69\\. {{citation \\| title\\=Are Banks Special \\| work\\=Annual Report \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]] \\| date\\=January 1982 \\| url\\=http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/ar/ar1982a.cfm \\| access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019174134/http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/ar/ar1982a.cfm \\| archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2012 }}.",
"While Paul Volcker's January 1984, testimony to Congress repeated that banks are \"special\" in performing \"a unique and critical role in the financial system and the economy,\" he still testified in support of bank affiliates underwriting securities other than corporate bonds.Reinicke 1995, pp. 71 (for opposition to underwriting corporate bonds), 74 and 76\\. {{citation\\| last\\=Volcker\\| first\\=Paul \\| title\\=Statement before the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, United States Senate\\| date\\=January 16, 1984\\| pages\\=2–3 and 7–8\\|url\\=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/451/item/8288\\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2014}}. In its 1986 Annual Report the Volcker led Federal Reserve Board recommended that Congress permit bank holding companies to underwrite municipal revenue bonds, mortgage\\-backed securities, commercial paper, and mutual funds and that Congress \"undertake hearings or other studies in the area of corporate underwriting.\"{{Citation\\| title\\=73rd Annual Report, 1986\\|journal\\=Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System \\| date\\=May 18, 1987\\| page\\=177\\|url\\=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/117/item/2441?start\\_page\\=176 \\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2014}}. Reinicke 1995, p. 97\\. As described above, in the 1930s Glass–Steagall advocates had alleged that bank affiliate underwriting of corporate bonds created \"conflicts of interest.\"",
"In early 1987 E. Gerald Corrigan, then president of the [Federal Reserve Bank of New York](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York \"Federal Reserve Bank of New York\"), recommended a legislative \"overhaul\" to permit \"financial holding companies\" that would \"in time\" provide banking, securities, and insurance services (as authorized by the GLBA 12 years later).Reinicke 1995, pp. 93 and 97\\-98\\. In 1990 Corrigan testified to Congress that he rejected the \"status quo\" and recommended allowing banks into the \"securities business\" through financial service holding companies.{{Citation\\| last\\=Corrigan\\| title\\=Reforming the US Financial System: an International Perspective ''(Statement by E. Gerald Corrigan, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, before the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs)''\\| date\\=May 3, 1990\\| journal\\=Quarterly Review\\| issue\\=Spring\\| at\\=pp. 9–10, section, \"Reform and modernization of the U.S. banking and financial systems\"\\| url\\=http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/quarterly\\_review/1990v15/v15n1article1\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064828/http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/quarterly\\_review/1990v15/v15n1article1\\.pdf\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012}}. Reinicke 1995, pp. 117 and 119\\.",
"In 1991 Paul Volcker testified to Congress in support of the Bush Administration proposal to repeal Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\\.{{Citation\\| last\\=Garrson\\| first\\=Robert M. \\| title \\=Volcker: Public Must Re\\-Fund Bank Insurance\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[American Banker]]\\| date\\=May 9, 1991}} Volcker rejected the Bush Administration proposal to permit affiliations between banks and commercial firms (i.e., non\\-financial firms) and added that legislation to allow banks greater insurance powers \"could be put off until a later date.\"{{Citation \\|title\\=Volker Sees Taxpayer Bailout of Bank Fund Finance: The former Fed Chief told a Senate panel that banks can't afford to pay much more into the fund that insures their deposits\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\| date\\=May 9, 1991}}.",
"### 1991 Congressional action and \"firewalls\"",
"Paul Volcker gave his 1991 testimony as Congress considered repealing Glass–Steagall sections 20 and 32 as part of a broader [Bush Administration](/wiki/George_H.W._Bush%23Presidency \"George H.W. Bush#Presidency\") proposal to reform financial regulation.Reinicke 1995, pp. 120\\-124\\.\nIn reaction to \"market developments\" and regulatory and judicial decisions that had \"homogenized\" commercial and investment banking, Representative [Edward J. Markey](/wiki/Edward_J._Markey \"Edward J. Markey\") (D\\-MA) had written a 1990 article arguing \"Congress must amend Glass–Steagall.\"Markey 1990\\. As chairman of a subcommittee of the [House Commerce and Energy Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce \"United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce\"), Markey had joined with Committee Chairman Dingell in opposing the 1988 Proxmire Financial Modernization Act. In 1990, however, Markey stated Glass–Steagall had \"lost much of its effectiveness\" through market, regulatory, and judicial developments that were \"tantamount to an ill\\-coordinated, incremental repeal\" of Glass–Steagall. To correct this \"disharmony\" Markey proposed replacing Glass–Steagall's \"prohibitions\" with \"regulation.\"Markey 1990, pp. 457\\-458 and 474\\-475\\.\nAfter the [House Banking Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services \"United States House Committee on Financial Services\") approved a bill repealing Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32, Representative Dingell again stopped House action. He reached agreement with Banking Committee Chairman [Henry B. Gonzalez](/wiki/Henry_B._Gonzalez \"Henry B. Gonzalez\") (D\\-TX) to insert into the bill \"firewalls\" that banks claimed would prevent real competition between banks and securities firms.{{citation\\| last\\=Fisher\\| first\\=Keith R.\\| year\\=1992\\| title\\=Reweaving the Safety Net: Bank Diversification into Securities and Insurance Activities\\| journal\\=Wake Forest Law Review\\| volume\\=27\\| issue\\=1\\| pages\\= 231–247\\|url\\=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle\\=hein.journals/wflr27\\&id\\=133\\&collection\\=journals\\&index\\=\\|access\\-date\\=February 25, 2012}}. {{Citation\\| title \\=Banking Reform, Deformed (editorial)\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\| date\\=October 31, 1991 \\| page\\=A26}}. The banking industry strongly opposed the bill in that form, and the House rejected it. The House debate revealed that Congress might agree on repealing Sections 20 and 32 while being divided on how bank affiliations with securities firms should be regulated.Reinicke 1995, pp. 122\\-124\\. Hendrickson 2001, pp. 862\\-864 (finding the same reason in 1988 and 1991\\).",
"### 1980s and 1990s bank product developments",
"Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, as Congress considered whether to \"repeal\" Glass–Steagall, commercial banks and their affiliates engaged in activities that commentators later linked to the [financial crisis of 2007–2008](/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008 \"Financial crisis of 2007–2008\").{{harvnb\\|FCIC\\|2011\\|pp\\=38–51 and 67–155}}. Kotlikoff 2010, p. 151 (suggesting commercial bank CDO and SIV activities began after the 1999 GLBA).",
"#### Securitization, CDOs, and \"subprime\" credit",
"In 1978 [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America \"Bank of America\") issued the first [residential mortgage\\-backed security](/wiki/Residential_mortgage-backed_security \"Residential mortgage-backed security\") that [securitized](/wiki/Securitization \"Securitization\") residential mortgages not guaranteed by a [government\\-sponsored enterprise](/wiki/Government-sponsored_enterprise \"Government-sponsored enterprise\") (\"private label RMBS\").{{citation \\|last\\=Welshimer \\|first\\=Mark J. \\|editor\\-last\\=Effros\\|editor\\-first\\=Robert C. \\|title\\=Current Legal Issues Affecting Central Banks\\| volume\\=4\\| chapter\\=Securitization: Has It Matured?\\| chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=6hHRlUOMc1oC\\&q\\=welshimer\\+securitization\\+has\\+it\\+matured\\&pg\\=PA487 \\|year\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=International Monetary Fund \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55775\\-503\\-2 \\|pages\\=488 and 493 \\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}. Also in 1978, the OCC approved a national bank, such as Bank of America, issuing [pass\\-through certificates](/wiki/Pass-through_certificate \"Pass-through certificate\") representing interests in [residential mortgages](/wiki/Residential_mortgages \"Residential mortgages\") and distributing such mortgage\\-backed securities to investors in a [private placement](/wiki/Private_placement \"Private placement\").{{Citation\\|publisher\\=United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Legislative Affairs \\|title\\=Timeline of Bank Securities Activities \\|date\\=June 24, 1994 \\|page\\=11 \\|url\\=http://c0403731\\.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/collection/papers/1990/1994\\_0624\\_Fulton3447\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121019020452/http%3A//c0403731\\.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/collection/papers/1990/1994\\_0624\\_Fulton3447\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012 }} In 1987 the OCC ruled that [Security Pacific Bank](/wiki/Security_Pacific_Bank \"Security Pacific Bank\") could \"sell\" assets through \"securitizations\" that transferred \"cash flows\" from those assets to investors and also distribute in a [registered public offering](/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933 \"Securities Act of 1933\") the residential mortgage\\-backed securities issued in the securitization.Capatides 1992, pp. 98\\-105\\. Fein 2011, § 4\\.05\\[C] \\[15], pp. 4\\-61 to 4\\-63\\. This permitted commercial banks to acquire assets for \"sale\" through securitizations under what later became termed the \"originate to distribute\" model of banking.{{Citation \\| last1\\=Allen\\| first\\=Franklin \\| last2\\=Santomero\\| first2\\=Anthony M. \\|title\\=The theory of financial intermediation \\| journal\\=Journal of Banking and Finance \\| volume\\=21\\| issue \\=10\\| year \\= 1998\\| pages\\=1464 and 1470–1473 \\|jstor\\=1991623 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/s0378\\-4266(97\\)00032\\-0\\|citeseerx \\= 10\\.1\\.1\\.38\\.2468}}.",
"The OCC ruled that a national bank's power to sell its assets meant a national bank could sell a pool of assets in a securitization, and even distribute the securities that represented the sale, as part of the \"business of banking.\"Fein 2011, § 4\\.05\\[C] \\[15], pp. 4\\-62\\. Capatides 1992, pp. 99\\-101\\. This meant national banks could underwrite and distribute securities representing such sales, even though Glass–Steagall would generally prohibit a national bank underwriting or distributing non\\-governmental securities (i.e., non\\-\"bank\\-eligible\" securities).Fein 2011, § 4\\.05\\[C] \\[15], pp. 4\\-62\\. The federal courts upheld the OCC's approval of Security Pacific's securitization activities, with the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") refusing in 1990 to review a 1989 [Second Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit\") decision sustaining the OCC's action. In arguing that the GLBA's \"repeal\" of Glass–Steagall played no role in the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Melanie Fein notes courts had confirmed by 1990 the power of banks to securitize their assets under Glass–Steagall.Fein 2011, § 1\\.02, pp. 1\\-7\\.",
"The Second Circuit stated banks had been securitizing their assets for \"ten years\" before the OCC's 1987 approval of Security Pacific's securitization.*Securities Industry Association v. Robert L. Clarke*, [885 F.2d 1034](http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/885/1034/144081/), 1041 (for \"ten years\") (2d. Cir. 1989\\). As noted above, the OCC had approved such activity in 1978\\. Jan Kregel argues that the OCC's interpretation of the \"incidental powers\" of national banks \"ultimately eviscerated Glass–Steagall.\"",
"[Continental Illinois Bank](/wiki/Continental_Illinois \"Continental Illinois\") is often credited with issuing the first [collateralized debt obligation](/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation \"Collateralized debt obligation\") (CDO) when, in 1987, it issued securities representing interests in a pool of \"leveraged loans.\"Capatides 1992, p. 102\\. {{citation\\|title\\=Collateralized Loan Obligations: A Powerful New Portfolio Management Tool for Banks \\|last\\=Kohler \\|first\\=Kenneth \\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=Mayer, Brown \\& Platt \\|page\\=20, fn. 3 \\|url\\=http://www.securitization.net/knowledge/transactions/coll\\_loan\\_obl.asp \\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213160318/http://www.securitization.net/knowledge/transactions/coll\\_loan\\_obl.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=February 13, 2012 }}.",
"By the late 1980s Citibank had become a major provider of \"subprime\" mortgages and credit cards.Wilmarth 1995, pp. 57\\-59\\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 401\\-402\\. Arthur Wilmarth argued that the ability to securitize such credits encouraged banks to extend more \"subprime\" credit.Wilmarth 1995, pp. 55\\-59\\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 403\\-407\\. Wilmarth reported that during the 1990s credit card loans increased at a faster pace for lower\\-income households than higher\\-income households and that subprime mortgage loan volume quadrupled from 1993–99, before the GLBA became effective in 2000\\.Wilmarth 2002, pp. 392\\-393\\. In 1995 Wilmarth noted that commercial bank mortgage lenders differed from nonbank lenders in retaining \"a significant portion of their mortgage loans\" rather than securitizing the entire exposure.Wilmarth 1995, p. 56\\. Wilmarth also shared the bank regulator concern that commercial banks sold their \"best assets\" in securitizations and retained their riskiest assets.Wilmarth 2002, pp. 406\\-407\\.",
"#### ABCP conduits and SIVs",
"In the early 1980s commercial banks established asset backed commercial paper conduits (ABCP conduits) to finance corporate customer receivables. The ABCP conduit purchased receivables from the bank customer and issued [asset\\-backed commercial paper](/wiki/Asset-backed_commercial_paper \"Asset-backed commercial paper\") to finance that purchase. The bank \"advising\" the ABCP conduit provided loan commitments and \"credit enhancements\" that supported repayment of the commercial paper. Because the ABCP conduit was owned by a third party unrelated to the bank, it was not an affiliate of the bank.Kavanaugh, Boemio \\& Edwards Jr. 1992, pp. 109\\-112\\. {{Citation\\| last1\\=Stojanovic\\| first1\\=Dusan\\|last2\\=Vaughn\\|first2\\=Mark D.\\| title\\=The commercial paper market: who's minding the shop? \\| journal\\=The Regional Economist\\| issue\\=April \\| year\\=1998\\|url\\=http://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/re/articles/?id\\=1758\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}} Through ABCP conduits banks could earn \"fee income\" and meet \"customers' needs for credit\" without \"the need to maintain the amount of capital that would be required if loans were extended directly\" to those customers.Kavanaugh, Boemio \\& Edwards Jr. 1992, p. 107\\.",
"By the late 1980s Citibank had established ABCP conduits to buy securities. Such conduits became known as [structured investment vehicles](/wiki/Structured_investment_vehicle \"Structured investment vehicle\") (SIVs).{{citation \\|title\\=The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Securitisation 2007 \\|chapter\\=Chapter 2: Structured Investment Vehicles \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www.iclg.co.uk/khadmin/Publications/pdf/1307\\.pdf \\|page\\=5 \\|last\\=Sandstrom \\|first\\=Randall \\|year\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Global Legal Group \\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=January 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}. The SIV's \"[arbitrage](/wiki/Arbitrage \"Arbitrage\")\" opportunity was to earn the difference between the interest earned on the securities it purchased and the interest it paid on the ABCP and other securities it issued to fund those purchases.{{citation \\|title\\=The Fundamentals of Asset Backed Commercial Paper\\|last1\\=Bate\\|first1\\=Swasi\\|last2\\=Bushwiller\\|first2\\=Stephany\\|last3\\=Rutan\\|first3\\=Everett\\|date\\=February 3, 2003\\| publisher\\=Moody's Investor Service\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/\\~igiddy/ABS/moodysabcp.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}.",
"#### OTC derivatives, including credit default swaps",
"In the early 1980s commercial banks began entering into interest rate and currency exchange \"[swaps](/wiki/Swap_%28finance%29 \"Swap (finance)\")\" with customers. This \"[over\\-the\\-counter](/wiki/Over-the-counter_%28finance%29 \"Over-the-counter (finance)\") [derivatives](/wiki/Derivative_%28finance%29 \"Derivative (finance)\")\" market grew dramatically throughout the 1980s and 1990s.{{citation\\| last\\=Jickling\\| first\\=Mark\\| date\\=January 29, 2003\\| title\\=The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000: Derivatives Regulation Reconsidered\\| work\\=Congressional Research Service Report\\| issue\\=RL30434\\| publisher\\=Congressional Research Service\\| pages\\=4–5\\| url\\=http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL30434\\_20030129\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064826/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL30434\\_20030129\\.pdf\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012}}.",
"In 1996 the OCC issued \"guidelines\" for national bank use of \"[credit default swaps](/wiki/Credit_default_swap \"Credit default swap\")\" and other \"[credit derivatives](/wiki/Credit_derivative \"Credit derivative\").\" Banks entered into \"credit default swaps\" to protect against defaults on loans. Banks later entered into such swaps to protect against defaults on securities. Banks acted both as \"dealers\" in providing such protection (or speculative \"exposure\") to customers and as \"hedgers\" or \"speculators\" to cover (or create) their own exposures to such risks.{{citation\\|title\\=Guidelines for national banks: credit derivatives\\|work\\=Bulletin\\|issue\\=OCC\\-1996\\-43\\|publisher\\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\\|date\\=August 12, 1996\\|url\\=http://www.occ.treas.gov/news\\-issuances/bulletins/1996/bulletin\\-1996\\-43\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}. {{citation\\|last1\\=Partnoy\\|first1\\=Frank\\|author\\-link\\=Frank Partnoy\\|last2\\=Skeel\\|first2\\=David A.\\|year\\=2006\\|title\\=The Promise and Perils of Credit Derivatives\\|series\\=Scholarship at Penn Law\\|work\\=Paper 125\\|url\\=http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1129\\&context\\=upenn\\_wps\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=May 15, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515100123/http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1129\\&context\\=upenn\\_wps\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}.",
"Commercial banks became the largest dealers in swaps and other over\\-the\\-counter derivatives. Banking regulators ruled that swaps (including credit default swaps) were part of the \"business of banking,\" not \"securities\" under the Glass–Steagall Act.{{harvnb\\|CRS\\|2010a\\|pp\\=11–12}}. {{citation\\| last\\=Omarova\\| first\\=Saule T.\\| year\\=2009\\| title\\=The Quiet Metamorphosis: How Derivatives Changed the 'Business of Banking'\\| journal\\=University of Miami Law Review\\| volume\\=63\\| issue\\=4\\| pages\\= 1069–1072 and 1077–1082\\|ssrn\\=1491767}}. {{Citation\\| last1\\=Gunther\\| first1\\=Jeffrey W.\\| last2\\=Siems\\| first2\\=Thomas F.\\| title\\=Debunking derivatives delirium\\| journal\\=Southwest Economy\\| issue\\=2\\| year\\=2003\\| url\\=http://dallasfed.org/research/swe/2003/swe0302b.html\\| access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030826025924/http://www.dallasfed.org/research/swe/2003/swe0302b.html\\| archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2003}}",
"Commercial banks entered into swaps that replicated part or all of the economics of actual securities. Regulators eventually ruled banks could even buy and sell equity securities to \"hedge\" this activity. Jan Kregel argues the OCC's approval of bank derivatives activities under bank \"incidental powers\" constituted a \"complete reversal of the original intention of preventing banks from dealing in securities on their own account.\"",
""
] |
### 1966 to 1980 developments
#### Increasing competitive pressures for commercial banks
[Regulation Q](/wiki/Regulation_Q "Regulation Q") limits on interest rates for time deposits at commercial banks, authorized by the 1933 Banking Act, first became "effective" in 1966 when market interest rates exceeded those limits.{{citation\| last\=Friedman\| first\=Benjamin M. \| author\-link\=Benjamin M. Friedman\| title \=Regulation Q and the Commercial Loan Market in the 1960s \| journal \=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking\| volume \= 7\| issue \= 3\| year \= 1975\| pages\=277–296\|jstor\=1991623\| doi\=10\.2307/1991623 }}. This produced the first of several "credit crunches" during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s as depositors withdrew funds from banks to reinvest at higher market interest rates.Minsky 1982, pp. xii\-xiv. When this "disintermediation" limited the ability of banks to meet the borrowing requests of all their corporate customers, some commercial banks helped their "best customers" establish programs to borrow directly from the "capital markets" by issuing commercial paper.{{citation\| last\=Abken\| first\=Peter A.\| title\=Commercial Paper\| journal\=Economic Review\| issue\=March/April\| year\=1981\| page\=14\| url\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 11, 2012\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064823/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\.pdf}}. Over time, commercial banks were increasingly left with lower credit quality, or more speculative, corporate borrowers that could not borrow directly from the "[capital markets](/wiki/Capital_markets "Capital markets")."Garten 1989, pp. 522\-524\. Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1147\-1148\.
Eventually, even lower credit quality corporations and (indirectly through "[securitization](/wiki/Securitization "Securitization")") consumers were able to borrow from the capital markets as improvements in communication and information technology allowed investors to evaluate and invest in a broader range of borrowers.Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1142\-1143\. Banks began to finance residential mortgages through securitization in the late 1970s. During the 1980s banks and other lenders used securitizations to provide "[capital markets](/wiki/Capital_markets "Capital markets")" funding for a wide range of assets that previously had been financed by bank loans.{{citation\|last\=Macey\| first\=Jonathan R.\| year\=1993\| title\=The Inevitability of Universal Banking\| journal\=Brooklyn Journal of International Law\| volume\=19\| issue\=1\| pages\=206–211\| url\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=2646\&context\=fss\_papers\|access\-date\=February 26, 2012}}. {{harvnb\|Kregel\|2010a\|p\=7}}. In losing "their preeminent status as expert intermediaries for the collection, processing, and analysis of information relating to extensions of credit", banks were increasingly "bypassed" as traditional "depositors" invested in securities that replaced bank loans.Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1142\-1144\.
In 1977 [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch "Merrill Lynch") introduced a "cash management account" that allowed brokerage customers to write checks on funds held in a [money market account](/wiki/Money_market_account "Money market account") or drawn from a "[line of credit](/wiki/Line_of_credit "Line of credit")" Merrill provided.Mayer 1984, pp. 34\-45\. The [Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "Securities and Exchange Commission") (SEC) had ruled that [money market funds](/wiki/Money_market_fund "Money market fund") could "redeem" investor shares at a $1 stable "net asset value" despite daily fluctuations in the value of the securities held by the funds. This allowed money market funds to develop into "near money" as "investors" wrote checks ("redemption orders") on these accounts much as "depositors" wrote checks on traditional checking accounts provided by commercial banks.{{citation\| last1\=Cook\| first1\=Timothy Q.\| last2\=Duffield\| first2\=Jeremy G.\| title\=Chapter 12: Money Market Mutual Funds and other Short\-Term Investment Pools\| work\=Instruments of the Money Market\| publisher\=\[\[Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond]]\| year\=1998\| pages\=164–167\| url\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/special\_reports/instruments\_of\_the\_money\_market/pdf/chapter\_12\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 11, 2012\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064832/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/special\_reports/instruments\_of\_the\_money\_market/pdf/chapter\_12\.pdf\| url\-status\=dead}}.
Also in the 1970s savings and loans, which were not restricted by Glass–Steagall other than Section 21, were permitted to offer "[negotiable order of withdrawal accounts](/wiki/Negotiable_order_of_withdrawal_account "Negotiable order of withdrawal account")" (NOW accounts). As with money market accounts, these accounts functioned much like checking accounts in permitting a depositor to order payments from a "savings account."{{Citation \| last\=Kaplan \| first\=Alan J. \| title\=The Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (NOW) Account: 'Checking Accounts' for Savings Banks? \| journal\=Boston College Law Review \| volume\=14 \| issue\=3 \| year\=1973 \| pages\=471–500 \| url\=http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1377\&context\=bclr \| access\-date\=February 11, 2012 }}. Litan 1987, p. 34\. {{citation\| url \= http://www.bankersonline.com/compliance/guru2006/gurus\_cmp100906d.html\| last \= Burnett\| first \= John\| title \= A Short History of NOW and MMDA Accounts\| publisher \= BankersOnline\| access\-date \= February 11, 2012\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110901052729/http://www.bankersonline.com/compliance/guru2006/gurus\_cmp100906d.html\| archive\-date \= September 1, 2011}}.
Helen Garten concluded that the "traditional regulation" of commercial banks established by the 1933 Banking Act, including Glass–Steagall, failed when nonbanking firms and the "capital markets" were able to provide replacements for bank loans and deposits, thereby reducing the profitability of commercial banking.Garten 1989, pp. 508\-509 and 521\-525\. Garten 1991, pp. 8\-14\. Richard Vietor agreed that traditional bank regulation was unable to protect commercial banks from nonbank competition. However, he noted that significant the economic and financial instability began in the mid\-1960s. This slowed economic growth and savings, which reduced demand and supply of credit; it also induced financial innovations that undermined commercial banks.Vietor 1987, pp. 33\-39\.
[Hyman Minsky](/wiki/Hyman_Minsky "Hyman Minsky") agreed financial instability had returned in 1966 and had only been constrained in the following 15 years through Federal Reserve Board engineered "credit crunches" to combat inflation followed by "[lender of last resort](/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort "Lender of last resort")" rescues of asset prices that produced new inflation. Minsky described ever worsening periods of inflation followed by unemployment as the cycle of rescues followed by credit crunches was repeated. Minsky, however, supported traditional banking regulationMayer 1974, pp. 523 and 531\-535\. and advocated further controls of finance to "promote smaller and simpler organizations weighted more toward direct financing."Minsky 1982, p. 201 Writing from a similar "[neo\-Keynesian](/wiki/Neo-Keynesian "Neo-Keynesian") perspective," [Jan Kregel](/wiki/Jan_Kregel "Jan Kregel") concluded that, after World War II, non\-regulated financial companies, supported by regulatory actions, developed means to provide bank products ("liquidity and lending accommodation") more cheaply than commercial banks through the "capital markets."{{harvnb\|Kregel\|2010b\|}}, p. 66 (Section 3\.10 "The regulatory dynamic of innovation and protection"). Kregel argued this led banking regulators to eliminate Glass–Steagall restrictions to permit banks to "duplicate these structures" using the capital markets "until there was virtually no difference in the activities of FDIC\-insured commercial banks and investment banks."{{harvnb\|Kregel\|2010b\|pp\=66–67}}.
Comptroller Saxon had feared for the competitive viability of commercial banks in the early 1960s. The "capital markets" developments in the 1970s increased the vulnerability of commercial banks to nonbank competitors. As described below, this competition would increase in the 1980s.
#### Limited congressional and regulatory developments
In 1967 the Senate passed the first of several Senate passed bills that would have revised Glass–Steagall Section 16 to permit banks to underwrite municipal revenue bonds.{{citation\| last \= Gimlin\| first \= J. S.\| title \= Banking Innovations\| series\=CQ Researcher \|work\=Editorial Research Reports 1968 \|volume\=II \|date\=July 17, 1968\| pages\=11–12 ("Rivalry of Investment and Commercial Bankers")\|publisher\=\[\[CQ Press]]\| url\=http://library.cqpress.com./cqresearcher/cqresrre1968071700\|access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}. Reinicke 1995, p. 59\. In 1974 the OCC authorized national banks to provide "automatic investment services," which permitted bank customers to authorize regular withdrawals from a deposit account to purchase identified securities.{{harvnb\|SEC\|1994\|p\=9}}. {{citation\| last\=Keefe\| first\=Arthur John \| title\=Your friendly one\-stop financial shopping centers \| journal\=American Bar Association Journal\| volume\=60\|year\= 1974\| page\=744}}. In 1977 the Federal Reserve Board staff concluded Glass–Steagall permitted banks to [privately place](/wiki/Private_placement "Private placement") commercial paper. In 1978 Bankers Trust began making such placements.Pitt and Williams 1983, pp. 154\-155\. As described below, in 1978, the OCC authorized a national bank to privately place securities issued to sell residential mortgages in a [securitization](/wiki/Securitization "Securitization")
Commercial banks, however, were frustrated with the continuing restrictions imposed by Glass–Steagall and other banking laws.Reinicke 1995, pp. 57\-58\. After many of Comptroller Saxon's decisions granting national banks greater powers had been challenged or overturned by courts, commercial banking firms had been able to expand their non\-securities activities through the "one bank holding company."Shull and White 1998, p. 5\. Because the [Bank Holding Company Act](/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act "Bank Holding Company Act") only limited nonbanking activities of companies that owned two or more commercial banks, "one bank holding companies" could own interests in any type of company other than securities firms covered by Glass–Steagall Section 20\. That "loophole" in the Bank Holding Company Act was closed by a 1970 amendment to apply the Act to any company that owned a commercial bank.Reinicke 1995, pp. 30\-31\. Shull and White 1998, pp. 5\-6\. Commercial banking firm's continuing desire for greater powers received support when [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") became President and appointed banking regulators who shared an "attitude towards deregulation of the financial industry."Reinicke 1995, p. 61\.
|
[
"### 1966 to 1980 developments",
"#### Increasing competitive pressures for commercial banks",
"[Regulation Q](/wiki/Regulation_Q \"Regulation Q\") limits on interest rates for time deposits at commercial banks, authorized by the 1933 Banking Act, first became \"effective\" in 1966 when market interest rates exceeded those limits.{{citation\\| last\\=Friedman\\| first\\=Benjamin M. \\| author\\-link\\=Benjamin M. Friedman\\| title \\=Regulation Q and the Commercial Loan Market in the 1960s \\| journal \\=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking\\| volume \\= 7\\| issue \\= 3\\| year \\= 1975\\| pages\\=277–296\\|jstor\\=1991623\\| doi\\=10\\.2307/1991623 }}. This produced the first of several \"credit crunches\" during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s as depositors withdrew funds from banks to reinvest at higher market interest rates.Minsky 1982, pp. xii\\-xiv. When this \"disintermediation\" limited the ability of banks to meet the borrowing requests of all their corporate customers, some commercial banks helped their \"best customers\" establish programs to borrow directly from the \"capital markets\" by issuing commercial paper.{{citation\\| last\\=Abken\\| first\\=Peter A.\\| title\\=Commercial Paper\\| journal\\=Economic Review\\| issue\\=March/April\\| year\\=1981\\| page\\=14\\| url\\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064823/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\\.pdf}}. Over time, commercial banks were increasingly left with lower credit quality, or more speculative, corporate borrowers that could not borrow directly from the \"[capital markets](/wiki/Capital_markets \"Capital markets\").\"Garten 1989, pp. 522\\-524\\. Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1147\\-1148\\.",
"Eventually, even lower credit quality corporations and (indirectly through \"[securitization](/wiki/Securitization \"Securitization\")\") consumers were able to borrow from the capital markets as improvements in communication and information technology allowed investors to evaluate and invest in a broader range of borrowers.Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1142\\-1143\\. Banks began to finance residential mortgages through securitization in the late 1970s. During the 1980s banks and other lenders used securitizations to provide \"[capital markets](/wiki/Capital_markets \"Capital markets\")\" funding for a wide range of assets that previously had been financed by bank loans.{{citation\\|last\\=Macey\\| first\\=Jonathan R.\\| year\\=1993\\| title\\=The Inevitability of Universal Banking\\| journal\\=Brooklyn Journal of International Law\\| volume\\=19\\| issue\\=1\\| pages\\=206–211\\| url\\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=2646\\&context\\=fss\\_papers\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2012}}. {{harvnb\\|Kregel\\|2010a\\|p\\=7}}. In losing \"their preeminent status as expert intermediaries for the collection, processing, and analysis of information relating to extensions of credit\", banks were increasingly \"bypassed\" as traditional \"depositors\" invested in securities that replaced bank loans.Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1142\\-1144\\.",
"In 1977 [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch \"Merrill Lynch\") introduced a \"cash management account\" that allowed brokerage customers to write checks on funds held in a [money market account](/wiki/Money_market_account \"Money market account\") or drawn from a \"[line of credit](/wiki/Line_of_credit \"Line of credit\")\" Merrill provided.Mayer 1984, pp. 34\\-45\\. The [Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"Securities and Exchange Commission\") (SEC) had ruled that [money market funds](/wiki/Money_market_fund \"Money market fund\") could \"redeem\" investor shares at a $1 stable \"net asset value\" despite daily fluctuations in the value of the securities held by the funds. This allowed money market funds to develop into \"near money\" as \"investors\" wrote checks (\"redemption orders\") on these accounts much as \"depositors\" wrote checks on traditional checking accounts provided by commercial banks.{{citation\\| last1\\=Cook\\| first1\\=Timothy Q.\\| last2\\=Duffield\\| first2\\=Jeremy G.\\| title\\=Chapter 12: Money Market Mutual Funds and other Short\\-Term Investment Pools\\| work\\=Instruments of the Money Market\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond]]\\| year\\=1998\\| pages\\=164–167\\| url\\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/special\\_reports/instruments\\_of\\_the\\_money\\_market/pdf/chapter\\_12\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064832/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/special\\_reports/instruments\\_of\\_the\\_money\\_market/pdf/chapter\\_12\\.pdf\\| url\\-status\\=dead}}.",
"Also in the 1970s savings and loans, which were not restricted by Glass–Steagall other than Section 21, were permitted to offer \"[negotiable order of withdrawal accounts](/wiki/Negotiable_order_of_withdrawal_account \"Negotiable order of withdrawal account\")\" (NOW accounts). As with money market accounts, these accounts functioned much like checking accounts in permitting a depositor to order payments from a \"savings account.\"{{Citation \\| last\\=Kaplan \\| first\\=Alan J. \\| title\\=The Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (NOW) Account: 'Checking Accounts' for Savings Banks? \\| journal\\=Boston College Law Review \\| volume\\=14 \\| issue\\=3 \\| year\\=1973 \\| pages\\=471–500 \\| url\\=http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1377\\&context\\=bclr \\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012 }}. Litan 1987, p. 34\\. {{citation\\| url \\= http://www.bankersonline.com/compliance/guru2006/gurus\\_cmp100906d.html\\| last \\= Burnett\\| first \\= John\\| title \\= A Short History of NOW and MMDA Accounts\\| publisher \\= BankersOnline\\| access\\-date \\= February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110901052729/http://www.bankersonline.com/compliance/guru2006/gurus\\_cmp100906d.html\\| archive\\-date \\= September 1, 2011}}.",
"Helen Garten concluded that the \"traditional regulation\" of commercial banks established by the 1933 Banking Act, including Glass–Steagall, failed when nonbanking firms and the \"capital markets\" were able to provide replacements for bank loans and deposits, thereby reducing the profitability of commercial banking.Garten 1989, pp. 508\\-509 and 521\\-525\\. Garten 1991, pp. 8\\-14\\. Richard Vietor agreed that traditional bank regulation was unable to protect commercial banks from nonbank competition. However, he noted that significant the economic and financial instability began in the mid\\-1960s. This slowed economic growth and savings, which reduced demand and supply of credit; it also induced financial innovations that undermined commercial banks.Vietor 1987, pp. 33\\-39\\.",
"[Hyman Minsky](/wiki/Hyman_Minsky \"Hyman Minsky\") agreed financial instability had returned in 1966 and had only been constrained in the following 15 years through Federal Reserve Board engineered \"credit crunches\" to combat inflation followed by \"[lender of last resort](/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort \"Lender of last resort\")\" rescues of asset prices that produced new inflation. Minsky described ever worsening periods of inflation followed by unemployment as the cycle of rescues followed by credit crunches was repeated. Minsky, however, supported traditional banking regulationMayer 1974, pp. 523 and 531\\-535\\. and advocated further controls of finance to \"promote smaller and simpler organizations weighted more toward direct financing.\"Minsky 1982, p. 201 Writing from a similar \"[neo\\-Keynesian](/wiki/Neo-Keynesian \"Neo-Keynesian\") perspective,\" [Jan Kregel](/wiki/Jan_Kregel \"Jan Kregel\") concluded that, after World War II, non\\-regulated financial companies, supported by regulatory actions, developed means to provide bank products (\"liquidity and lending accommodation\") more cheaply than commercial banks through the \"capital markets.\"{{harvnb\\|Kregel\\|2010b\\|}}, p. 66 (Section 3\\.10 \"The regulatory dynamic of innovation and protection\"). Kregel argued this led banking regulators to eliminate Glass–Steagall restrictions to permit banks to \"duplicate these structures\" using the capital markets \"until there was virtually no difference in the activities of FDIC\\-insured commercial banks and investment banks.\"{{harvnb\\|Kregel\\|2010b\\|pp\\=66–67}}.",
"Comptroller Saxon had feared for the competitive viability of commercial banks in the early 1960s. The \"capital markets\" developments in the 1970s increased the vulnerability of commercial banks to nonbank competitors. As described below, this competition would increase in the 1980s.",
"#### Limited congressional and regulatory developments",
"In 1967 the Senate passed the first of several Senate passed bills that would have revised Glass–Steagall Section 16 to permit banks to underwrite municipal revenue bonds.{{citation\\| last \\= Gimlin\\| first \\= J. S.\\| title \\= Banking Innovations\\| series\\=CQ Researcher \\|work\\=Editorial Research Reports 1968 \\|volume\\=II \\|date\\=July 17, 1968\\| pages\\=11–12 (\"Rivalry of Investment and Commercial Bankers\")\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CQ Press]]\\| url\\=http://library.cqpress.com./cqresearcher/cqresrre1968071700\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}. Reinicke 1995, p. 59\\. In 1974 the OCC authorized national banks to provide \"automatic investment services,\" which permitted bank customers to authorize regular withdrawals from a deposit account to purchase identified securities.{{harvnb\\|SEC\\|1994\\|p\\=9}}. {{citation\\| last\\=Keefe\\| first\\=Arthur John \\| title\\=Your friendly one\\-stop financial shopping centers \\| journal\\=American Bar Association Journal\\| volume\\=60\\|year\\= 1974\\| page\\=744}}. In 1977 the Federal Reserve Board staff concluded Glass–Steagall permitted banks to [privately place](/wiki/Private_placement \"Private placement\") commercial paper. In 1978 Bankers Trust began making such placements.Pitt and Williams 1983, pp. 154\\-155\\. As described below, in 1978, the OCC authorized a national bank to privately place securities issued to sell residential mortgages in a [securitization](/wiki/Securitization \"Securitization\")",
"Commercial banks, however, were frustrated with the continuing restrictions imposed by Glass–Steagall and other banking laws.Reinicke 1995, pp. 57\\-58\\. After many of Comptroller Saxon's decisions granting national banks greater powers had been challenged or overturned by courts, commercial banking firms had been able to expand their non\\-securities activities through the \"one bank holding company.\"Shull and White 1998, p. 5\\. Because the [Bank Holding Company Act](/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act \"Bank Holding Company Act\") only limited nonbanking activities of companies that owned two or more commercial banks, \"one bank holding companies\" could own interests in any type of company other than securities firms covered by Glass–Steagall Section 20\\. That \"loophole\" in the Bank Holding Company Act was closed by a 1970 amendment to apply the Act to any company that owned a commercial bank.Reinicke 1995, pp. 30\\-31\\. Shull and White 1998, pp. 5\\-6\\. Commercial banking firm's continuing desire for greater powers received support when [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") became President and appointed banking regulators who shared an \"attitude towards deregulation of the financial industry.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 61\\.",
""
] |
#### Increasing competitive pressures for commercial banks
[Regulation Q](/wiki/Regulation_Q "Regulation Q") limits on interest rates for time deposits at commercial banks, authorized by the 1933 Banking Act, first became "effective" in 1966 when market interest rates exceeded those limits.{{citation\| last\=Friedman\| first\=Benjamin M. \| author\-link\=Benjamin M. Friedman\| title \=Regulation Q and the Commercial Loan Market in the 1960s \| journal \=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking\| volume \= 7\| issue \= 3\| year \= 1975\| pages\=277–296\|jstor\=1991623\| doi\=10\.2307/1991623 }}. This produced the first of several "credit crunches" during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s as depositors withdrew funds from banks to reinvest at higher market interest rates.Minsky 1982, pp. xii\-xiv. When this "disintermediation" limited the ability of banks to meet the borrowing requests of all their corporate customers, some commercial banks helped their "best customers" establish programs to borrow directly from the "capital markets" by issuing commercial paper.{{citation\| last\=Abken\| first\=Peter A.\| title\=Commercial Paper\| journal\=Economic Review\| issue\=March/April\| year\=1981\| page\=14\| url\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 11, 2012\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064823/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\.pdf}}. Over time, commercial banks were increasingly left with lower credit quality, or more speculative, corporate borrowers that could not borrow directly from the "[capital markets](/wiki/Capital_markets "Capital markets")."Garten 1989, pp. 522\-524\. Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1147\-1148\.
Eventually, even lower credit quality corporations and (indirectly through "[securitization](/wiki/Securitization "Securitization")") consumers were able to borrow from the capital markets as improvements in communication and information technology allowed investors to evaluate and invest in a broader range of borrowers.Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1142\-1143\. Banks began to finance residential mortgages through securitization in the late 1970s. During the 1980s banks and other lenders used securitizations to provide "[capital markets](/wiki/Capital_markets "Capital markets")" funding for a wide range of assets that previously had been financed by bank loans.{{citation\|last\=Macey\| first\=Jonathan R.\| year\=1993\| title\=The Inevitability of Universal Banking\| journal\=Brooklyn Journal of International Law\| volume\=19\| issue\=1\| pages\=206–211\| url\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=2646\&context\=fss\_papers\|access\-date\=February 26, 2012}}. {{harvnb\|Kregel\|2010a\|p\=7}}. In losing "their preeminent status as expert intermediaries for the collection, processing, and analysis of information relating to extensions of credit", banks were increasingly "bypassed" as traditional "depositors" invested in securities that replaced bank loans.Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1142\-1144\.
In 1977 [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch "Merrill Lynch") introduced a "cash management account" that allowed brokerage customers to write checks on funds held in a [money market account](/wiki/Money_market_account "Money market account") or drawn from a "[line of credit](/wiki/Line_of_credit "Line of credit")" Merrill provided.Mayer 1984, pp. 34\-45\. The [Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "Securities and Exchange Commission") (SEC) had ruled that [money market funds](/wiki/Money_market_fund "Money market fund") could "redeem" investor shares at a $1 stable "net asset value" despite daily fluctuations in the value of the securities held by the funds. This allowed money market funds to develop into "near money" as "investors" wrote checks ("redemption orders") on these accounts much as "depositors" wrote checks on traditional checking accounts provided by commercial banks.{{citation\| last1\=Cook\| first1\=Timothy Q.\| last2\=Duffield\| first2\=Jeremy G.\| title\=Chapter 12: Money Market Mutual Funds and other Short\-Term Investment Pools\| work\=Instruments of the Money Market\| publisher\=\[\[Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond]]\| year\=1998\| pages\=164–167\| url\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/special\_reports/instruments\_of\_the\_money\_market/pdf/chapter\_12\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 11, 2012\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064832/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/special\_reports/instruments\_of\_the\_money\_market/pdf/chapter\_12\.pdf\| url\-status\=dead}}.
Also in the 1970s savings and loans, which were not restricted by Glass–Steagall other than Section 21, were permitted to offer "[negotiable order of withdrawal accounts](/wiki/Negotiable_order_of_withdrawal_account "Negotiable order of withdrawal account")" (NOW accounts). As with money market accounts, these accounts functioned much like checking accounts in permitting a depositor to order payments from a "savings account."{{Citation \| last\=Kaplan \| first\=Alan J. \| title\=The Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (NOW) Account: 'Checking Accounts' for Savings Banks? \| journal\=Boston College Law Review \| volume\=14 \| issue\=3 \| year\=1973 \| pages\=471–500 \| url\=http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1377\&context\=bclr \| access\-date\=February 11, 2012 }}. Litan 1987, p. 34\. {{citation\| url \= http://www.bankersonline.com/compliance/guru2006/gurus\_cmp100906d.html\| last \= Burnett\| first \= John\| title \= A Short History of NOW and MMDA Accounts\| publisher \= BankersOnline\| access\-date \= February 11, 2012\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110901052729/http://www.bankersonline.com/compliance/guru2006/gurus\_cmp100906d.html\| archive\-date \= September 1, 2011}}.
Helen Garten concluded that the "traditional regulation" of commercial banks established by the 1933 Banking Act, including Glass–Steagall, failed when nonbanking firms and the "capital markets" were able to provide replacements for bank loans and deposits, thereby reducing the profitability of commercial banking.Garten 1989, pp. 508\-509 and 521\-525\. Garten 1991, pp. 8\-14\. Richard Vietor agreed that traditional bank regulation was unable to protect commercial banks from nonbank competition. However, he noted that significant the economic and financial instability began in the mid\-1960s. This slowed economic growth and savings, which reduced demand and supply of credit; it also induced financial innovations that undermined commercial banks.Vietor 1987, pp. 33\-39\.
[Hyman Minsky](/wiki/Hyman_Minsky "Hyman Minsky") agreed financial instability had returned in 1966 and had only been constrained in the following 15 years through Federal Reserve Board engineered "credit crunches" to combat inflation followed by "[lender of last resort](/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort "Lender of last resort")" rescues of asset prices that produced new inflation. Minsky described ever worsening periods of inflation followed by unemployment as the cycle of rescues followed by credit crunches was repeated. Minsky, however, supported traditional banking regulationMayer 1974, pp. 523 and 531\-535\. and advocated further controls of finance to "promote smaller and simpler organizations weighted more toward direct financing."Minsky 1982, p. 201 Writing from a similar "[neo\-Keynesian](/wiki/Neo-Keynesian "Neo-Keynesian") perspective," [Jan Kregel](/wiki/Jan_Kregel "Jan Kregel") concluded that, after World War II, non\-regulated financial companies, supported by regulatory actions, developed means to provide bank products ("liquidity and lending accommodation") more cheaply than commercial banks through the "capital markets."{{harvnb\|Kregel\|2010b\|}}, p. 66 (Section 3\.10 "The regulatory dynamic of innovation and protection"). Kregel argued this led banking regulators to eliminate Glass–Steagall restrictions to permit banks to "duplicate these structures" using the capital markets "until there was virtually no difference in the activities of FDIC\-insured commercial banks and investment banks."{{harvnb\|Kregel\|2010b\|pp\=66–67}}.
Comptroller Saxon had feared for the competitive viability of commercial banks in the early 1960s. The "capital markets" developments in the 1970s increased the vulnerability of commercial banks to nonbank competitors. As described below, this competition would increase in the 1980s.
|
[
"#### Increasing competitive pressures for commercial banks",
"[Regulation Q](/wiki/Regulation_Q \"Regulation Q\") limits on interest rates for time deposits at commercial banks, authorized by the 1933 Banking Act, first became \"effective\" in 1966 when market interest rates exceeded those limits.{{citation\\| last\\=Friedman\\| first\\=Benjamin M. \\| author\\-link\\=Benjamin M. Friedman\\| title \\=Regulation Q and the Commercial Loan Market in the 1960s \\| journal \\=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking\\| volume \\= 7\\| issue \\= 3\\| year \\= 1975\\| pages\\=277–296\\|jstor\\=1991623\\| doi\\=10\\.2307/1991623 }}. This produced the first of several \"credit crunches\" during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s as depositors withdrew funds from banks to reinvest at higher market interest rates.Minsky 1982, pp. xii\\-xiv. When this \"disintermediation\" limited the ability of banks to meet the borrowing requests of all their corporate customers, some commercial banks helped their \"best customers\" establish programs to borrow directly from the \"capital markets\" by issuing commercial paper.{{citation\\| last\\=Abken\\| first\\=Peter A.\\| title\\=Commercial Paper\\| journal\\=Economic Review\\| issue\\=March/April\\| year\\=1981\\| page\\=14\\| url\\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064823/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\\.pdf}}. Over time, commercial banks were increasingly left with lower credit quality, or more speculative, corporate borrowers that could not borrow directly from the \"[capital markets](/wiki/Capital_markets \"Capital markets\").\"Garten 1989, pp. 522\\-524\\. Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1147\\-1148\\.",
"Eventually, even lower credit quality corporations and (indirectly through \"[securitization](/wiki/Securitization \"Securitization\")\") consumers were able to borrow from the capital markets as improvements in communication and information technology allowed investors to evaluate and invest in a broader range of borrowers.Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1142\\-1143\\. Banks began to finance residential mortgages through securitization in the late 1970s. During the 1980s banks and other lenders used securitizations to provide \"[capital markets](/wiki/Capital_markets \"Capital markets\")\" funding for a wide range of assets that previously had been financed by bank loans.{{citation\\|last\\=Macey\\| first\\=Jonathan R.\\| year\\=1993\\| title\\=The Inevitability of Universal Banking\\| journal\\=Brooklyn Journal of International Law\\| volume\\=19\\| issue\\=1\\| pages\\=206–211\\| url\\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=2646\\&context\\=fss\\_papers\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2012}}. {{harvnb\\|Kregel\\|2010a\\|p\\=7}}. In losing \"their preeminent status as expert intermediaries for the collection, processing, and analysis of information relating to extensions of credit\", banks were increasingly \"bypassed\" as traditional \"depositors\" invested in securities that replaced bank loans.Wilmarth 1990, pp. 1142\\-1144\\.",
"In 1977 [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch \"Merrill Lynch\") introduced a \"cash management account\" that allowed brokerage customers to write checks on funds held in a [money market account](/wiki/Money_market_account \"Money market account\") or drawn from a \"[line of credit](/wiki/Line_of_credit \"Line of credit\")\" Merrill provided.Mayer 1984, pp. 34\\-45\\. The [Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"Securities and Exchange Commission\") (SEC) had ruled that [money market funds](/wiki/Money_market_fund \"Money market fund\") could \"redeem\" investor shares at a $1 stable \"net asset value\" despite daily fluctuations in the value of the securities held by the funds. This allowed money market funds to develop into \"near money\" as \"investors\" wrote checks (\"redemption orders\") on these accounts much as \"depositors\" wrote checks on traditional checking accounts provided by commercial banks.{{citation\\| last1\\=Cook\\| first1\\=Timothy Q.\\| last2\\=Duffield\\| first2\\=Jeremy G.\\| title\\=Chapter 12: Money Market Mutual Funds and other Short\\-Term Investment Pools\\| work\\=Instruments of the Money Market\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond]]\\| year\\=1998\\| pages\\=164–167\\| url\\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/special\\_reports/instruments\\_of\\_the\\_money\\_market/pdf/chapter\\_12\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064832/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/special\\_reports/instruments\\_of\\_the\\_money\\_market/pdf/chapter\\_12\\.pdf\\| url\\-status\\=dead}}.",
"Also in the 1970s savings and loans, which were not restricted by Glass–Steagall other than Section 21, were permitted to offer \"[negotiable order of withdrawal accounts](/wiki/Negotiable_order_of_withdrawal_account \"Negotiable order of withdrawal account\")\" (NOW accounts). As with money market accounts, these accounts functioned much like checking accounts in permitting a depositor to order payments from a \"savings account.\"{{Citation \\| last\\=Kaplan \\| first\\=Alan J. \\| title\\=The Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (NOW) Account: 'Checking Accounts' for Savings Banks? \\| journal\\=Boston College Law Review \\| volume\\=14 \\| issue\\=3 \\| year\\=1973 \\| pages\\=471–500 \\| url\\=http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1377\\&context\\=bclr \\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012 }}. Litan 1987, p. 34\\. {{citation\\| url \\= http://www.bankersonline.com/compliance/guru2006/gurus\\_cmp100906d.html\\| last \\= Burnett\\| first \\= John\\| title \\= A Short History of NOW and MMDA Accounts\\| publisher \\= BankersOnline\\| access\\-date \\= February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110901052729/http://www.bankersonline.com/compliance/guru2006/gurus\\_cmp100906d.html\\| archive\\-date \\= September 1, 2011}}.",
"Helen Garten concluded that the \"traditional regulation\" of commercial banks established by the 1933 Banking Act, including Glass–Steagall, failed when nonbanking firms and the \"capital markets\" were able to provide replacements for bank loans and deposits, thereby reducing the profitability of commercial banking.Garten 1989, pp. 508\\-509 and 521\\-525\\. Garten 1991, pp. 8\\-14\\. Richard Vietor agreed that traditional bank regulation was unable to protect commercial banks from nonbank competition. However, he noted that significant the economic and financial instability began in the mid\\-1960s. This slowed economic growth and savings, which reduced demand and supply of credit; it also induced financial innovations that undermined commercial banks.Vietor 1987, pp. 33\\-39\\.",
"[Hyman Minsky](/wiki/Hyman_Minsky \"Hyman Minsky\") agreed financial instability had returned in 1966 and had only been constrained in the following 15 years through Federal Reserve Board engineered \"credit crunches\" to combat inflation followed by \"[lender of last resort](/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort \"Lender of last resort\")\" rescues of asset prices that produced new inflation. Minsky described ever worsening periods of inflation followed by unemployment as the cycle of rescues followed by credit crunches was repeated. Minsky, however, supported traditional banking regulationMayer 1974, pp. 523 and 531\\-535\\. and advocated further controls of finance to \"promote smaller and simpler organizations weighted more toward direct financing.\"Minsky 1982, p. 201 Writing from a similar \"[neo\\-Keynesian](/wiki/Neo-Keynesian \"Neo-Keynesian\") perspective,\" [Jan Kregel](/wiki/Jan_Kregel \"Jan Kregel\") concluded that, after World War II, non\\-regulated financial companies, supported by regulatory actions, developed means to provide bank products (\"liquidity and lending accommodation\") more cheaply than commercial banks through the \"capital markets.\"{{harvnb\\|Kregel\\|2010b\\|}}, p. 66 (Section 3\\.10 \"The regulatory dynamic of innovation and protection\"). Kregel argued this led banking regulators to eliminate Glass–Steagall restrictions to permit banks to \"duplicate these structures\" using the capital markets \"until there was virtually no difference in the activities of FDIC\\-insured commercial banks and investment banks.\"{{harvnb\\|Kregel\\|2010b\\|pp\\=66–67}}.",
"Comptroller Saxon had feared for the competitive viability of commercial banks in the early 1960s. The \"capital markets\" developments in the 1970s increased the vulnerability of commercial banks to nonbank competitors. As described below, this competition would increase in the 1980s.",
""
] |
### Reagan Administration developments
#### State non\-member bank and nonbank bank "loopholes"
In 1982, under the chairmanship of [William Isaac](/wiki/William_Isaac "William Isaac"), the FDIC issued a "policy statement" that state chartered non\-Federal Reserve member banks could establish subsidiaries to underwrite and deal in securities. Also in 1982 the OCC, under Comptroller [C. Todd Conover](/wiki/C._T._Conover "C. T. Conover"), approved the mutual fund company [Dreyfus Corporation](/wiki/Dreyfus_Corporation "Dreyfus Corporation") and the retailer [Sears](/wiki/Sears "Sears") establishing "nonbank bank" subsidiaries that were not covered by the Bank Holding Company Act. The Federal Reserve Board, led by Chairman [Paul Volcker](/wiki/Paul_Volcker "Paul Volcker"), asked Congress to overrule both the FDIC's and the OCC's actions through new legislation.Reinicke 1995, pp. 65\-70\.
The FDIC's action confirmed that Glass–Steagall did not restrict affiliations between a state chartered non\-Federal Reserve System member bank and securities firms, even when the bank was FDIC insured.Reinicke 1995, pp. 65\-66\. {{citation\| last\=Saba\| first\=Peter \| title \=Regulation of State Nonmember Insured Banks' Securities Activities: A Model for the Repeal of Glass–Steagall? \| journal \=Harvard Journal on Legislation\| volume \=23 \| issue \=1\| year \= 1986\| pages\=220–222\|url\=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection\=journals\&handle\=hein.journals/hjl23÷\=10\&id\=\&page\=\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}. Shull and White 1998, p. 7\. State laws differed in how they regulated affiliations between banks and securities firms.{{citation\| url \=http://www.library.unt.edu/gpo/acir/Reports/policy/a\-110\.pdf\| title \=State Regulation of Banks in an Era of Deregulation\| work\=Commission Report A\-110\| pages\=19–20\| date\=September 1988\| publisher \=Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations\| access\-date \= February 11, 2012}}. Shull and White 1998, p. 7\. In the 1970s, foreign banks had taken advantage of this in establishing branches in states that permitted such affiliations.Reinicke 1995, pp. 91 and 95\. Pitt and Williams 1983, p. 167\. Although the International Banking Act of 1978 brought newly established foreign bank US branches under Glass–Steagall, foreign banks with existing US branches were "grandfathered" and permitted to retain their existing investments. Through this "loophole" [Credit Suisse](/wiki/Credit_Suisse "Credit Suisse") was able to own a controlling interest in [First Boston](/wiki/First_Boston "First Boston"), a leading US securities firm.Capatides 1992, p. 7, fn. 12\.
After the FDIC's action, commentators worried that large commercial banks would leave the Federal Reserve System (after first converting to a state charter if they were national banks) to free themselves from Glass–Steagall affiliation restrictions, as large commercial banks lobbied states to permit commercial bank investment banking activities.Reinicke 1995, pp. 66\-68 and 75\.
The OCC's action relied on a "loophole" in the Bank Holding Company Act (BHCA) that meant a company only became a "bank holding company" supervised by the Federal Reserve Board if it owned a "bank" that made "commercial loans" (i.e., loans to businesses) *and* provided "demand deposits" (i.e., checking accounts). A "nonbank bank" could be established to provide checking accounts (but not commercial loans) or commercial loans (but not checking accounts). The company owning the nonbank bank would not be a bank holding company limited to activities "closely related to banking." This permitted [Sears](/wiki/Sears "Sears"), [GE](/wiki/GE "GE"), and other commercial companies to own "nonbank banks."{{citation \| title \=Financial Services: Information on Nonbank Banks\| issue\=GAO/GGD–86–46FS\|series\=Fact Sheet for Members of Congress\|date\=March 1986\|publisher\=United States General Accounting Office\| url \=http://archive.gao.gov/d13t3/129389\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}. {{citation\|last\=Gart\|first\=Alan\|year\=1985\|title\=Banks, Thrifts, and Insurance Companies: Surviving the 1980s\|publisher\=Lexington Books\|location\=Lexington, MA\|pages\=1 and 51–83\|isbn\=978\-0\-669\-09374\-2}}. {{harvnb\|CRS\|2005\|p\=CRS\-4}}.
Glass–Steagall's affiliation restrictions applied if the nonbank bank was a national bank or otherwise a member of the Federal Reserve System. The OCC's permission for Dreyfus to own a nationally chartered "nonbank bank" was based on the OCC's conclusion that Dreyfus, as a mutual fund company, earned only a small amount of its revenue through underwriting and distributing shares in mutual funds. Two other securities firms, [J. \& W. Seligman \& Co.](/wiki/J._%26_W._Seligman_%26_Co. "J. & W. Seligman & Co.") and [Prudential\-Bache](/wiki/Prudential-Bache "Prudential-Bache"), established state chartered non\-Federal Reserve System member banks to avoid Glass–Steagall restrictions on affiliations between member banks and securities firms.Langevoort 1987, pp. 709\-712\.
#### Legislative response
Although Paul Volcker and the Federal Reserve Board sought legislation overruling the FDIC and OCC actions, they agreed bank affiliates should have broader securities powers. They supported a bill sponsored by Senate Banking Committee Chairman Jake Garn (R\-UT) that would have amended Glass–Steagall Section 20 to cover all FDIC insured banks and to permit bank affiliates to underwrite and deal in mutual funds, municipal revenue bonds, commercial paper, and mortgage\-backed securities. On September 13, 1984, the [Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") passed the Garn bill in an 89\-5 vote, but the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") controlled [House](/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_United_States "House of Representatives of the United States") did not act on the bill.Reinicke 1995, pp. 76\-77\. {{harvnb\|FRB\|1998\|p\=1}}.
In 1987, however, the Senate (with a new Democratic Party majority) joined with the House in passing the Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987 (CEBA). Although primarily dealing with the [savings and loan crisis](/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis "Savings and loan crisis"), CEBA also established a moratorium to March 1, 1988, on banking regulator actions to approve bank or affiliate securities activities, applied the affiliation restrictions of Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 to all FDIC insured banks during the moratorium, and eliminated the "nonbank bank" loophole for new FDIC insured banks (whether they took demand deposits or made commercial loans) except industrial loan companies. Existing "nonbank banks", however, were "grandfathered" so that they could continue to operate without becoming subject to BHCA restrictions.Reinicke 1995, p. 96\. {{harvnb\|CRS\|2005}}, pp. CRS\-4 to CRS\-5\. Kurucza et al. 1988, pp. 1112 and 1119\.
The CEBA was intended to provide time for Congress (rather than banking regulators) to review and resolve the Glass–Steagall issues of bank securities activities. Senator [William Proxmire](/wiki/William_Proxmire "William Proxmire") (D\-WI), the new Chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, took up this topic in 1987\.Kurucza et al. 1988, p. 1107\. Reinicke 1995, pp. 96\-99\.
#### International competitiveness debate
Wolfgang Reinicke argues that Glass–Steagall "repeal" gained unexpected Congressional support in 1987 because large banks successfully argued that Glass–Steagall prevented US banks from competing internationally.Reinicke 1995, pp. 84\-85 and 91\-101 With the argument changed from preserving the profitability of large commercial banks to preserving the "competitiveness" of US banks (and of the US economy), Senator Proxmire reversed his earlier opposition to Glass–Steagall reform.Reinicke 1995, pp. 98\-100\. Proxmire sponsored a bill that would have repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 and replaced those prohibitions with a system for regulating (and limiting the amount of) bank affiliate securities activities.Reinicke 1995, pp. 99\-100 and 105\-109\. {{harvnb\|FRB\|1998\|p\=2 ( Part II, S. 1886\)}}. He declared Glass–Steagall a "protectionist dinosaur."[White 1992, p. 53](https://books.google.com/books?id=sII_dLAeZBgC&dq=white+comptroller+transformation+proxmire+protectionist+dinosaur&pg=PA53).
By 1985 commercial banks provided 26% of short term loans to large businesses compared to 59% in 1974\. While banks cited such statistics to illustrate the "decline of commercial banking," Reinicke argues the most influential factor in Congress favoring Glass–Steagall "repeal" was the decline of US banks in international rankings. In 1960 six of the ten largest banks were US based, by 1980 only two US based banks were in the top ten, and by 1989 none was in the top twenty five.Reinicke 1995, pp. 91\-92, 95, and 115\-116\.
In the late 1980s the United Kingdom and Canada ended their historic separations of commercial and investment banking.{{citation\| last \= Ferrar\| first \= Peter J.\| title \= International Trends in the Combination of Banking, Securities, and Commerce\| journal \= Cato Journal\| volume \= 10\| issue \= 2\| year \= 1990\| pages \= 330 (UK) and 333 (Canada)\| url \= http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj10n2/cj10n2\-4\.pdf\| access\-date \= February 11, 2012\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064827/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj10n2/cj10n2\-4\.pdf\| archive\-date \= August 4, 2012}}. Reinicke 1995, pp. 92 (for the U.K.'s [Big Bang](/wiki/Big_Bang_%28financial_markets%29 "Big Bang (financial markets)")) and 95 (for broader global "deregulation"). Glass–Steagall critics scornfully noted only Japanese legislation imposed by Americans during the [Occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan "Occupation of Japan") kept the United States from being alone in separating the two activities.{{citation\| last1 \=Macey\| first1 \=Jonathan R. \| last2\=Litt\|first2\=David G.\|last3\=Miller\| first3\=Geoffrey P. \| last4\=Rubin\|first4\=Edward L.\|title \= Politics, Bureaucracies, and Financial Markets: Bank Entry into Commercial Paper Underwriting in the United States and Japan\| journal \= University of Pennsylvania Law Review\| volume \= 139\| year \= 1990\| pages \=379–380\|url \=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=2731\&context\=fss\_papers \| access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}.
As noted above, even in the United States seventeen foreign banks were free from this Glass–Steagall restriction because they had established state chartered branches before the International Banking Act of 1978 brought newly established foreign bank US branches under Glass–Steagall. Similarly, because major foreign countries did not separate investment and commercial banking, US commercial banks could underwrite and deal in securities through branches outside the United States. Paul Volcker agreed that, "broadly speaking," it made no sense that US commercial banks could underwrite securities in Europe but not in the United States.Reinicke 1995, pp. 92, 95, and 101\. {{harvnb\|GAO\|1988\|pp\=31–35}}.
#### 1987 status of Glass–Steagall debate
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s scholars published studies arguing that commercial bank affiliate underwriting during the 1920s was no worse, or was better, than underwriting by securities firms not affiliated with banks and that commercial banks were strengthened, not harmed, by securities affiliates.Benston 1990, pp. 32\-34\. {{citation\| last\=White\| first\=Eugene Nelson\| title \=Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An analysis of the investment banking activities of national banks \| journal\= Explorations in Economic History\| volume \= 23\| issue \= 1\| year \= 1986\| pages\=33–55\| doi\=10\.1016/0014\-4983(86\)90018\-5}}. {{citation\| last1\=Kroszner\| first1\=Randall S. \| last2\=Rajan\| first2\=Raghuram G.\|title \=Is the Glass–Steagall Act Justified? A Study of the U.S. Experience with Universal Banking before 1933 \| journal \= The American Economic Review\| volume\=84 \| issue\=4 \| date\=July 1993\| pages\=810–832\|url\=http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/raghuram.rajan/research/papers/randy1\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 11, 2012 \|jstor\=2118032}}. More generally, researchers attacked the idea that "integrated financial services firms" had played a role in creating the Great Depression or the collapse of the US banking system in the 1930s.Vietor 1987, pp. 38\-39\. If it was "debatable" whether Glass–Steagall was justified in the 1930s, it was easier to argue that Glass–Steagall served no legitimate purpose when the distinction between commercial and investment banking activities had been blurred by "market developments" since the 1960s.Garten 1989, pp. 512\-513\. {{citation\| last\=Macey\| first\=Jonathan R. \| title \=Special Interest Groups Legislation and the Judicial Function: The Dilemma of Glass–Steagall \| journal \=Emory Law Journal\| volume \= 33\| issue \= 1\| year \= 1984\| pages\=1–40\|url\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=2796\&context\=fss\_papers\|access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}.
Along with the "nonbank bank" "loophole" from BHCA limitations, in the 1980s the "unitary thrift" "loophole" became prominent as a means for securities and commercial firms to provide banking (or "near banking") products.Eaton 1995, pp. 1202\-1210\. The Savings and Loan Holding Company Act (SLHCA) permitted any company to own a single savings and loan. Only companies that owned two or more savings and loan were limited to thrift related businesses.{{citation\| url\=http://www.ots.treas.gov/\_files/48035\.html\| title \=Historical Framework For Regulation of Activities of Unitary Savings and Loan Holding Companies\| year\=1998\| publisher \=Office of Thrift Supervision\|access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}. Already in 1973 [First Chicago Bank](/wiki/First_Chicago_Bank "First Chicago Bank") had identified Sears as its real competitor.Mayer 1974, p. 535\. [Citicorp](/wiki/Citicorp "Citicorp") CEO [Walter Wriston](/wiki/Walter_Wriston "Walter Wriston") reached the same conclusion later in the 1970s.Mayer 1984, p. 49\. By 1982, using the "unitary thrift" and "nonbank bank" "loopholes," Sears had built the "Sears Financial Network", which combined "Super NOW" accounts and mortgage loans through a large California\-based savings and loan, the [Discover Card](/wiki/Discover_Card "Discover Card") issued by a "nonbank bank" as a credit card, securities brokerage through [Dean Witter Reynolds](/wiki/Dean_Witter_Reynolds "Dean Witter Reynolds"), home and auto insurance through [Allstate](/wiki/Allstate "Allstate"), and real estate brokerage through [Coldwell Banker](/wiki/Coldwell_Banker "Coldwell Banker").Mayer 1984, pp. 49\-52\. Shull and White 1998, p. 6\. By 1984, however, Walter Wriston concluded "the bank of the future already exists, and it's called [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch "Merrill Lynch")."Vietor 1987, p. 49\. In 1986 when major bank holding companies threatened to stop operating commercial banks in order to obtain the "competitive advantages" enjoyed by Sears and Merrill Lynch, FDIC Chairman William Seidman warned that could create "chaos."Reinicke 1995, p. 93\. {{citation\| last \= Gruber\| first \=William \| title \=150 Banks may be on Brink, Result of Competition: Fdic Boss \| newspaper \=\[\[Chicago Tribune]]\| date \=October 29, 1986 \| id \={{ProQuest\|290962054}} }}.
In a 1987 "issue brief" the [Congressional Research Service](/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service "Congressional Research Service") (CRS) summarized "some of" the major arguments
**for preserving Glass–Steagall as:**
1. Conflicts of interest characterize the granting of credit (lending) and the use of credit (investing) by the same entity, which led to abuses that originally produced the Act.
2. Depository institutions possess enormous financial power, by virtue of their control of other people's money; its extent must be limited to ensure soundness and competition in the market for funds, whether loans or investments.
3. Securities activities can be risky, leading to enormous losses. Such losses could threaten the integrity of deposits. In turn, the Government insures deposits and could be required to pay large sums if depository institutions were to collapse as the result of securities losses.
4. Depository institutions are supposed to be managed to limit risk. Their managers thus may not be conditioned to operate prudently in more speculative securities businesses. An example is the crash of [real estate investment trusts](/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust "Real estate investment trust") sponsored by bank holding companies a decade ago.
**and against preserving Glass–Steagall as:**
1. Depository institutions now operate in "deregulated" financial markets in which distinctions between loans, securities, and deposits are not well drawn. They are losing market shares to securities firms that are not so strictly regulated, and to foreign financial institutions operating without much restriction from the Act.
2. Conflicts of interest can be prevented by enforcing legislation against them, and by separating the lending and credit functions through forming distinctly separate subsidiaries of financial firms.
3. The securities activities that depository institutions are seeking are both low\-risk by their very nature, and would reduce the total risk of organizations offering them – by diversification.
4. In much of the rest of the world, depository institutions operate simultaneously and successfully in both banking and securities markets. Lessons learned from their experience can be applied to our national financial structure and regulation.{{citation\| last\=Jackson\| first\=William D.\| year\=1987\| title\=Glass–Steagall Act: Commercial vs. Investment Banking\| work\=Congressional Research Issue Brief\| issue\=IB 87061\|url\=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9065/m1/1/high\_res\_d/IB87061\_1987Jun29\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 10, 2012}}.
Reflecting the significance of the "international competitiveness" argument, a separate CRS Report stated banks were "losing historical market shares of their major activities to domestic and foreign competitors that are less restricted."Reinicke 1995, p. 98 (quoting CRS Report No. 87\-725E).
Separately, the [General Accounting Office](/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office "Government Accountability Office") (GAO) submitted to a House subcommittee a report reviewing the benefits and risks of "Glass–Steagall repeal." The report recommended a "phased approach" using a "holding company organizational structure" if Congress chose "repeal." Noting Glass–Steagall had "already been eroded and the erosion is likely to continue in the future," the GAO explained "coming to grips with the Glass–Steagall repeal question represents an opportunity to systematically and rationally address changes in the regulatory and legal structure that are needed to better address the realities of the marketplace." The GAO warned that Congress's failure to act was "potentially dangerous" in permitting a "continuation of the uneven integration of commercial and investment banking activities."{{harvnb\|GAO\|1988\|pp\=2–5}}.
As Congress was considering the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act in 1988, the [Commission of the European Communities](/wiki/Commission_of_the_European_Communities "Commission of the European Communities") proposed a "Second Banking Directive"{{citation\| last1\=Gruson\| first\=Michael \| last2\=Nikowitz \| first2\=Werner \| title \=The Second Banking Directive of the European Economic Community and Its Importance for Non\-EEC Banks\| journal\=Fordham International Law Journal\| volume \=12\| issue \=2\| year \= 1989\| pages\=205–241\|url\=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1211\&context\=ilj\&sei\-redir\=1\#search\=%222d%20eu%20banking%20directive%22 \|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}. that became effective at the beginning of 1993 and provided for the combination of commercial and investment banking throughout the [European Economic Community](/wiki/European_Economic_Community "European Economic Community").Jeannot 1999, pp. 1733, fn. 98 (on effective date), and 1736\-1738 (on securities powers). {{citation\| last1\=Barth\| first1\=James R.\| last2\=Nolle\| first2\=Daniel E.\| last3\=Rice\| first3\=Tara\| title\=Commercial Banking Structure, Regulation, and Performance: An International Comparison\| series\=OCC Working Paper\| work\=97\-6\| publisher\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\| year\=1997\| pages\=14–15\| url\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 11, 2012\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064823/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\.pdf}}. Whereas United States law sought to isolate banks from securities activities, the Second Directive represented the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union")'s conclusion that securities activities diversified bank risk, strengthening the earnings and stability of banks.Jeannot 1999, pp. 1737\-1738\.
The Senate passed the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act of 1988 in a 94\-2 vote. The House did not pass a similar bill, largely because of opposition from Representative [John Dingell](/wiki/John_Dingell "John Dingell") (D\-MI), chairman of the House Commerce and Energy Committee.Reinicke 1995, pp. 105\-111\.
|
[
"### Reagan Administration developments",
"#### State non\\-member bank and nonbank bank \"loopholes\"",
"In 1982, under the chairmanship of [William Isaac](/wiki/William_Isaac \"William Isaac\"), the FDIC issued a \"policy statement\" that state chartered non\\-Federal Reserve member banks could establish subsidiaries to underwrite and deal in securities. Also in 1982 the OCC, under Comptroller [C. Todd Conover](/wiki/C._T._Conover \"C. T. Conover\"), approved the mutual fund company [Dreyfus Corporation](/wiki/Dreyfus_Corporation \"Dreyfus Corporation\") and the retailer [Sears](/wiki/Sears \"Sears\") establishing \"nonbank bank\" subsidiaries that were not covered by the Bank Holding Company Act. The Federal Reserve Board, led by Chairman [Paul Volcker](/wiki/Paul_Volcker \"Paul Volcker\"), asked Congress to overrule both the FDIC's and the OCC's actions through new legislation.Reinicke 1995, pp. 65\\-70\\.",
"The FDIC's action confirmed that Glass–Steagall did not restrict affiliations between a state chartered non\\-Federal Reserve System member bank and securities firms, even when the bank was FDIC insured.Reinicke 1995, pp. 65\\-66\\. {{citation\\| last\\=Saba\\| first\\=Peter \\| title \\=Regulation of State Nonmember Insured Banks' Securities Activities: A Model for the Repeal of Glass–Steagall? \\| journal \\=Harvard Journal on Legislation\\| volume \\=23 \\| issue \\=1\\| year \\= 1986\\| pages\\=220–222\\|url\\=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection\\=journals\\&handle\\=hein.journals/hjl23÷\\=10\\&id\\=\\&page\\=\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}. Shull and White 1998, p. 7\\. State laws differed in how they regulated affiliations between banks and securities firms.{{citation\\| url \\=http://www.library.unt.edu/gpo/acir/Reports/policy/a\\-110\\.pdf\\| title \\=State Regulation of Banks in an Era of Deregulation\\| work\\=Commission Report A\\-110\\| pages\\=19–20\\| date\\=September 1988\\| publisher \\=Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations\\| access\\-date \\= February 11, 2012}}. Shull and White 1998, p. 7\\. In the 1970s, foreign banks had taken advantage of this in establishing branches in states that permitted such affiliations.Reinicke 1995, pp. 91 and 95\\. Pitt and Williams 1983, p. 167\\. Although the International Banking Act of 1978 brought newly established foreign bank US branches under Glass–Steagall, foreign banks with existing US branches were \"grandfathered\" and permitted to retain their existing investments. Through this \"loophole\" [Credit Suisse](/wiki/Credit_Suisse \"Credit Suisse\") was able to own a controlling interest in [First Boston](/wiki/First_Boston \"First Boston\"), a leading US securities firm.Capatides 1992, p. 7, fn. 12\\.",
"After the FDIC's action, commentators worried that large commercial banks would leave the Federal Reserve System (after first converting to a state charter if they were national banks) to free themselves from Glass–Steagall affiliation restrictions, as large commercial banks lobbied states to permit commercial bank investment banking activities.Reinicke 1995, pp. 66\\-68 and 75\\.",
"The OCC's action relied on a \"loophole\" in the Bank Holding Company Act (BHCA) that meant a company only became a \"bank holding company\" supervised by the Federal Reserve Board if it owned a \"bank\" that made \"commercial loans\" (i.e., loans to businesses) *and* provided \"demand deposits\" (i.e., checking accounts). A \"nonbank bank\" could be established to provide checking accounts (but not commercial loans) or commercial loans (but not checking accounts). The company owning the nonbank bank would not be a bank holding company limited to activities \"closely related to banking.\" This permitted [Sears](/wiki/Sears \"Sears\"), [GE](/wiki/GE \"GE\"), and other commercial companies to own \"nonbank banks.\"{{citation \\| title \\=Financial Services: Information on Nonbank Banks\\| issue\\=GAO/GGD–86–46FS\\|series\\=Fact Sheet for Members of Congress\\|date\\=March 1986\\|publisher\\=United States General Accounting Office\\| url \\=http://archive.gao.gov/d13t3/129389\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}. {{citation\\|last\\=Gart\\|first\\=Alan\\|year\\=1985\\|title\\=Banks, Thrifts, and Insurance Companies: Surviving the 1980s\\|publisher\\=Lexington Books\\|location\\=Lexington, MA\\|pages\\=1 and 51–83\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-669\\-09374\\-2}}. {{harvnb\\|CRS\\|2005\\|p\\=CRS\\-4}}.",
"Glass–Steagall's affiliation restrictions applied if the nonbank bank was a national bank or otherwise a member of the Federal Reserve System. The OCC's permission for Dreyfus to own a nationally chartered \"nonbank bank\" was based on the OCC's conclusion that Dreyfus, as a mutual fund company, earned only a small amount of its revenue through underwriting and distributing shares in mutual funds. Two other securities firms, [J. \\& W. Seligman \\& Co.](/wiki/J._%26_W._Seligman_%26_Co. \"J. & W. Seligman & Co.\") and [Prudential\\-Bache](/wiki/Prudential-Bache \"Prudential-Bache\"), established state chartered non\\-Federal Reserve System member banks to avoid Glass–Steagall restrictions on affiliations between member banks and securities firms.Langevoort 1987, pp. 709\\-712\\.",
"#### Legislative response",
"Although Paul Volcker and the Federal Reserve Board sought legislation overruling the FDIC and OCC actions, they agreed bank affiliates should have broader securities powers. They supported a bill sponsored by Senate Banking Committee Chairman Jake Garn (R\\-UT) that would have amended Glass–Steagall Section 20 to cover all FDIC insured banks and to permit bank affiliates to underwrite and deal in mutual funds, municipal revenue bonds, commercial paper, and mortgage\\-backed securities. On September 13, 1984, the [Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") passed the Garn bill in an 89\\-5 vote, but the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") controlled [House](/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_United_States \"House of Representatives of the United States\") did not act on the bill.Reinicke 1995, pp. 76\\-77\\. {{harvnb\\|FRB\\|1998\\|p\\=1}}.",
"In 1987, however, the Senate (with a new Democratic Party majority) joined with the House in passing the Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987 (CEBA). Although primarily dealing with the [savings and loan crisis](/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis \"Savings and loan crisis\"), CEBA also established a moratorium to March 1, 1988, on banking regulator actions to approve bank or affiliate securities activities, applied the affiliation restrictions of Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 to all FDIC insured banks during the moratorium, and eliminated the \"nonbank bank\" loophole for new FDIC insured banks (whether they took demand deposits or made commercial loans) except industrial loan companies. Existing \"nonbank banks\", however, were \"grandfathered\" so that they could continue to operate without becoming subject to BHCA restrictions.Reinicke 1995, p. 96\\. {{harvnb\\|CRS\\|2005}}, pp. CRS\\-4 to CRS\\-5\\. Kurucza et al. 1988, pp. 1112 and 1119\\.",
"The CEBA was intended to provide time for Congress (rather than banking regulators) to review and resolve the Glass–Steagall issues of bank securities activities. Senator [William Proxmire](/wiki/William_Proxmire \"William Proxmire\") (D\\-WI), the new Chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, took up this topic in 1987\\.Kurucza et al. 1988, p. 1107\\. Reinicke 1995, pp. 96\\-99\\.",
"#### International competitiveness debate",
"Wolfgang Reinicke argues that Glass–Steagall \"repeal\" gained unexpected Congressional support in 1987 because large banks successfully argued that Glass–Steagall prevented US banks from competing internationally.Reinicke 1995, pp. 84\\-85 and 91\\-101 With the argument changed from preserving the profitability of large commercial banks to preserving the \"competitiveness\" of US banks (and of the US economy), Senator Proxmire reversed his earlier opposition to Glass–Steagall reform.Reinicke 1995, pp. 98\\-100\\. Proxmire sponsored a bill that would have repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 and replaced those prohibitions with a system for regulating (and limiting the amount of) bank affiliate securities activities.Reinicke 1995, pp. 99\\-100 and 105\\-109\\. {{harvnb\\|FRB\\|1998\\|p\\=2 ( Part II, S. 1886\\)}}. He declared Glass–Steagall a \"protectionist dinosaur.\"[White 1992, p. 53](https://books.google.com/books?id=sII_dLAeZBgC&dq=white+comptroller+transformation+proxmire+protectionist+dinosaur&pg=PA53).",
"By 1985 commercial banks provided 26% of short term loans to large businesses compared to 59% in 1974\\. While banks cited such statistics to illustrate the \"decline of commercial banking,\" Reinicke argues the most influential factor in Congress favoring Glass–Steagall \"repeal\" was the decline of US banks in international rankings. In 1960 six of the ten largest banks were US based, by 1980 only two US based banks were in the top ten, and by 1989 none was in the top twenty five.Reinicke 1995, pp. 91\\-92, 95, and 115\\-116\\.",
"In the late 1980s the United Kingdom and Canada ended their historic separations of commercial and investment banking.{{citation\\| last \\= Ferrar\\| first \\= Peter J.\\| title \\= International Trends in the Combination of Banking, Securities, and Commerce\\| journal \\= Cato Journal\\| volume \\= 10\\| issue \\= 2\\| year \\= 1990\\| pages \\= 330 (UK) and 333 (Canada)\\| url \\= http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj10n2/cj10n2\\-4\\.pdf\\| access\\-date \\= February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064827/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj10n2/cj10n2\\-4\\.pdf\\| archive\\-date \\= August 4, 2012}}. Reinicke 1995, pp. 92 (for the U.K.'s [Big Bang](/wiki/Big_Bang_%28financial_markets%29 \"Big Bang (financial markets)\")) and 95 (for broader global \"deregulation\"). Glass–Steagall critics scornfully noted only Japanese legislation imposed by Americans during the [Occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan \"Occupation of Japan\") kept the United States from being alone in separating the two activities.{{citation\\| last1 \\=Macey\\| first1 \\=Jonathan R. \\| last2\\=Litt\\|first2\\=David G.\\|last3\\=Miller\\| first3\\=Geoffrey P. \\| last4\\=Rubin\\|first4\\=Edward L.\\|title \\= Politics, Bureaucracies, and Financial Markets: Bank Entry into Commercial Paper Underwriting in the United States and Japan\\| journal \\= University of Pennsylvania Law Review\\| volume \\= 139\\| year \\= 1990\\| pages \\=379–380\\|url \\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=2731\\&context\\=fss\\_papers \\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}.",
"As noted above, even in the United States seventeen foreign banks were free from this Glass–Steagall restriction because they had established state chartered branches before the International Banking Act of 1978 brought newly established foreign bank US branches under Glass–Steagall. Similarly, because major foreign countries did not separate investment and commercial banking, US commercial banks could underwrite and deal in securities through branches outside the United States. Paul Volcker agreed that, \"broadly speaking,\" it made no sense that US commercial banks could underwrite securities in Europe but not in the United States.Reinicke 1995, pp. 92, 95, and 101\\. {{harvnb\\|GAO\\|1988\\|pp\\=31–35}}.",
"#### 1987 status of Glass–Steagall debate",
"Throughout the 1980s and 1990s scholars published studies arguing that commercial bank affiliate underwriting during the 1920s was no worse, or was better, than underwriting by securities firms not affiliated with banks and that commercial banks were strengthened, not harmed, by securities affiliates.Benston 1990, pp. 32\\-34\\. {{citation\\| last\\=White\\| first\\=Eugene Nelson\\| title \\=Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An analysis of the investment banking activities of national banks \\| journal\\= Explorations in Economic History\\| volume \\= 23\\| issue \\= 1\\| year \\= 1986\\| pages\\=33–55\\| doi\\=10\\.1016/0014\\-4983(86\\)90018\\-5}}. {{citation\\| last1\\=Kroszner\\| first1\\=Randall S. \\| last2\\=Rajan\\| first2\\=Raghuram G.\\|title \\=Is the Glass–Steagall Act Justified? A Study of the U.S. Experience with Universal Banking before 1933 \\| journal \\= The American Economic Review\\| volume\\=84 \\| issue\\=4 \\| date\\=July 1993\\| pages\\=810–832\\|url\\=http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/raghuram.rajan/research/papers/randy1\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012 \\|jstor\\=2118032}}. More generally, researchers attacked the idea that \"integrated financial services firms\" had played a role in creating the Great Depression or the collapse of the US banking system in the 1930s.Vietor 1987, pp. 38\\-39\\. If it was \"debatable\" whether Glass–Steagall was justified in the 1930s, it was easier to argue that Glass–Steagall served no legitimate purpose when the distinction between commercial and investment banking activities had been blurred by \"market developments\" since the 1960s.Garten 1989, pp. 512\\-513\\. {{citation\\| last\\=Macey\\| first\\=Jonathan R. \\| title \\=Special Interest Groups Legislation and the Judicial Function: The Dilemma of Glass–Steagall \\| journal \\=Emory Law Journal\\| volume \\= 33\\| issue \\= 1\\| year \\= 1984\\| pages\\=1–40\\|url\\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=2796\\&context\\=fss\\_papers\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}.",
"Along with the \"nonbank bank\" \"loophole\" from BHCA limitations, in the 1980s the \"unitary thrift\" \"loophole\" became prominent as a means for securities and commercial firms to provide banking (or \"near banking\") products.Eaton 1995, pp. 1202\\-1210\\. The Savings and Loan Holding Company Act (SLHCA) permitted any company to own a single savings and loan. Only companies that owned two or more savings and loan were limited to thrift related businesses.{{citation\\| url\\=http://www.ots.treas.gov/\\_files/48035\\.html\\| title \\=Historical Framework For Regulation of Activities of Unitary Savings and Loan Holding Companies\\| year\\=1998\\| publisher \\=Office of Thrift Supervision\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}. Already in 1973 [First Chicago Bank](/wiki/First_Chicago_Bank \"First Chicago Bank\") had identified Sears as its real competitor.Mayer 1974, p. 535\\. [Citicorp](/wiki/Citicorp \"Citicorp\") CEO [Walter Wriston](/wiki/Walter_Wriston \"Walter Wriston\") reached the same conclusion later in the 1970s.Mayer 1984, p. 49\\. By 1982, using the \"unitary thrift\" and \"nonbank bank\" \"loopholes,\" Sears had built the \"Sears Financial Network\", which combined \"Super NOW\" accounts and mortgage loans through a large California\\-based savings and loan, the [Discover Card](/wiki/Discover_Card \"Discover Card\") issued by a \"nonbank bank\" as a credit card, securities brokerage through [Dean Witter Reynolds](/wiki/Dean_Witter_Reynolds \"Dean Witter Reynolds\"), home and auto insurance through [Allstate](/wiki/Allstate \"Allstate\"), and real estate brokerage through [Coldwell Banker](/wiki/Coldwell_Banker \"Coldwell Banker\").Mayer 1984, pp. 49\\-52\\. Shull and White 1998, p. 6\\. By 1984, however, Walter Wriston concluded \"the bank of the future already exists, and it's called [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch \"Merrill Lynch\").\"Vietor 1987, p. 49\\. In 1986 when major bank holding companies threatened to stop operating commercial banks in order to obtain the \"competitive advantages\" enjoyed by Sears and Merrill Lynch, FDIC Chairman William Seidman warned that could create \"chaos.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 93\\. {{citation\\| last \\= Gruber\\| first \\=William \\| title \\=150 Banks may be on Brink, Result of Competition: Fdic Boss \\| newspaper \\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]]\\| date \\=October 29, 1986 \\| id \\={{ProQuest\\|290962054}} }}.",
"In a 1987 \"issue brief\" the [Congressional Research Service](/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service \"Congressional Research Service\") (CRS) summarized \"some of\" the major arguments",
"**for preserving Glass–Steagall as:**\n1. Conflicts of interest characterize the granting of credit (lending) and the use of credit (investing) by the same entity, which led to abuses that originally produced the Act.\n2. Depository institutions possess enormous financial power, by virtue of their control of other people's money; its extent must be limited to ensure soundness and competition in the market for funds, whether loans or investments.\n3. Securities activities can be risky, leading to enormous losses. Such losses could threaten the integrity of deposits. In turn, the Government insures deposits and could be required to pay large sums if depository institutions were to collapse as the result of securities losses.\n4. Depository institutions are supposed to be managed to limit risk. Their managers thus may not be conditioned to operate prudently in more speculative securities businesses. An example is the crash of [real estate investment trusts](/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust \"Real estate investment trust\") sponsored by bank holding companies a decade ago.",
"**and against preserving Glass–Steagall as:**",
"1. Depository institutions now operate in \"deregulated\" financial markets in which distinctions between loans, securities, and deposits are not well drawn. They are losing market shares to securities firms that are not so strictly regulated, and to foreign financial institutions operating without much restriction from the Act.\n2. Conflicts of interest can be prevented by enforcing legislation against them, and by separating the lending and credit functions through forming distinctly separate subsidiaries of financial firms.\n3. The securities activities that depository institutions are seeking are both low\\-risk by their very nature, and would reduce the total risk of organizations offering them – by diversification.\n4. In much of the rest of the world, depository institutions operate simultaneously and successfully in both banking and securities markets. Lessons learned from their experience can be applied to our national financial structure and regulation.{{citation\\| last\\=Jackson\\| first\\=William D.\\| year\\=1987\\| title\\=Glass–Steagall Act: Commercial vs. Investment Banking\\| work\\=Congressional Research Issue Brief\\| issue\\=IB 87061\\|url\\=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9065/m1/1/high\\_res\\_d/IB87061\\_1987Jun29\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2012}}.",
"Reflecting the significance of the \"international competitiveness\" argument, a separate CRS Report stated banks were \"losing historical market shares of their major activities to domestic and foreign competitors that are less restricted.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 98 (quoting CRS Report No. 87\\-725E).",
"Separately, the [General Accounting Office](/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office \"Government Accountability Office\") (GAO) submitted to a House subcommittee a report reviewing the benefits and risks of \"Glass–Steagall repeal.\" The report recommended a \"phased approach\" using a \"holding company organizational structure\" if Congress chose \"repeal.\" Noting Glass–Steagall had \"already been eroded and the erosion is likely to continue in the future,\" the GAO explained \"coming to grips with the Glass–Steagall repeal question represents an opportunity to systematically and rationally address changes in the regulatory and legal structure that are needed to better address the realities of the marketplace.\" The GAO warned that Congress's failure to act was \"potentially dangerous\" in permitting a \"continuation of the uneven integration of commercial and investment banking activities.\"{{harvnb\\|GAO\\|1988\\|pp\\=2–5}}.",
"As Congress was considering the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act in 1988, the [Commission of the European Communities](/wiki/Commission_of_the_European_Communities \"Commission of the European Communities\") proposed a \"Second Banking Directive\"{{citation\\| last1\\=Gruson\\| first\\=Michael \\| last2\\=Nikowitz \\| first2\\=Werner \\| title \\=The Second Banking Directive of the European Economic Community and Its Importance for Non\\-EEC Banks\\| journal\\=Fordham International Law Journal\\| volume \\=12\\| issue \\=2\\| year \\= 1989\\| pages\\=205–241\\|url\\=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1211\\&context\\=ilj\\&sei\\-redir\\=1\\#search\\=%222d%20eu%20banking%20directive%22 \\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}. that became effective at the beginning of 1993 and provided for the combination of commercial and investment banking throughout the [European Economic Community](/wiki/European_Economic_Community \"European Economic Community\").Jeannot 1999, pp. 1733, fn. 98 (on effective date), and 1736\\-1738 (on securities powers). {{citation\\| last1\\=Barth\\| first1\\=James R.\\| last2\\=Nolle\\| first2\\=Daniel E.\\| last3\\=Rice\\| first3\\=Tara\\| title\\=Commercial Banking Structure, Regulation, and Performance: An International Comparison\\| series\\=OCC Working Paper\\| work\\=97\\-6\\| publisher\\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\\| year\\=1997\\| pages\\=14–15\\| url\\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064823/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\\.pdf}}. Whereas United States law sought to isolate banks from securities activities, the Second Directive represented the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\")'s conclusion that securities activities diversified bank risk, strengthening the earnings and stability of banks.Jeannot 1999, pp. 1737\\-1738\\.",
"The Senate passed the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act of 1988 in a 94\\-2 vote. The House did not pass a similar bill, largely because of opposition from Representative [John Dingell](/wiki/John_Dingell \"John Dingell\") (D\\-MI), chairman of the House Commerce and Energy Committee.Reinicke 1995, pp. 105\\-111\\.",
""
] |
#### State non\-member bank and nonbank bank "loopholes"
In 1982, under the chairmanship of [William Isaac](/wiki/William_Isaac "William Isaac"), the FDIC issued a "policy statement" that state chartered non\-Federal Reserve member banks could establish subsidiaries to underwrite and deal in securities. Also in 1982 the OCC, under Comptroller [C. Todd Conover](/wiki/C._T._Conover "C. T. Conover"), approved the mutual fund company [Dreyfus Corporation](/wiki/Dreyfus_Corporation "Dreyfus Corporation") and the retailer [Sears](/wiki/Sears "Sears") establishing "nonbank bank" subsidiaries that were not covered by the Bank Holding Company Act. The Federal Reserve Board, led by Chairman [Paul Volcker](/wiki/Paul_Volcker "Paul Volcker"), asked Congress to overrule both the FDIC's and the OCC's actions through new legislation.Reinicke 1995, pp. 65\-70\.
The FDIC's action confirmed that Glass–Steagall did not restrict affiliations between a state chartered non\-Federal Reserve System member bank and securities firms, even when the bank was FDIC insured.Reinicke 1995, pp. 65\-66\. {{citation\| last\=Saba\| first\=Peter \| title \=Regulation of State Nonmember Insured Banks' Securities Activities: A Model for the Repeal of Glass–Steagall? \| journal \=Harvard Journal on Legislation\| volume \=23 \| issue \=1\| year \= 1986\| pages\=220–222\|url\=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection\=journals\&handle\=hein.journals/hjl23÷\=10\&id\=\&page\=\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}. Shull and White 1998, p. 7\. State laws differed in how they regulated affiliations between banks and securities firms.{{citation\| url \=http://www.library.unt.edu/gpo/acir/Reports/policy/a\-110\.pdf\| title \=State Regulation of Banks in an Era of Deregulation\| work\=Commission Report A\-110\| pages\=19–20\| date\=September 1988\| publisher \=Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations\| access\-date \= February 11, 2012}}. Shull and White 1998, p. 7\. In the 1970s, foreign banks had taken advantage of this in establishing branches in states that permitted such affiliations.Reinicke 1995, pp. 91 and 95\. Pitt and Williams 1983, p. 167\. Although the International Banking Act of 1978 brought newly established foreign bank US branches under Glass–Steagall, foreign banks with existing US branches were "grandfathered" and permitted to retain their existing investments. Through this "loophole" [Credit Suisse](/wiki/Credit_Suisse "Credit Suisse") was able to own a controlling interest in [First Boston](/wiki/First_Boston "First Boston"), a leading US securities firm.Capatides 1992, p. 7, fn. 12\.
After the FDIC's action, commentators worried that large commercial banks would leave the Federal Reserve System (after first converting to a state charter if they were national banks) to free themselves from Glass–Steagall affiliation restrictions, as large commercial banks lobbied states to permit commercial bank investment banking activities.Reinicke 1995, pp. 66\-68 and 75\.
The OCC's action relied on a "loophole" in the Bank Holding Company Act (BHCA) that meant a company only became a "bank holding company" supervised by the Federal Reserve Board if it owned a "bank" that made "commercial loans" (i.e., loans to businesses) *and* provided "demand deposits" (i.e., checking accounts). A "nonbank bank" could be established to provide checking accounts (but not commercial loans) or commercial loans (but not checking accounts). The company owning the nonbank bank would not be a bank holding company limited to activities "closely related to banking." This permitted [Sears](/wiki/Sears "Sears"), [GE](/wiki/GE "GE"), and other commercial companies to own "nonbank banks."{{citation \| title \=Financial Services: Information on Nonbank Banks\| issue\=GAO/GGD–86–46FS\|series\=Fact Sheet for Members of Congress\|date\=March 1986\|publisher\=United States General Accounting Office\| url \=http://archive.gao.gov/d13t3/129389\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}. {{citation\|last\=Gart\|first\=Alan\|year\=1985\|title\=Banks, Thrifts, and Insurance Companies: Surviving the 1980s\|publisher\=Lexington Books\|location\=Lexington, MA\|pages\=1 and 51–83\|isbn\=978\-0\-669\-09374\-2}}. {{harvnb\|CRS\|2005\|p\=CRS\-4}}.
Glass–Steagall's affiliation restrictions applied if the nonbank bank was a national bank or otherwise a member of the Federal Reserve System. The OCC's permission for Dreyfus to own a nationally chartered "nonbank bank" was based on the OCC's conclusion that Dreyfus, as a mutual fund company, earned only a small amount of its revenue through underwriting and distributing shares in mutual funds. Two other securities firms, [J. \& W. Seligman \& Co.](/wiki/J._%26_W._Seligman_%26_Co. "J. & W. Seligman & Co.") and [Prudential\-Bache](/wiki/Prudential-Bache "Prudential-Bache"), established state chartered non\-Federal Reserve System member banks to avoid Glass–Steagall restrictions on affiliations between member banks and securities firms.Langevoort 1987, pp. 709\-712\.
|
[
"#### State non\\-member bank and nonbank bank \"loopholes\"",
"In 1982, under the chairmanship of [William Isaac](/wiki/William_Isaac \"William Isaac\"), the FDIC issued a \"policy statement\" that state chartered non\\-Federal Reserve member banks could establish subsidiaries to underwrite and deal in securities. Also in 1982 the OCC, under Comptroller [C. Todd Conover](/wiki/C._T._Conover \"C. T. Conover\"), approved the mutual fund company [Dreyfus Corporation](/wiki/Dreyfus_Corporation \"Dreyfus Corporation\") and the retailer [Sears](/wiki/Sears \"Sears\") establishing \"nonbank bank\" subsidiaries that were not covered by the Bank Holding Company Act. The Federal Reserve Board, led by Chairman [Paul Volcker](/wiki/Paul_Volcker \"Paul Volcker\"), asked Congress to overrule both the FDIC's and the OCC's actions through new legislation.Reinicke 1995, pp. 65\\-70\\.",
"The FDIC's action confirmed that Glass–Steagall did not restrict affiliations between a state chartered non\\-Federal Reserve System member bank and securities firms, even when the bank was FDIC insured.Reinicke 1995, pp. 65\\-66\\. {{citation\\| last\\=Saba\\| first\\=Peter \\| title \\=Regulation of State Nonmember Insured Banks' Securities Activities: A Model for the Repeal of Glass–Steagall? \\| journal \\=Harvard Journal on Legislation\\| volume \\=23 \\| issue \\=1\\| year \\= 1986\\| pages\\=220–222\\|url\\=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection\\=journals\\&handle\\=hein.journals/hjl23÷\\=10\\&id\\=\\&page\\=\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}. Shull and White 1998, p. 7\\. State laws differed in how they regulated affiliations between banks and securities firms.{{citation\\| url \\=http://www.library.unt.edu/gpo/acir/Reports/policy/a\\-110\\.pdf\\| title \\=State Regulation of Banks in an Era of Deregulation\\| work\\=Commission Report A\\-110\\| pages\\=19–20\\| date\\=September 1988\\| publisher \\=Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations\\| access\\-date \\= February 11, 2012}}. Shull and White 1998, p. 7\\. In the 1970s, foreign banks had taken advantage of this in establishing branches in states that permitted such affiliations.Reinicke 1995, pp. 91 and 95\\. Pitt and Williams 1983, p. 167\\. Although the International Banking Act of 1978 brought newly established foreign bank US branches under Glass–Steagall, foreign banks with existing US branches were \"grandfathered\" and permitted to retain their existing investments. Through this \"loophole\" [Credit Suisse](/wiki/Credit_Suisse \"Credit Suisse\") was able to own a controlling interest in [First Boston](/wiki/First_Boston \"First Boston\"), a leading US securities firm.Capatides 1992, p. 7, fn. 12\\.",
"After the FDIC's action, commentators worried that large commercial banks would leave the Federal Reserve System (after first converting to a state charter if they were national banks) to free themselves from Glass–Steagall affiliation restrictions, as large commercial banks lobbied states to permit commercial bank investment banking activities.Reinicke 1995, pp. 66\\-68 and 75\\.",
"The OCC's action relied on a \"loophole\" in the Bank Holding Company Act (BHCA) that meant a company only became a \"bank holding company\" supervised by the Federal Reserve Board if it owned a \"bank\" that made \"commercial loans\" (i.e., loans to businesses) *and* provided \"demand deposits\" (i.e., checking accounts). A \"nonbank bank\" could be established to provide checking accounts (but not commercial loans) or commercial loans (but not checking accounts). The company owning the nonbank bank would not be a bank holding company limited to activities \"closely related to banking.\" This permitted [Sears](/wiki/Sears \"Sears\"), [GE](/wiki/GE \"GE\"), and other commercial companies to own \"nonbank banks.\"{{citation \\| title \\=Financial Services: Information on Nonbank Banks\\| issue\\=GAO/GGD–86–46FS\\|series\\=Fact Sheet for Members of Congress\\|date\\=March 1986\\|publisher\\=United States General Accounting Office\\| url \\=http://archive.gao.gov/d13t3/129389\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}. {{citation\\|last\\=Gart\\|first\\=Alan\\|year\\=1985\\|title\\=Banks, Thrifts, and Insurance Companies: Surviving the 1980s\\|publisher\\=Lexington Books\\|location\\=Lexington, MA\\|pages\\=1 and 51–83\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-669\\-09374\\-2}}. {{harvnb\\|CRS\\|2005\\|p\\=CRS\\-4}}.",
"Glass–Steagall's affiliation restrictions applied if the nonbank bank was a national bank or otherwise a member of the Federal Reserve System. The OCC's permission for Dreyfus to own a nationally chartered \"nonbank bank\" was based on the OCC's conclusion that Dreyfus, as a mutual fund company, earned only a small amount of its revenue through underwriting and distributing shares in mutual funds. Two other securities firms, [J. \\& W. Seligman \\& Co.](/wiki/J._%26_W._Seligman_%26_Co. \"J. & W. Seligman & Co.\") and [Prudential\\-Bache](/wiki/Prudential-Bache \"Prudential-Bache\"), established state chartered non\\-Federal Reserve System member banks to avoid Glass–Steagall restrictions on affiliations between member banks and securities firms.Langevoort 1987, pp. 709\\-712\\.",
""
] |
#### 1987 status of Glass–Steagall debate
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s scholars published studies arguing that commercial bank affiliate underwriting during the 1920s was no worse, or was better, than underwriting by securities firms not affiliated with banks and that commercial banks were strengthened, not harmed, by securities affiliates.Benston 1990, pp. 32\-34\. {{citation\| last\=White\| first\=Eugene Nelson\| title \=Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An analysis of the investment banking activities of national banks \| journal\= Explorations in Economic History\| volume \= 23\| issue \= 1\| year \= 1986\| pages\=33–55\| doi\=10\.1016/0014\-4983(86\)90018\-5}}. {{citation\| last1\=Kroszner\| first1\=Randall S. \| last2\=Rajan\| first2\=Raghuram G.\|title \=Is the Glass–Steagall Act Justified? A Study of the U.S. Experience with Universal Banking before 1933 \| journal \= The American Economic Review\| volume\=84 \| issue\=4 \| date\=July 1993\| pages\=810–832\|url\=http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/raghuram.rajan/research/papers/randy1\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 11, 2012 \|jstor\=2118032}}. More generally, researchers attacked the idea that "integrated financial services firms" had played a role in creating the Great Depression or the collapse of the US banking system in the 1930s.Vietor 1987, pp. 38\-39\. If it was "debatable" whether Glass–Steagall was justified in the 1930s, it was easier to argue that Glass–Steagall served no legitimate purpose when the distinction between commercial and investment banking activities had been blurred by "market developments" since the 1960s.Garten 1989, pp. 512\-513\. {{citation\| last\=Macey\| first\=Jonathan R. \| title \=Special Interest Groups Legislation and the Judicial Function: The Dilemma of Glass–Steagall \| journal \=Emory Law Journal\| volume \= 33\| issue \= 1\| year \= 1984\| pages\=1–40\|url\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=2796\&context\=fss\_papers\|access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}.
Along with the "nonbank bank" "loophole" from BHCA limitations, in the 1980s the "unitary thrift" "loophole" became prominent as a means for securities and commercial firms to provide banking (or "near banking") products.Eaton 1995, pp. 1202\-1210\. The Savings and Loan Holding Company Act (SLHCA) permitted any company to own a single savings and loan. Only companies that owned two or more savings and loan were limited to thrift related businesses.{{citation\| url\=http://www.ots.treas.gov/\_files/48035\.html\| title \=Historical Framework For Regulation of Activities of Unitary Savings and Loan Holding Companies\| year\=1998\| publisher \=Office of Thrift Supervision\|access\-date\=February 11, 2012}}. Already in 1973 [First Chicago Bank](/wiki/First_Chicago_Bank "First Chicago Bank") had identified Sears as its real competitor.Mayer 1974, p. 535\. [Citicorp](/wiki/Citicorp "Citicorp") CEO [Walter Wriston](/wiki/Walter_Wriston "Walter Wriston") reached the same conclusion later in the 1970s.Mayer 1984, p. 49\. By 1982, using the "unitary thrift" and "nonbank bank" "loopholes," Sears had built the "Sears Financial Network", which combined "Super NOW" accounts and mortgage loans through a large California\-based savings and loan, the [Discover Card](/wiki/Discover_Card "Discover Card") issued by a "nonbank bank" as a credit card, securities brokerage through [Dean Witter Reynolds](/wiki/Dean_Witter_Reynolds "Dean Witter Reynolds"), home and auto insurance through [Allstate](/wiki/Allstate "Allstate"), and real estate brokerage through [Coldwell Banker](/wiki/Coldwell_Banker "Coldwell Banker").Mayer 1984, pp. 49\-52\. Shull and White 1998, p. 6\. By 1984, however, Walter Wriston concluded "the bank of the future already exists, and it's called [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch "Merrill Lynch")."Vietor 1987, p. 49\. In 1986 when major bank holding companies threatened to stop operating commercial banks in order to obtain the "competitive advantages" enjoyed by Sears and Merrill Lynch, FDIC Chairman William Seidman warned that could create "chaos."Reinicke 1995, p. 93\. {{citation\| last \= Gruber\| first \=William \| title \=150 Banks may be on Brink, Result of Competition: Fdic Boss \| newspaper \=\[\[Chicago Tribune]]\| date \=October 29, 1986 \| id \={{ProQuest\|290962054}} }}.
In a 1987 "issue brief" the [Congressional Research Service](/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service "Congressional Research Service") (CRS) summarized "some of" the major arguments
**for preserving Glass–Steagall as:**
1. Conflicts of interest characterize the granting of credit (lending) and the use of credit (investing) by the same entity, which led to abuses that originally produced the Act.
2. Depository institutions possess enormous financial power, by virtue of their control of other people's money; its extent must be limited to ensure soundness and competition in the market for funds, whether loans or investments.
3. Securities activities can be risky, leading to enormous losses. Such losses could threaten the integrity of deposits. In turn, the Government insures deposits and could be required to pay large sums if depository institutions were to collapse as the result of securities losses.
4. Depository institutions are supposed to be managed to limit risk. Their managers thus may not be conditioned to operate prudently in more speculative securities businesses. An example is the crash of [real estate investment trusts](/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust "Real estate investment trust") sponsored by bank holding companies a decade ago.
**and against preserving Glass–Steagall as:**
1. Depository institutions now operate in "deregulated" financial markets in which distinctions between loans, securities, and deposits are not well drawn. They are losing market shares to securities firms that are not so strictly regulated, and to foreign financial institutions operating without much restriction from the Act.
2. Conflicts of interest can be prevented by enforcing legislation against them, and by separating the lending and credit functions through forming distinctly separate subsidiaries of financial firms.
3. The securities activities that depository institutions are seeking are both low\-risk by their very nature, and would reduce the total risk of organizations offering them – by diversification.
4. In much of the rest of the world, depository institutions operate simultaneously and successfully in both banking and securities markets. Lessons learned from their experience can be applied to our national financial structure and regulation.{{citation\| last\=Jackson\| first\=William D.\| year\=1987\| title\=Glass–Steagall Act: Commercial vs. Investment Banking\| work\=Congressional Research Issue Brief\| issue\=IB 87061\|url\=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9065/m1/1/high\_res\_d/IB87061\_1987Jun29\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 10, 2012}}.
Reflecting the significance of the "international competitiveness" argument, a separate CRS Report stated banks were "losing historical market shares of their major activities to domestic and foreign competitors that are less restricted."Reinicke 1995, p. 98 (quoting CRS Report No. 87\-725E).
Separately, the [General Accounting Office](/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office "Government Accountability Office") (GAO) submitted to a House subcommittee a report reviewing the benefits and risks of "Glass–Steagall repeal." The report recommended a "phased approach" using a "holding company organizational structure" if Congress chose "repeal." Noting Glass–Steagall had "already been eroded and the erosion is likely to continue in the future," the GAO explained "coming to grips with the Glass–Steagall repeal question represents an opportunity to systematically and rationally address changes in the regulatory and legal structure that are needed to better address the realities of the marketplace." The GAO warned that Congress's failure to act was "potentially dangerous" in permitting a "continuation of the uneven integration of commercial and investment banking activities."{{harvnb\|GAO\|1988\|pp\=2–5}}.
As Congress was considering the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act in 1988, the [Commission of the European Communities](/wiki/Commission_of_the_European_Communities "Commission of the European Communities") proposed a "Second Banking Directive"{{citation\| last1\=Gruson\| first\=Michael \| last2\=Nikowitz \| first2\=Werner \| title \=The Second Banking Directive of the European Economic Community and Its Importance for Non\-EEC Banks\| journal\=Fordham International Law Journal\| volume \=12\| issue \=2\| year \= 1989\| pages\=205–241\|url\=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1211\&context\=ilj\&sei\-redir\=1\#search\=%222d%20eu%20banking%20directive%22 \|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}. that became effective at the beginning of 1993 and provided for the combination of commercial and investment banking throughout the [European Economic Community](/wiki/European_Economic_Community "European Economic Community").Jeannot 1999, pp. 1733, fn. 98 (on effective date), and 1736\-1738 (on securities powers). {{citation\| last1\=Barth\| first1\=James R.\| last2\=Nolle\| first2\=Daniel E.\| last3\=Rice\| first3\=Tara\| title\=Commercial Banking Structure, Regulation, and Performance: An International Comparison\| series\=OCC Working Paper\| work\=97\-6\| publisher\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\| year\=1997\| pages\=14–15\| url\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 11, 2012\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064823/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\.pdf}}. Whereas United States law sought to isolate banks from securities activities, the Second Directive represented the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union")'s conclusion that securities activities diversified bank risk, strengthening the earnings and stability of banks.Jeannot 1999, pp. 1737\-1738\.
The Senate passed the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act of 1988 in a 94\-2 vote. The House did not pass a similar bill, largely because of opposition from Representative [John Dingell](/wiki/John_Dingell "John Dingell") (D\-MI), chairman of the House Commerce and Energy Committee.Reinicke 1995, pp. 105\-111\.
|
[
"#### 1987 status of Glass–Steagall debate",
"Throughout the 1980s and 1990s scholars published studies arguing that commercial bank affiliate underwriting during the 1920s was no worse, or was better, than underwriting by securities firms not affiliated with banks and that commercial banks were strengthened, not harmed, by securities affiliates.Benston 1990, pp. 32\\-34\\. {{citation\\| last\\=White\\| first\\=Eugene Nelson\\| title \\=Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An analysis of the investment banking activities of national banks \\| journal\\= Explorations in Economic History\\| volume \\= 23\\| issue \\= 1\\| year \\= 1986\\| pages\\=33–55\\| doi\\=10\\.1016/0014\\-4983(86\\)90018\\-5}}. {{citation\\| last1\\=Kroszner\\| first1\\=Randall S. \\| last2\\=Rajan\\| first2\\=Raghuram G.\\|title \\=Is the Glass–Steagall Act Justified? A Study of the U.S. Experience with Universal Banking before 1933 \\| journal \\= The American Economic Review\\| volume\\=84 \\| issue\\=4 \\| date\\=July 1993\\| pages\\=810–832\\|url\\=http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/raghuram.rajan/research/papers/randy1\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012 \\|jstor\\=2118032}}. More generally, researchers attacked the idea that \"integrated financial services firms\" had played a role in creating the Great Depression or the collapse of the US banking system in the 1930s.Vietor 1987, pp. 38\\-39\\. If it was \"debatable\" whether Glass–Steagall was justified in the 1930s, it was easier to argue that Glass–Steagall served no legitimate purpose when the distinction between commercial and investment banking activities had been blurred by \"market developments\" since the 1960s.Garten 1989, pp. 512\\-513\\. {{citation\\| last\\=Macey\\| first\\=Jonathan R. \\| title \\=Special Interest Groups Legislation and the Judicial Function: The Dilemma of Glass–Steagall \\| journal \\=Emory Law Journal\\| volume \\= 33\\| issue \\= 1\\| year \\= 1984\\| pages\\=1–40\\|url\\=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=2796\\&context\\=fss\\_papers\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}.",
"Along with the \"nonbank bank\" \"loophole\" from BHCA limitations, in the 1980s the \"unitary thrift\" \"loophole\" became prominent as a means for securities and commercial firms to provide banking (or \"near banking\") products.Eaton 1995, pp. 1202\\-1210\\. The Savings and Loan Holding Company Act (SLHCA) permitted any company to own a single savings and loan. Only companies that owned two or more savings and loan were limited to thrift related businesses.{{citation\\| url\\=http://www.ots.treas.gov/\\_files/48035\\.html\\| title \\=Historical Framework For Regulation of Activities of Unitary Savings and Loan Holding Companies\\| year\\=1998\\| publisher \\=Office of Thrift Supervision\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012}}. Already in 1973 [First Chicago Bank](/wiki/First_Chicago_Bank \"First Chicago Bank\") had identified Sears as its real competitor.Mayer 1974, p. 535\\. [Citicorp](/wiki/Citicorp \"Citicorp\") CEO [Walter Wriston](/wiki/Walter_Wriston \"Walter Wriston\") reached the same conclusion later in the 1970s.Mayer 1984, p. 49\\. By 1982, using the \"unitary thrift\" and \"nonbank bank\" \"loopholes,\" Sears had built the \"Sears Financial Network\", which combined \"Super NOW\" accounts and mortgage loans through a large California\\-based savings and loan, the [Discover Card](/wiki/Discover_Card \"Discover Card\") issued by a \"nonbank bank\" as a credit card, securities brokerage through [Dean Witter Reynolds](/wiki/Dean_Witter_Reynolds \"Dean Witter Reynolds\"), home and auto insurance through [Allstate](/wiki/Allstate \"Allstate\"), and real estate brokerage through [Coldwell Banker](/wiki/Coldwell_Banker \"Coldwell Banker\").Mayer 1984, pp. 49\\-52\\. Shull and White 1998, p. 6\\. By 1984, however, Walter Wriston concluded \"the bank of the future already exists, and it's called [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch \"Merrill Lynch\").\"Vietor 1987, p. 49\\. In 1986 when major bank holding companies threatened to stop operating commercial banks in order to obtain the \"competitive advantages\" enjoyed by Sears and Merrill Lynch, FDIC Chairman William Seidman warned that could create \"chaos.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 93\\. {{citation\\| last \\= Gruber\\| first \\=William \\| title \\=150 Banks may be on Brink, Result of Competition: Fdic Boss \\| newspaper \\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]]\\| date \\=October 29, 1986 \\| id \\={{ProQuest\\|290962054}} }}.",
"In a 1987 \"issue brief\" the [Congressional Research Service](/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service \"Congressional Research Service\") (CRS) summarized \"some of\" the major arguments",
"**for preserving Glass–Steagall as:**\n1. Conflicts of interest characterize the granting of credit (lending) and the use of credit (investing) by the same entity, which led to abuses that originally produced the Act.\n2. Depository institutions possess enormous financial power, by virtue of their control of other people's money; its extent must be limited to ensure soundness and competition in the market for funds, whether loans or investments.\n3. Securities activities can be risky, leading to enormous losses. Such losses could threaten the integrity of deposits. In turn, the Government insures deposits and could be required to pay large sums if depository institutions were to collapse as the result of securities losses.\n4. Depository institutions are supposed to be managed to limit risk. Their managers thus may not be conditioned to operate prudently in more speculative securities businesses. An example is the crash of [real estate investment trusts](/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust \"Real estate investment trust\") sponsored by bank holding companies a decade ago.",
"**and against preserving Glass–Steagall as:**",
"1. Depository institutions now operate in \"deregulated\" financial markets in which distinctions between loans, securities, and deposits are not well drawn. They are losing market shares to securities firms that are not so strictly regulated, and to foreign financial institutions operating without much restriction from the Act.\n2. Conflicts of interest can be prevented by enforcing legislation against them, and by separating the lending and credit functions through forming distinctly separate subsidiaries of financial firms.\n3. The securities activities that depository institutions are seeking are both low\\-risk by their very nature, and would reduce the total risk of organizations offering them – by diversification.\n4. In much of the rest of the world, depository institutions operate simultaneously and successfully in both banking and securities markets. Lessons learned from their experience can be applied to our national financial structure and regulation.{{citation\\| last\\=Jackson\\| first\\=William D.\\| year\\=1987\\| title\\=Glass–Steagall Act: Commercial vs. Investment Banking\\| work\\=Congressional Research Issue Brief\\| issue\\=IB 87061\\|url\\=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9065/m1/1/high\\_res\\_d/IB87061\\_1987Jun29\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2012}}.",
"Reflecting the significance of the \"international competitiveness\" argument, a separate CRS Report stated banks were \"losing historical market shares of their major activities to domestic and foreign competitors that are less restricted.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 98 (quoting CRS Report No. 87\\-725E).",
"Separately, the [General Accounting Office](/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office \"Government Accountability Office\") (GAO) submitted to a House subcommittee a report reviewing the benefits and risks of \"Glass–Steagall repeal.\" The report recommended a \"phased approach\" using a \"holding company organizational structure\" if Congress chose \"repeal.\" Noting Glass–Steagall had \"already been eroded and the erosion is likely to continue in the future,\" the GAO explained \"coming to grips with the Glass–Steagall repeal question represents an opportunity to systematically and rationally address changes in the regulatory and legal structure that are needed to better address the realities of the marketplace.\" The GAO warned that Congress's failure to act was \"potentially dangerous\" in permitting a \"continuation of the uneven integration of commercial and investment banking activities.\"{{harvnb\\|GAO\\|1988\\|pp\\=2–5}}.",
"As Congress was considering the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act in 1988, the [Commission of the European Communities](/wiki/Commission_of_the_European_Communities \"Commission of the European Communities\") proposed a \"Second Banking Directive\"{{citation\\| last1\\=Gruson\\| first\\=Michael \\| last2\\=Nikowitz \\| first2\\=Werner \\| title \\=The Second Banking Directive of the European Economic Community and Its Importance for Non\\-EEC Banks\\| journal\\=Fordham International Law Journal\\| volume \\=12\\| issue \\=2\\| year \\= 1989\\| pages\\=205–241\\|url\\=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1211\\&context\\=ilj\\&sei\\-redir\\=1\\#search\\=%222d%20eu%20banking%20directive%22 \\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}. that became effective at the beginning of 1993 and provided for the combination of commercial and investment banking throughout the [European Economic Community](/wiki/European_Economic_Community \"European Economic Community\").Jeannot 1999, pp. 1733, fn. 98 (on effective date), and 1736\\-1738 (on securities powers). {{citation\\| last1\\=Barth\\| first1\\=James R.\\| last2\\=Nolle\\| first2\\=Daniel E.\\| last3\\=Rice\\| first3\\=Tara\\| title\\=Commercial Banking Structure, Regulation, and Performance: An International Comparison\\| series\\=OCC Working Paper\\| work\\=97\\-6\\| publisher\\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\\| year\\=1997\\| pages\\=14–15\\| url\\=http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064823/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic\\_review/1981/pdf/er670202\\.pdf}}. Whereas United States law sought to isolate banks from securities activities, the Second Directive represented the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\")'s conclusion that securities activities diversified bank risk, strengthening the earnings and stability of banks.Jeannot 1999, pp. 1737\\-1738\\.",
"The Senate passed the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act of 1988 in a 94\\-2 vote. The House did not pass a similar bill, largely because of opposition from Representative [John Dingell](/wiki/John_Dingell \"John Dingell\") (D\\-MI), chairman of the House Commerce and Energy Committee.Reinicke 1995, pp. 105\\-111\\.",
""
] |
### Section 20 affiliates
In April 1987, the Federal Reserve Board had approved the bank holding companies [Bankers Trust](/wiki/Bankers_Trust "Bankers Trust"), [Citicorp](/wiki/Citicorp "Citicorp"), and [J.P. Morgan \& Co.](/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co. "J.P. Morgan & Co.") establishing subsidiaries ("Section 20 affiliates") to underwrite and deal in [residential mortgage\-backed securities](/wiki/Residential_mortgage-backed_security "Residential mortgage-backed security"), municipal [revenue bonds](/wiki/Revenue_bond "Revenue bond"), and [commercial paper](/wiki/Commercial_paper "Commercial paper"). Glass–Steagall's Section 20 prohibited a bank from affiliating with a firm "primarily engaged" in underwriting and dealing in securities. The Board decided this meant Section 20 permitted a bank affiliate to earn 5% of its revenue from underwriting and dealing in these types of securities that were not "bank\-eligible securities," subject to various restrictions including "firewalls" to separate a commercial bank from its Section 20 affiliate.Reinicke 1995, pp. 103\-104\. FRB Manual, Section 3600\.21\.2\. Three months later the Board added "asset\-backed securities" backed by pools of credit card accounts or other "consumer finance assets" to the list of "bank\-ineligible securities" a Section 20 affiliate could underwrite. Bank holding companies, not commercial banks directly, owned these Section 20 affiliates.Reinicke 1995, pp. 103\-104\. FRB Manual, Section 3600\.21\.3\.
In 1978 the Federal Reserve Board had authorized bank holding companies to establish securities affiliates that underwrote and dealt in government securities and other bank\-eligible securities.Fein 2011, § 1\.04\[A], pp. 1\-14\. {{harvnb\|SEC\|1994\|pp\=10–11}}. Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker supported Congress amending Glass–Steagall to permit such affiliates to underwrite and deal in a limited amount of bank\-ineligible securities, but not corporate securities. In 1987, Volcker specifically noted (and approved the result) that this would mean only banks with large government securities activities would be able to have affiliates that would underwrite and deal in a significant volume of "bank\-ineligible securities."{{harvnb\|FRB\|1987}}, pp. 505\-506\. Reinicke 1995, p. 103\. A Section 20 affiliate with a large volume of government securities related revenue would be able to earn a significant amount of "bank\-ineligible" revenue without having more than 5% of its overall revenue come from bank\-ineligible activities.{{harvnb\|Kregel\|2010a\|p\=11}}. Volcker disagreed, however, that the Board had authority to permit this without an amendment to the Glass–Steagall Act. Citing that concern, Volcker and fellow Federal Reserve Board Governor [Wayne Angell](/wiki/Wayne_Angell "Wayne Angell") dissented from the Section 20 affiliate orders.Reinicke 1995, pp. 103\-4\. {{harvnb\|FRB\|1987}}, pp. 505\-506\.
Senator Proxmire criticized the Federal Reserve Board's Section 20 affiliate orders as defying Congressional control of Glass–Steagall. The Board's orders meant Glass–Steagall did not prevent commercial banks from affiliating with securities firms underwriting and dealing in "bank\-ineligible securities," so long as the activity was "executed in a separate subsidiary and limited in amount."Reinicke 1995, p. 103\.
After the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act of 1988 failed to become law, Senator Proxmire and a group of fellow Democratic senior [House Banking Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services "United States House Committee on Financial Services") members (including future Committee Ranking Member [John LaFalce](/wiki/John_LaFalce "John LaFalce") (D\-NY) and future Committee Chairman [Barney Frank](/wiki/Barney_Frank "Barney Frank") (D\-MA)) wrote the Federal Reserve Board recommending it expand the underwriting powers of Section 20 affiliates.Reinicke 1995, pp. 110\-111\. Expressing sentiments that Representative [James A. Leach](/wiki/Jim_Leach "Jim Leach") (R\-IA) repeated in 1996, Proxmire declared "Congress has failed to do the job" and "\[n]ow it's time for the Fed to step in."Reinicke 1995, p. 110\.
Following Senator Proxmire's letter, in 1989 the Federal Reserve Board approved Section 20 affiliates underwriting corporate debt securities and increased from 5% to 10% the percentage of its revenue a Section 20 affiliate could earn from "bank\-ineligible" activities. In 1990 the Board approved [J.P. Morgan \& Co.](/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co. "J.P. Morgan & Co.") underwriting corporate stock. With the commercial (J.P. Morgan \& Co.) and investment ([Morgan Stanley](/wiki/Morgan_Stanley "Morgan Stanley")) banking arms of the old "House of Morgan" both underwriting corporate bonds and stocks, Wolfgang Reinicke concluded the Federal Reserve Board order meant both firms now competed in "a single financial market offering both commercial and investment banking products," which "Glass–Steagall sought to rule out." Reinicke described this as "de facto repeal of Glass–Steagall."Reinicke 1995, pp. 114 and 124\-125\.
No Federal Reserve Board order was necessary for Morgan Stanley to enter that "single financial market." Glass–Steagall only prohibited investment banks from taking deposits, not from making commercial loans, and the prohibition on taking deposits had "been circumvented by the development of deposit equivalents", such as the money market fund.Eaton 1995, pp. 1189 and 1201\-1202\. Glass–Steagall also did not prevent investment banks from affiliating with nonbank banks or savings and loans.Eaton 1995, pp. 1202\-1203\. Citing this competitive "inequality," before the Federal Reserve Board approved any Section 20 affiliates, four large bank holding companies that eventually received Section 20 affiliate approvals (Chase, J.P. Morgan, Citicorp, and Bankers Trust) had threatened to give up their banking charters if they were not given greater securities powers.Reinicke 1995, p. 93\. Following the Federal Reserve Board's approvals of Section 20 affiliates a commentator concluded that the Glass–Steagall "wall" between commercial banking and "the securities and investment business" was "porous" for commercial banks and "nonexistent to investment bankers and other nonbank entities."Eaton 1995, p. 1219\.
|
[
"### Section 20 affiliates",
"In April 1987, the Federal Reserve Board had approved the bank holding companies [Bankers Trust](/wiki/Bankers_Trust \"Bankers Trust\"), [Citicorp](/wiki/Citicorp \"Citicorp\"), and [J.P. Morgan \\& Co.](/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co. \"J.P. Morgan & Co.\") establishing subsidiaries (\"Section 20 affiliates\") to underwrite and deal in [residential mortgage\\-backed securities](/wiki/Residential_mortgage-backed_security \"Residential mortgage-backed security\"), municipal [revenue bonds](/wiki/Revenue_bond \"Revenue bond\"), and [commercial paper](/wiki/Commercial_paper \"Commercial paper\"). Glass–Steagall's Section 20 prohibited a bank from affiliating with a firm \"primarily engaged\" in underwriting and dealing in securities. The Board decided this meant Section 20 permitted a bank affiliate to earn 5% of its revenue from underwriting and dealing in these types of securities that were not \"bank\\-eligible securities,\" subject to various restrictions including \"firewalls\" to separate a commercial bank from its Section 20 affiliate.Reinicke 1995, pp. 103\\-104\\. FRB Manual, Section 3600\\.21\\.2\\. Three months later the Board added \"asset\\-backed securities\" backed by pools of credit card accounts or other \"consumer finance assets\" to the list of \"bank\\-ineligible securities\" a Section 20 affiliate could underwrite. Bank holding companies, not commercial banks directly, owned these Section 20 affiliates.Reinicke 1995, pp. 103\\-104\\. FRB Manual, Section 3600\\.21\\.3\\.",
"In 1978 the Federal Reserve Board had authorized bank holding companies to establish securities affiliates that underwrote and dealt in government securities and other bank\\-eligible securities.Fein 2011, § 1\\.04\\[A], pp. 1\\-14\\. {{harvnb\\|SEC\\|1994\\|pp\\=10–11}}. Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker supported Congress amending Glass–Steagall to permit such affiliates to underwrite and deal in a limited amount of bank\\-ineligible securities, but not corporate securities. In 1987, Volcker specifically noted (and approved the result) that this would mean only banks with large government securities activities would be able to have affiliates that would underwrite and deal in a significant volume of \"bank\\-ineligible securities.\"{{harvnb\\|FRB\\|1987}}, pp. 505\\-506\\. Reinicke 1995, p. 103\\. A Section 20 affiliate with a large volume of government securities related revenue would be able to earn a significant amount of \"bank\\-ineligible\" revenue without having more than 5% of its overall revenue come from bank\\-ineligible activities.{{harvnb\\|Kregel\\|2010a\\|p\\=11}}. Volcker disagreed, however, that the Board had authority to permit this without an amendment to the Glass–Steagall Act. Citing that concern, Volcker and fellow Federal Reserve Board Governor [Wayne Angell](/wiki/Wayne_Angell \"Wayne Angell\") dissented from the Section 20 affiliate orders.Reinicke 1995, pp. 103\\-4\\. {{harvnb\\|FRB\\|1987}}, pp. 505\\-506\\.",
"Senator Proxmire criticized the Federal Reserve Board's Section 20 affiliate orders as defying Congressional control of Glass–Steagall. The Board's orders meant Glass–Steagall did not prevent commercial banks from affiliating with securities firms underwriting and dealing in \"bank\\-ineligible securities,\" so long as the activity was \"executed in a separate subsidiary and limited in amount.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 103\\.",
"After the Proxmire Financial Modernization Act of 1988 failed to become law, Senator Proxmire and a group of fellow Democratic senior [House Banking Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services \"United States House Committee on Financial Services\") members (including future Committee Ranking Member [John LaFalce](/wiki/John_LaFalce \"John LaFalce\") (D\\-NY) and future Committee Chairman [Barney Frank](/wiki/Barney_Frank \"Barney Frank\") (D\\-MA)) wrote the Federal Reserve Board recommending it expand the underwriting powers of Section 20 affiliates.Reinicke 1995, pp. 110\\-111\\. Expressing sentiments that Representative [James A. Leach](/wiki/Jim_Leach \"Jim Leach\") (R\\-IA) repeated in 1996, Proxmire declared \"Congress has failed to do the job\" and \"\\[n]ow it's time for the Fed to step in.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 110\\.",
"Following Senator Proxmire's letter, in 1989 the Federal Reserve Board approved Section 20 affiliates underwriting corporate debt securities and increased from 5% to 10% the percentage of its revenue a Section 20 affiliate could earn from \"bank\\-ineligible\" activities. In 1990 the Board approved [J.P. Morgan \\& Co.](/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co. \"J.P. Morgan & Co.\") underwriting corporate stock. With the commercial (J.P. Morgan \\& Co.) and investment ([Morgan Stanley](/wiki/Morgan_Stanley \"Morgan Stanley\")) banking arms of the old \"House of Morgan\" both underwriting corporate bonds and stocks, Wolfgang Reinicke concluded the Federal Reserve Board order meant both firms now competed in \"a single financial market offering both commercial and investment banking products,\" which \"Glass–Steagall sought to rule out.\" Reinicke described this as \"de facto repeal of Glass–Steagall.\"Reinicke 1995, pp. 114 and 124\\-125\\.",
"No Federal Reserve Board order was necessary for Morgan Stanley to enter that \"single financial market.\" Glass–Steagall only prohibited investment banks from taking deposits, not from making commercial loans, and the prohibition on taking deposits had \"been circumvented by the development of deposit equivalents\", such as the money market fund.Eaton 1995, pp. 1189 and 1201\\-1202\\. Glass–Steagall also did not prevent investment banks from affiliating with nonbank banks or savings and loans.Eaton 1995, pp. 1202\\-1203\\. Citing this competitive \"inequality,\" before the Federal Reserve Board approved any Section 20 affiliates, four large bank holding companies that eventually received Section 20 affiliate approvals (Chase, J.P. Morgan, Citicorp, and Bankers Trust) had threatened to give up their banking charters if they were not given greater securities powers.Reinicke 1995, p. 93\\. Following the Federal Reserve Board's approvals of Section 20 affiliates a commentator concluded that the Glass–Steagall \"wall\" between commercial banking and \"the securities and investment business\" was \"porous\" for commercial banks and \"nonexistent to investment bankers and other nonbank entities.\"Eaton 1995, p. 1219\\.",
""
] |
### Greenspan\-led Federal Reserve Board
[Alan Greenspan](/wiki/Alan_Greenspan "Alan Greenspan") had replaced Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board when Proxmire sent his 1988 letter recommending the Federal Reserve Board expand the underwriting powers of Section 20 affiliates. Greenspan testified to Congress in December 1987, that the Federal Reserve Board supported Glass–Steagall repeal.Reinicke 1995, p. 104\. Greenspan 1987, p. 3\. Although Paul Volcker "had changed his position" on Glass–Steagall reform "considerably" during the 1980s, he was still "considered a conservative among the board members." With Greenspan as Chairman, the Federal Reserve Board "spoke with one voice" in joining the FDIC and OCC in calling for Glass–Steagall repeal.Reinicke 1995, p. 104\.
By 1987 Glass–Steagall "repeal" had come to mean repeal of Sections 20 and 32\. The Federal Reserve Board supported "repeal" of Glass–Steagall "insofar as it prevents bank holding companies from being affiliated with firms engaged in securities underwriting and dealing activities."Greenspan 1987, p. 3\. The Board did not propose repeal of Glass Steagall Section 16 or 21\. Bank holding companies, through separately capitalized subsidiaries, not commercial banks themselves directly, would exercise the new securities powers.Reinicke 1995, pp. 104\-105\. Greenspan 1987, pp. 3 and 15\-22\. {{harvnb\|FRB\|1998}}.
Banks and bank holding companies had already gained important regulatory approvals for securities activities before Paul Volcker retired as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board on August 11, 1987\.{{citation\|title\=Membership of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1914\-Present\|publisher\=The Federal Reserve Board\|page\=6 (Chairman from August 6, 1979–August 11, 1987\)\|url\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/bios/boardmembership.htm\|access\-date\=February 20, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218113200/http://www.federalreserve.gov/bios/boardmembership.htm\|archive\-date\=February 18, 2012}}. Aside from the Board's authorizations for Section 20 affiliates and for bank private placements of commercial paper, by 1987 federal banking regulators had authorized banks or their affiliates to (1\) sponsor [closed end investment companies](/wiki/Closed-end_fund "Closed-end fund"),Fein 2011, § 1\.04, pp. 1\-9 to 1\-12\. {{harvnb\|SEC\|1994\|pp\=8–9}}. (2\) sponsor mutual funds sold to customers in [individual retirement accounts](/wiki/Individual_retirement_account "Individual retirement account"),Fein 2011, § 4\.05\[C] \[4]. {{harvnb\|SEC\|1994\|p\=13}}. (3\) provide customers full service brokerage (i.e., advice and brokerage),Fein 2011, § 4\.05\[C] \[5]. {{harvnb\|SEC\|1994\|p\=21}}. and (4\) sell bank assets through "securitizations."Fein 2011, § 4\.05\[C] \[8]. {{harvnb\|SEC\|1994\|p\=21}}.
In 1982 [E. Gerald Corrigan](/wiki/E._Gerald_Corrigan "E. Gerald Corrigan"), president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis and a close Volcker colleague, published an influential essay titled "Are banks special?" in which he argued banks should be subject to special restrictions on affiliations because they enjoy special benefits (e.g., deposit insurance and Federal Reserve Bank loan facilities) and have special responsibilities (e.g., operating the payment system and influencing the money supply). The essay rejected the argument that it is "futile and unnecessary" to distinguish among the various types of companies in the "financial services industry."Reinicke 1995, p. 69\. {{citation \| title\=Are Banks Special \| work\=Annual Report \| publisher\=\[\[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]] \| date\=January 1982 \| url\=http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/ar/ar1982a.cfm \| access\-date\=February 12, 2012 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019174134/http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/ar/ar1982a.cfm \| archive\-date\=October 19, 2012 }}.
While Paul Volcker's January 1984, testimony to Congress repeated that banks are "special" in performing "a unique and critical role in the financial system and the economy," he still testified in support of bank affiliates underwriting securities other than corporate bonds.Reinicke 1995, pp. 71 (for opposition to underwriting corporate bonds), 74 and 76\. {{citation\| last\=Volcker\| first\=Paul \| title\=Statement before the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, United States Senate\| date\=January 16, 1984\| pages\=2–3 and 7–8\|url\=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/451/item/8288\|access\-date\=October 16, 2014}}. In its 1986 Annual Report the Volcker led Federal Reserve Board recommended that Congress permit bank holding companies to underwrite municipal revenue bonds, mortgage\-backed securities, commercial paper, and mutual funds and that Congress "undertake hearings or other studies in the area of corporate underwriting."{{Citation\| title\=73rd Annual Report, 1986\|journal\=Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System \| date\=May 18, 1987\| page\=177\|url\=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/117/item/2441?start\_page\=176 \|access\-date\=October 16, 2014}}. Reinicke 1995, p. 97\. As described above, in the 1930s Glass–Steagall advocates had alleged that bank affiliate underwriting of corporate bonds created "conflicts of interest."
In early 1987 E. Gerald Corrigan, then president of the [Federal Reserve Bank of New York](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York "Federal Reserve Bank of New York"), recommended a legislative "overhaul" to permit "financial holding companies" that would "in time" provide banking, securities, and insurance services (as authorized by the GLBA 12 years later).Reinicke 1995, pp. 93 and 97\-98\. In 1990 Corrigan testified to Congress that he rejected the "status quo" and recommended allowing banks into the "securities business" through financial service holding companies.{{Citation\| last\=Corrigan\| title\=Reforming the US Financial System: an International Perspective ''(Statement by E. Gerald Corrigan, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, before the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs)''\| date\=May 3, 1990\| journal\=Quarterly Review\| issue\=Spring\| at\=pp. 9–10, section, "Reform and modernization of the U.S. banking and financial systems"\| url\=http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/quarterly\_review/1990v15/v15n1article1\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 12, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064828/http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/quarterly\_review/1990v15/v15n1article1\.pdf\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012}}. Reinicke 1995, pp. 117 and 119\.
In 1991 Paul Volcker testified to Congress in support of the Bush Administration proposal to repeal Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\.{{Citation\| last\=Garrson\| first\=Robert M. \| title \=Volcker: Public Must Re\-Fund Bank Insurance\| newspaper\=\[\[American Banker]]\| date\=May 9, 1991}} Volcker rejected the Bush Administration proposal to permit affiliations between banks and commercial firms (i.e., non\-financial firms) and added that legislation to allow banks greater insurance powers "could be put off until a later date."{{Citation \|title\=Volker Sees Taxpayer Bailout of Bank Fund Finance: The former Fed Chief told a Senate panel that banks can't afford to pay much more into the fund that insures their deposits\| newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\| date\=May 9, 1991}}.
|
[
"### Greenspan\\-led Federal Reserve Board",
"[Alan Greenspan](/wiki/Alan_Greenspan \"Alan Greenspan\") had replaced Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board when Proxmire sent his 1988 letter recommending the Federal Reserve Board expand the underwriting powers of Section 20 affiliates. Greenspan testified to Congress in December 1987, that the Federal Reserve Board supported Glass–Steagall repeal.Reinicke 1995, p. 104\\. Greenspan 1987, p. 3\\. Although Paul Volcker \"had changed his position\" on Glass–Steagall reform \"considerably\" during the 1980s, he was still \"considered a conservative among the board members.\" With Greenspan as Chairman, the Federal Reserve Board \"spoke with one voice\" in joining the FDIC and OCC in calling for Glass–Steagall repeal.Reinicke 1995, p. 104\\.",
"By 1987 Glass–Steagall \"repeal\" had come to mean repeal of Sections 20 and 32\\. The Federal Reserve Board supported \"repeal\" of Glass–Steagall \"insofar as it prevents bank holding companies from being affiliated with firms engaged in securities underwriting and dealing activities.\"Greenspan 1987, p. 3\\. The Board did not propose repeal of Glass Steagall Section 16 or 21\\. Bank holding companies, through separately capitalized subsidiaries, not commercial banks themselves directly, would exercise the new securities powers.Reinicke 1995, pp. 104\\-105\\. Greenspan 1987, pp. 3 and 15\\-22\\. {{harvnb\\|FRB\\|1998}}.",
"Banks and bank holding companies had already gained important regulatory approvals for securities activities before Paul Volcker retired as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board on August 11, 1987\\.{{citation\\|title\\=Membership of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1914\\-Present\\|publisher\\=The Federal Reserve Board\\|page\\=6 (Chairman from August 6, 1979–August 11, 1987\\)\\|url\\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/bios/boardmembership.htm\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218113200/http://www.federalreserve.gov/bios/boardmembership.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=February 18, 2012}}. Aside from the Board's authorizations for Section 20 affiliates and for bank private placements of commercial paper, by 1987 federal banking regulators had authorized banks or their affiliates to (1\\) sponsor [closed end investment companies](/wiki/Closed-end_fund \"Closed-end fund\"),Fein 2011, § 1\\.04, pp. 1\\-9 to 1\\-12\\. {{harvnb\\|SEC\\|1994\\|pp\\=8–9}}. (2\\) sponsor mutual funds sold to customers in [individual retirement accounts](/wiki/Individual_retirement_account \"Individual retirement account\"),Fein 2011, § 4\\.05\\[C] \\[4]. {{harvnb\\|SEC\\|1994\\|p\\=13}}. (3\\) provide customers full service brokerage (i.e., advice and brokerage),Fein 2011, § 4\\.05\\[C] \\[5]. {{harvnb\\|SEC\\|1994\\|p\\=21}}. and (4\\) sell bank assets through \"securitizations.\"Fein 2011, § 4\\.05\\[C] \\[8]. {{harvnb\\|SEC\\|1994\\|p\\=21}}.",
"In 1982 [E. Gerald Corrigan](/wiki/E._Gerald_Corrigan \"E. Gerald Corrigan\"), president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis and a close Volcker colleague, published an influential essay titled \"Are banks special?\" in which he argued banks should be subject to special restrictions on affiliations because they enjoy special benefits (e.g., deposit insurance and Federal Reserve Bank loan facilities) and have special responsibilities (e.g., operating the payment system and influencing the money supply). The essay rejected the argument that it is \"futile and unnecessary\" to distinguish among the various types of companies in the \"financial services industry.\"Reinicke 1995, p. 69\\. {{citation \\| title\\=Are Banks Special \\| work\\=Annual Report \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]] \\| date\\=January 1982 \\| url\\=http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/ar/ar1982a.cfm \\| access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019174134/http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/ar/ar1982a.cfm \\| archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2012 }}.",
"While Paul Volcker's January 1984, testimony to Congress repeated that banks are \"special\" in performing \"a unique and critical role in the financial system and the economy,\" he still testified in support of bank affiliates underwriting securities other than corporate bonds.Reinicke 1995, pp. 71 (for opposition to underwriting corporate bonds), 74 and 76\\. {{citation\\| last\\=Volcker\\| first\\=Paul \\| title\\=Statement before the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, United States Senate\\| date\\=January 16, 1984\\| pages\\=2–3 and 7–8\\|url\\=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/451/item/8288\\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2014}}. In its 1986 Annual Report the Volcker led Federal Reserve Board recommended that Congress permit bank holding companies to underwrite municipal revenue bonds, mortgage\\-backed securities, commercial paper, and mutual funds and that Congress \"undertake hearings or other studies in the area of corporate underwriting.\"{{Citation\\| title\\=73rd Annual Report, 1986\\|journal\\=Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System \\| date\\=May 18, 1987\\| page\\=177\\|url\\=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/117/item/2441?start\\_page\\=176 \\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2014}}. Reinicke 1995, p. 97\\. As described above, in the 1930s Glass–Steagall advocates had alleged that bank affiliate underwriting of corporate bonds created \"conflicts of interest.\"",
"In early 1987 E. Gerald Corrigan, then president of the [Federal Reserve Bank of New York](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York \"Federal Reserve Bank of New York\"), recommended a legislative \"overhaul\" to permit \"financial holding companies\" that would \"in time\" provide banking, securities, and insurance services (as authorized by the GLBA 12 years later).Reinicke 1995, pp. 93 and 97\\-98\\. In 1990 Corrigan testified to Congress that he rejected the \"status quo\" and recommended allowing banks into the \"securities business\" through financial service holding companies.{{Citation\\| last\\=Corrigan\\| title\\=Reforming the US Financial System: an International Perspective ''(Statement by E. Gerald Corrigan, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, before the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs)''\\| date\\=May 3, 1990\\| journal\\=Quarterly Review\\| issue\\=Spring\\| at\\=pp. 9–10, section, \"Reform and modernization of the U.S. banking and financial systems\"\\| url\\=http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/quarterly\\_review/1990v15/v15n1article1\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064828/http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/quarterly\\_review/1990v15/v15n1article1\\.pdf\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012}}. Reinicke 1995, pp. 117 and 119\\.",
"In 1991 Paul Volcker testified to Congress in support of the Bush Administration proposal to repeal Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\\.{{Citation\\| last\\=Garrson\\| first\\=Robert M. \\| title \\=Volcker: Public Must Re\\-Fund Bank Insurance\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[American Banker]]\\| date\\=May 9, 1991}} Volcker rejected the Bush Administration proposal to permit affiliations between banks and commercial firms (i.e., non\\-financial firms) and added that legislation to allow banks greater insurance powers \"could be put off until a later date.\"{{Citation \\|title\\=Volker Sees Taxpayer Bailout of Bank Fund Finance: The former Fed Chief told a Senate panel that banks can't afford to pay much more into the fund that insures their deposits\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\| date\\=May 9, 1991}}.",
""
] |
### 1980s and 1990s bank product developments
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, as Congress considered whether to "repeal" Glass–Steagall, commercial banks and their affiliates engaged in activities that commentators later linked to the [financial crisis of 2007–2008](/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008 "Financial crisis of 2007–2008").{{harvnb\|FCIC\|2011\|pp\=38–51 and 67–155}}. Kotlikoff 2010, p. 151 (suggesting commercial bank CDO and SIV activities began after the 1999 GLBA).
#### Securitization, CDOs, and "subprime" credit
In 1978 [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America "Bank of America") issued the first [residential mortgage\-backed security](/wiki/Residential_mortgage-backed_security "Residential mortgage-backed security") that [securitized](/wiki/Securitization "Securitization") residential mortgages not guaranteed by a [government\-sponsored enterprise](/wiki/Government-sponsored_enterprise "Government-sponsored enterprise") ("private label RMBS").{{citation \|last\=Welshimer \|first\=Mark J. \|editor\-last\=Effros\|editor\-first\=Robert C. \|title\=Current Legal Issues Affecting Central Banks\| volume\=4\| chapter\=Securitization: Has It Matured?\| chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=6hHRlUOMc1oC\&q\=welshimer\+securitization\+has\+it\+matured\&pg\=PA487 \|year\=1997 \|publisher\=International Monetary Fund \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|isbn\=978\-1\-55775\-503\-2 \|pages\=488 and 493 \|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}. Also in 1978, the OCC approved a national bank, such as Bank of America, issuing [pass\-through certificates](/wiki/Pass-through_certificate "Pass-through certificate") representing interests in [residential mortgages](/wiki/Residential_mortgages "Residential mortgages") and distributing such mortgage\-backed securities to investors in a [private placement](/wiki/Private_placement "Private placement").{{Citation\|publisher\=United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Legislative Affairs \|title\=Timeline of Bank Securities Activities \|date\=June 24, 1994 \|page\=11 \|url\=http://c0403731\.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/collection/papers/1990/1994\_0624\_Fulton3447\.pdf \|archive\-url\=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121019020452/http%3A//c0403731\.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/collection/papers/1990/1994\_0624\_Fulton3447\.pdf \|archive\-date\=October 19, 2012 \|access\-date\=February 11, 2012 }} In 1987 the OCC ruled that [Security Pacific Bank](/wiki/Security_Pacific_Bank "Security Pacific Bank") could "sell" assets through "securitizations" that transferred "cash flows" from those assets to investors and also distribute in a [registered public offering](/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933 "Securities Act of 1933") the residential mortgage\-backed securities issued in the securitization.Capatides 1992, pp. 98\-105\. Fein 2011, § 4\.05\[C] \[15], pp. 4\-61 to 4\-63\. This permitted commercial banks to acquire assets for "sale" through securitizations under what later became termed the "originate to distribute" model of banking.{{Citation \| last1\=Allen\| first\=Franklin \| last2\=Santomero\| first2\=Anthony M. \|title\=The theory of financial intermediation \| journal\=Journal of Banking and Finance \| volume\=21\| issue \=10\| year \= 1998\| pages\=1464 and 1470–1473 \|jstor\=1991623 \| doi\=10\.1016/s0378\-4266(97\)00032\-0\|citeseerx \= 10\.1\.1\.38\.2468}}.
The OCC ruled that a national bank's power to sell its assets meant a national bank could sell a pool of assets in a securitization, and even distribute the securities that represented the sale, as part of the "business of banking."Fein 2011, § 4\.05\[C] \[15], pp. 4\-62\. Capatides 1992, pp. 99\-101\. This meant national banks could underwrite and distribute securities representing such sales, even though Glass–Steagall would generally prohibit a national bank underwriting or distributing non\-governmental securities (i.e., non\-"bank\-eligible" securities).Fein 2011, § 4\.05\[C] \[15], pp. 4\-62\. The federal courts upheld the OCC's approval of Security Pacific's securitization activities, with the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") refusing in 1990 to review a 1989 [Second Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit "United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit") decision sustaining the OCC's action. In arguing that the GLBA's "repeal" of Glass–Steagall played no role in the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Melanie Fein notes courts had confirmed by 1990 the power of banks to securitize their assets under Glass–Steagall.Fein 2011, § 1\.02, pp. 1\-7\.
The Second Circuit stated banks had been securitizing their assets for "ten years" before the OCC's 1987 approval of Security Pacific's securitization.*Securities Industry Association v. Robert L. Clarke*, [885 F.2d 1034](http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/885/1034/144081/), 1041 (for "ten years") (2d. Cir. 1989\). As noted above, the OCC had approved such activity in 1978\. Jan Kregel argues that the OCC's interpretation of the "incidental powers" of national banks "ultimately eviscerated Glass–Steagall."
[Continental Illinois Bank](/wiki/Continental_Illinois "Continental Illinois") is often credited with issuing the first [collateralized debt obligation](/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation "Collateralized debt obligation") (CDO) when, in 1987, it issued securities representing interests in a pool of "leveraged loans."Capatides 1992, p. 102\. {{citation\|title\=Collateralized Loan Obligations: A Powerful New Portfolio Management Tool for Banks \|last\=Kohler \|first\=Kenneth \|year\=1998 \|publisher\=Mayer, Brown \& Platt \|page\=20, fn. 3 \|url\=http://www.securitization.net/knowledge/transactions/coll\_loan\_obl.asp \|access\-date\=February 12, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213160318/http://www.securitization.net/knowledge/transactions/coll\_loan\_obl.asp \|archive\-date\=February 13, 2012 }}.
By the late 1980s Citibank had become a major provider of "subprime" mortgages and credit cards.Wilmarth 1995, pp. 57\-59\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 401\-402\. Arthur Wilmarth argued that the ability to securitize such credits encouraged banks to extend more "subprime" credit.Wilmarth 1995, pp. 55\-59\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 403\-407\. Wilmarth reported that during the 1990s credit card loans increased at a faster pace for lower\-income households than higher\-income households and that subprime mortgage loan volume quadrupled from 1993–99, before the GLBA became effective in 2000\.Wilmarth 2002, pp. 392\-393\. In 1995 Wilmarth noted that commercial bank mortgage lenders differed from nonbank lenders in retaining "a significant portion of their mortgage loans" rather than securitizing the entire exposure.Wilmarth 1995, p. 56\. Wilmarth also shared the bank regulator concern that commercial banks sold their "best assets" in securitizations and retained their riskiest assets.Wilmarth 2002, pp. 406\-407\.
#### ABCP conduits and SIVs
In the early 1980s commercial banks established asset backed commercial paper conduits (ABCP conduits) to finance corporate customer receivables. The ABCP conduit purchased receivables from the bank customer and issued [asset\-backed commercial paper](/wiki/Asset-backed_commercial_paper "Asset-backed commercial paper") to finance that purchase. The bank "advising" the ABCP conduit provided loan commitments and "credit enhancements" that supported repayment of the commercial paper. Because the ABCP conduit was owned by a third party unrelated to the bank, it was not an affiliate of the bank.Kavanaugh, Boemio \& Edwards Jr. 1992, pp. 109\-112\. {{Citation\| last1\=Stojanovic\| first1\=Dusan\|last2\=Vaughn\|first2\=Mark D.\| title\=The commercial paper market: who's minding the shop? \| journal\=The Regional Economist\| issue\=April \| year\=1998\|url\=http://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/re/articles/?id\=1758\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}} Through ABCP conduits banks could earn "fee income" and meet "customers' needs for credit" without "the need to maintain the amount of capital that would be required if loans were extended directly" to those customers.Kavanaugh, Boemio \& Edwards Jr. 1992, p. 107\.
By the late 1980s Citibank had established ABCP conduits to buy securities. Such conduits became known as [structured investment vehicles](/wiki/Structured_investment_vehicle "Structured investment vehicle") (SIVs).{{citation \|title\=The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Securitisation 2007 \|chapter\=Chapter 2: Structured Investment Vehicles \|chapter\-url\=http://www.iclg.co.uk/khadmin/Publications/pdf/1307\.pdf \|page\=5 \|last\=Sandstrom \|first\=Randall \|year\=2007 \|publisher\=Global Legal Group \|access\-date\=February 12, 2012 }}{{Dead link\|date\=January 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}. The SIV's "[arbitrage](/wiki/Arbitrage "Arbitrage")" opportunity was to earn the difference between the interest earned on the securities it purchased and the interest it paid on the ABCP and other securities it issued to fund those purchases.{{citation \|title\=The Fundamentals of Asset Backed Commercial Paper\|last1\=Bate\|first1\=Swasi\|last2\=Bushwiller\|first2\=Stephany\|last3\=Rutan\|first3\=Everett\|date\=February 3, 2003\| publisher\=Moody's Investor Service\|page\=8\|url\=http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/\~igiddy/ABS/moodysabcp.pdf\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}.
#### OTC derivatives, including credit default swaps
In the early 1980s commercial banks began entering into interest rate and currency exchange "[swaps](/wiki/Swap_%28finance%29 "Swap (finance)")" with customers. This "[over\-the\-counter](/wiki/Over-the-counter_%28finance%29 "Over-the-counter (finance)") [derivatives](/wiki/Derivative_%28finance%29 "Derivative (finance)")" market grew dramatically throughout the 1980s and 1990s.{{citation\| last\=Jickling\| first\=Mark\| date\=January 29, 2003\| title\=The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000: Derivatives Regulation Reconsidered\| work\=Congressional Research Service Report\| issue\=RL30434\| publisher\=Congressional Research Service\| pages\=4–5\| url\=http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL30434\_20030129\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 12, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064826/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL30434\_20030129\.pdf\| archive\-date\=August 4, 2012}}.
In 1996 the OCC issued "guidelines" for national bank use of "[credit default swaps](/wiki/Credit_default_swap "Credit default swap")" and other "[credit derivatives](/wiki/Credit_derivative "Credit derivative")." Banks entered into "credit default swaps" to protect against defaults on loans. Banks later entered into such swaps to protect against defaults on securities. Banks acted both as "dealers" in providing such protection (or speculative "exposure") to customers and as "hedgers" or "speculators" to cover (or create) their own exposures to such risks.{{citation\|title\=Guidelines for national banks: credit derivatives\|work\=Bulletin\|issue\=OCC\-1996\-43\|publisher\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\|date\=August 12, 1996\|url\=http://www.occ.treas.gov/news\-issuances/bulletins/1996/bulletin\-1996\-43\.html\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}. {{citation\|last1\=Partnoy\|first1\=Frank\|author\-link\=Frank Partnoy\|last2\=Skeel\|first2\=David A.\|year\=2006\|title\=The Promise and Perils of Credit Derivatives\|series\=Scholarship at Penn Law\|work\=Paper 125\|url\=http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1129\&context\=upenn\_wps\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012\|archive\-date\=May 15, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515100123/http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1129\&context\=upenn\_wps\|url\-status\=dead}}.
Commercial banks became the largest dealers in swaps and other over\-the\-counter derivatives. Banking regulators ruled that swaps (including credit default swaps) were part of the "business of banking," not "securities" under the Glass–Steagall Act.{{harvnb\|CRS\|2010a\|pp\=11–12}}. {{citation\| last\=Omarova\| first\=Saule T.\| year\=2009\| title\=The Quiet Metamorphosis: How Derivatives Changed the 'Business of Banking'\| journal\=University of Miami Law Review\| volume\=63\| issue\=4\| pages\= 1069–1072 and 1077–1082\|ssrn\=1491767}}. {{Citation\| last1\=Gunther\| first1\=Jeffrey W.\| last2\=Siems\| first2\=Thomas F.\| title\=Debunking derivatives delirium\| journal\=Southwest Economy\| issue\=2\| year\=2003\| url\=http://dallasfed.org/research/swe/2003/swe0302b.html\| access\-date\=February 12, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030826025924/http://www.dallasfed.org/research/swe/2003/swe0302b.html\| archive\-date\=August 26, 2003}}
Commercial banks entered into swaps that replicated part or all of the economics of actual securities. Regulators eventually ruled banks could even buy and sell equity securities to "hedge" this activity. Jan Kregel argues the OCC's approval of bank derivatives activities under bank "incidental powers" constituted a "complete reversal of the original intention of preventing banks from dealing in securities on their own account."
|
[
"### 1980s and 1990s bank product developments",
"Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, as Congress considered whether to \"repeal\" Glass–Steagall, commercial banks and their affiliates engaged in activities that commentators later linked to the [financial crisis of 2007–2008](/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008 \"Financial crisis of 2007–2008\").{{harvnb\\|FCIC\\|2011\\|pp\\=38–51 and 67–155}}. Kotlikoff 2010, p. 151 (suggesting commercial bank CDO and SIV activities began after the 1999 GLBA).",
"#### Securitization, CDOs, and \"subprime\" credit",
"In 1978 [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America \"Bank of America\") issued the first [residential mortgage\\-backed security](/wiki/Residential_mortgage-backed_security \"Residential mortgage-backed security\") that [securitized](/wiki/Securitization \"Securitization\") residential mortgages not guaranteed by a [government\\-sponsored enterprise](/wiki/Government-sponsored_enterprise \"Government-sponsored enterprise\") (\"private label RMBS\").{{citation \\|last\\=Welshimer \\|first\\=Mark J. \\|editor\\-last\\=Effros\\|editor\\-first\\=Robert C. \\|title\\=Current Legal Issues Affecting Central Banks\\| volume\\=4\\| chapter\\=Securitization: Has It Matured?\\| chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=6hHRlUOMc1oC\\&q\\=welshimer\\+securitization\\+has\\+it\\+matured\\&pg\\=PA487 \\|year\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=International Monetary Fund \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55775\\-503\\-2 \\|pages\\=488 and 493 \\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}. Also in 1978, the OCC approved a national bank, such as Bank of America, issuing [pass\\-through certificates](/wiki/Pass-through_certificate \"Pass-through certificate\") representing interests in [residential mortgages](/wiki/Residential_mortgages \"Residential mortgages\") and distributing such mortgage\\-backed securities to investors in a [private placement](/wiki/Private_placement \"Private placement\").{{Citation\\|publisher\\=United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Legislative Affairs \\|title\\=Timeline of Bank Securities Activities \\|date\\=June 24, 1994 \\|page\\=11 \\|url\\=http://c0403731\\.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/collection/papers/1990/1994\\_0624\\_Fulton3447\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121019020452/http%3A//c0403731\\.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/collection/papers/1990/1994\\_0624\\_Fulton3447\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2012 }} In 1987 the OCC ruled that [Security Pacific Bank](/wiki/Security_Pacific_Bank \"Security Pacific Bank\") could \"sell\" assets through \"securitizations\" that transferred \"cash flows\" from those assets to investors and also distribute in a [registered public offering](/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933 \"Securities Act of 1933\") the residential mortgage\\-backed securities issued in the securitization.Capatides 1992, pp. 98\\-105\\. Fein 2011, § 4\\.05\\[C] \\[15], pp. 4\\-61 to 4\\-63\\. This permitted commercial banks to acquire assets for \"sale\" through securitizations under what later became termed the \"originate to distribute\" model of banking.{{Citation \\| last1\\=Allen\\| first\\=Franklin \\| last2\\=Santomero\\| first2\\=Anthony M. \\|title\\=The theory of financial intermediation \\| journal\\=Journal of Banking and Finance \\| volume\\=21\\| issue \\=10\\| year \\= 1998\\| pages\\=1464 and 1470–1473 \\|jstor\\=1991623 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/s0378\\-4266(97\\)00032\\-0\\|citeseerx \\= 10\\.1\\.1\\.38\\.2468}}.",
"The OCC ruled that a national bank's power to sell its assets meant a national bank could sell a pool of assets in a securitization, and even distribute the securities that represented the sale, as part of the \"business of banking.\"Fein 2011, § 4\\.05\\[C] \\[15], pp. 4\\-62\\. Capatides 1992, pp. 99\\-101\\. This meant national banks could underwrite and distribute securities representing such sales, even though Glass–Steagall would generally prohibit a national bank underwriting or distributing non\\-governmental securities (i.e., non\\-\"bank\\-eligible\" securities).Fein 2011, § 4\\.05\\[C] \\[15], pp. 4\\-62\\. The federal courts upheld the OCC's approval of Security Pacific's securitization activities, with the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") refusing in 1990 to review a 1989 [Second Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit\") decision sustaining the OCC's action. In arguing that the GLBA's \"repeal\" of Glass–Steagall played no role in the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Melanie Fein notes courts had confirmed by 1990 the power of banks to securitize their assets under Glass–Steagall.Fein 2011, § 1\\.02, pp. 1\\-7\\.",
"The Second Circuit stated banks had been securitizing their assets for \"ten years\" before the OCC's 1987 approval of Security Pacific's securitization.*Securities Industry Association v. Robert L. Clarke*, [885 F.2d 1034](http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/885/1034/144081/), 1041 (for \"ten years\") (2d. Cir. 1989\\). As noted above, the OCC had approved such activity in 1978\\. Jan Kregel argues that the OCC's interpretation of the \"incidental powers\" of national banks \"ultimately eviscerated Glass–Steagall.\"",
"[Continental Illinois Bank](/wiki/Continental_Illinois \"Continental Illinois\") is often credited with issuing the first [collateralized debt obligation](/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation \"Collateralized debt obligation\") (CDO) when, in 1987, it issued securities representing interests in a pool of \"leveraged loans.\"Capatides 1992, p. 102\\. {{citation\\|title\\=Collateralized Loan Obligations: A Powerful New Portfolio Management Tool for Banks \\|last\\=Kohler \\|first\\=Kenneth \\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=Mayer, Brown \\& Platt \\|page\\=20, fn. 3 \\|url\\=http://www.securitization.net/knowledge/transactions/coll\\_loan\\_obl.asp \\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213160318/http://www.securitization.net/knowledge/transactions/coll\\_loan\\_obl.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=February 13, 2012 }}.",
"By the late 1980s Citibank had become a major provider of \"subprime\" mortgages and credit cards.Wilmarth 1995, pp. 57\\-59\\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 401\\-402\\. Arthur Wilmarth argued that the ability to securitize such credits encouraged banks to extend more \"subprime\" credit.Wilmarth 1995, pp. 55\\-59\\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 403\\-407\\. Wilmarth reported that during the 1990s credit card loans increased at a faster pace for lower\\-income households than higher\\-income households and that subprime mortgage loan volume quadrupled from 1993–99, before the GLBA became effective in 2000\\.Wilmarth 2002, pp. 392\\-393\\. In 1995 Wilmarth noted that commercial bank mortgage lenders differed from nonbank lenders in retaining \"a significant portion of their mortgage loans\" rather than securitizing the entire exposure.Wilmarth 1995, p. 56\\. Wilmarth also shared the bank regulator concern that commercial banks sold their \"best assets\" in securitizations and retained their riskiest assets.Wilmarth 2002, pp. 406\\-407\\.",
"#### ABCP conduits and SIVs",
"In the early 1980s commercial banks established asset backed commercial paper conduits (ABCP conduits) to finance corporate customer receivables. The ABCP conduit purchased receivables from the bank customer and issued [asset\\-backed commercial paper](/wiki/Asset-backed_commercial_paper \"Asset-backed commercial paper\") to finance that purchase. The bank \"advising\" the ABCP conduit provided loan commitments and \"credit enhancements\" that supported repayment of the commercial paper. Because the ABCP conduit was owned by a third party unrelated to the bank, it was not an affiliate of the bank.Kavanaugh, Boemio \\& Edwards Jr. 1992, pp. 109\\-112\\. {{Citation\\| last1\\=Stojanovic\\| first1\\=Dusan\\|last2\\=Vaughn\\|first2\\=Mark D.\\| title\\=The commercial paper market: who's minding the shop? \\| journal\\=The Regional Economist\\| issue\\=April \\| year\\=1998\\|url\\=http://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/re/articles/?id\\=1758\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}} Through ABCP conduits banks could earn \"fee income\" and meet \"customers' needs for credit\" without \"the need to maintain the amount of capital that would be required if loans were extended directly\" to those customers.Kavanaugh, Boemio \\& Edwards Jr. 1992, p. 107\\.",
"By the late 1980s Citibank had established ABCP conduits to buy securities. Such conduits became known as [structured investment vehicles](/wiki/Structured_investment_vehicle \"Structured investment vehicle\") (SIVs).{{citation \\|title\\=The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Securitisation 2007 \\|chapter\\=Chapter 2: Structured Investment Vehicles \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www.iclg.co.uk/khadmin/Publications/pdf/1307\\.pdf \\|page\\=5 \\|last\\=Sandstrom \\|first\\=Randall \\|year\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Global Legal Group \\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=January 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}. The SIV's \"[arbitrage](/wiki/Arbitrage \"Arbitrage\")\" opportunity was to earn the difference between the interest earned on the securities it purchased and the interest it paid on the ABCP and other securities it issued to fund those purchases.{{citation \\|title\\=The Fundamentals of Asset Backed Commercial Paper\\|last1\\=Bate\\|first1\\=Swasi\\|last2\\=Bushwiller\\|first2\\=Stephany\\|last3\\=Rutan\\|first3\\=Everett\\|date\\=February 3, 2003\\| publisher\\=Moody's Investor Service\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/\\~igiddy/ABS/moodysabcp.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}.",
"#### OTC derivatives, including credit default swaps",
"In the early 1980s commercial banks began entering into interest rate and currency exchange \"[swaps](/wiki/Swap_%28finance%29 \"Swap (finance)\")\" with customers. This \"[over\\-the\\-counter](/wiki/Over-the-counter_%28finance%29 \"Over-the-counter (finance)\") [derivatives](/wiki/Derivative_%28finance%29 \"Derivative (finance)\")\" market grew dramatically throughout the 1980s and 1990s.{{citation\\| last\\=Jickling\\| first\\=Mark\\| date\\=January 29, 2003\\| title\\=The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000: Derivatives Regulation Reconsidered\\| work\\=Congressional Research Service Report\\| issue\\=RL30434\\| publisher\\=Congressional Research Service\\| pages\\=4–5\\| url\\=http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL30434\\_20030129\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804064826/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL30434\\_20030129\\.pdf\\| archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012}}.",
"In 1996 the OCC issued \"guidelines\" for national bank use of \"[credit default swaps](/wiki/Credit_default_swap \"Credit default swap\")\" and other \"[credit derivatives](/wiki/Credit_derivative \"Credit derivative\").\" Banks entered into \"credit default swaps\" to protect against defaults on loans. Banks later entered into such swaps to protect against defaults on securities. Banks acted both as \"dealers\" in providing such protection (or speculative \"exposure\") to customers and as \"hedgers\" or \"speculators\" to cover (or create) their own exposures to such risks.{{citation\\|title\\=Guidelines for national banks: credit derivatives\\|work\\=Bulletin\\|issue\\=OCC\\-1996\\-43\\|publisher\\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\\|date\\=August 12, 1996\\|url\\=http://www.occ.treas.gov/news\\-issuances/bulletins/1996/bulletin\\-1996\\-43\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}. {{citation\\|last1\\=Partnoy\\|first1\\=Frank\\|author\\-link\\=Frank Partnoy\\|last2\\=Skeel\\|first2\\=David A.\\|year\\=2006\\|title\\=The Promise and Perils of Credit Derivatives\\|series\\=Scholarship at Penn Law\\|work\\=Paper 125\\|url\\=http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1129\\&context\\=upenn\\_wps\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=May 15, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515100123/http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1129\\&context\\=upenn\\_wps\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}.",
"Commercial banks became the largest dealers in swaps and other over\\-the\\-counter derivatives. Banking regulators ruled that swaps (including credit default swaps) were part of the \"business of banking,\" not \"securities\" under the Glass–Steagall Act.{{harvnb\\|CRS\\|2010a\\|pp\\=11–12}}. {{citation\\| last\\=Omarova\\| first\\=Saule T.\\| year\\=2009\\| title\\=The Quiet Metamorphosis: How Derivatives Changed the 'Business of Banking'\\| journal\\=University of Miami Law Review\\| volume\\=63\\| issue\\=4\\| pages\\= 1069–1072 and 1077–1082\\|ssrn\\=1491767}}. {{Citation\\| last1\\=Gunther\\| first1\\=Jeffrey W.\\| last2\\=Siems\\| first2\\=Thomas F.\\| title\\=Debunking derivatives delirium\\| journal\\=Southwest Economy\\| issue\\=2\\| year\\=2003\\| url\\=http://dallasfed.org/research/swe/2003/swe0302b.html\\| access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030826025924/http://www.dallasfed.org/research/swe/2003/swe0302b.html\\| archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2003}}",
"Commercial banks entered into swaps that replicated part or all of the economics of actual securities. Regulators eventually ruled banks could even buy and sell equity securities to \"hedge\" this activity. Jan Kregel argues the OCC's approval of bank derivatives activities under bank \"incidental powers\" constituted a \"complete reversal of the original intention of preventing banks from dealing in securities on their own account.\"",
""
] |
Glass–Steagall developments from 1995 to Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
---------------------------------------------------------------
### Leach and Rubin support for Glass–Steagall "repeal"; need to address "market realities"
On January 4, 1995, the new Chairman of the House Banking Committee, Representative [James A. Leach](/wiki/Jim_Leach "Jim Leach") (R\-IA), introduced a bill to repeal Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\.{{Citation\| last \=Taylor\| first \=Andrew\| title \=BANKING: Committee approves 'narrow' Glass–Steagall rewrite\| journal \=\[\[CQ Weekly]] \| date \=May 13, 1995\| page \=1308}}. After being confirmed as [Treasury Secretary](/wiki/United_States_Treasury_Secretary "United States Treasury Secretary"), [Robert Rubin](/wiki/Robert_Rubin "Robert Rubin") announced on February 28, 1995, that the [Clinton Administration](/wiki/Clinton_Administration "Clinton Administration") supported such Glass–Steagall repeal.{{Citation\| last \= Glater\| first \=Jonathan D. \| title \=Rubin urges changes in U.S. banking laws; Treasury chief would end curbs on competition \| newspaper \=\[\[The Washington Post]]\| date \=February 28, 1995 \| page\=C.01}}. Repeating themes from the 1980s, Leach stated Glass–Steagall was "out of synch with reality"{{Citation\| last \=Taylor\| first \=Andrew\| title \=BANKING: Jim Leach gently rocking the boat\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=April 29, 1995\| page \=1162\| url\=http://library.cqpress.com/cqweekly/WR407782}}. and Rubin argued "it is now time for the laws to reflect changes in the world's financial system."
Leach and Rubin expressed a widely shared view that Glass–Steagall was "obsolete" or "outdated."Hendrickson 2001, p. 879\. Wilmarth 2008, pp. 561\-562\. {{harvnb\|NRP\|2012}} ("Throughout the debate, Glass–Steagall was derided as an old\-fashioned law out of step with modern finance"). As described above, Senator Proxmire and Representative Markey (despite their long\-time support for Glass–Steagall) had earlier expressed the same conclusion. With his reputation for being "conservative" on expanded bank activities, former Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker remained an influential commentator on legislative proposals to permit such activities.{{Citation\| last \=de Senerpont Domas\| first \=Olaf \| title \=Volcker Plays Down Usefulness of Firewalls in Remarks to Panel \| newspaper \=\[\[American Banker]]\| date \=April 6, 1995}}. ("Mr. Volcker, who still carries considerable weight on Capitol Hill"). {{Citation\| title\=Financial Services Modernization \| work\=Segment 3 of Hearings before Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, United States House of Representatives\| date\=February 25, 1997\| pages\=252–254\|url\=http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/bank/hba38389\.000/hba38389\_0f.htm\|access\-date\=February 13, 2012}}. {{harvnb\|SBC\|1998\|p\=7}}. Volcker continued to testify to Congress in opposition to permitting banks to affiliate with commercial companies and in favor of repealing Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 as part of "rationalizing" bank involvement in securities markets.{{Citation\| last \=Canan\| first \=Martha M.\| title \=Leach Pushes Back Debate on Bank Reform to May 9 \| newspaper \=\[\[Bond Buyer]]\| date \=April 6, 1995}}. {{harvnb\|Volcker\|1997a}} ("I have argued this morning the logic and practical desirability of finally eliminating Glass–Steagall restrictions"). Supporting the Leach and Rubin arguments, Volcker testified that Congressional inaction had forced banking regulators and the courts to play "catch\-up" with market developments by "sometimes stretching established interpretations of law beyond recognition."{{harvnb\|Volcker\|1997a}}. In 1997 Volcker testified this meant the "Glass–Steagall separation of commercial and investment banking is now almost gone" and that this "accommodation and adaptation has been necessary and desirable."{{harvnb\|Volcker\|1997b}}. He stated, however, that the "ad hoc approach" had created "uneven results" that created "almost endless squabbling in the courts" and an "increasingly advantageous position competitively" for "some sectors of the financial service industry and particular institutions." Similar to the GAO in 1988 and Representative Markey in 1990 Volcker asked that Congress "provide clear and decisive leadership that reflects not parochial pleadings but the national interest."
Reflecting the regulatory developments Volcker noted, the commercial and investment banking industries largely reversed their traditional Glass–Steagall positions. Throughout the 1990s (and particularly in 1996\), commercial banking firms became content with the regulatory situation Volcker described. They feared "financial modernization" legislation might bring an unwelcome change.Fein 2011, § 1\.02, p. 1\-6\. Hendrickson 2001, pp. 867\-869\. {{harvnb\|FCIC\|2011\|p\=54}}. Securities firms came to view Glass–Steagall more as a barrier to expanding their own commercial banking activities than as protection from commercial bank competition. The securities industry became an advocate for "financial modernization" that would open a "two\-way street" for securities firms to enter commercial banking.Fein 2011, § 1\.02, pp. 1\-6\. Fisher 2001, p. 1302, fn. 6\. Levitt 1998 ("A Competitive Two\-Way Street").
### Status of arguments from 1980s
While the need to create a legal framework for existing bank securities activities became a dominant theme for the "financial modernization" legislation supported by Leach, Rubin, Volcker, and others, after the GLBA repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 in 1999, commentators identified four main arguments for repeal: (1\) increased economies of scale and scope, (2\) reduced risk through diversification of activities, (3\) greater convenience and lower cost for consumers, and (4\) improved ability of U.S. financial firms to compete with foreign firms.Wilmarth 2002, p. 223\. {{citation\| last\=Wilmarth Jr.\| first\=Arthur E.\| year\=2009\| title\=The Dark Side of Universal Banking: Financial Conglomerates and the Origins of the Subprime Financial Crisis\| journal\=Connecticut Law Review\| volume\=41\| issue\=4\| page\=973\| url\=http://connecticutlawreview.org/documents/Volume41Issue4\.pdf\| access\-date\=2013\-07\-19\| archive\-date\=2010\-09\-28\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928041629/http://connecticutlawreview.org/documents/Volume41Issue4\.pdf\| url\-status\=dead}}. Focarelli, Marques\-Ibanez, Pozzolo 2011, pp. 6\-7\.
By 1995, however, some of these concerns (which had been identified by the Congressional Research Service in 1987) seemed less important. As Japanese banks declined and U.S.\-based banks were more profitable, "international competitiveness" did not seem to be a pressing issue.Mayer 1997, pp. 387\-389 and 446\-447\. International rankings of banks by size also seemed less important when, as Alan Greenspan later noted, "Federal Reserve research had been unable to find economies of scale in banking beyond a modest size."Greenspan 2010, p. 33\. Wilmarth 1995, pp. 14\-26\. Still, advocates of "financial modernization" continued to point to the combination of commercial and investment banking in nearly all other countries as an argument for "modernization", including Glass–Steagall "repeal."{{Cite press release \|url\=http://www.occ.gov/static/news\-issuances/news\-releases/1997/nr\-occ\-1997\-34\.pdf\|title\=Study Finds U.S. Restrictions on Bank Activities Out of Step With Other Leading Economic Powers\|publisher\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\|date\=March 24, 1997\|access\-date\=February 13, 2012}} Litan and Rauch 1998, pp. 88\-92\.
Similarly, the failure of the [Sears Financial Network](/wiki/Dean_Witter_Reynolds "Dean Witter Reynolds") and other nonbank "financial supermarkets" that had seemed to threaten commercial banks in the 1980s undermined the argument that financial conglomerates would be more efficient than "specialized" financial firms.Wilmarth 2002, pp. 223\-224, 284, and 425\-428\. Mayer 1997, pp. 23\-24\. Critics questioned the "diversification benefits" of combining commercial and investment banking activities. Some questioned whether the higher variability of returns in investment banking would stabilize commercial banking firms through "negative correlation" (i.e., cyclical downturns in commercial and investment banking occurring at different times) or instead increase the probability of the overall banking firm failing.{{citation\| last1\=Kwan\| first1\=Simon H.\| last2\=Laderman\| first2\=Elizabeth S.\| year\=1999\| title\=On the Portfolio Effects of Financial Convergence—A Review of the Literature\| journal\=FRBSF Economic Review\| issue\=2\| pages\=21–24\|url\=http://www.frbsf.org/econrsrch/econrev/99\-2/18\-31\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 24, 2012}}Garten 1993, pp. 164\-166\. Others questioned whether any theoretical benefits in holding a passive "investment portfolio" combining commercial and investment banking would be lost in managing the actual combination of such activities.Garten 1993, pp. 163\-164\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 439\-440\. Critics also argued that specialized, highly competitive commercial and investment banking firms were more efficient in competitive global markets.Garten 1993, p. 195\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 440\-444\.
Starting in the late 1980s, John H. Boyd, a staff member of the [Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis"), consistently questioned the value of size and product diversification in banking.Stern and Feldman 2004, p. 77\. Reinicke 1995, p. 112, fn. 105\. In 1999, as Congress was considering legislation that became the GLBA, he published an essay arguing that the "moral hazard" created by [deposit insurance](/wiki/Deposit_insurance "Deposit insurance"), [too big to fail](/wiki/Too_big_to_fail "Too big to fail") (TBTF) considerations, and other governmental support for banking should be resolved before commercial banking firms could be given "universal banking" powers.{{Citation\| title\=Expansion of commercial banking powers ... or, universal banking is the cart, not the horse\| last\=Boyd\| first\=John H.\| journal\=Journal of Banking and Finance\| year\=1999\| volume\=23\| issue\=2–4\| pages\=655–662\| url\=ftp://ftp.cba.uri.edu/Classes/Archive/xchen/conglomeration/boyd\_jbf99\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 19, 2012\| doi\=10\.1016/s0378\-4266(98\)00101\-0}}{{Dead link\|date\=May 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}. Although Boyd's 1999 essay was directed at "universal banking" that permitted commercial banks to own equity interests in non\-financial firms (i.e., "commercial firms"), the essay was interpreted more broadly to mean that "expanding bank powers, by, for example, allowing nonbank firms to affiliate with banks, prior to undertaking reforms limiting TBTF\-like coverage for uninsured bank creditors is putting the 'cart before the horse.'"Stern and Feldman 2004, p. 77\.
Despite these arguments, advocates of "financial modernization" predicted consumers and businesses would enjoy cost savings and greater convenience in receiving financial services from integrated "financial services firms."{{Cite press release\|url\=http://archives.financialservices.house.gov/banking/6397rubi.shtml\|title\=Text as Prepared for Delivery: Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin, House Banking and Financial Services Committee\|publisher\=\[\[United States Department of the Treasury]]\|date\=June 3, 1997\|access\-date\=February 13, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017202632/http://archives.financialservices.house.gov/banking/6397rubi.shtml\|archive\-date\=October 17, 2012}} Litan and Rauch 1998, pp. 88\-92\.
After the GLBA repealed Sections 20 and 32, commentators also noted the importance of scholarly attacks on the historic justifications for Glass–Steagall as supporting repeal efforts.Wilmarth 2008, p. 562\. Focarelli, Marques\-Ibanez, Pozzolo 2011, pp. 6\-7\. Throughout the 1990s, scholars continued to produce empirical studies concluding that commercial bank affiliate underwriting before Glass–Steagall had not demonstrated the "conflicts of interest" and other defects claimed by Glass–Steagall proponents.{{citation\|last\=Mester \|first\=Loretta J. \|title\=Repealing Glass–Steagall: The Past Points the Way to the Future \|journal\=Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review \|issue\=July/August \|year\=1996 \|pages\=4–7 \|url\=http://www.philadelphiafed.org/research\-and\-data/publications/business\-review/1996/july\-august/Glass–Steagall.cfm \|access\-date\=February 25, 2012 }}{{dead link\|date\=December 2016 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}. Barth et al. 2000, p.1\. By the late 1990s a "remarkably broad academic consensus" existed that Glass–Steagall had been "thoroughly discredited."{{citation \|last\=Moss\|first\=David A. \|author\-link\=David A. Moss\|chapter\=Chapter 4: Reversing the Null: Regulation, Deregulation, and the Power of Ideas \|year\=2011\|editor1\-last\=Rosenfeld\|editor1\-first\=Gerald\|editor2\-last\=\[\[Jay W. Lorsch]]\|editor3\-last\=Khurana\|editor3\-first\=Rakesh\|title\=Challenges to Business in the Twenty\-First Century\|publisher\=American Academy of Arts \& Sciences\|page\=45, fn. 20 \|chapter\-url\=http://www.amacad.org/pdfs/challenges.pdf\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}. Wilmarth 2008, p. 562\. {{Citation\| last\=Calomiris\| first\=Charles W.\| title\=Prepared Testimony to Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Regulatory Relief\| date\=March 20, 1997\| page\=5 (answer to question \#1\)\| url\=http://banking.senate.gov/97\_03hrg/032097/witness/calomeri.htm\| access\-date\=February 13, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917004756/http://banking.senate.gov/97\_03hrg/032097/witness/calomeri.htm\| archive\-date\=September 17, 2012}}.
Although he rejected this scholarship, [Martin Mayer](/wiki/Martin_Mayer "Martin Mayer") wrote in 1997 that since the late 1980s it had been "clear" that continuing the Glass–Steagall prohibitions was only "permitting a handful of large investment houses and hedge funds to charge monopoly rents for their services without protecting corporate America, investors, or the banks."Mayer 1997, p. 429\.[Hyman Minsky](/wiki/Hyman_Minsky "Hyman Minsky"), who disputed the benefits of "universal banking," wrote in 1995 testimony prepared for Congress that "repeal of the Glass–Steagall Act, in itself, would neither benefit nor harm the economy of the United States to any significant extent."{{Citation\| last\=Minsky\| first\=Hyman \| title\=Would Repeal of the Glass–Steagall Act Benefit the United States economy?: Statement prepared for Hearings on Repeal of Glass–Steagall Act, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, United States House of Representatives\| date\=March 1, 1995\|page\=7\|url\=http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1059\&context\=hm\_archive\|access\-date\=February 13, 2012}}. {{Citation\| last\=Minsky\| first\=Hyman \| title\=Reforming Banking in 1995: Repeal of the Glass Steagall Act, Some Basic Issues\| date\=March 1, 1995\|page\=12\|url\=http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1058\&context\=hm\_archive\|access\-date\=February 13, 2012}}. In 1974 Mayer had quoted Minsky as stating a 1971 presidential commission (the "Hunt Commission") was repeating the errors of history when it proposed relaxing Glass–Steagall and other legislation from the 1930s.Mayer 1974, pp. 521\-524\.
With banking commentators such as Mayer and Minsky no longer opposing Glass–Steagall repeal, consumer and community development advocates became the most prominent critics of repeal and of financial "modernization" in general. Helen Garten argued that bank regulation became dominated by "consumer" issues, which produced "a largely unregulated, sophisticated wholesale market and a highly regulated, retail consumer market."Garten 1999, p. 293\. In the 1980s Representative [Fernand St. Germain](/wiki/Fernand_St._Germain "Fernand St. Germain") (D\-RI), as chairman of the House Banking Committee, sought to tie any Glass–Steagall reform to requirements for free or reduced cost banking services for the elderly and poor.Reinicke 1995, pp. 80 and 109\. Democratic Representatives and Senators made similar appeals in the 1990s.{{Citation\| last \=McConnell\| first \=Bill\| title\=Democrats Tie Reform to Consumer Protection\| newspaper\=American Banker\| date \=June 6, 1997\|page\=1}}. {{harvnb\|SBC\|1998\|pp\=57–58}}. During Congressional hearings to consider the various Leach bills to repeal Sections 20 and 32, consumer and community development advocates warned against the concentration of "economic power" that would result from permitting "financial conglomerates" and argued that any repeal of Sections 20 and 32 should mandate greater consumer protections, particularly free or low cost consumer services, and greater community reinvestment requirements.{{citation\|last\=Lewis\|first\=Jake\|title\=Financial Deregulation Fiasco: H.R. 10 and the Consequences of Financial Concentration\|journal\= Multinational Monitor\|volume\=19\|issue\=11\|date\=November 1, 1998\|url\=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm1998/111998/lewis.html\|access\-date\=February 24, 2012}}Mattingly and Fallon 1998, pp. 66\-69\. {{Citation\| last \=Hosansky\| first \=David\| title \=BANKING: Wall between financial services dealt first real blow in House\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=June 21, 1997\| pages \=1431–1433}}.
### Failed 1995 Leach bill; expansion of Section 20 affiliate activities; merger of Travelers and Citicorp
By 1995 the ability of banks to sell insurance was more controversial than Glass–Steagall "repeal." Representative Leach tried to avoid conflict with the insurance industry by producing a limited "modernization" bill that repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32, but did not change the regulation of bank insurance activities.{{Citation\| last \=Taylor\| first \=Andrew\| title \=BANKING: Committee approves 'narrow' Glass–Steagall rewrite\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=May 13, 1995\| page \=1308}}. Leach's efforts to separate insurance from securities powers failed when the insurance agent lobby insisted any banking law reform include limits on bank sales of insurance.Hendrickson 2001, pp. 865\-866\. {{Citation\| last \=Taylor\| first \=Andrew\| title \=BANKING: Cleft between agents, big banks mires Glass–Steagall rewrite\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=July 29, 1995\| page \=2249}}. {{Citation\| last \=Taylor\| first \=Andrew\| title \=BANKING: despite its legislative victories insurance lobby may be losing war\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=March 2, 1996\| page \=540}}
Similar to Senator Proxmire in 1988, Representative Leach responded to the House's inaction on his Glass–Steagall "repeal" bill by writing the Federal Reserve Board in June 1996 encouraging it to increase the limit on Section 20 affiliate bank\-ineligible revenue.Fein 2011, § 1\.06\[F], pp. 1\-39\. {{Citation\| last \=Taylor\| first \=Andrew\| title \=BANKING: Fed suggests expanding securities operations\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=August 3, 1996\| page \=2174}}. When the Federal Reserve Board increased the limit to 25% in December 1996, the Board noted the [Securities Industry Association](/wiki/Securities_Industry_Association "Securities Industry Association") (SIA) had complained this would mean even the largest Wall Street securities firms could affiliate with commercial banks.{{citation\|author\=Federal Reserve Board\| title\=Notice of Revenue Limit on Bank\-Ineligible Activities of Subsidiaries of Bank Holding Companies Engaged in Underwriting and Dealing in Securities\| date\=December 20, 1996\| page\=10\| url\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/press/boardacts/1996/19961220/R\-0841\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 24, 2012}}. {{citation \|title\=Comments on the Releases entitled: "Revenue Limit on Bank\-Ineligible Activities of Subsidiaries of Bank Holding Companies Engaged in Underwriting and Dealing in Securities" (Docket No. R\-0841\) \|last\=Lackritz \|first\=Marc E.\|work\=Comment Letter to Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System \|date\=September 30, 1996\|publisher\=\[\[Securities Industry Association]] \| page\=3\|url\=http://www.sifma.org/issues/item.aspx?id\=461 \|access\-date\=February 13, 2012}}.
The SIA's prediction proved accurate two years later when the Federal Reserve Board applied the 25% bank\-ineligible revenue test in approving [Salomon Smith Barney](/wiki/Salomon_Smith_Barney "Salomon Smith Barney") (SSB) becoming an affiliate of [Citibank](/wiki/Citibank "Citibank") through the merger of [Travelers](/wiki/The_Travelers_Companies "The Travelers Companies") and [Citicorp](/wiki/Citicorp "Citicorp") to form the [Citigroup](/wiki/Citigroup "Citigroup") bank holding company. The Board noted that, although SSB was one of the largest US securities firms, less than 25% of its revenue was "bank\-ineligible."{{citation\|author\=Federal Reserve Board\|title\=Order Approving Formation of a Bank Holding Company and Notice to Engage in Nonbanking Activities, Travelers Group Inc., New York, New York, Citicorp, New York, New York\|date\=September 23, 1998\|pages\=65–66\|url\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/press/bhc/1998/19980923/19980923\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 24, 2012\|ref\={{harvid\|FRB\|1998b}}}}. Simpson Thacher 1998, p. 4\. Citigroup could only continue to own the Travelers insurance underwriting business for two (or, with Board approval, five) years unless the Bank Holding Company Act was amended (as it was through the GLBA) to permit affiliations between banks and underwriters of property, casualty, and life insurance. Citigroup's ownership of SSB, however, was permitted without any law change under the Federal Reserve Board's existing Section 20 affiliate rules.Simpson Thacher 1998, pp. 1\-6\. Lockner and Hansche 2000, p. 37\. Macey 2000, p. 718\.
In 2003, Charles Geisst, a Glass–Steagall supporter, told [Frontline](/wiki/Frontline_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Frontline (U.S. TV series)") the Federal Reserve Board's Section 20 orders meant the Federal Reserve "got rid of the Glass–Steagall Act."{{cite web \|url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/wallstreet/interviews/geisst.html \|title\=Interview: Charles Geisst \|access\-date\=February 13, 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[PBS]] \| work\=\[\[Hedrick Smith]] interview of Charles Geisst\| date\=February 5, 2003}} Former Federal Reserve Board Vice\-Chairman [Alan Blinder](/wiki/Alan_Blinder "Alan Blinder") agreed the 1996 action increasing "bank\-ineligible" revenue limits was "tacit repeal" of Glass–Steagall, but argued "that the market had practically repealed Glass–Steagall, anyway."{{cite web \|url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/wallstreet/interviews/blinder.html \|title\=Interview: Alan Blinder \|access\-date\=February 13, 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[PBS]] \| work\=\[\[Hedrick Smith]] interview of Alan Blinder\| date\=February 13, 2003}}
Shortly after approving the merger of Citicorp and Travelers, the Federal Reserve Board announced its intention to eliminate the 28 "firewalls" that required separation of Section 20 affiliates from their affiliated bank and to replace them with "operating standards" based on 8 of the firewalls. The change permitted banks to lend to fund purchases of, and otherwise provide credit support to, securities underwritten by their Section 20 affiliates.{{citation \|title\=Removal of Three Section 20 Firewalls Enhances Opportunities for One\-Stop Shopping in the Financial Services Industry \|last1\=Murphy \|first1\=Brian D.\|last2\=Haring \|first2\=Sherri S.\|year\=1997 \|publisher\=McGuire Woods LLP \|url\=http://library.findlaw.com/1997/Sep/1/126482\.html \|access\-date\=February 13, 2012}}. Rodelli 1998, pp. 321\-326\. This left Federal Reserve Act Sections 23A (which originated in the 1933 Banking Act and regulated extensions of credit between a bank and any nonbank affiliate) and 23B (which required all transactions between a bank and its nonbank affiliates to be on "arms\-length" market terms) as the primary restrictions on banks providing credit to Section 20 affiliates or to securities underwritten by those affiliates.Shull and White 1998, p. 8\. Rodelli 1998, p. 335\. Sections 23A and B remained the primary restrictions on commercial banks extending credit to securities affiliates, or to securities underwritten by such affiliates, after the GLBA repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\.Omarova 2011\. {{citation \|title\=Implementing the Gramm\-Leach\-Bliley Act\|work\=Remarks by Governor \[\[Laurence H. Meyer]] before the American Law Institute and American Bar Association \|publisher\=Federal Reserve Board \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|page\=4 ("23A and Firewalls") \|url\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/BoardDocs/Speeches/2000/20000203\.htm \|access\-date\=February 13, 2012}}.
### 1997\-98 legislative developments: commercial affiliations and Community Reinvestment Act
In 1997 Representative Leach again sponsored a bill to repeal Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\. At first the main controversy was whether to permit limited affiliations between commercial firms and commercial banks.Fein 2011, § 1\.06\[F], pp. 1\-40 to 1\-41\. {{Citation\| last \=Taylor\| first \=Andrew\| title \=BANKING: Leach Pushes to Begin Markup of Financial Services Rewrite\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=June 7, 1997\| page \=1305}}. Securities firms (and other financial services firms) complained that unless they could retain their affiliations with commercial firms (which the Bank Holding Company Act forbid for a commercial bank), they would not be able to compete equally with commercial banks.Mattingly and Fallon 1998, p. 34\. {{Citation\| last \=Taylor\| first \=Andrew\| title \=BANKING: Banks in No Hurry for Rewrite of Financial Services Law \|journal\=CQ Weekly\| date \=April 19, 1997\| pages \=898–900}}. The Clinton Administration proposed that Congress either permit a small "basket" of commercial revenue for bank holding companies or that it retain the "unitary thrift loophole" that permitted a commercial firm to own a single savings and loan.{{Citation\| last \=Taylor\| first \=Andrew\| title \=BANKING: Under Treasury Plan, Congress to Decide Tough Issues\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=May 24, 1997\| page \=1190}}. {{Citation\| last \=Taylor\| first \=Andrew\| title \=BANKING: Leach Pushes to Begin Markup of Financial Services Rewrite\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=June 7, 1997\| page \=1305}}. Representative Leach, House Banking Committee Ranking Member Henry Gonzalez (D\-TX), and former Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker opposed such commercial affiliations.{{Citation\| last \=Taylor\| first \=Andrew\| title \=BANKING: Wall Between Financial Services Dealt First Feal Blow in House\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=June 21, 1997\| pages \=1431–1433}}. {{harvnb\|Volcker\|1997a}} ("permitting banks or bank holding companies to extend their activities into commerce and industry \-\- contrary to Anglo\-Saxon traditions of finance \-\- would be directly contrary" to "the need for strong structural protection against conflicts of interest in the provision of credit and undue concentration of resources.")
Meanwhile, in 1997 [Congressional Quarterly](/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly "Congressional Quarterly") reported Senate Banking Committee Chairman [Al D'Amato](/wiki/Alfonse_M._D%27Amato "Alfonse M. D'Amato") (R\-NY) rejected Treasury Department pressure to produce a financial modernization bill because banking firms (such as Citicorp) were satisfied with the competitive advantages they had received from regulatory actions and were not really interested in legislative reforms.{{Citation\| last \=Taylor\| first \=Andrew\| title \=BANKING: Banks in No Hurry for Rewrite of Financial Services Law\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=April 19, 1997\| pages \=898–900}}. Reflecting the process Paul Volcker had described, as financial reform legislation was considered throughout 1997 and early 1998, [Congressional Quarterly](/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly "Congressional Quarterly") reported how different interests groups blocked legislation and sought regulatory advantages.{{Citation\| last \=Hosansky\| first \=David\| title \=BANKING: Paralyzed Congress on Sidelines in Financial Services Evolution\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=September 27, 1997\| pages\=2292–2296}}. {{Citation\| last \=Hosansky\| first \=David\| title \=REGULATION: Banking Lobby Flays Rewrite of Financial Services Law\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=October 25, 1997\| page\=2588}}. {{Citation\| last \=Hosansky\| first \=David\| title \=The Art of Business Lobbying Finding Profit in Regulation\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=April 18, 1998\| pages \=957–972}}
The "compromise bill" the House Republican leadership sought to bring to a vote in March 1998, was opposed by the commercial banking industry as favoring the securities and insurance industries.Hendrickson 2001, pp. 868\-869\. {{Citation\| last \=Nitschke\| first \=Lori\| title \=BANKING: House Deal Offers Bit of Hope For Glass–Steagall Overhaul\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=March 14, 1998\| page \=647}}. The House Republican leadership withdrew the bill in response to the banking industry opposition, but vowed to bring it back when Congress returned from recess.{{Citation\| last \=Nitschke\| first \=Lori\| title \=BANKING: House Floor Says 'No Thanks' to Financial Services Bill\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=April 4, 1998\| page \=864}}. Commentators describe the April 6, 1998, merger announcement between Travelers and Citicorp as the catalyst for the House passing that bill by a single vote (214\-213\) on May 13, 1998\.Hendrickson 2001, p. 869\. Fein 2011, § 1\.06\[G], pp. 1\-42\. {{Citation\| last \=Nitschke\| first \=Lori\| title \=BANKING \&FINANCE: Financial Services Bill Squeaks By in House\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=May 16, 1998\| page \=1301}}. Citicorp, which had opposed the bill in March, changed its position to support the bill along with the few other large commercial banking firms that had supported it in March for improving their ability to compete with "foreign banks."{{Citation\| last \=Nitschke\| first \=Lori\| title \=SECURITIES INDUSTRY: Huge Financial Services Merger Puts Pressure on Hill to Lead\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=April 11, 1998\| page\=937 (Citicorp change)}}. {{Citation\| last \=Nitschke\| first \=Lori\| title \=BANKING: House Floor Says 'No Thanks' to Financial Services Bill\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=April 4, 1998\| page \=864 (for improving ability to compete with "foreign banks")}}.
The Clinton Administration issued a veto threat for the House passed bill, in part because the bill would eliminate "the longstanding right of unitary thrift holding companies to engage in any lawful business," but primarily because the bill required national banks to conduct expanded activities through holding company subsidiaries rather than the bank "operating subsidiaries" authorized by the OCC in 1996\.Hendrickson 2001, p. 869\. {{Citation\| last\= Wagner\| first\=Constance \| title\=Structuring the Financial Services Conglomerates of the Future: Does the Choice of Corporate Form to House New Financial Activities of National Banks Matter?\| journal\=Annual Review of Banking Law\| year\=2000\| volume\=19\|pages\= 382–383\| ssrn\=1907844}}. {{citation \|title\=Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 10\-Financial Services Act of 1998 \|last\=Clinton \|first\=William J. \|date\=March 30, 1998 \|publisher\=The American Presidency Project\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=74367\#axzz1f9D3KR82 \|access\-date\=February 14, 2012}}.
On September 11, 1998, the Senate Banking Committee approved a bipartisan bill with unanimous Democratic member support that, like the House\-passed bill, would have repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\.{{Citation\| last\=Nitschke\| first \=Lori\| title \=BANKING: Financial Services Overhaul Bill Makes Progress in Senate with Nudge From Industry\| journal\=CQ Weekly\| date\=September 12, 1998\| page \=2411}}. {{harvnb\|SBC\|1998}}, pp. 3, 6, 19, and (for Democratic member statement) 53\-58\. The bill was blocked from Senate consideration by the Committee's two dissenting members ([Phil Gramm](/wiki/Phil_Gramm "Phil Gramm") (R\-TX) and [Richard Shelby](/wiki/Richard_Shelby "Richard Shelby") (R\-AL)), who argued it expanded the [Community Reinvestment Act](/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act "Community Reinvestment Act") (CRA). Four Democratic senators ([Byron Dorgan](/wiki/Byron_Dorgan "Byron Dorgan") (D\-ND), Russell Feingold (D\-WI), Barbara Mikulski (D\-MD), and Paul Wellstone (D\-MN)) stated they opposed the bill for its repeal of Sections 20 and 32\.{{Citation\| last \=Nitschke\| first\=Lori \|title\=BANKING: Financial Services Overhaul Appears to Die in Senate, a Victim of Friendly Fire\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=October 10, 1998\| page\=2733}}.
### 1999 Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
In 1999 the main issues confronting the new Leach bill to repeal Sections 20 and 32 were (1\) whether bank subsidiaries ("operating subsidiaries") or only nonbank owned affiliates could exercise new securities and other powers and (2\) how the CRA would apply to the new "financial holding companies" that would have such expanded powers.{{harvnb\|Phil FRB\|1999}}, p. 1\. The Clinton Administration agreed with Representative Leach in supporting "the continued separation of banking and commerce."{{citation \|title\=Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 10\-Financial Services Act of 1999 \|last\=Clinton \|first\=William J.\|date\=July 1, 1999 \|publisher\=The American Presidency Project\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=74548\#axzz1X8ndgy5Z \|access\-date\=February 14, 2012}}.
The Senate Banking Committee approved in a straight party line 11\-9 vote a bill (S. 900\) sponsored by Senator Gramm that would have repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 and that did not contain the CRA provisions in the Committee's 1998 bill. The nine dissenting Democratic Senators, along with Senate Minority Leader [Thomas Daschle](/wiki/Thomas_Daschle "Thomas Daschle") (D\-SD), proposed as an alternative (S. 753\) the text of the 1998 Committee bill with its CRA provisions and the repeal of Sections 20 and 32, modified to provide greater permission for "operating subsidiaries" as requested by the Treasury Department.{{Citation\| last1\=Parks\| first1\=Daniel J\|last2 \=Nitschke\| first2 \=Lori\| title \=BANKING: Clash Over Community Reinvestment Threatens Senate Financial Services Bill\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=March 6, 1999\| pages \=548–549}}. {{citation \|title\=Report of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 900, together with Additional Views\|publisher\=Government Printing Office \|date\=April 28, 1999\|pages\=3, 54\| url\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT\-106srpt44/pdf/CRPT\-106srpt44\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 25, 2012}}. [S. 753, 106th Congress, First Session](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-106s753is/pdf/BILLS-106s753is.pdf), p. 7, Section 101\. Through a partisan 54\-44 vote on May 6, 1999 (with Senator [Fritz Hollings](/wiki/Fritz_Hollings "Fritz Hollings") (D\-SC) providing the only Democratic Senator vote in support), the Senate passed S. 900\. The day before, Senate Republicans defeated (in a 54\-43 vote) a Democratic sponsored amendment to S. 900 that would have substituted the text of S. 753 (also providing for the repeal of Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\).{{Citation\| last\=Parks\| first\=Daniel J.\| title \=BANKING: Senate Passes Banking Overhaul Bill Vulnerable to a Clinton Veto; House Version Divides Committees \| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=May 8, 1999\| pages \=1081–1082}}. [Amendment No. 302](http://www.gpo.gov:80/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1999-05-04/pdf/CREC-1999-05-04-pt1-PgS4682.pdf), Congressional Record, S4682 (May 4, 1999\), Section 101, p. S4683\. [Senate debate and vote on Amendment No. 302](http://www.gpo.gov:80/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1999-05-05/pdf/CREC-1999-05-05-pt1-PgS4736-2.pdf), Congressional Record, S. 4736\-4743 (May 5, 1999\).
On July 1, 1999, the House of Representatives passed (in a bipartisan 343\-86 vote) a bill (H.R. 10\) that repealed Sections 20 and 32\. The Clinton Administration issued a statement supporting H.R. 10 because (unlike the Senate passed S. 900\) it accepted the bill's CRA and operating subsidiary provisions.{{Citation\| last\=Parks\| first\=Daniel J.\| title \=BANKING: Financial Services Overhaul Sees Home Stretch at Last \| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=10 July 1999\| pages \=1675–1677}}. {{Citation\| last\=Hambley\| first\=Winthrop P. \| title\=The Great Debate\-What will become of financial modernization \| journal\=Community Investments\|volume\=11\|issue\=2\|date\=1 September 1999\| pages\=1–3\|url\=http://www.frbsf.org/publications/community/investments/cra99\-2/debate.html\|access\-date\=February 16, 2012}}. {{citation \|title\=Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 10\-Financial Services Act of 1999 \|last\=Clinton \|first\=William J. \|date\=July 1, 1999 \|publisher\=The American Presidency Project\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=74548\#axzz1X8ndgy5Z \|access\-date\=February 16, 2012}}.
On October 13, 1999, the Federal Reserve and Treasury Department agreed that direct subsidiaries of national banks ("financial subsidiaries") could conduct securities activities, but that bank holding companies would need to engage in merchant banking, insurance, and real estate development activities through holding company, not bank, subsidiaries.{{harvnb\|Phil FRB\|1999}}, pp. 1\-2\. On October 22, 1999, Senator Gramm and the Clinton Administration agreed a bank holding company could only become a "financial holding company" (and thereby enjoy the new authority to affiliate with insurance and securities firms) if all its bank subsidiaries had at least a "satisfactory" CRA rating.{{harvnb\|Phil FRB\|1999}}, pp. 1\-2\. {{Citation\| last\=Parks\| first\=Daniel J.\| title \=BANKING: Financial Services Bill in the Final Stretch \| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=October 23, 1999\| pages \=2498–2503}}.
After these compromises, a joint Senate and House Conference Committee reported out a final version of S. 900 that was passed on November 4, 1999, by the House in a vote of 362\-57 and by the Senate in a vote of 90\-8\. President Clinton signed the bill into law on November 12, 1999, as the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Financial Modernization Act of 1999 (GLBA).{{Citation\| last\=Parks\| first\=Daniel J.\| title \=BANKING: Financial Services Overhaul Bill Clears After Final Skirmishing Over Community Reinvestment \| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=November 6, 1999\| page \=2654}}. {{citation\| last1\=Wells\|first1\=F. Jean\|last2\=Jackson\| first2\=William D.\| year\=1999\| title\=Major Financial Services Legislation, The Gramm\-Leach\-Bliley Act (P. L. 106\-102\): An Overview\| work\=Congressional Research Service Report\| issue\=RL30375\|page\=CRS\-10\|url\=http://epic.org/privacy/glba/RL30375\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 26, 2012}}.
The GLBA repealed Sections 20 and 32 of the Glass–Steagall Act, not Sections 16 and 21\.Macey 2000, p. 716\. Wilmarth 2002, p. 219, fn. 5\. The GLBA also amended Section 16 to permit "well capitalized" commercial banks to underwrite municipal revenue bonds (i.e., non\-general obligation bonds),{{harvnb\|C\&B\|1999\|p\=12}}. {{citation \|title\=Supervisory guidance relating to a change to permissible securities activities of state member banks \|work\=SR 01\-13 \|date\=May 14, 2001 \|publisher\=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|page\=1 \|url\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/srletters/2001/sr0113\.htm \|access\-date\=February 16, 2012 \|archive\-date\=April 26, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426062403/http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/srletters/2001/sr0113\.htm \|url\-status\=dead }}. as first approved by the Senate in 1967\. Otherwise, Sections 16 and 21 remained in effect regulating the direct securities activities of banks and prohibiting securities firms from taking deposits.
After March 11, 2000, bank holding companies could expand their securities and insurance activities by becoming "financial holding companies."{{harvnb\|C\&B\|1999\|p\=33}}. {{harvnb\|Joint Report\|2003\|p\=6}}.
|
[
"Glass–Steagall developments from 1995 to Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act\n---------------------------------------------------------------",
"### Leach and Rubin support for Glass–Steagall \"repeal\"; need to address \"market realities\"",
"On January 4, 1995, the new Chairman of the House Banking Committee, Representative [James A. Leach](/wiki/Jim_Leach \"Jim Leach\") (R\\-IA), introduced a bill to repeal Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\\.{{Citation\\| last \\=Taylor\\| first \\=Andrew\\| title \\=BANKING: Committee approves 'narrow' Glass–Steagall rewrite\\| journal \\=\\[\\[CQ Weekly]] \\| date \\=May 13, 1995\\| page \\=1308}}. After being confirmed as [Treasury Secretary](/wiki/United_States_Treasury_Secretary \"United States Treasury Secretary\"), [Robert Rubin](/wiki/Robert_Rubin \"Robert Rubin\") announced on February 28, 1995, that the [Clinton Administration](/wiki/Clinton_Administration \"Clinton Administration\") supported such Glass–Steagall repeal.{{Citation\\| last \\= Glater\\| first \\=Jonathan D. \\| title \\=Rubin urges changes in U.S. banking laws; Treasury chief would end curbs on competition \\| newspaper \\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\| date \\=February 28, 1995 \\| page\\=C.01}}. Repeating themes from the 1980s, Leach stated Glass–Steagall was \"out of synch with reality\"{{Citation\\| last \\=Taylor\\| first \\=Andrew\\| title \\=BANKING: Jim Leach gently rocking the boat\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=April 29, 1995\\| page \\=1162\\| url\\=http://library.cqpress.com/cqweekly/WR407782}}. and Rubin argued \"it is now time for the laws to reflect changes in the world's financial system.\"",
"Leach and Rubin expressed a widely shared view that Glass–Steagall was \"obsolete\" or \"outdated.\"Hendrickson 2001, p. 879\\. Wilmarth 2008, pp. 561\\-562\\. {{harvnb\\|NRP\\|2012}} (\"Throughout the debate, Glass–Steagall was derided as an old\\-fashioned law out of step with modern finance\"). As described above, Senator Proxmire and Representative Markey (despite their long\\-time support for Glass–Steagall) had earlier expressed the same conclusion. With his reputation for being \"conservative\" on expanded bank activities, former Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker remained an influential commentator on legislative proposals to permit such activities.{{Citation\\| last \\=de Senerpont Domas\\| first \\=Olaf \\| title \\=Volcker Plays Down Usefulness of Firewalls in Remarks to Panel \\| newspaper \\=\\[\\[American Banker]]\\| date \\=April 6, 1995}}. (\"Mr. Volcker, who still carries considerable weight on Capitol Hill\"). {{Citation\\| title\\=Financial Services Modernization \\| work\\=Segment 3 of Hearings before Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, United States House of Representatives\\| date\\=February 25, 1997\\| pages\\=252–254\\|url\\=http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/bank/hba38389\\.000/hba38389\\_0f.htm\\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012}}. {{harvnb\\|SBC\\|1998\\|p\\=7}}. Volcker continued to testify to Congress in opposition to permitting banks to affiliate with commercial companies and in favor of repealing Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 as part of \"rationalizing\" bank involvement in securities markets.{{Citation\\| last \\=Canan\\| first \\=Martha M.\\| title \\=Leach Pushes Back Debate on Bank Reform to May 9 \\| newspaper \\=\\[\\[Bond Buyer]]\\| date \\=April 6, 1995}}. {{harvnb\\|Volcker\\|1997a}} (\"I have argued this morning the logic and practical desirability of finally eliminating Glass–Steagall restrictions\"). Supporting the Leach and Rubin arguments, Volcker testified that Congressional inaction had forced banking regulators and the courts to play \"catch\\-up\" with market developments by \"sometimes stretching established interpretations of law beyond recognition.\"{{harvnb\\|Volcker\\|1997a}}. In 1997 Volcker testified this meant the \"Glass–Steagall separation of commercial and investment banking is now almost gone\" and that this \"accommodation and adaptation has been necessary and desirable.\"{{harvnb\\|Volcker\\|1997b}}. He stated, however, that the \"ad hoc approach\" had created \"uneven results\" that created \"almost endless squabbling in the courts\" and an \"increasingly advantageous position competitively\" for \"some sectors of the financial service industry and particular institutions.\" Similar to the GAO in 1988 and Representative Markey in 1990 Volcker asked that Congress \"provide clear and decisive leadership that reflects not parochial pleadings but the national interest.\"",
"Reflecting the regulatory developments Volcker noted, the commercial and investment banking industries largely reversed their traditional Glass–Steagall positions. Throughout the 1990s (and particularly in 1996\\), commercial banking firms became content with the regulatory situation Volcker described. They feared \"financial modernization\" legislation might bring an unwelcome change.Fein 2011, § 1\\.02, p. 1\\-6\\. Hendrickson 2001, pp. 867\\-869\\. {{harvnb\\|FCIC\\|2011\\|p\\=54}}. Securities firms came to view Glass–Steagall more as a barrier to expanding their own commercial banking activities than as protection from commercial bank competition. The securities industry became an advocate for \"financial modernization\" that would open a \"two\\-way street\" for securities firms to enter commercial banking.Fein 2011, § 1\\.02, pp. 1\\-6\\. Fisher 2001, p. 1302, fn. 6\\. Levitt 1998 (\"A Competitive Two\\-Way Street\").",
"### Status of arguments from 1980s",
"While the need to create a legal framework for existing bank securities activities became a dominant theme for the \"financial modernization\" legislation supported by Leach, Rubin, Volcker, and others, after the GLBA repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 in 1999, commentators identified four main arguments for repeal: (1\\) increased economies of scale and scope, (2\\) reduced risk through diversification of activities, (3\\) greater convenience and lower cost for consumers, and (4\\) improved ability of U.S. financial firms to compete with foreign firms.Wilmarth 2002, p. 223\\. {{citation\\| last\\=Wilmarth Jr.\\| first\\=Arthur E.\\| year\\=2009\\| title\\=The Dark Side of Universal Banking: Financial Conglomerates and the Origins of the Subprime Financial Crisis\\| journal\\=Connecticut Law Review\\| volume\\=41\\| issue\\=4\\| page\\=973\\| url\\=http://connecticutlawreview.org/documents/Volume41Issue4\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=2013\\-07\\-19\\| archive\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-28\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928041629/http://connecticutlawreview.org/documents/Volume41Issue4\\.pdf\\| url\\-status\\=dead}}. Focarelli, Marques\\-Ibanez, Pozzolo 2011, pp. 6\\-7\\.",
"By 1995, however, some of these concerns (which had been identified by the Congressional Research Service in 1987) seemed less important. As Japanese banks declined and U.S.\\-based banks were more profitable, \"international competitiveness\" did not seem to be a pressing issue.Mayer 1997, pp. 387\\-389 and 446\\-447\\. International rankings of banks by size also seemed less important when, as Alan Greenspan later noted, \"Federal Reserve research had been unable to find economies of scale in banking beyond a modest size.\"Greenspan 2010, p. 33\\. Wilmarth 1995, pp. 14\\-26\\. Still, advocates of \"financial modernization\" continued to point to the combination of commercial and investment banking in nearly all other countries as an argument for \"modernization\", including Glass–Steagall \"repeal.\"{{Cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.occ.gov/static/news\\-issuances/news\\-releases/1997/nr\\-occ\\-1997\\-34\\.pdf\\|title\\=Study Finds U.S. Restrictions on Bank Activities Out of Step With Other Leading Economic Powers\\|publisher\\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\\|date\\=March 24, 1997\\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012}} Litan and Rauch 1998, pp. 88\\-92\\.",
"Similarly, the failure of the [Sears Financial Network](/wiki/Dean_Witter_Reynolds \"Dean Witter Reynolds\") and other nonbank \"financial supermarkets\" that had seemed to threaten commercial banks in the 1980s undermined the argument that financial conglomerates would be more efficient than \"specialized\" financial firms.Wilmarth 2002, pp. 223\\-224, 284, and 425\\-428\\. Mayer 1997, pp. 23\\-24\\. Critics questioned the \"diversification benefits\" of combining commercial and investment banking activities. Some questioned whether the higher variability of returns in investment banking would stabilize commercial banking firms through \"negative correlation\" (i.e., cyclical downturns in commercial and investment banking occurring at different times) or instead increase the probability of the overall banking firm failing.{{citation\\| last1\\=Kwan\\| first1\\=Simon H.\\| last2\\=Laderman\\| first2\\=Elizabeth S.\\| year\\=1999\\| title\\=On the Portfolio Effects of Financial Convergence—A Review of the Literature\\| journal\\=FRBSF Economic Review\\| issue\\=2\\| pages\\=21–24\\|url\\=http://www.frbsf.org/econrsrch/econrev/99\\-2/18\\-31\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012}}Garten 1993, pp. 164\\-166\\. Others questioned whether any theoretical benefits in holding a passive \"investment portfolio\" combining commercial and investment banking would be lost in managing the actual combination of such activities.Garten 1993, pp. 163\\-164\\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 439\\-440\\. Critics also argued that specialized, highly competitive commercial and investment banking firms were more efficient in competitive global markets.Garten 1993, p. 195\\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 440\\-444\\.",
"Starting in the late 1980s, John H. Boyd, a staff member of the [Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis \"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis\"), consistently questioned the value of size and product diversification in banking.Stern and Feldman 2004, p. 77\\. Reinicke 1995, p. 112, fn. 105\\. In 1999, as Congress was considering legislation that became the GLBA, he published an essay arguing that the \"moral hazard\" created by [deposit insurance](/wiki/Deposit_insurance \"Deposit insurance\"), [too big to fail](/wiki/Too_big_to_fail \"Too big to fail\") (TBTF) considerations, and other governmental support for banking should be resolved before commercial banking firms could be given \"universal banking\" powers.{{Citation\\| title\\=Expansion of commercial banking powers ... or, universal banking is the cart, not the horse\\| last\\=Boyd\\| first\\=John H.\\| journal\\=Journal of Banking and Finance\\| year\\=1999\\| volume\\=23\\| issue\\=2–4\\| pages\\=655–662\\| url\\=ftp://ftp.cba.uri.edu/Classes/Archive/xchen/conglomeration/boyd\\_jbf99\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 19, 2012\\| doi\\=10\\.1016/s0378\\-4266(98\\)00101\\-0}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}. Although Boyd's 1999 essay was directed at \"universal banking\" that permitted commercial banks to own equity interests in non\\-financial firms (i.e., \"commercial firms\"), the essay was interpreted more broadly to mean that \"expanding bank powers, by, for example, allowing nonbank firms to affiliate with banks, prior to undertaking reforms limiting TBTF\\-like coverage for uninsured bank creditors is putting the 'cart before the horse.'\"Stern and Feldman 2004, p. 77\\.",
"Despite these arguments, advocates of \"financial modernization\" predicted consumers and businesses would enjoy cost savings and greater convenience in receiving financial services from integrated \"financial services firms.\"{{Cite press release\\|url\\=http://archives.financialservices.house.gov/banking/6397rubi.shtml\\|title\\=Text as Prepared for Delivery: Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin, House Banking and Financial Services Committee\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Department of the Treasury]]\\|date\\=June 3, 1997\\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017202632/http://archives.financialservices.house.gov/banking/6397rubi.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=October 17, 2012}} Litan and Rauch 1998, pp. 88\\-92\\.",
"After the GLBA repealed Sections 20 and 32, commentators also noted the importance of scholarly attacks on the historic justifications for Glass–Steagall as supporting repeal efforts.Wilmarth 2008, p. 562\\. Focarelli, Marques\\-Ibanez, Pozzolo 2011, pp. 6\\-7\\. Throughout the 1990s, scholars continued to produce empirical studies concluding that commercial bank affiliate underwriting before Glass–Steagall had not demonstrated the \"conflicts of interest\" and other defects claimed by Glass–Steagall proponents.{{citation\\|last\\=Mester \\|first\\=Loretta J. \\|title\\=Repealing Glass–Steagall: The Past Points the Way to the Future \\|journal\\=Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review \\|issue\\=July/August \\|year\\=1996 \\|pages\\=4–7 \\|url\\=http://www.philadelphiafed.org/research\\-and\\-data/publications/business\\-review/1996/july\\-august/Glass–Steagall.cfm \\|access\\-date\\=February 25, 2012 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=December 2016 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}. Barth et al. 2000, p.1\\. By the late 1990s a \"remarkably broad academic consensus\" existed that Glass–Steagall had been \"thoroughly discredited.\"{{citation \\|last\\=Moss\\|first\\=David A. \\|author\\-link\\=David A. Moss\\|chapter\\=Chapter 4: Reversing the Null: Regulation, Deregulation, and the Power of Ideas \\|year\\=2011\\|editor1\\-last\\=Rosenfeld\\|editor1\\-first\\=Gerald\\|editor2\\-last\\=\\[\\[Jay W. Lorsch]]\\|editor3\\-last\\=Khurana\\|editor3\\-first\\=Rakesh\\|title\\=Challenges to Business in the Twenty\\-First Century\\|publisher\\=American Academy of Arts \\& Sciences\\|page\\=45, fn. 20 \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www.amacad.org/pdfs/challenges.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}. Wilmarth 2008, p. 562\\. {{Citation\\| last\\=Calomiris\\| first\\=Charles W.\\| title\\=Prepared Testimony to Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Regulatory Relief\\| date\\=March 20, 1997\\| page\\=5 (answer to question \\#1\\)\\| url\\=http://banking.senate.gov/97\\_03hrg/032097/witness/calomeri.htm\\| access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917004756/http://banking.senate.gov/97\\_03hrg/032097/witness/calomeri.htm\\| archive\\-date\\=September 17, 2012}}.",
"Although he rejected this scholarship, [Martin Mayer](/wiki/Martin_Mayer \"Martin Mayer\") wrote in 1997 that since the late 1980s it had been \"clear\" that continuing the Glass–Steagall prohibitions was only \"permitting a handful of large investment houses and hedge funds to charge monopoly rents for their services without protecting corporate America, investors, or the banks.\"Mayer 1997, p. 429\\.[Hyman Minsky](/wiki/Hyman_Minsky \"Hyman Minsky\"), who disputed the benefits of \"universal banking,\" wrote in 1995 testimony prepared for Congress that \"repeal of the Glass–Steagall Act, in itself, would neither benefit nor harm the economy of the United States to any significant extent.\"{{Citation\\| last\\=Minsky\\| first\\=Hyman \\| title\\=Would Repeal of the Glass–Steagall Act Benefit the United States economy?: Statement prepared for Hearings on Repeal of Glass–Steagall Act, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, United States House of Representatives\\| date\\=March 1, 1995\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1059\\&context\\=hm\\_archive\\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012}}. {{Citation\\| last\\=Minsky\\| first\\=Hyman \\| title\\=Reforming Banking in 1995: Repeal of the Glass Steagall Act, Some Basic Issues\\| date\\=March 1, 1995\\|page\\=12\\|url\\=http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1058\\&context\\=hm\\_archive\\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012}}. In 1974 Mayer had quoted Minsky as stating a 1971 presidential commission (the \"Hunt Commission\") was repeating the errors of history when it proposed relaxing Glass–Steagall and other legislation from the 1930s.Mayer 1974, pp. 521\\-524\\.",
"With banking commentators such as Mayer and Minsky no longer opposing Glass–Steagall repeal, consumer and community development advocates became the most prominent critics of repeal and of financial \"modernization\" in general. Helen Garten argued that bank regulation became dominated by \"consumer\" issues, which produced \"a largely unregulated, sophisticated wholesale market and a highly regulated, retail consumer market.\"Garten 1999, p. 293\\. In the 1980s Representative [Fernand St. Germain](/wiki/Fernand_St._Germain \"Fernand St. Germain\") (D\\-RI), as chairman of the House Banking Committee, sought to tie any Glass–Steagall reform to requirements for free or reduced cost banking services for the elderly and poor.Reinicke 1995, pp. 80 and 109\\. Democratic Representatives and Senators made similar appeals in the 1990s.{{Citation\\| last \\=McConnell\\| first \\=Bill\\| title\\=Democrats Tie Reform to Consumer Protection\\| newspaper\\=American Banker\\| date \\=June 6, 1997\\|page\\=1}}. {{harvnb\\|SBC\\|1998\\|pp\\=57–58}}. During Congressional hearings to consider the various Leach bills to repeal Sections 20 and 32, consumer and community development advocates warned against the concentration of \"economic power\" that would result from permitting \"financial conglomerates\" and argued that any repeal of Sections 20 and 32 should mandate greater consumer protections, particularly free or low cost consumer services, and greater community reinvestment requirements.{{citation\\|last\\=Lewis\\|first\\=Jake\\|title\\=Financial Deregulation Fiasco: H.R. 10 and the Consequences of Financial Concentration\\|journal\\= Multinational Monitor\\|volume\\=19\\|issue\\=11\\|date\\=November 1, 1998\\|url\\=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm1998/111998/lewis.html\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012}}Mattingly and Fallon 1998, pp. 66\\-69\\. {{Citation\\| last \\=Hosansky\\| first \\=David\\| title \\=BANKING: Wall between financial services dealt first real blow in House\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=June 21, 1997\\| pages \\=1431–1433}}.",
"### Failed 1995 Leach bill; expansion of Section 20 affiliate activities; merger of Travelers and Citicorp",
"By 1995 the ability of banks to sell insurance was more controversial than Glass–Steagall \"repeal.\" Representative Leach tried to avoid conflict with the insurance industry by producing a limited \"modernization\" bill that repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32, but did not change the regulation of bank insurance activities.{{Citation\\| last \\=Taylor\\| first \\=Andrew\\| title \\=BANKING: Committee approves 'narrow' Glass–Steagall rewrite\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=May 13, 1995\\| page \\=1308}}. Leach's efforts to separate insurance from securities powers failed when the insurance agent lobby insisted any banking law reform include limits on bank sales of insurance.Hendrickson 2001, pp. 865\\-866\\. {{Citation\\| last \\=Taylor\\| first \\=Andrew\\| title \\=BANKING: Cleft between agents, big banks mires Glass–Steagall rewrite\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=July 29, 1995\\| page \\=2249}}. {{Citation\\| last \\=Taylor\\| first \\=Andrew\\| title \\=BANKING: despite its legislative victories insurance lobby may be losing war\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=March 2, 1996\\| page \\=540}}",
"Similar to Senator Proxmire in 1988, Representative Leach responded to the House's inaction on his Glass–Steagall \"repeal\" bill by writing the Federal Reserve Board in June 1996 encouraging it to increase the limit on Section 20 affiliate bank\\-ineligible revenue.Fein 2011, § 1\\.06\\[F], pp. 1\\-39\\. {{Citation\\| last \\=Taylor\\| first \\=Andrew\\| title \\=BANKING: Fed suggests expanding securities operations\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=August 3, 1996\\| page \\=2174}}. When the Federal Reserve Board increased the limit to 25% in December 1996, the Board noted the [Securities Industry Association](/wiki/Securities_Industry_Association \"Securities Industry Association\") (SIA) had complained this would mean even the largest Wall Street securities firms could affiliate with commercial banks.{{citation\\|author\\=Federal Reserve Board\\| title\\=Notice of Revenue Limit on Bank\\-Ineligible Activities of Subsidiaries of Bank Holding Companies Engaged in Underwriting and Dealing in Securities\\| date\\=December 20, 1996\\| page\\=10\\| url\\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/press/boardacts/1996/19961220/R\\-0841\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012}}. {{citation \\|title\\=Comments on the Releases entitled: \"Revenue Limit on Bank\\-Ineligible Activities of Subsidiaries of Bank Holding Companies Engaged in Underwriting and Dealing in Securities\" (Docket No. R\\-0841\\) \\|last\\=Lackritz \\|first\\=Marc E.\\|work\\=Comment Letter to Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System \\|date\\=September 30, 1996\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Securities Industry Association]] \\| page\\=3\\|url\\=http://www.sifma.org/issues/item.aspx?id\\=461 \\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012}}.",
"The SIA's prediction proved accurate two years later when the Federal Reserve Board applied the 25% bank\\-ineligible revenue test in approving [Salomon Smith Barney](/wiki/Salomon_Smith_Barney \"Salomon Smith Barney\") (SSB) becoming an affiliate of [Citibank](/wiki/Citibank \"Citibank\") through the merger of [Travelers](/wiki/The_Travelers_Companies \"The Travelers Companies\") and [Citicorp](/wiki/Citicorp \"Citicorp\") to form the [Citigroup](/wiki/Citigroup \"Citigroup\") bank holding company. The Board noted that, although SSB was one of the largest US securities firms, less than 25% of its revenue was \"bank\\-ineligible.\"{{citation\\|author\\=Federal Reserve Board\\|title\\=Order Approving Formation of a Bank Holding Company and Notice to Engage in Nonbanking Activities, Travelers Group Inc., New York, New York, Citicorp, New York, New York\\|date\\=September 23, 1998\\|pages\\=65–66\\|url\\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/press/bhc/1998/19980923/19980923\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012\\|ref\\={{harvid\\|FRB\\|1998b}}}}. Simpson Thacher 1998, p. 4\\. Citigroup could only continue to own the Travelers insurance underwriting business for two (or, with Board approval, five) years unless the Bank Holding Company Act was amended (as it was through the GLBA) to permit affiliations between banks and underwriters of property, casualty, and life insurance. Citigroup's ownership of SSB, however, was permitted without any law change under the Federal Reserve Board's existing Section 20 affiliate rules.Simpson Thacher 1998, pp. 1\\-6\\. Lockner and Hansche 2000, p. 37\\. Macey 2000, p. 718\\.",
"In 2003, Charles Geisst, a Glass–Steagall supporter, told [Frontline](/wiki/Frontline_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Frontline (U.S. TV series)\") the Federal Reserve Board's Section 20 orders meant the Federal Reserve \"got rid of the Glass–Steagall Act.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/wallstreet/interviews/geisst.html \\|title\\=Interview: Charles Geisst \\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[PBS]] \\| work\\=\\[\\[Hedrick Smith]] interview of Charles Geisst\\| date\\=February 5, 2003}} Former Federal Reserve Board Vice\\-Chairman [Alan Blinder](/wiki/Alan_Blinder \"Alan Blinder\") agreed the 1996 action increasing \"bank\\-ineligible\" revenue limits was \"tacit repeal\" of Glass–Steagall, but argued \"that the market had practically repealed Glass–Steagall, anyway.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/wallstreet/interviews/blinder.html \\|title\\=Interview: Alan Blinder \\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[PBS]] \\| work\\=\\[\\[Hedrick Smith]] interview of Alan Blinder\\| date\\=February 13, 2003}}",
"Shortly after approving the merger of Citicorp and Travelers, the Federal Reserve Board announced its intention to eliminate the 28 \"firewalls\" that required separation of Section 20 affiliates from their affiliated bank and to replace them with \"operating standards\" based on 8 of the firewalls. The change permitted banks to lend to fund purchases of, and otherwise provide credit support to, securities underwritten by their Section 20 affiliates.{{citation \\|title\\=Removal of Three Section 20 Firewalls Enhances Opportunities for One\\-Stop Shopping in the Financial Services Industry \\|last1\\=Murphy \\|first1\\=Brian D.\\|last2\\=Haring \\|first2\\=Sherri S.\\|year\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=McGuire Woods LLP \\|url\\=http://library.findlaw.com/1997/Sep/1/126482\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012}}. Rodelli 1998, pp. 321\\-326\\. This left Federal Reserve Act Sections 23A (which originated in the 1933 Banking Act and regulated extensions of credit between a bank and any nonbank affiliate) and 23B (which required all transactions between a bank and its nonbank affiliates to be on \"arms\\-length\" market terms) as the primary restrictions on banks providing credit to Section 20 affiliates or to securities underwritten by those affiliates.Shull and White 1998, p. 8\\. Rodelli 1998, p. 335\\. Sections 23A and B remained the primary restrictions on commercial banks extending credit to securities affiliates, or to securities underwritten by such affiliates, after the GLBA repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\\.Omarova 2011\\. {{citation \\|title\\=Implementing the Gramm\\-Leach\\-Bliley Act\\|work\\=Remarks by Governor \\[\\[Laurence H. Meyer]] before the American Law Institute and American Bar Association \\|publisher\\=Federal Reserve Board \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|page\\=4 (\"23A and Firewalls\") \\|url\\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/BoardDocs/Speeches/2000/20000203\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012}}.",
"### 1997\\-98 legislative developments: commercial affiliations and Community Reinvestment Act",
"In 1997 Representative Leach again sponsored a bill to repeal Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\\. At first the main controversy was whether to permit limited affiliations between commercial firms and commercial banks.Fein 2011, § 1\\.06\\[F], pp. 1\\-40 to 1\\-41\\. {{Citation\\| last \\=Taylor\\| first \\=Andrew\\| title \\=BANKING: Leach Pushes to Begin Markup of Financial Services Rewrite\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=June 7, 1997\\| page \\=1305}}. Securities firms (and other financial services firms) complained that unless they could retain their affiliations with commercial firms (which the Bank Holding Company Act forbid for a commercial bank), they would not be able to compete equally with commercial banks.Mattingly and Fallon 1998, p. 34\\. {{Citation\\| last \\=Taylor\\| first \\=Andrew\\| title \\=BANKING: Banks in No Hurry for Rewrite of Financial Services Law \\|journal\\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=April 19, 1997\\| pages \\=898–900}}. The Clinton Administration proposed that Congress either permit a small \"basket\" of commercial revenue for bank holding companies or that it retain the \"unitary thrift loophole\" that permitted a commercial firm to own a single savings and loan.{{Citation\\| last \\=Taylor\\| first \\=Andrew\\| title \\=BANKING: Under Treasury Plan, Congress to Decide Tough Issues\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=May 24, 1997\\| page \\=1190}}. {{Citation\\| last \\=Taylor\\| first \\=Andrew\\| title \\=BANKING: Leach Pushes to Begin Markup of Financial Services Rewrite\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=June 7, 1997\\| page \\=1305}}. Representative Leach, House Banking Committee Ranking Member Henry Gonzalez (D\\-TX), and former Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker opposed such commercial affiliations.{{Citation\\| last \\=Taylor\\| first \\=Andrew\\| title \\=BANKING: Wall Between Financial Services Dealt First Feal Blow in House\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=June 21, 1997\\| pages \\=1431–1433}}. {{harvnb\\|Volcker\\|1997a}} (\"permitting banks or bank holding companies to extend their activities into commerce and industry \\-\\- contrary to Anglo\\-Saxon traditions of finance \\-\\- would be directly contrary\" to \"the need for strong structural protection against conflicts of interest in the provision of credit and undue concentration of resources.\")",
"Meanwhile, in 1997 [Congressional Quarterly](/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly \"Congressional Quarterly\") reported Senate Banking Committee Chairman [Al D'Amato](/wiki/Alfonse_M._D%27Amato \"Alfonse M. D'Amato\") (R\\-NY) rejected Treasury Department pressure to produce a financial modernization bill because banking firms (such as Citicorp) were satisfied with the competitive advantages they had received from regulatory actions and were not really interested in legislative reforms.{{Citation\\| last \\=Taylor\\| first \\=Andrew\\| title \\=BANKING: Banks in No Hurry for Rewrite of Financial Services Law\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=April 19, 1997\\| pages \\=898–900}}. Reflecting the process Paul Volcker had described, as financial reform legislation was considered throughout 1997 and early 1998, [Congressional Quarterly](/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly \"Congressional Quarterly\") reported how different interests groups blocked legislation and sought regulatory advantages.{{Citation\\| last \\=Hosansky\\| first \\=David\\| title \\=BANKING: Paralyzed Congress on Sidelines in Financial Services Evolution\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=September 27, 1997\\| pages\\=2292–2296}}. {{Citation\\| last \\=Hosansky\\| first \\=David\\| title \\=REGULATION: Banking Lobby Flays Rewrite of Financial Services Law\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=October 25, 1997\\| page\\=2588}}. {{Citation\\| last \\=Hosansky\\| first \\=David\\| title \\=The Art of Business Lobbying Finding Profit in Regulation\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=April 18, 1998\\| pages \\=957–972}}",
"The \"compromise bill\" the House Republican leadership sought to bring to a vote in March 1998, was opposed by the commercial banking industry as favoring the securities and insurance industries.Hendrickson 2001, pp. 868\\-869\\. {{Citation\\| last \\=Nitschke\\| first \\=Lori\\| title \\=BANKING: House Deal Offers Bit of Hope For Glass–Steagall Overhaul\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=March 14, 1998\\| page \\=647}}. The House Republican leadership withdrew the bill in response to the banking industry opposition, but vowed to bring it back when Congress returned from recess.{{Citation\\| last \\=Nitschke\\| first \\=Lori\\| title \\=BANKING: House Floor Says 'No Thanks' to Financial Services Bill\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=April 4, 1998\\| page \\=864}}. Commentators describe the April 6, 1998, merger announcement between Travelers and Citicorp as the catalyst for the House passing that bill by a single vote (214\\-213\\) on May 13, 1998\\.Hendrickson 2001, p. 869\\. Fein 2011, § 1\\.06\\[G], pp. 1\\-42\\. {{Citation\\| last \\=Nitschke\\| first \\=Lori\\| title \\=BANKING \\&FINANCE: Financial Services Bill Squeaks By in House\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=May 16, 1998\\| page \\=1301}}. Citicorp, which had opposed the bill in March, changed its position to support the bill along with the few other large commercial banking firms that had supported it in March for improving their ability to compete with \"foreign banks.\"{{Citation\\| last \\=Nitschke\\| first \\=Lori\\| title \\=SECURITIES INDUSTRY: Huge Financial Services Merger Puts Pressure on Hill to Lead\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=April 11, 1998\\| page\\=937 (Citicorp change)}}. {{Citation\\| last \\=Nitschke\\| first \\=Lori\\| title \\=BANKING: House Floor Says 'No Thanks' to Financial Services Bill\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=April 4, 1998\\| page \\=864 (for improving ability to compete with \"foreign banks\")}}.",
"The Clinton Administration issued a veto threat for the House passed bill, in part because the bill would eliminate \"the longstanding right of unitary thrift holding companies to engage in any lawful business,\" but primarily because the bill required national banks to conduct expanded activities through holding company subsidiaries rather than the bank \"operating subsidiaries\" authorized by the OCC in 1996\\.Hendrickson 2001, p. 869\\. {{Citation\\| last\\= Wagner\\| first\\=Constance \\| title\\=Structuring the Financial Services Conglomerates of the Future: Does the Choice of Corporate Form to House New Financial Activities of National Banks Matter?\\| journal\\=Annual Review of Banking Law\\| year\\=2000\\| volume\\=19\\|pages\\= 382–383\\| ssrn\\=1907844}}. {{citation \\|title\\=Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 10\\-Financial Services Act of 1998 \\|last\\=Clinton \\|first\\=William J. \\|date\\=March 30, 1998 \\|publisher\\=The American Presidency Project\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=74367\\#axzz1f9D3KR82 \\|access\\-date\\=February 14, 2012}}.",
"On September 11, 1998, the Senate Banking Committee approved a bipartisan bill with unanimous Democratic member support that, like the House\\-passed bill, would have repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\\.{{Citation\\| last\\=Nitschke\\| first \\=Lori\\| title \\=BANKING: Financial Services Overhaul Bill Makes Progress in Senate with Nudge From Industry\\| journal\\=CQ Weekly\\| date\\=September 12, 1998\\| page \\=2411}}. {{harvnb\\|SBC\\|1998}}, pp. 3, 6, 19, and (for Democratic member statement) 53\\-58\\. The bill was blocked from Senate consideration by the Committee's two dissenting members ([Phil Gramm](/wiki/Phil_Gramm \"Phil Gramm\") (R\\-TX) and [Richard Shelby](/wiki/Richard_Shelby \"Richard Shelby\") (R\\-AL)), who argued it expanded the [Community Reinvestment Act](/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act \"Community Reinvestment Act\") (CRA). Four Democratic senators ([Byron Dorgan](/wiki/Byron_Dorgan \"Byron Dorgan\") (D\\-ND), Russell Feingold (D\\-WI), Barbara Mikulski (D\\-MD), and Paul Wellstone (D\\-MN)) stated they opposed the bill for its repeal of Sections 20 and 32\\.{{Citation\\| last \\=Nitschke\\| first\\=Lori \\|title\\=BANKING: Financial Services Overhaul Appears to Die in Senate, a Victim of Friendly Fire\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=October 10, 1998\\| page\\=2733}}.",
"### 1999 Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act",
"In 1999 the main issues confronting the new Leach bill to repeal Sections 20 and 32 were (1\\) whether bank subsidiaries (\"operating subsidiaries\") or only nonbank owned affiliates could exercise new securities and other powers and (2\\) how the CRA would apply to the new \"financial holding companies\" that would have such expanded powers.{{harvnb\\|Phil FRB\\|1999}}, p. 1\\. The Clinton Administration agreed with Representative Leach in supporting \"the continued separation of banking and commerce.\"{{citation \\|title\\=Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 10\\-Financial Services Act of 1999 \\|last\\=Clinton \\|first\\=William J.\\|date\\=July 1, 1999 \\|publisher\\=The American Presidency Project\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=74548\\#axzz1X8ndgy5Z \\|access\\-date\\=February 14, 2012}}.",
"The Senate Banking Committee approved in a straight party line 11\\-9 vote a bill (S. 900\\) sponsored by Senator Gramm that would have repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 and that did not contain the CRA provisions in the Committee's 1998 bill. The nine dissenting Democratic Senators, along with Senate Minority Leader [Thomas Daschle](/wiki/Thomas_Daschle \"Thomas Daschle\") (D\\-SD), proposed as an alternative (S. 753\\) the text of the 1998 Committee bill with its CRA provisions and the repeal of Sections 20 and 32, modified to provide greater permission for \"operating subsidiaries\" as requested by the Treasury Department.{{Citation\\| last1\\=Parks\\| first1\\=Daniel J\\|last2 \\=Nitschke\\| first2 \\=Lori\\| title \\=BANKING: Clash Over Community Reinvestment Threatens Senate Financial Services Bill\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=March 6, 1999\\| pages \\=548–549}}. {{citation \\|title\\=Report of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 900, together with Additional Views\\|publisher\\=Government Printing Office \\|date\\=April 28, 1999\\|pages\\=3, 54\\| url\\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT\\-106srpt44/pdf/CRPT\\-106srpt44\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 25, 2012}}. [S. 753, 106th Congress, First Session](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-106s753is/pdf/BILLS-106s753is.pdf), p. 7, Section 101\\. Through a partisan 54\\-44 vote on May 6, 1999 (with Senator [Fritz Hollings](/wiki/Fritz_Hollings \"Fritz Hollings\") (D\\-SC) providing the only Democratic Senator vote in support), the Senate passed S. 900\\. The day before, Senate Republicans defeated (in a 54\\-43 vote) a Democratic sponsored amendment to S. 900 that would have substituted the text of S. 753 (also providing for the repeal of Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\\).{{Citation\\| last\\=Parks\\| first\\=Daniel J.\\| title \\=BANKING: Senate Passes Banking Overhaul Bill Vulnerable to a Clinton Veto; House Version Divides Committees \\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=May 8, 1999\\| pages \\=1081–1082}}. [Amendment No. 302](http://www.gpo.gov:80/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1999-05-04/pdf/CREC-1999-05-04-pt1-PgS4682.pdf), Congressional Record, S4682 (May 4, 1999\\), Section 101, p. S4683\\. [Senate debate and vote on Amendment No. 302](http://www.gpo.gov:80/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1999-05-05/pdf/CREC-1999-05-05-pt1-PgS4736-2.pdf), Congressional Record, S. 4736\\-4743 (May 5, 1999\\).",
"On July 1, 1999, the House of Representatives passed (in a bipartisan 343\\-86 vote) a bill (H.R. 10\\) that repealed Sections 20 and 32\\. The Clinton Administration issued a statement supporting H.R. 10 because (unlike the Senate passed S. 900\\) it accepted the bill's CRA and operating subsidiary provisions.{{Citation\\| last\\=Parks\\| first\\=Daniel J.\\| title \\=BANKING: Financial Services Overhaul Sees Home Stretch at Last \\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=10 July 1999\\| pages \\=1675–1677}}. {{Citation\\| last\\=Hambley\\| first\\=Winthrop P. \\| title\\=The Great Debate\\-What will become of financial modernization \\| journal\\=Community Investments\\|volume\\=11\\|issue\\=2\\|date\\=1 September 1999\\| pages\\=1–3\\|url\\=http://www.frbsf.org/publications/community/investments/cra99\\-2/debate.html\\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2012}}. {{citation \\|title\\=Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 10\\-Financial Services Act of 1999 \\|last\\=Clinton \\|first\\=William J. \\|date\\=July 1, 1999 \\|publisher\\=The American Presidency Project\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=74548\\#axzz1X8ndgy5Z \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2012}}.",
"On October 13, 1999, the Federal Reserve and Treasury Department agreed that direct subsidiaries of national banks (\"financial subsidiaries\") could conduct securities activities, but that bank holding companies would need to engage in merchant banking, insurance, and real estate development activities through holding company, not bank, subsidiaries.{{harvnb\\|Phil FRB\\|1999}}, pp. 1\\-2\\. On October 22, 1999, Senator Gramm and the Clinton Administration agreed a bank holding company could only become a \"financial holding company\" (and thereby enjoy the new authority to affiliate with insurance and securities firms) if all its bank subsidiaries had at least a \"satisfactory\" CRA rating.{{harvnb\\|Phil FRB\\|1999}}, pp. 1\\-2\\. {{Citation\\| last\\=Parks\\| first\\=Daniel J.\\| title \\=BANKING: Financial Services Bill in the Final Stretch \\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=October 23, 1999\\| pages \\=2498–2503}}.",
"After these compromises, a joint Senate and House Conference Committee reported out a final version of S. 900 that was passed on November 4, 1999, by the House in a vote of 362\\-57 and by the Senate in a vote of 90\\-8\\. President Clinton signed the bill into law on November 12, 1999, as the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Financial Modernization Act of 1999 (GLBA).{{Citation\\| last\\=Parks\\| first\\=Daniel J.\\| title \\=BANKING: Financial Services Overhaul Bill Clears After Final Skirmishing Over Community Reinvestment \\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=November 6, 1999\\| page \\=2654}}. {{citation\\| last1\\=Wells\\|first1\\=F. Jean\\|last2\\=Jackson\\| first2\\=William D.\\| year\\=1999\\| title\\=Major Financial Services Legislation, The Gramm\\-Leach\\-Bliley Act (P. L. 106\\-102\\): An Overview\\| work\\=Congressional Research Service Report\\| issue\\=RL30375\\|page\\=CRS\\-10\\|url\\=http://epic.org/privacy/glba/RL30375\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2012}}.",
"The GLBA repealed Sections 20 and 32 of the Glass–Steagall Act, not Sections 16 and 21\\.Macey 2000, p. 716\\. Wilmarth 2002, p. 219, fn. 5\\. The GLBA also amended Section 16 to permit \"well capitalized\" commercial banks to underwrite municipal revenue bonds (i.e., non\\-general obligation bonds),{{harvnb\\|C\\&B\\|1999\\|p\\=12}}. {{citation \\|title\\=Supervisory guidance relating to a change to permissible securities activities of state member banks \\|work\\=SR 01\\-13 \\|date\\=May 14, 2001 \\|publisher\\=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|page\\=1 \\|url\\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/srletters/2001/sr0113\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 26, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426062403/http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/srletters/2001/sr0113\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. as first approved by the Senate in 1967\\. Otherwise, Sections 16 and 21 remained in effect regulating the direct securities activities of banks and prohibiting securities firms from taking deposits.",
"After March 11, 2000, bank holding companies could expand their securities and insurance activities by becoming \"financial holding companies.\"{{harvnb\\|C\\&B\\|1999\\|p\\=33}}. {{harvnb\\|Joint Report\\|2003\\|p\\=6}}.",
""
] |
### Status of arguments from 1980s
While the need to create a legal framework for existing bank securities activities became a dominant theme for the "financial modernization" legislation supported by Leach, Rubin, Volcker, and others, after the GLBA repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 in 1999, commentators identified four main arguments for repeal: (1\) increased economies of scale and scope, (2\) reduced risk through diversification of activities, (3\) greater convenience and lower cost for consumers, and (4\) improved ability of U.S. financial firms to compete with foreign firms.Wilmarth 2002, p. 223\. {{citation\| last\=Wilmarth Jr.\| first\=Arthur E.\| year\=2009\| title\=The Dark Side of Universal Banking: Financial Conglomerates and the Origins of the Subprime Financial Crisis\| journal\=Connecticut Law Review\| volume\=41\| issue\=4\| page\=973\| url\=http://connecticutlawreview.org/documents/Volume41Issue4\.pdf\| access\-date\=2013\-07\-19\| archive\-date\=2010\-09\-28\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928041629/http://connecticutlawreview.org/documents/Volume41Issue4\.pdf\| url\-status\=dead}}. Focarelli, Marques\-Ibanez, Pozzolo 2011, pp. 6\-7\.
By 1995, however, some of these concerns (which had been identified by the Congressional Research Service in 1987) seemed less important. As Japanese banks declined and U.S.\-based banks were more profitable, "international competitiveness" did not seem to be a pressing issue.Mayer 1997, pp. 387\-389 and 446\-447\. International rankings of banks by size also seemed less important when, as Alan Greenspan later noted, "Federal Reserve research had been unable to find economies of scale in banking beyond a modest size."Greenspan 2010, p. 33\. Wilmarth 1995, pp. 14\-26\. Still, advocates of "financial modernization" continued to point to the combination of commercial and investment banking in nearly all other countries as an argument for "modernization", including Glass–Steagall "repeal."{{Cite press release \|url\=http://www.occ.gov/static/news\-issuances/news\-releases/1997/nr\-occ\-1997\-34\.pdf\|title\=Study Finds U.S. Restrictions on Bank Activities Out of Step With Other Leading Economic Powers\|publisher\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\|date\=March 24, 1997\|access\-date\=February 13, 2012}} Litan and Rauch 1998, pp. 88\-92\.
Similarly, the failure of the [Sears Financial Network](/wiki/Dean_Witter_Reynolds "Dean Witter Reynolds") and other nonbank "financial supermarkets" that had seemed to threaten commercial banks in the 1980s undermined the argument that financial conglomerates would be more efficient than "specialized" financial firms.Wilmarth 2002, pp. 223\-224, 284, and 425\-428\. Mayer 1997, pp. 23\-24\. Critics questioned the "diversification benefits" of combining commercial and investment banking activities. Some questioned whether the higher variability of returns in investment banking would stabilize commercial banking firms through "negative correlation" (i.e., cyclical downturns in commercial and investment banking occurring at different times) or instead increase the probability of the overall banking firm failing.{{citation\| last1\=Kwan\| first1\=Simon H.\| last2\=Laderman\| first2\=Elizabeth S.\| year\=1999\| title\=On the Portfolio Effects of Financial Convergence—A Review of the Literature\| journal\=FRBSF Economic Review\| issue\=2\| pages\=21–24\|url\=http://www.frbsf.org/econrsrch/econrev/99\-2/18\-31\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 24, 2012}}Garten 1993, pp. 164\-166\. Others questioned whether any theoretical benefits in holding a passive "investment portfolio" combining commercial and investment banking would be lost in managing the actual combination of such activities.Garten 1993, pp. 163\-164\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 439\-440\. Critics also argued that specialized, highly competitive commercial and investment banking firms were more efficient in competitive global markets.Garten 1993, p. 195\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 440\-444\.
Starting in the late 1980s, John H. Boyd, a staff member of the [Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis"), consistently questioned the value of size and product diversification in banking.Stern and Feldman 2004, p. 77\. Reinicke 1995, p. 112, fn. 105\. In 1999, as Congress was considering legislation that became the GLBA, he published an essay arguing that the "moral hazard" created by [deposit insurance](/wiki/Deposit_insurance "Deposit insurance"), [too big to fail](/wiki/Too_big_to_fail "Too big to fail") (TBTF) considerations, and other governmental support for banking should be resolved before commercial banking firms could be given "universal banking" powers.{{Citation\| title\=Expansion of commercial banking powers ... or, universal banking is the cart, not the horse\| last\=Boyd\| first\=John H.\| journal\=Journal of Banking and Finance\| year\=1999\| volume\=23\| issue\=2–4\| pages\=655–662\| url\=ftp://ftp.cba.uri.edu/Classes/Archive/xchen/conglomeration/boyd\_jbf99\.pdf\| access\-date\=February 19, 2012\| doi\=10\.1016/s0378\-4266(98\)00101\-0}}{{Dead link\|date\=May 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}. Although Boyd's 1999 essay was directed at "universal banking" that permitted commercial banks to own equity interests in non\-financial firms (i.e., "commercial firms"), the essay was interpreted more broadly to mean that "expanding bank powers, by, for example, allowing nonbank firms to affiliate with banks, prior to undertaking reforms limiting TBTF\-like coverage for uninsured bank creditors is putting the 'cart before the horse.'"Stern and Feldman 2004, p. 77\.
Despite these arguments, advocates of "financial modernization" predicted consumers and businesses would enjoy cost savings and greater convenience in receiving financial services from integrated "financial services firms."{{Cite press release\|url\=http://archives.financialservices.house.gov/banking/6397rubi.shtml\|title\=Text as Prepared for Delivery: Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin, House Banking and Financial Services Committee\|publisher\=\[\[United States Department of the Treasury]]\|date\=June 3, 1997\|access\-date\=February 13, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017202632/http://archives.financialservices.house.gov/banking/6397rubi.shtml\|archive\-date\=October 17, 2012}} Litan and Rauch 1998, pp. 88\-92\.
After the GLBA repealed Sections 20 and 32, commentators also noted the importance of scholarly attacks on the historic justifications for Glass–Steagall as supporting repeal efforts.Wilmarth 2008, p. 562\. Focarelli, Marques\-Ibanez, Pozzolo 2011, pp. 6\-7\. Throughout the 1990s, scholars continued to produce empirical studies concluding that commercial bank affiliate underwriting before Glass–Steagall had not demonstrated the "conflicts of interest" and other defects claimed by Glass–Steagall proponents.{{citation\|last\=Mester \|first\=Loretta J. \|title\=Repealing Glass–Steagall: The Past Points the Way to the Future \|journal\=Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review \|issue\=July/August \|year\=1996 \|pages\=4–7 \|url\=http://www.philadelphiafed.org/research\-and\-data/publications/business\-review/1996/july\-august/Glass–Steagall.cfm \|access\-date\=February 25, 2012 }}{{dead link\|date\=December 2016 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}. Barth et al. 2000, p.1\. By the late 1990s a "remarkably broad academic consensus" existed that Glass–Steagall had been "thoroughly discredited."{{citation \|last\=Moss\|first\=David A. \|author\-link\=David A. Moss\|chapter\=Chapter 4: Reversing the Null: Regulation, Deregulation, and the Power of Ideas \|year\=2011\|editor1\-last\=Rosenfeld\|editor1\-first\=Gerald\|editor2\-last\=\[\[Jay W. Lorsch]]\|editor3\-last\=Khurana\|editor3\-first\=Rakesh\|title\=Challenges to Business in the Twenty\-First Century\|publisher\=American Academy of Arts \& Sciences\|page\=45, fn. 20 \|chapter\-url\=http://www.amacad.org/pdfs/challenges.pdf\|access\-date\=February 12, 2012}}. Wilmarth 2008, p. 562\. {{Citation\| last\=Calomiris\| first\=Charles W.\| title\=Prepared Testimony to Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Regulatory Relief\| date\=March 20, 1997\| page\=5 (answer to question \#1\)\| url\=http://banking.senate.gov/97\_03hrg/032097/witness/calomeri.htm\| access\-date\=February 13, 2012\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917004756/http://banking.senate.gov/97\_03hrg/032097/witness/calomeri.htm\| archive\-date\=September 17, 2012}}.
Although he rejected this scholarship, [Martin Mayer](/wiki/Martin_Mayer "Martin Mayer") wrote in 1997 that since the late 1980s it had been "clear" that continuing the Glass–Steagall prohibitions was only "permitting a handful of large investment houses and hedge funds to charge monopoly rents for their services without protecting corporate America, investors, or the banks."Mayer 1997, p. 429\.[Hyman Minsky](/wiki/Hyman_Minsky "Hyman Minsky"), who disputed the benefits of "universal banking," wrote in 1995 testimony prepared for Congress that "repeal of the Glass–Steagall Act, in itself, would neither benefit nor harm the economy of the United States to any significant extent."{{Citation\| last\=Minsky\| first\=Hyman \| title\=Would Repeal of the Glass–Steagall Act Benefit the United States economy?: Statement prepared for Hearings on Repeal of Glass–Steagall Act, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, United States House of Representatives\| date\=March 1, 1995\|page\=7\|url\=http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1059\&context\=hm\_archive\|access\-date\=February 13, 2012}}. {{Citation\| last\=Minsky\| first\=Hyman \| title\=Reforming Banking in 1995: Repeal of the Glass Steagall Act, Some Basic Issues\| date\=March 1, 1995\|page\=12\|url\=http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1058\&context\=hm\_archive\|access\-date\=February 13, 2012}}. In 1974 Mayer had quoted Minsky as stating a 1971 presidential commission (the "Hunt Commission") was repeating the errors of history when it proposed relaxing Glass–Steagall and other legislation from the 1930s.Mayer 1974, pp. 521\-524\.
With banking commentators such as Mayer and Minsky no longer opposing Glass–Steagall repeal, consumer and community development advocates became the most prominent critics of repeal and of financial "modernization" in general. Helen Garten argued that bank regulation became dominated by "consumer" issues, which produced "a largely unregulated, sophisticated wholesale market and a highly regulated, retail consumer market."Garten 1999, p. 293\. In the 1980s Representative [Fernand St. Germain](/wiki/Fernand_St._Germain "Fernand St. Germain") (D\-RI), as chairman of the House Banking Committee, sought to tie any Glass–Steagall reform to requirements for free or reduced cost banking services for the elderly and poor.Reinicke 1995, pp. 80 and 109\. Democratic Representatives and Senators made similar appeals in the 1990s.{{Citation\| last \=McConnell\| first \=Bill\| title\=Democrats Tie Reform to Consumer Protection\| newspaper\=American Banker\| date \=June 6, 1997\|page\=1}}. {{harvnb\|SBC\|1998\|pp\=57–58}}. During Congressional hearings to consider the various Leach bills to repeal Sections 20 and 32, consumer and community development advocates warned against the concentration of "economic power" that would result from permitting "financial conglomerates" and argued that any repeal of Sections 20 and 32 should mandate greater consumer protections, particularly free or low cost consumer services, and greater community reinvestment requirements.{{citation\|last\=Lewis\|first\=Jake\|title\=Financial Deregulation Fiasco: H.R. 10 and the Consequences of Financial Concentration\|journal\= Multinational Monitor\|volume\=19\|issue\=11\|date\=November 1, 1998\|url\=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm1998/111998/lewis.html\|access\-date\=February 24, 2012}}Mattingly and Fallon 1998, pp. 66\-69\. {{Citation\| last \=Hosansky\| first \=David\| title \=BANKING: Wall between financial services dealt first real blow in House\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=June 21, 1997\| pages \=1431–1433}}.
|
[
"### Status of arguments from 1980s",
"While the need to create a legal framework for existing bank securities activities became a dominant theme for the \"financial modernization\" legislation supported by Leach, Rubin, Volcker, and others, after the GLBA repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 in 1999, commentators identified four main arguments for repeal: (1\\) increased economies of scale and scope, (2\\) reduced risk through diversification of activities, (3\\) greater convenience and lower cost for consumers, and (4\\) improved ability of U.S. financial firms to compete with foreign firms.Wilmarth 2002, p. 223\\. {{citation\\| last\\=Wilmarth Jr.\\| first\\=Arthur E.\\| year\\=2009\\| title\\=The Dark Side of Universal Banking: Financial Conglomerates and the Origins of the Subprime Financial Crisis\\| journal\\=Connecticut Law Review\\| volume\\=41\\| issue\\=4\\| page\\=973\\| url\\=http://connecticutlawreview.org/documents/Volume41Issue4\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=2013\\-07\\-19\\| archive\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-28\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928041629/http://connecticutlawreview.org/documents/Volume41Issue4\\.pdf\\| url\\-status\\=dead}}. Focarelli, Marques\\-Ibanez, Pozzolo 2011, pp. 6\\-7\\.",
"By 1995, however, some of these concerns (which had been identified by the Congressional Research Service in 1987) seemed less important. As Japanese banks declined and U.S.\\-based banks were more profitable, \"international competitiveness\" did not seem to be a pressing issue.Mayer 1997, pp. 387\\-389 and 446\\-447\\. International rankings of banks by size also seemed less important when, as Alan Greenspan later noted, \"Federal Reserve research had been unable to find economies of scale in banking beyond a modest size.\"Greenspan 2010, p. 33\\. Wilmarth 1995, pp. 14\\-26\\. Still, advocates of \"financial modernization\" continued to point to the combination of commercial and investment banking in nearly all other countries as an argument for \"modernization\", including Glass–Steagall \"repeal.\"{{Cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.occ.gov/static/news\\-issuances/news\\-releases/1997/nr\\-occ\\-1997\\-34\\.pdf\\|title\\=Study Finds U.S. Restrictions on Bank Activities Out of Step With Other Leading Economic Powers\\|publisher\\=Office of the Comptroller of the Currency\\|date\\=March 24, 1997\\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012}} Litan and Rauch 1998, pp. 88\\-92\\.",
"Similarly, the failure of the [Sears Financial Network](/wiki/Dean_Witter_Reynolds \"Dean Witter Reynolds\") and other nonbank \"financial supermarkets\" that had seemed to threaten commercial banks in the 1980s undermined the argument that financial conglomerates would be more efficient than \"specialized\" financial firms.Wilmarth 2002, pp. 223\\-224, 284, and 425\\-428\\. Mayer 1997, pp. 23\\-24\\. Critics questioned the \"diversification benefits\" of combining commercial and investment banking activities. Some questioned whether the higher variability of returns in investment banking would stabilize commercial banking firms through \"negative correlation\" (i.e., cyclical downturns in commercial and investment banking occurring at different times) or instead increase the probability of the overall banking firm failing.{{citation\\| last1\\=Kwan\\| first1\\=Simon H.\\| last2\\=Laderman\\| first2\\=Elizabeth S.\\| year\\=1999\\| title\\=On the Portfolio Effects of Financial Convergence—A Review of the Literature\\| journal\\=FRBSF Economic Review\\| issue\\=2\\| pages\\=21–24\\|url\\=http://www.frbsf.org/econrsrch/econrev/99\\-2/18\\-31\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012}}Garten 1993, pp. 164\\-166\\. Others questioned whether any theoretical benefits in holding a passive \"investment portfolio\" combining commercial and investment banking would be lost in managing the actual combination of such activities.Garten 1993, pp. 163\\-164\\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 439\\-440\\. Critics also argued that specialized, highly competitive commercial and investment banking firms were more efficient in competitive global markets.Garten 1993, p. 195\\. Wilmarth 2002, pp. 440\\-444\\.",
"Starting in the late 1980s, John H. Boyd, a staff member of the [Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis \"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis\"), consistently questioned the value of size and product diversification in banking.Stern and Feldman 2004, p. 77\\. Reinicke 1995, p. 112, fn. 105\\. In 1999, as Congress was considering legislation that became the GLBA, he published an essay arguing that the \"moral hazard\" created by [deposit insurance](/wiki/Deposit_insurance \"Deposit insurance\"), [too big to fail](/wiki/Too_big_to_fail \"Too big to fail\") (TBTF) considerations, and other governmental support for banking should be resolved before commercial banking firms could be given \"universal banking\" powers.{{Citation\\| title\\=Expansion of commercial banking powers ... or, universal banking is the cart, not the horse\\| last\\=Boyd\\| first\\=John H.\\| journal\\=Journal of Banking and Finance\\| year\\=1999\\| volume\\=23\\| issue\\=2–4\\| pages\\=655–662\\| url\\=ftp://ftp.cba.uri.edu/Classes/Archive/xchen/conglomeration/boyd\\_jbf99\\.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=February 19, 2012\\| doi\\=10\\.1016/s0378\\-4266(98\\)00101\\-0}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}. Although Boyd's 1999 essay was directed at \"universal banking\" that permitted commercial banks to own equity interests in non\\-financial firms (i.e., \"commercial firms\"), the essay was interpreted more broadly to mean that \"expanding bank powers, by, for example, allowing nonbank firms to affiliate with banks, prior to undertaking reforms limiting TBTF\\-like coverage for uninsured bank creditors is putting the 'cart before the horse.'\"Stern and Feldman 2004, p. 77\\.",
"Despite these arguments, advocates of \"financial modernization\" predicted consumers and businesses would enjoy cost savings and greater convenience in receiving financial services from integrated \"financial services firms.\"{{Cite press release\\|url\\=http://archives.financialservices.house.gov/banking/6397rubi.shtml\\|title\\=Text as Prepared for Delivery: Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin, House Banking and Financial Services Committee\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Department of the Treasury]]\\|date\\=June 3, 1997\\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017202632/http://archives.financialservices.house.gov/banking/6397rubi.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=October 17, 2012}} Litan and Rauch 1998, pp. 88\\-92\\.",
"After the GLBA repealed Sections 20 and 32, commentators also noted the importance of scholarly attacks on the historic justifications for Glass–Steagall as supporting repeal efforts.Wilmarth 2008, p. 562\\. Focarelli, Marques\\-Ibanez, Pozzolo 2011, pp. 6\\-7\\. Throughout the 1990s, scholars continued to produce empirical studies concluding that commercial bank affiliate underwriting before Glass–Steagall had not demonstrated the \"conflicts of interest\" and other defects claimed by Glass–Steagall proponents.{{citation\\|last\\=Mester \\|first\\=Loretta J. \\|title\\=Repealing Glass–Steagall: The Past Points the Way to the Future \\|journal\\=Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review \\|issue\\=July/August \\|year\\=1996 \\|pages\\=4–7 \\|url\\=http://www.philadelphiafed.org/research\\-and\\-data/publications/business\\-review/1996/july\\-august/Glass–Steagall.cfm \\|access\\-date\\=February 25, 2012 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=December 2016 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}. Barth et al. 2000, p.1\\. By the late 1990s a \"remarkably broad academic consensus\" existed that Glass–Steagall had been \"thoroughly discredited.\"{{citation \\|last\\=Moss\\|first\\=David A. \\|author\\-link\\=David A. Moss\\|chapter\\=Chapter 4: Reversing the Null: Regulation, Deregulation, and the Power of Ideas \\|year\\=2011\\|editor1\\-last\\=Rosenfeld\\|editor1\\-first\\=Gerald\\|editor2\\-last\\=\\[\\[Jay W. Lorsch]]\\|editor3\\-last\\=Khurana\\|editor3\\-first\\=Rakesh\\|title\\=Challenges to Business in the Twenty\\-First Century\\|publisher\\=American Academy of Arts \\& Sciences\\|page\\=45, fn. 20 \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www.amacad.org/pdfs/challenges.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2012}}. Wilmarth 2008, p. 562\\. {{Citation\\| last\\=Calomiris\\| first\\=Charles W.\\| title\\=Prepared Testimony to Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Regulatory Relief\\| date\\=March 20, 1997\\| page\\=5 (answer to question \\#1\\)\\| url\\=http://banking.senate.gov/97\\_03hrg/032097/witness/calomeri.htm\\| access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917004756/http://banking.senate.gov/97\\_03hrg/032097/witness/calomeri.htm\\| archive\\-date\\=September 17, 2012}}.",
"Although he rejected this scholarship, [Martin Mayer](/wiki/Martin_Mayer \"Martin Mayer\") wrote in 1997 that since the late 1980s it had been \"clear\" that continuing the Glass–Steagall prohibitions was only \"permitting a handful of large investment houses and hedge funds to charge monopoly rents for their services without protecting corporate America, investors, or the banks.\"Mayer 1997, p. 429\\.[Hyman Minsky](/wiki/Hyman_Minsky \"Hyman Minsky\"), who disputed the benefits of \"universal banking,\" wrote in 1995 testimony prepared for Congress that \"repeal of the Glass–Steagall Act, in itself, would neither benefit nor harm the economy of the United States to any significant extent.\"{{Citation\\| last\\=Minsky\\| first\\=Hyman \\| title\\=Would Repeal of the Glass–Steagall Act Benefit the United States economy?: Statement prepared for Hearings on Repeal of Glass–Steagall Act, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, United States House of Representatives\\| date\\=March 1, 1995\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1059\\&context\\=hm\\_archive\\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012}}. {{Citation\\| last\\=Minsky\\| first\\=Hyman \\| title\\=Reforming Banking in 1995: Repeal of the Glass Steagall Act, Some Basic Issues\\| date\\=March 1, 1995\\|page\\=12\\|url\\=http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1058\\&context\\=hm\\_archive\\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2012}}. In 1974 Mayer had quoted Minsky as stating a 1971 presidential commission (the \"Hunt Commission\") was repeating the errors of history when it proposed relaxing Glass–Steagall and other legislation from the 1930s.Mayer 1974, pp. 521\\-524\\.",
"With banking commentators such as Mayer and Minsky no longer opposing Glass–Steagall repeal, consumer and community development advocates became the most prominent critics of repeal and of financial \"modernization\" in general. Helen Garten argued that bank regulation became dominated by \"consumer\" issues, which produced \"a largely unregulated, sophisticated wholesale market and a highly regulated, retail consumer market.\"Garten 1999, p. 293\\. In the 1980s Representative [Fernand St. Germain](/wiki/Fernand_St._Germain \"Fernand St. Germain\") (D\\-RI), as chairman of the House Banking Committee, sought to tie any Glass–Steagall reform to requirements for free or reduced cost banking services for the elderly and poor.Reinicke 1995, pp. 80 and 109\\. Democratic Representatives and Senators made similar appeals in the 1990s.{{Citation\\| last \\=McConnell\\| first \\=Bill\\| title\\=Democrats Tie Reform to Consumer Protection\\| newspaper\\=American Banker\\| date \\=June 6, 1997\\|page\\=1}}. {{harvnb\\|SBC\\|1998\\|pp\\=57–58}}. During Congressional hearings to consider the various Leach bills to repeal Sections 20 and 32, consumer and community development advocates warned against the concentration of \"economic power\" that would result from permitting \"financial conglomerates\" and argued that any repeal of Sections 20 and 32 should mandate greater consumer protections, particularly free or low cost consumer services, and greater community reinvestment requirements.{{citation\\|last\\=Lewis\\|first\\=Jake\\|title\\=Financial Deregulation Fiasco: H.R. 10 and the Consequences of Financial Concentration\\|journal\\= Multinational Monitor\\|volume\\=19\\|issue\\=11\\|date\\=November 1, 1998\\|url\\=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm1998/111998/lewis.html\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012}}Mattingly and Fallon 1998, pp. 66\\-69\\. {{Citation\\| last \\=Hosansky\\| first \\=David\\| title \\=BANKING: Wall between financial services dealt first real blow in House\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=June 21, 1997\\| pages \\=1431–1433}}.",
""
] |
### 1999 Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
In 1999 the main issues confronting the new Leach bill to repeal Sections 20 and 32 were (1\) whether bank subsidiaries ("operating subsidiaries") or only nonbank owned affiliates could exercise new securities and other powers and (2\) how the CRA would apply to the new "financial holding companies" that would have such expanded powers.{{harvnb\|Phil FRB\|1999}}, p. 1\. The Clinton Administration agreed with Representative Leach in supporting "the continued separation of banking and commerce."{{citation \|title\=Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 10\-Financial Services Act of 1999 \|last\=Clinton \|first\=William J.\|date\=July 1, 1999 \|publisher\=The American Presidency Project\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=74548\#axzz1X8ndgy5Z \|access\-date\=February 14, 2012}}.
The Senate Banking Committee approved in a straight party line 11\-9 vote a bill (S. 900\) sponsored by Senator Gramm that would have repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 and that did not contain the CRA provisions in the Committee's 1998 bill. The nine dissenting Democratic Senators, along with Senate Minority Leader [Thomas Daschle](/wiki/Thomas_Daschle "Thomas Daschle") (D\-SD), proposed as an alternative (S. 753\) the text of the 1998 Committee bill with its CRA provisions and the repeal of Sections 20 and 32, modified to provide greater permission for "operating subsidiaries" as requested by the Treasury Department.{{Citation\| last1\=Parks\| first1\=Daniel J\|last2 \=Nitschke\| first2 \=Lori\| title \=BANKING: Clash Over Community Reinvestment Threatens Senate Financial Services Bill\| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=March 6, 1999\| pages \=548–549}}. {{citation \|title\=Report of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 900, together with Additional Views\|publisher\=Government Printing Office \|date\=April 28, 1999\|pages\=3, 54\| url\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT\-106srpt44/pdf/CRPT\-106srpt44\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 25, 2012}}. [S. 753, 106th Congress, First Session](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-106s753is/pdf/BILLS-106s753is.pdf), p. 7, Section 101\. Through a partisan 54\-44 vote on May 6, 1999 (with Senator [Fritz Hollings](/wiki/Fritz_Hollings "Fritz Hollings") (D\-SC) providing the only Democratic Senator vote in support), the Senate passed S. 900\. The day before, Senate Republicans defeated (in a 54\-43 vote) a Democratic sponsored amendment to S. 900 that would have substituted the text of S. 753 (also providing for the repeal of Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\).{{Citation\| last\=Parks\| first\=Daniel J.\| title \=BANKING: Senate Passes Banking Overhaul Bill Vulnerable to a Clinton Veto; House Version Divides Committees \| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=May 8, 1999\| pages \=1081–1082}}. [Amendment No. 302](http://www.gpo.gov:80/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1999-05-04/pdf/CREC-1999-05-04-pt1-PgS4682.pdf), Congressional Record, S4682 (May 4, 1999\), Section 101, p. S4683\. [Senate debate and vote on Amendment No. 302](http://www.gpo.gov:80/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1999-05-05/pdf/CREC-1999-05-05-pt1-PgS4736-2.pdf), Congressional Record, S. 4736\-4743 (May 5, 1999\).
On July 1, 1999, the House of Representatives passed (in a bipartisan 343\-86 vote) a bill (H.R. 10\) that repealed Sections 20 and 32\. The Clinton Administration issued a statement supporting H.R. 10 because (unlike the Senate passed S. 900\) it accepted the bill's CRA and operating subsidiary provisions.{{Citation\| last\=Parks\| first\=Daniel J.\| title \=BANKING: Financial Services Overhaul Sees Home Stretch at Last \| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=10 July 1999\| pages \=1675–1677}}. {{Citation\| last\=Hambley\| first\=Winthrop P. \| title\=The Great Debate\-What will become of financial modernization \| journal\=Community Investments\|volume\=11\|issue\=2\|date\=1 September 1999\| pages\=1–3\|url\=http://www.frbsf.org/publications/community/investments/cra99\-2/debate.html\|access\-date\=February 16, 2012}}. {{citation \|title\=Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 10\-Financial Services Act of 1999 \|last\=Clinton \|first\=William J. \|date\=July 1, 1999 \|publisher\=The American Presidency Project\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=74548\#axzz1X8ndgy5Z \|access\-date\=February 16, 2012}}.
On October 13, 1999, the Federal Reserve and Treasury Department agreed that direct subsidiaries of national banks ("financial subsidiaries") could conduct securities activities, but that bank holding companies would need to engage in merchant banking, insurance, and real estate development activities through holding company, not bank, subsidiaries.{{harvnb\|Phil FRB\|1999}}, pp. 1\-2\. On October 22, 1999, Senator Gramm and the Clinton Administration agreed a bank holding company could only become a "financial holding company" (and thereby enjoy the new authority to affiliate with insurance and securities firms) if all its bank subsidiaries had at least a "satisfactory" CRA rating.{{harvnb\|Phil FRB\|1999}}, pp. 1\-2\. {{Citation\| last\=Parks\| first\=Daniel J.\| title \=BANKING: Financial Services Bill in the Final Stretch \| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=October 23, 1999\| pages \=2498–2503}}.
After these compromises, a joint Senate and House Conference Committee reported out a final version of S. 900 that was passed on November 4, 1999, by the House in a vote of 362\-57 and by the Senate in a vote of 90\-8\. President Clinton signed the bill into law on November 12, 1999, as the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Financial Modernization Act of 1999 (GLBA).{{Citation\| last\=Parks\| first\=Daniel J.\| title \=BANKING: Financial Services Overhaul Bill Clears After Final Skirmishing Over Community Reinvestment \| journal \=CQ Weekly\| date \=November 6, 1999\| page \=2654}}. {{citation\| last1\=Wells\|first1\=F. Jean\|last2\=Jackson\| first2\=William D.\| year\=1999\| title\=Major Financial Services Legislation, The Gramm\-Leach\-Bliley Act (P. L. 106\-102\): An Overview\| work\=Congressional Research Service Report\| issue\=RL30375\|page\=CRS\-10\|url\=http://epic.org/privacy/glba/RL30375\.pdf\|access\-date\=February 26, 2012}}.
The GLBA repealed Sections 20 and 32 of the Glass–Steagall Act, not Sections 16 and 21\.Macey 2000, p. 716\. Wilmarth 2002, p. 219, fn. 5\. The GLBA also amended Section 16 to permit "well capitalized" commercial banks to underwrite municipal revenue bonds (i.e., non\-general obligation bonds),{{harvnb\|C\&B\|1999\|p\=12}}. {{citation \|title\=Supervisory guidance relating to a change to permissible securities activities of state member banks \|work\=SR 01\-13 \|date\=May 14, 2001 \|publisher\=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|page\=1 \|url\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/srletters/2001/sr0113\.htm \|access\-date\=February 16, 2012 \|archive\-date\=April 26, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426062403/http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/srletters/2001/sr0113\.htm \|url\-status\=dead }}. as first approved by the Senate in 1967\. Otherwise, Sections 16 and 21 remained in effect regulating the direct securities activities of banks and prohibiting securities firms from taking deposits.
After March 11, 2000, bank holding companies could expand their securities and insurance activities by becoming "financial holding companies."{{harvnb\|C\&B\|1999\|p\=33}}. {{harvnb\|Joint Report\|2003\|p\=6}}.
|
[
"### 1999 Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act",
"In 1999 the main issues confronting the new Leach bill to repeal Sections 20 and 32 were (1\\) whether bank subsidiaries (\"operating subsidiaries\") or only nonbank owned affiliates could exercise new securities and other powers and (2\\) how the CRA would apply to the new \"financial holding companies\" that would have such expanded powers.{{harvnb\\|Phil FRB\\|1999}}, p. 1\\. The Clinton Administration agreed with Representative Leach in supporting \"the continued separation of banking and commerce.\"{{citation \\|title\\=Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 10\\-Financial Services Act of 1999 \\|last\\=Clinton \\|first\\=William J.\\|date\\=July 1, 1999 \\|publisher\\=The American Presidency Project\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=74548\\#axzz1X8ndgy5Z \\|access\\-date\\=February 14, 2012}}.",
"The Senate Banking Committee approved in a straight party line 11\\-9 vote a bill (S. 900\\) sponsored by Senator Gramm that would have repealed Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 and that did not contain the CRA provisions in the Committee's 1998 bill. The nine dissenting Democratic Senators, along with Senate Minority Leader [Thomas Daschle](/wiki/Thomas_Daschle \"Thomas Daschle\") (D\\-SD), proposed as an alternative (S. 753\\) the text of the 1998 Committee bill with its CRA provisions and the repeal of Sections 20 and 32, modified to provide greater permission for \"operating subsidiaries\" as requested by the Treasury Department.{{Citation\\| last1\\=Parks\\| first1\\=Daniel J\\|last2 \\=Nitschke\\| first2 \\=Lori\\| title \\=BANKING: Clash Over Community Reinvestment Threatens Senate Financial Services Bill\\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=March 6, 1999\\| pages \\=548–549}}. {{citation \\|title\\=Report of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 900, together with Additional Views\\|publisher\\=Government Printing Office \\|date\\=April 28, 1999\\|pages\\=3, 54\\| url\\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT\\-106srpt44/pdf/CRPT\\-106srpt44\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 25, 2012}}. [S. 753, 106th Congress, First Session](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-106s753is/pdf/BILLS-106s753is.pdf), p. 7, Section 101\\. Through a partisan 54\\-44 vote on May 6, 1999 (with Senator [Fritz Hollings](/wiki/Fritz_Hollings \"Fritz Hollings\") (D\\-SC) providing the only Democratic Senator vote in support), the Senate passed S. 900\\. The day before, Senate Republicans defeated (in a 54\\-43 vote) a Democratic sponsored amendment to S. 900 that would have substituted the text of S. 753 (also providing for the repeal of Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32\\).{{Citation\\| last\\=Parks\\| first\\=Daniel J.\\| title \\=BANKING: Senate Passes Banking Overhaul Bill Vulnerable to a Clinton Veto; House Version Divides Committees \\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=May 8, 1999\\| pages \\=1081–1082}}. [Amendment No. 302](http://www.gpo.gov:80/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1999-05-04/pdf/CREC-1999-05-04-pt1-PgS4682.pdf), Congressional Record, S4682 (May 4, 1999\\), Section 101, p. S4683\\. [Senate debate and vote on Amendment No. 302](http://www.gpo.gov:80/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1999-05-05/pdf/CREC-1999-05-05-pt1-PgS4736-2.pdf), Congressional Record, S. 4736\\-4743 (May 5, 1999\\).",
"On July 1, 1999, the House of Representatives passed (in a bipartisan 343\\-86 vote) a bill (H.R. 10\\) that repealed Sections 20 and 32\\. The Clinton Administration issued a statement supporting H.R. 10 because (unlike the Senate passed S. 900\\) it accepted the bill's CRA and operating subsidiary provisions.{{Citation\\| last\\=Parks\\| first\\=Daniel J.\\| title \\=BANKING: Financial Services Overhaul Sees Home Stretch at Last \\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=10 July 1999\\| pages \\=1675–1677}}. {{Citation\\| last\\=Hambley\\| first\\=Winthrop P. \\| title\\=The Great Debate\\-What will become of financial modernization \\| journal\\=Community Investments\\|volume\\=11\\|issue\\=2\\|date\\=1 September 1999\\| pages\\=1–3\\|url\\=http://www.frbsf.org/publications/community/investments/cra99\\-2/debate.html\\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2012}}. {{citation \\|title\\=Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 10\\-Financial Services Act of 1999 \\|last\\=Clinton \\|first\\=William J. \\|date\\=July 1, 1999 \\|publisher\\=The American Presidency Project\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=74548\\#axzz1X8ndgy5Z \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2012}}.",
"On October 13, 1999, the Federal Reserve and Treasury Department agreed that direct subsidiaries of national banks (\"financial subsidiaries\") could conduct securities activities, but that bank holding companies would need to engage in merchant banking, insurance, and real estate development activities through holding company, not bank, subsidiaries.{{harvnb\\|Phil FRB\\|1999}}, pp. 1\\-2\\. On October 22, 1999, Senator Gramm and the Clinton Administration agreed a bank holding company could only become a \"financial holding company\" (and thereby enjoy the new authority to affiliate with insurance and securities firms) if all its bank subsidiaries had at least a \"satisfactory\" CRA rating.{{harvnb\\|Phil FRB\\|1999}}, pp. 1\\-2\\. {{Citation\\| last\\=Parks\\| first\\=Daniel J.\\| title \\=BANKING: Financial Services Bill in the Final Stretch \\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=October 23, 1999\\| pages \\=2498–2503}}.",
"After these compromises, a joint Senate and House Conference Committee reported out a final version of S. 900 that was passed on November 4, 1999, by the House in a vote of 362\\-57 and by the Senate in a vote of 90\\-8\\. President Clinton signed the bill into law on November 12, 1999, as the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Financial Modernization Act of 1999 (GLBA).{{Citation\\| last\\=Parks\\| first\\=Daniel J.\\| title \\=BANKING: Financial Services Overhaul Bill Clears After Final Skirmishing Over Community Reinvestment \\| journal \\=CQ Weekly\\| date \\=November 6, 1999\\| page \\=2654}}. {{citation\\| last1\\=Wells\\|first1\\=F. Jean\\|last2\\=Jackson\\| first2\\=William D.\\| year\\=1999\\| title\\=Major Financial Services Legislation, The Gramm\\-Leach\\-Bliley Act (P. L. 106\\-102\\): An Overview\\| work\\=Congressional Research Service Report\\| issue\\=RL30375\\|page\\=CRS\\-10\\|url\\=http://epic.org/privacy/glba/RL30375\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2012}}.",
"The GLBA repealed Sections 20 and 32 of the Glass–Steagall Act, not Sections 16 and 21\\.Macey 2000, p. 716\\. Wilmarth 2002, p. 219, fn. 5\\. The GLBA also amended Section 16 to permit \"well capitalized\" commercial banks to underwrite municipal revenue bonds (i.e., non\\-general obligation bonds),{{harvnb\\|C\\&B\\|1999\\|p\\=12}}. {{citation \\|title\\=Supervisory guidance relating to a change to permissible securities activities of state member banks \\|work\\=SR 01\\-13 \\|date\\=May 14, 2001 \\|publisher\\=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|page\\=1 \\|url\\=http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/srletters/2001/sr0113\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 26, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426062403/http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/srletters/2001/sr0113\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. as first approved by the Senate in 1967\\. Otherwise, Sections 16 and 21 remained in effect regulating the direct securities activities of banks and prohibiting securities firms from taking deposits.",
"After March 11, 2000, bank holding companies could expand their securities and insurance activities by becoming \"financial holding companies.\"{{harvnb\\|C\\&B\\|1999\\|p\\=33}}. {{harvnb\\|Joint Report\\|2003\\|p\\=6}}.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Origins
The station's history can be traced back to 19 May 1958, when *Canberra Television Limited* (or CTL), a [public company](/wiki/Public_company "Public company"), was formed by executives of The Federal Capital Press of Australia Pty. Ltd. (owner of *[The Canberra Times](/wiki/The_Canberra_Times "The Canberra Times")* newspaper) and Canberra Broadcasters Pty Ltd (owner of local radio station [2CA](/wiki/2CA "2CA")).{{Cite news \|date\=28 May 1962 \|title\=Station Came Into Being In Nine Months \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article130576222 \|access\-date\=15 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=9 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=36 \|issue\=19,236}} Both companies injected [A£](/wiki/Australian_pound "Australian pound")45,000 ([A$](/wiki/Australian_dollar "Australian dollar")90,000\) into the business in order to apply for the Canberra\-area commercial television licence. The first chairman of the newly formed company was [Arthur Shakespeare](/wiki/Arthur_Shakespeare "Arthur Shakespeare"), founder of *The Canberra Times*.
Alongside four other applicants, CTL submitted their licence application to the [Australian Broadcasting Control Board](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Control_Board "Australian Broadcasting Control Board") (ABCB) in April 1959\. The company went public in September of the same year, on the [Australian Securities Exchange](/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange "Australian Securities Exchange") in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), offering 100,000 shares which were immediately oversubscribed, ending up with a total subscribed capital of A£300,000 (A$600,000\). The two key shareholders in CTL made an agreement with all other shareholders that all shares were to be bought back in the event that they were unsuccessful in their licence bid — they need not have worried, since after a hearing of considerable length, the ABCB decided to grant CTL the licence in November 1960\. The callsign for the station was to be CTC and the new service was to transmit on [VHF](/wiki/VHF "VHF") channel 7\.
Prior to the acquisition of the licence, CTL needed to find suitable sites for both a studio and a transmitter. Initially, [Mount Ainslie](/wiki/Mount_Ainslie%2C_Australian_Capital_Territory "Mount Ainslie, Australian Capital Territory") (approximately 10 km north\-east of Canberra's city centre, at an elevation of 842 m above sea level) was considered as a potential transmitter site. It was turned down, however, because it was already under the control of the Department of Civil Aviation (who would be unwilling to surrender or lease the site due to its proximity to the Airport and the Air Force base).{{Cite news \|date\=28 May 1962 \|title\=Canberra's Highest Building Finished In Record Time \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article130576304 \|access\-date\=15 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=23 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=36 \|issue\=19,236}} It was also determined that a transmitter located atop Mount Ainslie would not provide ample coverage of the entire Canberra area (notable black\-spots would have included the [Woden](/wiki/Woden_Valley "Woden Valley") and [Belconnen](/wiki/Belconnen "Belconnen") districts), nor would there be enough room for the ABC's television transmitter (whose service was due to commence in December 1962\) as well as CTC. Other sites considered included Mounts Gray, Bowning, Ginini and Bull's Head.
Ultimately, the site chosen for both the transmitter and the studio was [Black Mountain](/wiki/Black_Mountain%2C_Australian_Capital_Territory "Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory"), approximately 5 km west of the city centre at 812 m above sea level. Extensive tests from the site proved that it was the ideal location for the transmitter, with signals adequately covering the Canberra area. The [ABC](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation "Australian Broadcasting Corporation") also decided to place their transmitter atop Black Mountain — both would be perched atop guyed masts (as opposed to towers) with each rising to 126 metres and 152 metres, respectively.{{Cite news \|date\=26 March 1962 \|title\=Black Mountain Ideal As Site Of TV Transmitter \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article104302429 \|access\-date\=15 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=36 \|issue\=10,183}} ABC's studio would be located in Canberra city proper. In order to access the transmitters and studio, a road needed to be built up to the summit — construction commenced in July 1961\. CTL were granted the lease to the Black Mountain site on 26 September 1961\.
The studio complex, which, in later years, would be affectionately known as 'the tin shed' was planned, designed and constructed by [Civil \& Civic](/wiki/Civil_%26_Civic "Civil & Civic") over a period of 28 weeks (from September 1961 – March 1962\) at a total cost of £77,912 (A$155,824\). Occupying a {{convert\|9,400\|m2\|ft2\|abbr\=off}} site, the complex featured a 140\-square\-metre studio area and was fitted out with [RCA](/wiki/RCA "RCA") equipment — two TK\-12 4½" image orthicon cameras were purchased for use in the studio at a cost of £8,000 (A$16 000\) each. The transmitter (whose mast was erected in March 1962\) was custom\-designed by Co\-El of Italy, and the mast EPT Limited in Sydney.
Test transmissions started on 2 April 1962 and local reports of excellent picture quality exceeded expectations in coverage area. It was reported the vast majority of Canberra and Queanbeyan viewers required no outside antenna at all. Viewers in Yass reported a perfect signal and homes in higher parts of Cooma also, unexpectedly, were able to receive CTC 7\. Goulburn television retailers reported heavy set orders in the lead\-up to CTC's commencement \- though the town could already enjoy a television signal from WIN 4 Wollongong.{{Cite news \|date\=28 May 1962 \|title\=High rate of set build\-up \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article130576226 \|access\-date\=19 February 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=9 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=36 \|issue\=19,236}}
### Opening night
By the end of April 1962, both the studio and transmitter was completed and the first test patterns were transmitted. On 23 May 1962 at 5:45pm, the first live test transmission took place with the Safety Bureau Officer, Senior Constable T. A. M. Cooper presenting a 13\-minute public service announcement on the proper use of fireworks.{{Cite news \|date\=24 May 1962 \|title\=First Live Transmission \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article130575805 \|access\-date\=15 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=36 \|issue\=10,233}}
Although CTC 7 commenced transmission at 6pm on 2 June 1962{{Cite web \|last\=Ross\-Hulands \|first\=Brooklyn \|title\=Southern Cross Ten: Sth NSW \|url\=http://www.austvhistory.com/scten/sctensnsw.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224154242/http://www.austvhistory.com/scten/sctensnsw.htm \|archive\-date\=24 December 2007 \|access\-date\=10 February 2024 \|website\=AusTVHistory}} with various program promotions and a documentary on the construction of the CTC studios, the official opening was not to take place until 7pm — as well as [Postmaster\-General](/wiki/Postmaster-General%27s_Department "Postmaster-General's Department") [Charles Davidson](/wiki/Charles_Davidson_%28politician%29 "Charles Davidson (politician)"), CTL chairmen A. T. Shakespeare, Sir Patrick McGovern and station manager George Barlin also assisted with the opening proceedings. An introduction to CTC's on\-screen personalities was followed by a news summary. Viewers were then treated to a film of the Queen's Birthday Procession from the military barracks at [Duntroon](/wiki/Royal_Military_College%2C_Duntroon "Royal Military College, Duntroon") (filmed earlier that day), followed by an hour of variety with *[The B.P. Super Show](/wiki/BP_Super_Show "BP Super Show")* hosted by [Margaret Fonteyn](/wiki/Margot_Fonteyn "Margot Fonteyn"). The detective series *[Michael Shayne](/wiki/Michael_Shayne "Michael Shayne")* made its premiere on CTC then a kinescope of the opening ceremony was screened. The first night's programming concluded with an epilogue and a preview of the following day's programs before ending transmission at 10:30pm.{{Cite news \|date\=4 June 1962 \|title\=CTC\-7 Station Opened \|volume\=36 \|page\=1 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|issue\=10,242 \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article130576959 \|access\-date\=15 June 2021 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}{{Cite news \|date\=2 June 1962 \|title\=Week\-end CTC\-7 Programmes \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article130576861 \|access\-date\=26 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=9 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=36 \|issue\=10,241}}
### Welcoming the neighbours
On 18 December 1962, CTC\-7's first television rival, [ABC\-3](/wiki/ABC-3 "ABC-3"), commenced broadcasting in Canberra. CTC manager George Barlin welcomed the arrival of the new station, which would viewers in the area would have a 'complete television service'. Mr Barlin pointed out there had been a great enthusiasm for television in the Canberra area, with around 42% of homes owning or renting a television within six months of the commencement of local television services.{{Cite news \|date\=11 December 1962 \|title\=CTC\-7 Welcome to ABC\-3 \|volume\=37 \|page\=17 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|issue\=10,405 \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article136933667 \|access\-date\=15 June 2021 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}
CTC relayed its first program to another station on 11 October 1964, with a simulcast transmission of an Olympic Games presentation by [RVN\-2](/wiki/RVN-2 "RVN-2") in Wagga. Olympic Games reports were received at the new ABC\-3 studios in Canberra, which was connected to [ABN\-2](/wiki/ABN-2 "ABN-2") Sydney via coaxial cable. The video\-taped footage was then prepared for screening by CTC\-7 that evening. RVN\-2 installed new receiving equipment to repeat a clear signal from Canberra.{{Cite news \|date\=12 October 1964 \|title\=CTC relays Games to Wagga \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article131754163 \|access\-date\=13 September 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=15 \|language\=en\-AU \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=39 \|issue\=10,974}}
### 1970s – Colouring the Capital
CTC was a pioneer of colour television, commissioning the first purpose\-built colour production studio and film laboratory in Australia. The new facility in [Watson](/wiki/Watson%2C_Australian_Capital_Territory "Watson, Australian Capital Territory") opened in October 1974 costing over $2 million{{Cite web \|last\=Barnett \|first\=Bronwyn \|title\=Regional television: from colour to digital \|url\=http://nfsa.gov.au/collection/television/highlights/regional\-television\-from\-colour\-to\-digital/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082147/http://nfsa.gov.au/collection/television/highlights/regional\-television\-from\-colour\-to\-digital/ \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 \|access\-date\=4 May 2016 \|publisher\=\[\[National Film \& Sound Archive]]}}{{Cite news \|date\=4 March 1975 \|title\=CTC\-TV 'Rebuilt' For Colour \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article116336474 \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=16 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=49 \|issue\=14,004}} and boasted sales and administration, a full size production studio supplemented by two smaller studios for commercial recordings and on\-air presentation.{{Cite web \|last\=Barnett \|first\=Bronwyn \|date\=2 March 2015 \|title\=Colour TV in Australia: Colouring our world \|url\=http://nfsa.gov.au/blog/2015/03/02/colour\-tv\-part\-2/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229084222/http://nfsa.gov.au/blog/2015/03/02/colour\-tv\-part\-2/ \|archive\-date\=29 February 2016 \|access\-date\=4 May 2016 \|publisher\=\[\[National Film \& Sound Archive]]}} As the facility was fully equipped only with colour equipment over 80% of the broadcasts were in colour, five months before the official commencement date of 1 March 1975\. Although technically in breach of the [Australian Broadcasting Control Board](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Control_Board "Australian Broadcasting Control Board") rules, CTC was the first television station in Australia to broadcast the majority of its output in colour. A rare piece of CTC colour news film from 21 October 1974 can be seen at the [National Film \& Sound Archive](/wiki/National_Film_%26_Sound_Archive "National Film & Sound Archive").
### 1980s – From Super 7 to Channel 10
[thumb\|right\|*Capital 7* identity 1981](/wiki/File:Capital_7_Australian_Capital_Television.jpg "Capital 7 Australian Capital Television.jpg") [Kerry Stokes](/wiki/Kerry_Stokes "Kerry Stokes") acquired a majority stake in CTC from [John Fairfax \& Sons](/wiki/Fairfax_Media "Fairfax Media") warehousing company Surita on 7 May 1980,{{Cite news \|date\=25 May 1985 \|title\=The high\-risk battle for regional TV hots up \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-sydney\-morning\-herald\-the\-high\-risk/140677409/ \|access\-date\=10 February 2024 \|newspaper\=The Sydney Morning Herald \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Sydney \|page\=36 \|language\=en\-AU \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} heading off a rival bid from Television Wollongong Transmissions Ltd (owners of [WIN 4](/wiki/WIN_Television "WIN Television")) which had increased its stake from 5 to 15 per cent.{{Cite book \|last\=Simon \|first\=Margaret \|title\=Kerry Stokes: Self\-Made Man \|publisher\=Penguin \|year\=2013}}{{page needed \|date\=June 2021}} At the time Stokes owned a share in the [Golden West Network](/wiki/GWN7 "GWN7") in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia "Western Australia").{{Cite news \|last\=Stretton \|first\=Rowena \|date\=26 June 1980 \|title\=Inquiry into CTC\-TV takeover \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article110964212 \|access\-date\=18 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=54 \|issue\=16,345}}
The station shrugged off its decidedly 70s *Super 7* branding and the call sign letters *CTC* were reintroduced to the station identity.
The 1980s were an exciting time in Canberra a new, but maturing city. [Telecom Tower](/wiki/Black_Mountain_Tower "Black Mountain Tower"), a {{convert\|195\.2\|m}} broadcasting facility atop Black Mountain opened on 15 May 1980 and quickly became a major Canberra landmark.{{Cite news \|last\=Drummond \|first\=Lyn \|date\=22 June 1980 \|title\=Impressive attraction \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article110963680 \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=14 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=54 \|issue\=16,341}} A vital link for television and telephone connections between Sydney and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), the tower also became the transmission site for CTC's primary VHF 7 signal alongside ABC on VHF 3 and ABC FM 101\.9\.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2021 \|reason\=Previous citation did not support text}} CTC's original studio building was demolished to make way for the tower and the station produced a 12\-minute film on the construction of Telecom Tower which was shown at the visitor's centre.
No sooner had Telecom Tower opened, work commenced on Canberra's other most prominent landmark – a [new Parliament House](/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Canberra "Parliament House, Canberra"). A building so large it would have its own unique postcode. On 1 July 1981, CTC embarked upon a massive rebrand. A new logo whose design and colours were based on the Australian national flag was introduced and *Capital 7* burst on to screens.{{Cite news \|date\=1 July 1981 \|title\=IN BRIEF Drink\-drive campaign \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127044508 \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=55 \|issue\=16,714}}{{Cite news \|date\=1 July 1981 \|title\=Looking to the future as the National Capital's Own Television Station \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127044582 \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=31 \|type\=Advertising \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=55 \|issue\=16,714}} Reflecting Canberra's status as the heart of the nation, the station produced a 60\-second feel\-good promo and promotional 45 RPM single, *Song for Canberra* which featured early earthworks at Parliament House and showcased a vibrant and young capital.{{Cite news \|date\=4 November 1981 \|title\=Song for Canberra \- out now on 45 \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article126855945 \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=26 \|type\=Advertising \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=56 \|issue\=16,840}}
Under Stokes the number of broadcast hours increased and the local news bulletin was scaled up from a 15\-minute auxiliary to a full local, national and international service. In 1982 breakfast television commenced on CTC, with a relay of Nine Network programming. Canberra's only commercial television station beginning to more closely resembling a metropolitan station and in 1983 CTC celebrated 21 years of broadcasting. The station celebrated with a slight re\-brand and the introduction of a new jingle *Look at Us*. A one\-minute promo explaining to the viewers how professional the new image was went to air that year.
CTC's second rival, Network 0\-28 (now [SBS](/wiki/SBS_%28Australian_TV_channel%29 "SBS (Australian TV channel)")), was officially launched in Canberra on 14 October 1983 \- its first expansion outside Sydney and Melbourne. Commencing at 6\.58pm with the national anthem, the channel launch was officiated by the Prime Minister in a program called *Bringing the World Back Home*, also the station's slogan at the time.{{Cite news \|date\=10 October 1983 \|title\=TV\-Radio Guide \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article12864152 \|access\-date\=13 September 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|pages\=22–23 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=58 \|issue\=17,543}} Network 28 was Canberra's first UHF television station and broadcast *UHF Documentary* to explain to viewers how to receive it. A telephone survey conducted after the first weekend of broadcast found that 74% of Canberrans could receive UHF and of those, 65% found the network's programs more interesting than those on ABC and Capital 7\.{{Cite news \|date\=22 October 1983 \|title\=Viewers switch on to Network 28 \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article116413493 \|access\-date\=13 September 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=58 \|issue\=17,555}}
In 1987 the *Broadcasting (Ownership and Control) Act* replaced the *Two TV Station* rule – which had capped ownership of Metropolitan TV stations at two – with a *60% Reach* rule.{{Cite web \|last1\=Gardiner\-Garden \|first1\=John \|last2\=Chowns \|first2\=Jonathan \|date\=22 October 2001 \|title\=Media Ownership Regulation in Australia \|url\=http://www.aph.gov.au/About\_Parliament/Parliamentary\_Departments/Parliamentary\_Library/Publications\_Archive/archive/mediaregulation \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195601/http://www.aph.gov.au/About\_Parliament/Parliamentary\_Departments/Parliamentary\_Library/Publications\_Archive/archive/mediaregulation \|archive\-date\=28 December 2016 \|access\-date\=28 December 2016 \|publisher\=\[\[Parliament of Australia]]}} This would pave the way for major changes in television ownership in Australia as the three television networks expanded beyond Sydney and Melbourne, buying their affiliates in other capitals. At the time Kerry Stokes owned [ADS](/wiki/ADS_%28TV_station%29 "ADS (TV station)") in [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide "Adelaide"), CTC in Canberra and had just won the licence for [NEW](/wiki/NEW_%28TV_station%29 "NEW (TV station)") in [Perth](/wiki/Perth "Perth"). Stokes had planned to buy the [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network "Seven Network") from John Fairfax \& Sons which would have seen CTC align with [ATN](/wiki/ATN "ATN") in Sydney and [HSV](/wiki/HSV_%28TV_station%29 "HSV (TV station)") in Melbourne. Stokes offered $100 million more than rival [Christopher Skase](/wiki/Christopher_Skase "Christopher Skase") for Seven, but was ultimately unsuccessful.{{cite news \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article118146881 \|title\=Sale of Seven Network final: John Fairfax \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|volume\=61 \|issue\=18,928 \|location\=Canberra \|date\=31 July 1987 \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|page\=12 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}
Not able to build a metropolitan television network and with the costs associated with regional television aggregation looming, Stokes decided to sell. On 7 August 1987, Kerry Stokes sold CTC to Northern Star Holdings, owners of [Network Ten](/wiki/Network_Ten "Network Ten") along with ADS Adelaide and the licence for NEW Perth.{{Cite news \|date\=8 August 1987 \|title\=Dust finally settles after TV shake\-out \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article132151817 \|access\-date\=18 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=B12 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=61 \|issue\=18,936}} In Adelaide, ADS swapped frequencies later that year with Adelaide's then\-Ten affiliate, SAS. CTC was already broadcasting on VHF 10 in the [Tuggeranong Valley](/wiki/Tuggeranong_Valley "Tuggeranong Valley"), [Cooma](/wiki/Cooma "Cooma") and [Goulburn](/wiki/Goulburn "Goulburn") (around a third of the potential audience), so a swap to VHF 10 wasn't viable. CTC would continue to be known as *Capital 7* for another 18 months.
In 1988, CTC's programming began to evolve closer to Ten stations while still airing content from all three networks. In January Nine's *[Today Show](/wiki/Today_%281982_TV_program%29 "Today (1982 TV program)")* was replaced with Network Ten's *[Good Morning Australia](/wiki/Good_Morning_Australia_%281981_TV_program%29 "Good Morning Australia (1981 TV program)").* Perhaps in an attempt to ingratiate local viewers lamenting the loss of the *Today Show*, on Monday 22 February, hosts Kerri\-Anne Kennerley and Tim Webster broadcast a full episode of *Good Morning Australia* live from the front of New Parliament House in Canberra.{{Cite news \|last\=Middleton \|first\=Karen \|date\=29 February 1988 \|title\=Good morning, from Canberra \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article101979624 \|access\-date\=22 February 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=TV \& Radio Guide \|publisher\=Australian Consolidated Press \|location\=Canberra \|page\=17 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=62 \|issue\=19,139}} At this time the half hour evening news was re\-branded *Eyewitness News*. In September *Eyewitness News* launched a new a one\-hour bulletin, bringing it in to line with the rest of the network.{{Cite news \|last\=Waller \|first\=Lisa \|date\=19 September 1988 \|title\=A new News for Capital 7 \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article102072475 \|access\-date\=18 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|publisher\=Australian Consolidated Press \|page\=31 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,341}}
At the same time CTC was preparing its launch in the [Illawarra](/wiki/Illawarra "Illawarra"). Premises had been leased in [Wollongong](/wiki/Wollongong "Wollongong") and a sales office and newsroom were being established.{{Cite news \|last\=Campbell \|first\=Rodd \|date\=22 September 1988 \|title\=Capital 7 goes to Gov't, WIN hears different story \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article102073301 \|access\-date\=20 January 2018 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=Australian Consolidated Press \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,344}} *Capital 7* though would not be an appropriate name for the station; CTC wasn't going to supply Seven Network programming after all, so retaining the channel 7 moniker would have presented an anomaly. By the end of 1988 the news was branded *Ten News* and with that the station name *Capital 7* disappeared and *Capital Television* had arrived;{{Cite news \|last\=Coelli \|first\=Andree \|date\=26 August 1988 \|title\=Bush capital to get Sydney TV choice \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article102046108 \|access\-date\=13 September 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|publisher\=Australian Consolidated Press \|location\=Canberra \|page\=4 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=62 \|issue\=19,317}} CTC's new identity emulated that of its new sister stations [TEN](/wiki/TEN_%28TV_station%29 "TEN (TV station)") Sydney, [ATV](/wiki/ATV_%28Australia%29 "ATV (Australia)") Melbourne, [TVQ](/wiki/TVQ "TVQ") Brisbane, [ADS](/wiki/ADS_%28TV_station%29 "ADS (TV station)") Adelaide and [NEW](/wiki/NEW_%28TV_station%29 "NEW (TV station)") Perth. The X logo was adopted denominated with *Capital* *Television* in place of *TEN* used for the other network stations. Network promos remained branded as *TEN* and the station began to be known locally as 'Capital 10'.
On 1 January 1989 CTC commenced daily 24\-hour broadcasting for the first time.{{Cite news \|date\=31 December 1998 \|title\=TV today \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article102040475 \|access\-date\=11 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=Australian Consolidated Press \|location\=Canberra \|page\=12 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,443}} A revelation to Canberrans for whom television had ceased shortly after midnight each evening, not commencing until 6am the following day. Now armed with Network Ten's stream of programs and branding, CTC was able to stay on the air all night, taking a feed from Sydney for the midnight\-dawn shift.
CTC was in a relatively strong position in Canberra ahead of aggregation, which would see the station expand into the Illawarra, [Central West](/wiki/Central_West_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Central West (New South Wales)") and [Riverina](/wiki/Riverina "Riverina"). CTC had a 24\-hour schedule, a strong investment in equipment and infrastructure and a loyal viewership.
On Friday 31 March 1989, CTC launched its Illawarra service and rivals [Prime](/wiki/Prime7 "Prime7") and WIN came to Canberra.{{Cite news \|last\=Warry \|first\=Catherine \|date\=31 March 1989 \|title\=ACT's aggregation begins, spectacularly \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article120919745 \|access\-date\=11 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,532}}{{Cite news \|date\=31 March 1989 \|title\=Many milestones in station's 27 years \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article120919701 \|access\-date\=11 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=14 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,532}} A new base had been established in Wollongong for sales and news staff. CTC broadcast its Canberra\-based news bulletin to the Illawarra seven days a week, with a window for local stories created for both markets. It would be another nine months before aggregation was complete in the Riverina and Central West, as the new transmitters required to cover these vast regions were still under construction by the Federal Government.
By the middle of 1989 Ten's ratings were in decline so on 23 July, the recently recruited network boss Bob Shanks relaunched the network as 10 TV Australia. Rumours had been circulating that Shanks wanted rid of the network's X logo, as it reminded him on X\-rated movies.{{Cite news \|last\=Logan \|first\=Rob \|date\=19 June 1989 \|title\=New broom may sweep out the X logo for TEN \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122270749 \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=The Guide \|location\=Canberra \|page\=12 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,612}} CTC became *10 TV Australia* with the local branding "CAPITAL*"* in place of the city name used in the metropolitan markets. The X logo was gone, replaced with a map of Australia. The following day, news services within Network Ten were retro\-branded *Eyewitness News,* everywhere except Canberra. The Ten News brand had been far more successful in Canberra than elsewhere, so the station was give a 'stay of execution' in order to re\-introduce *Eyewitness News* at a time appropriate to the audience.{{Cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Mark \|date\=24 July 1989 \|title\=Is there an identity crisis at Capital? \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122284645 \|access\-date\=22 February 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=The Guide \|location\=Canberra \|page\=30 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,647}}
Meanwhile, owners Northern Star Holdings were having financial and regulatory problems. The company was subject to an inquiry by the [Australian Broadcasting Tribunal](/wiki/Australian_Communications_and_Media_Authority "Australian Communications and Media Authority") in relation to media ownership rules{{Cite news \|last\=Whitehead \|first\=Robert \|date\=1 June 1988 \|title\=Judge halts TV inquiry \- the Bond hearing \|url\=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com\&svc\_dat\=AUNB\&req\_dat\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\&rft\_val\_format\=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx\&rft\_dat\=document\_id%3Anews%252F11BCF2C1ED7947F8 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240418085632/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com\&svc\_dat\=AUNB\&req\_dat\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\&rft\_val\_format\=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx\&rft\_dat\=document\_id%3Anews%252F11BCF2C1ED7947F8 \|archive\-date\=18 April 2024 \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Sydney \|page\=6 \|via\=\[\[NewsBank]]}} and had run into financial difficulties following the 1987 stock market crash two years earlier. On 1 September 1989, Northern Star Holdings announced a major restructure to pay off debts and help restore profitability. The proposals included selling off the network's three smaller stations; ADS Adelaide, NEW Perth and CTC Canberra to Charles Curran's *Capital Television Group*. The sale was complete on 27 October 1989, effectively splitting Northern Star's Network Ten in half{{Cite web \|date\=20 February 2012 \|via\=Worldwide Company Profile \|url\=http://listofcompanies.co.in/2012/02/20/northern\-star\-holdings\-ltd/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031183202/http://listofcompanies.co.in/2012/02/20/northern\-star\-holdings\-ltd/ \|archive\-date\=31 October 2018 \|access\-date\=17 November 2016 \|title\=Northern Star Holdings Ltd.}} and ending CTC's brief stint as a fully fledged member of Network Ten.
In December 1989, following the station's takeover by Curran, CTC's Wollongong newsroom was significantly scaled back, just eight months into its operation. The local news windows were removed from the nightly bulletin as two journalists and two camera operators were retrenched. A local news presence was never established for CTC's Riverina and Central West signals, which were coming online at that time.{{Cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Mark \|date\=5 December 1989 \|title\=Eight Capital Television employees retrenched \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article120864550 \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=64 \|issue\=19,781}}
### 1990s – A Capital idea
On 15 July 1990, CTC ceased 24\-hour broadcasting in Canberra, after only one year. The station would go off air at 1:30 am.{{Cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Mark \|date\=27 June 1990 \|title\=Capital to shut at 1\.30am and leave it to WIN \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article120894791 \|access\-date\=11 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=64 \|issue\=20,164}}
The financial difficulties continued for Northern Star Holdings and on 14 September 1990 Network Ten, which by then consisted only of TEN Sydney, ATV Melbourne and TVQ Brisbane, went into receivership. By this time the *TV Australia* moniker had all but disappeared from network branding.{{Cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=CzJXoc9hy8w \|title\=Canberra Raiders 1990 Grand Final \|date\=21 August 2007 \|publisher\=jmoul59 \|access\-date\=16 November 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/CzJXoc9hy8w \|archive\-date\=21 December 2021 \|url\-status\=live \|via\=\[\[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}{{dead link \|date\=June 2021}} On 13 January 1991 *TV Australia* was replaced with the launch of *The Entertainment Network*,{{Cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=JwA\-TdwRe4M \|title\=10 New Logo first night 1991 \|date\=13 January 1991 \|last\=Australian TV Fan \|type\=Video \|publisher\=Network Ten \|access\-date\=25 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211129/JwA\-TdwRe4M \|archive\-date\=29 November 2021 \|url\-status\=dead \|via\=\[\[YouTube]]}} a backronym that repositioned the network toward a younger demographic. At this time CTC dropped *Channel 10* branding in favour of *Capital Television*, the name of its parent company, except for the locally produced *Ten News*, which would retain the name for a further 12 months. The station took on an original ribbon logo for *Capital Television* reminiscent of the iconic *Capital 7* flag of the 1980s.{{cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Mark \|date\=11 February 1991 \|title\=It wasn't the best of mornings for the host of 'GMA' \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article129095585 \|access\-date\=25 May 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=The Guide \|publisher\=Federal Capital Press \|location\=Canberra \|page\=9 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=65 \|issue\=20,393}} The station ID was a modified version of *The Entertainment Network* identity of Network Ten.
By 1993 Charles Curran was planning to expand his regional television holdings in NSW and bid to buy [NRTV](/wiki/NRN "NRN"). The move could have trebled the reach of *Capital Television* in the state taking in [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_New_South_Wales "Newcastle, New South Wales"), [Coffs Harbour](/wiki/Coffs_Harbour "Coffs Harbour") and [Taree](/wiki/Taree "Taree"). Curran was unsuccessful and NRTV was bought by a consortium made up of [Jack Cowin](/wiki/Jack_Cowin "Jack Cowin"), Kerry Stokes and Telecasters North Queensland.{{Cite news \|date\=16 August 1995 \|title\=Can West legal victory over Curran \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article130557962 \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=4 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=70 \|issue\=22,035}} With little opportunity to expand his regional television holdings, Curran sold CTC to [Southern Cross Broadcasting](/wiki/Southern_Cross_Broadcasting "Southern Cross Broadcasting") in December 1994, retaining ADS Adelaide and NEW Perth.{{Cite news \|date\=12 December 1994 \|title\=Nixon silent on moves to cut Capital TV staff \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127260045 \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=6 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=70 \|issue\=21,788}}
CTC's new owners, Southern Cross were quick to rationalise resources at CTC, much as they had done at their existing stations in Victoria. By early 1995 staff cuts had been announced, the local weekend news bulletin had been cancelled and on 6 February CTC was rebranded *Ten Capital* in a move that would eliminate resources required to rebadge [Network Ten](/wiki/Network_Ten "Network Ten") station promos and IDs. Just five years earlier the station had been known colloquially as *Capital 10*. CTC re\-commenced 24\-hour broadcasting at this time.{{Cite news \|last\=Rosenburg \|first\=Jen \|date\=13 February 1995 \|title\=CAPITAL punishment \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article133335131 \|access\-date\=11 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=The Guide \|location\=Canberra \|page\=25 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=70 \|issue\=21,851}}
### 2000s – A Star is born
On 22 November 2001, following a year of rapid growth, Southern Cross cancelled the station's one\-hour weekday news bulletin ending 40 years of local news production.{{Cite news \|last\=Cassidy \|first\=Frank \|date\=22 November 2001 \|title\=Ten dumps Canberra news \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[Rural Press]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|language\=en\-AU \|id\={{ProQuest\|1016024853}}}} CTC was rebranded *Southern Cross Ten* in 2002 as the company had acquired Ten affiliate stations in [North Queensland](/wiki/North_Queensland "North Queensland") from Telecasters Australia and all Ten stations, including CTC, were brought into line with the generic Southern Cross Ten brand. The branding was light, with a simple denominator below the Network Ten logo. For viewers, CTC was for the first time a 100% relay of TEN Sydney, with the only differentiator the insertion of local advertisements and the occasional local weather update.
In 2004 Southern Cross Ten was forced to reintroduce local news content following a ruling by the Australian Broadcasting Authority. The CTC studios in Watson became a news hub, with a small team of journalists pre\-recording news updates to be broadcast across the Southern Cross Ten network.{{Cite news \|date\=2 February 2004 \|title\=Local news returns to ACT TV screens \|url\=http://abc.net.au/news/australia/act/200402/s1036494\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20041130032441/http://abc.net.au/news/australia/act/200402/s1036494\.htm \|archive\-date\=30 November 2004 \|access\-date\=17 February 2024 \|work\=\[\[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]] \|publisher\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|location\=Canberra \|language\=en\-AU \|via\=National Library of Australia }}
In 2005 the Southern Cross Ten Star arrived on screen differentiating the regional stations more clearly from metropolitan Network Ten. Southern Cross Ten continued to largely use Network Ten IDs and promos unchanged, but mixed in Southern Cross Ten versions of network IDs. Community Service Announcements and local news updates were branded with the Southern Cross Ten Star.
The station celebrated 50 years on the air in Canberra on 2 June 2012\.{{Cite news \|last\=Doherty \|first\=Megan \|date\=2 June 2012 \|title\=Celebrating 50 years of capital viewing \|url\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6169639/celebrating\-50\-years\-of\-capital\-viewing/ \|url\-access\=subscription \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[Fairfax Media]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=5 \|language\=en\-AU \|id\={{ProQuest\|1018102933}}}}
### 2016 – The switch to Channel 9
On 1 July 2016, Southern Cross changed its programming alliance from [Network Ten](/wiki/Network_Ten "Network Ten") to the [Nine Network](/wiki/Nine_Network "Nine Network") in Canberra, southern NSW, Victoria and Queensland as part of a five\-year agreement. CTC, along with almost all Southern Cross Ten stations rebranded as Channel 9 ending a 27\-year affiliation with Ten.{{Cite news \|last\=Joyce \|first\=James \|date\=3 May 2016 \|title\=Future unclear for WIN's nightly local news bulletins \|url\=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/entertainment/tv\-and\-radio/news\-and\-current\-affairs/future\-unclear\-for\-wins\-nightly\-local\-news\-bulletins\-20160502\-gokjy1\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505025405/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/entertainment/tv\-and\-radio/news\-and\-current\-affairs/future\-unclear\-for\-wins\-nightly\-local\-news\-bulletins\-20160502\-gokjy1\.html \|archive\-date\=5 May 2016 \|access\-date\=3 May 2016 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[Fairfax Media]] \|location\=Canberra}} (In Northern NSW Southern Cross Ten continued its Ten affiliation due to Nine owning their existing station, NBN). The change was reminiscent of the 'frequency swap' between ADS and SAS Adelaide in 1987 which became Channel 10 and Channel 7 respectively. CTC is the only television station in Australia that has been known as *Channel 7*, *Channel 9* and *Channel 10*.
### 2017 – Demolition of Watson studios proposed
In December 2016, Southern Cross Austereo lodged a planning application with the ACT Government to demolish the CTC studios, administration and playout facility to make way for a residential development.{{Cite web \|date\=15 December 2016 \|title\=46 Aspinall Street, Watson, ACT \|url\=https://www.planningalerts.org.au/applications/759930 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201233930/https://www.planningalerts.org.au/applications/759930 \|archive\-date\=1 February 2017 \|access\-date\=20 January 2017 \|website\=Planning Alerts}} The proposed studio campus demolition comes just over a year after [WIN Television](/wiki/WIN_Television "WIN Television") closed its Canberra studios at Kingston, moving its offices to the industrial suburb of [Fyshwick](/wiki/Fyshwick "Fyshwick").{{Cite news \|last\=Doherty \|first\=Megan \|date\=8 August 2015 \|title\=WIN Television selling up its Kingston base to move to Fyshwick after 26 years making stars \|url\=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act\-news/canberra\-life/win\-television\-selling\-up\-its\-kingston\-base\-to\-move\-to\-fyshwick\-after\-26\-years\-making\-stars\-20150807\-gitwen.html \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002557/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act\-news/canberra\-life/win\-television\-selling\-up\-its\-kingston\-base\-to\-move\-to\-fyshwick\-after\-26\-years\-making\-stars\-20150807\-gitwen.html \|archive\-date\=2 February 2017 \|access\-date\=20 January 2017 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[Fairfax Media]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=3 \|id\={{ProQuest\|1702155180}}}} The trend of vast television estates making way for residential developments has been seen in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth. In 2009 however, a planned redevelopment of the original ATV studios at [Nunawading](/wiki/Nunawading "Nunawading") in Melbourne was cancelled due to a slump in property prices.
In September 2018, Southern Cross Austereo announced it would transfer its Canberra\-based broadcast playout to NPC Media, a joint venture between the Nine and Seven Networks. CTC, via Southern Cross Austereo, would move remaining employees to a leased office facility in Canberra.{{Cite press release \|title\=SCA to outsource television payout to NPC Media \|date\=26 September 2018 \|publisher\=Southern Cross Austereo \|location\=Melbourne \|url\=https://www.marketscreener.com/SEVEN\-WEST\-MEDIA\-LTD\-9058799/news/SXL\-SCA\-to\-outsource\-television\-playout\-to\-NPC\-Media\-27317294/ \|via\=Market Screener \|last1\=McKechnie \|first1\=Nick \|last2\=Maher \|first2\=Madeleine \|access\-date\=26 September 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231146/https://www.marketscreener.com/SEVEN\-WEST\-MEDIA\-LTD\-9058799/news/SXL\-SCA\-to\-outsource\-television\-playout\-to\-NPC\-Media\-27317294/ \|archive\-date\=4 February 2019}} The changes were expected to be completed by 30 June 2020\.
### 2020 – Demolition of Watson studios
In August 2020, demolition of the entire CTC and Southern Cross Austereo studio site at Watson was completed to make way for a housing development. The demolition marked the end of 46 years as Canberra's home of television and Australia's first colour television station.{{Cite web \|last\=Knox \|first\=David \|date\=1 March 2021 \|title\=CTC Watson studios tour \|url\=https://tvtonight.com.au/2021/03/ctc\-watson\-studios\-tour.html \|access\-date\=10 February 2024 \|publisher\=TV Tonight \|language\=en\-AU}}
### 2021 – Switch back to Network 10 programming
On 12 March 2021, Nine announced that it would return to [WIN Television](/wiki/WIN_Television "WIN Television") as its regional affiliate in most markets beginning on 1 July 2021, in a deal that would last at least seven years.{{Cite magazine \|date\=12 March 2021 \|title\=Nine changes regional TV partners and signs deal with WIN \|url\=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/nine\-signs\-deal\-with\-win/ \|access\-date\=16 May 2021 \|magazine\=\[\[Mediaweek (Australia)\|Mediaweek]] \|language\=en\-AU}}{{Cite news \|last\=Samios \|first\=Zoe \|date\=12 March 2021 \|title\=Nine programs to return to WIN in new affiliate deal \|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/nine\-to\-return\-programs\-to\-win\-in\-regional\-areas\-20210312\-p57a29\.html \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313041521mp\_/https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/nine\-to\-return\-programs\-to\-win\-in\-regional\-areas\-20210312\-p57a29\.html \|archive\-date\=13 March 2021 \|access\-date\=6 January 2023 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \|publisher\=\[\[Nine Entertainment]] \|location\=Sydney \|page\=1 \|language\=en\-AU \|id\={{ProQuest\|2500312271}}}}{{Cite news \|last\=Joyce \|first\=James \|date\=28 June 2021 \|title\=Your favourite TV shows on Nine and Ten change channels from July 1: what you need to know \|url\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7316079/july\-1s\-tv\-flip\-what\-you\-need\-to\-know/ \|url\-access\=subscription \|access\-date\=17 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[Australian Community Media]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=17 \|language\=en\-AU \|publication\-date\=30 June 2021 \|id\={{ProQuest\|2545630049}}}} This has ended SCA's five\-year agreement with the [Nine Network](/wiki/Nine_Network "Nine Network"). On 25 June 2021, SCA and Network 10 announced a two\-year affiliation deal in regional Queensland, which is serviced by the station [TNQ](/wiki/TNQ "TNQ"), Southern NSW, which is serviced by this station, CTC, and regional Victoria, which is serviced by the stations [GLV and BCV](/wiki/GLV/BCV "GLV/BCV"), which introduced [10 Shake](/wiki/10_Shake "10 Shake") to regional areas, including Southern NSW and the ACT, for the very first time and it broadcasts on Channel 54,{{Cite press release \|title\=Network 10 and Southern Cross Media Group Confirm Affiliation Agreement \|date\=25 June 2021 \|publisher\=Southern Cross Austereo \|location\=Melbourne \|url\=https://www.southerncrossaustereo.com.au/media/media\-releases/network\-10\-and\-southern\-cross\-media\-group\-confirm\-affiliation\-agreement/ \|access\-date\=14 April 2024 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323174030/https://www.southerncrossaustereo.com.au/media/media\-releases/network\-10\-and\-southern\-cross\-media\-group\-confirm\-affiliation\-agreement/ \|archive\-date\=23 March 2023}} as well as [Sky News Regional](/wiki/Sky_News_Australia "Sky News Australia") which launched on 1 August 2021 and it broadcasts on Channel 56\. On this station and on the whole network, [Aspire TV](/wiki/Aspire_TV_%28Australian_TV_channel%29 "Aspire TV (Australian TV channel)") ceased to broadcast on 31 July 2021, to accommodate [Sky News Regional](/wiki/Sky_News_Regional "Sky News Regional").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Origins",
"The station's history can be traced back to 19 May 1958, when *Canberra Television Limited* (or CTL), a [public company](/wiki/Public_company \"Public company\"), was formed by executives of The Federal Capital Press of Australia Pty. Ltd. (owner of *[The Canberra Times](/wiki/The_Canberra_Times \"The Canberra Times\")* newspaper) and Canberra Broadcasters Pty Ltd (owner of local radio station [2CA](/wiki/2CA \"2CA\")).{{Cite news \\|date\\=28 May 1962 \\|title\\=Station Came Into Being In Nine Months \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article130576222 \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=9 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=36 \\|issue\\=19,236}} Both companies injected [A£](/wiki/Australian_pound \"Australian pound\")45,000 ([A$](/wiki/Australian_dollar \"Australian dollar\")90,000\\) into the business in order to apply for the Canberra\\-area commercial television licence. The first chairman of the newly formed company was [Arthur Shakespeare](/wiki/Arthur_Shakespeare \"Arthur Shakespeare\"), founder of *The Canberra Times*.\nAlongside four other applicants, CTL submitted their licence application to the [Australian Broadcasting Control Board](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Control_Board \"Australian Broadcasting Control Board\") (ABCB) in April 1959\\. The company went public in September of the same year, on the [Australian Securities Exchange](/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange \"Australian Securities Exchange\") in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), offering 100,000 shares which were immediately oversubscribed, ending up with a total subscribed capital of A£300,000 (A$600,000\\). The two key shareholders in CTL made an agreement with all other shareholders that all shares were to be bought back in the event that they were unsuccessful in their licence bid — they need not have worried, since after a hearing of considerable length, the ABCB decided to grant CTL the licence in November 1960\\. The callsign for the station was to be CTC and the new service was to transmit on [VHF](/wiki/VHF \"VHF\") channel 7\\.",
"Prior to the acquisition of the licence, CTL needed to find suitable sites for both a studio and a transmitter. Initially, [Mount Ainslie](/wiki/Mount_Ainslie%2C_Australian_Capital_Territory \"Mount Ainslie, Australian Capital Territory\") (approximately 10 km north\\-east of Canberra's city centre, at an elevation of 842 m above sea level) was considered as a potential transmitter site. It was turned down, however, because it was already under the control of the Department of Civil Aviation (who would be unwilling to surrender or lease the site due to its proximity to the Airport and the Air Force base).{{Cite news \\|date\\=28 May 1962 \\|title\\=Canberra's Highest Building Finished In Record Time \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article130576304 \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=23 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=36 \\|issue\\=19,236}} It was also determined that a transmitter located atop Mount Ainslie would not provide ample coverage of the entire Canberra area (notable black\\-spots would have included the [Woden](/wiki/Woden_Valley \"Woden Valley\") and [Belconnen](/wiki/Belconnen \"Belconnen\") districts), nor would there be enough room for the ABC's television transmitter (whose service was due to commence in December 1962\\) as well as CTC. Other sites considered included Mounts Gray, Bowning, Ginini and Bull's Head.",
"Ultimately, the site chosen for both the transmitter and the studio was [Black Mountain](/wiki/Black_Mountain%2C_Australian_Capital_Territory \"Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory\"), approximately 5 km west of the city centre at 812 m above sea level. Extensive tests from the site proved that it was the ideal location for the transmitter, with signals adequately covering the Canberra area. The [ABC](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Australian Broadcasting Corporation\") also decided to place their transmitter atop Black Mountain — both would be perched atop guyed masts (as opposed to towers) with each rising to 126 metres and 152 metres, respectively.{{Cite news \\|date\\=26 March 1962 \\|title\\=Black Mountain Ideal As Site Of TV Transmitter \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article104302429 \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=36 \\|issue\\=10,183}} ABC's studio would be located in Canberra city proper. In order to access the transmitters and studio, a road needed to be built up to the summit — construction commenced in July 1961\\. CTL were granted the lease to the Black Mountain site on 26 September 1961\\.",
"The studio complex, which, in later years, would be affectionately known as 'the tin shed' was planned, designed and constructed by [Civil \\& Civic](/wiki/Civil_%26_Civic \"Civil & Civic\") over a period of 28 weeks (from September 1961 – March 1962\\) at a total cost of £77,912 (A$155,824\\). Occupying a {{convert\\|9,400\\|m2\\|ft2\\|abbr\\=off}} site, the complex featured a 140\\-square\\-metre studio area and was fitted out with [RCA](/wiki/RCA \"RCA\") equipment — two TK\\-12 4½\" image orthicon cameras were purchased for use in the studio at a cost of £8,000 (A$16 000\\) each. The transmitter (whose mast was erected in March 1962\\) was custom\\-designed by Co\\-El of Italy, and the mast EPT Limited in Sydney.",
"Test transmissions started on 2 April 1962 and local reports of excellent picture quality exceeded expectations in coverage area. It was reported the vast majority of Canberra and Queanbeyan viewers required no outside antenna at all. Viewers in Yass reported a perfect signal and homes in higher parts of Cooma also, unexpectedly, were able to receive CTC 7\\. Goulburn television retailers reported heavy set orders in the lead\\-up to CTC's commencement \\- though the town could already enjoy a television signal from WIN 4 Wollongong.{{Cite news \\|date\\=28 May 1962 \\|title\\=High rate of set build\\-up \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article130576226 \\|access\\-date\\=19 February 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=9 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=36 \\|issue\\=19,236}}",
"### Opening night",
"By the end of April 1962, both the studio and transmitter was completed and the first test patterns were transmitted. On 23 May 1962 at 5:45pm, the first live test transmission took place with the Safety Bureau Officer, Senior Constable T. A. M. Cooper presenting a 13\\-minute public service announcement on the proper use of fireworks.{{Cite news \\|date\\=24 May 1962 \\|title\\=First Live Transmission \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article130575805 \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=36 \\|issue\\=10,233}}",
"Although CTC 7 commenced transmission at 6pm on 2 June 1962{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ross\\-Hulands \\|first\\=Brooklyn \\|title\\=Southern Cross Ten: Sth NSW \\|url\\=http://www.austvhistory.com/scten/sctensnsw.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224154242/http://www.austvhistory.com/scten/sctensnsw.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2024 \\|website\\=AusTVHistory}} with various program promotions and a documentary on the construction of the CTC studios, the official opening was not to take place until 7pm — as well as [Postmaster\\-General](/wiki/Postmaster-General%27s_Department \"Postmaster-General's Department\") [Charles Davidson](/wiki/Charles_Davidson_%28politician%29 \"Charles Davidson (politician)\"), CTL chairmen A. T. Shakespeare, Sir Patrick McGovern and station manager George Barlin also assisted with the opening proceedings. An introduction to CTC's on\\-screen personalities was followed by a news summary. Viewers were then treated to a film of the Queen's Birthday Procession from the military barracks at [Duntroon](/wiki/Royal_Military_College%2C_Duntroon \"Royal Military College, Duntroon\") (filmed earlier that day), followed by an hour of variety with *[The B.P. Super Show](/wiki/BP_Super_Show \"BP Super Show\")* hosted by [Margaret Fonteyn](/wiki/Margot_Fonteyn \"Margot Fonteyn\"). The detective series *[Michael Shayne](/wiki/Michael_Shayne \"Michael Shayne\")* made its premiere on CTC then a kinescope of the opening ceremony was screened. The first night's programming concluded with an epilogue and a preview of the following day's programs before ending transmission at 10:30pm.{{Cite news \\|date\\=4 June 1962 \\|title\\=CTC\\-7 Station Opened \\|volume\\=36 \\|page\\=1 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|issue\\=10,242 \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article130576959 \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2021 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=2 June 1962 \\|title\\=Week\\-end CTC\\-7 Programmes \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article130576861 \\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=9 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=36 \\|issue\\=10,241}}",
"### Welcoming the neighbours",
"On 18 December 1962, CTC\\-7's first television rival, [ABC\\-3](/wiki/ABC-3 \"ABC-3\"), commenced broadcasting in Canberra. CTC manager George Barlin welcomed the arrival of the new station, which would viewers in the area would have a 'complete television service'. Mr Barlin pointed out there had been a great enthusiasm for television in the Canberra area, with around 42% of homes owning or renting a television within six months of the commencement of local television services.{{Cite news \\|date\\=11 December 1962 \\|title\\=CTC\\-7 Welcome to ABC\\-3 \\|volume\\=37 \\|page\\=17 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|issue\\=10,405 \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article136933667 \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2021 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}",
"CTC relayed its first program to another station on 11 October 1964, with a simulcast transmission of an Olympic Games presentation by [RVN\\-2](/wiki/RVN-2 \"RVN-2\") in Wagga. Olympic Games reports were received at the new ABC\\-3 studios in Canberra, which was connected to [ABN\\-2](/wiki/ABN-2 \"ABN-2\") Sydney via coaxial cable. The video\\-taped footage was then prepared for screening by CTC\\-7 that evening. RVN\\-2 installed new receiving equipment to repeat a clear signal from Canberra.{{Cite news \\|date\\=12 October 1964 \\|title\\=CTC relays Games to Wagga \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article131754163 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=15 \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=39 \\|issue\\=10,974}}",
"### 1970s – Colouring the Capital",
"CTC was a pioneer of colour television, commissioning the first purpose\\-built colour production studio and film laboratory in Australia. The new facility in [Watson](/wiki/Watson%2C_Australian_Capital_Territory \"Watson, Australian Capital Territory\") opened in October 1974 costing over $2 million{{Cite web \\|last\\=Barnett \\|first\\=Bronwyn \\|title\\=Regional television: from colour to digital \\|url\\=http://nfsa.gov.au/collection/television/highlights/regional\\-television\\-from\\-colour\\-to\\-digital/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082147/http://nfsa.gov.au/collection/television/highlights/regional\\-television\\-from\\-colour\\-to\\-digital/ \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Film \\& Sound Archive]]}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=4 March 1975 \\|title\\=CTC\\-TV 'Rebuilt' For Colour \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article116336474 \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=16 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=49 \\|issue\\=14,004}} and boasted sales and administration, a full size production studio supplemented by two smaller studios for commercial recordings and on\\-air presentation.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Barnett \\|first\\=Bronwyn \\|date\\=2 March 2015 \\|title\\=Colour TV in Australia: Colouring our world \\|url\\=http://nfsa.gov.au/blog/2015/03/02/colour\\-tv\\-part\\-2/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229084222/http://nfsa.gov.au/blog/2015/03/02/colour\\-tv\\-part\\-2/ \\|archive\\-date\\=29 February 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Film \\& Sound Archive]]}} As the facility was fully equipped only with colour equipment over 80% of the broadcasts were in colour, five months before the official commencement date of 1 March 1975\\. Although technically in breach of the [Australian Broadcasting Control Board](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Control_Board \"Australian Broadcasting Control Board\") rules, CTC was the first television station in Australia to broadcast the majority of its output in colour. A rare piece of CTC colour news film from 21 October 1974 can be seen at the [National Film \\& Sound Archive](/wiki/National_Film_%26_Sound_Archive \"National Film & Sound Archive\").",
"### 1980s – From Super 7 to Channel 10",
"[thumb\\|right\\|*Capital 7* identity 1981](/wiki/File:Capital_7_Australian_Capital_Television.jpg \"Capital 7 Australian Capital Television.jpg\") [Kerry Stokes](/wiki/Kerry_Stokes \"Kerry Stokes\") acquired a majority stake in CTC from [John Fairfax \\& Sons](/wiki/Fairfax_Media \"Fairfax Media\") warehousing company Surita on 7 May 1980,{{Cite news \\|date\\=25 May 1985 \\|title\\=The high\\-risk battle for regional TV hots up \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-sydney\\-morning\\-herald\\-the\\-high\\-risk/140677409/ \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Sydney \\|page\\=36 \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} heading off a rival bid from Television Wollongong Transmissions Ltd (owners of [WIN 4](/wiki/WIN_Television \"WIN Television\")) which had increased its stake from 5 to 15 per cent.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Simon \\|first\\=Margaret \\|title\\=Kerry Stokes: Self\\-Made Man \\|publisher\\=Penguin \\|year\\=2013}}{{page needed \\|date\\=June 2021}} At the time Stokes owned a share in the [Golden West Network](/wiki/GWN7 \"GWN7\") in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Stretton \\|first\\=Rowena \\|date\\=26 June 1980 \\|title\\=Inquiry into CTC\\-TV takeover \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article110964212 \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=54 \\|issue\\=16,345}}\nThe station shrugged off its decidedly 70s *Super 7* branding and the call sign letters *CTC* were reintroduced to the station identity.",
"The 1980s were an exciting time in Canberra a new, but maturing city. [Telecom Tower](/wiki/Black_Mountain_Tower \"Black Mountain Tower\"), a {{convert\\|195\\.2\\|m}} broadcasting facility atop Black Mountain opened on 15 May 1980 and quickly became a major Canberra landmark.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Drummond \\|first\\=Lyn \\|date\\=22 June 1980 \\|title\\=Impressive attraction \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article110963680 \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=14 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=54 \\|issue\\=16,341}} A vital link for television and telephone connections between Sydney and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), the tower also became the transmission site for CTC's primary VHF 7 signal alongside ABC on VHF 3 and ABC FM 101\\.9\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2021 \\|reason\\=Previous citation did not support text}} CTC's original studio building was demolished to make way for the tower and the station produced a 12\\-minute film on the construction of Telecom Tower which was shown at the visitor's centre.",
"No sooner had Telecom Tower opened, work commenced on Canberra's other most prominent landmark – a [new Parliament House](/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Canberra \"Parliament House, Canberra\"). A building so large it would have its own unique postcode. On 1 July 1981, CTC embarked upon a massive rebrand. A new logo whose design and colours were based on the Australian national flag was introduced and *Capital 7* burst on to screens.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1 July 1981 \\|title\\=IN BRIEF Drink\\-drive campaign \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127044508 \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=55 \\|issue\\=16,714}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=1 July 1981 \\|title\\=Looking to the future as the National Capital's Own Television Station \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127044582 \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=31 \\|type\\=Advertising \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=55 \\|issue\\=16,714}} Reflecting Canberra's status as the heart of the nation, the station produced a 60\\-second feel\\-good promo and promotional 45 RPM single, *Song for Canberra* which featured early earthworks at Parliament House and showcased a vibrant and young capital.{{Cite news \\|date\\=4 November 1981 \\|title\\=Song for Canberra \\- out now on 45 \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article126855945 \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=26 \\|type\\=Advertising \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=56 \\|issue\\=16,840}}",
"Under Stokes the number of broadcast hours increased and the local news bulletin was scaled up from a 15\\-minute auxiliary to a full local, national and international service. In 1982 breakfast television commenced on CTC, with a relay of Nine Network programming. Canberra's only commercial television station beginning to more closely resembling a metropolitan station and in 1983 CTC celebrated 21 years of broadcasting. The station celebrated with a slight re\\-brand and the introduction of a new jingle *Look at Us*. A one\\-minute promo explaining to the viewers how professional the new image was went to air that year.",
"CTC's second rival, Network 0\\-28 (now [SBS](/wiki/SBS_%28Australian_TV_channel%29 \"SBS (Australian TV channel)\")), was officially launched in Canberra on 14 October 1983 \\- its first expansion outside Sydney and Melbourne. Commencing at 6\\.58pm with the national anthem, the channel launch was officiated by the Prime Minister in a program called *Bringing the World Back Home*, also the station's slogan at the time.{{Cite news \\|date\\=10 October 1983 \\|title\\=TV\\-Radio Guide \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article12864152 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|pages\\=22–23 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=58 \\|issue\\=17,543}} Network 28 was Canberra's first UHF television station and broadcast *UHF Documentary* to explain to viewers how to receive it. A telephone survey conducted after the first weekend of broadcast found that 74% of Canberrans could receive UHF and of those, 65% found the network's programs more interesting than those on ABC and Capital 7\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=22 October 1983 \\|title\\=Viewers switch on to Network 28 \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article116413493 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=58 \\|issue\\=17,555}}",
"In 1987 the *Broadcasting (Ownership and Control) Act* replaced the *Two TV Station* rule – which had capped ownership of Metropolitan TV stations at two – with a *60% Reach* rule.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Gardiner\\-Garden \\|first1\\=John \\|last2\\=Chowns \\|first2\\=Jonathan \\|date\\=22 October 2001 \\|title\\=Media Ownership Regulation in Australia \\|url\\=http://www.aph.gov.au/About\\_Parliament/Parliamentary\\_Departments/Parliamentary\\_Library/Publications\\_Archive/archive/mediaregulation \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195601/http://www.aph.gov.au/About\\_Parliament/Parliamentary\\_Departments/Parliamentary\\_Library/Publications\\_Archive/archive/mediaregulation \\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Parliament of Australia]]}} This would pave the way for major changes in television ownership in Australia as the three television networks expanded beyond Sydney and Melbourne, buying their affiliates in other capitals. At the time Kerry Stokes owned [ADS](/wiki/ADS_%28TV_station%29 \"ADS (TV station)\") in [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide \"Adelaide\"), CTC in Canberra and had just won the licence for [NEW](/wiki/NEW_%28TV_station%29 \"NEW (TV station)\") in [Perth](/wiki/Perth \"Perth\"). Stokes had planned to buy the [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network \"Seven Network\") from John Fairfax \\& Sons which would have seen CTC align with [ATN](/wiki/ATN \"ATN\") in Sydney and [HSV](/wiki/HSV_%28TV_station%29 \"HSV (TV station)\") in Melbourne. Stokes offered $100 million more than rival [Christopher Skase](/wiki/Christopher_Skase \"Christopher Skase\") for Seven, but was ultimately unsuccessful.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article118146881 \\|title\\=Sale of Seven Network final: John Fairfax \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|volume\\=61 \\|issue\\=18,928 \\|location\\=Canberra \\|date\\=31 July 1987 \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|page\\=12 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}",
"Not able to build a metropolitan television network and with the costs associated with regional television aggregation looming, Stokes decided to sell. On 7 August 1987, Kerry Stokes sold CTC to Northern Star Holdings, owners of [Network Ten](/wiki/Network_Ten \"Network Ten\") along with ADS Adelaide and the licence for NEW Perth.{{Cite news \\|date\\=8 August 1987 \\|title\\=Dust finally settles after TV shake\\-out \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article132151817 \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=B12 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=61 \\|issue\\=18,936}} In Adelaide, ADS swapped frequencies later that year with Adelaide's then\\-Ten affiliate, SAS. CTC was already broadcasting on VHF 10 in the [Tuggeranong Valley](/wiki/Tuggeranong_Valley \"Tuggeranong Valley\"), [Cooma](/wiki/Cooma \"Cooma\") and [Goulburn](/wiki/Goulburn \"Goulburn\") (around a third of the potential audience), so a swap to VHF 10 wasn't viable. CTC would continue to be known as *Capital 7* for another 18 months.",
"In 1988, CTC's programming began to evolve closer to Ten stations while still airing content from all three networks. In January Nine's *[Today Show](/wiki/Today_%281982_TV_program%29 \"Today (1982 TV program)\")* was replaced with Network Ten's *[Good Morning Australia](/wiki/Good_Morning_Australia_%281981_TV_program%29 \"Good Morning Australia (1981 TV program)\").* Perhaps in an attempt to ingratiate local viewers lamenting the loss of the *Today Show*, on Monday 22 February, hosts Kerri\\-Anne Kennerley and Tim Webster broadcast a full episode of *Good Morning Australia* live from the front of New Parliament House in Canberra.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Middleton \\|first\\=Karen \\|date\\=29 February 1988 \\|title\\=Good morning, from Canberra \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article101979624 \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=TV \\& Radio Guide \\|publisher\\=Australian Consolidated Press \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=17 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=62 \\|issue\\=19,139}} At this time the half hour evening news was re\\-branded *Eyewitness News*. In September *Eyewitness News* launched a new a one\\-hour bulletin, bringing it in to line with the rest of the network.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Waller \\|first\\=Lisa \\|date\\=19 September 1988 \\|title\\=A new News for Capital 7 \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article102072475 \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|publisher\\=Australian Consolidated Press \\|page\\=31 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,341}}",
"At the same time CTC was preparing its launch in the [Illawarra](/wiki/Illawarra \"Illawarra\"). Premises had been leased in [Wollongong](/wiki/Wollongong \"Wollongong\") and a sales office and newsroom were being established.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Campbell \\|first\\=Rodd \\|date\\=22 September 1988 \\|title\\=Capital 7 goes to Gov't, WIN hears different story \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article102073301 \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2018 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=Australian Consolidated Press \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,344}} *Capital 7* though would not be an appropriate name for the station; CTC wasn't going to supply Seven Network programming after all, so retaining the channel 7 moniker would have presented an anomaly. By the end of 1988 the news was branded *Ten News* and with that the station name *Capital 7* disappeared and *Capital Television* had arrived;{{Cite news \\|last\\=Coelli \\|first\\=Andree \\|date\\=26 August 1988 \\|title\\=Bush capital to get Sydney TV choice \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article102046108 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|publisher\\=Australian Consolidated Press \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=4 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=62 \\|issue\\=19,317}} CTC's new identity emulated that of its new sister stations [TEN](/wiki/TEN_%28TV_station%29 \"TEN (TV station)\") Sydney, [ATV](/wiki/ATV_%28Australia%29 \"ATV (Australia)\") Melbourne, [TVQ](/wiki/TVQ \"TVQ\") Brisbane, [ADS](/wiki/ADS_%28TV_station%29 \"ADS (TV station)\") Adelaide and [NEW](/wiki/NEW_%28TV_station%29 \"NEW (TV station)\") Perth. The X logo was adopted denominated with *Capital* *Television* in place of *TEN* used for the other network stations. Network promos remained branded as *TEN* and the station began to be known locally as 'Capital 10'.",
"On 1 January 1989 CTC commenced daily 24\\-hour broadcasting for the first time.{{Cite news \\|date\\=31 December 1998 \\|title\\=TV today \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article102040475 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=Australian Consolidated Press \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=12 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,443}} A revelation to Canberrans for whom television had ceased shortly after midnight each evening, not commencing until 6am the following day. Now armed with Network Ten's stream of programs and branding, CTC was able to stay on the air all night, taking a feed from Sydney for the midnight\\-dawn shift.",
"CTC was in a relatively strong position in Canberra ahead of aggregation, which would see the station expand into the Illawarra, [Central West](/wiki/Central_West_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Central West (New South Wales)\") and [Riverina](/wiki/Riverina \"Riverina\"). CTC had a 24\\-hour schedule, a strong investment in equipment and infrastructure and a loyal viewership.",
"On Friday 31 March 1989, CTC launched its Illawarra service and rivals [Prime](/wiki/Prime7 \"Prime7\") and WIN came to Canberra.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Warry \\|first\\=Catherine \\|date\\=31 March 1989 \\|title\\=ACT's aggregation begins, spectacularly \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article120919745 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,532}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=31 March 1989 \\|title\\=Many milestones in station's 27 years \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article120919701 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=14 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,532}} A new base had been established in Wollongong for sales and news staff. CTC broadcast its Canberra\\-based news bulletin to the Illawarra seven days a week, with a window for local stories created for both markets. It would be another nine months before aggregation was complete in the Riverina and Central West, as the new transmitters required to cover these vast regions were still under construction by the Federal Government.",
"By the middle of 1989 Ten's ratings were in decline so on 23 July, the recently recruited network boss Bob Shanks relaunched the network as 10 TV Australia. Rumours had been circulating that Shanks wanted rid of the network's X logo, as it reminded him on X\\-rated movies.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Logan \\|first\\=Rob \\|date\\=19 June 1989 \\|title\\=New broom may sweep out the X logo for TEN \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122270749 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=The Guide \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=12 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,612}} CTC became *10 TV Australia* with the local branding \"CAPITAL*\"* in place of the city name used in the metropolitan markets. The X logo was gone, replaced with a map of Australia. The following day, news services within Network Ten were retro\\-branded *Eyewitness News,* everywhere except Canberra. The Ten News brand had been far more successful in Canberra than elsewhere, so the station was give a 'stay of execution' in order to re\\-introduce *Eyewitness News* at a time appropriate to the audience.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=24 July 1989 \\|title\\=Is there an identity crisis at Capital? \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122284645 \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=The Guide \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=30 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,647}}",
"Meanwhile, owners Northern Star Holdings were having financial and regulatory problems. The company was subject to an inquiry by the [Australian Broadcasting Tribunal](/wiki/Australian_Communications_and_Media_Authority \"Australian Communications and Media Authority\") in relation to media ownership rules{{Cite news \\|last\\=Whitehead \\|first\\=Robert \\|date\\=1 June 1988 \\|title\\=Judge halts TV inquiry \\- the Bond hearing \\|url\\=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com\\&svc\\_dat\\=AUNB\\&req\\_dat\\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx\\&rft\\_dat\\=document\\_id%3Anews%252F11BCF2C1ED7947F8 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240418085632/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com\\&svc\\_dat\\=AUNB\\&req\\_dat\\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx\\&rft\\_dat\\=document\\_id%3Anews%252F11BCF2C1ED7947F8 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 April 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Sydney \\|page\\=6 \\|via\\=\\[\\[NewsBank]]}} and had run into financial difficulties following the 1987 stock market crash two years earlier. On 1 September 1989, Northern Star Holdings announced a major restructure to pay off debts and help restore profitability. The proposals included selling off the network's three smaller stations; ADS Adelaide, NEW Perth and CTC Canberra to Charles Curran's *Capital Television Group*. The sale was complete on 27 October 1989, effectively splitting Northern Star's Network Ten in half{{Cite web \\|date\\=20 February 2012 \\|via\\=Worldwide Company Profile \\|url\\=http://listofcompanies.co.in/2012/02/20/northern\\-star\\-holdings\\-ltd/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031183202/http://listofcompanies.co.in/2012/02/20/northern\\-star\\-holdings\\-ltd/ \\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2016 \\|title\\=Northern Star Holdings Ltd.}} and ending CTC's brief stint as a fully fledged member of Network Ten.",
"In December 1989, following the station's takeover by Curran, CTC's Wollongong newsroom was significantly scaled back, just eight months into its operation. The local news windows were removed from the nightly bulletin as two journalists and two camera operators were retrenched. A local news presence was never established for CTC's Riverina and Central West signals, which were coming online at that time.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=5 December 1989 \\|title\\=Eight Capital Television employees retrenched \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article120864550 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=64 \\|issue\\=19,781}}",
"### 1990s – A Capital idea",
"On 15 July 1990, CTC ceased 24\\-hour broadcasting in Canberra, after only one year. The station would go off air at 1:30 am.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=27 June 1990 \\|title\\=Capital to shut at 1\\.30am and leave it to WIN \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article120894791 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=64 \\|issue\\=20,164}}",
"The financial difficulties continued for Northern Star Holdings and on 14 September 1990 Network Ten, which by then consisted only of TEN Sydney, ATV Melbourne and TVQ Brisbane, went into receivership. By this time the *TV Australia* moniker had all but disappeared from network branding.{{Cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=CzJXoc9hy8w \\|title\\=Canberra Raiders 1990 Grand Final \\|date\\=21 August 2007 \\|publisher\\=jmoul59 \\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/CzJXoc9hy8w \\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}{{dead link \\|date\\=June 2021}} On 13 January 1991 *TV Australia* was replaced with the launch of *The Entertainment Network*,{{Cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=JwA\\-TdwRe4M \\|title\\=10 New Logo first night 1991 \\|date\\=13 January 1991 \\|last\\=Australian TV Fan \\|type\\=Video \\|publisher\\=Network Ten \\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211129/JwA\\-TdwRe4M \\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}} a backronym that repositioned the network toward a younger demographic. At this time CTC dropped *Channel 10* branding in favour of *Capital Television*, the name of its parent company, except for the locally produced *Ten News*, which would retain the name for a further 12 months. The station took on an original ribbon logo for *Capital Television* reminiscent of the iconic *Capital 7* flag of the 1980s.{{cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=11 February 1991 \\|title\\=It wasn't the best of mornings for the host of 'GMA' \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article129095585 \\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=The Guide \\|publisher\\=Federal Capital Press \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=9 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=65 \\|issue\\=20,393}} The station ID was a modified version of *The Entertainment Network* identity of Network Ten.",
"By 1993 Charles Curran was planning to expand his regional television holdings in NSW and bid to buy [NRTV](/wiki/NRN \"NRN\"). The move could have trebled the reach of *Capital Television* in the state taking in [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_New_South_Wales \"Newcastle, New South Wales\"), [Coffs Harbour](/wiki/Coffs_Harbour \"Coffs Harbour\") and [Taree](/wiki/Taree \"Taree\"). Curran was unsuccessful and NRTV was bought by a consortium made up of [Jack Cowin](/wiki/Jack_Cowin \"Jack Cowin\"), Kerry Stokes and Telecasters North Queensland.{{Cite news \\|date\\=16 August 1995 \\|title\\=Can West legal victory over Curran \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article130557962 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=4 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=70 \\|issue\\=22,035}} With little opportunity to expand his regional television holdings, Curran sold CTC to [Southern Cross Broadcasting](/wiki/Southern_Cross_Broadcasting \"Southern Cross Broadcasting\") in December 1994, retaining ADS Adelaide and NEW Perth.{{Cite news \\|date\\=12 December 1994 \\|title\\=Nixon silent on moves to cut Capital TV staff \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127260045 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=6 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=70 \\|issue\\=21,788}}",
"CTC's new owners, Southern Cross were quick to rationalise resources at CTC, much as they had done at their existing stations in Victoria. By early 1995 staff cuts had been announced, the local weekend news bulletin had been cancelled and on 6 February CTC was rebranded *Ten Capital* in a move that would eliminate resources required to rebadge [Network Ten](/wiki/Network_Ten \"Network Ten\") station promos and IDs. Just five years earlier the station had been known colloquially as *Capital 10*. CTC re\\-commenced 24\\-hour broadcasting at this time.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Rosenburg \\|first\\=Jen \\|date\\=13 February 1995 \\|title\\=CAPITAL punishment \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article133335131 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=The Guide \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=25 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=70 \\|issue\\=21,851}}",
"### 2000s – A Star is born",
"On 22 November 2001, following a year of rapid growth, Southern Cross cancelled the station's one\\-hour weekday news bulletin ending 40 years of local news production.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Cassidy \\|first\\=Frank \\|date\\=22 November 2001 \\|title\\=Ten dumps Canberra news \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rural Press]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1016024853}}}} CTC was rebranded *Southern Cross Ten* in 2002 as the company had acquired Ten affiliate stations in [North Queensland](/wiki/North_Queensland \"North Queensland\") from Telecasters Australia and all Ten stations, including CTC, were brought into line with the generic Southern Cross Ten brand. The branding was light, with a simple denominator below the Network Ten logo. For viewers, CTC was for the first time a 100% relay of TEN Sydney, with the only differentiator the insertion of local advertisements and the occasional local weather update.",
"In 2004 Southern Cross Ten was forced to reintroduce local news content following a ruling by the Australian Broadcasting Authority. The CTC studios in Watson became a news hub, with a small team of journalists pre\\-recording news updates to be broadcast across the Southern Cross Ten network.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2 February 2004 \\|title\\=Local news returns to ACT TV screens \\|url\\=http://abc.net.au/news/australia/act/200402/s1036494\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20041130032441/http://abc.net.au/news/australia/act/200402/s1036494\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=30 November 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=17 February 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[ABC News (Australia)\\|ABC News]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|via\\=National Library of Australia }}",
"In 2005 the Southern Cross Ten Star arrived on screen differentiating the regional stations more clearly from metropolitan Network Ten. Southern Cross Ten continued to largely use Network Ten IDs and promos unchanged, but mixed in Southern Cross Ten versions of network IDs. Community Service Announcements and local news updates were branded with the Southern Cross Ten Star.",
"The station celebrated 50 years on the air in Canberra on 2 June 2012\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Doherty \\|first\\=Megan \\|date\\=2 June 2012 \\|title\\=Celebrating 50 years of capital viewing \\|url\\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6169639/celebrating\\-50\\-years\\-of\\-capital\\-viewing/ \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fairfax Media]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=5 \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1018102933}}}}",
"### 2016 – The switch to Channel 9",
"On 1 July 2016, Southern Cross changed its programming alliance from [Network Ten](/wiki/Network_Ten \"Network Ten\") to the [Nine Network](/wiki/Nine_Network \"Nine Network\") in Canberra, southern NSW, Victoria and Queensland as part of a five\\-year agreement. CTC, along with almost all Southern Cross Ten stations rebranded as Channel 9 ending a 27\\-year affiliation with Ten.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Joyce \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=3 May 2016 \\|title\\=Future unclear for WIN's nightly local news bulletins \\|url\\=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/entertainment/tv\\-and\\-radio/news\\-and\\-current\\-affairs/future\\-unclear\\-for\\-wins\\-nightly\\-local\\-news\\-bulletins\\-20160502\\-gokjy1\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505025405/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/entertainment/tv\\-and\\-radio/news\\-and\\-current\\-affairs/future\\-unclear\\-for\\-wins\\-nightly\\-local\\-news\\-bulletins\\-20160502\\-gokjy1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2016 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fairfax Media]] \\|location\\=Canberra}} (In Northern NSW Southern Cross Ten continued its Ten affiliation due to Nine owning their existing station, NBN). The change was reminiscent of the 'frequency swap' between ADS and SAS Adelaide in 1987 which became Channel 10 and Channel 7 respectively. CTC is the only television station in Australia that has been known as *Channel 7*, *Channel 9* and *Channel 10*.",
"### 2017 – Demolition of Watson studios proposed",
"In December 2016, Southern Cross Austereo lodged a planning application with the ACT Government to demolish the CTC studios, administration and playout facility to make way for a residential development.{{Cite web \\|date\\=15 December 2016 \\|title\\=46 Aspinall Street, Watson, ACT \\|url\\=https://www.planningalerts.org.au/applications/759930 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201233930/https://www.planningalerts.org.au/applications/759930 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 February 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2017 \\|website\\=Planning Alerts}} The proposed studio campus demolition comes just over a year after [WIN Television](/wiki/WIN_Television \"WIN Television\") closed its Canberra studios at Kingston, moving its offices to the industrial suburb of [Fyshwick](/wiki/Fyshwick \"Fyshwick\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Doherty \\|first\\=Megan \\|date\\=8 August 2015 \\|title\\=WIN Television selling up its Kingston base to move to Fyshwick after 26 years making stars \\|url\\=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act\\-news/canberra\\-life/win\\-television\\-selling\\-up\\-its\\-kingston\\-base\\-to\\-move\\-to\\-fyshwick\\-after\\-26\\-years\\-making\\-stars\\-20150807\\-gitwen.html \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002557/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act\\-news/canberra\\-life/win\\-television\\-selling\\-up\\-its\\-kingston\\-base\\-to\\-move\\-to\\-fyshwick\\-after\\-26\\-years\\-making\\-stars\\-20150807\\-gitwen.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2017 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fairfax Media]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=3 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1702155180}}}} The trend of vast television estates making way for residential developments has been seen in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth. In 2009 however, a planned redevelopment of the original ATV studios at [Nunawading](/wiki/Nunawading \"Nunawading\") in Melbourne was cancelled due to a slump in property prices.",
"In September 2018, Southern Cross Austereo announced it would transfer its Canberra\\-based broadcast playout to NPC Media, a joint venture between the Nine and Seven Networks. CTC, via Southern Cross Austereo, would move remaining employees to a leased office facility in Canberra.{{Cite press release \\|title\\=SCA to outsource television payout to NPC Media \\|date\\=26 September 2018 \\|publisher\\=Southern Cross Austereo \\|location\\=Melbourne \\|url\\=https://www.marketscreener.com/SEVEN\\-WEST\\-MEDIA\\-LTD\\-9058799/news/SXL\\-SCA\\-to\\-outsource\\-television\\-playout\\-to\\-NPC\\-Media\\-27317294/ \\|via\\=Market Screener \\|last1\\=McKechnie \\|first1\\=Nick \\|last2\\=Maher \\|first2\\=Madeleine \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231146/https://www.marketscreener.com/SEVEN\\-WEST\\-MEDIA\\-LTD\\-9058799/news/SXL\\-SCA\\-to\\-outsource\\-television\\-playout\\-to\\-NPC\\-Media\\-27317294/ \\|archive\\-date\\=4 February 2019}} The changes were expected to be completed by 30 June 2020\\.",
"### 2020 – Demolition of Watson studios",
"In August 2020, demolition of the entire CTC and Southern Cross Austereo studio site at Watson was completed to make way for a housing development. The demolition marked the end of 46 years as Canberra's home of television and Australia's first colour television station.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Knox \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=1 March 2021 \\|title\\=CTC Watson studios tour \\|url\\=https://tvtonight.com.au/2021/03/ctc\\-watson\\-studios\\-tour.html \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2024 \\|publisher\\=TV Tonight \\|language\\=en\\-AU}}",
"### 2021 – Switch back to Network 10 programming",
"On 12 March 2021, Nine announced that it would return to [WIN Television](/wiki/WIN_Television \"WIN Television\") as its regional affiliate in most markets beginning on 1 July 2021, in a deal that would last at least seven years.{{Cite magazine \\|date\\=12 March 2021 \\|title\\=Nine changes regional TV partners and signs deal with WIN \\|url\\=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/nine\\-signs\\-deal\\-with\\-win/ \\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2021 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Mediaweek (Australia)\\|Mediaweek]] \\|language\\=en\\-AU}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Samios \\|first\\=Zoe \\|date\\=12 March 2021 \\|title\\=Nine programs to return to WIN in new affiliate deal \\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/nine\\-to\\-return\\-programs\\-to\\-win\\-in\\-regional\\-areas\\-20210312\\-p57a29\\.html \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313041521mp\\_/https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/nine\\-to\\-return\\-programs\\-to\\-win\\-in\\-regional\\-areas\\-20210312\\-p57a29\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=13 March 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2023 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nine Entertainment]] \\|location\\=Sydney \\|page\\=1 \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|2500312271}}}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Joyce \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=28 June 2021 \\|title\\=Your favourite TV shows on Nine and Ten change channels from July 1: what you need to know \\|url\\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7316079/july\\-1s\\-tv\\-flip\\-what\\-you\\-need\\-to\\-know/ \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|access\\-date\\=17 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Community Media]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=17 \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|publication\\-date\\=30 June 2021 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|2545630049}}}} This has ended SCA's five\\-year agreement with the [Nine Network](/wiki/Nine_Network \"Nine Network\"). On 25 June 2021, SCA and Network 10 announced a two\\-year affiliation deal in regional Queensland, which is serviced by the station [TNQ](/wiki/TNQ \"TNQ\"), Southern NSW, which is serviced by this station, CTC, and regional Victoria, which is serviced by the stations [GLV and BCV](/wiki/GLV/BCV \"GLV/BCV\"), which introduced [10 Shake](/wiki/10_Shake \"10 Shake\") to regional areas, including Southern NSW and the ACT, for the very first time and it broadcasts on Channel 54,{{Cite press release \\|title\\=Network 10 and Southern Cross Media Group Confirm Affiliation Agreement \\|date\\=25 June 2021 \\|publisher\\=Southern Cross Austereo \\|location\\=Melbourne \\|url\\=https://www.southerncrossaustereo.com.au/media/media\\-releases/network\\-10\\-and\\-southern\\-cross\\-media\\-group\\-confirm\\-affiliation\\-agreement/ \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2024 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323174030/https://www.southerncrossaustereo.com.au/media/media\\-releases/network\\-10\\-and\\-southern\\-cross\\-media\\-group\\-confirm\\-affiliation\\-agreement/ \\|archive\\-date\\=23 March 2023}} as well as [Sky News Regional](/wiki/Sky_News_Australia \"Sky News Australia\") which launched on 1 August 2021 and it broadcasts on Channel 56\\. On this station and on the whole network, [Aspire TV](/wiki/Aspire_TV_%28Australian_TV_channel%29 \"Aspire TV (Australian TV channel)\") ceased to broadcast on 31 July 2021, to accommodate [Sky News Regional](/wiki/Sky_News_Regional \"Sky News Regional\").",
""
] |
### 1980s – From Super 7 to Channel 10
[thumb\|right\|*Capital 7* identity 1981](/wiki/File:Capital_7_Australian_Capital_Television.jpg "Capital 7 Australian Capital Television.jpg") [Kerry Stokes](/wiki/Kerry_Stokes "Kerry Stokes") acquired a majority stake in CTC from [John Fairfax \& Sons](/wiki/Fairfax_Media "Fairfax Media") warehousing company Surita on 7 May 1980,{{Cite news \|date\=25 May 1985 \|title\=The high\-risk battle for regional TV hots up \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-sydney\-morning\-herald\-the\-high\-risk/140677409/ \|access\-date\=10 February 2024 \|newspaper\=The Sydney Morning Herald \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Sydney \|page\=36 \|language\=en\-AU \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} heading off a rival bid from Television Wollongong Transmissions Ltd (owners of [WIN 4](/wiki/WIN_Television "WIN Television")) which had increased its stake from 5 to 15 per cent.{{Cite book \|last\=Simon \|first\=Margaret \|title\=Kerry Stokes: Self\-Made Man \|publisher\=Penguin \|year\=2013}}{{page needed \|date\=June 2021}} At the time Stokes owned a share in the [Golden West Network](/wiki/GWN7 "GWN7") in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia "Western Australia").{{Cite news \|last\=Stretton \|first\=Rowena \|date\=26 June 1980 \|title\=Inquiry into CTC\-TV takeover \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article110964212 \|access\-date\=18 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=54 \|issue\=16,345}}
The station shrugged off its decidedly 70s *Super 7* branding and the call sign letters *CTC* were reintroduced to the station identity.
The 1980s were an exciting time in Canberra a new, but maturing city. [Telecom Tower](/wiki/Black_Mountain_Tower "Black Mountain Tower"), a {{convert\|195\.2\|m}} broadcasting facility atop Black Mountain opened on 15 May 1980 and quickly became a major Canberra landmark.{{Cite news \|last\=Drummond \|first\=Lyn \|date\=22 June 1980 \|title\=Impressive attraction \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article110963680 \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=14 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=54 \|issue\=16,341}} A vital link for television and telephone connections between Sydney and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), the tower also became the transmission site for CTC's primary VHF 7 signal alongside ABC on VHF 3 and ABC FM 101\.9\.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2021 \|reason\=Previous citation did not support text}} CTC's original studio building was demolished to make way for the tower and the station produced a 12\-minute film on the construction of Telecom Tower which was shown at the visitor's centre.
No sooner had Telecom Tower opened, work commenced on Canberra's other most prominent landmark – a [new Parliament House](/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Canberra "Parliament House, Canberra"). A building so large it would have its own unique postcode. On 1 July 1981, CTC embarked upon a massive rebrand. A new logo whose design and colours were based on the Australian national flag was introduced and *Capital 7* burst on to screens.{{Cite news \|date\=1 July 1981 \|title\=IN BRIEF Drink\-drive campaign \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127044508 \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=55 \|issue\=16,714}}{{Cite news \|date\=1 July 1981 \|title\=Looking to the future as the National Capital's Own Television Station \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127044582 \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=31 \|type\=Advertising \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=55 \|issue\=16,714}} Reflecting Canberra's status as the heart of the nation, the station produced a 60\-second feel\-good promo and promotional 45 RPM single, *Song for Canberra* which featured early earthworks at Parliament House and showcased a vibrant and young capital.{{Cite news \|date\=4 November 1981 \|title\=Song for Canberra \- out now on 45 \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article126855945 \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=26 \|type\=Advertising \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=56 \|issue\=16,840}}
Under Stokes the number of broadcast hours increased and the local news bulletin was scaled up from a 15\-minute auxiliary to a full local, national and international service. In 1982 breakfast television commenced on CTC, with a relay of Nine Network programming. Canberra's only commercial television station beginning to more closely resembling a metropolitan station and in 1983 CTC celebrated 21 years of broadcasting. The station celebrated with a slight re\-brand and the introduction of a new jingle *Look at Us*. A one\-minute promo explaining to the viewers how professional the new image was went to air that year.
CTC's second rival, Network 0\-28 (now [SBS](/wiki/SBS_%28Australian_TV_channel%29 "SBS (Australian TV channel)")), was officially launched in Canberra on 14 October 1983 \- its first expansion outside Sydney and Melbourne. Commencing at 6\.58pm with the national anthem, the channel launch was officiated by the Prime Minister in a program called *Bringing the World Back Home*, also the station's slogan at the time.{{Cite news \|date\=10 October 1983 \|title\=TV\-Radio Guide \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article12864152 \|access\-date\=13 September 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|pages\=22–23 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=58 \|issue\=17,543}} Network 28 was Canberra's first UHF television station and broadcast *UHF Documentary* to explain to viewers how to receive it. A telephone survey conducted after the first weekend of broadcast found that 74% of Canberrans could receive UHF and of those, 65% found the network's programs more interesting than those on ABC and Capital 7\.{{Cite news \|date\=22 October 1983 \|title\=Viewers switch on to Network 28 \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article116413493 \|access\-date\=13 September 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=58 \|issue\=17,555}}
In 1987 the *Broadcasting (Ownership and Control) Act* replaced the *Two TV Station* rule – which had capped ownership of Metropolitan TV stations at two – with a *60% Reach* rule.{{Cite web \|last1\=Gardiner\-Garden \|first1\=John \|last2\=Chowns \|first2\=Jonathan \|date\=22 October 2001 \|title\=Media Ownership Regulation in Australia \|url\=http://www.aph.gov.au/About\_Parliament/Parliamentary\_Departments/Parliamentary\_Library/Publications\_Archive/archive/mediaregulation \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195601/http://www.aph.gov.au/About\_Parliament/Parliamentary\_Departments/Parliamentary\_Library/Publications\_Archive/archive/mediaregulation \|archive\-date\=28 December 2016 \|access\-date\=28 December 2016 \|publisher\=\[\[Parliament of Australia]]}} This would pave the way for major changes in television ownership in Australia as the three television networks expanded beyond Sydney and Melbourne, buying their affiliates in other capitals. At the time Kerry Stokes owned [ADS](/wiki/ADS_%28TV_station%29 "ADS (TV station)") in [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide "Adelaide"), CTC in Canberra and had just won the licence for [NEW](/wiki/NEW_%28TV_station%29 "NEW (TV station)") in [Perth](/wiki/Perth "Perth"). Stokes had planned to buy the [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network "Seven Network") from John Fairfax \& Sons which would have seen CTC align with [ATN](/wiki/ATN "ATN") in Sydney and [HSV](/wiki/HSV_%28TV_station%29 "HSV (TV station)") in Melbourne. Stokes offered $100 million more than rival [Christopher Skase](/wiki/Christopher_Skase "Christopher Skase") for Seven, but was ultimately unsuccessful.{{cite news \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article118146881 \|title\=Sale of Seven Network final: John Fairfax \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|volume\=61 \|issue\=18,928 \|location\=Canberra \|date\=31 July 1987 \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|page\=12 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}
Not able to build a metropolitan television network and with the costs associated with regional television aggregation looming, Stokes decided to sell. On 7 August 1987, Kerry Stokes sold CTC to Northern Star Holdings, owners of [Network Ten](/wiki/Network_Ten "Network Ten") along with ADS Adelaide and the licence for NEW Perth.{{Cite news \|date\=8 August 1987 \|title\=Dust finally settles after TV shake\-out \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article132151817 \|access\-date\=18 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=B12 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=61 \|issue\=18,936}} In Adelaide, ADS swapped frequencies later that year with Adelaide's then\-Ten affiliate, SAS. CTC was already broadcasting on VHF 10 in the [Tuggeranong Valley](/wiki/Tuggeranong_Valley "Tuggeranong Valley"), [Cooma](/wiki/Cooma "Cooma") and [Goulburn](/wiki/Goulburn "Goulburn") (around a third of the potential audience), so a swap to VHF 10 wasn't viable. CTC would continue to be known as *Capital 7* for another 18 months.
In 1988, CTC's programming began to evolve closer to Ten stations while still airing content from all three networks. In January Nine's *[Today Show](/wiki/Today_%281982_TV_program%29 "Today (1982 TV program)")* was replaced with Network Ten's *[Good Morning Australia](/wiki/Good_Morning_Australia_%281981_TV_program%29 "Good Morning Australia (1981 TV program)").* Perhaps in an attempt to ingratiate local viewers lamenting the loss of the *Today Show*, on Monday 22 February, hosts Kerri\-Anne Kennerley and Tim Webster broadcast a full episode of *Good Morning Australia* live from the front of New Parliament House in Canberra.{{Cite news \|last\=Middleton \|first\=Karen \|date\=29 February 1988 \|title\=Good morning, from Canberra \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article101979624 \|access\-date\=22 February 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=TV \& Radio Guide \|publisher\=Australian Consolidated Press \|location\=Canberra \|page\=17 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=62 \|issue\=19,139}} At this time the half hour evening news was re\-branded *Eyewitness News*. In September *Eyewitness News* launched a new a one\-hour bulletin, bringing it in to line with the rest of the network.{{Cite news \|last\=Waller \|first\=Lisa \|date\=19 September 1988 \|title\=A new News for Capital 7 \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article102072475 \|access\-date\=18 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|publisher\=Australian Consolidated Press \|page\=31 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,341}}
At the same time CTC was preparing its launch in the [Illawarra](/wiki/Illawarra "Illawarra"). Premises had been leased in [Wollongong](/wiki/Wollongong "Wollongong") and a sales office and newsroom were being established.{{Cite news \|last\=Campbell \|first\=Rodd \|date\=22 September 1988 \|title\=Capital 7 goes to Gov't, WIN hears different story \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article102073301 \|access\-date\=20 January 2018 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=Australian Consolidated Press \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,344}} *Capital 7* though would not be an appropriate name for the station; CTC wasn't going to supply Seven Network programming after all, so retaining the channel 7 moniker would have presented an anomaly. By the end of 1988 the news was branded *Ten News* and with that the station name *Capital 7* disappeared and *Capital Television* had arrived;{{Cite news \|last\=Coelli \|first\=Andree \|date\=26 August 1988 \|title\=Bush capital to get Sydney TV choice \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article102046108 \|access\-date\=13 September 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|publisher\=Australian Consolidated Press \|location\=Canberra \|page\=4 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=62 \|issue\=19,317}} CTC's new identity emulated that of its new sister stations [TEN](/wiki/TEN_%28TV_station%29 "TEN (TV station)") Sydney, [ATV](/wiki/ATV_%28Australia%29 "ATV (Australia)") Melbourne, [TVQ](/wiki/TVQ "TVQ") Brisbane, [ADS](/wiki/ADS_%28TV_station%29 "ADS (TV station)") Adelaide and [NEW](/wiki/NEW_%28TV_station%29 "NEW (TV station)") Perth. The X logo was adopted denominated with *Capital* *Television* in place of *TEN* used for the other network stations. Network promos remained branded as *TEN* and the station began to be known locally as 'Capital 10'.
On 1 January 1989 CTC commenced daily 24\-hour broadcasting for the first time.{{Cite news \|date\=31 December 1998 \|title\=TV today \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article102040475 \|access\-date\=11 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=Australian Consolidated Press \|location\=Canberra \|page\=12 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,443}} A revelation to Canberrans for whom television had ceased shortly after midnight each evening, not commencing until 6am the following day. Now armed with Network Ten's stream of programs and branding, CTC was able to stay on the air all night, taking a feed from Sydney for the midnight\-dawn shift.
CTC was in a relatively strong position in Canberra ahead of aggregation, which would see the station expand into the Illawarra, [Central West](/wiki/Central_West_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Central West (New South Wales)") and [Riverina](/wiki/Riverina "Riverina"). CTC had a 24\-hour schedule, a strong investment in equipment and infrastructure and a loyal viewership.
On Friday 31 March 1989, CTC launched its Illawarra service and rivals [Prime](/wiki/Prime7 "Prime7") and WIN came to Canberra.{{Cite news \|last\=Warry \|first\=Catherine \|date\=31 March 1989 \|title\=ACT's aggregation begins, spectacularly \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article120919745 \|access\-date\=11 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,532}}{{Cite news \|date\=31 March 1989 \|title\=Many milestones in station's 27 years \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article120919701 \|access\-date\=11 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=14 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,532}} A new base had been established in Wollongong for sales and news staff. CTC broadcast its Canberra\-based news bulletin to the Illawarra seven days a week, with a window for local stories created for both markets. It would be another nine months before aggregation was complete in the Riverina and Central West, as the new transmitters required to cover these vast regions were still under construction by the Federal Government.
By the middle of 1989 Ten's ratings were in decline so on 23 July, the recently recruited network boss Bob Shanks relaunched the network as 10 TV Australia. Rumours had been circulating that Shanks wanted rid of the network's X logo, as it reminded him on X\-rated movies.{{Cite news \|last\=Logan \|first\=Rob \|date\=19 June 1989 \|title\=New broom may sweep out the X logo for TEN \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122270749 \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=The Guide \|location\=Canberra \|page\=12 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,612}} CTC became *10 TV Australia* with the local branding "CAPITAL*"* in place of the city name used in the metropolitan markets. The X logo was gone, replaced with a map of Australia. The following day, news services within Network Ten were retro\-branded *Eyewitness News,* everywhere except Canberra. The Ten News brand had been far more successful in Canberra than elsewhere, so the station was give a 'stay of execution' in order to re\-introduce *Eyewitness News* at a time appropriate to the audience.{{Cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Mark \|date\=24 July 1989 \|title\=Is there an identity crisis at Capital? \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122284645 \|access\-date\=22 February 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=The Guide \|location\=Canberra \|page\=30 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,647}}
Meanwhile, owners Northern Star Holdings were having financial and regulatory problems. The company was subject to an inquiry by the [Australian Broadcasting Tribunal](/wiki/Australian_Communications_and_Media_Authority "Australian Communications and Media Authority") in relation to media ownership rules{{Cite news \|last\=Whitehead \|first\=Robert \|date\=1 June 1988 \|title\=Judge halts TV inquiry \- the Bond hearing \|url\=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com\&svc\_dat\=AUNB\&req\_dat\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\&rft\_val\_format\=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx\&rft\_dat\=document\_id%3Anews%252F11BCF2C1ED7947F8 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240418085632/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com\&svc\_dat\=AUNB\&req\_dat\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\&rft\_val\_format\=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx\&rft\_dat\=document\_id%3Anews%252F11BCF2C1ED7947F8 \|archive\-date\=18 April 2024 \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Sydney \|page\=6 \|via\=\[\[NewsBank]]}} and had run into financial difficulties following the 1987 stock market crash two years earlier. On 1 September 1989, Northern Star Holdings announced a major restructure to pay off debts and help restore profitability. The proposals included selling off the network's three smaller stations; ADS Adelaide, NEW Perth and CTC Canberra to Charles Curran's *Capital Television Group*. The sale was complete on 27 October 1989, effectively splitting Northern Star's Network Ten in half{{Cite web \|date\=20 February 2012 \|via\=Worldwide Company Profile \|url\=http://listofcompanies.co.in/2012/02/20/northern\-star\-holdings\-ltd/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031183202/http://listofcompanies.co.in/2012/02/20/northern\-star\-holdings\-ltd/ \|archive\-date\=31 October 2018 \|access\-date\=17 November 2016 \|title\=Northern Star Holdings Ltd.}} and ending CTC's brief stint as a fully fledged member of Network Ten.
In December 1989, following the station's takeover by Curran, CTC's Wollongong newsroom was significantly scaled back, just eight months into its operation. The local news windows were removed from the nightly bulletin as two journalists and two camera operators were retrenched. A local news presence was never established for CTC's Riverina and Central West signals, which were coming online at that time.{{Cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Mark \|date\=5 December 1989 \|title\=Eight Capital Television employees retrenched \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article120864550 \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=64 \|issue\=19,781}}
|
[
"### 1980s – From Super 7 to Channel 10",
"[thumb\\|right\\|*Capital 7* identity 1981](/wiki/File:Capital_7_Australian_Capital_Television.jpg \"Capital 7 Australian Capital Television.jpg\") [Kerry Stokes](/wiki/Kerry_Stokes \"Kerry Stokes\") acquired a majority stake in CTC from [John Fairfax \\& Sons](/wiki/Fairfax_Media \"Fairfax Media\") warehousing company Surita on 7 May 1980,{{Cite news \\|date\\=25 May 1985 \\|title\\=The high\\-risk battle for regional TV hots up \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-sydney\\-morning\\-herald\\-the\\-high\\-risk/140677409/ \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Sydney \\|page\\=36 \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} heading off a rival bid from Television Wollongong Transmissions Ltd (owners of [WIN 4](/wiki/WIN_Television \"WIN Television\")) which had increased its stake from 5 to 15 per cent.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Simon \\|first\\=Margaret \\|title\\=Kerry Stokes: Self\\-Made Man \\|publisher\\=Penguin \\|year\\=2013}}{{page needed \\|date\\=June 2021}} At the time Stokes owned a share in the [Golden West Network](/wiki/GWN7 \"GWN7\") in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Stretton \\|first\\=Rowena \\|date\\=26 June 1980 \\|title\\=Inquiry into CTC\\-TV takeover \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article110964212 \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=54 \\|issue\\=16,345}}\nThe station shrugged off its decidedly 70s *Super 7* branding and the call sign letters *CTC* were reintroduced to the station identity.",
"The 1980s were an exciting time in Canberra a new, but maturing city. [Telecom Tower](/wiki/Black_Mountain_Tower \"Black Mountain Tower\"), a {{convert\\|195\\.2\\|m}} broadcasting facility atop Black Mountain opened on 15 May 1980 and quickly became a major Canberra landmark.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Drummond \\|first\\=Lyn \\|date\\=22 June 1980 \\|title\\=Impressive attraction \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article110963680 \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=14 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=54 \\|issue\\=16,341}} A vital link for television and telephone connections between Sydney and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), the tower also became the transmission site for CTC's primary VHF 7 signal alongside ABC on VHF 3 and ABC FM 101\\.9\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2021 \\|reason\\=Previous citation did not support text}} CTC's original studio building was demolished to make way for the tower and the station produced a 12\\-minute film on the construction of Telecom Tower which was shown at the visitor's centre.",
"No sooner had Telecom Tower opened, work commenced on Canberra's other most prominent landmark – a [new Parliament House](/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Canberra \"Parliament House, Canberra\"). A building so large it would have its own unique postcode. On 1 July 1981, CTC embarked upon a massive rebrand. A new logo whose design and colours were based on the Australian national flag was introduced and *Capital 7* burst on to screens.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1 July 1981 \\|title\\=IN BRIEF Drink\\-drive campaign \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127044508 \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=55 \\|issue\\=16,714}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=1 July 1981 \\|title\\=Looking to the future as the National Capital's Own Television Station \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127044582 \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=31 \\|type\\=Advertising \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=55 \\|issue\\=16,714}} Reflecting Canberra's status as the heart of the nation, the station produced a 60\\-second feel\\-good promo and promotional 45 RPM single, *Song for Canberra* which featured early earthworks at Parliament House and showcased a vibrant and young capital.{{Cite news \\|date\\=4 November 1981 \\|title\\=Song for Canberra \\- out now on 45 \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article126855945 \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=26 \\|type\\=Advertising \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=56 \\|issue\\=16,840}}",
"Under Stokes the number of broadcast hours increased and the local news bulletin was scaled up from a 15\\-minute auxiliary to a full local, national and international service. In 1982 breakfast television commenced on CTC, with a relay of Nine Network programming. Canberra's only commercial television station beginning to more closely resembling a metropolitan station and in 1983 CTC celebrated 21 years of broadcasting. The station celebrated with a slight re\\-brand and the introduction of a new jingle *Look at Us*. A one\\-minute promo explaining to the viewers how professional the new image was went to air that year.",
"CTC's second rival, Network 0\\-28 (now [SBS](/wiki/SBS_%28Australian_TV_channel%29 \"SBS (Australian TV channel)\")), was officially launched in Canberra on 14 October 1983 \\- its first expansion outside Sydney and Melbourne. Commencing at 6\\.58pm with the national anthem, the channel launch was officiated by the Prime Minister in a program called *Bringing the World Back Home*, also the station's slogan at the time.{{Cite news \\|date\\=10 October 1983 \\|title\\=TV\\-Radio Guide \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article12864152 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|pages\\=22–23 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=58 \\|issue\\=17,543}} Network 28 was Canberra's first UHF television station and broadcast *UHF Documentary* to explain to viewers how to receive it. A telephone survey conducted after the first weekend of broadcast found that 74% of Canberrans could receive UHF and of those, 65% found the network's programs more interesting than those on ABC and Capital 7\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=22 October 1983 \\|title\\=Viewers switch on to Network 28 \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article116413493 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=58 \\|issue\\=17,555}}",
"In 1987 the *Broadcasting (Ownership and Control) Act* replaced the *Two TV Station* rule – which had capped ownership of Metropolitan TV stations at two – with a *60% Reach* rule.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Gardiner\\-Garden \\|first1\\=John \\|last2\\=Chowns \\|first2\\=Jonathan \\|date\\=22 October 2001 \\|title\\=Media Ownership Regulation in Australia \\|url\\=http://www.aph.gov.au/About\\_Parliament/Parliamentary\\_Departments/Parliamentary\\_Library/Publications\\_Archive/archive/mediaregulation \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195601/http://www.aph.gov.au/About\\_Parliament/Parliamentary\\_Departments/Parliamentary\\_Library/Publications\\_Archive/archive/mediaregulation \\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Parliament of Australia]]}} This would pave the way for major changes in television ownership in Australia as the three television networks expanded beyond Sydney and Melbourne, buying their affiliates in other capitals. At the time Kerry Stokes owned [ADS](/wiki/ADS_%28TV_station%29 \"ADS (TV station)\") in [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide \"Adelaide\"), CTC in Canberra and had just won the licence for [NEW](/wiki/NEW_%28TV_station%29 \"NEW (TV station)\") in [Perth](/wiki/Perth \"Perth\"). Stokes had planned to buy the [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network \"Seven Network\") from John Fairfax \\& Sons which would have seen CTC align with [ATN](/wiki/ATN \"ATN\") in Sydney and [HSV](/wiki/HSV_%28TV_station%29 \"HSV (TV station)\") in Melbourne. Stokes offered $100 million more than rival [Christopher Skase](/wiki/Christopher_Skase \"Christopher Skase\") for Seven, but was ultimately unsuccessful.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article118146881 \\|title\\=Sale of Seven Network final: John Fairfax \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|volume\\=61 \\|issue\\=18,928 \\|location\\=Canberra \\|date\\=31 July 1987 \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|page\\=12 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}",
"Not able to build a metropolitan television network and with the costs associated with regional television aggregation looming, Stokes decided to sell. On 7 August 1987, Kerry Stokes sold CTC to Northern Star Holdings, owners of [Network Ten](/wiki/Network_Ten \"Network Ten\") along with ADS Adelaide and the licence for NEW Perth.{{Cite news \\|date\\=8 August 1987 \\|title\\=Dust finally settles after TV shake\\-out \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article132151817 \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=B12 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=61 \\|issue\\=18,936}} In Adelaide, ADS swapped frequencies later that year with Adelaide's then\\-Ten affiliate, SAS. CTC was already broadcasting on VHF 10 in the [Tuggeranong Valley](/wiki/Tuggeranong_Valley \"Tuggeranong Valley\"), [Cooma](/wiki/Cooma \"Cooma\") and [Goulburn](/wiki/Goulburn \"Goulburn\") (around a third of the potential audience), so a swap to VHF 10 wasn't viable. CTC would continue to be known as *Capital 7* for another 18 months.",
"In 1988, CTC's programming began to evolve closer to Ten stations while still airing content from all three networks. In January Nine's *[Today Show](/wiki/Today_%281982_TV_program%29 \"Today (1982 TV program)\")* was replaced with Network Ten's *[Good Morning Australia](/wiki/Good_Morning_Australia_%281981_TV_program%29 \"Good Morning Australia (1981 TV program)\").* Perhaps in an attempt to ingratiate local viewers lamenting the loss of the *Today Show*, on Monday 22 February, hosts Kerri\\-Anne Kennerley and Tim Webster broadcast a full episode of *Good Morning Australia* live from the front of New Parliament House in Canberra.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Middleton \\|first\\=Karen \\|date\\=29 February 1988 \\|title\\=Good morning, from Canberra \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article101979624 \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=TV \\& Radio Guide \\|publisher\\=Australian Consolidated Press \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=17 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=62 \\|issue\\=19,139}} At this time the half hour evening news was re\\-branded *Eyewitness News*. In September *Eyewitness News* launched a new a one\\-hour bulletin, bringing it in to line with the rest of the network.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Waller \\|first\\=Lisa \\|date\\=19 September 1988 \\|title\\=A new News for Capital 7 \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article102072475 \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|publisher\\=Australian Consolidated Press \\|page\\=31 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,341}}",
"At the same time CTC was preparing its launch in the [Illawarra](/wiki/Illawarra \"Illawarra\"). Premises had been leased in [Wollongong](/wiki/Wollongong \"Wollongong\") and a sales office and newsroom were being established.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Campbell \\|first\\=Rodd \\|date\\=22 September 1988 \\|title\\=Capital 7 goes to Gov't, WIN hears different story \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article102073301 \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2018 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=Australian Consolidated Press \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,344}} *Capital 7* though would not be an appropriate name for the station; CTC wasn't going to supply Seven Network programming after all, so retaining the channel 7 moniker would have presented an anomaly. By the end of 1988 the news was branded *Ten News* and with that the station name *Capital 7* disappeared and *Capital Television* had arrived;{{Cite news \\|last\\=Coelli \\|first\\=Andree \\|date\\=26 August 1988 \\|title\\=Bush capital to get Sydney TV choice \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article102046108 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|publisher\\=Australian Consolidated Press \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=4 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=62 \\|issue\\=19,317}} CTC's new identity emulated that of its new sister stations [TEN](/wiki/TEN_%28TV_station%29 \"TEN (TV station)\") Sydney, [ATV](/wiki/ATV_%28Australia%29 \"ATV (Australia)\") Melbourne, [TVQ](/wiki/TVQ \"TVQ\") Brisbane, [ADS](/wiki/ADS_%28TV_station%29 \"ADS (TV station)\") Adelaide and [NEW](/wiki/NEW_%28TV_station%29 \"NEW (TV station)\") Perth. The X logo was adopted denominated with *Capital* *Television* in place of *TEN* used for the other network stations. Network promos remained branded as *TEN* and the station began to be known locally as 'Capital 10'.",
"On 1 January 1989 CTC commenced daily 24\\-hour broadcasting for the first time.{{Cite news \\|date\\=31 December 1998 \\|title\\=TV today \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article102040475 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=Australian Consolidated Press \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=12 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,443}} A revelation to Canberrans for whom television had ceased shortly after midnight each evening, not commencing until 6am the following day. Now armed with Network Ten's stream of programs and branding, CTC was able to stay on the air all night, taking a feed from Sydney for the midnight\\-dawn shift.",
"CTC was in a relatively strong position in Canberra ahead of aggregation, which would see the station expand into the Illawarra, [Central West](/wiki/Central_West_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Central West (New South Wales)\") and [Riverina](/wiki/Riverina \"Riverina\"). CTC had a 24\\-hour schedule, a strong investment in equipment and infrastructure and a loyal viewership.",
"On Friday 31 March 1989, CTC launched its Illawarra service and rivals [Prime](/wiki/Prime7 \"Prime7\") and WIN came to Canberra.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Warry \\|first\\=Catherine \\|date\\=31 March 1989 \\|title\\=ACT's aggregation begins, spectacularly \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article120919745 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,532}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=31 March 1989 \\|title\\=Many milestones in station's 27 years \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article120919701 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=14 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,532}} A new base had been established in Wollongong for sales and news staff. CTC broadcast its Canberra\\-based news bulletin to the Illawarra seven days a week, with a window for local stories created for both markets. It would be another nine months before aggregation was complete in the Riverina and Central West, as the new transmitters required to cover these vast regions were still under construction by the Federal Government.",
"By the middle of 1989 Ten's ratings were in decline so on 23 July, the recently recruited network boss Bob Shanks relaunched the network as 10 TV Australia. Rumours had been circulating that Shanks wanted rid of the network's X logo, as it reminded him on X\\-rated movies.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Logan \\|first\\=Rob \\|date\\=19 June 1989 \\|title\\=New broom may sweep out the X logo for TEN \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122270749 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=The Guide \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=12 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,612}} CTC became *10 TV Australia* with the local branding \"CAPITAL*\"* in place of the city name used in the metropolitan markets. The X logo was gone, replaced with a map of Australia. The following day, news services within Network Ten were retro\\-branded *Eyewitness News,* everywhere except Canberra. The Ten News brand had been far more successful in Canberra than elsewhere, so the station was give a 'stay of execution' in order to re\\-introduce *Eyewitness News* at a time appropriate to the audience.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=24 July 1989 \\|title\\=Is there an identity crisis at Capital? \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122284645 \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=The Guide \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=30 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,647}}",
"Meanwhile, owners Northern Star Holdings were having financial and regulatory problems. The company was subject to an inquiry by the [Australian Broadcasting Tribunal](/wiki/Australian_Communications_and_Media_Authority \"Australian Communications and Media Authority\") in relation to media ownership rules{{Cite news \\|last\\=Whitehead \\|first\\=Robert \\|date\\=1 June 1988 \\|title\\=Judge halts TV inquiry \\- the Bond hearing \\|url\\=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com\\&svc\\_dat\\=AUNB\\&req\\_dat\\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx\\&rft\\_dat\\=document\\_id%3Anews%252F11BCF2C1ED7947F8 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240418085632/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com\\&svc\\_dat\\=AUNB\\&req\\_dat\\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx\\&rft\\_dat\\=document\\_id%3Anews%252F11BCF2C1ED7947F8 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 April 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Sydney \\|page\\=6 \\|via\\=\\[\\[NewsBank]]}} and had run into financial difficulties following the 1987 stock market crash two years earlier. On 1 September 1989, Northern Star Holdings announced a major restructure to pay off debts and help restore profitability. The proposals included selling off the network's three smaller stations; ADS Adelaide, NEW Perth and CTC Canberra to Charles Curran's *Capital Television Group*. The sale was complete on 27 October 1989, effectively splitting Northern Star's Network Ten in half{{Cite web \\|date\\=20 February 2012 \\|via\\=Worldwide Company Profile \\|url\\=http://listofcompanies.co.in/2012/02/20/northern\\-star\\-holdings\\-ltd/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031183202/http://listofcompanies.co.in/2012/02/20/northern\\-star\\-holdings\\-ltd/ \\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2016 \\|title\\=Northern Star Holdings Ltd.}} and ending CTC's brief stint as a fully fledged member of Network Ten.",
"In December 1989, following the station's takeover by Curran, CTC's Wollongong newsroom was significantly scaled back, just eight months into its operation. The local news windows were removed from the nightly bulletin as two journalists and two camera operators were retrenched. A local news presence was never established for CTC's Riverina and Central West signals, which were coming online at that time.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=5 December 1989 \\|title\\=Eight Capital Television employees retrenched \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article120864550 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=64 \\|issue\\=19,781}}",
""
] |
News and current affairs
------------------------
CTC has a long and rich history of quality local news and current affairs production. News bulletins aired for almost 40 years until being axed on 22 November 2001\. The news format varied over the years but from the early 1970s was a separate 10–20 minute local bulletin followed by national news taken from ATN 7 in Sydney.{{Cite web \|date\=16 September 2013 \|title\=Wednesday 26 September 1979 — CANBERRA \|url\=http://televisionau.com/classic\-tv\-guides/tv260979 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602145944/http://televisionau.com/classic\-tv\-guides/tv260979 \|archive\-date\=2 June 2016 \|access\-date\=5 May 2016 \|website\=Television.AU \|publication\-place\=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory \|publication\-date\=26 September 1979}}
In 1980, under new owner Kerry Stokes, CTC scaled up its local news bulletin to 30 minutes at 6pm on weekdays, followed by *Seven National News* from Sydney.{{citation needed \|date\=June 2021 \|reason\=Citation removed as source could not be identified in the newspaper}} In October 1981 CTC launched its first one\-hour local, national and international bulletin, airing at 6pm weeknights presented by Laurie Wilson and John Bok.{{Cite news \|last\=Warden \|first\=Ian \|date\=27 October 1981 \|title\=CTV's maiden news\-hour is grown\-up television \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article126854186 \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=7 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=56 \|issue\=16,832}} By 1982, John Bok was presenting alongside Laurie Wilson and *Australian Capital News* was also airing for 30 minutes on weekends.{{Cite web \|date\=29 September 2013 \|title\=Saturday 29 October 1983 — CANBERRA \|url\=http://televisionau.com/classic\-tv\-guides/tv291083 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602184155/http://televisionau.com/classic\-tv\-guides/tv291083 \|archive\-date\=2 June 2016 \|access\-date\=4 May 2016 \|website\=Television.AU \|publication\-place\=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory \|publication\-date\=29 October 1983}}
1982 also saw a big change for CTC's morning newscasting with the introduction of weekday breakfast news television. CTC began broadcasting the Nine Network's *National News Today* (which would become the [*National Today Show*](/wiki/Today_%281982_TV_program%29 "Today (1982 TV program)") on 28 June of that year) presented by Canberra broadcasting veteran Steve Liebmann at 7am weekdays.{{citation needed \|date\=June 2021 \|reason\=Citation removed as source could not be identified in newspaper}} Perhaps in a nod to his local Canberra profile, CTC opted to broadcast Nine's breakfast program rather Network Ten's [*Good Morning Australia*](/wiki/Good_Morning_Australia_%281981%E2%80%9392%29 "Good Morning Australia (1981–92)") which had been on air for over a year and was preferred by most regional stations. The first time the station was broadcasting regularly before 9am was 15 years earlier with the locally produced *Breakfast at Seven*.{{Cite news \|date\=6 April 1967 \|title\=Saturday breakfast TV \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article131647997 \|access\-date\=14 June 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|location\=Canberra \|page\=27 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=41 \|issue\=11,656}}
By 1985 the CTC newsroom boasted 14 journalists, 3 sports journalists and a sports presenter.{{Cite news \|last\=Nelson \|first\=Sue \|date\=18 February 1985 \|title\=A day in the life of Capital 7 news: it's not typical \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122484572 \|access\-date\=20 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=Times TV \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=59 \|issue\=18,040}} The nightly bulletin also had the luxury of three camera operators during transmission. On 10 January 1986 John Bok, who had become a high\-profile personality for CTC in the Canberra community, read his last bulletin to take up a role with ABC in Adelaide.{{Cite news \|date\=29 November 1985 \|title\=Bok leaving Capital 7 \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127541195 \|access\-date\=20 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=60 \|issue\=18,322}} David Allen took over as the station's chief news anchor as the bulletin was scaled down to a half\-hour composite,{{Cite news \|last\=Campbell \|first\=Niven \|date\=15 September 1986 \|title\=He's fit, 40, and experienced \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article131838663 \|access\-date\=20 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=TV Times \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=61 \|issue\=18,611}} which at that time was using the Nine Network news theme and graphics.
Having acquired CTC in 1987, Network Ten began an overhaul of the news service. Ken Begg was appointed News Director, joining from ABC replacing Bill Muldrew, with the clear brief to 'make the news better'. The Nine Network graphics and news theme were ditched and the bulletin was rebranded *Eyewitness News* aligning with the rest of the network{{Cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Wmwdpy3RYyg \|title\=Canberra TV 1988 – Opening of Australia's Parliament House (Capital 7, Canberra) \|date\=31 March 2009 \|type\=Television news bulletin \|language\=en\-AU \|publisher\=pugsley2005 \|orig\-date\=9 May 1988 \|access\-date\=5 May 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Wmwdpy3RYyg \|archive\-date\=21 December 2021 \|url\-status\=live \|via\=\[\[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}} and a late night locally produced half\-hour current affairs program called *This Week* commenced, hosted by David Allen and Niree Creed. The program aired at 10\.30pm Thursday evenings and boasted 'international content' which at the time was a point worth making owing to the expensive satellite equipment required to air news from overseas.{{Cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Lisa \|date\=30 March 1987 \|title\=Mussolini: a saga of epic proportions \|volume\=61 \|page\=4 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|issue\=18,805 \|department\=Times TV \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article136297852 \|access\-date\=20 June 2021 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}
In January 1988 CTC's programming began to more closely emulate that of Network Ten. Nine's *Today Show*, which CTC had broadcast on weekday mornings for nearly six years, was replaced with Ten's *Good Morning Australia* from January 18, while *National Nine Morning News* gave way to *Ten Eyewitness News This Morning*.{{cite news \|last\=Morris \|first\=Joan \|date\=10 January 1988 \|title\=Viewers celebrate end of the silly season \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article101968783 \|access\-date\=25 May 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=Bird's Eye View \|publisher\=John Fairfax and Sons \|location\=Canberra \|page\=20 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=62 \|issue\=19,089}} The rebadged *Capital 7 Eyewitness News* adopted *Turn to News* by Frank Gari as the title track to its broadcasts, following the lead of TVQ\-0 in Brisbane.
### Face to Face
In August 1988 Network Ten launched its own Sunday morning political news program *[Face to Face](/wiki/Face_to_Face_%28Australian_TV_series%29 "Face to Face (Australian TV series)")*. Hosted by then Political Editor for the network, [Kerry O'Brien](/wiki/Kerry_O%27Brien_%28journalist%29 "Kerry O'Brien (journalist)"), *Face to Face* had an identical set at CTC Canberra, ATV Melbourne and TEN Sydney with the program broadcast from whichever city the main guest was in at the time.{{Cite news \|last\=Zakharov \|first\=Jeannie \|date\=31 October 1988 \|title\=Face To Face with the Treasurer \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article102018604 \|access\-date\=20 June 2021 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|department\=The Guide \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,383}} *Face to Face* would run until 1989 and was the first national program to be produced and broadcast from CTC.
### The News Hour Returns
On Monday 19 September 1988 CTC's new one\-hour *Eyewitness News* bulletin went to air at 6pm – just in time to cover day two of the Seoul Olympics. The relaunched newscast was hosted by veteran ABC newscaster Geoff Hiscock and TV8's Christine Kininmonth alongside weather presenter [Mike Larkan](/wiki/Mike_Larkan "Mike Larkan") and sports presenter Greg Robson. The team would steer CTC through the impending launch of two rival commercial stations which would see the viewing audience split into three within six months. A new set was constructed at the CTC studios in Watson in the same style as other Network Ten stations. During construction the news had been temporarily broadcast from Black Mountain Tower.{{cite news \|last\=Morris \|first\=Joan \|date\=18 September 1988 \|title\=Take your marks for the 2\-week Olympic telethon \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article102072164 \|access\-date\=23 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=22 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,340}}
By December 1988 the bulletin had been re\-branded *Ten News*{{Cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=qVuiJAw7SHQ \|title\=TEN Capital News December 30 1988 \|date\=18 January 2016 \|last\=Robson \|first\=Greg \|type\=Television news bulletin \|language\=en\-AU \|orig\-date\=30 December 1988 \|access\-date\=14 June 2023 \|via\=\[\[YouTube]]}} and CTC was a fully fledged Network Ten station in time for the arrival of Prime and WIN in Canberra and ready to take on those rivals in the Illawarra.{{Cite web \|date\=28 December 2013 \|title\=Thursday 30 March 1989 — CANBERRA \|url\=http://televisionau.com/classic\-tv\-guides/tv300389 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423150403/http://televisionau.com/classic\-tv\-guides/tv300389 \|archive\-date\=23 April 2017 \|access\-date\=23 December 2016 \|website\=Television.AU \|publication\-place\=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory \|publication\-date\=30 March 1989}} Similar to the structure of CTC's Nine News today, the bulletin had a local opt\-out window for the Illawarra, where stories produced from CTC's Wollongong base would be inserted. This format lasted barely nine months, with the Wollongong news crew retrenched in December 1989 following the September takeover of CTC by Charles Curran. Riverina and Central West viewers had only just begun to receive CTC and a local news presence was never established.
The station's commitment to metropolitan quality news in Canberra saw CTC defy other Network Ten affiliates in Australia, maintaining a number one position in the ratings for three years after [Prime](/wiki/Prime7 "Prime7") and [WIN](/wiki/WIN_Television "WIN Television") commenced broadcasting in that city.{{Cite news \|last\=Rosenberg \|first\=Jen \|date\=3 October 1994 \|title\=Hiscock 'sensed' axe would fall \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article118289023 \|access\-date\=20 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=The Guide \|location\=Canberra \|page\=12 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=70 \|issue\=21,719}} The one\-hour locally produced bulletin would remain on screens almost unchanged for 13 years.
### The First at Five Failure
Following suit with the rest of Network Ten, CTC moved its 6pm *Ten Evening News* bulletin to 5pm, renaming the program *Capital Eyewitness News,* on 20 January 1992\.{{Cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Mark \|date\=8 January 1992 \|title\=A Capital idea? Viewers give a resounding 'no' \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article118162793 \|access\-date\=13 June 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|location\=Canberra \|pages\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=66 \|issue\=20,723}}{{Cite news \|last\=Leedham \|first\=Nicole \|date\=2 March 1992 \|title\=Ten News back to 6 \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122401279 \|access\-date\=13 June 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=66 \|issue\=20,777}} The 'First at Five' slogan was emblazoned across Canberra on buses and in newspaper ads. The move to 5pm gave Network Ten an edge in other cities against its rival news bulletins. In Canberra there were no other local/national/international bulletins on air, but the half\-hour 6pm local news on rival WIN was proving popular. However, in both a testament to the loyalty of its audience and a question mark over the wisdom of management, the 'First at Five' move was met with fierce protest by viewers. Not only had the beloved 'Channel 7 News' as it was colloquially known been moved an hour earlier, but the 6pm\-7pm slot had been filled by the tabloid current affairs program *Hinch* and the low\-budget American dating show *Studs*. Canberra was having none of it and CTC restored the bulletin to 6pm after just six weeks.{{Cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Mark \|date\=27 November 1992 \|title\=TV shake\-out: Begg quits Capital, senior team to follow \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article126958023 \|access\-date\=20 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=67 \|issue\=21,047}} Bus ads were hastily amended with stickers covering the timeslot noting the news was 'First at Six'.
For CTC's markets outside of Canberra, things were a little different. The Illawarra, Central West and Riverina received news from TEN\-10 in Sydney, rather than the Canberra bulletin.{{Cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=n\-PfJtpGPjI \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/n\-PfJtpGPjI \|archive\-date\=21 December 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Ten Capital Promo: Ten News at 5 O'clock (Late 1994\) \|date\=26 December 2013 \|last\=Zampakid \|type\=Television promo \|via\=\[\[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}} For these markets the news remained at 5pm for the next 24 years until the affiliation change to Nine. On 1 July 2021, when the affiliation was changed back to 10, the news moved back to 5pm.
### The 1993 Canberra TV News War
Four years after aggregation, Prime, which had had a stop/start approach to local news in Canberra, decided to take on CTC head\-to\-head with a one\-hour local/national/international 6pm news bulletin. Prime's first attempt at news in Canberra saw the station lure CTC alumnus John Bok back from Adelaide in 1989 to produce{{Cite news \|last\=Wright \|first\=Tony \|date\=22 February 1989 \|title\=More recruits for WIN in wait for aggregation \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article120912163 \|access\-date\=19 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,496}} and front a 30\-minute local news bulletin.{{Cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Mark \|date\=27 March 1989 \|title\=Aggregation: The battle of the network stars \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article120919026 \|access\-date\=19 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=The Guide \|location\=Canberra \|pages\=21–24 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,528}} However, Prime couldn't drag the audience from CTC and in April 1991 the bulletin was scaled back to a five\-minute update shown at the end of *Seven Nightly News* from Sydney.{{Cite news \|date\=2 May 1991 \|title\=Early end to local news \|volume\=65 \|page\=5 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|issue\=20,473 \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122359374 \|access\-date\=20 June 2021 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}
In 1993 Prime decided to try again and a team of 26 including Ken Begg and Geoff Hiscock, both poached from CTC, were brought together to upgrade Prime's news. The now nationally known faces of [Melissa Doyle](/wiki/Melissa_Doyle "Melissa Doyle") and [Jessica Rowe](/wiki/Jessica_Rowe "Jessica Rowe") would also join Prime's news team. Meanwhile, as Capital received a new news director of John Stock from [QTQ](/wiki/QTQ "QTQ"), sports presenter Greg Robson took over from Hiscock anchoring *Capital Eyewitness News* at CTC alongside Kininmonth.{{cite news \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article126970294 \|title\=Capital TV appoints news director \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|volume\=67 \|issue\=21,098 \|location\=Canberra \|date\=19 January 1993 \|access\-date\=23 April 2024 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} WIN maintained its half\-hour local news bulletin anchored by veteran Canberra broadcaster [Peter Leonard](/wiki/Peter_Leonard_%28journalist%29 "Peter Leonard (journalist)"). Prime's 6 O'clock News commenced on 1 March 1993 amid a high\-profile advertising campaign.{{Cite web \|date\=6 October 2013 \|title\=Monday 1 March 1993 — CANBERRA \|url\=http://televisionau.com/classic\-tv\-guides/tv010393 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602183547/http://televisionau.com/classic\-tv\-guides/tv010393 \|archive\-date\=2 June 2016 \|access\-date\=5 May 2016 \|website\=Television AU \|publication\-place\=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory \|publication\-date\=1 March 1993}} For the first time since aggregation, viewers had the choice of three locally produced television 6pm news bulletins, two of which were composite local, national and international.
1993 would go down in history as the pinnacle of local TV choice for Canberra, with buses and newspapers plastered with the faces of three newsrooms. But it wasn't to last and by Christmas 1993 Prime had scaled back its one\-hour composite to a half\-hour local bulletin. *Capital Eyewitness News* prevailed as the number one news program followed by fierce rival WIN.
### 1995 – The beginning of the end
Soon after CTC was purchased by Southern Cross Broadcasting (as it was then known), the newsroom was subject to extensive staff cuts. The cancellation of the half\-hour weekend bulletin was the most obvious sign things were changing. In Canberra, the news was re\-branded *Ten Capital Eyewitness News*, encapsulating the station's rebrand.{{Cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=W8uiiiIQS\_w \|title\=TEN Capital Eyewitness News Opener 13/12/1995 \|date\=24 November 2011 \|last\=Martin \|first\=Dan \|language\=en\-AU \|orig\-date\=13 December 1995 \|access\-date\=18 April 2024 \|via\=\[\[YouTube]]}}
Over the next five years, limited resources were invested into the newsroom and technical glitches were becoming more obvious to viewers. Ten year old camera tapes were having to be reused with tape wear showing on screen. Sound desks from the early 1970s were also beginning to fail leading to breaks in audio on\-air. Despite the lack of investment in technical equipment, the CTC newsroom maintained its selection of local and national stories and broad coverage of international news.
By May 1997, the bulletin had simplified its name to *Ten Capital News*.{{Cite news \|date\=9 May 1997 \|title\=ACT Businesses Being Over\-regulated To Death \|url\=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info:sid/infoweb.newsbank.com\&svc\_dat\=AUNB\&req\_dat\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\&rft\_val\_format\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\&rft\_dat\=document\_id:news%252F148A392C9EEE9FF8 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240422014913/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info:sid/infoweb.newsbank.com\&svc\_dat\=AUNB\&req\_dat\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\&rft\_val\_format\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\&rft\_dat\=document\_id:news%252F148A392C9EEE9FF8 \|archive\-date\=22 April 2024 \|access\-date\=22 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|via\=\[\[NewsBank]]}} The 1990s had been a decade of soft ratings for Network Ten and the legacy of CTC's 'Channel 7' glory days had long been forgotten. Owners Southern Cross Broadcasting tapped the final nail in the coffin of the locally produced news bulletin on 22 November 2001 blaming declining audience and the expense of upgrading equipment for digital broadcasting. The axing, in the same year as Prime cancelled its half\-hour local bulletin in Canberra, sparked an Australian Broadcasting Authority investigation into regional television news.{{Cite web \|date\=August 2002 \|title\=Adequacy of local news and information programs on commercial television services in Regional Queensland, Northern NSW, Southern NSW and Regional Victoria \|url\=http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/\_assets/main/lib310197/regionalnewsrpt.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215185830/http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/\_assets/main/lib310197/regionalnewsrpt.pdf \|archive\-date\=15 February 2014 \|access\-date\=5 May 2016 \|publisher\=Australian Communications \& Media Authority}} No news bulletins were restored as a result.
Local news was re\-introduced to the station in 2004 in the form of three\-minute updates at various times of the day. The news updates were produced by [Southern Cross News](/wiki/Southern_Cross_Austereo "Southern Cross Austereo") and aired from the CTC Canberra studios. A local half\-hour magazine program called *[State Focus](/wiki/State_Focus "State Focus")* also commenced production at this time to contribute to minimum local content rules. At the time of its debut, *State Focus* aired on Saturdays at noon.{{Cite news \|last\=Cassidy \|first\=Frank \|date\=3 February 2004 \|title\=Local TV news bulletins to boost ACT content \|url\=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info:sid/infoweb.newsbank.com\&svc\_dat\=AUNB\&req\_dat\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\&rft\_val\_format\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\&rft\_dat\=document\_id:news%252F148A7F89A96E1C10 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240418091301/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info:sid/infoweb.newsbank.com\&svc\_dat\=AUNB\&req\_dat\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\&rft\_val\_format\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\&rft\_dat\=document\_id:news%252F148A7F89A96E1C10 \|archive\-date\=18 April 2024 \|access\-date\=18 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[Rural Press]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=5 \|via\=\[\[NewsBank]] \|quote\=Southern Cross Ten had also introduced short update bulletins during the day and evening, but added a weekend 30\-minute current affairs program, State Focus to air at noon on Saturdays, raising issues of topical interest.}} *State Focus* later aired on Sunday mornings before *Meet the Press*.
From the end of 2001 CTC aired the one\-hour weekday state and half\-hour weekend national *[10 News First](/wiki/10_News_First "10 News First")* bulletins from TEN Sydney at 5 pm. CTC would later carry *[The Project](/wiki/The_Project_%28Australian_TV_program%29 "The Project (Australian TV program)")* and *[The Bolt Report](/wiki/The_Bolt_Report "The Bolt Report")*. State level and national news updates from TEN Sydney were also broadcast.
### 2016 – Nine News Hour
On 1 July 2016, Southern Cross Austereo changed its on\-air affiliation deal for its Southern Cross Ten stations to align with the [Nine Network](/wiki/Nine_Network "Nine Network"). CTC broadcast daily national *Nine News Canberra* bulletins produced in Sydney as well as its flagship Sydney\-based bulletin on weekends, *[A Current Affair](/wiki/A_Current_Affair_%28Australian_TV_series%29 "A Current Affair (Australian TV series)")*, *Today Extra*, national and state updates. Two programs returned to CTC under the affiliation deal, *Today* re\-commenced on air for the first time since 1987 as well as [*60 Minutes*](/wiki/60_Minutes_%28Australian_TV_program%29 "60 Minutes (Australian TV program)") which was last broadcast by CTC in 1988\.{{Cite news \|date\=6 February 1989 \|title\=Capital TV begins to lose Nine's programs \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article120908839 \|access\-date\=21 June 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,480}}
Locally produced news updates continued on CTC after the change to Channel 9, however owners Southern Cross Austereo announced they would 'scale up' the three\-minute 'rip and read' news updates with the re\-introduction of full news bulletins at the earliest opportunity ending years of dependence on national and state newscasts.{{Cite news \|last\=Joyce \|first\=James \|date\=1 May 2016 \|title\=Southern Cross Austereo to increase local TV content following Nine deal \|url\=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv\-and\-radio/southern\-cross\-austereo\-to\-increase\-local\-tv\-content\-following\-nine\-deal\-20160501\-gojjmv.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003120848/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv\-and\-radio/southern\-cross\-austereo\-to\-increase\-local\-tv\-content\-following\-nine\-deal\-20160501\-gojjmv.html \|archive\-date\=3 October 2016 \|access\-date\=1 June 2016 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \|publisher\=\[\[Fairfax Media]] \|location\=Sydney}}
In November 2016 the Nine Network announced it would commence production of 15 localised news bulletins including a one\-hour service for Canberra. While journalists would be based at the CTC offices in Watson, the bulletin would read from TCN studios in Sydney, contrary to earlier speculation the Watson news studios would be brought back to life.{{Cite news \|last\=Joyce \|first\=James \|date\=7 November 2016 \|title\=WIN News to face Canberra ratings battle as Nine launches 15 regional news bulletins \|url\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6040308/win\-news\-to\-face\-canberra\-ratings\-battle\-as\-nine\-launches\-15\-regional\-news\-bulletins/ \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923011210/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6040308/win\-news\-to\-face\-canberra\-ratings\-battle\-as\-nine\-launches\-15\-regional\-news\-bulletins/ \|archive\-date\=23 September 2020 \|access\-date\=11 November 2016 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[Fairfax Media]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=5 \|id\={{ProQuest\|1836477170}}}} The weather segment was pre\-recorded at NBN in Newcastle.
Former ABC weather presenter [Vanessa O'Hanlon](/wiki/Vanessa_O%27Hanlon "Vanessa O'Hanlon") was announced as the anchor for the service at the Nine Network's 2017 program launch.{{Cite news \|last\=McIlwain \|first\=Kate \|date\=8 November 2016 \|title\=Three new faces of Nine's regional news revealed \|url\=http://www.illawarramercury.com.au/story/4277919/three\-new\-faces\-of\-nines\-regional\-news\-revealed \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111084334/http://www.illawarramercury.com.au/story/4277919/three\-new\-faces\-of\-nines\-regional\-news\-revealed \|archive\-date\=11 November 2016 \|access\-date\=11 November 2016 \|newspaper\=\[\[Illawarra Mercury]] \|publisher\=\[\[Fairfax Media]] \|location\=Wollongong \|id\={{ProQuest\|1837071239}}}} On 18 January 2017, News Director Mike Dalton announced the first bulletin reporters for CTC in 15 years as Harry Frost and Rosana Kingsun (both from WIN News Canberra), Emma Larouche (from GTS/BKN *Southern Cross News* presented from Canberra) and Mike Lorigan (NBN News Central Coast).{{Cite news \|last\=Winchester \|first\=Bree \|date\=20 January 2017 \|title\=Channel Nine launches Canberra news bulletin with Vanessa O'Hanlon at the helm \|url\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6037366/channel\-nine\-launches\-canberra\-news\-bulletin\-with\-vanessa\-ohanlon\-at\-the\-helm/ \|access\-date\=23 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[Fairfax Media]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=18 \|id\={{ProQuest\|1860082105}} \|language\=en\-AU}}
On 6 February 2017 the first edition of Nine News Canberra went to air. The bulletin was produced in the same way as *[NBN News](/wiki/NBN_Television "NBN Television")* in Newcastle, where a generic bulletin framework was read live, with windows for pre\-recorded local news, sport and weather. The Nine News Canberra bulletin framework was shared with the Illawarra, Riverina and Central West markets, each with its own local content windows. The shared weather segment for Canberra/Illawarra was pre\-recorded at NBN studios in Newcastle. The historic first broadcast marked a return to local news for the station after 15 years.
On 17 March 2020, following the outbreak of coronavirus, Nine News announced the temporary cancellation of their regional, hour\-long news bulletins.{{Cite web \|last\=Knox \|first\=David \|date\=17 March 2020 \|title\=Nine News suspends regional bulletins \|url\=https://tvtonight.com.au/2020/03/nine\-news\-suspends\-regional\-bulletins.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913045627/https://tvtonight.com.au/2020/03/nine\-news\-suspends\-regional\-bulletins.html \|archive\-date\=13 September 2020 \|access\-date\=10 August 2020 \|website\=\[\[TV Tonight]]}}
### 2020 – Nine News Local
Localised news bulletins returned to CTC on Monday 10 August 2020, with some major changes. The bulletin was cut to a 30\-minute program covering the ACT and all of southern NSW (Illawarra, Riverina and Central West) in one broadcast. Airing live at 5\.30pm, the bulletin was followed by the state edition of Nine News at 6 pm.{{Cite web \|date\=29 July 2020 \|title\=Nine returns to regional news programming but under a new format \|url\=https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2020/07/29/nine\-returns\-to\-regional\-news\-programming\-but\-under\-a\-new\-format/ \|access\-date\=18 February 2024 \|website\=TV Blackbox}}
Former news reporter Natassia Soper took over from [Vanessa O'Hanlon](/wiki/Vanessa_O%27Hanlon "Vanessa O'Hanlon") reading news and sport with Mike Lorigan relocating to Nine News Adelaide.{{Cite tweet \|number\=1258295542246830081 \|user\=MassiliaAilli \|title\=A big congratulations to our friend and colleague @mikelorigan who's moving on to @9NewsAdel \- you will be missed! \|first\=Massilia \|last\=Aili \|date\=7 May 2020 \|access\-date\=18 February 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511032647/https://twitter.com/MassiliaAili/status/1258295542246830081 \|archive\-date\=11 May 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} Weather continued to be presented by Gavin Morris from the NBN studios in Newcastle, covering the entire broadcast area.{{Cite web \|last\=Perry \|first\=Kevin \|date\=8 August 2020 \|title\=Nine News returns to regional Australia with new streamlined presentation \|url\=https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2020/08/08/nine\-news\-returns\-to\-regional\-australia\-with\-new\-streamlined\-presentation/ \|access\-date\=18 February 2024 \|website\=TV Blackbox}}
### 2021 – 10 News First and Sky News agreement
Following the announcement that SCA would switch its affiliation back to Channel 10 from 1 July 2021, due to Nine switching back to WIN Television on the same day, the Nine News Local bulletins ceased production after 5 years with the last bulletin airing on 30 June 2021, due to Nine affiliate WIN operating its own local news service.{{Cite web \|last\=Perry \|first\=Kevin \|date\=1 July 2021 \|title\=VIDEO {{!}} Emotional farewell for NINE NEWS LOCAL bulletins \|url\=https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2021/07/01/video\-emotional\-farewell\-for\-nine\-news\-local\-bulletins/ \|access\-date\=18 February 2024 \|website\=TV Blackbox}}{{Cite news \|last1\=Field \|first1\=Emma \|last2\=Lawrence \|first2\=Sarah \|date\=1 July 2021 \|title\=Concerns for local content in regional TV shake\-up for Victorian, Queensland viewers \|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021\-07\-01/regional\-tv\-changes\-win\-nine\-southern\-cross\-austereo\-vic\-qld/100258412 \|access\-date\=18 February 2024 \|work\=\[\[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]] \|publisher\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|language\=en\-AU \|publication\-place\=Bendigo}} This marked the end of locally produced news bulletins again for CTC after 5 years with no plans to continue local news bulletins under Network 10 affiliation. CTC returned to rip and read news updates on 1 July 2021, the same day that SCA began its new affiliation with Network 10\. The news updates carry the 10 News First look and feel with the updates produced from the network's station in Hobart. Apart from updates CTC carries 10 News First from Sydney (state bulletins on weekdays, national bulletins on weekends), *[The Project](/wiki/The_Project_%28Australian_TV_program%29 "The Project (Australian TV program)")* and *The Sunday Project*. CTC also used to broadcast the mid morning program *[Studio 10](/wiki/Studio_10 "Studio 10")*, until it was axed in November 2023\.{{Cite news \|last\=Cartwright \|first\=Lexie \|date\=14 November 2023 \|title\='Tough day': Studio 10 hosts announce the show's been axed \|url\=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/morning\-shows/tough\-day\-studio\-10\-hosts\-announce\-the\-shows\-been\-axed/news\-story/beac80812c3a641fe5c475cb18a09a8d \|access\-date\=23 April 2024 \|work\=news.com.au \|publisher\=News Corp Australia \|location\=Sydney}}
In May 2021, SCA reached a content agreement with [Sky News Australia](/wiki/Sky_News_Australia "Sky News Australia"), under which it would distribute the new free\-to\-air [Sky News Regional](/wiki/Sky_News_Regional "Sky News Regional") beginning 1 August 2021, on SCA's 10 stations, including CTC. The service is a *de facto* replacement for the Sky News on WIN service that it previously distributed.{{Cite magazine \|date\=31 May 2021 \|title\=Sky News Australia and Southern Cross Austereo sign content agreement \|url\=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/sky\-news\-australia\-and\-southern\-cross\-austereo\-sign\-content\-agreement/ \|access\-date\=16 February 2022 \|magazine\=\[\[Mediaweek (Australia)\|Mediaweek]] \|language\=en\-AU}}{{Cite news \|last\=Meade \|first\=Amanda \|date\=19 March 2021 \|title\=Sky News dumped in the regions as Win welcomes Nine \|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/mar/19/sky\-news\-dumped\-in\-the\-regions\-as\-win\-welcomes\-nine \|access\-date\=16 February 2022 \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|location\=Sydney \|language\=en\-AU}}{{Cite press release \|title\=Sky News and Southern Cross Austereo Sign Content Agreement \|date\=31 May 2021 \|publisher\=\[\[Southern Cross Austereo]] \|location\=Melbourne \|url\=https://www.southerncrossaustereo.com.au/media/media\-releases/sky\-news\-australia\-and\-southern\-cross\-austereo\-sign\-content\-agreement/ \|language\=en\-au \|access\-date\=6 January 2023 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531114919/https://www.southerncrossaustereo.com.au/media/media\-releases/sky\-news\-australia\-and\-southern\-cross\-austereo\-sign\-content\-agreement/ \|archive\-date\=31 May 2021}} With that agreement CTC has access to the Sky News Australia newsroom and remote studios based in the capital for production of news content broadcast on the Sky News network of channels around the country.
### Presenters
#### Current presenters
* Will Boddy (fill\-in presenter for [10 News First](/wiki/10_News_First "10 News First") updates since July 2022\)
* Rebecca Gaitaneris (presenter for [10 News First](/wiki/10_News_First "10 News First") updates since March 2023\){{Cite tweet \|number\=1636585145745682435 \|user\=rubycairns1 \|title\=Please welcome our latest 10 Local News reporter, @becgaitaneris 👏🏻 She's presenting your Central West news this evening from 7:30pm. As you can see, she's already fitting in with the team! @kaseywilkins\_ @alex\_sykes will still have all your local news for Tassie and Victoria ⭐️ \|first\=Ruby \|last\=Cairns \|date\=17 March 2023 \|access\-date\=23 April 2024}}
#### Former presenters
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{flatlist\|\* Natassia Soper (news from 2020\-2021\)
\* Gavin Morris (weather from 2017\-2021\)
\* \[\[Vanessa O'Hanlon]] (news from 2017\-2020\)
\* Mike Lorigan (sport from 2017\-2020\)
\* Jared Coote (news updates from 2015{{Cite news \|last\=Hogan \|first\=Jill \|date\=30 October 2015 \|title\=The Canberra newsreader with his own fan club \|url\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6059168/the\-canberra\-newsreader\-with\-his\-own\-fan\-club/ \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240525032321/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6059168/the\-canberra\-newsreader\-with\-his\-own\-fan\-club/ \|archive\-date\=25 May 2024 \|access\-date\=25 May 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=Fairfax Media \|location\=Canberra \|language\=en\-AU}} until 2016, then worked at \[\[Fox Sports News (Australia)\|Fox Sports News]] from 2016 until 2019,{{Cite Instagram \|postid\=BxwHwlwgb9D \|user\=mingdog \|title\=Had a great few years at Fox Sports News but I'm now off to the ABC. Now to become friends with the slow and windy light rail 🤷🏻♂️ \|first\=Jared \|last\=Coote \|date\=22 May 2019}} now works at the \[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]])
\* Amy La Porte
\* Ali Drower (State Focus and news updates)
\* Greg Robson (sport from 1988 until 1993, then news from 1993 until 2001\)
\* Penelope Heath
\* Pepita Bulloch
\* Andrea Close{{Cite news \|date\=2 December 2001 \|title\=When the news team becomes the news \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=Rural Press \|location\=Canberra \|page\=15 \|id\={{ProQuest\|1016009853}}}}
\* Peter Champan (sport from 1993 until December 1998\)
\* Virginia Nicholls (news from 1993 until 1995\){{Cite news \|date\=11 October 1993 \|title\=Capital's news \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127510678 \|access\-date\=23 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=The Guide \|location\=Canberra \|page\=6 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=68 \|issue\=21,363}}
\* \[\[Mike Larkan]] (weather from 1988 until 1996\)
\* Christine Kininmonth (news from 1988 until 1993\)
\* Geoff Hiscock (news from 1988 until 1992\){{cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Mark \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article126958793 \|title\=Hiscock signs off at Capital \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|volume\=67 \|issue\=21,050 \|location\=Canberra \|date\=30 November 1992 \|access\-date\=23 April 2024 \|page\=32 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}
\* Mal Grieve
\* Frank Jones
\* David Brice
\* Matthew Eggins (sport from December 1998 until November 2001\)
\* Karen Barlin
\* Laurie Wilson (foreign editor from 1974 until 1981; news from 1981 until November 1983\){{Cite news \|date\=21 November 1983 \|title\=Laurie Wilson quits Capital 7 news \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article116396665 \|access\-date\=23 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=23 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=58 \|issue\=17,585}}
\* Janine Bennett (news from 1998 until 1999\){{Cite news \|last\=Sibley \|first\=David \|date\=15 December 1999 \|title\=Ten newsroom in turmoil \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[Rural Press]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|id\={{ProQuest\|1012255233}}}}
\* John Bok (news from 1981 until January 1986\)
\* Karen Milliner (news from 1985 to 1987\)
\* David Allen (news from 1986 to 1988\)
\* Niree Creed (news from 1983 to 1989\){{cite news \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article116396676 \|title\=Niree Creed expecting \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|volume\=58 \|issue\=17,585 \|location\=Canberra \|date\=21 November 1983 \|access\-date\=23 April 2024 \|page\=22 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}
\* Sonja Allitt
\* \[\[Rosemary Church]] (weather and news from 1989 until April 1990, now works at \[\[CNN International]]){{Cite news \|last\=Whitfield \|first\=Kathryn \|date\=24 April 1989 \|title\=SSS\-FM loses Church to the weekend weather \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122256848 \|access\-date\=23 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=Airings \|location\=Canberra \|page\=34 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=63 \|issue\=19,421}}{{cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Mark \|date\=9 October 1989 \|title\=Eyes on the Prize \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122090936 \|access\-date\=23 April 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|department\=The Guide \|location\=Canberra \|page\=25 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=64 \|issue\=19,224}}{{Cite news \|last\=Attard \|first\=Louise \|date\=9 December 1999 \|title\=Church Devoted To The Big Picture \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[Rural Press]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=3 \|id\={{ProQuest\|1012254943}}}}
\* \[\[Amber Sherlock]] (News updates \& ''State Focus'', now at \[\[Nine Entertainment]])
\* \[\[Kathryn Robinson (journalist)\|Kathryn Robinson]] (news updates and ''State Focus'', now at Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
\* Brett Mason (news updates, now part of \[\[Anthony Albanese]]'s media team)
\* Amanda Abate (news updates, now at the \[\[Seven Network]] for \[\[Seven News Gold Coast]]){{Cite news \|last\=Whiting \|first\=Melanie \|last2\=Smith \|first2\=Kaitlyn \|date\=2 September 2021 \|title\=7NEWS Gold Coast: Steve Titmus scores dream gig \|url\=https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/gold\-coast/7news\-gold\-coast\-amanda\-abate\-announced\-as\-new\-leading\-lady/news\-story/be230d9d5f0154adfbb4ff3db90dedd2?amp\&nk\=651b4fa281f7c3b30b5f459cef0e64c7\-1713843870 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240423034419/https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/gold\-coast/7news\-gold\-coast\-amanda\-abate\-announced\-as\-new\-leading\-lady/news\-story/be230d9d5f0154adfbb4ff3db90dedd2 \|archive\-date\=23 April 2024 \|access\-date\=24 April 2024 \|newspaper\=Gold Coast Bulletin \|publisher\=News Corp Australia \|location\=Gold Coast}}
\* Fiona Nelson (news updates)
\* Stefanie Wacklawik
\* Alexandra Bryant (news updates, still works for Southern Cross Austereo in radio)
\* Wilhelmina Lyffyt
\* Julie Snook (now at \[\[Nine Entertainment]]){{Cite news \|last\=Doherty \|first\=Megan \|date\=14 January 2017 \|title\=\#putyourblazersonforjulie \- former Canberra colleagues support Julie Snook in the White Top Debacle \|url\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6037571/putyourblazersonforjulie\-former\-canberra\-colleagues\-support\-julie\-snook\-in\-the\-white\-top\-debacle/ \|url\-access\=subscription \|access\-date\=23 April 2024 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|publisher\=Fairfax Media \|location\=Canberra \|page\=21 \|language\=en\-AU \|id\={{ProQuest\|1858072185}}}}
\* Sophie Jacobsen (presenter for \[\[10 News First]] news updates from July 2021 until January 2022\)
\* Ruby Cairns (presenter for \[\[10 News First]] news updates from January 2022 until August 2023\)}}
### Reporters
#### Former reporters
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{flatlist\|\* Harry Frost
\* Emma Larouche
\* Rosana Kingsun
\* Natassia Apolloni
\* Rebecca Davis (sports reporter)
\* Kimberley Caines
\* Richard Dudley
\* Craig Allen
\* Mark Corcoran
\* Jeremy Flynn
\* Andrew Messenger
\* Anthony Robertson
\* Suzanne Mostyn
\* Donna Cole
\* Jo Mazzochi
\* Stephen Taylor
\* Craig Norenbergs}}
|
[
"News and current affairs\n------------------------",
"CTC has a long and rich history of quality local news and current affairs production. News bulletins aired for almost 40 years until being axed on 22 November 2001\\. The news format varied over the years but from the early 1970s was a separate 10–20 minute local bulletin followed by national news taken from ATN 7 in Sydney.{{Cite web \\|date\\=16 September 2013 \\|title\\=Wednesday 26 September 1979 — CANBERRA \\|url\\=http://televisionau.com/classic\\-tv\\-guides/tv260979 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602145944/http://televisionau.com/classic\\-tv\\-guides/tv260979 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2016 \\|website\\=Television.AU \\|publication\\-place\\=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory \\|publication\\-date\\=26 September 1979}}\nIn 1980, under new owner Kerry Stokes, CTC scaled up its local news bulletin to 30 minutes at 6pm on weekdays, followed by *Seven National News* from Sydney.{{citation needed \\|date\\=June 2021 \\|reason\\=Citation removed as source could not be identified in the newspaper}} In October 1981 CTC launched its first one\\-hour local, national and international bulletin, airing at 6pm weeknights presented by Laurie Wilson and John Bok.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Warden \\|first\\=Ian \\|date\\=27 October 1981 \\|title\\=CTV's maiden news\\-hour is grown\\-up television \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article126854186 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=7 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=56 \\|issue\\=16,832}} By 1982, John Bok was presenting alongside Laurie Wilson and *Australian Capital News* was also airing for 30 minutes on weekends.{{Cite web \\|date\\=29 September 2013 \\|title\\=Saturday 29 October 1983 — CANBERRA \\|url\\=http://televisionau.com/classic\\-tv\\-guides/tv291083 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602184155/http://televisionau.com/classic\\-tv\\-guides/tv291083 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2016 \\|website\\=Television.AU \\|publication\\-place\\=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory \\|publication\\-date\\=29 October 1983}}",
"1982 also saw a big change for CTC's morning newscasting with the introduction of weekday breakfast news television. CTC began broadcasting the Nine Network's *National News Today* (which would become the [*National Today Show*](/wiki/Today_%281982_TV_program%29 \"Today (1982 TV program)\") on 28 June of that year) presented by Canberra broadcasting veteran Steve Liebmann at 7am weekdays.{{citation needed \\|date\\=June 2021 \\|reason\\=Citation removed as source could not be identified in newspaper}} Perhaps in a nod to his local Canberra profile, CTC opted to broadcast Nine's breakfast program rather Network Ten's [*Good Morning Australia*](/wiki/Good_Morning_Australia_%281981%E2%80%9392%29 \"Good Morning Australia (1981–92)\") which had been on air for over a year and was preferred by most regional stations. The first time the station was broadcasting regularly before 9am was 15 years earlier with the locally produced *Breakfast at Seven*.{{Cite news \\|date\\=6 April 1967 \\|title\\=Saturday breakfast TV \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article131647997 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=27 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=41 \\|issue\\=11,656}}",
"By 1985 the CTC newsroom boasted 14 journalists, 3 sports journalists and a sports presenter.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Nelson \\|first\\=Sue \\|date\\=18 February 1985 \\|title\\=A day in the life of Capital 7 news: it's not typical \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122484572 \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=Times TV \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=59 \\|issue\\=18,040}} The nightly bulletin also had the luxury of three camera operators during transmission. On 10 January 1986 John Bok, who had become a high\\-profile personality for CTC in the Canberra community, read his last bulletin to take up a role with ABC in Adelaide.{{Cite news \\|date\\=29 November 1985 \\|title\\=Bok leaving Capital 7 \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127541195 \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=60 \\|issue\\=18,322}} David Allen took over as the station's chief news anchor as the bulletin was scaled down to a half\\-hour composite,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Campbell \\|first\\=Niven \\|date\\=15 September 1986 \\|title\\=He's fit, 40, and experienced \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article131838663 \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=TV Times \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=61 \\|issue\\=18,611}} which at that time was using the Nine Network news theme and graphics.",
"Having acquired CTC in 1987, Network Ten began an overhaul of the news service. Ken Begg was appointed News Director, joining from ABC replacing Bill Muldrew, with the clear brief to 'make the news better'. The Nine Network graphics and news theme were ditched and the bulletin was rebranded *Eyewitness News* aligning with the rest of the network{{Cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Wmwdpy3RYyg \\|title\\=Canberra TV 1988 – Opening of Australia's Parliament House (Capital 7, Canberra) \\|date\\=31 March 2009 \\|type\\=Television news bulletin \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|publisher\\=pugsley2005 \\|orig\\-date\\=9 May 1988 \\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Wmwdpy3RYyg \\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}} and a late night locally produced half\\-hour current affairs program called *This Week* commenced, hosted by David Allen and Niree Creed. The program aired at 10\\.30pm Thursday evenings and boasted 'international content' which at the time was a point worth making owing to the expensive satellite equipment required to air news from overseas.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Lisa \\|date\\=30 March 1987 \\|title\\=Mussolini: a saga of epic proportions \\|volume\\=61 \\|page\\=4 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|issue\\=18,805 \\|department\\=Times TV \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article136297852 \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2021 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}",
"In January 1988 CTC's programming began to more closely emulate that of Network Ten. Nine's *Today Show*, which CTC had broadcast on weekday mornings for nearly six years, was replaced with Ten's *Good Morning Australia* from January 18, while *National Nine Morning News* gave way to *Ten Eyewitness News This Morning*.{{cite news \\|last\\=Morris \\|first\\=Joan \\|date\\=10 January 1988 \\|title\\=Viewers celebrate end of the silly season \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article101968783 \\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=Bird's Eye View \\|publisher\\=John Fairfax and Sons \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=20 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=62 \\|issue\\=19,089}} The rebadged *Capital 7 Eyewitness News* adopted *Turn to News* by Frank Gari as the title track to its broadcasts, following the lead of TVQ\\-0 in Brisbane.",
"### Face to Face",
"In August 1988 Network Ten launched its own Sunday morning political news program *[Face to Face](/wiki/Face_to_Face_%28Australian_TV_series%29 \"Face to Face (Australian TV series)\")*. Hosted by then Political Editor for the network, [Kerry O'Brien](/wiki/Kerry_O%27Brien_%28journalist%29 \"Kerry O'Brien (journalist)\"), *Face to Face* had an identical set at CTC Canberra, ATV Melbourne and TEN Sydney with the program broadcast from whichever city the main guest was in at the time.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Zakharov \\|first\\=Jeannie \\|date\\=31 October 1988 \\|title\\=Face To Face with the Treasurer \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article102018604 \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|department\\=The Guide \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,383}} *Face to Face* would run until 1989 and was the first national program to be produced and broadcast from CTC.",
"### The News Hour Returns",
"On Monday 19 September 1988 CTC's new one\\-hour *Eyewitness News* bulletin went to air at 6pm – just in time to cover day two of the Seoul Olympics. The relaunched newscast was hosted by veteran ABC newscaster Geoff Hiscock and TV8's Christine Kininmonth alongside weather presenter [Mike Larkan](/wiki/Mike_Larkan \"Mike Larkan\") and sports presenter Greg Robson. The team would steer CTC through the impending launch of two rival commercial stations which would see the viewing audience split into three within six months. A new set was constructed at the CTC studios in Watson in the same style as other Network Ten stations. During construction the news had been temporarily broadcast from Black Mountain Tower.{{cite news \\|last\\=Morris \\|first\\=Joan \\|date\\=18 September 1988 \\|title\\=Take your marks for the 2\\-week Olympic telethon \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article102072164 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=22 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,340}}",
"By December 1988 the bulletin had been re\\-branded *Ten News*{{Cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=qVuiJAw7SHQ \\|title\\=TEN Capital News December 30 1988 \\|date\\=18 January 2016 \\|last\\=Robson \\|first\\=Greg \\|type\\=Television news bulletin \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|orig\\-date\\=30 December 1988 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2023 \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}} and CTC was a fully fledged Network Ten station in time for the arrival of Prime and WIN in Canberra and ready to take on those rivals in the Illawarra.{{Cite web \\|date\\=28 December 2013 \\|title\\=Thursday 30 March 1989 — CANBERRA \\|url\\=http://televisionau.com/classic\\-tv\\-guides/tv300389 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423150403/http://televisionau.com/classic\\-tv\\-guides/tv300389 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 April 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2016 \\|website\\=Television.AU \\|publication\\-place\\=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory \\|publication\\-date\\=30 March 1989}} Similar to the structure of CTC's Nine News today, the bulletin had a local opt\\-out window for the Illawarra, where stories produced from CTC's Wollongong base would be inserted. This format lasted barely nine months, with the Wollongong news crew retrenched in December 1989 following the September takeover of CTC by Charles Curran. Riverina and Central West viewers had only just begun to receive CTC and a local news presence was never established.",
"The station's commitment to metropolitan quality news in Canberra saw CTC defy other Network Ten affiliates in Australia, maintaining a number one position in the ratings for three years after [Prime](/wiki/Prime7 \"Prime7\") and [WIN](/wiki/WIN_Television \"WIN Television\") commenced broadcasting in that city.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Rosenberg \\|first\\=Jen \\|date\\=3 October 1994 \\|title\\=Hiscock 'sensed' axe would fall \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article118289023 \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=The Guide \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=12 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=70 \\|issue\\=21,719}} The one\\-hour locally produced bulletin would remain on screens almost unchanged for 13 years.",
"### The First at Five Failure",
"Following suit with the rest of Network Ten, CTC moved its 6pm *Ten Evening News* bulletin to 5pm, renaming the program *Capital Eyewitness News,* on 20 January 1992\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=8 January 1992 \\|title\\=A Capital idea? Viewers give a resounding 'no' \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article118162793 \\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|location\\=Canberra \\|pages\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=66 \\|issue\\=20,723}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Leedham \\|first\\=Nicole \\|date\\=2 March 1992 \\|title\\=Ten News back to 6 \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122401279 \\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=66 \\|issue\\=20,777}} The 'First at Five' slogan was emblazoned across Canberra on buses and in newspaper ads. The move to 5pm gave Network Ten an edge in other cities against its rival news bulletins. In Canberra there were no other local/national/international bulletins on air, but the half\\-hour 6pm local news on rival WIN was proving popular. However, in both a testament to the loyalty of its audience and a question mark over the wisdom of management, the 'First at Five' move was met with fierce protest by viewers. Not only had the beloved 'Channel 7 News' as it was colloquially known been moved an hour earlier, but the 6pm\\-7pm slot had been filled by the tabloid current affairs program *Hinch* and the low\\-budget American dating show *Studs*. Canberra was having none of it and CTC restored the bulletin to 6pm after just six weeks.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=27 November 1992 \\|title\\=TV shake\\-out: Begg quits Capital, senior team to follow \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article126958023 \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=67 \\|issue\\=21,047}} Bus ads were hastily amended with stickers covering the timeslot noting the news was 'First at Six'.",
"For CTC's markets outside of Canberra, things were a little different. The Illawarra, Central West and Riverina received news from TEN\\-10 in Sydney, rather than the Canberra bulletin.{{Cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=n\\-PfJtpGPjI \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/n\\-PfJtpGPjI \\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Ten Capital Promo: Ten News at 5 O'clock (Late 1994\\) \\|date\\=26 December 2013 \\|last\\=Zampakid \\|type\\=Television promo \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}} For these markets the news remained at 5pm for the next 24 years until the affiliation change to Nine. On 1 July 2021, when the affiliation was changed back to 10, the news moved back to 5pm.",
"### The 1993 Canberra TV News War",
"Four years after aggregation, Prime, which had had a stop/start approach to local news in Canberra, decided to take on CTC head\\-to\\-head with a one\\-hour local/national/international 6pm news bulletin. Prime's first attempt at news in Canberra saw the station lure CTC alumnus John Bok back from Adelaide in 1989 to produce{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wright \\|first\\=Tony \\|date\\=22 February 1989 \\|title\\=More recruits for WIN in wait for aggregation \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article120912163 \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,496}} and front a 30\\-minute local news bulletin.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=27 March 1989 \\|title\\=Aggregation: The battle of the network stars \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article120919026 \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=The Guide \\|location\\=Canberra \\|pages\\=21–24 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,528}} However, Prime couldn't drag the audience from CTC and in April 1991 the bulletin was scaled back to a five\\-minute update shown at the end of *Seven Nightly News* from Sydney.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2 May 1991 \\|title\\=Early end to local news \\|volume\\=65 \\|page\\=5 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|issue\\=20,473 \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122359374 \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2021 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}",
"In 1993 Prime decided to try again and a team of 26 including Ken Begg and Geoff Hiscock, both poached from CTC, were brought together to upgrade Prime's news. The now nationally known faces of [Melissa Doyle](/wiki/Melissa_Doyle \"Melissa Doyle\") and [Jessica Rowe](/wiki/Jessica_Rowe \"Jessica Rowe\") would also join Prime's news team. Meanwhile, as Capital received a new news director of John Stock from [QTQ](/wiki/QTQ \"QTQ\"), sports presenter Greg Robson took over from Hiscock anchoring *Capital Eyewitness News* at CTC alongside Kininmonth.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article126970294 \\|title\\=Capital TV appoints news director \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|volume\\=67 \\|issue\\=21,098 \\|location\\=Canberra \\|date\\=19 January 1993 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2024 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} WIN maintained its half\\-hour local news bulletin anchored by veteran Canberra broadcaster [Peter Leonard](/wiki/Peter_Leonard_%28journalist%29 \"Peter Leonard (journalist)\"). Prime's 6 O'clock News commenced on 1 March 1993 amid a high\\-profile advertising campaign.{{Cite web \\|date\\=6 October 2013 \\|title\\=Monday 1 March 1993 — CANBERRA \\|url\\=http://televisionau.com/classic\\-tv\\-guides/tv010393 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602183547/http://televisionau.com/classic\\-tv\\-guides/tv010393 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2016 \\|website\\=Television AU \\|publication\\-place\\=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory \\|publication\\-date\\=1 March 1993}} For the first time since aggregation, viewers had the choice of three locally produced television 6pm news bulletins, two of which were composite local, national and international.",
"1993 would go down in history as the pinnacle of local TV choice for Canberra, with buses and newspapers plastered with the faces of three newsrooms. But it wasn't to last and by Christmas 1993 Prime had scaled back its one\\-hour composite to a half\\-hour local bulletin. *Capital Eyewitness News* prevailed as the number one news program followed by fierce rival WIN.",
"### 1995 – The beginning of the end",
"Soon after CTC was purchased by Southern Cross Broadcasting (as it was then known), the newsroom was subject to extensive staff cuts. The cancellation of the half\\-hour weekend bulletin was the most obvious sign things were changing. In Canberra, the news was re\\-branded *Ten Capital Eyewitness News*, encapsulating the station's rebrand.{{Cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=W8uiiiIQS\\_w \\|title\\=TEN Capital Eyewitness News Opener 13/12/1995 \\|date\\=24 November 2011 \\|last\\=Martin \\|first\\=Dan \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|orig\\-date\\=13 December 1995 \\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2024 \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}}",
"Over the next five years, limited resources were invested into the newsroom and technical glitches were becoming more obvious to viewers. Ten year old camera tapes were having to be reused with tape wear showing on screen. Sound desks from the early 1970s were also beginning to fail leading to breaks in audio on\\-air. Despite the lack of investment in technical equipment, the CTC newsroom maintained its selection of local and national stories and broad coverage of international news.",
"By May 1997, the bulletin had simplified its name to *Ten Capital News*.{{Cite news \\|date\\=9 May 1997 \\|title\\=ACT Businesses Being Over\\-regulated To Death \\|url\\=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info:sid/infoweb.newsbank.com\\&svc\\_dat\\=AUNB\\&req\\_dat\\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\\&rft\\_dat\\=document\\_id:news%252F148A392C9EEE9FF8 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240422014913/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info:sid/infoweb.newsbank.com\\&svc\\_dat\\=AUNB\\&req\\_dat\\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\\&rft\\_dat\\=document\\_id:news%252F148A392C9EEE9FF8 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 April 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|via\\=\\[\\[NewsBank]]}} The 1990s had been a decade of soft ratings for Network Ten and the legacy of CTC's 'Channel 7' glory days had long been forgotten. Owners Southern Cross Broadcasting tapped the final nail in the coffin of the locally produced news bulletin on 22 November 2001 blaming declining audience and the expense of upgrading equipment for digital broadcasting. The axing, in the same year as Prime cancelled its half\\-hour local bulletin in Canberra, sparked an Australian Broadcasting Authority investigation into regional television news.{{Cite web \\|date\\=August 2002 \\|title\\=Adequacy of local news and information programs on commercial television services in Regional Queensland, Northern NSW, Southern NSW and Regional Victoria \\|url\\=http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/\\_assets/main/lib310197/regionalnewsrpt.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215185830/http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/\\_assets/main/lib310197/regionalnewsrpt.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2016 \\|publisher\\=Australian Communications \\& Media Authority}} No news bulletins were restored as a result.",
"Local news was re\\-introduced to the station in 2004 in the form of three\\-minute updates at various times of the day. The news updates were produced by [Southern Cross News](/wiki/Southern_Cross_Austereo \"Southern Cross Austereo\") and aired from the CTC Canberra studios. A local half\\-hour magazine program called *[State Focus](/wiki/State_Focus \"State Focus\")* also commenced production at this time to contribute to minimum local content rules. At the time of its debut, *State Focus* aired on Saturdays at noon.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Cassidy \\|first\\=Frank \\|date\\=3 February 2004 \\|title\\=Local TV news bulletins to boost ACT content \\|url\\=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info:sid/infoweb.newsbank.com\\&svc\\_dat\\=AUNB\\&req\\_dat\\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\\&rft\\_dat\\=document\\_id:news%252F148A7F89A96E1C10 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240418091301/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info:sid/infoweb.newsbank.com\\&svc\\_dat\\=AUNB\\&req\\_dat\\=2FC64405CDC9450D8CE0F660AE4E730F\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\\&rft\\_dat\\=document\\_id:news%252F148A7F89A96E1C10 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 April 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rural Press]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=5 \\|via\\=\\[\\[NewsBank]] \\|quote\\=Southern Cross Ten had also introduced short update bulletins during the day and evening, but added a weekend 30\\-minute current affairs program, State Focus to air at noon on Saturdays, raising issues of topical interest.}} *State Focus* later aired on Sunday mornings before *Meet the Press*.",
"From the end of 2001 CTC aired the one\\-hour weekday state and half\\-hour weekend national *[10 News First](/wiki/10_News_First \"10 News First\")* bulletins from TEN Sydney at 5 pm. CTC would later carry *[The Project](/wiki/The_Project_%28Australian_TV_program%29 \"The Project (Australian TV program)\")* and *[The Bolt Report](/wiki/The_Bolt_Report \"The Bolt Report\")*. State level and national news updates from TEN Sydney were also broadcast.",
"### 2016 – Nine News Hour",
"On 1 July 2016, Southern Cross Austereo changed its on\\-air affiliation deal for its Southern Cross Ten stations to align with the [Nine Network](/wiki/Nine_Network \"Nine Network\"). CTC broadcast daily national *Nine News Canberra* bulletins produced in Sydney as well as its flagship Sydney\\-based bulletin on weekends, *[A Current Affair](/wiki/A_Current_Affair_%28Australian_TV_series%29 \"A Current Affair (Australian TV series)\")*, *Today Extra*, national and state updates. Two programs returned to CTC under the affiliation deal, *Today* re\\-commenced on air for the first time since 1987 as well as [*60 Minutes*](/wiki/60_Minutes_%28Australian_TV_program%29 \"60 Minutes (Australian TV program)\") which was last broadcast by CTC in 1988\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=6 February 1989 \\|title\\=Capital TV begins to lose Nine's programs \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article120908839 \\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,480}}",
"Locally produced news updates continued on CTC after the change to Channel 9, however owners Southern Cross Austereo announced they would 'scale up' the three\\-minute 'rip and read' news updates with the re\\-introduction of full news bulletins at the earliest opportunity ending years of dependence on national and state newscasts.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Joyce \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=1 May 2016 \\|title\\=Southern Cross Austereo to increase local TV content following Nine deal \\|url\\=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv\\-and\\-radio/southern\\-cross\\-austereo\\-to\\-increase\\-local\\-tv\\-content\\-following\\-nine\\-deal\\-20160501\\-gojjmv.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003120848/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv\\-and\\-radio/southern\\-cross\\-austereo\\-to\\-increase\\-local\\-tv\\-content\\-following\\-nine\\-deal\\-20160501\\-gojjmv.html \\|archive\\-date\\=3 October 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2016 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fairfax Media]] \\|location\\=Sydney}}",
"In November 2016 the Nine Network announced it would commence production of 15 localised news bulletins including a one\\-hour service for Canberra. While journalists would be based at the CTC offices in Watson, the bulletin would read from TCN studios in Sydney, contrary to earlier speculation the Watson news studios would be brought back to life.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Joyce \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=7 November 2016 \\|title\\=WIN News to face Canberra ratings battle as Nine launches 15 regional news bulletins \\|url\\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6040308/win\\-news\\-to\\-face\\-canberra\\-ratings\\-battle\\-as\\-nine\\-launches\\-15\\-regional\\-news\\-bulletins/ \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923011210/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6040308/win\\-news\\-to\\-face\\-canberra\\-ratings\\-battle\\-as\\-nine\\-launches\\-15\\-regional\\-news\\-bulletins/ \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2016 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fairfax Media]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=5 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1836477170}}}} The weather segment was pre\\-recorded at NBN in Newcastle.",
"Former ABC weather presenter [Vanessa O'Hanlon](/wiki/Vanessa_O%27Hanlon \"Vanessa O'Hanlon\") was announced as the anchor for the service at the Nine Network's 2017 program launch.{{Cite news \\|last\\=McIlwain \\|first\\=Kate \\|date\\=8 November 2016 \\|title\\=Three new faces of Nine's regional news revealed \\|url\\=http://www.illawarramercury.com.au/story/4277919/three\\-new\\-faces\\-of\\-nines\\-regional\\-news\\-revealed \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111084334/http://www.illawarramercury.com.au/story/4277919/three\\-new\\-faces\\-of\\-nines\\-regional\\-news\\-revealed \\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2016 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Illawarra Mercury]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fairfax Media]] \\|location\\=Wollongong \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1837071239}}}} On 18 January 2017, News Director Mike Dalton announced the first bulletin reporters for CTC in 15 years as Harry Frost and Rosana Kingsun (both from WIN News Canberra), Emma Larouche (from GTS/BKN *Southern Cross News* presented from Canberra) and Mike Lorigan (NBN News Central Coast).{{Cite news \\|last\\=Winchester \\|first\\=Bree \\|date\\=20 January 2017 \\|title\\=Channel Nine launches Canberra news bulletin with Vanessa O'Hanlon at the helm \\|url\\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6037366/channel\\-nine\\-launches\\-canberra\\-news\\-bulletin\\-with\\-vanessa\\-ohanlon\\-at\\-the\\-helm/ \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fairfax Media]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=18 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1860082105}} \\|language\\=en\\-AU}}",
"On 6 February 2017 the first edition of Nine News Canberra went to air. The bulletin was produced in the same way as *[NBN News](/wiki/NBN_Television \"NBN Television\")* in Newcastle, where a generic bulletin framework was read live, with windows for pre\\-recorded local news, sport and weather. The Nine News Canberra bulletin framework was shared with the Illawarra, Riverina and Central West markets, each with its own local content windows. The shared weather segment for Canberra/Illawarra was pre\\-recorded at NBN studios in Newcastle. The historic first broadcast marked a return to local news for the station after 15 years.",
"On 17 March 2020, following the outbreak of coronavirus, Nine News announced the temporary cancellation of their regional, hour\\-long news bulletins.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Knox \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=17 March 2020 \\|title\\=Nine News suspends regional bulletins \\|url\\=https://tvtonight.com.au/2020/03/nine\\-news\\-suspends\\-regional\\-bulletins.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913045627/https://tvtonight.com.au/2020/03/nine\\-news\\-suspends\\-regional\\-bulletins.html \\|archive\\-date\\=13 September 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[TV Tonight]]}}",
"### 2020 – Nine News Local",
"Localised news bulletins returned to CTC on Monday 10 August 2020, with some major changes. The bulletin was cut to a 30\\-minute program covering the ACT and all of southern NSW (Illawarra, Riverina and Central West) in one broadcast. Airing live at 5\\.30pm, the bulletin was followed by the state edition of Nine News at 6 pm.{{Cite web \\|date\\=29 July 2020 \\|title\\=Nine returns to regional news programming but under a new format \\|url\\=https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2020/07/29/nine\\-returns\\-to\\-regional\\-news\\-programming\\-but\\-under\\-a\\-new\\-format/ \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2024 \\|website\\=TV Blackbox}}",
"Former news reporter Natassia Soper took over from [Vanessa O'Hanlon](/wiki/Vanessa_O%27Hanlon \"Vanessa O'Hanlon\") reading news and sport with Mike Lorigan relocating to Nine News Adelaide.{{Cite tweet \\|number\\=1258295542246830081 \\|user\\=MassiliaAilli \\|title\\=A big congratulations to our friend and colleague @mikelorigan who's moving on to @9NewsAdel \\- you will be missed! \\|first\\=Massilia \\|last\\=Aili \\|date\\=7 May 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511032647/https://twitter.com/MassiliaAili/status/1258295542246830081 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Weather continued to be presented by Gavin Morris from the NBN studios in Newcastle, covering the entire broadcast area.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Perry \\|first\\=Kevin \\|date\\=8 August 2020 \\|title\\=Nine News returns to regional Australia with new streamlined presentation \\|url\\=https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2020/08/08/nine\\-news\\-returns\\-to\\-regional\\-australia\\-with\\-new\\-streamlined\\-presentation/ \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2024 \\|website\\=TV Blackbox}}",
"### 2021 – 10 News First and Sky News agreement",
"Following the announcement that SCA would switch its affiliation back to Channel 10 from 1 July 2021, due to Nine switching back to WIN Television on the same day, the Nine News Local bulletins ceased production after 5 years with the last bulletin airing on 30 June 2021, due to Nine affiliate WIN operating its own local news service.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Perry \\|first\\=Kevin \\|date\\=1 July 2021 \\|title\\=VIDEO {{!}} Emotional farewell for NINE NEWS LOCAL bulletins \\|url\\=https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2021/07/01/video\\-emotional\\-farewell\\-for\\-nine\\-news\\-local\\-bulletins/ \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2024 \\|website\\=TV Blackbox}}{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Field \\|first1\\=Emma \\|last2\\=Lawrence \\|first2\\=Sarah \\|date\\=1 July 2021 \\|title\\=Concerns for local content in regional TV shake\\-up for Victorian, Queensland viewers \\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021\\-07\\-01/regional\\-tv\\-changes\\-win\\-nine\\-southern\\-cross\\-austereo\\-vic\\-qld/100258412 \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[ABC News (Australia)\\|ABC News]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|publication\\-place\\=Bendigo}} This marked the end of locally produced news bulletins again for CTC after 5 years with no plans to continue local news bulletins under Network 10 affiliation. CTC returned to rip and read news updates on 1 July 2021, the same day that SCA began its new affiliation with Network 10\\. The news updates carry the 10 News First look and feel with the updates produced from the network's station in Hobart. Apart from updates CTC carries 10 News First from Sydney (state bulletins on weekdays, national bulletins on weekends), *[The Project](/wiki/The_Project_%28Australian_TV_program%29 \"The Project (Australian TV program)\")* and *The Sunday Project*. CTC also used to broadcast the mid morning program *[Studio 10](/wiki/Studio_10 \"Studio 10\")*, until it was axed in November 2023\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Cartwright \\|first\\=Lexie \\|date\\=14 November 2023 \\|title\\='Tough day': Studio 10 hosts announce the show's been axed \\|url\\=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/morning\\-shows/tough\\-day\\-studio\\-10\\-hosts\\-announce\\-the\\-shows\\-been\\-axed/news\\-story/beac80812c3a641fe5c475cb18a09a8d \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2024 \\|work\\=news.com.au \\|publisher\\=News Corp Australia \\|location\\=Sydney}}",
"In May 2021, SCA reached a content agreement with [Sky News Australia](/wiki/Sky_News_Australia \"Sky News Australia\"), under which it would distribute the new free\\-to\\-air [Sky News Regional](/wiki/Sky_News_Regional \"Sky News Regional\") beginning 1 August 2021, on SCA's 10 stations, including CTC. The service is a *de facto* replacement for the Sky News on WIN service that it previously distributed.{{Cite magazine \\|date\\=31 May 2021 \\|title\\=Sky News Australia and Southern Cross Austereo sign content agreement \\|url\\=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/sky\\-news\\-australia\\-and\\-southern\\-cross\\-austereo\\-sign\\-content\\-agreement/ \\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2022 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Mediaweek (Australia)\\|Mediaweek]] \\|language\\=en\\-AU}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Meade \\|first\\=Amanda \\|date\\=19 March 2021 \\|title\\=Sky News dumped in the regions as Win welcomes Nine \\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/mar/19/sky\\-news\\-dumped\\-in\\-the\\-regions\\-as\\-win\\-welcomes\\-nine \\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2022 \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|location\\=Sydney \\|language\\=en\\-AU}}{{Cite press release \\|title\\=Sky News and Southern Cross Austereo Sign Content Agreement \\|date\\=31 May 2021 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southern Cross Austereo]] \\|location\\=Melbourne \\|url\\=https://www.southerncrossaustereo.com.au/media/media\\-releases/sky\\-news\\-australia\\-and\\-southern\\-cross\\-austereo\\-sign\\-content\\-agreement/ \\|language\\=en\\-au \\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2023 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531114919/https://www.southerncrossaustereo.com.au/media/media\\-releases/sky\\-news\\-australia\\-and\\-southern\\-cross\\-austereo\\-sign\\-content\\-agreement/ \\|archive\\-date\\=31 May 2021}} With that agreement CTC has access to the Sky News Australia newsroom and remote studios based in the capital for production of news content broadcast on the Sky News network of channels around the country.",
"### Presenters",
"#### Current presenters",
"* Will Boddy (fill\\-in presenter for [10 News First](/wiki/10_News_First \"10 News First\") updates since July 2022\\)\n* Rebecca Gaitaneris (presenter for [10 News First](/wiki/10_News_First \"10 News First\") updates since March 2023\\){{Cite tweet \\|number\\=1636585145745682435 \\|user\\=rubycairns1 \\|title\\=Please welcome our latest 10 Local News reporter, @becgaitaneris 👏🏻 She's presenting your Central West news this evening from 7:30pm. As you can see, she's already fitting in with the team! @kaseywilkins\\_ @alex\\_sykes will still have all your local news for Tassie and Victoria ⭐️ \\|first\\=Ruby \\|last\\=Cairns \\|date\\=17 March 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2024}}",
"#### Former presenters",
"* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{flatlist\\|\\* Natassia Soper (news from 2020\\-2021\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Gavin Morris (weather from 2017\\-2021\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Vanessa O'Hanlon]] (news from 2017\\-2020\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Mike Lorigan (sport from 2017\\-2020\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Jared Coote (news updates from 2015{{Cite news \\|last\\=Hogan \\|first\\=Jill \\|date\\=30 October 2015 \\|title\\=The Canberra newsreader with his own fan club \\|url\\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6059168/the\\-canberra\\-newsreader\\-with\\-his\\-own\\-fan\\-club/ \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240525032321/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6059168/the\\-canberra\\-newsreader\\-with\\-his\\-own\\-fan\\-club/ \\|archive\\-date\\=25 May 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=Fairfax Media \\|location\\=Canberra \\|language\\=en\\-AU}} until 2016, then worked at \\[\\[Fox Sports News (Australia)\\|Fox Sports News]] from 2016 until 2019,{{Cite Instagram \\|postid\\=BxwHwlwgb9D \\|user\\=mingdog \\|title\\=Had a great few years at Fox Sports News but I'm now off to the ABC. Now to become friends with the slow and windy light rail 🤷🏻♂️ \\|first\\=Jared \\|last\\=Coote \\|date\\=22 May 2019}} now works at the \\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]])\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Amy La Porte\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Ali Drower (State Focus and news updates)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Greg Robson (sport from 1988 until 1993, then news from 1993 until 2001\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Penelope Heath\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Pepita Bulloch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Andrea Close{{Cite news \\|date\\=2 December 2001 \\|title\\=When the news team becomes the news \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=Rural Press \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=15 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1016009853}}}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Peter Champan (sport from 1993 until December 1998\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Virginia Nicholls (news from 1993 until 1995\\){{Cite news \\|date\\=11 October 1993 \\|title\\=Capital's news \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127510678 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=The Guide \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=6 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=68 \\|issue\\=21,363}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Mike Larkan]] (weather from 1988 until 1996\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Christine Kininmonth (news from 1988 until 1993\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Geoff Hiscock (news from 1988 until 1992\\){{cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Mark \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article126958793 \\|title\\=Hiscock signs off at Capital \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|volume\\=67 \\|issue\\=21,050 \\|location\\=Canberra \\|date\\=30 November 1992 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2024 \\|page\\=32 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Mal Grieve\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Frank Jones\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* David Brice\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Matthew Eggins (sport from December 1998 until November 2001\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Karen Barlin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Laurie Wilson (foreign editor from 1974 until 1981; news from 1981 until November 1983\\){{Cite news \\|date\\=21 November 1983 \\|title\\=Laurie Wilson quits Capital 7 news \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article116396665 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=23 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=58 \\|issue\\=17,585}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Janine Bennett (news from 1998 until 1999\\){{Cite news \\|last\\=Sibley \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=15 December 1999 \\|title\\=Ten newsroom in turmoil \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rural Press]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1012255233}}}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* John Bok (news from 1981 until January 1986\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Karen Milliner (news from 1985 to 1987\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* David Allen (news from 1986 to 1988\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Niree Creed (news from 1983 to 1989\\){{cite news \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article116396676 \\|title\\=Niree Creed expecting \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|volume\\=58 \\|issue\\=17,585 \\|location\\=Canberra \\|date\\=21 November 1983 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2024 \\|page\\=22 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Sonja Allitt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Rosemary Church]] (weather and news from 1989 until April 1990, now works at \\[\\[CNN International]]){{Cite news \\|last\\=Whitfield \\|first\\=Kathryn \\|date\\=24 April 1989 \\|title\\=SSS\\-FM loses Church to the weekend weather \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122256848 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=Airings \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=34 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=19,421}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=9 October 1989 \\|title\\=Eyes on the Prize \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122090936 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|department\\=The Guide \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=25 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=64 \\|issue\\=19,224}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Attard \\|first\\=Louise \\|date\\=9 December 1999 \\|title\\=Church Devoted To The Big Picture \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rural Press]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=3 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1012254943}}}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Amber Sherlock]] (News updates \\& ''State Focus'', now at \\[\\[Nine Entertainment]])\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Kathryn Robinson (journalist)\\|Kathryn Robinson]] (news updates and ''State Focus'', now at Australian Broadcasting Corporation)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Brett Mason (news updates, now part of \\[\\[Anthony Albanese]]'s media team)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Amanda Abate (news updates, now at the \\[\\[Seven Network]] for \\[\\[Seven News Gold Coast]]){{Cite news \\|last\\=Whiting \\|first\\=Melanie \\|last2\\=Smith \\|first2\\=Kaitlyn \\|date\\=2 September 2021 \\|title\\=7NEWS Gold Coast: Steve Titmus scores dream gig \\|url\\=https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/gold\\-coast/7news\\-gold\\-coast\\-amanda\\-abate\\-announced\\-as\\-new\\-leading\\-lady/news\\-story/be230d9d5f0154adfbb4ff3db90dedd2?amp\\&nk\\=651b4fa281f7c3b30b5f459cef0e64c7\\-1713843870 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240423034419/https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/gold\\-coast/7news\\-gold\\-coast\\-amanda\\-abate\\-announced\\-as\\-new\\-leading\\-lady/news\\-story/be230d9d5f0154adfbb4ff3db90dedd2 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 April 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=Gold Coast Bulletin \\|publisher\\=News Corp Australia \\|location\\=Gold Coast}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Fiona Nelson (news updates)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Stefanie Wacklawik\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Alexandra Bryant (news updates, still works for Southern Cross Austereo in radio)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Wilhelmina Lyffyt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Julie Snook (now at \\[\\[Nine Entertainment]]){{Cite news \\|last\\=Doherty \\|first\\=Megan \\|date\\=14 January 2017 \\|title\\=\\#putyourblazersonforjulie \\- former Canberra colleagues support Julie Snook in the White Top Debacle \\|url\\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6037571/putyourblazersonforjulie\\-former\\-canberra\\-colleagues\\-support\\-julie\\-snook\\-in\\-the\\-white\\-top\\-debacle/ \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2024 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|publisher\\=Fairfax Media \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=21 \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1858072185}}}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Sophie Jacobsen (presenter for \\[\\[10 News First]] news updates from July 2021 until January 2022\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Ruby Cairns (presenter for \\[\\[10 News First]] news updates from January 2022 until August 2023\\)}}",
"### Reporters",
"#### Former reporters",
"* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{flatlist\\|\\* Harry Frost\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Emma Larouche\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Rosana Kingsun\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Natassia Apolloni\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Rebecca Davis (sports reporter)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Kimberley Caines\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Richard Dudley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Craig Allen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Mark Corcoran\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Jeremy Flynn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Andrew Messenger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Anthony Robertson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Suzanne Mostyn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Donna Cole\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Jo Mazzochi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Stephen Taylor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Craig Norenbergs}}"
] |
Entertainment programs
----------------------
### An Evening With
{{Main article\|An Evening With (Australian TV series)}}
*[An Evening With](/wiki/An_Evening_With_%28Australian_TV_series%29 "An Evening With (Australian TV series)")* was a variety program which aired from 1966 to 1967\. Co\-produced by Jack Sluyters and David Brice, who was also the host, *An Evening With* was broadcast monthly featuring both Canberra\-based and interstate talent. The first episode went to air at 9\.30pm on Tuesday 23 August 1966 and was entitled *An Evening With Treblefolk*, a local trio formed by Brian Triglone who is still involved in folk music in Canberra today. [Little Pattie](/wiki/Little_Pattie "Little Pattie") appeared as the main performer in a 1967 episode.
### Breakfast At Seven
In May 1967 CTC commenced a two\-hour light entertainment, news and community information program. Presented by newsreader and announcer David Brice, the program aired on Saturday mornings at 7am and included music, film clips from entertainment shows, weather reports, sport, gardening, cartoons and previews of programs for the night's viewing.
### Tonight in Canberra
*[Tonight in Canberra](/wiki/Tonight_in_Canberra "Tonight in Canberra")* was a short\-lived series which aired in 1968 from April to August on Mondays at 10\.05 pm. The series presented a mix of interviews and variety acts. It was hosted by David Brice, who was assisted by Steve Liebmann. The content varied in entertainment quality with one episode featuring an interview with Christmas card designer Gordon Fraser and an interview with an inspector for the RSPCA while a different episode featured an interview with NSW Minister for Lands, Tom Lewis, and an interview with chairman of the ACT Advisory Council, Jim Pead.
While working for CTC, presenter David Brice optioned the rights of a book by Don and Elizabeth Coleman about a student protest against an Asian security conference to be held in Canberra. *[Demonstrator](/wiki/Demonstrator_%28film%29 "Demonstrator (film)")* commenced filming in September 1970\. The film was released the following year and achieved some success in Canberra but was a commercial and critical disappointment.
### Tonight with Frank Jones
*Tonight with Frank Jones* was a revival of the variety show format produced at CTC, airing on Saturday nights at 9\.30pm in the mid\-1970s.{{Cite news \|date\=29 May 1974 \|title\=Bob Dyer special \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article110780662 \|access\-date\=18 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=23 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=48 \|issue\=13,768}}
### Meeting in the Middle
*Meeting in the Middle* was an innovative early Sunday evening chat show hosted by Canberra teenagers that ran for 26 weeks from 17 June 1979\. Teenagers interviewed celebrities asking questions they devised themselves. The show was the brain child of Desmond Bishop, who ran the Canberra Children's Television Workshop at CTC and aimed 'to bridge the generation gap'.{{Cite news \|last\=Morris \|first\=John \|date\=17 June 1979 \|title\=Drama series on Navy Life \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article110952569 \|access\-date\=18 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=13 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=53 \|issue\=15,973}}
### Constable Kenny on Duty
In the 1980s *Constable Kenny on Duty* was essential viewing, appearing during the afternoon program *Children's Hour*. Alongside the ever grumpy Sergeant Bully, Kenny would teach Canberra boys and girls important life lessons, such as how to cross the road safely. The program also included trips to the local zoo and letters from viewers. Constable Kenny had previously appeared in a few programs including *Constable Kenny's Casebook*{{Cite news \|last\=Juddery \|first\=Mark \|date\=8 June 1992 \|title\=Capital Television 30 years on air \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article126927661 \|access\-date\=18 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=Federal Capital Press \|location\=Canberra \|page\=31 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=66 \|issue\=20,875}} and *Junior Police 7*.{{Cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Lisa \|date\=4 November 1985 \|title\=Children's television comes of age \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127534826 \|access\-date\=18 February 2024 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=25 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=60 \|issue\=18,297}}
### RPM
Motoring program *RPM*, which stood for road test, performance, maintenance, started a 13 week run on Wednesday 10 July 1985 following a pilot shot in February that year. In a testament to the stations ability to syndicate its production, the show was pre\-sold to 'every regional station in Australia, except NBN\-3'.{{Cite news \|last\=Ferrington \|first\=Andrew \|date\=18 March 1985 \|title\=An excursion into television \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122503938 \|access\-date\=19 June 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|location\=Canberra \|pages\=27 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=59 \|issue\=18,068}} Initially the program was to be hosted by *The Canberra Times* motoring editor Paul Gover, however by the time the show launched he had stepped aside due to 'other commitments' and motoring editor of *The Sunday Telegraph,* Will Hagon, was given the gig.{{Cite news \|date\=7 July 1985 \|title\=A Bird's Eye View \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article127206956 \|access\-date\=19 June 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|location\=Canberra \|pages\=12 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=59 \|issue\=18,178}} Network Ten would revive the [RPM](/wiki/RPM_%28TV_series%29 "RPM (TV series)") name 12 years later for an automotive and motorsports series.
### Rock Till Dawn
In 1985 CTC followed the trend of metropolitan stations and introduced a midnight till dawn music video program, *Rock Till Dawn*. The program premiered on Friday, 22 March 1985 and was presented by radio 2CA personality Ron Cooper. Initially running on Friday nights, the show had a 'backbone of rock 'n' roll', but included pop music and jazz.{{Cite news \|last\=Middleton \|first\=Karen \|date\=21 March 1985 \|title\=Six hours of music video clips and trivia \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122504543 \|access\-date\=19 June 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|location\=Canberra \|page\=17 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=59 \|issue\=18,071}} The program featured studio performances, interviews as well as standard music videos.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Tripp \|first\=Phil \|date\=9 November 1985 \|title\=Clips \|url\=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Music/Billboard\-Index/IDX/1985/1985\-11\-09\-Billboard\-Page\-0068\.pdf \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|magazine\=Billboard \|page\=A24 \|via\=World Radio History}} A clip of *Rock Till Dawn* can be seen today featuring the [Doug Anthony All Stars](/wiki/Doug_Anthony_All_Stars "Doug Anthony All Stars") in which host Cooper incorrectly refers to the studio location as Dickson,{{Cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=uHZVHCXsYkk \|title\=Doug Anthony All Stars \- first ever TV appearance (Canberra 1984\) \|date\=2 May 2009 \|type\=Television program \|language\=en\-AU \|publisher\=JetBuchanan \|access\-date\=15 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115035810/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=uHZVHCXsYkk \|archive\-date\=15 January 2013 \|url\-status\=live \|via\=\[\[YouTube]]}} when in fact he was further up Northbourne Avenue in Watson.
### Saturday Morning Live
Hosted by radio 2CC duo Donna Lynch and Cameron Humphries with Rowdy Rabbit, *Saturday Morning Live* ran for an hour at 8\.30am from 12 October 1985 to 21 December that year. Based on the popular *Hey Hey It's Saturday*, which at the time was a morning children's show, *Saturday Morning Live* featured good news stories of the week, some cartoon content and music.{{Cite news \|last\=Wallace \|first\=Lisa \|date\=30 September 1985 \|title\=Here is the good news \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article128258573 \|access\-date\=16 June 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|department\=Times TV \|location\=Canberra \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=60 \|issue\=18,262}} Rowdy Rabbit was the popular mascot of the South Canberra shopping centre, and program sponsor, Woden Shopping Square (now [Westfield Woden](/wiki/Westfield_Woden "Westfield Woden")) who had 3,000 fan club members in 1984\.{{Cite news \|date\=20 September 1984 \|title\=3,000 follow King of the Tiny Tots \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article136917287 \|access\-date\=16 June 2023 \|newspaper\=The Canberra Times \|location\=Canberra \|page\=6 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|volume\=59 \|issue\=17,889}}
### The Up\-Late Game Show
In 2005 the first regular, nationally broadcast TV program in 16 years was produced at CTC studios in Canberra. *[The Up\-Late Game Show](/wiki/The_Up-Late_Game_Show "The Up-Late Game Show")* was a 90\-minute late night interactive television quiz program shown across Network Ten, written and hosted by *[Big Brother](/wiki/Big_Brother_%28Australian_TV_series%29 "Big Brother (Australian TV series)")* contestant [Simon Deering](/wiki/Simon_Deering "Simon Deering"), commonly known by the nickname Hotdogs. The show's format had the host presenting simple puzzles which viewers could attempt to solve over the phone.{{Cite news \|date\=16 April 2006 \|title\=It's not that bad being Hotdogs \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[Rural Press]] \|location\=Canberra \|page\=2 \|language\=en\-AU \|id\={{ProQuest\|1018754329}}}} Successfully solving a puzzle would result in a cash prize for the contestant. The program had two series and went to air for the final time on Friday 15 December 2006\.
|
[
"Entertainment programs\n----------------------",
"### An Evening With",
"{{Main article\\|An Evening With (Australian TV series)}}\n*[An Evening With](/wiki/An_Evening_With_%28Australian_TV_series%29 \"An Evening With (Australian TV series)\")* was a variety program which aired from 1966 to 1967\\. Co\\-produced by Jack Sluyters and David Brice, who was also the host, *An Evening With* was broadcast monthly featuring both Canberra\\-based and interstate talent. The first episode went to air at 9\\.30pm on Tuesday 23 August 1966 and was entitled *An Evening With Treblefolk*, a local trio formed by Brian Triglone who is still involved in folk music in Canberra today. [Little Pattie](/wiki/Little_Pattie \"Little Pattie\") appeared as the main performer in a 1967 episode.",
"### Breakfast At Seven",
"In May 1967 CTC commenced a two\\-hour light entertainment, news and community information program. Presented by newsreader and announcer David Brice, the program aired on Saturday mornings at 7am and included music, film clips from entertainment shows, weather reports, sport, gardening, cartoons and previews of programs for the night's viewing.",
"### Tonight in Canberra",
"*[Tonight in Canberra](/wiki/Tonight_in_Canberra \"Tonight in Canberra\")* was a short\\-lived series which aired in 1968 from April to August on Mondays at 10\\.05 pm. The series presented a mix of interviews and variety acts. It was hosted by David Brice, who was assisted by Steve Liebmann. The content varied in entertainment quality with one episode featuring an interview with Christmas card designer Gordon Fraser and an interview with an inspector for the RSPCA while a different episode featured an interview with NSW Minister for Lands, Tom Lewis, and an interview with chairman of the ACT Advisory Council, Jim Pead.",
"While working for CTC, presenter David Brice optioned the rights of a book by Don and Elizabeth Coleman about a student protest against an Asian security conference to be held in Canberra. *[Demonstrator](/wiki/Demonstrator_%28film%29 \"Demonstrator (film)\")* commenced filming in September 1970\\. The film was released the following year and achieved some success in Canberra but was a commercial and critical disappointment.",
"### Tonight with Frank Jones",
"*Tonight with Frank Jones* was a revival of the variety show format produced at CTC, airing on Saturday nights at 9\\.30pm in the mid\\-1970s.{{Cite news \\|date\\=29 May 1974 \\|title\\=Bob Dyer special \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article110780662 \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=23 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=48 \\|issue\\=13,768}}",
"### Meeting in the Middle",
"*Meeting in the Middle* was an innovative early Sunday evening chat show hosted by Canberra teenagers that ran for 26 weeks from 17 June 1979\\. Teenagers interviewed celebrities asking questions they devised themselves. The show was the brain child of Desmond Bishop, who ran the Canberra Children's Television Workshop at CTC and aimed 'to bridge the generation gap'.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Morris \\|first\\=John \\|date\\=17 June 1979 \\|title\\=Drama series on Navy Life \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article110952569 \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=13 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=53 \\|issue\\=15,973}}",
"### Constable Kenny on Duty",
"In the 1980s *Constable Kenny on Duty* was essential viewing, appearing during the afternoon program *Children's Hour*. Alongside the ever grumpy Sergeant Bully, Kenny would teach Canberra boys and girls important life lessons, such as how to cross the road safely. The program also included trips to the local zoo and letters from viewers. Constable Kenny had previously appeared in a few programs including *Constable Kenny's Casebook*{{Cite news \\|last\\=Juddery \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=8 June 1992 \\|title\\=Capital Television 30 years on air \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article126927661 \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=Federal Capital Press \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=31 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=66 \\|issue\\=20,875}} and *Junior Police 7*.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Lisa \\|date\\=4 November 1985 \\|title\\=Children's television comes of age \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127534826 \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2024 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=25 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=60 \\|issue\\=18,297}}",
"### RPM",
"Motoring program *RPM*, which stood for road test, performance, maintenance, started a 13 week run on Wednesday 10 July 1985 following a pilot shot in February that year. In a testament to the stations ability to syndicate its production, the show was pre\\-sold to 'every regional station in Australia, except NBN\\-3'.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Ferrington \\|first\\=Andrew \\|date\\=18 March 1985 \\|title\\=An excursion into television \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122503938 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|location\\=Canberra \\|pages\\=27 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=59 \\|issue\\=18,068}} Initially the program was to be hosted by *The Canberra Times* motoring editor Paul Gover, however by the time the show launched he had stepped aside due to 'other commitments' and motoring editor of *The Sunday Telegraph,* Will Hagon, was given the gig.{{Cite news \\|date\\=7 July 1985 \\|title\\=A Bird's Eye View \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article127206956 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|location\\=Canberra \\|pages\\=12 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=59 \\|issue\\=18,178}} Network Ten would revive the [RPM](/wiki/RPM_%28TV_series%29 \"RPM (TV series)\") name 12 years later for an automotive and motorsports series.",
"### Rock Till Dawn",
"In 1985 CTC followed the trend of metropolitan stations and introduced a midnight till dawn music video program, *Rock Till Dawn*. The program premiered on Friday, 22 March 1985 and was presented by radio 2CA personality Ron Cooper. Initially running on Friday nights, the show had a 'backbone of rock 'n' roll', but included pop music and jazz.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Middleton \\|first\\=Karen \\|date\\=21 March 1985 \\|title\\=Six hours of music video clips and trivia \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122504543 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=17 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=59 \\|issue\\=18,071}} The program featured studio performances, interviews as well as standard music videos.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Tripp \\|first\\=Phil \\|date\\=9 November 1985 \\|title\\=Clips \\|url\\=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Music/Billboard\\-Index/IDX/1985/1985\\-11\\-09\\-Billboard\\-Page\\-0068\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|page\\=A24 \\|via\\=World Radio History}} A clip of *Rock Till Dawn* can be seen today featuring the [Doug Anthony All Stars](/wiki/Doug_Anthony_All_Stars \"Doug Anthony All Stars\") in which host Cooper incorrectly refers to the studio location as Dickson,{{Cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=uHZVHCXsYkk \\|title\\=Doug Anthony All Stars \\- first ever TV appearance (Canberra 1984\\) \\|date\\=2 May 2009 \\|type\\=Television program \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|publisher\\=JetBuchanan \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115035810/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=uHZVHCXsYkk \\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}} when in fact he was further up Northbourne Avenue in Watson.",
"### Saturday Morning Live",
"Hosted by radio 2CC duo Donna Lynch and Cameron Humphries with Rowdy Rabbit, *Saturday Morning Live* ran for an hour at 8\\.30am from 12 October 1985 to 21 December that year. Based on the popular *Hey Hey It's Saturday*, which at the time was a morning children's show, *Saturday Morning Live* featured good news stories of the week, some cartoon content and music.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wallace \\|first\\=Lisa \\|date\\=30 September 1985 \\|title\\=Here is the good news \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article128258573 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|department\\=Times TV \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=60 \\|issue\\=18,262}} Rowdy Rabbit was the popular mascot of the South Canberra shopping centre, and program sponsor, Woden Shopping Square (now [Westfield Woden](/wiki/Westfield_Woden \"Westfield Woden\")) who had 3,000 fan club members in 1984\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=20 September 1984 \\|title\\=3,000 follow King of the Tiny Tots \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article136917287 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2023 \\|newspaper\\=The Canberra Times \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=6 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|volume\\=59 \\|issue\\=17,889}}",
"### The Up\\-Late Game Show",
"In 2005 the first regular, nationally broadcast TV program in 16 years was produced at CTC studios in Canberra. *[The Up\\-Late Game Show](/wiki/The_Up-Late_Game_Show \"The Up-Late Game Show\")* was a 90\\-minute late night interactive television quiz program shown across Network Ten, written and hosted by *[Big Brother](/wiki/Big_Brother_%28Australian_TV_series%29 \"Big Brother (Australian TV series)\")* contestant [Simon Deering](/wiki/Simon_Deering \"Simon Deering\"), commonly known by the nickname Hotdogs. The show's format had the host presenting simple puzzles which viewers could attempt to solve over the phone.{{Cite news \\|date\\=16 April 2006 \\|title\\=It's not that bad being Hotdogs \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rural Press]] \\|location\\=Canberra \\|page\\=2 \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1018754329}}}} Successfully solving a puzzle would result in a cash prize for the contestant. The program had two series and went to air for the final time on Friday 15 December 2006\\.",
""
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.