text
stringlengths 791
228k
| parts
listlengths 6
567
|
|---|---|
History
-------
In order to better provide artillery support in the highly mobile desert warfare of the [North African Campaign](/wiki/North_African_Campaign "North African Campaign"), the British Army had quickly adapted the [Valentine tank](/wiki/Valentine_tank "Valentine tank") into a self\-propelled 25\-pounder gun: the [Bishop](/wiki/Bishop_%28artillery%29 "Bishop (artillery)"). Introduced in 1942, the Bishop proved to have many problems in service. In particular, limited space meant that the turret had little elevation, requiring crews to use natural slopes, embankments or mounds to get the full range out of the gun.
As a stop\-gap, the US\-built [M7 Priest](/wiki/M7_Priest "M7 Priest"), with a [M101 105 mm howitzer](/wiki/M101_howitzer "M101 howitzer"), mounted on a [M3 Lee](/wiki/M3_Lee "M3 Lee") chassis, was soon replacing the Bishop, reaching service in October 1942\.Chamberlain \& Ellis, p176 In March 1942, the UK ordered 2,500 for 1942 with another 3,000 for 1943\. The first M7s were rushed to Egypt for the [Second Battle of El Alamein](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein "Second Battle of El Alamein") where they played an important part.Chamberlain \& Ellis, p139 However, because the US 105 mm gun was not otherwise used by the British military, supplying ammunition to Priest crews was complicated and caused delays.
Simultaneously, two new self\-propelled 25\-pounder projects were being pursued by the British General Staff. Firstly, in the US, the 25\-pounder Howitzer Motor Carriage T51 – a Priest adapted to mount the 25\-pounder – was tested from July 1942\. Development was delayed by issues including the destruction of the gun mount on the prototype, during the first live\-firing trials.{{cite book \|last\=Livesey \|first\=Jack \|title\=Armoured Fighting Vehicles of World Wars I and II \|year\=2007 \|publisher\=Southwater \|isbn\= 978\-1\-84476\-370\-2\|pages\=106–107 }}
Secondly, because US resources were increasingly devoted to equipping and upgrading the existing weaponry of US forces, the UK government inquired whether the Canadian government could facilitate rapid development and manufacturing of a self\-propelled 25\-pdr. The Canadian Department of Munitions and Supply asked the Canadian Army Engineering Design Branch to build such a vehicle.
A prototype was quickly built on the chassis of a Canadian [Ram tank](/wiki/Ram_tank "Ram tank"), which was also based on the M3 chassis. The Ram had been sidelined by a decision that Canadian armoured units should standardize around the Sherman and variants using the same chassis. The prototype was completed on 23 June 1942\. Following trials in Canada, the Canadian government ordered 124 vehicles in three batches. The prototype was shipped to the United Kingdom in early 1943,AFV Profile "Ram and Sexton" where it underwent further trials. In May 1943, it was formally accepted for use by the British Army and given the name "Sexton" (after the [religious custodian](/wiki/Sexton_%28office%29 "Sexton (office)") and following in the tradition of the Bishop and the [Deacon](/wiki/Deacon_%28artillery%29 "Deacon (artillery)") self\-propelled guns).
[thumb\|left\|Sexton self\-propelled gun S287181 *Beau Brummel*.](/wiki/File:Sexton_SP_gun.jpg "Sexton SP gun.jpg")
A UK order for 300 Sextons was made in mid\-1943, albeit built on the hull of the [Grizzly tank](/wiki/Grizzly_I_cruiser "Grizzly I cruiser") (a Canadian\-built variant of the M4A1 Sherman). The Ram\-based SP gun became known as the Sexton Mark I, while the Grizzly\-based variant was the Sexton Mark II. UK orders for the Sexton II eventually totalled 2,026 vehicles.
The Sexton was generally regarded as a successful project, unlike the Ram (which never saw combat in its original form).{{cite book \| url\=http://www.cmp\-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh\-dhp/his/docs/AMG\_e.pdf \| title\=Arms, Men and Government: The War Policies of Canada, 1939 \- 1945 \| publisher\=The Queen's Printer by authority of the Minister of National Defence \| author\=Stacey, C. P. \| year\=1970 \| pages\=513–514}} Between 1943 and 1945, the [Montreal Locomotive Works](/wiki/Montreal_Locomotive_Works "Montreal Locomotive Works") manufactured 2,150 Sextons for the use of both Canadian and British forces. The vehicle entered service in September 1943\. In spite of its confused origins, the Sexton was a combination of proven parts and proved to be a successful design that remained in British service until 1956\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In order to better provide artillery support in the highly mobile desert warfare of the [North African Campaign](/wiki/North_African_Campaign \"North African Campaign\"), the British Army had quickly adapted the [Valentine tank](/wiki/Valentine_tank \"Valentine tank\") into a self\\-propelled 25\\-pounder gun: the [Bishop](/wiki/Bishop_%28artillery%29 \"Bishop (artillery)\"). Introduced in 1942, the Bishop proved to have many problems in service. In particular, limited space meant that the turret had little elevation, requiring crews to use natural slopes, embankments or mounds to get the full range out of the gun.",
"As a stop\\-gap, the US\\-built [M7 Priest](/wiki/M7_Priest \"M7 Priest\"), with a [M101 105 mm howitzer](/wiki/M101_howitzer \"M101 howitzer\"), mounted on a [M3 Lee](/wiki/M3_Lee \"M3 Lee\") chassis, was soon replacing the Bishop, reaching service in October 1942\\.Chamberlain \\& Ellis, p176 In March 1942, the UK ordered 2,500 for 1942 with another 3,000 for 1943\\. The first M7s were rushed to Egypt for the [Second Battle of El Alamein](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein \"Second Battle of El Alamein\") where they played an important part.Chamberlain \\& Ellis, p139 However, because the US 105 mm gun was not otherwise used by the British military, supplying ammunition to Priest crews was complicated and caused delays.",
"Simultaneously, two new self\\-propelled 25\\-pounder projects were being pursued by the British General Staff. Firstly, in the US, the 25\\-pounder Howitzer Motor Carriage T51 – a Priest adapted to mount the 25\\-pounder – was tested from July 1942\\. Development was delayed by issues including the destruction of the gun mount on the prototype, during the first live\\-firing trials.{{cite book \\|last\\=Livesey \\|first\\=Jack \\|title\\=Armoured Fighting Vehicles of World Wars I and II \\|year\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Southwater \\|isbn\\= 978\\-1\\-84476\\-370\\-2\\|pages\\=106–107 }}",
"Secondly, because US resources were increasingly devoted to equipping and upgrading the existing weaponry of US forces, the UK government inquired whether the Canadian government could facilitate rapid development and manufacturing of a self\\-propelled 25\\-pdr. The Canadian Department of Munitions and Supply asked the Canadian Army Engineering Design Branch to build such a vehicle.",
"A prototype was quickly built on the chassis of a Canadian [Ram tank](/wiki/Ram_tank \"Ram tank\"), which was also based on the M3 chassis. The Ram had been sidelined by a decision that Canadian armoured units should standardize around the Sherman and variants using the same chassis. The prototype was completed on 23 June 1942\\. Following trials in Canada, the Canadian government ordered 124 vehicles in three batches. The prototype was shipped to the United Kingdom in early 1943,AFV Profile \"Ram and Sexton\" where it underwent further trials. In May 1943, it was formally accepted for use by the British Army and given the name \"Sexton\" (after the [religious custodian](/wiki/Sexton_%28office%29 \"Sexton (office)\") and following in the tradition of the Bishop and the [Deacon](/wiki/Deacon_%28artillery%29 \"Deacon (artillery)\") self\\-propelled guns).",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Sexton self\\-propelled gun S287181 *Beau Brummel*.](/wiki/File:Sexton_SP_gun.jpg \"Sexton SP gun.jpg\")\nA UK order for 300 Sextons was made in mid\\-1943, albeit built on the hull of the [Grizzly tank](/wiki/Grizzly_I_cruiser \"Grizzly I cruiser\") (a Canadian\\-built variant of the M4A1 Sherman). The Ram\\-based SP gun became known as the Sexton Mark I, while the Grizzly\\-based variant was the Sexton Mark II. UK orders for the Sexton II eventually totalled 2,026 vehicles.",
"The Sexton was generally regarded as a successful project, unlike the Ram (which never saw combat in its original form).{{cite book \\| url\\=http://www.cmp\\-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh\\-dhp/his/docs/AMG\\_e.pdf \\| title\\=Arms, Men and Government: The War Policies of Canada, 1939 \\- 1945 \\| publisher\\=The Queen's Printer by authority of the Minister of National Defence \\| author\\=Stacey, C. P. \\| year\\=1970 \\| pages\\=513–514}} Between 1943 and 1945, the [Montreal Locomotive Works](/wiki/Montreal_Locomotive_Works \"Montreal Locomotive Works\") manufactured 2,150 Sextons for the use of both Canadian and British forces. The vehicle entered service in September 1943\\. In spite of its confused origins, the Sexton was a combination of proven parts and proved to be a successful design that remained in British service until 1956\\.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
This inter\-war commercial building is seven storeys in height with a basement and a caretakers office as an attic level. It is a stone faced building on a reinforced concrete structure. The scale and form of the building and the colour of its stonework complements nearby buildings on this side of Queen Street.
It has a bronze faced suspended [awning](/wiki/Awning "Awning") and bronze panels separating the windows of the end bays, from the second floor upwards. These end window bays project slightly from the rest of the building and have plain, flanking giant order [pilasters](/wiki/Pilasters "Pilasters"). The three central bays of windows are more closely spaced. At their second floor level they extend to the floor and have a projecting [balcony](/wiki/Balcony "Balcony") that is supported on [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 "Bracket (architecture)"). This has a wrought [iron railing](/wiki/Iron_railing "Iron railing") of a diamond shape pattern between [balusters](/wiki/Balusters "Balusters") of the same material.
The stone facing of the first floor level has banded [rustication](/wiki/Rustication_%28architecture%29 "Rustication (architecture)") and visually forms a [plinth](/wiki/Plinth "Plinth") to the upper levels. The windows of the three central bays are separated by decorative stone panels in the same pattern as the bronze panels of the outer bays. An elaborate [cornice](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice") appears at the top of the [facade](/wiki/Facade "Facade"). The raised sections of parapet above the end bays each have three small bronze acroteria.
Two flag poles are situated between these raised sections. The caretakers quarters are set back behind this at roof level. The visible portion of the north\-eastern elevation has some window openings, but its surface has been rendered and painted. The windows of the front facade are still the original pattern with crossed diagonal glazing bars in their upper portion with four vertical panes below. The shopfronts below the street awning are not original.
Internally the ground floor lobby and lifts have been refurbished. The original main stair remains but has been enclosed as a fire stair and now exits to the footpath. All floors now have suspended ceilings and partitioning. The original caretaker's quarters is now used as office space and opens to a small roof terrace behind the parapet.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"This inter\\-war commercial building is seven storeys in height with a basement and a caretakers office as an attic level. It is a stone faced building on a reinforced concrete structure. The scale and form of the building and the colour of its stonework complements nearby buildings on this side of Queen Street.",
"It has a bronze faced suspended [awning](/wiki/Awning \"Awning\") and bronze panels separating the windows of the end bays, from the second floor upwards. These end window bays project slightly from the rest of the building and have plain, flanking giant order [pilasters](/wiki/Pilasters \"Pilasters\"). The three central bays of windows are more closely spaced. At their second floor level they extend to the floor and have a projecting [balcony](/wiki/Balcony \"Balcony\") that is supported on [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 \"Bracket (architecture)\"). This has a wrought [iron railing](/wiki/Iron_railing \"Iron railing\") of a diamond shape pattern between [balusters](/wiki/Balusters \"Balusters\") of the same material.",
"The stone facing of the first floor level has banded [rustication](/wiki/Rustication_%28architecture%29 \"Rustication (architecture)\") and visually forms a [plinth](/wiki/Plinth \"Plinth\") to the upper levels. The windows of the three central bays are separated by decorative stone panels in the same pattern as the bronze panels of the outer bays. An elaborate [cornice](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\") appears at the top of the [facade](/wiki/Facade \"Facade\"). The raised sections of parapet above the end bays each have three small bronze acroteria.",
"Two flag poles are situated between these raised sections. The caretakers quarters are set back behind this at roof level. The visible portion of the north\\-eastern elevation has some window openings, but its surface has been rendered and painted. The windows of the front facade are still the original pattern with crossed diagonal glazing bars in their upper portion with four vertical panes below. The shopfronts below the street awning are not original.",
"Internally the ground floor lobby and lifts have been refurbished. The original main stair remains but has been enclosed as a fire stair and now exits to the footpath. All floors now have suspended ceilings and partitioning. The original caretaker's quarters is now used as office space and opens to a small roof terrace behind the parapet.",
""
] |
Murders
-------
Between 1970 and 1973, Corll is known to have killed a minimum of 28 victims. All of his victims were males aged 13 to 20, the majority of whom were in their mid\-teens. Most victims were abducted from Houston Heights, which was then a low\-income neighborhood northwest of [downtown Houston](/wiki/Downtown_Houston "Downtown Houston"). In most of these [abductions](/wiki/Kidnapping "Kidnapping"), he was assisted by one or both of his teenage accomplices: David Owen Brooks and [Elmer Wayne Henley](/wiki/Elmer_Wayne_Henley "Elmer Wayne Henley"). Several victims were friends of one or both of Corll's accomplices; others were individuals with whom Corll had himself become acquainted prior to their abduction and murder,{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=125}} and two other victims, Billy Baulch and Gregory Malley Winkle, were former employees of Corll Candy Company.{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|pp\=39;63}}
Corll's victims were usually lured into either one of the two vehicles he owned (a [Ford Econoline](/wiki/Ford_Econoline%23Second_generation_%281968%E2%80%931974%29 "Ford Econoline#Second generation (1968–1974)") van and a [Plymouth GTX](/wiki/Plymouth_GTX "Plymouth GTX")) or a 1969 [Chevrolet Corvette](/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_%28C3%29%231968%E2%80%931969 "Chevrolet Corvette (C3)#1968–1969"){{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=53}} he is known to have purchased for Brooks in early 1971\. The enticement was typically an offer of a party or a lift, and the victim would be driven to Corll's house.{{harvnb\|Cawthorne\|Tibballs\|1993\|p\=409}} At Corll's residence, the youths would be plied with alcohol or other drugs until they passed out, tricked into donning handcuffs,{{harvnb\|Hanna\|1975\|p\=175}} or simply grabbed by force.{{harvnb\|Hanna\|1975\|p\=30}} They were then stripped naked and tied to either Corll's bed or, usually, a plywood torture board which was regularly hung on a wall. Once manacled, the victims would be [sexually assaulted](/wiki/Sexual_assault "Sexual assault"), beaten, tortured and, sometimes after several days, killed by strangulation or shooting with a .22 caliber pistol. Their bodies were then tied in plastic sheeting{{cite news\|title\=Record 27 Bodies Found in Houston\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8mseAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5431,4345529\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=October 16, 2015\|work\=\[\[Daytona Beach Morning Journal]]\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=August 14, 1973}} and buried in one of four places: a rented boat shed in southwest Houston,{{cite news\|last\=Hanson\|first\=Christopher\|title\=Dean Corll and Elmer Wayne Henley: Houston's Most Notorious Serial Killers\|work\=\[\[KTRK\-TV]]\|url\=https://abc13\.com/elmer\-wayne\-henley\-dean\-corll\-serial\-killer\-pasadena\-texas\-murders/1218667/\|date\=August 7, 2020\|access\-date\=June 19, 2022}} a beach on the [Bolivar Peninsula](/wiki/Bolivar_Peninsula "Bolivar Peninsula"), a woodland near [Lake Sam Rayburn](/wiki/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir "Sam Rayburn Reservoir") (where Corll's family owned a lakeside log cabin), or a beach in [Jefferson County](/wiki/Jefferson_County%2C_Texas "Jefferson County, Texas").
In several instances, Corll forced his victims to either phone or write to their parents with explanations for their absences in an effort to allay the parents' fears for their sons' safety.{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=60}} He is also known to have retained [keepsakes](/wiki/Souvenir "Souvenir")—usually keys—from his victims.{{harvnb\|Gibson\|2023\|p\=396}}{{refn\|group\=n\|Henley would later state to investigators that one of Corll's motivations for retaining the keys of his victims had been to subsequently \[\[burglarize]] their homes. Although some of Corll's victims' homes were later burglarized,{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|pp\=73–74}} Henley was adamant he had never actually participated in these burglaries himself.}}
During the years in which he abducted and murdered his victims, Corll often changed addresses. However, until he moved to Pasadena in the spring of 1973, he always lived in or close to Houston Heights.{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=217}}
### First known murders
Corll killed his first known victim, an 18\-year\-old college freshman named Jeffrey Konen, on September 25, 1970\.{{harvnb\|Rosewood\|2015\|pp\=16–17}} Konen vanished while hitchhiking with another student from the [University of Texas](/wiki/University_of_Texas "University of Texas") to his parents' home in Houston.{{rp\|3661}} He was dropped off alone at the corner of [Westheimer Road](/wiki/Westheimer_Road "Westheimer Road") and South Voss Road near the [Uptown](/wiki/Uptown_Houston "Uptown Houston") area of Houston at approximately 6:15{{nbsp}}p.m.{{cite news\|title\=No Leads On Missing Houstonian\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50342137/jeffrey\-konen/\|access\-date\=July 29, 2021\|work\=\[\[The Austin American]]\|date\=October 6, 1970}}{{cite news\|title\=Missing\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49552625/jeffrey\-konen/\|access\-date\=December 3, 2022\|work\=\[\[The Austin American]]\|date\=September 30, 1970}} Corll likely offered Konen a lift to his home, which Konen evidently accepted. At the time of Konen's disappearance, Corll lived in the Harold Turboff apartments, where he had paid a deposit of a month's rent on September 21\.{{harvnb\|Gibson\|2023\|p\=148}}
Brooks led police to Konen's body on August 10, 1973\. The body was buried at [High Island](/wiki/High_Island%2C_Texas "High Island, Texas") Beach. Forensic scientists subsequently deduced that the youth had died of [asphyxiation](/wiki/Asphyxiation "Asphyxiation") caused by manual strangulation and a cloth gag that had been placed in his mouth.{{cite web \|url\=https://archive.org/stream/DeanCorllAutopsyReports/ML%2073\_3365\#mode/2up \|title\=Office of the Medical Examiner of Harris County: Case 73\-3365\| date\=August 14, 1973 \|page\=1\| access\-date\=September 24, 2020}} The nude body was found buried beneath a large boulder,{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=147}} covered with a layer of [lime](/wiki/Lime_%28material%29 "Lime (material)"), wrapped in plastic, and bound hand and foot with nylon cord, suggesting he had been violated.{{rp\|25}}
Shortly after Konen's murder, Brooks interrupted Corll in the act of sexually assaulting two teenage boys whom Corll had strapped to a [four\-poster bed](/wiki/Four-poster_bed "Four-poster bed").{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=124}}{{cite news\|title\=Accused man in Texas Slaying Ring is On Trial\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=799\&dat\=19750227\&id\=QpBPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=7104,2569152\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=May 9, 2018\|newspaper\=\[\[The Bryan Times]]\|agency\=\[\[United Press International]]\|date\=February 27, 1975}} Corll promised Brooks a car in return for his silence; Brooks accepted the offer and Corll later bought him a green Chevrolet Corvette. Corll later told Brooks that he had killed the two youths, and offered him $200 (the equivalent of approximately $1,630 {{as of\|2024\|lc\=y\|df\=US}}) for any boy he could lure to Corll's apartment.
On December 13, 1970, Brooks lured two 14\-year\-old [Spring Branch](/wiki/Spring_Branch%2C_Houston "Spring Branch, Houston") youths named James Glass and Danny Yates away from a religious rally held in Houston Heights to Corll's Yorktown apartment. Glass was an acquaintance of Brooks who, at Brooks' behest, had previously visited Corll's address. Both youths were tied to opposite sides of Corll's torture board and subsequently raped, strangled, and buried in a boat shed he had rented on November 17\.{{cite news\|last1\=Reinert\|first1\=Al\|title\=Grisly Digging Goes On; Toll at 25\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=6\-sjAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6670,4942729\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=October 16, 2015\|newspaper\=\[\[The Pittsburgh Press]]\|date\=August 13, 1973}} An electrical cord with [alligator clips](/wiki/Crocodile_clip "Crocodile clip") attached to each end was buried alongside Yates's body.{{cite web \|url\=https://archive.org/stream/DeanCorllAutopsyReports/ML%2073\_3339\#page/1/mode/2up \|title\=Office of the Medical Examiner of Harris County: Case 73\-3339\| date\=August 10, 1973 \|page\=9\| access\-date\=July 19, 2020}}
Six weeks after the double murder of Glass and Yates, on January 30, 1971, Brooks and Corll encountered two teenage brothers, Donald and Jerry Waldrop, walking toward their parents' home. The Waldrop brothers had been driven to a friend's home by their father with plans to discuss forming a bowling league and had begun walking home after learning their friend was not at home.{{cite news\|title\=Father of Victims Sees No 'Justice'\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1876\&dat\=19730814\&id\=VoQsAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5063,2668097\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=February 2, 2017\|newspaper\=\[\[Spartanburg Herald\-Journal]]\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=August 14, 1973}} Both boys were enticed into Corll's van and driven to an apartment Corll had rented on Mangum Road, where they were raped, strangled and subsequently buried in the boat shed.{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=161}}
Between March and May 1971, Corll abducted and killed three victims, all of whom lived in Houston Heights and all of whom were buried toward the rear of the boat shed.{{cite web \|url\=https://archive.org/download/DeanCorll\_PasadenaPD/1973\_J123450124\.jpg \|title\=Body Location and Position Chart \- Boat Stall 4500 Sliver Bell \|publisher\=Pasadena Police Department\| access\-date\=June 5, 2020}} In each of these abductions, Brooks is known to have been a participant. One of these three victims, 15\-year\-old Randell Harvey, was last seen by his family on the afternoon of March 9 cycling towards [Oak Forest](/wiki/Oak_Forest%2C_Houston "Oak Forest, Houston"), where he worked part\-time as a gas station attendant. Harvey was driven to Corll's Mangum Road apartment, where he was subsequently killed by a single gunshot to the head. The other two victims, 13\-year\-old David Hilligiest and 16\-year\-old Gregory Malley Winkle, were abducted and killed together on the afternoon of May 29; both were murdered at an apartment Corll rented on West 11th Street.{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=6}}{{harvnb\|Gibson\|2023\|p\=149}}
[right\|147px\|thumb\|Selma Winkle, pictured holding a reward poster she and the parents of David Hilligiest distributed following the disappearance of their sons](/wiki/File:Selma_Winkle_Reward_Poster_St_Joseph_Gazette_13_August_1973.jpg "Selma Winkle Reward Poster St Joseph Gazette 13 August 1973.jpg")
As had been the case with parents of other victims of Corll, both sets of parents launched a frantic search for their sons. One of the youths who voluntarily offered to distribute posters the parents had printed offering a monetary reward for information leading to the boys' whereabouts was 15\-year\-old Elmer Wayne Henley—a lifelong friend of Hilligiest. The youth pinned the reward posters around the Heights and attempted to reassure Hilligiest's parents that there might be an innocent explanation for the boys' absence.{{cite news\|title\=Father Recalls Vain Search for Son Feared to be Among 27 Slaying Victims in Houston \|date\=August 17, 1973 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/17/archives/father\-recalls\-vain\-search\-for\-son\-feared\-to\-be\-among\-27\-slaying.html \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|access\-date\=March 20, 2018}}
On August 17, 1971, Corll and Brooks encountered a 17\-year\-old acquaintance of Brooks named Ruben Watson Haney walking home from a movie theater in Houston. Brooks persuaded Haney to attend a party at an address Corll had moved to on San Felipe Street the previous month.{{harvnb\|Gurwell\|1974\|p\=78}} Haney agreed and was taken to Corll's home where he was subsequently strangled and buried in the boat shed.{{harvnb\|Keppel\|Birnes\|2003\|p\=10}}
In September 1971, Corll moved to an apartment on Columbia Street. This address was also located in the Heights. Brooks later stated he had assisted Corll in the abduction and murder of two youths during the time Corll resided at this address, including one youth who was killed "just before Wayne Henley came into the picture." In his confession, Brooks stated the youth killed immediately prior to Henley's involvement in the murders was abducted from the Heights and kept alive for approximately four days before his murder. The identities of both of these victims remain unknown.{{Cite web \|title\=thepolicenews.net \|url\=http://ww1\.thepolicenews.net/ \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=August 15, 2022 \|website\=www.thepolicenews.net \|archive\-date\=August 16, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816002955/http://ww1\.thepolicenews.net/ }}
### Participation of Elmer Wayne Henley
In the winter of 1971, Brooks encountered Wayne Henley; he later introduced him to Corll. Henley likely was lured to Corll's address as an intended victim. However, Corll evidently decided the youth would make a good accomplice and offered him the same fee of $200 for any boy he could lure to his apartment, informing Henley that he was involved in a "[white slavery](/wiki/Sexual_slavery "Sexual slavery") ring" operating from [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas").{{cite news\| url\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008\-06\-08\-1591312208\_x.htm \| work\=USA Today \| title\=Serial Killer Wrestles With His Crimes \| date\=June 8, 2008 \| access\-date\=May 1, 2010 \| first\=Monica \| last\=Rhor}}{{cite news\|last1\=Overton\|first1\=James L.\|title\=Horror Still Haunts Families\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1946\&dat\=19750317\&id\=\-QoyAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3181,125023\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=October 17, 2015\|work\=\[\[Montreal Gazette]]\|agency\=\[\[United Press International]]\|date\=March 17, 1975}}
Henley later stated that, for several months, he ignored Corll's offer, although he did maintain an acquaintance with Corll and gradually began to view him as something of a "brother\-type person" whose work ethic he admired and in whom he could confide.{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=144}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50709580/dean\-corll/\|work\=\[\[Abilene Reporter\-News]]\|title\=Henley: Corll 'Like Two People'\|date\=August 11, 1973\|access\-date\=March 19, 2022}} In early 1972, he decided to accept Corll's offer because he and his family were in dire financial circumstances. Henley said the first abduction he participated in occurred during the time Corll resided at 925 Schuler Street, an address he moved to on February 19\. (Brooks later claimed that Henley became involved in the abductions while Corll resided at the address he had occupied immediately prior to Schuler Street.) If Henley's statement is to be believed, the victim was abducted from the Heights in February or early March 1972\. In the statement Henley gave to police following his arrest, the youth stated he and Corll picked up "a boy" at the corner of 11th and Studewood,{{cite web\|url\=https://scholar.google.com/scholar\_case?case\=8083535093559731840\&hl\=en\&as\_sdt\=2\&as\_vis\=1\&oi\=scholarr/ \|title\=Elmer Wayne Henley, Appellant, v. State of Texas, Appellee \|access\-date\=December 4, 2013}} and lured him to Corll's home on the promise of smoking some [marijuana](/wiki/Marijuana "Marijuana") with the pair. At Corll's residence—using a ruse he and Corll had prepared—Henley cuffed his own hands behind his back, freed himself with a key hidden in his back pocket, then duped the youth into donning the handcuffs before observing Corll [bind](/wiki/Binding_%28knot%29 "Binding (knot)") and [gag](/wiki/Gag "Gag") him. Henley then left the youth alone with Corll, believing he was to be sold into the sexual slavery ring.{{cite news\|last1\=Montgomery\|first1\=Paul L.\|title\=Jurors Hear Officers Describe Finding 27 Bodies Near Houston\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/09/archives/jurors\-hear\-officers\-describe\-finding\-27\-bodies\-near\-houston.html\|access\-date\=October 16, 2015\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=July 9, 1974}} {{subscription required}} The identity of this first victim Henley assisted in the abduction of remains unknown.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.leagle.com/decision/19821594644sw2d95011448\|title\=Henley vs. State (09/16/82\) \|date\=September 16, 1982\|via\=leagle.com}}
One month later, on March 24, 1972,{{cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/DeanCorllAutopsyReports/ML%2073\_3409%20Aguirre\#page/6/mode/2up\|title\=Houston Police Department: Missing Person Report 73\-3409 \|date\=March 26, 1972\|via\=archive.org}} Henley, Brooks, and Corll encountered an 18\-year\-old acquaintance of Henley's named Frank Aguirre leaving a restaurant on Yale Street, where the youth worked.{{harvnb\|Rosewood\|2015\|pp\=33–34}} Henley called Aguirre over to Corll's van and invited the youth to drink beer and smoke marijuana with the trio at Corll's apartment. Aguirre agreed and followed the trio to Corll's home in his [Rambler](/wiki/Rambler_%28automobile%29%23Rambler_1958%E2%80%931969 "Rambler (automobile)#Rambler 1958–1969"). Inside Corll's house, Aguirre smoked marijuana with the trio before picking up a pair of handcuffs Corll had left on his table. In response, Corll pounced on Aguirre, pushed him onto the table, and cuffed his hands behind his back.{{cite web\|url\=http://tx.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19820916\_0041742\.TX.htm/qx\|title\=Elmer Wayne Henley vs. State of Texas (09/16/82\) \|date\=September 16, 1982\|via\=tx.findacase.com}}
Henley later claimed that he had not known of Corll's true intentions towards Aguirre when he had persuaded his friend to accompany him to Corll's home. In a 2010 interview, he claimed to have attempted to persuade Corll not to assault and kill Aguirre once Corll and Brooks had bound and gagged the youth. However, Corll refused, informing Henley that he had raped, tortured, and killed the previous victim he had assisted in abducting, and that he intended to do the same with Aguirre. Henley subsequently assisted Corll and Brooks in Aguirre's burial at High Island Beach.
Despite the revelations that Corll was, in reality, killing the boys he and Brooks had assisted in abducting, Henley nonetheless became an active participant in the abductions and murders. One month later, on April 20, he assisted Corll and Brooks in the abduction of another youth, 17\-year\-old Mark Scott.{{cite news\|last\=Barour\|first\=John\|title\=Parents Blaming Police\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51098710/dean\-corll/\|access\-date\=August 30, 2021\|work\=\[\[Kilgore News Herald]]\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=August 13, 1973}} Scott—who was well known to Corll, Henley and Brooks—was specifically chosen by Corll to be his next victim as, according to Henley, he had recently "cheated \[Corll] on a deal" relating to stolen property. He was grabbed by force and fought furiously against attempts by Corll to restrain him, even attempting to stab Corll with a knife. However, Scott saw Henley pointing a pistol toward him and according to Brooks, Scott "just gave up." Scott was tied to the torture board and suffered the same fate as Aguirre: rape, torture, strangulation, and burial at High Island Beach.{{refn\|group\=n\|Henley would later recount that as he strangled Scott, the teen had repeatedly made tapping gestures to his skull with the extended index finger and thumb of his right hand in the symbol of a gun as a plea to be shot as opposed to strangled.{{harvnb\|Rosewood\|2015\|p\=37}}}}
Brooks later stated Henley was "especially [sadistic](/wiki/Sexual_sadism_disorder "Sexual sadism disorder")" in his participation in the murders committed at Schuler Street and Henley later admitted to gradually becoming "fascinated" with "how much [stamina](/wiki/Endurance "Endurance") people have" when the recipient of the act of murder. Before Corll vacated the address on June 26, Henley assisted Corll and Brooks in the abduction and murder of two youths named Billy Baulch and Johnny Delome.{{harvnb\|Hanna\|1975\|p\=29}} In Brooks's confession, he stated that both youths were tied to Corll's bed and, after their torture and rape, Henley manually strangled Baulch, then shouted, "Hey, Johnny!" and shot Delome in the forehead, with the bullet exiting through the youth's ear. Delome then pleaded with Henley, "Wayne, please don't!" before he was strangled. Both youths were buried at High Island Beach.{{harvnb\|Keppel\|Birnes\|2003\|p\=9}}
During the time Corll resided at Schuler Street, the trio lured a 19\-year\-old named William Ridinger to the house. Ridinger was tied to the plywood board, tortured and abused by Corll. Brooks later claimed he persuaded Corll to allow Ridinger to be released, and the youth was allowed to leave the residence. On another occasion during the time Corll resided at Schuler Street, Henley knocked Brooks unconscious as he entered the house. Corll then tied Brooks to his bed and assaulted the youth repeatedly before releasing him.{{rp\|31}} Despite the assault, Brooks continued to assist Corll in the abductions of the victims.
After vacating the Schuler Street residence, Corll moved to an apartment at Westcott Towers, where, in the summer of 1972, he is known to have killed a further two victims. The first of these victims, 17\-year\-old Steven Sickman, was last seen leaving a party held in the Heights shortly before midnight on July 19\.{{cite news\|last1\=Glenn\|first1\=Mike\|title\=Quest Ends in Anguish for Sister of Killer Corll's Victim\|url\=http://www.chron.com/news/houston\-texas/article/Quest\-ends\-in\-anguish\-for\-sister\-of\-killer\-2081906\.php\|access\-date\=October 16, 2015\|work\=\[\[Houston Chronicle]]\|date\=August 31, 2015}} The youth was savagely bludgeoned about the chest with a blunt instrument before he was strangled and buried in the boat shed.{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=129}} Approximately one month later, on or about August 21, 19\-year\-old Roy Bunton was abducted while walking to his job as an assistant in a Houston shoe store.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/8781/?name\=roy\_bunton\&birth\=1952\-12\-31 \|title\=All Texas, Birth Index, 1903\-1997 results for Roy Bunton \|publisher\=Ancestry.com \|access\-date\=December 4, 2013 }} Bunton was gagged with a section of Turkish towel and his mouth bound with adhesive tape. He was shot twice in the head and buried in the boat shed.{{cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/DeanCorllAutopsyReports/ML%2073\_3333%20Bunton\#page/n17/mode/1up\|title\=Postmortem Examination of the Body of Roy Eugene Bunton \|date\=December 31, 2014\|via\=archive.org}} Neither youth was named by either Brooks or Henley as being a victim of Corll, and both youths were identified as victims only in 2011\.{{cite news\|title\=DNA Test Confirms Serial Killer Victim's Body Misidentified \|date\=November 30, 2011 \|url\=http://abc13\.com/archive/8450058/ \|publisher\=ABC 13 Eyewitness News \|access\-date\=March 20, 2018}}
On October 3, 1972, Henley and Brooks encountered two Heights teenagers, Wally Jay Simoneaux and Richard Hembree, walking to Hembree's home.{{rp\|3665}} Simoneaux and Hembree were enticed into Brooks's Corvette and driven to Corll's Westcott Towers apartment. That evening, Simoneaux is known to have phoned his mother's home and to have shouted the word "Mama" into the receiver{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=67}} before the connection was terminated. The following morning, Hembree was accidentally shot in the mouth by Henley,{{cite news\|title\=Police Identify 14th Victim\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36126572/dean\-corll/\|access\-date\=July 31, 2021\|newspaper\=The Bonham Daily Favorite\|date\=August 26, 1973}} with the bullet exiting through his neck. Several hours later, both youths were strangled to death and subsequently buried in a [common grave](/wiki/Common_grave "Common grave") inside the boat shed directly above the bodies of James Glass and Danny Yates. Sometime in November 1972, 18\-year\-old Willard Branch, an Oak Forest youth known to both Corll and Henley, disappeared while hitchhiking from [Mount Pleasant](/wiki/Mount_Pleasant%2C_Texas "Mount Pleasant, Texas") to Houston.{{cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/DeanCorllAutopsyReports/ML%2073\_3350\#page/13/mode/2up\|title\=Case 73\-3350: Investigator Cecil Wingo \|date\=July 3, 1985\|via\=archive.org}}{{refn\|group\=n\|Some accounts state Branch was abducted in February 1972\. However, the Office of the Medical Examiner of Harris County lists Branch's death as having occurred in November 1972\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1993\_1146085/the\-horror\-remains\-20\-years\-later\-memories\-of\-dean.html/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120723181807/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1993\_1146085/the\-horror\-remains\-20\-years\-later\-memories\-of\-dean.html/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=July 23, 2012 \|title\=The Horror Remains: 20 Years Later, Memories of Dean Corll Haunt Survivor \|via\=archive.is \|date\=August 8, 1993 \|access\-date\=February 3, 2017}}}} His gagged and [emasculated](/wiki/Emasculated "Emasculated") body was buried in the boat shed.{{cite news\|last\=Moore\|first\=Evan\|title\=The Horror Remains 20 Years Later, Memories of Dean Corll Haunt Survivor\|url\=https://share.crimedoor.com/articles/nJ3Y7pTWJvSMMU9zn8f9\|access\-date\=August 15, 2022\|work\=\[\[The Houston Chronicle]]\|date\=August 8, 1993}} On November 11, a 19\-year\-old Spring Branch youth named Richard Kepner disappeared on his way to a phone booth. Kepner was strangled and buried at High Island Beach. Altogether, at least ten teenagers between the ages of 13 and 19 were murdered between March and November 1972, five of whom were buried at High Island Beach, and five inside the boat shed.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.loislaw.com/ogpc/login.htp?WSRet\=12\&dockey\=3748536@TXCASE\&OLDURL\=/gpc/index.htp\&OLDREFURL\=http%3A/ \|title\=Loislaw Corll/Henley/Brooks Case Study \|publisher\=Loislaw.com \|access\-date\=December 4, 2013 \|archive\-date\=September 9, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909031138/http://www.loislaw.com/ogpc/login.htp?WSRet\=12\&dockey\=3748536@TXCASE\&OLDURL\=/gpc/index.htp\&OLDREFURL\=http%3A/ \|url\-status\=dead }}
On January 20, 1973, Corll moved to an address on Wirt Road in the Spring Branch district of Houston. Within two weeks of moving into this address, he had killed 17\-year\-old Joseph Lyles. Lyles was known to both Corll and Brooks. He had lived on Antoine Drive—the same street upon which Brooks resided in 1973\. On March 1, Corll vacated his Wirt Road apartment; he briefly resided in an apartment on South Post Oak Road before moving to 2020 Lamar Drive, an address his father had vacated in Pasadena.{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=137}}{{refn\|group\=n\|2020 Lamar Drive was demolished in February 2023\.{{cite news\|last\=Willey\|first\=Jessica\|title\=What's Next for the Property Where 'Candy Man' Dean Corll's House Once Stood?\|work\=\[\[KTRK\-TV]]\|url\=https://abc13\.com/candy\-man\-murders\-pasadena\-texas\-dean\-corll\-home\-demolition\-elmer\-wayne\-henley/12875230/\|date\=February 25, 2023\|access\-date\=February 27, 2023}}}}
### 2020 Lamar Drive
No known victims were killed between February 1 and June 4, 1973\. Corll is known to have suffered from a [hydrocele](/wiki/Hydrocele "Hydrocele") in early 1973, which may have contributed to this period of inactivity.{{cite book\|last\=Davis\|first\=Carol Anne\|author\-link\=Carol Anne Davis\|title\=Couples Who Kill\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=dvaYAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT67\|access\-date\=October 17, 2015\|date\=May 22, 2014\|publisher\=Allison \& Busby\|isbn\=978\-0\-7490\-1699\-9\|page\=67}} In addition, around the time of Lyles's murder, Henley spontaneously traveled to [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") with a long\-haul truck driver uncle before temporarily relocating to Mount Pleasant in an apparent effort to distance himself from Corll.{{refn\|group\=n\|Henley returned to live with his mother in April 1973\. He would later claim to have made this decision in response to a phone call from David Brooks likely made at Corll's behest in which Brooks stated he could not guarantee the safety of one of his younger brothers or the younger brother of David Hilligiest if he did not return home.{{harvnb\|Ramsland\|Ullman\|2024\|p\=97}}}} These facts may account for this sudden lull in killings.{{harvnb\|Ramsland\|Ullman\|2024\|pp\=95–97}}
[right\|thumb\|[Lake Sam Rayburn](/wiki/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir "Sam Rayburn Reservoir"). Four victims killed by Corll and his accomplices in 1973 were buried at this location.](/wiki/File:Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg "Sam Rayburn Reservoir.jpg")
Nonetheless, from June, Corll's rate of killings increased dramatically, and both Henley and Brooks later testified to the increase in the level of brutality of the murders committed while Corll resided at Lamar Drive. Henley later compared Corll's escalation to being "like a blood lust",{{cite news\|title\=The Candy Man: He Had a Little Store and a 'Lust for Blood'\|url\=https://tucson.newspapers.com/article/the\-miami\-herald\-1973\-aug\-19\-the\-miami\-h/46887631/\|access\-date\=April 5, 2024\|newspaper\=\[\[The Miami Herald]]\|date\=August 19, 1973}} adding that he and Brooks would instinctively know when Corll was to announce that he "needed to do a new boy," due to the fact that he would appear restless, smoking cigarettes and making reflex movements.
On June 4, Corll and Henley abducted 15\-year\-old William Ray Lawrence; the youth was last seen alive by his father on 31st Street.{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=73}} After three days of abuse and torture, Lawrence was strangled before being buried at Lake Sam Rayburn.{{refn\|group\=n\|In recollecting Lawrence's abuse and murder to \[\[Forensic psychology\|forensic psychologist]] \[\[Katherine Ramsland]], Henley would state: "That \[particular abduction and murder] was hard. I was trying to shoot myself up full of drugs while Dean had Billy tied up ... I recall thinking 'You don't even know what this drug will do to you,' and the answer was 'I don't care.' All the things people refer to as torture \[in this case], that was all Dean getting me to do this stuff: 'Try this; try that.'"{{harvnb\|Ramsland\|Ullman\|2024\|pp\=101\-102}}}} Less than two weeks later, 20\-year\-old Raymond Stanley Blackburn was abducted, strangled, and buried at Lake Sam Rayburn.
On July 6, 1973, Henley began attending classes at the Coaches Driving School in [Bellaire](/wiki/Bellaire%2C_Texas "Bellaire, Texas"),{{harvnb\|Gurwell\|1974\|p\=41}} where he became acquainted with 15\-year\-old Homer Luis Garcia.{{cite news\|title\=Victim, Suspect Linked\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=861\&dat\=19730830\&id\=wiNIAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6795,4800350\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=October 16, 2015\|work\=\[\[The Victoria Advocate]]\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=August 30, 1973}} The following day, Garcia telephoned his mother to say he was spending the night with a friend; he was shot and left to bleed to death in Corll's bathtub before he was buried at Lake Sam Rayburn.{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=140}}{{cite news\|title\=The Horror...\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=kf0LAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=7062,3453962\&dq/\|access\-date\=February 2, 2017\|work\=The Evening Independent\|date\=August 11, 1973}} Five days later, on July 12, 17\-year\-old John Sellars of [Orange County](/wiki/Orange%2C_Texas "Orange, Texas") was bound, shot to death and buried at High Island Beach.{{cite news\|title\=One Body Not Murder Victim?\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=jL8dAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3162,1473642\&hl\=en/\|access\-date\=February 2, 2017\|work\=\[\[The Daily News (Kentucky)\|Daily News]]\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=July 11, 1974}}
In July 1973, after Brooks married his pregnant fiancée, Henley temporarily became Corll's sole procurer of victims, assisting in the abduction and murder of three Heights youths between July 19 and 25\. Henley claimed these three abductions were the only three that occurred after his becoming an accomplice to Corll in which Brooks was not a participant.{{cite web\|url\=https://scholar.google.com/scholar\_case?case\=8083535093559731840\&hl\=en\&as\_sdt\=2\&as\_vis\=1\&oi\=scholarr/ \|title\=Henley Confession \|access\-date\=December 4, 2013}} One of these three victims, 15\-year\-old Michael Baulch, brother of previous victim Billy Baulch, was last seen by his family on July 19 on his way to get a haircut;{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=74}} he was strangled and buried at Lake Sam Rayburn. The other two victims, Charles Cobble and Marty Ray Jones, were abducted together on the afternoon of July 25\. Henley himself later buried both youths' bodies in the boat shed.{{harvnb\|Olsen\|1974\|p\=126}}
On August 3, 1973, Corll killed his last victim, a 13\-year\-old boy from [South Houston](/wiki/South_Houston%2C_Texas "South Houston, Texas") named James Stanton Dreymala. Dreymala was abducted by Corll while riding his bike in Pasadena and driven to Lamar Drive upon the pretense of collecting empty glass bottles to resell.{{harvnb\|Gurwell\|1974\|p\=48}}{{cite news\|title\=For Murder Victim's Parents, an Agonizing Ritual \|date\=December 5, 2014 \|url\=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston\-texas/houston/article/For\-murder\-victim\-s\-parents\-an\-agonizing\-ritual\-5938218\.php \|newspaper\=\[\[Houston Chronicle]] \|access\-date\=May 12, 2018}} At Corll's home, Dreymala was tied to Corll's torture board, raped, tortured, and strangled with a cord before being buried in the boat shed. Brooks later described Dreymala as a "small, blond boy" for whom he had bought a pizza and in whose company he had spent forty\-five minutes at Corll's home before the youth was attacked.
|
[
"Murders\n-------",
"Between 1970 and 1973, Corll is known to have killed a minimum of 28 victims. All of his victims were males aged 13 to 20, the majority of whom were in their mid\\-teens. Most victims were abducted from Houston Heights, which was then a low\\-income neighborhood northwest of [downtown Houston](/wiki/Downtown_Houston \"Downtown Houston\"). In most of these [abductions](/wiki/Kidnapping \"Kidnapping\"), he was assisted by one or both of his teenage accomplices: David Owen Brooks and [Elmer Wayne Henley](/wiki/Elmer_Wayne_Henley \"Elmer Wayne Henley\"). Several victims were friends of one or both of Corll's accomplices; others were individuals with whom Corll had himself become acquainted prior to their abduction and murder,{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=125}} and two other victims, Billy Baulch and Gregory Malley Winkle, were former employees of Corll Candy Company.{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|pp\\=39;63}}",
"Corll's victims were usually lured into either one of the two vehicles he owned (a [Ford Econoline](/wiki/Ford_Econoline%23Second_generation_%281968%E2%80%931974%29 \"Ford Econoline#Second generation (1968–1974)\") van and a [Plymouth GTX](/wiki/Plymouth_GTX \"Plymouth GTX\")) or a 1969 [Chevrolet Corvette](/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_%28C3%29%231968%E2%80%931969 \"Chevrolet Corvette (C3)#1968–1969\"){{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=53}} he is known to have purchased for Brooks in early 1971\\. The enticement was typically an offer of a party or a lift, and the victim would be driven to Corll's house.{{harvnb\\|Cawthorne\\|Tibballs\\|1993\\|p\\=409}} At Corll's residence, the youths would be plied with alcohol or other drugs until they passed out, tricked into donning handcuffs,{{harvnb\\|Hanna\\|1975\\|p\\=175}} or simply grabbed by force.{{harvnb\\|Hanna\\|1975\\|p\\=30}} They were then stripped naked and tied to either Corll's bed or, usually, a plywood torture board which was regularly hung on a wall. Once manacled, the victims would be [sexually assaulted](/wiki/Sexual_assault \"Sexual assault\"), beaten, tortured and, sometimes after several days, killed by strangulation or shooting with a .22 caliber pistol. Their bodies were then tied in plastic sheeting{{cite news\\|title\\=Record 27 Bodies Found in Houston\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8mseAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5431,4345529\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2015\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daytona Beach Morning Journal]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=August 14, 1973}} and buried in one of four places: a rented boat shed in southwest Houston,{{cite news\\|last\\=Hanson\\|first\\=Christopher\\|title\\=Dean Corll and Elmer Wayne Henley: Houston's Most Notorious Serial Killers\\|work\\=\\[\\[KTRK\\-TV]]\\|url\\=https://abc13\\.com/elmer\\-wayne\\-henley\\-dean\\-corll\\-serial\\-killer\\-pasadena\\-texas\\-murders/1218667/\\|date\\=August 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2022}} a beach on the [Bolivar Peninsula](/wiki/Bolivar_Peninsula \"Bolivar Peninsula\"), a woodland near [Lake Sam Rayburn](/wiki/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir \"Sam Rayburn Reservoir\") (where Corll's family owned a lakeside log cabin), or a beach in [Jefferson County](/wiki/Jefferson_County%2C_Texas \"Jefferson County, Texas\").",
"In several instances, Corll forced his victims to either phone or write to their parents with explanations for their absences in an effort to allay the parents' fears for their sons' safety.{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=60}} He is also known to have retained [keepsakes](/wiki/Souvenir \"Souvenir\")—usually keys—from his victims.{{harvnb\\|Gibson\\|2023\\|p\\=396}}{{refn\\|group\\=n\\|Henley would later state to investigators that one of Corll's motivations for retaining the keys of his victims had been to subsequently \\[\\[burglarize]] their homes. Although some of Corll's victims' homes were later burglarized,{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|pp\\=73–74}} Henley was adamant he had never actually participated in these burglaries himself.}}",
"During the years in which he abducted and murdered his victims, Corll often changed addresses. However, until he moved to Pasadena in the spring of 1973, he always lived in or close to Houston Heights.{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=217}}",
"### First known murders",
"Corll killed his first known victim, an 18\\-year\\-old college freshman named Jeffrey Konen, on September 25, 1970\\.{{harvnb\\|Rosewood\\|2015\\|pp\\=16–17}} Konen vanished while hitchhiking with another student from the [University of Texas](/wiki/University_of_Texas \"University of Texas\") to his parents' home in Houston.{{rp\\|3661}} He was dropped off alone at the corner of [Westheimer Road](/wiki/Westheimer_Road \"Westheimer Road\") and South Voss Road near the [Uptown](/wiki/Uptown_Houston \"Uptown Houston\") area of Houston at approximately 6:15{{nbsp}}p.m.{{cite news\\|title\\=No Leads On Missing Houstonian\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50342137/jeffrey\\-konen/\\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2021\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Austin American]]\\|date\\=October 6, 1970}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Missing\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49552625/jeffrey\\-konen/\\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2022\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Austin American]]\\|date\\=September 30, 1970}} Corll likely offered Konen a lift to his home, which Konen evidently accepted. At the time of Konen's disappearance, Corll lived in the Harold Turboff apartments, where he had paid a deposit of a month's rent on September 21\\.{{harvnb\\|Gibson\\|2023\\|p\\=148}}",
"Brooks led police to Konen's body on August 10, 1973\\. The body was buried at [High Island](/wiki/High_Island%2C_Texas \"High Island, Texas\") Beach. Forensic scientists subsequently deduced that the youth had died of [asphyxiation](/wiki/Asphyxiation \"Asphyxiation\") caused by manual strangulation and a cloth gag that had been placed in his mouth.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/DeanCorllAutopsyReports/ML%2073\\_3365\\#mode/2up \\|title\\=Office of the Medical Examiner of Harris County: Case 73\\-3365\\| date\\=August 14, 1973 \\|page\\=1\\| access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020}} The nude body was found buried beneath a large boulder,{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=147}} covered with a layer of [lime](/wiki/Lime_%28material%29 \"Lime (material)\"), wrapped in plastic, and bound hand and foot with nylon cord, suggesting he had been violated.{{rp\\|25}}",
"Shortly after Konen's murder, Brooks interrupted Corll in the act of sexually assaulting two teenage boys whom Corll had strapped to a [four\\-poster bed](/wiki/Four-poster_bed \"Four-poster bed\").{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=124}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Accused man in Texas Slaying Ring is On Trial\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=799\\&dat\\=19750227\\&id\\=QpBPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=7104,2569152\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2018\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Bryan Times]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[United Press International]]\\|date\\=February 27, 1975}} Corll promised Brooks a car in return for his silence; Brooks accepted the offer and Corll later bought him a green Chevrolet Corvette. Corll later told Brooks that he had killed the two youths, and offered him $200 (the equivalent of approximately $1,630 {{as of\\|2024\\|lc\\=y\\|df\\=US}}) for any boy he could lure to Corll's apartment.",
"On December 13, 1970, Brooks lured two 14\\-year\\-old [Spring Branch](/wiki/Spring_Branch%2C_Houston \"Spring Branch, Houston\") youths named James Glass and Danny Yates away from a religious rally held in Houston Heights to Corll's Yorktown apartment. Glass was an acquaintance of Brooks who, at Brooks' behest, had previously visited Corll's address. Both youths were tied to opposite sides of Corll's torture board and subsequently raped, strangled, and buried in a boat shed he had rented on November 17\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Reinert\\|first1\\=Al\\|title\\=Grisly Digging Goes On; Toll at 25\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=6\\-sjAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6670,4942729\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2015\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Pittsburgh Press]]\\|date\\=August 13, 1973}} An electrical cord with [alligator clips](/wiki/Crocodile_clip \"Crocodile clip\") attached to each end was buried alongside Yates's body.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/DeanCorllAutopsyReports/ML%2073\\_3339\\#page/1/mode/2up \\|title\\=Office of the Medical Examiner of Harris County: Case 73\\-3339\\| date\\=August 10, 1973 \\|page\\=9\\| access\\-date\\=July 19, 2020}}",
"Six weeks after the double murder of Glass and Yates, on January 30, 1971, Brooks and Corll encountered two teenage brothers, Donald and Jerry Waldrop, walking toward their parents' home. The Waldrop brothers had been driven to a friend's home by their father with plans to discuss forming a bowling league and had begun walking home after learning their friend was not at home.{{cite news\\|title\\=Father of Victims Sees No 'Justice'\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1876\\&dat\\=19730814\\&id\\=VoQsAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5063,2668097\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2017\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Spartanburg Herald\\-Journal]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=August 14, 1973}} Both boys were enticed into Corll's van and driven to an apartment Corll had rented on Mangum Road, where they were raped, strangled and subsequently buried in the boat shed.{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=161}}",
"Between March and May 1971, Corll abducted and killed three victims, all of whom lived in Houston Heights and all of whom were buried toward the rear of the boat shed.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://archive.org/download/DeanCorll\\_PasadenaPD/1973\\_J123450124\\.jpg \\|title\\=Body Location and Position Chart \\- Boat Stall 4500 Sliver Bell \\|publisher\\=Pasadena Police Department\\| access\\-date\\=June 5, 2020}} In each of these abductions, Brooks is known to have been a participant. One of these three victims, 15\\-year\\-old Randell Harvey, was last seen by his family on the afternoon of March 9 cycling towards [Oak Forest](/wiki/Oak_Forest%2C_Houston \"Oak Forest, Houston\"), where he worked part\\-time as a gas station attendant. Harvey was driven to Corll's Mangum Road apartment, where he was subsequently killed by a single gunshot to the head. The other two victims, 13\\-year\\-old David Hilligiest and 16\\-year\\-old Gregory Malley Winkle, were abducted and killed together on the afternoon of May 29; both were murdered at an apartment Corll rented on West 11th Street.{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=6}}{{harvnb\\|Gibson\\|2023\\|p\\=149}}\n[right\\|147px\\|thumb\\|Selma Winkle, pictured holding a reward poster she and the parents of David Hilligiest distributed following the disappearance of their sons](/wiki/File:Selma_Winkle_Reward_Poster_St_Joseph_Gazette_13_August_1973.jpg \"Selma Winkle Reward Poster St Joseph Gazette 13 August 1973.jpg\")\nAs had been the case with parents of other victims of Corll, both sets of parents launched a frantic search for their sons. One of the youths who voluntarily offered to distribute posters the parents had printed offering a monetary reward for information leading to the boys' whereabouts was 15\\-year\\-old Elmer Wayne Henley—a lifelong friend of Hilligiest. The youth pinned the reward posters around the Heights and attempted to reassure Hilligiest's parents that there might be an innocent explanation for the boys' absence.{{cite news\\|title\\=Father Recalls Vain Search for Son Feared to be Among 27 Slaying Victims in Houston \\|date\\=August 17, 1973 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/17/archives/father\\-recalls\\-vain\\-search\\-for\\-son\\-feared\\-to\\-be\\-among\\-27\\-slaying.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2018}}",
"On August 17, 1971, Corll and Brooks encountered a 17\\-year\\-old acquaintance of Brooks named Ruben Watson Haney walking home from a movie theater in Houston. Brooks persuaded Haney to attend a party at an address Corll had moved to on San Felipe Street the previous month.{{harvnb\\|Gurwell\\|1974\\|p\\=78}} Haney agreed and was taken to Corll's home where he was subsequently strangled and buried in the boat shed.{{harvnb\\|Keppel\\|Birnes\\|2003\\|p\\=10}}",
"In September 1971, Corll moved to an apartment on Columbia Street. This address was also located in the Heights. Brooks later stated he had assisted Corll in the abduction and murder of two youths during the time Corll resided at this address, including one youth who was killed \"just before Wayne Henley came into the picture.\" In his confession, Brooks stated the youth killed immediately prior to Henley's involvement in the murders was abducted from the Heights and kept alive for approximately four days before his murder. The identities of both of these victims remain unknown.{{Cite web \\|title\\=thepolicenews.net \\|url\\=http://ww1\\.thepolicenews.net/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=August 15, 2022 \\|website\\=www.thepolicenews.net \\|archive\\-date\\=August 16, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816002955/http://ww1\\.thepolicenews.net/ }}",
"### Participation of Elmer Wayne Henley",
"In the winter of 1971, Brooks encountered Wayne Henley; he later introduced him to Corll. Henley likely was lured to Corll's address as an intended victim. However, Corll evidently decided the youth would make a good accomplice and offered him the same fee of $200 for any boy he could lure to his apartment, informing Henley that he was involved in a \"[white slavery](/wiki/Sexual_slavery \"Sexual slavery\") ring\" operating from [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\").{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008\\-06\\-08\\-1591312208\\_x.htm \\| work\\=USA Today \\| title\\=Serial Killer Wrestles With His Crimes \\| date\\=June 8, 2008 \\| access\\-date\\=May 1, 2010 \\| first\\=Monica \\| last\\=Rhor}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Overton\\|first1\\=James L.\\|title\\=Horror Still Haunts Families\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1946\\&dat\\=19750317\\&id\\=\\-QoyAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3181,125023\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2015\\|work\\=\\[\\[Montreal Gazette]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[United Press International]]\\|date\\=March 17, 1975}}",
"Henley later stated that, for several months, he ignored Corll's offer, although he did maintain an acquaintance with Corll and gradually began to view him as something of a \"brother\\-type person\" whose work ethic he admired and in whom he could confide.{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=144}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50709580/dean\\-corll/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Abilene Reporter\\-News]]\\|title\\=Henley: Corll 'Like Two People'\\|date\\=August 11, 1973\\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2022}} In early 1972, he decided to accept Corll's offer because he and his family were in dire financial circumstances. Henley said the first abduction he participated in occurred during the time Corll resided at 925 Schuler Street, an address he moved to on February 19\\. (Brooks later claimed that Henley became involved in the abductions while Corll resided at the address he had occupied immediately prior to Schuler Street.) If Henley's statement is to be believed, the victim was abducted from the Heights in February or early March 1972\\. In the statement Henley gave to police following his arrest, the youth stated he and Corll picked up \"a boy\" at the corner of 11th and Studewood,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://scholar.google.com/scholar\\_case?case\\=8083535093559731840\\&hl\\=en\\&as\\_sdt\\=2\\&as\\_vis\\=1\\&oi\\=scholarr/ \\|title\\=Elmer Wayne Henley, Appellant, v. State of Texas, Appellee \\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2013}} and lured him to Corll's home on the promise of smoking some [marijuana](/wiki/Marijuana \"Marijuana\") with the pair. At Corll's residence—using a ruse he and Corll had prepared—Henley cuffed his own hands behind his back, freed himself with a key hidden in his back pocket, then duped the youth into donning the handcuffs before observing Corll [bind](/wiki/Binding_%28knot%29 \"Binding (knot)\") and [gag](/wiki/Gag \"Gag\") him. Henley then left the youth alone with Corll, believing he was to be sold into the sexual slavery ring.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Montgomery\\|first1\\=Paul L.\\|title\\=Jurors Hear Officers Describe Finding 27 Bodies Near Houston\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/09/archives/jurors\\-hear\\-officers\\-describe\\-finding\\-27\\-bodies\\-near\\-houston.html\\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2015\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=July 9, 1974}} {{subscription required}} The identity of this first victim Henley assisted in the abduction of remains unknown.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.leagle.com/decision/19821594644sw2d95011448\\|title\\=Henley vs. State (09/16/82\\) \\|date\\=September 16, 1982\\|via\\=leagle.com}}",
"One month later, on March 24, 1972,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/DeanCorllAutopsyReports/ML%2073\\_3409%20Aguirre\\#page/6/mode/2up\\|title\\=Houston Police Department: Missing Person Report 73\\-3409 \\|date\\=March 26, 1972\\|via\\=archive.org}} Henley, Brooks, and Corll encountered an 18\\-year\\-old acquaintance of Henley's named Frank Aguirre leaving a restaurant on Yale Street, where the youth worked.{{harvnb\\|Rosewood\\|2015\\|pp\\=33–34}} Henley called Aguirre over to Corll's van and invited the youth to drink beer and smoke marijuana with the trio at Corll's apartment. Aguirre agreed and followed the trio to Corll's home in his [Rambler](/wiki/Rambler_%28automobile%29%23Rambler_1958%E2%80%931969 \"Rambler (automobile)#Rambler 1958–1969\"). Inside Corll's house, Aguirre smoked marijuana with the trio before picking up a pair of handcuffs Corll had left on his table. In response, Corll pounced on Aguirre, pushed him onto the table, and cuffed his hands behind his back.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tx.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19820916\\_0041742\\.TX.htm/qx\\|title\\=Elmer Wayne Henley vs. State of Texas (09/16/82\\) \\|date\\=September 16, 1982\\|via\\=tx.findacase.com}}",
"Henley later claimed that he had not known of Corll's true intentions towards Aguirre when he had persuaded his friend to accompany him to Corll's home. In a 2010 interview, he claimed to have attempted to persuade Corll not to assault and kill Aguirre once Corll and Brooks had bound and gagged the youth. However, Corll refused, informing Henley that he had raped, tortured, and killed the previous victim he had assisted in abducting, and that he intended to do the same with Aguirre. Henley subsequently assisted Corll and Brooks in Aguirre's burial at High Island Beach.",
"Despite the revelations that Corll was, in reality, killing the boys he and Brooks had assisted in abducting, Henley nonetheless became an active participant in the abductions and murders. One month later, on April 20, he assisted Corll and Brooks in the abduction of another youth, 17\\-year\\-old Mark Scott.{{cite news\\|last\\=Barour\\|first\\=John\\|title\\=Parents Blaming Police\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51098710/dean\\-corll/\\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2021\\|work\\=\\[\\[Kilgore News Herald]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=August 13, 1973}} Scott—who was well known to Corll, Henley and Brooks—was specifically chosen by Corll to be his next victim as, according to Henley, he had recently \"cheated \\[Corll] on a deal\" relating to stolen property. He was grabbed by force and fought furiously against attempts by Corll to restrain him, even attempting to stab Corll with a knife. However, Scott saw Henley pointing a pistol toward him and according to Brooks, Scott \"just gave up.\" Scott was tied to the torture board and suffered the same fate as Aguirre: rape, torture, strangulation, and burial at High Island Beach.{{refn\\|group\\=n\\|Henley would later recount that as he strangled Scott, the teen had repeatedly made tapping gestures to his skull with the extended index finger and thumb of his right hand in the symbol of a gun as a plea to be shot as opposed to strangled.{{harvnb\\|Rosewood\\|2015\\|p\\=37}}}}",
"Brooks later stated Henley was \"especially [sadistic](/wiki/Sexual_sadism_disorder \"Sexual sadism disorder\")\" in his participation in the murders committed at Schuler Street and Henley later admitted to gradually becoming \"fascinated\" with \"how much [stamina](/wiki/Endurance \"Endurance\") people have\" when the recipient of the act of murder. Before Corll vacated the address on June 26, Henley assisted Corll and Brooks in the abduction and murder of two youths named Billy Baulch and Johnny Delome.{{harvnb\\|Hanna\\|1975\\|p\\=29}} In Brooks's confession, he stated that both youths were tied to Corll's bed and, after their torture and rape, Henley manually strangled Baulch, then shouted, \"Hey, Johnny!\" and shot Delome in the forehead, with the bullet exiting through the youth's ear. Delome then pleaded with Henley, \"Wayne, please don't!\" before he was strangled. Both youths were buried at High Island Beach.{{harvnb\\|Keppel\\|Birnes\\|2003\\|p\\=9}}",
"During the time Corll resided at Schuler Street, the trio lured a 19\\-year\\-old named William Ridinger to the house. Ridinger was tied to the plywood board, tortured and abused by Corll. Brooks later claimed he persuaded Corll to allow Ridinger to be released, and the youth was allowed to leave the residence. On another occasion during the time Corll resided at Schuler Street, Henley knocked Brooks unconscious as he entered the house. Corll then tied Brooks to his bed and assaulted the youth repeatedly before releasing him.{{rp\\|31}} Despite the assault, Brooks continued to assist Corll in the abductions of the victims.",
"After vacating the Schuler Street residence, Corll moved to an apartment at Westcott Towers, where, in the summer of 1972, he is known to have killed a further two victims. The first of these victims, 17\\-year\\-old Steven Sickman, was last seen leaving a party held in the Heights shortly before midnight on July 19\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Glenn\\|first1\\=Mike\\|title\\=Quest Ends in Anguish for Sister of Killer Corll's Victim\\|url\\=http://www.chron.com/news/houston\\-texas/article/Quest\\-ends\\-in\\-anguish\\-for\\-sister\\-of\\-killer\\-2081906\\.php\\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2015\\|work\\=\\[\\[Houston Chronicle]]\\|date\\=August 31, 2015}} The youth was savagely bludgeoned about the chest with a blunt instrument before he was strangled and buried in the boat shed.{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=129}} Approximately one month later, on or about August 21, 19\\-year\\-old Roy Bunton was abducted while walking to his job as an assistant in a Houston shoe store.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/8781/?name\\=roy\\_bunton\\&birth\\=1952\\-12\\-31 \\|title\\=All Texas, Birth Index, 1903\\-1997 results for Roy Bunton \\|publisher\\=Ancestry.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2013 }} Bunton was gagged with a section of Turkish towel and his mouth bound with adhesive tape. He was shot twice in the head and buried in the boat shed.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/DeanCorllAutopsyReports/ML%2073\\_3333%20Bunton\\#page/n17/mode/1up\\|title\\=Postmortem Examination of the Body of Roy Eugene Bunton \\|date\\=December 31, 2014\\|via\\=archive.org}} Neither youth was named by either Brooks or Henley as being a victim of Corll, and both youths were identified as victims only in 2011\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=DNA Test Confirms Serial Killer Victim's Body Misidentified \\|date\\=November 30, 2011 \\|url\\=http://abc13\\.com/archive/8450058/ \\|publisher\\=ABC 13 Eyewitness News \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2018}}",
"On October 3, 1972, Henley and Brooks encountered two Heights teenagers, Wally Jay Simoneaux and Richard Hembree, walking to Hembree's home.{{rp\\|3665}} Simoneaux and Hembree were enticed into Brooks's Corvette and driven to Corll's Westcott Towers apartment. That evening, Simoneaux is known to have phoned his mother's home and to have shouted the word \"Mama\" into the receiver{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=67}} before the connection was terminated. The following morning, Hembree was accidentally shot in the mouth by Henley,{{cite news\\|title\\=Police Identify 14th Victim\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36126572/dean\\-corll/\\|access\\-date\\=July 31, 2021\\|newspaper\\=The Bonham Daily Favorite\\|date\\=August 26, 1973}} with the bullet exiting through his neck. Several hours later, both youths were strangled to death and subsequently buried in a [common grave](/wiki/Common_grave \"Common grave\") inside the boat shed directly above the bodies of James Glass and Danny Yates. Sometime in November 1972, 18\\-year\\-old Willard Branch, an Oak Forest youth known to both Corll and Henley, disappeared while hitchhiking from [Mount Pleasant](/wiki/Mount_Pleasant%2C_Texas \"Mount Pleasant, Texas\") to Houston.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/DeanCorllAutopsyReports/ML%2073\\_3350\\#page/13/mode/2up\\|title\\=Case 73\\-3350: Investigator Cecil Wingo \\|date\\=July 3, 1985\\|via\\=archive.org}}{{refn\\|group\\=n\\|Some accounts state Branch was abducted in February 1972\\. However, the Office of the Medical Examiner of Harris County lists Branch's death as having occurred in November 1972\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1993\\_1146085/the\\-horror\\-remains\\-20\\-years\\-later\\-memories\\-of\\-dean.html/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120723181807/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1993\\_1146085/the\\-horror\\-remains\\-20\\-years\\-later\\-memories\\-of\\-dean.html/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=July 23, 2012 \\|title\\=The Horror Remains: 20 Years Later, Memories of Dean Corll Haunt Survivor \\|via\\=archive.is \\|date\\=August 8, 1993 \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2017}}}} His gagged and [emasculated](/wiki/Emasculated \"Emasculated\") body was buried in the boat shed.{{cite news\\|last\\=Moore\\|first\\=Evan\\|title\\=The Horror Remains 20 Years Later, Memories of Dean Corll Haunt Survivor\\|url\\=https://share.crimedoor.com/articles/nJ3Y7pTWJvSMMU9zn8f9\\|access\\-date\\=August 15, 2022\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Houston Chronicle]]\\|date\\=August 8, 1993}} On November 11, a 19\\-year\\-old Spring Branch youth named Richard Kepner disappeared on his way to a phone booth. Kepner was strangled and buried at High Island Beach. Altogether, at least ten teenagers between the ages of 13 and 19 were murdered between March and November 1972, five of whom were buried at High Island Beach, and five inside the boat shed.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.loislaw.com/ogpc/login.htp?WSRet\\=12\\&dockey\\=3748536@TXCASE\\&OLDURL\\=/gpc/index.htp\\&OLDREFURL\\=http%3A/ \\|title\\=Loislaw Corll/Henley/Brooks Case Study \\|publisher\\=Loislaw.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 9, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909031138/http://www.loislaw.com/ogpc/login.htp?WSRet\\=12\\&dockey\\=3748536@TXCASE\\&OLDURL\\=/gpc/index.htp\\&OLDREFURL\\=http%3A/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"On January 20, 1973, Corll moved to an address on Wirt Road in the Spring Branch district of Houston. Within two weeks of moving into this address, he had killed 17\\-year\\-old Joseph Lyles. Lyles was known to both Corll and Brooks. He had lived on Antoine Drive—the same street upon which Brooks resided in 1973\\. On March 1, Corll vacated his Wirt Road apartment; he briefly resided in an apartment on South Post Oak Road before moving to 2020 Lamar Drive, an address his father had vacated in Pasadena.{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=137}}{{refn\\|group\\=n\\|2020 Lamar Drive was demolished in February 2023\\.{{cite news\\|last\\=Willey\\|first\\=Jessica\\|title\\=What's Next for the Property Where 'Candy Man' Dean Corll's House Once Stood?\\|work\\=\\[\\[KTRK\\-TV]]\\|url\\=https://abc13\\.com/candy\\-man\\-murders\\-pasadena\\-texas\\-dean\\-corll\\-home\\-demolition\\-elmer\\-wayne\\-henley/12875230/\\|date\\=February 25, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=February 27, 2023}}}}",
"### 2020 Lamar Drive",
"No known victims were killed between February 1 and June 4, 1973\\. Corll is known to have suffered from a [hydrocele](/wiki/Hydrocele \"Hydrocele\") in early 1973, which may have contributed to this period of inactivity.{{cite book\\|last\\=Davis\\|first\\=Carol Anne\\|author\\-link\\=Carol Anne Davis\\|title\\=Couples Who Kill\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=dvaYAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT67\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2015\\|date\\=May 22, 2014\\|publisher\\=Allison \\& Busby\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7490\\-1699\\-9\\|page\\=67}} In addition, around the time of Lyles's murder, Henley spontaneously traveled to [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") with a long\\-haul truck driver uncle before temporarily relocating to Mount Pleasant in an apparent effort to distance himself from Corll.{{refn\\|group\\=n\\|Henley returned to live with his mother in April 1973\\. He would later claim to have made this decision in response to a phone call from David Brooks likely made at Corll's behest in which Brooks stated he could not guarantee the safety of one of his younger brothers or the younger brother of David Hilligiest if he did not return home.{{harvnb\\|Ramsland\\|Ullman\\|2024\\|p\\=97}}}} These facts may account for this sudden lull in killings.{{harvnb\\|Ramsland\\|Ullman\\|2024\\|pp\\=95–97}}\n[right\\|thumb\\|[Lake Sam Rayburn](/wiki/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir \"Sam Rayburn Reservoir\"). Four victims killed by Corll and his accomplices in 1973 were buried at this location.](/wiki/File:Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg \"Sam Rayburn Reservoir.jpg\")\nNonetheless, from June, Corll's rate of killings increased dramatically, and both Henley and Brooks later testified to the increase in the level of brutality of the murders committed while Corll resided at Lamar Drive. Henley later compared Corll's escalation to being \"like a blood lust\",{{cite news\\|title\\=The Candy Man: He Had a Little Store and a 'Lust for Blood'\\|url\\=https://tucson.newspapers.com/article/the\\-miami\\-herald\\-1973\\-aug\\-19\\-the\\-miami\\-h/46887631/\\|access\\-date\\=April 5, 2024\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Miami Herald]]\\|date\\=August 19, 1973}} adding that he and Brooks would instinctively know when Corll was to announce that he \"needed to do a new boy,\" due to the fact that he would appear restless, smoking cigarettes and making reflex movements.",
"On June 4, Corll and Henley abducted 15\\-year\\-old William Ray Lawrence; the youth was last seen alive by his father on 31st Street.{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=73}} After three days of abuse and torture, Lawrence was strangled before being buried at Lake Sam Rayburn.{{refn\\|group\\=n\\|In recollecting Lawrence's abuse and murder to \\[\\[Forensic psychology\\|forensic psychologist]] \\[\\[Katherine Ramsland]], Henley would state: \"That \\[particular abduction and murder] was hard. I was trying to shoot myself up full of drugs while Dean had Billy tied up ... I recall thinking 'You don't even know what this drug will do to you,' and the answer was 'I don't care.' All the things people refer to as torture \\[in this case], that was all Dean getting me to do this stuff: 'Try this; try that.'\"{{harvnb\\|Ramsland\\|Ullman\\|2024\\|pp\\=101\\-102}}}} Less than two weeks later, 20\\-year\\-old Raymond Stanley Blackburn was abducted, strangled, and buried at Lake Sam Rayburn.\nOn July 6, 1973, Henley began attending classes at the Coaches Driving School in [Bellaire](/wiki/Bellaire%2C_Texas \"Bellaire, Texas\"),{{harvnb\\|Gurwell\\|1974\\|p\\=41}} where he became acquainted with 15\\-year\\-old Homer Luis Garcia.{{cite news\\|title\\=Victim, Suspect Linked\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=861\\&dat\\=19730830\\&id\\=wiNIAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6795,4800350\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2015\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Victoria Advocate]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=August 30, 1973}} The following day, Garcia telephoned his mother to say he was spending the night with a friend; he was shot and left to bleed to death in Corll's bathtub before he was buried at Lake Sam Rayburn.{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=140}}{{cite news\\|title\\=The Horror...\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=kf0LAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=7062,3453962\\&dq/\\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2017\\|work\\=The Evening Independent\\|date\\=August 11, 1973}} Five days later, on July 12, 17\\-year\\-old John Sellars of [Orange County](/wiki/Orange%2C_Texas \"Orange, Texas\") was bound, shot to death and buried at High Island Beach.{{cite news\\|title\\=One Body Not Murder Victim?\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=jL8dAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3162,1473642\\&hl\\=en/\\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily News (Kentucky)\\|Daily News]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=July 11, 1974}}",
"In July 1973, after Brooks married his pregnant fiancée, Henley temporarily became Corll's sole procurer of victims, assisting in the abduction and murder of three Heights youths between July 19 and 25\\. Henley claimed these three abductions were the only three that occurred after his becoming an accomplice to Corll in which Brooks was not a participant.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://scholar.google.com/scholar\\_case?case\\=8083535093559731840\\&hl\\=en\\&as\\_sdt\\=2\\&as\\_vis\\=1\\&oi\\=scholarr/ \\|title\\=Henley Confession \\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2013}} One of these three victims, 15\\-year\\-old Michael Baulch, brother of previous victim Billy Baulch, was last seen by his family on July 19 on his way to get a haircut;{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=74}} he was strangled and buried at Lake Sam Rayburn. The other two victims, Charles Cobble and Marty Ray Jones, were abducted together on the afternoon of July 25\\. Henley himself later buried both youths' bodies in the boat shed.{{harvnb\\|Olsen\\|1974\\|p\\=126}}",
"On August 3, 1973, Corll killed his last victim, a 13\\-year\\-old boy from [South Houston](/wiki/South_Houston%2C_Texas \"South Houston, Texas\") named James Stanton Dreymala. Dreymala was abducted by Corll while riding his bike in Pasadena and driven to Lamar Drive upon the pretense of collecting empty glass bottles to resell.{{harvnb\\|Gurwell\\|1974\\|p\\=48}}{{cite news\\|title\\=For Murder Victim's Parents, an Agonizing Ritual \\|date\\=December 5, 2014 \\|url\\=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston\\-texas/houston/article/For\\-murder\\-victim\\-s\\-parents\\-an\\-agonizing\\-ritual\\-5938218\\.php \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Houston Chronicle]] \\|access\\-date\\=May 12, 2018}} At Corll's home, Dreymala was tied to Corll's torture board, raped, tortured, and strangled with a cord before being buried in the boat shed. Brooks later described Dreymala as a \"small, blond boy\" for whom he had bought a pizza and in whose company he had spent forty\\-five minutes at Corll's home before the youth was attacked.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
### Act I
Claude sits center stage as the "tribe" mingles with the audience. Tribe members Sheila, a [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University "New York University") student who is a determined [political activist](/wiki/Political_activist "Political activist"), and Berger, an irreverent free spirit, cut a lock of Claude's hair and burn it in a receptacle. After the tribe converges in slow\-motion toward the stage, through the audience, they begin their celebration as children of the Age of Aquarius ("Aquarius"). Berger removes his trousers to reveal a loincloth. Interacting with the audience, he introduces himself as a "psychedelic teddy bear" and reveals that he is "looking for my Donna" ("Donna").
The tribe recites a list of pharmaceuticals, legal and illegal ("Hashish"). Woof, a gentle soul, extols several sexual practices ("Sodomy") and says, "I grow things." He loves plants, his family and the audience, telling the audience, "We are all one." Hud, a militant African\-American, is carried in upside down on a pole. He declares himself "president of the United States of Love" ("Colored Spade"). In a fake English accent, Claude says that he is "the most beautiful beast in the forest" from "[Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"), England". A tribe member reminds him that he's really from [Flushing](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Queens "Flushing, Queens"), New York ("Manchester England"). Hud, Woof and Berger declare what color they are ("I'm Black"), while Claude says that he's "invisible". The tribe recites a list of things they lack ("Ain't Got No"). Four African\-American tribe members recite street signs in symbolic sequence ("Dead End").
Sheila is carried onstage ("I Believe in Love") and leads the tribe in a protest chant. Jeanie, an eccentric young woman, appears wearing a gas mask, satirizing pollution ("Air"). She is pregnant and in love with Claude. Although she wishes it was Claude's baby, she was "knocked up by some crazy speed freak". The tribe link together LBJ (President [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson")), FBI (the [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation")), CIA (the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency")) and [LSD](/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide "Lysergic acid diethylamide") ("Initials"). Six members of the tribe appear dressed as Claude's parents, berating him for his various transgressions – he does not have a job, and he collects "mountains of paper" clippings and notes. They say that they will not give him any more money, and "the army'll make a man out of you", presenting him with his draft notice. In defiance, Claude leads the tribe in celebrating their vitality ("I Got Life").
After handing out imaginary pills to the tribe members, saying the pills are for high\-profile people such as [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon"), [the Pope](/wiki/Paul_VI "Paul VI"), and "[Alabama Wallace](/wiki/George_Wallace "George Wallace")", Berger relates how he was expelled from high school. Three tribe members dress up as principals in Hitler mustaches and swastika arm bands, mocking the American education system. Berger and the tribe defy them, singing "Going Down". Claude returns from his [draft board](/wiki/Conscription "Conscription") physical, which he passed. He pretends to burn his Vietnam War draft card, which Berger reveals as a library card. Claude agonizes about what to do about being drafted.
Two tribe members dressed as tourists come down the aisle to ask the tribe why they have such [long hair](/wiki/Long_hair "Long hair"). In answer, Claude and Berger lead the tribe in explaining the significance of their locks ("Hair"). The woman states that kids should "be free, no guilt" and should "do whatever you want, just so long as you don't hurt anyone." She observes that long hair is natural, like the "elegant plumage" of male birds ("My Conviction"). She opens her coat to reveal that she's a man in [drag](/wiki/Drag_%28clothing%29 "Drag (clothing)"). As the couple leaves, the tribe calls her [Margaret Mead](/wiki/Margaret_Mead "Margaret Mead").
Sheila gives Berger a yellow shirt. He goofs around and ends up tearing it in two. Sheila voices her distress that Berger seems to care more about the "bleeding crowd" than about her ("[Easy to Be Hard](/wiki/Easy_to_Be_Hard "Easy to Be Hard")"). Jeanie summarizes everyone's romantic entanglements: "I'm hung up on Claude, Sheila's hung up on Berger, Berger is hung up everywhere. Claude is hung up on a cross over Sheila and Berger." Berger, Woof and another tribe member pay satiric tribute to the American flag as they fold it ("Don't Put it Down"). The tribe runs out to the audience, inviting them to a [Be\-In](/wiki/Be-In "Be-In"). After young and innocent Crissy describes "Frank Mills", a boy she's looking for, the tribe participates in the "Be\-In". The men of the tribe [burn their draft cards](/wiki/Draft-card_burning "Draft-card burning"). Claude puts his card in the fire, then changes his mind and pulls it out. He asks, "where is the something, where is the someone, that tells me why I live and die?" ("Where Do I Go"). The tribe emerges naked, intoning "beads, flowers, freedom, happiness."
### Act II
Four tribe members have the "Electric Blues". After a black\-out, the tribe enters worshiping in an attempt to summon Claude ("Oh Great God of Power"). Claude returns from the induction center, and tribe members act out an imagined conversation from Claude's draft interview, with Hud saying "the draft is white people sending black people to make war on the yellow people to defend the land they stole from the red people". Claude gives Woof a [Mick Jagger](/wiki/Mick_Jagger "Mick Jagger") poster, and Woof is excited about the gift, as he has said he's hung up on Jagger. Three white women of the tribe tell why they like "Black Boys" ("black boys are delicious ..."), and three black women of the tribe, dressed like [The Supremes](/wiki/The_Supremes "The Supremes"), explain why they like "White Boys" ("white boys are so pretty ...").
Berger gives a joint to Claude that is laced with a [hallucinogen](/wiki/Hallucinogen "Hallucinogen"). Claude starts to trip as the tribe acts out his visions ("Walking in Space"). He hallucinates that he is skydiving from a plane into the jungles of Vietnam. Berger appears as General [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington") and is told to retreat because of an Indian attack. The Indians shoot all of Washington's men. General [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant") appears and begins a roll call: [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln") (played by a black female tribe member), [John Wilkes Booth](/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth "John Wilkes Booth"), [Calvin Coolidge](/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge"), [Clark Gable](/wiki/Clark_Gable "Clark Gable"), [Scarlett O'Hara](/wiki/Scarlett_O%27Hara "Scarlett O'Hara"), [Aretha Franklin](/wiki/Aretha_Franklin "Aretha Franklin"), Colonel [George Custer](/wiki/George_Custer "George Custer"). Claude Bukowski is called in the roll call, but Clark Gable says "he couldn't make it". They all dance a [minuet](/wiki/Minuet "Minuet") until three African [witch doctors](/wiki/Witch_doctor "Witch doctor") kill them – all except for Abraham Lincoln who says, "I'm one of you". Lincoln, after the three Africans sing his praises, recites an alternate version of the Gettysburg Address ("Abie Baby"). Booth shoots Lincoln, but Lincoln says to him, "Shit! I'm not dyin' for no white man".
As the visions continue, four [Buddhist monks](/wiki/Buddhist_monk "Buddhist monk") enter. One monk pours a can of gasoline over another monk, who is set afire (reminiscent of the [self\-immolation](/wiki/Self-immolation "Self-immolation") of [Thích Quảng Đức](/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c "Thích Quảng Đức")) and runs off screaming. Three Catholic nuns strangle the three remaining Buddhist monks. Three astronauts shoot the nuns with [ray guns](/wiki/Ray_gun "Ray gun"). Three Chinese people stab the astronauts with knives. Three Native Americans kill the Chinese with bows and tomahawks. Three [green berets](/wiki/Special_Forces_%28United_States_Army%29 "Special Forces (United States Army)") kill the Native Americans with machine guns and then kill each other. A Sergeant and two parents appear holding up a suit on a hanger. The parents talk to the suit as if it is their son and they are very proud of him. The bodies rise and play like children. The play escalates to violence until they are all dead again. They rise again and comment about the casualties in Vietnam: "It's a dirty little war" ("[Three\-Five\-Zero\-Zero](/wiki/Three-Five-Zero-Zero "Three-Five-Zero-Zero")"). At the end of the trip sequence, two tribe members sing, over the dead bodies, a [Shakespeare](/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare") [speech about the nobility of Man](/wiki/What_a_piece_of_work_is_man "What a piece of work is man") ("What A Piece of Work Is Man"), set to music.
After the trip, Claude says "I can't take this moment to moment living on the streets. ... I know what I want to be ... invisible". As they "look at the Moon," Sheila and the others enjoy a light moment ("[Good Morning Starshine](/wiki/Good_Morning_Starshine "Good Morning Starshine")"). The tribe pays tribute to an old mattress ("The Bed"). Claude is left alone with his doubts. He leaves as the tribe enters wrapped in blankets in the midst of a snow storm. They start a protest chant and then wonder where Claude has gone. Berger calls out "Claude! Claude!" Claude enters dressed in a military uniform, his hair short, but they do not see him because he is an invisible spirit. Claude says, "like it or not, they got me."
Claude and everyone sing "Flesh Failures". The tribe moves in front of Claude as Sheila and Dionne take up the lyric. The whole tribe launches into "Let the Sun Shine In", and as they exit, they reveal Claude lying down center stage on a black cloth. During the curtain call, the tribe reprises "Let the Sun Shine In" and brings audience members up on stage to dance.
(Note: *This plot summary is based on the original Broadway script. The script has varied in subsequent productions.*)
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"### Act I",
"Claude sits center stage as the \"tribe\" mingles with the audience. Tribe members Sheila, a [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University \"New York University\") student who is a determined [political activist](/wiki/Political_activist \"Political activist\"), and Berger, an irreverent free spirit, cut a lock of Claude's hair and burn it in a receptacle. After the tribe converges in slow\\-motion toward the stage, through the audience, they begin their celebration as children of the Age of Aquarius (\"Aquarius\"). Berger removes his trousers to reveal a loincloth. Interacting with the audience, he introduces himself as a \"psychedelic teddy bear\" and reveals that he is \"looking for my Donna\" (\"Donna\").",
"The tribe recites a list of pharmaceuticals, legal and illegal (\"Hashish\"). Woof, a gentle soul, extols several sexual practices (\"Sodomy\") and says, \"I grow things.\" He loves plants, his family and the audience, telling the audience, \"We are all one.\" Hud, a militant African\\-American, is carried in upside down on a pole. He declares himself \"president of the United States of Love\" (\"Colored Spade\"). In a fake English accent, Claude says that he is \"the most beautiful beast in the forest\" from \"[Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"), England\". A tribe member reminds him that he's really from [Flushing](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Queens \"Flushing, Queens\"), New York (\"Manchester England\"). Hud, Woof and Berger declare what color they are (\"I'm Black\"), while Claude says that he's \"invisible\". The tribe recites a list of things they lack (\"Ain't Got No\"). Four African\\-American tribe members recite street signs in symbolic sequence (\"Dead End\").",
"Sheila is carried onstage (\"I Believe in Love\") and leads the tribe in a protest chant. Jeanie, an eccentric young woman, appears wearing a gas mask, satirizing pollution (\"Air\"). She is pregnant and in love with Claude. Although she wishes it was Claude's baby, she was \"knocked up by some crazy speed freak\". The tribe link together LBJ (President [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\")), FBI (the [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\")), CIA (the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\")) and [LSD](/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide \"Lysergic acid diethylamide\") (\"Initials\"). Six members of the tribe appear dressed as Claude's parents, berating him for his various transgressions – he does not have a job, and he collects \"mountains of paper\" clippings and notes. They say that they will not give him any more money, and \"the army'll make a man out of you\", presenting him with his draft notice. In defiance, Claude leads the tribe in celebrating their vitality (\"I Got Life\").",
"After handing out imaginary pills to the tribe members, saying the pills are for high\\-profile people such as [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\"), [the Pope](/wiki/Paul_VI \"Paul VI\"), and \"[Alabama Wallace](/wiki/George_Wallace \"George Wallace\")\", Berger relates how he was expelled from high school. Three tribe members dress up as principals in Hitler mustaches and swastika arm bands, mocking the American education system. Berger and the tribe defy them, singing \"Going Down\". Claude returns from his [draft board](/wiki/Conscription \"Conscription\") physical, which he passed. He pretends to burn his Vietnam War draft card, which Berger reveals as a library card. Claude agonizes about what to do about being drafted.",
"Two tribe members dressed as tourists come down the aisle to ask the tribe why they have such [long hair](/wiki/Long_hair \"Long hair\"). In answer, Claude and Berger lead the tribe in explaining the significance of their locks (\"Hair\"). The woman states that kids should \"be free, no guilt\" and should \"do whatever you want, just so long as you don't hurt anyone.\" She observes that long hair is natural, like the \"elegant plumage\" of male birds (\"My Conviction\"). She opens her coat to reveal that she's a man in [drag](/wiki/Drag_%28clothing%29 \"Drag (clothing)\"). As the couple leaves, the tribe calls her [Margaret Mead](/wiki/Margaret_Mead \"Margaret Mead\").",
"Sheila gives Berger a yellow shirt. He goofs around and ends up tearing it in two. Sheila voices her distress that Berger seems to care more about the \"bleeding crowd\" than about her (\"[Easy to Be Hard](/wiki/Easy_to_Be_Hard \"Easy to Be Hard\")\"). Jeanie summarizes everyone's romantic entanglements: \"I'm hung up on Claude, Sheila's hung up on Berger, Berger is hung up everywhere. Claude is hung up on a cross over Sheila and Berger.\" Berger, Woof and another tribe member pay satiric tribute to the American flag as they fold it (\"Don't Put it Down\"). The tribe runs out to the audience, inviting them to a [Be\\-In](/wiki/Be-In \"Be-In\"). After young and innocent Crissy describes \"Frank Mills\", a boy she's looking for, the tribe participates in the \"Be\\-In\". The men of the tribe [burn their draft cards](/wiki/Draft-card_burning \"Draft-card burning\"). Claude puts his card in the fire, then changes his mind and pulls it out. He asks, \"where is the something, where is the someone, that tells me why I live and die?\" (\"Where Do I Go\"). The tribe emerges naked, intoning \"beads, flowers, freedom, happiness.\"",
"### Act II",
"Four tribe members have the \"Electric Blues\". After a black\\-out, the tribe enters worshiping in an attempt to summon Claude (\"Oh Great God of Power\"). Claude returns from the induction center, and tribe members act out an imagined conversation from Claude's draft interview, with Hud saying \"the draft is white people sending black people to make war on the yellow people to defend the land they stole from the red people\". Claude gives Woof a [Mick Jagger](/wiki/Mick_Jagger \"Mick Jagger\") poster, and Woof is excited about the gift, as he has said he's hung up on Jagger. Three white women of the tribe tell why they like \"Black Boys\" (\"black boys are delicious ...\"), and three black women of the tribe, dressed like [The Supremes](/wiki/The_Supremes \"The Supremes\"), explain why they like \"White Boys\" (\"white boys are so pretty ...\").",
"Berger gives a joint to Claude that is laced with a [hallucinogen](/wiki/Hallucinogen \"Hallucinogen\"). Claude starts to trip as the tribe acts out his visions (\"Walking in Space\"). He hallucinates that he is skydiving from a plane into the jungles of Vietnam. Berger appears as General [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington \"George Washington\") and is told to retreat because of an Indian attack. The Indians shoot all of Washington's men. General [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant \"Ulysses S. Grant\") appears and begins a roll call: [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\") (played by a black female tribe member), [John Wilkes Booth](/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth \"John Wilkes Booth\"), [Calvin Coolidge](/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge \"Calvin Coolidge\"), [Clark Gable](/wiki/Clark_Gable \"Clark Gable\"), [Scarlett O'Hara](/wiki/Scarlett_O%27Hara \"Scarlett O'Hara\"), [Aretha Franklin](/wiki/Aretha_Franklin \"Aretha Franklin\"), Colonel [George Custer](/wiki/George_Custer \"George Custer\"). Claude Bukowski is called in the roll call, but Clark Gable says \"he couldn't make it\". They all dance a [minuet](/wiki/Minuet \"Minuet\") until three African [witch doctors](/wiki/Witch_doctor \"Witch doctor\") kill them – all except for Abraham Lincoln who says, \"I'm one of you\". Lincoln, after the three Africans sing his praises, recites an alternate version of the Gettysburg Address (\"Abie Baby\"). Booth shoots Lincoln, but Lincoln says to him, \"Shit! I'm not dyin' for no white man\".",
"As the visions continue, four [Buddhist monks](/wiki/Buddhist_monk \"Buddhist monk\") enter. One monk pours a can of gasoline over another monk, who is set afire (reminiscent of the [self\\-immolation](/wiki/Self-immolation \"Self-immolation\") of [Thích Quảng Đức](/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c \"Thích Quảng Đức\")) and runs off screaming. Three Catholic nuns strangle the three remaining Buddhist monks. Three astronauts shoot the nuns with [ray guns](/wiki/Ray_gun \"Ray gun\"). Three Chinese people stab the astronauts with knives. Three Native Americans kill the Chinese with bows and tomahawks. Three [green berets](/wiki/Special_Forces_%28United_States_Army%29 \"Special Forces (United States Army)\") kill the Native Americans with machine guns and then kill each other. A Sergeant and two parents appear holding up a suit on a hanger. The parents talk to the suit as if it is their son and they are very proud of him. The bodies rise and play like children. The play escalates to violence until they are all dead again. They rise again and comment about the casualties in Vietnam: \"It's a dirty little war\" (\"[Three\\-Five\\-Zero\\-Zero](/wiki/Three-Five-Zero-Zero \"Three-Five-Zero-Zero\")\"). At the end of the trip sequence, two tribe members sing, over the dead bodies, a [Shakespeare](/wiki/William_Shakespeare \"William Shakespeare\") [speech about the nobility of Man](/wiki/What_a_piece_of_work_is_man \"What a piece of work is man\") (\"What A Piece of Work Is Man\"), set to music.",
"After the trip, Claude says \"I can't take this moment to moment living on the streets. ... I know what I want to be ... invisible\". As they \"look at the Moon,\" Sheila and the others enjoy a light moment (\"[Good Morning Starshine](/wiki/Good_Morning_Starshine \"Good Morning Starshine\")\"). The tribe pays tribute to an old mattress (\"The Bed\"). Claude is left alone with his doubts. He leaves as the tribe enters wrapped in blankets in the midst of a snow storm. They start a protest chant and then wonder where Claude has gone. Berger calls out \"Claude! Claude!\" Claude enters dressed in a military uniform, his hair short, but they do not see him because he is an invisible spirit. Claude says, \"like it or not, they got me.\"",
"Claude and everyone sing \"Flesh Failures\". The tribe moves in front of Claude as Sheila and Dionne take up the lyric. The whole tribe launches into \"Let the Sun Shine In\", and as they exit, they reveal Claude lying down center stage on a black cloth. During the curtain call, the tribe reprises \"Let the Sun Shine In\" and brings audience members up on stage to dance.",
"(Note: *This plot summary is based on the original Broadway script. The script has varied in subsequent productions.*)",
""
] |
### Act I
Claude sits center stage as the "tribe" mingles with the audience. Tribe members Sheila, a [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University "New York University") student who is a determined [political activist](/wiki/Political_activist "Political activist"), and Berger, an irreverent free spirit, cut a lock of Claude's hair and burn it in a receptacle. After the tribe converges in slow\-motion toward the stage, through the audience, they begin their celebration as children of the Age of Aquarius ("Aquarius"). Berger removes his trousers to reveal a loincloth. Interacting with the audience, he introduces himself as a "psychedelic teddy bear" and reveals that he is "looking for my Donna" ("Donna").
The tribe recites a list of pharmaceuticals, legal and illegal ("Hashish"). Woof, a gentle soul, extols several sexual practices ("Sodomy") and says, "I grow things." He loves plants, his family and the audience, telling the audience, "We are all one." Hud, a militant African\-American, is carried in upside down on a pole. He declares himself "president of the United States of Love" ("Colored Spade"). In a fake English accent, Claude says that he is "the most beautiful beast in the forest" from "[Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"), England". A tribe member reminds him that he's really from [Flushing](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Queens "Flushing, Queens"), New York ("Manchester England"). Hud, Woof and Berger declare what color they are ("I'm Black"), while Claude says that he's "invisible". The tribe recites a list of things they lack ("Ain't Got No"). Four African\-American tribe members recite street signs in symbolic sequence ("Dead End").
Sheila is carried onstage ("I Believe in Love") and leads the tribe in a protest chant. Jeanie, an eccentric young woman, appears wearing a gas mask, satirizing pollution ("Air"). She is pregnant and in love with Claude. Although she wishes it was Claude's baby, she was "knocked up by some crazy speed freak". The tribe link together LBJ (President [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson")), FBI (the [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation")), CIA (the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency")) and [LSD](/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide "Lysergic acid diethylamide") ("Initials"). Six members of the tribe appear dressed as Claude's parents, berating him for his various transgressions – he does not have a job, and he collects "mountains of paper" clippings and notes. They say that they will not give him any more money, and "the army'll make a man out of you", presenting him with his draft notice. In defiance, Claude leads the tribe in celebrating their vitality ("I Got Life").
After handing out imaginary pills to the tribe members, saying the pills are for high\-profile people such as [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon"), [the Pope](/wiki/Paul_VI "Paul VI"), and "[Alabama Wallace](/wiki/George_Wallace "George Wallace")", Berger relates how he was expelled from high school. Three tribe members dress up as principals in Hitler mustaches and swastika arm bands, mocking the American education system. Berger and the tribe defy them, singing "Going Down". Claude returns from his [draft board](/wiki/Conscription "Conscription") physical, which he passed. He pretends to burn his Vietnam War draft card, which Berger reveals as a library card. Claude agonizes about what to do about being drafted.
Two tribe members dressed as tourists come down the aisle to ask the tribe why they have such [long hair](/wiki/Long_hair "Long hair"). In answer, Claude and Berger lead the tribe in explaining the significance of their locks ("Hair"). The woman states that kids should "be free, no guilt" and should "do whatever you want, just so long as you don't hurt anyone." She observes that long hair is natural, like the "elegant plumage" of male birds ("My Conviction"). She opens her coat to reveal that she's a man in [drag](/wiki/Drag_%28clothing%29 "Drag (clothing)"). As the couple leaves, the tribe calls her [Margaret Mead](/wiki/Margaret_Mead "Margaret Mead").
Sheila gives Berger a yellow shirt. He goofs around and ends up tearing it in two. Sheila voices her distress that Berger seems to care more about the "bleeding crowd" than about her ("[Easy to Be Hard](/wiki/Easy_to_Be_Hard "Easy to Be Hard")"). Jeanie summarizes everyone's romantic entanglements: "I'm hung up on Claude, Sheila's hung up on Berger, Berger is hung up everywhere. Claude is hung up on a cross over Sheila and Berger." Berger, Woof and another tribe member pay satiric tribute to the American flag as they fold it ("Don't Put it Down"). The tribe runs out to the audience, inviting them to a [Be\-In](/wiki/Be-In "Be-In"). After young and innocent Crissy describes "Frank Mills", a boy she's looking for, the tribe participates in the "Be\-In". The men of the tribe [burn their draft cards](/wiki/Draft-card_burning "Draft-card burning"). Claude puts his card in the fire, then changes his mind and pulls it out. He asks, "where is the something, where is the someone, that tells me why I live and die?" ("Where Do I Go"). The tribe emerges naked, intoning "beads, flowers, freedom, happiness."
|
[
"### Act I",
"Claude sits center stage as the \"tribe\" mingles with the audience. Tribe members Sheila, a [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University \"New York University\") student who is a determined [political activist](/wiki/Political_activist \"Political activist\"), and Berger, an irreverent free spirit, cut a lock of Claude's hair and burn it in a receptacle. After the tribe converges in slow\\-motion toward the stage, through the audience, they begin their celebration as children of the Age of Aquarius (\"Aquarius\"). Berger removes his trousers to reveal a loincloth. Interacting with the audience, he introduces himself as a \"psychedelic teddy bear\" and reveals that he is \"looking for my Donna\" (\"Donna\").",
"The tribe recites a list of pharmaceuticals, legal and illegal (\"Hashish\"). Woof, a gentle soul, extols several sexual practices (\"Sodomy\") and says, \"I grow things.\" He loves plants, his family and the audience, telling the audience, \"We are all one.\" Hud, a militant African\\-American, is carried in upside down on a pole. He declares himself \"president of the United States of Love\" (\"Colored Spade\"). In a fake English accent, Claude says that he is \"the most beautiful beast in the forest\" from \"[Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"), England\". A tribe member reminds him that he's really from [Flushing](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Queens \"Flushing, Queens\"), New York (\"Manchester England\"). Hud, Woof and Berger declare what color they are (\"I'm Black\"), while Claude says that he's \"invisible\". The tribe recites a list of things they lack (\"Ain't Got No\"). Four African\\-American tribe members recite street signs in symbolic sequence (\"Dead End\").",
"Sheila is carried onstage (\"I Believe in Love\") and leads the tribe in a protest chant. Jeanie, an eccentric young woman, appears wearing a gas mask, satirizing pollution (\"Air\"). She is pregnant and in love with Claude. Although she wishes it was Claude's baby, she was \"knocked up by some crazy speed freak\". The tribe link together LBJ (President [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\")), FBI (the [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\")), CIA (the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\")) and [LSD](/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide \"Lysergic acid diethylamide\") (\"Initials\"). Six members of the tribe appear dressed as Claude's parents, berating him for his various transgressions – he does not have a job, and he collects \"mountains of paper\" clippings and notes. They say that they will not give him any more money, and \"the army'll make a man out of you\", presenting him with his draft notice. In defiance, Claude leads the tribe in celebrating their vitality (\"I Got Life\").",
"After handing out imaginary pills to the tribe members, saying the pills are for high\\-profile people such as [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\"), [the Pope](/wiki/Paul_VI \"Paul VI\"), and \"[Alabama Wallace](/wiki/George_Wallace \"George Wallace\")\", Berger relates how he was expelled from high school. Three tribe members dress up as principals in Hitler mustaches and swastika arm bands, mocking the American education system. Berger and the tribe defy them, singing \"Going Down\". Claude returns from his [draft board](/wiki/Conscription \"Conscription\") physical, which he passed. He pretends to burn his Vietnam War draft card, which Berger reveals as a library card. Claude agonizes about what to do about being drafted.",
"Two tribe members dressed as tourists come down the aisle to ask the tribe why they have such [long hair](/wiki/Long_hair \"Long hair\"). In answer, Claude and Berger lead the tribe in explaining the significance of their locks (\"Hair\"). The woman states that kids should \"be free, no guilt\" and should \"do whatever you want, just so long as you don't hurt anyone.\" She observes that long hair is natural, like the \"elegant plumage\" of male birds (\"My Conviction\"). She opens her coat to reveal that she's a man in [drag](/wiki/Drag_%28clothing%29 \"Drag (clothing)\"). As the couple leaves, the tribe calls her [Margaret Mead](/wiki/Margaret_Mead \"Margaret Mead\").",
"Sheila gives Berger a yellow shirt. He goofs around and ends up tearing it in two. Sheila voices her distress that Berger seems to care more about the \"bleeding crowd\" than about her (\"[Easy to Be Hard](/wiki/Easy_to_Be_Hard \"Easy to Be Hard\")\"). Jeanie summarizes everyone's romantic entanglements: \"I'm hung up on Claude, Sheila's hung up on Berger, Berger is hung up everywhere. Claude is hung up on a cross over Sheila and Berger.\" Berger, Woof and another tribe member pay satiric tribute to the American flag as they fold it (\"Don't Put it Down\"). The tribe runs out to the audience, inviting them to a [Be\\-In](/wiki/Be-In \"Be-In\"). After young and innocent Crissy describes \"Frank Mills\", a boy she's looking for, the tribe participates in the \"Be\\-In\". The men of the tribe [burn their draft cards](/wiki/Draft-card_burning \"Draft-card burning\"). Claude puts his card in the fire, then changes his mind and pulls it out. He asks, \"where is the something, where is the someone, that tells me why I live and die?\" (\"Where Do I Go\"). The tribe emerges naked, intoning \"beads, flowers, freedom, happiness.\"",
""
] |
Early productions
-----------------
### Broadway
*Hair* opened on Broadway at the [Biltmore Theatre](/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre "Samuel J. Friedman Theatre") on April 29, 1968\. The production was directed by Tom O'Horgan and choreographed by Julie Arenal, with set design by [Robin Wagner](/wiki/Robin_Wagner_%28designer%29 "Robin Wagner (designer)"), costume design by Nancy Potts, and lighting design by [Jules Fisher](/wiki/Jules_Fisher "Jules Fisher"). The original Broadway "tribe" (i.e., cast) included authors Rado and Ragni, who played the lead roles of Claude and Berger, respectively, Kellogg as Sheila, Washington as Hud, Eaton and Plimpton reprising their off\-Broadway roles as Jeanie and Crissy, [Melba Moore](/wiki/Melba_Moore "Melba Moore") as Dionne, Curry as Woof, [Ronnie Dyson](/wiki/Ronnie_Dyson "Ronnie Dyson") (who sang "Aquarius" and "What a Piece of Work is Man"), [Paul Jabara](/wiki/Paul_Jabara "Paul Jabara") and [Diane Keaton](/wiki/Diane_Keaton "Diane Keaton") (both Moore and Keaton later played Sheila).[original Broadway production of *Hair*](https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/hair-3393) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526001536/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway\-production/hair\-3393 \|date\=May 26, 2018 }} at the Internet Broadway Database, accessed June 30, 2017 Among the performers who appeared in *Hair* during its original Broadway run were [Ben Vereen](/wiki/Ben_Vereen "Ben Vereen"), [Keith Carradine](/wiki/Keith_Carradine "Keith Carradine"), [Barry McGuire](/wiki/Barry_McGuire "Barry McGuire"), [Ted Lange](/wiki/Ted_Lange "Ted Lange"), [Meat Loaf](/wiki/Meat_Loaf "Meat Loaf"), [La La Brooks](/wiki/Dolores_%22LaLa%22_Brooks "Dolores "), Mary Seymour (of [Musique](/wiki/Musique_%28disco_band%29 "Musique (disco band)")), [Joe Butler](/wiki/Joe_Butler "Joe Butler"), Peppy Castro (of the [Blues Magoos](/wiki/Blues_Magoos "Blues Magoos")), [Robin McNamara](/wiki/Robin_McNamara "Robin McNamara"), Heather MacRae (daughter of [Gordon MacRae](/wiki/Gordon_MacRae "Gordon MacRae") and [Sheila MacRae](/wiki/Sheila_MacRae "Sheila MacRae")), [Eddie Rambeau](/wiki/Eddie_Rambeau "Eddie Rambeau"), [Vicki Sue Robinson](/wiki/Vicki_Sue_Robinson "Vicki Sue Robinson"), [Beverly Bremers](/wiki/Beverly_Bremers "Beverly Bremers"), [Bert Sommer](/wiki/Bert_Sommer "Bert Sommer"), [Dale Soules](/wiki/Dale_Soules "Dale Soules") and [Kim Milford](/wiki/Kim_Milford "Kim Milford"). It was the first Broadway show to have a regular ticket price of $50, with 12 of the seats at this price for sale to large corporations from July 1968\. The top price when it opened was $11\.{{cite magazine\|magazine\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date\=May 15, 1968\|page\=1\|title\=B'Way ''Hair'' to Pull $50 Top in 12 Seats}}
The *Hair* team soon became embroiled in a lawsuit with the organizers of the [Tony Awards](/wiki/Tony_Award "Tony Award"). After assuring producer Michael Butler that commencing previews by April 3, 1968, would assure eligibility for consideration for the 1968 Tonys, the New York Theatre League ruled *Hair* ineligible, moving the cutoff date to March 19\. The producers brought suit["Producer Sues N.Y. Theatre League On *Hair* Exclusion as Tony Entry"](http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Variety3-10-68.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725024604/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Variety3\-10\-68\.html \|date\=July 25, 2008 }}. *Variety*, michaelbutler.com (March 10, 1968\). Retrieved on April 11, 2008\. but were unable to force the League to reconsider.Zoltrow, Sam (March 22, 1968\). ["*Happy Time* Gets 10 Mentions Among Tony Award Candidates"](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60613FF355D147493C0AB1788D85F4C8685F9&scp=1&sq=March+22%2C+1968+tony&st=p) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109235809/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=F60613FF355D147493C0AB1788D85F4C8685F9\&scp\=1\&sq\=March\+22%2C\+1968\+tony\&st\=p \|date\=November 9, 2013 }}. *The New York Times*, p. 59\. Retrieved on April 11, 2008\. At the 1969 Tonys, *Hair* was nominated for [Best Musical](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Musical "Tony Award for Best Musical") and [Best Director](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Direction_of_a_Musical "Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical") but lost out to *[1776](/wiki/1776_%28musical%29 "1776 (musical)")* in both categories.["Past Winners, 1969"](https://archive.today/20130204113933/http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search?start=0&year=1969&award=&lname=&fname=&show=). *tonyawards.com*. Retrieved on April 11, 2008 The production ran for four years and 1,750 performances, closing on July 1, 1972\.
### Early regional productions
The [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States "West Coast of the United States") version played at the [Aquarius Theater](/wiki/Earl_Carroll_Theatre_%28Los_Angeles%29 "Earl Carroll Theatre (Los Angeles)") in Los Angeles beginning about six months after the Broadway opening and running for an unprecedented two years. The Los Angeles tribe included Rado, Ragni, Ben Vereen (who started as Hud and then replaced Ragni), Willie Weatherly (who played Berger and Claude), [Ted Neeley](/wiki/Ted_Neeley "Ted Neeley") (who replaced Rado), [Meat Loaf](/wiki/Meat_Loaf "Meat Loaf"), [Gloria Jones](/wiki/Gloria_Jones "Gloria Jones"), [Táta Vega](/wiki/Tata_Vega "Tata Vega"), [Jobriath](/wiki/Jobriath "Jobriath"), [Jennifer Warnes](/wiki/Jennifer_Warnes "Jennifer Warnes") and [Dobie Gray](/wiki/Dobie_Gray "Dobie Gray").
There were soon nine simultaneous productions in U.S. cities, followed by national tours.King, Betty Nygaard. ["*Hair*"](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hair-emc) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081618/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/hair\-emc/ \|date\=March 4, 2016 }}. *Encyclopedia of Music in Canada*. Historica Foundation of Canada. Retrieved on May 31, 2008\. Among the performers in these were [Joe Mantegna](/wiki/Joe_Mantegna "Joe Mantegna"), [André DeShields](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_DeShields "André DeShields"), [Charlotte Crossley](/wiki/Charlotte_Crossley "Charlotte Crossley") and [Alaina Reed](/wiki/Alaina_Reed "Alaina Reed") (Chicago),Johnson, p. 87 [David Lasley](/wiki/David_Lasley "David Lasley"), [David Patrick Kelly](/wiki/David_Patrick_Kelly "David Patrick Kelly"), Meat Loaf, and [Shaun Murphy](/wiki/Shaun_Murphy_%28singer%29 "Shaun Murphy (singer)") (Detroit)*Hair* program, Detroit, 1970 [Kenny Ortega](/wiki/Kenny_Ortega "Kenny Ortega") and [Arnold McCuller](/wiki/Arnold_McCuller "Arnold McCuller") (tour),Johnson, p. 134 [Bob Bingham](/wiki/Bob_Bingham "Bob Bingham") (Seattle)Biographical notes in the *Jesus Christ Superstar* film souvenir booklet (1973\) and [Philip Michael Thomas](/wiki/Philip_Michael_Thomas "Philip Michael Thomas") (San Francisco).Johnson, p. 82 The creative team from Broadway worked on *Hair* in Los Angeles, Chicago and San Francisco, as the Broadway staging served as a rough template for these and other early regional productions. A notable addition to the team in Los Angeles was [Tom Smothers](/wiki/Tom_Smothers "Tom Smothers"), who served as co\-producer.Johnson, pp. 33, 81, 87–88 Regional casts consisted mostly of local actors, although a few Broadway cast members reprised their roles in other cities.Horn, pp. 100–01 O'Horgan or the authors sometimes took new ideas and improvisations from a regional show and brought them back to New York, such as when live chickens were tossed onto the stage in Los Angeles.
It was rare for so many productions to run simultaneously during an initial Broadway run. Producer Michael Butler, who had declared that *Hair* is "the strongest anti\-war statement ever written", said the reason that he opened so many productions was to influence public opinion against the Vietnam War and end it as soon as possible.[Butler, Michael](/wiki/Michael_Butler_%28producer%29 "Michael Butler (producer)"). ["How and Why I Got Into *Hair*"](http://www.michaelbutler.com/cyberbil/hair/jfk.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511220429/http://www.michaelbutler.com/cyberbil/hair/jfk.html \|date\=May 11, 2008 }}. *Pages from Michael Butler's Journal*. michaelbutler.com. Retrieved on April 11, 2008\.
### West End
*Hair* opened at the [Shaftesbury Theatre](/wiki/Shaftesbury_Theatre "Shaftesbury Theatre") in London on September 27, 1968, led by the same creative team as the Broadway production. The opening night was delayed until the abolition of [theatre censorship](/wiki/Theatre_censorship "Theatre censorship") in England under the [Theatres Act 1968](/wiki/Theatres_Act_1968 "Theatres Act 1968") so that the show could include nudity and profanity.Lewis, Anthony. ["Londoners Cool To Hair's Nudity: Four Letter Words Shock Few at Musical's Debut"](http://michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/NYT9-29-68.html), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509143153/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/NYT9\-29\-68\.html \|date\=May 9, 2008 }} *The New York Times*, September 29, 1968 As with other early productions, the London show added a sprinkling of local allusions and other minor departures from the Broadway version.Horn, p. 105
The original London tribe included [Sonja Kristina](/wiki/Sonja_Kristina "Sonja Kristina"), [Peter Straker](/wiki/Peter_Straker "Peter Straker"), [Paul Nicholas](/wiki/Paul_Nicholas "Paul Nicholas"), Melba Moore, [Annabel Leventon](/wiki/Annabel_Leventon "Annabel Leventon"), [Elaine Paige](/wiki/Elaine_Paige "Elaine Paige"), [Paul Korda](/wiki/Paul_Korda "Paul Korda"), [Marsha Hunt](/wiki/Marsha_Hunt_%28actress%2C_born_1946%29 "Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)"), [Floella Benjamin](/wiki/Floella_Benjamin "Floella Benjamin"), [Alex Harvey](/wiki/Alex_Harvey_%28musician%29 "Alex Harvey (musician)"), [Oliver Tobias](/wiki/Oliver_Tobias "Oliver Tobias"), [Richard O'Brien](/wiki/Richard_O%27Brien "Richard O'Brien") and [Tim Curry](/wiki/Tim_Curry "Tim Curry"). This was Curry's first full\-time theatrical acting role, where he met future *[Rocky Horror Show](/wiki/Rocky_Horror_Show "Rocky Horror Show")* collaborator O'Brien.["Tim Curry – Actor"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A16932422) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015091120/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A16932422 \|date\=October 15, 2007 }}. *Edited Guide Entry*. bbc.uk.co (January 2, 2007\). Retrieved on April 11, 2008\. *Hair*{{'}}s engagement in London surpassed the Broadway production, running for 1,997 performances until its closure was forced by the roof of the theatre collapsing in July 1973\.["Shaftesbury Theatre, London"](http://www.thisistheatre.com/londontheatre/shaftesburytheatre.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321195249/http://www.thisistheatre.com/londontheatre/shaftesburytheatre.html \|date\=March 21, 2008 }}, Thisistheatre.com. Retrieved on April 3, 2018\.
### Early international productions
The job of leading the foreign language productions of *Hair* was given to [Bertrand Castelli](/wiki/Bertrand_Castelli "Bertrand Castelli"), Butler's partner and executive producer of the Broadway show.Horn, pp. 103–10 Castelli was a writer/producer who traveled in Paris art circles and rubbed elbows with [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso "Pablo Picasso") and [Jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau "Jean Cocteau"). Butler described him as a "crazy showman ... the guy with the business suit and beads".Horn, p. 37 Castelli decided to do the show in the local language of each country at a time when Broadway shows were always done in English. The translations followed the original script closely, and the Broadway stagings were used. Each script contained local references, such as street names and the names or depictions of local politicians and celebrities. Castelli produced companies in France, Germany, Mexico and other countries, sometimes also directing the productions. The first European production opened in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), Sweden, on September 20, 1968, with a cast including [Ulf Brunnberg](/wiki/Ulf_Brunnberg "Ulf Brunnberg") and [Bill Öhrström](/wiki/Bill_%C3%96hrstr%C3%B6m "Bill Öhrström"),["*Hår* – musikalen (*Hair*)"](http://www.affischerna.se/progg_poster/har-musikalen-hair-2) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914010143/http://www.affischerna.se/progg\_poster/har\-musikalen\-hair\-2/ \|date\=September 14, 2016 }}, Affischerna.se, 1968, accessed October 25, 2016 (Swedish language) produced and directed by Pierre FränckelJahnsson, Bengt. "'Hår' på Scala: Bedövande vitalitet", *[Dagens Nyheter](/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter "Dagens Nyheter")*, September 21, 1968, p. 12 and choreographed by Julie Arenal,Linnarsson, Bengt. [Wetool.se "Organisation"](http://www.wetool.se/bl/Band/hair2.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026000234/http://www.wetool.se/bl/Band/hair2\.htm \|date\=October 26, 2016 }}, Bengt "Bella" Linnarsson, accessed October 25, 2016 (Swedish language) and ran for 134 performances until March 1969\.["Flummig musikal blir till scenisk rockfest"](http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/scen/flummig-musikal-blir-till-scenisk-rockfest) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025235940/http://www.dn.se/kultur\-noje/scen/flummig\-musikal\-blir\-till\-scenisk\-rockfest/ \|date\=October 25, 2016 }}, *[Dagens Nyheter](/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter "Dagens Nyheter")* March 17, 2011, accessed October 25, 2016 (Swedish language)
{{anchor\|Haare}}A German production, directed by Castelli, opened a month later in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich");Blumenthal, Ralph (October 26, 1968\). ["Munich Audience Welcomes *Hair*; Applause and Foot Stamping Follow Musical Numbers"](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0913FB39581B7493C4AB178BD95F4C8685F9&scp=1&sq=October+26%2C+1968+munich&st=p) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021235744/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=FB0913FB39581B7493C4AB178BD95F4C8685F9\&scp\=1\&sq\=October\+26%2C\+1968\+munich\&st\=p \|date\=October 21, 2013 }}. *The New York Times*, p. 27\. Retrieved on April 11, 2008\. the tribe included [Donna Summer](/wiki/Donna_Summer "Donna Summer"), [Liz Mitchell](/wiki/Liz_Mitchell "Liz Mitchell") and [Donna Wyant](/wiki/Donna_Wyant "Donna Wyant"). A successful Parisian production of *Hair* opened on June 1, 1969\.["Translated *Hair* Cheered in Paris; Title Lends Itself to Jest at Candidate's Expense"](https://www.nytimes.com/1969/06/02/archives/translated-hair-cheered-in-paris-title-lends-itself-to-jest-at.html?sq=Translated+Hair+Cheered+In+Paris&scp=1&st=p) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718115143/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/06/02/archives/translated\-hair\-cheered\-in\-paris\-title\-lends\-itself\-to\-jest\-at.html?sq\=Translated\+Hair\+Cheered\+In\+Paris\&scp\=1\&st\=p \|date\=July 18, 2018 }}. *The New York Times* (June 2, 1969\), p. 53\. Retrieved on June 7, 2008\. The original Australian production premiered in Sydney on June 6, 1969, produced by [Harry M. Miller](/wiki/Harry_M._Miller "Harry M. Miller") and directed by [Jim Sharman](/wiki/Jim_Sharman "Jim Sharman"), who also designed the production. The tribe included [Keith Glass](/wiki/Keith_Glass "Keith Glass") and then [Reg Livermore](/wiki/Reg_Livermore "Reg Livermore") as Berger, [John Waters](/wiki/John_Waters_%28actor%29 "John Waters (actor)") as Claude and [Sharon Redd](/wiki/Sharon_Redd "Sharon Redd") as The Magician. Redd was one of six African\-Americans brought to Australia to provide a racially integrated tribe.["*Hair* Reaches Australia"](http://www.orlok.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/NYT6-7-69.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814092712/http://www.orlok.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/NYT6\-7\-69\.html \|date\=August 14, 2009 }}, *The New York Times* (June 7, 1969\), p. 26, reproduced at the *Hair* Online Archives. Retrieved on April 29, 2009\.[*Hair*: Original Australian production](http://www.milesago.com/Stage/hair.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427105511/http://www.milesago.com/Stage/hair.htm \|date\=April 27, 2009 }}, MILESAGO: Australasian Music \& Popular Culture 1964–1975, accessed April 29, 2009\. The production broke local box\-office records and ran for two years, but because of some of the language in the show, the cast album was banned in Queensland and New Zealand. The production transferred to Melbourne in 1971 and then had a national tour. It marked the stage debut of [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston")\-born Australian vocalist [Marcia Hines](/wiki/Marcia_Hines "Marcia Hines"). In Mexico the production was banned by the government after one night in Acapulco. An 18\-year\-old [Sônia Braga](/wiki/S%C3%B4nia_Braga "Sônia Braga") appeared in the 1969 Brazilian production.[Sonia Braga](https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800058764/bio) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095749/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800058764/bio \|date\=January 14, 2012 }}. Yahoo! Movies, accessed May 27, 2011
Another notable production was in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade"), [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"), in 1969\. It was the first *Hair* to be produced in a communist country.["*Hair* Around the World"](http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Newsweek7-7-69.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025235354/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Newsweek7\-7\-69\.html \|date\=October 25, 2006 }}. *Newsweek*, michaelbutler.com (July 7, 1969\). Retrieved on April 11, 2008\. The show, translated into Serbian, was directed by female producer\-director [Mira Trailović](/wiki/Mira_Trailovi%C4%87 "Mira Trailović") at the [Atelje 212](/wiki/Atelje_212 "Atelje 212") theatre.Nježić, T. ["Autorima 'Kose' najviše se dopala beogradska verzija iz 1969"](http://www.blic.rs/kultura/vesti/autorima-kose-najvise-se-dopala-beogradska-verzija-iz-1969/3f95xhy) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607055851/http://www.blic.rs/kultura/vesti/autorima\-kose\-najvise\-se\-dopala\-beogradska\-verzija\-iz\-1969/3f95xhy \|date\=June 7, 2016 }}, blic.rs, January 31, 2010, accessed May 25, 2016Lemon, Richard. ["Here, There, Everywhere *Hair*"](http://www.intrafi.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/SanFranProg10-69.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713050532/http://www.intrafi.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/SanFranProg10\-69\.html \|date\=July 13, 2011 }}, *Performing Arts Magazine*, October 1969, accessed May 25, 2016 It featured [Dragan Nikolić](/wiki/Dragan_Nikoli%C4%87 "Dragan Nikolić"), [Branko Milićević](/wiki/Branko_Mili%C4%87evi%C4%87 "Branko Milićević"), [Seka Sablić](/wiki/Seka_Sabli%C4%87 "Seka Sablić") and [Dušan Prelević](/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Prelevi%C4%87 "Dušan Prelević").Rančić, Sandra. "Prvo svetlo u kuci broj 4" Beograd 1968–70, *[Rockovnik](/wiki/Rockovnik "Rockovnik")* Strana X, [Radio Television of Serbia](/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia "Radio Television of Serbia"), [available on Rockovnik's YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZfzLshm22g) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203234032/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=cZfzLshm22g \|date\=February 3, 2015 }} Over four years, the production received 250 performances and was attended by president [Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito "Josip Broz Tito"). Local references in the script included barbs aimed at [Mao Zedong](/wiki/Mao_Zedong "Mao Zedong") as well as [Albania](/wiki/Albania "Albania"), Yugoslavia's traditional rival.
By 1970, *Hair* was a huge financial success, and nineteen productions had been staged outside of North America. In addition to those named above, these included productions in Scandinavia, South America, Italy, Israel, Japan, Canada, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Austria. According to *Billboard*, the various productions of the show were raking in almost $1 million every ten days, and royalties were being collected for 300 different recordings of the show's songs, making it "the most successful score in history as well as the most performed score ever written for the Broadway stage."Gross, Mike. ["Hair Is Doing Runaway Business as Score \& Play"](http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Billboard6-27-70.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025234652/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Billboard6\-27\-70\.html \|date\=October 25, 2006 }}, *Billboard*, michaelbutler.com, June 27, 1970, accessed April 18, 2008
|
[
"Early productions\n-----------------",
"### Broadway",
"*Hair* opened on Broadway at the [Biltmore Theatre](/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre \"Samuel J. Friedman Theatre\") on April 29, 1968\\. The production was directed by Tom O'Horgan and choreographed by Julie Arenal, with set design by [Robin Wagner](/wiki/Robin_Wagner_%28designer%29 \"Robin Wagner (designer)\"), costume design by Nancy Potts, and lighting design by [Jules Fisher](/wiki/Jules_Fisher \"Jules Fisher\"). The original Broadway \"tribe\" (i.e., cast) included authors Rado and Ragni, who played the lead roles of Claude and Berger, respectively, Kellogg as Sheila, Washington as Hud, Eaton and Plimpton reprising their off\\-Broadway roles as Jeanie and Crissy, [Melba Moore](/wiki/Melba_Moore \"Melba Moore\") as Dionne, Curry as Woof, [Ronnie Dyson](/wiki/Ronnie_Dyson \"Ronnie Dyson\") (who sang \"Aquarius\" and \"What a Piece of Work is Man\"), [Paul Jabara](/wiki/Paul_Jabara \"Paul Jabara\") and [Diane Keaton](/wiki/Diane_Keaton \"Diane Keaton\") (both Moore and Keaton later played Sheila).[original Broadway production of *Hair*](https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/hair-3393) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526001536/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway\\-production/hair\\-3393 \\|date\\=May 26, 2018 }} at the Internet Broadway Database, accessed June 30, 2017 Among the performers who appeared in *Hair* during its original Broadway run were [Ben Vereen](/wiki/Ben_Vereen \"Ben Vereen\"), [Keith Carradine](/wiki/Keith_Carradine \"Keith Carradine\"), [Barry McGuire](/wiki/Barry_McGuire \"Barry McGuire\"), [Ted Lange](/wiki/Ted_Lange \"Ted Lange\"), [Meat Loaf](/wiki/Meat_Loaf \"Meat Loaf\"), [La La Brooks](/wiki/Dolores_%22LaLa%22_Brooks \"Dolores \"), Mary Seymour (of [Musique](/wiki/Musique_%28disco_band%29 \"Musique (disco band)\")), [Joe Butler](/wiki/Joe_Butler \"Joe Butler\"), Peppy Castro (of the [Blues Magoos](/wiki/Blues_Magoos \"Blues Magoos\")), [Robin McNamara](/wiki/Robin_McNamara \"Robin McNamara\"), Heather MacRae (daughter of [Gordon MacRae](/wiki/Gordon_MacRae \"Gordon MacRae\") and [Sheila MacRae](/wiki/Sheila_MacRae \"Sheila MacRae\")), [Eddie Rambeau](/wiki/Eddie_Rambeau \"Eddie Rambeau\"), [Vicki Sue Robinson](/wiki/Vicki_Sue_Robinson \"Vicki Sue Robinson\"), [Beverly Bremers](/wiki/Beverly_Bremers \"Beverly Bremers\"), [Bert Sommer](/wiki/Bert_Sommer \"Bert Sommer\"), [Dale Soules](/wiki/Dale_Soules \"Dale Soules\") and [Kim Milford](/wiki/Kim_Milford \"Kim Milford\"). It was the first Broadway show to have a regular ticket price of $50, with 12 of the seats at this price for sale to large corporations from July 1968\\. The top price when it opened was $11\\.{{cite magazine\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]\\|date\\=May 15, 1968\\|page\\=1\\|title\\=B'Way ''Hair'' to Pull $50 Top in 12 Seats}}",
"The *Hair* team soon became embroiled in a lawsuit with the organizers of the [Tony Awards](/wiki/Tony_Award \"Tony Award\"). After assuring producer Michael Butler that commencing previews by April 3, 1968, would assure eligibility for consideration for the 1968 Tonys, the New York Theatre League ruled *Hair* ineligible, moving the cutoff date to March 19\\. The producers brought suit[\"Producer Sues N.Y. Theatre League On *Hair* Exclusion as Tony Entry\"](http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Variety3-10-68.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725024604/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Variety3\\-10\\-68\\.html \\|date\\=July 25, 2008 }}. *Variety*, michaelbutler.com (March 10, 1968\\). Retrieved on April 11, 2008\\. but were unable to force the League to reconsider.Zoltrow, Sam (March 22, 1968\\). [\"*Happy Time* Gets 10 Mentions Among Tony Award Candidates\"](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60613FF355D147493C0AB1788D85F4C8685F9&scp=1&sq=March+22%2C+1968+tony&st=p) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109235809/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=F60613FF355D147493C0AB1788D85F4C8685F9\\&scp\\=1\\&sq\\=March\\+22%2C\\+1968\\+tony\\&st\\=p \\|date\\=November 9, 2013 }}. *The New York Times*, p. 59\\. Retrieved on April 11, 2008\\. At the 1969 Tonys, *Hair* was nominated for [Best Musical](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Musical \"Tony Award for Best Musical\") and [Best Director](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Direction_of_a_Musical \"Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical\") but lost out to *[1776](/wiki/1776_%28musical%29 \"1776 (musical)\")* in both categories.[\"Past Winners, 1969\"](https://archive.today/20130204113933/http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search?start=0&year=1969&award=&lname=&fname=&show=). *tonyawards.com*. Retrieved on April 11, 2008 The production ran for four years and 1,750 performances, closing on July 1, 1972\\.",
"### Early regional productions",
"The [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States \"West Coast of the United States\") version played at the [Aquarius Theater](/wiki/Earl_Carroll_Theatre_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Earl Carroll Theatre (Los Angeles)\") in Los Angeles beginning about six months after the Broadway opening and running for an unprecedented two years. The Los Angeles tribe included Rado, Ragni, Ben Vereen (who started as Hud and then replaced Ragni), Willie Weatherly (who played Berger and Claude), [Ted Neeley](/wiki/Ted_Neeley \"Ted Neeley\") (who replaced Rado), [Meat Loaf](/wiki/Meat_Loaf \"Meat Loaf\"), [Gloria Jones](/wiki/Gloria_Jones \"Gloria Jones\"), [Táta Vega](/wiki/Tata_Vega \"Tata Vega\"), [Jobriath](/wiki/Jobriath \"Jobriath\"), [Jennifer Warnes](/wiki/Jennifer_Warnes \"Jennifer Warnes\") and [Dobie Gray](/wiki/Dobie_Gray \"Dobie Gray\").",
"There were soon nine simultaneous productions in U.S. cities, followed by national tours.King, Betty Nygaard. [\"*Hair*\"](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hair-emc) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081618/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/hair\\-emc/ \\|date\\=March 4, 2016 }}. *Encyclopedia of Music in Canada*. Historica Foundation of Canada. Retrieved on May 31, 2008\\. Among the performers in these were [Joe Mantegna](/wiki/Joe_Mantegna \"Joe Mantegna\"), [André DeShields](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_DeShields \"André DeShields\"), [Charlotte Crossley](/wiki/Charlotte_Crossley \"Charlotte Crossley\") and [Alaina Reed](/wiki/Alaina_Reed \"Alaina Reed\") (Chicago),Johnson, p. 87 [David Lasley](/wiki/David_Lasley \"David Lasley\"), [David Patrick Kelly](/wiki/David_Patrick_Kelly \"David Patrick Kelly\"), Meat Loaf, and [Shaun Murphy](/wiki/Shaun_Murphy_%28singer%29 \"Shaun Murphy (singer)\") (Detroit)*Hair* program, Detroit, 1970 [Kenny Ortega](/wiki/Kenny_Ortega \"Kenny Ortega\") and [Arnold McCuller](/wiki/Arnold_McCuller \"Arnold McCuller\") (tour),Johnson, p. 134 [Bob Bingham](/wiki/Bob_Bingham \"Bob Bingham\") (Seattle)Biographical notes in the *Jesus Christ Superstar* film souvenir booklet (1973\\) and [Philip Michael Thomas](/wiki/Philip_Michael_Thomas \"Philip Michael Thomas\") (San Francisco).Johnson, p. 82 The creative team from Broadway worked on *Hair* in Los Angeles, Chicago and San Francisco, as the Broadway staging served as a rough template for these and other early regional productions. A notable addition to the team in Los Angeles was [Tom Smothers](/wiki/Tom_Smothers \"Tom Smothers\"), who served as co\\-producer.Johnson, pp. 33, 81, 87–88 Regional casts consisted mostly of local actors, although a few Broadway cast members reprised their roles in other cities.Horn, pp. 100–01 O'Horgan or the authors sometimes took new ideas and improvisations from a regional show and brought them back to New York, such as when live chickens were tossed onto the stage in Los Angeles.",
"It was rare for so many productions to run simultaneously during an initial Broadway run. Producer Michael Butler, who had declared that *Hair* is \"the strongest anti\\-war statement ever written\", said the reason that he opened so many productions was to influence public opinion against the Vietnam War and end it as soon as possible.[Butler, Michael](/wiki/Michael_Butler_%28producer%29 \"Michael Butler (producer)\"). [\"How and Why I Got Into *Hair*\"](http://www.michaelbutler.com/cyberbil/hair/jfk.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511220429/http://www.michaelbutler.com/cyberbil/hair/jfk.html \\|date\\=May 11, 2008 }}. *Pages from Michael Butler's Journal*. michaelbutler.com. Retrieved on April 11, 2008\\.",
"### West End",
"*Hair* opened at the [Shaftesbury Theatre](/wiki/Shaftesbury_Theatre \"Shaftesbury Theatre\") in London on September 27, 1968, led by the same creative team as the Broadway production. The opening night was delayed until the abolition of [theatre censorship](/wiki/Theatre_censorship \"Theatre censorship\") in England under the [Theatres Act 1968](/wiki/Theatres_Act_1968 \"Theatres Act 1968\") so that the show could include nudity and profanity.Lewis, Anthony. [\"Londoners Cool To Hair's Nudity: Four Letter Words Shock Few at Musical's Debut\"](http://michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/NYT9-29-68.html), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509143153/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/NYT9\\-29\\-68\\.html \\|date\\=May 9, 2008 }} *The New York Times*, September 29, 1968 As with other early productions, the London show added a sprinkling of local allusions and other minor departures from the Broadway version.Horn, p. 105",
"The original London tribe included [Sonja Kristina](/wiki/Sonja_Kristina \"Sonja Kristina\"), [Peter Straker](/wiki/Peter_Straker \"Peter Straker\"), [Paul Nicholas](/wiki/Paul_Nicholas \"Paul Nicholas\"), Melba Moore, [Annabel Leventon](/wiki/Annabel_Leventon \"Annabel Leventon\"), [Elaine Paige](/wiki/Elaine_Paige \"Elaine Paige\"), [Paul Korda](/wiki/Paul_Korda \"Paul Korda\"), [Marsha Hunt](/wiki/Marsha_Hunt_%28actress%2C_born_1946%29 \"Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)\"), [Floella Benjamin](/wiki/Floella_Benjamin \"Floella Benjamin\"), [Alex Harvey](/wiki/Alex_Harvey_%28musician%29 \"Alex Harvey (musician)\"), [Oliver Tobias](/wiki/Oliver_Tobias \"Oliver Tobias\"), [Richard O'Brien](/wiki/Richard_O%27Brien \"Richard O'Brien\") and [Tim Curry](/wiki/Tim_Curry \"Tim Curry\"). This was Curry's first full\\-time theatrical acting role, where he met future *[Rocky Horror Show](/wiki/Rocky_Horror_Show \"Rocky Horror Show\")* collaborator O'Brien.[\"Tim Curry – Actor\"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A16932422) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015091120/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A16932422 \\|date\\=October 15, 2007 }}. *Edited Guide Entry*. bbc.uk.co (January 2, 2007\\). Retrieved on April 11, 2008\\. *Hair*{{'}}s engagement in London surpassed the Broadway production, running for 1,997 performances until its closure was forced by the roof of the theatre collapsing in July 1973\\.[\"Shaftesbury Theatre, London\"](http://www.thisistheatre.com/londontheatre/shaftesburytheatre.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321195249/http://www.thisistheatre.com/londontheatre/shaftesburytheatre.html \\|date\\=March 21, 2008 }}, Thisistheatre.com. Retrieved on April 3, 2018\\.",
"### Early international productions",
"The job of leading the foreign language productions of *Hair* was given to [Bertrand Castelli](/wiki/Bertrand_Castelli \"Bertrand Castelli\"), Butler's partner and executive producer of the Broadway show.Horn, pp. 103–10 Castelli was a writer/producer who traveled in Paris art circles and rubbed elbows with [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso \"Pablo Picasso\") and [Jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau \"Jean Cocteau\"). Butler described him as a \"crazy showman ... the guy with the business suit and beads\".Horn, p. 37 Castelli decided to do the show in the local language of each country at a time when Broadway shows were always done in English. The translations followed the original script closely, and the Broadway stagings were used. Each script contained local references, such as street names and the names or depictions of local politicians and celebrities. Castelli produced companies in France, Germany, Mexico and other countries, sometimes also directing the productions. The first European production opened in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), Sweden, on September 20, 1968, with a cast including [Ulf Brunnberg](/wiki/Ulf_Brunnberg \"Ulf Brunnberg\") and [Bill Öhrström](/wiki/Bill_%C3%96hrstr%C3%B6m \"Bill Öhrström\"),[\"*Hår* – musikalen (*Hair*)\"](http://www.affischerna.se/progg_poster/har-musikalen-hair-2) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914010143/http://www.affischerna.se/progg\\_poster/har\\-musikalen\\-hair\\-2/ \\|date\\=September 14, 2016 }}, Affischerna.se, 1968, accessed October 25, 2016 (Swedish language) produced and directed by Pierre FränckelJahnsson, Bengt. \"'Hår' på Scala: Bedövande vitalitet\", *[Dagens Nyheter](/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter \"Dagens Nyheter\")*, September 21, 1968, p. 12 and choreographed by Julie Arenal,Linnarsson, Bengt. [Wetool.se \"Organisation\"](http://www.wetool.se/bl/Band/hair2.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026000234/http://www.wetool.se/bl/Band/hair2\\.htm \\|date\\=October 26, 2016 }}, Bengt \"Bella\" Linnarsson, accessed October 25, 2016 (Swedish language) and ran for 134 performances until March 1969\\.[\"Flummig musikal blir till scenisk rockfest\"](http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/scen/flummig-musikal-blir-till-scenisk-rockfest) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025235940/http://www.dn.se/kultur\\-noje/scen/flummig\\-musikal\\-blir\\-till\\-scenisk\\-rockfest/ \\|date\\=October 25, 2016 }}, *[Dagens Nyheter](/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter \"Dagens Nyheter\")* March 17, 2011, accessed October 25, 2016 (Swedish language)",
"{{anchor\\|Haare}}A German production, directed by Castelli, opened a month later in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\");Blumenthal, Ralph (October 26, 1968\\). [\"Munich Audience Welcomes *Hair*; Applause and Foot Stamping Follow Musical Numbers\"](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0913FB39581B7493C4AB178BD95F4C8685F9&scp=1&sq=October+26%2C+1968+munich&st=p) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021235744/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=FB0913FB39581B7493C4AB178BD95F4C8685F9\\&scp\\=1\\&sq\\=October\\+26%2C\\+1968\\+munich\\&st\\=p \\|date\\=October 21, 2013 }}. *The New York Times*, p. 27\\. Retrieved on April 11, 2008\\. the tribe included [Donna Summer](/wiki/Donna_Summer \"Donna Summer\"), [Liz Mitchell](/wiki/Liz_Mitchell \"Liz Mitchell\") and [Donna Wyant](/wiki/Donna_Wyant \"Donna Wyant\"). A successful Parisian production of *Hair* opened on June 1, 1969\\.[\"Translated *Hair* Cheered in Paris; Title Lends Itself to Jest at Candidate's Expense\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1969/06/02/archives/translated-hair-cheered-in-paris-title-lends-itself-to-jest-at.html?sq=Translated+Hair+Cheered+In+Paris&scp=1&st=p) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718115143/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/06/02/archives/translated\\-hair\\-cheered\\-in\\-paris\\-title\\-lends\\-itself\\-to\\-jest\\-at.html?sq\\=Translated\\+Hair\\+Cheered\\+In\\+Paris\\&scp\\=1\\&st\\=p \\|date\\=July 18, 2018 }}. *The New York Times* (June 2, 1969\\), p. 53\\. Retrieved on June 7, 2008\\. The original Australian production premiered in Sydney on June 6, 1969, produced by [Harry M. Miller](/wiki/Harry_M._Miller \"Harry M. Miller\") and directed by [Jim Sharman](/wiki/Jim_Sharman \"Jim Sharman\"), who also designed the production. The tribe included [Keith Glass](/wiki/Keith_Glass \"Keith Glass\") and then [Reg Livermore](/wiki/Reg_Livermore \"Reg Livermore\") as Berger, [John Waters](/wiki/John_Waters_%28actor%29 \"John Waters (actor)\") as Claude and [Sharon Redd](/wiki/Sharon_Redd \"Sharon Redd\") as The Magician. Redd was one of six African\\-Americans brought to Australia to provide a racially integrated tribe.[\"*Hair* Reaches Australia\"](http://www.orlok.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/NYT6-7-69.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814092712/http://www.orlok.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/NYT6\\-7\\-69\\.html \\|date\\=August 14, 2009 }}, *The New York Times* (June 7, 1969\\), p. 26, reproduced at the *Hair* Online Archives. Retrieved on April 29, 2009\\.[*Hair*: Original Australian production](http://www.milesago.com/Stage/hair.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427105511/http://www.milesago.com/Stage/hair.htm \\|date\\=April 27, 2009 }}, MILESAGO: Australasian Music \\& Popular Culture 1964–1975, accessed April 29, 2009\\. The production broke local box\\-office records and ran for two years, but because of some of the language in the show, the cast album was banned in Queensland and New Zealand. The production transferred to Melbourne in 1971 and then had a national tour. It marked the stage debut of [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\")\\-born Australian vocalist [Marcia Hines](/wiki/Marcia_Hines \"Marcia Hines\"). In Mexico the production was banned by the government after one night in Acapulco. An 18\\-year\\-old [Sônia Braga](/wiki/S%C3%B4nia_Braga \"Sônia Braga\") appeared in the 1969 Brazilian production.[Sonia Braga](https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800058764/bio) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095749/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800058764/bio \\|date\\=January 14, 2012 }}. Yahoo! Movies, accessed May 27, 2011",
"Another notable production was in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\"), [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\"), in 1969\\. It was the first *Hair* to be produced in a communist country.[\"*Hair* Around the World\"](http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Newsweek7-7-69.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025235354/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Newsweek7\\-7\\-69\\.html \\|date\\=October 25, 2006 }}. *Newsweek*, michaelbutler.com (July 7, 1969\\). Retrieved on April 11, 2008\\. The show, translated into Serbian, was directed by female producer\\-director [Mira Trailović](/wiki/Mira_Trailovi%C4%87 \"Mira Trailović\") at the [Atelje 212](/wiki/Atelje_212 \"Atelje 212\") theatre.Nježić, T. [\"Autorima 'Kose' najviše se dopala beogradska verzija iz 1969\"](http://www.blic.rs/kultura/vesti/autorima-kose-najvise-se-dopala-beogradska-verzija-iz-1969/3f95xhy) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607055851/http://www.blic.rs/kultura/vesti/autorima\\-kose\\-najvise\\-se\\-dopala\\-beogradska\\-verzija\\-iz\\-1969/3f95xhy \\|date\\=June 7, 2016 }}, blic.rs, January 31, 2010, accessed May 25, 2016Lemon, Richard. [\"Here, There, Everywhere *Hair*\"](http://www.intrafi.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/SanFranProg10-69.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713050532/http://www.intrafi.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/SanFranProg10\\-69\\.html \\|date\\=July 13, 2011 }}, *Performing Arts Magazine*, October 1969, accessed May 25, 2016 It featured [Dragan Nikolić](/wiki/Dragan_Nikoli%C4%87 \"Dragan Nikolić\"), [Branko Milićević](/wiki/Branko_Mili%C4%87evi%C4%87 \"Branko Milićević\"), [Seka Sablić](/wiki/Seka_Sabli%C4%87 \"Seka Sablić\") and [Dušan Prelević](/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Prelevi%C4%87 \"Dušan Prelević\").Rančić, Sandra. \"Prvo svetlo u kuci broj 4\" Beograd 1968–70, *[Rockovnik](/wiki/Rockovnik \"Rockovnik\")* Strana X, [Radio Television of Serbia](/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia \"Radio Television of Serbia\"), [available on Rockovnik's YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZfzLshm22g) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203234032/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=cZfzLshm22g \\|date\\=February 3, 2015 }} Over four years, the production received 250 performances and was attended by president [Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito \"Josip Broz Tito\"). Local references in the script included barbs aimed at [Mao Zedong](/wiki/Mao_Zedong \"Mao Zedong\") as well as [Albania](/wiki/Albania \"Albania\"), Yugoslavia's traditional rival.",
"By 1970, *Hair* was a huge financial success, and nineteen productions had been staged outside of North America. In addition to those named above, these included productions in Scandinavia, South America, Italy, Israel, Japan, Canada, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Austria. According to *Billboard*, the various productions of the show were raking in almost $1 million every ten days, and royalties were being collected for 300 different recordings of the show's songs, making it \"the most successful score in history as well as the most performed score ever written for the Broadway stage.\"Gross, Mike. [\"Hair Is Doing Runaway Business as Score \\& Play\"](http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Billboard6-27-70.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025234652/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Billboard6\\-27\\-70\\.html \\|date\\=October 25, 2006 }}, *Billboard*, michaelbutler.com, June 27, 1970, accessed April 18, 2008",
""
] |
Themes
------
*Hair* explores many of the themes of the hippie movement of the 1960s. Theatre writer Scott Miller described these as follows:
> \[Youth protests in the 1960s concerned]: racism, environmental destruction, poverty, sexism and sexual repression, violence at home and the war in Vietnam, depersonalization from new technologies, and corruption in politics. ... \[T]he hippies had great respect for America and believed that they were the true patriots. ... \[Long] hair was the hippies' flag – their ... symbol not only of rebellion but also of new possibilities, a symbol of the rejection of discrimination and restrictive gender roles (a philosophy celebrated in the song "My Conviction"). ... Drab work clothes (jeans, work shirts, pea coats) were a rejection of materialism. Clothing from ... the Third World and native Americans represented their awareness of the global community and their rejection of U.S. imperialism and selfishness. ... \[N]atural fabrics were a rejection of synthetics, a return to natural things and simpler times. ... \[O]ld World War II or Civil War jackets \[co\-opted] the symbols of war into their newfound philosophy of nonviolence.Miller, Scott (2001\). ["HAIR – An analysis by Scott Miller"](http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/scottmiller.html), *Rebels with applause: Broadway's groundbreaking musicals* {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025235036/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/scottmiller.html \|date\=October 25, 2006 }}. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann. {{ISBN\|0\-325\-00357\-2}}
### Race and the tribe
Extending the precedents set by *[Show Boat](/wiki/Show_Boat "Show Boat")* (1927\) and *[Porgy and Bess](/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess "Porgy and Bess")* (1935\), *Hair* opened the Broadway musical to racial integration; fully one\-third of the cast was African American.Horn, p. 134 Except for satirically in skits, the roles for the black members of the tribe portrayed them as equals, breaking away from the traditional roles for black people in entertainment as slaves or servants. An *[Ebony](/wiki/Ebony_magazine "Ebony magazine")* magazine article declared that the show was the biggest outlet for black actors in the history of the U.S. stage.
Several songs and scenes from the show address racial issues. "Colored Spade", which introduces the character Hud, a militant black male, is a long list of racial slurs ("jungle bunny ... little black sambo") topped off with the declaration that Hud is the "president of the United States of love".[Ragni, Gerome](/wiki/Gerome_Ragni "Gerome Ragni") and [James Rado](/wiki/James_Rado "James Rado") (Lyricists), [Galt MacDermot](/wiki/Galt_MacDermot "Galt MacDermot") (Composer), and [Lamont Washington](/wiki/Lamont_Washington "Lamont Washington") (Vocalist). (1968\). *Hair* \[Audio Recording]. [RCA Victor](/wiki/RCA_Victor "RCA Victor"). Event occurs at Track 5, "Colored Spade". At the end of his song, he tells the tribe that the "boogie man" will get them, as the tribe pretends to be frightened. "Dead End", sung by black tribe members, is a list of street signs that symbolize black frustration and alienation. One of the tribe's protest chants is "What do we think is really great? To bomb, lynch and segregate!" "Black Boys/White Boys" is an exuberant acknowledgement of interracial sexual attraction;Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer) (1968\). *Hair* \[Audio Recording]. RCA Victor. Event occurs at Track 25, "White Boys". the U.S. Supreme Court had struck down [laws banning interracial marriage](/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States "Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States") in 1967\.*[Loving v. Virginia](/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia "Loving v. Virginia")*, 388 U.S. 1; 87 S. Ct. 1817; 18 L. Ed. 2d 1010; 1967 U.S. LEXIS 1082 Another of the tribe's protest chants is "Black, white, yellow, red. Copulate in a king\-sized bed."
"Abie Baby" is part of the Act 2 "trip" sequence: four African witch doctors, who have just killed various American historical, cultural and fictional characters, sing the praises of Abraham Lincoln, portrayed by a black female tribe member, whom they decide not to kill.Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer) (1968\). *Hair* \[Audio Recording]. RCA Victor. Event occurs at Track 27, "Abie Baby". The first part of the song contains stereotypical language that black characters used in old movies, like "I's finished ... pluckin' y'all's chickens" and "I's free now thanks to y'all, Master Lincoln". The Lincoln character then recites a modernized version of the [Gettysburg Address](/wiki/Gettysburg_Address "Gettysburg Address"), while a white female tribe member polishes Lincoln's shoes with her blond hair.
The many references to Native Americans throughout the script are part of the [anti\-consumerism](/wiki/Anti-consumerism "Anti-consumerism"), naturalism focus of the hippie movement and of *Hair*. The characters in the show are referred to as the "tribe", borrowing the term for Native American communities. The cast of each production chooses a tribal name: "The practice is not just cosmetic ... the entire cast must work together, must like each other, and often within the show, must work as a single organism. All the sense of family, of belonging, of responsibility and loyalty inherent in the word 'tribe' has to be felt by the cast." To enhance this feeling, O'Horgan put the cast through sensitivity exercises based on trust, touching, listening and intensive examination that broke down barriers between the cast and crew and encouraged bonding. These exercises were based on techniques developed at the [Esalen Institute](/wiki/Esalen_Institute "Esalen Institute") and Polish Lab Theater. The idea of Claude, Berger and Sheila living together is another facet of the 1960s concept of *tribe*.The 1960s concept of a menage\-a\-trois as a *tribe* is illustrated by the cover of the book [*The Love Tribe*](http://www.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-bin/imgload.cgi/137) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013200641/http://lib.virginia.edu/cgi\-bin/imgload.cgi/137 \|date\=October 13, 2007 }}, Mathewson, Joseph (1968\). Signet. Retrieved on April 18, 2008\.
### Nudity, sexual freedom and drug use
The brief nude scene at the end of Act I was a subject of controversy and notoriety.["Musical *Hair* opens as censors withdraw"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/27/newsid_3107000/3107815.stm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015172320/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/27/newsid\_3107000/3107815\.stm \|date\=October 15, 2007 }}. *On this Day*. bbc.co.uk (November 27, 1968\). Retrieved on April 11, 2008\. Miller writes that "nudity was a big part of the hippie culture, both as a rejection of the sexual repression of their parents and also as a statement about naturalism, spirituality, honesty, openness, and freedom. The naked body was beautiful, something to be celebrated and appreciated, not scorned and hidden. They saw their bodies and their sexuality as gifts, not as 'dirty' things."
*Hair* glorifies sexual freedom in a variety of ways. In addition to acceptance of interracial attraction, the characters' lifestyle acts as a sexually and politically charged updating of *[La bohème](/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me "La bohème")*; as Rado explained, "The love element of the peace movement was palpable." In the song "Sodomy", Woof exhorts everyone to "join the holy orgy [Kama Sutra](/wiki/Kama_Sutra "Kama Sutra")".Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer), and Steve Curry (Vocalist). (1968\) *Hair* \[Audio Recording]. RCA Victor. Event occurs at Track 4, "Sodomy". Toward the end of Act 2, the tribe members reveal their [free love](/wiki/Free_love "Free love") tendencies when they banter back and forth about who will sleep with whom that night.[Barnes, Clive](/wiki/Clive_Barnes_%28critic%29 "Clive Barnes (critic)") (April 30, 1968\). ["Theater: *Hair* – It's Fresh and Frank; Likable Rock Musical Moves to Broadway"](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C14F7345D147493C2AA178FD85F4C8685F9&scp=1&sq=hair&st=p) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109235655/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=FA0C14F7345D147493C2AA178FD85F4C8685F9\&scp\=1\&sq\=hair\&st\=p \|date\=November 9, 2013 }}, *The New York Times*, p. 40\. Retrieved on April 11, 2008\. Woof has a crush on Mick Jagger, and a three\-way embrace between Claude, Berger and Sheila turns into a Claude–Berger kiss.[Rado, James](/wiki/James_Rado "James Rado"); [Gerome Ragni](/wiki/Gerome_Ragni "Gerome Ragni") \[1966, 1969]. *Hair*, Original Script, Tams Whitmark.
Illegal drugs taken by the characters include a hallucinogen during the trip sequence. The song "Walking in Space" begins the sequence, declaring "how dare they try to end this beauty ... in this dive we rediscover sensation ... our eyes are open, wide, wide, wide". Similarly, in the song "Donna", Berger sings, "I'm evolving through the drugs that you put down."Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer), *Hair* Original Broadway Cast album, (1968\), RCA Victor, at Track 2 "Donna" and Track 26, "Walking in Space". At another point, Jeanie smokes marijuana and dismisses the critics of "pot". Generally, the tribe favors hallucinogenic or "mind expanding" drugs, such as LSD and marijuana,Miller, p. 116 while disapproving of other drugs such as speed and depressants. For example, Jeanie, after revealing that she is pregnant by a "[speed](/wiki/Speed_%28drug%29 "Speed (drug)") freak", says that "[methedrine](/wiki/Methedrine "Methedrine") is a bad scene". The song "Hashish" provides a list of pharmaceuticals, both illegal and legal, including cocaine, alcohol, LSD, opium and the [antipsychotic](/wiki/Antipsychotic "Antipsychotic") [Thorazine](/wiki/Thorazine "Thorazine").
### Pacifism and environmentalism
The theme of opposition to the war that pervades the show is unified by the plot thread that progresses through the book – Claude's [moral dilemma](/wiki/Conscientious_objector "Conscientious objector") over whether to [burn his draft card](/wiki/Draft_dodger "Draft dodger"). [Pacifism](/wiki/Pacifism "Pacifism") is explored throughout the extended trip sequence in Act 2\. The lyrics to "[Three\-Five\-Zero\-Zero](/wiki/Three-Five-Zero-Zero "Three-Five-Zero-Zero")", which is sung during that sequence, evoke the horrors of war ("ripped open by metal explosion").Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer), and Original Broadway Cast (Vocalists). (1968\) *Hair* \[Audio Recording]. RCA Victor. Event occurs at Track 28, "Three\-Five\-Zero\-Zero". The song is based on [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg "Allen Ginsberg")'s 1966 poem, "[Wichita Vortex Sutra](/wiki/Wichita_Vortex_Sutra "Wichita Vortex Sutra")". In the poem, General Maxwell Taylor proudly reports to the press the number of enemy soldiers killed in one month, repeating it digit by digit, for effect: "Three\-Five\-Zero\-Zero." The song begins with images of death and dying and turns into a manic dance number, echoing Maxwell's glee at reporting the enemy casualties, as the tribe chants "Take weapons up and begin to kill". The song also includes the repeated phrase "Prisoners in niggertown/ It's a dirty little war".
"Don't Put It Down" satirizes the unexamined patriotism of people who are "crazy for the American flag".Miller, pp. 110–11 "Be In (Hare Krishna)" praises the peace movement and events like the [San Francisco](/wiki/Be-In "Be-In") and [Central Park Be\-Ins](/wiki/Central_Park_Be-In "Central Park Be-In").McNeill, Don (March 30, 1967\). ["Be\-In, be\-in, Being"](http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/0543,50thmcneill,69181,31.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128161935/http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/0543,50thmcneill,69181,31\.html \|date\=January 28, 2008 }}. *The Village Voice*, The Village Voice, LLC. Retrieved on April 17, 2008\. Throughout the show, the tribe chants popular protest slogans like "What do we want? Peace! – When do we want it? Now!" and "Do not enter the induction center". The upbeat song, "Let the Sun Shine In", is a call to action, to reject the darkness of war and change the world for the better.
*Hair* also aims its satire at the pollution caused by civilization. Jeanie appears from a trap door in the stage wearing a gas mask and then sings the song "Air": "Welcome, sulfur dioxide. Hello carbon monoxide. The air ... is everywhere".Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer) (1968\) *Hair* \[Audio Recording]. RCA Victor. Event occurs at Track 11, "Air". She suggests that pollution will eventually kill her, "vapor and fume at the stone of my tomb, breathing like a sullen perfume". In a comic, pro\-green vein, when Woof introduces himself, he explains that he "grows things" like "beets, and corn ... and sweet peas" and that he "loves the flowers and the fuzz and the trees".
### Religion and astrology
Religion, particularly Catholicism, appears both overtly and symbolically throughout the piece, and it is often made the brunt of a joke. Berger sings of looking for "my Donna", giving it the double meaning of the woman he's searching for and the [Madonna](/wiki/Mary_%28mother_of_Jesus%29 "Mary (mother of Jesus)"). During "Sodomy", a hymn\-like paean to all that is "dirty" about sex, the cast strikes evocative religious positions: the [Pietà](/wiki/Piet%C3%A0 "Pietà") and Christ on the cross.Davis, Lorrie (1968\). Album notes for Original Cast Recording of *Hair*, pp. 5–6 (CD booklet), [RCA Victor](/wiki/RCA_Victor "RCA Victor") (1150\-2\-RC). [*Hair*](http://musicbrainz.org/release/22b9abaa-1c35-41b9-82b7-e9e8c99d40c1.html) at [MusicBrainz](/wiki/MusicBrainz "MusicBrainz"). Before the song, Woof recites a modified [rosary](/wiki/Rosary "Rosary"). In Act II, when Berger gives imaginary pills to various famous figures, he offers "a [pill](/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill "Oral contraceptive pill") for [the Pope](/wiki/Catholic_contraception "Catholic contraception")". In "Going Down", after being kicked out of school, Berger compares himself to [Lucifer](/wiki/Lucifer "Lucifer"): "Just like the angel that fell / Banished forever to hell / Today have I been expelled / From high school heaven."Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer), and Gerome Ragni (Vocalist). (1968\) *Hair* \[Audio Recording]. RCA Victor. Event occurs at Track 2, "Goin' Down". Claude becomes a classic [Christ figure](/wiki/Christ_figure "Christ figure") at various points in the script.Miller, pp. 88–89 In Act I, Claude enters, saying, "I am the Son of God. I shall vanish and be forgotten," then gives benediction to the tribe and the audience. Claude suffers from indecision, and, in his [Gethsemane](/wiki/Gethsemane "Gethsemane") at the end of Act I, he asks "Where Do I Go?". There are textual allusions to Claude being on a cross, and, in the end, he is chosen to give his life for the others. Berger has been seen as a [John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist "John the Baptist") figure, preparing the way for Claude.
| **Excerpt from "Aquarius"** Harmony and understanding Sympathy and trust abounding. No more falsehoods or derisions Golden living dreams of visions Mystic crystal revelation And the mind's true liberation. Aquarius |
| --- |
Songs like "Good Morning, Starshine" and "Aquarius" reflect the 1960s cultural interest in astrological and cosmic concepts.Horn, p. 136 "Aquarius" was the result of Rado's research into [his own](/wiki/Aquarius_%28astrology%29 "Aquarius (astrology)") [astrological sign](/wiki/Astrological_sign "Astrological sign").["Rapping With Sally Eaton of *Hair*"](http://www.orlok.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/AstrologyToday.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613190936/http://www.orlok.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/AstrologyToday.html \|date\=June 13, 2008 }}. *Astrology Today*. michaelbutler.com. Retrieved on April 11, 2008\. The company's astrologer, Maria Crummere, was consulted about casting:[Curtis, Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte_Curtis "Charlotte Curtis") (April 30, 1968\). ["Party Makes It (on the Third Try)"](https://www.nytimes.com/1968/04/30/archives/party-makes-it-on-the-third-try.html?sq=hair&scp=2&st=p) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722214002/https://www.nytimes.com/1968/04/30/archives/party\-makes\-it\-on\-the\-third\-try.html?sq\=hair\&scp\=2\&st\=p \|date\=July 22, 2018 }}. *The New York Times*, p. 50\. Retrieved on April 11, 2008\. Sheila was usually played by a [Libra](/wiki/Libra_%28astrology%29 "Libra (astrology)") or [Capricorn](/wiki/Capricorn_%28astrology%29 "Capricorn (astrology)") and Berger by a [Leo](/wiki/Leo_%28astrology%29 "Leo (astrology)"), Crummere was also consulted when deciding when the show would open on Broadway and in other cities.["Hairzapoppin'"](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840493,00.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214143808/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840493,00\.html \|date\=December 14, 2008 }}. *Time* (December 12, 1969\). Retrieved on May 29, 2008\. The 1971 Broadway *[Playbill](/wiki/Playbill "Playbill")* reported that she chose April 29, 1968 for the Broadway premiere. "The 29th was auspicious ... because the moon was high, indicating that people would attend in masses. The position of the 'history makers' ([Pluto](/wiki/Pluto "Pluto"), [Uranus](/wiki/Uranus "Uranus"), [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter "Jupiter")) in the 10th house made the show unique, powerful and a money\-maker. And the fact that [Neptune](/wiki/Neptune "Neptune") was on the ascendancy foretold that *Hair* would develop a reputation involving sex."Dowling, Colette (May 1971\). ["*Hair* – Trusting the Kids and the Stars"](http://michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Playbill5-71.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025234901/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Playbill5\-71\.html \|date\=October 25, 2006 }}. *Playbill*. Retrieved on June 1, 2008\.
In Mexico, where Crummere did not pick the opening date, the show was closed down by the government after one night. She was not pleased with the date of the [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston") opening (where the producers were sued over the show's content) saying, "Jupiter will be in opposition to naughty [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn "Saturn"), and the show opens the very day of the sun's [eclipse](/wiki/Solar_eclipse "Solar eclipse"). Terrible." But there was no astrologically safe time in the near future.Prideaux, Tom (April 17, 1970\). ["That Play Is Sprouting Everywhere"](http://michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Life4-17-70.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025234542/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Life4\-17\-70\.html \|date\=October 25, 2006 }}. *Life*, michaelbutler.com. Retrieved on June 7, 2008\.
### Literary themes and symbolism
*Hair* makes many references to [Shakespeare](/wiki/Shakespeare "Shakespeare")'s plays and, at times, takes lyrical material directly from Shakespeare. For example, the lyrics to the song "What a Piece of Work Is Man" are from *[Hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet "Hamlet")* (II: scene 2\) and portions of "Flesh Failures" ("the rest is silence") are from Hamlet's final lines. In "Flesh Failures/Let The Sun Shine In", the lyrics "Eyes, look your last!/ Arms, take your last embrace! And lips, O you/ The doors of breath, seal with a righteous kiss" are from *[Romeo and Juliet](/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet "Romeo and Juliet")* (V: iii, 111–14\).Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer) *Hair* Broadway Cast Recording (1968\), RCA Victor, at Track 32, "The Flesh Failures (Let the Sunshine In)". According to Miller, the *Romeo* suicide imagery makes the point that, with our complicity in war, we are killing ourselves.
Claude's indecision, especially his resistance to burning his draft card, which ultimately causes his demise, has been seen as a parallel to *Hamlet*, "the melancholy hippie".Miller, p. 91 This symbolism is carried into the last scene, where Claude appears as a ghostly spirit among his friends wearing an army uniform in an ironic echo of an earlier scene, where he says, "I know what I want to be ... invisible". Public Theater Artistic Director [Oskar Eustis](/wiki/Oskar_Eustis "Oskar Eustis") said, "Both \[*Hair* and *Hamlet*] center on idealistic brilliant men as they struggle to find their place in a world marred by war, violence, and venal politics. They see both the luminous possibilities and the harshest realities of being human. In the end, unable to effectively combat the evil around them, they tragically succumb."["Shakespeare in the Park to present *Hamlet* and the musical *Hair*](http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/news/feb08/shakespeare07feb08.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103130031/http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/news/feb08/shakespeare07feb08\.htm \|date\=January 3, 2009 }}. *newyorktheatreguide.com* (February 7, 2008\). Retrieved on April 18, 2008\.
Other literary references include the song "Three\-Five\-Zero\-Zero", based on Ginsberg's poem "Wichita Vortex Sutra",Miller, p. 92 and, in the psychedelic drug trip sequence, the portrayal of [Scarlett O'Hara](/wiki/Scarlett_O%27Hara "Scarlett O'Hara"), from *[Gone with the Wind](/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_%28novel%29 "Gone with the Wind (novel)")*, and activist African\-American poet [LeRoi Jones](/wiki/LeRoi_Jones "LeRoi Jones").
|
[
"Themes\n------",
"*Hair* explores many of the themes of the hippie movement of the 1960s. Theatre writer Scott Miller described these as follows:",
"",
"> \\[Youth protests in the 1960s concerned]: racism, environmental destruction, poverty, sexism and sexual repression, violence at home and the war in Vietnam, depersonalization from new technologies, and corruption in politics. ... \\[T]he hippies had great respect for America and believed that they were the true patriots. ... \\[Long] hair was the hippies' flag – their ... symbol not only of rebellion but also of new possibilities, a symbol of the rejection of discrimination and restrictive gender roles (a philosophy celebrated in the song \"My Conviction\"). ... Drab work clothes (jeans, work shirts, pea coats) were a rejection of materialism. Clothing from ... the Third World and native Americans represented their awareness of the global community and their rejection of U.S. imperialism and selfishness. ... \\[N]atural fabrics were a rejection of synthetics, a return to natural things and simpler times. ... \\[O]ld World War II or Civil War jackets \\[co\\-opted] the symbols of war into their newfound philosophy of nonviolence.Miller, Scott (2001\\). [\"HAIR – An analysis by Scott Miller\"](http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/scottmiller.html), *Rebels with applause: Broadway's groundbreaking musicals* {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025235036/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/scottmiller.html \\|date\\=October 25, 2006 }}. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann. {{ISBN\\|0\\-325\\-00357\\-2}}",
"### Race and the tribe",
"Extending the precedents set by *[Show Boat](/wiki/Show_Boat \"Show Boat\")* (1927\\) and *[Porgy and Bess](/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess \"Porgy and Bess\")* (1935\\), *Hair* opened the Broadway musical to racial integration; fully one\\-third of the cast was African American.Horn, p. 134 Except for satirically in skits, the roles for the black members of the tribe portrayed them as equals, breaking away from the traditional roles for black people in entertainment as slaves or servants. An *[Ebony](/wiki/Ebony_magazine \"Ebony magazine\")* magazine article declared that the show was the biggest outlet for black actors in the history of the U.S. stage.",
"Several songs and scenes from the show address racial issues. \"Colored Spade\", which introduces the character Hud, a militant black male, is a long list of racial slurs (\"jungle bunny ... little black sambo\") topped off with the declaration that Hud is the \"president of the United States of love\".[Ragni, Gerome](/wiki/Gerome_Ragni \"Gerome Ragni\") and [James Rado](/wiki/James_Rado \"James Rado\") (Lyricists), [Galt MacDermot](/wiki/Galt_MacDermot \"Galt MacDermot\") (Composer), and [Lamont Washington](/wiki/Lamont_Washington \"Lamont Washington\") (Vocalist). (1968\\). *Hair* \\[Audio Recording]. [RCA Victor](/wiki/RCA_Victor \"RCA Victor\"). Event occurs at Track 5, \"Colored Spade\". At the end of his song, he tells the tribe that the \"boogie man\" will get them, as the tribe pretends to be frightened. \"Dead End\", sung by black tribe members, is a list of street signs that symbolize black frustration and alienation. One of the tribe's protest chants is \"What do we think is really great? To bomb, lynch and segregate!\" \"Black Boys/White Boys\" is an exuberant acknowledgement of interracial sexual attraction;Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer) (1968\\). *Hair* \\[Audio Recording]. RCA Victor. Event occurs at Track 25, \"White Boys\". the U.S. Supreme Court had struck down [laws banning interracial marriage](/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States \"Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States\") in 1967\\.*[Loving v. Virginia](/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia \"Loving v. Virginia\")*, 388 U.S. 1; 87 S. Ct. 1817; 18 L. Ed. 2d 1010; 1967 U.S. LEXIS 1082 Another of the tribe's protest chants is \"Black, white, yellow, red. Copulate in a king\\-sized bed.\"",
"\"Abie Baby\" is part of the Act 2 \"trip\" sequence: four African witch doctors, who have just killed various American historical, cultural and fictional characters, sing the praises of Abraham Lincoln, portrayed by a black female tribe member, whom they decide not to kill.Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer) (1968\\). *Hair* \\[Audio Recording]. RCA Victor. Event occurs at Track 27, \"Abie Baby\". The first part of the song contains stereotypical language that black characters used in old movies, like \"I's finished ... pluckin' y'all's chickens\" and \"I's free now thanks to y'all, Master Lincoln\". The Lincoln character then recites a modernized version of the [Gettysburg Address](/wiki/Gettysburg_Address \"Gettysburg Address\"), while a white female tribe member polishes Lincoln's shoes with her blond hair.",
"The many references to Native Americans throughout the script are part of the [anti\\-consumerism](/wiki/Anti-consumerism \"Anti-consumerism\"), naturalism focus of the hippie movement and of *Hair*. The characters in the show are referred to as the \"tribe\", borrowing the term for Native American communities. The cast of each production chooses a tribal name: \"The practice is not just cosmetic ... the entire cast must work together, must like each other, and often within the show, must work as a single organism. All the sense of family, of belonging, of responsibility and loyalty inherent in the word 'tribe' has to be felt by the cast.\" To enhance this feeling, O'Horgan put the cast through sensitivity exercises based on trust, touching, listening and intensive examination that broke down barriers between the cast and crew and encouraged bonding. These exercises were based on techniques developed at the [Esalen Institute](/wiki/Esalen_Institute \"Esalen Institute\") and Polish Lab Theater. The idea of Claude, Berger and Sheila living together is another facet of the 1960s concept of *tribe*.The 1960s concept of a menage\\-a\\-trois as a *tribe* is illustrated by the cover of the book [*The Love Tribe*](http://www.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-bin/imgload.cgi/137) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013200641/http://lib.virginia.edu/cgi\\-bin/imgload.cgi/137 \\|date\\=October 13, 2007 }}, Mathewson, Joseph (1968\\). Signet. Retrieved on April 18, 2008\\.",
"### Nudity, sexual freedom and drug use",
"The brief nude scene at the end of Act I was a subject of controversy and notoriety.[\"Musical *Hair* opens as censors withdraw\"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/27/newsid_3107000/3107815.stm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015172320/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/27/newsid\\_3107000/3107815\\.stm \\|date\\=October 15, 2007 }}. *On this Day*. bbc.co.uk (November 27, 1968\\). Retrieved on April 11, 2008\\. Miller writes that \"nudity was a big part of the hippie culture, both as a rejection of the sexual repression of their parents and also as a statement about naturalism, spirituality, honesty, openness, and freedom. The naked body was beautiful, something to be celebrated and appreciated, not scorned and hidden. They saw their bodies and their sexuality as gifts, not as 'dirty' things.\"",
"*Hair* glorifies sexual freedom in a variety of ways. In addition to acceptance of interracial attraction, the characters' lifestyle acts as a sexually and politically charged updating of *[La bohème](/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me \"La bohème\")*; as Rado explained, \"The love element of the peace movement was palpable.\" In the song \"Sodomy\", Woof exhorts everyone to \"join the holy orgy [Kama Sutra](/wiki/Kama_Sutra \"Kama Sutra\")\".Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer), and Steve Curry (Vocalist). (1968\\) *Hair* \\[Audio Recording]. RCA Victor. Event occurs at Track 4, \"Sodomy\". Toward the end of Act 2, the tribe members reveal their [free love](/wiki/Free_love \"Free love\") tendencies when they banter back and forth about who will sleep with whom that night.[Barnes, Clive](/wiki/Clive_Barnes_%28critic%29 \"Clive Barnes (critic)\") (April 30, 1968\\). [\"Theater: *Hair* – It's Fresh and Frank; Likable Rock Musical Moves to Broadway\"](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C14F7345D147493C2AA178FD85F4C8685F9&scp=1&sq=hair&st=p) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109235655/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=FA0C14F7345D147493C2AA178FD85F4C8685F9\\&scp\\=1\\&sq\\=hair\\&st\\=p \\|date\\=November 9, 2013 }}, *The New York Times*, p. 40\\. Retrieved on April 11, 2008\\. Woof has a crush on Mick Jagger, and a three\\-way embrace between Claude, Berger and Sheila turns into a Claude–Berger kiss.[Rado, James](/wiki/James_Rado \"James Rado\"); [Gerome Ragni](/wiki/Gerome_Ragni \"Gerome Ragni\") \\[1966, 1969]. *Hair*, Original Script, Tams Whitmark.",
"Illegal drugs taken by the characters include a hallucinogen during the trip sequence. The song \"Walking in Space\" begins the sequence, declaring \"how dare they try to end this beauty ... in this dive we rediscover sensation ... our eyes are open, wide, wide, wide\". Similarly, in the song \"Donna\", Berger sings, \"I'm evolving through the drugs that you put down.\"Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer), *Hair* Original Broadway Cast album, (1968\\), RCA Victor, at Track 2 \"Donna\" and Track 26, \"Walking in Space\". At another point, Jeanie smokes marijuana and dismisses the critics of \"pot\". Generally, the tribe favors hallucinogenic or \"mind expanding\" drugs, such as LSD and marijuana,Miller, p. 116 while disapproving of other drugs such as speed and depressants. For example, Jeanie, after revealing that she is pregnant by a \"[speed](/wiki/Speed_%28drug%29 \"Speed (drug)\") freak\", says that \"[methedrine](/wiki/Methedrine \"Methedrine\") is a bad scene\". The song \"Hashish\" provides a list of pharmaceuticals, both illegal and legal, including cocaine, alcohol, LSD, opium and the [antipsychotic](/wiki/Antipsychotic \"Antipsychotic\") [Thorazine](/wiki/Thorazine \"Thorazine\").",
"### Pacifism and environmentalism",
"The theme of opposition to the war that pervades the show is unified by the plot thread that progresses through the book – Claude's [moral dilemma](/wiki/Conscientious_objector \"Conscientious objector\") over whether to [burn his draft card](/wiki/Draft_dodger \"Draft dodger\"). [Pacifism](/wiki/Pacifism \"Pacifism\") is explored throughout the extended trip sequence in Act 2\\. The lyrics to \"[Three\\-Five\\-Zero\\-Zero](/wiki/Three-Five-Zero-Zero \"Three-Five-Zero-Zero\")\", which is sung during that sequence, evoke the horrors of war (\"ripped open by metal explosion\").Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer), and Original Broadway Cast (Vocalists). (1968\\) *Hair* \\[Audio Recording]. RCA Victor. Event occurs at Track 28, \"Three\\-Five\\-Zero\\-Zero\". The song is based on [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg \"Allen Ginsberg\")'s 1966 poem, \"[Wichita Vortex Sutra](/wiki/Wichita_Vortex_Sutra \"Wichita Vortex Sutra\")\". In the poem, General Maxwell Taylor proudly reports to the press the number of enemy soldiers killed in one month, repeating it digit by digit, for effect: \"Three\\-Five\\-Zero\\-Zero.\" The song begins with images of death and dying and turns into a manic dance number, echoing Maxwell's glee at reporting the enemy casualties, as the tribe chants \"Take weapons up and begin to kill\". The song also includes the repeated phrase \"Prisoners in niggertown/ It's a dirty little war\".",
"\"Don't Put It Down\" satirizes the unexamined patriotism of people who are \"crazy for the American flag\".Miller, pp. 110–11 \"Be In (Hare Krishna)\" praises the peace movement and events like the [San Francisco](/wiki/Be-In \"Be-In\") and [Central Park Be\\-Ins](/wiki/Central_Park_Be-In \"Central Park Be-In\").McNeill, Don (March 30, 1967\\). [\"Be\\-In, be\\-in, Being\"](http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/0543,50thmcneill,69181,31.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128161935/http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/0543,50thmcneill,69181,31\\.html \\|date\\=January 28, 2008 }}. *The Village Voice*, The Village Voice, LLC. Retrieved on April 17, 2008\\. Throughout the show, the tribe chants popular protest slogans like \"What do we want? Peace! – When do we want it? Now!\" and \"Do not enter the induction center\". The upbeat song, \"Let the Sun Shine In\", is a call to action, to reject the darkness of war and change the world for the better.",
"*Hair* also aims its satire at the pollution caused by civilization. Jeanie appears from a trap door in the stage wearing a gas mask and then sings the song \"Air\": \"Welcome, sulfur dioxide. Hello carbon monoxide. The air ... is everywhere\".Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer) (1968\\) *Hair* \\[Audio Recording]. RCA Victor. Event occurs at Track 11, \"Air\". She suggests that pollution will eventually kill her, \"vapor and fume at the stone of my tomb, breathing like a sullen perfume\". In a comic, pro\\-green vein, when Woof introduces himself, he explains that he \"grows things\" like \"beets, and corn ... and sweet peas\" and that he \"loves the flowers and the fuzz and the trees\".",
"### Religion and astrology",
"Religion, particularly Catholicism, appears both overtly and symbolically throughout the piece, and it is often made the brunt of a joke. Berger sings of looking for \"my Donna\", giving it the double meaning of the woman he's searching for and the [Madonna](/wiki/Mary_%28mother_of_Jesus%29 \"Mary (mother of Jesus)\"). During \"Sodomy\", a hymn\\-like paean to all that is \"dirty\" about sex, the cast strikes evocative religious positions: the [Pietà](/wiki/Piet%C3%A0 \"Pietà\") and Christ on the cross.Davis, Lorrie (1968\\). Album notes for Original Cast Recording of *Hair*, pp. 5–6 (CD booklet), [RCA Victor](/wiki/RCA_Victor \"RCA Victor\") (1150\\-2\\-RC). [*Hair*](http://musicbrainz.org/release/22b9abaa-1c35-41b9-82b7-e9e8c99d40c1.html) at [MusicBrainz](/wiki/MusicBrainz \"MusicBrainz\"). Before the song, Woof recites a modified [rosary](/wiki/Rosary \"Rosary\"). In Act II, when Berger gives imaginary pills to various famous figures, he offers \"a [pill](/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill \"Oral contraceptive pill\") for [the Pope](/wiki/Catholic_contraception \"Catholic contraception\")\". In \"Going Down\", after being kicked out of school, Berger compares himself to [Lucifer](/wiki/Lucifer \"Lucifer\"): \"Just like the angel that fell / Banished forever to hell / Today have I been expelled / From high school heaven.\"Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer), and Gerome Ragni (Vocalist). (1968\\) *Hair* \\[Audio Recording]. RCA Victor. Event occurs at Track 2, \"Goin' Down\". Claude becomes a classic [Christ figure](/wiki/Christ_figure \"Christ figure\") at various points in the script.Miller, pp. 88–89 In Act I, Claude enters, saying, \"I am the Son of God. I shall vanish and be forgotten,\" then gives benediction to the tribe and the audience. Claude suffers from indecision, and, in his [Gethsemane](/wiki/Gethsemane \"Gethsemane\") at the end of Act I, he asks \"Where Do I Go?\". There are textual allusions to Claude being on a cross, and, in the end, he is chosen to give his life for the others. Berger has been seen as a [John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist \"John the Baptist\") figure, preparing the way for Claude.",
"",
"| **Excerpt from \"Aquarius\"** Harmony and understanding Sympathy and trust abounding. No more falsehoods or derisions Golden living dreams of visions Mystic crystal revelation And the mind's true liberation. Aquarius |\n| --- |",
"Songs like \"Good Morning, Starshine\" and \"Aquarius\" reflect the 1960s cultural interest in astrological and cosmic concepts.Horn, p. 136 \"Aquarius\" was the result of Rado's research into [his own](/wiki/Aquarius_%28astrology%29 \"Aquarius (astrology)\") [astrological sign](/wiki/Astrological_sign \"Astrological sign\").[\"Rapping With Sally Eaton of *Hair*\"](http://www.orlok.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/AstrologyToday.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613190936/http://www.orlok.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/AstrologyToday.html \\|date\\=June 13, 2008 }}. *Astrology Today*. michaelbutler.com. Retrieved on April 11, 2008\\. The company's astrologer, Maria Crummere, was consulted about casting:[Curtis, Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte_Curtis \"Charlotte Curtis\") (April 30, 1968\\). [\"Party Makes It (on the Third Try)\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1968/04/30/archives/party-makes-it-on-the-third-try.html?sq=hair&scp=2&st=p) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722214002/https://www.nytimes.com/1968/04/30/archives/party\\-makes\\-it\\-on\\-the\\-third\\-try.html?sq\\=hair\\&scp\\=2\\&st\\=p \\|date\\=July 22, 2018 }}. *The New York Times*, p. 50\\. Retrieved on April 11, 2008\\. Sheila was usually played by a [Libra](/wiki/Libra_%28astrology%29 \"Libra (astrology)\") or [Capricorn](/wiki/Capricorn_%28astrology%29 \"Capricorn (astrology)\") and Berger by a [Leo](/wiki/Leo_%28astrology%29 \"Leo (astrology)\"), Crummere was also consulted when deciding when the show would open on Broadway and in other cities.[\"Hairzapoppin'\"](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840493,00.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214143808/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840493,00\\.html \\|date\\=December 14, 2008 }}. *Time* (December 12, 1969\\). Retrieved on May 29, 2008\\. The 1971 Broadway *[Playbill](/wiki/Playbill \"Playbill\")* reported that she chose April 29, 1968 for the Broadway premiere. \"The 29th was auspicious ... because the moon was high, indicating that people would attend in masses. The position of the 'history makers' ([Pluto](/wiki/Pluto \"Pluto\"), [Uranus](/wiki/Uranus \"Uranus\"), [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter \"Jupiter\")) in the 10th house made the show unique, powerful and a money\\-maker. And the fact that [Neptune](/wiki/Neptune \"Neptune\") was on the ascendancy foretold that *Hair* would develop a reputation involving sex.\"Dowling, Colette (May 1971\\). [\"*Hair* – Trusting the Kids and the Stars\"](http://michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Playbill5-71.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025234901/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Playbill5\\-71\\.html \\|date\\=October 25, 2006 }}. *Playbill*. Retrieved on June 1, 2008\\.",
"In Mexico, where Crummere did not pick the opening date, the show was closed down by the government after one night. She was not pleased with the date of the [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") opening (where the producers were sued over the show's content) saying, \"Jupiter will be in opposition to naughty [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn \"Saturn\"), and the show opens the very day of the sun's [eclipse](/wiki/Solar_eclipse \"Solar eclipse\"). Terrible.\" But there was no astrologically safe time in the near future.Prideaux, Tom (April 17, 1970\\). [\"That Play Is Sprouting Everywhere\"](http://michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Life4-17-70.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025234542/http://www.michaelbutler.com/hair/holding/articles/HairArticles/Life4\\-17\\-70\\.html \\|date\\=October 25, 2006 }}. *Life*, michaelbutler.com. Retrieved on June 7, 2008\\.",
"### Literary themes and symbolism",
"*Hair* makes many references to [Shakespeare](/wiki/Shakespeare \"Shakespeare\")'s plays and, at times, takes lyrical material directly from Shakespeare. For example, the lyrics to the song \"What a Piece of Work Is Man\" are from *[Hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet \"Hamlet\")* (II: scene 2\\) and portions of \"Flesh Failures\" (\"the rest is silence\") are from Hamlet's final lines. In \"Flesh Failures/Let The Sun Shine In\", the lyrics \"Eyes, look your last!/ Arms, take your last embrace! And lips, O you/ The doors of breath, seal with a righteous kiss\" are from *[Romeo and Juliet](/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet \"Romeo and Juliet\")* (V: iii, 111–14\\).Ragni and Rado (Lyricists), MacDermot (Composer) *Hair* Broadway Cast Recording (1968\\), RCA Victor, at Track 32, \"The Flesh Failures (Let the Sunshine In)\". According to Miller, the *Romeo* suicide imagery makes the point that, with our complicity in war, we are killing ourselves.",
"Claude's indecision, especially his resistance to burning his draft card, which ultimately causes his demise, has been seen as a parallel to *Hamlet*, \"the melancholy hippie\".Miller, p. 91 This symbolism is carried into the last scene, where Claude appears as a ghostly spirit among his friends wearing an army uniform in an ironic echo of an earlier scene, where he says, \"I know what I want to be ... invisible\". Public Theater Artistic Director [Oskar Eustis](/wiki/Oskar_Eustis \"Oskar Eustis\") said, \"Both \\[*Hair* and *Hamlet*] center on idealistic brilliant men as they struggle to find their place in a world marred by war, violence, and venal politics. They see both the luminous possibilities and the harshest realities of being human. In the end, unable to effectively combat the evil around them, they tragically succumb.\"[\"Shakespeare in the Park to present *Hamlet* and the musical *Hair*](http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/news/feb08/shakespeare07feb08.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103130031/http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/news/feb08/shakespeare07feb08\\.htm \\|date\\=January 3, 2009 }}. *newyorktheatreguide.com* (February 7, 2008\\). Retrieved on April 18, 2008\\.",
"Other literary references include the song \"Three\\-Five\\-Zero\\-Zero\", based on Ginsberg's poem \"Wichita Vortex Sutra\",Miller, p. 92 and, in the psychedelic drug trip sequence, the portrayal of [Scarlett O'Hara](/wiki/Scarlett_O%27Hara \"Scarlett O'Hara\"), from *[Gone with the Wind](/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_%28novel%29 \"Gone with the Wind (novel)\")*, and activist African\\-American poet [LeRoi Jones](/wiki/LeRoi_Jones \"LeRoi Jones\").",
""
] |
Premier of Ontario (2003–2013\)
-------------------------------
### First term (2003–2007\)
#### First year
McGuinty took office as Premier and [Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_%28Ontario%29 "Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (Ontario)") on October 23, 2003\.
The new government called the Legislature back in session in late 2003\. The government brought in auto insurance reforms (including a price cap), rolled\-back a series of corporate and personal tax cuts that had been scheduled for 2004, passed legislation that enshrined publicly funded healthcare into provincial law, hired more meat and water inspectors, opened up the provincially owned electricity companies to Freedom of Information laws and enacted a ban on partisan government advertising.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
On May 18, 2004, Provincial Finance Minister [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara "Greg Sorbara") released the McGuinty government's first budget, the first year of a four\-year plan focused on tackling four deficits the Liberals claim the previous Tories left behind: the "health deficit", the "education deficit", the "infrastructure deficit" and the "fiscal deficit".{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
This budget was focused on health care. At its core was a large infusion of new money into hospitals specifically to shorten wait times in key areas: knee and hip replacements, cancer treatment, cardiac treatment, cataracts, and [MRI](/wiki/MRI "MRI") and CT scans. The government also brought in free immunizations for children, 150 new Family Health Teams to improve access to physicians, almost 100,000 new home care spaces for Ontario's elderly, almost 4,000 new long\-term care beds, and $200 million more to improve public health and fight potential outbreaks like [SARS](/wiki/SARS "SARS") and [West Nile fever](/wiki/West_Nile_fever "West Nile fever").{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
To pay for this plan, the Liberals imposed a controversial new Health Premium of $300 to $900, staggered according to income. This violated a key Liberal campaign pledge not to raise taxes, and gave the government an early reputation for breaking promises. The Liberals defended the premium by arguing that the previous government had a hidden deficit, and McGuinty claimed he needed to break his campaign pledge on taxation to fulfill his promises on other fronts. His own finance critic of the time, [Gerry Phillips](/wiki/Gerry_Phillips "Gerry Phillips"), had predicted that the Tories' projected balanced budget would in fact result in a $5 billion deficit in a meeting of the Standing Committee of Estimates of the [Legislature](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario "Legislative Assembly of Ontario") on June 3, 2003\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee\-proceedings/committee\_transcripts\_details.do?locale\=en\&Date\=2003\-06\-03\&ParlCommID\=6\&BillID\=\&Business\=Estimates\+Review \|title\=Standing Committee of Estimates transcript \|publisher\=Ontario Legislative Assembly \|date\=June 3, 2003 \|access\-date\=March 10, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610064030/http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee\-proceedings/committee\_transcripts\_details.do?locale\=en\&Date\=2003\-06\-03\&ParlCommID\=6\&BillID\=\&Business\=Estimates\+Review \|archive\-date\=June 10, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }} Liberal MPP [Monte Kwinter](/wiki/Monte_Kwinter "Monte Kwinter") also predicted a $5 billion deficit.[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail "The Globe and Mail"), August 12, 2003, p. A7: "We are really in a fiscal morass where, at the end of the day, the people of Ontario are going to be left with a deficit that has been projected by Standard \& Poor's, Dominion Bond Rating Service \[and] TD Bank at anywhere from $2\.2 billion to up to $5 billion. That just doesn't make any economic sense."
As a result, the Liberals dropped badly in polls and McGuinty fell behind Ernie Eves in the category of preferred premier.{{Cite news \|first\=Ian \|last\=Urquhart \|title\=In Politics, misery loves company \|work\=Toronto Star \|date\=June 12, 2004 \|url\=http://www.sesresearch.com/news/in\_the\_news/Toronto%20Star%20June%2012%202004\.pdf \|access\-date\=December 3, 2006}}
The Ontario Health Premium also became a major issue in the early days of the [2004 federal election](/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election "2004 Canadian federal election"), called a week after the Ontario budget. Many believe that the controversy hampered [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada "Liberal Party of Canada") [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada "Prime Minister of Canada") [Paul Martin](/wiki/Paul_Martin "Paul Martin")'s bid for re\-election {{who\|date\=June 2012}}.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
Also controversial was the elimination of coverage for health services not covered by the Canada Health Act including eye examinations and physical therapy. Other elements of the McGuinty government's first budget were a four\-year plan to tackle the deficit, funding for 1,000 new teachers, a transfer of two cents of the existing gas tax to municipalities to help fund transit, and a three per cent increase to those on social assistance, the first increase in ten years.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
Soon after the federal election, McGuinty attended a First Ministers' Meeting on health\-care reform that resulted in a new agreement for a national health accord. This Accord saw the provinces receive new federal funding in exchange for providing reports on such things as waiting times for surgeries.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
McGuinty's government ended the year by releasing "Progress Report 2004: Getting Results for Ontario". This work focused on health, education, and economic growth, and set targets to achieve before the next election (including reducing the high school drop out rate, increasing participation in post\-secondary education and reducing wait times for specific medical procedures).{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
#### Second year
[thumb\|Dalton McGuinty in 2004](/wiki/File:Dalton_McGuinty%2C_Mayors%27_Summit_%28cropped%29.jpg "Dalton McGuinty, Mayors' Summit (cropped).jpg")
The McGuinty government brought forward a number of initiatives in the fall of 2004\. These included legislation allowing restaurant patrons to bring their own wine, banning junk food in public schools, outlawing smoking in public places, and requiring students to stay in school until age 18\. Following a series of high\-profile maulings by [pit bulls](/wiki/Pit_bull "Pit bull"), the government also moved to ban the dogs. Some Ontarians were critical of this issue since it was seen as moving the responsibility for safety away from owners and over toward the animals. People who owned pitbulls previous to the ban were allowed to keep them, muzzled in public and sterilized to prevent them from breeding. The "importing" and breeding of pitbulls in Ontario was banned, while all pitbulls being held in shelters were euthanized or sent to research facilities. {{Citation needed\|date\=April 2009}}
During early 2005, McGuinty called the Legislature back for a rare winter session to debate and pass several high\-profile bills. The government legislated a ["greenbelt"](/wiki/Greenbelt_%28Golden_Horseshoe%29 "Greenbelt (Golden Horseshoe)") around [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"). The size of Prince Edward Island, the Greenbelt protects a broad swath of land from development and preserves forests and farmland.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2009}} In response to court decisions, the McGuinty Liberals updated legislation to reflect the change in the definition of marriage to include homosexual couples.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
McGuinty also launched a campaign to narrow the so\-called "$23 billion gap" between what Ontario contributes to the federal government and what is returned to Ontario in services. This came as a sharp turn after more than a year of cooperating with the federal government. McGuinty said special deals made by the federal government with other provinces ([Newfoundland and Labrador](/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Newfoundland and Labrador") and [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia")) compromised the nature of [equalization](/wiki/Equalization_payments_in_Canada "Equalization payments in Canada"). He noted that immigrants in Ontario receive $800 in support from the federal government, while those in Quebec receive $3,800\.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
Premier McGuinty and Prime Minister [Paul Martin](/wiki/Paul_Martin "Paul Martin") debated the Ontario government's accusations throughout the spring of 2005\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/cash\-offer\-won\-t\-address\-patient\-boom\-mcguinty\-tells\-pm\-1\.496903 \|title\=Cash offer won't address 'patient boom,' McGuinty tells PM \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|date\=September 14, 2004 \|access\-date\=June 7, 2006}} McGuinty and Martin finally met in May and, following a nine\-hour meeting, McGuinty received a commitment for $5\.75 billion, spread out over five years, including new money for immigrant settlement, training for the unemployed, federal delivery of meat inspection and corporate tax collection and per capita funding for post\-secondary education.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/martin\-promises\-ontario\-another\-5\-75b\-1\.564340 \|title\=Martin promises Ontario another $5\.75B \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|date\=May 8, 2005 \|access\-date\=March 20, 2014}}
In late April 2005, McGuinty announced the closure of the Lakeview coal\-fired generating station, one of Ontario's largest polluters. Although the McGuinty government had promised to close all coal\-burning plants by 2007, Energy Minister [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan "Dwight Duncan") announced on June 14, 2005, that this was no longer possible, and that the Nanticoke Coal Plant will not close until 2009\.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
On May 11, 2005, the McGuinty Liberals delivered their second budget, built around the "Reaching Higher" plan for education. The second year of the four\-year plan, this budget was designed to tackle to so\-called "education deficit". Investing $6\.2 billion over the next four years, the budget included the largest investment in higher education in forty years. It also increased accessibility for low\-income students, expanded medical school spaces, and invested in new faculty, graduate scholarships and research. The budget also broke a promise to balance the budget in 2007–08\. The government instead aimed at balance in 2008–09\.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
The McGuinty Liberals also moved to expand infrastructure spending by encouraging Ontario's large pension plans to invest in the construction of new roads, schools and hospitals. Specific projects in the budget included a 10\-year expansion of the [Toronto Transit Commission](/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission "Toronto Transit Commission") and [GO Transit](/wiki/GO_Transit "GO Transit"), 15,000 new affordable housing units and improved border crossings. NDP leader [Howard Hampton](/wiki/Howard_Hampton "Howard Hampton") described this move as "privatization by stealth".{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
During their second year in office, the McGuinty Liberals brought forward a series of negotiations with the province's unions.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2009}}First, Health Minister [George Smitherman](/wiki/George_Smitherman "George Smitherman") concluded an agreement with the province's doctors that included incentives to practice in family health teams or under\-serviced communities. Education Minister [Gerard Kennedy](/wiki/Gerard_Kennedy "Gerard Kennedy") established a province\-wide negotiating framework with the province's teachers' unions with the result that most [school boards](/wiki/School_boards "School boards") settled their contracts without lost teaching time. Finally, Management Board Chair [Gerry Phillips](/wiki/Gerry_Phillips "Gerry Phillips") closed a deal with the provincial government's own civil service union, the [Ontario Public Service Employees Union](/wiki/Ontario_Public_Service_Employees_Union "Ontario Public Service Employees Union").{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
On June 22, 2005, Education Minister Gerard Kennedy announced that 90–95% of Ontario students between junior kindergarten and Grade Three would be in classes of twenty students or fewer by 2007\. He also acknowledged that extenuating circumstances may require slightly larger classes in some cases. Opposition critic [Frank Klees](/wiki/Frank_Klees "Frank Klees") accused the McGuinty government of breaking its promise to cap classroom sizes. Kennedy responded that some flexibility is always necessary, and that any reasonable person would regard a 90–95% success rate as a promise kept.{{Cite news \|title\=Class cap promise kaput? \|first\=Antonella \|last\=Artuso \|work\=Ottawa Sun \|date\=June 23, 2005}}
Also in June 2005, two cabinet ministers in McGuinty's government were scrutinized for alleged improprieties. Joseph Cordiano faced calls for his resignation after revelations that he billed $17,000 for personal expenses to his riding association. These expenses included meals in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") and [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan"), and theatre tickets in [London](/wiki/London "London"). Cordiano insisted that these expenses were related to riding activities, and refused to resign. McGuinty defended Cordiano in public, claiming he had "complete confidence" in the minister.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
At around the same time, Minister of Transportation [Harinder Takhar](/wiki/Harinder_Takhar "Harinder Takhar") was accused of a conflict\-of\-interest, after visiting a company that he owned in a blind trust. Takhar acknowledged that he made "an error in judgement", but denied any wrongdoing. Both Cordiano and Takhar were retained in their portfolios following a cabinet shuffle on June 29, 2005\. The matter was sent to the provincial ethics commissioner, who on January 4, 2006, ruled that Takhar had violated Ontario's integrity guidelines by not maintaining an [arms length relationship](/wiki/Arm%27s_length_principle "Arm's length principle") with the trustee appointed to run his blind trust. McGuinty has defended his minister, and has rejected calls to remove him from cabinet, even after the Integrity Commissioner issued his finding.{{Cite news \|title\=McGuinty refuses to fire transportation minister \|first\=Richard \|last\=Brennan \|work\=Toronto Star \|date\=January 4, 2006 \|url\=https://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename\=thestar/Layout/Article\_Type1\&c\=Article\&pubid\=968163964505\&cid\=1136372947308\&col\=968705899037\&call\_page\=TS\_News\&call\_pageid\=968332188492\&call\_pagepath\=News/News \|access\-date\=December 3, 2006}}
In the same cabinet shuffle, Premier McGuinty withdrew from the Intergovernmental Affairs portfolio and became the province's first [Minister of Research and Innovation](/wiki/Minister_of_Research_and_Innovation_%28Ontario%29 "Minister of Research and Innovation (Ontario)").{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
#### Third year
On October 11, 2005, police raided the Sorbara Group offices — owned by [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara "Greg Sorbara") and his brothers — as part of the ongoing [Royal Group Technologies](/wiki/Royal_Group_Technologies "Royal Group Technologies") investigation. The warrant stated that there were reasonable grounds to believe Sorbara and other directors of Royal Group defrauded the company and shareholders when they bought land in Brampton, that was owned by a subsidiary of the Sorbara Group.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ontario\-finance\-minister\-quits\-over\-fraud\-probe\-1\.553526 \|title\=Ontario finance minister quits over fraud probe \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|date\=October 12, 2005 \|access\-date\=March 20, 2014}} Sorbara initially resisted opposition calls for him to step down, then resigned as Minister of Finance the same day. He consistently denied any knowledge of the specific allegations against him, and sued the RCMP to either clarify their case against him or withdraw their investigation. Following Sorbara's resignation, [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan "Dwight Duncan") was appointed as Minister of Finance and Chair of the Management Board. [Donna Cansfield](/wiki/Donna_Cansfield "Donna Cansfield") took over Duncan's responsibility as Minister of Energy and [Jim Bradley](/wiki/Jim_Bradley_%28politician%29 "Jim Bradley (politician)") as Government House Leader.
The next day, the McGuinty government put forward a throne speech in October reiterating their priorities of health, education and economic prosperity. The speech outlined plans to offer the first money\-back guarantee on a public service: a refund for people who do not receive a birth certificate within 15 days of applying on\-line.
On November 18, 2005, it was announced that [Ontario's Drive Clean](/wiki/Ontario%27s_Drive_Clean "Ontario's Drive Clean") emissions program was to be expanded rather than scrapped.
The 2006 budget was the third year of the four\-year plan, and focused on the "infrastructure deficit". The centrepiece was MoveOntario, a $1\.2 billion investment in transportation infrastructure. $400 million was invested to build and repair roads and bridges in municipalities across Ontario.
On May 18, 2006, a judge agreed with Greg Sorbara's contention that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCPP) had erred in including his name in the search warrant. In striking Sorbara's name from the warrant, Justice Ian Nordheimer of the Ontario Superior Court said there were inadequate grounds for police to include him in the first place. The judge was particularly scathing in his review of the RCMP probe of Sorbara. On May 23, 2006, Sorbara was reinstated as Minister of Finance, while Duncan returned to the Energy portfolio.
On August 17, 2006, *Foreign Direct Investment* magazine (a British magazine owned by the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*) named Dalton McGuinty "personality of the year" for encouraging investment in the auto sector, for developing a plan to increase energy production, and for promoting research and innovation.
#### Fourth year
On June 14, 2006, Energy Minister [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan "Dwight Duncan") announced the McGuinty government's twenty\-year electricity plan, which committed to spending $46 billion on rebuilding all of the province's ageing nuclear reactors. The plan also made the McGuinty government the first Ontario government since the 1970s to commit to building new nuclear stations, and further postponed the schedule for closing Ontario's coal stations to 2014\. In response, [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace "Greenpeace") activists occupied Energy Minister Duncan's offices.{{Cite news \|title\=Greenpeace Occupies Ontario Energy Minister's Office \|publisher\=Greenpeace Canada \|date\=June 13, 2006 \|url\=http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press/press\-releases/ontario\-minister\-office/ \|access\-date\=February 26, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013172549/http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press/press\-releases/ontario\-minister\-office/ \|archive\-date\=October 13, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }} The day after the announcement of its long\-term electricity plan *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail "The Globe and Mail")* published a front\-page story that the government had quietly passed a regulation to 'exempt' its energy plan from an environmental assessment.{{Cite news \|title\=Nuclear plan skips key green review \|first\=Martin \|last\=Mittelstaedt \|publisher\=Globe and Mail \|date\=June 15, 2006 \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/nuclear\-plan\-skips\-key\-green\-review/article710792/}}
The government's decision to exempt the government's electricity plan was criticized by some environmental organizations. In a press release, Greenpeace, the [David Suzuki](/wiki/David_Suzuki "David Suzuki") Foundation, and the [Pembina Institute](/wiki/Pembina_Institute "Pembina Institute") noted that each had provided the government with a legal opinion prepared by the [Canadian Environmental Law Association](/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Law_Association "Canadian Environmental Law Association"), which concluded that the government's energy plan would be subject to the province's Environmental Assessment Act.{{Cite news \|title\=Nuclear Plan Exempted from Environmental Review — Public right to know denied say environmentalists \|publisher\=The David Suzuki Foundation, the Pembina Institute and Greenpeace \|date\=June 15, 2006 \|url\=http://www.pembina.org/media\-release/1246}}
The McGuinty government's 2007 budget was criticized by Toronto mayor [David Miller](/wiki/David_Miller_%28Canadian_politician%29 "David Miller (Canadian politician)"), who argued that the province was refusing to "pay its bills", and said that Toronto's budgetary problems were the result of $500 million in social service costs mandated by the provincial government.{{cite news \|title\=Miller slams Ontario Budget \|work\=The Globe and Mail \|date\=March 23, 2007 \|location\=Toronto}}{{cite news \|title\=Editorial: A bad week for Toronto \|work\=Toronto Star \|date\=March 25, 2007 \|page\=A14}} During a later discussion, provincial Finance Minister [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara "Greg Sorbara") declined to help the city to fix its $71 million shortfall, saying that "he doesn't have a mandate to fix this".{{cite news \|title\=Sorbara won't patch hole in budget \|work\=The Globe and Mail \|date\=April 12, 2007 \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/sorbara\-wont\-patch\-hole\-in\-budget/article17994820/ \|location\=Toronto}}
On July 26, 2007, McGuinty dismissed [Mike Colle](/wiki/Mike_Colle "Mike Colle") as Minister of Citizenship and Immigration following a report by the auditor general that Colle had mishandled government funds. He was criticized for giving out $32 million in government grants to immigrant and cultural groups without official applications or formal statements of purpose. In one case, the Ontario Cricket Association received $1 million when it asked for $150,000\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/06/06/summer\_break\_starting\_early\_at\_queens\_park.html \|work\=The Star \|location\=Toronto \|title\=Summer break starting early at Queen's Park \|first\=Rob \|last\=Ferguson \|date\=June 6, 2007}}{{cite web \|url\=http://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2007/07/auditor\-general\-finds\-no\-ties\-between\-grants\-and\-politics.html \|title\=News Releases: Auditor General Finds No Ties Between Grants And Politics \|date\=July 26, 2007 \|publisher\=Premier of Ontario}}
#### 2007 re\-election
{{main\|2007 Ontario general election}}
In late 2004, [John Tory](/wiki/John_Tory "John Tory") was chosen to replace Ernie Eves as leader of the [Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario "Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario"). A principal secretary to former PC Premier [Bill Davis](/wiki/Bill_Davis "Bill Davis"), Tory was regarded as more moderate than [Mike Harris](/wiki/Mike_Harris "Mike Harris") and the mostly rural MPPs who made up the majority of his [caucus](/wiki/Caucus "Caucus"). McGuinty's Liberals ran a candidate against Tory during the latter's successful bid to enter the legislature. [Howard Hampton](/wiki/Howard_Hampton "Howard Hampton") continued to lead the NDP. Though Tory out\-polled McGuinty in the category of preferred premier, the Liberals held a lead over the Progressive Conservatives, while the NDP held around 20% support.
In October 2006, the McGuinty Liberals held their last Annual General Meeting before the 2007 election. The event set in place several key elements of their reelection strategy. First, American political consultant [James Carville](/wiki/James_Carville "James Carville") advised Liberal activists to stick to a simple message in the next election. Second, the party elected long\-time activist Gord Pheneuf as the new president. Finally, Premier McGuinty laid out the theme of the next campaign: standing up for Ontario families.
On October 10, 2007, McGuinty and his Ontario Liberal Party won a consecutive majority government in [the 39th general provincial election](/wiki/2007_Ontario_general_election "2007 Ontario general election"). The last Liberal Party Premier to achieve such success was [Mitchell Hepburn](/wiki/Mitchell_Hepburn "Mitchell Hepburn") during the 1930s.
### Second term (2007–2011\)
[thumb\|left\|Dalton and Terri McGuinty](/wiki/File:Dalton_and_Terri_McGuinty_-_2009.png "Dalton and Terri McGuinty - 2009.png")
The 2009 Ontario Budget contained significant tax policy changes: McGuinty's Minister of Finance [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan "Dwight Duncan") announced plans to [harmonize](/wiki/Harmonized_Sales_Tax "Harmonized Sales Tax") Ontario's retail sales tax with the federal [Goods and Services Tax](/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_%28Canada%29 "Goods and Services Tax (Canada)"), and reduce corporate and personal taxes.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/english/budget/ontariobudgets/2009/bk\_tax.html \|title\=Comprehensive tax reform package \|date\=March 29, 2009 \|publisher\=Ontario Ministry of Finance \|access\-date\=June 7, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801051712/http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/english/budget/ontariobudgets/2009/bk\_tax.html \|archive\-date\=August 1, 2009 \|df\=mdy\-all }}
On March 31, 2009, McGuinty admitted to considering of the removal of the minimum wage increase at 2010 from $9\.25, to $10\.25 as a mistake after the reactions that he received from the opposition and anti\-poverty activists.{{Cite news \|title\=McGuinty—I was Wrong \|work\=Toronto Star \|date\=March 31, 2009 \|url\=https://www.thestar.com/article/610869 \|first\=Robert \|last\=Benzie \|access\-date\=April 30, 2010}}
There was criticism of McGuinty and calls for Health Minister [David Caplan](/wiki/David_Caplan "David Caplan") to resign after it was revealed that [eHealth Ontario](/wiki/EHealth "EHealth") CEO Sarah Kramer had approved about $4\.8 million in no\-bid contracts during the first four months of the agency's operation, while also spending, argued that the McGuinty government spent five years and $647 million on the Smart Systems for Health Agency, which used 15 per cent of its $225\-million annual budget on consultants despite employing 166 people with annual salaries exceeding $100000, before the project was shut down and restarted as eHealth Ontario. Premier Dalton McGuinty said he was concerned about eHealth's spending information and said that he would act upon the auditor general's report. McGuinty and Caplan said that it was tough to recruit top experts to build a province wide electronic health records system.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/opposition\-wants\-minister\-s\-resignation\-over\-ehealth\-spending\-1\.789748 \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|title\=Opposition wants minister's resignation over eHealth spending \|date\=May 28, 2009 \|access\-date\=March 20, 2014}} McGuinty and Caplan promised an independent review of eHealth, outside of the auditor general's probe. It was later revealed that the ministry and eHealth did not contract PricewaterhouseCoopers to conduct the review. The Liberals said it would have duplicated the auditor general's work, and the opposition noted that Caplan had earlier suggested the independent review had been underway.<https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5hcX5TbYfifidKZxIBAfqQ3_GbFvg>{{dead link\|date\=June 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} Documents obtained by the press showed that McGuinty intervened using an order in council to have Kramer hired as CEO, bypassing the competitive selection process, over the objections of officials in the Health Ministry who felt she was inexperienced.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/mcguinty\-had\-hand\-in\-hiring\-former\-ehealth\-ceo/article4283476/ \|title\=McGuinty had hand in hiring former eHealth CEO \|work\=The Globe and Mail \|date\=August 11, 2009 \|access\-date\=April 3, 2021 \|location\=Toronto}} McGuinty said that he relied upon the advice of then\-chairman of eHealth Dr. Alan Hudson and now described Kramer's hiring as a mistake.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/mcguinty\-denies\-he\-hired\-ehealth\-ceo\-against\-advice\-1\.785418 \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|title\=McGuinty denies he hired eHealth CEO against advice \|date\=August 12, 2009 \|access\-date\=March 20, 2014}}
#### Gas plant scandal
{{Main article\|Ontario power plant scandal}}
McGuinty's minority government was also criticized for a decision during the 2011 election campaign to scrap unpopular gas plants being constructed in Mississauga and Oakville — the move was seen as a politically expedient one made to improve the Liberal Party's chances of retaining the five ridings it held in the area, as the opposition PC's and NDP had already promised to scrap them. The opposition, emboldened by the minority government situation, demanded that Energy Minister [Chris Bentley](/wiki/Chris_Bentley_%28politician%29 "Chris Bentley (politician)") release all documents related to the decision. Bentley delayed prior to releasing 36,000 pages in September and insisted that all documents had been released. The cancellation of the gas plant was estimated to be $950 million to $1\.1 billion over approximately 20 years. {{cite web \|title\=The Cancellation and Relocation of the Gas Plants and Document Retention Issues \|url\=https://www.ola.org/sites/default/files/node\-files/committee/report/pdf/2021/2021\-02/Remediated%20FINAL%20report%20EN.pdf \|website\=www.ola.org \|publisher\=Legislative Assembly of Ontario \|access\-date\=7 November 2022}}{{cite web \| url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/email\-destruction\-case\-highlights\-ontario\-liberal\-moves\-that\-have\-added\-billions\-to\-electricity\-costs \| title\=At $1B, cancelling gas plants was actually one of Ontario Liberals' cheaper electricity decisions }}
#### 2011 re\-election
{{main\|2011 Ontario general election}}
On October 6, 2011, the Liberals were reelected for a third term in government, though they lost their majority in the Legislature. Only winning 53 of the 107 legislative seats, the Liberals were one seat short of a majority.
### Third term (2011–2013\)
Now that Ontario had returned to a [minority government](/wiki/Minority_government "Minority government") after decades of majorities, the political landscape changed significantly. The governing Liberals were required to work with the other parties to move forward with legislation and avoid losing a non\-confidence motion. McGuinty had promised not to form a coalition with any other party if elected in a minority, and proceeded to govern by attracting support from opposition MPPs on a bill\-by\-bill basis.
McGuinty commissioned former [Toronto\-Dominion Bank](/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank "Toronto-Dominion Bank") chief economist [Don Drummond](/wiki/Don_Drummond_%28economist%29 "Don Drummond (economist)") to examine the province's finances. In February 2012, Drummond released the [report](/wiki/Don_Drummond_%28economist%29%23Drummond_Commission "Don Drummond (economist)#Drummond Commission") that stated that the province would face a $30\-billion deficit by 2017\-18, which was nearly double what the McGuinty government had projected. Drummond recommended severe austerity measures to curb the growth of the province's debt, which was $215 billion at the time, from reaching $411 billion in five years.[cbc.ca](https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/drummond-report-on-ontario-calls-for-cutbacks-1.1138568) [http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/02/15/ontario\-must\-act\-swiftly\-and\-boldly\-to\-eliminate\-projected\-30\-2\-billion\-deficit\-drummond\-warns/](http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/02/15/ontario-must-act-swiftly-and-boldly-to-eliminate-projected-30-2-billion-deficit-drummond-warns/) While McGuinty inherited a moderate deficit of $5 billion, it had tripled due to his progressive spending programs as well as the recent economic recession.{{cite web \|url\=http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/02/16/don\-drummond\-catalogues\-the\-mcguinty\-mess\-in\-meticulous\-detail/ \|title\=Don Drummond catalogues the McGuinty mess in meticulous detail \| Full Comment \| National Post \|access\-date\=2016\-02\-08 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120216175150/http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/02/16/don\-drummond\-catalogues\-the\-mcguinty\-mess\-in\-meticulous\-detail/ \|archive\-date\=February 16, 2012 \|df\=mdy\-all }}
The government was soon mired in controversy on several fronts. As a result of Ontario's budgetary situation, the government took a hard line on public sector wages. It introduced [Bill 115 'Putting Students First Act 2012'](/wiki/Bill_115_%27Putting_Students_First_Act_2012%27 "Bill 115 'Putting Students First Act 2012'") in order to suspend [collective bargaining](/wiki/Collective_bargaining "Collective bargaining"), impose contracts on [teachers](/wiki/Teachers "Teachers") and suspend their [right to strike](/wiki/Right_to_strike "Right to strike") for two years.{{cite news\|title\=Court challenges target 'draconian' Ontario teacher bill\|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/court\-challenges\-target\-draconian\-ontario\-teacher\-bill\-1\.1151656\|access\-date\=May 17, 2018\|newspaper\=\[\[CBC News]]\|date\=October 11, 2012}} It also introduced legislation to impose a wage freeze on 481,000 additional public sector workers in hospitals, colleges, public agencies and the civil service.
In 2012, the Liberals were plagued by yet another scandal. During the Ornge Air Ambulance scandal, the CEO was paid 14\.1 million dollars, and the executives purchased a commercial building, and them leased it back to themselves at a higher than market rate, through a shell company.{{cite news\|title\=Ornge Scandal is a Lesson in Why Governments Must Close Their Eyes on Their Own Creations\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe\-debate/editorials/ornge\-scandal\-is\-a\-lesson\-in\-why\-governments\-must\-keep\-close\-eyes\-on\-their\-creations/article4459193/\|newspaper\=The Globe and Mail\|access\-date\=March 30, 2018}}
The Liberals had hoped to regain their majority through by\-elections and on September 6, 2012, two by\-elections were held, one in Vaughan which the Liberal Party won, and another in [Kitchener—Waterloo](/wiki/Kitchener%E2%80%94Waterloo_%28provincial_electoral_district%29 "Kitchener—Waterloo (provincial electoral district)"). Former Deputy Premier [Elizabeth Witmer](/wiki/Elizabeth_Witmer "Elizabeth Witmer"), a Progressive Conservative, had represented Kitchener—Waterloo for the previous four terms. Her resignation allowed the riding to elect Catherine Fife of the New Democratic Party (NDP), leaving McGuinty's Liberals with a minority government. The NDP victory in Kitchener\-Waterloo, the seat the Liberals needed to gain, was attributed in part to the backlash against Bill 115; the Liberals placed third in the riding.{{cite news\|last\=Walkom\|first\=Thomas\|title\=McGuinty's explanation to suspend legislature makes no sense\|url\=https://www.therecord.com/opinion/columnists/2012/10/22/mcguinty\-s\-explanation\-to\-suspend\-legislature\-makes\-no\-sense.html\|access\-date\=April 3, 2021\|newspaper\=Kitchener\-Waterloo Record\|date\=October 22, 2012}}
#### 2012 prorogation and resignation
After it became known that there were an additional 20,000 documents Bentley was cited by a rare contempt motion by a legislative committee and was facing a contempt motion of the Legislature when McGuinty unexpectedly announced on October 15, 2012, that he was ending the legislative session by [proroguing](/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada "Prorogation in Canada") the legislature{{cite news\|last\=Mills\|first\=Carys\|title\=Energy Minister Chris Bentley 'thrown under the bus'\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1277995\-\-energy\-minister\-chris\-bentley\-thrown\-under\-the\-bus\|access\-date\=October 26, 2012\|newspaper\=Toronto Star\|date\=October 26, 2012}} and that he would resign as premier as soon as the [Liberal Party chose his successor](/wiki/2013_Ontario_Liberal_Party_leadership_election "2013 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election"), in January 2013\.{{cite news \|author1\=Karen Howlett \|author2\=Adrian Morrow \|author3\=Paul Waldie \|title\=Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty resigns \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ontario\-premier\-dalton\-mcguinty\-resigns/article4614086/ \|access\-date\=October 15, 2021 \|newspaper\=The Globe and Mail \|date\=October 15, 2012 \|location\=Toronto}}{{cite news \|title\=Ontario's McGuinty surprises with resignation, prorogation \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario\-s\-mcguinty\-surprises\-with\-resignation\-prorogation\-1\.1156014 \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|access\-date\=March 20, 2014 \|date\=October 15, 2012}}
Liberal House Leader [John Milloy](/wiki/John_Milloy "John Milloy") later stated that prorogation was necessary because an impasse was reached with labour leaders and the opposition over plans to freeze all public sector wages. The opposition charged that it was done to dodge negative publicity over the investigation and criminal probe into the [Ornge](/wiki/Ornge "Ornge") Air affair, the controversial decision to halt construction of two [gas\-fired power plants](/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant "Gas-fired power plant") during the [previous election](/wiki/2011_Ontario_general_election "2011 Ontario general election"), and the subsequent threats by the opposition to vote on finding Cabinet ministers in [Contempt of Parliament](/wiki/Contempt_of_Parliament "Contempt of Parliament") for withholding from the Legislature information related to halting the projects.{{cite news\| author\=Canadian Press\| title\=Ontario prorogation halts key hearings, bills\| publisher\=\[\[CBC News]]\| date\=October 16, 2012\| url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario\-prorogation\-halts\-key\-hearings\-bills\-1\.1156011\| access\-date\=May 17, 2018}}{{cite news\| last\=Howlett\| first\=Karen\| title\=McGuinty's exit plan drawn up in shadow of rising scandal\| newspaper\=Globe and Mail\| date\=October 16, 2012\| url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/mcguintys\-exit\-plan\-drawn\-up\-in\-shadow\-of\-rising\-scandal/article4617420/\| access\-date\=October 16, 2012}} In early 2013, Onley explained in an interview conducted by the *[Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star "Toronto Star")* that, though he and McGuinty discussed the matter, among others, before he granted the prorogation, he could only follow the constitution and adhere to the principles of [responsible government](/wiki/Responsible_government "Responsible government"); only if the premier were "trying to subvert democracy" could Onley have refused the advice and, as Onley put it, "something that's politically controversial doesn't fit that category. Doesn't even come close.... It's up to the politicians to work out the political process, the political decision\-making that is behind prorogation—and the fallout after prorogation." On the subject of the lack of a date on which the Legislature would be summoned to return, the Lieutenant\-Governor said he had no guide; the Legislature's standing orders outline that a specific date must be set, but the Legislative Assembly Act does not, and precedents are inconsistent.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/1314339\-\-lt\-gov\-david\-onley\-explains\-prorogation\-decision\-cohn\| last\=Cohn\| first\=Martin Regg\| title\=Lt.\-Gov. David Onley explains prorogation decision\| date\=January 13, 2013\| newspaper\=Toronto Star\| access\-date\=January 14, 2013}}
While there had been speculation that McGuinty would become a candidate for the [federal Liberal leadership election](/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election "2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election"), on October 23, 2012, he announced that he would not be doing so.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/mcguinty\-rules\-out\-bid\-for\-federal\-liberal\-leadership/article4630557/ \|title\=McGuinty rules out bid for federal Liberal leadership \|work\=Globe and Mail \|first\=Joan \|last\=Bryden \|date\=October 23, 2012 \|location\=Toronto}} McGuinty resigned from his premiership on February 11, 2013\.{{cite web\|title\=Meeting with the Premier and Ms. Wynne\|url\=http://www.lgontario.ca/en/events/pages/eventdetails.aspx?eventid\=15\|publisher\=Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario\|access\-date\=February 12, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607122402/http://www.lgontario.ca/en/events/pages/eventdetails.aspx?eventid\=15\|archive\-date\=June 7, 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=mdy\-all}} He resigned his seat in the legislature on June 12, 2013, at the end of the legislative session, after representing Ottawa South for 23 years.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.citynews.ca/2013/06/12/mcguinty\-officially\-resigns\-as\-mpp/\|title\=Dalton McGuinty officially resigns as MPP\|work\=CityNews\|date\=June 12, 2013\|access\-date\=June 7, 2015}}
|
[
"Premier of Ontario (2003–2013\\)\n-------------------------------",
"### First term (2003–2007\\)",
"#### First year",
"McGuinty took office as Premier and [Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_%28Ontario%29 \"Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (Ontario)\") on October 23, 2003\\.",
"The new government called the Legislature back in session in late 2003\\. The government brought in auto insurance reforms (including a price cap), rolled\\-back a series of corporate and personal tax cuts that had been scheduled for 2004, passed legislation that enshrined publicly funded healthcare into provincial law, hired more meat and water inspectors, opened up the provincially owned electricity companies to Freedom of Information laws and enacted a ban on partisan government advertising.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"On May 18, 2004, Provincial Finance Minister [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara \"Greg Sorbara\") released the McGuinty government's first budget, the first year of a four\\-year plan focused on tackling four deficits the Liberals claim the previous Tories left behind: the \"health deficit\", the \"education deficit\", the \"infrastructure deficit\" and the \"fiscal deficit\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"This budget was focused on health care. At its core was a large infusion of new money into hospitals specifically to shorten wait times in key areas: knee and hip replacements, cancer treatment, cardiac treatment, cataracts, and [MRI](/wiki/MRI \"MRI\") and CT scans. The government also brought in free immunizations for children, 150 new Family Health Teams to improve access to physicians, almost 100,000 new home care spaces for Ontario's elderly, almost 4,000 new long\\-term care beds, and $200 million more to improve public health and fight potential outbreaks like [SARS](/wiki/SARS \"SARS\") and [West Nile fever](/wiki/West_Nile_fever \"West Nile fever\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"To pay for this plan, the Liberals imposed a controversial new Health Premium of $300 to $900, staggered according to income. This violated a key Liberal campaign pledge not to raise taxes, and gave the government an early reputation for breaking promises. The Liberals defended the premium by arguing that the previous government had a hidden deficit, and McGuinty claimed he needed to break his campaign pledge on taxation to fulfill his promises on other fronts. His own finance critic of the time, [Gerry Phillips](/wiki/Gerry_Phillips \"Gerry Phillips\"), had predicted that the Tories' projected balanced budget would in fact result in a $5 billion deficit in a meeting of the Standing Committee of Estimates of the [Legislature](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario \"Legislative Assembly of Ontario\") on June 3, 2003\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee\\-proceedings/committee\\_transcripts\\_details.do?locale\\=en\\&Date\\=2003\\-06\\-03\\&ParlCommID\\=6\\&BillID\\=\\&Business\\=Estimates\\+Review \\|title\\=Standing Committee of Estimates transcript \\|publisher\\=Ontario Legislative Assembly \\|date\\=June 3, 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610064030/http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee\\-proceedings/committee\\_transcripts\\_details.do?locale\\=en\\&Date\\=2003\\-06\\-03\\&ParlCommID\\=6\\&BillID\\=\\&Business\\=Estimates\\+Review \\|archive\\-date\\=June 10, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} Liberal MPP [Monte Kwinter](/wiki/Monte_Kwinter \"Monte Kwinter\") also predicted a $5 billion deficit.[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail \"The Globe and Mail\"), August 12, 2003, p. A7: \"We are really in a fiscal morass where, at the end of the day, the people of Ontario are going to be left with a deficit that has been projected by Standard \\& Poor's, Dominion Bond Rating Service \\[and] TD Bank at anywhere from $2\\.2 billion to up to $5 billion. That just doesn't make any economic sense.\"",
"As a result, the Liberals dropped badly in polls and McGuinty fell behind Ernie Eves in the category of preferred premier.{{Cite news \\|first\\=Ian \\|last\\=Urquhart \\|title\\=In Politics, misery loves company \\|work\\=Toronto Star \\|date\\=June 12, 2004 \\|url\\=http://www.sesresearch.com/news/in\\_the\\_news/Toronto%20Star%20June%2012%202004\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2006}}",
"The Ontario Health Premium also became a major issue in the early days of the [2004 federal election](/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election \"2004 Canadian federal election\"), called a week after the Ontario budget. Many believe that the controversy hampered [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada \"Liberal Party of Canada\") [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada \"Prime Minister of Canada\") [Paul Martin](/wiki/Paul_Martin \"Paul Martin\")'s bid for re\\-election {{who\\|date\\=June 2012}}.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"Also controversial was the elimination of coverage for health services not covered by the Canada Health Act including eye examinations and physical therapy. Other elements of the McGuinty government's first budget were a four\\-year plan to tackle the deficit, funding for 1,000 new teachers, a transfer of two cents of the existing gas tax to municipalities to help fund transit, and a three per cent increase to those on social assistance, the first increase in ten years.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"Soon after the federal election, McGuinty attended a First Ministers' Meeting on health\\-care reform that resulted in a new agreement for a national health accord. This Accord saw the provinces receive new federal funding in exchange for providing reports on such things as waiting times for surgeries.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"McGuinty's government ended the year by releasing \"Progress Report 2004: Getting Results for Ontario\". This work focused on health, education, and economic growth, and set targets to achieve before the next election (including reducing the high school drop out rate, increasing participation in post\\-secondary education and reducing wait times for specific medical procedures).{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"#### Second year",
"[thumb\\|Dalton McGuinty in 2004](/wiki/File:Dalton_McGuinty%2C_Mayors%27_Summit_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Dalton McGuinty, Mayors' Summit (cropped).jpg\")\nThe McGuinty government brought forward a number of initiatives in the fall of 2004\\. These included legislation allowing restaurant patrons to bring their own wine, banning junk food in public schools, outlawing smoking in public places, and requiring students to stay in school until age 18\\. Following a series of high\\-profile maulings by [pit bulls](/wiki/Pit_bull \"Pit bull\"), the government also moved to ban the dogs. Some Ontarians were critical of this issue since it was seen as moving the responsibility for safety away from owners and over toward the animals. People who owned pitbulls previous to the ban were allowed to keep them, muzzled in public and sterilized to prevent them from breeding. The \"importing\" and breeding of pitbulls in Ontario was banned, while all pitbulls being held in shelters were euthanized or sent to research facilities. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2009}}",
"During early 2005, McGuinty called the Legislature back for a rare winter session to debate and pass several high\\-profile bills. The government legislated a [\"greenbelt\"](/wiki/Greenbelt_%28Golden_Horseshoe%29 \"Greenbelt (Golden Horseshoe)\") around [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"). The size of Prince Edward Island, the Greenbelt protects a broad swath of land from development and preserves forests and farmland.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2009}} In response to court decisions, the McGuinty Liberals updated legislation to reflect the change in the definition of marriage to include homosexual couples.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"McGuinty also launched a campaign to narrow the so\\-called \"$23 billion gap\" between what Ontario contributes to the federal government and what is returned to Ontario in services. This came as a sharp turn after more than a year of cooperating with the federal government. McGuinty said special deals made by the federal government with other provinces ([Newfoundland and Labrador](/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Newfoundland and Labrador\") and [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\")) compromised the nature of [equalization](/wiki/Equalization_payments_in_Canada \"Equalization payments in Canada\"). He noted that immigrants in Ontario receive $800 in support from the federal government, while those in Quebec receive $3,800\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"Premier McGuinty and Prime Minister [Paul Martin](/wiki/Paul_Martin \"Paul Martin\") debated the Ontario government's accusations throughout the spring of 2005\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/cash\\-offer\\-won\\-t\\-address\\-patient\\-boom\\-mcguinty\\-tells\\-pm\\-1\\.496903 \\|title\\=Cash offer won't address 'patient boom,' McGuinty tells PM \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|date\\=September 14, 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2006}} McGuinty and Martin finally met in May and, following a nine\\-hour meeting, McGuinty received a commitment for $5\\.75 billion, spread out over five years, including new money for immigrant settlement, training for the unemployed, federal delivery of meat inspection and corporate tax collection and per capita funding for post\\-secondary education.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/martin\\-promises\\-ontario\\-another\\-5\\-75b\\-1\\.564340 \\|title\\=Martin promises Ontario another $5\\.75B \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|date\\=May 8, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2014}}",
"In late April 2005, McGuinty announced the closure of the Lakeview coal\\-fired generating station, one of Ontario's largest polluters. Although the McGuinty government had promised to close all coal\\-burning plants by 2007, Energy Minister [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan \"Dwight Duncan\") announced on June 14, 2005, that this was no longer possible, and that the Nanticoke Coal Plant will not close until 2009\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"On May 11, 2005, the McGuinty Liberals delivered their second budget, built around the \"Reaching Higher\" plan for education. The second year of the four\\-year plan, this budget was designed to tackle to so\\-called \"education deficit\". Investing $6\\.2 billion over the next four years, the budget included the largest investment in higher education in forty years. It also increased accessibility for low\\-income students, expanded medical school spaces, and invested in new faculty, graduate scholarships and research. The budget also broke a promise to balance the budget in 2007–08\\. The government instead aimed at balance in 2008–09\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"The McGuinty Liberals also moved to expand infrastructure spending by encouraging Ontario's large pension plans to invest in the construction of new roads, schools and hospitals. Specific projects in the budget included a 10\\-year expansion of the [Toronto Transit Commission](/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission \"Toronto Transit Commission\") and [GO Transit](/wiki/GO_Transit \"GO Transit\"), 15,000 new affordable housing units and improved border crossings. NDP leader [Howard Hampton](/wiki/Howard_Hampton \"Howard Hampton\") described this move as \"privatization by stealth\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"During their second year in office, the McGuinty Liberals brought forward a series of negotiations with the province's unions.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2009}}First, Health Minister [George Smitherman](/wiki/George_Smitherman \"George Smitherman\") concluded an agreement with the province's doctors that included incentives to practice in family health teams or under\\-serviced communities. Education Minister [Gerard Kennedy](/wiki/Gerard_Kennedy \"Gerard Kennedy\") established a province\\-wide negotiating framework with the province's teachers' unions with the result that most [school boards](/wiki/School_boards \"School boards\") settled their contracts without lost teaching time. Finally, Management Board Chair [Gerry Phillips](/wiki/Gerry_Phillips \"Gerry Phillips\") closed a deal with the provincial government's own civil service union, the [Ontario Public Service Employees Union](/wiki/Ontario_Public_Service_Employees_Union \"Ontario Public Service Employees Union\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"On June 22, 2005, Education Minister Gerard Kennedy announced that 90–95% of Ontario students between junior kindergarten and Grade Three would be in classes of twenty students or fewer by 2007\\. He also acknowledged that extenuating circumstances may require slightly larger classes in some cases. Opposition critic [Frank Klees](/wiki/Frank_Klees \"Frank Klees\") accused the McGuinty government of breaking its promise to cap classroom sizes. Kennedy responded that some flexibility is always necessary, and that any reasonable person would regard a 90–95% success rate as a promise kept.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Class cap promise kaput? \\|first\\=Antonella \\|last\\=Artuso \\|work\\=Ottawa Sun \\|date\\=June 23, 2005}}",
"Also in June 2005, two cabinet ministers in McGuinty's government were scrutinized for alleged improprieties. Joseph Cordiano faced calls for his resignation after revelations that he billed $17,000 for personal expenses to his riding association. These expenses included meals in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") and [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\"), and theatre tickets in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). Cordiano insisted that these expenses were related to riding activities, and refused to resign. McGuinty defended Cordiano in public, claiming he had \"complete confidence\" in the minister.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"At around the same time, Minister of Transportation [Harinder Takhar](/wiki/Harinder_Takhar \"Harinder Takhar\") was accused of a conflict\\-of\\-interest, after visiting a company that he owned in a blind trust. Takhar acknowledged that he made \"an error in judgement\", but denied any wrongdoing. Both Cordiano and Takhar were retained in their portfolios following a cabinet shuffle on June 29, 2005\\. The matter was sent to the provincial ethics commissioner, who on January 4, 2006, ruled that Takhar had violated Ontario's integrity guidelines by not maintaining an [arms length relationship](/wiki/Arm%27s_length_principle \"Arm's length principle\") with the trustee appointed to run his blind trust. McGuinty has defended his minister, and has rejected calls to remove him from cabinet, even after the Integrity Commissioner issued his finding.{{Cite news \\|title\\=McGuinty refuses to fire transportation minister \\|first\\=Richard \\|last\\=Brennan \\|work\\=Toronto Star \\|date\\=January 4, 2006 \\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename\\=thestar/Layout/Article\\_Type1\\&c\\=Article\\&pubid\\=968163964505\\&cid\\=1136372947308\\&col\\=968705899037\\&call\\_page\\=TS\\_News\\&call\\_pageid\\=968332188492\\&call\\_pagepath\\=News/News \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2006}}",
"In the same cabinet shuffle, Premier McGuinty withdrew from the Intergovernmental Affairs portfolio and became the province's first [Minister of Research and Innovation](/wiki/Minister_of_Research_and_Innovation_%28Ontario%29 \"Minister of Research and Innovation (Ontario)\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"#### Third year",
"On October 11, 2005, police raided the Sorbara Group offices — owned by [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara \"Greg Sorbara\") and his brothers — as part of the ongoing [Royal Group Technologies](/wiki/Royal_Group_Technologies \"Royal Group Technologies\") investigation. The warrant stated that there were reasonable grounds to believe Sorbara and other directors of Royal Group defrauded the company and shareholders when they bought land in Brampton, that was owned by a subsidiary of the Sorbara Group.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ontario\\-finance\\-minister\\-quits\\-over\\-fraud\\-probe\\-1\\.553526 \\|title\\=Ontario finance minister quits over fraud probe \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|date\\=October 12, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2014}} Sorbara initially resisted opposition calls for him to step down, then resigned as Minister of Finance the same day. He consistently denied any knowledge of the specific allegations against him, and sued the RCMP to either clarify their case against him or withdraw their investigation. Following Sorbara's resignation, [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan \"Dwight Duncan\") was appointed as Minister of Finance and Chair of the Management Board. [Donna Cansfield](/wiki/Donna_Cansfield \"Donna Cansfield\") took over Duncan's responsibility as Minister of Energy and [Jim Bradley](/wiki/Jim_Bradley_%28politician%29 \"Jim Bradley (politician)\") as Government House Leader.",
"The next day, the McGuinty government put forward a throne speech in October reiterating their priorities of health, education and economic prosperity. The speech outlined plans to offer the first money\\-back guarantee on a public service: a refund for people who do not receive a birth certificate within 15 days of applying on\\-line.",
"On November 18, 2005, it was announced that [Ontario's Drive Clean](/wiki/Ontario%27s_Drive_Clean \"Ontario's Drive Clean\") emissions program was to be expanded rather than scrapped.",
"The 2006 budget was the third year of the four\\-year plan, and focused on the \"infrastructure deficit\". The centrepiece was MoveOntario, a $1\\.2 billion investment in transportation infrastructure. $400 million was invested to build and repair roads and bridges in municipalities across Ontario.",
"On May 18, 2006, a judge agreed with Greg Sorbara's contention that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCPP) had erred in including his name in the search warrant. In striking Sorbara's name from the warrant, Justice Ian Nordheimer of the Ontario Superior Court said there were inadequate grounds for police to include him in the first place. The judge was particularly scathing in his review of the RCMP probe of Sorbara. On May 23, 2006, Sorbara was reinstated as Minister of Finance, while Duncan returned to the Energy portfolio.",
"On August 17, 2006, *Foreign Direct Investment* magazine (a British magazine owned by the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*) named Dalton McGuinty \"personality of the year\" for encouraging investment in the auto sector, for developing a plan to increase energy production, and for promoting research and innovation.",
"#### Fourth year",
"On June 14, 2006, Energy Minister [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan \"Dwight Duncan\") announced the McGuinty government's twenty\\-year electricity plan, which committed to spending $46 billion on rebuilding all of the province's ageing nuclear reactors. The plan also made the McGuinty government the first Ontario government since the 1970s to commit to building new nuclear stations, and further postponed the schedule for closing Ontario's coal stations to 2014\\. In response, [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace \"Greenpeace\") activists occupied Energy Minister Duncan's offices.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Greenpeace Occupies Ontario Energy Minister's Office \\|publisher\\=Greenpeace Canada \\|date\\=June 13, 2006 \\|url\\=http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press/press\\-releases/ontario\\-minister\\-office/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013172549/http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press/press\\-releases/ontario\\-minister\\-office/ \\|archive\\-date\\=October 13, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} The day after the announcement of its long\\-term electricity plan *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail \"The Globe and Mail\")* published a front\\-page story that the government had quietly passed a regulation to 'exempt' its energy plan from an environmental assessment.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Nuclear plan skips key green review \\|first\\=Martin \\|last\\=Mittelstaedt \\|publisher\\=Globe and Mail \\|date\\=June 15, 2006 \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/nuclear\\-plan\\-skips\\-key\\-green\\-review/article710792/}}",
"The government's decision to exempt the government's electricity plan was criticized by some environmental organizations. In a press release, Greenpeace, the [David Suzuki](/wiki/David_Suzuki \"David Suzuki\") Foundation, and the [Pembina Institute](/wiki/Pembina_Institute \"Pembina Institute\") noted that each had provided the government with a legal opinion prepared by the [Canadian Environmental Law Association](/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Law_Association \"Canadian Environmental Law Association\"), which concluded that the government's energy plan would be subject to the province's Environmental Assessment Act.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Nuclear Plan Exempted from Environmental Review — Public right to know denied say environmentalists \\|publisher\\=The David Suzuki Foundation, the Pembina Institute and Greenpeace \\|date\\=June 15, 2006 \\|url\\=http://www.pembina.org/media\\-release/1246}}",
"The McGuinty government's 2007 budget was criticized by Toronto mayor [David Miller](/wiki/David_Miller_%28Canadian_politician%29 \"David Miller (Canadian politician)\"), who argued that the province was refusing to \"pay its bills\", and said that Toronto's budgetary problems were the result of $500 million in social service costs mandated by the provincial government.{{cite news \\|title\\=Miller slams Ontario Budget \\|work\\=The Globe and Mail \\|date\\=March 23, 2007 \\|location\\=Toronto}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Editorial: A bad week for Toronto \\|work\\=Toronto Star \\|date\\=March 25, 2007 \\|page\\=A14}} During a later discussion, provincial Finance Minister [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara \"Greg Sorbara\") declined to help the city to fix its $71 million shortfall, saying that \"he doesn't have a mandate to fix this\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Sorbara won't patch hole in budget \\|work\\=The Globe and Mail \\|date\\=April 12, 2007 \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/sorbara\\-wont\\-patch\\-hole\\-in\\-budget/article17994820/ \\|location\\=Toronto}}",
"On July 26, 2007, McGuinty dismissed [Mike Colle](/wiki/Mike_Colle \"Mike Colle\") as Minister of Citizenship and Immigration following a report by the auditor general that Colle had mishandled government funds. He was criticized for giving out $32 million in government grants to immigrant and cultural groups without official applications or formal statements of purpose. In one case, the Ontario Cricket Association received $1 million when it asked for $150,000\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/06/06/summer\\_break\\_starting\\_early\\_at\\_queens\\_park.html \\|work\\=The Star \\|location\\=Toronto \\|title\\=Summer break starting early at Queen's Park \\|first\\=Rob \\|last\\=Ferguson \\|date\\=June 6, 2007}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2007/07/auditor\\-general\\-finds\\-no\\-ties\\-between\\-grants\\-and\\-politics.html \\|title\\=News Releases: Auditor General Finds No Ties Between Grants And Politics \\|date\\=July 26, 2007 \\|publisher\\=Premier of Ontario}}",
"#### 2007 re\\-election",
"{{main\\|2007 Ontario general election}}",
"In late 2004, [John Tory](/wiki/John_Tory \"John Tory\") was chosen to replace Ernie Eves as leader of the [Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario \"Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario\"). A principal secretary to former PC Premier [Bill Davis](/wiki/Bill_Davis \"Bill Davis\"), Tory was regarded as more moderate than [Mike Harris](/wiki/Mike_Harris \"Mike Harris\") and the mostly rural MPPs who made up the majority of his [caucus](/wiki/Caucus \"Caucus\"). McGuinty's Liberals ran a candidate against Tory during the latter's successful bid to enter the legislature. [Howard Hampton](/wiki/Howard_Hampton \"Howard Hampton\") continued to lead the NDP. Though Tory out\\-polled McGuinty in the category of preferred premier, the Liberals held a lead over the Progressive Conservatives, while the NDP held around 20% support.",
"In October 2006, the McGuinty Liberals held their last Annual General Meeting before the 2007 election. The event set in place several key elements of their reelection strategy. First, American political consultant [James Carville](/wiki/James_Carville \"James Carville\") advised Liberal activists to stick to a simple message in the next election. Second, the party elected long\\-time activist Gord Pheneuf as the new president. Finally, Premier McGuinty laid out the theme of the next campaign: standing up for Ontario families.",
"On October 10, 2007, McGuinty and his Ontario Liberal Party won a consecutive majority government in [the 39th general provincial election](/wiki/2007_Ontario_general_election \"2007 Ontario general election\"). The last Liberal Party Premier to achieve such success was [Mitchell Hepburn](/wiki/Mitchell_Hepburn \"Mitchell Hepburn\") during the 1930s.",
"### Second term (2007–2011\\)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Dalton and Terri McGuinty](/wiki/File:Dalton_and_Terri_McGuinty_-_2009.png \"Dalton and Terri McGuinty - 2009.png\")",
"The 2009 Ontario Budget contained significant tax policy changes: McGuinty's Minister of Finance [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan \"Dwight Duncan\") announced plans to [harmonize](/wiki/Harmonized_Sales_Tax \"Harmonized Sales Tax\") Ontario's retail sales tax with the federal [Goods and Services Tax](/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_%28Canada%29 \"Goods and Services Tax (Canada)\"), and reduce corporate and personal taxes.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/english/budget/ontariobudgets/2009/bk\\_tax.html \\|title\\=Comprehensive tax reform package \\|date\\=March 29, 2009 \\|publisher\\=Ontario Ministry of Finance \\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801051712/http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/english/budget/ontariobudgets/2009/bk\\_tax.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 1, 2009 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"On March 31, 2009, McGuinty admitted to considering of the removal of the minimum wage increase at 2010 from $9\\.25, to $10\\.25 as a mistake after the reactions that he received from the opposition and anti\\-poverty activists.{{Cite news \\|title\\=McGuinty—I was Wrong \\|work\\=Toronto Star \\|date\\=March 31, 2009 \\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/article/610869 \\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=Benzie \\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2010}}",
"There was criticism of McGuinty and calls for Health Minister [David Caplan](/wiki/David_Caplan \"David Caplan\") to resign after it was revealed that [eHealth Ontario](/wiki/EHealth \"EHealth\") CEO Sarah Kramer had approved about $4\\.8 million in no\\-bid contracts during the first four months of the agency's operation, while also spending, argued that the McGuinty government spent five years and $647 million on the Smart Systems for Health Agency, which used 15 per cent of its $225\\-million annual budget on consultants despite employing 166 people with annual salaries exceeding $100000, before the project was shut down and restarted as eHealth Ontario. Premier Dalton McGuinty said he was concerned about eHealth's spending information and said that he would act upon the auditor general's report. McGuinty and Caplan said that it was tough to recruit top experts to build a province wide electronic health records system.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/opposition\\-wants\\-minister\\-s\\-resignation\\-over\\-ehealth\\-spending\\-1\\.789748 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|title\\=Opposition wants minister's resignation over eHealth spending \\|date\\=May 28, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2014}} McGuinty and Caplan promised an independent review of eHealth, outside of the auditor general's probe. It was later revealed that the ministry and eHealth did not contract PricewaterhouseCoopers to conduct the review. The Liberals said it would have duplicated the auditor general's work, and the opposition noted that Caplan had earlier suggested the independent review had been underway.<https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5hcX5TbYfifidKZxIBAfqQ3_GbFvg>{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} Documents obtained by the press showed that McGuinty intervened using an order in council to have Kramer hired as CEO, bypassing the competitive selection process, over the objections of officials in the Health Ministry who felt she was inexperienced.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/mcguinty\\-had\\-hand\\-in\\-hiring\\-former\\-ehealth\\-ceo/article4283476/ \\|title\\=McGuinty had hand in hiring former eHealth CEO \\|work\\=The Globe and Mail \\|date\\=August 11, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=April 3, 2021 \\|location\\=Toronto}} McGuinty said that he relied upon the advice of then\\-chairman of eHealth Dr. Alan Hudson and now described Kramer's hiring as a mistake.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/mcguinty\\-denies\\-he\\-hired\\-ehealth\\-ceo\\-against\\-advice\\-1\\.785418 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|title\\=McGuinty denies he hired eHealth CEO against advice \\|date\\=August 12, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2014}}",
"#### Gas plant scandal",
"{{Main article\\|Ontario power plant scandal}}",
"McGuinty's minority government was also criticized for a decision during the 2011 election campaign to scrap unpopular gas plants being constructed in Mississauga and Oakville — the move was seen as a politically expedient one made to improve the Liberal Party's chances of retaining the five ridings it held in the area, as the opposition PC's and NDP had already promised to scrap them. The opposition, emboldened by the minority government situation, demanded that Energy Minister [Chris Bentley](/wiki/Chris_Bentley_%28politician%29 \"Chris Bentley (politician)\") release all documents related to the decision. Bentley delayed prior to releasing 36,000 pages in September and insisted that all documents had been released. The cancellation of the gas plant was estimated to be $950 million to $1\\.1 billion over approximately 20 years. {{cite web \\|title\\=The Cancellation and Relocation of the Gas Plants and Document Retention Issues \\|url\\=https://www.ola.org/sites/default/files/node\\-files/committee/report/pdf/2021/2021\\-02/Remediated%20FINAL%20report%20EN.pdf \\|website\\=www.ola.org \\|publisher\\=Legislative Assembly of Ontario \\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2022}}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/email\\-destruction\\-case\\-highlights\\-ontario\\-liberal\\-moves\\-that\\-have\\-added\\-billions\\-to\\-electricity\\-costs \\| title\\=At $1B, cancelling gas plants was actually one of Ontario Liberals' cheaper electricity decisions }}",
"#### 2011 re\\-election",
"{{main\\|2011 Ontario general election}}",
"On October 6, 2011, the Liberals were reelected for a third term in government, though they lost their majority in the Legislature. Only winning 53 of the 107 legislative seats, the Liberals were one seat short of a majority.",
"### Third term (2011–2013\\)",
"Now that Ontario had returned to a [minority government](/wiki/Minority_government \"Minority government\") after decades of majorities, the political landscape changed significantly. The governing Liberals were required to work with the other parties to move forward with legislation and avoid losing a non\\-confidence motion. McGuinty had promised not to form a coalition with any other party if elected in a minority, and proceeded to govern by attracting support from opposition MPPs on a bill\\-by\\-bill basis.",
"McGuinty commissioned former [Toronto\\-Dominion Bank](/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank \"Toronto-Dominion Bank\") chief economist [Don Drummond](/wiki/Don_Drummond_%28economist%29 \"Don Drummond (economist)\") to examine the province's finances. In February 2012, Drummond released the [report](/wiki/Don_Drummond_%28economist%29%23Drummond_Commission \"Don Drummond (economist)#Drummond Commission\") that stated that the province would face a $30\\-billion deficit by 2017\\-18, which was nearly double what the McGuinty government had projected. Drummond recommended severe austerity measures to curb the growth of the province's debt, which was $215 billion at the time, from reaching $411 billion in five years.[cbc.ca](https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/drummond-report-on-ontario-calls-for-cutbacks-1.1138568) [http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/02/15/ontario\\-must\\-act\\-swiftly\\-and\\-boldly\\-to\\-eliminate\\-projected\\-30\\-2\\-billion\\-deficit\\-drummond\\-warns/](http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/02/15/ontario-must-act-swiftly-and-boldly-to-eliminate-projected-30-2-billion-deficit-drummond-warns/) While McGuinty inherited a moderate deficit of $5 billion, it had tripled due to his progressive spending programs as well as the recent economic recession.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/02/16/don\\-drummond\\-catalogues\\-the\\-mcguinty\\-mess\\-in\\-meticulous\\-detail/ \\|title\\=Don Drummond catalogues the McGuinty mess in meticulous detail \\| Full Comment \\| National Post \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-02\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120216175150/http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/02/16/don\\-drummond\\-catalogues\\-the\\-mcguinty\\-mess\\-in\\-meticulous\\-detail/ \\|archive\\-date\\=February 16, 2012 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"The government was soon mired in controversy on several fronts. As a result of Ontario's budgetary situation, the government took a hard line on public sector wages. It introduced [Bill 115 'Putting Students First Act 2012'](/wiki/Bill_115_%27Putting_Students_First_Act_2012%27 \"Bill 115 'Putting Students First Act 2012'\") in order to suspend [collective bargaining](/wiki/Collective_bargaining \"Collective bargaining\"), impose contracts on [teachers](/wiki/Teachers \"Teachers\") and suspend their [right to strike](/wiki/Right_to_strike \"Right to strike\") for two years.{{cite news\\|title\\=Court challenges target 'draconian' Ontario teacher bill\\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/court\\-challenges\\-target\\-draconian\\-ontario\\-teacher\\-bill\\-1\\.1151656\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2018\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[CBC News]]\\|date\\=October 11, 2012}} It also introduced legislation to impose a wage freeze on 481,000 additional public sector workers in hospitals, colleges, public agencies and the civil service.",
"In 2012, the Liberals were plagued by yet another scandal. During the Ornge Air Ambulance scandal, the CEO was paid 14\\.1 million dollars, and the executives purchased a commercial building, and them leased it back to themselves at a higher than market rate, through a shell company.{{cite news\\|title\\=Ornge Scandal is a Lesson in Why Governments Must Close Their Eyes on Their Own Creations\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe\\-debate/editorials/ornge\\-scandal\\-is\\-a\\-lesson\\-in\\-why\\-governments\\-must\\-keep\\-close\\-eyes\\-on\\-their\\-creations/article4459193/\\|newspaper\\=The Globe and Mail\\|access\\-date\\=March 30, 2018}}",
"The Liberals had hoped to regain their majority through by\\-elections and on September 6, 2012, two by\\-elections were held, one in Vaughan which the Liberal Party won, and another in [Kitchener—Waterloo](/wiki/Kitchener%E2%80%94Waterloo_%28provincial_electoral_district%29 \"Kitchener—Waterloo (provincial electoral district)\"). Former Deputy Premier [Elizabeth Witmer](/wiki/Elizabeth_Witmer \"Elizabeth Witmer\"), a Progressive Conservative, had represented Kitchener—Waterloo for the previous four terms. Her resignation allowed the riding to elect Catherine Fife of the New Democratic Party (NDP), leaving McGuinty's Liberals with a minority government. The NDP victory in Kitchener\\-Waterloo, the seat the Liberals needed to gain, was attributed in part to the backlash against Bill 115; the Liberals placed third in the riding.{{cite news\\|last\\=Walkom\\|first\\=Thomas\\|title\\=McGuinty's explanation to suspend legislature makes no sense\\|url\\=https://www.therecord.com/opinion/columnists/2012/10/22/mcguinty\\-s\\-explanation\\-to\\-suspend\\-legislature\\-makes\\-no\\-sense.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 3, 2021\\|newspaper\\=Kitchener\\-Waterloo Record\\|date\\=October 22, 2012}}",
"#### 2012 prorogation and resignation",
"After it became known that there were an additional 20,000 documents Bentley was cited by a rare contempt motion by a legislative committee and was facing a contempt motion of the Legislature when McGuinty unexpectedly announced on October 15, 2012, that he was ending the legislative session by [proroguing](/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada \"Prorogation in Canada\") the legislature{{cite news\\|last\\=Mills\\|first\\=Carys\\|title\\=Energy Minister Chris Bentley 'thrown under the bus'\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1277995\\-\\-energy\\-minister\\-chris\\-bentley\\-thrown\\-under\\-the\\-bus\\|access\\-date\\=October 26, 2012\\|newspaper\\=Toronto Star\\|date\\=October 26, 2012}} and that he would resign as premier as soon as the [Liberal Party chose his successor](/wiki/2013_Ontario_Liberal_Party_leadership_election \"2013 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election\"), in January 2013\\.{{cite news \\|author1\\=Karen Howlett \\|author2\\=Adrian Morrow \\|author3\\=Paul Waldie \\|title\\=Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty resigns \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ontario\\-premier\\-dalton\\-mcguinty\\-resigns/article4614086/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 15, 2021 \\|newspaper\\=The Globe and Mail \\|date\\=October 15, 2012 \\|location\\=Toronto}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Ontario's McGuinty surprises with resignation, prorogation \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario\\-s\\-mcguinty\\-surprises\\-with\\-resignation\\-prorogation\\-1\\.1156014 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2014 \\|date\\=October 15, 2012}}",
"Liberal House Leader [John Milloy](/wiki/John_Milloy \"John Milloy\") later stated that prorogation was necessary because an impasse was reached with labour leaders and the opposition over plans to freeze all public sector wages. The opposition charged that it was done to dodge negative publicity over the investigation and criminal probe into the [Ornge](/wiki/Ornge \"Ornge\") Air affair, the controversial decision to halt construction of two [gas\\-fired power plants](/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant \"Gas-fired power plant\") during the [previous election](/wiki/2011_Ontario_general_election \"2011 Ontario general election\"), and the subsequent threats by the opposition to vote on finding Cabinet ministers in [Contempt of Parliament](/wiki/Contempt_of_Parliament \"Contempt of Parliament\") for withholding from the Legislature information related to halting the projects.{{cite news\\| author\\=Canadian Press\\| title\\=Ontario prorogation halts key hearings, bills\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]]\\| date\\=October 16, 2012\\| url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario\\-prorogation\\-halts\\-key\\-hearings\\-bills\\-1\\.1156011\\| access\\-date\\=May 17, 2018}}{{cite news\\| last\\=Howlett\\| first\\=Karen\\| title\\=McGuinty's exit plan drawn up in shadow of rising scandal\\| newspaper\\=Globe and Mail\\| date\\=October 16, 2012\\| url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/mcguintys\\-exit\\-plan\\-drawn\\-up\\-in\\-shadow\\-of\\-rising\\-scandal/article4617420/\\| access\\-date\\=October 16, 2012}} In early 2013, Onley explained in an interview conducted by the *[Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star \"Toronto Star\")* that, though he and McGuinty discussed the matter, among others, before he granted the prorogation, he could only follow the constitution and adhere to the principles of [responsible government](/wiki/Responsible_government \"Responsible government\"); only if the premier were \"trying to subvert democracy\" could Onley have refused the advice and, as Onley put it, \"something that's politically controversial doesn't fit that category. Doesn't even come close.... It's up to the politicians to work out the political process, the political decision\\-making that is behind prorogation—and the fallout after prorogation.\" On the subject of the lack of a date on which the Legislature would be summoned to return, the Lieutenant\\-Governor said he had no guide; the Legislature's standing orders outline that a specific date must be set, but the Legislative Assembly Act does not, and precedents are inconsistent.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/1314339\\-\\-lt\\-gov\\-david\\-onley\\-explains\\-prorogation\\-decision\\-cohn\\| last\\=Cohn\\| first\\=Martin Regg\\| title\\=Lt.\\-Gov. David Onley explains prorogation decision\\| date\\=January 13, 2013\\| newspaper\\=Toronto Star\\| access\\-date\\=January 14, 2013}}",
"While there had been speculation that McGuinty would become a candidate for the [federal Liberal leadership election](/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election \"2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election\"), on October 23, 2012, he announced that he would not be doing so.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/mcguinty\\-rules\\-out\\-bid\\-for\\-federal\\-liberal\\-leadership/article4630557/ \\|title\\=McGuinty rules out bid for federal Liberal leadership \\|work\\=Globe and Mail \\|first\\=Joan \\|last\\=Bryden \\|date\\=October 23, 2012 \\|location\\=Toronto}} McGuinty resigned from his premiership on February 11, 2013\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Meeting with the Premier and Ms. Wynne\\|url\\=http://www.lgontario.ca/en/events/pages/eventdetails.aspx?eventid\\=15\\|publisher\\=Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607122402/http://www.lgontario.ca/en/events/pages/eventdetails.aspx?eventid\\=15\\|archive\\-date\\=June 7, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} He resigned his seat in the legislature on June 12, 2013, at the end of the legislative session, after representing Ottawa South for 23 years.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.citynews.ca/2013/06/12/mcguinty\\-officially\\-resigns\\-as\\-mpp/\\|title\\=Dalton McGuinty officially resigns as MPP\\|work\\=CityNews\\|date\\=June 12, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2015}}",
""
] |
### First term (2003–2007\)
#### First year
McGuinty took office as Premier and [Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_%28Ontario%29 "Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (Ontario)") on October 23, 2003\.
The new government called the Legislature back in session in late 2003\. The government brought in auto insurance reforms (including a price cap), rolled\-back a series of corporate and personal tax cuts that had been scheduled for 2004, passed legislation that enshrined publicly funded healthcare into provincial law, hired more meat and water inspectors, opened up the provincially owned electricity companies to Freedom of Information laws and enacted a ban on partisan government advertising.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
On May 18, 2004, Provincial Finance Minister [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara "Greg Sorbara") released the McGuinty government's first budget, the first year of a four\-year plan focused on tackling four deficits the Liberals claim the previous Tories left behind: the "health deficit", the "education deficit", the "infrastructure deficit" and the "fiscal deficit".{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
This budget was focused on health care. At its core was a large infusion of new money into hospitals specifically to shorten wait times in key areas: knee and hip replacements, cancer treatment, cardiac treatment, cataracts, and [MRI](/wiki/MRI "MRI") and CT scans. The government also brought in free immunizations for children, 150 new Family Health Teams to improve access to physicians, almost 100,000 new home care spaces for Ontario's elderly, almost 4,000 new long\-term care beds, and $200 million more to improve public health and fight potential outbreaks like [SARS](/wiki/SARS "SARS") and [West Nile fever](/wiki/West_Nile_fever "West Nile fever").{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
To pay for this plan, the Liberals imposed a controversial new Health Premium of $300 to $900, staggered according to income. This violated a key Liberal campaign pledge not to raise taxes, and gave the government an early reputation for breaking promises. The Liberals defended the premium by arguing that the previous government had a hidden deficit, and McGuinty claimed he needed to break his campaign pledge on taxation to fulfill his promises on other fronts. His own finance critic of the time, [Gerry Phillips](/wiki/Gerry_Phillips "Gerry Phillips"), had predicted that the Tories' projected balanced budget would in fact result in a $5 billion deficit in a meeting of the Standing Committee of Estimates of the [Legislature](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario "Legislative Assembly of Ontario") on June 3, 2003\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee\-proceedings/committee\_transcripts\_details.do?locale\=en\&Date\=2003\-06\-03\&ParlCommID\=6\&BillID\=\&Business\=Estimates\+Review \|title\=Standing Committee of Estimates transcript \|publisher\=Ontario Legislative Assembly \|date\=June 3, 2003 \|access\-date\=March 10, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610064030/http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee\-proceedings/committee\_transcripts\_details.do?locale\=en\&Date\=2003\-06\-03\&ParlCommID\=6\&BillID\=\&Business\=Estimates\+Review \|archive\-date\=June 10, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }} Liberal MPP [Monte Kwinter](/wiki/Monte_Kwinter "Monte Kwinter") also predicted a $5 billion deficit.[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail "The Globe and Mail"), August 12, 2003, p. A7: "We are really in a fiscal morass where, at the end of the day, the people of Ontario are going to be left with a deficit that has been projected by Standard \& Poor's, Dominion Bond Rating Service \[and] TD Bank at anywhere from $2\.2 billion to up to $5 billion. That just doesn't make any economic sense."
As a result, the Liberals dropped badly in polls and McGuinty fell behind Ernie Eves in the category of preferred premier.{{Cite news \|first\=Ian \|last\=Urquhart \|title\=In Politics, misery loves company \|work\=Toronto Star \|date\=June 12, 2004 \|url\=http://www.sesresearch.com/news/in\_the\_news/Toronto%20Star%20June%2012%202004\.pdf \|access\-date\=December 3, 2006}}
The Ontario Health Premium also became a major issue in the early days of the [2004 federal election](/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election "2004 Canadian federal election"), called a week after the Ontario budget. Many believe that the controversy hampered [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada "Liberal Party of Canada") [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada "Prime Minister of Canada") [Paul Martin](/wiki/Paul_Martin "Paul Martin")'s bid for re\-election {{who\|date\=June 2012}}.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
Also controversial was the elimination of coverage for health services not covered by the Canada Health Act including eye examinations and physical therapy. Other elements of the McGuinty government's first budget were a four\-year plan to tackle the deficit, funding for 1,000 new teachers, a transfer of two cents of the existing gas tax to municipalities to help fund transit, and a three per cent increase to those on social assistance, the first increase in ten years.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
Soon after the federal election, McGuinty attended a First Ministers' Meeting on health\-care reform that resulted in a new agreement for a national health accord. This Accord saw the provinces receive new federal funding in exchange for providing reports on such things as waiting times for surgeries.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
McGuinty's government ended the year by releasing "Progress Report 2004: Getting Results for Ontario". This work focused on health, education, and economic growth, and set targets to achieve before the next election (including reducing the high school drop out rate, increasing participation in post\-secondary education and reducing wait times for specific medical procedures).{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
#### Second year
[thumb\|Dalton McGuinty in 2004](/wiki/File:Dalton_McGuinty%2C_Mayors%27_Summit_%28cropped%29.jpg "Dalton McGuinty, Mayors' Summit (cropped).jpg")
The McGuinty government brought forward a number of initiatives in the fall of 2004\. These included legislation allowing restaurant patrons to bring their own wine, banning junk food in public schools, outlawing smoking in public places, and requiring students to stay in school until age 18\. Following a series of high\-profile maulings by [pit bulls](/wiki/Pit_bull "Pit bull"), the government also moved to ban the dogs. Some Ontarians were critical of this issue since it was seen as moving the responsibility for safety away from owners and over toward the animals. People who owned pitbulls previous to the ban were allowed to keep them, muzzled in public and sterilized to prevent them from breeding. The "importing" and breeding of pitbulls in Ontario was banned, while all pitbulls being held in shelters were euthanized or sent to research facilities. {{Citation needed\|date\=April 2009}}
During early 2005, McGuinty called the Legislature back for a rare winter session to debate and pass several high\-profile bills. The government legislated a ["greenbelt"](/wiki/Greenbelt_%28Golden_Horseshoe%29 "Greenbelt (Golden Horseshoe)") around [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"). The size of Prince Edward Island, the Greenbelt protects a broad swath of land from development and preserves forests and farmland.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2009}} In response to court decisions, the McGuinty Liberals updated legislation to reflect the change in the definition of marriage to include homosexual couples.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
McGuinty also launched a campaign to narrow the so\-called "$23 billion gap" between what Ontario contributes to the federal government and what is returned to Ontario in services. This came as a sharp turn after more than a year of cooperating with the federal government. McGuinty said special deals made by the federal government with other provinces ([Newfoundland and Labrador](/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Newfoundland and Labrador") and [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia")) compromised the nature of [equalization](/wiki/Equalization_payments_in_Canada "Equalization payments in Canada"). He noted that immigrants in Ontario receive $800 in support from the federal government, while those in Quebec receive $3,800\.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
Premier McGuinty and Prime Minister [Paul Martin](/wiki/Paul_Martin "Paul Martin") debated the Ontario government's accusations throughout the spring of 2005\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/cash\-offer\-won\-t\-address\-patient\-boom\-mcguinty\-tells\-pm\-1\.496903 \|title\=Cash offer won't address 'patient boom,' McGuinty tells PM \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|date\=September 14, 2004 \|access\-date\=June 7, 2006}} McGuinty and Martin finally met in May and, following a nine\-hour meeting, McGuinty received a commitment for $5\.75 billion, spread out over five years, including new money for immigrant settlement, training for the unemployed, federal delivery of meat inspection and corporate tax collection and per capita funding for post\-secondary education.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/martin\-promises\-ontario\-another\-5\-75b\-1\.564340 \|title\=Martin promises Ontario another $5\.75B \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|date\=May 8, 2005 \|access\-date\=March 20, 2014}}
In late April 2005, McGuinty announced the closure of the Lakeview coal\-fired generating station, one of Ontario's largest polluters. Although the McGuinty government had promised to close all coal\-burning plants by 2007, Energy Minister [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan "Dwight Duncan") announced on June 14, 2005, that this was no longer possible, and that the Nanticoke Coal Plant will not close until 2009\.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
On May 11, 2005, the McGuinty Liberals delivered their second budget, built around the "Reaching Higher" plan for education. The second year of the four\-year plan, this budget was designed to tackle to so\-called "education deficit". Investing $6\.2 billion over the next four years, the budget included the largest investment in higher education in forty years. It also increased accessibility for low\-income students, expanded medical school spaces, and invested in new faculty, graduate scholarships and research. The budget also broke a promise to balance the budget in 2007–08\. The government instead aimed at balance in 2008–09\.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
The McGuinty Liberals also moved to expand infrastructure spending by encouraging Ontario's large pension plans to invest in the construction of new roads, schools and hospitals. Specific projects in the budget included a 10\-year expansion of the [Toronto Transit Commission](/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission "Toronto Transit Commission") and [GO Transit](/wiki/GO_Transit "GO Transit"), 15,000 new affordable housing units and improved border crossings. NDP leader [Howard Hampton](/wiki/Howard_Hampton "Howard Hampton") described this move as "privatization by stealth".{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
During their second year in office, the McGuinty Liberals brought forward a series of negotiations with the province's unions.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2009}}First, Health Minister [George Smitherman](/wiki/George_Smitherman "George Smitherman") concluded an agreement with the province's doctors that included incentives to practice in family health teams or under\-serviced communities. Education Minister [Gerard Kennedy](/wiki/Gerard_Kennedy "Gerard Kennedy") established a province\-wide negotiating framework with the province's teachers' unions with the result that most [school boards](/wiki/School_boards "School boards") settled their contracts without lost teaching time. Finally, Management Board Chair [Gerry Phillips](/wiki/Gerry_Phillips "Gerry Phillips") closed a deal with the provincial government's own civil service union, the [Ontario Public Service Employees Union](/wiki/Ontario_Public_Service_Employees_Union "Ontario Public Service Employees Union").{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
On June 22, 2005, Education Minister Gerard Kennedy announced that 90–95% of Ontario students between junior kindergarten and Grade Three would be in classes of twenty students or fewer by 2007\. He also acknowledged that extenuating circumstances may require slightly larger classes in some cases. Opposition critic [Frank Klees](/wiki/Frank_Klees "Frank Klees") accused the McGuinty government of breaking its promise to cap classroom sizes. Kennedy responded that some flexibility is always necessary, and that any reasonable person would regard a 90–95% success rate as a promise kept.{{Cite news \|title\=Class cap promise kaput? \|first\=Antonella \|last\=Artuso \|work\=Ottawa Sun \|date\=June 23, 2005}}
Also in June 2005, two cabinet ministers in McGuinty's government were scrutinized for alleged improprieties. Joseph Cordiano faced calls for his resignation after revelations that he billed $17,000 for personal expenses to his riding association. These expenses included meals in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") and [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan"), and theatre tickets in [London](/wiki/London "London"). Cordiano insisted that these expenses were related to riding activities, and refused to resign. McGuinty defended Cordiano in public, claiming he had "complete confidence" in the minister.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
At around the same time, Minister of Transportation [Harinder Takhar](/wiki/Harinder_Takhar "Harinder Takhar") was accused of a conflict\-of\-interest, after visiting a company that he owned in a blind trust. Takhar acknowledged that he made "an error in judgement", but denied any wrongdoing. Both Cordiano and Takhar were retained in their portfolios following a cabinet shuffle on June 29, 2005\. The matter was sent to the provincial ethics commissioner, who on January 4, 2006, ruled that Takhar had violated Ontario's integrity guidelines by not maintaining an [arms length relationship](/wiki/Arm%27s_length_principle "Arm's length principle") with the trustee appointed to run his blind trust. McGuinty has defended his minister, and has rejected calls to remove him from cabinet, even after the Integrity Commissioner issued his finding.{{Cite news \|title\=McGuinty refuses to fire transportation minister \|first\=Richard \|last\=Brennan \|work\=Toronto Star \|date\=January 4, 2006 \|url\=https://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename\=thestar/Layout/Article\_Type1\&c\=Article\&pubid\=968163964505\&cid\=1136372947308\&col\=968705899037\&call\_page\=TS\_News\&call\_pageid\=968332188492\&call\_pagepath\=News/News \|access\-date\=December 3, 2006}}
In the same cabinet shuffle, Premier McGuinty withdrew from the Intergovernmental Affairs portfolio and became the province's first [Minister of Research and Innovation](/wiki/Minister_of_Research_and_Innovation_%28Ontario%29 "Minister of Research and Innovation (Ontario)").{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}}
#### Third year
On October 11, 2005, police raided the Sorbara Group offices — owned by [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara "Greg Sorbara") and his brothers — as part of the ongoing [Royal Group Technologies](/wiki/Royal_Group_Technologies "Royal Group Technologies") investigation. The warrant stated that there were reasonable grounds to believe Sorbara and other directors of Royal Group defrauded the company and shareholders when they bought land in Brampton, that was owned by a subsidiary of the Sorbara Group.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ontario\-finance\-minister\-quits\-over\-fraud\-probe\-1\.553526 \|title\=Ontario finance minister quits over fraud probe \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|date\=October 12, 2005 \|access\-date\=March 20, 2014}} Sorbara initially resisted opposition calls for him to step down, then resigned as Minister of Finance the same day. He consistently denied any knowledge of the specific allegations against him, and sued the RCMP to either clarify their case against him or withdraw their investigation. Following Sorbara's resignation, [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan "Dwight Duncan") was appointed as Minister of Finance and Chair of the Management Board. [Donna Cansfield](/wiki/Donna_Cansfield "Donna Cansfield") took over Duncan's responsibility as Minister of Energy and [Jim Bradley](/wiki/Jim_Bradley_%28politician%29 "Jim Bradley (politician)") as Government House Leader.
The next day, the McGuinty government put forward a throne speech in October reiterating their priorities of health, education and economic prosperity. The speech outlined plans to offer the first money\-back guarantee on a public service: a refund for people who do not receive a birth certificate within 15 days of applying on\-line.
On November 18, 2005, it was announced that [Ontario's Drive Clean](/wiki/Ontario%27s_Drive_Clean "Ontario's Drive Clean") emissions program was to be expanded rather than scrapped.
The 2006 budget was the third year of the four\-year plan, and focused on the "infrastructure deficit". The centrepiece was MoveOntario, a $1\.2 billion investment in transportation infrastructure. $400 million was invested to build and repair roads and bridges in municipalities across Ontario.
On May 18, 2006, a judge agreed with Greg Sorbara's contention that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCPP) had erred in including his name in the search warrant. In striking Sorbara's name from the warrant, Justice Ian Nordheimer of the Ontario Superior Court said there were inadequate grounds for police to include him in the first place. The judge was particularly scathing in his review of the RCMP probe of Sorbara. On May 23, 2006, Sorbara was reinstated as Minister of Finance, while Duncan returned to the Energy portfolio.
On August 17, 2006, *Foreign Direct Investment* magazine (a British magazine owned by the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*) named Dalton McGuinty "personality of the year" for encouraging investment in the auto sector, for developing a plan to increase energy production, and for promoting research and innovation.
#### Fourth year
On June 14, 2006, Energy Minister [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan "Dwight Duncan") announced the McGuinty government's twenty\-year electricity plan, which committed to spending $46 billion on rebuilding all of the province's ageing nuclear reactors. The plan also made the McGuinty government the first Ontario government since the 1970s to commit to building new nuclear stations, and further postponed the schedule for closing Ontario's coal stations to 2014\. In response, [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace "Greenpeace") activists occupied Energy Minister Duncan's offices.{{Cite news \|title\=Greenpeace Occupies Ontario Energy Minister's Office \|publisher\=Greenpeace Canada \|date\=June 13, 2006 \|url\=http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press/press\-releases/ontario\-minister\-office/ \|access\-date\=February 26, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013172549/http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press/press\-releases/ontario\-minister\-office/ \|archive\-date\=October 13, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }} The day after the announcement of its long\-term electricity plan *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail "The Globe and Mail")* published a front\-page story that the government had quietly passed a regulation to 'exempt' its energy plan from an environmental assessment.{{Cite news \|title\=Nuclear plan skips key green review \|first\=Martin \|last\=Mittelstaedt \|publisher\=Globe and Mail \|date\=June 15, 2006 \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/nuclear\-plan\-skips\-key\-green\-review/article710792/}}
The government's decision to exempt the government's electricity plan was criticized by some environmental organizations. In a press release, Greenpeace, the [David Suzuki](/wiki/David_Suzuki "David Suzuki") Foundation, and the [Pembina Institute](/wiki/Pembina_Institute "Pembina Institute") noted that each had provided the government with a legal opinion prepared by the [Canadian Environmental Law Association](/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Law_Association "Canadian Environmental Law Association"), which concluded that the government's energy plan would be subject to the province's Environmental Assessment Act.{{Cite news \|title\=Nuclear Plan Exempted from Environmental Review — Public right to know denied say environmentalists \|publisher\=The David Suzuki Foundation, the Pembina Institute and Greenpeace \|date\=June 15, 2006 \|url\=http://www.pembina.org/media\-release/1246}}
The McGuinty government's 2007 budget was criticized by Toronto mayor [David Miller](/wiki/David_Miller_%28Canadian_politician%29 "David Miller (Canadian politician)"), who argued that the province was refusing to "pay its bills", and said that Toronto's budgetary problems were the result of $500 million in social service costs mandated by the provincial government.{{cite news \|title\=Miller slams Ontario Budget \|work\=The Globe and Mail \|date\=March 23, 2007 \|location\=Toronto}}{{cite news \|title\=Editorial: A bad week for Toronto \|work\=Toronto Star \|date\=March 25, 2007 \|page\=A14}} During a later discussion, provincial Finance Minister [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara "Greg Sorbara") declined to help the city to fix its $71 million shortfall, saying that "he doesn't have a mandate to fix this".{{cite news \|title\=Sorbara won't patch hole in budget \|work\=The Globe and Mail \|date\=April 12, 2007 \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/sorbara\-wont\-patch\-hole\-in\-budget/article17994820/ \|location\=Toronto}}
On July 26, 2007, McGuinty dismissed [Mike Colle](/wiki/Mike_Colle "Mike Colle") as Minister of Citizenship and Immigration following a report by the auditor general that Colle had mishandled government funds. He was criticized for giving out $32 million in government grants to immigrant and cultural groups without official applications or formal statements of purpose. In one case, the Ontario Cricket Association received $1 million when it asked for $150,000\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/06/06/summer\_break\_starting\_early\_at\_queens\_park.html \|work\=The Star \|location\=Toronto \|title\=Summer break starting early at Queen's Park \|first\=Rob \|last\=Ferguson \|date\=June 6, 2007}}{{cite web \|url\=http://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2007/07/auditor\-general\-finds\-no\-ties\-between\-grants\-and\-politics.html \|title\=News Releases: Auditor General Finds No Ties Between Grants And Politics \|date\=July 26, 2007 \|publisher\=Premier of Ontario}}
#### 2007 re\-election
{{main\|2007 Ontario general election}}
In late 2004, [John Tory](/wiki/John_Tory "John Tory") was chosen to replace Ernie Eves as leader of the [Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario "Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario"). A principal secretary to former PC Premier [Bill Davis](/wiki/Bill_Davis "Bill Davis"), Tory was regarded as more moderate than [Mike Harris](/wiki/Mike_Harris "Mike Harris") and the mostly rural MPPs who made up the majority of his [caucus](/wiki/Caucus "Caucus"). McGuinty's Liberals ran a candidate against Tory during the latter's successful bid to enter the legislature. [Howard Hampton](/wiki/Howard_Hampton "Howard Hampton") continued to lead the NDP. Though Tory out\-polled McGuinty in the category of preferred premier, the Liberals held a lead over the Progressive Conservatives, while the NDP held around 20% support.
In October 2006, the McGuinty Liberals held their last Annual General Meeting before the 2007 election. The event set in place several key elements of their reelection strategy. First, American political consultant [James Carville](/wiki/James_Carville "James Carville") advised Liberal activists to stick to a simple message in the next election. Second, the party elected long\-time activist Gord Pheneuf as the new president. Finally, Premier McGuinty laid out the theme of the next campaign: standing up for Ontario families.
On October 10, 2007, McGuinty and his Ontario Liberal Party won a consecutive majority government in [the 39th general provincial election](/wiki/2007_Ontario_general_election "2007 Ontario general election"). The last Liberal Party Premier to achieve such success was [Mitchell Hepburn](/wiki/Mitchell_Hepburn "Mitchell Hepburn") during the 1930s.
|
[
"### First term (2003–2007\\)",
"#### First year",
"McGuinty took office as Premier and [Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_%28Ontario%29 \"Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (Ontario)\") on October 23, 2003\\.",
"The new government called the Legislature back in session in late 2003\\. The government brought in auto insurance reforms (including a price cap), rolled\\-back a series of corporate and personal tax cuts that had been scheduled for 2004, passed legislation that enshrined publicly funded healthcare into provincial law, hired more meat and water inspectors, opened up the provincially owned electricity companies to Freedom of Information laws and enacted a ban on partisan government advertising.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"On May 18, 2004, Provincial Finance Minister [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara \"Greg Sorbara\") released the McGuinty government's first budget, the first year of a four\\-year plan focused on tackling four deficits the Liberals claim the previous Tories left behind: the \"health deficit\", the \"education deficit\", the \"infrastructure deficit\" and the \"fiscal deficit\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"This budget was focused on health care. At its core was a large infusion of new money into hospitals specifically to shorten wait times in key areas: knee and hip replacements, cancer treatment, cardiac treatment, cataracts, and [MRI](/wiki/MRI \"MRI\") and CT scans. The government also brought in free immunizations for children, 150 new Family Health Teams to improve access to physicians, almost 100,000 new home care spaces for Ontario's elderly, almost 4,000 new long\\-term care beds, and $200 million more to improve public health and fight potential outbreaks like [SARS](/wiki/SARS \"SARS\") and [West Nile fever](/wiki/West_Nile_fever \"West Nile fever\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"To pay for this plan, the Liberals imposed a controversial new Health Premium of $300 to $900, staggered according to income. This violated a key Liberal campaign pledge not to raise taxes, and gave the government an early reputation for breaking promises. The Liberals defended the premium by arguing that the previous government had a hidden deficit, and McGuinty claimed he needed to break his campaign pledge on taxation to fulfill his promises on other fronts. His own finance critic of the time, [Gerry Phillips](/wiki/Gerry_Phillips \"Gerry Phillips\"), had predicted that the Tories' projected balanced budget would in fact result in a $5 billion deficit in a meeting of the Standing Committee of Estimates of the [Legislature](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario \"Legislative Assembly of Ontario\") on June 3, 2003\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee\\-proceedings/committee\\_transcripts\\_details.do?locale\\=en\\&Date\\=2003\\-06\\-03\\&ParlCommID\\=6\\&BillID\\=\\&Business\\=Estimates\\+Review \\|title\\=Standing Committee of Estimates transcript \\|publisher\\=Ontario Legislative Assembly \\|date\\=June 3, 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610064030/http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee\\-proceedings/committee\\_transcripts\\_details.do?locale\\=en\\&Date\\=2003\\-06\\-03\\&ParlCommID\\=6\\&BillID\\=\\&Business\\=Estimates\\+Review \\|archive\\-date\\=June 10, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} Liberal MPP [Monte Kwinter](/wiki/Monte_Kwinter \"Monte Kwinter\") also predicted a $5 billion deficit.[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail \"The Globe and Mail\"), August 12, 2003, p. A7: \"We are really in a fiscal morass where, at the end of the day, the people of Ontario are going to be left with a deficit that has been projected by Standard \\& Poor's, Dominion Bond Rating Service \\[and] TD Bank at anywhere from $2\\.2 billion to up to $5 billion. That just doesn't make any economic sense.\"",
"As a result, the Liberals dropped badly in polls and McGuinty fell behind Ernie Eves in the category of preferred premier.{{Cite news \\|first\\=Ian \\|last\\=Urquhart \\|title\\=In Politics, misery loves company \\|work\\=Toronto Star \\|date\\=June 12, 2004 \\|url\\=http://www.sesresearch.com/news/in\\_the\\_news/Toronto%20Star%20June%2012%202004\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2006}}",
"The Ontario Health Premium also became a major issue in the early days of the [2004 federal election](/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election \"2004 Canadian federal election\"), called a week after the Ontario budget. Many believe that the controversy hampered [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada \"Liberal Party of Canada\") [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada \"Prime Minister of Canada\") [Paul Martin](/wiki/Paul_Martin \"Paul Martin\")'s bid for re\\-election {{who\\|date\\=June 2012}}.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"Also controversial was the elimination of coverage for health services not covered by the Canada Health Act including eye examinations and physical therapy. Other elements of the McGuinty government's first budget were a four\\-year plan to tackle the deficit, funding for 1,000 new teachers, a transfer of two cents of the existing gas tax to municipalities to help fund transit, and a three per cent increase to those on social assistance, the first increase in ten years.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"Soon after the federal election, McGuinty attended a First Ministers' Meeting on health\\-care reform that resulted in a new agreement for a national health accord. This Accord saw the provinces receive new federal funding in exchange for providing reports on such things as waiting times for surgeries.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"McGuinty's government ended the year by releasing \"Progress Report 2004: Getting Results for Ontario\". This work focused on health, education, and economic growth, and set targets to achieve before the next election (including reducing the high school drop out rate, increasing participation in post\\-secondary education and reducing wait times for specific medical procedures).{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"#### Second year",
"[thumb\\|Dalton McGuinty in 2004](/wiki/File:Dalton_McGuinty%2C_Mayors%27_Summit_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Dalton McGuinty, Mayors' Summit (cropped).jpg\")\nThe McGuinty government brought forward a number of initiatives in the fall of 2004\\. These included legislation allowing restaurant patrons to bring their own wine, banning junk food in public schools, outlawing smoking in public places, and requiring students to stay in school until age 18\\. Following a series of high\\-profile maulings by [pit bulls](/wiki/Pit_bull \"Pit bull\"), the government also moved to ban the dogs. Some Ontarians were critical of this issue since it was seen as moving the responsibility for safety away from owners and over toward the animals. People who owned pitbulls previous to the ban were allowed to keep them, muzzled in public and sterilized to prevent them from breeding. The \"importing\" and breeding of pitbulls in Ontario was banned, while all pitbulls being held in shelters were euthanized or sent to research facilities. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2009}}",
"During early 2005, McGuinty called the Legislature back for a rare winter session to debate and pass several high\\-profile bills. The government legislated a [\"greenbelt\"](/wiki/Greenbelt_%28Golden_Horseshoe%29 \"Greenbelt (Golden Horseshoe)\") around [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"). The size of Prince Edward Island, the Greenbelt protects a broad swath of land from development and preserves forests and farmland.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2009}} In response to court decisions, the McGuinty Liberals updated legislation to reflect the change in the definition of marriage to include homosexual couples.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"McGuinty also launched a campaign to narrow the so\\-called \"$23 billion gap\" between what Ontario contributes to the federal government and what is returned to Ontario in services. This came as a sharp turn after more than a year of cooperating with the federal government. McGuinty said special deals made by the federal government with other provinces ([Newfoundland and Labrador](/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Newfoundland and Labrador\") and [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\")) compromised the nature of [equalization](/wiki/Equalization_payments_in_Canada \"Equalization payments in Canada\"). He noted that immigrants in Ontario receive $800 in support from the federal government, while those in Quebec receive $3,800\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"Premier McGuinty and Prime Minister [Paul Martin](/wiki/Paul_Martin \"Paul Martin\") debated the Ontario government's accusations throughout the spring of 2005\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/cash\\-offer\\-won\\-t\\-address\\-patient\\-boom\\-mcguinty\\-tells\\-pm\\-1\\.496903 \\|title\\=Cash offer won't address 'patient boom,' McGuinty tells PM \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|date\\=September 14, 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2006}} McGuinty and Martin finally met in May and, following a nine\\-hour meeting, McGuinty received a commitment for $5\\.75 billion, spread out over five years, including new money for immigrant settlement, training for the unemployed, federal delivery of meat inspection and corporate tax collection and per capita funding for post\\-secondary education.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/martin\\-promises\\-ontario\\-another\\-5\\-75b\\-1\\.564340 \\|title\\=Martin promises Ontario another $5\\.75B \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|date\\=May 8, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2014}}",
"In late April 2005, McGuinty announced the closure of the Lakeview coal\\-fired generating station, one of Ontario's largest polluters. Although the McGuinty government had promised to close all coal\\-burning plants by 2007, Energy Minister [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan \"Dwight Duncan\") announced on June 14, 2005, that this was no longer possible, and that the Nanticoke Coal Plant will not close until 2009\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"On May 11, 2005, the McGuinty Liberals delivered their second budget, built around the \"Reaching Higher\" plan for education. The second year of the four\\-year plan, this budget was designed to tackle to so\\-called \"education deficit\". Investing $6\\.2 billion over the next four years, the budget included the largest investment in higher education in forty years. It also increased accessibility for low\\-income students, expanded medical school spaces, and invested in new faculty, graduate scholarships and research. The budget also broke a promise to balance the budget in 2007–08\\. The government instead aimed at balance in 2008–09\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"The McGuinty Liberals also moved to expand infrastructure spending by encouraging Ontario's large pension plans to invest in the construction of new roads, schools and hospitals. Specific projects in the budget included a 10\\-year expansion of the [Toronto Transit Commission](/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission \"Toronto Transit Commission\") and [GO Transit](/wiki/GO_Transit \"GO Transit\"), 15,000 new affordable housing units and improved border crossings. NDP leader [Howard Hampton](/wiki/Howard_Hampton \"Howard Hampton\") described this move as \"privatization by stealth\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"During their second year in office, the McGuinty Liberals brought forward a series of negotiations with the province's unions.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2009}}First, Health Minister [George Smitherman](/wiki/George_Smitherman \"George Smitherman\") concluded an agreement with the province's doctors that included incentives to practice in family health teams or under\\-serviced communities. Education Minister [Gerard Kennedy](/wiki/Gerard_Kennedy \"Gerard Kennedy\") established a province\\-wide negotiating framework with the province's teachers' unions with the result that most [school boards](/wiki/School_boards \"School boards\") settled their contracts without lost teaching time. Finally, Management Board Chair [Gerry Phillips](/wiki/Gerry_Phillips \"Gerry Phillips\") closed a deal with the provincial government's own civil service union, the [Ontario Public Service Employees Union](/wiki/Ontario_Public_Service_Employees_Union \"Ontario Public Service Employees Union\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"On June 22, 2005, Education Minister Gerard Kennedy announced that 90–95% of Ontario students between junior kindergarten and Grade Three would be in classes of twenty students or fewer by 2007\\. He also acknowledged that extenuating circumstances may require slightly larger classes in some cases. Opposition critic [Frank Klees](/wiki/Frank_Klees \"Frank Klees\") accused the McGuinty government of breaking its promise to cap classroom sizes. Kennedy responded that some flexibility is always necessary, and that any reasonable person would regard a 90–95% success rate as a promise kept.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Class cap promise kaput? \\|first\\=Antonella \\|last\\=Artuso \\|work\\=Ottawa Sun \\|date\\=June 23, 2005}}",
"Also in June 2005, two cabinet ministers in McGuinty's government were scrutinized for alleged improprieties. Joseph Cordiano faced calls for his resignation after revelations that he billed $17,000 for personal expenses to his riding association. These expenses included meals in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") and [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\"), and theatre tickets in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). Cordiano insisted that these expenses were related to riding activities, and refused to resign. McGuinty defended Cordiano in public, claiming he had \"complete confidence\" in the minister.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"At around the same time, Minister of Transportation [Harinder Takhar](/wiki/Harinder_Takhar \"Harinder Takhar\") was accused of a conflict\\-of\\-interest, after visiting a company that he owned in a blind trust. Takhar acknowledged that he made \"an error in judgement\", but denied any wrongdoing. Both Cordiano and Takhar were retained in their portfolios following a cabinet shuffle on June 29, 2005\\. The matter was sent to the provincial ethics commissioner, who on January 4, 2006, ruled that Takhar had violated Ontario's integrity guidelines by not maintaining an [arms length relationship](/wiki/Arm%27s_length_principle \"Arm's length principle\") with the trustee appointed to run his blind trust. McGuinty has defended his minister, and has rejected calls to remove him from cabinet, even after the Integrity Commissioner issued his finding.{{Cite news \\|title\\=McGuinty refuses to fire transportation minister \\|first\\=Richard \\|last\\=Brennan \\|work\\=Toronto Star \\|date\\=January 4, 2006 \\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename\\=thestar/Layout/Article\\_Type1\\&c\\=Article\\&pubid\\=968163964505\\&cid\\=1136372947308\\&col\\=968705899037\\&call\\_page\\=TS\\_News\\&call\\_pageid\\=968332188492\\&call\\_pagepath\\=News/News \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2006}}",
"In the same cabinet shuffle, Premier McGuinty withdrew from the Intergovernmental Affairs portfolio and became the province's first [Minister of Research and Innovation](/wiki/Minister_of_Research_and_Innovation_%28Ontario%29 \"Minister of Research and Innovation (Ontario)\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}",
"#### Third year",
"On October 11, 2005, police raided the Sorbara Group offices — owned by [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara \"Greg Sorbara\") and his brothers — as part of the ongoing [Royal Group Technologies](/wiki/Royal_Group_Technologies \"Royal Group Technologies\") investigation. The warrant stated that there were reasonable grounds to believe Sorbara and other directors of Royal Group defrauded the company and shareholders when they bought land in Brampton, that was owned by a subsidiary of the Sorbara Group.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ontario\\-finance\\-minister\\-quits\\-over\\-fraud\\-probe\\-1\\.553526 \\|title\\=Ontario finance minister quits over fraud probe \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|date\\=October 12, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2014}} Sorbara initially resisted opposition calls for him to step down, then resigned as Minister of Finance the same day. He consistently denied any knowledge of the specific allegations against him, and sued the RCMP to either clarify their case against him or withdraw their investigation. Following Sorbara's resignation, [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan \"Dwight Duncan\") was appointed as Minister of Finance and Chair of the Management Board. [Donna Cansfield](/wiki/Donna_Cansfield \"Donna Cansfield\") took over Duncan's responsibility as Minister of Energy and [Jim Bradley](/wiki/Jim_Bradley_%28politician%29 \"Jim Bradley (politician)\") as Government House Leader.",
"The next day, the McGuinty government put forward a throne speech in October reiterating their priorities of health, education and economic prosperity. The speech outlined plans to offer the first money\\-back guarantee on a public service: a refund for people who do not receive a birth certificate within 15 days of applying on\\-line.",
"On November 18, 2005, it was announced that [Ontario's Drive Clean](/wiki/Ontario%27s_Drive_Clean \"Ontario's Drive Clean\") emissions program was to be expanded rather than scrapped.",
"The 2006 budget was the third year of the four\\-year plan, and focused on the \"infrastructure deficit\". The centrepiece was MoveOntario, a $1\\.2 billion investment in transportation infrastructure. $400 million was invested to build and repair roads and bridges in municipalities across Ontario.",
"On May 18, 2006, a judge agreed with Greg Sorbara's contention that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCPP) had erred in including his name in the search warrant. In striking Sorbara's name from the warrant, Justice Ian Nordheimer of the Ontario Superior Court said there were inadequate grounds for police to include him in the first place. The judge was particularly scathing in his review of the RCMP probe of Sorbara. On May 23, 2006, Sorbara was reinstated as Minister of Finance, while Duncan returned to the Energy portfolio.",
"On August 17, 2006, *Foreign Direct Investment* magazine (a British magazine owned by the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*) named Dalton McGuinty \"personality of the year\" for encouraging investment in the auto sector, for developing a plan to increase energy production, and for promoting research and innovation.",
"#### Fourth year",
"On June 14, 2006, Energy Minister [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan \"Dwight Duncan\") announced the McGuinty government's twenty\\-year electricity plan, which committed to spending $46 billion on rebuilding all of the province's ageing nuclear reactors. The plan also made the McGuinty government the first Ontario government since the 1970s to commit to building new nuclear stations, and further postponed the schedule for closing Ontario's coal stations to 2014\\. In response, [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace \"Greenpeace\") activists occupied Energy Minister Duncan's offices.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Greenpeace Occupies Ontario Energy Minister's Office \\|publisher\\=Greenpeace Canada \\|date\\=June 13, 2006 \\|url\\=http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press/press\\-releases/ontario\\-minister\\-office/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013172549/http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press/press\\-releases/ontario\\-minister\\-office/ \\|archive\\-date\\=October 13, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} The day after the announcement of its long\\-term electricity plan *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail \"The Globe and Mail\")* published a front\\-page story that the government had quietly passed a regulation to 'exempt' its energy plan from an environmental assessment.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Nuclear plan skips key green review \\|first\\=Martin \\|last\\=Mittelstaedt \\|publisher\\=Globe and Mail \\|date\\=June 15, 2006 \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/nuclear\\-plan\\-skips\\-key\\-green\\-review/article710792/}}",
"The government's decision to exempt the government's electricity plan was criticized by some environmental organizations. In a press release, Greenpeace, the [David Suzuki](/wiki/David_Suzuki \"David Suzuki\") Foundation, and the [Pembina Institute](/wiki/Pembina_Institute \"Pembina Institute\") noted that each had provided the government with a legal opinion prepared by the [Canadian Environmental Law Association](/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Law_Association \"Canadian Environmental Law Association\"), which concluded that the government's energy plan would be subject to the province's Environmental Assessment Act.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Nuclear Plan Exempted from Environmental Review — Public right to know denied say environmentalists \\|publisher\\=The David Suzuki Foundation, the Pembina Institute and Greenpeace \\|date\\=June 15, 2006 \\|url\\=http://www.pembina.org/media\\-release/1246}}",
"The McGuinty government's 2007 budget was criticized by Toronto mayor [David Miller](/wiki/David_Miller_%28Canadian_politician%29 \"David Miller (Canadian politician)\"), who argued that the province was refusing to \"pay its bills\", and said that Toronto's budgetary problems were the result of $500 million in social service costs mandated by the provincial government.{{cite news \\|title\\=Miller slams Ontario Budget \\|work\\=The Globe and Mail \\|date\\=March 23, 2007 \\|location\\=Toronto}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Editorial: A bad week for Toronto \\|work\\=Toronto Star \\|date\\=March 25, 2007 \\|page\\=A14}} During a later discussion, provincial Finance Minister [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara \"Greg Sorbara\") declined to help the city to fix its $71 million shortfall, saying that \"he doesn't have a mandate to fix this\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Sorbara won't patch hole in budget \\|work\\=The Globe and Mail \\|date\\=April 12, 2007 \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/sorbara\\-wont\\-patch\\-hole\\-in\\-budget/article17994820/ \\|location\\=Toronto}}",
"On July 26, 2007, McGuinty dismissed [Mike Colle](/wiki/Mike_Colle \"Mike Colle\") as Minister of Citizenship and Immigration following a report by the auditor general that Colle had mishandled government funds. He was criticized for giving out $32 million in government grants to immigrant and cultural groups without official applications or formal statements of purpose. In one case, the Ontario Cricket Association received $1 million when it asked for $150,000\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/06/06/summer\\_break\\_starting\\_early\\_at\\_queens\\_park.html \\|work\\=The Star \\|location\\=Toronto \\|title\\=Summer break starting early at Queen's Park \\|first\\=Rob \\|last\\=Ferguson \\|date\\=June 6, 2007}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2007/07/auditor\\-general\\-finds\\-no\\-ties\\-between\\-grants\\-and\\-politics.html \\|title\\=News Releases: Auditor General Finds No Ties Between Grants And Politics \\|date\\=July 26, 2007 \\|publisher\\=Premier of Ontario}}",
"#### 2007 re\\-election",
"{{main\\|2007 Ontario general election}}",
"In late 2004, [John Tory](/wiki/John_Tory \"John Tory\") was chosen to replace Ernie Eves as leader of the [Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario \"Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario\"). A principal secretary to former PC Premier [Bill Davis](/wiki/Bill_Davis \"Bill Davis\"), Tory was regarded as more moderate than [Mike Harris](/wiki/Mike_Harris \"Mike Harris\") and the mostly rural MPPs who made up the majority of his [caucus](/wiki/Caucus \"Caucus\"). McGuinty's Liberals ran a candidate against Tory during the latter's successful bid to enter the legislature. [Howard Hampton](/wiki/Howard_Hampton \"Howard Hampton\") continued to lead the NDP. Though Tory out\\-polled McGuinty in the category of preferred premier, the Liberals held a lead over the Progressive Conservatives, while the NDP held around 20% support.",
"In October 2006, the McGuinty Liberals held their last Annual General Meeting before the 2007 election. The event set in place several key elements of their reelection strategy. First, American political consultant [James Carville](/wiki/James_Carville \"James Carville\") advised Liberal activists to stick to a simple message in the next election. Second, the party elected long\\-time activist Gord Pheneuf as the new president. Finally, Premier McGuinty laid out the theme of the next campaign: standing up for Ontario families.",
"On October 10, 2007, McGuinty and his Ontario Liberal Party won a consecutive majority government in [the 39th general provincial election](/wiki/2007_Ontario_general_election \"2007 Ontario general election\"). The last Liberal Party Premier to achieve such success was [Mitchell Hepburn](/wiki/Mitchell_Hepburn \"Mitchell Hepburn\") during the 1930s.",
""
] |
#### Third year
On October 11, 2005, police raided the Sorbara Group offices — owned by [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara "Greg Sorbara") and his brothers — as part of the ongoing [Royal Group Technologies](/wiki/Royal_Group_Technologies "Royal Group Technologies") investigation. The warrant stated that there were reasonable grounds to believe Sorbara and other directors of Royal Group defrauded the company and shareholders when they bought land in Brampton, that was owned by a subsidiary of the Sorbara Group.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ontario\-finance\-minister\-quits\-over\-fraud\-probe\-1\.553526 \|title\=Ontario finance minister quits over fraud probe \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|date\=October 12, 2005 \|access\-date\=March 20, 2014}} Sorbara initially resisted opposition calls for him to step down, then resigned as Minister of Finance the same day. He consistently denied any knowledge of the specific allegations against him, and sued the RCMP to either clarify their case against him or withdraw their investigation. Following Sorbara's resignation, [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan "Dwight Duncan") was appointed as Minister of Finance and Chair of the Management Board. [Donna Cansfield](/wiki/Donna_Cansfield "Donna Cansfield") took over Duncan's responsibility as Minister of Energy and [Jim Bradley](/wiki/Jim_Bradley_%28politician%29 "Jim Bradley (politician)") as Government House Leader.
The next day, the McGuinty government put forward a throne speech in October reiterating their priorities of health, education and economic prosperity. The speech outlined plans to offer the first money\-back guarantee on a public service: a refund for people who do not receive a birth certificate within 15 days of applying on\-line.
On November 18, 2005, it was announced that [Ontario's Drive Clean](/wiki/Ontario%27s_Drive_Clean "Ontario's Drive Clean") emissions program was to be expanded rather than scrapped.
The 2006 budget was the third year of the four\-year plan, and focused on the "infrastructure deficit". The centrepiece was MoveOntario, a $1\.2 billion investment in transportation infrastructure. $400 million was invested to build and repair roads and bridges in municipalities across Ontario.
On May 18, 2006, a judge agreed with Greg Sorbara's contention that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCPP) had erred in including his name in the search warrant. In striking Sorbara's name from the warrant, Justice Ian Nordheimer of the Ontario Superior Court said there were inadequate grounds for police to include him in the first place. The judge was particularly scathing in his review of the RCMP probe of Sorbara. On May 23, 2006, Sorbara was reinstated as Minister of Finance, while Duncan returned to the Energy portfolio.
On August 17, 2006, *Foreign Direct Investment* magazine (a British magazine owned by the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*) named Dalton McGuinty "personality of the year" for encouraging investment in the auto sector, for developing a plan to increase energy production, and for promoting research and innovation.
|
[
"#### Third year",
"On October 11, 2005, police raided the Sorbara Group offices — owned by [Greg Sorbara](/wiki/Greg_Sorbara \"Greg Sorbara\") and his brothers — as part of the ongoing [Royal Group Technologies](/wiki/Royal_Group_Technologies \"Royal Group Technologies\") investigation. The warrant stated that there were reasonable grounds to believe Sorbara and other directors of Royal Group defrauded the company and shareholders when they bought land in Brampton, that was owned by a subsidiary of the Sorbara Group.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ontario\\-finance\\-minister\\-quits\\-over\\-fraud\\-probe\\-1\\.553526 \\|title\\=Ontario finance minister quits over fraud probe \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|date\\=October 12, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2014}} Sorbara initially resisted opposition calls for him to step down, then resigned as Minister of Finance the same day. He consistently denied any knowledge of the specific allegations against him, and sued the RCMP to either clarify their case against him or withdraw their investigation. Following Sorbara's resignation, [Dwight Duncan](/wiki/Dwight_Duncan \"Dwight Duncan\") was appointed as Minister of Finance and Chair of the Management Board. [Donna Cansfield](/wiki/Donna_Cansfield \"Donna Cansfield\") took over Duncan's responsibility as Minister of Energy and [Jim Bradley](/wiki/Jim_Bradley_%28politician%29 \"Jim Bradley (politician)\") as Government House Leader.",
"The next day, the McGuinty government put forward a throne speech in October reiterating their priorities of health, education and economic prosperity. The speech outlined plans to offer the first money\\-back guarantee on a public service: a refund for people who do not receive a birth certificate within 15 days of applying on\\-line.",
"On November 18, 2005, it was announced that [Ontario's Drive Clean](/wiki/Ontario%27s_Drive_Clean \"Ontario's Drive Clean\") emissions program was to be expanded rather than scrapped.",
"The 2006 budget was the third year of the four\\-year plan, and focused on the \"infrastructure deficit\". The centrepiece was MoveOntario, a $1\\.2 billion investment in transportation infrastructure. $400 million was invested to build and repair roads and bridges in municipalities across Ontario.",
"On May 18, 2006, a judge agreed with Greg Sorbara's contention that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCPP) had erred in including his name in the search warrant. In striking Sorbara's name from the warrant, Justice Ian Nordheimer of the Ontario Superior Court said there were inadequate grounds for police to include him in the first place. The judge was particularly scathing in his review of the RCMP probe of Sorbara. On May 23, 2006, Sorbara was reinstated as Minister of Finance, while Duncan returned to the Energy portfolio.",
"On August 17, 2006, *Foreign Direct Investment* magazine (a British magazine owned by the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*) named Dalton McGuinty \"personality of the year\" for encouraging investment in the auto sector, for developing a plan to increase energy production, and for promoting research and innovation.",
""
] |
Company operations
------------------
{{Main\|SS Ellan Vannin (1854\)\|}}
Commencing operations in August 1854 the company was formed to provide maritime transportation of cargo and passengers from the Isle of Man primarily to [Whitehaven](/wiki/Whitehaven "Whitehaven"), [Cumberland](/wiki/Cumberland "Cumberland") and the [Port of Liverpool](/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool "Port of Liverpool") with the operation undertaken by its newly built vessel the [*Ellan Vannin*](/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_%281854%29 "SS Ellan Vannin (1854)").*Manx Sun.* Saturday 5 August 1854
For the town of [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man "Castletown, Isle of Man") the beginning of the company's operation was described as a joyous occasion. Shops in the town were closed, numerous flags were flown and ships in the harbour were adorned with bunting. One flag at the company’s offices displayed the ancient armorial symbol of the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man "Isle of Man"), with the motto "We are Progressing" and on the reverse side "Success to our Steamer".
The *Ellan Vannin* entered service under the command of [Captain](/wiki/Sea_captain "Sea captain") Joseph Skillicorn, an experienced mariner who prior to his appointment had been in the employ of the [Isle of Man Steam Packet Company](/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Steam_Packet_Company "Isle of Man Steam Packet Company") serving on the [*Mona's Queen*](/wiki/SS_Mona%27s_Queen_%281853%29 "SS Mona's Queen (1853)") with the rank of [First Officer.](/wiki/First_mate "First mate")
In order to maximise revenue the Castletown Steam Navigation Company would also serve [Douglas](/wiki/Douglas%2C_Isle_of_Man "Douglas, Isle of Man"). In March 1856 the company commenced a service from [Douglas](/wiki/Douglas%2C_Isle_of_Man "Douglas, Isle of Man") via [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man "Castletown, Isle of Man") to [Kingstown](/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire "Dún Laoghaire"), and also served [Holyhead](/wiki/Holyhead "Holyhead") from Castletown.
In the summer of 1856 excursions were also organised from Castletown via [Peel](/wiki/Peel%2C_Isle_of_Man "Peel, Isle of Man") to [Strangford Lough](/wiki/Strangford_Lough "Strangford Lough") so as people could attend the [Ardglass](/wiki/Ardglass "Ardglass") Regatta.
At a meeting held at the Union Hotel, [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man "Castletown, Isle of Man"), on Monday 11 August 1856, a gift in the form of a gold [chronometer](/wiki/Marine_chronometer "Marine chronometer") was presented to [Capt.](/wiki/Sea_captain "Sea captain") Skillicorn in recognition of his efficient management of the *Ellan Vannin* and for his part in the establishment of the company.
However, by the end of 1856 the Castletown Isle of Man Steam Navigation Company were starting to make a loss.*Mona's Herald.* Wednesday 24 September 1856 At their third Annual General Meeting held at the town hall, [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man "Castletown, Isle of Man") on Wednesday 17 December 1856, it was disclosed that for the previous two months the company had sustained a weekly loss of £12 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\|UK\|12\|1856\|{{Inflation\-year\|UK}}\|r\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|UK}}){{Inflation\-fn\|UK}} resulting in a total loss of £100 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\|UK\|100\|1856\|{{Inflation\-year\|UK}}\|r\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|UK}}).{{Inflation\-fn\|UK}}
One of the directors reported that they had received several offers from a company in [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") to charter the *Ellan Vannin* for the winter months of 1856\-57\. The rate for the charter was to be £50 per week (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\|UK\|50\|1856\|{{Inflation\-year\|UK}}\|r\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|UK}}){{Inflation\-fn\|UK}} with a further payment of £28 per week (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\|UK\|18\|1856\|{{Inflation\-year\|UK}}\|r\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|UK}}){{Inflation\-fn\|UK}} towards the wages of the crew. The charterer was to be also responsible for the costs of coal, oil and port charges.
As terms of this potential charter, the directors had undertaken measures to enable the direct link between [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man "Castletown, Isle of Man") and [Liverpool](/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool "Port of Liverpool") to be maintained. An agreement had been reached with the Ramsey Steam Company who would employ their vessel the *Manx Fairy* on the route. This was seen as a sensible course of action as opposed to sustaining a weekly loss of £12 over the winter months. It can be assumed that the offer of the winter charter was accepted as there is no published schedule in the Manx Press for the *Ellan Vannin* from 10 December 1856 until mid\-May 1857\.
The question was also raised at the meeting as to whether the Board had received an offer for the sale of the *Ellan Vannin*. One shareholder understood that the company had been offered £14,000 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\|UK\|14000\|1856\|{{Inflation\-year\|UK}}\|r\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|UK}}){{Inflation\-fn\|UK}} for the vessel. This was explained by a director who stated that "should" they be interested in the vessel's sale, then the former proprietor of the *Countess of Ellesmere* "could" be willing to pay that sum.
However, there is no evidence of any offer having been made and no proposal for any sale is recorded as having been presented to the shareholders by the Board of Directors.
In the summer of 1857 the [*Ellan Vannin's*](/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_%281854%29 "SS Ellan Vannin (1854)") regular sailings were augmented by summer cruises from [Douglas](/wiki/Douglas%2C_Isle_of_Man "Douglas, Isle of Man") via [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man "Castletown, Isle of Man") and on to the [Calf of Mann](/wiki/Calf_of_Mann "Calf of Mann"). Also further pleasure cruises were added via [Peel](/wiki/Peel%2C_Isle_of_Man "Peel, Isle of Man") and onwards to the north of Ireland. It would appear that the vessel was being utilised to her maximum. Sailings to [Whitehaven](/wiki/Whitehaven "Whitehaven") and [Liverpool](/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool "Port of Liverpool") were maintained whilst sailings to Glasgow and from Liverpool to [Dundrum](/wiki/Dundrum%2C_County_Down "Dundrum, County Down") via the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man "Isle of Man") were introduced.
However it would seem that the company continued to sustain losses over the winter of 1857\-58, and by March 1858 it had been decided to put the *Ellan Vannin* up for sale by public auction.*Mona's Herald.* Wednesday 10 March 1858
She was sailed to [Trafalgar Dock](/wiki/Trafalgar_Dock "Trafalgar Dock"), [Liverpool](/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool "Port of Liverpool") on 6 March, where she was laid up awaiting sale. She was offered for sale at the Broker's saleroom, 5, York Buildings, Dale Street, [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool") on 18 March 1858\.
Either no sale could be agreed or no interest was expressed, and the [*Ellan Vannin*](/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_%281854%29 "SS Ellan Vannin (1854)") resumed trading whilst a further public auction was scheduled for 20 May. She was advertised for sale with inspections being offered at Liverpool or Castletown.
The sale commenced at the Quay, [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man "Castletown, Isle of Man"), at [12:00hrs](/wiki/24-hour_clock "24-hour clock") on Thursday 20 May 1858, and it was reported that there was a good attendance. The bidding proceeded very slowly with the highest offer being £4,200 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\|UK\|4200\|1858\|{{Inflation\-year\|UK}}\|r\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|UK}}){{Inflation\-fn\|UK}} (a long way short of the £14,000 reputed to have been available in 1856\) a sum which the directors and shareholders present would not accept.
Again the [*Ellan Vannin*](/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_%281854%29 "SS Ellan Vannin (1854)") resumed revenue service whilst further attempts were made to find a buyer.
The *Ellan Vannin's* final excursion took her across to the coast lines of [County Louth](/wiki/County_Louth "County Louth") and [County Down](/wiki/County_Down "County Down") via [Carlingford Lough](/wiki/Carlingford_Lough "Carlingford Lough") on 25 June, before she left the Isle of Man for good.*Mona's Herald.* Wednesday 30 June 1858\.
Finally the Directors of the Castletown Steam Navigation Company (by now in serious financial difficulties) managed to find a buyer.
[*Ellan Vannin*](/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_%281854%29 "SS Ellan Vannin (1854)") was sold to Cunard \& Wilson who were acting as agents for the [Sardinian Government](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia "Kingdom of Sardinia") for £4,070 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\|UK\|4070\|1858\|{{Inflation\-year\|UK}}\|r\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|UK}}).{{Inflation\-fn\|UK}} Upon purchase *Ellan Vannin's* name was changed to *Archimedes*.
The company's offices in [Castletown, Isle of Man](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man "Castletown, Isle of Man") were closed, with a sale of the fixtures and fittings to the public held on Wednesday 11 August 1858\. Attendance was said to be good, with people wanting to buy mementoes of the [*Ellan Vannin*](/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_%281854%29 "SS Ellan Vannin (1854)").*Manx Sun.* Saturday 14 August 1858\. p.4
The Castletown Steam Navigation Company subsequently went into liquidation. A further call on the shareholders of 10 shillings per share was made in order to finally clear the liabilities incurred by the *Ellan Vannin* for final claims of £600*Manx Sun*. Saturday 25 January 1860\. (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\|UK\|600\|1858\|{{Inflation\-year\|UK}}\|r\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|UK}}).{{Inflation\-fn\|UK}} The company was finally dissolved in 1860\.
|
[
"Company operations\n------------------",
"{{Main\\|SS Ellan Vannin (1854\\)\\|}}\nCommencing operations in August 1854 the company was formed to provide maritime transportation of cargo and passengers from the Isle of Man primarily to [Whitehaven](/wiki/Whitehaven \"Whitehaven\"), [Cumberland](/wiki/Cumberland \"Cumberland\") and the [Port of Liverpool](/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool \"Port of Liverpool\") with the operation undertaken by its newly built vessel the [*Ellan Vannin*](/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_%281854%29 \"SS Ellan Vannin (1854)\").*Manx Sun.* Saturday 5 August 1854",
"For the town of [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Castletown, Isle of Man\") the beginning of the company's operation was described as a joyous occasion. Shops in the town were closed, numerous flags were flown and ships in the harbour were adorned with bunting. One flag at the company’s offices displayed the ancient armorial symbol of the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\"), with the motto \"We are Progressing\" and on the reverse side \"Success to our Steamer\".",
"The *Ellan Vannin* entered service under the command of [Captain](/wiki/Sea_captain \"Sea captain\") Joseph Skillicorn, an experienced mariner who prior to his appointment had been in the employ of the [Isle of Man Steam Packet Company](/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Steam_Packet_Company \"Isle of Man Steam Packet Company\") serving on the [*Mona's Queen*](/wiki/SS_Mona%27s_Queen_%281853%29 \"SS Mona's Queen (1853)\") with the rank of [First Officer.](/wiki/First_mate \"First mate\")\nIn order to maximise revenue the Castletown Steam Navigation Company would also serve [Douglas](/wiki/Douglas%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Douglas, Isle of Man\"). In March 1856 the company commenced a service from [Douglas](/wiki/Douglas%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Douglas, Isle of Man\") via [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Castletown, Isle of Man\") to [Kingstown](/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire \"Dún Laoghaire\"), and also served [Holyhead](/wiki/Holyhead \"Holyhead\") from Castletown.",
"In the summer of 1856 excursions were also organised from Castletown via [Peel](/wiki/Peel%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Peel, Isle of Man\") to [Strangford Lough](/wiki/Strangford_Lough \"Strangford Lough\") so as people could attend the [Ardglass](/wiki/Ardglass \"Ardglass\") Regatta.",
"At a meeting held at the Union Hotel, [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Castletown, Isle of Man\"), on Monday 11 August 1856, a gift in the form of a gold [chronometer](/wiki/Marine_chronometer \"Marine chronometer\") was presented to [Capt.](/wiki/Sea_captain \"Sea captain\") Skillicorn in recognition of his efficient management of the *Ellan Vannin* and for his part in the establishment of the company.",
"However, by the end of 1856 the Castletown Isle of Man Steam Navigation Company were starting to make a loss.*Mona's Herald.* Wednesday 24 September 1856 At their third Annual General Meeting held at the town hall, [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Castletown, Isle of Man\") on Wednesday 17 December 1856, it was disclosed that for the previous two months the company had sustained a weekly loss of £12 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|UK\\|12\\|1856\\|{{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}\\|r\\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}){{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK}} resulting in a total loss of £100 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|UK\\|100\\|1856\\|{{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}\\|r\\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}).{{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK}}\nOne of the directors reported that they had received several offers from a company in [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\") to charter the *Ellan Vannin* for the winter months of 1856\\-57\\. The rate for the charter was to be £50 per week (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|UK\\|50\\|1856\\|{{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}\\|r\\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}){{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK}} with a further payment of £28 per week (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|UK\\|18\\|1856\\|{{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}\\|r\\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}){{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK}} towards the wages of the crew. The charterer was to be also responsible for the costs of coal, oil and port charges.\nAs terms of this potential charter, the directors had undertaken measures to enable the direct link between [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Castletown, Isle of Man\") and [Liverpool](/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool \"Port of Liverpool\") to be maintained. An agreement had been reached with the Ramsey Steam Company who would employ their vessel the *Manx Fairy* on the route. This was seen as a sensible course of action as opposed to sustaining a weekly loss of £12 over the winter months. It can be assumed that the offer of the winter charter was accepted as there is no published schedule in the Manx Press for the *Ellan Vannin* from 10 December 1856 until mid\\-May 1857\\.",
"The question was also raised at the meeting as to whether the Board had received an offer for the sale of the *Ellan Vannin*. One shareholder understood that the company had been offered £14,000 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|UK\\|14000\\|1856\\|{{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}\\|r\\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}){{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK}} for the vessel. This was explained by a director who stated that \"should\" they be interested in the vessel's sale, then the former proprietor of the *Countess of Ellesmere* \"could\" be willing to pay that sum.\nHowever, there is no evidence of any offer having been made and no proposal for any sale is recorded as having been presented to the shareholders by the Board of Directors.",
"In the summer of 1857 the [*Ellan Vannin's*](/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_%281854%29 \"SS Ellan Vannin (1854)\") regular sailings were augmented by summer cruises from [Douglas](/wiki/Douglas%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Douglas, Isle of Man\") via [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Castletown, Isle of Man\") and on to the [Calf of Mann](/wiki/Calf_of_Mann \"Calf of Mann\"). Also further pleasure cruises were added via [Peel](/wiki/Peel%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Peel, Isle of Man\") and onwards to the north of Ireland. It would appear that the vessel was being utilised to her maximum. Sailings to [Whitehaven](/wiki/Whitehaven \"Whitehaven\") and [Liverpool](/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool \"Port of Liverpool\") were maintained whilst sailings to Glasgow and from Liverpool to [Dundrum](/wiki/Dundrum%2C_County_Down \"Dundrum, County Down\") via the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\") were introduced.",
"However it would seem that the company continued to sustain losses over the winter of 1857\\-58, and by March 1858 it had been decided to put the *Ellan Vannin* up for sale by public auction.*Mona's Herald.* Wednesday 10 March 1858\nShe was sailed to [Trafalgar Dock](/wiki/Trafalgar_Dock \"Trafalgar Dock\"), [Liverpool](/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool \"Port of Liverpool\") on 6 March, where she was laid up awaiting sale. She was offered for sale at the Broker's saleroom, 5, York Buildings, Dale Street, [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\") on 18 March 1858\\.\nEither no sale could be agreed or no interest was expressed, and the [*Ellan Vannin*](/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_%281854%29 \"SS Ellan Vannin (1854)\") resumed trading whilst a further public auction was scheduled for 20 May. She was advertised for sale with inspections being offered at Liverpool or Castletown. \nThe sale commenced at the Quay, [Castletown](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Castletown, Isle of Man\"), at [12:00hrs](/wiki/24-hour_clock \"24-hour clock\") on Thursday 20 May 1858, and it was reported that there was a good attendance. The bidding proceeded very slowly with the highest offer being £4,200 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|UK\\|4200\\|1858\\|{{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}\\|r\\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}){{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK}} (a long way short of the £14,000 reputed to have been available in 1856\\) a sum which the directors and shareholders present would not accept.\nAgain the [*Ellan Vannin*](/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_%281854%29 \"SS Ellan Vannin (1854)\") resumed revenue service whilst further attempts were made to find a buyer. \nThe *Ellan Vannin's* final excursion took her across to the coast lines of [County Louth](/wiki/County_Louth \"County Louth\") and [County Down](/wiki/County_Down \"County Down\") via [Carlingford Lough](/wiki/Carlingford_Lough \"Carlingford Lough\") on 25 June, before she left the Isle of Man for good.*Mona's Herald.* Wednesday 30 June 1858\\.",
"Finally the Directors of the Castletown Steam Navigation Company (by now in serious financial difficulties) managed to find a buyer. \n[*Ellan Vannin*](/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_%281854%29 \"SS Ellan Vannin (1854)\") was sold to Cunard \\& Wilson who were acting as agents for the [Sardinian Government](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia \"Kingdom of Sardinia\") for £4,070 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|UK\\|4070\\|1858\\|{{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}\\|r\\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}).{{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK}} Upon purchase *Ellan Vannin's* name was changed to *Archimedes*.",
"The company's offices in [Castletown, Isle of Man](/wiki/Castletown%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Castletown, Isle of Man\") were closed, with a sale of the fixtures and fittings to the public held on Wednesday 11 August 1858\\. Attendance was said to be good, with people wanting to buy mementoes of the [*Ellan Vannin*](/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_%281854%29 \"SS Ellan Vannin (1854)\").*Manx Sun.* Saturday 14 August 1858\\. p.4",
"The Castletown Steam Navigation Company subsequently went into liquidation. A further call on the shareholders of 10 shillings per share was made in order to finally clear the liabilities incurred by the *Ellan Vannin* for final claims of £600*Manx Sun*. Saturday 25 January 1860\\. (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|UK\\|600\\|1858\\|{{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}\\|r\\=0}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|UK}}).{{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK}} The company was finally dissolved in 1860\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
The boys in the choir were all pupils at the college. There were 24 choristers and 18 choral scholars; included in these numbers there were traditionally a head and deputy head chorister and 6 senior choristers that were appointed every September at the start of the school's calendar year. All of the choral scholars had sung with the choir as choristers, and several of them would go on to achieve honorary chorister status which was achieved by spending all 7 school years in the choir.
The choir toured England and Continental Europe from 1995 to 2005, singing in many famous buildings across the continent, including 3 separate tours to Italy, where they twice met and sang for [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II "Pope John Paul II") in 1999 and 2002\. The Choir also had a 3\-week tour of the Eastern United States in August 2004, singing in Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Washington D.C. In total the choir sang in an impressive 90 different cathedrals worldwide in just 11 years.
Starting with the summer of 2001 up to the summer of 2005, the choir were official guests at Windsor Castle as 'choir\-in\-residence' singing services in St. George's Chapel for a week; this particular tour would usually include singing a week's services in Westminster Abbey.
The Choir released 8 CDs and occasionally made radio and television appearances, including Christmas 2000, when they sang Carols 'live' on 6 consecutive evenings after Granada Reports evening news had finished. In addition they were frequently hired to sing at charity concerts, wedding and funerals. Also from 2001 to 2006 they led the Hillsborough Memorial Service at [Anfield Stadium](/wiki/Anfield "Anfield") to some 7000 plus guests attending the memorial and also led the BBC Radio Merseyside Carol Service in Liverpool Cathedral which was broadcast every Christmas Eve. Also in 2001 the choir had the honour of singing a special version of "You'll Never Walk Alon" to 45,000 spectators before Liverpool's 4th\-round second leg tie against [AS Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma").
Perhaps their most famous moment was being part of England's Official Euro 2004 song, which was a special version of 'Alltogethernow' with the band 'The Farm'. The song reached \#5 in the U.K. singles chart; the choir received a gold disc and performed the song live on *Top of the Pops* in June 2004; the song was also performed live at a friendly match between England and Iceland before Euro 2004 began.
The choir has a reputation as one of the leading choirs of its type in the country, a feat recognised in 2000 when they won the National School Choir Festival to become champions of England.
The choir was unique in that all 42 choir members were pupils at a comprehensive school, some coming into the choir without any real knowledge or experience at a high\-level performance, which makes the choirs achievements all the more remarkable.
However, at the height of their success, due to premeditated and malicious accusations against the founder and director of music, the choir last sang in a cathedral in October 2005, when they were in residence at Canterbury Cathedral. It began 2 years of uncertainty for the long\-term future of the choir, and in the months that followed the choir only sang on rare occasions; when the accusations were later quashed in court, the director of music resigned and the choir disbanded in the summer of 2007\. He was later cleared of all charges and the still choir exists to an extent, under an alias name with many of the original choristers.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The boys in the choir were all pupils at the college. There were 24 choristers and 18 choral scholars; included in these numbers there were traditionally a head and deputy head chorister and 6 senior choristers that were appointed every September at the start of the school's calendar year. All of the choral scholars had sung with the choir as choristers, and several of them would go on to achieve honorary chorister status which was achieved by spending all 7 school years in the choir.",
"The choir toured England and Continental Europe from 1995 to 2005, singing in many famous buildings across the continent, including 3 separate tours to Italy, where they twice met and sang for [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II \"Pope John Paul II\") in 1999 and 2002\\. The Choir also had a 3\\-week tour of the Eastern United States in August 2004, singing in Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Washington D.C. In total the choir sang in an impressive 90 different cathedrals worldwide in just 11 years.",
"Starting with the summer of 2001 up to the summer of 2005, the choir were official guests at Windsor Castle as 'choir\\-in\\-residence' singing services in St. George's Chapel for a week; this particular tour would usually include singing a week's services in Westminster Abbey.",
"The Choir released 8 CDs and occasionally made radio and television appearances, including Christmas 2000, when they sang Carols 'live' on 6 consecutive evenings after Granada Reports evening news had finished. In addition they were frequently hired to sing at charity concerts, wedding and funerals. Also from 2001 to 2006 they led the Hillsborough Memorial Service at [Anfield Stadium](/wiki/Anfield \"Anfield\") to some 7000 plus guests attending the memorial and also led the BBC Radio Merseyside Carol Service in Liverpool Cathedral which was broadcast every Christmas Eve. Also in 2001 the choir had the honour of singing a special version of \"You'll Never Walk Alon\" to 45,000 spectators before Liverpool's 4th\\-round second leg tie against [AS Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\").",
"Perhaps their most famous moment was being part of England's Official Euro 2004 song, which was a special version of 'Alltogethernow' with the band 'The Farm'. The song reached \\#5 in the U.K. singles chart; the choir received a gold disc and performed the song live on *Top of the Pops* in June 2004; the song was also performed live at a friendly match between England and Iceland before Euro 2004 began.",
"The choir has a reputation as one of the leading choirs of its type in the country, a feat recognised in 2000 when they won the National School Choir Festival to become champions of England.",
"The choir was unique in that all 42 choir members were pupils at a comprehensive school, some coming into the choir without any real knowledge or experience at a high\\-level performance, which makes the choirs achievements all the more remarkable.",
"However, at the height of their success, due to premeditated and malicious accusations against the founder and director of music, the choir last sang in a cathedral in October 2005, when they were in residence at Canterbury Cathedral. It began 2 years of uncertainty for the long\\-term future of the choir, and in the months that followed the choir only sang on rare occasions; when the accusations were later quashed in court, the director of music resigned and the choir disbanded in the summer of 2007\\. He was later cleared of all charges and the still choir exists to an extent, under an alias name with many of the original choristers.",
""
] |
History
-------
Diepsloot was established in 1995 as a transit camp for some of the people who had been removed from Zevenfontein (informally known as eSgodiphola), a squatter camp right next to Chartwell that had been there since the late 80's. The people who remained behind in Zevenfontein had chosen to be moved to a different place, Cosmo City, which only started happening 10 years later at the end of 2005\. Initially 1,124 plots were made available in Extension 2\.
People were to stay in the transit camp until land elsewhere became available. For many, this camp became a permanent home. The Transvaal Provincial Administration, which was then the local authority, developed the plots into formal housing stands. In 1999, the former Northern Municipality Local Council began to initiate formal development in the area. There were about 4,000 families living in backyard shacks and 6,035 families in the reception area, a transit zone established by the city council.
Compounding the congestion, in 2001 the Gauteng government moved about 5,000 families to Diepsloot from the banks of the [Jukskei River](/wiki/Jukskei_River "Jukskei River") in [Alexandra](/wiki/Alexandra%2C_Gauteng "Alexandra, Gauteng"). The move, part of the Alexandra Renewal Project, was intended "to de\-congest and address the need to create a healthy and clean living environment" in Alexandra, one of South Africa's oldest townships.
An aim was also to prevent shacks being washed away when the river flooded, something that happened year after year. The influx of people from Alexandra placed further strain on the already stretched resources of Diepsloot. The relocated families did not qualify for housing benefits.
### Modern day
So far, 4,900 [Reconstruction and Development Programme](/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme "Reconstruction and Development Programme") (RDP) houses have been constructed in Diepsloot. Another 737 housing stands with water and sanitation facilities have been allocated. The national housing policy has moved away from the mass provision of standard RDP houses: it now follows the People's Housing Process model, a project being implemented in Diepsloot West. RDP houses are still being constructed, but the new process has the state provide a subsidy that covers the cost of building a house. The prospective home owner is expected to pay a portion of the costs.
Diepsloot is now home to about 140,000 people. Many of them live in 3×2 metre shacks, assembled from scrap metal, wood, plastic and cardboard. Some families lack access to running water, sewerage and rubbish removal. All extensions except for extensions 1, 5, 12 and 13 have tar roads, drainage and street lights. Members of the local council live in all extensions, except extension 5\.
Extensions 1 and 5 often get flooded in the heavy summer rains as the water from the mall runs down into their roads. Residents use paraffin and electric stoves for cooking. In the 2011 census, 18\.4% of dwellers have piped water inside their dwelling, 61\.2% have electricity and 74\.1% have access to a flush toilet connected to the sewage system. The majority of shacks which have access to electricity use a prepaid meter, but this is becoming increasingly expensive and is used sparingly.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page\_id\=4286\&id\=11294 \|title\=Diepsloot \|publisher\=Statistics South Africa \|access\-date\=13 November 2016}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Diepsloot was established in 1995 as a transit camp for some of the people who had been removed from Zevenfontein (informally known as eSgodiphola), a squatter camp right next to Chartwell that had been there since the late 80's. The people who remained behind in Zevenfontein had chosen to be moved to a different place, Cosmo City, which only started happening 10 years later at the end of 2005\\. Initially 1,124 plots were made available in Extension 2\\.",
"People were to stay in the transit camp until land elsewhere became available. For many, this camp became a permanent home. The Transvaal Provincial Administration, which was then the local authority, developed the plots into formal housing stands. In 1999, the former Northern Municipality Local Council began to initiate formal development in the area. There were about 4,000 families living in backyard shacks and 6,035 families in the reception area, a transit zone established by the city council.",
"Compounding the congestion, in 2001 the Gauteng government moved about 5,000 families to Diepsloot from the banks of the [Jukskei River](/wiki/Jukskei_River \"Jukskei River\") in [Alexandra](/wiki/Alexandra%2C_Gauteng \"Alexandra, Gauteng\"). The move, part of the Alexandra Renewal Project, was intended \"to de\\-congest and address the need to create a healthy and clean living environment\" in Alexandra, one of South Africa's oldest townships.",
"An aim was also to prevent shacks being washed away when the river flooded, something that happened year after year. The influx of people from Alexandra placed further strain on the already stretched resources of Diepsloot. The relocated families did not qualify for housing benefits.",
"### Modern day",
"So far, 4,900 [Reconstruction and Development Programme](/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme \"Reconstruction and Development Programme\") (RDP) houses have been constructed in Diepsloot. Another 737 housing stands with water and sanitation facilities have been allocated. The national housing policy has moved away from the mass provision of standard RDP houses: it now follows the People's Housing Process model, a project being implemented in Diepsloot West. RDP houses are still being constructed, but the new process has the state provide a subsidy that covers the cost of building a house. The prospective home owner is expected to pay a portion of the costs.",
"Diepsloot is now home to about 140,000 people. Many of them live in 3×2 metre shacks, assembled from scrap metal, wood, plastic and cardboard. Some families lack access to running water, sewerage and rubbish removal. All extensions except for extensions 1, 5, 12 and 13 have tar roads, drainage and street lights. Members of the local council live in all extensions, except extension 5\\.",
"Extensions 1 and 5 often get flooded in the heavy summer rains as the water from the mall runs down into their roads. Residents use paraffin and electric stoves for cooking. In the 2011 census, 18\\.4% of dwellers have piped water inside their dwelling, 61\\.2% have electricity and 74\\.1% have access to a flush toilet connected to the sewage system. The majority of shacks which have access to electricity use a prepaid meter, but this is becoming increasingly expensive and is used sparingly.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page\\_id\\=4286\\&id\\=11294 \\|title\\=Diepsloot \\|publisher\\=Statistics South Africa \\|access\\-date\\=13 November 2016}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
In Russia, there is hunger, devastation and intervention. On July 4, 1918 the [Fifth All\-Russian Congress of Soviets](/wiki/Fifth_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets "Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets") of Workers, Peasants, Red Army and Cossack Deputies opens in Moscow. In the ranks of the revolutionaries is a split \- Left Social Revolutionaries are trying to wrest power from the hands of the Bolsheviks. At the request of the Left Socialist\-Revolutionary faction, a representative of the underground Ukrainian peasant congress Aleksandrov addressed the deputies with a fiery speech. He calls on the audience to vote for the rejection of the infamous [Brest\-Litovsk treaty](/wiki/Brest-Litovsk_treaty "Brest-Litovsk treaty").
After Lenin's speech, which rejected any war with the [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire"), the congress adopts a Bolshevik resolution approving the activities of the [Council of People's Commissars](/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars "Council of People's Commissars").
On July 6, the Central Committee of the [Left Socialist Revolutionary Party](/wiki/Left_Socialist_Revolutionary_Party "Left Socialist Revolutionary Party") gathered for an emergency meeting. To break the treaty, which they saw as [counterrevolutionary](/wiki/Counterrevolutionary "Counterrevolutionary"), a decision was made to physically eliminate the German ambassador [Wilhelm von Mirbach](/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Mirbach "Wilhelm von Mirbach").
The assassination of the ambassador signaled the beginning of an uprising. One by one the buildings of the most important city services fall into the hands of the revolutionaries. [Dzerzhinski](/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinski "Felix Dzerzhinski") and Latsis were arrested. A message is received from [Yaroslavl](/wiki/Yaroslavl "Yaroslavl") about a rebellion led by the Socialist Revolutionary [Boris Savinkov](/wiki/Boris_Savinkov "Boris Savinkov").
By evening, using their last reserves, the Bolsheviks sent delegates to the labor collectives for mass agitation and organization of the defense of the city. They resolve to counteract the uprising, not with volunteers, but an organized military force.
At dawn, units of the [Latvian Riflemen](/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen "Latvian Riflemen") entered the city. Danishevsky, sent for negotiations, completed his mission successfully. After several hours of heavy fighting, the Left Socialist Revolutionary uprising was crushed.
On July 9, 1918, the Fifth All\-Russian Congress of Soviets continued its work, now under Bolshevik [one\-party rule](/wiki/One-party_rule "One-party rule").[Шестое июля](https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/43746/)
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In Russia, there is hunger, devastation and intervention. On July 4, 1918 the [Fifth All\\-Russian Congress of Soviets](/wiki/Fifth_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets \"Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets\") of Workers, Peasants, Red Army and Cossack Deputies opens in Moscow. In the ranks of the revolutionaries is a split \\- Left Social Revolutionaries are trying to wrest power from the hands of the Bolsheviks. At the request of the Left Socialist\\-Revolutionary faction, a representative of the underground Ukrainian peasant congress Aleksandrov addressed the deputies with a fiery speech. He calls on the audience to vote for the rejection of the infamous [Brest\\-Litovsk treaty](/wiki/Brest-Litovsk_treaty \"Brest-Litovsk treaty\").",
"After Lenin's speech, which rejected any war with the [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\"), the congress adopts a Bolshevik resolution approving the activities of the [Council of People's Commissars](/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars \"Council of People's Commissars\").",
"On July 6, the Central Committee of the [Left Socialist Revolutionary Party](/wiki/Left_Socialist_Revolutionary_Party \"Left Socialist Revolutionary Party\") gathered for an emergency meeting. To break the treaty, which they saw as [counterrevolutionary](/wiki/Counterrevolutionary \"Counterrevolutionary\"), a decision was made to physically eliminate the German ambassador [Wilhelm von Mirbach](/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Mirbach \"Wilhelm von Mirbach\").",
"The assassination of the ambassador signaled the beginning of an uprising. One by one the buildings of the most important city services fall into the hands of the revolutionaries. [Dzerzhinski](/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinski \"Felix Dzerzhinski\") and Latsis were arrested. A message is received from [Yaroslavl](/wiki/Yaroslavl \"Yaroslavl\") about a rebellion led by the Socialist Revolutionary [Boris Savinkov](/wiki/Boris_Savinkov \"Boris Savinkov\").",
"By evening, using their last reserves, the Bolsheviks sent delegates to the labor collectives for mass agitation and organization of the defense of the city. They resolve to counteract the uprising, not with volunteers, but an organized military force.",
"At dawn, units of the [Latvian Riflemen](/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen \"Latvian Riflemen\") entered the city. Danishevsky, sent for negotiations, completed his mission successfully. After several hours of heavy fighting, the Left Socialist Revolutionary uprising was crushed.",
"On July 9, 1918, the Fifth All\\-Russian Congress of Soviets continued its work, now under Bolshevik [one\\-party rule](/wiki/One-party_rule \"One-party rule\").[Шестое июля](https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/43746/)",
""
] |
Court sessions
--------------
On 7 May 2022, the [Prosecutor General of Ukraine](/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Ukraine "Prosecutor General of Ukraine") announced that charges against Bobikin and Ivanov would be laid for "violating the laws and customs of war" under Part 1 of Article 438 of the [Criminal code of Ukraine](/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine%23Criminal_law "Law of Ukraine#Criminal law").
On 17 May, Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov attended a pre\-trial hearing, with Ukrainian legal defence and an interpreter. They chose trial by a single judge.
On 19 May, Bobikin and Ivanov appeared in a 90\-minute trial session in a court in [Poltava](/wiki/Poltava "Poltava"), accused of having been involved in shelling civilian facilities in [Kharkiv Raion](/wiki/Kharkiv_Raion "Kharkiv Raion"). Bobikin and Ivanov were accused of firing [BM\-21 Grad](/wiki/BM-21_Grad "BM-21 Grad") shells from Russian territory, in the village of Malinovka in [Belgorod Oblast](/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast "Belgorod Oblast"), at [Kozacha Lopan](/wiki/Kozacha_Lopan "Kozacha Lopan") and another village in Ukraine, on 24 February 2022\. Both pled guilty.
On 26 May, a 30\-minute session took place during which Bobikin, Ivanov, the defence and the prosecution presented their sentencing arguments. The defence lawyers, Valeriya Ivanov and Uladzimir Kavalchuk, called for a reduced sentence of eight years on the grounds of genuine remorse and having acted under orders.
On 31 May 2022, Bobikin and Ivanov were found guilty and sentenced to eleven and a half years of imprisonment, just below the maximum penalty of twelve years. Judge Evhen Bolybok described the conviction as having "been proven in full". Law professor Chris Jenks argued that Bobikin and Ivanov's surrender, cooperation, guilty plea and apologies should have led to a more lenient sentence.
|
[
"Court sessions\n--------------",
"On 7 May 2022, the [Prosecutor General of Ukraine](/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Ukraine \"Prosecutor General of Ukraine\") announced that charges against Bobikin and Ivanov would be laid for \"violating the laws and customs of war\" under Part 1 of Article 438 of the [Criminal code of Ukraine](/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine%23Criminal_law \"Law of Ukraine#Criminal law\").",
"On 17 May, Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov attended a pre\\-trial hearing, with Ukrainian legal defence and an interpreter. They chose trial by a single judge.",
"On 19 May, Bobikin and Ivanov appeared in a 90\\-minute trial session in a court in [Poltava](/wiki/Poltava \"Poltava\"), accused of having been involved in shelling civilian facilities in [Kharkiv Raion](/wiki/Kharkiv_Raion \"Kharkiv Raion\"). Bobikin and Ivanov were accused of firing [BM\\-21 Grad](/wiki/BM-21_Grad \"BM-21 Grad\") shells from Russian territory, in the village of Malinovka in [Belgorod Oblast](/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast \"Belgorod Oblast\"), at [Kozacha Lopan](/wiki/Kozacha_Lopan \"Kozacha Lopan\") and another village in Ukraine, on 24 February 2022\\. Both pled guilty.",
"On 26 May, a 30\\-minute session took place during which Bobikin, Ivanov, the defence and the prosecution presented their sentencing arguments. The defence lawyers, Valeriya Ivanov and Uladzimir Kavalchuk, called for a reduced sentence of eight years on the grounds of genuine remorse and having acted under orders.",
"On 31 May 2022, Bobikin and Ivanov were found guilty and sentenced to eleven and a half years of imprisonment, just below the maximum penalty of twelve years. Judge Evhen Bolybok described the conviction as having \"been proven in full\". Law professor Chris Jenks argued that Bobikin and Ivanov's surrender, cooperation, guilty plea and apologies should have led to a more lenient sentence.",
""
] |
Career
------
Her subsequent career on stage became a success. Her association with Broadway impresario [David Belasco](/wiki/David_Belasco "David Belasco") propelled her to great theatrical fame. Her first hit was as the lead character in *[The Heart of Maryland](/wiki/The_Heart_of_Maryland_%28play%29 "The Heart of Maryland (play)")* (1895\), set during the American Civil War. It was a huge hit. In this play, she wore a wig with six\-foot tresses. Her great scene came as the heroine swinging in a belfry tower, her hands gripping the clapper to prevent the ringing of a huge [curfew bell](/wiki/Curfew_bell "Curfew bell"). The swinging of Mrs. Carter 35 feet above the stage, with off\-stage fans used to set her long crimson tresses streaming, set New York audiences cheering.
[left\|thumb\|Actress Mrs. Leslie Carter in *The Theatre* magazine, 1902\. Location: Shelter Island.](/wiki/File:Mrs._Leslie_Carter%2C_1902.png "Mrs. Leslie Carter, 1902.png")
This was followed by her even more sensational successes in *[Zaza](/wiki/Zaza_%28play%29 "Zaza (play)")* (1898\) and *Madame Du Barry* (1901\).
In July 1906, she married actor (William) [Louis Payne](/wiki/Louis_Payne "Louis Payne") (1875 – August 17, 1955\). He was often her leading man on stage and later managed her business affairs. They adopted a daughter, Mary Carter Payne. She broke with Belasco after her second marriage and abandoned [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") in favor of [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville "Vaudeville").
[thumb\|Mrs. Leslie Carter, c. 1896](/wiki/File:Mrs._Leslie_Cater%2C_c._1896.png "Mrs. Leslie Cater, c. 1896.png")
In 1915, pioneer producer George Kleine hired her to recreate *Madame Du Barry* for the movies. She followed it with a screen version of her first success, the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") melodrama *The Heart of Maryland*. Neither film was a success. Carter's last stage hit was in [Somerset Maugham](/wiki/Somerset_Maugham "Somerset Maugham")'s drawing\-room comedy *The Circle* (1921\), co\-starring [John Drew](/wiki/John_Drew%2C_Jr. "John Drew, Jr.").
Carter returned to vaudeville. In 1926, she was fired during a tryout of *[The Shanghai Gesture](/wiki/The_Shanghai_Gesture_%28play%29 "The Shanghai Gesture (play)")* in which she had been cast as Mother Goddam. As she owned a half\-interest in the show, which went on to be a Broadway success, she received half the royalties. She appeared in the road version of the show after its New York run.
### Later years
Carter retired to California but returned to the screen twice in 1935, first as George F. Marion's wife in the [Zane Grey](/wiki/Zane_Grey "Zane Grey") western *[Rocky Mountain Mystery](/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Mystery "Rocky Mountain Mystery")* (aka *The Fighting Westerner*) starring [Randolph Scott](/wiki/Randolph_Scott "Randolph Scott"). She next had a small role in *[Becky Sharp](/wiki/Becky_Sharp_%28film%29 "Becky Sharp (film)")*, starring [Miriam Hopkins](/wiki/Miriam_Hopkins "Miriam Hopkins").
She died in 1937 in [Santa Monica, California](/wiki/Santa_Monica%2C_California "Santa Monica, California") of heart disease. She is buried in [Woodland Cemetery, Dayton, Ohio](/wiki/Woodland_Cemetery%2C_Dayton%2C_Ohio "Woodland Cemetery, Dayton, Ohio") in the family plot with her second husband, her son Dudley, and several other Dudley and Payne family members.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Her subsequent career on stage became a success. Her association with Broadway impresario [David Belasco](/wiki/David_Belasco \"David Belasco\") propelled her to great theatrical fame. Her first hit was as the lead character in *[The Heart of Maryland](/wiki/The_Heart_of_Maryland_%28play%29 \"The Heart of Maryland (play)\")* (1895\\), set during the American Civil War. It was a huge hit. In this play, she wore a wig with six\\-foot tresses. Her great scene came as the heroine swinging in a belfry tower, her hands gripping the clapper to prevent the ringing of a huge [curfew bell](/wiki/Curfew_bell \"Curfew bell\"). The swinging of Mrs. Carter 35 feet above the stage, with off\\-stage fans used to set her long crimson tresses streaming, set New York audiences cheering.\n[left\\|thumb\\|Actress Mrs. Leslie Carter in *The Theatre* magazine, 1902\\. Location: Shelter Island.](/wiki/File:Mrs._Leslie_Carter%2C_1902.png \"Mrs. Leslie Carter, 1902.png\")",
"This was followed by her even more sensational successes in *[Zaza](/wiki/Zaza_%28play%29 \"Zaza (play)\")* (1898\\) and *Madame Du Barry* (1901\\).",
"In July 1906, she married actor (William) [Louis Payne](/wiki/Louis_Payne \"Louis Payne\") (1875 – August 17, 1955\\). He was often her leading man on stage and later managed her business affairs. They adopted a daughter, Mary Carter Payne. She broke with Belasco after her second marriage and abandoned [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") in favor of [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville \"Vaudeville\").\n[thumb\\|Mrs. Leslie Carter, c. 1896](/wiki/File:Mrs._Leslie_Cater%2C_c._1896.png \"Mrs. Leslie Cater, c. 1896.png\")",
"In 1915, pioneer producer George Kleine hired her to recreate *Madame Du Barry* for the movies. She followed it with a screen version of her first success, the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") melodrama *The Heart of Maryland*. Neither film was a success. Carter's last stage hit was in [Somerset Maugham](/wiki/Somerset_Maugham \"Somerset Maugham\")'s drawing\\-room comedy *The Circle* (1921\\), co\\-starring [John Drew](/wiki/John_Drew%2C_Jr. \"John Drew, Jr.\").",
"Carter returned to vaudeville. In 1926, she was fired during a tryout of *[The Shanghai Gesture](/wiki/The_Shanghai_Gesture_%28play%29 \"The Shanghai Gesture (play)\")* in which she had been cast as Mother Goddam. As she owned a half\\-interest in the show, which went on to be a Broadway success, she received half the royalties. She appeared in the road version of the show after its New York run.",
"### Later years",
"Carter retired to California but returned to the screen twice in 1935, first as George F. Marion's wife in the [Zane Grey](/wiki/Zane_Grey \"Zane Grey\") western *[Rocky Mountain Mystery](/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Mystery \"Rocky Mountain Mystery\")* (aka *The Fighting Westerner*) starring [Randolph Scott](/wiki/Randolph_Scott \"Randolph Scott\"). She next had a small role in *[Becky Sharp](/wiki/Becky_Sharp_%28film%29 \"Becky Sharp (film)\")*, starring [Miriam Hopkins](/wiki/Miriam_Hopkins \"Miriam Hopkins\").",
"She died in 1937 in [Santa Monica, California](/wiki/Santa_Monica%2C_California \"Santa Monica, California\") of heart disease. She is buried in [Woodland Cemetery, Dayton, Ohio](/wiki/Woodland_Cemetery%2C_Dayton%2C_Ohio \"Woodland Cemetery, Dayton, Ohio\") in the family plot with her second husband, her son Dudley, and several other Dudley and Payne family members.",
""
] |
Specifications{{Cite web\|title\=Samsung Galaxy A8\-Full Phone Specifications\|url\=https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung\_galaxy\_a8\-7249\.php}}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Galaxy A8 is thinner than earlier models from the A\-series lineup, measuring {{convert\|5\.9\|mm\|in}} in thickness.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cnet.com/news/samsung\-unleashes\-thinnest\-phone\-ever\-with\-galaxy\-a8/\|title\=Samsung unleashes its thinnest phone ever with Galaxy A8\|publisher\=CBS Interactive\|work\=CNET}} The display is protected by [Gorilla Glass](/wiki/Gorilla_Glass "Gorilla Glass") 4\.
Other specifications include a 5\.7 inch [1080p](/wiki/1080p "1080p") (1080x1920\) Super [AMOLED](/wiki/AMOLED "AMOLED") display, touch based [fingerprint sensor](/wiki/Fingerprint_sensor "Fingerprint sensor") integrated to the home button, 16 MP back camera and 5 MP front camera.
It is powered by [Exynos](/wiki/Exynos "Exynos") 5430, Exynos 5433 or [Snapdragon](/wiki/Qualcomm_Snapdragon "Qualcomm Snapdragon") 615\. All of these [SoCs](/wiki/System_on_a_chip "System on a chip") feature an octa core processor and they are backed by 2 [GB](/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte") [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory "Random-access memory") and 32 GB internal storage. There is a hybrid SIM slot that can also be used as a [microSD](/wiki/SD_card "SD card") card slot. It has a 3050 mAh non\-removable battery.
It is shipped with [Android](/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29 "Android (operating system)") 5\.1\.1 [Lollipop](/wiki/Android_Lollipop "Android Lollipop").
The Japan KDDI variant includes Oneseg \& full Seg TV features while the Korean SK Telecom Variant has a T\-DMB feature.
|
[
"Specifications{{Cite web\\|title\\=Samsung Galaxy A8\\-Full Phone Specifications\\|url\\=https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung\\_galaxy\\_a8\\-7249\\.php}}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------",
"The Galaxy A8 is thinner than earlier models from the A\\-series lineup, measuring {{convert\\|5\\.9\\|mm\\|in}} in thickness.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cnet.com/news/samsung\\-unleashes\\-thinnest\\-phone\\-ever\\-with\\-galaxy\\-a8/\\|title\\=Samsung unleashes its thinnest phone ever with Galaxy A8\\|publisher\\=CBS Interactive\\|work\\=CNET}} The display is protected by [Gorilla Glass](/wiki/Gorilla_Glass \"Gorilla Glass\") 4\\.",
"Other specifications include a 5\\.7 inch [1080p](/wiki/1080p \"1080p\") (1080x1920\\) Super [AMOLED](/wiki/AMOLED \"AMOLED\") display, touch based [fingerprint sensor](/wiki/Fingerprint_sensor \"Fingerprint sensor\") integrated to the home button, 16 MP back camera and 5 MP front camera.",
"It is powered by [Exynos](/wiki/Exynos \"Exynos\") 5430, Exynos 5433 or [Snapdragon](/wiki/Qualcomm_Snapdragon \"Qualcomm Snapdragon\") 615\\. All of these [SoCs](/wiki/System_on_a_chip \"System on a chip\") feature an octa core processor and they are backed by 2 [GB](/wiki/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\") [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory \"Random-access memory\") and 32 GB internal storage. There is a hybrid SIM slot that can also be used as a [microSD](/wiki/SD_card \"SD card\") card slot. It has a 3050 mAh non\\-removable battery.",
"It is shipped with [Android](/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29 \"Android (operating system)\") 5\\.1\\.1 [Lollipop](/wiki/Android_Lollipop \"Android Lollipop\").",
"The Japan KDDI variant includes Oneseg \\& full Seg TV features while the Korean SK Telecom Variant has a T\\-DMB feature.",
""
] |
In classical antiquity
----------------------
[thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|An [amphora](/wiki/Amphora "Amphora") depicting a [Greek hero cult](/wiki/Greek_hero_cult "Greek hero cult") in honor of Oedipus ([Apulian red\-figure](/wiki/Apulian_vase_painting "Apulian vase painting"), 380–370 BC)](/wiki/File:Hero_cult_Louvre_CA308.jpg "Hero cult Louvre CA308.jpg")
In [ancient Greece](/wiki/Ancient_Greece "Ancient Greece"), a [city](/wiki/Polis "Polis") or [sanctuary](/wiki/Greek_temple "Greek temple") might claim to possess, without necessarily displaying, the remains of a venerated [hero](/wiki/Hero "Hero") as a part of a [hero cult](/wiki/Greek_hero_cult "Greek hero cult"). Other venerable objects associated with the hero were more likely to be on display in sanctuaries, such as spears, shields, or other weaponry; [chariots](/wiki/Chariots "Chariots"), ships or [figureheads](/wiki/Figurehead_%28object%29 "Figurehead (object)"); furniture such as chairs or [tripods](/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod "Sacrificial tripod"); and clothing. The sanctuary of the [Leucippides](/wiki/Phoebe_%28Leucippides%29 "Phoebe (Leucippides)") at [Sparta](/wiki/Sparta "Sparta") claimed to display the egg of [Leda](/wiki/Leda_%28mythology%29 "Leda (mythology)").Gunnel Ekroth, "Heroes and Hero\-Cult", in *A Companion to Greek Religion* (Blackwell, 2010\), pp. 110–111\.
The bones were not regarded as holding a particular power derived from the hero, with some exceptions, such as the divine shoulder of [Pelops](/wiki/Pelops "Pelops") held at [Olympia](/wiki/Olympia%2C_Greece "Olympia, Greece"). Miracles and healing were not regularly attributed to them; rather, their presence was meant to serve a [tutelary](/wiki/Tutelary_deity "Tutelary deity") function, as the tomb of [Oedipus](/wiki/Oedipus "Oedipus") was said to protect [Athens](/wiki/Classical_Athens "Classical Athens").Ruth Fainlight and Robert J. Littman, *The Theban Plays: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone* (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009\), p. xii.
The bones of [Orestes](/wiki/Orestes "Orestes") and [Theseus](/wiki/Theseus "Theseus") were supposed to have been stolen or removed from their original resting place and reburied.Susan E. Alcock, "Tomb Cult and the Post\-Classical Polis", *American Journal of Archaeology* 95 (1991\), p. 447\. On the advice of the [Delphic Oracle](/wiki/Delphic_Oracle "Delphic Oracle"), the [Spartans](/wiki/Sparta "Sparta") searched for the bones of Orestes and brought them home, without which they had been told they could not expect victory in their war against the neighboring [Tegeans](/wiki/Tegea "Tegea").[Herodotus](/wiki/Herodotus "Herodotus"), *Histories* 1\.46, as cited by Fainlight and Littman, *The Theban Plays*, p. xii. [Plutarch](/wiki/Plutarch "Plutarch") says that the Athenians were likewise instructed by the oracle to locate and steal the relics of Theseus from the [Dolopians](/wiki/Dolopia "Dolopia").Plutarch, *Theseus* 36, [Bill Thayer's edition](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Theseus*.html#36) of the [Loeb Classical Library](/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library "Loeb Classical Library") translation at [LacusCurtius](/wiki/LacusCurtius "LacusCurtius").
The body of the legendary [Eurystheus](/wiki/Eurystheus "Eurystheus") was also supposed to protect Athens from enemy attack,[Euripides](/wiki/Euripides "Euripides"), *Heracleides* 1032–1034; [Aeschylus](/wiki/Aeschylus "Aeschylus"), *Eumenides* 763ff. and in [Thebes](/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_%28Boeotia%29 "Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)"), that of the prophet [Amphiaraus](/wiki/Amphiaraus "Amphiaraus"), whose cult was oracular and healing.Herodotus, *Histories* 8\.134 and Aeschylus, *Seven Against Thebes* 587–588, as cited by Fainlight and Littman, *The Theban Plays*, p. xii. Plutarch narrates transferrals similar to that of Theseus for the bodies of the historical [Demetrius I of Macedon](/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon "Demetrius I of Macedon") and [Phocion the Good](/wiki/Phocion "Phocion").Plutarch, *Demetrius* [53](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Demetrius*.html#53) and *Phocion* [37–38](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Phocion*.html#37), English translations at [LacusCurtius](/wiki/LacusCurtius "LacusCurtius"). The bones or ashes of [Aesculapius](/wiki/Aesculapius "Aesculapius") at [Epidaurus](/wiki/Epidaurus "Epidaurus"), and of [Perdiccas I](/wiki/Perdiccas_I "Perdiccas I") at Macedon, were treated with the deepest veneration.
As with the relics of Theseus, the bones are sometimes described in literary sources as gigantic, an indication of the hero's "larger than life" status. On the basis of their reported size, it has been conjectured that such bones were those of [prehistoric creatures](/wiki/History_of_paleontology "History of paleontology"), the startling discovery of which may have prompted the sanctifying of the site.
The head of the poet\-prophet [Orpheus](/wiki/Orpheus "Orpheus") was supposed to have been transported to [Lesbos](/wiki/Lesbos "Lesbos"), where it was enshrined and visited as an [oracle](/wiki/Oracle "Oracle").[Philostratus](/wiki/Philostratus_III "Philostratus III"), *Heroicus* 5\.3 and *Life of Apollonius* 4\.14; Joseph Falaky Nagy, "Hierarchy, Heroes, and Heads: Indo\-European Structures in Greek Myth", in *Approaches to Greek Myth* (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990\), pp. 210–212\. [Ancient Greek vase paintings](/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece "Pottery of ancient Greece") also depict the head of Orpheus prophesying. The 2nd\-century geographer [Pausanias](/wiki/Pausanias_%28geographer%29 "Pausanias (geographer)") reported that the bones of Orpheus were kept in a stone vase displayed on a pillar near [Dion](/wiki/Dion%2C_Pieria "Dion, Pieria"), his place of death and a major religious center. These too were regarded as having oracular power, which might be accessed through dreaming in a [ritual of incubation](/wiki/Incubation_%28ritual%29 "Incubation (ritual)"). The accidental exposure of the bones brought a disaster upon the town of Libretha, whence the people of Dion had transferred the relics to their own keeping.Pausanias 9\.30\.4–5, as cited and discussed by Nagy, *op. cit.* pp. 212\.
According to the *[Chronicon Paschale](/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale "Chronicon Paschale")*, the bones of the Persian [Zoroaster](/wiki/Zoroaster "Zoroaster") were venerated,Dindorf, p. 67\. but the tradition of [Zoroastrianism](/wiki/Zoroastrianism "Zoroastrianism") and its scriptures offer no support of this.{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2010}}
|
[
"In classical antiquity\n----------------------",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|An [amphora](/wiki/Amphora \"Amphora\") depicting a [Greek hero cult](/wiki/Greek_hero_cult \"Greek hero cult\") in honor of Oedipus ([Apulian red\\-figure](/wiki/Apulian_vase_painting \"Apulian vase painting\"), 380–370 BC)](/wiki/File:Hero_cult_Louvre_CA308.jpg \"Hero cult Louvre CA308.jpg\")",
"In [ancient Greece](/wiki/Ancient_Greece \"Ancient Greece\"), a [city](/wiki/Polis \"Polis\") or [sanctuary](/wiki/Greek_temple \"Greek temple\") might claim to possess, without necessarily displaying, the remains of a venerated [hero](/wiki/Hero \"Hero\") as a part of a [hero cult](/wiki/Greek_hero_cult \"Greek hero cult\"). Other venerable objects associated with the hero were more likely to be on display in sanctuaries, such as spears, shields, or other weaponry; [chariots](/wiki/Chariots \"Chariots\"), ships or [figureheads](/wiki/Figurehead_%28object%29 \"Figurehead (object)\"); furniture such as chairs or [tripods](/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod \"Sacrificial tripod\"); and clothing. The sanctuary of the [Leucippides](/wiki/Phoebe_%28Leucippides%29 \"Phoebe (Leucippides)\") at [Sparta](/wiki/Sparta \"Sparta\") claimed to display the egg of [Leda](/wiki/Leda_%28mythology%29 \"Leda (mythology)\").Gunnel Ekroth, \"Heroes and Hero\\-Cult\", in *A Companion to Greek Religion* (Blackwell, 2010\\), pp. 110–111\\.",
"The bones were not regarded as holding a particular power derived from the hero, with some exceptions, such as the divine shoulder of [Pelops](/wiki/Pelops \"Pelops\") held at [Olympia](/wiki/Olympia%2C_Greece \"Olympia, Greece\"). Miracles and healing were not regularly attributed to them; rather, their presence was meant to serve a [tutelary](/wiki/Tutelary_deity \"Tutelary deity\") function, as the tomb of [Oedipus](/wiki/Oedipus \"Oedipus\") was said to protect [Athens](/wiki/Classical_Athens \"Classical Athens\").Ruth Fainlight and Robert J. Littman, *The Theban Plays: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone* (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009\\), p. xii.",
"The bones of [Orestes](/wiki/Orestes \"Orestes\") and [Theseus](/wiki/Theseus \"Theseus\") were supposed to have been stolen or removed from their original resting place and reburied.Susan E. Alcock, \"Tomb Cult and the Post\\-Classical Polis\", *American Journal of Archaeology* 95 (1991\\), p. 447\\. On the advice of the [Delphic Oracle](/wiki/Delphic_Oracle \"Delphic Oracle\"), the [Spartans](/wiki/Sparta \"Sparta\") searched for the bones of Orestes and brought them home, without which they had been told they could not expect victory in their war against the neighboring [Tegeans](/wiki/Tegea \"Tegea\").[Herodotus](/wiki/Herodotus \"Herodotus\"), *Histories* 1\\.46, as cited by Fainlight and Littman, *The Theban Plays*, p. xii. [Plutarch](/wiki/Plutarch \"Plutarch\") says that the Athenians were likewise instructed by the oracle to locate and steal the relics of Theseus from the [Dolopians](/wiki/Dolopia \"Dolopia\").Plutarch, *Theseus* 36, [Bill Thayer's edition](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Theseus*.html#36) of the [Loeb Classical Library](/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library \"Loeb Classical Library\") translation at [LacusCurtius](/wiki/LacusCurtius \"LacusCurtius\").",
"The body of the legendary [Eurystheus](/wiki/Eurystheus \"Eurystheus\") was also supposed to protect Athens from enemy attack,[Euripides](/wiki/Euripides \"Euripides\"), *Heracleides* 1032–1034; [Aeschylus](/wiki/Aeschylus \"Aeschylus\"), *Eumenides* 763ff. and in [Thebes](/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_%28Boeotia%29 \"Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)\"), that of the prophet [Amphiaraus](/wiki/Amphiaraus \"Amphiaraus\"), whose cult was oracular and healing.Herodotus, *Histories* 8\\.134 and Aeschylus, *Seven Against Thebes* 587–588, as cited by Fainlight and Littman, *The Theban Plays*, p. xii. Plutarch narrates transferrals similar to that of Theseus for the bodies of the historical [Demetrius I of Macedon](/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon \"Demetrius I of Macedon\") and [Phocion the Good](/wiki/Phocion \"Phocion\").Plutarch, *Demetrius* [53](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Demetrius*.html#53) and *Phocion* [37–38](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Phocion*.html#37), English translations at [LacusCurtius](/wiki/LacusCurtius \"LacusCurtius\"). The bones or ashes of [Aesculapius](/wiki/Aesculapius \"Aesculapius\") at [Epidaurus](/wiki/Epidaurus \"Epidaurus\"), and of [Perdiccas I](/wiki/Perdiccas_I \"Perdiccas I\") at Macedon, were treated with the deepest veneration.",
"As with the relics of Theseus, the bones are sometimes described in literary sources as gigantic, an indication of the hero's \"larger than life\" status. On the basis of their reported size, it has been conjectured that such bones were those of [prehistoric creatures](/wiki/History_of_paleontology \"History of paleontology\"), the startling discovery of which may have prompted the sanctifying of the site.",
"The head of the poet\\-prophet [Orpheus](/wiki/Orpheus \"Orpheus\") was supposed to have been transported to [Lesbos](/wiki/Lesbos \"Lesbos\"), where it was enshrined and visited as an [oracle](/wiki/Oracle \"Oracle\").[Philostratus](/wiki/Philostratus_III \"Philostratus III\"), *Heroicus* 5\\.3 and *Life of Apollonius* 4\\.14; Joseph Falaky Nagy, \"Hierarchy, Heroes, and Heads: Indo\\-European Structures in Greek Myth\", in *Approaches to Greek Myth* (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990\\), pp. 210–212\\. [Ancient Greek vase paintings](/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece \"Pottery of ancient Greece\") also depict the head of Orpheus prophesying. The 2nd\\-century geographer [Pausanias](/wiki/Pausanias_%28geographer%29 \"Pausanias (geographer)\") reported that the bones of Orpheus were kept in a stone vase displayed on a pillar near [Dion](/wiki/Dion%2C_Pieria \"Dion, Pieria\"), his place of death and a major religious center. These too were regarded as having oracular power, which might be accessed through dreaming in a [ritual of incubation](/wiki/Incubation_%28ritual%29 \"Incubation (ritual)\"). The accidental exposure of the bones brought a disaster upon the town of Libretha, whence the people of Dion had transferred the relics to their own keeping.Pausanias 9\\.30\\.4–5, as cited and discussed by Nagy, *op. cit.* pp. 212\\.",
"According to the *[Chronicon Paschale](/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale \"Chronicon Paschale\")*, the bones of the Persian [Zoroaster](/wiki/Zoroaster \"Zoroaster\") were venerated,Dindorf, p. 67\\. but the tradition of [Zoroastrianism](/wiki/Zoroastrianism \"Zoroastrianism\") and its scriptures offer no support of this.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2010}}",
""
] |
Christianity
------------
[thumb\|A [reliquary](/wiki/Reliquary "Reliquary") at [Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary](/wiki/Pope_St._John_XXIII_National_Seminary "Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), with relics of [St. James](/wiki/James_the_Greater "James the Greater"), [St. Matthew](/wiki/Matthew_the_Evangelist "Matthew the Evangelist"), [St. Philip](/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle "Philip the Apostle"), [St. Simon](/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot "Simon the Zealot"), [St. Thomas](/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle "Thomas the Apostle"), [St. Stephen](/wiki/Saint_Stephen "Saint Stephen") and other [saints](/wiki/Saint "Saint")](/wiki/File:BJ23-reliquary.jpg "BJ23-reliquary.jpg")
### History
One of the earliest sources that purports to show the efficacy of relics is found in 2 Kings 13:20–21:
{{blockquote\|And Elisha died, and they buried him. Now the bands of the Moabites used to invade the land at the coming in of the year. And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold, they spied a band; and they cast the man into the sepulchre of Elisha; and as soon as the man touched the bones of Elisha, he revived, and stood up on his feet. {{Bibleverse\|2\|Kings\|13:20–21\|HE}}}}
Also cited is the veneration of relics from the martyr and bishop [Saint Polycarp of Smyrna](/wiki/Saint_Polycarp_of_Smyrna "Saint Polycarp of Smyrna") recorded in the *[Martyrdom of Polycarp](/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp "Martyrdom of Polycarp")*, written sometime from 150 to 160 AD.[Head, Thomas. "The Cult of the Saints and Their Relics", The On\-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (the ORB), College of Staten Island, City University of New York](http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/hagiography/cult.htm) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717041711/http://www.the\-orb.net/encyclop/religion/hagiography/cult.htm \|date\=July 17, 2012 }} With regard to relics that are objects, an often cited passage is [Acts](/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles "Acts of the Apostles") 19:11–12, which says that [Paul the Apostle](/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle "Paul the Apostle")'s handkerchiefs were imbued by God with healing power. In the [gospel](/wiki/Gospel "Gospel") accounts of [Jesus healing the bleeding woman](/wiki/Jesus_healing_the_bleeding_woman "Jesus healing the bleeding woman") and again in the [Gospel of Mark](/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark "Gospel of Mark") 6:56, those who touched Jesus' garment were healed.
The practice of venerating relics seems to have been taken for granted by writers like [Augustine](/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo "Augustine of Hippo"), St. [Ambrose](/wiki/Ambrose "Ambrose"), [Gregory of Nyssa](/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa "Gregory of Nyssa"), St. [Chrysostom](/wiki/Chrysostom "Chrysostom"), and St. [Gregory Nazianzen](/wiki/Gregory_Nazianzen "Gregory Nazianzen"). Dom Bernardo Cignitti, O.S.B., wrote, "\[T]he remains of certain dead are surrounded with special care and veneration. This is because the mortal remains of the deceased are associated in some manner with the holiness of their souls which await reunion with their bodies in the [resurrection](/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead "Resurrection of the Dead")."[Mangan, Charles. "Church Teaching on Relics", Catholic Education Resource Center](http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0331.html) [Thomas Aquinas](/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas "Thomas Aquinas") (d. 1274\) pointed out that it was natural that people should treasure what is associated with the dead, much like the personal effects of a relative. In an interview with [Catholic News Service](/wiki/Catholic_News_Service "Catholic News Service"), Fr. Mario Conte, executive editor of the Messenger of St. Anthony magazine in [Padua](/wiki/Padua "Padua"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), said, "Saints' relics help people overcome the abstract and make a connection with the holy ... Saints do not perform miracles. Only God performs miracles, but saints are intercessors."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.americancatholic.org/news/report.aspx?id\=4106\|title\=Catholic News \- Saints' Relics Help People Make Connection to the Holy \|website\=American Catholic}}
[thumb\|A relic from the shrine of [Saint Boniface of Dokkum](/wiki/Saint_Boniface "Saint Boniface") in the [hermit\-church](/wiki/Hermit "Hermit") of [Warfhuizen](/wiki/Warfhuizen "Warfhuizen"): the bone fragment in middle is from [Saint Boniface](/wiki/Saint_Boniface "Saint Boniface"); the folded papers on the left and right contain bone fragments of Saint [Benedict of Nursia](/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia "Benedict of Nursia") and [Bernard of Clairvaux](/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux "Bernard of Clairvaux").](/wiki/File:Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg "Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg")
In the early Church the disturbance of the remains of martyrs and other saints was not practiced. They were allowed to remain in their often unidentified resting places such as in cemeteries and the [catacombs of Rome](/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome "Catacombs of Rome"). These places were always outside the walls of the city, but [martyriums](/wiki/Martyrium_%28architecture%29 "Martyrium (architecture)") began to be built over the site of the burial. Since it was considered beneficial to the soul to be buried close to the remains of saints, several large "funerary halls" were built over the sites of martyr's graves, including [Old Saint Peter's Basilica](/wiki/Old_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica "Old Saint Peter's Basilica"). These were initially not regular churches, but "covered cemeteries" crammed with graves, wherein was celebrated funerary and memorial services. It may have been thought that when the souls of the martyrs went to heaven on resurrection day they would be accompanied by those interred nearby, who would thus gain favour with God.
Some early Christians attributed [healing powers](/wiki/Traditional_medicine "Traditional medicine") to the [dust from graves](/wiki/Han%C4%81n%C4%81 "Hanānā") of saints, including [Gregory of Tours](/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours "Gregory of Tours"). The cult of [Martin of Tours](/wiki/Martin_of_Tours "Martin of Tours") was very popular in [Merovingian](/wiki/Merovingian "Merovingian") [Gaul](/wiki/Gaul "Gaul"), and centered at a great church built just outside the walls of Tours. When Saint Martin died on November 8, 397, at a village halfway between [Tours](/wiki/Tours "Tours") and [Poitiers](/wiki/Poitiers "Poitiers"), the inhabitants of these cities were ready to fight for his body, which the people of Tours managed to secure by stealth. Tours became the chief point of [Christian pilgrimage](/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage "Christian pilgrimage") in Gaul, a place for the healing of the sick.
[Gregory of Tours](/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours "Gregory of Tours") travelled to the shrine when he had contracted a serious illness. Later, as bishop of Tours, Gregory wrote extensively about miracles attributed to the intercession of St Martin.{{cite journal\|url\=http://csla.history.ox.ac.uk/record.php?recid\=E00570\|title\=Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Martyrs 49\|journal\=Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity\|first\=Marta\|last\=Tycner\|publisher\=\[\[University of Oxford]], \[\[University of Warsaw]], \[\[University of Reading]], \[\[European Research Council]]\|access\-date\=5 October 2022}} [Nestorian Christianity](/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity "Nestorian Christianity") utilized the *hanānā*–a mixture made with the dust of [Thomas the Apostle](/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle "Thomas the Apostle")'s tomb–for healing. Within the [Assyrian Church of the East](/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East "Assyrian Church of the East"), it is consumed by a couple getting married in the [Mystery of Crowning](/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning "Mystery of Crowning").{{cite book\|url\=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III\-2\-F\-c\-30/V\-2/page\-hr/0412\.html.en\|title\=The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East\|author\=\[\[Henry Yule\|Yule, Henry]]\|location\=\[\[London]]\|publisher\=John Murray\|date\=1903\|volume\=2\|page\=356\|via\=National Institute of Informatics \- Digital Silk Road Project, Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books}}{{cite book\|url\=https://www.malankaralibrary.com/ImageUpload/8cbe709334d186a0f272183699f0a27f.pdf\|title\=East Syriac Theology: An Introduction\|chapter\=Theology of 'Rāzē: The Mysteries of the Church in the East Syriac Tradition\|first\=Jose\|last\=Kochuparampil\|editor\-first\=Pauly\|editor\-last\=Maniyattu\|publisher\=Ephrem's Publications\|date\=2007\|location\=\[\[Madhya Pradesh\|MP]], \[\[India]]\|page\=264, 267\|access\-date\=5 October 2022\|via\=Malankara Library}}
The [Second Council of Nicaea](/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea "Second Council of Nicaea") in 787 drew on the teaching of St. [John Damascene](/wiki/John_Damascene "John Damascene") that homage or respect is not really paid to an inanimate object, but to the holy person, the veneration of a holy person is itself honour paid to God.{{cite web\|url\=http://carmelite.org/index.php?nuc\=content\&id\=127\|title\=Relics\|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301045514/http://carmelite.org/index.php?nuc\=content\&id\=127\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-01}} The Council decreed that every [altar](/wiki/Altar "Altar") should contain a relic, making it clear that this was already the norm, as it remains to the present day in [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") and [Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church") churches. The veneration of the relics of the saints reflects a belief that the saints in heaven [intercede](/wiki/Intercession "Intercession") for those on earth. A number of cures and miracles have been attributed to relics, not because of their own power, but because of the holiness of the saint they represent.["Relics of Saints"](http://www.bostoncatholic.org/Being-Catholic/Content.aspx?id=11478), *Boston Catholic*, Archdiocese of Boston
Many tales of [miracles](/wiki/Miracle "Miracle") and other marvels were attributed to relics beginning in the early centuries of the church. These became popular during the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"). They were collected in books of [hagiography](/wiki/Hagiography "Hagiography") such as the *[Golden Legend](/wiki/Golden_Legend "Golden Legend")* or the works of [Caesarius of Heisterbach](/wiki/Caesarius_of_Heisterbach "Caesarius of Heisterbach"). These miracle tales made relics much sought\-after during the period. By the Late Middle Ages, the collecting of, and dealing in, relics had reached enormous proportions, and had spread from the church to royalty, and then to the nobility and merchant classes.
The [Council of Trent](/wiki/Council_of_Trent "Council of Trent") of 1563 enjoined bishops to instruct their flocks that "the holy bodies of holy martyrs ... are to be venerated by the faithful, for through these \[bodies] many benefits are bestowed by God on men". The Council further insisted that "in the invocation of saints, the veneration of relics and the sacred use of images, every superstition shall be removed and all filthy lucre abolished."Thurston, Herbert. ["Relics"](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12734a.htm). *The Catholic Encyclopedia*. Vol. 12\. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911\. 13 March 2014 There are also many [relics associated with Jesus](/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus "Relics associated with Jesus").
[thumb\|upright\|St. [Francis Xavier](/wiki/Francis_Xavier "Francis Xavier")'s [humerus](/wiki/Humerus "Humerus"), [St. Joseph's Church](/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_and_Church "St. Joseph's Seminary and Church"), [Macau](/wiki/Macau "Macau")](/wiki/File:Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg "Reliquary of St. Francis Xavier's humerus.jpg")
In his introduction to Gregory's *History of the Franks*, Ernest Brehaut analyzed the Romano\-Christian concepts that gave relics such a powerful draw. He distinguished Gregory's constant usage of *sanctus* and *[virtus](/wiki/Virtus_%28virtue%29 "Virtus (virtue)")*, the first with its familiar meaning of "sacred" or "holy", and the second as "the mystic potency emanating from the person or thing that is sacred... In a practical way the second word *\[virtus]* ... describes the uncanny, mysterious power emanating from the supernatural and affecting the natural... These points of contact and yielding are the miracles we continually hear of."Medieval Sourcebook, Gregory of Tours (539–594\), *History of the Franks*, Books I–X, [Introduction by Earnest Brehaut (from his 1916 translation), pp. ix–xxv](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregory-hist.html#brehaut) \[Note: Many of Brehaut's opinions and prejudices would not be upheld by modern historians. Students should not rely on this *Introduction* as a guide.]
### Relics and pilgrimage
Rome became a major destination for Christian pilgrims as it was easier to access for European pilgrims than the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land "Holy Land"). [Constantine the Great](/wiki/Constantine_the_Great "Constantine the Great") erected great basilicas over the tombs of Saints Peter and Paul. A distinction of these sites was the presence of holy relics. Over the course of the Middle Ages, other religious structures acquired relics and became destinations for [pilgrimage](/wiki/Pilgrimage "Pilgrimage"). In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, substantial numbers of pilgrims flocked to [Santiago de Compostela](/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela "Santiago de Compostela") in Spain, in which the supposed relics of the apostle [James, son of Zebedee](/wiki/James%2C_son_of_Zebedee "James, son of Zebedee"), discovered {{circa}} 830, are housed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pilg/hd\_pilg.htm\|title\=Pilgrimage in Medieval Europe\|publisher\=Metropolitan Museum of Art \|work\=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}} Santiago de Compostela remains a significant pilgrimage site, with around 200,000 pilgrims, both secular and Christian, completing the numerous pilgrimage routes to the cathedral in 2012 alone.{{cite news\|last1\=Beardsley\|first1\=Eleanor\|title\=An Ancient Religious Pilgrimage That Now Draws The Secular\|url\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2013/05/20/185577205/Modern\-Pilgrims\-Find\-New\-Meaning\-Walking\-An\-Ancient\-Path\|newspaper\=NPR.org\|access\-date\=20 April 2015}}{{cite web\|title\=The pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Pictures\|url\=http://www.santiago\-compostela.net/\|website\=Camino de Santiago}}
By venerating relics through visitation, gifts, and providing services, medieval Christians believed that they would acquire the protection and intercession of the sanctified dead. Relics of local saints drew visitors to sites like Saint Frideswide's in [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford "Oxford"), and San Nicola Peregrino in [Trani](/wiki/Trani "Trani"). Instead of having to travel to be near to a venerated [saint](/wiki/Saint "Saint"), relics of the saint could be venerated locally.
Believers would make pilgrimages to places believed to have been sanctified by the physical presence of Christ or prominent saints, such as the site of the [Holy Sepulchre](/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre "Holy Sepulchre") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem").{{cn\|date\=July 2023}}
#### Economic effect
As holy relics attracted pilgrims and these religious tourists needed to be housed, fed, and provided with souvenirs, relics became a source of income not only for the destinations that held them, but for the abbeys, churches, and towns en route. Relics were prized as they were portable.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ByFRavb95AYC\&pg\=PA139 \|title\=Sacred trust : the medieval church as an economic firm \|date\=1996 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|others\=Robert B. Ekelund \|isbn\=0\-19\-510337\-8 \|location\=New York \|oclc\=34943197\| author\-first\=Robert B. \| author\-last\=Ekelund \| author\-first2\=Robert D.\| author\-last2\=Tollison \| author\-first3\=Gary M. \| author\-last3\=Anderson \| author\-first4\=Robert F.\| author\-last4\=Herbert \| author\-first5\=Audrey B.\| author\-last5\=Davidson }} They could be possessed, inventoried, bequeathed, stolen, counterfeited, and smuggled.{{Cite web \|last\=Manns \|first\=D. \|date\=2015\-04\-13 \|title\=The Business of Bones: Relic Trafficking in the Middle Ages \|url\=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/a\-business\-of\-bones\-relic\-trafficking\-in\-the\-middle\-ages \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-18 \|website\=Atlas Obscura \|language\=en}} They could add value to an established site or confer significance on a new location.{{Cite book \|last\=Smith \|first\=Julia M. H. \|date\=2010 \|title\=Portable Christianity: Relics in the Medieval West (c. 700–1200\) \|url\=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1953/pba181p143\.pdf \|url\-status\=live\|series\=\[\[Proceedings of the British Academy]] \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|publication\-date\=2012 \|volume\=181 \|pages\=143–167 \|doi\=10\.5871/bacad/9780197265277\.003\.0006 \|isbn\=9780197265277 \|issn\=0068\-1202 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223053830/https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1953/pba181p143\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2022\-02\-23 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-18}} Offerings made at a site of pilgrimage were an important source of revenue for the community who received them on behalf of the saint.{{Cite book \|last\=Geary \|first\=Patrick J. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vXriQodlUsQC\&pg\=PA22 \|title\=Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages \|edition\=Revised \|year\=2011 \|publisher\=Princeton University Press \|isbn\=978\-1\-4008\-2020\-7 \|language\=en}}
According to [Patrick Geary](/wiki/Patrick_J._Geary "Patrick J. Geary"), "\[t]o the communities fortunate enough to have a saint's remains in its church, the benefits in terms of revenue and status were enormous, and competition to acquire relics and to promote the local saint's virtues over those of neighboring communities was keen."{{Citation \|last\=Geary \|first\=Patrick \|title\=Sacred commodities: the circulation of medieval relics \|date\=1986\-04\-30 \|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511819582A016/type/book\_part \|work\=The Social Life of Things \|pages\=169–192 \|editor\-last\=Appadurai \|editor\-first\=Arjun \|edition\=1 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|doi\=10\.1017/cbo9780511819582\.008 \|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-32351\-2 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-18 \|archive\-date\=2014\-03\-14 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314102934/http://sacredspace.barrystephenson.ca/wp\-content/uploads/2009/11/Geary\-Sacred\-Commodities\-Medieval\-Relics.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }}. Local clergy promoted their own patron saints in an effort to secure their own market share. On occasion guards had to watch over mortally ill holy men and women to prevent the unauthorized dismemberment of their corpses as soon as they died.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Butterfield \|first\=Andrew \|date\=2011\-07\-28 \|title\=What Remains \|magazine\=The New Republic \|url\=https://newrepublic.com/article/92804/medieval\-christian\-art\-relics \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-18 \|issn\=0028\-6583}} Geary also suggests that the danger of someone murdering an aging holy man in order to acquire his relics was a legitimate concern.
Relics were used to cure the sick, to seek intercession for relief from famine or plague, to take solemn oaths, and to pressure warring factions to make peace in the presence of the sacred. Courts held relics since Merovingian times. St [Angilbert](/wiki/Angilbert "Angilbert") acquired for [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne "Charlemagne") one of the most impressive collections in Christendom. An active market developed and relics entered into commerce along the same trade routes followed by other portable commodities. Matthew Brown likens a ninth\-century Italian [deacon](/wiki/Deacon "Deacon") named Deusdona, with access to the Roman catacombs, as crossing the [Alps](/wiki/Alps "Alps") to visit monastic fairs of northern Europe much like a contemporary art dealer.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/bown/art\-value5\-25\-10\.asp \| title\=Dust to Dust \| first\=Matthew \| last\=Brown \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-18 \|website\=www.artnet.com \| url\-status\=live \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205143130/http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/bown/art\-value5\-25\-10\.asp \| archive\-date\=2022\-02\-05}}
[Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury "Canterbury") was a popular destination for English pilgrims, who traveled to witness the miracle\-working relics of St [Thomas Becket](/wiki/Thomas_Becket "Thomas Becket"), the sainted [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury "Archbishop of Canterbury") who was [assassinated by knights](/wiki/Thomas_Becket%23Assassination "Thomas Becket#Assassination") of [King Henry II](/wiki/Henry_II_of_England "Henry II of England") in 1170\. After Becket's death, his successor and the Canterbury chapter quickly used his relics to promote the cult of the as\-yet\-uncanonized martyr. The motivations included the assertion of the Church's independence against rulers, a desire to have an English (indeed [Norman English](/wiki/Anglo-Normans "Anglo-Normans")) saint of European reputation, and the desire to promote Canterbury as a destination for pilgrimage. In the first years after Becket's death, donations at the shrine accounted for twenty\-eight percent of the cathedral's total revenues.{{Cite book \|last\=Freeman \|first\=Charles \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=EDQH9Pi5eT0C\&pg\=PA31 \|title\=Holy Bones, Holy Dust: How Relics Shaped the History of Medieval Europe \|year\=2011\|publisher\=Yale University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-300\-16659\-0 \|language\=en}}
### Counterfeits
In the absence of real ways of assessing authenticity, relic\-collectors became prey to the unscrupulous, and some extremely high prices were paid. Forgeries proliferated from the very beginning. [Augustine](/wiki/Augustine "Augustine") already denounced impostors who wandered around disguised as monks, making a profit from the sale of spurious relics.["Of the Works of Monks"](http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1314.htm) (St. Augustine): "36\...Some hawking about limbs of martyrs, if indeed of martyrs" In his *Admonitio Generalis* of 789, [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne "Charlemagne") ordered that "the false names of martyrs and the uncertain memorials of saints should not be venerated." The Fourth Lateran Council (1215\) of the Catholic Church condemned abuses such as counterfeit relics and exaggerated claims.
Pieces of the [True Cross](/wiki/True_Cross "True Cross") were one of the most highly sought\-after of such relics; many churches claimed to possess a piece of it, so many that [John Calvin](/wiki/John_Calvin "John Calvin") famously remarked that there were enough pieces of the True Cross to build a ship from.Calvin, *Traité Des Reliques* A study in 1870de Fleury, *Mémoire sur les instruments de la Passion* found that, put together, the claimed relics of the cross at that much later time weighed less than 1\.7 kg. By the middle of the 16th century, the number of relics in Christian churches became enormous, and there was practically no possibility to distinguish the authentic from the falsification, since both of them had been in the temples for centuries and were objects for worship. In 1543, John Calvin wrote about fake relics in his *[Treatise on Relics](/wiki/Treatise_on_Relics "Treatise on Relics")*, in which he described the state of affairs with relics in Catholic churches. Calvin says that the saints have two or three or more bodies with arms and legs, and even a few extra limbs and heads.[Radtsig, N. I.](/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 "Радциг, Николай Иванович") ["Traite des reliques" Кальвина, его происхождение и значение](http://www.srednieveka.ru/upload/journal/01.150-163.pdf) / [Сборник «Средние века»](http://www.srednieveka.ru/journal.php?op=cat&id=1171), №01 (1942\) / Ежегодник [РАН](/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences "Russian Academy of Sciences") / [Nauka](/wiki/Nauka_%28publisher%29 "Nauka (publisher)").[Philip Schaff](/wiki/Philip_Schaff "Philip Schaff"). ["History of the Christian Church"](http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/8_ch15.htm). Volume VIII: "History Of The Reformation, 1517–1648". Third Book. The Reformation in French Switzerland, or The Calvinistic Movement. / Chapter XV. Theological Controversies. / § 122\. Against the Worship of Relics. 1543\.
Due to the existence of counterfeit relics, the Church began to regulate the use of relics. [Canon Law](/wiki/Canon_law_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Canon law (Catholic Church)") required the authentication of relics if they were to be publicly [venerated](/wiki/Veneration "Veneration"). They had to be sealed in a [reliquary](/wiki/Reliquary "Reliquary") and accompanied by a certificate of authentication, signed and sealed by someone in the [Congregation for Saints](/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints "Congregation for the Causes of Saints"),{{cite web \|title\=Instruction for Conducting Diocesan or Eparchial Inquiries in the Causes of Saints (Rome 2007\) – Authentication \|url\=https://www.vatican.va/roman\_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc\_con\_csaints\_doc\_20070517\_sanctorum\-mater\_en.html\#Authentication \|website\=Vatican Website \|publisher\=Congregation for the Causes of Saints \|access\-date\=23 October 2019 }} or by the local Bishop where the saint lived. Without such authentication, relics are not to be used for public veneration.{{cite web\|title\=AmericanCatholic.Org\|url\=http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Jan1998/Wiseman.asp\|website\=American Catholic\|access\-date\=10 May 2015}} The Congregation for Saints, as part of the [Roman Curia](/wiki/Roman_Curia "Roman Curia"), holds the authority to verify relics in which documentation is lost or missing. The documents and reliquaries of authenticated relics are usually affixed with a [wax seal](/wiki/Seal_%28emblem%29 "Seal (emblem)").
### Classifications and prohibitions in the Catholic Church
[thumb\|First\-class relic of the [Servant of God Alfredo F. Verzosa](/wiki/Alfredo_Verzosa "Alfredo Verzosa") (Ex Ossibus)\|250x250px](/wiki/File:Relic_of_Bishop_Alfredo_F._Verzosa.jpg "Relic of Bishop Alfredo F. Verzosa.jpg")
[thumb\|Second\-class relics of Venerable Maria Teresa Spinelli, Venerable Santo of St. Dominic and Venerable Giovanni of St. William (Ex Indumentis)\|187x187px](/wiki/File:Second_class_relic_of_Saints.jpg "Second class relic of Saints.jpg")
[thumb\|Third\-class relic of [Saint Therese of Lisieux](/wiki/Saint_Therese_of_Lisieux "Saint Therese of Lisieux") (Reliqua Tertiae classis)\|187x187px](/wiki/File:Third_class_relic_of_Saint_Therese_of_Lisieux.jpg "Third class relic of Saint Therese of Lisieux.jpg")
In Catholic theology, sacred relics must not be worshipped, because only God is worshipped and adored. Instead, the veneration given to them was "[dulia](/wiki/Veneration "Veneration")". [Saint Jerome](/wiki/Saint_Jerome "Saint Jerome") declared, "We do not worship, we do not adore, for fear that we should bow down to the creature rather than to the Creator, but we venerate the relics of the martyrs in order the better to adore Him whose martyrs they are."Jerome, *Ad Riparium*, i, P.L., XXII, 907\.
{{anchor\|Classes}}Until 2017, the Catholic Church divided relics into three classes:
* **First\-class relics:** items directly associated with the events of Christ's life (manger, cross, etc.) or the physical remains of a saint (a bone, a hair, skull,{{cite journal\|doi\=10\.11141/ia.59\.8 \| issue\=59 \| title\=The High\-Status Late Medieval Skull Shaped Relic in Turku Cathedral, Finland – a study of its origin with oxygen and strontium isotope analyses \| year\=2022 \| journal\=Internet Archaeology \| last1 \= Lahtinen \| first1 \= Maria \| doi\-access\=free }} a limb, etc.). Traditionally, a martyr's relics are often more prized than the relics of other saints. Parts of the saint that were significant to that saint's life are more prized relics. For instance, King St. [Stephen of Hungary](/wiki/Stephen_of_Hungary "Stephen of Hungary")'s right forearm is especially important because of his status as a ruler. A famous theologian's head may be his most important relic; the head of St. [Thomas Aquinas](/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas "Thomas Aquinas") was removed by the monks at the Cistercian abbey at [Fossanova](/wiki/Fossanova "Fossanova") where he died. If a saint travelled often, then the bones of his feet may be prized. Catholic teaching prohibits relics to be divided up into small, unrecognizable parts if they are to be used in liturgy (i.e., as in an altar; see the rubrics listed in Rite of Dedication of a Church and an Altar).
* **Second\-class relics:** items that the saint owned or frequently used, for example, a [crucifix](/wiki/Crucifix "Crucifix"), [rosary](/wiki/Rosary "Rosary"), book, etc. Again, an item more important in the saint's life is thus a more important relic. Sometimes a second\-class relic is a part of an item that the saint wore (a shirt, a glove, etc.) and is known as *[ex indumentis](/wiki/Ex_indumentis "Ex indumentis")* ("from the clothing").
* **Third\-class relics:** any object that has been in contact with a first\- or second\-class relic.The Catholic Source Book *A Comprehensive Collection of Information about the Catholic Church {{ISBN\|0\-15\-950653\-0}}* Most third\-class relics are small pieces of cloth, though in the first millennium oil was popular; the [Monza ampullae](/wiki/Monza_ampullae "Monza ampullae") contained oil collected from lamps burning before the major sites of Christ's life, and some reliquaries had holes for oil to be poured in and out again. Many people call the cloth touched to the bones of saints "*ex brandea*". But *ex brandea* strictly refers to pieces of clothing that were touched to the body or tombs of the apostles. It is a term that is used only for such; it is not a synonym for a third\-class relic.
In 2017, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints abolished the relics of the third degree, introducing a two\-stage scale of classification of relics: significant (insigni) and non\-significant (non insigni) relics. The first are the bodies or their significant parts, as well as the entire contents of the urn with the ashes preserved after cremation. The second includes small fragments of the bodies, as well as objects used by saints and blesseds.{{Cite web \|title\=Instruction "Relics in the Church: Authenticity and Conservation" (8 December 2017\) \|url\=https://www.vatican.va/roman\_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc\_con\_csaints\_doc\_20171208\_istruzione\-reliquie\_en.html \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-07 \|website\=www.vatican.va}}
The sale or disposal by other means of "sacred relics" (meaning first and second class) without the permission of the Apostolic See is now strictly forbidden by canon 1190 of the [1983 *Code of Canon Law*](/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law "1983 Code of Canon Law").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\_\_P4D.HTM \|title\=Code of Canon Law \|publisher\=Holy See \|access\-date\=2013\-03\-04 \|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303003850/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\_\_P4D.HTM \|archive\-date\=2013\-03\-03 }} However, the Catholic Church permitted the sale of third\-class relics.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.scripturecatholic.com/catholic\-relics/\#Third\_Class\_Relics\_Or\_Even\_Fourth \|title\=Catholic Relics: Third Class Relics \|date\=27 May 2019 \|access\-date\=2019\-11\-07}} Relics may not be placed upon the altar for public veneration, as that is reserved for the display of the [Blessed Sacrament](/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament "Blessed Sacrament") (host or prosphora and Eucharistic wine after consecration in the sacrament of the Eucharist).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ewtn.com/library/Liturgy/zlitur288\.htm\|title\=Venerating Relics at Mass}}
File:Rome San Pietro in Vincoli 12\-1\-2011 10\-38\-51\.jpg\|\[\[Liberation of Saint Peter\|St. Peter's chains]], preserved in \[\[San Pietro in Vincoli]], Rome, a second\-class relic
File:Strdubmainaltar.jpg\|Main Altar of \[\[St. Raphael's Cathedral (Dubuque)\|St. Raphael's Cathedral]], \[\[Dubuque, Iowa]], containing the remains of \[\[Saint Cessianus]], a boy \[\[martyr]]ed during the \[\[Diocletianic Persecution]]
File:Relics of Saint Demetrius.jpg\|Relics of \[\[St. Demetrius]] in the cathedral of \[\[Thessalonika]], Greece
File:Visoki Decani 08\.JPG\|Relic of the \[\[True Cross]], \[\[Decani Monastery]], \[\[Serbia]]
File:Relic of Pope St. John Paul II 7119\.jpg\|Relic of \[\[Pope John Paul II\|Pope St. John Paul II]], declared a saint in 2014, in the \[\[Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]]
### Eastern Orthodoxy
[thumb\|upright\|[Grapevine cross](/wiki/Grapevine_cross "Grapevine cross") of [Saint Nino](/wiki/Saint_Nino "Saint Nino") of Georgia ([Sioni Cathedral](/wiki/Sioni_Cathedral "Sioni Cathedral"), [Tbilisi](/wiki/Tbilisi "Tbilisi"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 "Georgia (country)"))](/wiki/File:SaintNinoCross.jpg "SaintNinoCross.jpg")
[thumb\|Relics of Saint [Sabbas the Sanctified](/wiki/Sabbas_the_Sanctified "Sabbas the Sanctified") in the [Catholicon](/wiki/Katholikon "Katholikon") of [Mar Saba](/wiki/Mar_Saba "Mar Saba") Monastery in the [Kidron Valley](/wiki/Kidron_Valley "Kidron Valley")](/wiki/File:Relics_of_St._Sabbas_the_Sanctified_in_the_Mar_Saba_monastery_in_Palestine.jpg "Relics of St. Sabbas the Sanctified in the Mar Saba monastery in Palestine.jpg")
The importance of relics in the Byzantine world can be seen from the veneration given to the pieces of the [True Cross](/wiki/True_Cross "True Cross"). Many great works of [Byzantine enamel](/wiki/Byzantine_enamel "Byzantine enamel") are *staurothekes*, or relics containing fragments of the True Cross. Other significant relics included the [girdle worn by the Virgin](/wiki/Cincture_of_the_Theotokos "Cincture of the Theotokos"), and pieces of the body or clothing of saints. Such relics (called [contact relics](/wiki/Contact_relic "Contact relic"), or secondary relics){{cite book\|last\=Clifton\|first\=James\|editor\=Sally M. Promey\|title\=Sensational Religion: Sensory Cultures in Material Practice\|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=x1yyAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA210\|year\=2014\|publisher\=Yale UP\|isbn\=9780300187359\|pages\=205–214\|chapter\=Conversations in Museums}} were, however, scarce and did not provide most believers with ready access to proximity to the holy. The growth in the production and popularity of reproducible contact relics in the fifth and sixth centuries testifies to the need felt for more widespread access to the divine.{{cn\|date\=July 2023}}
These contact relics usually involved the placing of readily available objects, such as pieces of cloth, clay tablets, or water then bottled for believers, in contact with a relic. Alternatively, such objects could be dipped into water which had been in contact with the relic (such as the bone of a saint). These relics, a firmly embedded part of veneration by this period, increased the availability of access to the divine but were not infinitely reproducible (an original relic was required), and still usually required believers to undertake pilgrimage or have contact with somebody who had.{{cn\|date\=July 2023}}
The earliest recorded removal, or [translation](/wiki/Translation_%28relic%29 "Translation (relic)") of saintly remains was that of [Saint Babylas](/wiki/Saint_Babylas "Saint Babylas") at [Antioch](/wiki/Antioch "Antioch") in 354, but, partly perhaps because Constantinople lacked the many saintly graves of Rome, they soon became common in the Eastern Empire, though still prohibited in the West. The Eastern capital was therefore able to acquire the remains of Saints [Timothy](/wiki/Saint_Timothy "Saint Timothy"), [Andrew](/wiki/Saint_Andrew "Saint Andrew") and [Luke](/wiki/Saint_Luke "Saint Luke"), and the division of bodies also began, the 5th century theologian [Theodoretus](/wiki/Theodoretus "Theodoretus") declaring that "Grace remains entire with every part.""Sectis corum corporibus, integra et indivisa gratia perseverat" appearing in Sermon on the Martyrs (de Martyribus), ch. 8, in, The Cure of Pagan Maladies (Cure of the Pagan Diseases; Cure for Hellenic Maladies; Cure of Greek Maladies; Cure of Pagan Ills). \[Graecorum affectionum curatio, Graecarum affectionum curatio, Graecarum affect. Curatio, Graec. Aff. cur.], (ante A.D. 449\) In the West, a decree of [Theodosius](/wiki/Theodosius_I "Theodosius I") only allowed the moving of a whole [sarcophagus](/wiki/Sarcophagus "Sarcophagus") with its contents, but the upheavals of the barbarian invasions relaxed the rules, as remains needed to be relocated to safer places.Eduard Syndicus; *Early Christian Art*; p. 73; Burns \& Oates, London, 1962
The [veneration](/wiki/Veneration "Veneration") of relics continues to be of importance in the [Eastern Orthodox Church](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church"). As a natural outgrowth of the concept in Orthodox theology of [theosis](/wiki/Theosis_%28Eastern_Orthodox_theology%29 "Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)"), the physical bodies of the [saints](/wiki/Saint "Saint") are considered to be transformed by [divine grace](/wiki/Divine_grace "Divine grace")—indeed, all Orthodox Christians are considered to be [sanctified](/wiki/Sanctification "Sanctification") by living the mystical life of the Church, and especially by receiving the [Sacred Mysteries](/wiki/Sacred_Mysteries "Sacred Mysteries") ([Sacraments](/wiki/Sacraments "Sacraments")). In the Orthodox [service books](/wiki/Euchologion "Euchologion"), the remains of the departed faithful are referred to as "relics", and are treated with honour and respect. For this reason, the bodies of Orthodox Christians are traditionally not [embalmed](/wiki/Embalming "Embalming").
The veneration of the relics of the saints is of great importance in Orthodoxy, and very often churches will display the relics of saints prominently. In a number of [monasteries](/wiki/Monastery "Monastery"), particularly those on the semi\-autonomous [Mount Athos](/wiki/Mount_Athos "Mount Athos") in Greece, all of the relics the monastery possesses are displayed and venerated each evening at [Compline](/wiki/Compline "Compline"). As with the veneration of [icons](/wiki/Icons "Icons"), the [veneration](/wiki/Veneration "Veneration") ([Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language"); δουλια, *dulia*) of relics in the Orthodox Church is clearly distinguished from [adoration](/wiki/Adoration "Adoration") (λατρεια, *[latria](/wiki/Latria "Latria")*); i.e., that worship which is due to God alone. Thus Orthodox teaching warns the faithful against [idolatry](/wiki/Idolatry "Idolatry") and at the same time remains true to scriptural teaching (vis. 2 Kings 13:20–21\) as understood by Orthodox [Sacred Tradition](/wiki/Sacred_Tradition "Sacred Tradition").
The examination of the relics is an important step in the [glorification](/wiki/Glorification "Glorification") (canonization) of new saints. Sometimes, one of the signs of sanctification is the condition of the relics of the saint. Some saints will be [incorrupt](/wiki/Incorruptibility "Incorruptibility"), meaning that their remains do not decay under conditions when they normally would (natural [mummification](/wiki/Mummy "Mummy") is not the same as incorruption){{clarify\|date\=June 2018}}. Sometimes even when the flesh does decay the bones themselves will manifest signs of sanctity. They may be honey\-coloured or give off a [sweet aroma](/wiki/Odour_of_sanctity "Odour of sanctity"). Some relics will exude [myrrh](/wiki/Myrrh "Myrrh"). The absence of such manifestations is not necessarily a sign that the person is not a Saint.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2018}}
Relics play a major role in the [consecration of a church](/wiki/Consecrations_in_Eastern_Christianity%23Consecration_of_a_church "Consecrations in Eastern Christianity#Consecration of a church"). The consecrating bishop will place the relics on a [diskos](/wiki/Diskos "Diskos") (paten) in a church near the church that is to be consecrated, they will then be taken in a [cross procession](/wiki/Crucession "Crucession") to the new church, carried three times around the new structure and then placed in the [Holy Table](/wiki/Holy_Table "Holy Table") (altar) as part of the consecration service.
The relics of saints (traditionally, always those of a martyr) are also sewn into the [antimension](/wiki/Antimension "Antimension") which is given to a priest by his bishop as a means of bestowing [faculties](/wiki/Liturgical "Liturgical") upon him (i.e., granting him permission to celebrate the Sacred Mysteries). The antimens is kept on the [Holy Table](/wiki/Holy_Table "Holy Table") (altar), and it is forbidden to celebrate the [Divine Liturgy](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy "Divine Liturgy") (Eucharist) without it. Occasionally, in cases of fixed altars, the relics are built in the altar table itself and sealed with a special mixture called [wax\-mastic](/wiki/Wax-mastic "Wax-mastic").{{cite journal \|last1\=Tomov \|first1\=Nikola \|last2\=Dzhangozov \|first2\=Januarius (Yanko) \|title\=Wax Embedding as a Method for Preservation of Body Relics Used by the Orthodox Church \|journal\=Acta Morphologica et Anthropologica \|volume\=25 \|issue\=1–2 \|pages\=122–125 \|url\=http://www.iempam.bas.bg/journals/acta/acta25a/122\-125\.pdf}}
The necessity of provide relics for [antimensions](/wiki/Antimins "Antimins") in new churches often necessitates continuous division of relics. An account of this process can be found in a treatise of the pre\-revolutionary Russian church historian {{ill\|Nikolay Romansky\|ru\|Романский, Николай Алексеевич}}. According to Romansky, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church operated a special office, located in the Church of Philip the Apostle in the [Moscow Kremlin](/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin "Moscow Kremlin"), where bones of numerous saints, authenticated by the church's hierarchs, were stored, and pieces of them were prayerfully separated with hammer and chisel to be sent to the dioceses that needed to place them into new antimensions.{{citation\|url\=http://lib.pravmir.ru/library/readbook/410\|first\=Nikolay (Николай Романский)\|last\=Romansky\|title\=Что такое святые мощи и как совершается их раздробление \|trans\-title\=What are holy relics and how their division is carried out}}
### In art
Many churches were built along pilgrimage routes. A number in Europe were either founded or rebuilt specifically to enshrine relics, (such as San Marco in [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice")) and to welcome and awe the large crowds of pilgrims who came to seek their help. Romanesque buildings developed passageways behind the altar to allow for the creation of several smaller chapels designed to house relics. From the exterior, this collection of small rooms is seen as a cluster of delicate, curved roofs at one end of the church, a distinctive feature of many Romanesque churches. Gothic churches featured lofty, recessed porches which provided space for statuary and the display of relics.{{cn\|date\=July 2023}}
Historian and philosopher of art Hans Belting observed that in medieval painting, images explained the relic and served as a testament to its authenticity. In *Likeness and Presence*, Belting argued that the cult of relics helped to stimulate the rise of painting in medieval Europe.
#### Reliquaries
[thumb\|Reliquaries in the Church of San Pedro, in [Ayerbe](/wiki/Ayerbe "Ayerbe"), Spain](/wiki/File:10.2006_Brazos_relicario.jpg "10.2006 Brazos relicario.jpg")
[Reliquaries](/wiki/Reliquary "Reliquary") are containers used to protect and display relics. While frequently taking the form of caskets, they have many other forms, including simulations of the relic encased within (e.g., a gilded depiction of an arm for a relic consisting of arm bones). Since the relics themselves were considered valuable, they were enshrined in containers crafted of or covered with gold, silver, gems, and enamel.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/relc/hd\_relc.htm\|title\=Relics and Reliquaries in Medieval Christianity\|publisher\=Metropolitan Museum of Art\|work\=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}
Ivory was widely used in the Middle Ages for reliquaries, its pure white color an indication of the holy status of its contents.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.learn.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/relics/Reliquary.php\|title\=Reliquary}} These objects constituted a major form of artistic production across Europe and Byzantium throughout the Middle Ages.
### List of claimed relics
[thumb\|The [Seamless robe of Jesus](/wiki/Seamless_robe_of_Jesus "Seamless robe of Jesus") in [Trier Cathedral](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Trier "Cathedral of Trier")](/wiki/File:The_Holy_Tunic_of_Jesus_Christ_in_Trier%2C_Germany.JPG "The Holy Tunic of Jesus Christ in Trier, Germany.JPG")
[thumb\|Detail of the Girdle of Mary in the [Basilica of Our Lady](/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady%2C_Maastricht "Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht") in [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht "Maastricht")](/wiki/File:2018_Maastricht_Heiligdomsvaart%2C_reliekentoning_Onze-Lieve-Vrouwebasiliek%2C_voorbereiding_15.jpg "2018 Maastricht Heiligdomsvaart, reliekentoning Onze-Lieve-Vrouwebasiliek, voorbereiding 15.jpg")
[thumb\|The [Shrine of the Three Kings](/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings "Shrine of the Three Kings") in [Cologne Cathedral](/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral "Cologne Cathedral")](/wiki/File:Shrine_of_the_Three_Magi%2C_Cologne.jpg "Shrine of the Three Magi, Cologne.jpg")
* Relics of the [True Cross](/wiki/True_Cross "True Cross") of Jesus are claimed by many churches around the world. The same applies to [Holy Nails](/wiki/Holy_Nail "Holy Nail"), [Holy Sponges](/wiki/Holy_Sponge "Holy Sponge"), [Holy Lances](/wiki/Holy_Lance "Holy Lance"), [Holy Thorns](/wiki/Crown_of_thorns "Crown of thorns") and other [Instruments of the Passion](/wiki/Instruments_of_the_Passion "Instruments of the Passion"). Famous examples are the Holy Nail in the [Iron Crown of Lombardy](/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy "Iron Crown of Lombardy") in [Monza Cathedral](/wiki/Monza_Cathedral "Monza Cathedral"), the Holy Lance that was part of the [Crown Jewels of the Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Imperial_Treasury%2C_Vienna "Imperial Treasury, Vienna") in the [Hofburg Palace](/wiki/Hofburg_Palace "Hofburg Palace") in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), and the [Holy Thorn Reliquary](/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary "Holy Thorn Reliquary") in the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum "British Museum") in [London](/wiki/London "London").
* The [Seamless robe of Jesus](/wiki/Seamless_robe_of_Jesus "Seamless robe of Jesus") is kept in a purpose\-built chapel in [Trier Cathedral](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Trier "Cathedral of Trier").
* The [Sandals of Jesus Christ](/wiki/Sandals_of_Jesus_Christ "Sandals of Jesus Christ") were donated to [Prüm Abbey](/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Abbey "Prüm Abbey"), Germany, by popes Zachary and Stephen II in the 8th century.
* The [Marienschrein](/wiki/Marienschrein "Marienschrein") in [Aachen Cathedral](/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral "Aachen Cathedral") contains four important relics: the nappy and loin cloth of Jesus, the dress of Mary and the decapitation cloth of John the Baptist. The [Karlsschrein](/wiki/Karlsschrein "Karlsschrein") in the same church contains the remains of [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne "Charlemagne"), who was locally venerated as a saint.
* The Girdle of Mary is kept in the [Basilica of Our Lady](/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady%2C_Maastricht "Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht") in [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht "Maastricht"), Netherlands.
* The [Shrine of the Three Kings](/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings "Shrine of the Three Kings") in [Cologne Cathedral](/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral "Cologne Cathedral") contains the remnants of the [biblical Magi](/wiki/Biblical_Magi "Biblical Magi").
* St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican contains [Saint Peter's](/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb "Saint Peter's tomb") relics.
* St Paul's relics are allegedly contained in the [Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Wall](/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls "Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls"), in Rome.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory\=14539\|title\=Relics of St Paul discovered\|work\=Independent Catholic News\|date\=28 June 2009 }}
* [St James](/wiki/James_the_Great "James the Great")' relics are reputedly held at the [Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela "Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela"), Spain.
* [St Luke](/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist "Luke the Evangelist") the Evangelist's body is held at the [Abbey of Santa Giustina](/wiki/Abbey_of_Santa_Giustina "Abbey of Santa Giustina") in [Padua](/wiki/Padua "Padua"), Italy; his head, in the [St. Vitus Cathedral](/wiki/St._Vitus_Cathedral "St. Vitus Cathedral") in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague"); and a rib, at his tomb in [Thebes, Greece](/wiki/Thebes%2C_Greece "Thebes, Greece").
* St Mark the Evangelist's relics are held at [St Mark's Basilica](/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica "St Mark's Basilica") in Venice.
* St Matthew the Evangelist's relics are purported to be in the [Cathedral of Salerno](/wiki/Salerno_Cathedral "Salerno Cathedral"), Italy.
* St John the Evangelist's tomb is purported to be in the [Basilica of St. John](/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John "Basilica of St. John") at [Ephesus](/wiki/Ephesus "Ephesus") in Turkey. The opening of his tomb during [Constantine the Great](/wiki/Constantine_the_Great "Constantine the Great")'s reign yielded no bones, giving rise to the belief that his body was [assumed into heaven](/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive "Entering heaven alive").{{Cite web\|url\={{Google books\|SuclAQAAIAAJ\|plainurl\=yes}}\|title\=The Biblical Archaeologist\|date\=March 7, 1974\|publisher\=American Schools of Oriental Research.\|via\=Google Books}}
* [John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist "John the Baptist")'s skull, or parts of it, are venerated at the [Amiens Cathedral](/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral "Amiens Cathedral") in France, at the Church of [San Silvestre in Capite](/wiki/San_Silvestre_in_Capite "San Silvestre in Capite") in Rome and at the [Munich Residenz](/wiki/Munich_Residenz "Munich Residenz") Palace. His other relics were discovered in a Bulgarian monastery in 2010\.Squires, Nick (August 2010\). ["St John the Baptist's bones 'found in Bulgarian monastery{{'"}}](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/7926657/St-John-the-Baptists-bones-found-in-Bulgarian-monastery.html). *The Telegraph*.
* [St Andrew's relics](/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle "Andrew the Apostle") are contained in the Basilica of St Andrew in Patras, Greece.
* Reliquary arms of Saint [Thomas the Apostle](/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle "Thomas the Apostle") can be found in churches around the globe. Most contain only a fragment of the arm that allegedly touched Christ's side wound after the Resurrection.
* Saint [Thomas Aquinas](/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas "Thomas Aquinas")' relics are contained in the Church of the Jacobins, [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse "Toulouse"), France.
* [Saint Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi "Francis of Assisi")'s relics are enshrined in the [Basilica of Saint Francis](/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi "Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi") in [Assisi](/wiki/Assisi "Assisi"), Italy.
* Saint [Catherine of Siena](/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena "Catherine of Siena")'s head is stored in San Domenico church, [Siena](/wiki/Siena "Siena"), with her body in Santa Maria sopra Minerva Church in Rome.
* [Saint George](/wiki/Sacred_Relic_of_St._George "Sacred Relic of St. George")'s arm is kept in [Lod](/wiki/Lod "Lod").{{Cite web \|date\=2010\-04\-21 \|title\=The Tomb of the Holy Great Martyr George from Lodd, Lydda \|url\=https://orthodoxword.wordpress.com/2010/04/21/the\-tomb\-of\-the\-holy\-great\-martyr\-george\-from\-lodd\-lydda/ \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-18 \|website\=OrthodoxWord \|language\=en\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816013205/https://orthodoxword.wordpress.com/2010/04/21/the\-tomb\-of\-the\-holy\-great\-martyr\-george\-from\-lodd\-lydda/\|archive\-date\=2021\-08\-16\|url\-status\=live}}
* [Saint Servatius](/wiki/Saint_Servatius "Saint Servatius")' relics are largely kept in a gilded chest and bust in the [Basilica of Saint Servatius](/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Servatius "Basilica of Saint Servatius") in [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht "Maastricht"), Netherlands. Some of his relics are in [Tongeren](/wiki/Tongeren "Tongeren"), Belgium, and [Quedlinburg](/wiki/Quedlinburg "Quedlinburg"), Germany.
* [Saint Lambert](/wiki/Lambert_of_Maastricht "Lambert of Maastricht")'s skull is contained in a reliquary bust in [Liège Cathedral](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Cathedral "Liège Cathedral"), Belgium.
* [Saint Hubert](/wiki/Hubertus "Hubertus")'s remains were enshrined in the [Abbey of Saint\-Hubert](/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Hubert "Abbey of Saint-Hubert"), Belgium.
* [Saint Willibrord](/wiki/Willibrord "Willibrord")'s remains are in [Echternach](/wiki/Echternach "Echternach"), Luxemburg.
* Nun Maria Droste zu Vischering's (known as [Mary of the Divine Heart](/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart "Mary of the Divine Heart")) relics are exposed in the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in [Ermesinde](/wiki/Ermesinde "Ermesinde"), Portugal.
* The shin of Pope [Saint Clement I](/wiki/Pope_Clement_I "Pope Clement I") is kept in the [Church of the Conception](/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_%28Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife%29 "Iglesia de la Concepción (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)") of [Santa Cruz de Tenerife](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife "Santa Cruz de Tenerife"), Spain.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=YzofqK1vZJ8C\&dq\=Fiestas\+y\+creencias\+en\+Canarias\+en\+la\+Edad\+Moderna\&pg\=PA3 \|title\=Fiestas y creencias en Canarias en la Edad Moderna \|first\=Manuel Hernández \|last\=González \|publisher\=Ediciones IDEA \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=9788483821077}}
|
[
"Christianity\n------------",
"[thumb\\|A [reliquary](/wiki/Reliquary \"Reliquary\") at [Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary](/wiki/Pope_St._John_XXIII_National_Seminary \"Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary\") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), with relics of [St. James](/wiki/James_the_Greater \"James the Greater\"), [St. Matthew](/wiki/Matthew_the_Evangelist \"Matthew the Evangelist\"), [St. Philip](/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle \"Philip the Apostle\"), [St. Simon](/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot \"Simon the Zealot\"), [St. Thomas](/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle \"Thomas the Apostle\"), [St. Stephen](/wiki/Saint_Stephen \"Saint Stephen\") and other [saints](/wiki/Saint \"Saint\")](/wiki/File:BJ23-reliquary.jpg \"BJ23-reliquary.jpg\")",
"### History",
"One of the earliest sources that purports to show the efficacy of relics is found in 2 Kings 13:20–21:\n{{blockquote\\|And Elisha died, and they buried him. Now the bands of the Moabites used to invade the land at the coming in of the year. And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold, they spied a band; and they cast the man into the sepulchre of Elisha; and as soon as the man touched the bones of Elisha, he revived, and stood up on his feet. {{Bibleverse\\|2\\|Kings\\|13:20–21\\|HE}}}}",
"Also cited is the veneration of relics from the martyr and bishop [Saint Polycarp of Smyrna](/wiki/Saint_Polycarp_of_Smyrna \"Saint Polycarp of Smyrna\") recorded in the *[Martyrdom of Polycarp](/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp \"Martyrdom of Polycarp\")*, written sometime from 150 to 160 AD.[Head, Thomas. \"The Cult of the Saints and Their Relics\", The On\\-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (the ORB), College of Staten Island, City University of New York](http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/hagiography/cult.htm) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717041711/http://www.the\\-orb.net/encyclop/religion/hagiography/cult.htm \\|date\\=July 17, 2012 }} With regard to relics that are objects, an often cited passage is [Acts](/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles \"Acts of the Apostles\") 19:11–12, which says that [Paul the Apostle](/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle \"Paul the Apostle\")'s handkerchiefs were imbued by God with healing power. In the [gospel](/wiki/Gospel \"Gospel\") accounts of [Jesus healing the bleeding woman](/wiki/Jesus_healing_the_bleeding_woman \"Jesus healing the bleeding woman\") and again in the [Gospel of Mark](/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark \"Gospel of Mark\") 6:56, those who touched Jesus' garment were healed.",
"The practice of venerating relics seems to have been taken for granted by writers like [Augustine](/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo \"Augustine of Hippo\"), St. [Ambrose](/wiki/Ambrose \"Ambrose\"), [Gregory of Nyssa](/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa \"Gregory of Nyssa\"), St. [Chrysostom](/wiki/Chrysostom \"Chrysostom\"), and St. [Gregory Nazianzen](/wiki/Gregory_Nazianzen \"Gregory Nazianzen\"). Dom Bernardo Cignitti, O.S.B., wrote, \"\\[T]he remains of certain dead are surrounded with special care and veneration. This is because the mortal remains of the deceased are associated in some manner with the holiness of their souls which await reunion with their bodies in the [resurrection](/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead \"Resurrection of the Dead\").\"[Mangan, Charles. \"Church Teaching on Relics\", Catholic Education Resource Center](http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0331.html) [Thomas Aquinas](/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas \"Thomas Aquinas\") (d. 1274\\) pointed out that it was natural that people should treasure what is associated with the dead, much like the personal effects of a relative. In an interview with [Catholic News Service](/wiki/Catholic_News_Service \"Catholic News Service\"), Fr. Mario Conte, executive editor of the Messenger of St. Anthony magazine in [Padua](/wiki/Padua \"Padua\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), said, \"Saints' relics help people overcome the abstract and make a connection with the holy ... Saints do not perform miracles. Only God performs miracles, but saints are intercessors.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.americancatholic.org/news/report.aspx?id\\=4106\\|title\\=Catholic News \\- Saints' Relics Help People Make Connection to the Holy \\|website\\=American Catholic}}",
"[thumb\\|A relic from the shrine of [Saint Boniface of Dokkum](/wiki/Saint_Boniface \"Saint Boniface\") in the [hermit\\-church](/wiki/Hermit \"Hermit\") of [Warfhuizen](/wiki/Warfhuizen \"Warfhuizen\"): the bone fragment in middle is from [Saint Boniface](/wiki/Saint_Boniface \"Saint Boniface\"); the folded papers on the left and right contain bone fragments of Saint [Benedict of Nursia](/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia \"Benedict of Nursia\") and [Bernard of Clairvaux](/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux \"Bernard of Clairvaux\").](/wiki/File:Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg \"Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg\")",
"In the early Church the disturbance of the remains of martyrs and other saints was not practiced. They were allowed to remain in their often unidentified resting places such as in cemeteries and the [catacombs of Rome](/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome \"Catacombs of Rome\"). These places were always outside the walls of the city, but [martyriums](/wiki/Martyrium_%28architecture%29 \"Martyrium (architecture)\") began to be built over the site of the burial. Since it was considered beneficial to the soul to be buried close to the remains of saints, several large \"funerary halls\" were built over the sites of martyr's graves, including [Old Saint Peter's Basilica](/wiki/Old_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica \"Old Saint Peter's Basilica\"). These were initially not regular churches, but \"covered cemeteries\" crammed with graves, wherein was celebrated funerary and memorial services. It may have been thought that when the souls of the martyrs went to heaven on resurrection day they would be accompanied by those interred nearby, who would thus gain favour with God.",
"Some early Christians attributed [healing powers](/wiki/Traditional_medicine \"Traditional medicine\") to the [dust from graves](/wiki/Han%C4%81n%C4%81 \"Hanānā\") of saints, including [Gregory of Tours](/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours \"Gregory of Tours\"). The cult of [Martin of Tours](/wiki/Martin_of_Tours \"Martin of Tours\") was very popular in [Merovingian](/wiki/Merovingian \"Merovingian\") [Gaul](/wiki/Gaul \"Gaul\"), and centered at a great church built just outside the walls of Tours. When Saint Martin died on November 8, 397, at a village halfway between [Tours](/wiki/Tours \"Tours\") and [Poitiers](/wiki/Poitiers \"Poitiers\"), the inhabitants of these cities were ready to fight for his body, which the people of Tours managed to secure by stealth. Tours became the chief point of [Christian pilgrimage](/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage \"Christian pilgrimage\") in Gaul, a place for the healing of the sick.",
"[Gregory of Tours](/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours \"Gregory of Tours\") travelled to the shrine when he had contracted a serious illness. Later, as bishop of Tours, Gregory wrote extensively about miracles attributed to the intercession of St Martin.{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://csla.history.ox.ac.uk/record.php?recid\\=E00570\\|title\\=Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Martyrs 49\\|journal\\=Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity\\|first\\=Marta\\|last\\=Tycner\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Oxford]], \\[\\[University of Warsaw]], \\[\\[University of Reading]], \\[\\[European Research Council]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2022}} [Nestorian Christianity](/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity \"Nestorian Christianity\") utilized the *hanānā*–a mixture made with the dust of [Thomas the Apostle](/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle \"Thomas the Apostle\")'s tomb–for healing. Within the [Assyrian Church of the East](/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East \"Assyrian Church of the East\"), it is consumed by a couple getting married in the [Mystery of Crowning](/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning \"Mystery of Crowning\").{{cite book\\|url\\=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III\\-2\\-F\\-c\\-30/V\\-2/page\\-hr/0412\\.html.en\\|title\\=The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East\\|author\\=\\[\\[Henry Yule\\|Yule, Henry]]\\|location\\=\\[\\[London]]\\|publisher\\=John Murray\\|date\\=1903\\|volume\\=2\\|page\\=356\\|via\\=National Institute of Informatics \\- Digital Silk Road Project, Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://www.malankaralibrary.com/ImageUpload/8cbe709334d186a0f272183699f0a27f.pdf\\|title\\=East Syriac Theology: An Introduction\\|chapter\\=Theology of 'Rāzē: The Mysteries of the Church in the East Syriac Tradition\\|first\\=Jose\\|last\\=Kochuparampil\\|editor\\-first\\=Pauly\\|editor\\-last\\=Maniyattu\\|publisher\\=Ephrem's Publications\\|date\\=2007\\|location\\=\\[\\[Madhya Pradesh\\|MP]], \\[\\[India]]\\|page\\=264, 267\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2022\\|via\\=Malankara Library}}",
"The [Second Council of Nicaea](/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea \"Second Council of Nicaea\") in 787 drew on the teaching of St. [John Damascene](/wiki/John_Damascene \"John Damascene\") that homage or respect is not really paid to an inanimate object, but to the holy person, the veneration of a holy person is itself honour paid to God.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://carmelite.org/index.php?nuc\\=content\\&id\\=127\\|title\\=Relics\\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301045514/http://carmelite.org/index.php?nuc\\=content\\&id\\=127\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-01}} The Council decreed that every [altar](/wiki/Altar \"Altar\") should contain a relic, making it clear that this was already the norm, as it remains to the present day in [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") and [Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\") churches. The veneration of the relics of the saints reflects a belief that the saints in heaven [intercede](/wiki/Intercession \"Intercession\") for those on earth. A number of cures and miracles have been attributed to relics, not because of their own power, but because of the holiness of the saint they represent.[\"Relics of Saints\"](http://www.bostoncatholic.org/Being-Catholic/Content.aspx?id=11478), *Boston Catholic*, Archdiocese of Boston",
"Many tales of [miracles](/wiki/Miracle \"Miracle\") and other marvels were attributed to relics beginning in the early centuries of the church. These became popular during the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"). They were collected in books of [hagiography](/wiki/Hagiography \"Hagiography\") such as the *[Golden Legend](/wiki/Golden_Legend \"Golden Legend\")* or the works of [Caesarius of Heisterbach](/wiki/Caesarius_of_Heisterbach \"Caesarius of Heisterbach\"). These miracle tales made relics much sought\\-after during the period. By the Late Middle Ages, the collecting of, and dealing in, relics had reached enormous proportions, and had spread from the church to royalty, and then to the nobility and merchant classes.",
"The [Council of Trent](/wiki/Council_of_Trent \"Council of Trent\") of 1563 enjoined bishops to instruct their flocks that \"the holy bodies of holy martyrs ... are to be venerated by the faithful, for through these \\[bodies] many benefits are bestowed by God on men\". The Council further insisted that \"in the invocation of saints, the veneration of relics and the sacred use of images, every superstition shall be removed and all filthy lucre abolished.\"Thurston, Herbert. [\"Relics\"](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12734a.htm). *The Catholic Encyclopedia*. Vol. 12\\. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911\\. 13 March 2014 There are also many [relics associated with Jesus](/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus \"Relics associated with Jesus\").",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|St. [Francis Xavier](/wiki/Francis_Xavier \"Francis Xavier\")'s [humerus](/wiki/Humerus \"Humerus\"), [St. Joseph's Church](/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_and_Church \"St. Joseph's Seminary and Church\"), [Macau](/wiki/Macau \"Macau\")](/wiki/File:Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg \"Reliquary of St. Francis Xavier's humerus.jpg\")",
"In his introduction to Gregory's *History of the Franks*, Ernest Brehaut analyzed the Romano\\-Christian concepts that gave relics such a powerful draw. He distinguished Gregory's constant usage of *sanctus* and *[virtus](/wiki/Virtus_%28virtue%29 \"Virtus (virtue)\")*, the first with its familiar meaning of \"sacred\" or \"holy\", and the second as \"the mystic potency emanating from the person or thing that is sacred... In a practical way the second word *\\[virtus]* ... describes the uncanny, mysterious power emanating from the supernatural and affecting the natural... These points of contact and yielding are the miracles we continually hear of.\"Medieval Sourcebook, Gregory of Tours (539–594\\), *History of the Franks*, Books I–X, [Introduction by Earnest Brehaut (from his 1916 translation), pp. ix–xxv](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregory-hist.html#brehaut) \\[Note: Many of Brehaut's opinions and prejudices would not be upheld by modern historians. Students should not rely on this *Introduction* as a guide.]",
"### Relics and pilgrimage",
"Rome became a major destination for Christian pilgrims as it was easier to access for European pilgrims than the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land \"Holy Land\"). [Constantine the Great](/wiki/Constantine_the_Great \"Constantine the Great\") erected great basilicas over the tombs of Saints Peter and Paul. A distinction of these sites was the presence of holy relics. Over the course of the Middle Ages, other religious structures acquired relics and became destinations for [pilgrimage](/wiki/Pilgrimage \"Pilgrimage\"). In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, substantial numbers of pilgrims flocked to [Santiago de Compostela](/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela \"Santiago de Compostela\") in Spain, in which the supposed relics of the apostle [James, son of Zebedee](/wiki/James%2C_son_of_Zebedee \"James, son of Zebedee\"), discovered {{circa}} 830, are housed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pilg/hd\\_pilg.htm\\|title\\=Pilgrimage in Medieval Europe\\|publisher\\=Metropolitan Museum of Art \\|work\\=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}} Santiago de Compostela remains a significant pilgrimage site, with around 200,000 pilgrims, both secular and Christian, completing the numerous pilgrimage routes to the cathedral in 2012 alone.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Beardsley\\|first1\\=Eleanor\\|title\\=An Ancient Religious Pilgrimage That Now Draws The Secular\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2013/05/20/185577205/Modern\\-Pilgrims\\-Find\\-New\\-Meaning\\-Walking\\-An\\-Ancient\\-Path\\|newspaper\\=NPR.org\\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\\=The pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Pictures\\|url\\=http://www.santiago\\-compostela.net/\\|website\\=Camino de Santiago}}",
"By venerating relics through visitation, gifts, and providing services, medieval Christians believed that they would acquire the protection and intercession of the sanctified dead. Relics of local saints drew visitors to sites like Saint Frideswide's in [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford \"Oxford\"), and San Nicola Peregrino in [Trani](/wiki/Trani \"Trani\"). Instead of having to travel to be near to a venerated [saint](/wiki/Saint \"Saint\"), relics of the saint could be venerated locally.",
"Believers would make pilgrimages to places believed to have been sanctified by the physical presence of Christ or prominent saints, such as the site of the [Holy Sepulchre](/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre \"Holy Sepulchre\") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\").{{cn\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"#### Economic effect",
"As holy relics attracted pilgrims and these religious tourists needed to be housed, fed, and provided with souvenirs, relics became a source of income not only for the destinations that held them, but for the abbeys, churches, and towns en route. Relics were prized as they were portable.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ByFRavb95AYC\\&pg\\=PA139 \\|title\\=Sacred trust : the medieval church as an economic firm \\|date\\=1996 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|others\\=Robert B. Ekelund \\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-510337\\-8 \\|location\\=New York \\|oclc\\=34943197\\| author\\-first\\=Robert B. \\| author\\-last\\=Ekelund \\| author\\-first2\\=Robert D.\\| author\\-last2\\=Tollison \\| author\\-first3\\=Gary M. \\| author\\-last3\\=Anderson \\| author\\-first4\\=Robert F.\\| author\\-last4\\=Herbert \\| author\\-first5\\=Audrey B.\\| author\\-last5\\=Davidson }} They could be possessed, inventoried, bequeathed, stolen, counterfeited, and smuggled.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Manns \\|first\\=D. \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-13 \\|title\\=The Business of Bones: Relic Trafficking in the Middle Ages \\|url\\=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/a\\-business\\-of\\-bones\\-relic\\-trafficking\\-in\\-the\\-middle\\-ages \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-18 \\|website\\=Atlas Obscura \\|language\\=en}} They could add value to an established site or confer significance on a new location.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Smith \\|first\\=Julia M. H. \\|date\\=2010 \\|title\\=Portable Christianity: Relics in the Medieval West (c. 700–1200\\) \\|url\\=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1953/pba181p143\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|series\\=\\[\\[Proceedings of the British Academy]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|publication\\-date\\=2012 \\|volume\\=181 \\|pages\\=143–167 \\|doi\\=10\\.5871/bacad/9780197265277\\.003\\.0006 \\|isbn\\=9780197265277 \\|issn\\=0068\\-1202 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223053830/https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1953/pba181p143\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-18}} Offerings made at a site of pilgrimage were an important source of revenue for the community who received them on behalf of the saint.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Geary \\|first\\=Patrick J. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vXriQodlUsQC\\&pg\\=PA22 \\|title\\=Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages \\|edition\\=Revised \\|year\\=2011 \\|publisher\\=Princeton University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4008\\-2020\\-7 \\|language\\=en}}",
"According to [Patrick Geary](/wiki/Patrick_J._Geary \"Patrick J. Geary\"), \"\\[t]o the communities fortunate enough to have a saint's remains in its church, the benefits in terms of revenue and status were enormous, and competition to acquire relics and to promote the local saint's virtues over those of neighboring communities was keen.\"{{Citation \\|last\\=Geary \\|first\\=Patrick \\|title\\=Sacred commodities: the circulation of medieval relics \\|date\\=1986\\-04\\-30 \\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511819582A016/type/book\\_part \\|work\\=The Social Life of Things \\|pages\\=169–192 \\|editor\\-last\\=Appadurai \\|editor\\-first\\=Arjun \\|edition\\=1 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/cbo9780511819582\\.008 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-32351\\-2 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-18 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-14 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314102934/http://sacredspace.barrystephenson.ca/wp\\-content/uploads/2009/11/Geary\\-Sacred\\-Commodities\\-Medieval\\-Relics.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. Local clergy promoted their own patron saints in an effort to secure their own market share. On occasion guards had to watch over mortally ill holy men and women to prevent the unauthorized dismemberment of their corpses as soon as they died.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Butterfield \\|first\\=Andrew \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-28 \\|title\\=What Remains \\|magazine\\=The New Republic \\|url\\=https://newrepublic.com/article/92804/medieval\\-christian\\-art\\-relics \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-18 \\|issn\\=0028\\-6583}} Geary also suggests that the danger of someone murdering an aging holy man in order to acquire his relics was a legitimate concern.",
"Relics were used to cure the sick, to seek intercession for relief from famine or plague, to take solemn oaths, and to pressure warring factions to make peace in the presence of the sacred. Courts held relics since Merovingian times. St [Angilbert](/wiki/Angilbert \"Angilbert\") acquired for [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne \"Charlemagne\") one of the most impressive collections in Christendom. An active market developed and relics entered into commerce along the same trade routes followed by other portable commodities. Matthew Brown likens a ninth\\-century Italian [deacon](/wiki/Deacon \"Deacon\") named Deusdona, with access to the Roman catacombs, as crossing the [Alps](/wiki/Alps \"Alps\") to visit monastic fairs of northern Europe much like a contemporary art dealer.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/bown/art\\-value5\\-25\\-10\\.asp \\| title\\=Dust to Dust \\| first\\=Matthew \\| last\\=Brown \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-18 \\|website\\=www.artnet.com \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205143130/http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/bown/art\\-value5\\-25\\-10\\.asp \\| archive\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-05}}",
"[Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury \"Canterbury\") was a popular destination for English pilgrims, who traveled to witness the miracle\\-working relics of St [Thomas Becket](/wiki/Thomas_Becket \"Thomas Becket\"), the sainted [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury \"Archbishop of Canterbury\") who was [assassinated by knights](/wiki/Thomas_Becket%23Assassination \"Thomas Becket#Assassination\") of [King Henry II](/wiki/Henry_II_of_England \"Henry II of England\") in 1170\\. After Becket's death, his successor and the Canterbury chapter quickly used his relics to promote the cult of the as\\-yet\\-uncanonized martyr. The motivations included the assertion of the Church's independence against rulers, a desire to have an English (indeed [Norman English](/wiki/Anglo-Normans \"Anglo-Normans\")) saint of European reputation, and the desire to promote Canterbury as a destination for pilgrimage. In the first years after Becket's death, donations at the shrine accounted for twenty\\-eight percent of the cathedral's total revenues.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Freeman \\|first\\=Charles \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=EDQH9Pi5eT0C\\&pg\\=PA31 \\|title\\=Holy Bones, Holy Dust: How Relics Shaped the History of Medieval Europe \\|year\\=2011\\|publisher\\=Yale University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-300\\-16659\\-0 \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Counterfeits",
"In the absence of real ways of assessing authenticity, relic\\-collectors became prey to the unscrupulous, and some extremely high prices were paid. Forgeries proliferated from the very beginning. [Augustine](/wiki/Augustine \"Augustine\") already denounced impostors who wandered around disguised as monks, making a profit from the sale of spurious relics.[\"Of the Works of Monks\"](http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1314.htm) (St. Augustine): \"36\\...Some hawking about limbs of martyrs, if indeed of martyrs\" In his *Admonitio Generalis* of 789, [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne \"Charlemagne\") ordered that \"the false names of martyrs and the uncertain memorials of saints should not be venerated.\" The Fourth Lateran Council (1215\\) of the Catholic Church condemned abuses such as counterfeit relics and exaggerated claims.",
"Pieces of the [True Cross](/wiki/True_Cross \"True Cross\") were one of the most highly sought\\-after of such relics; many churches claimed to possess a piece of it, so many that [John Calvin](/wiki/John_Calvin \"John Calvin\") famously remarked that there were enough pieces of the True Cross to build a ship from.Calvin, *Traité Des Reliques* A study in 1870de Fleury, *Mémoire sur les instruments de la Passion* found that, put together, the claimed relics of the cross at that much later time weighed less than 1\\.7 kg. By the middle of the 16th century, the number of relics in Christian churches became enormous, and there was practically no possibility to distinguish the authentic from the falsification, since both of them had been in the temples for centuries and were objects for worship. In 1543, John Calvin wrote about fake relics in his *[Treatise on Relics](/wiki/Treatise_on_Relics \"Treatise on Relics\")*, in which he described the state of affairs with relics in Catholic churches. Calvin says that the saints have two or three or more bodies with arms and legs, and even a few extra limbs and heads.[Radtsig, N. I.](/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 \"Радциг, Николай Иванович\") [\"Traite des reliques\" Кальвина, его происхождение и значение](http://www.srednieveka.ru/upload/journal/01.150-163.pdf) / [Сборник «Средние века»](http://www.srednieveka.ru/journal.php?op=cat&id=1171), №01 (1942\\) / Ежегодник [РАН](/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences \"Russian Academy of Sciences\") / [Nauka](/wiki/Nauka_%28publisher%29 \"Nauka (publisher)\").[Philip Schaff](/wiki/Philip_Schaff \"Philip Schaff\"). [\"History of the Christian Church\"](http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/8_ch15.htm). Volume VIII: \"History Of The Reformation, 1517–1648\". Third Book. The Reformation in French Switzerland, or The Calvinistic Movement. / Chapter XV. Theological Controversies. / § 122\\. Against the Worship of Relics. 1543\\.",
"Due to the existence of counterfeit relics, the Church began to regulate the use of relics. [Canon Law](/wiki/Canon_law_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Canon law (Catholic Church)\") required the authentication of relics if they were to be publicly [venerated](/wiki/Veneration \"Veneration\"). They had to be sealed in a [reliquary](/wiki/Reliquary \"Reliquary\") and accompanied by a certificate of authentication, signed and sealed by someone in the [Congregation for Saints](/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints \"Congregation for the Causes of Saints\"),{{cite web \\|title\\=Instruction for Conducting Diocesan or Eparchial Inquiries in the Causes of Saints (Rome 2007\\) – Authentication \\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/roman\\_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc\\_con\\_csaints\\_doc\\_20070517\\_sanctorum\\-mater\\_en.html\\#Authentication \\|website\\=Vatican Website \\|publisher\\=Congregation for the Causes of Saints \\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2019 }} or by the local Bishop where the saint lived. Without such authentication, relics are not to be used for public veneration.{{cite web\\|title\\=AmericanCatholic.Org\\|url\\=http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Jan1998/Wiseman.asp\\|website\\=American Catholic\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2015}} The Congregation for Saints, as part of the [Roman Curia](/wiki/Roman_Curia \"Roman Curia\"), holds the authority to verify relics in which documentation is lost or missing. The documents and reliquaries of authenticated relics are usually affixed with a [wax seal](/wiki/Seal_%28emblem%29 \"Seal (emblem)\").",
"### Classifications and prohibitions in the Catholic Church",
"[thumb\\|First\\-class relic of the [Servant of God Alfredo F. Verzosa](/wiki/Alfredo_Verzosa \"Alfredo Verzosa\") (Ex Ossibus)\\|250x250px](/wiki/File:Relic_of_Bishop_Alfredo_F._Verzosa.jpg \"Relic of Bishop Alfredo F. Verzosa.jpg\")",
"[thumb\\|Second\\-class relics of Venerable Maria Teresa Spinelli, Venerable Santo of St. Dominic and Venerable Giovanni of St. William (Ex Indumentis)\\|187x187px](/wiki/File:Second_class_relic_of_Saints.jpg \"Second class relic of Saints.jpg\")",
"[thumb\\|Third\\-class relic of [Saint Therese of Lisieux](/wiki/Saint_Therese_of_Lisieux \"Saint Therese of Lisieux\") (Reliqua Tertiae classis)\\|187x187px](/wiki/File:Third_class_relic_of_Saint_Therese_of_Lisieux.jpg \"Third class relic of Saint Therese of Lisieux.jpg\")",
"In Catholic theology, sacred relics must not be worshipped, because only God is worshipped and adored. Instead, the veneration given to them was \"[dulia](/wiki/Veneration \"Veneration\")\". [Saint Jerome](/wiki/Saint_Jerome \"Saint Jerome\") declared, \"We do not worship, we do not adore, for fear that we should bow down to the creature rather than to the Creator, but we venerate the relics of the martyrs in order the better to adore Him whose martyrs they are.\"Jerome, *Ad Riparium*, i, P.L., XXII, 907\\.",
"{{anchor\\|Classes}}Until 2017, the Catholic Church divided relics into three classes:\n* **First\\-class relics:** items directly associated with the events of Christ's life (manger, cross, etc.) or the physical remains of a saint (a bone, a hair, skull,{{cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.11141/ia.59\\.8 \\| issue\\=59 \\| title\\=The High\\-Status Late Medieval Skull Shaped Relic in Turku Cathedral, Finland – a study of its origin with oxygen and strontium isotope analyses \\| year\\=2022 \\| journal\\=Internet Archaeology \\| last1 \\= Lahtinen \\| first1 \\= Maria \\| doi\\-access\\=free }} a limb, etc.). Traditionally, a martyr's relics are often more prized than the relics of other saints. Parts of the saint that were significant to that saint's life are more prized relics. For instance, King St. [Stephen of Hungary](/wiki/Stephen_of_Hungary \"Stephen of Hungary\")'s right forearm is especially important because of his status as a ruler. A famous theologian's head may be his most important relic; the head of St. [Thomas Aquinas](/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas \"Thomas Aquinas\") was removed by the monks at the Cistercian abbey at [Fossanova](/wiki/Fossanova \"Fossanova\") where he died. If a saint travelled often, then the bones of his feet may be prized. Catholic teaching prohibits relics to be divided up into small, unrecognizable parts if they are to be used in liturgy (i.e., as in an altar; see the rubrics listed in Rite of Dedication of a Church and an Altar).\n* **Second\\-class relics:** items that the saint owned or frequently used, for example, a [crucifix](/wiki/Crucifix \"Crucifix\"), [rosary](/wiki/Rosary \"Rosary\"), book, etc. Again, an item more important in the saint's life is thus a more important relic. Sometimes a second\\-class relic is a part of an item that the saint wore (a shirt, a glove, etc.) and is known as *[ex indumentis](/wiki/Ex_indumentis \"Ex indumentis\")* (\"from the clothing\").\n* **Third\\-class relics:** any object that has been in contact with a first\\- or second\\-class relic.The Catholic Source Book *A Comprehensive Collection of Information about the Catholic Church {{ISBN\\|0\\-15\\-950653\\-0}}* Most third\\-class relics are small pieces of cloth, though in the first millennium oil was popular; the [Monza ampullae](/wiki/Monza_ampullae \"Monza ampullae\") contained oil collected from lamps burning before the major sites of Christ's life, and some reliquaries had holes for oil to be poured in and out again. Many people call the cloth touched to the bones of saints \"*ex brandea*\". But *ex brandea* strictly refers to pieces of clothing that were touched to the body or tombs of the apostles. It is a term that is used only for such; it is not a synonym for a third\\-class relic.\nIn 2017, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints abolished the relics of the third degree, introducing a two\\-stage scale of classification of relics: significant (insigni) and non\\-significant (non insigni) relics. The first are the bodies or their significant parts, as well as the entire contents of the urn with the ashes preserved after cremation. The second includes small fragments of the bodies, as well as objects used by saints and blesseds.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Instruction \"Relics in the Church: Authenticity and Conservation\" (8 December 2017\\) \\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/roman\\_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc\\_con\\_csaints\\_doc\\_20171208\\_istruzione\\-reliquie\\_en.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-07 \\|website\\=www.vatican.va}}",
"The sale or disposal by other means of \"sacred relics\" (meaning first and second class) without the permission of the Apostolic See is now strictly forbidden by canon 1190 of the [1983 *Code of Canon Law*](/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law \"1983 Code of Canon Law\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\\_\\_P4D.HTM \\|title\\=Code of Canon Law \\|publisher\\=Holy See \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-04 \\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303003850/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\\_\\_P4D.HTM \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-03 }} However, the Catholic Church permitted the sale of third\\-class relics.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.scripturecatholic.com/catholic\\-relics/\\#Third\\_Class\\_Relics\\_Or\\_Even\\_Fourth \\|title\\=Catholic Relics: Third Class Relics \\|date\\=27 May 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-07}} Relics may not be placed upon the altar for public veneration, as that is reserved for the display of the [Blessed Sacrament](/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament \"Blessed Sacrament\") (host or prosphora and Eucharistic wine after consecration in the sacrament of the Eucharist).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ewtn.com/library/Liturgy/zlitur288\\.htm\\|title\\=Venerating Relics at Mass}}",
"",
"File:Rome San Pietro in Vincoli 12\\-1\\-2011 10\\-38\\-51\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Liberation of Saint Peter\\|St. Peter's chains]], preserved in \\[\\[San Pietro in Vincoli]], Rome, a second\\-class relic\nFile:Strdubmainaltar.jpg\\|Main Altar of \\[\\[St. Raphael's Cathedral (Dubuque)\\|St. Raphael's Cathedral]], \\[\\[Dubuque, Iowa]], containing the remains of \\[\\[Saint Cessianus]], a boy \\[\\[martyr]]ed during the \\[\\[Diocletianic Persecution]]\nFile:Relics of Saint Demetrius.jpg\\|Relics of \\[\\[St. Demetrius]] in the cathedral of \\[\\[Thessalonika]], Greece\nFile:Visoki Decani 08\\.JPG\\|Relic of the \\[\\[True Cross]], \\[\\[Decani Monastery]], \\[\\[Serbia]]\nFile:Relic of Pope St. John Paul II 7119\\.jpg\\|Relic of \\[\\[Pope John Paul II\\|Pope St. John Paul II]], declared a saint in 2014, in the \\[\\[Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]]",
"",
"### Eastern Orthodoxy",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|[Grapevine cross](/wiki/Grapevine_cross \"Grapevine cross\") of [Saint Nino](/wiki/Saint_Nino \"Saint Nino\") of Georgia ([Sioni Cathedral](/wiki/Sioni_Cathedral \"Sioni Cathedral\"), [Tbilisi](/wiki/Tbilisi \"Tbilisi\"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 \"Georgia (country)\"))](/wiki/File:SaintNinoCross.jpg \"SaintNinoCross.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Relics of Saint [Sabbas the Sanctified](/wiki/Sabbas_the_Sanctified \"Sabbas the Sanctified\") in the [Catholicon](/wiki/Katholikon \"Katholikon\") of [Mar Saba](/wiki/Mar_Saba \"Mar Saba\") Monastery in the [Kidron Valley](/wiki/Kidron_Valley \"Kidron Valley\")](/wiki/File:Relics_of_St._Sabbas_the_Sanctified_in_the_Mar_Saba_monastery_in_Palestine.jpg \"Relics of St. Sabbas the Sanctified in the Mar Saba monastery in Palestine.jpg\")",
"The importance of relics in the Byzantine world can be seen from the veneration given to the pieces of the [True Cross](/wiki/True_Cross \"True Cross\"). Many great works of [Byzantine enamel](/wiki/Byzantine_enamel \"Byzantine enamel\") are *staurothekes*, or relics containing fragments of the True Cross. Other significant relics included the [girdle worn by the Virgin](/wiki/Cincture_of_the_Theotokos \"Cincture of the Theotokos\"), and pieces of the body or clothing of saints. Such relics (called [contact relics](/wiki/Contact_relic \"Contact relic\"), or secondary relics){{cite book\\|last\\=Clifton\\|first\\=James\\|editor\\=Sally M. Promey\\|title\\=Sensational Religion: Sensory Cultures in Material Practice\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=x1yyAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA210\\|year\\=2014\\|publisher\\=Yale UP\\|isbn\\=9780300187359\\|pages\\=205–214\\|chapter\\=Conversations in Museums}} were, however, scarce and did not provide most believers with ready access to proximity to the holy. The growth in the production and popularity of reproducible contact relics in the fifth and sixth centuries testifies to the need felt for more widespread access to the divine.{{cn\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"These contact relics usually involved the placing of readily available objects, such as pieces of cloth, clay tablets, or water then bottled for believers, in contact with a relic. Alternatively, such objects could be dipped into water which had been in contact with the relic (such as the bone of a saint). These relics, a firmly embedded part of veneration by this period, increased the availability of access to the divine but were not infinitely reproducible (an original relic was required), and still usually required believers to undertake pilgrimage or have contact with somebody who had.{{cn\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"The earliest recorded removal, or [translation](/wiki/Translation_%28relic%29 \"Translation (relic)\") of saintly remains was that of [Saint Babylas](/wiki/Saint_Babylas \"Saint Babylas\") at [Antioch](/wiki/Antioch \"Antioch\") in 354, but, partly perhaps because Constantinople lacked the many saintly graves of Rome, they soon became common in the Eastern Empire, though still prohibited in the West. The Eastern capital was therefore able to acquire the remains of Saints [Timothy](/wiki/Saint_Timothy \"Saint Timothy\"), [Andrew](/wiki/Saint_Andrew \"Saint Andrew\") and [Luke](/wiki/Saint_Luke \"Saint Luke\"), and the division of bodies also began, the 5th century theologian [Theodoretus](/wiki/Theodoretus \"Theodoretus\") declaring that \"Grace remains entire with every part.\"\"Sectis corum corporibus, integra et indivisa gratia perseverat\" appearing in Sermon on the Martyrs (de Martyribus), ch. 8, in, The Cure of Pagan Maladies (Cure of the Pagan Diseases; Cure for Hellenic Maladies; Cure of Greek Maladies; Cure of Pagan Ills). \\[Graecorum affectionum curatio, Graecarum affectionum curatio, Graecarum affect. Curatio, Graec. Aff. cur.], (ante A.D. 449\\) In the West, a decree of [Theodosius](/wiki/Theodosius_I \"Theodosius I\") only allowed the moving of a whole [sarcophagus](/wiki/Sarcophagus \"Sarcophagus\") with its contents, but the upheavals of the barbarian invasions relaxed the rules, as remains needed to be relocated to safer places.Eduard Syndicus; *Early Christian Art*; p. 73; Burns \\& Oates, London, 1962",
"The [veneration](/wiki/Veneration \"Veneration\") of relics continues to be of importance in the [Eastern Orthodox Church](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\"). As a natural outgrowth of the concept in Orthodox theology of [theosis](/wiki/Theosis_%28Eastern_Orthodox_theology%29 \"Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)\"), the physical bodies of the [saints](/wiki/Saint \"Saint\") are considered to be transformed by [divine grace](/wiki/Divine_grace \"Divine grace\")—indeed, all Orthodox Christians are considered to be [sanctified](/wiki/Sanctification \"Sanctification\") by living the mystical life of the Church, and especially by receiving the [Sacred Mysteries](/wiki/Sacred_Mysteries \"Sacred Mysteries\") ([Sacraments](/wiki/Sacraments \"Sacraments\")). In the Orthodox [service books](/wiki/Euchologion \"Euchologion\"), the remains of the departed faithful are referred to as \"relics\", and are treated with honour and respect. For this reason, the bodies of Orthodox Christians are traditionally not [embalmed](/wiki/Embalming \"Embalming\").",
"The veneration of the relics of the saints is of great importance in Orthodoxy, and very often churches will display the relics of saints prominently. In a number of [monasteries](/wiki/Monastery \"Monastery\"), particularly those on the semi\\-autonomous [Mount Athos](/wiki/Mount_Athos \"Mount Athos\") in Greece, all of the relics the monastery possesses are displayed and venerated each evening at [Compline](/wiki/Compline \"Compline\"). As with the veneration of [icons](/wiki/Icons \"Icons\"), the [veneration](/wiki/Veneration \"Veneration\") ([Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\"); δουλια, *dulia*) of relics in the Orthodox Church is clearly distinguished from [adoration](/wiki/Adoration \"Adoration\") (λατρεια, *[latria](/wiki/Latria \"Latria\")*); i.e., that worship which is due to God alone. Thus Orthodox teaching warns the faithful against [idolatry](/wiki/Idolatry \"Idolatry\") and at the same time remains true to scriptural teaching (vis. 2 Kings 13:20–21\\) as understood by Orthodox [Sacred Tradition](/wiki/Sacred_Tradition \"Sacred Tradition\").",
"The examination of the relics is an important step in the [glorification](/wiki/Glorification \"Glorification\") (canonization) of new saints. Sometimes, one of the signs of sanctification is the condition of the relics of the saint. Some saints will be [incorrupt](/wiki/Incorruptibility \"Incorruptibility\"), meaning that their remains do not decay under conditions when they normally would (natural [mummification](/wiki/Mummy \"Mummy\") is not the same as incorruption){{clarify\\|date\\=June 2018}}. Sometimes even when the flesh does decay the bones themselves will manifest signs of sanctity. They may be honey\\-coloured or give off a [sweet aroma](/wiki/Odour_of_sanctity \"Odour of sanctity\"). Some relics will exude [myrrh](/wiki/Myrrh \"Myrrh\"). The absence of such manifestations is not necessarily a sign that the person is not a Saint.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2018}}",
"Relics play a major role in the [consecration of a church](/wiki/Consecrations_in_Eastern_Christianity%23Consecration_of_a_church \"Consecrations in Eastern Christianity#Consecration of a church\"). The consecrating bishop will place the relics on a [diskos](/wiki/Diskos \"Diskos\") (paten) in a church near the church that is to be consecrated, they will then be taken in a [cross procession](/wiki/Crucession \"Crucession\") to the new church, carried three times around the new structure and then placed in the [Holy Table](/wiki/Holy_Table \"Holy Table\") (altar) as part of the consecration service.",
"The relics of saints (traditionally, always those of a martyr) are also sewn into the [antimension](/wiki/Antimension \"Antimension\") which is given to a priest by his bishop as a means of bestowing [faculties](/wiki/Liturgical \"Liturgical\") upon him (i.e., granting him permission to celebrate the Sacred Mysteries). The antimens is kept on the [Holy Table](/wiki/Holy_Table \"Holy Table\") (altar), and it is forbidden to celebrate the [Divine Liturgy](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy \"Divine Liturgy\") (Eucharist) without it. Occasionally, in cases of fixed altars, the relics are built in the altar table itself and sealed with a special mixture called [wax\\-mastic](/wiki/Wax-mastic \"Wax-mastic\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Tomov \\|first1\\=Nikola \\|last2\\=Dzhangozov \\|first2\\=Januarius (Yanko) \\|title\\=Wax Embedding as a Method for Preservation of Body Relics Used by the Orthodox Church \\|journal\\=Acta Morphologica et Anthropologica \\|volume\\=25 \\|issue\\=1–2 \\|pages\\=122–125 \\|url\\=http://www.iempam.bas.bg/journals/acta/acta25a/122\\-125\\.pdf}}",
"The necessity of provide relics for [antimensions](/wiki/Antimins \"Antimins\") in new churches often necessitates continuous division of relics. An account of this process can be found in a treatise of the pre\\-revolutionary Russian church historian {{ill\\|Nikolay Romansky\\|ru\\|Романский, Николай Алексеевич}}. According to Romansky, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church operated a special office, located in the Church of Philip the Apostle in the [Moscow Kremlin](/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin \"Moscow Kremlin\"), where bones of numerous saints, authenticated by the church's hierarchs, were stored, and pieces of them were prayerfully separated with hammer and chisel to be sent to the dioceses that needed to place them into new antimensions.{{citation\\|url\\=http://lib.pravmir.ru/library/readbook/410\\|first\\=Nikolay (Николай Романский)\\|last\\=Romansky\\|title\\=Что такое святые мощи и как совершается их раздробление \\|trans\\-title\\=What are holy relics and how their division is carried out}}",
"### In art",
"Many churches were built along pilgrimage routes. A number in Europe were either founded or rebuilt specifically to enshrine relics, (such as San Marco in [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\")) and to welcome and awe the large crowds of pilgrims who came to seek their help. Romanesque buildings developed passageways behind the altar to allow for the creation of several smaller chapels designed to house relics. From the exterior, this collection of small rooms is seen as a cluster of delicate, curved roofs at one end of the church, a distinctive feature of many Romanesque churches. Gothic churches featured lofty, recessed porches which provided space for statuary and the display of relics.{{cn\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"Historian and philosopher of art Hans Belting observed that in medieval painting, images explained the relic and served as a testament to its authenticity. In *Likeness and Presence*, Belting argued that the cult of relics helped to stimulate the rise of painting in medieval Europe.",
"#### Reliquaries",
"[thumb\\|Reliquaries in the Church of San Pedro, in [Ayerbe](/wiki/Ayerbe \"Ayerbe\"), Spain](/wiki/File:10.2006_Brazos_relicario.jpg \"10.2006 Brazos relicario.jpg\")",
"[Reliquaries](/wiki/Reliquary \"Reliquary\") are containers used to protect and display relics. While frequently taking the form of caskets, they have many other forms, including simulations of the relic encased within (e.g., a gilded depiction of an arm for a relic consisting of arm bones). Since the relics themselves were considered valuable, they were enshrined in containers crafted of or covered with gold, silver, gems, and enamel.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/relc/hd\\_relc.htm\\|title\\=Relics and Reliquaries in Medieval Christianity\\|publisher\\=Metropolitan Museum of Art\\|work\\=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}",
"Ivory was widely used in the Middle Ages for reliquaries, its pure white color an indication of the holy status of its contents.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.learn.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/relics/Reliquary.php\\|title\\=Reliquary}} These objects constituted a major form of artistic production across Europe and Byzantium throughout the Middle Ages.",
"### List of claimed relics",
"[thumb\\|The [Seamless robe of Jesus](/wiki/Seamless_robe_of_Jesus \"Seamless robe of Jesus\") in [Trier Cathedral](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Trier \"Cathedral of Trier\")](/wiki/File:The_Holy_Tunic_of_Jesus_Christ_in_Trier%2C_Germany.JPG \"The Holy Tunic of Jesus Christ in Trier, Germany.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|Detail of the Girdle of Mary in the [Basilica of Our Lady](/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady%2C_Maastricht \"Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht\") in [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht \"Maastricht\")](/wiki/File:2018_Maastricht_Heiligdomsvaart%2C_reliekentoning_Onze-Lieve-Vrouwebasiliek%2C_voorbereiding_15.jpg \"2018 Maastricht Heiligdomsvaart, reliekentoning Onze-Lieve-Vrouwebasiliek, voorbereiding 15.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The [Shrine of the Three Kings](/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings \"Shrine of the Three Kings\") in [Cologne Cathedral](/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral \"Cologne Cathedral\")](/wiki/File:Shrine_of_the_Three_Magi%2C_Cologne.jpg \"Shrine of the Three Magi, Cologne.jpg\")",
"* Relics of the [True Cross](/wiki/True_Cross \"True Cross\") of Jesus are claimed by many churches around the world. The same applies to [Holy Nails](/wiki/Holy_Nail \"Holy Nail\"), [Holy Sponges](/wiki/Holy_Sponge \"Holy Sponge\"), [Holy Lances](/wiki/Holy_Lance \"Holy Lance\"), [Holy Thorns](/wiki/Crown_of_thorns \"Crown of thorns\") and other [Instruments of the Passion](/wiki/Instruments_of_the_Passion \"Instruments of the Passion\"). Famous examples are the Holy Nail in the [Iron Crown of Lombardy](/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy \"Iron Crown of Lombardy\") in [Monza Cathedral](/wiki/Monza_Cathedral \"Monza Cathedral\"), the Holy Lance that was part of the [Crown Jewels of the Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Imperial_Treasury%2C_Vienna \"Imperial Treasury, Vienna\") in the [Hofburg Palace](/wiki/Hofburg_Palace \"Hofburg Palace\") in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), and the [Holy Thorn Reliquary](/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary \"Holy Thorn Reliquary\") in the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\").\n* The [Seamless robe of Jesus](/wiki/Seamless_robe_of_Jesus \"Seamless robe of Jesus\") is kept in a purpose\\-built chapel in [Trier Cathedral](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Trier \"Cathedral of Trier\").\n* The [Sandals of Jesus Christ](/wiki/Sandals_of_Jesus_Christ \"Sandals of Jesus Christ\") were donated to [Prüm Abbey](/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Abbey \"Prüm Abbey\"), Germany, by popes Zachary and Stephen II in the 8th century.\n* The [Marienschrein](/wiki/Marienschrein \"Marienschrein\") in [Aachen Cathedral](/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral \"Aachen Cathedral\") contains four important relics: the nappy and loin cloth of Jesus, the dress of Mary and the decapitation cloth of John the Baptist. The [Karlsschrein](/wiki/Karlsschrein \"Karlsschrein\") in the same church contains the remains of [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne \"Charlemagne\"), who was locally venerated as a saint.\n* The Girdle of Mary is kept in the [Basilica of Our Lady](/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady%2C_Maastricht \"Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht\") in [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht \"Maastricht\"), Netherlands.\n* The [Shrine of the Three Kings](/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings \"Shrine of the Three Kings\") in [Cologne Cathedral](/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral \"Cologne Cathedral\") contains the remnants of the [biblical Magi](/wiki/Biblical_Magi \"Biblical Magi\").\n* St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican contains [Saint Peter's](/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb \"Saint Peter's tomb\") relics.\n* St Paul's relics are allegedly contained in the [Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Wall](/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls \"Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls\"), in Rome.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory\\=14539\\|title\\=Relics of St Paul discovered\\|work\\=Independent Catholic News\\|date\\=28 June 2009 }}\n* [St James](/wiki/James_the_Great \"James the Great\")' relics are reputedly held at the [Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela \"Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela\"), Spain.\n* [St Luke](/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist \"Luke the Evangelist\") the Evangelist's body is held at the [Abbey of Santa Giustina](/wiki/Abbey_of_Santa_Giustina \"Abbey of Santa Giustina\") in [Padua](/wiki/Padua \"Padua\"), Italy; his head, in the [St. Vitus Cathedral](/wiki/St._Vitus_Cathedral \"St. Vitus Cathedral\") in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\"); and a rib, at his tomb in [Thebes, Greece](/wiki/Thebes%2C_Greece \"Thebes, Greece\").\n* St Mark the Evangelist's relics are held at [St Mark's Basilica](/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica \"St Mark's Basilica\") in Venice.\n* St Matthew the Evangelist's relics are purported to be in the [Cathedral of Salerno](/wiki/Salerno_Cathedral \"Salerno Cathedral\"), Italy.\n* St John the Evangelist's tomb is purported to be in the [Basilica of St. John](/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John \"Basilica of St. John\") at [Ephesus](/wiki/Ephesus \"Ephesus\") in Turkey. The opening of his tomb during [Constantine the Great](/wiki/Constantine_the_Great \"Constantine the Great\")'s reign yielded no bones, giving rise to the belief that his body was [assumed into heaven](/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive \"Entering heaven alive\").{{Cite web\\|url\\={{Google books\\|SuclAQAAIAAJ\\|plainurl\\=yes}}\\|title\\=The Biblical Archaeologist\\|date\\=March 7, 1974\\|publisher\\=American Schools of Oriental Research.\\|via\\=Google Books}}\n* [John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist \"John the Baptist\")'s skull, or parts of it, are venerated at the [Amiens Cathedral](/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral \"Amiens Cathedral\") in France, at the Church of [San Silvestre in Capite](/wiki/San_Silvestre_in_Capite \"San Silvestre in Capite\") in Rome and at the [Munich Residenz](/wiki/Munich_Residenz \"Munich Residenz\") Palace. His other relics were discovered in a Bulgarian monastery in 2010\\.Squires, Nick (August 2010\\). [\"St John the Baptist's bones 'found in Bulgarian monastery{{'\"}}](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/7926657/St-John-the-Baptists-bones-found-in-Bulgarian-monastery.html). *The Telegraph*.\n* [St Andrew's relics](/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle \"Andrew the Apostle\") are contained in the Basilica of St Andrew in Patras, Greece.\n* Reliquary arms of Saint [Thomas the Apostle](/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle \"Thomas the Apostle\") can be found in churches around the globe. Most contain only a fragment of the arm that allegedly touched Christ's side wound after the Resurrection.\n* Saint [Thomas Aquinas](/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas \"Thomas Aquinas\")' relics are contained in the Church of the Jacobins, [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse \"Toulouse\"), France.\n* [Saint Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi \"Francis of Assisi\")'s relics are enshrined in the [Basilica of Saint Francis](/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi \"Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi\") in [Assisi](/wiki/Assisi \"Assisi\"), Italy.\n* Saint [Catherine of Siena](/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena \"Catherine of Siena\")'s head is stored in San Domenico church, [Siena](/wiki/Siena \"Siena\"), with her body in Santa Maria sopra Minerva Church in Rome.\n* [Saint George](/wiki/Sacred_Relic_of_St._George \"Sacred Relic of St. George\")'s arm is kept in [Lod](/wiki/Lod \"Lod\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2010\\-04\\-21 \\|title\\=The Tomb of the Holy Great Martyr George from Lodd, Lydda \\|url\\=https://orthodoxword.wordpress.com/2010/04/21/the\\-tomb\\-of\\-the\\-holy\\-great\\-martyr\\-george\\-from\\-lodd\\-lydda/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-18 \\|website\\=OrthodoxWord \\|language\\=en\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816013205/https://orthodoxword.wordpress.com/2010/04/21/the\\-tomb\\-of\\-the\\-holy\\-great\\-martyr\\-george\\-from\\-lodd\\-lydda/\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-16\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* [Saint Servatius](/wiki/Saint_Servatius \"Saint Servatius\")' relics are largely kept in a gilded chest and bust in the [Basilica of Saint Servatius](/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Servatius \"Basilica of Saint Servatius\") in [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht \"Maastricht\"), Netherlands. Some of his relics are in [Tongeren](/wiki/Tongeren \"Tongeren\"), Belgium, and [Quedlinburg](/wiki/Quedlinburg \"Quedlinburg\"), Germany.\n* [Saint Lambert](/wiki/Lambert_of_Maastricht \"Lambert of Maastricht\")'s skull is contained in a reliquary bust in [Liège Cathedral](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Cathedral \"Liège Cathedral\"), Belgium.\n* [Saint Hubert](/wiki/Hubertus \"Hubertus\")'s remains were enshrined in the [Abbey of Saint\\-Hubert](/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Hubert \"Abbey of Saint-Hubert\"), Belgium.\n* [Saint Willibrord](/wiki/Willibrord \"Willibrord\")'s remains are in [Echternach](/wiki/Echternach \"Echternach\"), Luxemburg.\n* Nun Maria Droste zu Vischering's (known as [Mary of the Divine Heart](/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart \"Mary of the Divine Heart\")) relics are exposed in the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in [Ermesinde](/wiki/Ermesinde \"Ermesinde\"), Portugal.\n* The shin of Pope [Saint Clement I](/wiki/Pope_Clement_I \"Pope Clement I\") is kept in the [Church of the Conception](/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_%28Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife%29 \"Iglesia de la Concepción (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)\") of [Santa Cruz de Tenerife](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife \"Santa Cruz de Tenerife\"), Spain.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=YzofqK1vZJ8C\\&dq\\=Fiestas\\+y\\+creencias\\+en\\+Canarias\\+en\\+la\\+Edad\\+Moderna\\&pg\\=PA3 \\|title\\=Fiestas y creencias en Canarias en la Edad Moderna \\|first\\=Manuel Hernández \\|last\\=González \\|publisher\\=Ediciones IDEA \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=9788483821077}}"
] |
### History
One of the earliest sources that purports to show the efficacy of relics is found in 2 Kings 13:20–21:
{{blockquote\|And Elisha died, and they buried him. Now the bands of the Moabites used to invade the land at the coming in of the year. And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold, they spied a band; and they cast the man into the sepulchre of Elisha; and as soon as the man touched the bones of Elisha, he revived, and stood up on his feet. {{Bibleverse\|2\|Kings\|13:20–21\|HE}}}}
Also cited is the veneration of relics from the martyr and bishop [Saint Polycarp of Smyrna](/wiki/Saint_Polycarp_of_Smyrna "Saint Polycarp of Smyrna") recorded in the *[Martyrdom of Polycarp](/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp "Martyrdom of Polycarp")*, written sometime from 150 to 160 AD.[Head, Thomas. "The Cult of the Saints and Their Relics", The On\-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (the ORB), College of Staten Island, City University of New York](http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/hagiography/cult.htm) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717041711/http://www.the\-orb.net/encyclop/religion/hagiography/cult.htm \|date\=July 17, 2012 }} With regard to relics that are objects, an often cited passage is [Acts](/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles "Acts of the Apostles") 19:11–12, which says that [Paul the Apostle](/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle "Paul the Apostle")'s handkerchiefs were imbued by God with healing power. In the [gospel](/wiki/Gospel "Gospel") accounts of [Jesus healing the bleeding woman](/wiki/Jesus_healing_the_bleeding_woman "Jesus healing the bleeding woman") and again in the [Gospel of Mark](/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark "Gospel of Mark") 6:56, those who touched Jesus' garment were healed.
The practice of venerating relics seems to have been taken for granted by writers like [Augustine](/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo "Augustine of Hippo"), St. [Ambrose](/wiki/Ambrose "Ambrose"), [Gregory of Nyssa](/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa "Gregory of Nyssa"), St. [Chrysostom](/wiki/Chrysostom "Chrysostom"), and St. [Gregory Nazianzen](/wiki/Gregory_Nazianzen "Gregory Nazianzen"). Dom Bernardo Cignitti, O.S.B., wrote, "\[T]he remains of certain dead are surrounded with special care and veneration. This is because the mortal remains of the deceased are associated in some manner with the holiness of their souls which await reunion with their bodies in the [resurrection](/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead "Resurrection of the Dead")."[Mangan, Charles. "Church Teaching on Relics", Catholic Education Resource Center](http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0331.html) [Thomas Aquinas](/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas "Thomas Aquinas") (d. 1274\) pointed out that it was natural that people should treasure what is associated with the dead, much like the personal effects of a relative. In an interview with [Catholic News Service](/wiki/Catholic_News_Service "Catholic News Service"), Fr. Mario Conte, executive editor of the Messenger of St. Anthony magazine in [Padua](/wiki/Padua "Padua"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), said, "Saints' relics help people overcome the abstract and make a connection with the holy ... Saints do not perform miracles. Only God performs miracles, but saints are intercessors."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.americancatholic.org/news/report.aspx?id\=4106\|title\=Catholic News \- Saints' Relics Help People Make Connection to the Holy \|website\=American Catholic}}
[thumb\|A relic from the shrine of [Saint Boniface of Dokkum](/wiki/Saint_Boniface "Saint Boniface") in the [hermit\-church](/wiki/Hermit "Hermit") of [Warfhuizen](/wiki/Warfhuizen "Warfhuizen"): the bone fragment in middle is from [Saint Boniface](/wiki/Saint_Boniface "Saint Boniface"); the folded papers on the left and right contain bone fragments of Saint [Benedict of Nursia](/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia "Benedict of Nursia") and [Bernard of Clairvaux](/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux "Bernard of Clairvaux").](/wiki/File:Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg "Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg")
In the early Church the disturbance of the remains of martyrs and other saints was not practiced. They were allowed to remain in their often unidentified resting places such as in cemeteries and the [catacombs of Rome](/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome "Catacombs of Rome"). These places were always outside the walls of the city, but [martyriums](/wiki/Martyrium_%28architecture%29 "Martyrium (architecture)") began to be built over the site of the burial. Since it was considered beneficial to the soul to be buried close to the remains of saints, several large "funerary halls" were built over the sites of martyr's graves, including [Old Saint Peter's Basilica](/wiki/Old_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica "Old Saint Peter's Basilica"). These were initially not regular churches, but "covered cemeteries" crammed with graves, wherein was celebrated funerary and memorial services. It may have been thought that when the souls of the martyrs went to heaven on resurrection day they would be accompanied by those interred nearby, who would thus gain favour with God.
Some early Christians attributed [healing powers](/wiki/Traditional_medicine "Traditional medicine") to the [dust from graves](/wiki/Han%C4%81n%C4%81 "Hanānā") of saints, including [Gregory of Tours](/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours "Gregory of Tours"). The cult of [Martin of Tours](/wiki/Martin_of_Tours "Martin of Tours") was very popular in [Merovingian](/wiki/Merovingian "Merovingian") [Gaul](/wiki/Gaul "Gaul"), and centered at a great church built just outside the walls of Tours. When Saint Martin died on November 8, 397, at a village halfway between [Tours](/wiki/Tours "Tours") and [Poitiers](/wiki/Poitiers "Poitiers"), the inhabitants of these cities were ready to fight for his body, which the people of Tours managed to secure by stealth. Tours became the chief point of [Christian pilgrimage](/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage "Christian pilgrimage") in Gaul, a place for the healing of the sick.
[Gregory of Tours](/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours "Gregory of Tours") travelled to the shrine when he had contracted a serious illness. Later, as bishop of Tours, Gregory wrote extensively about miracles attributed to the intercession of St Martin.{{cite journal\|url\=http://csla.history.ox.ac.uk/record.php?recid\=E00570\|title\=Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Martyrs 49\|journal\=Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity\|first\=Marta\|last\=Tycner\|publisher\=\[\[University of Oxford]], \[\[University of Warsaw]], \[\[University of Reading]], \[\[European Research Council]]\|access\-date\=5 October 2022}} [Nestorian Christianity](/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity "Nestorian Christianity") utilized the *hanānā*–a mixture made with the dust of [Thomas the Apostle](/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle "Thomas the Apostle")'s tomb–for healing. Within the [Assyrian Church of the East](/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East "Assyrian Church of the East"), it is consumed by a couple getting married in the [Mystery of Crowning](/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning "Mystery of Crowning").{{cite book\|url\=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III\-2\-F\-c\-30/V\-2/page\-hr/0412\.html.en\|title\=The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East\|author\=\[\[Henry Yule\|Yule, Henry]]\|location\=\[\[London]]\|publisher\=John Murray\|date\=1903\|volume\=2\|page\=356\|via\=National Institute of Informatics \- Digital Silk Road Project, Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books}}{{cite book\|url\=https://www.malankaralibrary.com/ImageUpload/8cbe709334d186a0f272183699f0a27f.pdf\|title\=East Syriac Theology: An Introduction\|chapter\=Theology of 'Rāzē: The Mysteries of the Church in the East Syriac Tradition\|first\=Jose\|last\=Kochuparampil\|editor\-first\=Pauly\|editor\-last\=Maniyattu\|publisher\=Ephrem's Publications\|date\=2007\|location\=\[\[Madhya Pradesh\|MP]], \[\[India]]\|page\=264, 267\|access\-date\=5 October 2022\|via\=Malankara Library}}
The [Second Council of Nicaea](/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea "Second Council of Nicaea") in 787 drew on the teaching of St. [John Damascene](/wiki/John_Damascene "John Damascene") that homage or respect is not really paid to an inanimate object, but to the holy person, the veneration of a holy person is itself honour paid to God.{{cite web\|url\=http://carmelite.org/index.php?nuc\=content\&id\=127\|title\=Relics\|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301045514/http://carmelite.org/index.php?nuc\=content\&id\=127\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-01}} The Council decreed that every [altar](/wiki/Altar "Altar") should contain a relic, making it clear that this was already the norm, as it remains to the present day in [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") and [Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church") churches. The veneration of the relics of the saints reflects a belief that the saints in heaven [intercede](/wiki/Intercession "Intercession") for those on earth. A number of cures and miracles have been attributed to relics, not because of their own power, but because of the holiness of the saint they represent.["Relics of Saints"](http://www.bostoncatholic.org/Being-Catholic/Content.aspx?id=11478), *Boston Catholic*, Archdiocese of Boston
Many tales of [miracles](/wiki/Miracle "Miracle") and other marvels were attributed to relics beginning in the early centuries of the church. These became popular during the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"). They were collected in books of [hagiography](/wiki/Hagiography "Hagiography") such as the *[Golden Legend](/wiki/Golden_Legend "Golden Legend")* or the works of [Caesarius of Heisterbach](/wiki/Caesarius_of_Heisterbach "Caesarius of Heisterbach"). These miracle tales made relics much sought\-after during the period. By the Late Middle Ages, the collecting of, and dealing in, relics had reached enormous proportions, and had spread from the church to royalty, and then to the nobility and merchant classes.
The [Council of Trent](/wiki/Council_of_Trent "Council of Trent") of 1563 enjoined bishops to instruct their flocks that "the holy bodies of holy martyrs ... are to be venerated by the faithful, for through these \[bodies] many benefits are bestowed by God on men". The Council further insisted that "in the invocation of saints, the veneration of relics and the sacred use of images, every superstition shall be removed and all filthy lucre abolished."Thurston, Herbert. ["Relics"](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12734a.htm). *The Catholic Encyclopedia*. Vol. 12\. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911\. 13 March 2014 There are also many [relics associated with Jesus](/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus "Relics associated with Jesus").
[thumb\|upright\|St. [Francis Xavier](/wiki/Francis_Xavier "Francis Xavier")'s [humerus](/wiki/Humerus "Humerus"), [St. Joseph's Church](/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_and_Church "St. Joseph's Seminary and Church"), [Macau](/wiki/Macau "Macau")](/wiki/File:Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg "Reliquary of St. Francis Xavier's humerus.jpg")
In his introduction to Gregory's *History of the Franks*, Ernest Brehaut analyzed the Romano\-Christian concepts that gave relics such a powerful draw. He distinguished Gregory's constant usage of *sanctus* and *[virtus](/wiki/Virtus_%28virtue%29 "Virtus (virtue)")*, the first with its familiar meaning of "sacred" or "holy", and the second as "the mystic potency emanating from the person or thing that is sacred... In a practical way the second word *\[virtus]* ... describes the uncanny, mysterious power emanating from the supernatural and affecting the natural... These points of contact and yielding are the miracles we continually hear of."Medieval Sourcebook, Gregory of Tours (539–594\), *History of the Franks*, Books I–X, [Introduction by Earnest Brehaut (from his 1916 translation), pp. ix–xxv](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregory-hist.html#brehaut) \[Note: Many of Brehaut's opinions and prejudices would not be upheld by modern historians. Students should not rely on this *Introduction* as a guide.]
|
[
"### History",
"One of the earliest sources that purports to show the efficacy of relics is found in 2 Kings 13:20–21:\n{{blockquote\\|And Elisha died, and they buried him. Now the bands of the Moabites used to invade the land at the coming in of the year. And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold, they spied a band; and they cast the man into the sepulchre of Elisha; and as soon as the man touched the bones of Elisha, he revived, and stood up on his feet. {{Bibleverse\\|2\\|Kings\\|13:20–21\\|HE}}}}",
"Also cited is the veneration of relics from the martyr and bishop [Saint Polycarp of Smyrna](/wiki/Saint_Polycarp_of_Smyrna \"Saint Polycarp of Smyrna\") recorded in the *[Martyrdom of Polycarp](/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp \"Martyrdom of Polycarp\")*, written sometime from 150 to 160 AD.[Head, Thomas. \"The Cult of the Saints and Their Relics\", The On\\-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (the ORB), College of Staten Island, City University of New York](http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/hagiography/cult.htm) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717041711/http://www.the\\-orb.net/encyclop/religion/hagiography/cult.htm \\|date\\=July 17, 2012 }} With regard to relics that are objects, an often cited passage is [Acts](/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles \"Acts of the Apostles\") 19:11–12, which says that [Paul the Apostle](/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle \"Paul the Apostle\")'s handkerchiefs were imbued by God with healing power. In the [gospel](/wiki/Gospel \"Gospel\") accounts of [Jesus healing the bleeding woman](/wiki/Jesus_healing_the_bleeding_woman \"Jesus healing the bleeding woman\") and again in the [Gospel of Mark](/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark \"Gospel of Mark\") 6:56, those who touched Jesus' garment were healed.",
"The practice of venerating relics seems to have been taken for granted by writers like [Augustine](/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo \"Augustine of Hippo\"), St. [Ambrose](/wiki/Ambrose \"Ambrose\"), [Gregory of Nyssa](/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa \"Gregory of Nyssa\"), St. [Chrysostom](/wiki/Chrysostom \"Chrysostom\"), and St. [Gregory Nazianzen](/wiki/Gregory_Nazianzen \"Gregory Nazianzen\"). Dom Bernardo Cignitti, O.S.B., wrote, \"\\[T]he remains of certain dead are surrounded with special care and veneration. This is because the mortal remains of the deceased are associated in some manner with the holiness of their souls which await reunion with their bodies in the [resurrection](/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead \"Resurrection of the Dead\").\"[Mangan, Charles. \"Church Teaching on Relics\", Catholic Education Resource Center](http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0331.html) [Thomas Aquinas](/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas \"Thomas Aquinas\") (d. 1274\\) pointed out that it was natural that people should treasure what is associated with the dead, much like the personal effects of a relative. In an interview with [Catholic News Service](/wiki/Catholic_News_Service \"Catholic News Service\"), Fr. Mario Conte, executive editor of the Messenger of St. Anthony magazine in [Padua](/wiki/Padua \"Padua\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), said, \"Saints' relics help people overcome the abstract and make a connection with the holy ... Saints do not perform miracles. Only God performs miracles, but saints are intercessors.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.americancatholic.org/news/report.aspx?id\\=4106\\|title\\=Catholic News \\- Saints' Relics Help People Make Connection to the Holy \\|website\\=American Catholic}}",
"[thumb\\|A relic from the shrine of [Saint Boniface of Dokkum](/wiki/Saint_Boniface \"Saint Boniface\") in the [hermit\\-church](/wiki/Hermit \"Hermit\") of [Warfhuizen](/wiki/Warfhuizen \"Warfhuizen\"): the bone fragment in middle is from [Saint Boniface](/wiki/Saint_Boniface \"Saint Boniface\"); the folded papers on the left and right contain bone fragments of Saint [Benedict of Nursia](/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia \"Benedict of Nursia\") and [Bernard of Clairvaux](/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux \"Bernard of Clairvaux\").](/wiki/File:Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg \"Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg\")",
"In the early Church the disturbance of the remains of martyrs and other saints was not practiced. They were allowed to remain in their often unidentified resting places such as in cemeteries and the [catacombs of Rome](/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome \"Catacombs of Rome\"). These places were always outside the walls of the city, but [martyriums](/wiki/Martyrium_%28architecture%29 \"Martyrium (architecture)\") began to be built over the site of the burial. Since it was considered beneficial to the soul to be buried close to the remains of saints, several large \"funerary halls\" were built over the sites of martyr's graves, including [Old Saint Peter's Basilica](/wiki/Old_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica \"Old Saint Peter's Basilica\"). These were initially not regular churches, but \"covered cemeteries\" crammed with graves, wherein was celebrated funerary and memorial services. It may have been thought that when the souls of the martyrs went to heaven on resurrection day they would be accompanied by those interred nearby, who would thus gain favour with God.",
"Some early Christians attributed [healing powers](/wiki/Traditional_medicine \"Traditional medicine\") to the [dust from graves](/wiki/Han%C4%81n%C4%81 \"Hanānā\") of saints, including [Gregory of Tours](/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours \"Gregory of Tours\"). The cult of [Martin of Tours](/wiki/Martin_of_Tours \"Martin of Tours\") was very popular in [Merovingian](/wiki/Merovingian \"Merovingian\") [Gaul](/wiki/Gaul \"Gaul\"), and centered at a great church built just outside the walls of Tours. When Saint Martin died on November 8, 397, at a village halfway between [Tours](/wiki/Tours \"Tours\") and [Poitiers](/wiki/Poitiers \"Poitiers\"), the inhabitants of these cities were ready to fight for his body, which the people of Tours managed to secure by stealth. Tours became the chief point of [Christian pilgrimage](/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage \"Christian pilgrimage\") in Gaul, a place for the healing of the sick.",
"[Gregory of Tours](/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours \"Gregory of Tours\") travelled to the shrine when he had contracted a serious illness. Later, as bishop of Tours, Gregory wrote extensively about miracles attributed to the intercession of St Martin.{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://csla.history.ox.ac.uk/record.php?recid\\=E00570\\|title\\=Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Martyrs 49\\|journal\\=Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity\\|first\\=Marta\\|last\\=Tycner\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Oxford]], \\[\\[University of Warsaw]], \\[\\[University of Reading]], \\[\\[European Research Council]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2022}} [Nestorian Christianity](/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity \"Nestorian Christianity\") utilized the *hanānā*–a mixture made with the dust of [Thomas the Apostle](/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle \"Thomas the Apostle\")'s tomb–for healing. Within the [Assyrian Church of the East](/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East \"Assyrian Church of the East\"), it is consumed by a couple getting married in the [Mystery of Crowning](/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning \"Mystery of Crowning\").{{cite book\\|url\\=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III\\-2\\-F\\-c\\-30/V\\-2/page\\-hr/0412\\.html.en\\|title\\=The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East\\|author\\=\\[\\[Henry Yule\\|Yule, Henry]]\\|location\\=\\[\\[London]]\\|publisher\\=John Murray\\|date\\=1903\\|volume\\=2\\|page\\=356\\|via\\=National Institute of Informatics \\- Digital Silk Road Project, Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://www.malankaralibrary.com/ImageUpload/8cbe709334d186a0f272183699f0a27f.pdf\\|title\\=East Syriac Theology: An Introduction\\|chapter\\=Theology of 'Rāzē: The Mysteries of the Church in the East Syriac Tradition\\|first\\=Jose\\|last\\=Kochuparampil\\|editor\\-first\\=Pauly\\|editor\\-last\\=Maniyattu\\|publisher\\=Ephrem's Publications\\|date\\=2007\\|location\\=\\[\\[Madhya Pradesh\\|MP]], \\[\\[India]]\\|page\\=264, 267\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2022\\|via\\=Malankara Library}}",
"The [Second Council of Nicaea](/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea \"Second Council of Nicaea\") in 787 drew on the teaching of St. [John Damascene](/wiki/John_Damascene \"John Damascene\") that homage or respect is not really paid to an inanimate object, but to the holy person, the veneration of a holy person is itself honour paid to God.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://carmelite.org/index.php?nuc\\=content\\&id\\=127\\|title\\=Relics\\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301045514/http://carmelite.org/index.php?nuc\\=content\\&id\\=127\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-01}} The Council decreed that every [altar](/wiki/Altar \"Altar\") should contain a relic, making it clear that this was already the norm, as it remains to the present day in [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") and [Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\") churches. The veneration of the relics of the saints reflects a belief that the saints in heaven [intercede](/wiki/Intercession \"Intercession\") for those on earth. A number of cures and miracles have been attributed to relics, not because of their own power, but because of the holiness of the saint they represent.[\"Relics of Saints\"](http://www.bostoncatholic.org/Being-Catholic/Content.aspx?id=11478), *Boston Catholic*, Archdiocese of Boston",
"Many tales of [miracles](/wiki/Miracle \"Miracle\") and other marvels were attributed to relics beginning in the early centuries of the church. These became popular during the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"). They were collected in books of [hagiography](/wiki/Hagiography \"Hagiography\") such as the *[Golden Legend](/wiki/Golden_Legend \"Golden Legend\")* or the works of [Caesarius of Heisterbach](/wiki/Caesarius_of_Heisterbach \"Caesarius of Heisterbach\"). These miracle tales made relics much sought\\-after during the period. By the Late Middle Ages, the collecting of, and dealing in, relics had reached enormous proportions, and had spread from the church to royalty, and then to the nobility and merchant classes.",
"The [Council of Trent](/wiki/Council_of_Trent \"Council of Trent\") of 1563 enjoined bishops to instruct their flocks that \"the holy bodies of holy martyrs ... are to be venerated by the faithful, for through these \\[bodies] many benefits are bestowed by God on men\". The Council further insisted that \"in the invocation of saints, the veneration of relics and the sacred use of images, every superstition shall be removed and all filthy lucre abolished.\"Thurston, Herbert. [\"Relics\"](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12734a.htm). *The Catholic Encyclopedia*. Vol. 12\\. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911\\. 13 March 2014 There are also many [relics associated with Jesus](/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus \"Relics associated with Jesus\").",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|St. [Francis Xavier](/wiki/Francis_Xavier \"Francis Xavier\")'s [humerus](/wiki/Humerus \"Humerus\"), [St. Joseph's Church](/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_and_Church \"St. Joseph's Seminary and Church\"), [Macau](/wiki/Macau \"Macau\")](/wiki/File:Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg \"Reliquary of St. Francis Xavier's humerus.jpg\")",
"In his introduction to Gregory's *History of the Franks*, Ernest Brehaut analyzed the Romano\\-Christian concepts that gave relics such a powerful draw. He distinguished Gregory's constant usage of *sanctus* and *[virtus](/wiki/Virtus_%28virtue%29 \"Virtus (virtue)\")*, the first with its familiar meaning of \"sacred\" or \"holy\", and the second as \"the mystic potency emanating from the person or thing that is sacred... In a practical way the second word *\\[virtus]* ... describes the uncanny, mysterious power emanating from the supernatural and affecting the natural... These points of contact and yielding are the miracles we continually hear of.\"Medieval Sourcebook, Gregory of Tours (539–594\\), *History of the Franks*, Books I–X, [Introduction by Earnest Brehaut (from his 1916 translation), pp. ix–xxv](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregory-hist.html#brehaut) \\[Note: Many of Brehaut's opinions and prejudices would not be upheld by modern historians. Students should not rely on this *Introduction* as a guide.]",
""
] |
Major developments
------------------
### Buckhead Atlanta
Buckhead Atlanta is a 1\.5 million\-square\-foot, eight\-acre [mixed\-use development](/wiki/Mixed-use_development "Mixed-use development") featuring 300,000 square feet of [retail stores](/wiki/Retail_stores "Retail stores"), [restaurants](/wiki/Restaurants "Restaurants") and cafes; more than 100,000 square feet of office space; and 370 [high\-rise](/wiki/High-rise "High-rise") residences. The development is located in the [neighborhood](/wiki/Neighborhood "Neighborhood") of [Buckhead](/wiki/Buckhead "Buckhead") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), at the intersection of [Peachtree](/wiki/Peachtree_Street "Peachtree Street") and West Paces Ferry roads.
In 2011, OliverMcMillan acquired The Streets of Buckhead two years after the project was stalled in 2009 due to a lack of financing. OliverMcMillan evolved the architecture, reengaged leasing efforts, and renamed the project Buckhead Atlanta.[TIAA\-CREF \& CBL Form $1\.09B JV \| Deals content from National Real Estate Investor](http://nreionline.com/deals/tiaa-cref-cbl-form-109b-jv)
Under the firms’s direction, construction has been underway since August 2012 and shops are anticipated to open in mid\-2014\.
The company provides live streaming video and still shot archive photos of the construction project from July 12, 2013 online.[Oliver McMillan Buckhead, Atlanta EarthCam](http://www.earthcam.net/projects/olivermcmillan/)
Oliver McMillan confirmed that twenty\-eight retailers and restaurants were committed to the project by May 2014\.[Oliver McMillan confirms 28 retailers and restaurants will join Buckhead, Atlanta](http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/real_talk/2014/05/olivermcmillan-confirms-28-retailers-for-buckhead.html?page=all) Retailers will include a mix of local, regional, national, and international brands,[REBusinessOnline.com](http://www.rebusinessonline.com/main.cfm?id=30549) including [Hermès](/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s "Hermès")[Atlanta's Buckhead Project Starts Anew \- Retail Features \- Retail \- WWD.com](http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/retail-features/atlantas-buckhead-project-starts-anew-6168700?src=search_links) as well as [Spanx’s](/wiki/Spanx "Spanx") first flagship retail store and custom\-designed world headquarters.[DEAL OF THE WEEK: Spanx Gives Atlanta a Lift With New Headquarters \- WSJ.com](https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323664204578608300487590988)
Buckhead Atlanta restaurants will include Le Bilboquet, two Consilient Hospitality locations including American F\+B and a pizza concept, Lugo Caffe, Corso Coffee, Doraku Sushi, [Georgetown Cupcakes](/wiki/Georgetown_Cupcake "Georgetown Cupcake") as featured on [TLC’s](/wiki/TLC_%28TV_network%29 "TLC (TV network)") “[DC Cupcakes](/wiki/DC_Cupcakes "DC Cupcakes")”, Gypsy Kitchen, Southern Gentleman, and [New York City’s](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") famous [Shake Shack](/wiki/Shake_Shack "Shake Shack").[10 restaurants confirmed for Buckhead Atlanta (SLIDESHOW) \- Atlanta Business Chronicle](http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/blog/peachtree-plate/2013/12/10-restaurants-confirmed-for-buckhead.html?page=all)
### River Oaks District
River Oaks District is located in the heart of [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas"). The mixed\-use development, located on 14 acres, will feature 650,000 square feet of customizable space, including 252,000 square feet of luxury retail, fine\-dining restaurants, street\-side cafes and entertainment; 92,000 square feet of creative office space; and 279 contemporary residential units.[River Oaks District Readies for Groundbreaking \- Daily News Article \- GlobeSt.com](http://www.globest.com/news/12_637/houston/development/River-Oaks-District-Readies-for-Groundbreaking-335091.html) A preview of the long\-awaited retail development was covered by Houston business media.[OliverMcMillan Houston Business Journal](http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/morning_call/2015/05/sneak-peek-inside-the-budding-river-oaks-district.html)
iPic Entertainment has announced that River Oaks District will feature an eight screen, 560 seat luxury movie theater.[New luxury movie theater to open in River Oaks: Wine list \& ninja w... \- CultureMap Houston](http://houston.culturemap.com/news/realestate/02-11-13-15-46-new-luxury-movie-theater-to-open-in-river-oaks-its-all-about-pampering-perks-and-ninja-servers/)
### Symphony Honolulu
Symphony Honolulu is a 45\-story, 388\-unit mixed\-use development located in [Honolulu’s](/wiki/Honolulu "Honolulu") Kapiolani corridor. The building will also contain a JN Automotive Group auto galleria that will feature brands such as [Ferrari](/wiki/Ferrari "Ferrari"), [Maserati](/wiki/Maserati "Maserati"), [Lamborghini](/wiki/Lamborghini "Lamborghini"), [Audi](/wiki/Audi "Audi"), and [Lotus](/wiki/Lotus_Cars "Lotus Cars").[What’s Hot: New High\-Rises on the Horizon \| Home and Design \| Robb Report \- The Global Luxury Source](http://robbreport.com/home-and-design/whats-hot-new-high-rises-horizon)
One, two, and three bedroom Residences will average 1,100 square feet each. 100 of the 338 units are reserved\-housing units for those who meet the income requirements established by the Hawaii Community Development Authority.[Construction begins this month on new condominium Symphony Honolulu – Real Estate – November 2013](http://www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/Real-Estate/November-2013/Symphony-Honolulu/)
Construction began on Symphony Honolulu in late 2013 and is on a two\-year schedule for completion;[Sales Start Strong for OliverMcMillan’s Symphony Condominiums in Downtown Honolulu \| Commercial Property Executive](http://www.cpexecutive.com/cities/honolulu/sales-start-strong-for-olivermcmillans-symphony-condominiums-in-downtown-honolulu/) 70% of the residences were sold in the first two days of sales in early 2013\.[Sales Start Strong for OliverMcMillan’s Symphony Condominiums in Downtown Honolulu \| Multi\-Housing News Online](http://www.multihousingnews.com/cities/honolulu/sales-start-strong-for-olivermcmillans-symphony-condominiums-in-downtown-honolulu/1004087230.html)
### SALT
SALT is a 3\.69\-acre site in Tempe that has been fully entitled as a four\-story, 264\-unit, Class A apartment building. Located on the south side of [Tempe Town Lake](/wiki/Tempe_Town_Lake "Tempe Town Lake"), the site is part of the Hayden Ferry Lakeside Master Plan, near [Arizona State University](/wiki/Arizona_State_University "Arizona State University") and the Mill Avenue Entertainment District. Construction is set to begin on the project in early 2014\.
### The Lofts at 688 Thirteenth Street
The Lofts at 688 Thirteenth Street, currently under construction, is planned as a five\-story residential building fronting 13th Street between Market and G streets in the [East Village District](/wiki/East_Village%2C_San_Diego "East Village, San Diego") of downtown San Diego. Covering three\-quarters of a city block, the new construction includes 208 mid\-rise and ground\-level apartments with studio, one\- and two\-bedroom residences, plus two ground\-level retail spaces of approximately 2,660 square feet each.[Oliver McMillan \| Unique Workplace, Unique Firm](http://www.olivermcmillan.com/places/projects/10/the_lofts_at_688_thirteenth_street.html) Progress can viewed through the Oliver McMillan EarthCam.[Oliver McMillan EarthCam at The Lofts 688 Thirteenth Street, San Diego, CA](http://www.earthcam.net/projects/olivermcmillan/thelofts/)
### Pacifica Honolulu
Located in the [Kakaako](/wiki/Kakaako "Kakaako") neighborhood of Honolulu, Pacifica Honolulu is a 46\-story building featuring 489 residential condominiums as well as approximately 11,000 square feet of commercial space.
OliverMcMillan purchased Pacifica Honolulu when the project was partially completed in 2009 and, after substantially redesigning the property, brought it to a successful completion at the end of 2011 \- achieving 100% of units sold prior to finishing construction.[Oliver McMillan \| Unique Workplace, Unique Firm](http://www.olivermcmillan.com/places/projects/36/pacifica_honolulu.html)
Pacifica’s features and amenities include a 3,000 sq. ft. fitness center, a 20\-seat movie theater with a 96\-inch screen and a private screening room with banquette seating for smaller audiences, a hobby room that will be a playground for painters, woodworkers, photographers and other craft\-handy residents, a dog park, barbecue pool cabanas, and magnificent views of the [Pacific Ocean](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean "Pacific Ocean"), [Diamond Head](/wiki/Diamond_Head%2C_Hawaii "Diamond Head, Hawaii") and [Koolau Mountains](/wiki/Koolau_Mountains "Koolau Mountains").[Sunny skies. Great buys](http://www.multihousingpro.com/article.php?name=Sunny+skies.+Great+buys.&AID=549&page=3)
### Iowa River Landing
Iowa River Landing is a 180\-acre mixed\-use development located in [Coralville](/wiki/Coralville "Coralville"), [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa "Iowa"), along [Interstate 80](/wiki/Interstate_80 "Interstate 80") and First Avenue on the [Iowa River](/wiki/Iowa_River "Iowa River"). The project is a public/private partnership between OliverMcMillan and the City of Coralville.
The development includes a 330,000\-square\-foot retail town center; office, residential and entertainment offerings.[Oliver McMillan \| Unique Workplace, Unique Firm](http://www.olivermcmillan.com/places/projects/33/iowa_river_landing.html) Iowa River Landing is home to The University of Iowa Health Care’s medical clinic, [Homewood Suites Hotel](/wiki/Homewood_Suites "Homewood Suites"), [Marriott](/wiki/Marriott_Hotels_%26_Resorts "Marriott Hotels & Resorts") Hotel and Conference Center, Von Maur, Backpocket Brewing, Scratch Cupcakery, and ProFit Gym among others.[Iowa River Landing](http://iowariverlanding.com/)
### The Glen Town Center
The Glen Town Center is mixed use development located in [Glenview](/wiki/Glenview%2C_Cook_County%2C_Illinois "Glenview, Cook County, Illinois"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois"), just north of [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"). The mixed\-use development features 1,150,000 square feet of retail shops, entertainment venues and restaurants in pedestrian\-friendly setting. A 160,000\-square\- foot [Von Maur](/wiki/Von_Maur "Von Maur") department store and 10\-screen [Landmark](/wiki/Landmark_Theaters "Landmark Theaters") movie theatre (formerly owned by [Arclight Cinemas](/wiki/ArcLight_Hollywood "ArcLight Hollywood")) anchor the retail portion of the Glen Town Center.[Guest Info](https://theglentowncenter.com/guest-info){{cite news \|last1\=D'Alessandro \|first1\=Anthony \|title\=Landmark Takes Over Former Arclight Cinemas Glen Town Center Location In Illinois \|url\=https://deadline.com/2021/11/landmark\-theatres\-arclight\-cinemas\-glen\-town\-center\-takeover\-1234882338/ \|access\-date\=4 December 2021 \|work\=Deadline Hollywood \|date\=12 December 2021}}{{cite news \|last1\=Robb \|first1\=Tom \|title\=Landmark Theaters At The Glen Opens Today (Friday) \|url\=https://www.journal\-topics.com/articles/landmark\-theaters\-at\-the\-glen\-opens\-friday/ \|access\-date\=8 December 2022 \|work\=Journal \& Topics \|date\=18 November 2022}} Other featured tenants include [Dick's Sporting Goods](/wiki/Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods "Dick's Sporting Goods"), [Jos. A. Bank](/wiki/Jos._A._Bank "Jos. A. Bank"), Carter’s, and [ULTA](/wiki/ULTA "ULTA"), among others.[Shopping at The Glen Town Center \~ Chicago Shopping, North Shore Dining \~ The Glen Town Center Shopping Mall](http://www.theglentowncenter.com/properties/shop/index.html) Navy Park, the Glen's version of a town square, is located in the center of the community. Atop the Glen Town Center is a 300\-unit apartment community.
To develop the project, OliverMcMillan bought 45 acres from the village of Glenview for $38\.6 million. The developer only paid $21\.6 million up front, with an agreement that the rest would come from revenue that it would share with the village if profits hit a certain threshold. That target was never reached, leaving $17 million outstanding from the original purchase price.{{cite web \|url\=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012\-07\-02/news/ct\-met\-glen\-foreclosure\-20120702\_1\_foreclosure\-suit\-glen\-town\-center\-restaurants\-at\-street\-level \|title\=The Glen Town Center hit with foreclosure suit \- Chicago Tribune \|website\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703105713/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012\-07\-02/news/ct\-met\-glen\-foreclosure\-20120702\_1\_foreclosure\-suit\-glen\-town\-center\-restaurants\-at\-street\-level \|archive\-date\=2012\-07\-03}}
After not paying a loan payment since July 2009, OliverMcMillan lost the project in a $55\.6 million foreclosure suit.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/news\-ticker/2013/sep/08/olivermcmillans\-foreclosed\-shopping\-center\-goes\-up/\|title \= OliverMcMillan's foreclosed shopping center goes up for sale \| San Diego Reader}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/realestate/20130815/CRED03/130819876/after\-foreclosure\-glen\-town\-center\-goes\-up\-for\-sale\|title \= After foreclosure, Glen Town Center goes up for sale\|date \= 14 August 2013}}
### San Diego Lofts Portfolio
OliverMcMillan completed a series of multifamily buildings in downtown San Diego which are a loft style and feature commercial and restaurant spaces. The series includes:
* The Lofts at 655 Sixth Avenue
* The Lofts at 677 Seventh Avenue
* The Lofts at 707 Tenth Avenue
* The Lofts at 777 Sixth Avenue
|
[
"Major developments\n------------------",
"### Buckhead Atlanta",
"Buckhead Atlanta is a 1\\.5 million\\-square\\-foot, eight\\-acre [mixed\\-use development](/wiki/Mixed-use_development \"Mixed-use development\") featuring 300,000 square feet of [retail stores](/wiki/Retail_stores \"Retail stores\"), [restaurants](/wiki/Restaurants \"Restaurants\") and cafes; more than 100,000 square feet of office space; and 370 [high\\-rise](/wiki/High-rise \"High-rise\") residences. The development is located in the [neighborhood](/wiki/Neighborhood \"Neighborhood\") of [Buckhead](/wiki/Buckhead \"Buckhead\") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), at the intersection of [Peachtree](/wiki/Peachtree_Street \"Peachtree Street\") and West Paces Ferry roads.",
"In 2011, OliverMcMillan acquired The Streets of Buckhead two years after the project was stalled in 2009 due to a lack of financing. OliverMcMillan evolved the architecture, reengaged leasing efforts, and renamed the project Buckhead Atlanta.[TIAA\\-CREF \\& CBL Form $1\\.09B JV \\| Deals content from National Real Estate Investor](http://nreionline.com/deals/tiaa-cref-cbl-form-109b-jv)",
"Under the firms’s direction, construction has been underway since August 2012 and shops are anticipated to open in mid\\-2014\\.",
"The company provides live streaming video and still shot archive photos of the construction project from July 12, 2013 online.[Oliver McMillan Buckhead, Atlanta EarthCam](http://www.earthcam.net/projects/olivermcmillan/)",
"Oliver McMillan confirmed that twenty\\-eight retailers and restaurants were committed to the project by May 2014\\.[Oliver McMillan confirms 28 retailers and restaurants will join Buckhead, Atlanta](http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/real_talk/2014/05/olivermcmillan-confirms-28-retailers-for-buckhead.html?page=all) Retailers will include a mix of local, regional, national, and international brands,[REBusinessOnline.com](http://www.rebusinessonline.com/main.cfm?id=30549) including [Hermès](/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s \"Hermès\")[Atlanta's Buckhead Project Starts Anew \\- Retail Features \\- Retail \\- WWD.com](http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/retail-features/atlantas-buckhead-project-starts-anew-6168700?src=search_links) as well as [Spanx’s](/wiki/Spanx \"Spanx\") first flagship retail store and custom\\-designed world headquarters.[DEAL OF THE WEEK: Spanx Gives Atlanta a Lift With New Headquarters \\- WSJ.com](https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323664204578608300487590988)",
"Buckhead Atlanta restaurants will include Le Bilboquet, two Consilient Hospitality locations including American F\\+B and a pizza concept, Lugo Caffe, Corso Coffee, Doraku Sushi, [Georgetown Cupcakes](/wiki/Georgetown_Cupcake \"Georgetown Cupcake\") as featured on [TLC’s](/wiki/TLC_%28TV_network%29 \"TLC (TV network)\") “[DC Cupcakes](/wiki/DC_Cupcakes \"DC Cupcakes\")”, Gypsy Kitchen, Southern Gentleman, and [New York City’s](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") famous [Shake Shack](/wiki/Shake_Shack \"Shake Shack\").[10 restaurants confirmed for Buckhead Atlanta (SLIDESHOW) \\- Atlanta Business Chronicle](http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/blog/peachtree-plate/2013/12/10-restaurants-confirmed-for-buckhead.html?page=all)",
"### River Oaks District",
"River Oaks District is located in the heart of [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"). The mixed\\-use development, located on 14 acres, will feature 650,000 square feet of customizable space, including 252,000 square feet of luxury retail, fine\\-dining restaurants, street\\-side cafes and entertainment; 92,000 square feet of creative office space; and 279 contemporary residential units.[River Oaks District Readies for Groundbreaking \\- Daily News Article \\- GlobeSt.com](http://www.globest.com/news/12_637/houston/development/River-Oaks-District-Readies-for-Groundbreaking-335091.html) A preview of the long\\-awaited retail development was covered by Houston business media.[OliverMcMillan Houston Business Journal](http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/morning_call/2015/05/sneak-peek-inside-the-budding-river-oaks-district.html)",
"iPic Entertainment has announced that River Oaks District will feature an eight screen, 560 seat luxury movie theater.[New luxury movie theater to open in River Oaks: Wine list \\& ninja w... \\- CultureMap Houston](http://houston.culturemap.com/news/realestate/02-11-13-15-46-new-luxury-movie-theater-to-open-in-river-oaks-its-all-about-pampering-perks-and-ninja-servers/)",
"### Symphony Honolulu",
"Symphony Honolulu is a 45\\-story, 388\\-unit mixed\\-use development located in [Honolulu’s](/wiki/Honolulu \"Honolulu\") Kapiolani corridor. The building will also contain a JN Automotive Group auto galleria that will feature brands such as [Ferrari](/wiki/Ferrari \"Ferrari\"), [Maserati](/wiki/Maserati \"Maserati\"), [Lamborghini](/wiki/Lamborghini \"Lamborghini\"), [Audi](/wiki/Audi \"Audi\"), and [Lotus](/wiki/Lotus_Cars \"Lotus Cars\").[What’s Hot: New High\\-Rises on the Horizon \\| Home and Design \\| Robb Report \\- The Global Luxury Source](http://robbreport.com/home-and-design/whats-hot-new-high-rises-horizon)",
"One, two, and three bedroom Residences will average 1,100 square feet each. 100 of the 338 units are reserved\\-housing units for those who meet the income requirements established by the Hawaii Community Development Authority.[Construction begins this month on new condominium Symphony Honolulu – Real Estate – November 2013](http://www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/Real-Estate/November-2013/Symphony-Honolulu/)",
"Construction began on Symphony Honolulu in late 2013 and is on a two\\-year schedule for completion;[Sales Start Strong for OliverMcMillan’s Symphony Condominiums in Downtown Honolulu \\| Commercial Property Executive](http://www.cpexecutive.com/cities/honolulu/sales-start-strong-for-olivermcmillans-symphony-condominiums-in-downtown-honolulu/) 70% of the residences were sold in the first two days of sales in early 2013\\.[Sales Start Strong for OliverMcMillan’s Symphony Condominiums in Downtown Honolulu \\| Multi\\-Housing News Online](http://www.multihousingnews.com/cities/honolulu/sales-start-strong-for-olivermcmillans-symphony-condominiums-in-downtown-honolulu/1004087230.html)",
"### SALT",
"SALT is a 3\\.69\\-acre site in Tempe that has been fully entitled as a four\\-story, 264\\-unit, Class A apartment building. Located on the south side of [Tempe Town Lake](/wiki/Tempe_Town_Lake \"Tempe Town Lake\"), the site is part of the Hayden Ferry Lakeside Master Plan, near [Arizona State University](/wiki/Arizona_State_University \"Arizona State University\") and the Mill Avenue Entertainment District. Construction is set to begin on the project in early 2014\\.",
"### The Lofts at 688 Thirteenth Street",
"The Lofts at 688 Thirteenth Street, currently under construction, is planned as a five\\-story residential building fronting 13th Street between Market and G streets in the [East Village District](/wiki/East_Village%2C_San_Diego \"East Village, San Diego\") of downtown San Diego. Covering three\\-quarters of a city block, the new construction includes 208 mid\\-rise and ground\\-level apartments with studio, one\\- and two\\-bedroom residences, plus two ground\\-level retail spaces of approximately 2,660 square feet each.[Oliver McMillan \\| Unique Workplace, Unique Firm](http://www.olivermcmillan.com/places/projects/10/the_lofts_at_688_thirteenth_street.html) Progress can viewed through the Oliver McMillan EarthCam.[Oliver McMillan EarthCam at The Lofts 688 Thirteenth Street, San Diego, CA](http://www.earthcam.net/projects/olivermcmillan/thelofts/)",
"### Pacifica Honolulu",
"",
"Located in the [Kakaako](/wiki/Kakaako \"Kakaako\") neighborhood of Honolulu, Pacifica Honolulu is a 46\\-story building featuring 489 residential condominiums as well as approximately 11,000 square feet of commercial space.",
"OliverMcMillan purchased Pacifica Honolulu when the project was partially completed in 2009 and, after substantially redesigning the property, brought it to a successful completion at the end of 2011 \\- achieving 100% of units sold prior to finishing construction.[Oliver McMillan \\| Unique Workplace, Unique Firm](http://www.olivermcmillan.com/places/projects/36/pacifica_honolulu.html)",
"Pacifica’s features and amenities include a 3,000 sq. ft. fitness center, a 20\\-seat movie theater with a 96\\-inch screen and a private screening room with banquette seating for smaller audiences, a hobby room that will be a playground for painters, woodworkers, photographers and other craft\\-handy residents, a dog park, barbecue pool cabanas, and magnificent views of the [Pacific Ocean](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean \"Pacific Ocean\"), [Diamond Head](/wiki/Diamond_Head%2C_Hawaii \"Diamond Head, Hawaii\") and [Koolau Mountains](/wiki/Koolau_Mountains \"Koolau Mountains\").[Sunny skies. Great buys](http://www.multihousingpro.com/article.php?name=Sunny+skies.+Great+buys.&AID=549&page=3)",
"### Iowa River Landing",
"Iowa River Landing is a 180\\-acre mixed\\-use development located in [Coralville](/wiki/Coralville \"Coralville\"), [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa \"Iowa\"), along [Interstate 80](/wiki/Interstate_80 \"Interstate 80\") and First Avenue on the [Iowa River](/wiki/Iowa_River \"Iowa River\"). The project is a public/private partnership between OliverMcMillan and the City of Coralville.",
"The development includes a 330,000\\-square\\-foot retail town center; office, residential and entertainment offerings.[Oliver McMillan \\| Unique Workplace, Unique Firm](http://www.olivermcmillan.com/places/projects/33/iowa_river_landing.html) Iowa River Landing is home to The University of Iowa Health Care’s medical clinic, [Homewood Suites Hotel](/wiki/Homewood_Suites \"Homewood Suites\"), [Marriott](/wiki/Marriott_Hotels_%26_Resorts \"Marriott Hotels & Resorts\") Hotel and Conference Center, Von Maur, Backpocket Brewing, Scratch Cupcakery, and ProFit Gym among others.[Iowa River Landing](http://iowariverlanding.com/)",
"### The Glen Town Center",
"The Glen Town Center is mixed use development located in [Glenview](/wiki/Glenview%2C_Cook_County%2C_Illinois \"Glenview, Cook County, Illinois\"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\"), just north of [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"). The mixed\\-use development features 1,150,000 square feet of retail shops, entertainment venues and restaurants in pedestrian\\-friendly setting. A 160,000\\-square\\- foot [Von Maur](/wiki/Von_Maur \"Von Maur\") department store and 10\\-screen [Landmark](/wiki/Landmark_Theaters \"Landmark Theaters\") movie theatre (formerly owned by [Arclight Cinemas](/wiki/ArcLight_Hollywood \"ArcLight Hollywood\")) anchor the retail portion of the Glen Town Center.[Guest Info](https://theglentowncenter.com/guest-info){{cite news \\|last1\\=D'Alessandro \\|first1\\=Anthony \\|title\\=Landmark Takes Over Former Arclight Cinemas Glen Town Center Location In Illinois \\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2021/11/landmark\\-theatres\\-arclight\\-cinemas\\-glen\\-town\\-center\\-takeover\\-1234882338/ \\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2021 \\|work\\=Deadline Hollywood \\|date\\=12 December 2021}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Robb \\|first1\\=Tom \\|title\\=Landmark Theaters At The Glen Opens Today (Friday) \\|url\\=https://www.journal\\-topics.com/articles/landmark\\-theaters\\-at\\-the\\-glen\\-opens\\-friday/ \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2022 \\|work\\=Journal \\& Topics \\|date\\=18 November 2022}} Other featured tenants include [Dick's Sporting Goods](/wiki/Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods \"Dick's Sporting Goods\"), [Jos. A. Bank](/wiki/Jos._A._Bank \"Jos. A. Bank\"), Carter’s, and [ULTA](/wiki/ULTA \"ULTA\"), among others.[Shopping at The Glen Town Center \\~ Chicago Shopping, North Shore Dining \\~ The Glen Town Center Shopping Mall](http://www.theglentowncenter.com/properties/shop/index.html) Navy Park, the Glen's version of a town square, is located in the center of the community. Atop the Glen Town Center is a 300\\-unit apartment community.",
"To develop the project, OliverMcMillan bought 45 acres from the village of Glenview for $38\\.6 million. The developer only paid $21\\.6 million up front, with an agreement that the rest would come from revenue that it would share with the village if profits hit a certain threshold. That target was never reached, leaving $17 million outstanding from the original purchase price.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012\\-07\\-02/news/ct\\-met\\-glen\\-foreclosure\\-20120702\\_1\\_foreclosure\\-suit\\-glen\\-town\\-center\\-restaurants\\-at\\-street\\-level \\|title\\=The Glen Town Center hit with foreclosure suit \\- Chicago Tribune \\|website\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703105713/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012\\-07\\-02/news/ct\\-met\\-glen\\-foreclosure\\-20120702\\_1\\_foreclosure\\-suit\\-glen\\-town\\-center\\-restaurants\\-at\\-street\\-level \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-03}}",
"After not paying a loan payment since July 2009, OliverMcMillan lost the project in a $55\\.6 million foreclosure suit.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/news\\-ticker/2013/sep/08/olivermcmillans\\-foreclosed\\-shopping\\-center\\-goes\\-up/\\|title \\= OliverMcMillan's foreclosed shopping center goes up for sale \\| San Diego Reader}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/realestate/20130815/CRED03/130819876/after\\-foreclosure\\-glen\\-town\\-center\\-goes\\-up\\-for\\-sale\\|title \\= After foreclosure, Glen Town Center goes up for sale\\|date \\= 14 August 2013}}",
"### San Diego Lofts Portfolio",
"OliverMcMillan completed a series of multifamily buildings in downtown San Diego which are a loft style and feature commercial and restaurant spaces. The series includes:\n* The Lofts at 655 Sixth Avenue\n* The Lofts at 677 Seventh Avenue\n* The Lofts at 707 Tenth Avenue\n* The Lofts at 777 Sixth Avenue",
""
] |
Career
------
Steven Nielson is a professional [Quality Assurance](/wiki/Quality_Assurance "Quality Assurance") Engineer, having worked for [Lockheed Martin](/wiki/Lockheed_Martin "Lockheed Martin"), [Hexcel](/wiki/Hexcel "Hexcel"), and [Blue Origin](/wiki/Blue_Origin "Blue Origin").
While employed with Lockheed, Nielson redefined [Foreign Object Debris](/wiki/Foreign_Object_Debris "Foreign Object Debris") maturity measures for the corporation and their supply chain. He led quality teams in military satellite assembly, test, and integration. He was selected for his expertise in space composites to assist with early design of the [Orion spacecraft](/wiki/Orion_spacecraft "Orion spacecraft") within Lockheed Martin where he made significant contributions to the supply chain quality management systems, focusing on development of small/disadvantaged businesses. Nielson ended his career with Lockheed Martin in 2012 after three years of [nuclear missile](/wiki/Nuclear_missile "Nuclear missile") test and fabrication at [Naval Submarine Base Bangor](/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Base_Bangor "Naval Submarine Base Bangor").
Nielson joined an advanced composites manufacturing facility in [Kent, Washington](/wiki/Kent%2C_Washington "Kent, Washington"). Nielson specialized in strategic problem solving and continuous improvement initiatives as a senior member of the Quality Management team.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.linkedin.com/in/steven\-nielson\-2b04108\|title\=Profile\|website\=www.linkedin.com}}
As a technical member in the Blue Engines business unit, Nielson has been recognized as an innovator in advanced space applications at [Blue Origin](/wiki/Blue_Origin "Blue Origin").
### Political history
Nielson is a noted community leader as early as his high school days, where he used his position as class president to advocate for educational outreach and cross\-functional/interdisciplinary education, volunteering throughout his high\-school tenure for elementary advisor programs (educational camp), and drug abuse education. Through college, Nielson used his leadership positions to continue educational outreach where he volunteered in elementary settings, teaching science and math to elementary students. Throughout his career Nielson has volunteered for educational outreach programs, such as [Advancement Via Individual Determination](/wiki/Advancement_Via_Individual_Determination "Advancement Via Individual Determination"), and has been a champion for community involvement in the education system. On campus, Nielson was a leader for student's rights, challenging the then University Smoking Ban at the University of Washington.
Nielson began volunteering for the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") in 2004, in [Santa Clara county](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County%2C_California "Santa Clara County, California"). In 2006, he was appointed and re\-elected as the Secretary of the Republican Party in Douglas County, Colorado.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dcgop.org/News/1\|title\=Vacancy Declared in DCGOP Secretary – Nielson Resigns\|website\=www.dcgop.org}} During this time Nielson was heavily involved in the presidential campaigns of [Tom Tancredo](/wiki/Tom_Tancredo "Tom Tancredo") and [Mike Huckabee](/wiki/Mike_Huckabee "Mike Huckabee"). Nielson graduated from the Leadership Program of the Rockies{{cite web \|url\=http://www.leadershipprogram.org/about/alumni\-rosters/class\-of\-2008 \|title\=Class of 2008 \- Leadership Program of the Rockies \|access\-date\=2014\-10\-30 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108183633/http://www.leadershipprogram.org/about/alumni\-rosters/class\-of\-2008 \|archive\-date\=November 8, 2014 \|df\=mdy\-all }} in 2008 where he was first introduced in\-depth to [Libertarian](/wiki/Libertarianism "Libertarianism") philosophies. Nielson's political involvement earned him a coveted question to the presidential candidates in the first YouTube/CNN Republican debates, in Florida.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.comspacewatch.com/news/viewnews.html?id\=1246 \|title\=Space Video Question Makes Its Way into YouTube/CNN Republican Debate \| Commercial Space Watch \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-09 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234607/http://www.comspacewatch.com/news/viewnews.html?id\=1246 \|archive\-date\=August 15, 2016 \|df\=mdy\-all }}
Upon returning to Washington State, Nielson was sought for chairman of the Kitsap County Republicans, but refused in order to focus on other political activism. In 2010, Nielson was elected as Precinct Committee Officer for the Republican Party in Ridgetop 149 precinct{{cite web \|url\=http://www.kitsapgov.com/aud/elections/archive/10/Cum0810/ElectionResult.htm \|title\=PRIM0810\_E Primary August 17, 2010 Official Final \|access\-date\=2014\-10\-30 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052026/http://www.kitsapgov.com/aud/elections/archive/10/Cum0810/ElectionResult.htm \|archive\-date\=March 5, 2016 \|df\=mdy\-all }} but left the Republican Party shortly after to officially join ranks with the Libertarian Party in early 2011\.
In early 2014, Nielson accepted a request from the [Libertarian Party of Washington](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Washington "Libertarian Party of Washington") to explore a campaign as a Libertarian for the state legislature. On May 31, 2014, Nielson was unanimously nominated by the state party to represent the party in the race for State Representative in Washington's 2nd Legislative District, challenging Republican Incumbent and House Floor Minority Leader [JT Wilcox](/wiki/JT_Wilcox "JT Wilcox"). A third contender entered the race on the final day of filing from the Democratic Party, [Rick Payne](/wiki/Rick_Payne "Rick Payne"). Despite attempting to register as a "Marijuana Party Democrat", Payne's official party preference from the Secretary of State's office indicated "Prefers Marijuana Party." Nielson received 21% of the total vote in the primary, defeating the Democrat for Marijuana candidate and advancing to the General Election. Nielson went on to finish the general election with 28\.13% of the final vote.{{cite web\|url\=http://ballotpedia.org/Steven\_Nielson\|title\=Steven Nielson \- Ballotpedia\|publisher\=}}
Nielson was the first [Libertarian](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Washington "Libertarian Party of Washington") candidate to survive a contested primary election following Washington's adoption of [Initiative 872](/wiki/Washington_Initiative_872 "Washington Initiative 872") in 2004\.
Nielson became an appointed member of the Civil Service and Parks Commissions in [Orting, WA](/wiki/Orting%2C_WA "Orting, WA") in 2014 where he was unanimously elected as the Co\-Chair of the dual commissions. He has used this position to refurbish and rededicate the town's Veteran's Memorial,{{cite web \|url\=http://cityoforting.org/wp\-content/uploads/formidable/Council\-Minutes\-6\-11\-14\.docx\|title\=Counsel minutes\|website\=cityoforting.org}} designing and executing the city project under all\-volunteer labor and private donations. Prior to this activity the memorial lay in disrepair for over a decade.
In 2015, Nielson penned several initiatives to the people, most notably the Make Every Vote Count initiative, aimed at reforming Washington State Electoral College. He was both applauded and criticized for seeking deep multiparty support for the reform.{{cite web \|url\=http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2025046055\_altpartiesforumxml.html \|title\=Activists in alternative parties discuss cooperating in state \| Local News \| the Seattle Times \|access\-date\=2014\-11\-25 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20141125180111/http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2025046055\_altpartiesforumxml.html \|archive\-date\=November 25, 2014 \|df\=mdy\-all }}
{{quote\|Libertarians should not be criticised for seeking alternative support for initiatives that better the political representation of all voters in the state of Washington. I, as a Libertarian, am not beholden to traditional party affiliations, and I remind those who seek to criticize that Libertarians and our solutions have a broad based appeal across the entire political spectrum. The success of our initiatives in 2015 will be evidence of the viablity of our leadership and ability to work with all political affiliations.}}
Nielson became chairman of the Libertarian Party of Washington State in 2015 and pledged to serve one term on a platform of party growth and candidate recruitment. He successfully recruited several local candidates in local 2015 races and added five election victories for the Libertarian Party. Nielson built a team to successfully recruit 35 candidates for office in 2016, aimed at helping the Libertarian Party attain Major Party status. His efforts have been identified as a Libertarian case study for candidate achievement by the Libertarian Leadership Academy, and he has been nominated for recognition for the National Libertarian Party Patrick Henry Award, recognizing achievement in libertarian campaigns.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.lp.org/blogs/staff/call\-for\-nominations\-libertarian\-party\-awards\-for\-the\-2016\-national\-lp\-convention\|title\=Call for Nominations: Libertarian Party Awards for the 2016 National LP Convention – Libertarian Party\|date\=April 4, 2016\|publisher\=}}
On March 15, 2016, Nielson announced candidacy for Commissioner of Public Lands for the State of Washington.
### Libertarian Campaign for Public Lands
Nielson ran the campaign for Commissioner of Public Lands in a pro\-investment, small government, business [innovation](/wiki/Innovation "Innovation") manner. His adherence to state portfolio diversification was adopted by all seven candidates in the race. He was the only candidate proposing an agro\-industrial investment by the state in [industrial hemp](/wiki/Industrial_hemp "Industrial hemp") futures to 'literally grow' Washington's economy.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theolympian.com/news/local/article89199117\.html\|title\=Five candidates make their pitch to become DNR chief\|publisher\=}}
{{quote\|I believe 100 percent of DNR lands should be aside for business purposes. Lands set aside as preserves should be traded to state parks. That would leave DNR focused on creating a steady revenue source for schools and reducing the burden to the taxpayer.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.spokesman.com/elections/issues\-publiclands\-2016/\|title\=Candidates on the issues: Commissioner of Public Lands – The Spokesman\-Review\|website\=www.spokesman.com}}}}
Nielson finished the race in 5th place in the blanket primary receiving just over 61,000 votes statewide, amounting to 4\.85% of the total votes.
### The Gary Johnson / Bill Weld Convention Controversy and Ballot Access in Washington State
[thumb\|right\|Gary Johnson and Steven Nielson discuss Bill Weld as Johnson's VP pick](/wiki/File:Johnson_Nielson_Stare.jpg "Johnson Nielson Stare.jpg")
At the [2016 Libertarian National Convention](/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention "2016 Libertarian National Convention") Steven Nielson lost confidence in the recommended running mate to presumptive nominee [Gary Johnson](/wiki/Gary_Johnson "Gary Johnson"), [William Weld](/wiki/William_Weld "William Weld"), after a poor debate performance and a mixture of words with the former [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") governor. As a national delegate, Nielson confronted Gary Johnson ahead of balloting to inquire as to the nature of the Johnson/Weld ticket. The meeting, intended to be a private exchange of words, resulted in an intense five\-minute dialogue which was captured by documentarians and journalists.
{{quote\|"I know the camera's are on, I didn't want to do this," Nielson said, motioning to me and the news cameras and documentary film crew in the room.{{cite web\|url\=http://nmpoliticalreport.com/47889/naked\-candidates\-frosty\-delegates\-and\-setting\-the\-table\-for\-dinner\-the\-quest\-for\-the\-white\-house/\|title\=Naked candidates, frosty delegates and choosing a candidate: The quest for the White House – The NM Political Report\|website\=nmpoliticalreport.com\|date\=June 4, 2016}}}}
Despite the differences identified at the convention, Nielson was identified as the multi\-convention chairman who submitted Johnson and Weld's names to the Secretary of State's election division for ballot access. Volunteers from around the state successfully gathered enough signatures to gain ballot access in Washington State for the Libertarian ticket by the August 5, 2016 deadline.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Steven Nielson is a professional [Quality Assurance](/wiki/Quality_Assurance \"Quality Assurance\") Engineer, having worked for [Lockheed Martin](/wiki/Lockheed_Martin \"Lockheed Martin\"), [Hexcel](/wiki/Hexcel \"Hexcel\"), and [Blue Origin](/wiki/Blue_Origin \"Blue Origin\").",
"While employed with Lockheed, Nielson redefined [Foreign Object Debris](/wiki/Foreign_Object_Debris \"Foreign Object Debris\") maturity measures for the corporation and their supply chain. He led quality teams in military satellite assembly, test, and integration. He was selected for his expertise in space composites to assist with early design of the [Orion spacecraft](/wiki/Orion_spacecraft \"Orion spacecraft\") within Lockheed Martin where he made significant contributions to the supply chain quality management systems, focusing on development of small/disadvantaged businesses. Nielson ended his career with Lockheed Martin in 2012 after three years of [nuclear missile](/wiki/Nuclear_missile \"Nuclear missile\") test and fabrication at [Naval Submarine Base Bangor](/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Base_Bangor \"Naval Submarine Base Bangor\").",
"Nielson joined an advanced composites manufacturing facility in [Kent, Washington](/wiki/Kent%2C_Washington \"Kent, Washington\"). Nielson specialized in strategic problem solving and continuous improvement initiatives as a senior member of the Quality Management team.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.linkedin.com/in/steven\\-nielson\\-2b04108\\|title\\=Profile\\|website\\=www.linkedin.com}}",
"As a technical member in the Blue Engines business unit, Nielson has been recognized as an innovator in advanced space applications at [Blue Origin](/wiki/Blue_Origin \"Blue Origin\").",
"### Political history",
"Nielson is a noted community leader as early as his high school days, where he used his position as class president to advocate for educational outreach and cross\\-functional/interdisciplinary education, volunteering throughout his high\\-school tenure for elementary advisor programs (educational camp), and drug abuse education. Through college, Nielson used his leadership positions to continue educational outreach where he volunteered in elementary settings, teaching science and math to elementary students. Throughout his career Nielson has volunteered for educational outreach programs, such as [Advancement Via Individual Determination](/wiki/Advancement_Via_Individual_Determination \"Advancement Via Individual Determination\"), and has been a champion for community involvement in the education system. On campus, Nielson was a leader for student's rights, challenging the then University Smoking Ban at the University of Washington.",
"Nielson began volunteering for the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") in 2004, in [Santa Clara county](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County%2C_California \"Santa Clara County, California\"). In 2006, he was appointed and re\\-elected as the Secretary of the Republican Party in Douglas County, Colorado.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dcgop.org/News/1\\|title\\=Vacancy Declared in DCGOP Secretary – Nielson Resigns\\|website\\=www.dcgop.org}} During this time Nielson was heavily involved in the presidential campaigns of [Tom Tancredo](/wiki/Tom_Tancredo \"Tom Tancredo\") and [Mike Huckabee](/wiki/Mike_Huckabee \"Mike Huckabee\"). Nielson graduated from the Leadership Program of the Rockies{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.leadershipprogram.org/about/alumni\\-rosters/class\\-of\\-2008 \\|title\\=Class of 2008 \\- Leadership Program of the Rockies \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-10\\-30 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108183633/http://www.leadershipprogram.org/about/alumni\\-rosters/class\\-of\\-2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 8, 2014 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} in 2008 where he was first introduced in\\-depth to [Libertarian](/wiki/Libertarianism \"Libertarianism\") philosophies. Nielson's political involvement earned him a coveted question to the presidential candidates in the first YouTube/CNN Republican debates, in Florida.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.comspacewatch.com/news/viewnews.html?id\\=1246 \\|title\\=Space Video Question Makes Its Way into YouTube/CNN Republican Debate \\| Commercial Space Watch \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234607/http://www.comspacewatch.com/news/viewnews.html?id\\=1246 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 15, 2016 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"Upon returning to Washington State, Nielson was sought for chairman of the Kitsap County Republicans, but refused in order to focus on other political activism. In 2010, Nielson was elected as Precinct Committee Officer for the Republican Party in Ridgetop 149 precinct{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kitsapgov.com/aud/elections/archive/10/Cum0810/ElectionResult.htm \\|title\\=PRIM0810\\_E Primary August 17, 2010 Official Final \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-10\\-30 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052026/http://www.kitsapgov.com/aud/elections/archive/10/Cum0810/ElectionResult.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2016 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} but left the Republican Party shortly after to officially join ranks with the Libertarian Party in early 2011\\.",
"In early 2014, Nielson accepted a request from the [Libertarian Party of Washington](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Washington \"Libertarian Party of Washington\") to explore a campaign as a Libertarian for the state legislature. On May 31, 2014, Nielson was unanimously nominated by the state party to represent the party in the race for State Representative in Washington's 2nd Legislative District, challenging Republican Incumbent and House Floor Minority Leader [JT Wilcox](/wiki/JT_Wilcox \"JT Wilcox\"). A third contender entered the race on the final day of filing from the Democratic Party, [Rick Payne](/wiki/Rick_Payne \"Rick Payne\"). Despite attempting to register as a \"Marijuana Party Democrat\", Payne's official party preference from the Secretary of State's office indicated \"Prefers Marijuana Party.\" Nielson received 21% of the total vote in the primary, defeating the Democrat for Marijuana candidate and advancing to the General Election. Nielson went on to finish the general election with 28\\.13% of the final vote.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ballotpedia.org/Steven\\_Nielson\\|title\\=Steven Nielson \\- Ballotpedia\\|publisher\\=}}",
"Nielson was the first [Libertarian](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Washington \"Libertarian Party of Washington\") candidate to survive a contested primary election following Washington's adoption of [Initiative 872](/wiki/Washington_Initiative_872 \"Washington Initiative 872\") in 2004\\.",
"Nielson became an appointed member of the Civil Service and Parks Commissions in [Orting, WA](/wiki/Orting%2C_WA \"Orting, WA\") in 2014 where he was unanimously elected as the Co\\-Chair of the dual commissions. He has used this position to refurbish and rededicate the town's Veteran's Memorial,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://cityoforting.org/wp\\-content/uploads/formidable/Council\\-Minutes\\-6\\-11\\-14\\.docx\\|title\\=Counsel minutes\\|website\\=cityoforting.org}} designing and executing the city project under all\\-volunteer labor and private donations. Prior to this activity the memorial lay in disrepair for over a decade.",
"In 2015, Nielson penned several initiatives to the people, most notably the Make Every Vote Count initiative, aimed at reforming Washington State Electoral College. He was both applauded and criticized for seeking deep multiparty support for the reform.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2025046055\\_altpartiesforumxml.html \\|title\\=Activists in alternative parties discuss cooperating in state \\| Local News \\| the Seattle Times \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20141125180111/http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2025046055\\_altpartiesforumxml.html \\|archive\\-date\\=November 25, 2014 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"{{quote\\|Libertarians should not be criticised for seeking alternative support for initiatives that better the political representation of all voters in the state of Washington. I, as a Libertarian, am not beholden to traditional party affiliations, and I remind those who seek to criticize that Libertarians and our solutions have a broad based appeal across the entire political spectrum. The success of our initiatives in 2015 will be evidence of the viablity of our leadership and ability to work with all political affiliations.}}",
"Nielson became chairman of the Libertarian Party of Washington State in 2015 and pledged to serve one term on a platform of party growth and candidate recruitment. He successfully recruited several local candidates in local 2015 races and added five election victories for the Libertarian Party. Nielson built a team to successfully recruit 35 candidates for office in 2016, aimed at helping the Libertarian Party attain Major Party status. His efforts have been identified as a Libertarian case study for candidate achievement by the Libertarian Leadership Academy, and he has been nominated for recognition for the National Libertarian Party Patrick Henry Award, recognizing achievement in libertarian campaigns.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.lp.org/blogs/staff/call\\-for\\-nominations\\-libertarian\\-party\\-awards\\-for\\-the\\-2016\\-national\\-lp\\-convention\\|title\\=Call for Nominations: Libertarian Party Awards for the 2016 National LP Convention – Libertarian Party\\|date\\=April 4, 2016\\|publisher\\=}}",
"On March 15, 2016, Nielson announced candidacy for Commissioner of Public Lands for the State of Washington.",
"### Libertarian Campaign for Public Lands",
"Nielson ran the campaign for Commissioner of Public Lands in a pro\\-investment, small government, business [innovation](/wiki/Innovation \"Innovation\") manner. His adherence to state portfolio diversification was adopted by all seven candidates in the race. He was the only candidate proposing an agro\\-industrial investment by the state in [industrial hemp](/wiki/Industrial_hemp \"Industrial hemp\") futures to 'literally grow' Washington's economy.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theolympian.com/news/local/article89199117\\.html\\|title\\=Five candidates make their pitch to become DNR chief\\|publisher\\=}}",
"{{quote\\|I believe 100 percent of DNR lands should be aside for business purposes. Lands set aside as preserves should be traded to state parks. That would leave DNR focused on creating a steady revenue source for schools and reducing the burden to the taxpayer.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spokesman.com/elections/issues\\-publiclands\\-2016/\\|title\\=Candidates on the issues: Commissioner of Public Lands – The Spokesman\\-Review\\|website\\=www.spokesman.com}}}}",
"Nielson finished the race in 5th place in the blanket primary receiving just over 61,000 votes statewide, amounting to 4\\.85% of the total votes.",
"### The Gary Johnson / Bill Weld Convention Controversy and Ballot Access in Washington State",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Gary Johnson and Steven Nielson discuss Bill Weld as Johnson's VP pick](/wiki/File:Johnson_Nielson_Stare.jpg \"Johnson Nielson Stare.jpg\")\nAt the [2016 Libertarian National Convention](/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention \"2016 Libertarian National Convention\") Steven Nielson lost confidence in the recommended running mate to presumptive nominee [Gary Johnson](/wiki/Gary_Johnson \"Gary Johnson\"), [William Weld](/wiki/William_Weld \"William Weld\"), after a poor debate performance and a mixture of words with the former [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") governor. As a national delegate, Nielson confronted Gary Johnson ahead of balloting to inquire as to the nature of the Johnson/Weld ticket. The meeting, intended to be a private exchange of words, resulted in an intense five\\-minute dialogue which was captured by documentarians and journalists.",
"{{quote\\|\"I know the camera's are on, I didn't want to do this,\" Nielson said, motioning to me and the news cameras and documentary film crew in the room.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nmpoliticalreport.com/47889/naked\\-candidates\\-frosty\\-delegates\\-and\\-setting\\-the\\-table\\-for\\-dinner\\-the\\-quest\\-for\\-the\\-white\\-house/\\|title\\=Naked candidates, frosty delegates and choosing a candidate: The quest for the White House – The NM Political Report\\|website\\=nmpoliticalreport.com\\|date\\=June 4, 2016}}}}",
"Despite the differences identified at the convention, Nielson was identified as the multi\\-convention chairman who submitted Johnson and Weld's names to the Secretary of State's election division for ballot access. Volunteers from around the state successfully gathered enough signatures to gain ballot access in Washington State for the Libertarian ticket by the August 5, 2016 deadline.",
""
] |
### Political history
Nielson is a noted community leader as early as his high school days, where he used his position as class president to advocate for educational outreach and cross\-functional/interdisciplinary education, volunteering throughout his high\-school tenure for elementary advisor programs (educational camp), and drug abuse education. Through college, Nielson used his leadership positions to continue educational outreach where he volunteered in elementary settings, teaching science and math to elementary students. Throughout his career Nielson has volunteered for educational outreach programs, such as [Advancement Via Individual Determination](/wiki/Advancement_Via_Individual_Determination "Advancement Via Individual Determination"), and has been a champion for community involvement in the education system. On campus, Nielson was a leader for student's rights, challenging the then University Smoking Ban at the University of Washington.
Nielson began volunteering for the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") in 2004, in [Santa Clara county](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County%2C_California "Santa Clara County, California"). In 2006, he was appointed and re\-elected as the Secretary of the Republican Party in Douglas County, Colorado.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dcgop.org/News/1\|title\=Vacancy Declared in DCGOP Secretary – Nielson Resigns\|website\=www.dcgop.org}} During this time Nielson was heavily involved in the presidential campaigns of [Tom Tancredo](/wiki/Tom_Tancredo "Tom Tancredo") and [Mike Huckabee](/wiki/Mike_Huckabee "Mike Huckabee"). Nielson graduated from the Leadership Program of the Rockies{{cite web \|url\=http://www.leadershipprogram.org/about/alumni\-rosters/class\-of\-2008 \|title\=Class of 2008 \- Leadership Program of the Rockies \|access\-date\=2014\-10\-30 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108183633/http://www.leadershipprogram.org/about/alumni\-rosters/class\-of\-2008 \|archive\-date\=November 8, 2014 \|df\=mdy\-all }} in 2008 where he was first introduced in\-depth to [Libertarian](/wiki/Libertarianism "Libertarianism") philosophies. Nielson's political involvement earned him a coveted question to the presidential candidates in the first YouTube/CNN Republican debates, in Florida.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.comspacewatch.com/news/viewnews.html?id\=1246 \|title\=Space Video Question Makes Its Way into YouTube/CNN Republican Debate \| Commercial Space Watch \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-09 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234607/http://www.comspacewatch.com/news/viewnews.html?id\=1246 \|archive\-date\=August 15, 2016 \|df\=mdy\-all }}
Upon returning to Washington State, Nielson was sought for chairman of the Kitsap County Republicans, but refused in order to focus on other political activism. In 2010, Nielson was elected as Precinct Committee Officer for the Republican Party in Ridgetop 149 precinct{{cite web \|url\=http://www.kitsapgov.com/aud/elections/archive/10/Cum0810/ElectionResult.htm \|title\=PRIM0810\_E Primary August 17, 2010 Official Final \|access\-date\=2014\-10\-30 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052026/http://www.kitsapgov.com/aud/elections/archive/10/Cum0810/ElectionResult.htm \|archive\-date\=March 5, 2016 \|df\=mdy\-all }} but left the Republican Party shortly after to officially join ranks with the Libertarian Party in early 2011\.
In early 2014, Nielson accepted a request from the [Libertarian Party of Washington](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Washington "Libertarian Party of Washington") to explore a campaign as a Libertarian for the state legislature. On May 31, 2014, Nielson was unanimously nominated by the state party to represent the party in the race for State Representative in Washington's 2nd Legislative District, challenging Republican Incumbent and House Floor Minority Leader [JT Wilcox](/wiki/JT_Wilcox "JT Wilcox"). A third contender entered the race on the final day of filing from the Democratic Party, [Rick Payne](/wiki/Rick_Payne "Rick Payne"). Despite attempting to register as a "Marijuana Party Democrat", Payne's official party preference from the Secretary of State's office indicated "Prefers Marijuana Party." Nielson received 21% of the total vote in the primary, defeating the Democrat for Marijuana candidate and advancing to the General Election. Nielson went on to finish the general election with 28\.13% of the final vote.{{cite web\|url\=http://ballotpedia.org/Steven\_Nielson\|title\=Steven Nielson \- Ballotpedia\|publisher\=}}
Nielson was the first [Libertarian](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Washington "Libertarian Party of Washington") candidate to survive a contested primary election following Washington's adoption of [Initiative 872](/wiki/Washington_Initiative_872 "Washington Initiative 872") in 2004\.
Nielson became an appointed member of the Civil Service and Parks Commissions in [Orting, WA](/wiki/Orting%2C_WA "Orting, WA") in 2014 where he was unanimously elected as the Co\-Chair of the dual commissions. He has used this position to refurbish and rededicate the town's Veteran's Memorial,{{cite web \|url\=http://cityoforting.org/wp\-content/uploads/formidable/Council\-Minutes\-6\-11\-14\.docx\|title\=Counsel minutes\|website\=cityoforting.org}} designing and executing the city project under all\-volunteer labor and private donations. Prior to this activity the memorial lay in disrepair for over a decade.
In 2015, Nielson penned several initiatives to the people, most notably the Make Every Vote Count initiative, aimed at reforming Washington State Electoral College. He was both applauded and criticized for seeking deep multiparty support for the reform.{{cite web \|url\=http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2025046055\_altpartiesforumxml.html \|title\=Activists in alternative parties discuss cooperating in state \| Local News \| the Seattle Times \|access\-date\=2014\-11\-25 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20141125180111/http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2025046055\_altpartiesforumxml.html \|archive\-date\=November 25, 2014 \|df\=mdy\-all }}
{{quote\|Libertarians should not be criticised for seeking alternative support for initiatives that better the political representation of all voters in the state of Washington. I, as a Libertarian, am not beholden to traditional party affiliations, and I remind those who seek to criticize that Libertarians and our solutions have a broad based appeal across the entire political spectrum. The success of our initiatives in 2015 will be evidence of the viablity of our leadership and ability to work with all political affiliations.}}
Nielson became chairman of the Libertarian Party of Washington State in 2015 and pledged to serve one term on a platform of party growth and candidate recruitment. He successfully recruited several local candidates in local 2015 races and added five election victories for the Libertarian Party. Nielson built a team to successfully recruit 35 candidates for office in 2016, aimed at helping the Libertarian Party attain Major Party status. His efforts have been identified as a Libertarian case study for candidate achievement by the Libertarian Leadership Academy, and he has been nominated for recognition for the National Libertarian Party Patrick Henry Award, recognizing achievement in libertarian campaigns.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.lp.org/blogs/staff/call\-for\-nominations\-libertarian\-party\-awards\-for\-the\-2016\-national\-lp\-convention\|title\=Call for Nominations: Libertarian Party Awards for the 2016 National LP Convention – Libertarian Party\|date\=April 4, 2016\|publisher\=}}
On March 15, 2016, Nielson announced candidacy for Commissioner of Public Lands for the State of Washington.
|
[
"### Political history",
"Nielson is a noted community leader as early as his high school days, where he used his position as class president to advocate for educational outreach and cross\\-functional/interdisciplinary education, volunteering throughout his high\\-school tenure for elementary advisor programs (educational camp), and drug abuse education. Through college, Nielson used his leadership positions to continue educational outreach where he volunteered in elementary settings, teaching science and math to elementary students. Throughout his career Nielson has volunteered for educational outreach programs, such as [Advancement Via Individual Determination](/wiki/Advancement_Via_Individual_Determination \"Advancement Via Individual Determination\"), and has been a champion for community involvement in the education system. On campus, Nielson was a leader for student's rights, challenging the then University Smoking Ban at the University of Washington.",
"Nielson began volunteering for the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") in 2004, in [Santa Clara county](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County%2C_California \"Santa Clara County, California\"). In 2006, he was appointed and re\\-elected as the Secretary of the Republican Party in Douglas County, Colorado.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dcgop.org/News/1\\|title\\=Vacancy Declared in DCGOP Secretary – Nielson Resigns\\|website\\=www.dcgop.org}} During this time Nielson was heavily involved in the presidential campaigns of [Tom Tancredo](/wiki/Tom_Tancredo \"Tom Tancredo\") and [Mike Huckabee](/wiki/Mike_Huckabee \"Mike Huckabee\"). Nielson graduated from the Leadership Program of the Rockies{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.leadershipprogram.org/about/alumni\\-rosters/class\\-of\\-2008 \\|title\\=Class of 2008 \\- Leadership Program of the Rockies \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-10\\-30 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108183633/http://www.leadershipprogram.org/about/alumni\\-rosters/class\\-of\\-2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 8, 2014 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} in 2008 where he was first introduced in\\-depth to [Libertarian](/wiki/Libertarianism \"Libertarianism\") philosophies. Nielson's political involvement earned him a coveted question to the presidential candidates in the first YouTube/CNN Republican debates, in Florida.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.comspacewatch.com/news/viewnews.html?id\\=1246 \\|title\\=Space Video Question Makes Its Way into YouTube/CNN Republican Debate \\| Commercial Space Watch \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234607/http://www.comspacewatch.com/news/viewnews.html?id\\=1246 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 15, 2016 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"Upon returning to Washington State, Nielson was sought for chairman of the Kitsap County Republicans, but refused in order to focus on other political activism. In 2010, Nielson was elected as Precinct Committee Officer for the Republican Party in Ridgetop 149 precinct{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kitsapgov.com/aud/elections/archive/10/Cum0810/ElectionResult.htm \\|title\\=PRIM0810\\_E Primary August 17, 2010 Official Final \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-10\\-30 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052026/http://www.kitsapgov.com/aud/elections/archive/10/Cum0810/ElectionResult.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2016 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} but left the Republican Party shortly after to officially join ranks with the Libertarian Party in early 2011\\.",
"In early 2014, Nielson accepted a request from the [Libertarian Party of Washington](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Washington \"Libertarian Party of Washington\") to explore a campaign as a Libertarian for the state legislature. On May 31, 2014, Nielson was unanimously nominated by the state party to represent the party in the race for State Representative in Washington's 2nd Legislative District, challenging Republican Incumbent and House Floor Minority Leader [JT Wilcox](/wiki/JT_Wilcox \"JT Wilcox\"). A third contender entered the race on the final day of filing from the Democratic Party, [Rick Payne](/wiki/Rick_Payne \"Rick Payne\"). Despite attempting to register as a \"Marijuana Party Democrat\", Payne's official party preference from the Secretary of State's office indicated \"Prefers Marijuana Party.\" Nielson received 21% of the total vote in the primary, defeating the Democrat for Marijuana candidate and advancing to the General Election. Nielson went on to finish the general election with 28\\.13% of the final vote.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ballotpedia.org/Steven\\_Nielson\\|title\\=Steven Nielson \\- Ballotpedia\\|publisher\\=}}",
"Nielson was the first [Libertarian](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Washington \"Libertarian Party of Washington\") candidate to survive a contested primary election following Washington's adoption of [Initiative 872](/wiki/Washington_Initiative_872 \"Washington Initiative 872\") in 2004\\.",
"Nielson became an appointed member of the Civil Service and Parks Commissions in [Orting, WA](/wiki/Orting%2C_WA \"Orting, WA\") in 2014 where he was unanimously elected as the Co\\-Chair of the dual commissions. He has used this position to refurbish and rededicate the town's Veteran's Memorial,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://cityoforting.org/wp\\-content/uploads/formidable/Council\\-Minutes\\-6\\-11\\-14\\.docx\\|title\\=Counsel minutes\\|website\\=cityoforting.org}} designing and executing the city project under all\\-volunteer labor and private donations. Prior to this activity the memorial lay in disrepair for over a decade.",
"In 2015, Nielson penned several initiatives to the people, most notably the Make Every Vote Count initiative, aimed at reforming Washington State Electoral College. He was both applauded and criticized for seeking deep multiparty support for the reform.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2025046055\\_altpartiesforumxml.html \\|title\\=Activists in alternative parties discuss cooperating in state \\| Local News \\| the Seattle Times \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20141125180111/http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2025046055\\_altpartiesforumxml.html \\|archive\\-date\\=November 25, 2014 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"{{quote\\|Libertarians should not be criticised for seeking alternative support for initiatives that better the political representation of all voters in the state of Washington. I, as a Libertarian, am not beholden to traditional party affiliations, and I remind those who seek to criticize that Libertarians and our solutions have a broad based appeal across the entire political spectrum. The success of our initiatives in 2015 will be evidence of the viablity of our leadership and ability to work with all political affiliations.}}",
"Nielson became chairman of the Libertarian Party of Washington State in 2015 and pledged to serve one term on a platform of party growth and candidate recruitment. He successfully recruited several local candidates in local 2015 races and added five election victories for the Libertarian Party. Nielson built a team to successfully recruit 35 candidates for office in 2016, aimed at helping the Libertarian Party attain Major Party status. His efforts have been identified as a Libertarian case study for candidate achievement by the Libertarian Leadership Academy, and he has been nominated for recognition for the National Libertarian Party Patrick Henry Award, recognizing achievement in libertarian campaigns.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.lp.org/blogs/staff/call\\-for\\-nominations\\-libertarian\\-party\\-awards\\-for\\-the\\-2016\\-national\\-lp\\-convention\\|title\\=Call for Nominations: Libertarian Party Awards for the 2016 National LP Convention – Libertarian Party\\|date\\=April 4, 2016\\|publisher\\=}}",
"On March 15, 2016, Nielson announced candidacy for Commissioner of Public Lands for the State of Washington.",
""
] |
Career
------
Before commercial success, at age 17 Tamino trained vocally at the Amsterdam Royal Conservatory.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gq\-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/tamino\-interview\|title \= Belgian singer Tamino merges Arabic sounds with western sensibilities\|date \= 12 July 2020}}
In November 2016, Tamino was invited by Belgian band Het Zesde Metaal to play a [Radio 1 session](/wiki/Radio_1_%28Belgium%29 "Radio 1 (Belgium)"). His first single, *Habibi*, made an impression and he was immediately picked up by Radio 1\. [*Habibi* on Radio 1 session in November 2016](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jDqGvr_u9c)
In 2017, Tamino won a new musical talent competition at [Studio Brussels](/wiki/Studio_Brussels "Studio Brussels").[De Nieuwe Lichting 2017 at Studio Brussels](https://stubru.be/denieuwelichting/denieuwelichting2017tamino0) On 11 October 2017 he played in the [Ancienne Belgique](/wiki/Ancienne_Belgique "Ancienne Belgique") (Brussels) where he was nicknamed 'the Belgian [Jeff Buckley](/wiki/Jeff_Buckley "Jeff Buckley")'.[The Independent – "Is Tamino the heir to Jeff Buckley?"](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/tamino-interview-album-amir-release-date-tracklist-radiohead-colin-greenwood-a8580426.html) He has also played at [Palais 12](/wiki/Palais_12 "Palais 12") (Brussels) and during the [```
Flemish Music Industry Awards
```](/wiki/Music_Industry_Awards "Music Industry Awards") and [the Melkweg](/wiki/Melkweg "Melkweg") in Amsterdam. During the summer of 2017, he was featured in festivals across Belgium and the Netherlands such as [Rock Werchter](/wiki/Rock_Werchter "Rock Werchter") and [Pukkelpop](/wiki/Pukkelpop "Pukkelpop").
In the summer of 2018 *Tamino* performed in festivals across Europe including [Rock en Seine](/wiki/Rock_en_Seine "Rock en Seine") (Paris).[Bruzz Media – "Met prins Tamino naar Parijs"](https://www.bruzz.be/music/met-prins-tamino-naar-parijs-2018-11-29)
On 19 October 2018 Tamino released his first full\-length album *Amir* ([Arts \& Crafts](/wiki/Arts_%26_Crafts_Productions "Arts & Crafts Productions")/[Communion](/wiki/Communion_Music "Communion Music")). At the end of October, he played three sold\-out shows at the Ancienne Belgique as part of a European headline tour. On 8 November 2018 he performed in Iceland at [Iceland Airwaves](/wiki/Iceland_Airwaves "Iceland Airwaves").
Tamino was featured in [Live Nation](/wiki/Live_Nation "Live Nation")'s Ones To Watch,[One's To Watch – "Meet Tamino, The Mesmerizing Up and Comer With Middle Eastern Influence"](https://www.onestowatch.com/blog/meet-tamino-the-mesmerizing-up-and-comer-with) which spoke of Tamino's voice, saying his "falsetto surpasses 'face melting' and rises to a space of pureness that can only be described as divine." He announced his first headline stadium show in November 2019 at the [Lotto Arena](/wiki/Lotto_Arena "Lotto Arena").
In 2019, Tamino played four shows at [SXSW](/wiki/South_by_Southwest "South by Southwest"), his first North American shows, where he shared the live version of his single "Indigo Night", with [Radiohead](/wiki/Radiohead "Radiohead") bassist [Colin Greenwood](/wiki/Colin_Greenwood "Colin Greenwood"). On 10 May, Tamino released his live EP titled *Live at Ancienne Belgique*. Following SXSW he returned to Europe for a tour across the continent, including France, Great Britain, Germany, and the [Sziget Festival](/wiki/Sziget_Festival "Sziget Festival") in Budapest.
Tamino has also been featured in the fashion world and alongside supermodel [Gisele Bündchen](/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen "Gisele Bündchen") in Missoni's SS19 Collection. During Paris Fashion week he was featured "in conversation" with Maison Valentino and performed a solo version of "Indigo Night".[Indigo Night](https://www.instagram.com/p/BsqAyhzBddb/) He has been featured in [Vogue Hommes](/wiki/Vogue_Hommes "Vogue Hommes")' March 2019 14\-page spread, which was photographed by critically lauded photographer [Paolo Roversi](/wiki/Paolo_Roversi "Paolo Roversi").
### *Amir*
On 19 October 2018 Tamino released his first full\-length album, *Amir*. Throughout the album, Tamino is joined by a collective of Arabic musicians based in Brussels called Nagham Zikrayat, an orchestra predominantly made up of professional musicians from the Middle East, most of whom are refugees that fled Iraq and Syria.
The BBC hailed *Amir* as "The New Sound of [The Nile](/wiki/Nile_river "Nile river")",[BBC News – "Tamino: The new 'Sound of the Nile'?"](https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46315558) an ode to Tamino's grandfather [Muharram Fouad](/wiki/Muharram_Fouad "Muharram Fouad"). *The Independent* included *Amir* in their top 10 albums of 2018\.[The Independent – "The 40 best albums of 2018"](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/albums-of-the-year-2018-arctic-monkeys-christine-queens-the-1975-janelle-monae-a8661091.html) Tamino won the Anchor Award at Germany's 2018 Reeperbahn festival and has been nominated for 5 MIA Awards in Belgium.{{citation\|url\=https://www.anchor\-award.com/sites/default/files/pressemitteilungen/en\_general\_press\_info\_PK\_0\.pdf\|title\=ANCHOR – Reeperbahn Festival International Music Award\|website\=anchor.award.com\|access\-date\=7 April 2023}}
### *Sahar*
On 27 April 2022, Tamino released "The First Disciple" after a two\-year social media hiatus, the first single from his second studio album, *Sahar*.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cc29fJRokoa/?igshid\=YmMyMTA2M2Y\= \| title\=Tamino on Instagram: "It's been a while, feeling proud and excited to finally share this with all of you. 'The First Disciple' out now (Link in bio). Picture by my mother, edited by @janphilipzen" }} On 7 June 2022, Tamino released his second single from the album, "Fascination," and announced that *Sahar* would be released 23 September 2022\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cef1fvOILCD/?igshid\=YmMyMTA2M2Y\= \| title\=Tamino on Instagram: "I rejoice to tell you that 23 September will mark the release of my second studio album and that it will be called 'Sahar'. After 'The First Disciple', I'm ready to share another piece of the new record with you today in the form of 'Fascination'. Another song very dear to my heart which as of this day will hopefully mean something to you too. Listen to 'Fascination' and/Or preorder limited edition vinyl of 'Sahar' with hand signed postcard via link in bio Album cover by @janphilipzen" }}
On 6 June 2022, Tamino announced that he would resume his postponed 2020 North America and Europe tour in September 2022\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/CeeLChQIAuy/?igshid\=YmMyMTA2M2Y\= \| title\=Tamino on Instagram: "First tour dates! Taking off where we left off: USA/Canada solo tour followed by a European full band tour. Counting the days till being on the road again and sharing many beautiful moments with all of you. Tickets go on sale this Friday but there's a pre\-sale for newsletter subscribers. Link in bio for info, tickets, or subscribing to newsletter Picture by Herman Selleslags" }}
### *Every Dawn's a Mountain*
On 15 October 2024, Tamino released "Babylon", the first single from his upcoming album titled *Every Dawn's a Mountain*, set for release on March 21, 2025\.{{Cite web \|last\=Paul \|first\=Larisha \|date\=2024\-10\-15 \|title\=Tamino Previews New Album 'Every Dawn's a Mountain' With First Single 'Babylon' \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/tamino\-babylon\-single\-album\-tour\-announcement\-1235134564/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-17 \|website\=Rolling Stone \|language\=en\-US}} The album's setlist was also released, including one song in collaboration with American singer\-songwriter [Mitski](/wiki/Mitski "Mitski"), whom he had been touring alongside for her "[The Land Is Inhospitable and So Are We](/wiki/The_Land_Is_Inhospitable_and_So_Are_We "The Land Is Inhospitable and So Are We")" tour throughout early 2024\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Before commercial success, at age 17 Tamino trained vocally at the Amsterdam Royal Conservatory.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gq\\-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/tamino\\-interview\\|title \\= Belgian singer Tamino merges Arabic sounds with western sensibilities\\|date \\= 12 July 2020}}",
"In November 2016, Tamino was invited by Belgian band Het Zesde Metaal to play a [Radio 1 session](/wiki/Radio_1_%28Belgium%29 \"Radio 1 (Belgium)\"). His first single, *Habibi*, made an impression and he was immediately picked up by Radio 1\\. [*Habibi* on Radio 1 session in November 2016](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jDqGvr_u9c)",
"In 2017, Tamino won a new musical talent competition at [Studio Brussels](/wiki/Studio_Brussels \"Studio Brussels\").[De Nieuwe Lichting 2017 at Studio Brussels](https://stubru.be/denieuwelichting/denieuwelichting2017tamino0) On 11 October 2017 he played in the [Ancienne Belgique](/wiki/Ancienne_Belgique \"Ancienne Belgique\") (Brussels) where he was nicknamed 'the Belgian [Jeff Buckley](/wiki/Jeff_Buckley \"Jeff Buckley\")'.[The Independent – \"Is Tamino the heir to Jeff Buckley?\"](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/tamino-interview-album-amir-release-date-tracklist-radiohead-colin-greenwood-a8580426.html) He has also played at [Palais 12](/wiki/Palais_12 \"Palais 12\") (Brussels) and during the [```\nFlemish Music Industry Awards \n```](/wiki/Music_Industry_Awards \"Music Industry Awards\") and [the Melkweg](/wiki/Melkweg \"Melkweg\") in Amsterdam. During the summer of 2017, he was featured in festivals across Belgium and the Netherlands such as [Rock Werchter](/wiki/Rock_Werchter \"Rock Werchter\") and [Pukkelpop](/wiki/Pukkelpop \"Pukkelpop\").",
"In the summer of 2018 *Tamino* performed in festivals across Europe including [Rock en Seine](/wiki/Rock_en_Seine \"Rock en Seine\") (Paris).[Bruzz Media – \"Met prins Tamino naar Parijs\"](https://www.bruzz.be/music/met-prins-tamino-naar-parijs-2018-11-29) \nOn 19 October 2018 Tamino released his first full\\-length album *Amir* ([Arts \\& Crafts](/wiki/Arts_%26_Crafts_Productions \"Arts & Crafts Productions\")/[Communion](/wiki/Communion_Music \"Communion Music\")). At the end of October, he played three sold\\-out shows at the Ancienne Belgique as part of a European headline tour. On 8 November 2018 he performed in Iceland at [Iceland Airwaves](/wiki/Iceland_Airwaves \"Iceland Airwaves\").",
"Tamino was featured in [Live Nation](/wiki/Live_Nation \"Live Nation\")'s Ones To Watch,[One's To Watch – \"Meet Tamino, The Mesmerizing Up and Comer With Middle Eastern Influence\"](https://www.onestowatch.com/blog/meet-tamino-the-mesmerizing-up-and-comer-with) which spoke of Tamino's voice, saying his \"falsetto surpasses 'face melting' and rises to a space of pureness that can only be described as divine.\" He announced his first headline stadium show in November 2019 at the [Lotto Arena](/wiki/Lotto_Arena \"Lotto Arena\").",
"In 2019, Tamino played four shows at [SXSW](/wiki/South_by_Southwest \"South by Southwest\"), his first North American shows, where he shared the live version of his single \"Indigo Night\", with [Radiohead](/wiki/Radiohead \"Radiohead\") bassist [Colin Greenwood](/wiki/Colin_Greenwood \"Colin Greenwood\"). On 10 May, Tamino released his live EP titled *Live at Ancienne Belgique*. Following SXSW he returned to Europe for a tour across the continent, including France, Great Britain, Germany, and the [Sziget Festival](/wiki/Sziget_Festival \"Sziget Festival\") in Budapest.",
"Tamino has also been featured in the fashion world and alongside supermodel [Gisele Bündchen](/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen \"Gisele Bündchen\") in Missoni's SS19 Collection. During Paris Fashion week he was featured \"in conversation\" with Maison Valentino and performed a solo version of \"Indigo Night\".[Indigo Night](https://www.instagram.com/p/BsqAyhzBddb/) He has been featured in [Vogue Hommes](/wiki/Vogue_Hommes \"Vogue Hommes\")' March 2019 14\\-page spread, which was photographed by critically lauded photographer [Paolo Roversi](/wiki/Paolo_Roversi \"Paolo Roversi\").",
"### *Amir*",
"On 19 October 2018 Tamino released his first full\\-length album, *Amir*. Throughout the album, Tamino is joined by a collective of Arabic musicians based in Brussels called Nagham Zikrayat, an orchestra predominantly made up of professional musicians from the Middle East, most of whom are refugees that fled Iraq and Syria.",
"The BBC hailed *Amir* as \"The New Sound of [The Nile](/wiki/Nile_river \"Nile river\")\",[BBC News – \"Tamino: The new 'Sound of the Nile'?\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46315558) an ode to Tamino's grandfather [Muharram Fouad](/wiki/Muharram_Fouad \"Muharram Fouad\"). *The Independent* included *Amir* in their top 10 albums of 2018\\.[The Independent – \"The 40 best albums of 2018\"](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/albums-of-the-year-2018-arctic-monkeys-christine-queens-the-1975-janelle-monae-a8661091.html) Tamino won the Anchor Award at Germany's 2018 Reeperbahn festival and has been nominated for 5 MIA Awards in Belgium.{{citation\\|url\\=https://www.anchor\\-award.com/sites/default/files/pressemitteilungen/en\\_general\\_press\\_info\\_PK\\_0\\.pdf\\|title\\=ANCHOR – Reeperbahn Festival International Music Award\\|website\\=anchor.award.com\\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2023}}",
"### *Sahar*",
"On 27 April 2022, Tamino released \"The First Disciple\" after a two\\-year social media hiatus, the first single from his second studio album, *Sahar*.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cc29fJRokoa/?igshid\\=YmMyMTA2M2Y\\= \\| title\\=Tamino on Instagram: \"It's been a while, feeling proud and excited to finally share this with all of you. 'The First Disciple' out now (Link in bio). Picture by my mother, edited by @janphilipzen\" }} On 7 June 2022, Tamino released his second single from the album, \"Fascination,\" and announced that *Sahar* would be released 23 September 2022\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cef1fvOILCD/?igshid\\=YmMyMTA2M2Y\\= \\| title\\=Tamino on Instagram: \"I rejoice to tell you that 23 September will mark the release of my second studio album and that it will be called 'Sahar'. After 'The First Disciple', I'm ready to share another piece of the new record with you today in the form of 'Fascination'. Another song very dear to my heart which as of this day will hopefully mean something to you too. Listen to 'Fascination' and/Or preorder limited edition vinyl of 'Sahar' with hand signed postcard via link in bio Album cover by @janphilipzen\" }}",
"On 6 June 2022, Tamino announced that he would resume his postponed 2020 North America and Europe tour in September 2022\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/CeeLChQIAuy/?igshid\\=YmMyMTA2M2Y\\= \\| title\\=Tamino on Instagram: \"First tour dates! Taking off where we left off: USA/Canada solo tour followed by a European full band tour. Counting the days till being on the road again and sharing many beautiful moments with all of you. Tickets go on sale this Friday but there's a pre\\-sale for newsletter subscribers. Link in bio for info, tickets, or subscribing to newsletter Picture by Herman Selleslags\" }}",
"### *Every Dawn's a Mountain*",
"On 15 October 2024, Tamino released \"Babylon\", the first single from his upcoming album titled *Every Dawn's a Mountain*, set for release on March 21, 2025\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Paul \\|first\\=Larisha \\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-15 \\|title\\=Tamino Previews New Album 'Every Dawn's a Mountain' With First Single 'Babylon' \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/tamino\\-babylon\\-single\\-album\\-tour\\-announcement\\-1235134564/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-17 \\|website\\=Rolling Stone \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The album's setlist was also released, including one song in collaboration with American singer\\-songwriter [Mitski](/wiki/Mitski \"Mitski\"), whom he had been touring alongside for her \"[The Land Is Inhospitable and So Are We](/wiki/The_Land_Is_Inhospitable_and_So_Are_We \"The Land Is Inhospitable and So Are We\")\" tour throughout early 2024\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
[Rick](/wiki/Rick_Grimes "Rick Grimes") and a group of Alexandrians stand at the top of a granite [quarry](/wiki/Quarry "Quarry") filled with thousands of walkers. During Rick's speech outlining his plan to lure the walkers out of the quarry and away from the Alexandria Safe\-Zone, a rock collapses beneath one of the trucks that had been blocking an exit, freeing the walkers. Rick is forced to immediately execute his plan, a day ahead of schedule, while the Alexandrians who haven't been told the details flee for their lives. [Flare guns](/wiki/Flare_gun "Flare gun") and [Daryl](/wiki/Daryl_Dixon "Daryl Dixon")'s noisy motorcycle are used to lure the walkers out in a parade, turning them west and up a valley.
[Black and white](/wiki/Black-and-white "Black-and-white") flashbacks present select events following the [town council meeting](/wiki/Conquer_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 "Conquer (The Walking Dead)") where Reg and Pete were killed: [Deanna](/wiki/Deanna_Monroe "Deanna Monroe") berates [Gabriel](/wiki/Gabriel_Stokes_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 "Gabriel Stokes (The Walking Dead)") for [turning her against Rick's group](/wiki/Spend_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 "Spend (The Walking Dead)"); Pete's oldest son Ron becomes alienated from his mother, [Jessie](/wiki/Jessie_Anderson_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 "Jessie Anderson (The Walking Dead)"); [Glenn](/wiki/Glenn_Rhee "Glenn Rhee") brings Nicholas in for medical treatment, concealing his actions; [Tara](/wiki/Tara_Chambler "Tara Chambler") awakens; [Morgan](/wiki/Morgan_Jones_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 "Morgan Jones (The Walking Dead)") and Rick reunite.
In the morning, Heath ([Corey Hawkins](/wiki/Corey_Hawkins "Corey Hawkins")) returns from a two\-week supply run with his team of Scott ([Kenric Green](/wiki/Kenric_Green "Kenric Green")) and Annie (Beth Keener). Morgan tells Rick about the "Wolves", and encounter Gabriel and Tobin burying Pete and Reg's corpses. Rick stops them from burying Pete, saying the killer should not be buried within the walls, while the grieving Deanna tells them to discard Pete's corpse in a lonely woods. There, Morgan provokes Rick to question his conscience, and the duo discover the quarry where they deposit walkers accidentally attracted by Pete's oldest son Ron, who had followed them. Rick realizes that the quarry serves as a walker trap that had helped keep Alexandria safe, but it now represents a serious threat with thousands of walkers behind barricades, which will eventually fail. In Ron's presence, Rick changes his mind and begins to dig a grave for Pete instead of dumping his body like trash.
Back in Alexandria, Rick warns the community about the threat of the herd in the quarry. Grieving, Deanna has mentally checked out and effectively cedes authority to Rick, who voices his intention to free the walkers from the quarry and lure them 20 miles away from Alexandria. Rick's group present a strong and united front against protests from the Alexandrians, though Carter ([Ethan Embry](/wiki/Ethan_Embry "Ethan Embry")) is brave enough to raise valid objections at the risks in executing Rick's plan. Later, when an unarmed construction team is building a wall intended to turn the herd, Rick unexpectedly holds back his armed people and allows walkers to close in on some Alexandrians, in an effort to teach them to defend themselves with their tools at hand. Shocked, the construction team panic and falter, and Rick's people defy his orders to save the Alexandrians' lives. Carter is outraged and secretly meets with [Spencer](/wiki/Spencer_Monroe "Spencer Monroe"), Tobin, Francine, and Olivia in the armory, and proposes to assassinate Rick before he kills someone else. [Eugene](/wiki/Eugene_Porter "Eugene Porter") is caught overhearing the proposed plot and Carter contemplates killing Eugene but is stopped by Rick, who arrives in force with Daryl and Morgan. Rick reduces Carter to his knees and holds him at gunpoint, thoroughly dominating the Alexandrian, but eventually decides to spare him after hearing his pathetic pleas.
In the present, Daryl, [Abraham](/wiki/Abraham_Ford "Abraham Ford") and [Sasha](/wiki/Sasha_Williams_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 "Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)") act as bait to lure the escaped walkers away from Alexandria. Abraham shows signs of [PTSD](/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder") over Rick's slaying of Pete while Abraham was restraining him. Glenn leads Nicholas and Heath to kill walkers trapped in a store along the route, whose noise might otherwise distract the herd. However, Glenn is concerned about Nicholas being ready, but Nicholas does more than his part.
Meanwhile, Rick has lines of people in the woods on either side of the road and tells them they need to watch the walkers like "cops at a parade" to ensure walkers do not stray off. Carter runs to the front, thoroughly submissive and trusting his life to Rick's plan rather than his own judgement, but is grabbed and bitten on the cheek by a stray walker unexpectedly trapped amongst the trees. He begins screaming out of sheer pain and visceral fear and by doing so attracts more walkers, so Rick has the group fire guns to redirect them back to the course. Rick locates and kills the attacking walker, and mercilessly stabs Carter through the back of his head to stop him from screaming, and to relieve him of his suffering.
The parade of walkers are nearing the green marker where Rick believes they will continue on course without further intervention; however, a distant horn starts blaring. The rear half of the parade turn toward the noise and break into a loose herd as they filter through the woods. Rick and [Michonne](/wiki/Michonne "Michonne") immediately realize the sound is coming from Alexandria, and that Rick's plan has no contingency for this.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"[Rick](/wiki/Rick_Grimes \"Rick Grimes\") and a group of Alexandrians stand at the top of a granite [quarry](/wiki/Quarry \"Quarry\") filled with thousands of walkers. During Rick's speech outlining his plan to lure the walkers out of the quarry and away from the Alexandria Safe\\-Zone, a rock collapses beneath one of the trucks that had been blocking an exit, freeing the walkers. Rick is forced to immediately execute his plan, a day ahead of schedule, while the Alexandrians who haven't been told the details flee for their lives. [Flare guns](/wiki/Flare_gun \"Flare gun\") and [Daryl](/wiki/Daryl_Dixon \"Daryl Dixon\")'s noisy motorcycle are used to lure the walkers out in a parade, turning them west and up a valley.",
"[Black and white](/wiki/Black-and-white \"Black-and-white\") flashbacks present select events following the [town council meeting](/wiki/Conquer_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 \"Conquer (The Walking Dead)\") where Reg and Pete were killed: [Deanna](/wiki/Deanna_Monroe \"Deanna Monroe\") berates [Gabriel](/wiki/Gabriel_Stokes_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 \"Gabriel Stokes (The Walking Dead)\") for [turning her against Rick's group](/wiki/Spend_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 \"Spend (The Walking Dead)\"); Pete's oldest son Ron becomes alienated from his mother, [Jessie](/wiki/Jessie_Anderson_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 \"Jessie Anderson (The Walking Dead)\"); [Glenn](/wiki/Glenn_Rhee \"Glenn Rhee\") brings Nicholas in for medical treatment, concealing his actions; [Tara](/wiki/Tara_Chambler \"Tara Chambler\") awakens; [Morgan](/wiki/Morgan_Jones_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 \"Morgan Jones (The Walking Dead)\") and Rick reunite.",
"In the morning, Heath ([Corey Hawkins](/wiki/Corey_Hawkins \"Corey Hawkins\")) returns from a two\\-week supply run with his team of Scott ([Kenric Green](/wiki/Kenric_Green \"Kenric Green\")) and Annie (Beth Keener). Morgan tells Rick about the \"Wolves\", and encounter Gabriel and Tobin burying Pete and Reg's corpses. Rick stops them from burying Pete, saying the killer should not be buried within the walls, while the grieving Deanna tells them to discard Pete's corpse in a lonely woods. There, Morgan provokes Rick to question his conscience, and the duo discover the quarry where they deposit walkers accidentally attracted by Pete's oldest son Ron, who had followed them. Rick realizes that the quarry serves as a walker trap that had helped keep Alexandria safe, but it now represents a serious threat with thousands of walkers behind barricades, which will eventually fail. In Ron's presence, Rick changes his mind and begins to dig a grave for Pete instead of dumping his body like trash.",
"Back in Alexandria, Rick warns the community about the threat of the herd in the quarry. Grieving, Deanna has mentally checked out and effectively cedes authority to Rick, who voices his intention to free the walkers from the quarry and lure them 20 miles away from Alexandria. Rick's group present a strong and united front against protests from the Alexandrians, though Carter ([Ethan Embry](/wiki/Ethan_Embry \"Ethan Embry\")) is brave enough to raise valid objections at the risks in executing Rick's plan. Later, when an unarmed construction team is building a wall intended to turn the herd, Rick unexpectedly holds back his armed people and allows walkers to close in on some Alexandrians, in an effort to teach them to defend themselves with their tools at hand. Shocked, the construction team panic and falter, and Rick's people defy his orders to save the Alexandrians' lives. Carter is outraged and secretly meets with [Spencer](/wiki/Spencer_Monroe \"Spencer Monroe\"), Tobin, Francine, and Olivia in the armory, and proposes to assassinate Rick before he kills someone else. [Eugene](/wiki/Eugene_Porter \"Eugene Porter\") is caught overhearing the proposed plot and Carter contemplates killing Eugene but is stopped by Rick, who arrives in force with Daryl and Morgan. Rick reduces Carter to his knees and holds him at gunpoint, thoroughly dominating the Alexandrian, but eventually decides to spare him after hearing his pathetic pleas.",
"In the present, Daryl, [Abraham](/wiki/Abraham_Ford \"Abraham Ford\") and [Sasha](/wiki/Sasha_Williams_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 \"Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)\") act as bait to lure the escaped walkers away from Alexandria. Abraham shows signs of [PTSD](/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post-traumatic stress disorder\") over Rick's slaying of Pete while Abraham was restraining him. Glenn leads Nicholas and Heath to kill walkers trapped in a store along the route, whose noise might otherwise distract the herd. However, Glenn is concerned about Nicholas being ready, but Nicholas does more than his part.",
"Meanwhile, Rick has lines of people in the woods on either side of the road and tells them they need to watch the walkers like \"cops at a parade\" to ensure walkers do not stray off. Carter runs to the front, thoroughly submissive and trusting his life to Rick's plan rather than his own judgement, but is grabbed and bitten on the cheek by a stray walker unexpectedly trapped amongst the trees. He begins screaming out of sheer pain and visceral fear and by doing so attracts more walkers, so Rick has the group fire guns to redirect them back to the course. Rick locates and kills the attacking walker, and mercilessly stabs Carter through the back of his head to stop him from screaming, and to relieve him of his suffering.",
"The parade of walkers are nearing the green marker where Rick believes they will continue on course without further intervention; however, a distant horn starts blaring. The rear half of the parade turn toward the noise and break into a loose herd as they filter through the woods. Rick and [Michonne](/wiki/Michonne \"Michonne\") immediately realize the sound is coming from Alexandria, and that Rick's plan has no contingency for this.",
""
] |
Life and reign
--------------
[thumb\|left\|180px\|Banner of Constance of Penthièvre](/wiki/File:Banni%C3%A8re_Maison_Penthi%C3%A8vre.svg "Bannière Maison Penthièvre.svg")
Constance's father Conan IV had reunited the [Duchy of Brittany](/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany "Duchy of Brittany") in wars with [Henry II of England](/wiki/Henry_II_of_England "Henry II of England"). After the wars with Henry II, Conan IV faced rebellions from some Breton nobles. He appealed to Henry II for assistance in putting down those rebellions.
In 1166, Henry invaded Brittany in order to punish the local barons' revolt. In order to gain complete control over the duchy, he forced Conan IV into abdicating in Constance's favor and betrothing her to his fourth legitimate son [Geoffrey](/wiki/Geoffrey_II%2C_Duke_of_Brittany "Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany"). Five\-year\-old Constance succeeded him as Duchess of Brittany.Everard, Judith (2000\). [*Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire, 1158\-1203*.](https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Brittany_and_the_Angevins.html?id=rgQl7wOifdgC&redir_esc=y#:~:text=The%20book%20examines%20in%20detail%20the%20means%20by) Cambridge University Press. p 42\. ISBN 9781139426558\.
She spent her youth at the English court.Borgnis Desbordes, Eric, *Constance de Bretagne (1161–1201\), une duchesse face à Richard Cœur de Lion et Jean sans Terre*, Yoran embanner, 2018, p. 91
In February 1171, Conan IV died. Although his daughter Constance was the heiress of the [Earldom of Richmond](/wiki/Earldom_of_Richmond "Earldom of Richmond"), she did not enter her inheritance until 1183/1184\.
In 1181, twenty\-year\-old Constance was forced into marriage with Geoffrey. On 19 August 1186 Geoffrey was [trampled to death](/wiki/List_of_horse_accidents "List of horse accidents") in a riding accident during a [tournament](/wiki/Tournament "Tournament") in Paris. Constance thereafter became the effective ruler of Brittany.
However, on 3 February 1188, Henry II of England arranged for Constance to marry [Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester](/wiki/Ranulf_de_Blondeville%2C_6th_Earl_of_Chester "Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester"), one of the most powerful earls in England. Though Ranulf called himself, not consistently, duke of Brittany, he never had the control of the duchy, and is not known to have played an important role there,{{Cite web \|last\=Eales \|first\=Richard \|title\=Ranulf (III) \[Ranulf de Blundeville], sixth earl of Chester and first earl of Lincoln (1170–1232\), magnate \|url\=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10\.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128\.001\.0001/odnb\-9780198614128\-e\-2716 \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-29 \|website\=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.1093/ref:odnb/2716}} and the Bretons, as well as Constance, never acknowledged him as duke, and excluded him from the government of the duchy.[Jacques Choffel](/wiki/Jacques_Choffel "Jacques Choffel"), *La Bretagne sous l'orage Plantagenet*, 1990, pp 140 and 165
After [King Richard I](/wiki/Richard_I_of_England "Richard I of England") ascended the English throne, he strengthened his intervention in Brittany. Maintaining custody of Geoffrey's and Constance's daughter, Eleanor, might have been a condition for him to allow Constance to continue ruling. In 1190, Constance appeared at Richard's court at Tours.Charters, no. C. 23\.
In 1191, Richard officially proclaimed his nephew, Constance's son, [Arthur](/wiki/Arthur_I%2C_Duke_of_Brittany "Arthur I, Duke of Brittany"), as his heir in a treaty signed with [Philip II of France](/wiki/Philip_II_of_France "Philip II of France").
To promote her son Arthur's position and inheritance, Constance included him in the government of the duchy in 1196\. In response to this act that thwarted his projects, Richard summoned her to [Bayeux](/wiki/Bayeux "Bayeux") and had her abducted by Ranulf in [Pontorson](/wiki/Pontorson "Pontorson") and imprisoned in [Saint\-James de Beuvron](/wiki/Saint-James "Saint-James"). He spread the rumour that Constance had been imprisoned for matrimonial reasons. As a result, rebellions were sparked across Brittany on her behalf and Arthur was sent to [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France "Brest, France"). Richard demanded that hostages were delivered to him in exchange for Constance's freedom. The Bretons agreed but Constance and the hostages remained imprisoned and rebellions went on. Richard eventually bowed to growing pressure and had the Duchess released in 1198\.[Jacques Choffel](/wiki/Jacques_Choffel "Jacques Choffel"), *La Bretagne sous l'orage Plantagenet*, 1990, pp 203\-204\. Back in Brittany, Constance had her marriage annulled.
On 1 June 1199, [Pope Innocent III](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III "Pope Innocent III") eventually decided that the [Archbishopric of Dol](/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dol "Bishopric of Dol") should be subordinated to the [Metropolitan of Tours](/wiki/Metropolitan_of_Tours "Metropolitan of Tours") and deprived the archbishop of his title and [pallium](/wiki/Pallium "Pallium"). The archbishopric then became a bishopric again. Constance disagreed with this decision, which gave an advantage to [Philip Augustus](/wiki/Philip_II_of_France "Philip II of France") over Brittany, and was consequently excommunicated.Borgnis Desbordes, Eric, *Constance de Bretagne (1161–1201\), une duchesse face à Richard Cœur de Lion et Jean sans Terre*, Yoran embanner, 2018, p. 408\-409
Constance took [Guy of Thouars](/wiki/Guy%2C_Duke_of_Brittany "Guy, Duke of Brittany") as her next husband in September or October 1199\.{{efn\|Judith Everard, Michael Jones, ''The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and her Family (1171–1221\)'', The Boydell Press, 1999, p 135: ''"The first occasion on which the names of Constance and Guy are linked is at Angiers in October 1199\. (...) cf. also the date of Gu2'' \[a grant for the monks of Buzay]'', which records that on 27 August 1201, Guy was still only in his second regnal year."''}}
Between 1198 and the time of her death due to complications from delivering twin daughters, Constance ruled with her son Arthur as co\-ruler. Throughout these years, Constance advised her son towards a French alliance, pursuing the policy of her late husband Geoffrey II. {{efn\|When Richard I died in 1199, Phillip II agreed to recognize Arthur as \[\[count of Anjou]], \[\[Maine (province of France)\|Maine]], and \[\[Poitou]], in exchange for Arthur swearing fealty to Phillip II, becoming a direct vassal of France. However after Constance's death, 13\-year\-old Arthur was captured while besieging \[\[Mirebeau]], and the following year he was transferred to \[\[Rouen]], under the charge of \[\[William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber\|William de Braose]], and then vanished mysteriously in April 1203 after a period of imprisonment under John I. He was succeeded by his infant half\-sister, Alix of Thouars. Guy served as regent of Brittany for Alix from 1203 to 1206\. During the conflicts with John I, Constance's eldest daughter \[\[Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany\|Eleanor]] was captured and imprisoned at \[\[Corfe Castle]] in \[\[Dorset]] and later elsewhere until her death.}}
At her request Eleanor was released from royal custody and united with her and Arthur in France.*Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England*, Sharon Bennett Connolly, 2020, p. 164
|
[
"Life and reign\n--------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|180px\\|Banner of Constance of Penthièvre](/wiki/File:Banni%C3%A8re_Maison_Penthi%C3%A8vre.svg \"Bannière Maison Penthièvre.svg\")\nConstance's father Conan IV had reunited the [Duchy of Brittany](/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany \"Duchy of Brittany\") in wars with [Henry II of England](/wiki/Henry_II_of_England \"Henry II of England\"). After the wars with Henry II, Conan IV faced rebellions from some Breton nobles. He appealed to Henry II for assistance in putting down those rebellions.",
"In 1166, Henry invaded Brittany in order to punish the local barons' revolt. In order to gain complete control over the duchy, he forced Conan IV into abdicating in Constance's favor and betrothing her to his fourth legitimate son [Geoffrey](/wiki/Geoffrey_II%2C_Duke_of_Brittany \"Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany\"). Five\\-year\\-old Constance succeeded him as Duchess of Brittany.Everard, Judith (2000\\). [*Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire, 1158\\-1203*.](https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Brittany_and_the_Angevins.html?id=rgQl7wOifdgC&redir_esc=y#:~:text=The%20book%20examines%20in%20detail%20the%20means%20by) Cambridge University Press. p 42\\. ISBN 9781139426558\\.",
"She spent her youth at the English court.Borgnis Desbordes, Eric, *Constance de Bretagne (1161–1201\\), une duchesse face à Richard Cœur de Lion et Jean sans Terre*, Yoran embanner, 2018, p. 91",
"In February 1171, Conan IV died. Although his daughter Constance was the heiress of the [Earldom of Richmond](/wiki/Earldom_of_Richmond \"Earldom of Richmond\"), she did not enter her inheritance until 1183/1184\\.",
"In 1181, twenty\\-year\\-old Constance was forced into marriage with Geoffrey. On 19 August 1186 Geoffrey was [trampled to death](/wiki/List_of_horse_accidents \"List of horse accidents\") in a riding accident during a [tournament](/wiki/Tournament \"Tournament\") in Paris. Constance thereafter became the effective ruler of Brittany.",
"However, on 3 February 1188, Henry II of England arranged for Constance to marry [Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester](/wiki/Ranulf_de_Blondeville%2C_6th_Earl_of_Chester \"Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester\"), one of the most powerful earls in England. Though Ranulf called himself, not consistently, duke of Brittany, he never had the control of the duchy, and is not known to have played an important role there,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Eales \\|first\\=Richard \\|title\\=Ranulf (III) \\[Ranulf de Blundeville], sixth earl of Chester and first earl of Lincoln (1170–1232\\), magnate \\|url\\=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10\\.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128\\.001\\.0001/odnb\\-9780198614128\\-e\\-2716 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-29 \\|website\\=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ref:odnb/2716}} and the Bretons, as well as Constance, never acknowledged him as duke, and excluded him from the government of the duchy.[Jacques Choffel](/wiki/Jacques_Choffel \"Jacques Choffel\"), *La Bretagne sous l'orage Plantagenet*, 1990, pp 140 and 165",
"After [King Richard I](/wiki/Richard_I_of_England \"Richard I of England\") ascended the English throne, he strengthened his intervention in Brittany. Maintaining custody of Geoffrey's and Constance's daughter, Eleanor, might have been a condition for him to allow Constance to continue ruling. In 1190, Constance appeared at Richard's court at Tours.Charters, no. C. 23\\.",
"In 1191, Richard officially proclaimed his nephew, Constance's son, [Arthur](/wiki/Arthur_I%2C_Duke_of_Brittany \"Arthur I, Duke of Brittany\"), as his heir in a treaty signed with [Philip II of France](/wiki/Philip_II_of_France \"Philip II of France\").",
"To promote her son Arthur's position and inheritance, Constance included him in the government of the duchy in 1196\\. In response to this act that thwarted his projects, Richard summoned her to [Bayeux](/wiki/Bayeux \"Bayeux\") and had her abducted by Ranulf in [Pontorson](/wiki/Pontorson \"Pontorson\") and imprisoned in [Saint\\-James de Beuvron](/wiki/Saint-James \"Saint-James\"). He spread the rumour that Constance had been imprisoned for matrimonial reasons. As a result, rebellions were sparked across Brittany on her behalf and Arthur was sent to [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France \"Brest, France\"). Richard demanded that hostages were delivered to him in exchange for Constance's freedom. The Bretons agreed but Constance and the hostages remained imprisoned and rebellions went on. Richard eventually bowed to growing pressure and had the Duchess released in 1198\\.[Jacques Choffel](/wiki/Jacques_Choffel \"Jacques Choffel\"), *La Bretagne sous l'orage Plantagenet*, 1990, pp 203\\-204\\. Back in Brittany, Constance had her marriage annulled.",
"On 1 June 1199, [Pope Innocent III](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III \"Pope Innocent III\") eventually decided that the [Archbishopric of Dol](/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dol \"Bishopric of Dol\") should be subordinated to the [Metropolitan of Tours](/wiki/Metropolitan_of_Tours \"Metropolitan of Tours\") and deprived the archbishop of his title and [pallium](/wiki/Pallium \"Pallium\"). The archbishopric then became a bishopric again. Constance disagreed with this decision, which gave an advantage to [Philip Augustus](/wiki/Philip_II_of_France \"Philip II of France\") over Brittany, and was consequently excommunicated.Borgnis Desbordes, Eric, *Constance de Bretagne (1161–1201\\), une duchesse face à Richard Cœur de Lion et Jean sans Terre*, Yoran embanner, 2018, p. 408\\-409",
"Constance took [Guy of Thouars](/wiki/Guy%2C_Duke_of_Brittany \"Guy, Duke of Brittany\") as her next husband in September or October 1199\\.{{efn\\|Judith Everard, Michael Jones, ''The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and her Family (1171–1221\\)'', The Boydell Press, 1999, p 135: ''\"The first occasion on which the names of Constance and Guy are linked is at Angiers in October 1199\\. (...) cf. also the date of Gu2'' \\[a grant for the monks of Buzay]'', which records that on 27 August 1201, Guy was still only in his second regnal year.\"''}}",
"Between 1198 and the time of her death due to complications from delivering twin daughters, Constance ruled with her son Arthur as co\\-ruler. Throughout these years, Constance advised her son towards a French alliance, pursuing the policy of her late husband Geoffrey II. {{efn\\|When Richard I died in 1199, Phillip II agreed to recognize Arthur as \\[\\[count of Anjou]], \\[\\[Maine (province of France)\\|Maine]], and \\[\\[Poitou]], in exchange for Arthur swearing fealty to Phillip II, becoming a direct vassal of France. However after Constance's death, 13\\-year\\-old Arthur was captured while besieging \\[\\[Mirebeau]], and the following year he was transferred to \\[\\[Rouen]], under the charge of \\[\\[William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber\\|William de Braose]], and then vanished mysteriously in April 1203 after a period of imprisonment under John I. He was succeeded by his infant half\\-sister, Alix of Thouars. Guy served as regent of Brittany for Alix from 1203 to 1206\\. During the conflicts with John I, Constance's eldest daughter \\[\\[Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany\\|Eleanor]] was captured and imprisoned at \\[\\[Corfe Castle]] in \\[\\[Dorset]] and later elsewhere until her death.}}",
"At her request Eleanor was released from royal custody and united with her and Arthur in France.*Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England*, Sharon Bennett Connolly, 2020, p. 164",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early history
The Ahrensburger *Tunneltal* is a place of numerous excavations from the [Upper Paleolithic](/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic "Upper Paleolithic") culture. The culture is called [Ahrensburg culture](/wiki/Ahrensburg_culture "Ahrensburg culture") by archaeologists.
### Middle Ages
The town dates back to the 13th Century, when the [Counts of Schauenburg](/wiki/Counts_of_Schauenburg_and_Holstein "Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein") founded the village of Woldenhorn (which later became the town of Ahrensburg) and the neighbouring villages Ahrensfelde, Meilsdorf and Beimoor. Woldenhorn is first mentioned in the year 1314\. The village came into the possession of the [Cistercian](/wiki/Cistercians "Cistercians") [Reinfeld Abbey](/wiki/Reinfeld_Abbey "Reinfeld Abbey") in 1327, and Woldenhorn became the seat of the monastery [reeve](/wiki/Vogt "Vogt") until the middle of the 16th century.
The "Arx Arnsburga", also called Arnesvelde castle, was built around the year 1200\. Ruins of the castle are still visible in the Hagen forest to the south of the town. The town coat of arms shows the castle in the upper field. There are records of reeves based in the castle in 1295 and 1304\. In 1326, Count [John III](/wiki/John_III%2C_Count_of_Holstein-Pl%C3%B6n "John III, Count of Holstein-Plön") of Schauenburg had his reeve relocated to [Trittau](/wiki/Trittau "Trittau") and abandoned the castle.
### Modern period
After the dissolution of the monasteries due to the [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation"), the whole area came into the possession of the king of [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"). He rewarded his general [Daniel Rantzau](/wiki/Daniel_Rantzau "Daniel Rantzau") 1567 with lordship over these villages. His brother and heir Peter Rantzau built the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance") [Ahrensburg Palace](/wiki/Schloss_Ahrensburg "Schloss Ahrensburg") in the form of a water castle, now the symbol of the town, and the castle church around 1595\. The construction of almshouses directly by the church was exemplary.
The "Ahrensburg Estate" belonged to the so\-called [Noble Estates](/wiki/Noble_Estate "Noble Estate"), which possessed a large amount of freedom and self\-administration.
The Rantzaus' estate was heavily indebted by the middle of the 18th century and, in 1759, was acquired by the businessman [Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann](/wiki/Heinrich_Carl_von_Schimmelmann "Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann"). Schimmelmann remodelled the castle and village in the [baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque") style and the current layout of the town reflects these plans.
On the 7 June 1867 the estate village Woldenhorn became an independent [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") country community and renamed itself *Ahrensburg* after a decision by the community council. It belonged to the "Amt Ahrensburg", from which the "amtsfreie" community once more seceded in 1912\.
The construction of the railway between [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") and [Lübeck](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck "Lübeck") in the year 1865 made Ahrensburg a popular destination for outings outside Hamburg and the number of inhabitants increased. By 1910, the population had reached 2,750\. The incorporation of various surrounding communities in the year 1928 led to an increase in the town area to about 5 km2.
Building of the settlements "Daheim/Heimgarten" (partially on the territory of the current community of [Ammersbek](/wiki/Ammersbek "Ammersbek")) and "Am Hagen" (originally called "[Franz Seldte](/wiki/Franz_Seldte "Franz Seldte") Settlement") commenced in 1933\. The rush of settlers from around Hamburg lead to the creation of the current housing layout.
When Ahrensburg received [city rights](/wiki/City_rights "City rights") in 1949, the town had some 17,775 inhabitants – around half of which were refugees from the former eastern German regions.
Erica Keck, who was elected mayor in 1950, became the first female elected mayor in Germany.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2015}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early history",
"The Ahrensburger *Tunneltal* is a place of numerous excavations from the [Upper Paleolithic](/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic \"Upper Paleolithic\") culture. The culture is called [Ahrensburg culture](/wiki/Ahrensburg_culture \"Ahrensburg culture\") by archaeologists.",
"### Middle Ages",
"The town dates back to the 13th Century, when the [Counts of Schauenburg](/wiki/Counts_of_Schauenburg_and_Holstein \"Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein\") founded the village of Woldenhorn (which later became the town of Ahrensburg) and the neighbouring villages Ahrensfelde, Meilsdorf and Beimoor. Woldenhorn is first mentioned in the year 1314\\. The village came into the possession of the [Cistercian](/wiki/Cistercians \"Cistercians\") [Reinfeld Abbey](/wiki/Reinfeld_Abbey \"Reinfeld Abbey\") in 1327, and Woldenhorn became the seat of the monastery [reeve](/wiki/Vogt \"Vogt\") until the middle of the 16th century.",
"The \"Arx Arnsburga\", also called Arnesvelde castle, was built around the year 1200\\. Ruins of the castle are still visible in the Hagen forest to the south of the town. The town coat of arms shows the castle in the upper field. There are records of reeves based in the castle in 1295 and 1304\\. In 1326, Count [John III](/wiki/John_III%2C_Count_of_Holstein-Pl%C3%B6n \"John III, Count of Holstein-Plön\") of Schauenburg had his reeve relocated to [Trittau](/wiki/Trittau \"Trittau\") and abandoned the castle.",
"### Modern period",
"After the dissolution of the monasteries due to the [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\"), the whole area came into the possession of the king of [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"). He rewarded his general [Daniel Rantzau](/wiki/Daniel_Rantzau \"Daniel Rantzau\") 1567 with lordship over these villages. His brother and heir Peter Rantzau built the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\") [Ahrensburg Palace](/wiki/Schloss_Ahrensburg \"Schloss Ahrensburg\") in the form of a water castle, now the symbol of the town, and the castle church around 1595\\. The construction of almshouses directly by the church was exemplary.",
"The \"Ahrensburg Estate\" belonged to the so\\-called [Noble Estates](/wiki/Noble_Estate \"Noble Estate\"), which possessed a large amount of freedom and self\\-administration.",
"The Rantzaus' estate was heavily indebted by the middle of the 18th century and, in 1759, was acquired by the businessman [Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann](/wiki/Heinrich_Carl_von_Schimmelmann \"Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann\"). Schimmelmann remodelled the castle and village in the [baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\") style and the current layout of the town reflects these plans.",
"On the 7 June 1867 the estate village Woldenhorn became an independent [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") country community and renamed itself *Ahrensburg* after a decision by the community council. It belonged to the \"Amt Ahrensburg\", from which the \"amtsfreie\" community once more seceded in 1912\\.",
"The construction of the railway between [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\") and [Lübeck](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck \"Lübeck\") in the year 1865 made Ahrensburg a popular destination for outings outside Hamburg and the number of inhabitants increased. By 1910, the population had reached 2,750\\. The incorporation of various surrounding communities in the year 1928 led to an increase in the town area to about 5 km2.",
"Building of the settlements \"Daheim/Heimgarten\" (partially on the territory of the current community of [Ammersbek](/wiki/Ammersbek \"Ammersbek\")) and \"Am Hagen\" (originally called \"[Franz Seldte](/wiki/Franz_Seldte \"Franz Seldte\") Settlement\") commenced in 1933\\. The rush of settlers from around Hamburg lead to the creation of the current housing layout.",
"When Ahrensburg received [city rights](/wiki/City_rights \"City rights\") in 1949, the town had some 17,775 inhabitants – around half of which were refugees from the former eastern German regions.",
"Erica Keck, who was elected mayor in 1950, became the first female elected mayor in Germany.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2015}}",
""
] |
### Modern period
After the dissolution of the monasteries due to the [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation"), the whole area came into the possession of the king of [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"). He rewarded his general [Daniel Rantzau](/wiki/Daniel_Rantzau "Daniel Rantzau") 1567 with lordship over these villages. His brother and heir Peter Rantzau built the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance") [Ahrensburg Palace](/wiki/Schloss_Ahrensburg "Schloss Ahrensburg") in the form of a water castle, now the symbol of the town, and the castle church around 1595\. The construction of almshouses directly by the church was exemplary.
The "Ahrensburg Estate" belonged to the so\-called [Noble Estates](/wiki/Noble_Estate "Noble Estate"), which possessed a large amount of freedom and self\-administration.
The Rantzaus' estate was heavily indebted by the middle of the 18th century and, in 1759, was acquired by the businessman [Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann](/wiki/Heinrich_Carl_von_Schimmelmann "Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann"). Schimmelmann remodelled the castle and village in the [baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque") style and the current layout of the town reflects these plans.
On the 7 June 1867 the estate village Woldenhorn became an independent [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") country community and renamed itself *Ahrensburg* after a decision by the community council. It belonged to the "Amt Ahrensburg", from which the "amtsfreie" community once more seceded in 1912\.
The construction of the railway between [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") and [Lübeck](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck "Lübeck") in the year 1865 made Ahrensburg a popular destination for outings outside Hamburg and the number of inhabitants increased. By 1910, the population had reached 2,750\. The incorporation of various surrounding communities in the year 1928 led to an increase in the town area to about 5 km2.
Building of the settlements "Daheim/Heimgarten" (partially on the territory of the current community of [Ammersbek](/wiki/Ammersbek "Ammersbek")) and "Am Hagen" (originally called "[Franz Seldte](/wiki/Franz_Seldte "Franz Seldte") Settlement") commenced in 1933\. The rush of settlers from around Hamburg lead to the creation of the current housing layout.
When Ahrensburg received [city rights](/wiki/City_rights "City rights") in 1949, the town had some 17,775 inhabitants – around half of which were refugees from the former eastern German regions.
Erica Keck, who was elected mayor in 1950, became the first female elected mayor in Germany.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2015}}
|
[
"### Modern period",
"After the dissolution of the monasteries due to the [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\"), the whole area came into the possession of the king of [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"). He rewarded his general [Daniel Rantzau](/wiki/Daniel_Rantzau \"Daniel Rantzau\") 1567 with lordship over these villages. His brother and heir Peter Rantzau built the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\") [Ahrensburg Palace](/wiki/Schloss_Ahrensburg \"Schloss Ahrensburg\") in the form of a water castle, now the symbol of the town, and the castle church around 1595\\. The construction of almshouses directly by the church was exemplary.",
"The \"Ahrensburg Estate\" belonged to the so\\-called [Noble Estates](/wiki/Noble_Estate \"Noble Estate\"), which possessed a large amount of freedom and self\\-administration.",
"The Rantzaus' estate was heavily indebted by the middle of the 18th century and, in 1759, was acquired by the businessman [Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann](/wiki/Heinrich_Carl_von_Schimmelmann \"Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann\"). Schimmelmann remodelled the castle and village in the [baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\") style and the current layout of the town reflects these plans.",
"On the 7 June 1867 the estate village Woldenhorn became an independent [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") country community and renamed itself *Ahrensburg* after a decision by the community council. It belonged to the \"Amt Ahrensburg\", from which the \"amtsfreie\" community once more seceded in 1912\\.",
"The construction of the railway between [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\") and [Lübeck](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck \"Lübeck\") in the year 1865 made Ahrensburg a popular destination for outings outside Hamburg and the number of inhabitants increased. By 1910, the population had reached 2,750\\. The incorporation of various surrounding communities in the year 1928 led to an increase in the town area to about 5 km2.",
"Building of the settlements \"Daheim/Heimgarten\" (partially on the territory of the current community of [Ammersbek](/wiki/Ammersbek \"Ammersbek\")) and \"Am Hagen\" (originally called \"[Franz Seldte](/wiki/Franz_Seldte \"Franz Seldte\") Settlement\") commenced in 1933\\. The rush of settlers from around Hamburg lead to the creation of the current housing layout.",
"When Ahrensburg received [city rights](/wiki/City_rights \"City rights\") in 1949, the town had some 17,775 inhabitants – around half of which were refugees from the former eastern German regions.",
"Erica Keck, who was elected mayor in 1950, became the first female elected mayor in Germany.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2015}}",
""
] |
Roles, names, values, states
----------------------------
MSAA communicates information by sending small chunks of information about elements of a program to the assistive technology object (AT). The four critical pieces of information on which the AT relies to help users interact with applications are an element's role, name, value, and state:
* **Role**: Conveys to users via AT what type of object a control is, such as a button or a table. The {{mono\|IAccessible}} method for this is {{mono\|get\_accRole}}.
* **Name**: Provides a label for an element, such as Next on a button that moves users to the next page, or First Name for an edit box. The {{mono\|IAccessible}} method for this is {{mono\|get\_accName}}.
* **Value**: Provides the value of the specified object such as the value on a slider bar, or the information in an editable text box. Not all objects have a value. The {{mono\|IAccessible}} method for this is {{mono\|get\_accValue}}.
* **State**: Identifies the current condition of the control, such as checked for a checkbox. State advises whether a control can be selected, focused, and/or other types of changeable functionality. The {{mono\|IAccessible}} method for this is {{mono\|get\_accState}}.
Microsoft provides a complete list of controls and their functions.Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN): [https://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/bb773173(VS.85\).aspx Windows Controls](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb773173(VS.85).aspx).
### Role
Role information is based on the type of UI control with which a developer wants to interact. For example, if a developer is implementing a button that is clickable, the developer would select {{mono\|Pushbutton}} as the Role to implement. The following table shows an example list of MSAA Roles and their related descriptions.
| Role | Description |
| --- | --- |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_APPLICATION | The object represents a main window for an application. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_BUTTONMENU | The object represents a button that drops down a menu. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_CARET | The object represents the system caret. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_DIALOG | The object represents a dialog box or message box. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_DOCUMENT | The object represents a document window. A document window is always contained within an application window. This role applies only to [Multiple Document Interface](/wiki/Multiple_Document_Interface "Multiple Document Interface") (MDI) windows and refers to the object that contains the MDI title bar. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_GRAPHIC | The object represents a picture. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_LIST | The object represents a list box, allowing the user to select one or more items. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_MENUBAR | The object represents the menu bar (positioned beneath the title bar of a window) from which menus are selected by the user. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_PROGRESSBAR | The object represents a progress bar, dynamically showing the user the percent complete of an operation in progress. This control takes no user input. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_PUSHBUTTON | The object represents a push button control. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_RADIOBUTTON | The object represents an option button, also called a radio button. It is one of a group of mutually exclusive options. All objects sharing a single parent that have this attribute are assumed to be part of single mutually exclusive group. Use ROLE\_SYSTEM\_GROUPING objects to divide them into separate groups. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_SCROLLBAR | The object represents a vertical or horizontal scroll bar, which is part of the client area or used in a control. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_TITLEBAR | The object represents a title or caption bar for a window. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_TOOLBAR | The object represents a toolbar, which is a grouping of controls that provides easy access to frequently used features. |
| ROLE\_SYSTEM\_WINDOW | The object represents the window frame, which contains child objects such as a title bar, client, and other objects contained in a window. In MSAA, this window object is often equivalent to the [HWND](/wiki/Hwnd "Hwnd") object in Windows. |
### Name
The Names for elements in an application are assigned in the code by the developer. Many objects such as icons, menus, check boxes, combo boxes, and other controls have labels that are displayed to users. Any label that is displayed to users on a control (e.g., a button) is the default for the object's name property. Ensure the Name of the object makes sense to a user and describes the control properly. The Name property must not include the control role or type information, such as button or list, or it will conflict with the text from the role property (acquired from GetRoleText function of MSAA API).
### Value
Value is used when a developer wants to return information from objects in the form of a string. Value may be returned for objects where percentages, integers, textual or visual information is contained in the object. For example, the property values returned from scroll bar and trackbar accessible objects can indicate percentages in strings.
Not all objects have a Value assigned to them.
### State
The State property describes an object's status at a moment in time. Microsoft Active Accessibility provides [object state constants](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd373609(VS.85).aspx), defined in oleacc.h, that are combined to identify an object's state. If predefined state values are returned, clients use [GetStateText](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd318090(VS.85).aspx) to retrieve a localized string that describes the state. All objects support the State property.
|
[
"Roles, names, values, states\n----------------------------",
"MSAA communicates information by sending small chunks of information about elements of a program to the assistive technology object (AT). The four critical pieces of information on which the AT relies to help users interact with applications are an element's role, name, value, and state:",
"* **Role**: Conveys to users via AT what type of object a control is, such as a button or a table. The {{mono\\|IAccessible}} method for this is {{mono\\|get\\_accRole}}.\n* **Name**: Provides a label for an element, such as Next on a button that moves users to the next page, or First Name for an edit box. The {{mono\\|IAccessible}} method for this is {{mono\\|get\\_accName}}.\n* **Value**: Provides the value of the specified object such as the value on a slider bar, or the information in an editable text box. Not all objects have a value. The {{mono\\|IAccessible}} method for this is {{mono\\|get\\_accValue}}.\n* **State**: Identifies the current condition of the control, such as checked for a checkbox. State advises whether a control can be selected, focused, and/or other types of changeable functionality. The {{mono\\|IAccessible}} method for this is {{mono\\|get\\_accState}}.",
"Microsoft provides a complete list of controls and their functions.Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN): [https://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/bb773173(VS.85\\).aspx Windows Controls](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb773173(VS.85).aspx).",
"### Role",
"Role information is based on the type of UI control with which a developer wants to interact. For example, if a developer is implementing a button that is clickable, the developer would select {{mono\\|Pushbutton}} as the Role to implement. The following table shows an example list of MSAA Roles and their related descriptions.",
"",
"| Role | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_APPLICATION | The object represents a main window for an application. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_BUTTONMENU | The object represents a button that drops down a menu. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_CARET | The object represents the system caret. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_DIALOG | The object represents a dialog box or message box. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_DOCUMENT | The object represents a document window. A document window is always contained within an application window. This role applies only to [Multiple Document Interface](/wiki/Multiple_Document_Interface \"Multiple Document Interface\") (MDI) windows and refers to the object that contains the MDI title bar. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_GRAPHIC | The object represents a picture. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_LIST | The object represents a list box, allowing the user to select one or more items. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_MENUBAR | The object represents the menu bar (positioned beneath the title bar of a window) from which menus are selected by the user. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_PROGRESSBAR | The object represents a progress bar, dynamically showing the user the percent complete of an operation in progress. This control takes no user input. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_PUSHBUTTON | The object represents a push button control. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_RADIOBUTTON | The object represents an option button, also called a radio button. It is one of a group of mutually exclusive options. All objects sharing a single parent that have this attribute are assumed to be part of single mutually exclusive group. Use ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_GROUPING objects to divide them into separate groups. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_SCROLLBAR | The object represents a vertical or horizontal scroll bar, which is part of the client area or used in a control. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_TITLEBAR | The object represents a title or caption bar for a window. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_TOOLBAR | The object represents a toolbar, which is a grouping of controls that provides easy access to frequently used features. |\n| ROLE\\_SYSTEM\\_WINDOW | The object represents the window frame, which contains child objects such as a title bar, client, and other objects contained in a window. In MSAA, this window object is often equivalent to the [HWND](/wiki/Hwnd \"Hwnd\") object in Windows. |",
"### Name",
"The Names for elements in an application are assigned in the code by the developer. Many objects such as icons, menus, check boxes, combo boxes, and other controls have labels that are displayed to users. Any label that is displayed to users on a control (e.g., a button) is the default for the object's name property. Ensure the Name of the object makes sense to a user and describes the control properly. The Name property must not include the control role or type information, such as button or list, or it will conflict with the text from the role property (acquired from GetRoleText function of MSAA API).",
"### Value",
"Value is used when a developer wants to return information from objects in the form of a string. Value may be returned for objects where percentages, integers, textual or visual information is contained in the object. For example, the property values returned from scroll bar and trackbar accessible objects can indicate percentages in strings.",
"Not all objects have a Value assigned to them.",
"### State",
"The State property describes an object's status at a moment in time. Microsoft Active Accessibility provides [object state constants](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd373609(VS.85).aspx), defined in oleacc.h, that are combined to identify an object's state. If predefined state values are returned, clients use [GetStateText](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd318090(VS.85).aspx) to retrieve a localized string that describes the state. All objects support the State property.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
The Jubilee Hotel, located on the corner of Constance Street and St Pauls Terrace, is a two\-storeyed rendered brick building with a basement. L\-shaped in plan the building has ornate street [facades](/wiki/Facades "Facades") featuring arched window and door openings and an ornamented parapet. Small arched openings at the base of the street elevations ventilate the basement.
Windows and doors in the ground floor street elevations have been replaced with fixed glass with the exception of double timber doors opening off Constance Street and three double hung timber windows in the public bar.
The St Pauls Terrace elevation, articulated with classical detailing, is divided into three bays. The central bay is recessed to form [loggias](/wiki/Loggias "Loggias") on the ground and first floors. The main entrance is framed by an arched open top [pediment](/wiki/Pediment "Pediment"). This entrance, a timber door with fanlight and [sidelights](/wiki/Sidelights "Sidelights"), opens onto a central hallway. Much of the ground floor interior has been altered. Plaster ceilings with ornate ceiling roses and [cornices](/wiki/Cornices "Cornices") remain in the hallway and lounge bar. The hallway retains its rear doors and a richly detailed set of double doors leading to the public bar. Timber [stairs](/wiki/Stairs "Stairs") at the back of the hallway lead to the first floor.
The doors at the rear of the hallway open onto an L\-shaped, skillion roofed, rear verandah. It has been enclosed on the ground floor by subsequent extensions and on the first floor by glass louvres. A second timber stair runs in a single flight between the two levels of verandah.
The first floor has undergone minor alterations. The hallway has been blocked by a partition wall and bathrooms have been built at both ends of the rear verandah. A section of masonry wall has been removed to create a large room on the southern corner of the first floor. The remainder of the first floor is used for accommodation.
A beer garden consisting of timber decks and skillion roofs has been added to the rear of the hotel amalgamating a previously freestanding masonry structure with a corrugated iron hip roof.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"The Jubilee Hotel, located on the corner of Constance Street and St Pauls Terrace, is a two\\-storeyed rendered brick building with a basement. L\\-shaped in plan the building has ornate street [facades](/wiki/Facades \"Facades\") featuring arched window and door openings and an ornamented parapet. Small arched openings at the base of the street elevations ventilate the basement.",
"Windows and doors in the ground floor street elevations have been replaced with fixed glass with the exception of double timber doors opening off Constance Street and three double hung timber windows in the public bar.",
"The St Pauls Terrace elevation, articulated with classical detailing, is divided into three bays. The central bay is recessed to form [loggias](/wiki/Loggias \"Loggias\") on the ground and first floors. The main entrance is framed by an arched open top [pediment](/wiki/Pediment \"Pediment\"). This entrance, a timber door with fanlight and [sidelights](/wiki/Sidelights \"Sidelights\"), opens onto a central hallway. Much of the ground floor interior has been altered. Plaster ceilings with ornate ceiling roses and [cornices](/wiki/Cornices \"Cornices\") remain in the hallway and lounge bar. The hallway retains its rear doors and a richly detailed set of double doors leading to the public bar. Timber [stairs](/wiki/Stairs \"Stairs\") at the back of the hallway lead to the first floor.",
"The doors at the rear of the hallway open onto an L\\-shaped, skillion roofed, rear verandah. It has been enclosed on the ground floor by subsequent extensions and on the first floor by glass louvres. A second timber stair runs in a single flight between the two levels of verandah.",
"The first floor has undergone minor alterations. The hallway has been blocked by a partition wall and bathrooms have been built at both ends of the rear verandah. A section of masonry wall has been removed to create a large room on the southern corner of the first floor. The remainder of the first floor is used for accommodation.",
"A beer garden consisting of timber decks and skillion roofs has been added to the rear of the hotel amalgamating a previously freestanding masonry structure with a corrugated iron hip roof.",
""
] |
Landmarks
---------
### Holme Fen
{{Main\|Holme Fen}}
[left\|thumb\|Holme Posts; the column (right) was erected in 1852, the second in 1957](/wiki/File:Holme_Two_Posts_v2.jpg "Holme Two Posts v2.jpg")
**Holme Fen**, specifically Holme Posts, is believed to be the lowest land point in Great Britain at {{convert\|2\.75\|m\|ft}} below sea level.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2529365\.stm\|title\=UK's lowest spot is getting lower\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \| date\=29 November 2002 \| access\-date\=5 January 2010}}{{cite web \| url\=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cambridgeshires\-national\-nature\-reserves/cambridgeshires\-national\-nature\-reserves\#holme\-fen \| title\=Holme Fen \| access\-date\=17 January 2016}}
Before drainage, the fens contained many shallow lakes, of which [Whittlesey Mere](/wiki/Whittlesey_Mere "Whittlesey Mere") was one of the largest. The [River Nene](/wiki/River_Nene "River Nene") originally flowed through this mere, then south to Ugg Mere, before turning east towards the [Ouse](/wiki/River_Great_Ouse "River Great Ouse"). By 1851, silting and peat expansion had reduced Whittlesey Mere to about {{convert\|400\|ha\|acre\|adj\=on}} and only a metre deep. In that year the mere disappeared, when new drains carried waters to a pumping station and up into [Bevill's Leam](/wiki/Bevill%27s_Leam "Bevill's Leam"). The drainage turned both the mere and the Holme Fen into usable farmland, but [subsidence](/wiki/Subsidence "Subsidence") followed.
In anticipation of the ground subsidence, the landowner [William Wells](/wiki/William_Wells_%281818%E2%80%931889%29 "William Wells (1818–1889)") had an oak pile driven through the peat and firmly embedded in the underlying clay; he then cut the top level with the ground in 1851 and used it to monitor the peat subsidence. A few years later, the oak post was replaced by a cast\-iron column (reputedly from [The Crystal Palace](/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace "The Crystal Palace") building at [The Great Exhibition](/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition "The Great Exhibition") of 1851\), that was similarly founded on timber piles driven into the stable clay, with its top at the same level as the original post. This is the Holme Post that survives today. As it was progressively exposed it became unstable, and steel guys were added in 1957, when a second iron post was also installed {{convert\|6\|m\|ft}} to the northeast. The post now rises {{convert\|4\|m\|ft}} above the ground, and provides an impressive record of the ground subsidence; both posts are standing today.
Holme Fen is the largest [Silver birch](/wiki/Betula_pendula "Betula pendula") woodland in lowland Britain. It contains approximately 5 hectares of rare acid grassland and [heath](/wiki/Heath "Heath") and a hectare of remnant [raised bog](/wiki/Raised_bog "Raised bog"), an echo of the habitat that would have dominated the area centuries ago. This is the most south\-easterly bog of its type in Britain.
Holme approximately marks the south\-western limit of Stage 2 of the [Great Fen Project](/wiki/Great_Fen_Project "Great Fen Project"). The reserve is open to the public throughout the year.
### Holmewood Hall
The Victorian Holmewood Hall on Church Street is now a wedding venue owned by Country House Weddings ltd. The current structure was built around 1873 by Scottish architect [Willam Young](/wiki/William_Young_%28architect%29 "William Young (architect)") for MP [William Wells](/wiki/William_Wells_%281818%E2%80%931889%29 "William Wells (1818–1889)"), the grandson of Admiral [Thomas Wells](/wiki/Thomas_Wells_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "Thomas Wells (Royal Navy officer)").
During World War II, the Hall was used by US [Office of Strategic Services](/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services "Office of Strategic Services") for packing airborne containers to be parachuted into occupied Europe.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.holmewoodhall.co.uk/history\|title \= Holmewoodhall.co.uk}} The OSS called this effort to supply anti\-Nazi resistance groups [Operation Carpetbagger](/wiki/Operation_Carpetbagger "Operation Carpetbagger").{{cite web\|title\=Operation Carpetbagger\|url\=http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id\=1502\|work\=Night Flights Over Occupied Europe\|access\-date\=28 June 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914115243/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id\=1502\|archive\-date\=14 September 2011\|df\=dmy\-all}}
|
[
"Landmarks\n---------",
"### Holme Fen",
"{{Main\\|Holme Fen}}\n[left\\|thumb\\|Holme Posts; the column (right) was erected in 1852, the second in 1957](/wiki/File:Holme_Two_Posts_v2.jpg \"Holme Two Posts v2.jpg\")\n**Holme Fen**, specifically Holme Posts, is believed to be the lowest land point in Great Britain at {{convert\\|2\\.75\\|m\\|ft}} below sea level.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2529365\\.stm\\|title\\=UK's lowest spot is getting lower\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\| date\\=29 November 2002 \\| access\\-date\\=5 January 2010}}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cambridgeshires\\-national\\-nature\\-reserves/cambridgeshires\\-national\\-nature\\-reserves\\#holme\\-fen \\| title\\=Holme Fen \\| access\\-date\\=17 January 2016}}",
"Before drainage, the fens contained many shallow lakes, of which [Whittlesey Mere](/wiki/Whittlesey_Mere \"Whittlesey Mere\") was one of the largest. The [River Nene](/wiki/River_Nene \"River Nene\") originally flowed through this mere, then south to Ugg Mere, before turning east towards the [Ouse](/wiki/River_Great_Ouse \"River Great Ouse\"). By 1851, silting and peat expansion had reduced Whittlesey Mere to about {{convert\\|400\\|ha\\|acre\\|adj\\=on}} and only a metre deep. In that year the mere disappeared, when new drains carried waters to a pumping station and up into [Bevill's Leam](/wiki/Bevill%27s_Leam \"Bevill's Leam\"). The drainage turned both the mere and the Holme Fen into usable farmland, but [subsidence](/wiki/Subsidence \"Subsidence\") followed.",
"In anticipation of the ground subsidence, the landowner [William Wells](/wiki/William_Wells_%281818%E2%80%931889%29 \"William Wells (1818–1889)\") had an oak pile driven through the peat and firmly embedded in the underlying clay; he then cut the top level with the ground in 1851 and used it to monitor the peat subsidence. A few years later, the oak post was replaced by a cast\\-iron column (reputedly from [The Crystal Palace](/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace \"The Crystal Palace\") building at [The Great Exhibition](/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition \"The Great Exhibition\") of 1851\\), that was similarly founded on timber piles driven into the stable clay, with its top at the same level as the original post. This is the Holme Post that survives today. As it was progressively exposed it became unstable, and steel guys were added in 1957, when a second iron post was also installed {{convert\\|6\\|m\\|ft}} to the northeast. The post now rises {{convert\\|4\\|m\\|ft}} above the ground, and provides an impressive record of the ground subsidence; both posts are standing today.",
"Holme Fen is the largest [Silver birch](/wiki/Betula_pendula \"Betula pendula\") woodland in lowland Britain. It contains approximately 5 hectares of rare acid grassland and [heath](/wiki/Heath \"Heath\") and a hectare of remnant [raised bog](/wiki/Raised_bog \"Raised bog\"), an echo of the habitat that would have dominated the area centuries ago. This is the most south\\-easterly bog of its type in Britain.",
"Holme approximately marks the south\\-western limit of Stage 2 of the [Great Fen Project](/wiki/Great_Fen_Project \"Great Fen Project\"). The reserve is open to the public throughout the year.",
"### Holmewood Hall",
"The Victorian Holmewood Hall on Church Street is now a wedding venue owned by Country House Weddings ltd. The current structure was built around 1873 by Scottish architect [Willam Young](/wiki/William_Young_%28architect%29 \"William Young (architect)\") for MP [William Wells](/wiki/William_Wells_%281818%E2%80%931889%29 \"William Wells (1818–1889)\"), the grandson of Admiral [Thomas Wells](/wiki/Thomas_Wells_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"Thomas Wells (Royal Navy officer)\").",
"During World War II, the Hall was used by US [Office of Strategic Services](/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services \"Office of Strategic Services\") for packing airborne containers to be parachuted into occupied Europe.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.holmewoodhall.co.uk/history\\|title \\= Holmewoodhall.co.uk}} The OSS called this effort to supply anti\\-Nazi resistance groups [Operation Carpetbagger](/wiki/Operation_Carpetbagger \"Operation Carpetbagger\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Operation Carpetbagger\\|url\\=http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id\\=1502\\|work\\=Night Flights Over Occupied Europe\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914115243/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id\\=1502\\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2011\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Robert Scott is a former [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") [Force Recon](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance "United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance") [master gunnery sergeant](/wiki/Master_gunnery_sergeant "Master gunnery sergeant"), acting as a selection cadre member for [Delta Force](/wiki/Delta_Force "Delta Force"). While observing an exercise designed to evaluate Delta candidates, Scott meets a recruit, Curtis, as well as Sergeant Jacqueline Black, a knife fighting instructor.
Scott is drawn into a clandestine operation to find Laura Newton, the [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States")'s daughter, who is missing. He and Curtis go to the beach house of one of Laura's professors, with whom she is said to have a relationship. They find neither person there but find two unidentified men who react aggressively, leading Curtis, who has taken up position outside with a sniper's rifle, to shoot one of the men. Scott quickly kills the other. An earlier lead takes them to a bar where girls are recruited as prostitutes, and Scott's team follows a middleman from the bar to a brothel that funnels some of these girls to an international sex slavery ring. The madam gives them a contact number leading to a pay phone.
Calls placed to the pay phone are traced to Tariq Asani, a Lebanese national currently in federal prison. They plan to intercept Asani during a prisoner transport for medical treatment and gain information from him about the sex trafficking operation.
When the car carrying Asani and another prisoner stops en route to its destination, Scott shows up and appears to kill the transport guard, then kills the other prisoner who was on death row. He spares Asani when Asani says he can get them on a plane out of the country that night and confirms the sex slavery ring is based in [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai "Dubai").
Scott stops at a convenience store to relay the information to the team. Curtis provides him with more ammunition, but Asani, waiting in the car, happens to spot the badge of another agent talking with Curtis and opens fire. Curtis is wounded and Scott has to kill Asani.
As the team prepares an assault in Dubai, a news broadcast reports that Laura and her college professor were discovered drowned while sailing off the coast of [Martha's Vineyard](/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard "Martha's Vineyard"). The rescue operation is called off. Scott returns home, convinced there is no more to be done, but Curtis tracks him down and insists that Laura is alive. He shows Scott an earring that was caught in his sniper's mat from the beach house identical to the earrings Laura is wearing in a news photograph.
When they return to the beach house to investigate, Curtis is killed by a sniper positioned on a nearby boat. Scott evades the sniper and when he finds Laura's unique sign on a window in the beach house indicating she was there, he realizes that she may not be dead. He takes his pager and phone apart and finds a tracking device.
He tries to contact Laura's mother, who is touring a rehab facility, but he is intercepted by a female [Secret Service](/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service "United States Secret Service") agent assigned to guard the [First Family](/wiki/First_Family_of_the_United_States "First Family of the United States"). When he shows the agent the earring, the agent, who knows Laura well, explains that for years the President has used visits to his daughter as a cover for extramarital affairs, and that he pulled Laura's Secret Service detail to use as extra protection for himself during the latest trip, leaving her vulnerable to the members of the sex trafficking ring.
Scott enlists Sergeant Black to help him rescue the girl from Dubai and turns to Avi, a former Israeli operative. Avi agrees to get him into Dubai and smuggle Laura out concealed in a cargo container at the airport, obtaining weapons for him and support from a local man known as Jones.
Jones is killed during the rescue and Scott flees with Laura to a safe house, where he persuades her that although he is alone, he is acting under orders. Correctly guessing that he is really acting on his own, Laura says that King [Leonidas](/wiki/Leonidas_I "Leonidas I") of [Sparta](/wiki/Sparta "Sparta") would respond to requests for help from neighboring kingdoms by sending one man, and decides to trust him.
When he takes Laura to the airport to seal her in the cargo container, Scott discovers he is being tracked when he finds a transmitter hidden in his knife. He rushes her out of the container just as his old team arrives to apprehend them. Scott is shot and Laura is captured. Her captor reveals herself as Sgt. Black, who shows her the earring and photos from the Secret Service agent, convincing Laura to stop struggling. A Swedish news crew witnesses the struggle as they are about to board their own plane nearby, and recognize Laura. Black is shot, and a hysterical Laura is hustled to safety aboard the journalists' plane. Scott finds the dying Black, who asks if Laura is now safe, which Scott confirms.
Later, on a London city street, a stubbled Scott is shown watching an evening news broadcast regarding Laura's return on a television in a shop window. The government spins the story of Laura's kidnapping as an opportunity for the President to take action to end the trafficking of American girls as sex slaves. A British man watching alongside Scott says, "Time to go home," and walks away. Scott watches him leave and says, "Lucky man." Scott is then seen walking off into [Piccadilly Circus](/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus "Piccadilly Circus").
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Robert Scott is a former [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") [Force Recon](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance \"United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance\") [master gunnery sergeant](/wiki/Master_gunnery_sergeant \"Master gunnery sergeant\"), acting as a selection cadre member for [Delta Force](/wiki/Delta_Force \"Delta Force\"). While observing an exercise designed to evaluate Delta candidates, Scott meets a recruit, Curtis, as well as Sergeant Jacqueline Black, a knife fighting instructor.",
"Scott is drawn into a clandestine operation to find Laura Newton, the [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\")'s daughter, who is missing. He and Curtis go to the beach house of one of Laura's professors, with whom she is said to have a relationship. They find neither person there but find two unidentified men who react aggressively, leading Curtis, who has taken up position outside with a sniper's rifle, to shoot one of the men. Scott quickly kills the other. An earlier lead takes them to a bar where girls are recruited as prostitutes, and Scott's team follows a middleman from the bar to a brothel that funnels some of these girls to an international sex slavery ring. The madam gives them a contact number leading to a pay phone.",
"Calls placed to the pay phone are traced to Tariq Asani, a Lebanese national currently in federal prison. They plan to intercept Asani during a prisoner transport for medical treatment and gain information from him about the sex trafficking operation.",
"When the car carrying Asani and another prisoner stops en route to its destination, Scott shows up and appears to kill the transport guard, then kills the other prisoner who was on death row. He spares Asani when Asani says he can get them on a plane out of the country that night and confirms the sex slavery ring is based in [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\").",
"Scott stops at a convenience store to relay the information to the team. Curtis provides him with more ammunition, but Asani, waiting in the car, happens to spot the badge of another agent talking with Curtis and opens fire. Curtis is wounded and Scott has to kill Asani.",
"As the team prepares an assault in Dubai, a news broadcast reports that Laura and her college professor were discovered drowned while sailing off the coast of [Martha's Vineyard](/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard \"Martha's Vineyard\"). The rescue operation is called off. Scott returns home, convinced there is no more to be done, but Curtis tracks him down and insists that Laura is alive. He shows Scott an earring that was caught in his sniper's mat from the beach house identical to the earrings Laura is wearing in a news photograph.",
"When they return to the beach house to investigate, Curtis is killed by a sniper positioned on a nearby boat. Scott evades the sniper and when he finds Laura's unique sign on a window in the beach house indicating she was there, he realizes that she may not be dead. He takes his pager and phone apart and finds a tracking device.",
"He tries to contact Laura's mother, who is touring a rehab facility, but he is intercepted by a female [Secret Service](/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service \"United States Secret Service\") agent assigned to guard the [First Family](/wiki/First_Family_of_the_United_States \"First Family of the United States\"). When he shows the agent the earring, the agent, who knows Laura well, explains that for years the President has used visits to his daughter as a cover for extramarital affairs, and that he pulled Laura's Secret Service detail to use as extra protection for himself during the latest trip, leaving her vulnerable to the members of the sex trafficking ring.",
"Scott enlists Sergeant Black to help him rescue the girl from Dubai and turns to Avi, a former Israeli operative. Avi agrees to get him into Dubai and smuggle Laura out concealed in a cargo container at the airport, obtaining weapons for him and support from a local man known as Jones.",
"Jones is killed during the rescue and Scott flees with Laura to a safe house, where he persuades her that although he is alone, he is acting under orders. Correctly guessing that he is really acting on his own, Laura says that King [Leonidas](/wiki/Leonidas_I \"Leonidas I\") of [Sparta](/wiki/Sparta \"Sparta\") would respond to requests for help from neighboring kingdoms by sending one man, and decides to trust him.",
"When he takes Laura to the airport to seal her in the cargo container, Scott discovers he is being tracked when he finds a transmitter hidden in his knife. He rushes her out of the container just as his old team arrives to apprehend them. Scott is shot and Laura is captured. Her captor reveals herself as Sgt. Black, who shows her the earring and photos from the Secret Service agent, convincing Laura to stop struggling. A Swedish news crew witnesses the struggle as they are about to board their own plane nearby, and recognize Laura. Black is shot, and a hysterical Laura is hustled to safety aboard the journalists' plane. Scott finds the dying Black, who asks if Laura is now safe, which Scott confirms.",
"Later, on a London city street, a stubbled Scott is shown watching an evening news broadcast regarding Laura's return on a television in a shop window. The government spins the story of Laura's kidnapping as an opportunity for the President to take action to end the trafficking of American girls as sex slaves. A British man watching alongside Scott says, \"Time to go home,\" and walks away. Scott watches him leave and says, \"Lucky man.\" Scott is then seen walking off into [Piccadilly Circus](/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus \"Piccadilly Circus\").",
""
] |
March on Baghdad
----------------
[thumb\|Indian troops march into Baghdad, 11 March 1917](/wiki/File:Indian_Troops_in_New_Street%2C_Baghdad%2C_11_March_1917.jpg "Indian Troops in New Street, Baghdad, 11 March 1917.jpg")
There were no setbacks for the British on this campaign. General Maude proceeded cautiously, advancing on both sides of the [Tigris](/wiki/Tigris "Tigris") River. He earned his nickname *Systematic Joe*. The Ottoman forces contested a fortified place called the Khadairi Bend which the British captured after two weeks of siege work (6 January to 19 January 1917\). The British then had to force the Ottoman forces out of a strong defensive line along [the Hai River](/wiki/Shatt_al-Hayy "Shatt al-Hayy"). This took them two more weeks (from 25 January till 4 February). Another Ottoman position, called Dahra Bend, was taken on 16 February. Finally, the British re\-captured [Kut](/wiki/Kut "Kut") on 24 February 1917 in the [Second Battle of Kut](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kut "Second Battle of Kut").
The local Ottoman commander, [Karabekir Bey](/wiki/Karabekir_Bey "Karabekir Bey"), did not let his army become trapped in Kut, as [General Townshend](/wiki/Charles_Vere_Ferrers_Townshend "Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend") had been in the [First Battle of Kut](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kut "First Battle of Kut").
The march on Baghdad resumed on 5 March 1917\. Three days later, Maude's corps reached the [Diyala River](/wiki/Diyala_River "Diyala River") on the outskirts of the city.
[Khalil Pasha](/wiki/Halil_Kut "Halil Kut") chose to defend Baghdad at the confluence of the Diyala and the Tigris, some 35 miles south of Baghdad. The Ottoman troops resisted the initial British assault on 9 March. General Maude then shifted the majority of his army north. He believed that he could outflank the Ottoman positions and strike directly for Baghdad. Khalil Pasha responded by shifting his army out of its defensive positions to mirror the move of the British on the other side of the river. A single regiment was left to hold the original Diyala River defences. The British crushed this regiment with a sudden assault on 10 March 1917\. This sudden defeat unnerved Khalil Pasha and he ordered his army to retreat north to Baghdad.
The Ottoman authorities ordered the evacuation of Baghdad at 8 p.m. on 10 March, but the situation was rapidly moving beyond Khalil Pasha's control. The British followed close on the heels of the Ottoman troops and captured Baghdad without a fight on 11 March. A week later, General Maude issued the [Proclamation of Baghdad](/wiki/Proclamation_of_Baghdad "Proclamation of Baghdad"), which included the line, "Our armies do not come into your cities and lands as conquerors or enemies, but as liberators".[The proclamation of Baghdad](http://www.harpers.org/ProclamationBaghdad.html), Sir Stanley Maude, *[Harper's Magazine](/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine "Harper's Magazine")* Some 9,000 Ottoman troops were caught in the confusion and became prisoners of the British.
The British were worried that the Ottoman government might try to flood the Tigris plain. As it happened, this fear was unfounded. The Ottoman troops never attempted to flood the area.
|
[
"March on Baghdad\n----------------",
"[thumb\\|Indian troops march into Baghdad, 11 March 1917](/wiki/File:Indian_Troops_in_New_Street%2C_Baghdad%2C_11_March_1917.jpg \"Indian Troops in New Street, Baghdad, 11 March 1917.jpg\")",
"There were no setbacks for the British on this campaign. General Maude proceeded cautiously, advancing on both sides of the [Tigris](/wiki/Tigris \"Tigris\") River. He earned his nickname *Systematic Joe*. The Ottoman forces contested a fortified place called the Khadairi Bend which the British captured after two weeks of siege work (6 January to 19 January 1917\\). The British then had to force the Ottoman forces out of a strong defensive line along [the Hai River](/wiki/Shatt_al-Hayy \"Shatt al-Hayy\"). This took them two more weeks (from 25 January till 4 February). Another Ottoman position, called Dahra Bend, was taken on 16 February. Finally, the British re\\-captured [Kut](/wiki/Kut \"Kut\") on 24 February 1917 in the [Second Battle of Kut](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kut \"Second Battle of Kut\").",
"The local Ottoman commander, [Karabekir Bey](/wiki/Karabekir_Bey \"Karabekir Bey\"), did not let his army become trapped in Kut, as [General Townshend](/wiki/Charles_Vere_Ferrers_Townshend \"Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend\") had been in the [First Battle of Kut](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kut \"First Battle of Kut\").",
"The march on Baghdad resumed on 5 March 1917\\. Three days later, Maude's corps reached the [Diyala River](/wiki/Diyala_River \"Diyala River\") on the outskirts of the city.",
"[Khalil Pasha](/wiki/Halil_Kut \"Halil Kut\") chose to defend Baghdad at the confluence of the Diyala and the Tigris, some 35 miles south of Baghdad. The Ottoman troops resisted the initial British assault on 9 March. General Maude then shifted the majority of his army north. He believed that he could outflank the Ottoman positions and strike directly for Baghdad. Khalil Pasha responded by shifting his army out of its defensive positions to mirror the move of the British on the other side of the river. A single regiment was left to hold the original Diyala River defences. The British crushed this regiment with a sudden assault on 10 March 1917\\. This sudden defeat unnerved Khalil Pasha and he ordered his army to retreat north to Baghdad.",
"The Ottoman authorities ordered the evacuation of Baghdad at 8 p.m. on 10 March, but the situation was rapidly moving beyond Khalil Pasha's control. The British followed close on the heels of the Ottoman troops and captured Baghdad without a fight on 11 March. A week later, General Maude issued the [Proclamation of Baghdad](/wiki/Proclamation_of_Baghdad \"Proclamation of Baghdad\"), which included the line, \"Our armies do not come into your cities and lands as conquerors or enemies, but as liberators\".[The proclamation of Baghdad](http://www.harpers.org/ProclamationBaghdad.html), Sir Stanley Maude, *[Harper's Magazine](/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine \"Harper's Magazine\")* Some 9,000 Ottoman troops were caught in the confusion and became prisoners of the British.",
"The British were worried that the Ottoman government might try to flood the Tigris plain. As it happened, this fear was unfounded. The Ottoman troops never attempted to flood the area.",
""
] |
Consequences
------------
The result was a decisive victory for the British and yet another defeat for the Ottoman government. The humiliation for the British due to the loss of Kut had been partially rectified. The Ottoman government was forced to end its military operations in [Persia](/wiki/Persia "Persia") and try to build up a new army to prevent the British from moving on to capture [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul "Mosul").
The British had captured [Basra Vilayet](/wiki/Basra_Vilayet "Basra Vilayet") near the start of the war in 1914, and had now taken the provincial capital of [Baghdad Vilayet](/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet "Baghdad Vilayet"). Although good news for the British forces, this caused a great deal of bureaucratic fighting between the British government in London and the British government in India over how to manage the region.
Once he captured Baghdad, Maude was the *de facto* Governor of Mesopotamia from [Basra](/wiki/Basra "Basra") to Baghdad. Sir [Percy Cox](/wiki/Percy_Cox "Percy Cox"), the [Tigris Corps](/wiki/Tigris_Corps "Tigris Corps") [Political Officer](/wiki/Political_officer_%28British_Empire%29 "Political officer (British Empire)"), attempted to issue a proclamation stating that the province was under joint British\-Indian administration, but London ordered Cox not to issue his proclamation and came out with its own proclamation asking Arab leaders to aid the British administration instead.
At the same time, the [Indian colonial government](/wiki/British_Raj "British Raj") had different ideas. After all, they had been the prime movers behind Mesopotamia in the first place. The British government in India wanted this new area placed under its direct control.
This power struggle led to the creation of the [Mesopotamian Administration Committee](/wiki/Mesopotamian_Administration_Committee "Mesopotamian Administration Committee"), under the leadership of [Lord Curzon](/wiki/Lord_Curzon "Lord Curzon"). Its main task was to determine who would govern the Basra and Baghdad provinces. Its ruling was a [British](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire"), not Anglo\-Indian, administration for Basra and an [Arab](/wiki/Arab "Arab") authority for Baghdad. The temporary government here would eventually evolve into the British [Mandate for Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia "Mandate for Mesopotamia") and [Mandatory Iraq](/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq "Mandatory Iraq").
|
[
"Consequences\n------------",
"The result was a decisive victory for the British and yet another defeat for the Ottoman government. The humiliation for the British due to the loss of Kut had been partially rectified. The Ottoman government was forced to end its military operations in [Persia](/wiki/Persia \"Persia\") and try to build up a new army to prevent the British from moving on to capture [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul \"Mosul\").",
"The British had captured [Basra Vilayet](/wiki/Basra_Vilayet \"Basra Vilayet\") near the start of the war in 1914, and had now taken the provincial capital of [Baghdad Vilayet](/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet \"Baghdad Vilayet\"). Although good news for the British forces, this caused a great deal of bureaucratic fighting between the British government in London and the British government in India over how to manage the region.",
"Once he captured Baghdad, Maude was the *de facto* Governor of Mesopotamia from [Basra](/wiki/Basra \"Basra\") to Baghdad. Sir [Percy Cox](/wiki/Percy_Cox \"Percy Cox\"), the [Tigris Corps](/wiki/Tigris_Corps \"Tigris Corps\") [Political Officer](/wiki/Political_officer_%28British_Empire%29 \"Political officer (British Empire)\"), attempted to issue a proclamation stating that the province was under joint British\\-Indian administration, but London ordered Cox not to issue his proclamation and came out with its own proclamation asking Arab leaders to aid the British administration instead.",
"At the same time, the [Indian colonial government](/wiki/British_Raj \"British Raj\") had different ideas. After all, they had been the prime movers behind Mesopotamia in the first place. The British government in India wanted this new area placed under its direct control.",
"This power struggle led to the creation of the [Mesopotamian Administration Committee](/wiki/Mesopotamian_Administration_Committee \"Mesopotamian Administration Committee\"), under the leadership of [Lord Curzon](/wiki/Lord_Curzon \"Lord Curzon\"). Its main task was to determine who would govern the Basra and Baghdad provinces. Its ruling was a [British](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\"), not Anglo\\-Indian, administration for Basra and an [Arab](/wiki/Arab \"Arab\") authority for Baghdad. The temporary government here would eventually evolve into the British [Mandate for Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia \"Mandate for Mesopotamia\") and [Mandatory Iraq](/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq \"Mandatory Iraq\").",
""
] |
Career
------
The band immediately notched a UK Top 20 [hit](/wiki/Chart-topper "Chart-topper") with their cover version of the [Bo Diddley](/wiki/Bo_Diddley "Bo Diddley") composition "[Who Do You Love?](/wiki/Who_Do_You_Love%3F_%28Bo_Diddley_song%29 "Who Do You Love? (Bo Diddley song)")"{{cite book\|first\=David\|last\=Roberts\|year\=2006\|title\=British Hit Singles \& Albums\| edition\=19th\|publisher\=Guinness World Records Limited\|location\=London\|isbn\=1\-904994\-10\-5\|page\=291}} Their eponymous debut album then fell just shy of the Top 40 in the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart"). The album's cover featured a burlesque dancer named Zelda Plum, naked except for a covering of fruit. (Some versions have less fruit than others.)
Line\-up changes ensued, as former [Zoot Money](/wiki/Zoot_Money "Zoot Money") singer [Paul Williams](/wiki/Paul_Williams_%28British_singer%29 "Paul Williams (British singer)") (born Paul William Yarlett, 1940\),{{cite web\|url\=http://paulwilliams\-uk.com\|title\=Paul Williams, British singer official website\|publisher\=Paulwilliams\-uk.com\|access\-date\=14 July 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207120917/http://paulwilliams\-uk.com/\|archive\-date\=7 February 2011}} guitarist [Micky Moody](/wiki/Micky_Moody "Micky Moody"), and drummer [Rod Coombes](/wiki/Rod_Coombes "Rod Coombes") replaced Ray Owen (who joined [Killing Floor](/wiki/Killing_Floor_%28British_band%29 "Killing Floor (British band)"),{{cite web\|author\=Bryan Thomas\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/killing\-floor\-mn0001291220\|title\=Killing Floor \| Biography \& History\|publisher\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|access\-date\=12 February 2016}} before embarking on a solo career), Neil Hubbard and Pete Dobson, prior to the recording of 1970's *Lie Back and Enjoy It* (\#53 – [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart")). In May 1970, the band appeared at the annual *[NME](/wiki/NME "NME")* poll\-winners concert.{{cite book\|first\=John\|last\=Tobler\|year\=1992\|title\=NME Rock 'N' Roll Years\|edition\=1st\|publisher\=Reed International Books Ltd\|location\=London\|page\=212\|id\=CN 5585}} Another bassist, Jim Leverton, assumed Ellis' duties for the follow\-up, 1971's *Get a Whiff a This*. In August 1971, Juicy Lucy appeared on the bill at the [Weeley Festival](/wiki/Weeley_Festival "Weeley Festival") near [Clacton\-on\-Sea](/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea "Clacton-on-Sea"), Essex.{{cite book\|first\=John\|last\=Tobler\|year\=1992\|title\=NME Rock 'N' Roll Years\|edition\=1st\| publisher\=Reed International Books Ltd\|location\=London\|page\=229\|id\=CN 5585}}
The constant turnover took its toll on the group both creatively and commercially, with co\-founders Campbell and Mercer, plus Coombes exiting prior to the fourth Juicy Lucy album, 1972's *Pieces*.{{cite book\|title\=\[\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Heavy Rock]]\|editor\=\[\[Colin Larkin (writer)\|Colin Larkin]]\|publisher\=\[\[Virgin Books]]\|date\=1999\|edition\=First\|isbn\=0\-7535\-0257\-7\|page\=247}} This was recorded by a makeshift line\-up of Williams, Moody, keyboardist Jean Roussel, and the former [Blodwyn Pig](/wiki/Blodwyn_Pig "Blodwyn Pig") rhythm section of bassist Andy Pyle and drummer Ron Berg. Juicy Lucy disbanded shortly thereafter.
Micky Moody was a member of [Snafu](/wiki/Snafu_%28band%29 "Snafu (band)") between 1973 and 1976, and he later joined the inaugural [Whitesnake](/wiki/Whitesnake "Whitesnake") line\-up in 1978\. A 1996 album called *Blue Thunder* was released under the Juicy Lucy name by Paul Williams and Micky Moody, featuring guest musicians [Mick Taylor](/wiki/Mick_Taylor "Mick Taylor") and [Andy Summers](/wiki/Andy_Summers "Andy Summers"). Moody and Williams also released an album called *Smokestacks, Broomdusters and Hoochie Coochie Men* in 2002\.
Juicy Lucy's version of the song "[Who Do You Love?](/wiki/Who_Do_You_Love%3F_%28Bo_Diddley_song%29 "Who Do You Love? (Bo Diddley song)")" was subsequently featured in the video game *[Shellshock: Nam '67](/wiki/Shellshock:Nam_%2767 "Nam '67")*.
In 1995, Ray Owen resurrected the band's name and recorded the album *Here She Comes Again*. The line\-up for this recording also included Mike Jarvis (guitar), Andy Doughty (bass), and Spencer Blackledge (drums). This version of the band broke up in 1997, but Owen persevered and joined up with guitarist Steve 'Mr Fish' Fishwick. Although legal problems would not allow them usage of the name Juicy Lucy, the outfit performed as Ray Owen's Moon (*Moon* being the title of Ray Owen's 1971 solo album).
In 2004, bassist Colin Fudge and drummer Paul Fletcher joined the band, after the legal situation had been resolved. This version of Juicy Lucy released the album *Do That and You'll Lose It* in 2006 and toured the UK with [Nazareth](/wiki/Nazareth_%28band%29 "Nazareth (band)"). They played at the Cambridge Rock Festival in 2008\.
In 2009, a new line\-up of Juicy Lucy was formed as – due to health problems – Owen was unable to continue touring on a regular basis. The band was then fronted by singer/guitarist Steve 'Mr Fish' Fishwick, with Paul Fletcher on drums and James Morris on bass, and this line\-up continued to tour throughout the UK. In September 2012, Frank Cokayne (on bass guitar) joined Fishwick and Fletcher in the UK\-based version of the band. The songs "Mississippi Woman" and "Who Do You Love?" (from the band's first album) were regularly performed live by this trio, until they parted ways in 2018\.
Ray Owen (14 July 1947 – 31 October 2018\) occasionally played live in France under the moniker "Ray Owen's Juicy Lucy", accompanied by Mike Jarvis and Spencer Blackledge from the 1990s incarnation of the band, and latterly with Sylvain Galesso on drums and Rosie Woodland on bass guitar. He also performed solo acoustic sets around the UK, including regular engagements at the [Lewes](/wiki/Lewes "Lewes") Con Club, before his death from cancer in 2018, aged 71\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats\-on/music\-nightlife\-news/mothers\-rock\-club\-tribute\-gig\-15425777\|title\=Rock bands to play tribute gig to legendary Erdington club\|first\=Mike\|last\=Lockley\|date\=19 November 2018\|website\=\[\[Birmingham Mail]]\|access\-date\=29 September 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marshalamp.com/kfrayowen.htm\|title\=Ray Owen\|website\=MarshalAmp.com\|accessdate\=13 February 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122120931/http://www.marshalamp.com/kfrayowen.htm\|archive\-date\=22 November 2018}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"The band immediately notched a UK Top 20 [hit](/wiki/Chart-topper \"Chart-topper\") with their cover version of the [Bo Diddley](/wiki/Bo_Diddley \"Bo Diddley\") composition \"[Who Do You Love?](/wiki/Who_Do_You_Love%3F_%28Bo_Diddley_song%29 \"Who Do You Love? (Bo Diddley song)\")\"{{cite book\\|first\\=David\\|last\\=Roberts\\|year\\=2006\\|title\\=British Hit Singles \\& Albums\\| edition\\=19th\\|publisher\\=Guinness World Records Limited\\|location\\=London\\|isbn\\=1\\-904994\\-10\\-5\\|page\\=291}} Their eponymous debut album then fell just shy of the Top 40 in the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\"). The album's cover featured a burlesque dancer named Zelda Plum, naked except for a covering of fruit. (Some versions have less fruit than others.)",
"Line\\-up changes ensued, as former [Zoot Money](/wiki/Zoot_Money \"Zoot Money\") singer [Paul Williams](/wiki/Paul_Williams_%28British_singer%29 \"Paul Williams (British singer)\") (born Paul William Yarlett, 1940\\),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://paulwilliams\\-uk.com\\|title\\=Paul Williams, British singer official website\\|publisher\\=Paulwilliams\\-uk.com\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207120917/http://paulwilliams\\-uk.com/\\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2011}} guitarist [Micky Moody](/wiki/Micky_Moody \"Micky Moody\"), and drummer [Rod Coombes](/wiki/Rod_Coombes \"Rod Coombes\") replaced Ray Owen (who joined [Killing Floor](/wiki/Killing_Floor_%28British_band%29 \"Killing Floor (British band)\"),{{cite web\\|author\\=Bryan Thomas\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/killing\\-floor\\-mn0001291220\\|title\\=Killing Floor \\| Biography \\& History\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2016}} before embarking on a solo career), Neil Hubbard and Pete Dobson, prior to the recording of 1970's *Lie Back and Enjoy It* (\\#53 – [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\")). In May 1970, the band appeared at the annual *[NME](/wiki/NME \"NME\")* poll\\-winners concert.{{cite book\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Tobler\\|year\\=1992\\|title\\=NME Rock 'N' Roll Years\\|edition\\=1st\\|publisher\\=Reed International Books Ltd\\|location\\=London\\|page\\=212\\|id\\=CN 5585}} Another bassist, Jim Leverton, assumed Ellis' duties for the follow\\-up, 1971's *Get a Whiff a This*. In August 1971, Juicy Lucy appeared on the bill at the [Weeley Festival](/wiki/Weeley_Festival \"Weeley Festival\") near [Clacton\\-on\\-Sea](/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea \"Clacton-on-Sea\"), Essex.{{cite book\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Tobler\\|year\\=1992\\|title\\=NME Rock 'N' Roll Years\\|edition\\=1st\\| publisher\\=Reed International Books Ltd\\|location\\=London\\|page\\=229\\|id\\=CN 5585}}",
"The constant turnover took its toll on the group both creatively and commercially, with co\\-founders Campbell and Mercer, plus Coombes exiting prior to the fourth Juicy Lucy album, 1972's *Pieces*.{{cite book\\|title\\=\\[\\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\\|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Heavy Rock]]\\|editor\\=\\[\\[Colin Larkin (writer)\\|Colin Larkin]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Virgin Books]]\\|date\\=1999\\|edition\\=First\\|isbn\\=0\\-7535\\-0257\\-7\\|page\\=247}} This was recorded by a makeshift line\\-up of Williams, Moody, keyboardist Jean Roussel, and the former [Blodwyn Pig](/wiki/Blodwyn_Pig \"Blodwyn Pig\") rhythm section of bassist Andy Pyle and drummer Ron Berg. Juicy Lucy disbanded shortly thereafter.",
"Micky Moody was a member of [Snafu](/wiki/Snafu_%28band%29 \"Snafu (band)\") between 1973 and 1976, and he later joined the inaugural [Whitesnake](/wiki/Whitesnake \"Whitesnake\") line\\-up in 1978\\. A 1996 album called *Blue Thunder* was released under the Juicy Lucy name by Paul Williams and Micky Moody, featuring guest musicians [Mick Taylor](/wiki/Mick_Taylor \"Mick Taylor\") and [Andy Summers](/wiki/Andy_Summers \"Andy Summers\"). Moody and Williams also released an album called *Smokestacks, Broomdusters and Hoochie Coochie Men* in 2002\\.",
"Juicy Lucy's version of the song \"[Who Do You Love?](/wiki/Who_Do_You_Love%3F_%28Bo_Diddley_song%29 \"Who Do You Love? (Bo Diddley song)\")\" was subsequently featured in the video game *[Shellshock: Nam '67](/wiki/Shellshock:Nam_%2767 \"Nam '67\")*.",
"In 1995, Ray Owen resurrected the band's name and recorded the album *Here She Comes Again*. The line\\-up for this recording also included Mike Jarvis (guitar), Andy Doughty (bass), and Spencer Blackledge (drums). This version of the band broke up in 1997, but Owen persevered and joined up with guitarist Steve 'Mr Fish' Fishwick. Although legal problems would not allow them usage of the name Juicy Lucy, the outfit performed as Ray Owen's Moon (*Moon* being the title of Ray Owen's 1971 solo album).",
"In 2004, bassist Colin Fudge and drummer Paul Fletcher joined the band, after the legal situation had been resolved. This version of Juicy Lucy released the album *Do That and You'll Lose It* in 2006 and toured the UK with [Nazareth](/wiki/Nazareth_%28band%29 \"Nazareth (band)\"). They played at the Cambridge Rock Festival in 2008\\.",
"In 2009, a new line\\-up of Juicy Lucy was formed as – due to health problems – Owen was unable to continue touring on a regular basis. The band was then fronted by singer/guitarist Steve 'Mr Fish' Fishwick, with Paul Fletcher on drums and James Morris on bass, and this line\\-up continued to tour throughout the UK. In September 2012, Frank Cokayne (on bass guitar) joined Fishwick and Fletcher in the UK\\-based version of the band. The songs \"Mississippi Woman\" and \"Who Do You Love?\" (from the band's first album) were regularly performed live by this trio, until they parted ways in 2018\\.",
"Ray Owen (14 July 1947 – 31 October 2018\\) occasionally played live in France under the moniker \"Ray Owen's Juicy Lucy\", accompanied by Mike Jarvis and Spencer Blackledge from the 1990s incarnation of the band, and latterly with Sylvain Galesso on drums and Rosie Woodland on bass guitar. He also performed solo acoustic sets around the UK, including regular engagements at the [Lewes](/wiki/Lewes \"Lewes\") Con Club, before his death from cancer in 2018, aged 71\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats\\-on/music\\-nightlife\\-news/mothers\\-rock\\-club\\-tribute\\-gig\\-15425777\\|title\\=Rock bands to play tribute gig to legendary Erdington club\\|first\\=Mike\\|last\\=Lockley\\|date\\=19 November 2018\\|website\\=\\[\\[Birmingham Mail]]\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marshalamp.com/kfrayowen.htm\\|title\\=Ray Owen\\|website\\=MarshalAmp.com\\|accessdate\\=13 February 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122120931/http://www.marshalamp.com/kfrayowen.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=22 November 2018}}",
""
] |
Timeline of the war
-------------------
The war was to take place in three general places, those being [Novhorod\-Siverskyi](/wiki/Novhorod-Siverskyi "Novhorod-Siverskyi"), Smolensk and [Toropets](/wiki/Toropets "Toropets").{{Cite web \|title\=1500 07 14 antrajame kare su Maskvos DK lietuvių kariuomenė patyrė pralaimėjimą \|url\=https://www.delfi.lt/archive/1500\-07\-14\-antrajame\-kare\-su\-maskvos\-dk\-lietuviu\-kariuomene\-patyre\-pralaimejima.d?id\=22891331 \|access\-date\= \|website\=DELFI \|language\=lt}} The main fighting happened in the direction of Smolensk, which was the second most strategically important front of the war.{{Campaignbox Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1500–1503\)}}The Muscovites managed to quickly occupy Lithuanian fortresses in Bryansk, [Vyazma](/wiki/Vyazma "Vyazma"), [Dorogobuzh](/wiki/Dorogobuzh "Dorogobuzh"), Toropets and [Putivl](/wiki/Putyvl "Putyvl").{{Cite book \|last\=Stevens \|first\=Carol Belkin \|title\=Russia's wars of emergence, 1460\-1730 \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Pearson Longman \|isbn\=978\-0\-582\-21891\-8 \|series\=Modern wars in perspective \|location\=Harlow New York \|pages\=58}} After capturing the fortress at Dorogobuzh, half of the [Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army](/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Lithuanian_Army "Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army"), which was a vanguard of about 3,500 horsemen moved towards Smolensk, meeting up with 500 horsemen led by [Stanisław Kiszka](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kiszka "Stanisław Kiszka"). Local nobles such as the [Vorotynskys](/wiki/Vorotynsky "Vorotynsky") often joined the Muscovite army. Another attack came from the southeast into the [Kiev Voivodeship](/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship "Kiev Voivodeship"), [Volhynia](/wiki/Volhynia "Volhynia") and [Podolia](/wiki/Podolia "Podolia"). On 14 July 1500, the Lithuanians fought against the Muscovite army in the Battle of Vedrosha.{{Citation \|last\=Fennell \|first\=J. L. I. \|title\=Russia, 1462–1584 \|date\=1990\-08\-02 \|work\=The New Cambridge Modern History \|pages\=599 \|editor\-last\=Elton \|editor\-first\=G. R. \|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139055772A026/type/book\_part \|access\-date\= \|edition\=2 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|doi\=10\.1017/chol9780521345361\.024 \|isbn\=978\-1\-139\-05577\-2}}
### Battle of Verdosha
{{Main article\|Battle of Vedrosha}}
The [Grand Hetman of Lithuania](/wiki/Grand_Hetman_of_Lithuania "Grand Hetman of Lithuania") Konstanty Ostrogski was confident in his strength, although heavily underestimated the Muscovite army. He decided to attack first with an army of 4,000 soldiers against the Muscovite army numbering at least 20,000 soldiers. The Lithuanians attacked the camp of the central Muscovites forces at a tributary of the Dnieper, the Vedrosha river, but were tricked into a well–organised ambush.
[thumb\|Where the battle most likely took place](/wiki/File:Vedrosha_battle_1500_location.jpg "Vedrosha battle 1500 location.jpg")
The Lithuanian army was lured into the main Muscovite army numbering around 40,000 soldiers commanded by [boyars](/wiki/Boyar "Boyar") [Daniil Shchenya](/wiki/Daniil_Shchenya "Daniil Shchenya") and {{Ill\|Yakov Koshkin\-Zakharyin\|ru\|Кошкин\-Захарьин, Яков Захарьевич}}. The battle ended in a decisive defeat for Lithuania.{{Cite web \|title\=Vedrošos mūšis \|url\=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vedrosos\-musis/ \|access\-date\= \|website\=www.vle.lt \|language\=lt}}
The entire Lithuanian military leadership was captured by Muscovite forces, including Grand Hetman of Lithuania Konstanty Ostrogski, although he escaped from Moscow in 1507\.
This defeat greatly affected Lithuanian society, mostly politically and morally. The Lithuanian army received a painful lesson, in which they learnt to not divide limited forces for important operations and, on the contrary, concentrate them as much as possible. The defeat was also one of the reasons for the proposed [Union of Mielnik](/wiki/Union_of_Mielnik "Union of Mielnik") between Poland and Lithuania.{{Cite web \|title\=1501 10 03 Lenkijos taryba ir Lietuvos atstovai nutarė, kad abi valstybės bus sujungtos į vieną valstybę. Lietuva šios sutarties neratifikavo. \|url\=https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/history/1501\-10\-03\-lenkijos\-taryba\-ir\-lietuvos\-atstovai\-nutare\-kad\-abi\-valstybes\-bus\-sujungtos\-i\-viena\-valstybe\-lietuva\-sios\-sutarties\-neratifikavo\-24177571 \|access\-date\= \|website\=Delfi \|language\=lt}}
[thumb\|300x300px\|Battle of Mstislavl 1501, miniature from the Front Chronicle](/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_1501.jpg "Битва под Мстиславлем 1501.jpg")
### Battle of Mstislavi
{{Main article\|Battle of Mstislavl}}
The battle took place on November 4 1501, when Ivan III sent a new force under the command of {{illm\|Semyon Mozhayskiy\|ru\|Семён Иванович (князь стародубский северский)}} towards [Mstislavl](/wiki/Mstislavl "Mstislavl").{{Cite book \|last1\=Jaques \|first1\=Tony \|title\=Dictionary of battles and sieges: a guide to 8500 battles from Antiquity through the twenty\-first century \|last2\=Showalter \|first2\=Dennis Edwin \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Greenwood press \|isbn\=978\-0\-313\-33536\-5 \|location\=Westport (Conn.) \|pages\=693}} Local princes [Mstislavsky](/wiki/Mstislavsky "Mstislavsky") together with [Ostap Dashkevych](/wiki/Ostap_Dashkevych "Ostap Dashkevych") organised the defense and were badly beaten.{{Cite book \|last\=Gudavičius \|first\=E. \|title\=Lietuvos istorija: nuo seniausių laikų iki 1569 metų \|date\=2001 \|publisher\=Lietuvos Rašytojų sąjungos leidykla \|isbn\=978\-9986\-39\-111\-1 \|location\=Vilnius \|pages\=493}} Russian forces took advantage of the princes retreat, besieging the city and pillaging surrounding areas. A relief force was organised by Great Hetman [Stanislovas Kęsgaila](/wiki/Stanislovas_K%C4%99sgaila "Stanislovas Kęsgaila"), but neither him or Mozhayskiy dared to attack with the Russian forces retreating without a battle.{{Cite book \|last\=Vytas \|first\=Jankauskas \|title\=Lietuvos krašto apsaugos ministrai ir kariuomenės vadai \|edition\=Vol 1 \|pages\=51–52 \|language\=Lithuanian}} The Lithuanian forces had once again been defeated.
### Death of John I Albert
In June 1501, [John I Albert](/wiki/John_I_Albert "John I Albert"), King of Poland died. This left his brother, Alexander Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania as the strongest candidate to the Polish throne. Due to this, he became preoccupied with the succession.{{Cite book \|title\=Lietuvos istorija. T. 4: Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visuomenė, valstybė ; Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė 1386 \- 1529 m. / Jūratė Kiaupienė, Rimvydas Petrauskas \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=Baltos Lankos \|isbn\=978\-9955\-23\-239\-1 \|editor\-last\=Kiaupienė \|editor\-first\=Jūratė \|location\=Vilnius \|pages\=464 \|editor\-last2\=Petrauskas \|editor\-first2\=Rimvydas \|editor\-last3\=Dubonis \|editor\-first3\=Artūras}} Alexander tried to counter religious accusations by attempting to establish a [church union](/wiki/Church_union "Church union") between Catholics and Orthodox as envisioned at the [Council of Florence](/wiki/Council_of_Florence "Council of Florence") – the Orthodox would retain their traditions but would accept the pope as their spiritual sovereign.{{Cite book \|last\=Nowakowska \|first\=Natalia \|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm71541878 \|title\=Church, state and dynasty in Renaissance Poland: the career of Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellon (1468\-1503\) \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Ashgate \|isbn\=978\-0\-7546\-5644\-9 \|series\=Catholic Christendom, 1300\-1700 \|location\=Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT \|pages\=134–136 \|oclc\=ocm71541878}} The [Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'](/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27 "Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'") agreed to such an arrangement, but Helena was against it. Polish nobles, including Bishop [Erazm Ciołek](/wiki/Erazm_Cio%C5%82ek_%28bishop_of_P%C5%82ock%29 "Erazm Ciołek (bishop of Płock)") and Cardinal [Frederick Jagiellon](/wiki/Frederick_Jagiellon "Frederick Jagiellon"), discussed the issue of royal divorce.
### Livonian Confederation joins the war
The war continued, although not as successfully for Moscow. The Livonian Confederation led by Wolter von Plettenberg joined the war on Lithuanias side due to concluding a ten–year alliance on 17 May 1501\. Their first success was seen in the Battle of the Siritsa River.
### Battle of the Siritsa River
{{Main article\|Battle of the Siritsa River}}
The battle took place on 27 August 1501 between the Livonian Confederation against the Principality of Moscow and [Pskov Republic](/wiki/Pskov_Republic "Pskov Republic"). The Livonian army consisted of 4,000 mounted [knights](/wiki/Knight "Knight") and 2,000 foot [landsknechts](/wiki/Landsknecht "Landsknecht"){{Cite book \|last\=Зимин \|first\=Александр Александрович \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ddZKAAAAMAAJ \|title\=Россия на рубеже XV\-XVI столетий: очерки социально\-политической истории \|date\=1982 \|publisher\=Myslʹ \|pages\=190 \|language\=ru}} according to [Aleksandr Zimin](/wiki/Aleksandr_Zimin "Aleksandr Zimin") or 12,000{{Cite book \|last\=Nolan \|first\=Cathal J. \|title\=The age of wars of religion, 1000\-1650\. 2: L \- Z \|date\=2006 \|publisher\=Greenwood Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-313\-33734\-5 \|edition\=1\. publ \|location\=Westport, Conn \|pages\=539}} according to Cathal J. Nolan. The Muscovite army consisted of 6,000 [warriors](/wiki/Warrior "Warrior") according to Zimin and 40,000 according to Nolan.
The Pskovians attacked first, although were thrown back by the Livonians. The Livonian artillery then destroyed the remainder of the Muscovite army despite a Russian attempt to reply with their own, insufficient artillery force. The Livonians defeated the Muscovites, largely due to the Russians' significant shortage of guns of any kind.{{Cite book \|last\=Hellie \|first\=Richard \|title\=Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy \|year\=2004 \|location\=\[\[Chicago]] \|pages\=20, 27}}
### Further Livonian success
After the Battle of the Siritsa River, the Livonians besieged [Pskov](/wiki/Pskov "Pskov") and won the {{III\|Battle of Lake Smolino\|lt\=Battle of Lake Smolino\|ru\|Сражение у озера Смолина}} in September 1502\.
### Siege of Smolensk
{{Main article\|Siege of Smolensk (1502\)}}
Smolensk was a strong and strategically important fortress, having been part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 1404\. The Russian army had reached it in June 1502, although Smolensk was well prepared.{{Cite book \|last\=Nelė \|first\=Asadauskienė \|title\=Lietuvos istorija. Enciklopedinis žinynas \|year\=2011 \|pages\=834–835 \|language\=Lithuanian}} The Russian army plundered [Orsha](/wiki/Orsha "Orsha") and [Vitebsk](/wiki/Vitebsk "Vitebsk") and attacked Smolensk with insufficient artillery. Not only was the assault on 16 September repelled, but the defense had managed to grow into a counterattack. Lithuanian reinforcements were brought by [Stanislovas Kęsgaila](/wiki/Stanislovas_K%C4%99sgaila "Stanislovas Kęsgaila") as well, eventually forcing the Russians to retreat., suffering a defeat.
### Destruction of the Golden Horde and Crimean Khanates role
The [Golden Horde](/wiki/Golden_Horde "Golden Horde") was an ally of Lithuania. The Crimean Khanate had managed to subjugate what remained of the Great Horde after sacking the capital [New Sarai](/wiki/New_Sarai "New Sarai") in 1502\.{{Cite book \|last\=Magocsi \|first\=Paul R. \|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/title/463766328 \|title\=A history of Ukraine: the land and its peoples \|date\=2010 \|publisher\=University of Toronto Press \|isbn\=978\-1\-4426\-4085\-6 \|edition\=2nd \|location\=Toronto ; Buffalo \|pages\=180 \|oclc\=463766328}} It had also managed to pillage the Lithuania's southern towns of [Slutsk](/wiki/Slutsk "Slutsk"), [Kletsk](/wiki/Kletsk "Kletsk"), and [Nyasvizh](/wiki/Nyasvizh "Nyasvizh"), even threatening the capital city of [Vilnius](/wiki/Vilnius "Vilnius").
### Peace negotiations
The peace negotiations had begun in mid–1502 while the Siege of Smolensk was still ongoing. Alexander asked [Vladislaus II of Hungary](/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary "Vladislaus II of Hungary") to act as the [mediator](/wiki/Mediation "Mediation"), and a six\-year truce was concluded on the [Feast of the Annunciation](/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation "Feast of the Annunciation") (March 25\) in 1503\.
|
[
"Timeline of the war\n-------------------",
"The war was to take place in three general places, those being [Novhorod\\-Siverskyi](/wiki/Novhorod-Siverskyi \"Novhorod-Siverskyi\"), Smolensk and [Toropets](/wiki/Toropets \"Toropets\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=1500 07 14 antrajame kare su Maskvos DK lietuvių kariuomenė patyrė pralaimėjimą \\|url\\=https://www.delfi.lt/archive/1500\\-07\\-14\\-antrajame\\-kare\\-su\\-maskvos\\-dk\\-lietuviu\\-kariuomene\\-patyre\\-pralaimejima.d?id\\=22891331 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=DELFI \\|language\\=lt}} The main fighting happened in the direction of Smolensk, which was the second most strategically important front of the war.{{Campaignbox Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1500–1503\\)}}The Muscovites managed to quickly occupy Lithuanian fortresses in Bryansk, [Vyazma](/wiki/Vyazma \"Vyazma\"), [Dorogobuzh](/wiki/Dorogobuzh \"Dorogobuzh\"), Toropets and [Putivl](/wiki/Putyvl \"Putyvl\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Stevens \\|first\\=Carol Belkin \\|title\\=Russia's wars of emergence, 1460\\-1730 \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Pearson Longman \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-582\\-21891\\-8 \\|series\\=Modern wars in perspective \\|location\\=Harlow New York \\|pages\\=58}} After capturing the fortress at Dorogobuzh, half of the [Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army](/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Lithuanian_Army \"Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army\"), which was a vanguard of about 3,500 horsemen moved towards Smolensk, meeting up with 500 horsemen led by [Stanisław Kiszka](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kiszka \"Stanisław Kiszka\"). Local nobles such as the [Vorotynskys](/wiki/Vorotynsky \"Vorotynsky\") often joined the Muscovite army. Another attack came from the southeast into the [Kiev Voivodeship](/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship \"Kiev Voivodeship\"), [Volhynia](/wiki/Volhynia \"Volhynia\") and [Podolia](/wiki/Podolia \"Podolia\"). On 14 July 1500, the Lithuanians fought against the Muscovite army in the Battle of Vedrosha.{{Citation \\|last\\=Fennell \\|first\\=J. L. I. \\|title\\=Russia, 1462–1584 \\|date\\=1990\\-08\\-02 \\|work\\=The New Cambridge Modern History \\|pages\\=599 \\|editor\\-last\\=Elton \\|editor\\-first\\=G. R. \\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139055772A026/type/book\\_part \\|access\\-date\\= \\|edition\\=2 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/chol9780521345361\\.024 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-139\\-05577\\-2}}",
"### Battle of Verdosha",
"{{Main article\\|Battle of Vedrosha}}",
"The [Grand Hetman of Lithuania](/wiki/Grand_Hetman_of_Lithuania \"Grand Hetman of Lithuania\") Konstanty Ostrogski was confident in his strength, although heavily underestimated the Muscovite army. He decided to attack first with an army of 4,000 soldiers against the Muscovite army numbering at least 20,000 soldiers. The Lithuanians attacked the camp of the central Muscovites forces at a tributary of the Dnieper, the Vedrosha river, but were tricked into a well–organised ambush.\n[thumb\\|Where the battle most likely took place](/wiki/File:Vedrosha_battle_1500_location.jpg \"Vedrosha battle 1500 location.jpg\")\nThe Lithuanian army was lured into the main Muscovite army numbering around 40,000 soldiers commanded by [boyars](/wiki/Boyar \"Boyar\") [Daniil Shchenya](/wiki/Daniil_Shchenya \"Daniil Shchenya\") and {{Ill\\|Yakov Koshkin\\-Zakharyin\\|ru\\|Кошкин\\-Захарьин, Яков Захарьевич}}. The battle ended in a decisive defeat for Lithuania.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Vedrošos mūšis \\|url\\=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vedrosos\\-musis/ \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=www.vle.lt \\|language\\=lt}}",
"The entire Lithuanian military leadership was captured by Muscovite forces, including Grand Hetman of Lithuania Konstanty Ostrogski, although he escaped from Moscow in 1507\\.",
"This defeat greatly affected Lithuanian society, mostly politically and morally. The Lithuanian army received a painful lesson, in which they learnt to not divide limited forces for important operations and, on the contrary, concentrate them as much as possible. The defeat was also one of the reasons for the proposed [Union of Mielnik](/wiki/Union_of_Mielnik \"Union of Mielnik\") between Poland and Lithuania.{{Cite web \\|title\\=1501 10 03 Lenkijos taryba ir Lietuvos atstovai nutarė, kad abi valstybės bus sujungtos į vieną valstybę. Lietuva šios sutarties neratifikavo. \\|url\\=https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/history/1501\\-10\\-03\\-lenkijos\\-taryba\\-ir\\-lietuvos\\-atstovai\\-nutare\\-kad\\-abi\\-valstybes\\-bus\\-sujungtos\\-i\\-viena\\-valstybe\\-lietuva\\-sios\\-sutarties\\-neratifikavo\\-24177571 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=Delfi \\|language\\=lt}}\n[thumb\\|300x300px\\|Battle of Mstislavl 1501, miniature from the Front Chronicle](/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_1501.jpg \"Битва под Мстиславлем 1501.jpg\")",
"### Battle of Mstislavi",
"{{Main article\\|Battle of Mstislavl}}\nThe battle took place on November 4 1501, when Ivan III sent a new force under the command of {{illm\\|Semyon Mozhayskiy\\|ru\\|Семён Иванович (князь стародубский северский)}} towards [Mstislavl](/wiki/Mstislavl \"Mstislavl\").{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Jaques \\|first1\\=Tony \\|title\\=Dictionary of battles and sieges: a guide to 8500 battles from Antiquity through the twenty\\-first century \\|last2\\=Showalter \\|first2\\=Dennis Edwin \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Greenwood press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-313\\-33536\\-5 \\|location\\=Westport (Conn.) \\|pages\\=693}} Local princes [Mstislavsky](/wiki/Mstislavsky \"Mstislavsky\") together with [Ostap Dashkevych](/wiki/Ostap_Dashkevych \"Ostap Dashkevych\") organised the defense and were badly beaten.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gudavičius \\|first\\=E. \\|title\\=Lietuvos istorija: nuo seniausių laikų iki 1569 metų \\|date\\=2001 \\|publisher\\=Lietuvos Rašytojų sąjungos leidykla \\|isbn\\=978\\-9986\\-39\\-111\\-1 \\|location\\=Vilnius \\|pages\\=493}} Russian forces took advantage of the princes retreat, besieging the city and pillaging surrounding areas. A relief force was organised by Great Hetman [Stanislovas Kęsgaila](/wiki/Stanislovas_K%C4%99sgaila \"Stanislovas Kęsgaila\"), but neither him or Mozhayskiy dared to attack with the Russian forces retreating without a battle.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Vytas \\|first\\=Jankauskas \\|title\\=Lietuvos krašto apsaugos ministrai ir kariuomenės vadai \\|edition\\=Vol 1 \\|pages\\=51–52 \\|language\\=Lithuanian}} The Lithuanian forces had once again been defeated.",
"### Death of John I Albert",
"In June 1501, [John I Albert](/wiki/John_I_Albert \"John I Albert\"), King of Poland died. This left his brother, Alexander Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania as the strongest candidate to the Polish throne. Due to this, he became preoccupied with the succession.{{Cite book \\|title\\=Lietuvos istorija. T. 4: Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visuomenė, valstybė ; Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė 1386 \\- 1529 m. / Jūratė Kiaupienė, Rimvydas Petrauskas \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=Baltos Lankos \\|isbn\\=978\\-9955\\-23\\-239\\-1 \\|editor\\-last\\=Kiaupienė \\|editor\\-first\\=Jūratė \\|location\\=Vilnius \\|pages\\=464 \\|editor\\-last2\\=Petrauskas \\|editor\\-first2\\=Rimvydas \\|editor\\-last3\\=Dubonis \\|editor\\-first3\\=Artūras}} Alexander tried to counter religious accusations by attempting to establish a [church union](/wiki/Church_union \"Church union\") between Catholics and Orthodox as envisioned at the [Council of Florence](/wiki/Council_of_Florence \"Council of Florence\") – the Orthodox would retain their traditions but would accept the pope as their spiritual sovereign.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Nowakowska \\|first\\=Natalia \\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm71541878 \\|title\\=Church, state and dynasty in Renaissance Poland: the career of Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellon (1468\\-1503\\) \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Ashgate \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7546\\-5644\\-9 \\|series\\=Catholic Christendom, 1300\\-1700 \\|location\\=Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT \\|pages\\=134–136 \\|oclc\\=ocm71541878}} The [Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'](/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27 \"Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'\") agreed to such an arrangement, but Helena was against it. Polish nobles, including Bishop [Erazm Ciołek](/wiki/Erazm_Cio%C5%82ek_%28bishop_of_P%C5%82ock%29 \"Erazm Ciołek (bishop of Płock)\") and Cardinal [Frederick Jagiellon](/wiki/Frederick_Jagiellon \"Frederick Jagiellon\"), discussed the issue of royal divorce.",
"### Livonian Confederation joins the war",
"The war continued, although not as successfully for Moscow. The Livonian Confederation led by Wolter von Plettenberg joined the war on Lithuanias side due to concluding a ten–year alliance on 17 May 1501\\. Their first success was seen in the Battle of the Siritsa River.",
"### Battle of the Siritsa River",
"{{Main article\\|Battle of the Siritsa River}}\nThe battle took place on 27 August 1501 between the Livonian Confederation against the Principality of Moscow and [Pskov Republic](/wiki/Pskov_Republic \"Pskov Republic\"). The Livonian army consisted of 4,000 mounted [knights](/wiki/Knight \"Knight\") and 2,000 foot [landsknechts](/wiki/Landsknecht \"Landsknecht\"){{Cite book \\|last\\=Зимин \\|first\\=Александр Александрович \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ddZKAAAAMAAJ \\|title\\=Россия на рубеже XV\\-XVI столетий: очерки социально\\-политической истории \\|date\\=1982 \\|publisher\\=Myslʹ \\|pages\\=190 \\|language\\=ru}} according to [Aleksandr Zimin](/wiki/Aleksandr_Zimin \"Aleksandr Zimin\") or 12,000{{Cite book \\|last\\=Nolan \\|first\\=Cathal J. \\|title\\=The age of wars of religion, 1000\\-1650\\. 2: L \\- Z \\|date\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=Greenwood Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-313\\-33734\\-5 \\|edition\\=1\\. publ \\|location\\=Westport, Conn \\|pages\\=539}} according to Cathal J. Nolan. The Muscovite army consisted of 6,000 [warriors](/wiki/Warrior \"Warrior\") according to Zimin and 40,000 according to Nolan.",
"The Pskovians attacked first, although were thrown back by the Livonians. The Livonian artillery then destroyed the remainder of the Muscovite army despite a Russian attempt to reply with their own, insufficient artillery force. The Livonians defeated the Muscovites, largely due to the Russians' significant shortage of guns of any kind.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Hellie \\|first\\=Richard \\|title\\=Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy \\|year\\=2004 \\|location\\=\\[\\[Chicago]] \\|pages\\=20, 27}}",
"### Further Livonian success",
"After the Battle of the Siritsa River, the Livonians besieged [Pskov](/wiki/Pskov \"Pskov\") and won the {{III\\|Battle of Lake Smolino\\|lt\\=Battle of Lake Smolino\\|ru\\|Сражение у озера Смолина}} in September 1502\\.",
"### Siege of Smolensk",
"{{Main article\\|Siege of Smolensk (1502\\)}}\nSmolensk was a strong and strategically important fortress, having been part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 1404\\. The Russian army had reached it in June 1502, although Smolensk was well prepared.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Nelė \\|first\\=Asadauskienė \\|title\\=Lietuvos istorija. Enciklopedinis žinynas \\|year\\=2011 \\|pages\\=834–835 \\|language\\=Lithuanian}} The Russian army plundered [Orsha](/wiki/Orsha \"Orsha\") and [Vitebsk](/wiki/Vitebsk \"Vitebsk\") and attacked Smolensk with insufficient artillery. Not only was the assault on 16 September repelled, but the defense had managed to grow into a counterattack. Lithuanian reinforcements were brought by [Stanislovas Kęsgaila](/wiki/Stanislovas_K%C4%99sgaila \"Stanislovas Kęsgaila\") as well, eventually forcing the Russians to retreat., suffering a defeat.",
"### Destruction of the Golden Horde and Crimean Khanates role",
"The [Golden Horde](/wiki/Golden_Horde \"Golden Horde\") was an ally of Lithuania. The Crimean Khanate had managed to subjugate what remained of the Great Horde after sacking the capital [New Sarai](/wiki/New_Sarai \"New Sarai\") in 1502\\.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Magocsi \\|first\\=Paul R. \\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/title/463766328 \\|title\\=A history of Ukraine: the land and its peoples \\|date\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=University of Toronto Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4426\\-4085\\-6 \\|edition\\=2nd \\|location\\=Toronto ; Buffalo \\|pages\\=180 \\|oclc\\=463766328}} It had also managed to pillage the Lithuania's southern towns of [Slutsk](/wiki/Slutsk \"Slutsk\"), [Kletsk](/wiki/Kletsk \"Kletsk\"), and [Nyasvizh](/wiki/Nyasvizh \"Nyasvizh\"), even threatening the capital city of [Vilnius](/wiki/Vilnius \"Vilnius\").",
"### Peace negotiations",
"The peace negotiations had begun in mid–1502 while the Siege of Smolensk was still ongoing. Alexander asked [Vladislaus II of Hungary](/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary \"Vladislaus II of Hungary\") to act as the [mediator](/wiki/Mediation \"Mediation\"), and a six\\-year truce was concluded on the [Feast of the Annunciation](/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation \"Feast of the Annunciation\") (March 25\\) in 1503\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early history
Formed in 1861, it is one of the oldest football clubs in the world and holds a significant place in the history of [association football](/wiki/Association_football "Association football"), playing in the [first ever match](/wiki/1863%E2%80%9364_Barnes_F.C._season "1863–64 Barnes F.C. season") under the rules of [The Football Association](/wiki/The_Football_Association "The Football Association") on 19 December 1863, against the [Barnes Club](/wiki/Barnes_Club "Barnes Club"),{{cite web\|title\=The History of The FA\|url\=http://www.thefa.com/about\-football\-association/history\|publisher\=The Football Association\|access\-date\=6 June 2014}} even though it was not a member of [the Football Association](/wiki/The_Football_Association "The Football Association"). In 1878 it hosted the first ever floodlit match and in 1909 played in the inaugural match at [Twickenham Stadium](/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium "Twickenham Stadium"), the home of English rugby.
### Professional era
In 1996, the then third division club was bought by financial markets trader and [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco "Monaco") tax exile Ashley Levett. Levett turned the club into the first [professional](/wiki/Professional "Professional") team in England, and began buying in big names to push the club up the leagues, including [Ben Clarke](/wiki/Ben_Clarke "Ben Clarke") from [Bath](/wiki/Bath_Rugby "Bath Rugby"), the first £1million signing. The club outgrew the Richmond Athletic Ground and became tenants at the [Madejski Stadium](/wiki/Madejski_Stadium "Madejski Stadium") in [Reading](/wiki/Reading%2C_Berkshire "Reading, Berkshire"). But the crowds and revenues from competition meant that Levett was continually financing the club, and so he placed it in [administration](/wiki/Administration_%28insolvency%29 "Administration (insolvency)") in March 1999\.
The professional Richmond club and professional [London Scottish F.C.](/wiki/London_Scottish_F.C. "London Scottish F.C.") were both merged into [London Irish](/wiki/London_Irish "London Irish"), who moved to the [Stoop Memorial Ground](/wiki/Stoop_Memorial_Ground "Stoop Memorial Ground") before taking up tenancy at Madejski the following year.[Sugar daddies Four for whom the game turned sour](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20050123/ai_n9699145) The Independent \- 23 January 2005 This period of hesitancy and uncertainty resulted in many of the professional players leaving the club pre\-merger, and returning to their original home\-teams. The amateur club was reformed in 2000, and the club rejoined the leagues as an amateur club at the bottom of the pyramid.
### Post administration
After the professional era, [hooker](/wiki/Hooker_%28rugby_union%29 "Hooker (rugby union)") [Andy Cuthbert](/wiki/Andy_Cuthbert "Andy Cuthbert") remained at the club and captained the side for several years. Despite its lowly league position, Richmond has still managed to attract some top class players \- former South Africa captain [Bobby Skinstad](/wiki/Bobby_Skinstad "Bobby Skinstad") joined for the 2005–06 season, Chilean fly\-half [Sebastian Berti](/wiki/Sebastian_Berti "Sebastian Berti") joined in 2006 and England Students' wing [Joe Ajuwa](/wiki/Joe_Ajuwa "Joe Ajuwa") was a regular starter in the 1st XV. Under head coach Andy Maren the club climbed through the lower ranks of the England rugby divisions, from Herts \& Middlesex 1 (ninth level) to London 1 (fifth level) in four years, amassing a perfect record of 83 straight wins in league play in the process. However, the club seemingly stalled at that level, continuing to put together winning seasons, but failing to gain promotion in 2005–06 and 2006–07\.
In the 2007–08 season, Richmond laid out a serious plan for promotion \- something they had failed to achieve in the past two seasons, one reason being they had not had any semi\-professional players on their books. For the 2007–08 season, the club recruited a number of semi\-professional players to boost Richmond's promotion chances. One of these players was USA international Jon Hartman. Richmond eventually achieved promotion, winning all but one of their League games.
The coach, Brett Taylor, laid out plans for the club to be in National League 2 South in two seasons, and attempts were made to structure the colts teams into an effective feeder system for the 1st XV. However, during summer 2008, London Scottish were boosted financially and subsequently signed Taylor as their head coach.
Richmond appointed Geoff Richards to take his place. Following two years in National League Two, Geoff Richards decided not to renew his contract citing differences in opinion between the board and himself on how the club should move forward.
In 2009–10 Richmond appointed Oxford University Director of Rugby Steve Hill to take over after fourteen years in charge of the university side. Within two years (summer 2011\) promotion was achieved and Richmond played in [National League 1](/wiki/National_League_1 "National League 1") until the end of the [2015–16 season](/wiki/2015-16_National_League_1 "2015-16 National League 1") when they achieved a further promotion into the [Green King IPA Championship](/wiki/RFU_Championship "RFU Championship"). Following three seasons in the Championship, Richmond were relegated at the end of the 2018–19 season and forced to return to National League 1\. They hit back strongly in season 2019–20, winning 20 out of 25 matches in National League 1 to finish top of the league and earn promotion back to the Championship.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early history",
"Formed in 1861, it is one of the oldest football clubs in the world and holds a significant place in the history of [association football](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\"), playing in the [first ever match](/wiki/1863%E2%80%9364_Barnes_F.C._season \"1863–64 Barnes F.C. season\") under the rules of [The Football Association](/wiki/The_Football_Association \"The Football Association\") on 19 December 1863, against the [Barnes Club](/wiki/Barnes_Club \"Barnes Club\"),{{cite web\\|title\\=The History of The FA\\|url\\=http://www.thefa.com/about\\-football\\-association/history\\|publisher\\=The Football Association\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2014}} even though it was not a member of [the Football Association](/wiki/The_Football_Association \"The Football Association\"). In 1878 it hosted the first ever floodlit match and in 1909 played in the inaugural match at [Twickenham Stadium](/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium \"Twickenham Stadium\"), the home of English rugby.",
"### Professional era",
"In 1996, the then third division club was bought by financial markets trader and [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco \"Monaco\") tax exile Ashley Levett. Levett turned the club into the first [professional](/wiki/Professional \"Professional\") team in England, and began buying in big names to push the club up the leagues, including [Ben Clarke](/wiki/Ben_Clarke \"Ben Clarke\") from [Bath](/wiki/Bath_Rugby \"Bath Rugby\"), the first £1million signing. The club outgrew the Richmond Athletic Ground and became tenants at the [Madejski Stadium](/wiki/Madejski_Stadium \"Madejski Stadium\") in [Reading](/wiki/Reading%2C_Berkshire \"Reading, Berkshire\"). But the crowds and revenues from competition meant that Levett was continually financing the club, and so he placed it in [administration](/wiki/Administration_%28insolvency%29 \"Administration (insolvency)\") in March 1999\\.",
"The professional Richmond club and professional [London Scottish F.C.](/wiki/London_Scottish_F.C. \"London Scottish F.C.\") were both merged into [London Irish](/wiki/London_Irish \"London Irish\"), who moved to the [Stoop Memorial Ground](/wiki/Stoop_Memorial_Ground \"Stoop Memorial Ground\") before taking up tenancy at Madejski the following year.[Sugar daddies Four for whom the game turned sour](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20050123/ai_n9699145) The Independent \\- 23 January 2005 This period of hesitancy and uncertainty resulted in many of the professional players leaving the club pre\\-merger, and returning to their original home\\-teams. The amateur club was reformed in 2000, and the club rejoined the leagues as an amateur club at the bottom of the pyramid.",
"### Post administration",
"After the professional era, [hooker](/wiki/Hooker_%28rugby_union%29 \"Hooker (rugby union)\") [Andy Cuthbert](/wiki/Andy_Cuthbert \"Andy Cuthbert\") remained at the club and captained the side for several years. Despite its lowly league position, Richmond has still managed to attract some top class players \\- former South Africa captain [Bobby Skinstad](/wiki/Bobby_Skinstad \"Bobby Skinstad\") joined for the 2005–06 season, Chilean fly\\-half [Sebastian Berti](/wiki/Sebastian_Berti \"Sebastian Berti\") joined in 2006 and England Students' wing [Joe Ajuwa](/wiki/Joe_Ajuwa \"Joe Ajuwa\") was a regular starter in the 1st XV. Under head coach Andy Maren the club climbed through the lower ranks of the England rugby divisions, from Herts \\& Middlesex 1 (ninth level) to London 1 (fifth level) in four years, amassing a perfect record of 83 straight wins in league play in the process. However, the club seemingly stalled at that level, continuing to put together winning seasons, but failing to gain promotion in 2005–06 and 2006–07\\.",
"In the 2007–08 season, Richmond laid out a serious plan for promotion \\- something they had failed to achieve in the past two seasons, one reason being they had not had any semi\\-professional players on their books. For the 2007–08 season, the club recruited a number of semi\\-professional players to boost Richmond's promotion chances. One of these players was USA international Jon Hartman. Richmond eventually achieved promotion, winning all but one of their League games. \nThe coach, Brett Taylor, laid out plans for the club to be in National League 2 South in two seasons, and attempts were made to structure the colts teams into an effective feeder system for the 1st XV. However, during summer 2008, London Scottish were boosted financially and subsequently signed Taylor as their head coach. \nRichmond appointed Geoff Richards to take his place. Following two years in National League Two, Geoff Richards decided not to renew his contract citing differences in opinion between the board and himself on how the club should move forward. \nIn 2009–10 Richmond appointed Oxford University Director of Rugby Steve Hill to take over after fourteen years in charge of the university side. Within two years (summer 2011\\) promotion was achieved and Richmond played in [National League 1](/wiki/National_League_1 \"National League 1\") until the end of the [2015–16 season](/wiki/2015-16_National_League_1 \"2015-16 National League 1\") when they achieved a further promotion into the [Green King IPA Championship](/wiki/RFU_Championship \"RFU Championship\"). Following three seasons in the Championship, Richmond were relegated at the end of the 2018–19 season and forced to return to National League 1\\. They hit back strongly in season 2019–20, winning 20 out of 25 matches in National League 1 to finish top of the league and earn promotion back to the Championship.",
""
] |
Commercial activity and writings
--------------------------------
Gaspar de Santa Coloma was a prominent merchant in colonial [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires").Socolow, Susan. The merchants of Buenos Aires 1778\-1810\. Family and Commerce. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978, 253 p.Socolow, Susan. Los mercaderes del Buenos Aires virreinal: familia y comercio. Buenos Aires: Ediciones De la Flor, 1991\. {{ISBN\|950\-515\-362\-7}}. His extant correspondence and memoirs offer historians a detailed account of mercantile life in this period, and discuss the [British invasions of the Río de la Plata](/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata "British invasions of the Río de la Plata"), the role of [Martín de Álzaga](/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_%C3%81lzaga_%28politician%29 "Martín de Álzaga (politician)") in those events, and some references to the [May Revolution](/wiki/May_Revolution "May Revolution"). A description of the work, life, and views of Gaspar de Santa Coloma can be found in “Buenos Aires Colonial” by the Argentine historian [Enrique de Gandía](/wiki/Enrique_de_Gand%C3%ADa "Enrique de Gandía"),de Gandía, E. (1957\) "Buenos Aires Colonial". Buenos Aires: Editorial Claridad S.A. a book based on Gaspar´s memoirs. These records were made available to Gandía by María Antonia Goycoechea Santa Coloma, granddaughter of Francisco de Santa Coloma y Azcuénaga; she was married to Federico Santa Coloma Brandsen (descendant of Coronel Brandsen; see [Federico de Brandsen](/wiki/Federico_de_Brandsen "Federico de Brandsen")). María Antonia was a descendant of the family branch founded in Argentina by Gaspar de Santa Coloma y Sollano, and Federico Santa Coloma from the branch founded by Tomás de Santa Coloma y Loizaga, both originated in Arceniega. María Antonia later gave these memoirs (14 books) to Enrique Williams Álzaga (Argentine historian, a descendant of Martín de Álzaga), who later donated them to the [Argentine National Museum of History](/wiki/Argentine_National_Museum_of_History "Argentine National Museum of History").
Gaspar de Santa Coloma was married to Flora de Azcuénaga y Basavilbaso. Although there are no known descendants of these Azcuénaga, their legacy survived in the Presidential Residence ([Quinta de Olivos](/wiki/Quinta_de_Olivos "Quinta de Olivos")), as well as in the two columns of the “Quinta San Antonio”, at the [Vicente López Partido](/wiki/Vicente_L%C3%B3pez_Partido "Vicente López Partido") train station, in the [Province of Buenos Aires](/wiki/Province_of_Buenos_Aires "Province of Buenos Aires"); they survived the passage of time possibly because these two columns were located between the railway and the street, away from development.
The history of the Quinta de Olivos Presidential Residence has been published under the sponsorship of the Vicente López County.Edelstein, O. and col.,” Una historia de la Quinta Presidencial”. 2000, Vicente López, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Municipalidad de Vicente López.
Vicente de Azcuénaga and Manuel de Basavilbaso had two farms aside in what today is Vicente López, as can be seen in the map made by José Custodio de Saa y Faria. In June 1794 Miguel de Basavilbaso died, leaving debts and a single daughter, Justa Rufina de Basavilbaso y Garfias, that was then protected by Gaspar de Santa Coloma. Soon, by the influence of Gaspar, Justa Rufina married her cousin Miguel de Azcuénaga, brother of Flora de Azcuénaga and brother\-in\-law of Gaspar de Santa Coloma. The farm of Manuel de Basavilbaso was inherited by Justa Rufina (it ultimately became the Quinta de Olivos, in 1918\). The farm of Vicente de Azcuénaga was inherited by Flora de Azcuénaga and gave origin to the Quinta San Antonio of Vicente López, between the streets Roca and San Martín, today gone, and only survived the two columns already mentioned, that belong to the entrance, and that are located at the end of the train station of Vicente López, in the way towards San Isidro. Apparently, the land belonged originally to [Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo](/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_de_V%C3%A9rtiz_y_Salcedo "Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo").
From the Azcuénaga nothing was inherited by the last generations of the Santa Coloma's, except an old umbrella. In its ivory grip can be read "M. Azcuénaga de O.F", since it belonged to Manuela Azcuénaga, daughter of Miguel de Azcuénaga, married with her brother cousin, Jose Antonio de Olaguer Feliú y Azcuénaga, son of Ana de Azcuénaga and the [Viceroy Olaguer Feliú](/wiki/Antonio_de_Olaguer_y_Feli%C3%BA "Antonio de Olaguer y Feliú").Binayán Carmona, N., (1999\) Historia Genealógica de Argentina, p. 202\-204\. Buenos Aires: Emecé Manuela was the only one of four brothers with descendants.
The son of Miguel de Azcuénaga, Miguel José, commissioned the present building of what is today the Presidential Residence in [Olivos, Buenos Aires Province](/wiki/Olivos%2C_Buenos_Aires_Province "Olivos, Buenos Aires Province"), in 1851\. This building was the first work of [Prilidiano Pueyrredón](/wiki/Prilidiano_Pueyrred%C3%B3n "Prilidiano Pueyrredón") as an architect (he was better known for his oil paintings). Miguel died old and without children, in Chile, and made a will in favour of his nephews the Olaguer Feliú Azcuénaga. Then, Antonio Justo Olaguer Feliú inherited the Quinta. He did not have descendants, and in 1903 the Quinta was inherited by his nephew, Carlos Villatte Olaguer; Villatte Olaguer ultimately donated it to the National State, with the condition to be a residence for the President of Argentina.
|
[
"Commercial activity and writings\n--------------------------------",
"Gaspar de Santa Coloma was a prominent merchant in colonial [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\").Socolow, Susan. The merchants of Buenos Aires 1778\\-1810\\. Family and Commerce. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978, 253 p.Socolow, Susan. Los mercaderes del Buenos Aires virreinal: familia y comercio. Buenos Aires: Ediciones De la Flor, 1991\\. {{ISBN\\|950\\-515\\-362\\-7}}. His extant correspondence and memoirs offer historians a detailed account of mercantile life in this period, and discuss the [British invasions of the Río de la Plata](/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata \"British invasions of the Río de la Plata\"), the role of [Martín de Álzaga](/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_%C3%81lzaga_%28politician%29 \"Martín de Álzaga (politician)\") in those events, and some references to the [May Revolution](/wiki/May_Revolution \"May Revolution\"). A description of the work, life, and views of Gaspar de Santa Coloma can be found in “Buenos Aires Colonial” by the Argentine historian [Enrique de Gandía](/wiki/Enrique_de_Gand%C3%ADa \"Enrique de Gandía\"),de Gandía, E. (1957\\) \"Buenos Aires Colonial\". Buenos Aires: Editorial Claridad S.A. a book based on Gaspar´s memoirs. These records were made available to Gandía by María Antonia Goycoechea Santa Coloma, granddaughter of Francisco de Santa Coloma y Azcuénaga; she was married to Federico Santa Coloma Brandsen (descendant of Coronel Brandsen; see [Federico de Brandsen](/wiki/Federico_de_Brandsen \"Federico de Brandsen\")). María Antonia was a descendant of the family branch founded in Argentina by Gaspar de Santa Coloma y Sollano, and Federico Santa Coloma from the branch founded by Tomás de Santa Coloma y Loizaga, both originated in Arceniega. María Antonia later gave these memoirs (14 books) to Enrique Williams Álzaga (Argentine historian, a descendant of Martín de Álzaga), who later donated them to the [Argentine National Museum of History](/wiki/Argentine_National_Museum_of_History \"Argentine National Museum of History\").",
"Gaspar de Santa Coloma was married to Flora de Azcuénaga y Basavilbaso. Although there are no known descendants of these Azcuénaga, their legacy survived in the Presidential Residence ([Quinta de Olivos](/wiki/Quinta_de_Olivos \"Quinta de Olivos\")), as well as in the two columns of the “Quinta San Antonio”, at the [Vicente López Partido](/wiki/Vicente_L%C3%B3pez_Partido \"Vicente López Partido\") train station, in the [Province of Buenos Aires](/wiki/Province_of_Buenos_Aires \"Province of Buenos Aires\"); they survived the passage of time possibly because these two columns were located between the railway and the street, away from development.",
"The history of the Quinta de Olivos Presidential Residence has been published under the sponsorship of the Vicente López County.Edelstein, O. and col.,” Una historia de la Quinta Presidencial”. 2000, Vicente López, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Municipalidad de Vicente López.\nVicente de Azcuénaga and Manuel de Basavilbaso had two farms aside in what today is Vicente López, as can be seen in the map made by José Custodio de Saa y Faria. In June 1794 Miguel de Basavilbaso died, leaving debts and a single daughter, Justa Rufina de Basavilbaso y Garfias, that was then protected by Gaspar de Santa Coloma. Soon, by the influence of Gaspar, Justa Rufina married her cousin Miguel de Azcuénaga, brother of Flora de Azcuénaga and brother\\-in\\-law of Gaspar de Santa Coloma. The farm of Manuel de Basavilbaso was inherited by Justa Rufina (it ultimately became the Quinta de Olivos, in 1918\\). The farm of Vicente de Azcuénaga was inherited by Flora de Azcuénaga and gave origin to the Quinta San Antonio of Vicente López, between the streets Roca and San Martín, today gone, and only survived the two columns already mentioned, that belong to the entrance, and that are located at the end of the train station of Vicente López, in the way towards San Isidro. Apparently, the land belonged originally to [Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo](/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_de_V%C3%A9rtiz_y_Salcedo \"Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo\").",
"From the Azcuénaga nothing was inherited by the last generations of the Santa Coloma's, except an old umbrella. In its ivory grip can be read \"M. Azcuénaga de O.F\", since it belonged to Manuela Azcuénaga, daughter of Miguel de Azcuénaga, married with her brother cousin, Jose Antonio de Olaguer Feliú y Azcuénaga, son of Ana de Azcuénaga and the [Viceroy Olaguer Feliú](/wiki/Antonio_de_Olaguer_y_Feli%C3%BA \"Antonio de Olaguer y Feliú\").Binayán Carmona, N., (1999\\) Historia Genealógica de Argentina, p. 202\\-204\\. Buenos Aires: Emecé Manuela was the only one of four brothers with descendants.",
"The son of Miguel de Azcuénaga, Miguel José, commissioned the present building of what is today the Presidential Residence in [Olivos, Buenos Aires Province](/wiki/Olivos%2C_Buenos_Aires_Province \"Olivos, Buenos Aires Province\"), in 1851\\. This building was the first work of [Prilidiano Pueyrredón](/wiki/Prilidiano_Pueyrred%C3%B3n \"Prilidiano Pueyrredón\") as an architect (he was better known for his oil paintings). Miguel died old and without children, in Chile, and made a will in favour of his nephews the Olaguer Feliú Azcuénaga. Then, Antonio Justo Olaguer Feliú inherited the Quinta. He did not have descendants, and in 1903 the Quinta was inherited by his nephew, Carlos Villatte Olaguer; Villatte Olaguer ultimately donated it to the National State, with the condition to be a residence for the President of Argentina.",
""
] |
History
-------
### First organizing efforts (1957–1959\)
{{further\|1957–58 NHL season}}
The first NHLPA was formed in 1957, led by [Ted Lindsay](/wiki/Ted_Lindsay "Ted Lindsay") of the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings "Detroit Red Wings") and [Doug Harvey](/wiki/Doug_Harvey_%28ice_hockey%29 "Doug Harvey (ice hockey)") of the [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens "Montreal Canadiens"), after the league had refused to release pension plan financial information. The owners sabotaged the certification of the union by, in part, trading players involved with the association or sending them to the minor leagues.Ross, J. Andrew, **Trust and Antitrust: The Failure of the First National Hockey League Players' Association, 1957–1958** (The Journal of) Business and Economic History On\-line, Vol.8, 2010 After an out\-of\-court settlement over several players' issues, the players disbanded the organization. Lindsay's struggle and the NHL's [union busting](/wiki/Union_busting "Union busting") efforts are dramatized in the movie *[Net Worth](/wiki/Net_Worth_%28TV_film%29 "Net Worth (TV film)")*.
### Alan Eagleson era (1967–1991\)
The association formed in June 1967, when representatives of the six [NHL teams](/wiki/NHL_teams "NHL teams") met and elected [Bob Pulford](/wiki/Bob_Pulford "Bob Pulford") their first president and appointed [Alan Eagleson](/wiki/Alan_Eagleson "Alan Eagleson") as its executive director.
To prevent the new NHLPA from suffering the fate of its predecessor, Pulford met with the owners of the NHL teams and demanded they recognize the new union or the union would seek official recognition from the Canadian Industrial Relations Board (CIRB).
Additionally, the players sought guarantees where no member of the new union would be punished for being a member. The owners acceded.
In return, the NHLPA agreed it should represent at least two\-thirds of the active players in the NHL and that the players would refrain from striking for the duration of the agreement, so long as the owners did not contravene any terms or conditions.
### Bob Goodenow era (1992–2005\)
Eagleson stayed on until the end of 1991, when the players replaced him with [Bob Goodenow](/wiki/Bob_Goodenow "Bob Goodenow"). Eagleson went on to face [criminal charges](/wiki/Criminal_charges "Criminal charges") relating to his conduct during the time he worked at the NHLPA, and ultimately, on January 6, 1998, pleaded guilty in a Boston court to three counts of [fraud](/wiki/Fraud "Fraud"), agreeing also to pay a fine of CA$1,000,000\. The following day in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), Eagleson pleaded guilty to another three counts of fraud and was sentenced to 18 months in jail.
Bob Goodenow would seek to restore respect and honour to the association during his successful 13 years of service to the players as executive director. He led all NHLPA members through the strike of 1992, which most notably gave players the rights to the [marketing](/wiki/Marketing "Marketing") of their own images. In 1994–95, he was at the helm as the players endured [a lockout](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_NHL_lockout "1994–95 NHL lockout"), ensuring that a fair deal was reached. A decade later, in 2004–05, the owners [locked out the players again](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_lockout "2004–05 NHL lockout"), becoming the first professional sports league to cancel an entire season. Goodenow would depart following the lockout, notifying the players of his resignation in July 2005\.
### Ted Saskin era (2005–2007\)
As Goodenow stepped down, the members of the association turned to long\-time NHLPA Senior Director [Ted Saskin](/wiki/Ted_Saskin "Ted Saskin") as his successor, drawing on his experience within the association.
The NHLPA Executive Board terminated the employment of Saskin as executive director and general counsel on May 10, 2007, following alleged acts of [misconduct](/wiki/Misconduct "Misconduct"). Toronto employment lawyer Chris Paliare concluded Saskin and executive Ken Kim, beginning in September 2005 through January 2007, covertly accessed player email accounts.
### Paul Kelly era (2007–2009\)
On June 28, 2007, the NHLPA's executive board selected [Michael Cammalleri](/wiki/Michael_Cammalleri "Michael Cammalleri") ([Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames "Calgary Flames")), [Chris Chelios](/wiki/Chris_Chelios "Chris Chelios") (retired), [Shawn Horcoff](/wiki/Shawn_Horcoff "Shawn Horcoff") ([Edmonton Oilers](/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers "Edmonton Oilers")), [Eric Lindros](/wiki/Eric_Lindros "Eric Lindros") (retired) and [Robyn Regehr](/wiki/Robyn_Regehr "Robyn Regehr") (retired) to form a search committee for a new executive director. With the assistance of Reilly Partners, an executive search firm from [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), the search committee would review the resumes of hundreds of candidates.
The committee would ultimately recommend that [Paul V. Kelly](/wiki/Paul_Kelly_%28lawyer%29 "Paul Kelly (lawyer)"), a founding partner of Kelly, Libby and Hoopes law firm in [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston"), become the fourth executive director since the NHLPA's inception in 1967\. Through a secret ballot system, the Player Representatives voted in favour of the committee's recommendation, and Kelly would be introduced at a media conference on October 24, 2007\.
On December 7, 2007, the NHLPA and the [David Suzuki Foundation](/wiki/David_Suzuki_Foundation "David Suzuki Foundation") decided to create a pact, led by [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins "Boston Bruins") defenceman [Andrew Ference](/wiki/Andrew_Ference "Andrew Ference"), which had over 500 NHL players signed up to donate $290 annually to purchase carbon credits in order to offset their regular season travel.
On August 31, 2009, Paul Kelly was fired from the NHLPA.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id\=4433555 \|title\=Kelly ousted as head of NHLPA \|work\=ESPN \|date\=2009\-08\-31}}
On October 30, 2009, interim Executive Director Ian Penny resigned.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.fan590\.com/more.jsp?content\=20091030\_125114\_10196 \|title\=Ian Penny Resigns From NHLPA \|work\=FAN590\.com \|date\=2009\-10\-30}}
### Donald Fehr era (2010–2023\)
[thumb\|right\|Donald Fehr (2011\)](/wiki/File:Donald_Fehr_%282011%29.jpg "Donald Fehr (2011).jpg")
Following Ian Penny's resignation, board members, such as [Steve Larmer](/wiki/Steve_Larmer "Steve Larmer"), also resign.{{cite web\|url\=The Fallacy of Hip\-Hop "Culture" in Sports\|title\=Larmer quits NHLPA board, slams Chelios\|last\=Wharnsby\|first\=Tim\|publisher\=CBC/Radio\-Canada\|date\=October 31, 2009\|website\=CBC.ca\|accessdate\=June 4, 2024}} In late August 2010, it was widely speculated that former [Major League Baseball Players Association](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Players_Association "Major League Baseball Players Association") Executive Director [Donald Fehr](/wiki/Donald_Fehr "Donald Fehr") would be appointed to this position. However, a day after the speculation reached a climax on August 26, both NHLPA interim director Mike Ouellet and deputy commissioner and chief legal officer of the NHL Bill Daly disputed the claims that it is all hearsay, and nothing is concrete between the NHLPA and Donald Fehr. However, Fehr would be formally named as executive director later in 2010\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhlpa\-hires\-fehr\-as\-executive\-director\-report\-1\.908445\|title\=NHLPA hires Fehr as executive director: report\|last\=Harrison\|first\=Doug\|publisher\=CBC/Radio\-Canada\|date\=August 25, 2010\|website\=CBC.ca\|accessdate\=June 4, 2024}}
On January 6, 2012, the NHLPA rejected a proposal for realignment in the league for beginning in the 2012–13 season, which impacted CBA discussions.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/blog/nhl/post/\_/id/13590/nhlpas\-statement\-on\-delayed\-realignment\|title\=NHLPA's statement on delayed realignment\|publisher\=ESPN Enterprises Inc.\|date\=January 6, 2012\|website\=ESPN.com\|accessdate\=June 4, 2024}}
On September 15, 2012, with no agreement being reached on a new CBA, the owners [locked out](/wiki/2012_NHL_lockout "2012 NHL lockout") the players, thus threatening the start of the 2012–13 NHL season. Three months later, on December 14, the NHL filed a class action suit with the U.S. District Court in New York seeking to establish the lockout was legal. They also filed an unfair labor practice charge with the U.S. [National Labor Relations Board](/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board "National Labor Relations Board"), stating the union had been negotiating in bad faith and their threat to disclaim interest is a negotiating ploy which violates the collective bargaining process.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.espn.com/dallas/nhl/story/\_/id/8747518/nhlpa\-makes\-preliminary\-move\-break\-union\-nhl\-fires\-back \|title\=NHLPA explores decertification; NHL files suit \|website\=go.com \|date\=14 December 2012 \|access\-date\=3 April 2018}} On December 21, a person told the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") a vote was cast to give the NHLPA executive board a chance to file a [disclaimer of interest](/wiki/Disclaimer_of_interest "Disclaimer of interest"), with the vote in favor 706–22\. The board had until January 2, 2013, to file the disclaimer, in which then the union would have dissolved and became a trade organization, which would have allowed players to file antitrust lawsuits against the NHL.{{cite news \|last\=Podell \|first\=Ira \|url\=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/nhl\-players\-vote\-step\-toward\-222719367\-\-nhl.html \|title\=AP source: NHL players closer to dissolving union \|work\=\[\[Yahoo! Sports]] \|date\=2012\-12\-21 \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21}}
On January 6, the NHLPA reached a tentative agreement with the NHL to end the lockout. The NHLPA then approved a league proposal for realignment in the league beginning in the 2013–14 season.{{cite web \|title\=2013 collective bargaining {{as written\|agre\|eement \[sic]}} \|url\=http://www.nhl.com/nhl/en/v3/ext/CBA2012/NHL\_NHLPA\_2013\_CBA.pdf \|website\=NHL.com \|publisher\=National Hockey League \|access\-date\=29 November 2017}}
In 2023, it was announced Fehr would be replaced as Executive Director by former United States Secretary of Labor [Marty Walsh](/wiki/Marty_Walsh "Marty Walsh").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.nhlpa.com/news/1\-22447/nhlpa\-executive\-board\-appoints\-martin\-j\-walsh\-as\-executive\-director \| title\=NHLPA Executive Board appoints Martin J. Walsh as Executive Director }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### First organizing efforts (1957–1959\\)",
"{{further\\|1957–58 NHL season}}\nThe first NHLPA was formed in 1957, led by [Ted Lindsay](/wiki/Ted_Lindsay \"Ted Lindsay\") of the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings \"Detroit Red Wings\") and [Doug Harvey](/wiki/Doug_Harvey_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Doug Harvey (ice hockey)\") of the [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens \"Montreal Canadiens\"), after the league had refused to release pension plan financial information. The owners sabotaged the certification of the union by, in part, trading players involved with the association or sending them to the minor leagues.Ross, J. Andrew, **Trust and Antitrust: The Failure of the First National Hockey League Players' Association, 1957–1958** (The Journal of) Business and Economic History On\\-line, Vol.8, 2010 After an out\\-of\\-court settlement over several players' issues, the players disbanded the organization. Lindsay's struggle and the NHL's [union busting](/wiki/Union_busting \"Union busting\") efforts are dramatized in the movie *[Net Worth](/wiki/Net_Worth_%28TV_film%29 \"Net Worth (TV film)\")*.",
"### Alan Eagleson era (1967–1991\\)",
"The association formed in June 1967, when representatives of the six [NHL teams](/wiki/NHL_teams \"NHL teams\") met and elected [Bob Pulford](/wiki/Bob_Pulford \"Bob Pulford\") their first president and appointed [Alan Eagleson](/wiki/Alan_Eagleson \"Alan Eagleson\") as its executive director.",
"To prevent the new NHLPA from suffering the fate of its predecessor, Pulford met with the owners of the NHL teams and demanded they recognize the new union or the union would seek official recognition from the Canadian Industrial Relations Board (CIRB).",
"Additionally, the players sought guarantees where no member of the new union would be punished for being a member. The owners acceded.",
"In return, the NHLPA agreed it should represent at least two\\-thirds of the active players in the NHL and that the players would refrain from striking for the duration of the agreement, so long as the owners did not contravene any terms or conditions.",
"### Bob Goodenow era (1992–2005\\)",
"Eagleson stayed on until the end of 1991, when the players replaced him with [Bob Goodenow](/wiki/Bob_Goodenow \"Bob Goodenow\"). Eagleson went on to face [criminal charges](/wiki/Criminal_charges \"Criminal charges\") relating to his conduct during the time he worked at the NHLPA, and ultimately, on January 6, 1998, pleaded guilty in a Boston court to three counts of [fraud](/wiki/Fraud \"Fraud\"), agreeing also to pay a fine of CA$1,000,000\\. The following day in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), Eagleson pleaded guilty to another three counts of fraud and was sentenced to 18 months in jail.",
"Bob Goodenow would seek to restore respect and honour to the association during his successful 13 years of service to the players as executive director. He led all NHLPA members through the strike of 1992, which most notably gave players the rights to the [marketing](/wiki/Marketing \"Marketing\") of their own images. In 1994–95, he was at the helm as the players endured [a lockout](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_NHL_lockout \"1994–95 NHL lockout\"), ensuring that a fair deal was reached. A decade later, in 2004–05, the owners [locked out the players again](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_lockout \"2004–05 NHL lockout\"), becoming the first professional sports league to cancel an entire season. Goodenow would depart following the lockout, notifying the players of his resignation in July 2005\\.",
"### Ted Saskin era (2005–2007\\)",
"As Goodenow stepped down, the members of the association turned to long\\-time NHLPA Senior Director [Ted Saskin](/wiki/Ted_Saskin \"Ted Saskin\") as his successor, drawing on his experience within the association.",
"The NHLPA Executive Board terminated the employment of Saskin as executive director and general counsel on May 10, 2007, following alleged acts of [misconduct](/wiki/Misconduct \"Misconduct\"). Toronto employment lawyer Chris Paliare concluded Saskin and executive Ken Kim, beginning in September 2005 through January 2007, covertly accessed player email accounts.",
"### Paul Kelly era (2007–2009\\)",
"On June 28, 2007, the NHLPA's executive board selected [Michael Cammalleri](/wiki/Michael_Cammalleri \"Michael Cammalleri\") ([Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames \"Calgary Flames\")), [Chris Chelios](/wiki/Chris_Chelios \"Chris Chelios\") (retired), [Shawn Horcoff](/wiki/Shawn_Horcoff \"Shawn Horcoff\") ([Edmonton Oilers](/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers \"Edmonton Oilers\")), [Eric Lindros](/wiki/Eric_Lindros \"Eric Lindros\") (retired) and [Robyn Regehr](/wiki/Robyn_Regehr \"Robyn Regehr\") (retired) to form a search committee for a new executive director. With the assistance of Reilly Partners, an executive search firm from [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), the search committee would review the resumes of hundreds of candidates.",
"The committee would ultimately recommend that [Paul V. Kelly](/wiki/Paul_Kelly_%28lawyer%29 \"Paul Kelly (lawyer)\"), a founding partner of Kelly, Libby and Hoopes law firm in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"), become the fourth executive director since the NHLPA's inception in 1967\\. Through a secret ballot system, the Player Representatives voted in favour of the committee's recommendation, and Kelly would be introduced at a media conference on October 24, 2007\\.",
"On December 7, 2007, the NHLPA and the [David Suzuki Foundation](/wiki/David_Suzuki_Foundation \"David Suzuki Foundation\") decided to create a pact, led by [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\") defenceman [Andrew Ference](/wiki/Andrew_Ference \"Andrew Ference\"), which had over 500 NHL players signed up to donate $290 annually to purchase carbon credits in order to offset their regular season travel.",
"On August 31, 2009, Paul Kelly was fired from the NHLPA.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id\\=4433555 \\|title\\=Kelly ousted as head of NHLPA \\|work\\=ESPN \\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-31}}",
"On October 30, 2009, interim Executive Director Ian Penny resigned.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.fan590\\.com/more.jsp?content\\=20091030\\_125114\\_10196 \\|title\\=Ian Penny Resigns From NHLPA \\|work\\=FAN590\\.com \\|date\\=2009\\-10\\-30}}",
"### Donald Fehr era (2010–2023\\)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Donald Fehr (2011\\)](/wiki/File:Donald_Fehr_%282011%29.jpg \"Donald Fehr (2011).jpg\")\nFollowing Ian Penny's resignation, board members, such as [Steve Larmer](/wiki/Steve_Larmer \"Steve Larmer\"), also resign.{{cite web\\|url\\=The Fallacy of Hip\\-Hop \"Culture\" in Sports\\|title\\=Larmer quits NHLPA board, slams Chelios\\|last\\=Wharnsby\\|first\\=Tim\\|publisher\\=CBC/Radio\\-Canada\\|date\\=October 31, 2009\\|website\\=CBC.ca\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2024}} In late August 2010, it was widely speculated that former [Major League Baseball Players Association](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Players_Association \"Major League Baseball Players Association\") Executive Director [Donald Fehr](/wiki/Donald_Fehr \"Donald Fehr\") would be appointed to this position. However, a day after the speculation reached a climax on August 26, both NHLPA interim director Mike Ouellet and deputy commissioner and chief legal officer of the NHL Bill Daly disputed the claims that it is all hearsay, and nothing is concrete between the NHLPA and Donald Fehr. However, Fehr would be formally named as executive director later in 2010\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhlpa\\-hires\\-fehr\\-as\\-executive\\-director\\-report\\-1\\.908445\\|title\\=NHLPA hires Fehr as executive director: report\\|last\\=Harrison\\|first\\=Doug\\|publisher\\=CBC/Radio\\-Canada\\|date\\=August 25, 2010\\|website\\=CBC.ca\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2024}}",
"On January 6, 2012, the NHLPA rejected a proposal for realignment in the league for beginning in the 2012–13 season, which impacted CBA discussions.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/blog/nhl/post/\\_/id/13590/nhlpas\\-statement\\-on\\-delayed\\-realignment\\|title\\=NHLPA's statement on delayed realignment\\|publisher\\=ESPN Enterprises Inc.\\|date\\=January 6, 2012\\|website\\=ESPN.com\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2024}}",
"On September 15, 2012, with no agreement being reached on a new CBA, the owners [locked out](/wiki/2012_NHL_lockout \"2012 NHL lockout\") the players, thus threatening the start of the 2012–13 NHL season. Three months later, on December 14, the NHL filed a class action suit with the U.S. District Court in New York seeking to establish the lockout was legal. They also filed an unfair labor practice charge with the U.S. [National Labor Relations Board](/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board \"National Labor Relations Board\"), stating the union had been negotiating in bad faith and their threat to disclaim interest is a negotiating ploy which violates the collective bargaining process.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/dallas/nhl/story/\\_/id/8747518/nhlpa\\-makes\\-preliminary\\-move\\-break\\-union\\-nhl\\-fires\\-back \\|title\\=NHLPA explores decertification; NHL files suit \\|website\\=go.com \\|date\\=14 December 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2018}} On December 21, a person told the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") a vote was cast to give the NHLPA executive board a chance to file a [disclaimer of interest](/wiki/Disclaimer_of_interest \"Disclaimer of interest\"), with the vote in favor 706–22\\. The board had until January 2, 2013, to file the disclaimer, in which then the union would have dissolved and became a trade organization, which would have allowed players to file antitrust lawsuits against the NHL.{{cite news \\|last\\=Podell \\|first\\=Ira \\|url\\=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/nhl\\-players\\-vote\\-step\\-toward\\-222719367\\-\\-nhl.html \\|title\\=AP source: NHL players closer to dissolving union \\|work\\=\\[\\[Yahoo! Sports]] \\|date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21}}",
"On January 6, the NHLPA reached a tentative agreement with the NHL to end the lockout. The NHLPA then approved a league proposal for realignment in the league beginning in the 2013–14 season.{{cite web \\|title\\=2013 collective bargaining {{as written\\|agre\\|eement \\[sic]}} \\|url\\=http://www.nhl.com/nhl/en/v3/ext/CBA2012/NHL\\_NHLPA\\_2013\\_CBA.pdf \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017}}",
"In 2023, it was announced Fehr would be replaced as Executive Director by former United States Secretary of Labor [Marty Walsh](/wiki/Marty_Walsh \"Marty Walsh\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.nhlpa.com/news/1\\-22447/nhlpa\\-executive\\-board\\-appoints\\-martin\\-j\\-walsh\\-as\\-executive\\-director \\| title\\=NHLPA Executive Board appoints Martin J. Walsh as Executive Director }}",
""
] |
History
-------
Khirbet Tarrama has been suggested as a possible site of the "[Jezreel](/wiki/Jezreel_%28city%29 "Jezreel (city)")" mentioned as a town in the territory of [Judah](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah "Kingdom of Judah") in the [Bible](/wiki/Bible "Bible").["Jezreel"](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303689/Jezreel). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009\. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 March 2009\.
Ceramics from the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") era have been found here.Dauphin, 1998, p. 962
### Ottoman era
In 1863, [Victor Guérin](/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin "Victor Guérin") visited.Guérin, 1869, p. [372](https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n385/mode/1up): "nous atteignons le sommet d'une colline qui s'élève comme par gradins successifs et dont les terres sont soutenues par plusieurs murs d'appui. Un dernier mur d'enceinte, qui a été démoli, mais dont les traces sont reconnaissables, environnait jadis la plate\-forme supérieure, où sont épars des amas de gros blocs disjoints, ayant appartenu à une assez puissante construction, presque entièrement détruite, qui semble avoir eu une destination militaire. On y remarque aussi plusieurs cavernes pratiquées dans le roc, une, entre autres, dont les parois sônt percées intérieurement d'une foule de petites niches semblables à des trous de pigeonnier. Ces ruines me sont désignées sous le nom de Khirbet Terrama."
In 1883, the [PEF](/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund "Palestine Exploration Fund")'s *[Survey of Western Palestine](/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine "PEF Survey of Palestine")* (SWP) noted of *Khurbet Terrama*: "This ruin, not on the map, was found by Guerin about half an hour north of [Khurbet Deir Razi](/wiki/Khurbet_Deir_Razi "Khurbet Deir Razi"). It was on the top of a terraced hill, and contains the remains of an old fort, with caves cut in the rock, one of which is pierced with [columbaria](/wiki/Columbarium "Columbarium")."Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [369](https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/369/mode/1up)
### British Mandate era
At the time of the [1931 census of Palestine](/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine "1931 census of Palestine"), conducted by the [British Mandate authorities](/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine "Mandatory Palestine"), the population of *Kh. Tarama* was counted under [Dura](/wiki/Dura%2C_Hebron "Dura, Hebron").Mills, 1932, p. [32](https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas)
### Jordanian era
In the wake of the [1948 Arab–Israeli War](/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War "1948 Arab–Israeli War"), and after the [1949 Armistice Agreements](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements "1949 Armistice Agreements"), Tarrama came under [Jordanian](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan") rule.
In 1961, there were 161 residents here.Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [22](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p22.pdf)
### Post\-1967
After the [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War") in 1967, Tarrama has been under [Israeli occupation](/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank "Israeli occupation of the West Bank").
During the 1970s, the [Israeli Military](/wiki/Israeli_Military "Israeli Military") unsuccessfully attempted to establish a military air field on Tarrama's lands to serve the al\-Majnouna camp. [Background to Tarrama](http://poica.org/2009/02/land-devastation-and-tree-uprooting-in-tarrama-village/) Land Research Center. 19 February 2009\.
Most of its inhabitants belong to the Awlad Muhammad extended family, but over 10% were [Palestinian refugees](/wiki/Palestinian_refugee "Palestinian refugee") in 1997\.[Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status](http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/heb_t6.aspx) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119054525/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/\_pcbs/phc\_97/heb\_t6\.aspx \|date\=2008\-11\-19 }} [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics") (PCBS).
The population increased to 404 by 1997\.[Welcome to Khirbet al\-Tarramah](http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Khirbat_al_Tarramah_2110/#Statistics) Palestine Remembered.
In 2007, Tarrama had a population of 630, according to the [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics") census.[2007 PCBS Census](http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf) [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics"). p.119\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Khirbet Tarrama has been suggested as a possible site of the \"[Jezreel](/wiki/Jezreel_%28city%29 \"Jezreel (city)\")\" mentioned as a town in the territory of [Judah](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah \"Kingdom of Judah\") in the [Bible](/wiki/Bible \"Bible\").[\"Jezreel\"](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303689/Jezreel). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009\\. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 March 2009\\.",
"Ceramics from the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") era have been found here.Dauphin, 1998, p. 962",
"### Ottoman era",
"In 1863, [Victor Guérin](/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin \"Victor Guérin\") visited.Guérin, 1869, p. [372](https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n385/mode/1up): \"nous atteignons le sommet d'une colline qui s'élève comme par gradins successifs et dont les terres sont soutenues par plusieurs murs d'appui. Un dernier mur d'enceinte, qui a été démoli, mais dont les traces sont reconnaissables, environnait jadis la plate\\-forme supérieure, où sont épars des amas de gros blocs disjoints, ayant appartenu à une assez puissante construction, presque entièrement détruite, qui semble avoir eu une destination militaire. On y remarque aussi plusieurs cavernes pratiquées dans le roc, une, entre autres, dont les parois sônt percées intérieurement d'une foule de petites niches semblables à des trous de pigeonnier. Ces ruines me sont désignées sous le nom de Khirbet Terrama.\"\nIn 1883, the [PEF](/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund \"Palestine Exploration Fund\")'s *[Survey of Western Palestine](/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine \"PEF Survey of Palestine\")* (SWP) noted of *Khurbet Terrama*: \"This ruin, not on the map, was found by Guerin about half an hour north of [Khurbet Deir Razi](/wiki/Khurbet_Deir_Razi \"Khurbet Deir Razi\"). It was on the top of a terraced hill, and contains the remains of an old fort, with caves cut in the rock, one of which is pierced with [columbaria](/wiki/Columbarium \"Columbarium\").\"Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [369](https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/369/mode/1up)",
"### British Mandate era",
"At the time of the [1931 census of Palestine](/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine \"1931 census of Palestine\"), conducted by the [British Mandate authorities](/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine \"Mandatory Palestine\"), the population of *Kh. Tarama* was counted under [Dura](/wiki/Dura%2C_Hebron \"Dura, Hebron\").Mills, 1932, p. [32](https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas)",
"### Jordanian era",
"In the wake of the [1948 Arab–Israeli War](/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War \"1948 Arab–Israeli War\"), and after the [1949 Armistice Agreements](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements \"1949 Armistice Agreements\"), Tarrama came under [Jordanian](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\") rule.",
"In 1961, there were 161 residents here.Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [22](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p22.pdf)",
"### Post\\-1967",
"After the [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\") in 1967, Tarrama has been under [Israeli occupation](/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank \"Israeli occupation of the West Bank\").",
"During the 1970s, the [Israeli Military](/wiki/Israeli_Military \"Israeli Military\") unsuccessfully attempted to establish a military air field on Tarrama's lands to serve the al\\-Majnouna camp. [Background to Tarrama](http://poica.org/2009/02/land-devastation-and-tree-uprooting-in-tarrama-village/) Land Research Center. 19 February 2009\\.",
"Most of its inhabitants belong to the Awlad Muhammad extended family, but over 10% were [Palestinian refugees](/wiki/Palestinian_refugee \"Palestinian refugee\") in 1997\\.[Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status](http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/heb_t6.aspx) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119054525/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/\\_pcbs/phc\\_97/heb\\_t6\\.aspx \\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-19 }} [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics \"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics\") (PCBS).",
"The population increased to 404 by 1997\\.[Welcome to Khirbet al\\-Tarramah](http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Khirbat_al_Tarramah_2110/#Statistics) Palestine Remembered.",
"In 2007, Tarrama had a population of 630, according to the [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics \"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics\") census.[2007 PCBS Census](http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf) [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics \"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics\"). p.119\\.",
""
] |
### Post\-1967
After the [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War") in 1967, Tarrama has been under [Israeli occupation](/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank "Israeli occupation of the West Bank").
During the 1970s, the [Israeli Military](/wiki/Israeli_Military "Israeli Military") unsuccessfully attempted to establish a military air field on Tarrama's lands to serve the al\-Majnouna camp. [Background to Tarrama](http://poica.org/2009/02/land-devastation-and-tree-uprooting-in-tarrama-village/) Land Research Center. 19 February 2009\.
Most of its inhabitants belong to the Awlad Muhammad extended family, but over 10% were [Palestinian refugees](/wiki/Palestinian_refugee "Palestinian refugee") in 1997\.[Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status](http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/heb_t6.aspx) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119054525/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/\_pcbs/phc\_97/heb\_t6\.aspx \|date\=2008\-11\-19 }} [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics") (PCBS).
The population increased to 404 by 1997\.[Welcome to Khirbet al\-Tarramah](http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Khirbat_al_Tarramah_2110/#Statistics) Palestine Remembered.
In 2007, Tarrama had a population of 630, according to the [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics") census.[2007 PCBS Census](http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf) [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics"). p.119\.
|
[
"### Post\\-1967",
"After the [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\") in 1967, Tarrama has been under [Israeli occupation](/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank \"Israeli occupation of the West Bank\").",
"During the 1970s, the [Israeli Military](/wiki/Israeli_Military \"Israeli Military\") unsuccessfully attempted to establish a military air field on Tarrama's lands to serve the al\\-Majnouna camp. [Background to Tarrama](http://poica.org/2009/02/land-devastation-and-tree-uprooting-in-tarrama-village/) Land Research Center. 19 February 2009\\.",
"Most of its inhabitants belong to the Awlad Muhammad extended family, but over 10% were [Palestinian refugees](/wiki/Palestinian_refugee \"Palestinian refugee\") in 1997\\.[Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status](http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/heb_t6.aspx) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119054525/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/\\_pcbs/phc\\_97/heb\\_t6\\.aspx \\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-19 }} [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics \"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics\") (PCBS).",
"The population increased to 404 by 1997\\.[Welcome to Khirbet al\\-Tarramah](http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Khirbat_al_Tarramah_2110/#Statistics) Palestine Remembered.",
"In 2007, Tarrama had a population of 630, according to the [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics \"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics\") census.[2007 PCBS Census](http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf) [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics \"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics\"). p.119\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Early life, WW1 and education
[thumb\|Graphic from Kálmán Tihanyi's "Radioskop" patent (1926\)](/wiki/File:Tihanyi_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_%22Radioskop%22.jpg "Tihanyi Kálmán ")
[thumb\|right\|From [European Patent Office](/wiki/European_Patent_Office "European Patent Office") abstract of Tihanyi's 1928 application *Improvements in television apparatus*[Tihanyi, Koloman, *Improvements in television apparatus*](http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_V3&FT=D&date=19301111&CC=GB&NR=313456A&KC=A). European Patent Office, Patent No. GB313456\. Convention date (Germany): 1928\-06\-11, UK application: 1929\-06\-11, published: 1930\-11\-11, retrieved: 2009\-12\-25\.](/wiki/Image:Tihanyi_radioskop_patent.PNG "Tihanyi radioskop patent.PNG")
[thumb\|Kalman Tihanyi as a scientist of British Air Ministry](/wiki/File:Kalman_Tihanyi_%28British_Air_Ministry%29.jpg "Kalman Tihanyi (British Air Ministry).jpg")
[thumb\|Graphic from Tihanyi's plasma display patent (1936\)](/wiki/File:Tihanyi_plasma_display_1936.png "Tihanyi plasma display 1936.png")
Born in Üzbég, [Kingdom of Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary "Kingdom of Hungary") (now [Zbehy](/wiki/Zbehy "Zbehy"), [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia")), after graduating from the local elementary school, Tihanyi's parents enrolled him in the Vocational School of Electrical Engineering in Pozsony (now Bratislava). While a student there he filed his first patent application with the Hungarian Patent Office in 1913, at the age of sixteen. The title of the patent was, "Pocket device for light handling of photographic plates". The first contract of his life was signed with a Viennese company, which purchased his equipment for the central, wireless switching on and off of road lights. At that time, he continued his high school studies in Vác, he graduated here as well, and the following year, in 1916, he entered the Hungarian Royal Army as a volunteer. As an officer candidate for the 4th Army Artillery Regiment he handled cannons on the eastern front and was then transferred to Transylvania, where he took part in the battles at one of the most important crossings in the Eastern Carpathians, the Ojtozi Strait. He was awarded a bronze medal of valor and promoted to the rank of lieutenant. Soon after he was transferred to one of the most important military ports of the Austro\-Hungarian Monarchy in Pula, where he no longer served as a soldier in a combat unit, but as a radio engineer, and for the first time in his life he came in contact with military technical developments. He designed a remotely controlled igniter for timing and detonating underwater shafts, and his land mine was credited as a distinguished military invention.
### Interwar period
After World War I, Kálmán Tihanyi, who returned to civil life, continued his studies at the Royal Hungarian Joseph University of Technology in Budapest (today: Budapest University of Technology and Economics, commonly known as the Technical University), where the young man who has recently lost his father was left without any income. Luckily, he found a friend in Professor Imre Pöschl, who recognized his talent, while he could sell more and more patents and inventions, he could enjoy an increasing income, thus he could support his widowed mother and nine siblings.
Tihany's attention was already drawn to the attempts to create television during World War I. After Tihanyi studied [Maxwell's equations](/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations "Maxwell's equations"), he discovered a hitherto unknown physical phenomenon.
The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or "camera" tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge\-storage technology by Tihanyi in the beginning of 1924\.<http://www.iec.ch/about/history/techline/swf/temp.xml> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033236/http://www.iec.ch/about/history/techline/swf/temp.xml\|date\=2015\-09\-24}} "Kálmán Tihanyi (1897–1947\)", *IEC Techline*, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 2009\-07\-15\. His final design was patented under the name "Radioskop" (Hungarian patent: T\-3768\) on 20 March 1926\. He described his cathode ray tube, charge\-storage television system in not one, but in three versions \- wired, wireless, and color, which meant he was thinking of color television even when black and white films were made in the vast majority of the film industry. His patent application contained 42 pages detailing its design and mass production. It is recorded in [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO")'s [Memory of the World Programme](/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme "Memory of the World Programme").{{Cite web \|date\=2001 \|title\=Kalman Tihanyi's 1926 Patent Application "Radioskop" \|url\=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication\-and\-information/flagship\-project\-activities/memory\-of\-the\-world/register/full\-list\-of\-registered\-heritage/registered\-heritage\-page\-4/kalman\-tihanyis\-1926\-patent\-application\-radioskop \|access\-date\=29 January 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[UNESCO]] \[\[Memory of the World]]}} Though it bears certain similarities to earlier proposals employing a [cathode ray tube (CRT)](/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube "Cathode ray tube") for both transmitter and receiver, Tihanyi's system represented a radical departure. Like the final, improved version Tihanyi would patent in 1928, it embodied an entirely new concept in design and operation, building upon a technology that would become known as the "storage principle". This technology involves the maintenance of [photoemission](/wiki/Photoemission "Photoemission") from the light\-sensitive layer of the detector tube between scans. By this means, accumulation of charges would take place and the "latent electric picture" would be stored. Tihanyi filed two separate patent applications in 1928 then extended patent protection beyond Germany,German appl. 424822/June 11, 1928German appl. 482422/July 3, 1928 filing in France,Fr. Pat. 676\.546/June 10, 1928 the United Kingdom,Br. Pat 313,456/June 11, 1928Br. Pat 315,362/July 11, 1928 the United States, and elsewhere.
However, the radically new concepts what he represented in his Radioskop patent were not widely understood and recognised by the contemporary professionals until around 1930\.{{cite book \|first\=J. B. \|last\=Williams \|title\=The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future \|publisher\=Springer Nature \|place\=Cham \|year\=2017 \|page\=29 \|isbn\=978\-3\-319\-49088\-5 \|oclc\=999399256 \|doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-319\-49088\-5}}
#### Berlin
In 1928, Tihanyi went to Berlin, where the development of [mechanical television](/wiki/Mechanical_television "Mechanical television") involving [Nipkow](/wiki/Nipkow "Nipkow") disks had already been begun by the German Post Office and the larger manufacturers. He set up his own laboratory in Berlin, where he made his first experimental picture tube with his younger brother, who also was an electrical engineer. The invention was received with enthusiasm by [Telefunken](/wiki/Telefunken "Telefunken") and [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens_AG "Siemens AG"), but in the end, they opted to continue with the development of mechanical television.{{cite web \| last \= \| first \= \| title \= KÁLMÁN TIHANYI (1897 \- 1947\) \| publisher \= Hungarian Intellectual Property Office \| date \= \| url \= http://www.sztnh.gov.hu/English/feltalalok/tihanyi.html \| doi \= \| accessdate \= 2014\-06\-03}} Then he was approached by the American Radio Corporation of America (RCA), contracted with him to purchase his patent, and began laboratory development of the image resolution tube. After a few months, the first well\-functioning American camera tubes which based on Tihanyi's ideas were completed by Vladimir Zworykin at RCA, and the new television system was named the iconoscope.
#### London
In 1929, Tihanyi patented his new military invention under the title: "Automatic sighting and directing devices for torpedoes, guns and other apparatus" (See: British patent GB352035A)
In 1929, he moved to London, where he was invited to work on television guidance for defense applications, building prototypes of a camera for remotely guided aircraft for the [British Air Ministry](/wiki/British_Air_Ministry "British Air Ministry"), and later adapting it for the [Italian Navy](/wiki/Italian_Navy "Italian Navy").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/rpav\_britain.html \|title\=Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles : The 'Aerial Target' and 'Aerial Torpedo' in Britain \|access\-date\=2009\-01\-23 \|archive\-date\=2017\-09\-10 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910094957/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/rpav\_britain.html \|url\-status\=dead }} The solutions of the technology what Tihanyi depicted in his 1929 patent were so influential, that American UAV producing companies still used many of its ideas even half century later, until the mid 1980s.{{Cite web\|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/GB352035A/en\|title\=Automatic sighting and directing devices for torpedoes, guns and other apparatus\|accessdate\=22 May 2023}} In 1929, he invented the World's first infrared\-sensitive (night vision) electronic television camera for anti\-aircraft defense in Britain.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/sipka.doc \|title\=Archived copy \|accessdate\=2009\-08\-15 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231759/http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/sipka.doc \|archivedate\=2011\-07\-12 }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/tihanyi.html \|title\=Kalman Tihanyi (1897 \- 1947\) \- Television Pioneer \|access\-date\=2009\-06\-16 \|archive\-date\=2003\-10\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031024102742/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/tihanyi.html \|url\-status\=dead }} In London he was commissioned with the designing of the remote\-control devices and fire control systems for tanks, anti\-aircraft guns and anti\-aircraft reflectors for Britain.
Tihanyi's U.S. patents for his display and camera tubes, assigned to RCA, were issued in 1938 and 1939, respectively.
#### Budapest
In 1936 Tihanyi described the principle of "[plasma television](/wiki/Plasma_display "Plasma display")" and conceived the first flat\-panel television system.[Tihanyi, Katalin, "Kalman Tihanyi's plasma television, invented in the 1930s. Introduction to the article written by Julius Horvath."](http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat-panel_tv_en.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702200523/http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat\-panel\_tv\_en.pdf \|date\=2007\-07\-02 }} *MTESZ SCITECH*, 2007\-01\-16, retrieved 2009\-05\-30\. It involved a single “transmission
point” being moved at great speed behind a grid of cells arranged in a thin
panel display, which would be excited to different levels by varying the
voltages to the point[Trivia answers](https://ewh.ieee.org/r2/johnstown/downloads/20090217_IEEE_JST_Trivia_Answers.pdf) ewh.ieee.org
### World War Two
#### "Titan" Ultrasound weapon
In the summer of 1940, he returned home with an elaborate plan for the acoustic beam projector. The experiments with Titan Ultrasound Weapon, codenamed TVR, were surrounded by the greatest secret.Istvan Balajtr and Ferenc Hajdu: Surprising Findings from the Hungarian Radar Developments in the Era of the Second World War. Publisher: Radio Science Bulletin No 358 (September 2016\) Page: 100, LINK: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220520194535/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber\=7909883](https://web.archive.org/web/20220520194535/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7909883) To achieve this, it soon reached an agreement with the approval of the Supreme Military Technical Council. It was completed by the end of 1941 by organizing the work, making construction drawings, setting up a plant and two laboratories. The large workpieces were made in the Ganz and Láng factories; everything else, including a 2\-meter\-diameter parabolic mirror, was manufactured by themselves. He selected 45 Jewish origin employees of the Hungarian Royal Special Military Corps, including nine engineers, from the ranks of military labourers. In this way, Tihanyi could help his Jewish origin friends and colleagues to avoid the deportation. In the second half of 1943, the situation became increasingly tense because of his staff, who were occasionally replaced by potentially dangerous people. Tihanyi had no doubt, that they were placed under surveillance and it was also leaked that he joined to [Endre Bajcsy\-Zsilinszky](/wiki/Endre_Bajcsy-Zsilinszky "Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky")'s anti\-fascist circle which included György Parragi, Sándor Márai, Jenő Katona, Pál Almássy, István Barankovics, Nomád (István Léner Lendvai) and Jenő Tombor. He considered it increasingly probable that the machine would not only serve the Hungarian interests but that it could now inevitably fall into German hands. Thus began the delay in completion while maintaining the appearance of "work". After the [German occupation of Hungary](/wiki/Operation_Margarethe "Operation Margarethe"), Tihanyi emerged in a desperate situation. On 5 April 1944, he and his main collaborators were arrested by the Gestapo. On April 11, 1944, he was taken from Hadik Barracks to Margit Boulevard Military Prison, where he was held in probation for five months, in solitary confinement, he was accused of high treason as an alleged British Agent and member of [MI6](/wiki/MI6 "MI6"). Despite having only a loose contact with MI6 officers during his scientific work for the Royal Air Force and Air Ministry, Tihanyi was not a member of the British Secret Intelligence Service.
### Post War period and death
At the end of the war, despite his physically deteriorated condition, he was back to working 16–17 hours a day. In his factory, he started to manufacture his new solution (internally hollow) ball bearing. Already in June 1945, he took steps to found a Hungarian television company, build a transmitter station and organise a picture tube factory. He postponed this plan, however, and, choosing among dozens of ideas based on ultrasound technology. He decided to work on his invention of a gold centrifuge. To realise this idea, he decided to develop his own invention. He teamed up with professor [Lajos Lóczy](/wiki/Louis_de_Loczy "Louis de Loczy"), the director of the Institute of Geology, to build a prototype.
His first heart attack in the winter of 1946 indicated that his body could not cope with the accelerated pace. But a second heart attack overcame him and ended his life immediately on 26 February 1947\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Early life, WW1 and education",
"[thumb\\|Graphic from Kálmán Tihanyi's \"Radioskop\" patent (1926\\)](/wiki/File:Tihanyi_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_%22Radioskop%22.jpg \"Tihanyi Kálmán \")\n[thumb\\|right\\|From [European Patent Office](/wiki/European_Patent_Office \"European Patent Office\") abstract of Tihanyi's 1928 application *Improvements in television apparatus*[Tihanyi, Koloman, *Improvements in television apparatus*](http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_V3&FT=D&date=19301111&CC=GB&NR=313456A&KC=A). European Patent Office, Patent No. GB313456\\. Convention date (Germany): 1928\\-06\\-11, UK application: 1929\\-06\\-11, published: 1930\\-11\\-11, retrieved: 2009\\-12\\-25\\.](/wiki/Image:Tihanyi_radioskop_patent.PNG \"Tihanyi radioskop patent.PNG\")\n[thumb\\|Kalman Tihanyi as a scientist of British Air Ministry](/wiki/File:Kalman_Tihanyi_%28British_Air_Ministry%29.jpg \"Kalman Tihanyi (British Air Ministry).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Graphic from Tihanyi's plasma display patent (1936\\)](/wiki/File:Tihanyi_plasma_display_1936.png \"Tihanyi plasma display 1936.png\")\nBorn in Üzbég, [Kingdom of Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary \"Kingdom of Hungary\") (now [Zbehy](/wiki/Zbehy \"Zbehy\"), [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\")), after graduating from the local elementary school, Tihanyi's parents enrolled him in the Vocational School of Electrical Engineering in Pozsony (now Bratislava). While a student there he filed his first patent application with the Hungarian Patent Office in 1913, at the age of sixteen. The title of the patent was, \"Pocket device for light handling of photographic plates\". The first contract of his life was signed with a Viennese company, which purchased his equipment for the central, wireless switching on and off of road lights. At that time, he continued his high school studies in Vác, he graduated here as well, and the following year, in 1916, he entered the Hungarian Royal Army as a volunteer. As an officer candidate for the 4th Army Artillery Regiment he handled cannons on the eastern front and was then transferred to Transylvania, where he took part in the battles at one of the most important crossings in the Eastern Carpathians, the Ojtozi Strait. He was awarded a bronze medal of valor and promoted to the rank of lieutenant. Soon after he was transferred to one of the most important military ports of the Austro\\-Hungarian Monarchy in Pula, where he no longer served as a soldier in a combat unit, but as a radio engineer, and for the first time in his life he came in contact with military technical developments. He designed a remotely controlled igniter for timing and detonating underwater shafts, and his land mine was credited as a distinguished military invention.",
"### Interwar period",
"After World War I, Kálmán Tihanyi, who returned to civil life, continued his studies at the Royal Hungarian Joseph University of Technology in Budapest (today: Budapest University of Technology and Economics, commonly known as the Technical University), where the young man who has recently lost his father was left without any income. Luckily, he found a friend in Professor Imre Pöschl, who recognized his talent, while he could sell more and more patents and inventions, he could enjoy an increasing income, thus he could support his widowed mother and nine siblings.",
"Tihany's attention was already drawn to the attempts to create television during World War I. After Tihanyi studied [Maxwell's equations](/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations \"Maxwell's equations\"), he discovered a hitherto unknown physical phenomenon.",
"The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or \"camera\" tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge\\-storage technology by Tihanyi in the beginning of 1924\\.<http://www.iec.ch/about/history/techline/swf/temp.xml> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033236/http://www.iec.ch/about/history/techline/swf/temp.xml\\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-24}} \"Kálmán Tihanyi (1897–1947\\)\", *IEC Techline*, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 2009\\-07\\-15\\. His final design was patented under the name \"Radioskop\" (Hungarian patent: T\\-3768\\) on 20 March 1926\\. He described his cathode ray tube, charge\\-storage television system in not one, but in three versions \\- wired, wireless, and color, which meant he was thinking of color television even when black and white films were made in the vast majority of the film industry. His patent application contained 42 pages detailing its design and mass production. It is recorded in [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\")'s [Memory of the World Programme](/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme \"Memory of the World Programme\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2001 \\|title\\=Kalman Tihanyi's 1926 Patent Application \"Radioskop\" \\|url\\=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication\\-and\\-information/flagship\\-project\\-activities/memory\\-of\\-the\\-world/register/full\\-list\\-of\\-registered\\-heritage/registered\\-heritage\\-page\\-4/kalman\\-tihanyis\\-1926\\-patent\\-application\\-radioskop \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[UNESCO]] \\[\\[Memory of the World]]}} Though it bears certain similarities to earlier proposals employing a [cathode ray tube (CRT)](/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube \"Cathode ray tube\") for both transmitter and receiver, Tihanyi's system represented a radical departure. Like the final, improved version Tihanyi would patent in 1928, it embodied an entirely new concept in design and operation, building upon a technology that would become known as the \"storage principle\". This technology involves the maintenance of [photoemission](/wiki/Photoemission \"Photoemission\") from the light\\-sensitive layer of the detector tube between scans. By this means, accumulation of charges would take place and the \"latent electric picture\" would be stored. Tihanyi filed two separate patent applications in 1928 then extended patent protection beyond Germany,German appl. 424822/June 11, 1928German appl. 482422/July 3, 1928 filing in France,Fr. Pat. 676\\.546/June 10, 1928 the United Kingdom,Br. Pat 313,456/June 11, 1928Br. Pat 315,362/July 11, 1928 the United States, and elsewhere.",
"However, the radically new concepts what he represented in his Radioskop patent were not widely understood and recognised by the contemporary professionals until around 1930\\.{{cite book \\|first\\=J. B. \\|last\\=Williams \\|title\\=The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future \\|publisher\\=Springer Nature \\|place\\=Cham \\|year\\=2017 \\|page\\=29 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-319\\-49088\\-5 \\|oclc\\=999399256 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-319\\-49088\\-5}}",
"",
"#### Berlin",
"In 1928, Tihanyi went to Berlin, where the development of [mechanical television](/wiki/Mechanical_television \"Mechanical television\") involving [Nipkow](/wiki/Nipkow \"Nipkow\") disks had already been begun by the German Post Office and the larger manufacturers. He set up his own laboratory in Berlin, where he made his first experimental picture tube with his younger brother, who also was an electrical engineer. The invention was received with enthusiasm by [Telefunken](/wiki/Telefunken \"Telefunken\") and [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens_AG \"Siemens AG\"), but in the end, they opted to continue with the development of mechanical television.{{cite web \\| last \\= \\| first \\= \\| title \\= KÁLMÁN TIHANYI (1897 \\- 1947\\) \\| publisher \\= Hungarian Intellectual Property Office \\| date \\= \\| url \\= http://www.sztnh.gov.hu/English/feltalalok/tihanyi.html \\| doi \\= \\| accessdate \\= 2014\\-06\\-03}} Then he was approached by the American Radio Corporation of America (RCA), contracted with him to purchase his patent, and began laboratory development of the image resolution tube. After a few months, the first well\\-functioning American camera tubes which based on Tihanyi's ideas were completed by Vladimir Zworykin at RCA, and the new television system was named the iconoscope.",
"#### London",
"In 1929, Tihanyi patented his new military invention under the title: \"Automatic sighting and directing devices for torpedoes, guns and other apparatus\" (See: British patent GB352035A)\nIn 1929, he moved to London, where he was invited to work on television guidance for defense applications, building prototypes of a camera for remotely guided aircraft for the [British Air Ministry](/wiki/British_Air_Ministry \"British Air Ministry\"), and later adapting it for the [Italian Navy](/wiki/Italian_Navy \"Italian Navy\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/rpav\\_britain.html \\|title\\=Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles : The 'Aerial Target' and 'Aerial Torpedo' in Britain \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-23 \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-10 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910094957/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/rpav\\_britain.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The solutions of the technology what Tihanyi depicted in his 1929 patent were so influential, that American UAV producing companies still used many of its ideas even half century later, until the mid 1980s.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/GB352035A/en\\|title\\=Automatic sighting and directing devices for torpedoes, guns and other apparatus\\|accessdate\\=22 May 2023}} In 1929, he invented the World's first infrared\\-sensitive (night vision) electronic television camera for anti\\-aircraft defense in Britain.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/sipka.doc \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231759/http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/sipka.doc \\|archivedate\\=2011\\-07\\-12 }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/tihanyi.html \\|title\\=Kalman Tihanyi (1897 \\- 1947\\) \\- Television Pioneer \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-16 \\|archive\\-date\\=2003\\-10\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031024102742/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/tihanyi.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In London he was commissioned with the designing of the remote\\-control devices and fire control systems for tanks, anti\\-aircraft guns and anti\\-aircraft reflectors for Britain.",
"Tihanyi's U.S. patents for his display and camera tubes, assigned to RCA, were issued in 1938 and 1939, respectively.",
"#### Budapest",
"In 1936 Tihanyi described the principle of \"[plasma television](/wiki/Plasma_display \"Plasma display\")\" and conceived the first flat\\-panel television system.[Tihanyi, Katalin, \"Kalman Tihanyi's plasma television, invented in the 1930s. Introduction to the article written by Julius Horvath.\"](http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat-panel_tv_en.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702200523/http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat\\-panel\\_tv\\_en.pdf \\|date\\=2007\\-07\\-02 }} *MTESZ SCITECH*, 2007\\-01\\-16, retrieved 2009\\-05\\-30\\. It involved a single “transmission \npoint” being moved at great speed behind a grid of cells arranged in a thin \npanel display, which would be excited to different levels by varying the \nvoltages to the point[Trivia answers](https://ewh.ieee.org/r2/johnstown/downloads/20090217_IEEE_JST_Trivia_Answers.pdf) ewh.ieee.org",
"### World War Two",
"#### \"Titan\" Ultrasound weapon",
"In the summer of 1940, he returned home with an elaborate plan for the acoustic beam projector. The experiments with Titan Ultrasound Weapon, codenamed TVR, were surrounded by the greatest secret.Istvan Balajtr and Ferenc Hajdu: Surprising Findings from the Hungarian Radar Developments in the Era of the Second World War. Publisher: Radio Science Bulletin No 358 (September 2016\\) Page: 100, LINK: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220520194535/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber\\=7909883](https://web.archive.org/web/20220520194535/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7909883) To achieve this, it soon reached an agreement with the approval of the Supreme Military Technical Council. It was completed by the end of 1941 by organizing the work, making construction drawings, setting up a plant and two laboratories. The large workpieces were made in the Ganz and Láng factories; everything else, including a 2\\-meter\\-diameter parabolic mirror, was manufactured by themselves. He selected 45 Jewish origin employees of the Hungarian Royal Special Military Corps, including nine engineers, from the ranks of military labourers. In this way, Tihanyi could help his Jewish origin friends and colleagues to avoid the deportation. In the second half of 1943, the situation became increasingly tense because of his staff, who were occasionally replaced by potentially dangerous people. Tihanyi had no doubt, that they were placed under surveillance and it was also leaked that he joined to [Endre Bajcsy\\-Zsilinszky](/wiki/Endre_Bajcsy-Zsilinszky \"Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky\")'s anti\\-fascist circle which included György Parragi, Sándor Márai, Jenő Katona, Pál Almássy, István Barankovics, Nomád (István Léner Lendvai) and Jenő Tombor. He considered it increasingly probable that the machine would not only serve the Hungarian interests but that it could now inevitably fall into German hands. Thus began the delay in completion while maintaining the appearance of \"work\". After the [German occupation of Hungary](/wiki/Operation_Margarethe \"Operation Margarethe\"), Tihanyi emerged in a desperate situation. On 5 April 1944, he and his main collaborators were arrested by the Gestapo. On April 11, 1944, he was taken from Hadik Barracks to Margit Boulevard Military Prison, where he was held in probation for five months, in solitary confinement, he was accused of high treason as an alleged British Agent and member of [MI6](/wiki/MI6 \"MI6\"). Despite having only a loose contact with MI6 officers during his scientific work for the Royal Air Force and Air Ministry, Tihanyi was not a member of the British Secret Intelligence Service.",
"### Post War period and death",
"At the end of the war, despite his physically deteriorated condition, he was back to working 16–17 hours a day. In his factory, he started to manufacture his new solution (internally hollow) ball bearing. Already in June 1945, he took steps to found a Hungarian television company, build a transmitter station and organise a picture tube factory. He postponed this plan, however, and, choosing among dozens of ideas based on ultrasound technology. He decided to work on his invention of a gold centrifuge. To realise this idea, he decided to develop his own invention. He teamed up with professor [Lajos Lóczy](/wiki/Louis_de_Loczy \"Louis de Loczy\"), the director of the Institute of Geology, to build a prototype.",
"His first heart attack in the winter of 1946 indicated that his body could not cope with the accelerated pace. But a second heart attack overcame him and ended his life immediately on 26 February 1947\\.",
""
] |
### Interwar period
After World War I, Kálmán Tihanyi, who returned to civil life, continued his studies at the Royal Hungarian Joseph University of Technology in Budapest (today: Budapest University of Technology and Economics, commonly known as the Technical University), where the young man who has recently lost his father was left without any income. Luckily, he found a friend in Professor Imre Pöschl, who recognized his talent, while he could sell more and more patents and inventions, he could enjoy an increasing income, thus he could support his widowed mother and nine siblings.
Tihany's attention was already drawn to the attempts to create television during World War I. After Tihanyi studied [Maxwell's equations](/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations "Maxwell's equations"), he discovered a hitherto unknown physical phenomenon.
The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or "camera" tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge\-storage technology by Tihanyi in the beginning of 1924\.<http://www.iec.ch/about/history/techline/swf/temp.xml> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033236/http://www.iec.ch/about/history/techline/swf/temp.xml\|date\=2015\-09\-24}} "Kálmán Tihanyi (1897–1947\)", *IEC Techline*, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 2009\-07\-15\. His final design was patented under the name "Radioskop" (Hungarian patent: T\-3768\) on 20 March 1926\. He described his cathode ray tube, charge\-storage television system in not one, but in three versions \- wired, wireless, and color, which meant he was thinking of color television even when black and white films were made in the vast majority of the film industry. His patent application contained 42 pages detailing its design and mass production. It is recorded in [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO")'s [Memory of the World Programme](/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme "Memory of the World Programme").{{Cite web \|date\=2001 \|title\=Kalman Tihanyi's 1926 Patent Application "Radioskop" \|url\=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication\-and\-information/flagship\-project\-activities/memory\-of\-the\-world/register/full\-list\-of\-registered\-heritage/registered\-heritage\-page\-4/kalman\-tihanyis\-1926\-patent\-application\-radioskop \|access\-date\=29 January 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[UNESCO]] \[\[Memory of the World]]}} Though it bears certain similarities to earlier proposals employing a [cathode ray tube (CRT)](/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube "Cathode ray tube") for both transmitter and receiver, Tihanyi's system represented a radical departure. Like the final, improved version Tihanyi would patent in 1928, it embodied an entirely new concept in design and operation, building upon a technology that would become known as the "storage principle". This technology involves the maintenance of [photoemission](/wiki/Photoemission "Photoemission") from the light\-sensitive layer of the detector tube between scans. By this means, accumulation of charges would take place and the "latent electric picture" would be stored. Tihanyi filed two separate patent applications in 1928 then extended patent protection beyond Germany,German appl. 424822/June 11, 1928German appl. 482422/July 3, 1928 filing in France,Fr. Pat. 676\.546/June 10, 1928 the United Kingdom,Br. Pat 313,456/June 11, 1928Br. Pat 315,362/July 11, 1928 the United States, and elsewhere.
However, the radically new concepts what he represented in his Radioskop patent were not widely understood and recognised by the contemporary professionals until around 1930\.{{cite book \|first\=J. B. \|last\=Williams \|title\=The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future \|publisher\=Springer Nature \|place\=Cham \|year\=2017 \|page\=29 \|isbn\=978\-3\-319\-49088\-5 \|oclc\=999399256 \|doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-319\-49088\-5}}
#### Berlin
In 1928, Tihanyi went to Berlin, where the development of [mechanical television](/wiki/Mechanical_television "Mechanical television") involving [Nipkow](/wiki/Nipkow "Nipkow") disks had already been begun by the German Post Office and the larger manufacturers. He set up his own laboratory in Berlin, where he made his first experimental picture tube with his younger brother, who also was an electrical engineer. The invention was received with enthusiasm by [Telefunken](/wiki/Telefunken "Telefunken") and [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens_AG "Siemens AG"), but in the end, they opted to continue with the development of mechanical television.{{cite web \| last \= \| first \= \| title \= KÁLMÁN TIHANYI (1897 \- 1947\) \| publisher \= Hungarian Intellectual Property Office \| date \= \| url \= http://www.sztnh.gov.hu/English/feltalalok/tihanyi.html \| doi \= \| accessdate \= 2014\-06\-03}} Then he was approached by the American Radio Corporation of America (RCA), contracted with him to purchase his patent, and began laboratory development of the image resolution tube. After a few months, the first well\-functioning American camera tubes which based on Tihanyi's ideas were completed by Vladimir Zworykin at RCA, and the new television system was named the iconoscope.
#### London
In 1929, Tihanyi patented his new military invention under the title: "Automatic sighting and directing devices for torpedoes, guns and other apparatus" (See: British patent GB352035A)
In 1929, he moved to London, where he was invited to work on television guidance for defense applications, building prototypes of a camera for remotely guided aircraft for the [British Air Ministry](/wiki/British_Air_Ministry "British Air Ministry"), and later adapting it for the [Italian Navy](/wiki/Italian_Navy "Italian Navy").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/rpav\_britain.html \|title\=Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles : The 'Aerial Target' and 'Aerial Torpedo' in Britain \|access\-date\=2009\-01\-23 \|archive\-date\=2017\-09\-10 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910094957/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/rpav\_britain.html \|url\-status\=dead }} The solutions of the technology what Tihanyi depicted in his 1929 patent were so influential, that American UAV producing companies still used many of its ideas even half century later, until the mid 1980s.{{Cite web\|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/GB352035A/en\|title\=Automatic sighting and directing devices for torpedoes, guns and other apparatus\|accessdate\=22 May 2023}} In 1929, he invented the World's first infrared\-sensitive (night vision) electronic television camera for anti\-aircraft defense in Britain.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/sipka.doc \|title\=Archived copy \|accessdate\=2009\-08\-15 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231759/http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/sipka.doc \|archivedate\=2011\-07\-12 }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/tihanyi.html \|title\=Kalman Tihanyi (1897 \- 1947\) \- Television Pioneer \|access\-date\=2009\-06\-16 \|archive\-date\=2003\-10\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031024102742/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/tihanyi.html \|url\-status\=dead }} In London he was commissioned with the designing of the remote\-control devices and fire control systems for tanks, anti\-aircraft guns and anti\-aircraft reflectors for Britain.
Tihanyi's U.S. patents for his display and camera tubes, assigned to RCA, were issued in 1938 and 1939, respectively.
#### Budapest
In 1936 Tihanyi described the principle of "[plasma television](/wiki/Plasma_display "Plasma display")" and conceived the first flat\-panel television system.[Tihanyi, Katalin, "Kalman Tihanyi's plasma television, invented in the 1930s. Introduction to the article written by Julius Horvath."](http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat-panel_tv_en.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702200523/http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat\-panel\_tv\_en.pdf \|date\=2007\-07\-02 }} *MTESZ SCITECH*, 2007\-01\-16, retrieved 2009\-05\-30\. It involved a single “transmission
point” being moved at great speed behind a grid of cells arranged in a thin
panel display, which would be excited to different levels by varying the
voltages to the point[Trivia answers](https://ewh.ieee.org/r2/johnstown/downloads/20090217_IEEE_JST_Trivia_Answers.pdf) ewh.ieee.org
|
[
"### Interwar period",
"After World War I, Kálmán Tihanyi, who returned to civil life, continued his studies at the Royal Hungarian Joseph University of Technology in Budapest (today: Budapest University of Technology and Economics, commonly known as the Technical University), where the young man who has recently lost his father was left without any income. Luckily, he found a friend in Professor Imre Pöschl, who recognized his talent, while he could sell more and more patents and inventions, he could enjoy an increasing income, thus he could support his widowed mother and nine siblings.",
"Tihany's attention was already drawn to the attempts to create television during World War I. After Tihanyi studied [Maxwell's equations](/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations \"Maxwell's equations\"), he discovered a hitherto unknown physical phenomenon.",
"The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or \"camera\" tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge\\-storage technology by Tihanyi in the beginning of 1924\\.<http://www.iec.ch/about/history/techline/swf/temp.xml> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033236/http://www.iec.ch/about/history/techline/swf/temp.xml\\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-24}} \"Kálmán Tihanyi (1897–1947\\)\", *IEC Techline*, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 2009\\-07\\-15\\. His final design was patented under the name \"Radioskop\" (Hungarian patent: T\\-3768\\) on 20 March 1926\\. He described his cathode ray tube, charge\\-storage television system in not one, but in three versions \\- wired, wireless, and color, which meant he was thinking of color television even when black and white films were made in the vast majority of the film industry. His patent application contained 42 pages detailing its design and mass production. It is recorded in [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\")'s [Memory of the World Programme](/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme \"Memory of the World Programme\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2001 \\|title\\=Kalman Tihanyi's 1926 Patent Application \"Radioskop\" \\|url\\=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication\\-and\\-information/flagship\\-project\\-activities/memory\\-of\\-the\\-world/register/full\\-list\\-of\\-registered\\-heritage/registered\\-heritage\\-page\\-4/kalman\\-tihanyis\\-1926\\-patent\\-application\\-radioskop \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[UNESCO]] \\[\\[Memory of the World]]}} Though it bears certain similarities to earlier proposals employing a [cathode ray tube (CRT)](/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube \"Cathode ray tube\") for both transmitter and receiver, Tihanyi's system represented a radical departure. Like the final, improved version Tihanyi would patent in 1928, it embodied an entirely new concept in design and operation, building upon a technology that would become known as the \"storage principle\". This technology involves the maintenance of [photoemission](/wiki/Photoemission \"Photoemission\") from the light\\-sensitive layer of the detector tube between scans. By this means, accumulation of charges would take place and the \"latent electric picture\" would be stored. Tihanyi filed two separate patent applications in 1928 then extended patent protection beyond Germany,German appl. 424822/June 11, 1928German appl. 482422/July 3, 1928 filing in France,Fr. Pat. 676\\.546/June 10, 1928 the United Kingdom,Br. Pat 313,456/June 11, 1928Br. Pat 315,362/July 11, 1928 the United States, and elsewhere.",
"However, the radically new concepts what he represented in his Radioskop patent were not widely understood and recognised by the contemporary professionals until around 1930\\.{{cite book \\|first\\=J. B. \\|last\\=Williams \\|title\\=The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future \\|publisher\\=Springer Nature \\|place\\=Cham \\|year\\=2017 \\|page\\=29 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-319\\-49088\\-5 \\|oclc\\=999399256 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-319\\-49088\\-5}}",
"",
"#### Berlin",
"In 1928, Tihanyi went to Berlin, where the development of [mechanical television](/wiki/Mechanical_television \"Mechanical television\") involving [Nipkow](/wiki/Nipkow \"Nipkow\") disks had already been begun by the German Post Office and the larger manufacturers. He set up his own laboratory in Berlin, where he made his first experimental picture tube with his younger brother, who also was an electrical engineer. The invention was received with enthusiasm by [Telefunken](/wiki/Telefunken \"Telefunken\") and [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens_AG \"Siemens AG\"), but in the end, they opted to continue with the development of mechanical television.{{cite web \\| last \\= \\| first \\= \\| title \\= KÁLMÁN TIHANYI (1897 \\- 1947\\) \\| publisher \\= Hungarian Intellectual Property Office \\| date \\= \\| url \\= http://www.sztnh.gov.hu/English/feltalalok/tihanyi.html \\| doi \\= \\| accessdate \\= 2014\\-06\\-03}} Then he was approached by the American Radio Corporation of America (RCA), contracted with him to purchase his patent, and began laboratory development of the image resolution tube. After a few months, the first well\\-functioning American camera tubes which based on Tihanyi's ideas were completed by Vladimir Zworykin at RCA, and the new television system was named the iconoscope.",
"#### London",
"In 1929, Tihanyi patented his new military invention under the title: \"Automatic sighting and directing devices for torpedoes, guns and other apparatus\" (See: British patent GB352035A)\nIn 1929, he moved to London, where he was invited to work on television guidance for defense applications, building prototypes of a camera for remotely guided aircraft for the [British Air Ministry](/wiki/British_Air_Ministry \"British Air Ministry\"), and later adapting it for the [Italian Navy](/wiki/Italian_Navy \"Italian Navy\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/rpav\\_britain.html \\|title\\=Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles : The 'Aerial Target' and 'Aerial Torpedo' in Britain \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-23 \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-10 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910094957/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/rpav\\_britain.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The solutions of the technology what Tihanyi depicted in his 1929 patent were so influential, that American UAV producing companies still used many of its ideas even half century later, until the mid 1980s.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/GB352035A/en\\|title\\=Automatic sighting and directing devices for torpedoes, guns and other apparatus\\|accessdate\\=22 May 2023}} In 1929, he invented the World's first infrared\\-sensitive (night vision) electronic television camera for anti\\-aircraft defense in Britain.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/sipka.doc \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231759/http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/sipka.doc \\|archivedate\\=2011\\-07\\-12 }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/tihanyi.html \\|title\\=Kalman Tihanyi (1897 \\- 1947\\) \\- Television Pioneer \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-16 \\|archive\\-date\\=2003\\-10\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031024102742/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/tihanyi.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In London he was commissioned with the designing of the remote\\-control devices and fire control systems for tanks, anti\\-aircraft guns and anti\\-aircraft reflectors for Britain.",
"Tihanyi's U.S. patents for his display and camera tubes, assigned to RCA, were issued in 1938 and 1939, respectively.",
"#### Budapest",
"In 1936 Tihanyi described the principle of \"[plasma television](/wiki/Plasma_display \"Plasma display\")\" and conceived the first flat\\-panel television system.[Tihanyi, Katalin, \"Kalman Tihanyi's plasma television, invented in the 1930s. Introduction to the article written by Julius Horvath.\"](http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat-panel_tv_en.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702200523/http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat\\-panel\\_tv\\_en.pdf \\|date\\=2007\\-07\\-02 }} *MTESZ SCITECH*, 2007\\-01\\-16, retrieved 2009\\-05\\-30\\. It involved a single “transmission \npoint” being moved at great speed behind a grid of cells arranged in a thin \npanel display, which would be excited to different levels by varying the \nvoltages to the point[Trivia answers](https://ewh.ieee.org/r2/johnstown/downloads/20090217_IEEE_JST_Trivia_Answers.pdf) ewh.ieee.org",
""
] |
Political career
----------------
### Mayor of Hagonoy (1986–1998\)
Sy\-Alvarado entered politics when he was appointed as officer\-in\-charge mayor of [Hagonoy, Bulacan](/wiki/Hagonoy%2C_Bulacan "Hagonoy, Bulacan") by President [Corazon Aquino](/wiki/Corazon_Aquino "Corazon Aquino") through the help of [Public Works and Highways Minister](/wiki/Secretary_of_Public_Works_and_Highways "Secretary of Public Works and Highways") Rogaciano Mercado, also a former representative from Bulacan, in 1986\. He was then elected in 1988 and served for three consecutive terms.
Within this period, Sy\-Alvarado received the Pag\-asa Award for Outstanding Public Official of the Philippines by the [Civil Service Commission](/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_%28Philippines%29 "Civil Service Commission (Philippines)") in 1992\. As mayor, he was also the President of the Philippine Mayors League \- Bulacan Chapter and the national Auditor of Philippine Mayors League.
### Congressman (1998–2007\)
Upon finishing his term as mayor, Sy\-Alvarado ran for congressman of [First District of Bulacan](/wiki/Bulacan%27s_1st_congressional_district "Bulacan's 1st congressional district") in 1998\. He won by a [landslide victory](/wiki/Landslide_victory "Landslide victory") the same year, where he served in the House of Representatives for two more terms. He was re\-elected in 2001 and in 2004, thus serving for nine years.
### Vice Governor of Bulacan (2007–2010\)
In the 2007 elections, Sy\-Alvarado teamed\-up with former Governor [Roberto Pagdanganan](/wiki/Roberto_Pagdanganan "Roberto Pagdanganan"). His wife, [Ma. Victoria](/wiki/Ma._Victoria_Sy-Alvarado "Ma. Victoria Sy-Alvarado") ran to keep his seat in the Congress. Although Pagdanganan lost to [Jonjon Mendoza](/wiki/Jonjon_Mendoza "Jonjon Mendoza"), he and his wife were successful.
### Governor of Bulacan (2010–2019\)
Prior to the [2010 local elections](/wiki/2010_Bulacan_local_elections "2010 Bulacan local elections"), Sy\-Alvarado voluntarily retired from vice\-governorship to run for governor. He challenged former governor Josefina Dela Cruz for the seat at the provincial elections. It was also during the gubernatorial feud between Roberto Pagdanganan and Jonjon Mendoza. His running mate was former board member and actor [Daniel Fernando](/wiki/Daniel_Fernando "Daniel Fernando"). In the elections, he won over Dela Cruz. In [2013](/wiki/2013_Bulacan_local_elections "2013 Bulacan local elections"), he ran unopposed. He was also appointed by then\-President [Benigno Aquino III](/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III "Benigno Aquino III") as the Regional Development Council Chairman for [Region III](/wiki/Central_Luzon "Central Luzon"), serving from May 2014 to June 2016\.
In [2016](/wiki/2016_Bulacan_local_elections "2016 Bulacan local elections"), he was re\-elected, defeating Dela Cruz and [San Miguel](/wiki/San_Miguel%2C_Bulacan "San Miguel, Bulacan") Mayor Roderick Tiongson.
### Vice Governor of Bulacan (2019–2022\)
Prior to the [2019 local elections](/wiki/2019_Bulacan_local_elections "2019 Bulacan local elections"), Sy\-Alvarado switched places with incumbent vice\-governor [Daniel Fernando](/wiki/Daniel_Fernando "Daniel Fernando") and ran for vice\-governor as they are both term\-limited; Fernando and Sy\-Alvarado won the elections respectively, beating incumbent [Malolos City](/wiki/Malolos_City "Malolos City") mayor Christian Natividad and incumbent [5th District](/wiki/Bulacan%27s_5th_congressional_district "Bulacan's 5th congressional district") [Board Member](/wiki/Bulacan_Provincial_Board "Bulacan Provincial Board") Josef Andrew Mendoza.
### 2022 gubernatorial bid
Sy\-Alvarado ran for governor in [2022](/wiki/2022_Bulacan_local_elections "2022 Bulacan local elections") under [PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban "PDP–Laban"), but lost to erstwhile long\-time ally Governor [Daniel Fernando](/wiki/Daniel_Fernando "Daniel Fernando"). His running mate for vice governor was former Governor [Jonjon Mendoza](/wiki/Jonjon_Mendoza "Jonjon Mendoza"), who also lost.
|
[
"Political career\n----------------",
"### Mayor of Hagonoy (1986–1998\\)",
"Sy\\-Alvarado entered politics when he was appointed as officer\\-in\\-charge mayor of [Hagonoy, Bulacan](/wiki/Hagonoy%2C_Bulacan \"Hagonoy, Bulacan\") by President [Corazon Aquino](/wiki/Corazon_Aquino \"Corazon Aquino\") through the help of [Public Works and Highways Minister](/wiki/Secretary_of_Public_Works_and_Highways \"Secretary of Public Works and Highways\") Rogaciano Mercado, also a former representative from Bulacan, in 1986\\. He was then elected in 1988 and served for three consecutive terms.",
"Within this period, Sy\\-Alvarado received the Pag\\-asa Award for Outstanding Public Official of the Philippines by the [Civil Service Commission](/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_%28Philippines%29 \"Civil Service Commission (Philippines)\") in 1992\\. As mayor, he was also the President of the Philippine Mayors League \\- Bulacan Chapter and the national Auditor of Philippine Mayors League.",
"### Congressman (1998–2007\\)",
"Upon finishing his term as mayor, Sy\\-Alvarado ran for congressman of [First District of Bulacan](/wiki/Bulacan%27s_1st_congressional_district \"Bulacan's 1st congressional district\") in 1998\\. He won by a [landslide victory](/wiki/Landslide_victory \"Landslide victory\") the same year, where he served in the House of Representatives for two more terms. He was re\\-elected in 2001 and in 2004, thus serving for nine years.",
"### Vice Governor of Bulacan (2007–2010\\)",
"In the 2007 elections, Sy\\-Alvarado teamed\\-up with former Governor [Roberto Pagdanganan](/wiki/Roberto_Pagdanganan \"Roberto Pagdanganan\"). His wife, [Ma. Victoria](/wiki/Ma._Victoria_Sy-Alvarado \"Ma. Victoria Sy-Alvarado\") ran to keep his seat in the Congress. Although Pagdanganan lost to [Jonjon Mendoza](/wiki/Jonjon_Mendoza \"Jonjon Mendoza\"), he and his wife were successful.",
"### Governor of Bulacan (2010–2019\\)",
"Prior to the [2010 local elections](/wiki/2010_Bulacan_local_elections \"2010 Bulacan local elections\"), Sy\\-Alvarado voluntarily retired from vice\\-governorship to run for governor. He challenged former governor Josefina Dela Cruz for the seat at the provincial elections. It was also during the gubernatorial feud between Roberto Pagdanganan and Jonjon Mendoza. His running mate was former board member and actor [Daniel Fernando](/wiki/Daniel_Fernando \"Daniel Fernando\"). In the elections, he won over Dela Cruz. In [2013](/wiki/2013_Bulacan_local_elections \"2013 Bulacan local elections\"), he ran unopposed. He was also appointed by then\\-President [Benigno Aquino III](/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III \"Benigno Aquino III\") as the Regional Development Council Chairman for [Region III](/wiki/Central_Luzon \"Central Luzon\"), serving from May 2014 to June 2016\\.",
"In [2016](/wiki/2016_Bulacan_local_elections \"2016 Bulacan local elections\"), he was re\\-elected, defeating Dela Cruz and [San Miguel](/wiki/San_Miguel%2C_Bulacan \"San Miguel, Bulacan\") Mayor Roderick Tiongson.",
"### Vice Governor of Bulacan (2019–2022\\)",
"Prior to the [2019 local elections](/wiki/2019_Bulacan_local_elections \"2019 Bulacan local elections\"), Sy\\-Alvarado switched places with incumbent vice\\-governor [Daniel Fernando](/wiki/Daniel_Fernando \"Daniel Fernando\") and ran for vice\\-governor as they are both term\\-limited; Fernando and Sy\\-Alvarado won the elections respectively, beating incumbent [Malolos City](/wiki/Malolos_City \"Malolos City\") mayor Christian Natividad and incumbent [5th District](/wiki/Bulacan%27s_5th_congressional_district \"Bulacan's 5th congressional district\") [Board Member](/wiki/Bulacan_Provincial_Board \"Bulacan Provincial Board\") Josef Andrew Mendoza.",
"### 2022 gubernatorial bid",
"Sy\\-Alvarado ran for governor in [2022](/wiki/2022_Bulacan_local_elections \"2022 Bulacan local elections\") under [PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban \"PDP–Laban\"), but lost to erstwhile long\\-time ally Governor [Daniel Fernando](/wiki/Daniel_Fernando \"Daniel Fernando\"). His running mate for vice governor was former Governor [Jonjon Mendoza](/wiki/Jonjon_Mendoza \"Jonjon Mendoza\"), who also lost.",
""
] |
Performance
-----------
The maulu'ulu was originally an artistic expression of everyday activities, domestic duties, and customary observations. Such themes are readily observed in the motifs embedded within lyrics and choreographies which allude to tasks such as weaving, paddling, making [tapa cloth](/wiki/Tapa_cloth "Tapa cloth"), cultivating crops, and fishing. While these themes are common in other Samoan dance and song genres, the ma'ulu'ulu is distinguished by the staggered rows of performers executing the same movements. Performers in the front rows usually sit cross\-legged, while middle rows kneel, and back rows stand. Another distinguishing feature of the Samoan ma'ulu'ulu is the coordinated transitioning between seated, kneeling, and standing positions.
The word *maulu'ulu'* literally means "to sprinkle" or "light rain" \- alluding to the lighthearted and jovial style of performance which was intended to refresh and reinvigorate audiences and social events as a "light rain" would cool the stifling tropical heat of a summer day.
Formations and transitions are the hallmark of the maulu'ulu \- the graceful footwork employed in walking from one row to another or from one area of performance to another. Mirrored motifs are commonly choreographed in such a way that the movements of one row of dancers is mirrored by corresponding movements executed by the dancers in the adjacent row. Proficient dancers are judged by the expressions of the face (smiling) and head, along with the grace and animation of hand and finger movements and smooth transitioning footwork.
The seated and kneeling formations of the Samoan maulu'ulu are the most visible component of the [Tongan Ma'ulu'ulu](/wiki/Ma%27ulu%27ulu "Ma'ulu'ulu") analog genre of Tonga. The Tongan ma'ulu'ulu in its current stylistic performance is more akin to the [Samoan Sasa](/wiki/Sasa_%28dance%29 "Sasa (dance)").
The [Manu Samoa](/wiki/Manu_Samoa "Manu Samoa") rugby team used to perform a lively version of the ma'ulu'ulu as a pre\-game warm\-up ritual until 1991 when the [siva tau](/wiki/Siva_tau "Siva tau") was choreographed (based on the Maori [haka](/wiki/Haka "Haka") made famous by the New Zealand [All Blacks](/wiki/All_Blacks "All Blacks") rugby squad.
|
[
"Performance\n-----------",
"The maulu'ulu was originally an artistic expression of everyday activities, domestic duties, and customary observations. Such themes are readily observed in the motifs embedded within lyrics and choreographies which allude to tasks such as weaving, paddling, making [tapa cloth](/wiki/Tapa_cloth \"Tapa cloth\"), cultivating crops, and fishing. While these themes are common in other Samoan dance and song genres, the ma'ulu'ulu is distinguished by the staggered rows of performers executing the same movements. Performers in the front rows usually sit cross\\-legged, while middle rows kneel, and back rows stand. Another distinguishing feature of the Samoan ma'ulu'ulu is the coordinated transitioning between seated, kneeling, and standing positions.",
"The word *maulu'ulu'* literally means \"to sprinkle\" or \"light rain\" \\- alluding to the lighthearted and jovial style of performance which was intended to refresh and reinvigorate audiences and social events as a \"light rain\" would cool the stifling tropical heat of a summer day.",
"Formations and transitions are the hallmark of the maulu'ulu \\- the graceful footwork employed in walking from one row to another or from one area of performance to another. Mirrored motifs are commonly choreographed in such a way that the movements of one row of dancers is mirrored by corresponding movements executed by the dancers in the adjacent row. Proficient dancers are judged by the expressions of the face (smiling) and head, along with the grace and animation of hand and finger movements and smooth transitioning footwork.",
"The seated and kneeling formations of the Samoan maulu'ulu are the most visible component of the [Tongan Ma'ulu'ulu](/wiki/Ma%27ulu%27ulu \"Ma'ulu'ulu\") analog genre of Tonga. The Tongan ma'ulu'ulu in its current stylistic performance is more akin to the [Samoan Sasa](/wiki/Sasa_%28dance%29 \"Sasa (dance)\").",
"The [Manu Samoa](/wiki/Manu_Samoa \"Manu Samoa\") rugby team used to perform a lively version of the ma'ulu'ulu as a pre\\-game warm\\-up ritual until 1991 when the [siva tau](/wiki/Siva_tau \"Siva tau\") was choreographed (based on the Maori [haka](/wiki/Haka \"Haka\") made famous by the New Zealand [All Blacks](/wiki/All_Blacks \"All Blacks\") rugby squad.",
""
] |
History
-------
C8 \- the ATA Connection, as a branded regional feeder operation, ceased being used when the remaining [assets](/wiki/Asset "Asset") of Chicago Express were completely [divested](/wiki/Divested "Divested") from AMTRAN, INC.'s [successor](/wiki/wikt:Successor "Successor") [company](/wiki/Company "Company") early in 2006, and some months before that when the [fleet](/wiki/Fleet_vehicles "Fleet vehicles") was withdrawn from service, owned aircraft parked, and leased [airplanes](/wiki/Airplane "Airplane") returned to their lease owners. Chicago Express, operating as the ATA Connection, flew [British Aerospace Jetstream 31](/wiki/British_Aerospace_Jetstream_31 "British Aerospace Jetstream 31") turboprops which were then replaced with [Saab 340](/wiki/Saab_340 "Saab 340") turboprops. C8 was also the [IATA](/wiki/IATA "IATA") code used when [travel agencies](/wiki/Travel_agency "Travel agency") were writing [tickets](/wiki/Airline_ticket "Airline ticket") upon Chicago Express routes, and booking travel between airlines not [affiliated](/wiki/Affiliate_%28commerce%29 "Affiliate (commerce)") or owned by [ATA](/wiki/American_Trans_Air "American Trans Air").
When the remains of Chicago Express (C8\) were [liquidated](/wiki/Liquidation "Liquidation"), the company was sold as Chicago Express, just as it read on the company's original airline operating certificate. ATA Connection's imagery and logos do not live on, unlike [BMI Regional](/wiki/BMI_Regional "BMI Regional")'s logos and trademarks after the buyout of parent airline [BMI](/wiki/British_Midland_International "British Midland International").
### Industry perceptions
The type of arrangement the C8 code and ATA Connection's form of logo and branding separating the two, has in the past at other companies, led to many public and corporate perception problems. Examples of such would be [Ransome Airlines](/wiki/Ransome_Airlines "Ransome Airlines"), who much of the informed among the aviation industry, was under the impression had completely exited the business of aviation, when its [parent company](/wiki/Parent_company "Parent company") had collapsed in [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy "Bankruptcy"). However, Ransome Airlines as [Trans World Express](/wiki/Trans_World_Express "Trans World Express") continued to operate for years to come, unbeknownst to many.
Similarly, for many lay individuals, when one sees the [Pan Am](/wiki/Pan_Am "Pan Am") emblem and logo emblazoned upon railways and airplanes at airports in literally identical [Pan Am Clipper Connection](/wiki/Pan_Am_Clipper_Connection "Pan Am Clipper Connection") or [Pan Am Railways](/wiki/Pan_Am_Railways "Pan Am Railways") form, this tends to leave the impression to all, that the original business is still in place. As in the case of [Pan Am Systems](/wiki/Pan_Am_Systems "Pan Am Systems") also unbeknownst to many, no business connection to the original [Pan American World Airways](/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways "Pan American World Airways") exists, although Pan Am's distinctive logo who Pan Am System owns, has been through four generations of different corporate usage.
C8 the IATA code of ATA Connection, C8 the [certificated](/wiki/Operating_certificate "Operating certificate") airline and former subsidiary of [ATA Airlines](/wiki/ATA_Airlines "ATA Airlines") parent company, and C8 the brand identified with ATA Connection are once and for all defunct. [Amtran](/wiki/ATA_Airlines "ATA Airlines"), and [ATA Holdings](/wiki/ATA_Holdings "ATA Holdings") continue to exist but in the renamed form of [Global Aero Logistics](/wiki/Global_Aero_Logistics "Global Aero Logistics").
ATA Airlines, a fully certificated airline carrier, IATA code TZ, ended operations in April 2008 as a result of the controlling interests of the [MatlinPatterson](/wiki/MatlinPatterson "MatlinPatterson") [hedge fund](/wiki/Hedge_fund "Hedge fund")'s reallocation of Amtran/ATA Holdings/ATA Airlines capital resources into the continued [leveraged investments](/wiki/Leveraged_buyout "Leveraged buyout") of [DC\-10](/wiki/DC-10 "DC-10") equipment, and [World Airways](/wiki/World_Airways "World Airways") / [North American Airlines](/wiki/North_American_Airlines "North American Airlines") causing and resulting in the financial insolvency of ATA Airlines through these collateralized transactions.
(C8\) The ATA Connection brand no longer exists.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"C8 \\- the ATA Connection, as a branded regional feeder operation, ceased being used when the remaining [assets](/wiki/Asset \"Asset\") of Chicago Express were completely [divested](/wiki/Divested \"Divested\") from AMTRAN, INC.'s [successor](/wiki/wikt:Successor \"Successor\") [company](/wiki/Company \"Company\") early in 2006, and some months before that when the [fleet](/wiki/Fleet_vehicles \"Fleet vehicles\") was withdrawn from service, owned aircraft parked, and leased [airplanes](/wiki/Airplane \"Airplane\") returned to their lease owners. Chicago Express, operating as the ATA Connection, flew [British Aerospace Jetstream 31](/wiki/British_Aerospace_Jetstream_31 \"British Aerospace Jetstream 31\") turboprops which were then replaced with [Saab 340](/wiki/Saab_340 \"Saab 340\") turboprops. C8 was also the [IATA](/wiki/IATA \"IATA\") code used when [travel agencies](/wiki/Travel_agency \"Travel agency\") were writing [tickets](/wiki/Airline_ticket \"Airline ticket\") upon Chicago Express routes, and booking travel between airlines not [affiliated](/wiki/Affiliate_%28commerce%29 \"Affiliate (commerce)\") or owned by [ATA](/wiki/American_Trans_Air \"American Trans Air\").",
"When the remains of Chicago Express (C8\\) were [liquidated](/wiki/Liquidation \"Liquidation\"), the company was sold as Chicago Express, just as it read on the company's original airline operating certificate. ATA Connection's imagery and logos do not live on, unlike [BMI Regional](/wiki/BMI_Regional \"BMI Regional\")'s logos and trademarks after the buyout of parent airline [BMI](/wiki/British_Midland_International \"British Midland International\").",
"### Industry perceptions",
"The type of arrangement the C8 code and ATA Connection's form of logo and branding separating the two, has in the past at other companies, led to many public and corporate perception problems. Examples of such would be [Ransome Airlines](/wiki/Ransome_Airlines \"Ransome Airlines\"), who much of the informed among the aviation industry, was under the impression had completely exited the business of aviation, when its [parent company](/wiki/Parent_company \"Parent company\") had collapsed in [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy \"Bankruptcy\"). However, Ransome Airlines as [Trans World Express](/wiki/Trans_World_Express \"Trans World Express\") continued to operate for years to come, unbeknownst to many.",
"Similarly, for many lay individuals, when one sees the [Pan Am](/wiki/Pan_Am \"Pan Am\") emblem and logo emblazoned upon railways and airplanes at airports in literally identical [Pan Am Clipper Connection](/wiki/Pan_Am_Clipper_Connection \"Pan Am Clipper Connection\") or [Pan Am Railways](/wiki/Pan_Am_Railways \"Pan Am Railways\") form, this tends to leave the impression to all, that the original business is still in place. As in the case of [Pan Am Systems](/wiki/Pan_Am_Systems \"Pan Am Systems\") also unbeknownst to many, no business connection to the original [Pan American World Airways](/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways \"Pan American World Airways\") exists, although Pan Am's distinctive logo who Pan Am System owns, has been through four generations of different corporate usage.",
"C8 the IATA code of ATA Connection, C8 the [certificated](/wiki/Operating_certificate \"Operating certificate\") airline and former subsidiary of [ATA Airlines](/wiki/ATA_Airlines \"ATA Airlines\") parent company, and C8 the brand identified with ATA Connection are once and for all defunct. [Amtran](/wiki/ATA_Airlines \"ATA Airlines\"), and [ATA Holdings](/wiki/ATA_Holdings \"ATA Holdings\") continue to exist but in the renamed form of [Global Aero Logistics](/wiki/Global_Aero_Logistics \"Global Aero Logistics\").",
"ATA Airlines, a fully certificated airline carrier, IATA code TZ, ended operations in April 2008 as a result of the controlling interests of the [MatlinPatterson](/wiki/MatlinPatterson \"MatlinPatterson\") [hedge fund](/wiki/Hedge_fund \"Hedge fund\")'s reallocation of Amtran/ATA Holdings/ATA Airlines capital resources into the continued [leveraged investments](/wiki/Leveraged_buyout \"Leveraged buyout\") of [DC\\-10](/wiki/DC-10 \"DC-10\") equipment, and [World Airways](/wiki/World_Airways \"World Airways\") / [North American Airlines](/wiki/North_American_Airlines \"North American Airlines\") causing and resulting in the financial insolvency of ATA Airlines through these collateralized transactions.",
"(C8\\) The ATA Connection brand no longer exists.",
""
] |
Ego states / parts of self
--------------------------
According to [Daniel Siegel](/wiki/Daniel_Siegel "Daniel Siegel"), a state of mind can become engrained when a positive event is experienced repeatedly; when a negative event is experienced repeatedly; or when a traumatic event is overwhelming.[Siegel, D.J.](/wiki/Daniel_Siegel "Daniel Siegel") (1999\). The developing mind: Toward a neurobiology of interpersonal experience. New York: Guilford Press. {{ISBN\|978\-1\-57230\-453\-6}}. The DNMS assumes engrained states of mind can become sub\-personalities, parts of self, or ego states with a point of view. Some parts form by reacting to others, while others form by introjecting others.[Introjection](/wiki/Introjection "Introjection")
Introjection is the unconscious internalization of another person's behaviors, ideas, values, or points of view.Berne, E. (1961\). Transactional analysis in psychotherapy, a systematic individual and social psychiatry. New York: Grove Press. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-345\-33836\-5}}.Freud, S. (1923/1961\). The ego and the id. In J Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol.19\). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published in 1923\).Perls, F. S. (1973\). The Gestalt approach and eyewitness to therapy. Science and Behavior Books, Inc. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-553\-20540\-4}}.Watkins, J. G., \& Watkins, H. H. (1997\). Ego states: Theory and therapy. New York: Norton. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-393\-70259\-0}}. An introject is an internal representation of another person. The DNMS assumes an introject can form when [mirror neurons](/wiki/Mirror_neurons "Mirror neurons") fire during significantly positive or negative relationship events. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that certain neural circuits get activated in a person who is carrying out an action, expressing an emotion, or experiencing a sensation, and in a person who is observing that person's action, emotion, or sensation.Gallese V., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., and Rizzolatti G. (1996\). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119: 593\-609\.
[Vittorio Gallese](/wiki/Vittorio_Gallese "Vittorio Gallese"), one of the discoverers of mirror neurons, calls this *shared activation*. He believes shared activation of neural circuits leads to *embodied simulation*. Embodied simulation means that internal representations of the body states associated with the actions, emotions, and sensations of the observed are evoked in the observer, 'as if' he or she were doing a similar action or experiencing a similar emotion or sensation.Gallese V., Eagle M.E., and Migone P. (2007\). Intentional attunement: Mirror neurons and the neural underpinnings of interpersonal relations. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 55: 131\-176\. Gallese believes this process to be a basic functional mechanism of the brain, which engages automatically and unconsciously, not the result of a willed or conscious cognitive effort, not aimed at interpreting the intentions of others. This suggests that the formation of introjects of the significant people in our lives, is a biological reflex that—for better or worse—we have no control over.
Parts of self can interact with each other like family members—for example, cooperatively, antagonistically, or both. They can have competing agendas, which can lead to internal conflicts. The DNMS is an [ego state therapy](/wiki/Ego-state_therapy "Ego-state therapy"). Like other ego state therapies, it aims to help individual wounded ego states heal, and encourage cooperation and integration between ego states. (Other ego state therapies include [psychosynthesis](/wiki/Psychosynthesis "Psychosynthesis"), [Gestalt therapy](/wiki/Gestalt_therapy "Gestalt therapy"), [transactional analysis](/wiki/Transactional_analysis "Transactional analysis"), [Internal Family Systems Therapy](/wiki/Internal_Family_Systems_Therapy "Internal Family Systems Therapy"), Voice Dialogue, and [inner child psychotherapy](/wiki/Inner_child "Inner child").)
### Healthy parts of self
According to this hypothesis, healthy parts of self form in response to positive, affirming relationships with role models who are loving and attuned. They live in the present; feel and manage the full range of emotions; hold positive beliefs about self and world; engage in appropriate, desirable behaviors; and have an adaptive point of view. Some healthy parts of self may be adaptive introjects, or internal representations of caring, supporting people. A DNMS therapist will help a patient mobilize healthy, internal, Resource ego states that can reparent wounded parts of self to help them heal.
### Wounded parts of self
Siegel argues that wounded parts of self form in response to traumas; and to negative, wounding relationships with role models who are abusive, neglectful, rejecting, and [enmeshing](/wiki/Enmeshment "Enmeshment"). They live in the past; are stuck in painful emotions; hold negative, irrational beliefs about self and world; engage in unwanted or inappropriate behaviors; and have a maladaptive point of view. The DNMS model presumes two categories of wounded ego states—reactive parts and maladaptive introjects.
#### Reactive parts
According to Siegel, reactive parts of self form in reaction to significantly wounding experiences. People are usually very aware of the problem behaviors, beliefs, or emotions of reactive parts. There are many types of reactive parts. Some hold raw emotions, like anxiety, terror, anger, sadness, grief, despair, shame, and hopelessness. Some hold reactions to specific traumatic experiences. Some cope with painful emotions with pain\-avoidant behaviors like withdrawing, drinking, or overeating. Some cope with painful emotions with self\-punishing behaviors like cutting, starving, or isolating. Some rebel with risky or self\-destructive behaviors like drinking, smoking, or engaging in unprotected sex. Some try to manage hurtful people with strategic pleasing behaviors like complying or overachieving. Some try to prevent attacks from others by engaging in aggressive behaviors—putting up a façade of strength, intimidation, control, or power. And some try to control other parts of self with warnings, threats, commands, or admonitions intended to encourage behaviors that please others or discourage behaviors that might upset others.
#### Maladaptive introjects
According to this hypothesis, maladaptive introject is a part of self that forms when mirror neurons fire in the presence of a significant role model who is physically or emotionally wounding (such as an abusive or rejecting parent.) In the DNMS model a maladaptive introject is conceptualized as a part of self with an intrinsically good true nature that is unwillingly wearing a mask or costume that conveys the role model's wounding messages. The mask is the mirror neuron's engrained recording of a past wounding experience.
When the mask is activated (or when the recording plays) the wounding message is directed to reactive parts who perceive the wounding experience from the past is still happening in the present. (The relationship between maladaptive introjects and reactive parts in the DNMS model is similar to the relationship between *top dog* and *underdog* parts in the Gestalt model.)Perls, F.S., Hefferline, R.F., \& Goodman, P. (1951\). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. New York: Dell. {{ISBN\|978\-3\-423\-15050\-7}}.
|
[
"Ego states / parts of self\n--------------------------",
"According to [Daniel Siegel](/wiki/Daniel_Siegel \"Daniel Siegel\"), a state of mind can become engrained when a positive event is experienced repeatedly; when a negative event is experienced repeatedly; or when a traumatic event is overwhelming.[Siegel, D.J.](/wiki/Daniel_Siegel \"Daniel Siegel\") (1999\\). The developing mind: Toward a neurobiology of interpersonal experience. New York: Guilford Press. {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-57230\\-453\\-6}}. The DNMS assumes engrained states of mind can become sub\\-personalities, parts of self, or ego states with a point of view. Some parts form by reacting to others, while others form by introjecting others.[Introjection](/wiki/Introjection \"Introjection\")",
"Introjection is the unconscious internalization of another person's behaviors, ideas, values, or points of view.Berne, E. (1961\\). Transactional analysis in psychotherapy, a systematic individual and social psychiatry. New York: Grove Press. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-345\\-33836\\-5}}.Freud, S. (1923/1961\\). The ego and the id. In J Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol.19\\). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published in 1923\\).Perls, F. S. (1973\\). The Gestalt approach and eyewitness to therapy. Science and Behavior Books, Inc. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-553\\-20540\\-4}}.Watkins, J. G., \\& Watkins, H. H. (1997\\). Ego states: Theory and therapy. New York: Norton. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-393\\-70259\\-0}}. An introject is an internal representation of another person. The DNMS assumes an introject can form when [mirror neurons](/wiki/Mirror_neurons \"Mirror neurons\") fire during significantly positive or negative relationship events. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that certain neural circuits get activated in a person who is carrying out an action, expressing an emotion, or experiencing a sensation, and in a person who is observing that person's action, emotion, or sensation.Gallese V., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., and Rizzolatti G. (1996\\). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119: 593\\-609\\.",
"[Vittorio Gallese](/wiki/Vittorio_Gallese \"Vittorio Gallese\"), one of the discoverers of mirror neurons, calls this *shared activation*. He believes shared activation of neural circuits leads to *embodied simulation*. Embodied simulation means that internal representations of the body states associated with the actions, emotions, and sensations of the observed are evoked in the observer, 'as if' he or she were doing a similar action or experiencing a similar emotion or sensation.Gallese V., Eagle M.E., and Migone P. (2007\\). Intentional attunement: Mirror neurons and the neural underpinnings of interpersonal relations. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 55: 131\\-176\\. Gallese believes this process to be a basic functional mechanism of the brain, which engages automatically and unconsciously, not the result of a willed or conscious cognitive effort, not aimed at interpreting the intentions of others. This suggests that the formation of introjects of the significant people in our lives, is a biological reflex that—for better or worse—we have no control over.",
"Parts of self can interact with each other like family members—for example, cooperatively, antagonistically, or both. They can have competing agendas, which can lead to internal conflicts. The DNMS is an [ego state therapy](/wiki/Ego-state_therapy \"Ego-state therapy\"). Like other ego state therapies, it aims to help individual wounded ego states heal, and encourage cooperation and integration between ego states. (Other ego state therapies include [psychosynthesis](/wiki/Psychosynthesis \"Psychosynthesis\"), [Gestalt therapy](/wiki/Gestalt_therapy \"Gestalt therapy\"), [transactional analysis](/wiki/Transactional_analysis \"Transactional analysis\"), [Internal Family Systems Therapy](/wiki/Internal_Family_Systems_Therapy \"Internal Family Systems Therapy\"), Voice Dialogue, and [inner child psychotherapy](/wiki/Inner_child \"Inner child\").)",
"### Healthy parts of self",
"According to this hypothesis, healthy parts of self form in response to positive, affirming relationships with role models who are loving and attuned. They live in the present; feel and manage the full range of emotions; hold positive beliefs about self and world; engage in appropriate, desirable behaviors; and have an adaptive point of view. Some healthy parts of self may be adaptive introjects, or internal representations of caring, supporting people. A DNMS therapist will help a patient mobilize healthy, internal, Resource ego states that can reparent wounded parts of self to help them heal.",
"### Wounded parts of self",
"Siegel argues that wounded parts of self form in response to traumas; and to negative, wounding relationships with role models who are abusive, neglectful, rejecting, and [enmeshing](/wiki/Enmeshment \"Enmeshment\"). They live in the past; are stuck in painful emotions; hold negative, irrational beliefs about self and world; engage in unwanted or inappropriate behaviors; and have a maladaptive point of view. The DNMS model presumes two categories of wounded ego states—reactive parts and maladaptive introjects.",
"#### Reactive parts",
"According to Siegel, reactive parts of self form in reaction to significantly wounding experiences. People are usually very aware of the problem behaviors, beliefs, or emotions of reactive parts. There are many types of reactive parts. Some hold raw emotions, like anxiety, terror, anger, sadness, grief, despair, shame, and hopelessness. Some hold reactions to specific traumatic experiences. Some cope with painful emotions with pain\\-avoidant behaviors like withdrawing, drinking, or overeating. Some cope with painful emotions with self\\-punishing behaviors like cutting, starving, or isolating. Some rebel with risky or self\\-destructive behaviors like drinking, smoking, or engaging in unprotected sex. Some try to manage hurtful people with strategic pleasing behaviors like complying or overachieving. Some try to prevent attacks from others by engaging in aggressive behaviors—putting up a façade of strength, intimidation, control, or power. And some try to control other parts of self with warnings, threats, commands, or admonitions intended to encourage behaviors that please others or discourage behaviors that might upset others.",
"#### Maladaptive introjects",
"According to this hypothesis, maladaptive introject is a part of self that forms when mirror neurons fire in the presence of a significant role model who is physically or emotionally wounding (such as an abusive or rejecting parent.) In the DNMS model a maladaptive introject is conceptualized as a part of self with an intrinsically good true nature that is unwillingly wearing a mask or costume that conveys the role model's wounding messages. The mask is the mirror neuron's engrained recording of a past wounding experience.",
"When the mask is activated (or when the recording plays) the wounding message is directed to reactive parts who perceive the wounding experience from the past is still happening in the present. (The relationship between maladaptive introjects and reactive parts in the DNMS model is similar to the relationship between *top dog* and *underdog* parts in the Gestalt model.)Perls, F.S., Hefferline, R.F., \\& Goodman, P. (1951\\). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. New York: Dell. {{ISBN\\|978\\-3\\-423\\-15050\\-7}}.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|align\=right
\|2000\= 1236
\|2010\= 1383
\|2020\= 1329
\|estyear\=2022
\|estimate\=1318
\|estref\=
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2016}}
}}
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\=January 31, 2008 \|title\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 1,236 people, 463 households, and 375 families residing in the township.
The population density was {{convert\|40\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 549 housing units at an average density of 18\.2/sq mi (7\.0/km{{sup\|2}}).
The racial makeup of the township was 98\.46% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.40% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.08% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.05% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.16% of the population.
There were 463 households, out of which 30\.9% had children under the age of eighteen living with them; 67\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18\.8% were non\-families. 13\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\.5% had someone living alone who was sixty\-five years of age or older.
The average household size was 2\.67 and the average family size was 2\.91\.
In the township the population was spread out, with 22\.5% under the age of eighteen, 6\.8% from eighteen to twenty\-four, 29\.7% from twenty\-five to forty\-four, 29\.2% from forty\-five to sixty\-four, and 11\.8% who were sixty\-five years of age or older. The median age was thirty\-nine years.
For every one hundred females, there were 104\.6 males. For every one hundred females who were aged eighteen or older, there were 99\.6 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $37,604, and the median income for a family was $40,385\. Males had a median income of $30,926 compared with that of $22,560 for females.
The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the township was $15,950\.
Roughly 6\.0% of families and 6\.7% of the population were living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 8\.3% of those who were under the age of eighteen and 2\.3% of those who were aged sixty\-five or older.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|align\\=right\n\\|2000\\= 1236\n\\|2010\\= 1383\n\\|2020\\= 1329\n\\|estyear\\=2022\n\\|estimate\\=1318\n\\|estref\\=\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2016}}\n}}\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2008 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 1,236 people, 463 households, and 375 families residing in the township.",
"The population density was {{convert\\|40\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 549 housing units at an average density of 18\\.2/sq mi (7\\.0/km{{sup\\|2}}).",
"The racial makeup of the township was 98\\.46% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.40% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.08% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.05% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.16% of the population.",
"There were 463 households, out of which 30\\.9% had children under the age of eighteen living with them; 67\\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18\\.8% were non\\-families. 13\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\\.5% had someone living alone who was sixty\\-five years of age or older.",
"The average household size was 2\\.67 and the average family size was 2\\.91\\.",
"In the township the population was spread out, with 22\\.5% under the age of eighteen, 6\\.8% from eighteen to twenty\\-four, 29\\.7% from twenty\\-five to forty\\-four, 29\\.2% from forty\\-five to sixty\\-four, and 11\\.8% who were sixty\\-five years of age or older. The median age was thirty\\-nine years.",
"For every one hundred females, there were 104\\.6 males. For every one hundred females who were aged eighteen or older, there were 99\\.6 males.",
"The median income for a household in the township was $37,604, and the median income for a family was $40,385\\. Males had a median income of $30,926 compared with that of $22,560 for females.",
"The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the township was $15,950\\.",
"Roughly 6\\.0% of families and 6\\.7% of the population were living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 8\\.3% of those who were under the age of eighteen and 2\\.3% of those who were aged sixty\\-five or older.",
""
] |
Sound intensity level
---------------------
{{Other uses\|Sound level (disambiguation){{!}}Sound level}}
**Sound intensity level** (SIL) or **acoustic intensity level** is the [level](/wiki/Level_%28logarithmic_quantity%29 "Level (logarithmic quantity)") (a [logarithmic quantity](/wiki/Logarithmic_quantity "Logarithmic quantity")) of the intensity of a sound relative to a reference value.
It is denoted *L**I*, expressed in [nepers](/wiki/Neper "Neper"), [bels](/wiki/Bel_%28unit%29 "Bel (unit)"), or [decibels](/wiki/Decibel "Decibel"), and defined by["Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 3: Logarithmic and related quantities, and their units"](http://webstore.iec.ch/webstore/webstore.nsf/artnum/028981), *IEC 60027\-3 Ed. 3\.0*, International Electrotechnical Commission, 19 July 2002\.
L\_I \= \\frac{1}{2} \\ln\\left(\\frac{I}{I\_0}\\right) \\mathrm{Np} \= \\log\_{10}\\left(\\frac{I}{I\_0}\\right)\\mathrm{B} \= 10 \\log\_{10}\\left(\\frac{I}{I\_0}\\right) \\mathrm{dB},
where
* *I* is the sound intensity;
* *I*0 is the *reference sound intensity*;
+ {{no break\|1\=1 Np \= 1}} is the [neper](/wiki/Neper "Neper");
+ {{no break\|1\=1 B \= {{sfrac\|1\|2}} ln(10\)}} is the [bel](/wiki/Decibel "Decibel");
+ {{no break\|1\=1 dB \= {{sfrac\|1\|20}} ln(10\)}} is the [decibel](/wiki/Decibel "Decibel").
The commonly used reference sound intensity in air isRoss Roeser, Michael Valente, *Audiology: Diagnosis* (Thieme 2007\), p. 240\.
I\_0 \= 1\~\\mathrm{pW/m^2}.
being approximately the lowest sound intensity hearable by an undamaged human ear under room conditions.
The proper notations for sound intensity level using this reference are {{nobreak\|''L''''I'' /(1 pW/m2)}} or {{nobreak\|''L''''I'' (re 1 pW/m2)}}, but the notations {{nobreak\|dB SIL}}, {{nobreak\|dB(SIL)}}, dBSIL, or dBSIL are very common, even if they are not accepted by the SI.Thompson, A. and Taylor, B. N. sec 8\.7, "Logarithmic quantities and units: level, neper, bel", *Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) 2008 Edition*, NIST Special Publication 811, 2nd printing (November 2008\), SP811 [PDF](http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf)
The reference sound intensity *I*0 is defined such that a progressive plane wave has the same value of sound intensity level (SIL) and [sound pressure level](/wiki/Sound_pressure_level "Sound pressure level") (SPL), since
I \\propto p^2\.
The equality of SIL and SPL requires that
\\frac{I}{I\_0} \= \\frac{p^2}{p\_0^2},
where {{nobreak\|1\=''p''0 \= 20 μPa}} is the reference sound pressure.
For a *progressive* spherical wave,
\\frac{p}{c} \= z\_0,
where *z*0 is the [characteristic specific acoustic impedance](/wiki/Acoustic_impedance%23Characteristic_specific_acoustic_impedance "Acoustic impedance#Characteristic specific acoustic impedance"). Thus,
I\_0 \= \\frac{p\_0^2 I}{p^2} \= \\frac{p\_0^2 pc}{p^2} \= \\frac{p\_0^2}{z\_0}.
In air at ambient temperature, {{nobreak\|1\=''z''0 \= 410 Pa·s/m}}, hence the reference value {{nobreak\|1\=''I''0 \= 1 pW/m2}}.Sound Power Measurements, Hewlett Packard Application Note 1230, 1992\.
In an [anechoic chamber](/wiki/Anechoic_chamber "Anechoic chamber") which approximates a free field (no reflection) with a single source, measurements in the [far field](/wiki/Near_and_far_field "Near and far field") in SPL can be considered to be equal to measurements in SIL. This fact is exploited to measure sound power in anechoic conditions.
|
[
"Sound intensity level\n---------------------",
"{{Other uses\\|Sound level (disambiguation){{!}}Sound level}}\n**Sound intensity level** (SIL) or **acoustic intensity level** is the [level](/wiki/Level_%28logarithmic_quantity%29 \"Level (logarithmic quantity)\") (a [logarithmic quantity](/wiki/Logarithmic_quantity \"Logarithmic quantity\")) of the intensity of a sound relative to a reference value.",
"It is denoted *L**I*, expressed in [nepers](/wiki/Neper \"Neper\"), [bels](/wiki/Bel_%28unit%29 \"Bel (unit)\"), or [decibels](/wiki/Decibel \"Decibel\"), and defined by[\"Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 3: Logarithmic and related quantities, and their units\"](http://webstore.iec.ch/webstore/webstore.nsf/artnum/028981), *IEC 60027\\-3 Ed. 3\\.0*, International Electrotechnical Commission, 19 July 2002\\.\nL\\_I \\= \\\\frac{1}{2} \\\\ln\\\\left(\\\\frac{I}{I\\_0}\\\\right) \\\\mathrm{Np} \\= \\\\log\\_{10}\\\\left(\\\\frac{I}{I\\_0}\\\\right)\\\\mathrm{B} \\= 10 \\\\log\\_{10}\\\\left(\\\\frac{I}{I\\_0}\\\\right) \\\\mathrm{dB},\nwhere\n* *I* is the sound intensity;\n* *I*0 is the *reference sound intensity*;\n\t+ {{no break\\|1\\=1 Np \\= 1}} is the [neper](/wiki/Neper \"Neper\");\n\t+ {{no break\\|1\\=1 B \\= {{sfrac\\|1\\|2}} ln(10\\)}} is the [bel](/wiki/Decibel \"Decibel\");\n\t+ {{no break\\|1\\=1 dB \\= {{sfrac\\|1\\|20}} ln(10\\)}} is the [decibel](/wiki/Decibel \"Decibel\").",
"The commonly used reference sound intensity in air isRoss Roeser, Michael Valente, *Audiology: Diagnosis* (Thieme 2007\\), p. 240\\.\nI\\_0 \\= 1\\~\\\\mathrm{pW/m^2}.",
"being approximately the lowest sound intensity hearable by an undamaged human ear under room conditions.\nThe proper notations for sound intensity level using this reference are {{nobreak\\|''L''''I'' /(1 pW/m2)}} or {{nobreak\\|''L''''I'' (re 1 pW/m2)}}, but the notations {{nobreak\\|dB SIL}}, {{nobreak\\|dB(SIL)}}, dBSIL, or dBSIL are very common, even if they are not accepted by the SI.Thompson, A. and Taylor, B. N. sec 8\\.7, \"Logarithmic quantities and units: level, neper, bel\", *Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) 2008 Edition*, NIST Special Publication 811, 2nd printing (November 2008\\), SP811 [PDF](http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf)",
"The reference sound intensity *I*0 is defined such that a progressive plane wave has the same value of sound intensity level (SIL) and [sound pressure level](/wiki/Sound_pressure_level \"Sound pressure level\") (SPL), since\nI \\\\propto p^2\\.",
"The equality of SIL and SPL requires that\n\\\\frac{I}{I\\_0} \\= \\\\frac{p^2}{p\\_0^2},\nwhere {{nobreak\\|1\\=''p''0 \\= 20 μPa}} is the reference sound pressure.",
"For a *progressive* spherical wave,\n\\\\frac{p}{c} \\= z\\_0,\nwhere *z*0 is the [characteristic specific acoustic impedance](/wiki/Acoustic_impedance%23Characteristic_specific_acoustic_impedance \"Acoustic impedance#Characteristic specific acoustic impedance\"). Thus,\nI\\_0 \\= \\\\frac{p\\_0^2 I}{p^2} \\= \\\\frac{p\\_0^2 pc}{p^2} \\= \\\\frac{p\\_0^2}{z\\_0}.",
"In air at ambient temperature, {{nobreak\\|1\\=''z''0 \\= 410 Pa·s/m}}, hence the reference value {{nobreak\\|1\\=''I''0 \\= 1 pW/m2}}.Sound Power Measurements, Hewlett Packard Application Note 1230, 1992\\.",
"In an [anechoic chamber](/wiki/Anechoic_chamber \"Anechoic chamber\") which approximates a free field (no reflection) with a single source, measurements in the [far field](/wiki/Near_and_far_field \"Near and far field\") in SPL can be considered to be equal to measurements in SIL. This fact is exploited to measure sound power in anechoic conditions.",
""
] |
Career
------
Lysenchuk started his professional career in the [Soviet First League](/wiki/Soviet_First_League "Soviet First League") in 1968–1969 playing for Ukrainian clubs from [Kremenchuk](/wiki/Kremenchuk "Kremenchuk") and [Kadiivka](/wiki/Kadiivka "Kadiivka"). In 1970 he made his debut in the [Soviet Top League](/wiki/Soviet_Top_League "Soviet Top League") playing for [FC Zorya Luhansk](/wiki/FC_Zorya_Luhansk "FC Zorya Luhansk").
After not actively playing in [Voroshilovgrad](/wiki/Voroshilovgrad "Voroshilovgrad"), in 1973 Lysenchuk signed with [SC Tavriya Simferopol](/wiki/SC_Tavriya_Simferopol "SC Tavriya Simferopol") with which he became champions of Ukraine and spent the next four years. While playing in the First League, in 1978 he signed with Krylya Sovetov and earned promotion to the Top League. In 1979 Lysenchuk was the main goalie for the Volga team at the Soviet top division. He also represented the Russian football team at the Soviet [Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR](/wiki/Spartakiad_of_the_Peoples_of_the_USSR "Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR").
In 1980–1981 Lysenchuk played for Ukrainian club from [Zaporizhia](/wiki/Zaporizhia "Zaporizhia") and [Poltava](/wiki/Poltava "Poltava") and for [FC Dnipro](/wiki/FC_Dnipro "FC Dnipro") reserve team in the Soviet reserve competitions. In 1982 he signed with [FC Kolos Nikopol](/wiki/FC_Kolos_Nikopol "FC Kolos Nikopol"), but soon retired.
After a short while Lysenchuk was appointed a head coach of [FC Kolos Nikopol](/wiki/FC_Kolos_Nikopol "FC Kolos Nikopol") which he managed until 1987\. In 1988–1989 he managed Sudostroitel Nikolayev ([MFC Mykolaiv](/wiki/MFC_Mykolaiv "MFC Mykolaiv")). In 1989–1990 he coached in Poltava first as an assistant, but later as a head coach. After that and until [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union "Dissolution of the Soviet Union") in 1991, Lysenchuk led [FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih](/wiki/FC_Kryvbas_Kryvyi_Rih_%281959%E2%80%932013%29 "FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih (1959–2013)").
In independent Ukraine since 1993 Lysenchuk was heading the Ukrainian association of [futsal](/wiki/Futsal "Futsal"). In 1995 he lost elections to become president of the [Football Federation of Ukraine](/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Ukraine "Football Federation of Ukraine") to [Viktor Bannikov](/wiki/Viktor_Bannikov "Viktor Bannikov").
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Lysenchuk started his professional career in the [Soviet First League](/wiki/Soviet_First_League \"Soviet First League\") in 1968–1969 playing for Ukrainian clubs from [Kremenchuk](/wiki/Kremenchuk \"Kremenchuk\") and [Kadiivka](/wiki/Kadiivka \"Kadiivka\"). In 1970 he made his debut in the [Soviet Top League](/wiki/Soviet_Top_League \"Soviet Top League\") playing for [FC Zorya Luhansk](/wiki/FC_Zorya_Luhansk \"FC Zorya Luhansk\").",
"After not actively playing in [Voroshilovgrad](/wiki/Voroshilovgrad \"Voroshilovgrad\"), in 1973 Lysenchuk signed with [SC Tavriya Simferopol](/wiki/SC_Tavriya_Simferopol \"SC Tavriya Simferopol\") with which he became champions of Ukraine and spent the next four years. While playing in the First League, in 1978 he signed with Krylya Sovetov and earned promotion to the Top League. In 1979 Lysenchuk was the main goalie for the Volga team at the Soviet top division. He also represented the Russian football team at the Soviet [Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR](/wiki/Spartakiad_of_the_Peoples_of_the_USSR \"Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR\").",
"In 1980–1981 Lysenchuk played for Ukrainian club from [Zaporizhia](/wiki/Zaporizhia \"Zaporizhia\") and [Poltava](/wiki/Poltava \"Poltava\") and for [FC Dnipro](/wiki/FC_Dnipro \"FC Dnipro\") reserve team in the Soviet reserve competitions. In 1982 he signed with [FC Kolos Nikopol](/wiki/FC_Kolos_Nikopol \"FC Kolos Nikopol\"), but soon retired.",
"After a short while Lysenchuk was appointed a head coach of [FC Kolos Nikopol](/wiki/FC_Kolos_Nikopol \"FC Kolos Nikopol\") which he managed until 1987\\. In 1988–1989 he managed Sudostroitel Nikolayev ([MFC Mykolaiv](/wiki/MFC_Mykolaiv \"MFC Mykolaiv\")). In 1989–1990 he coached in Poltava first as an assistant, but later as a head coach. After that and until [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Dissolution of the Soviet Union\") in 1991, Lysenchuk led [FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih](/wiki/FC_Kryvbas_Kryvyi_Rih_%281959%E2%80%932013%29 \"FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih (1959–2013)\").",
"In independent Ukraine since 1993 Lysenchuk was heading the Ukrainian association of [futsal](/wiki/Futsal \"Futsal\"). In 1995 he lost elections to become president of the [Football Federation of Ukraine](/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Ukraine \"Football Federation of Ukraine\") to [Viktor Bannikov](/wiki/Viktor_Bannikov \"Viktor Bannikov\").",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1982–1990
[thumb\|Chenoa Egawa portrays one of the ghost narrators in *The Ghosts of Celilo*](/wiki/File:Artists_Repertory_Theatre.jpg "Artists Repertory Theatre.jpg")
Rebecca Adams (as producing director), Peter Waldron (as designer), Joe Cronin, Amy Fowkes, David Gomes and Vana O'Brien formed Artists Repertory Theatre in 1982; their goal was to present contemporary playwrights' work in an intimate space. Through the early years of the theatre, they used the local YWCA's 110–seat Wilson Center for the Performing Arts as their performance area. In 1988, Artists Rep appointed Allen Nause to the position of artistic director; he would go on to hold the position for over 20 years.
### 1990–1999
Artists Rep creates an improvisation and role\-playing program to teach life\-skills named ART Reach (later renamed Actors to Go) in 1990\. In 1991, Artists Rep began a development program, focused on creating new plays; and in its first year Artists Rep earned an Oregon Book Nomination for their world premiere production of Nancy Klementowski's *After the Light Goes*.
In 1995 they began a campaign to raise money for a new facility. After 2 years, Artists Rep was able to raise $1\.2 million; with this money they moved into the Alder St. space, which included a 172–seat black box theater, administrative offices, a green room and dressing rooms, set–building shop, wardrobe room and rehearsal hall. In 1997, they were able to expand their presence in the world with an Artists Rep production at an international human rights play festival held on a tour of Pakistan.
### 2000–2009
To begin the new millennia, in 2000 Artists Rep chose to participate in the first\-ever\-reciprocal artistic collaboration between the United States and Vietnam, the Vietnam America Theatre Exchange. To accommodate demand, Artists Rep started a second Ssage season in 2002; these productions would take place at an off\-site location as the Alder St. space was too small. In 2004 they were one of only six companies nationally to be selected to the largest\-ever tour of Shakespeare in U.S. history. This would be a continuation of their previous US/Vietnam collaboration, but extended to a tour of the seven Western states through the National Endowment for the Arts'"Shakespeare in American Communities" initiative.
Later that year, Artists Rep began the expansion of their theatre space with the purchase of a 29,000 sq.ft. area of an entire city block for $4\.8 million. The next year, 2005, Artists Rep opened an on\-site location, the Morrison Stage, for their second stage productions; it would feature a more intimate setting with 164 seats. In 2008, Michael Mendelson, Vana O'Brien, Amaya Villazan and Todd Van Voris would become Artists Rep's first Resident Acting Company, and they all still remain members to this day. After opening the Morrison Stage in 2005, Artists Rep planned in 2009 to connect the two theatres with the construction of a staircase and the expansion of the Alder St. Stage's lobby.
### 2010–
Artists Rep kicked off its 2010/11 season with a co\-production of [Eugene O'Neill](/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill "Eugene O'Neill")'s *[Long Day's Journey Into Night](/wiki/Long_Day%27s_Journey_into_Night "Long Day's Journey into Night")* with the [Sydney Theatre Company](/wiki/Sydney_Theatre_Company "Sydney Theatre Company"). The cast included [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") winning actor [William Hurt](/wiki/William_Hurt "William Hurt"), Australian star of stage and screen [Robyn Nevin](/wiki/Robyn_Nevin "Robyn Nevin"), Artists Rep Company Member Todd Van Voris, and Sydney Theatre Company Members Luke Mullins and Emily Russell.
In 2012, Artists Rep celebrated its thirtieth anniversary season. Allen Nause, the theatre's artistic director for twenty\-five years announced his retirement, to be succeeded by Dámaso Rodríguez. The following season, Rodríguez expanded Artists Rep's resident artists to include not only actors but also directors, designers, playwrights, and small experimental ensembles. Artists Rep became an arts campus, housing initially eight arts organizations within its red walls, including the August Wilson Red Door Project, Portland Revels, Profile Theatre, Portland Area Theatre Alliance, and the Portland Shakespeare Project. While the Traveling Lantern Theatre Company and Polaris Dance Theatre are no longer members of the ArtsHub, as of 2019, Hand2Mouth Theatre, the LineStorm Playwrights collective, Portland Actors Conservatory, and the Fertile Ground Festival for new work are facilitated by the venue. This ArtsHub initiative won the 2016 Light A Fire Award for inspiring creativity.{{cite magazine \|last\=Jacobson \|first\=Rebecca \|date\=2016\-10\-10 \|title\=Artists Repertory Transforms Its Home into an Incubator for the Future of Local Theater \|url\=https://www.pdxmonthly.com/articles/2016/10/10/artists\-repertory\-transforms\-its\-home\-into\-an\-incubator\-for\-the\-future\-of\-local\-theater \|magazine\=Portland Monthly \|location\=Portland, Oregon\|publisher\=Sagazity Media \|access\-date\=2019\-05\-26}}
Rodríguez has implemented a series of new initiatives to support theatre\-makers from varied backgrounds and facilitate new work in addition to the ArtsHub. After the appointment of Luan Schooler as Director of New Play Development and Dramaturgy, the pair initiated Table\|Room\|Stage (T\|R\|S) that facilitates new work at a variety of stages–from refining pre\-existing work to commissions new work and staging world premiers. A pilot program begun in 2014, notable successes have included Andrea Stolowitz's [Oregon Book Award](/wiki/Oregon_Book_Award "Oregon Book Award")\-winning *Ithaka*, about returning women combat veterans,{{cite magazine \|author\= \|title\=Andrea Stolowitz Wins Third Oregon Book Award \|url\=http://willamette.edu/news/today/past\-issues/2019/04/26/andrea\-stolowitz\-wins\-third\-oregon\-book\-award.html \|magazine\=Today@Willamette \|location\=Salem, Oregon\|publisher\=Willamette University \|date\=2019\-04\-24 \|access\-date\=2019\-05\-26 }} and E.M. Lewis's *Magellanica*, a six\-hour epic about scientists studying climate change in Antarctica that was recognized with an Edgerton Award from TCG.{{cite news \|author\= \|title\=Artists Rep Awarded $119K For MAGELLANICA From Oregon Community Foundation \& Edgerton Foundation \|url\=https://www.broadwayworld.com/portland/article/Artists\-Rep\-Awarded\-119K\-For\-MAGELLANICA\-From\-Oregon\-Community\-Foundation\-Edgerton\-Foundation\-20171102 \|work\=Broadway World News Desk \|date\=2017\-11\-02 \|access\-date\=2019\-05\-26 }} Also in 2014, in the wake of a $500,000 gift, Rodríguez dramatically increased the resident company to 20 members.{{cite news \|last\=Johnson \|first\=Barry \|date\=2014\-05\-23 \|title\=Damaso Rodriguez is rethinking Artists Repertory Theatre \|url\=https://www.orartswatch.org/damaso\-rodriguez\-is\-rethinking\-artists\-repertory\-theatre/ \|work\=Oregon ArtsWatch \|location\=Portland, Oregon\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-30 }}
2018 saw a dramatic series of material changes at the theatre. In 2018, the company was hard\-pressed to pay\-off and IRS lien filed for lapses in its payroll tax filings going back to 2012 (paid off in early December).{{cite news \|last\=Baer \|first\=April \|date\=2018\-02\-02 \|title\=Artists Repertory Theatre To Sell Half Its Building; Parts With Managing Director \|url\=https://www.opb.org/artsandlife/article/portland\-oregon\-artists\-repertory\-theatre\-goose\-hollow\-building\-sale/ \|work\=Oregon Public Radio \|location\=Portland, Oregon\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-30 }} Property taxes and the expensive mortgage typical of Pacific Northwest urban centers remained the issue, so the company decided to sell half of its 2004 block\-fixed, 29,000 square\-foot property to an Atlanta\-based developer.{{cite news \|last\=Jaquiss \|first\=Nigel \|date\=2018\-02\-01 \|title\=Struggling for Survival, Portland’s Oldest Major Theater Company Is Preparing to Sell Part of Its Property \|url\=https://www.opb.org/artsandlife/article/portland\-oregon\-artists\-repertory\-theatre\-goose\-hollow\-building\-sale/ \|work\=Willamette Week \|location\=Portland, Oregon\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-30 }} The buyer, Wood Partners, plans to build twenty\-story mixed\-use building with 296 housing units, 4,000 square feet of retail, and 206 below\-grade parking spaces.
Shortly thereafter, the company received an unrestricted $7 million gift from an anonymous donor.{{cite news \|last\=Baer \|first\=April \|date\=2018\-02\-01 \|title\=Artists Repertory Theatre Receives $7 Million Gift \|url\=https://www.opb.org/news/article/artists\-repertory\-theatre\-receives\-7\-million\-gift/ \|work\=Oregon Public Radio \|location\=Portland, Oregon\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-30 }} Coming in at twice the theatre's annual operating budget, the gift was the largest donation in the company's history, and one of the largest gifts that has ever made to an arts institution in Oregon to date.{{cite magazine \|author\= \|date\=2018\-02\-02 \|title\=Artists Repertory Theatre Receives Anonymous $7 Million Gift \|url\=https://www.americantheatre.org/2018/02/02/artists\-repertory\-theatre\-receives\-anonymous\-7\-million\-gift/ \|magazine\=American Theatre \|publisher\=Theatre Communications Group \|access\-date\=2019\-05\-30 }} While still maintaining the sale of half their headquarter property, Artist Director Rodriguez who was then also the interim Managing Director decided to use the funds to pay off the remaining mortgage and over half a million dollars in overdue bills to vendors, a line of credit and credit card bills.{{cite news \|last\=Baer \|first\=April \|date\=2018\-02\-01 \|title\=How To Spend $7 Million: Artists Rep’s New Reality \|url\=https://www.opb.org/news/article/artists\-rep\-theatre\-portland\-gift\-7\-million\-spend/ \|work\=Oregon Public Radio \|location\=Portland, Oregon\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-30 }} The remaining funds have been set aside in an operating cash reserve, a backfill a fund for specific programs, and $1\.6 million for substantial renovations to the remaining portion of the building. The substantial gift was seen by the range of artists and companies who depend on the space as a city\-changing act of generosity.{{cite news \|last\=Wang \|first\=Amy \|date\=2018\-02\-01 \|title\=Artists Repertory Theatre receives $7 million gift \|url\=https://www.oregonlive.com/art/2018/02/artists\_repertory\_theatre\_gift.html \|work\=The Oregonian / OregonLive \|location\=Portland, Oregon\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-30 }}
Amidst the changes, ART was also able to hire J.S. (John Stuart) May as the new managing director in the wake of Sarah Horton's departure.{{cite news \|last\=Hughley \|first\=Marty \|date\=2018\-09\-27 \|title\=Artists Rep picks J.S. May as new managing director \|url\=https://www.orartswatch.org/artists\-rep\-picks\-j\-s\-may\-as\-new\-managing\-director/ \|work\=Oregon ArtsWatch \|location\=Portland, Oregon\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-30 }} By mid\-2019, architectural plans were released by May for the new two\-theater complex with room for the ArtsHub companies, as well as a $10 million capital campaign.{{cite news \|last\=Johnson \|first\=Barry \|date\=2019\-04\-22 \|title\=Theater news: Artists Rep prepares for another leap \|url\=https://www.orartswatch.org/theater\-news\-artists\-rep\-prepares\-for\-another\-leap/ \|work\=Oregon ArtsWatch \|location\=Portland, Oregon\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-30 }} The company's 2019–20 season will be "On Tour", renting spaces across [the city](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon") with Imago Theatre, Portland Opera, the Tiffany Center, [Portland Center Stage](/wiki/Portland_Center_Stage "Portland Center Stage"), and [Portland State University](/wiki/Portland_State_University "Portland State University") to put up the skeleton six\-show season.{{cite news \|last\=Vondersmith \|first\=Jason \|date\=2019\-04\-29 \|title\=Artists Repertory Theatre's next act begins \|url\=https://pamplinmedia.com/pt/11\-features/426945\-333437\-artists\-repertory\-theatres\-next\-act\-begins\-pwoff \|work\=Portland Tribune \| publisher\=Pamplin Media Group \|location\=Portland, Oregon\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-30 }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1982–1990",
"[thumb\\|Chenoa Egawa portrays one of the ghost narrators in *The Ghosts of Celilo*](/wiki/File:Artists_Repertory_Theatre.jpg \"Artists Repertory Theatre.jpg\")\nRebecca Adams (as producing director), Peter Waldron (as designer), Joe Cronin, Amy Fowkes, David Gomes and Vana O'Brien formed Artists Repertory Theatre in 1982; their goal was to present contemporary playwrights' work in an intimate space. Through the early years of the theatre, they used the local YWCA's 110–seat Wilson Center for the Performing Arts as their performance area. In 1988, Artists Rep appointed Allen Nause to the position of artistic director; he would go on to hold the position for over 20 years.",
"### 1990–1999",
"Artists Rep creates an improvisation and role\\-playing program to teach life\\-skills named ART Reach (later renamed Actors to Go) in 1990\\. In 1991, Artists Rep began a development program, focused on creating new plays; and in its first year Artists Rep earned an Oregon Book Nomination for their world premiere production of Nancy Klementowski's *After the Light Goes*.",
"In 1995 they began a campaign to raise money for a new facility. After 2 years, Artists Rep was able to raise $1\\.2 million; with this money they moved into the Alder St. space, which included a 172–seat black box theater, administrative offices, a green room and dressing rooms, set–building shop, wardrobe room and rehearsal hall. In 1997, they were able to expand their presence in the world with an Artists Rep production at an international human rights play festival held on a tour of Pakistan.",
"### 2000–2009",
"To begin the new millennia, in 2000 Artists Rep chose to participate in the first\\-ever\\-reciprocal artistic collaboration between the United States and Vietnam, the Vietnam America Theatre Exchange. To accommodate demand, Artists Rep started a second Ssage season in 2002; these productions would take place at an off\\-site location as the Alder St. space was too small. In 2004 they were one of only six companies nationally to be selected to the largest\\-ever tour of Shakespeare in U.S. history. This would be a continuation of their previous US/Vietnam collaboration, but extended to a tour of the seven Western states through the National Endowment for the Arts'\"Shakespeare in American Communities\" initiative.",
"Later that year, Artists Rep began the expansion of their theatre space with the purchase of a 29,000 sq.ft. area of an entire city block for $4\\.8 million. The next year, 2005, Artists Rep opened an on\\-site location, the Morrison Stage, for their second stage productions; it would feature a more intimate setting with 164 seats. In 2008, Michael Mendelson, Vana O'Brien, Amaya Villazan and Todd Van Voris would become Artists Rep's first Resident Acting Company, and they all still remain members to this day. After opening the Morrison Stage in 2005, Artists Rep planned in 2009 to connect the two theatres with the construction of a staircase and the expansion of the Alder St. Stage's lobby.",
"### 2010–",
"Artists Rep kicked off its 2010/11 season with a co\\-production of [Eugene O'Neill](/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill \"Eugene O'Neill\")'s *[Long Day's Journey Into Night](/wiki/Long_Day%27s_Journey_into_Night \"Long Day's Journey into Night\")* with the [Sydney Theatre Company](/wiki/Sydney_Theatre_Company \"Sydney Theatre Company\"). The cast included [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") winning actor [William Hurt](/wiki/William_Hurt \"William Hurt\"), Australian star of stage and screen [Robyn Nevin](/wiki/Robyn_Nevin \"Robyn Nevin\"), Artists Rep Company Member Todd Van Voris, and Sydney Theatre Company Members Luke Mullins and Emily Russell.",
"In 2012, Artists Rep celebrated its thirtieth anniversary season. Allen Nause, the theatre's artistic director for twenty\\-five years announced his retirement, to be succeeded by Dámaso Rodríguez. The following season, Rodríguez expanded Artists Rep's resident artists to include not only actors but also directors, designers, playwrights, and small experimental ensembles. Artists Rep became an arts campus, housing initially eight arts organizations within its red walls, including the August Wilson Red Door Project, Portland Revels, Profile Theatre, Portland Area Theatre Alliance, and the Portland Shakespeare Project. While the Traveling Lantern Theatre Company and Polaris Dance Theatre are no longer members of the ArtsHub, as of 2019, Hand2Mouth Theatre, the LineStorm Playwrights collective, Portland Actors Conservatory, and the Fertile Ground Festival for new work are facilitated by the venue. This ArtsHub initiative won the 2016 Light A Fire Award for inspiring creativity.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Jacobson \\|first\\=Rebecca \\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-10 \\|title\\=Artists Repertory Transforms Its Home into an Incubator for the Future of Local Theater \\|url\\=https://www.pdxmonthly.com/articles/2016/10/10/artists\\-repertory\\-transforms\\-its\\-home\\-into\\-an\\-incubator\\-for\\-the\\-future\\-of\\-local\\-theater \\|magazine\\=Portland Monthly \\|location\\=Portland, Oregon\\|publisher\\=Sagazity Media \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-26}}",
"Rodríguez has implemented a series of new initiatives to support theatre\\-makers from varied backgrounds and facilitate new work in addition to the ArtsHub. After the appointment of Luan Schooler as Director of New Play Development and Dramaturgy, the pair initiated Table\\|Room\\|Stage (T\\|R\\|S) that facilitates new work at a variety of stages–from refining pre\\-existing work to commissions new work and staging world premiers. A pilot program begun in 2014, notable successes have included Andrea Stolowitz's [Oregon Book Award](/wiki/Oregon_Book_Award \"Oregon Book Award\")\\-winning *Ithaka*, about returning women combat veterans,{{cite magazine \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Andrea Stolowitz Wins Third Oregon Book Award \\|url\\=http://willamette.edu/news/today/past\\-issues/2019/04/26/andrea\\-stolowitz\\-wins\\-third\\-oregon\\-book\\-award.html \\|magazine\\=Today@Willamette \\|location\\=Salem, Oregon\\|publisher\\=Willamette University \\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-24 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-26 }} and E.M. Lewis's *Magellanica*, a six\\-hour epic about scientists studying climate change in Antarctica that was recognized with an Edgerton Award from TCG.{{cite news \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Artists Rep Awarded $119K For MAGELLANICA From Oregon Community Foundation \\& Edgerton Foundation \\|url\\=https://www.broadwayworld.com/portland/article/Artists\\-Rep\\-Awarded\\-119K\\-For\\-MAGELLANICA\\-From\\-Oregon\\-Community\\-Foundation\\-Edgerton\\-Foundation\\-20171102 \\|work\\=Broadway World News Desk \\|date\\=2017\\-11\\-02 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-26 }} Also in 2014, in the wake of a $500,000 gift, Rodríguez dramatically increased the resident company to 20 members.{{cite news \\|last\\=Johnson \\|first\\=Barry \\|date\\=2014\\-05\\-23 \\|title\\=Damaso Rodriguez is rethinking Artists Repertory Theatre \\|url\\=https://www.orartswatch.org/damaso\\-rodriguez\\-is\\-rethinking\\-artists\\-repertory\\-theatre/ \\|work\\=Oregon ArtsWatch \\|location\\=Portland, Oregon\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-30 }}",
"2018 saw a dramatic series of material changes at the theatre. In 2018, the company was hard\\-pressed to pay\\-off and IRS lien filed for lapses in its payroll tax filings going back to 2012 (paid off in early December).{{cite news \\|last\\=Baer \\|first\\=April \\|date\\=2018\\-02\\-02 \\|title\\=Artists Repertory Theatre To Sell Half Its Building; Parts With Managing Director \\|url\\=https://www.opb.org/artsandlife/article/portland\\-oregon\\-artists\\-repertory\\-theatre\\-goose\\-hollow\\-building\\-sale/ \\|work\\=Oregon Public Radio \\|location\\=Portland, Oregon\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-30 }} Property taxes and the expensive mortgage typical of Pacific Northwest urban centers remained the issue, so the company decided to sell half of its 2004 block\\-fixed, 29,000 square\\-foot property to an Atlanta\\-based developer.{{cite news \\|last\\=Jaquiss \\|first\\=Nigel \\|date\\=2018\\-02\\-01 \\|title\\=Struggling for Survival, Portland’s Oldest Major Theater Company Is Preparing to Sell Part of Its Property \\|url\\=https://www.opb.org/artsandlife/article/portland\\-oregon\\-artists\\-repertory\\-theatre\\-goose\\-hollow\\-building\\-sale/ \\|work\\=Willamette Week \\|location\\=Portland, Oregon\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-30 }} The buyer, Wood Partners, plans to build twenty\\-story mixed\\-use building with 296 housing units, 4,000 square feet of retail, and 206 below\\-grade parking spaces.",
"Shortly thereafter, the company received an unrestricted $7 million gift from an anonymous donor.{{cite news \\|last\\=Baer \\|first\\=April \\|date\\=2018\\-02\\-01 \\|title\\=Artists Repertory Theatre Receives $7 Million Gift \\|url\\=https://www.opb.org/news/article/artists\\-repertory\\-theatre\\-receives\\-7\\-million\\-gift/ \\|work\\=Oregon Public Radio \\|location\\=Portland, Oregon\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-30 }} Coming in at twice the theatre's annual operating budget, the gift was the largest donation in the company's history, and one of the largest gifts that has ever made to an arts institution in Oregon to date.{{cite magazine \\|author\\= \\|date\\=2018\\-02\\-02 \\|title\\=Artists Repertory Theatre Receives Anonymous $7 Million Gift \\|url\\=https://www.americantheatre.org/2018/02/02/artists\\-repertory\\-theatre\\-receives\\-anonymous\\-7\\-million\\-gift/ \\|magazine\\=American Theatre \\|publisher\\=Theatre Communications Group \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-30 }} While still maintaining the sale of half their headquarter property, Artist Director Rodriguez who was then also the interim Managing Director decided to use the funds to pay off the remaining mortgage and over half a million dollars in overdue bills to vendors, a line of credit and credit card bills.{{cite news \\|last\\=Baer \\|first\\=April \\|date\\=2018\\-02\\-01 \\|title\\=How To Spend $7 Million: Artists Rep’s New Reality \\|url\\=https://www.opb.org/news/article/artists\\-rep\\-theatre\\-portland\\-gift\\-7\\-million\\-spend/ \\|work\\=Oregon Public Radio \\|location\\=Portland, Oregon\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-30 }} The remaining funds have been set aside in an operating cash reserve, a backfill a fund for specific programs, and $1\\.6 million for substantial renovations to the remaining portion of the building. The substantial gift was seen by the range of artists and companies who depend on the space as a city\\-changing act of generosity.{{cite news \\|last\\=Wang \\|first\\=Amy \\|date\\=2018\\-02\\-01 \\|title\\=Artists Repertory Theatre receives $7 million gift \\|url\\=https://www.oregonlive.com/art/2018/02/artists\\_repertory\\_theatre\\_gift.html \\|work\\=The Oregonian / OregonLive \\|location\\=Portland, Oregon\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-30 }}",
"Amidst the changes, ART was also able to hire J.S. (John Stuart) May as the new managing director in the wake of Sarah Horton's departure.{{cite news \\|last\\=Hughley \\|first\\=Marty \\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-27 \\|title\\=Artists Rep picks J.S. May as new managing director \\|url\\=https://www.orartswatch.org/artists\\-rep\\-picks\\-j\\-s\\-may\\-as\\-new\\-managing\\-director/ \\|work\\=Oregon ArtsWatch \\|location\\=Portland, Oregon\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-30 }} By mid\\-2019, architectural plans were released by May for the new two\\-theater complex with room for the ArtsHub companies, as well as a $10 million capital campaign.{{cite news \\|last\\=Johnson \\|first\\=Barry \\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-22 \\|title\\=Theater news: Artists Rep prepares for another leap \\|url\\=https://www.orartswatch.org/theater\\-news\\-artists\\-rep\\-prepares\\-for\\-another\\-leap/ \\|work\\=Oregon ArtsWatch \\|location\\=Portland, Oregon\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-30 }} The company's 2019–20 season will be \"On Tour\", renting spaces across [the city](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\") with Imago Theatre, Portland Opera, the Tiffany Center, [Portland Center Stage](/wiki/Portland_Center_Stage \"Portland Center Stage\"), and [Portland State University](/wiki/Portland_State_University \"Portland State University\") to put up the skeleton six\\-show season.{{cite news \\|last\\=Vondersmith \\|first\\=Jason \\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-29 \\|title\\=Artists Repertory Theatre's next act begins \\|url\\=https://pamplinmedia.com/pt/11\\-features/426945\\-333437\\-artists\\-repertory\\-theatres\\-next\\-act\\-begins\\-pwoff \\|work\\=Portland Tribune \\| publisher\\=Pamplin Media Group \\|location\\=Portland, Oregon\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-30 }}",
""
] |
Career
------
The group formed when Shuttleworth, Douglas, Birch, Collins, Bull and Hatfield, who had all performed locally in various combinations around Southend, got together in October 1973 to form a new band. They made their first appearance together as the Kursaal Flyers – named after the imitation train which was used to advertise Southend's famous amusement hall, the [Kursaal](/wiki/Kursaal_%28amusement_park%29 "Kursaal (amusement park)"), which had recently closed{{cite web\|url\=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/southend\-kursaal\-flyer\|accessdate\=2016\-06\-22\|publisher\=British Pathe \|title\=Southend: Kursaal Flyer 1963}} – at the Blue Boar pub in Victoria Avenue, Southend\-on\-Sea, in February 1974, mainly playing [covers](/wiki/Cover_version "Cover version") of [country rock](/wiki/Country_rock "Country rock") songs but over time increasingly writing their own material.
Through contacts in the band with [Dr. Feelgood](/wiki/Dr._Feelgood_%28band%29 "Dr. Feelgood (band)"), they played some support slots in [London](/wiki/London "London"), where they were seen by influential [agents](/wiki/Talent_agent "Talent agent") and [songwriters](/wiki/Songwriter "Songwriter"). All bar Hatfield turned professional at the start of 1975, signed for [Jonathan King](/wiki/Jonathan_King "Jonathan King")'s [UK Records](/wiki/UK_Records "UK Records"), and released their first [album](/wiki/Album "Album") *Chocs Away*. Although the [singles](/wiki/Single_%28music%29 "Single (music)") "Speedway" and "Hit Records" received some [airplay](/wiki/Airplay_%28radio%29 "Airplay (radio)"), the band failed to garner any commercial success. Their second album, *The Great Artiste*, also sold poorly.
Nevertheless the band developed a solid live reputation on the London [pub rock](/wiki/Pub_rock_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Pub rock (United Kingdom)") scene, with an eclectic mixture of original material and cover versions, fronted by Paul Shuttleworth's "[wide boy](/wiki/Wide_boy "Wide boy")" persona.
In 1976, they signed with the [CBS](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records") [label](/wiki/Record_label "Record label"), and [recorded](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction "Sound recording and reproduction") their third album, *The Golden Mile*, with [record producer](/wiki/Record_producer "Record producer") [Mike Batt](/wiki/Mike_Batt "Mike Batt"). One of their [songs](/wiki/Song "Song"), "Little Does She Know", was singled out by Batt for an over\-the\-top [Phil Spector](/wiki/Phil_Spector "Phil Spector") style production. [Paul Conroy](/wiki/Paul_Conroy_%28Music_Executive%29 "Paul Conroy (Music Executive)"), the band's then [manager](/wiki/Management "Management"), arranged for the group to perform the song on [BBC Television](/wiki/BBC_Television "BBC Television")'s *[Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops "Top of the Pops")* in November 1976, surrounded by giant detergent boxes and laundry machines.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp/artists/k/kursaal\_flyers/clips/little\_does\_she\_know.shtml \|title\=Kursaal Flyers \- Little Does She Know \|accessdate\=2008\-02\-10 \|date\=1976\-12\-09 \|work\=video clip \|publisher\=\[\[BBC]]}} ([RealPlayer](/wiki/RealPlayer "RealPlayer")) The single became their only hit record, reaching number 14 on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart").{{cite book
\| first\= David
\| last\= Roberts
\| year\= 2006
\| title\= British Hit Singles \& Albums
\| edition\= 19th
\| publisher\= Guinness World Records Limited
\| location\= London
\| pages\= 308
\| isbn\= 1\-904994\-10\-5}}
However, Graeme Douglas was concerned about the over\-commercialisation of the group's music and left to join [Eddie and the Hot Rods](/wiki/Eddie_and_the_Hot_Rods "Eddie and the Hot Rods"), being replaced by Barry Martin.
The group toured widely and issued another album, *Five Live Kursaals*, but failed to gain any further commercial success and, after numerous personnel changes, the band disintegrated in late 1977\.
Following the Kursaals' demise, Shuttleworth released several [solo](/wiki/Solo_%28music%29 "Solo (music)") [records](/wiki/Gramophone_record "Gramophone record"), Douglas enjoyed success with [Eddie and the Hot Rods](/wiki/Eddie_and_the_Hot_Rods "Eddie and the Hot Rods"), and Birch formed [the Records](/wiki/The_Records "The Records"). The group reformed for tours in 1985 and 1988, and in 2001 they reformed on a more permanent basis. In 2009, Collins became manager of Back To Square One, an adolescent four\-piece rock band from [Shoeburyness](/wiki/Shoeburyness "Shoeburyness") and [Great Wakering](/wiki/Great_Wakering "Great Wakering") in Southend. In 2003, Shuttleworth and Collins formed the Country Rock band the Ugly Guys, with former Jerry the Ferret guitarist Steve Oliver, Andy Farrell, bass, ex of [the Hamsters](/wiki/The_Hamsters "The Hamsters") and Bob Clouter on drums.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"The group formed when Shuttleworth, Douglas, Birch, Collins, Bull and Hatfield, who had all performed locally in various combinations around Southend, got together in October 1973 to form a new band. They made their first appearance together as the Kursaal Flyers – named after the imitation train which was used to advertise Southend's famous amusement hall, the [Kursaal](/wiki/Kursaal_%28amusement_park%29 \"Kursaal (amusement park)\"), which had recently closed{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/southend\\-kursaal\\-flyer\\|accessdate\\=2016\\-06\\-22\\|publisher\\=British Pathe \\|title\\=Southend: Kursaal Flyer 1963}} – at the Blue Boar pub in Victoria Avenue, Southend\\-on\\-Sea, in February 1974, mainly playing [covers](/wiki/Cover_version \"Cover version\") of [country rock](/wiki/Country_rock \"Country rock\") songs but over time increasingly writing their own material.",
"Through contacts in the band with [Dr. Feelgood](/wiki/Dr._Feelgood_%28band%29 \"Dr. Feelgood (band)\"), they played some support slots in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), where they were seen by influential [agents](/wiki/Talent_agent \"Talent agent\") and [songwriters](/wiki/Songwriter \"Songwriter\"). All bar Hatfield turned professional at the start of 1975, signed for [Jonathan King](/wiki/Jonathan_King \"Jonathan King\")'s [UK Records](/wiki/UK_Records \"UK Records\"), and released their first [album](/wiki/Album \"Album\") *Chocs Away*. Although the [singles](/wiki/Single_%28music%29 \"Single (music)\") \"Speedway\" and \"Hit Records\" received some [airplay](/wiki/Airplay_%28radio%29 \"Airplay (radio)\"), the band failed to garner any commercial success. Their second album, *The Great Artiste*, also sold poorly.",
"Nevertheless the band developed a solid live reputation on the London [pub rock](/wiki/Pub_rock_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Pub rock (United Kingdom)\") scene, with an eclectic mixture of original material and cover versions, fronted by Paul Shuttleworth's \"[wide boy](/wiki/Wide_boy \"Wide boy\")\" persona.",
"In 1976, they signed with the [CBS](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\") [label](/wiki/Record_label \"Record label\"), and [recorded](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction \"Sound recording and reproduction\") their third album, *The Golden Mile*, with [record producer](/wiki/Record_producer \"Record producer\") [Mike Batt](/wiki/Mike_Batt \"Mike Batt\"). One of their [songs](/wiki/Song \"Song\"), \"Little Does She Know\", was singled out by Batt for an over\\-the\\-top [Phil Spector](/wiki/Phil_Spector \"Phil Spector\") style production. [Paul Conroy](/wiki/Paul_Conroy_%28Music_Executive%29 \"Paul Conroy (Music Executive)\"), the band's then [manager](/wiki/Management \"Management\"), arranged for the group to perform the song on [BBC Television](/wiki/BBC_Television \"BBC Television\")'s *[Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops \"Top of the Pops\")* in November 1976, surrounded by giant detergent boxes and laundry machines.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp/artists/k/kursaal\\_flyers/clips/little\\_does\\_she\\_know.shtml \\|title\\=Kursaal Flyers \\- Little Does She Know \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-02\\-10 \\|date\\=1976\\-12\\-09 \\|work\\=video clip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]]}} ([RealPlayer](/wiki/RealPlayer \"RealPlayer\")) The single became their only hit record, reaching number 14 on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\").{{cite book\n\\| first\\= David\n\\| last\\= Roberts\n\\| year\\= 2006\n\\| title\\= British Hit Singles \\& Albums\n\\| edition\\= 19th\n\\| publisher\\= Guinness World Records Limited \n\\| location\\= London\n\\| pages\\= 308\n\\| isbn\\= 1\\-904994\\-10\\-5}}\nHowever, Graeme Douglas was concerned about the over\\-commercialisation of the group's music and left to join [Eddie and the Hot Rods](/wiki/Eddie_and_the_Hot_Rods \"Eddie and the Hot Rods\"), being replaced by Barry Martin.",
"The group toured widely and issued another album, *Five Live Kursaals*, but failed to gain any further commercial success and, after numerous personnel changes, the band disintegrated in late 1977\\.",
"Following the Kursaals' demise, Shuttleworth released several [solo](/wiki/Solo_%28music%29 \"Solo (music)\") [records](/wiki/Gramophone_record \"Gramophone record\"), Douglas enjoyed success with [Eddie and the Hot Rods](/wiki/Eddie_and_the_Hot_Rods \"Eddie and the Hot Rods\"), and Birch formed [the Records](/wiki/The_Records \"The Records\"). The group reformed for tours in 1985 and 1988, and in 2001 they reformed on a more permanent basis. In 2009, Collins became manager of Back To Square One, an adolescent four\\-piece rock band from [Shoeburyness](/wiki/Shoeburyness \"Shoeburyness\") and [Great Wakering](/wiki/Great_Wakering \"Great Wakering\") in Southend. In 2003, Shuttleworth and Collins formed the Country Rock band the Ugly Guys, with former Jerry the Ferret guitarist Steve Oliver, Andy Farrell, bass, ex of [the Hamsters](/wiki/The_Hamsters \"The Hamsters\") and Bob Clouter on drums.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Settlement (1820\-1831\)
Hayneville was founded in 1820 by settlers from the Edgefield, Abbeville, and Colleton districts of [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") on property purchased from the [U.S. Land Office](/wiki/U.S._Land_Office "U.S. Land Office") at [Cahawba](/wiki/Cahaba%2C_Alabama "Cahaba, Alabama"). Throughout the 1820s, Hayneville was known as "Big Swamp". The indigenous [Muscogee Creek people](/wiki/Muscogee_Creek_people "Muscogee Creek people") had been forced to cede their lands under various treaties with the United States, and most of them were [removed](/wiki/Indian_Removal "Indian Removal") to Indian Territory west of the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River").
In 1831, after being chosen as the county seat of [Lowndes County](/wiki/Lowndes_County%2C_Alabama "Lowndes County, Alabama"), the town was officially named Hayneville in honor of [Robert Y. Hayne](/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne "Robert Y. Hayne"), governor of [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") and a [U.S. senator](/wiki/U.S._Senate "U.S. Senate").
### Late 19th and early 20th century
During the early part of the 20th century, the [boll weevil](/wiki/Boll_weevil "Boll weevil") invaded the South, destroying cotton crops across the most productive counties. In the latter half of the 20th century, the agricultural focus shifted to more diverse crops and livestock. Hayneville, like the rest of the Black Belt, has struggled to develop a prosperous economy.{{Citation \| title \= History of Hayneville, Alabama \| publisher \= Encyclopedia of Alabama \| url\= http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id\=h\-2938 \| access\-date \= January 20, 2012 }} [Lowndes County Training School](/wiki/Lowndes_County_Training_School "Lowndes County Training School") was established in Hayneville in 1913\.
### Civil Rights Era and "Bloody Lowndes" (1965\)
Despite the county's black majority, it had no registered black voters in the spring of 1965, after more than 60 years of disenfranchisement under the [Alabama Constitution](/wiki/Alabama_Constitution "Alabama Constitution"). Civil rights activists worked in Hayneville and Lowndes to organize residents in preparation for registration and voting. After passage of the federal [Voting Rights Act of 1965](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 "Voting Rights Act of 1965") in August, activists provided residents with political education and helped them register to vote. They continued to work to integrate stores and public facilities. On August 13, 1965, [Jonathan Daniels](/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels "Jonathan Daniels"), an [Episcopal](/wiki/Episcopal_Church_%28United_States%29 "Episcopal Church (United States)") seminarian from [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire"), worked with a group of 29 civil rights protesters to picket whites\-only stores in the small town of [Fort Deposit](/wiki/Fort_Deposit%2C_Alabama "Fort Deposit, Alabama"). All of the protesters were arrested by county police and taken to jail in nearby Hayneville. Five juvenile protesters were released the next day. The rest of the group was held for six days; they refused to accept bail unless everyone was bailed.
On August 20, the prisoners were released without transport back to Fort Deposit. After release, the group waited by a road nearby the jail. Daniels, along with three others — a white Catholic priest and two black women activists—went to buy soft drinks at Varner's Grocery Store, one of the few local stores that would serve non\-whites. There, they encountered Tom L. Coleman, an engineer for the state highway department and unpaid special county deputy wielding a [shotgun](/wiki/Shotgun "Shotgun"). The man threatened the group, and finally leveled his gun at seventeen\-year\-old [Ruby Sales](/wiki/Ruby_Sales "Ruby Sales"). Daniels pushed Sales to the ground and caught the full blast of the gun, which killed him instantly. Father [Richard F. Morrisroe](/wiki/Richard_F._Morrisroe "Richard F. Morrisroe") grabbed the other protester and ran. Coleman shot Morrisroe, wounding him in the lower back.{{cite web\|author\=Roy Reeds\|url\=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=F1081EFC3B5812738DDDA80A94D0405B858AF1D3\&scp\=2\&sq\=Jonathan%20Daniels%201965\&st\=cse \|title\=WHITE SEMINARIAN SLAIN IN ALABAMA \- DEPUTY IS CHARGED \- Rights Worker Is Cut Down by Shotgun Blast at Store \- Priest With Him Hurt PRESIDENT IS INFORMED Victims Shot While Walking With Negro Girls After All Were Freed From Jail White Seminarian Is Slain in Alabama \- Front Page \|website\=Select.nytimes.com \|date\=August 21, 1965 \|access\-date\=May 22, 2017}} White resistance to civil rights organizers continued.
In June 1965, [Gregory Orr](/wiki/Gregory_Orr_%28poet%29 "Gregory Orr (poet)"), a student from upstate New York who traveled to Mississippi to take part in civil rights protests, was driving home from the capital of [Jackson](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi "Jackson, Mississippi"). He had been arrested there with other protesters and held without charges for 10 days at the state fairgrounds. While driving through Lowndes County, he was stopped by white [vigilantes](/wiki/Vigilantes "Vigilantes"), kidnapped and held without charges for eight days in the Hayneville courthouse jail. Back in New York that August, Orr read a report of the murder of Jonathan Daniels in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times").* He recognized one of his kidnappers in a photograph—apparently Tom Coleman.[Gregory Orr, "Return to Hayneville"](http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2008/summer/orr-hayneville/), *Virginia Quarterly Review*, Summer 2008 Numerous other incidents have been documented in the county of violence against civil rights people.
Civil rights activities in Lowndes continued in the county under the leadership of [Stokeley Carmichael](/wiki/Stokeley_Carmichael "Stokeley Carmichael"), the [Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee](/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee "Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee") (SNCC) and local residents, to educate and register blacks to vote after passage of the [Voting Rights Act of 1965](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 "Voting Rights Act of 1965"). They organized the [Lowndes County Freedom Organization](/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization "Lowndes County Freedom Organization") (LFCO), the first independent black political party in the county since [Reconstruction era](/wiki/Reconstruction_era "Reconstruction era"), and continued to register voters. They ran a slate of candidates in 1966 but lost due to election fraud in the majority\-black county. In 1970, African\-American chairman of LCFO [John Hulett](/wiki/John_Hulett "John Hulett") was elected as county sheriff.
### Incorporation (1967\-1968\)
The incorporation of Hayneville as a town began in July 1967 with the vision of 25 qualified electors of the county and residents of the Hayneville community. Two subsequent attempts were made for incorporation, the last resulting in favor of incorporation. Only one person filed for a statement of candidacy and was nominated for the office of Mayor and five places on the town council. Therefore, due to the completion of the requirements of incorporation, the court declared on July 15, 1968, by Probate Judge Harold Hammond, that Hayneville was completely incorporated.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Settlement (1820\\-1831\\)",
"Hayneville was founded in 1820 by settlers from the Edgefield, Abbeville, and Colleton districts of [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\") on property purchased from the [U.S. Land Office](/wiki/U.S._Land_Office \"U.S. Land Office\") at [Cahawba](/wiki/Cahaba%2C_Alabama \"Cahaba, Alabama\"). Throughout the 1820s, Hayneville was known as \"Big Swamp\". The indigenous [Muscogee Creek people](/wiki/Muscogee_Creek_people \"Muscogee Creek people\") had been forced to cede their lands under various treaties with the United States, and most of them were [removed](/wiki/Indian_Removal \"Indian Removal\") to Indian Territory west of the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\").",
"In 1831, after being chosen as the county seat of [Lowndes County](/wiki/Lowndes_County%2C_Alabama \"Lowndes County, Alabama\"), the town was officially named Hayneville in honor of [Robert Y. Hayne](/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne \"Robert Y. Hayne\"), governor of [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\") and a [U.S. senator](/wiki/U.S._Senate \"U.S. Senate\").",
"### Late 19th and early 20th century",
"During the early part of the 20th century, the [boll weevil](/wiki/Boll_weevil \"Boll weevil\") invaded the South, destroying cotton crops across the most productive counties. In the latter half of the 20th century, the agricultural focus shifted to more diverse crops and livestock. Hayneville, like the rest of the Black Belt, has struggled to develop a prosperous economy.{{Citation \\| title \\= History of Hayneville, Alabama \\| publisher \\= Encyclopedia of Alabama \\| url\\= http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id\\=h\\-2938 \\| access\\-date \\= January 20, 2012 }} [Lowndes County Training School](/wiki/Lowndes_County_Training_School \"Lowndes County Training School\") was established in Hayneville in 1913\\.",
"### Civil Rights Era and \"Bloody Lowndes\" (1965\\)",
"Despite the county's black majority, it had no registered black voters in the spring of 1965, after more than 60 years of disenfranchisement under the [Alabama Constitution](/wiki/Alabama_Constitution \"Alabama Constitution\"). Civil rights activists worked in Hayneville and Lowndes to organize residents in preparation for registration and voting. After passage of the federal [Voting Rights Act of 1965](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 \"Voting Rights Act of 1965\") in August, activists provided residents with political education and helped them register to vote. They continued to work to integrate stores and public facilities. On August 13, 1965, [Jonathan Daniels](/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels \"Jonathan Daniels\"), an [Episcopal](/wiki/Episcopal_Church_%28United_States%29 \"Episcopal Church (United States)\") seminarian from [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire \"New Hampshire\"), worked with a group of 29 civil rights protesters to picket whites\\-only stores in the small town of [Fort Deposit](/wiki/Fort_Deposit%2C_Alabama \"Fort Deposit, Alabama\"). All of the protesters were arrested by county police and taken to jail in nearby Hayneville. Five juvenile protesters were released the next day. The rest of the group was held for six days; they refused to accept bail unless everyone was bailed.",
"On August 20, the prisoners were released without transport back to Fort Deposit. After release, the group waited by a road nearby the jail. Daniels, along with three others — a white Catholic priest and two black women activists—went to buy soft drinks at Varner's Grocery Store, one of the few local stores that would serve non\\-whites. There, they encountered Tom L. Coleman, an engineer for the state highway department and unpaid special county deputy wielding a [shotgun](/wiki/Shotgun \"Shotgun\"). The man threatened the group, and finally leveled his gun at seventeen\\-year\\-old [Ruby Sales](/wiki/Ruby_Sales \"Ruby Sales\"). Daniels pushed Sales to the ground and caught the full blast of the gun, which killed him instantly. Father [Richard F. Morrisroe](/wiki/Richard_F._Morrisroe \"Richard F. Morrisroe\") grabbed the other protester and ran. Coleman shot Morrisroe, wounding him in the lower back.{{cite web\\|author\\=Roy Reeds\\|url\\=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=F1081EFC3B5812738DDDA80A94D0405B858AF1D3\\&scp\\=2\\&sq\\=Jonathan%20Daniels%201965\\&st\\=cse \\|title\\=WHITE SEMINARIAN SLAIN IN ALABAMA \\- DEPUTY IS CHARGED \\- Rights Worker Is Cut Down by Shotgun Blast at Store \\- Priest With Him Hurt PRESIDENT IS INFORMED Victims Shot While Walking With Negro Girls After All Were Freed From Jail White Seminarian Is Slain in Alabama \\- Front Page \\|website\\=Select.nytimes.com \\|date\\=August 21, 1965 \\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2017}} White resistance to civil rights organizers continued.",
"In June 1965, [Gregory Orr](/wiki/Gregory_Orr_%28poet%29 \"Gregory Orr (poet)\"), a student from upstate New York who traveled to Mississippi to take part in civil rights protests, was driving home from the capital of [Jackson](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi \"Jackson, Mississippi\"). He had been arrested there with other protesters and held without charges for 10 days at the state fairgrounds. While driving through Lowndes County, he was stopped by white [vigilantes](/wiki/Vigilantes \"Vigilantes\"), kidnapped and held without charges for eight days in the Hayneville courthouse jail. Back in New York that August, Orr read a report of the murder of Jonathan Daniels in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\").* He recognized one of his kidnappers in a photograph—apparently Tom Coleman.[Gregory Orr, \"Return to Hayneville\"](http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2008/summer/orr-hayneville/), *Virginia Quarterly Review*, Summer 2008 Numerous other incidents have been documented in the county of violence against civil rights people.",
"Civil rights activities in Lowndes continued in the county under the leadership of [Stokeley Carmichael](/wiki/Stokeley_Carmichael \"Stokeley Carmichael\"), the [Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee](/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee \"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee\") (SNCC) and local residents, to educate and register blacks to vote after passage of the [Voting Rights Act of 1965](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 \"Voting Rights Act of 1965\"). They organized the [Lowndes County Freedom Organization](/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization \"Lowndes County Freedom Organization\") (LFCO), the first independent black political party in the county since [Reconstruction era](/wiki/Reconstruction_era \"Reconstruction era\"), and continued to register voters. They ran a slate of candidates in 1966 but lost due to election fraud in the majority\\-black county. In 1970, African\\-American chairman of LCFO [John Hulett](/wiki/John_Hulett \"John Hulett\") was elected as county sheriff.",
"### Incorporation (1967\\-1968\\)",
"The incorporation of Hayneville as a town began in July 1967 with the vision of 25 qualified electors of the county and residents of the Hayneville community. Two subsequent attempts were made for incorporation, the last resulting in favor of incorporation. Only one person filed for a statement of candidacy and was nominated for the office of Mayor and five places on the town council. Therefore, due to the completion of the requirements of incorporation, the court declared on July 15, 1968, by Probate Judge Harold Hammond, that Hayneville was completely incorporated.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|align\=left\|1880\= 189
\|1890\= 174
\|1900\= 163
\|1910\= 134
\|1920\= 157
\|1930\= 129
\|1940\= 120
\|1950\= 178
\|1960\= 163
\|1970\= 177
\|1980\= 159
\|1990\= 126
\|2000\= 132
\|2010\= 104
\|2020\= 127
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=January 6, 2013}} of 2010, there were 104 people, 48 households, and 32 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|800\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 54 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|415\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") and 2\.9% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)").
There were 48 households, of which 25\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 6\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 8\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33\.3% were non\-families. 29\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.17 and the average family size was 2\.69\.
The median age in the village was 45\.5 years. 23\.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 1\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\.1% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 26% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51\.0% male and 49\.0% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 132 people, 51 households, and 39 families living in the village. The population density was {{convert\|969\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 51 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|374\.6\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 100\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.52% of the population.
There were 51 households, out of which 37\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 5\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21\.6% were non\-families. 19\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.59 and the average family size was 2\.90\.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 23\.5% under the age of 18, 6\.8% from 18 to 24, 35\.6% from 25 to 44, 18\.9% from 45 to 64, and 15\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 73\.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77\.2 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $50,000, and the median income for a family was $51,875\. Males had a median income of $30,750 versus $23,750 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the village was $16,722\. There were no families and 1\.0% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including no under eighteens and 14\.3% of those over 64\.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|align\\=left\\|1880\\= 189\n\\|1890\\= 174\n\\|1900\\= 163\n\\|1910\\= 134\n\\|1920\\= 157\n\\|1930\\= 129\n\\|1940\\= 120\n\\|1950\\= 178\n\\|1960\\= 163\n\\|1970\\= 177\n\\|1980\\= 159\n\\|1990\\= 126\n\\|2000\\= 132\n\\|2010\\= 104\n\\|2020\\= 127\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=January 6, 2013}} of 2010, there were 104 people, 48 households, and 32 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|800\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 54 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|415\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") and 2\\.9% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\").",
"There were 48 households, of which 25\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 8\\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33\\.3% were non\\-families. 29\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.17 and the average family size was 2\\.69\\.",
"The median age in the village was 45\\.5 years. 23\\.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 1\\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\\.1% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 26% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51\\.0% male and 49\\.0% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 132 people, 51 households, and 39 families living in the village. The population density was {{convert\\|969\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 51 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|374\\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 100\\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.52% of the population.",
"There were 51 households, out of which 37\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 5\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21\\.6% were non\\-families. 19\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.59 and the average family size was 2\\.90\\.",
"In the village, the population was spread out, with 23\\.5% under the age of 18, 6\\.8% from 18 to 24, 35\\.6% from 25 to 44, 18\\.9% from 45 to 64, and 15\\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 73\\.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77\\.2 males.",
"The median income for a household in the village was $50,000, and the median income for a family was $51,875\\. Males had a median income of $30,750 versus $23,750 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $16,722\\. There were no families and 1\\.0% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including no under eighteens and 14\\.3% of those over 64\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
[thumb\|UAM library at night with mural by Belkin](/wiki/File:UAMI_NITE_BELKIN.JPG "UAMI NITE BELKIN.JPG")
Belkin's career spanned more than three decades, during which time he produced 28 major public murals, various smaller ones, with about ninety individual exhibitions and over fifty collective ones in Mexico and abroad and designed sets and costumes for forty Mexican stage productions, as well as other activities.{{cite news \|title\= Legado en el tiempo \|newspaper\=Reforma \|location\=Mexico City \|date\=May 14, 1998 \|page\=1 \|language\=Spanish \|trans\-title\=Tied in time }}
### Murals
After graduating from La Esmeralda, Belkin began to work at the Taller de Ensayo de Materiales y Plasticos belonging to José L. Gutierrez. With this group he worked on various collective murals as well as his first individual mural called *¡El pueblo no quiere la guerra!* in 1950, a fresco painted at the Instituto Politécnico Nacional, since destroyed.
During the rest of the decade, he painted a number of murals in various parts of the country. In 1952 he painted *Canto a la tierra*, several fresco panels based on poems by [Nezahualcoyotl](/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl_%28tlatoani%29 "Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)") at the Banco de Monterrey. In 1956 he painted *La bahía de Acapulco* at the Hotel Continental Hilton in Mexico City which was destroyed by [the 1985 earthquake](/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake "1985 Mexico City earthquake"). In the same year, he painted *Figuras de Tlatilco* at a private home in [Xalapa](/wiki/Xalapa "Xalapa"), [Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz "Veracruz"). In 1957 he painted the mural *Escenas de Don Quijote* at the La Casa de Piedra in [Cuernavaca](/wiki/Cuernavaca "Cuernavaca").
From 1960 to 1961 he painted a mural on a federal prison in Mexico City called *Todos somos culpables*. This tells the story of a criminal committing crime, getting caught and punished but from a social worker point of view rather than a law\-and\-order one. In 1963 he painted a mural at the Centro Pedagóogico Infantil called *A nuestra generación corresponde decidir*. However, it was later painted over by the director of Child Services, wife of President [Adolfo López Mateos](/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos "Adolfo López Mateos") because it was considered to be "too sad." In 1966 he created the mural *Las festivades judías* for the Kehila Ashkenazi in Mexico City. The building of the Kehila was torn down due to severe damage caused by the earthquake of 2017 and its whereabouts are unknown.
From the late 1960s to mid\-1970s, Belkin lived and worked in New York City. One major mural done here was a wall in [Hell's Kitchen](/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen%2C_Manhattan "Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan") measuring almost 40,000 square feet from 1972 to 1973\. To complete the extremely large project, he enlisted help from anyone willing to be taught. The result was *Against Domestic Colonialism* belonging not only to the artist but the community. Over the decades, this mural has escaped most of the [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti_in_New_York "Graffiti in New York") that covers most other surfaces in the area. He painted a number of other murals in the New York City area. In 1971 he was artist\-in\-residence at the [Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/Lock_Haven_University_of_Pennsylvania "Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania"). He also painted *Epimiteo* on the cafeteria walls of [Dumont High School](/wiki/Dumont_High_School "Dumont High School") in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") in 1973\.
When he returned to Mexico, he continued to paint murals. From 1978 to 1979 he created *La migración sefardí* en México at the Centro Social Monte Sinaí in Mexico City. In 1981 he painted *A través de la technología* for the Colegio de Ingenieros Mecánicos y Electricistas.
In the 1980s he worked on a series of works for the [Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana](/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana "Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana") in [Iztapalapa](/wiki/Iztapalapa "Iztapalapa"). It is this work for which he is best known.{{cite news \|title\= Inaugurarán exposición con obras de Arnold Belkin en el Museo de la Revolución \|url\= http://puebla.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/72d37f6785f7d379da89e88756ce56fe \|newspaper\= Milenio \|location\=Puebla, Mexico \|date\=October 26, 2011 \|access\-date\=August 28, 2012 \|language\=Spanish \|trans\-title\=Inaugurate exhibition of the works of Arnold Belken at the Museo de la Revolucion }} The murals total six : *El hombre y el cosmos, Genesis de un nuevo orden*(1988\), *Omniciencia* (1984\), *Imagenes de nuestros dias, Una utopia posible* (1983–1984\), *Muerte de la ignorancia and Transformacion de la sociedad* (1986\), as well as a number of sculptures. He became the artist\-in\-residence for the institution in 1983 and starting painting the Teatro del Fuego Nuevo as part of a course he taught there, finishing in 1984\. He finished the last mural in 1988 on Building E after painting the library and the social sciences building.
During this period, he also painted from 1985 to 1986 the mural *Identidad y futuro* the Colegio Madrid. This work depicts the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War") and the Republican exiles that arrived to Mexico.
In 1987 he traveled to [Managua](/wiki/Managua "Managua"), [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua "Nicaragua") to paint *Los prometeos* on the Palacio Nacional Héroes y Mártires de la Revolución. The mural features [Emiliano Zapata](/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata "Emiliano Zapata"), [Augusto César Sandino](/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino "Augusto César Sandino") and [Prometheus](/wiki/Prometheus "Prometheus"), with the two revolutionaries being compared to the mythical Greek figure who brought fire to man.{{cite web \|url\= http://fox.presidencia.gob.mx/buenasnoticias/?contenido\=19997\&pagina\=214 \|title\= Restauran mural del mexicano Arnold Belkin \|date\=August 9, 2005 \|publisher\=Government of Mexico \|location\=Mexico \|language\=Spanish \|trans\-title\=Restore mural of Mexican Arnold Belkin \|access\-date\=August 28, 2012 }}
At the end of the 1980s, he became interested in reinterpreting the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans resulting in murals called *Descubrimiento y conquista del Nuevo Mundo* (1988–1989\) at the Biblioteca Pública de Popotla and 1492 (1991\). This would be his last major work.
[thumb\|*Los hermanos Serdán. La lucha continúa* (1977\), de Arnold Belkin](/wiki/File:Los_hermanos_Serd%C3%A1n._La_lucha_contin%C3%BAa_%281977%29%2C_de_Arnold_Belkin.jpg "Los hermanos Serdán. La lucha continúa (1977), de Arnold Belkin.jpg")
In addition to more traditional works, Belkin created what he called "portal murals," large scale paintings which can be moved and adapted as a way to deal with changing architectural tastes such as lower walls and the use of prefabricated panels. He created ten major pieces of this type of work. The first of these was in 1959 called the *Levanamiento del Ghetto de Varsovia* or *Warsaw Ghetto Uprising* which was later acquired by the [Vancouver Jewish Community Center](/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Communities_in_the_United_States_and_Canada "List of Jewish Communities in the United States and Canada"). These were followed later by *Massacre at Kent State* in 1970 (1974\), *The My Lai Massacre* in 1976 and *Los hermanos Serdán: la lucha continúa*, which was acquired by the state of [Puebla](/wiki/Puebla "Puebla") for the Casa de los hermanos Serdán. Another major piece from the 1970s was for the [Museo Nacional de Historia](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Historia "Museo Nacional de Historia") called *La llegada de los generals Zapata y Villa al Palacio Nacional el 6 diciembre de 1914*. In 1986 he created the portable mural called *La vocación de la maestra Magdalena* and in 1990 he did *Inventando el futuro* for the engineering school at [UNAM](/wiki/UNAM "UNAM").
At various points in his career, Belkin was a professor and teacher, mostly related to mural work. In 1956 he began teaching mural painting at the [Universidad de las Americas](/wiki/Universidad_de_las_Am%C3%A9ricas%2C_A.C. "Universidad de las Américas, A.C."). From 1971 to 1972 he gave painting classes at the [New School for Social Research](/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research "New School for Social Research") and [The Art Students League](/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York "Art Students League of New York") in New York City. From 1972 to 1973 he was a guest lecturer at the [Pratt Institute](/wiki/Pratt_Institute "Pratt Institute") in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"). In the later 1970s to the 1980s he taught various workshops in Mexico resulting in collective murals done by students. These include a mural to journalist [Francisco Zarco](/wiki/Francisco_Zarco "Francisco Zarco") at Callejón Francisco Zarco (1977\), a mural called *La historia del movimiento obrero* at Parque Juventino Rosas in the [Magdalena Contreras](/wiki/Magdalena_Contreras "Magdalena Contreras") borough and *Raíces de las flores Nelhuayotl* on the borough hall of [Xochimilco](/wiki/Xochimilco "Xochimilco") all in Mexico City done by students from [ENAP](/wiki/National_School_of_Arts_%28UNAM%29 "National School of Arts (UNAM)"). From 1983 to 1984, he gave a course about the uses of photography in paintings at the [Museo Universitario del Chopo](/wiki/Museo_Universitario_del_Chopo "Museo Universitario del Chopo").
### Canvas work and exhibitions
In addition to murals, Belkin also created a large number of canvas works with which he had success in exhibitions. His first individual exhibition was at the Instituto Cultural Anglo\-Mexicano sponsored by the Canadian Embassy in 1952, with the introduction written by David Alfaro Siqueiros.\- This was followed by other individual exhibitions in Mexico along with exhibitions in Vancouver and Calgary in 1953m, 1958 and 1959\. In 1960 he exhibited at the [Academy of San Carlos](/wiki/Academy_of_San_Carlos "Academy of San Carlos"). His first exhibition in the United States was at the Zora Gallery in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") in 1961\. Along with Siqueiros, Icaza and [Tamayo](/wiki/Rufino_Tamayo "Rufino Tamayo") and his was invited to represent Mexico at the International Award Exhibition at the [Guggenheim Museum in New York](/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_in_New_York "Guggenheim Museum in New York"). In 1966, he participated in the group show Confrontación 66 organized by the [Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes](/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Bellas_Artes "Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes") at the Palacio de Bellas Artes.
His fame increased in the 1970s with exhibitions in the United States, [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela"), [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") and [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"). Belkin's easel paintings also enjoyed much success during his time in New York. In 1970 he began a series of sixteen paintings related to the death of physicist and politician [Juan Pablo Marat](/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Marat "Juan Pablo Marat"). These were exhibited at the Lerner\-Heller Gallery in New York in 1972\. From 1972 to 1975 he had various individual exhibitions in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit"), [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston"), [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton%2C_Ohio "Dayton, Ohio"), [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona") and [San Juan, Puerto Rico](/wiki/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico "San Juan, Puerto Rico").
In 1974 he began a series of paintings called *Historic Battles*, considered to be some of his best canvas work. It is a series of large scale paintings, including *Massacre at Kent State*, *My Lai Massacre* and the *Military Coup in Chile of 1973*. While many are of contemporary topics, they also included paraphrases of compositions by masters of European art of past centuries such as [Nicolas Poussin](/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin "Nicolas Poussin")'s *The Rape of the Sabines*. However all deal with the violence of armed men during war against the defenseless. He also painted images of the future and of utopia, such as *Armoured Figure* done in New York. This one is a warning against technology enslaving the human spirit. In 1977 he had an individual exhibition at the Museo de Bellas Artes in [Caracas, Venezuela](/wiki/Caracas%2C_Venezuela "Caracas, Venezuela"). In 1979, he was invited by the Cuban government to do an individual exhibition at the [Casa de las Américas](/wiki/Casa_de_las_Am%C3%A9ricas "Casa de las Américas") of his work during the 1970s. This included some of his portable murals.
His other major series of paintings is dedicated to Emiliano Zapata, started in 1979\. These works are a kind of documentary based on photographs and other visual references to the [Mexican Revolution](/wiki/Mexican_Revolution "Mexican Revolution") figure. They include works done in pencil, ink and crayon and served as sketches for larger works about Zapata later in his career.
From 1981 to 1982 he worked on a series of drawings and paintings called *Los amantes* based on love poems by [Mario Benedetti](/wiki/Mario_Benedetti "Mario Benedetti"). The series also included photographs by [Rafael Doniz](/wiki/Rafael_Doniz "Rafael Doniz") of lovers embracing in the middle of scenes of social conflict. From 1985 to 1986 he created the [Lucio Cabañas](/wiki/Lucio_Caba%C3%B1as "Lucio Cabañas") series, which are large scale drawings on [amate](/wiki/Amate "Amate") paper which feature the revolutionary along with Sandino and [Pedro Albizu Campos](/wiki/Pedro_Albizu_Campos "Pedro Albizu Campos"). The triptych *Tlatelolco, lugar del sacrificio* (1989\) ties the events of [1521](/wiki/Tlatelolco_%28altepetl%29 "Tlatelolco (altepetl)"), [1968](/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre "Tlatelolco massacre") and [1985](/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake "1985 Mexico City earthquake"). In 1982 he had an individual exhibition at the [Museo de Arte Moderno](/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Moderno "Museo de Arte Moderno"). In 1983 he presented an exhibition of drawings from 1957 to 1983 at the [Casa del Lago](/wiki/Chapultepec_Park "Chapultepec Park").
### Other activities
In the first half of the 1950s, Belkin became interested in music, dance and theatre. From 1951 to 1954 he drew dancers and began to design sets and costumes for various ballets such as *Tierra* by Elena Noriega, *El muñeco y los hombrecillos*, *El debate and Advenimiento de la luz* by Xavier Francis. From 1955 to 1960 he did set design for Seki Sano, Héctor Mendoza and Luis de Tavira for productions such as *Cinco preciosidades francesas* and *El Décimo hombre*. In 1966 he created the set of the work *Don Gel de las calzas verdes* by [Tirso de Molina](/wiki/Tirso_de_Molina "Tirso de Molina"), directed by Héctor Mendoza. In 1982 he created the set for *Lances de amor y fortuna* by [Pedro Calderón de la Barca](/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca "Pedro Calderón de la Barca") directed by Luis de Tavira. In 1983 he created the set for *El destierro* by Juan Tovar, directed by José Caballero. In 1983 he designed the wardrobe, set and lighting for the work *Herejía* by Sabina Berman directed by Abraham Oceransky, which received the Premio Nacional de Teatro in the same year. In 1984 he designed the set for *Los dos hermanos* by Felipe Santander.
His engraving work is not very well known but it has been exhibited and has received awards. In 1972 his work was recognized at the II Bienal Latinoamericana de Grabado in San Juan. In 1987 he created five engravings called *Los conquistadores* which became part of the El Inicio de Nueva España display at the [Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia "Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia"). After his death, his work featured in an exhibition called Arte Gráfico Latinoamericano (1970–1980\)" at the state government building in [Villahermosa](/wiki/Villahermosa "Villahermosa"), [Tabasco](/wiki/Tabasco "Tabasco"), as well as an exhibition at the [Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla](/wiki/Benem%C3%A9rita_Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Puebla "Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla") in 2011\.
In 1961 he formed the Grupo de Interioristas along with Francisco Icaza, which was concerned with the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") and commercialism with the widespread use of plastic. The group focused on creating monochromatic images which became their trademark. The name Interioristas was coined by art critic Selden Rodman. In 1961 he co\-authored the manifesto *Nueva Presencia:el hombre en el arte de nuestro tiempo* with Francisco Icaza, which was against so\-called [bourgeois](/wiki/Bourgeois "Bourgeois") art and academic art of "good taste" in favor of that with political and social messages. This led to the formation of the group [Nueva Presencia](/wiki/Nueva_Presencia "Nueva Presencia") with included Leonel Góngora, [Francisco Corzas](/wiki/Francisco_Corzas "Francisco Corzas"), [José Muñoz Medina](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mu%C3%B1oz_Medina "José Muñoz Medina"), [Artemio Sepulveda](/wiki/Artemio_Sepulveda "Artemio Sepulveda"), [Rafael Coronel](/wiki/Rafael_Coronel "Rafael Coronel") and [Nacho López](/wiki/Nacho_L%C3%B3pez "Nacho López"). From 1967 to 1968 he created the Museo Latinoamericano with Omar Rayo, Leonel Góngora, Abularach, Paternosto, Gerchman and others because he was unhappy with attitudes towards Latin American shown by the Center for Inter\-American Relations. The idea the museum was that Latin American artists were better able to present the art and culture of the region more than capitalists from the United States. He also founded the Taller del Muralismo Comunitario in 1978\.
He published a catalog of lithographs called *Two* with poems by [Jack Hirschman](/wiki/Jack_Hirschman "Jack Hirschman") published by Zora Gallery in 1963\. In 1987 he published a book called *Contra la amnesia: textos 1960\-1985*.
He created postcards at various points in his life included one in 1966 for the [Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes](/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Comunicaciones_y_Transportes "Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes") featuring Eolo, Greek goddess of wind, one in 1981 for the [Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores](/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Relaciones_Exteriores "Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores") to honor the bicentennial of the birth of [Simón Bolívar](/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar "Simón Bolívar") and one in 1988 for the Mexican postal service with a portrait of [César Vallejo](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo "César Vallejo").
He also did a few sculptures which include a large scale one in 1981 called *El Estudiante* for the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana\-Iztapalapa and one in 1986 for the Jardín Escultórico at the Bosque Lázaro Cárdenas in [Morelia](/wiki/Morelia "Morelia").
In 1988 he created the cover to the social science textbook for public schools in Mexico.
### Recognition
In 1960 he received an award from the Asociación de Críticos Teatrales for best scene design for his work on *Terror y miserias del III Reich* by Bertolt Brecht. *El hombre si tiene future (homenaje a Bertrand Russell)* won the Adquisición del Salón de Pintura prize in 1963\. Also in 1963, he received an honorary mention at the Casa de las Américas for a catalogue of lithographs he made in Los Angeles. In 1982 the mural *Traición y muerte de Zapata and El asesinato de Rubén Jaramillo y su familia mayo 22 de 1962* won the Winfred Lam Grand Prize at the I Bienal in [Havana](/wiki/Havana "Havana"), Cuba. He keynoted the III Coloquio Latinoamericano de Fotografía in Havana talking about his experience using photography in his art. In 1986 there was a retrospective of his mural work at the Galería Metropolitana in Mexico City. In 1987 [UNAM](/wiki/UNAM "UNAM") published a book about the artist.
There have been a number of posthumous retrospectives and other exhibitions of his work including the 1997 the exhibition at the Museo Mural Diego Rivera and was honored at an event at the Museo Universitario del Chopo in 1998\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"[thumb\\|UAM library at night with mural by Belkin](/wiki/File:UAMI_NITE_BELKIN.JPG \"UAMI NITE BELKIN.JPG\")\nBelkin's career spanned more than three decades, during which time he produced 28 major public murals, various smaller ones, with about ninety individual exhibitions and over fifty collective ones in Mexico and abroad and designed sets and costumes for forty Mexican stage productions, as well as other activities.{{cite news \\|title\\= Legado en el tiempo \\|newspaper\\=Reforma \\|location\\=Mexico City \\|date\\=May 14, 1998 \\|page\\=1 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|trans\\-title\\=Tied in time }}",
"### Murals",
"After graduating from La Esmeralda, Belkin began to work at the Taller de Ensayo de Materiales y Plasticos belonging to José L. Gutierrez. With this group he worked on various collective murals as well as his first individual mural called *¡El pueblo no quiere la guerra!* in 1950, a fresco painted at the Instituto Politécnico Nacional, since destroyed.",
"During the rest of the decade, he painted a number of murals in various parts of the country. In 1952 he painted *Canto a la tierra*, several fresco panels based on poems by [Nezahualcoyotl](/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl_%28tlatoani%29 \"Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)\") at the Banco de Monterrey. In 1956 he painted *La bahía de Acapulco* at the Hotel Continental Hilton in Mexico City which was destroyed by [the 1985 earthquake](/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake \"1985 Mexico City earthquake\"). In the same year, he painted *Figuras de Tlatilco* at a private home in [Xalapa](/wiki/Xalapa \"Xalapa\"), [Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz \"Veracruz\"). In 1957 he painted the mural *Escenas de Don Quijote* at the La Casa de Piedra in [Cuernavaca](/wiki/Cuernavaca \"Cuernavaca\").",
"From 1960 to 1961 he painted a mural on a federal prison in Mexico City called *Todos somos culpables*. This tells the story of a criminal committing crime, getting caught and punished but from a social worker point of view rather than a law\\-and\\-order one. In 1963 he painted a mural at the Centro Pedagóogico Infantil called *A nuestra generación corresponde decidir*. However, it was later painted over by the director of Child Services, wife of President [Adolfo López Mateos](/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos \"Adolfo López Mateos\") because it was considered to be \"too sad.\" In 1966 he created the mural *Las festivades judías* for the Kehila Ashkenazi in Mexico City. The building of the Kehila was torn down due to severe damage caused by the earthquake of 2017 and its whereabouts are unknown.",
"From the late 1960s to mid\\-1970s, Belkin lived and worked in New York City. One major mural done here was a wall in [Hell's Kitchen](/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen%2C_Manhattan \"Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan\") measuring almost 40,000 square feet from 1972 to 1973\\. To complete the extremely large project, he enlisted help from anyone willing to be taught. The result was *Against Domestic Colonialism* belonging not only to the artist but the community. Over the decades, this mural has escaped most of the [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti_in_New_York \"Graffiti in New York\") that covers most other surfaces in the area. He painted a number of other murals in the New York City area. In 1971 he was artist\\-in\\-residence at the [Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/Lock_Haven_University_of_Pennsylvania \"Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania\"). He also painted *Epimiteo* on the cafeteria walls of [Dumont High School](/wiki/Dumont_High_School \"Dumont High School\") in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\") in 1973\\.",
"When he returned to Mexico, he continued to paint murals. From 1978 to 1979 he created *La migración sefardí* en México at the Centro Social Monte Sinaí in Mexico City. In 1981 he painted *A través de la technología* for the Colegio de Ingenieros Mecánicos y Electricistas.",
"In the 1980s he worked on a series of works for the [Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana](/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana \"Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana\") in [Iztapalapa](/wiki/Iztapalapa \"Iztapalapa\"). It is this work for which he is best known.{{cite news \\|title\\= Inaugurarán exposición con obras de Arnold Belkin en el Museo de la Revolución \\|url\\= http://puebla.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/72d37f6785f7d379da89e88756ce56fe \\|newspaper\\= Milenio \\|location\\=Puebla, Mexico \\|date\\=October 26, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2012 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|trans\\-title\\=Inaugurate exhibition of the works of Arnold Belken at the Museo de la Revolucion }} The murals total six : *El hombre y el cosmos, Genesis de un nuevo orden*(1988\\), *Omniciencia* (1984\\), *Imagenes de nuestros dias, Una utopia posible* (1983–1984\\), *Muerte de la ignorancia and Transformacion de la sociedad* (1986\\), as well as a number of sculptures. He became the artist\\-in\\-residence for the institution in 1983 and starting painting the Teatro del Fuego Nuevo as part of a course he taught there, finishing in 1984\\. He finished the last mural in 1988 on Building E after painting the library and the social sciences building.",
"During this period, he also painted from 1985 to 1986 the mural *Identidad y futuro* the Colegio Madrid. This work depicts the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") and the Republican exiles that arrived to Mexico.",
"In 1987 he traveled to [Managua](/wiki/Managua \"Managua\"), [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua \"Nicaragua\") to paint *Los prometeos* on the Palacio Nacional Héroes y Mártires de la Revolución. The mural features [Emiliano Zapata](/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata \"Emiliano Zapata\"), [Augusto César Sandino](/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino \"Augusto César Sandino\") and [Prometheus](/wiki/Prometheus \"Prometheus\"), with the two revolutionaries being compared to the mythical Greek figure who brought fire to man.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://fox.presidencia.gob.mx/buenasnoticias/?contenido\\=19997\\&pagina\\=214 \\|title\\= Restauran mural del mexicano Arnold Belkin \\|date\\=August 9, 2005 \\|publisher\\=Government of Mexico \\|location\\=Mexico \\|language\\=Spanish \\|trans\\-title\\=Restore mural of Mexican Arnold Belkin \\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2012 }}",
"At the end of the 1980s, he became interested in reinterpreting the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans resulting in murals called *Descubrimiento y conquista del Nuevo Mundo* (1988–1989\\) at the Biblioteca Pública de Popotla and 1492 (1991\\). This would be his last major work.\n[thumb\\|*Los hermanos Serdán. La lucha continúa* (1977\\), de Arnold Belkin](/wiki/File:Los_hermanos_Serd%C3%A1n._La_lucha_contin%C3%BAa_%281977%29%2C_de_Arnold_Belkin.jpg \"Los hermanos Serdán. La lucha continúa (1977), de Arnold Belkin.jpg\")\nIn addition to more traditional works, Belkin created what he called \"portal murals,\" large scale paintings which can be moved and adapted as a way to deal with changing architectural tastes such as lower walls and the use of prefabricated panels. He created ten major pieces of this type of work. The first of these was in 1959 called the *Levanamiento del Ghetto de Varsovia* or *Warsaw Ghetto Uprising* which was later acquired by the [Vancouver Jewish Community Center](/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Communities_in_the_United_States_and_Canada \"List of Jewish Communities in the United States and Canada\"). These were followed later by *Massacre at Kent State* in 1970 (1974\\), *The My Lai Massacre* in 1976 and *Los hermanos Serdán: la lucha continúa*, which was acquired by the state of [Puebla](/wiki/Puebla \"Puebla\") for the Casa de los hermanos Serdán. Another major piece from the 1970s was for the [Museo Nacional de Historia](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Historia \"Museo Nacional de Historia\") called *La llegada de los generals Zapata y Villa al Palacio Nacional el 6 diciembre de 1914*. In 1986 he created the portable mural called *La vocación de la maestra Magdalena* and in 1990 he did *Inventando el futuro* for the engineering school at [UNAM](/wiki/UNAM \"UNAM\").",
"At various points in his career, Belkin was a professor and teacher, mostly related to mural work. In 1956 he began teaching mural painting at the [Universidad de las Americas](/wiki/Universidad_de_las_Am%C3%A9ricas%2C_A.C. \"Universidad de las Américas, A.C.\"). From 1971 to 1972 he gave painting classes at the [New School for Social Research](/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research \"New School for Social Research\") and [The Art Students League](/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York \"Art Students League of New York\") in New York City. From 1972 to 1973 he was a guest lecturer at the [Pratt Institute](/wiki/Pratt_Institute \"Pratt Institute\") in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"). In the later 1970s to the 1980s he taught various workshops in Mexico resulting in collective murals done by students. These include a mural to journalist [Francisco Zarco](/wiki/Francisco_Zarco \"Francisco Zarco\") at Callejón Francisco Zarco (1977\\), a mural called *La historia del movimiento obrero* at Parque Juventino Rosas in the [Magdalena Contreras](/wiki/Magdalena_Contreras \"Magdalena Contreras\") borough and *Raíces de las flores Nelhuayotl* on the borough hall of [Xochimilco](/wiki/Xochimilco \"Xochimilco\") all in Mexico City done by students from [ENAP](/wiki/National_School_of_Arts_%28UNAM%29 \"National School of Arts (UNAM)\"). From 1983 to 1984, he gave a course about the uses of photography in paintings at the [Museo Universitario del Chopo](/wiki/Museo_Universitario_del_Chopo \"Museo Universitario del Chopo\").",
"### Canvas work and exhibitions",
"In addition to murals, Belkin also created a large number of canvas works with which he had success in exhibitions. His first individual exhibition was at the Instituto Cultural Anglo\\-Mexicano sponsored by the Canadian Embassy in 1952, with the introduction written by David Alfaro Siqueiros.\\- This was followed by other individual exhibitions in Mexico along with exhibitions in Vancouver and Calgary in 1953m, 1958 and 1959\\. In 1960 he exhibited at the [Academy of San Carlos](/wiki/Academy_of_San_Carlos \"Academy of San Carlos\"). His first exhibition in the United States was at the Zora Gallery in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") in 1961\\. Along with Siqueiros, Icaza and [Tamayo](/wiki/Rufino_Tamayo \"Rufino Tamayo\") and his was invited to represent Mexico at the International Award Exhibition at the [Guggenheim Museum in New York](/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_in_New_York \"Guggenheim Museum in New York\"). In 1966, he participated in the group show Confrontación 66 organized by the [Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes](/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Bellas_Artes \"Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes\") at the Palacio de Bellas Artes.",
"His fame increased in the 1970s with exhibitions in the United States, [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela \"Venezuela\"), [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\") and [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\"). Belkin's easel paintings also enjoyed much success during his time in New York. In 1970 he began a series of sixteen paintings related to the death of physicist and politician [Juan Pablo Marat](/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Marat \"Juan Pablo Marat\"). These were exhibited at the Lerner\\-Heller Gallery in New York in 1972\\. From 1972 to 1975 he had various individual exhibitions in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\"), [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\"), [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton%2C_Ohio \"Dayton, Ohio\"), [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\") and [San Juan, Puerto Rico](/wiki/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico \"San Juan, Puerto Rico\").",
"In 1974 he began a series of paintings called *Historic Battles*, considered to be some of his best canvas work. It is a series of large scale paintings, including *Massacre at Kent State*, *My Lai Massacre* and the *Military Coup in Chile of 1973*. While many are of contemporary topics, they also included paraphrases of compositions by masters of European art of past centuries such as [Nicolas Poussin](/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin \"Nicolas Poussin\")'s *The Rape of the Sabines*. However all deal with the violence of armed men during war against the defenseless. He also painted images of the future and of utopia, such as *Armoured Figure* done in New York. This one is a warning against technology enslaving the human spirit. In 1977 he had an individual exhibition at the Museo de Bellas Artes in [Caracas, Venezuela](/wiki/Caracas%2C_Venezuela \"Caracas, Venezuela\"). In 1979, he was invited by the Cuban government to do an individual exhibition at the [Casa de las Américas](/wiki/Casa_de_las_Am%C3%A9ricas \"Casa de las Américas\") of his work during the 1970s. This included some of his portable murals.",
"His other major series of paintings is dedicated to Emiliano Zapata, started in 1979\\. These works are a kind of documentary based on photographs and other visual references to the [Mexican Revolution](/wiki/Mexican_Revolution \"Mexican Revolution\") figure. They include works done in pencil, ink and crayon and served as sketches for larger works about Zapata later in his career.",
"From 1981 to 1982 he worked on a series of drawings and paintings called *Los amantes* based on love poems by [Mario Benedetti](/wiki/Mario_Benedetti \"Mario Benedetti\"). The series also included photographs by [Rafael Doniz](/wiki/Rafael_Doniz \"Rafael Doniz\") of lovers embracing in the middle of scenes of social conflict. From 1985 to 1986 he created the [Lucio Cabañas](/wiki/Lucio_Caba%C3%B1as \"Lucio Cabañas\") series, which are large scale drawings on [amate](/wiki/Amate \"Amate\") paper which feature the revolutionary along with Sandino and [Pedro Albizu Campos](/wiki/Pedro_Albizu_Campos \"Pedro Albizu Campos\"). The triptych *Tlatelolco, lugar del sacrificio* (1989\\) ties the events of [1521](/wiki/Tlatelolco_%28altepetl%29 \"Tlatelolco (altepetl)\"), [1968](/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre \"Tlatelolco massacre\") and [1985](/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake \"1985 Mexico City earthquake\"). In 1982 he had an individual exhibition at the [Museo de Arte Moderno](/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Moderno \"Museo de Arte Moderno\"). In 1983 he presented an exhibition of drawings from 1957 to 1983 at the [Casa del Lago](/wiki/Chapultepec_Park \"Chapultepec Park\").",
"### Other activities",
"In the first half of the 1950s, Belkin became interested in music, dance and theatre. From 1951 to 1954 he drew dancers and began to design sets and costumes for various ballets such as *Tierra* by Elena Noriega, *El muñeco y los hombrecillos*, *El debate and Advenimiento de la luz* by Xavier Francis. From 1955 to 1960 he did set design for Seki Sano, Héctor Mendoza and Luis de Tavira for productions such as *Cinco preciosidades francesas* and *El Décimo hombre*. In 1966 he created the set of the work *Don Gel de las calzas verdes* by [Tirso de Molina](/wiki/Tirso_de_Molina \"Tirso de Molina\"), directed by Héctor Mendoza. In 1982 he created the set for *Lances de amor y fortuna* by [Pedro Calderón de la Barca](/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca \"Pedro Calderón de la Barca\") directed by Luis de Tavira. In 1983 he created the set for *El destierro* by Juan Tovar, directed by José Caballero. In 1983 he designed the wardrobe, set and lighting for the work *Herejía* by Sabina Berman directed by Abraham Oceransky, which received the Premio Nacional de Teatro in the same year. In 1984 he designed the set for *Los dos hermanos* by Felipe Santander.",
"His engraving work is not very well known but it has been exhibited and has received awards. In 1972 his work was recognized at the II Bienal Latinoamericana de Grabado in San Juan. In 1987 he created five engravings called *Los conquistadores* which became part of the El Inicio de Nueva España display at the [Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia \"Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia\"). After his death, his work featured in an exhibition called Arte Gráfico Latinoamericano (1970–1980\\)\" at the state government building in [Villahermosa](/wiki/Villahermosa \"Villahermosa\"), [Tabasco](/wiki/Tabasco \"Tabasco\"), as well as an exhibition at the [Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla](/wiki/Benem%C3%A9rita_Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Puebla \"Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla\") in 2011\\.",
"In 1961 he formed the Grupo de Interioristas along with Francisco Icaza, which was concerned with the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") and commercialism with the widespread use of plastic. The group focused on creating monochromatic images which became their trademark. The name Interioristas was coined by art critic Selden Rodman. In 1961 he co\\-authored the manifesto *Nueva Presencia:el hombre en el arte de nuestro tiempo* with Francisco Icaza, which was against so\\-called [bourgeois](/wiki/Bourgeois \"Bourgeois\") art and academic art of \"good taste\" in favor of that with political and social messages. This led to the formation of the group [Nueva Presencia](/wiki/Nueva_Presencia \"Nueva Presencia\") with included Leonel Góngora, [Francisco Corzas](/wiki/Francisco_Corzas \"Francisco Corzas\"), [José Muñoz Medina](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mu%C3%B1oz_Medina \"José Muñoz Medina\"), [Artemio Sepulveda](/wiki/Artemio_Sepulveda \"Artemio Sepulveda\"), [Rafael Coronel](/wiki/Rafael_Coronel \"Rafael Coronel\") and [Nacho López](/wiki/Nacho_L%C3%B3pez \"Nacho López\"). From 1967 to 1968 he created the Museo Latinoamericano with Omar Rayo, Leonel Góngora, Abularach, Paternosto, Gerchman and others because he was unhappy with attitudes towards Latin American shown by the Center for Inter\\-American Relations. The idea the museum was that Latin American artists were better able to present the art and culture of the region more than capitalists from the United States. He also founded the Taller del Muralismo Comunitario in 1978\\.",
"He published a catalog of lithographs called *Two* with poems by [Jack Hirschman](/wiki/Jack_Hirschman \"Jack Hirschman\") published by Zora Gallery in 1963\\. In 1987 he published a book called *Contra la amnesia: textos 1960\\-1985*.",
"He created postcards at various points in his life included one in 1966 for the [Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes](/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Comunicaciones_y_Transportes \"Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes\") featuring Eolo, Greek goddess of wind, one in 1981 for the [Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores](/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Relaciones_Exteriores \"Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores\") to honor the bicentennial of the birth of [Simón Bolívar](/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar \"Simón Bolívar\") and one in 1988 for the Mexican postal service with a portrait of [César Vallejo](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo \"César Vallejo\").",
"He also did a few sculptures which include a large scale one in 1981 called *El Estudiante* for the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana\\-Iztapalapa and one in 1986 for the Jardín Escultórico at the Bosque Lázaro Cárdenas in [Morelia](/wiki/Morelia \"Morelia\").",
"In 1988 he created the cover to the social science textbook for public schools in Mexico.",
"### Recognition",
"In 1960 he received an award from the Asociación de Críticos Teatrales for best scene design for his work on *Terror y miserias del III Reich* by Bertolt Brecht. *El hombre si tiene future (homenaje a Bertrand Russell)* won the Adquisición del Salón de Pintura prize in 1963\\. Also in 1963, he received an honorary mention at the Casa de las Américas for a catalogue of lithographs he made in Los Angeles. In 1982 the mural *Traición y muerte de Zapata and El asesinato de Rubén Jaramillo y su familia mayo 22 de 1962* won the Winfred Lam Grand Prize at the I Bienal in [Havana](/wiki/Havana \"Havana\"), Cuba. He keynoted the III Coloquio Latinoamericano de Fotografía in Havana talking about his experience using photography in his art. In 1986 there was a retrospective of his mural work at the Galería Metropolitana in Mexico City. In 1987 [UNAM](/wiki/UNAM \"UNAM\") published a book about the artist.",
"There have been a number of posthumous retrospectives and other exhibitions of his work including the 1997 the exhibition at the Museo Mural Diego Rivera and was honored at an event at the Museo Universitario del Chopo in 1998\\.",
""
] |
### Murals
After graduating from La Esmeralda, Belkin began to work at the Taller de Ensayo de Materiales y Plasticos belonging to José L. Gutierrez. With this group he worked on various collective murals as well as his first individual mural called *¡El pueblo no quiere la guerra!* in 1950, a fresco painted at the Instituto Politécnico Nacional, since destroyed.
During the rest of the decade, he painted a number of murals in various parts of the country. In 1952 he painted *Canto a la tierra*, several fresco panels based on poems by [Nezahualcoyotl](/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl_%28tlatoani%29 "Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)") at the Banco de Monterrey. In 1956 he painted *La bahía de Acapulco* at the Hotel Continental Hilton in Mexico City which was destroyed by [the 1985 earthquake](/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake "1985 Mexico City earthquake"). In the same year, he painted *Figuras de Tlatilco* at a private home in [Xalapa](/wiki/Xalapa "Xalapa"), [Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz "Veracruz"). In 1957 he painted the mural *Escenas de Don Quijote* at the La Casa de Piedra in [Cuernavaca](/wiki/Cuernavaca "Cuernavaca").
From 1960 to 1961 he painted a mural on a federal prison in Mexico City called *Todos somos culpables*. This tells the story of a criminal committing crime, getting caught and punished but from a social worker point of view rather than a law\-and\-order one. In 1963 he painted a mural at the Centro Pedagóogico Infantil called *A nuestra generación corresponde decidir*. However, it was later painted over by the director of Child Services, wife of President [Adolfo López Mateos](/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos "Adolfo López Mateos") because it was considered to be "too sad." In 1966 he created the mural *Las festivades judías* for the Kehila Ashkenazi in Mexico City. The building of the Kehila was torn down due to severe damage caused by the earthquake of 2017 and its whereabouts are unknown.
From the late 1960s to mid\-1970s, Belkin lived and worked in New York City. One major mural done here was a wall in [Hell's Kitchen](/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen%2C_Manhattan "Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan") measuring almost 40,000 square feet from 1972 to 1973\. To complete the extremely large project, he enlisted help from anyone willing to be taught. The result was *Against Domestic Colonialism* belonging not only to the artist but the community. Over the decades, this mural has escaped most of the [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti_in_New_York "Graffiti in New York") that covers most other surfaces in the area. He painted a number of other murals in the New York City area. In 1971 he was artist\-in\-residence at the [Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/Lock_Haven_University_of_Pennsylvania "Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania"). He also painted *Epimiteo* on the cafeteria walls of [Dumont High School](/wiki/Dumont_High_School "Dumont High School") in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") in 1973\.
When he returned to Mexico, he continued to paint murals. From 1978 to 1979 he created *La migración sefardí* en México at the Centro Social Monte Sinaí in Mexico City. In 1981 he painted *A través de la technología* for the Colegio de Ingenieros Mecánicos y Electricistas.
In the 1980s he worked on a series of works for the [Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana](/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana "Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana") in [Iztapalapa](/wiki/Iztapalapa "Iztapalapa"). It is this work for which he is best known.{{cite news \|title\= Inaugurarán exposición con obras de Arnold Belkin en el Museo de la Revolución \|url\= http://puebla.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/72d37f6785f7d379da89e88756ce56fe \|newspaper\= Milenio \|location\=Puebla, Mexico \|date\=October 26, 2011 \|access\-date\=August 28, 2012 \|language\=Spanish \|trans\-title\=Inaugurate exhibition of the works of Arnold Belken at the Museo de la Revolucion }} The murals total six : *El hombre y el cosmos, Genesis de un nuevo orden*(1988\), *Omniciencia* (1984\), *Imagenes de nuestros dias, Una utopia posible* (1983–1984\), *Muerte de la ignorancia and Transformacion de la sociedad* (1986\), as well as a number of sculptures. He became the artist\-in\-residence for the institution in 1983 and starting painting the Teatro del Fuego Nuevo as part of a course he taught there, finishing in 1984\. He finished the last mural in 1988 on Building E after painting the library and the social sciences building.
During this period, he also painted from 1985 to 1986 the mural *Identidad y futuro* the Colegio Madrid. This work depicts the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War") and the Republican exiles that arrived to Mexico.
In 1987 he traveled to [Managua](/wiki/Managua "Managua"), [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua "Nicaragua") to paint *Los prometeos* on the Palacio Nacional Héroes y Mártires de la Revolución. The mural features [Emiliano Zapata](/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata "Emiliano Zapata"), [Augusto César Sandino](/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino "Augusto César Sandino") and [Prometheus](/wiki/Prometheus "Prometheus"), with the two revolutionaries being compared to the mythical Greek figure who brought fire to man.{{cite web \|url\= http://fox.presidencia.gob.mx/buenasnoticias/?contenido\=19997\&pagina\=214 \|title\= Restauran mural del mexicano Arnold Belkin \|date\=August 9, 2005 \|publisher\=Government of Mexico \|location\=Mexico \|language\=Spanish \|trans\-title\=Restore mural of Mexican Arnold Belkin \|access\-date\=August 28, 2012 }}
At the end of the 1980s, he became interested in reinterpreting the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans resulting in murals called *Descubrimiento y conquista del Nuevo Mundo* (1988–1989\) at the Biblioteca Pública de Popotla and 1492 (1991\). This would be his last major work.
[thumb\|*Los hermanos Serdán. La lucha continúa* (1977\), de Arnold Belkin](/wiki/File:Los_hermanos_Serd%C3%A1n._La_lucha_contin%C3%BAa_%281977%29%2C_de_Arnold_Belkin.jpg "Los hermanos Serdán. La lucha continúa (1977), de Arnold Belkin.jpg")
In addition to more traditional works, Belkin created what he called "portal murals," large scale paintings which can be moved and adapted as a way to deal with changing architectural tastes such as lower walls and the use of prefabricated panels. He created ten major pieces of this type of work. The first of these was in 1959 called the *Levanamiento del Ghetto de Varsovia* or *Warsaw Ghetto Uprising* which was later acquired by the [Vancouver Jewish Community Center](/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Communities_in_the_United_States_and_Canada "List of Jewish Communities in the United States and Canada"). These were followed later by *Massacre at Kent State* in 1970 (1974\), *The My Lai Massacre* in 1976 and *Los hermanos Serdán: la lucha continúa*, which was acquired by the state of [Puebla](/wiki/Puebla "Puebla") for the Casa de los hermanos Serdán. Another major piece from the 1970s was for the [Museo Nacional de Historia](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Historia "Museo Nacional de Historia") called *La llegada de los generals Zapata y Villa al Palacio Nacional el 6 diciembre de 1914*. In 1986 he created the portable mural called *La vocación de la maestra Magdalena* and in 1990 he did *Inventando el futuro* for the engineering school at [UNAM](/wiki/UNAM "UNAM").
At various points in his career, Belkin was a professor and teacher, mostly related to mural work. In 1956 he began teaching mural painting at the [Universidad de las Americas](/wiki/Universidad_de_las_Am%C3%A9ricas%2C_A.C. "Universidad de las Américas, A.C."). From 1971 to 1972 he gave painting classes at the [New School for Social Research](/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research "New School for Social Research") and [The Art Students League](/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York "Art Students League of New York") in New York City. From 1972 to 1973 he was a guest lecturer at the [Pratt Institute](/wiki/Pratt_Institute "Pratt Institute") in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"). In the later 1970s to the 1980s he taught various workshops in Mexico resulting in collective murals done by students. These include a mural to journalist [Francisco Zarco](/wiki/Francisco_Zarco "Francisco Zarco") at Callejón Francisco Zarco (1977\), a mural called *La historia del movimiento obrero* at Parque Juventino Rosas in the [Magdalena Contreras](/wiki/Magdalena_Contreras "Magdalena Contreras") borough and *Raíces de las flores Nelhuayotl* on the borough hall of [Xochimilco](/wiki/Xochimilco "Xochimilco") all in Mexico City done by students from [ENAP](/wiki/National_School_of_Arts_%28UNAM%29 "National School of Arts (UNAM)"). From 1983 to 1984, he gave a course about the uses of photography in paintings at the [Museo Universitario del Chopo](/wiki/Museo_Universitario_del_Chopo "Museo Universitario del Chopo").
|
[
"### Murals",
"After graduating from La Esmeralda, Belkin began to work at the Taller de Ensayo de Materiales y Plasticos belonging to José L. Gutierrez. With this group he worked on various collective murals as well as his first individual mural called *¡El pueblo no quiere la guerra!* in 1950, a fresco painted at the Instituto Politécnico Nacional, since destroyed.",
"During the rest of the decade, he painted a number of murals in various parts of the country. In 1952 he painted *Canto a la tierra*, several fresco panels based on poems by [Nezahualcoyotl](/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl_%28tlatoani%29 \"Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)\") at the Banco de Monterrey. In 1956 he painted *La bahía de Acapulco* at the Hotel Continental Hilton in Mexico City which was destroyed by [the 1985 earthquake](/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake \"1985 Mexico City earthquake\"). In the same year, he painted *Figuras de Tlatilco* at a private home in [Xalapa](/wiki/Xalapa \"Xalapa\"), [Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz \"Veracruz\"). In 1957 he painted the mural *Escenas de Don Quijote* at the La Casa de Piedra in [Cuernavaca](/wiki/Cuernavaca \"Cuernavaca\").",
"From 1960 to 1961 he painted a mural on a federal prison in Mexico City called *Todos somos culpables*. This tells the story of a criminal committing crime, getting caught and punished but from a social worker point of view rather than a law\\-and\\-order one. In 1963 he painted a mural at the Centro Pedagóogico Infantil called *A nuestra generación corresponde decidir*. However, it was later painted over by the director of Child Services, wife of President [Adolfo López Mateos](/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos \"Adolfo López Mateos\") because it was considered to be \"too sad.\" In 1966 he created the mural *Las festivades judías* for the Kehila Ashkenazi in Mexico City. The building of the Kehila was torn down due to severe damage caused by the earthquake of 2017 and its whereabouts are unknown.",
"From the late 1960s to mid\\-1970s, Belkin lived and worked in New York City. One major mural done here was a wall in [Hell's Kitchen](/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen%2C_Manhattan \"Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan\") measuring almost 40,000 square feet from 1972 to 1973\\. To complete the extremely large project, he enlisted help from anyone willing to be taught. The result was *Against Domestic Colonialism* belonging not only to the artist but the community. Over the decades, this mural has escaped most of the [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti_in_New_York \"Graffiti in New York\") that covers most other surfaces in the area. He painted a number of other murals in the New York City area. In 1971 he was artist\\-in\\-residence at the [Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/Lock_Haven_University_of_Pennsylvania \"Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania\"). He also painted *Epimiteo* on the cafeteria walls of [Dumont High School](/wiki/Dumont_High_School \"Dumont High School\") in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\") in 1973\\.",
"When he returned to Mexico, he continued to paint murals. From 1978 to 1979 he created *La migración sefardí* en México at the Centro Social Monte Sinaí in Mexico City. In 1981 he painted *A través de la technología* for the Colegio de Ingenieros Mecánicos y Electricistas.",
"In the 1980s he worked on a series of works for the [Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana](/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana \"Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana\") in [Iztapalapa](/wiki/Iztapalapa \"Iztapalapa\"). It is this work for which he is best known.{{cite news \\|title\\= Inaugurarán exposición con obras de Arnold Belkin en el Museo de la Revolución \\|url\\= http://puebla.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/72d37f6785f7d379da89e88756ce56fe \\|newspaper\\= Milenio \\|location\\=Puebla, Mexico \\|date\\=October 26, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2012 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|trans\\-title\\=Inaugurate exhibition of the works of Arnold Belken at the Museo de la Revolucion }} The murals total six : *El hombre y el cosmos, Genesis de un nuevo orden*(1988\\), *Omniciencia* (1984\\), *Imagenes de nuestros dias, Una utopia posible* (1983–1984\\), *Muerte de la ignorancia and Transformacion de la sociedad* (1986\\), as well as a number of sculptures. He became the artist\\-in\\-residence for the institution in 1983 and starting painting the Teatro del Fuego Nuevo as part of a course he taught there, finishing in 1984\\. He finished the last mural in 1988 on Building E after painting the library and the social sciences building.",
"During this period, he also painted from 1985 to 1986 the mural *Identidad y futuro* the Colegio Madrid. This work depicts the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") and the Republican exiles that arrived to Mexico.",
"In 1987 he traveled to [Managua](/wiki/Managua \"Managua\"), [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua \"Nicaragua\") to paint *Los prometeos* on the Palacio Nacional Héroes y Mártires de la Revolución. The mural features [Emiliano Zapata](/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata \"Emiliano Zapata\"), [Augusto César Sandino](/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino \"Augusto César Sandino\") and [Prometheus](/wiki/Prometheus \"Prometheus\"), with the two revolutionaries being compared to the mythical Greek figure who brought fire to man.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://fox.presidencia.gob.mx/buenasnoticias/?contenido\\=19997\\&pagina\\=214 \\|title\\= Restauran mural del mexicano Arnold Belkin \\|date\\=August 9, 2005 \\|publisher\\=Government of Mexico \\|location\\=Mexico \\|language\\=Spanish \\|trans\\-title\\=Restore mural of Mexican Arnold Belkin \\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2012 }}",
"At the end of the 1980s, he became interested in reinterpreting the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans resulting in murals called *Descubrimiento y conquista del Nuevo Mundo* (1988–1989\\) at the Biblioteca Pública de Popotla and 1492 (1991\\). This would be his last major work.\n[thumb\\|*Los hermanos Serdán. La lucha continúa* (1977\\), de Arnold Belkin](/wiki/File:Los_hermanos_Serd%C3%A1n._La_lucha_contin%C3%BAa_%281977%29%2C_de_Arnold_Belkin.jpg \"Los hermanos Serdán. La lucha continúa (1977), de Arnold Belkin.jpg\")\nIn addition to more traditional works, Belkin created what he called \"portal murals,\" large scale paintings which can be moved and adapted as a way to deal with changing architectural tastes such as lower walls and the use of prefabricated panels. He created ten major pieces of this type of work. The first of these was in 1959 called the *Levanamiento del Ghetto de Varsovia* or *Warsaw Ghetto Uprising* which was later acquired by the [Vancouver Jewish Community Center](/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Communities_in_the_United_States_and_Canada \"List of Jewish Communities in the United States and Canada\"). These were followed later by *Massacre at Kent State* in 1970 (1974\\), *The My Lai Massacre* in 1976 and *Los hermanos Serdán: la lucha continúa*, which was acquired by the state of [Puebla](/wiki/Puebla \"Puebla\") for the Casa de los hermanos Serdán. Another major piece from the 1970s was for the [Museo Nacional de Historia](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Historia \"Museo Nacional de Historia\") called *La llegada de los generals Zapata y Villa al Palacio Nacional el 6 diciembre de 1914*. In 1986 he created the portable mural called *La vocación de la maestra Magdalena* and in 1990 he did *Inventando el futuro* for the engineering school at [UNAM](/wiki/UNAM \"UNAM\").",
"At various points in his career, Belkin was a professor and teacher, mostly related to mural work. In 1956 he began teaching mural painting at the [Universidad de las Americas](/wiki/Universidad_de_las_Am%C3%A9ricas%2C_A.C. \"Universidad de las Américas, A.C.\"). From 1971 to 1972 he gave painting classes at the [New School for Social Research](/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research \"New School for Social Research\") and [The Art Students League](/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York \"Art Students League of New York\") in New York City. From 1972 to 1973 he was a guest lecturer at the [Pratt Institute](/wiki/Pratt_Institute \"Pratt Institute\") in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"). In the later 1970s to the 1980s he taught various workshops in Mexico resulting in collective murals done by students. These include a mural to journalist [Francisco Zarco](/wiki/Francisco_Zarco \"Francisco Zarco\") at Callejón Francisco Zarco (1977\\), a mural called *La historia del movimiento obrero* at Parque Juventino Rosas in the [Magdalena Contreras](/wiki/Magdalena_Contreras \"Magdalena Contreras\") borough and *Raíces de las flores Nelhuayotl* on the borough hall of [Xochimilco](/wiki/Xochimilco \"Xochimilco\") all in Mexico City done by students from [ENAP](/wiki/National_School_of_Arts_%28UNAM%29 \"National School of Arts (UNAM)\"). From 1983 to 1984, he gave a course about the uses of photography in paintings at the [Museo Universitario del Chopo](/wiki/Museo_Universitario_del_Chopo \"Museo Universitario del Chopo\").",
""
] |
### Canvas work and exhibitions
In addition to murals, Belkin also created a large number of canvas works with which he had success in exhibitions. His first individual exhibition was at the Instituto Cultural Anglo\-Mexicano sponsored by the Canadian Embassy in 1952, with the introduction written by David Alfaro Siqueiros.\- This was followed by other individual exhibitions in Mexico along with exhibitions in Vancouver and Calgary in 1953m, 1958 and 1959\. In 1960 he exhibited at the [Academy of San Carlos](/wiki/Academy_of_San_Carlos "Academy of San Carlos"). His first exhibition in the United States was at the Zora Gallery in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") in 1961\. Along with Siqueiros, Icaza and [Tamayo](/wiki/Rufino_Tamayo "Rufino Tamayo") and his was invited to represent Mexico at the International Award Exhibition at the [Guggenheim Museum in New York](/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_in_New_York "Guggenheim Museum in New York"). In 1966, he participated in the group show Confrontación 66 organized by the [Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes](/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Bellas_Artes "Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes") at the Palacio de Bellas Artes.
His fame increased in the 1970s with exhibitions in the United States, [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela"), [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") and [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"). Belkin's easel paintings also enjoyed much success during his time in New York. In 1970 he began a series of sixteen paintings related to the death of physicist and politician [Juan Pablo Marat](/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Marat "Juan Pablo Marat"). These were exhibited at the Lerner\-Heller Gallery in New York in 1972\. From 1972 to 1975 he had various individual exhibitions in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit"), [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston"), [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton%2C_Ohio "Dayton, Ohio"), [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona") and [San Juan, Puerto Rico](/wiki/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico "San Juan, Puerto Rico").
In 1974 he began a series of paintings called *Historic Battles*, considered to be some of his best canvas work. It is a series of large scale paintings, including *Massacre at Kent State*, *My Lai Massacre* and the *Military Coup in Chile of 1973*. While many are of contemporary topics, they also included paraphrases of compositions by masters of European art of past centuries such as [Nicolas Poussin](/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin "Nicolas Poussin")'s *The Rape of the Sabines*. However all deal with the violence of armed men during war against the defenseless. He also painted images of the future and of utopia, such as *Armoured Figure* done in New York. This one is a warning against technology enslaving the human spirit. In 1977 he had an individual exhibition at the Museo de Bellas Artes in [Caracas, Venezuela](/wiki/Caracas%2C_Venezuela "Caracas, Venezuela"). In 1979, he was invited by the Cuban government to do an individual exhibition at the [Casa de las Américas](/wiki/Casa_de_las_Am%C3%A9ricas "Casa de las Américas") of his work during the 1970s. This included some of his portable murals.
His other major series of paintings is dedicated to Emiliano Zapata, started in 1979\. These works are a kind of documentary based on photographs and other visual references to the [Mexican Revolution](/wiki/Mexican_Revolution "Mexican Revolution") figure. They include works done in pencil, ink and crayon and served as sketches for larger works about Zapata later in his career.
From 1981 to 1982 he worked on a series of drawings and paintings called *Los amantes* based on love poems by [Mario Benedetti](/wiki/Mario_Benedetti "Mario Benedetti"). The series also included photographs by [Rafael Doniz](/wiki/Rafael_Doniz "Rafael Doniz") of lovers embracing in the middle of scenes of social conflict. From 1985 to 1986 he created the [Lucio Cabañas](/wiki/Lucio_Caba%C3%B1as "Lucio Cabañas") series, which are large scale drawings on [amate](/wiki/Amate "Amate") paper which feature the revolutionary along with Sandino and [Pedro Albizu Campos](/wiki/Pedro_Albizu_Campos "Pedro Albizu Campos"). The triptych *Tlatelolco, lugar del sacrificio* (1989\) ties the events of [1521](/wiki/Tlatelolco_%28altepetl%29 "Tlatelolco (altepetl)"), [1968](/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre "Tlatelolco massacre") and [1985](/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake "1985 Mexico City earthquake"). In 1982 he had an individual exhibition at the [Museo de Arte Moderno](/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Moderno "Museo de Arte Moderno"). In 1983 he presented an exhibition of drawings from 1957 to 1983 at the [Casa del Lago](/wiki/Chapultepec_Park "Chapultepec Park").
|
[
"### Canvas work and exhibitions",
"In addition to murals, Belkin also created a large number of canvas works with which he had success in exhibitions. His first individual exhibition was at the Instituto Cultural Anglo\\-Mexicano sponsored by the Canadian Embassy in 1952, with the introduction written by David Alfaro Siqueiros.\\- This was followed by other individual exhibitions in Mexico along with exhibitions in Vancouver and Calgary in 1953m, 1958 and 1959\\. In 1960 he exhibited at the [Academy of San Carlos](/wiki/Academy_of_San_Carlos \"Academy of San Carlos\"). His first exhibition in the United States was at the Zora Gallery in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") in 1961\\. Along with Siqueiros, Icaza and [Tamayo](/wiki/Rufino_Tamayo \"Rufino Tamayo\") and his was invited to represent Mexico at the International Award Exhibition at the [Guggenheim Museum in New York](/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_in_New_York \"Guggenheim Museum in New York\"). In 1966, he participated in the group show Confrontación 66 organized by the [Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes](/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Bellas_Artes \"Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes\") at the Palacio de Bellas Artes.",
"His fame increased in the 1970s with exhibitions in the United States, [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela \"Venezuela\"), [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\") and [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\"). Belkin's easel paintings also enjoyed much success during his time in New York. In 1970 he began a series of sixteen paintings related to the death of physicist and politician [Juan Pablo Marat](/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Marat \"Juan Pablo Marat\"). These were exhibited at the Lerner\\-Heller Gallery in New York in 1972\\. From 1972 to 1975 he had various individual exhibitions in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\"), [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\"), [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton%2C_Ohio \"Dayton, Ohio\"), [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\") and [San Juan, Puerto Rico](/wiki/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico \"San Juan, Puerto Rico\").",
"In 1974 he began a series of paintings called *Historic Battles*, considered to be some of his best canvas work. It is a series of large scale paintings, including *Massacre at Kent State*, *My Lai Massacre* and the *Military Coup in Chile of 1973*. While many are of contemporary topics, they also included paraphrases of compositions by masters of European art of past centuries such as [Nicolas Poussin](/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin \"Nicolas Poussin\")'s *The Rape of the Sabines*. However all deal with the violence of armed men during war against the defenseless. He also painted images of the future and of utopia, such as *Armoured Figure* done in New York. This one is a warning against technology enslaving the human spirit. In 1977 he had an individual exhibition at the Museo de Bellas Artes in [Caracas, Venezuela](/wiki/Caracas%2C_Venezuela \"Caracas, Venezuela\"). In 1979, he was invited by the Cuban government to do an individual exhibition at the [Casa de las Américas](/wiki/Casa_de_las_Am%C3%A9ricas \"Casa de las Américas\") of his work during the 1970s. This included some of his portable murals.",
"His other major series of paintings is dedicated to Emiliano Zapata, started in 1979\\. These works are a kind of documentary based on photographs and other visual references to the [Mexican Revolution](/wiki/Mexican_Revolution \"Mexican Revolution\") figure. They include works done in pencil, ink and crayon and served as sketches for larger works about Zapata later in his career.",
"From 1981 to 1982 he worked on a series of drawings and paintings called *Los amantes* based on love poems by [Mario Benedetti](/wiki/Mario_Benedetti \"Mario Benedetti\"). The series also included photographs by [Rafael Doniz](/wiki/Rafael_Doniz \"Rafael Doniz\") of lovers embracing in the middle of scenes of social conflict. From 1985 to 1986 he created the [Lucio Cabañas](/wiki/Lucio_Caba%C3%B1as \"Lucio Cabañas\") series, which are large scale drawings on [amate](/wiki/Amate \"Amate\") paper which feature the revolutionary along with Sandino and [Pedro Albizu Campos](/wiki/Pedro_Albizu_Campos \"Pedro Albizu Campos\"). The triptych *Tlatelolco, lugar del sacrificio* (1989\\) ties the events of [1521](/wiki/Tlatelolco_%28altepetl%29 \"Tlatelolco (altepetl)\"), [1968](/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre \"Tlatelolco massacre\") and [1985](/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake \"1985 Mexico City earthquake\"). In 1982 he had an individual exhibition at the [Museo de Arte Moderno](/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Moderno \"Museo de Arte Moderno\"). In 1983 he presented an exhibition of drawings from 1957 to 1983 at the [Casa del Lago](/wiki/Chapultepec_Park \"Chapultepec Park\").",
""
] |
### Other activities
In the first half of the 1950s, Belkin became interested in music, dance and theatre. From 1951 to 1954 he drew dancers and began to design sets and costumes for various ballets such as *Tierra* by Elena Noriega, *El muñeco y los hombrecillos*, *El debate and Advenimiento de la luz* by Xavier Francis. From 1955 to 1960 he did set design for Seki Sano, Héctor Mendoza and Luis de Tavira for productions such as *Cinco preciosidades francesas* and *El Décimo hombre*. In 1966 he created the set of the work *Don Gel de las calzas verdes* by [Tirso de Molina](/wiki/Tirso_de_Molina "Tirso de Molina"), directed by Héctor Mendoza. In 1982 he created the set for *Lances de amor y fortuna* by [Pedro Calderón de la Barca](/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca "Pedro Calderón de la Barca") directed by Luis de Tavira. In 1983 he created the set for *El destierro* by Juan Tovar, directed by José Caballero. In 1983 he designed the wardrobe, set and lighting for the work *Herejía* by Sabina Berman directed by Abraham Oceransky, which received the Premio Nacional de Teatro in the same year. In 1984 he designed the set for *Los dos hermanos* by Felipe Santander.
His engraving work is not very well known but it has been exhibited and has received awards. In 1972 his work was recognized at the II Bienal Latinoamericana de Grabado in San Juan. In 1987 he created five engravings called *Los conquistadores* which became part of the El Inicio de Nueva España display at the [Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia "Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia"). After his death, his work featured in an exhibition called Arte Gráfico Latinoamericano (1970–1980\)" at the state government building in [Villahermosa](/wiki/Villahermosa "Villahermosa"), [Tabasco](/wiki/Tabasco "Tabasco"), as well as an exhibition at the [Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla](/wiki/Benem%C3%A9rita_Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Puebla "Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla") in 2011\.
In 1961 he formed the Grupo de Interioristas along with Francisco Icaza, which was concerned with the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") and commercialism with the widespread use of plastic. The group focused on creating monochromatic images which became their trademark. The name Interioristas was coined by art critic Selden Rodman. In 1961 he co\-authored the manifesto *Nueva Presencia:el hombre en el arte de nuestro tiempo* with Francisco Icaza, which was against so\-called [bourgeois](/wiki/Bourgeois "Bourgeois") art and academic art of "good taste" in favor of that with political and social messages. This led to the formation of the group [Nueva Presencia](/wiki/Nueva_Presencia "Nueva Presencia") with included Leonel Góngora, [Francisco Corzas](/wiki/Francisco_Corzas "Francisco Corzas"), [José Muñoz Medina](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mu%C3%B1oz_Medina "José Muñoz Medina"), [Artemio Sepulveda](/wiki/Artemio_Sepulveda "Artemio Sepulveda"), [Rafael Coronel](/wiki/Rafael_Coronel "Rafael Coronel") and [Nacho López](/wiki/Nacho_L%C3%B3pez "Nacho López"). From 1967 to 1968 he created the Museo Latinoamericano with Omar Rayo, Leonel Góngora, Abularach, Paternosto, Gerchman and others because he was unhappy with attitudes towards Latin American shown by the Center for Inter\-American Relations. The idea the museum was that Latin American artists were better able to present the art and culture of the region more than capitalists from the United States. He also founded the Taller del Muralismo Comunitario in 1978\.
He published a catalog of lithographs called *Two* with poems by [Jack Hirschman](/wiki/Jack_Hirschman "Jack Hirschman") published by Zora Gallery in 1963\. In 1987 he published a book called *Contra la amnesia: textos 1960\-1985*.
He created postcards at various points in his life included one in 1966 for the [Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes](/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Comunicaciones_y_Transportes "Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes") featuring Eolo, Greek goddess of wind, one in 1981 for the [Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores](/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Relaciones_Exteriores "Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores") to honor the bicentennial of the birth of [Simón Bolívar](/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar "Simón Bolívar") and one in 1988 for the Mexican postal service with a portrait of [César Vallejo](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo "César Vallejo").
He also did a few sculptures which include a large scale one in 1981 called *El Estudiante* for the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana\-Iztapalapa and one in 1986 for the Jardín Escultórico at the Bosque Lázaro Cárdenas in [Morelia](/wiki/Morelia "Morelia").
In 1988 he created the cover to the social science textbook for public schools in Mexico.
|
[
"### Other activities",
"In the first half of the 1950s, Belkin became interested in music, dance and theatre. From 1951 to 1954 he drew dancers and began to design sets and costumes for various ballets such as *Tierra* by Elena Noriega, *El muñeco y los hombrecillos*, *El debate and Advenimiento de la luz* by Xavier Francis. From 1955 to 1960 he did set design for Seki Sano, Héctor Mendoza and Luis de Tavira for productions such as *Cinco preciosidades francesas* and *El Décimo hombre*. In 1966 he created the set of the work *Don Gel de las calzas verdes* by [Tirso de Molina](/wiki/Tirso_de_Molina \"Tirso de Molina\"), directed by Héctor Mendoza. In 1982 he created the set for *Lances de amor y fortuna* by [Pedro Calderón de la Barca](/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca \"Pedro Calderón de la Barca\") directed by Luis de Tavira. In 1983 he created the set for *El destierro* by Juan Tovar, directed by José Caballero. In 1983 he designed the wardrobe, set and lighting for the work *Herejía* by Sabina Berman directed by Abraham Oceransky, which received the Premio Nacional de Teatro in the same year. In 1984 he designed the set for *Los dos hermanos* by Felipe Santander.",
"His engraving work is not very well known but it has been exhibited and has received awards. In 1972 his work was recognized at the II Bienal Latinoamericana de Grabado in San Juan. In 1987 he created five engravings called *Los conquistadores* which became part of the El Inicio de Nueva España display at the [Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia \"Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia\"). After his death, his work featured in an exhibition called Arte Gráfico Latinoamericano (1970–1980\\)\" at the state government building in [Villahermosa](/wiki/Villahermosa \"Villahermosa\"), [Tabasco](/wiki/Tabasco \"Tabasco\"), as well as an exhibition at the [Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla](/wiki/Benem%C3%A9rita_Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Puebla \"Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla\") in 2011\\.",
"In 1961 he formed the Grupo de Interioristas along with Francisco Icaza, which was concerned with the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") and commercialism with the widespread use of plastic. The group focused on creating monochromatic images which became their trademark. The name Interioristas was coined by art critic Selden Rodman. In 1961 he co\\-authored the manifesto *Nueva Presencia:el hombre en el arte de nuestro tiempo* with Francisco Icaza, which was against so\\-called [bourgeois](/wiki/Bourgeois \"Bourgeois\") art and academic art of \"good taste\" in favor of that with political and social messages. This led to the formation of the group [Nueva Presencia](/wiki/Nueva_Presencia \"Nueva Presencia\") with included Leonel Góngora, [Francisco Corzas](/wiki/Francisco_Corzas \"Francisco Corzas\"), [José Muñoz Medina](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mu%C3%B1oz_Medina \"José Muñoz Medina\"), [Artemio Sepulveda](/wiki/Artemio_Sepulveda \"Artemio Sepulveda\"), [Rafael Coronel](/wiki/Rafael_Coronel \"Rafael Coronel\") and [Nacho López](/wiki/Nacho_L%C3%B3pez \"Nacho López\"). From 1967 to 1968 he created the Museo Latinoamericano with Omar Rayo, Leonel Góngora, Abularach, Paternosto, Gerchman and others because he was unhappy with attitudes towards Latin American shown by the Center for Inter\\-American Relations. The idea the museum was that Latin American artists were better able to present the art and culture of the region more than capitalists from the United States. He also founded the Taller del Muralismo Comunitario in 1978\\.",
"He published a catalog of lithographs called *Two* with poems by [Jack Hirschman](/wiki/Jack_Hirschman \"Jack Hirschman\") published by Zora Gallery in 1963\\. In 1987 he published a book called *Contra la amnesia: textos 1960\\-1985*.",
"He created postcards at various points in his life included one in 1966 for the [Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes](/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Comunicaciones_y_Transportes \"Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes\") featuring Eolo, Greek goddess of wind, one in 1981 for the [Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores](/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Relaciones_Exteriores \"Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores\") to honor the bicentennial of the birth of [Simón Bolívar](/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar \"Simón Bolívar\") and one in 1988 for the Mexican postal service with a portrait of [César Vallejo](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo \"César Vallejo\").",
"He also did a few sculptures which include a large scale one in 1981 called *El Estudiante* for the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana\\-Iztapalapa and one in 1986 for the Jardín Escultórico at the Bosque Lázaro Cárdenas in [Morelia](/wiki/Morelia \"Morelia\").",
"In 1988 he created the cover to the social science textbook for public schools in Mexico.",
""
] |
Life
----
Giuseppe Girotti was born on 19 July 1905 in [Alba](/wiki/Alba "Alba") in the [Province of Cuneo](/wiki/Province_of_Cuneo "Province of Cuneo") as the eldest of three children to Celso Girotti (born 1875\) and Martina Proetto; his siblings that followed him were Giovanni and Michele. Girotti was baptized on 30 July. He began his studies in October 1911 and from 1911 to 1913 was under the ward of the teacher Ferrio. He received both his [First Communion](/wiki/First_Communion "First Communion") and [Confirmation](/wiki/Confirmation_%28sacrament%29 "Confirmation (sacrament)") on 9 May 1912 from Bishop Giuseppe Re.
In the summer of 1918 he witnessed a priest of the [Order of Preachers](/wiki/Order_of_Preachers "Order of Preachers") give a sermon in [Alba Cathedral](/wiki/Alba_Cathedral "Alba Cathedral") and Girotti became enthralled to the point where he set his heart on becoming a priest himself. He approached the priest and expressed his desire to join; the priest convinced and encouraged him to follow this call as one from [God](/wiki/God "God"). He began his studies for the [priesthood](/wiki/Priesthood "Priesthood") in [Chieri](/wiki/Chieri "Chieri") at a Dominican convent when he entered on 5 January 1919 and remained there for his education until 1922\. On 26 September 1922, he was dispatched to Santa Maria della Quercia convent in [Viterbo](/wiki/Viterbo "Viterbo") to continue his studies but spent a brief period of time in [Fiesole](/wiki/Fiesole "Fiesole").{{cite web \|date\=1 April 2015 \|title\=Blessed Giuseppe Girotti \|url\=http://catholicsaints.info/blessed\-giuseppe\-girotti/ \|access\-date\=21 December 2016 \|publisher\=Saints SQPN}} It was on 30 September 1922 that he was vested in the order's signature white habit.
On 15 October 1923, he made his profession into his order at Viterbo. Girotti received his [ordination](/wiki/Ordination "Ordination") to the priesthood on 3 August 1930 in Chieri["Servant of God Giuseppe Girotti, OP, : A new martyr of the Order of Preachers", Dominican Monastery of Our Lady of the Rosary](https://summitdominicans.org/blog/2013/03/servant-of-god-giuseppe-girotti-op-a-new-martyr-of-the-order-of-preachers) from the [Bishop of Vigevano](/wiki/Bishop_of_Vigevano "Bishop of Vigevano") Giacinto Scapardini and he – after ordination – studied [Sacred Scripture](/wiki/Sacred_Scripture "Sacred Scripture") at the [Angelicum](/wiki/Angelicum "Angelicum") in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") and at the [École Biblique](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Biblique "École Biblique") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem") under the guidance of the [Marie\-Joseph Lagrange](/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange "Marie-Joseph Lagrange"). In June 1942 he published his scholar's work on the [Book of Isaiah](/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah "Book of Isaiah") after having issued one on the [Book of Wisdom](/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom "Book of Wisdom") back in 1938\. In 1934 he had also published his academic work entitled "Prolita in Sacra Scriptura".
He worked as a professor at theological studies at the Saint Maria delle Rose [convent](/wiki/Convent "Convent") of his order in [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin") but liked to often aid the old at a hospice not too far from his convent; one of his students was Father Giacinto Bosco. His time at the convent drew to a close in 1938, for he was sent to the San Domenico convent in [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin"). He became an opponent of the Italian [Fascist regime](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy%23Fascist_regime_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 "Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)") of [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini"). Following the [Nazi occupation of the Italian nation](/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic "Italian Social Republic") in 1943 he saved Jewish people from the brutal [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi "Nazi") [Holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust "Holocaust") through the arrangement of safe hideouts and escape routes from the country as well as false identification papers. He often called the Jews the "Carriers of the Word of God" and the "elder brothers". His time in Jerusalem allowed him to strengthen interfaith ties with [Judaism](/wiki/Judaism "Judaism") and Jewish culture which served invaluable for him and his mission. Girotti also aided Emma De Benedetti and her parents. He had known Emma before the war since her parents lived near him in Alba. He helped Emma and her mother find refuge for several months in a Turin convent, and provided false identification papers to her father. He also aided the barrister Salvatore Fubini from Turin.
Having been caught in the act of helping a wounded Jewish partisan to the home of Professor Joseph Diena, Girotti was arrested on 29 August 1944\. It emerged that a spy, disguised as a person needing his help, was taken to Villa Cavorette where the priest had hidden Diena. This individual reported Girotti then to the authorities and he was arrested and taken first to the Le Nuove prison in Turin where an attempt by his Dominican superior to secure his release did not succeed. Girotti was moved to the San Vittore prison in [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") before being moved to the camp at Gries in [Bolzano](/wiki/Bolzano "Bolzano") on 21 September 1944, where he met the priest Angelo Dalmasso. Girotti was then sent to the [Dachau concentration camp](/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp "Dachau concentration camp") on the night of 9 October 1944 and branded with the inmate number 113355\. He was imprisoned with a thousand other priests in Cabin 26, a space designed for 180 inmates. It was there that he became close friends with [Josef Beran](/wiki/Josef_Beran "Josef Beran") and Carlo Manziana, who were later both to become bishops.
On 1 March 1945, Girotti started to suffer from rheumatic pain and swelling in his legs, and this worsened two weeks later when the swelling spread to his entire right side. He was taken to a medical center within the prison and was diagnosed with probable [carcinoma](/wiki/Carcinoma "Carcinoma"). From 23 March to 1 April he remained in the medical center and on [Easter](/wiki/Easter "Easter") – 1 April – he was "probably" killed with a lethal injection of [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline "Gasoline"). His remains were buried in a mass grave three kilometers from the camp. An fellow inmate wrote on the bunk that Girotti had occupied, saying: "Here slept Saint Giuseppe Girotti".{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/italian\-priest\-who\-saved\-jews\-in\-wwii\-beatified/\|title\=Italian priest who saved Jews in WWII beatified\|work\=\[\[The Times of Israel]]\|date\=8 May 2014}}
### Yad Vashem recognition
On 14 February 1995, the [Yad Vashem](/wiki/Yad_Vashem "Yad Vashem") organization declared Giuseppe Girotti to be [Righteous Among the Nations](/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations "Righteous Among the Nations"). A tree was planted in his honor in Jerusalem along the [Avenue of the Righteous](/wiki/Avenue_of_the_Righteous "Avenue of the Righteous").
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Giuseppe Girotti was born on 19 July 1905 in [Alba](/wiki/Alba \"Alba\") in the [Province of Cuneo](/wiki/Province_of_Cuneo \"Province of Cuneo\") as the eldest of three children to Celso Girotti (born 1875\\) and Martina Proetto; his siblings that followed him were Giovanni and Michele. Girotti was baptized on 30 July. He began his studies in October 1911 and from 1911 to 1913 was under the ward of the teacher Ferrio. He received both his [First Communion](/wiki/First_Communion \"First Communion\") and [Confirmation](/wiki/Confirmation_%28sacrament%29 \"Confirmation (sacrament)\") on 9 May 1912 from Bishop Giuseppe Re.",
"In the summer of 1918 he witnessed a priest of the [Order of Preachers](/wiki/Order_of_Preachers \"Order of Preachers\") give a sermon in [Alba Cathedral](/wiki/Alba_Cathedral \"Alba Cathedral\") and Girotti became enthralled to the point where he set his heart on becoming a priest himself. He approached the priest and expressed his desire to join; the priest convinced and encouraged him to follow this call as one from [God](/wiki/God \"God\"). He began his studies for the [priesthood](/wiki/Priesthood \"Priesthood\") in [Chieri](/wiki/Chieri \"Chieri\") at a Dominican convent when he entered on 5 January 1919 and remained there for his education until 1922\\. On 26 September 1922, he was dispatched to Santa Maria della Quercia convent in [Viterbo](/wiki/Viterbo \"Viterbo\") to continue his studies but spent a brief period of time in [Fiesole](/wiki/Fiesole \"Fiesole\").{{cite web \\|date\\=1 April 2015 \\|title\\=Blessed Giuseppe Girotti \\|url\\=http://catholicsaints.info/blessed\\-giuseppe\\-girotti/ \\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2016 \\|publisher\\=Saints SQPN}} It was on 30 September 1922 that he was vested in the order's signature white habit.",
"On 15 October 1923, he made his profession into his order at Viterbo. Girotti received his [ordination](/wiki/Ordination \"Ordination\") to the priesthood on 3 August 1930 in Chieri[\"Servant of God Giuseppe Girotti, OP, : A new martyr of the Order of Preachers\", Dominican Monastery of Our Lady of the Rosary](https://summitdominicans.org/blog/2013/03/servant-of-god-giuseppe-girotti-op-a-new-martyr-of-the-order-of-preachers) from the [Bishop of Vigevano](/wiki/Bishop_of_Vigevano \"Bishop of Vigevano\") Giacinto Scapardini and he – after ordination – studied [Sacred Scripture](/wiki/Sacred_Scripture \"Sacred Scripture\") at the [Angelicum](/wiki/Angelicum \"Angelicum\") in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") and at the [École Biblique](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Biblique \"École Biblique\") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\") under the guidance of the [Marie\\-Joseph Lagrange](/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange \"Marie-Joseph Lagrange\"). In June 1942 he published his scholar's work on the [Book of Isaiah](/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah \"Book of Isaiah\") after having issued one on the [Book of Wisdom](/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom \"Book of Wisdom\") back in 1938\\. In 1934 he had also published his academic work entitled \"Prolita in Sacra Scriptura\".",
"He worked as a professor at theological studies at the Saint Maria delle Rose [convent](/wiki/Convent \"Convent\") of his order in [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\") but liked to often aid the old at a hospice not too far from his convent; one of his students was Father Giacinto Bosco. His time at the convent drew to a close in 1938, for he was sent to the San Domenico convent in [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\"). He became an opponent of the Italian [Fascist regime](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy%23Fascist_regime_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 \"Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)\") of [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\"). Following the [Nazi occupation of the Italian nation](/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic \"Italian Social Republic\") in 1943 he saved Jewish people from the brutal [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi \"Nazi\") [Holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust \"Holocaust\") through the arrangement of safe hideouts and escape routes from the country as well as false identification papers. He often called the Jews the \"Carriers of the Word of God\" and the \"elder brothers\". His time in Jerusalem allowed him to strengthen interfaith ties with [Judaism](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\") and Jewish culture which served invaluable for him and his mission. Girotti also aided Emma De Benedetti and her parents. He had known Emma before the war since her parents lived near him in Alba. He helped Emma and her mother find refuge for several months in a Turin convent, and provided false identification papers to her father. He also aided the barrister Salvatore Fubini from Turin.",
"Having been caught in the act of helping a wounded Jewish partisan to the home of Professor Joseph Diena, Girotti was arrested on 29 August 1944\\. It emerged that a spy, disguised as a person needing his help, was taken to Villa Cavorette where the priest had hidden Diena. This individual reported Girotti then to the authorities and he was arrested and taken first to the Le Nuove prison in Turin where an attempt by his Dominican superior to secure his release did not succeed. Girotti was moved to the San Vittore prison in [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") before being moved to the camp at Gries in [Bolzano](/wiki/Bolzano \"Bolzano\") on 21 September 1944, where he met the priest Angelo Dalmasso. Girotti was then sent to the [Dachau concentration camp](/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp \"Dachau concentration camp\") on the night of 9 October 1944 and branded with the inmate number 113355\\. He was imprisoned with a thousand other priests in Cabin 26, a space designed for 180 inmates. It was there that he became close friends with [Josef Beran](/wiki/Josef_Beran \"Josef Beran\") and Carlo Manziana, who were later both to become bishops.",
"On 1 March 1945, Girotti started to suffer from rheumatic pain and swelling in his legs, and this worsened two weeks later when the swelling spread to his entire right side. He was taken to a medical center within the prison and was diagnosed with probable [carcinoma](/wiki/Carcinoma \"Carcinoma\"). From 23 March to 1 April he remained in the medical center and on [Easter](/wiki/Easter \"Easter\") – 1 April – he was \"probably\" killed with a lethal injection of [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline \"Gasoline\"). His remains were buried in a mass grave three kilometers from the camp. An fellow inmate wrote on the bunk that Girotti had occupied, saying: \"Here slept Saint Giuseppe Girotti\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/italian\\-priest\\-who\\-saved\\-jews\\-in\\-wwii\\-beatified/\\|title\\=Italian priest who saved Jews in WWII beatified\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of Israel]]\\|date\\=8 May 2014}}",
"### Yad Vashem recognition",
"On 14 February 1995, the [Yad Vashem](/wiki/Yad_Vashem \"Yad Vashem\") organization declared Giuseppe Girotti to be [Righteous Among the Nations](/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations \"Righteous Among the Nations\"). A tree was planted in his honor in Jerusalem along the [Avenue of the Righteous](/wiki/Avenue_of_the_Righteous \"Avenue of the Righteous\").",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
### 2010
The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0680966\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140715033643/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0680966\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2014\|title\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \- Twain Harte CDP\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|accessdate\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Twain Harte had a population of 2,226\. The population density was {{convert\|598\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of Twain Harte was 2,026 (91\.0%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 5 (0\.2%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 34 (1\.5%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 31 (1\.4%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 4 (0\.2%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 46 (2\.1%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 80 (3\.6%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 171 persons (7\.7%).
The Census reported that 2,226 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non\-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 1,014 households, out of which 198 (19\.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 544 (53\.6%) were [opposite\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 83 (8\.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 50 (4\.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 56 (5\.5%) [unmarried opposite\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ "POSSLQ"), and 6 (0\.6%) [same\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships "Same-sex partnerships"). 273 households (26\.9%) were made up of individuals, and 125 (12\.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.20\. There were 677 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 "Family (U.S. Census)") (66\.8% of all households); the average family size was 2\.60\.
The population was spread out, with 355 people (15\.9%) under the age of 18, 137 people (6\.2%) aged 18 to 24, 387 people (17\.4%) aged 25 to 44, 772 people (34\.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 575 people (25\.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52\.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 105\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103\.8 males.
There were 2,148 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|577\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}, of which 717 (70\.7%) were owner\-occupied, and 297 (29\.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3\.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 12\.0%. 1,501 people (67\.4% of the population) lived in owner\-occupied housing units and 725 people (32\.6%) lived in rental housing units.
### 2000
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 2,586 people, 1,120 households, and 779 families residing in the CDP. The population density was {{convert\|711\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 2,056 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|565\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 93\.23% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.12% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.01% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.73% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.54% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 1\.08% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 3\.29% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 5\.53% of the population.
There were 1,120 households, out of which 24\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30\.4% were non\-families. 24\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.31 and the average family size was 2\.69\.
In the CDP the population was spread out, with 21\.4% under the age of 18, 6\.1% from 18 to 24, 19\.8% from 25 to 44, 31\.7% from 45 to 64, and 21\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 98\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92\.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,920, and the median income for a family was $51,865\. Males had a median income of $40,313 versus $26,964 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the CDP was $23,079\. About 5\.0% of families and 6\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 6\.5% of those under age 18 and 3\.2% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"### 2010",
"The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0680966\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140715033643/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0680966\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2014\\|title\\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \\- Twain Harte CDP\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Twain Harte had a population of 2,226\\. The population density was {{convert\\|598\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of Twain Harte was 2,026 (91\\.0%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 5 (0\\.2%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 34 (1\\.5%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 31 (1\\.4%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 4 (0\\.2%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 46 (2\\.1%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 80 (3\\.6%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 171 persons (7\\.7%).",
"The Census reported that 2,226 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non\\-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.",
"There were 1,014 households, out of which 198 (19\\.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 544 (53\\.6%) were [opposite\\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 83 (8\\.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 50 (4\\.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 56 (5\\.5%) [unmarried opposite\\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ \"POSSLQ\"), and 6 (0\\.6%) [same\\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships \"Same-sex partnerships\"). 273 households (26\\.9%) were made up of individuals, and 125 (12\\.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.20\\. There were 677 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Family (U.S. Census)\") (66\\.8% of all households); the average family size was 2\\.60\\.",
"The population was spread out, with 355 people (15\\.9%) under the age of 18, 137 people (6\\.2%) aged 18 to 24, 387 people (17\\.4%) aged 25 to 44, 772 people (34\\.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 575 people (25\\.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52\\.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 105\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103\\.8 males.",
"There were 2,148 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|577\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}, of which 717 (70\\.7%) were owner\\-occupied, and 297 (29\\.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3\\.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 12\\.0%. 1,501 people (67\\.4% of the population) lived in owner\\-occupied housing units and 725 people (32\\.6%) lived in rental housing units.",
"### 2000",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 2,586 people, 1,120 households, and 779 families residing in the CDP. The population density was {{convert\\|711\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 2,056 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|565\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 93\\.23% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.12% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.01% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.73% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.54% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.08% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 3\\.29% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 5\\.53% of the population.",
"There were 1,120 households, out of which 24\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55\\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30\\.4% were non\\-families. 24\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.31 and the average family size was 2\\.69\\.",
"In the CDP the population was spread out, with 21\\.4% under the age of 18, 6\\.1% from 18 to 24, 19\\.8% from 25 to 44, 31\\.7% from 45 to 64, and 21\\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 98\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92\\.5 males.",
"The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,920, and the median income for a family was $51,865\\. Males had a median income of $40,313 versus $26,964 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the CDP was $23,079\\. About 5\\.0% of families and 6\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 6\\.5% of those under age 18 and 3\\.2% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
### 2010
The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0680966\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140715033643/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0680966\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2014\|title\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \- Twain Harte CDP\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|accessdate\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Twain Harte had a population of 2,226\. The population density was {{convert\|598\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of Twain Harte was 2,026 (91\.0%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 5 (0\.2%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 34 (1\.5%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 31 (1\.4%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 4 (0\.2%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 46 (2\.1%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 80 (3\.6%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 171 persons (7\.7%).
The Census reported that 2,226 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non\-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 1,014 households, out of which 198 (19\.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 544 (53\.6%) were [opposite\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 83 (8\.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 50 (4\.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 56 (5\.5%) [unmarried opposite\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ "POSSLQ"), and 6 (0\.6%) [same\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships "Same-sex partnerships"). 273 households (26\.9%) were made up of individuals, and 125 (12\.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.20\. There were 677 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 "Family (U.S. Census)") (66\.8% of all households); the average family size was 2\.60\.
The population was spread out, with 355 people (15\.9%) under the age of 18, 137 people (6\.2%) aged 18 to 24, 387 people (17\.4%) aged 25 to 44, 772 people (34\.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 575 people (25\.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52\.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 105\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103\.8 males.
There were 2,148 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|577\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}, of which 717 (70\.7%) were owner\-occupied, and 297 (29\.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3\.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 12\.0%. 1,501 people (67\.4% of the population) lived in owner\-occupied housing units and 725 people (32\.6%) lived in rental housing units.
|
[
"### 2010",
"The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0680966\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140715033643/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0680966\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2014\\|title\\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \\- Twain Harte CDP\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Twain Harte had a population of 2,226\\. The population density was {{convert\\|598\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of Twain Harte was 2,026 (91\\.0%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 5 (0\\.2%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 34 (1\\.5%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 31 (1\\.4%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 4 (0\\.2%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 46 (2\\.1%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 80 (3\\.6%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 171 persons (7\\.7%).",
"The Census reported that 2,226 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non\\-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.",
"There were 1,014 households, out of which 198 (19\\.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 544 (53\\.6%) were [opposite\\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 83 (8\\.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 50 (4\\.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 56 (5\\.5%) [unmarried opposite\\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ \"POSSLQ\"), and 6 (0\\.6%) [same\\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships \"Same-sex partnerships\"). 273 households (26\\.9%) were made up of individuals, and 125 (12\\.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.20\\. There were 677 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Family (U.S. Census)\") (66\\.8% of all households); the average family size was 2\\.60\\.",
"The population was spread out, with 355 people (15\\.9%) under the age of 18, 137 people (6\\.2%) aged 18 to 24, 387 people (17\\.4%) aged 25 to 44, 772 people (34\\.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 575 people (25\\.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52\\.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 105\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103\\.8 males.",
"There were 2,148 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|577\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}, of which 717 (70\\.7%) were owner\\-occupied, and 297 (29\\.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3\\.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 12\\.0%. 1,501 people (67\\.4% of the population) lived in owner\\-occupied housing units and 725 people (32\\.6%) lived in rental housing units.",
""
] |
Career
------
### 1987–1995: Early career
Lange cites [Richard Pryor](/wiki/Richard_Pryor "Richard Pryor"),{{cite magazine\|url\=https://ew.com/article/2008/11/10/artie\-lange\-gets\-literary/ \|title\=Artie Lange: 'F\-\-\- It, I'll Write a Book' \|magazine\=Entertainment Weekly \|last\=Kirschling \|first\=Gregory \|date\=November 7, 2008 \|access\-date\=November 11, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212050918/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C20239025\_3%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=December 12, 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} [Richard Lewis](/wiki/Richard_Lewis_%28comedian%29 "Richard Lewis (comedian)"), and [George Carlin](/wiki/George_Carlin "George Carlin") as early influences. On July 12, 1987, at age nineteen, Lange performed his first stand\-up comedy routine at [The Improv](/wiki/The_Improv "The Improv") in [Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan](/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen%2C_Manhattan "Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan"). He recalled, "I bombed for five minutes. Everyone thinks that they can do better. I was unprepared, I mumbled, and I forgot stuff. But I'm proud that I did it."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full\_story/2416725/article\-The\-other\-side\-of\-laughter\-\-Part\-II\-Stern\-show\-regular\-\-comedian\-Artie\-Lange\-discusses\-standup\-\-radio\|title\=The other side of laughter, Part II\|work\=The Hudson Reporter\|date\=August 3, 2008\|first\=Schwaeble\|last\=Diana\|access\-date\=November 11, 2008\|archive\-date\=April 7, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083135/http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full\_story/2416725/article\-The\-other\-side\-of\-laughter\-\-Part\-II\-Stern\-show\-regular\-\-comedian\-Artie\-Lange\-discusses\-standup\-\-radio\|url\-status\=dead}} Lange would not attempt stand\-up again for another four years.
In 1988, Lange took acting classes for three weeks from [Sandy Dennis](/wiki/Sandy_Dennis "Sandy Dennis") at [HB Studio](/wiki/HB_Studio "HB Studio") in New Jersey; he quit after he could no longer afford them.{{cite episode\|title\=Joey Diaz interview\|series\=The Artie Lange Show\|date\=2013\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=o3Z7UAH44xM \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/o3Z7UAH44xM \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \|url\-status\=live\|quote\=YouTube title: The Artie Lange Show – Joey Diaz (in\-studio) Part 2\|network\=DirecTV\|last\=Lange (host)\|first\=Artie}}{{cbignore}} In February 1991, Lange supported his family by taking up work as a [longshoreman](/wiki/Stevedore "Stevedore") at [Port Newark](/wiki/Port_Newark "Port Newark"), loading ships at its orange juice pier. That year, Lange earned around $60,000\. In September 1992, Lange quit his longshoreman job to focus on a comedy career,{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=112}} giving himself one year to make it at stand\-up comedy.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-81232313\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110246/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-81232313\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 22, 2017\|title\=Stern and Lange: Comedian Gets Dream Job With Howard\|first\=Jason\|last\=Gray\|newspaper\=The New York Observer\|date\=December 3, 2001\|access\-date\=February 21, 2017}} During his search for work, he found regular employment driving a taxi in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). The flexibility of his taxi job allowed him to perform sets at the clubs and resume work afterwards.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=123}}{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=125}} Lange's first paid gig as a stand\-up comedian followed at the [United States Merchant Marine Academy](/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy "United States Merchant Marine Academy") in [Kings Point, New York](/wiki/Kings_Point%2C_New_York "Kings Point, New York"), for a payment of $30\.{{cite podcast\|last\=Lange\|first\=Artie\|title\=The Artie Quitter Podcast: Episode 283\|url\=http://www.artiequitter.com/\|publisher\=Publisher\|date\=August 3, 2016\|time\=49:36\|access\-date\=August 5, 2016}} He then became a paid regular for the first time in 1992 at Stand Up NY in Manhattan,{{cite tweet\|user\=ArtieQuitter\|author\=Artie Lange\|number\=653100575207329792\|date\=October 11, 2015\|title\=Me at a friends apartment after a night of cocaine abuse NYC 1992 I passed at 1st Comedy Club same night Stand Up NY}} followed by [Comic Strip Live](/wiki/Comic_Strip_Live "Comic Strip Live"), where he would perform a 20\-minute set from Tuesday to Saturday nights.{{cite podcast\|last\=Lange\|first\=Artie\|title\=The Artie Quitter Podcast: Episode 283\|url\=http://www.artiequitter.com/\|publisher\=Publisher\|date\=August 3, 2016\|time\=48:31\|access\-date\=August 5, 2016}}{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=125}}
Within a year of starting, Lange landed a role in a dinner theater play, touring restaurants and catering halls across [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey").{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|pp\=117–118}} He then co\-formed an [improv troupe](/wiki/Improvisational_theatre "Improvisational theatre") called Live on Tape which sold out [Caroline's on Broadway](/wiki/Caroline%27s_on_Broadway "Caroline's on Broadway") numerous times.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|pp\=117–118}} The success of these shows led to a contract with the [William Morris Agency](/wiki/William_Morris_Agency "William Morris Agency") where Lange met Peter Principato, his manager for the next ten years. Lange took up extra work with roles in commercials which were a "big step up",{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|pp\=117–118}} including a voiceover for [Foot Locker](/wiki/Foot_Locker "Foot Locker"), which entitled him to become a member of [AFTRA](/wiki/American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists "American Federation of Television and Radio Artists").{{cite podcast\|last\=Lange\|first\=Artie\|title\=The Artie Quitter Podcast: Episode 283\|url\=http://www.artiequitter.com/\|publisher\=Publisher\|date\=August 3, 2016\|time\=52:26\|access\-date\=August 5, 2016}} During this time, Lange developed an addiction to [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") and [alcohol](/wiki/Alcoholic_drink "Alcoholic drink").{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=136}}
### 1995–1997: *Mad TV*, first suicide attempt, and jail time
At age twenty\-seven, Lange was selected as one of the eight cast members in the sketch comedy series *[Mad TV](/wiki/Mad_TV "Mad TV")*, from the eight thousand that were screened. He flew to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") in May 1995 to shoot the television pilot which was picked up by the [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company") network.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=138}} Lange moved to Los Angeles two months later to film the [first season](/wiki/Mad_TV_%28season_1%29 "Mad TV (season 1)").{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=137}} The show paid him a large signing bonus plus a salary of $7,500 per episode, fueling his worsening {{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=138}} cocaine habit; during this period he said he was using cocaine "like it was going out of style".{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=138}}
In November 1995, after nine episodes had been shot,{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=157}} he attempted suicide after he ran out of cocaine, drank [whiskey](/wiki/Single_malt_whisky "Single malt whisky") and "a bunch of pills", and wrote a [suicide note](/wiki/Suicide_note "Suicide note") to his mother and sister. He claimed, "I was 100 percent serious about dying". He was found by his *Mad TV* co\-stars and taken to intensive care.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=162}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.laughspin.com/artie\-lange\-confirms\-his\-return\-to\-radio\-new\-show\-debuts\-sept\-12/\|title\=Artie Lange confirms return to radio, opens up about his recovery\|publisher\=LaughSpin\|date\=July 21, 2011\|access\-date\=May 21, 2015\|first\=Dylan P.\|last\=Gadino\|archive\-date\=February 24, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224054333/http://www.laughspin.com/artie\-lange\-confirms\-his\-return\-to\-radio\-new\-show\-debuts\-sept\-12/\|url\-status\=dead}} Lange returned to New Jersey to complete a rehabilitation and counseling program.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=164}} At its conclusion, he wrote a new forty\-five minute stand\-up set that he felt "really proud of", and used his *Mad TV* fame to headline spots in comedy clubs around New York City,{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=172}} supported by further voiceover work for commercials.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=173}}
In January 1996, Lange returned to Los Angeles to film the remaining episodes of the first season. [Quincy Jones](/wiki/Quincy_Jones "Quincy Jones"), the show's producer, supported Lange during rehab and sent him over on his private jet.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=165}} Lange returned to form in his work, ranking his performance in these episodes as "the best I've ever done in sketch comedy", including the creation of his hit character, White Mama.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=166}} In the summer of 1996, Lange secured his first major acting role for an independent film titled *Puppet*, starring [Rebecca Gayheart](/wiki/Rebecca_Gayheart "Rebecca Gayheart") and [Fred Weller](/wiki/Fred_Weller "Fred Weller"). He wrote, "To this day I have never seen it because I don't think it's possible to purchase a copy of it anywhere ... it was screened in a theater at least once, because my manager went to see it".{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=172}}
Filming for the [second season](/wiki/Mad_TV_%28season_2%29 "Mad TV (season 2)") of *Mad TV* began in August 1996\.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=171}} Two months later, Lange ended his sobriety and returned to using cocaine.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=173}} His time on the show ended in November 1996 when his agent and the show's cast and crew attempted an [intervention](/wiki/Intervention_%28counseling%29 "Intervention (counseling)"). The incident began when Lange lost a $15,000 bet on the [Mike Tyson vs. Evander Holyfield](/wiki/Mike_Tyson_vs._Evander_Holyfield "Mike Tyson vs. Evander Holyfield") boxing match and turned up to rehearsals "coked up". Lange fled the set, running through streets with his co\-workers chasing him. It ended in the parking lot of a supermarket where Lange was arrested and served a short time in [Los Angeles County Jail](/wiki/Men%27s_Central_Jail "Men's Central Jail").{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=195}} The case was never tried in court.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2006\-jul\-16\-ca\-vegas16\-story.html\|title\=Artie Lange \& Vegas: A potent mix\|first\=Richard\|last\=Abowitz\|date\=July 16, 2006\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|access\-date\=May 18, 2015}} While in jail, Lange received a voice mail from [Cameron Crowe](/wiki/Cameron_Crowe "Cameron Crowe") who informed him that his scene with [Tom Cruise](/wiki/Tom_Cruise "Tom Cruise") and [Kelly Preston](/wiki/Kelly_Preston "Kelly Preston") for *[Jerry Maguire](/wiki/Jerry_Maguire "Jerry Maguire")* had been cut.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=203}}
After his jail term, Lange returned to New Jersey in January 1997 and spent a short time in a [psychiatric hospital](/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital "Psychiatric hospital"). He described this time as the "most depressing period" of his life.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=212}} He returned home afterwards, and fell into a [clinical depression](/wiki/Major_depressive_episode "Major depressive episode"). After the producers at *Mad TV* convinced Lange to complete formal rehabilitation, he spent two months at Honesty House in [Stirling, New Jersey](/wiki/Stirling%2C_New_Jersey "Stirling, New Jersey").{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|pp\=214–215}} Lange's contract was not renewed for the show's [third season](/wiki/Mad_TV_%28season_3%29 "Mad TV (season 3)"),{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=217}} but he made special guest appearances on the [fifth](/wiki/Mad_TV_%28season_5%29 "Mad TV (season 5)"), [tenth](/wiki/Mad_TV_%28season_10%29 "Mad TV (season 10)"), and [fourteenth seasons](/wiki/Mad_TV_%28season_14%29 "Mad TV (season 14)").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxflash.com/div.php/main/page?aID\=1z4\&mo\=5\&d\=16\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621172012/http://www.foxflash.com/div.php/main/page?aID\=1z4\&mo\=5\&d\=16\|archive\-date\=2009\-06\-21\|publisher\=Fox Flash\|title\=Fox Primetime Schedule}}
### 1997–2001: *Dirty Work* and *The Norm Show*
In 1997, Lange left rehab and resumed stand\-up gigs in New York City. His depression improved soon after when he was invited to audition for two network television sitcoms, which boosted his confidence "astronomically".{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=217}} During the negotiations phase, Lange was contacted by comedian and actor [Norm Macdonald](/wiki/Norm_Macdonald "Norm Macdonald"), who asked him to audition for the dual lead role in his comedy [buddy film](/wiki/Buddy_film "Buddy film") *[Dirty Work](/wiki/Dirty_Work_%281998_film%29 "Dirty Work (1998 film)")* (1998\), directed by [Bob Saget](/wiki/Bob_Saget "Bob Saget").{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=218}}
Macdonald had not found a suitable actor for the part until he happened to tune into an episode of *Mad TV* for the first time. He saw a sketch that involved Lange delivering an out\-of\-character monologue which he found funny and noted Lange "had a melancholy about him" that reminded Macdonald of comedian [John Belushi](/wiki/John_Belushi "John Belushi").{{sfn\|Macdonald\|2016}} Macdonald recalled Lange's first reading of the script as "perfect", which landed him the role, but in order to shoot the film, [MGM](/wiki/MGM "MGM") studios required Lange to obtain an approval report from his rehab facility in New Jersey. Lange settled the matter by paying the center $1,500 as a private donor.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=226}}
Filming took place across two months in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"). To promote the film, Lange made his debut guest appearance on *The Howard Stern Show* with Macdonald on January 8, 1998\. The pair returned once more that year, and twice more in 1999\.*The Howard Stern Show* broadcast for June 9, 1998, and March 22 and September 22, 1999\. WXRK\-FM New York City. Infinity Broadcasting.
Lange credits Macdonald and Saget with rejuvenating his career when his exposure from *Dirty Work* led to several film and television offers. When filming wrapped, various heads of networks and production companies expressed an interest in potentially hiring Lange. After meeting with them, including [Warren Littlefield](/wiki/Warren_Littlefield "Warren Littlefield") of [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") and [Peter Roth](/wiki/Peter_Roth_%28executive%29 "Peter Roth (executive)") of Fox, a bidding war occurred, with offers coming in from every major network. With help from William Morris Agency, Lange accepted a $750,000 development deal with Fox that originally stood at $250,000 in late 1997,{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=237}} enabling him "to bail my mother out of every single financial debt she had."{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=120}}
None of Lange's ideas for a show were picked up, but he supported himself by performing at comedy clubs in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County%2C_California "Los Angeles County, California").{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=238}} He also landed a role in a pilot television series which he co\-wrote with Sam Cass, in April 1998, subsequently re\-written by request from the network. Its title was *The King of New York* which included [Luis Guzmán](/wiki/Luis_Guzm%C3%A1n "Luis Guzmán") in its cast. Lange felt the idea was ignored and suddenly pushed through for shooting at the last minute, which affected its quality.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=240}} Weeks later, Lange accepted a second development deal, this time with NBC worth $350,000\.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=241}} From 1999 to 2000, Lange secured roles in the feature films *[Mystery Men](/wiki/Mystery_Men "Mystery Men")*, *[The Bachelor](/wiki/The_Bachelor_%281999_film%29 "The Bachelor (1999 film)")*, *[The 4th Floor](/wiki/The_4th_Floor_%281999_film%29 "The 4th Floor (1999 film)")*,{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=242}} and *[Lost \& Found](/wiki/Lost_%26_Found_%281999_film%29 "Lost & Found (1999 film)")*. He also toured as the opening act to Macdonald's stand\-up shows.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=241}}
In 1999, Lange joined the cast of Macdonald's sitcom *[The Norm Show](/wiki/The_Norm_Show "The Norm Show")* during its second season as Macdonald's half brother, Artie. Lange stayed with the show until its cancellation in 2001 after three seasons. He enjoyed a period of wealth during this time, being paid $35,000 per episode for a show with "ridiculously lame, easy jokes", liked working with his castmates and lived in a $4,000\-a\-month condo in [Beverly Hills](/wiki/Beverly_Hills%2C_California "Beverly Hills, California"). "Even with that life", Lange added, "creatively I was empty inside". During a 2014 interview with [Marc Maron](/wiki/Marc_Maron "Marc Maron"), Lange said that this creative frustration drove him to perform more stand\-up comedy as he "came into his own as a comedian" by introducing more "dark," edgy material into his act.{{cite web \|title\=Episode 458 – Artie Lange \|url\=http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episodes/episode\_458\_\-\_artie\_lange \|website\=WTF with Marc Maron Podcast\|date\=2 January 2014 }}
### 2001–2008: *The Howard Stern Show* and *Artie Lange's Beer League*
In March 2001, comedian and writer [Jackie Martling](/wiki/Jackie_Martling "Jackie Martling") left *The Howard Stern Show*. Stern announced a "Win Jackie's Money" contest and had several comedians audition for the vacant seat by sitting in on some shows. Lange was introduced to the show in 1982 by his father, and since became a big fan. He spoke about his invitation to take part in the contest: "There were a lot of great funny guys — guys that were funnier than me ... I remember saying to my manager, 'I am not the most talented guy in this group, but I guarantee that I'm the biggest fan'". After *The Norm Show* ended in April 2001, Lange returned to New Jersey and sat in on several shows between May and October 2001\. Lange thought he blew his chance early on after he learned the jokes he was writing for Stern were not working out. "Instead they said, 'We're just gonna keep your mic on all the time ... if you say something funny, just say it as you."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hitfix.com/news/artie\-langes\-brutally\-honest\-interview\-howard\-stern\-will\-never\-ask\-me\-back\|title\=Artie Lange's brutally honest interview: Howard Stern will 'never' ask me back\|first\=Chris\|last\=Eggersten\|date\=June 10, 2016\|access\-date\=August 7, 2016\|publisher\=Hitfix}} Lange built a rapport with Stern, the show's [staff](/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show_staff "The Howard Stern Show staff"), and the audience. One news reporter credited Lange's "everyman demeanor ... relatable to the average Joe";{{cite web\|url\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3\-1105586731\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110656/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3\-1105586731\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 22, 2017\|title\=Artie's\|first\=Scott\|last\=Cronick\|newspaper\=Press of Atlantic City\|date\=August 24, 2006\|access\-date\=February 21, 2017 }} another wrote: "a kind of comic [Everyman](/wiki/Everyman "Everyman"), the person who says what the listener at home might be thinking". Lange was prepared to return to Los Angeles if he did not land the job,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\-7859813\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110428/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\-7859813\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 22, 2017\|title\=Stern sidekick Lange rolls with the punches\|first\=Nick A.\|last\=Zaino III\|newspaper\=The Boston Globe\|date\=August 20, 2004\|access\-date\=February 21, 2017 }} but he accepted a contract to join the show full\-time, describing the offer as a "blessing".
In the following years after joining *The Howard Stern Show*, Lange's career reached new heights, playing larger venues and various career film and television opportunities. In June 2002, he signed with the [United Talent Agency](/wiki/United_Talent_Agency "United Talent Agency").{{cite journal\|url\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-88824674\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110524/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-88824674\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 22, 2017\|title\=Tenpercenteries.(includes brief articles on agents' contracts)(Brief Article)\|first\=Jill\|last\=Feiwell\|journal\=Daily Variety\|date\=June 25, 2002\|access\-date\=February 21, 2017 }} Around this time, Lange teamed with producer and writer [Sam Simon](/wiki/Sam_Simon "Sam Simon") for a comedy show pilot for [DreamWorks](/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures "DreamWorks Pictures") to air on [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"), but it never materialized. In September 2003, Lange scored a one\-year talent holding deal with ABC and [Touchstone Television](/wiki/Touchstone_Pictures%23Touchstone_Television "Touchstone Pictures#Touchstone Television").{{cite journal\|url\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-109025412\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110727/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-109025412\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 22, 2017\|title\=ABC, Touchstone TV sign 'Mad' man Lange\|first\=Josef\|last\=Adalian\|journal\=Daily Variety\|date\=September 26, 2003\|access\-date\=February 21, 2017 }} When Stern announced his departure from terrestrial radio for Sirius Satellite Radio in late 2004, Infinity Broadcasting offered Lange a four\-year deal worth $20 million to replace Stern on WXRK\-FM, with producer [Gary Dell'Abate](/wiki/Gary_Dell%27Abate "Gary Dell'Abate") as producer. Both turned down the offer.{{Why\|date\=November 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://radioink.com/2020/01/20/cbs\-offered\-artie\-lange\-20\-million\-to\-replace\-stern/\|title\=CBS Offered Artie Lange $20 Million To Replace Stern\|date\=January 21, 2020\|publisher\=Radio Ink\|access\-date\=January 23, 2020}}
On December 13, 2004, Lange released his first stand\-up DVD titled *It's the Whiskey Talkin{{'}}*,{{Cite episode\|series\=The Howard Stern Show\|network\=Infinity Broadcasting\|station\=WXRK\-FM\|location\=New York City\|date\=December 13, 2004\|quote\=Howard Stern reading a live commercial regarding the DVD release of ''It's the Whiskey Talkin{{'}}''.}} formed of 45 minutes of material he performed at the Tempe Improv in [Tempe, Arizona](/wiki/Tempe%2C_Arizona "Tempe, Arizona"), a time in his career when he was "playing more clubs".{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2009/11/24/artie\-lange\-jack\-coke\-howard\-stern/\|title\=It's the Anger Talking: Artie Lange, 'Jack and Coke'\|first\=Christopher\|last\=Porter\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|date\=November 24, 2009\|access\-date\=May 26, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.clevescene.com/reel\-cleveland/archives/2009/11/23/comedian\-artie\-lange\-discusses\-his\-new\-cddvd\|title\=Comedian Artie Lange discusses his new CD/DVD\|first\=Jeff\|last\=Niesel\|date\=November 23, 2009\|work\=Cleveland Scene\|access\-date\=22 February 2017}} Lange later spoke about the release: "I worked really hard on that ... a major distributor put it out, people bought it and seemed to like it".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.iconvsicon.com/2009/11/21/comedy\-icon\-artie\-lange\-talks\-standup\-howard\-stern\-and\-more/\|title\=Comedy Icon Artie Lange Talks Standup, Howard Stern and More!\|date\=November 21, 2009\|publisher\=Icon Versus Icon\|access\-date\=May 26, 2015\|first\=Jason\|last\=Price}} Upon the DVD's general release in February 2005, Lange took on "an insane schedule" for the following six months to promote it, doing *The Howard Stern Show* each weekday morning, and stand up gigs nationwide on weekends.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|pp\=248–249}}
In March 2005, Lange secured a deal with Ckrush Entertainment to star in and executive produce his own comedy feature film, *[Artie Lange's Beer League](/wiki/Artie_Lange%27s_Beer_League "Artie Lange's Beer League")*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ckrush\+Entertainment%2c\+Inc.\+Signs\+Deal\+for\+%27Beer\+League%27%2c\+Feature\+Film...\-a0130343437\|title\=Ckrush Entertainment, Inc. Signs Deal for 'Beer League', Feature Film to Star Artie Lange.\|date\=March 16, 2005\|access\-date\=May 29, 2015\|publisher\=Business Wire\|archive\-date\=January 21, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121090328/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ckrush\+Entertainment%2c\+Inc.\+Signs\+Deal\+for\+%27Beer\+League%27%2c\+Feature\+Film...\-a0130343437\|url\-status\=dead}} Development began in 2001 when Lange started on a script with director and producer Frank Sebastiano, based on a 17\-minute film Lange wrote, funded and starred in 2000 titled *Game Day*. The script was complete by 2002, and Ckrush agreed to fund a $2\.5 million budget.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|pp\=248–249}} The stress of putting the film together, and doing nationwide gigs on weekends, caused Lange to [drink heavily](/wiki/Alcohol_abuse "Alcohol abuse") and take "twenty [painkillers](/wiki/Analgesic "Analgesic") a day".{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=251}} His attempts to cope from withdrawals failed – during one attempt to obtain more at a comedy gig, he instead bought [heroin](/wiki/Heroin "Heroin") which began an addiction that lasted from March to June 2005, resulting in his absence from cast auditions and pre\-production meetings.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|pp\=254–256}} Lange took four days off work in June 2005 to get through the illness caused by withdrawals at home,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.today.com/id/16524661/ns/today\-today\_entertainment/t/howard\-sterns\-sirius\-question\-answered/\#.U3zZcvldUQM\|title\=Howard Stern's Sirius question is answered\|author\= Helen A.S. Popkin\|date\=February 14, 2007\|work\=The Today Show}} which prompted concerns from his family and radio colleagues of a drug relapse.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|p\=260}} When Sebastiano and production staff threatened to cancel the film if he did not show up, Lange obtained [Subutex](/wiki/Buprenorphine "Buprenorphine") from a doctor that got him well enough to return to work. On the air, Lange put his absence down to illness from excessive drinking. Filming was completed in July 2005, on time and within budget.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2008\|pp\=263\-265}} The film premiered on September 13, 2006, at the [Ziegfeld Theatre](/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_%281969%29 "Ziegfeld Theatre (1969)"),{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/artie\-langes\-life\-in\-photos\-from\-hometown\-comic\-to\-howard\-sterns\-sidekick\-20100107/artie\-lange\-timeline\-2006\-artie\-lange\-and\-howard\-stern\-at\-premiere\-90831111\|title\=Artie Lange's Life in Photos: From Hometown Comic to Howard Stern's Sidekick, Page 13\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|access\-date\=May 18, 2015\|archive\-date\=May 19, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519150742/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/artie\-langes\-life\-in\-photos\-from\-hometown\-comic\-to\-howard\-sterns\-sidekick\-20100107/artie\-lange\-timeline\-2006\-artie\-lange\-and\-howard\-stern\-at\-premiere\-90831111\|url\-status\=dead}} followed by a limited release across North America. To promote the film, Lange completed a stand\-up tour which included a show at [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall "Carnegie Hall") which sold out in under three hours. He revealed the true reason for his absence to Stern on September 21, 2006\.{{Cite episode\|series\=The Howard Stern Show\|network\=SiriusXM Radio\|station\=Howard 100\|location\=New York City\|date\=September 21, 2006}}
### 2008–2009: Various projects and *Stern Show* departure
In June 2008, Lange headlined a comedy tour he formed, named Operation Mirth, with the [United Service Organizations](/wiki/United_Service_Organizations "United Service Organizations") to entertain American troops serving in [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan"). He was inspired to do so after watching *[Patriot Act: A Jeffrey Ross Home Movie](/wiki/Patriot_Act:A_Jeffrey_Ross_Home_Movie "A Jeffrey Ross Home Movie")*, a documentary about comedian [Jeffrey Ross](/wiki/Jeffrey_Ross "Jeffrey Ross")' own USO tour in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"). Lange picked comedians [Jim Florentine](/wiki/Jim_Florentine "Jim Florentine"), [Nick DiPaolo](/wiki/Nick_DiPaolo "Nick DiPaolo"), and [Dave Attell](/wiki/Dave_Attell "Dave Attell") to join him, with *The Howard Stern Show's* producer [Gary Dell'Abate](/wiki/Gary_Dell%27Abate "Gary Dell'Abate") as the tour's [master of ceremonies](/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies "Master of ceremonies"). Later in the year, Lange and Attell recorded dialogue for the video game *[Leisure Suit Larry: Box Office Bust](/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry:Box_Office_Bust "Box Office Bust")*, released in 2009\.
In August 2008, Lange entered rehab after he cancelled his appearance on the *[Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget](/wiki/The_Roast_of_Bob_Saget "The Roast of Bob Saget")*. He had relapsed in [heroin](/wiki/Heroin "Heroin") use in the previous seven weeks after he was offered it while drunk at a pool hall. [Comedy Central](/wiki/Comedy_Central "Comedy Central") was willing to cover the $65,000 in costs to send an ambulance for him to the airport and fly him to Los Angeles on a private jet with a doctor, but Lange declined and began treatment with a therapist recommended by comedian [Richard Lewis](/wiki/Richard_Lewis_%28comedian%29 "Richard Lewis (comedian)"), who contacted Lange to help.Lange; Bozza, "Greetings from Sunny Kandahar"
In 2008, Lange signed a deal with [Spiegel \& Grau](/wiki/Spiegel_%26_Grau "Spiegel & Grau") to write his first book *[Too Fat to Fish](/wiki/Too_Fat_to_Fish "Too Fat to Fish")*, a collection of memoirs across his life co\-written by [Anthony Bozza](/wiki/Anthony_Bozza "Anthony Bozza") that "range from funny to dark, to tragic, to sad." Lange dedicated the book to Stern who wrote its foreword. Upon its release on November 11, 2008, *Too Fat to Fish* entered [*The New York Times* Best Seller list](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list "The New York Times Best Seller list") at number one{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/books/bestseller/besthardnonfiction.html?\_r\=1\|title\=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction for the week November 21, 2008\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=November 28, 2008\|access\-date\=January 11, 2011}} and held the position for one week.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/books/bestseller/besthardnonfiction.html?\_r\=1 \|title\=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction for the week November 28, 2008\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=November 28, 2008\|access\-date\=January 11, 2011}} The book remained on the list's top ten for eleven weeks.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/best\-sellers\-books/2009\-02\-08/hardcover\-nonfiction/list.html\|title\=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=February 8, 2009\|access\-date\=January 11, 2011\|first\=Jennifer\|last\=Schuessler}} It was referenced twice on the [Top Ten List](/wiki/Late_Show_Top_Ten_List "Late Show Top Ten List") segment on *[Late Show with David Letterman](/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman "Late Show with David Letterman")*.{{cite web\|url\=http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\_ten/index/php/20090513\.phtml\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518135325/http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\_ten/index/php/20090513\.phtml\|title\=Today's Top Ten – Wednesday, May 13, 2009 – Top Ten Surprises In The Sarah Palin Memoir\|publisher\=CBS: Late Show with David Letterman\|date\=May 13, 2009\|archive\-date\=May 18, 2009\|access\-date\=March 17, 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\_ten/index/php/20090401\.phtml\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406080228/http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\_ten/index/php/20090401\.phtml\|title\=Today's Top Ten – Wednesday, April 1, 2009 – Top Ten Signs You Have A Lame Computer Virus\|date\=April 1, 2009\|archive\-date\=April 6, 2009\|publisher\=CBS: Late Show with David Letterman\|access\-date\=March 17, 2017}} A paperback edition released in 2009 with an additional chapter, peaked at number six on the Best Seller paperback list.
By 2009, Lange was earning $700,000 a year for working with Stern and roughly $3 million a year from stand up gigs.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/artie\-lange\-exposed\-rolling\-stones\-2009\-feature\-20110316\|title\=Artie Lange Exposed: Rolling Stone's 2009 Feature\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|date\=March 16, 2011\|first\=Vanessa\|last\=Grigoriadis\|access\-date\=March 11, 2016\|archive\-date\=March 1, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301183213/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/artie\-lange\-exposed\-rolling\-stones\-2009\-feature\-20110316\|url\-status\=dead}} In January 2009, Lange went to [West Palm Beach, Florida](/wiki/West_Palm_Beach%2C_Florida "West Palm Beach, Florida"), to complete a 21\-day rehab program after he had relapsed on heroin the month prior. After seven days, he quit treatment and spent almost $4,800 on a hotel room, women, a haircut, and two pairs of sunglasses. He returned home and booked three nights at Caroline's comedy club in the same week, earning $35,000 back.
Lange relapsed on heroin once more in April 2009\. To help him cope with withdrawals, Lange hired two former New York City police officers for support in his recovery and lost 50 pounds in the following six months.
On June 15, 2009, Lange made a controversial appearance on the first episode of *[Joe Buck Live](/wiki/Joe_Buck_Live "Joe Buck Live")*, exchanging insults with host [Joe Buck](/wiki/Joe_Buck "Joe Buck") that HBO Sports president [Ross Greenburg](/wiki/Ross_Greenburg "Ross Greenburg") said "bordered on bad taste" with a "mean\-spirited" tone.{{cite web\|url\=http://usatoday30\.usatoday.com/sports/2009\-06\-16\-artie\-lange\-joe\-buck\_N.htm\|work\=USA Today\|first\=Michael\|last\=McCarthy\|title\=Comedian Lange crosses the line on 'Joe Buck Live'\|date\=June 16, 2009\|access\-date\=February 23, 2017}} The show was cancelled two episodes later. Buck defended Lange's comments and wrote the foreword to his second book.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stltoday.com/sports/buck\-isn\-t\-overly\-upset\-after\-new\-show\-pillaged\-he/article\_5a9296c4\-6bf8\-55e7\-86d2\-d05ae14576cb.html\|title\=Buck isn't overly upset after new show pillaged. He says vulgar comedian Lange thought he was doing what HBO wanted with his profane bits\|date\=June 17, 2009\|first\=Dan\|last\=Caesar\|work\=St. Louis Post\-Dispatch\|access\-date\=February 23, 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/columns/editors\-desk/joe\-buck\-will\-write\-the\-foreword\-for\-artie\-lange\-s/article\_3d2f136e\-b727\-11e1\-bd3a\-0019bb30f31a.html\|title\=Joe Buck will write the foreword for Artie Lange's book\|first\=Bob\|last\=Rose\|date\=June 15, 2012\|work\=St. Louis Post\-Dispatch\|access\-date\=February 23, 2017}}
In July 2009, Lange was charged of [driving under the influence](/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence "Driving under the influence") of an intoxicant and [careless driving](/wiki/Driving_without_due_care_and_attention "Driving without due care and attention") after he became involved in a minor traffic accident in New Jersey.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1\-D99C0IDG0\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222195630/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1\-D99C0IDG0\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 22, 2017\|title\=Comic Artie Lange charged with DUI in NJ\|publisher\=Associated Press\|date\=July 10, 2009\|access\-date\=February 21, 2017 }} In October 2009, Lange took one week off from *The Howard Stern Show*,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2009/10/artie\_lange\_back\_at\_work\_after.html\|title\=Artie Lange back at work after a week at Hoboken home with "severe depression"\|date\=October 20, 2009\|first\=Amy Sara\|last\=Clark\|work\=\[\[NJ.com]]\|access\-date\=22 February 2017}} citing depression and a "mini nervous breakdown". His second stand up DVD and CD, *Jack and Coke*, was released a month later.{{Cite episode\|series\=The Howard Stern Show\|network\=SiriusXM Radio\|station\=Howard 100\|location\=New York City\|date\=November 17, 2009}} Lange recorded the set at [Gotham Comedy Club](/wiki/Gotham_Comedy_Club "Gotham Comedy Club") in New York City earlier in the year,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2009/12/artie\_lange\_interview\_his\_new.html\|title\=Artie Lange interview: His new CD, his comedy heroes, his future and more\|first\=Jay\|last\=Lustig\|date\=December 3, 2009\|work\=\[\[NJ.com]]\|access\-date\=May 26, 2015}} and is composed of material that Lange had written over the past four years of his career, some of which dated back to 15 years, which Lange developed further and felt it was suitable to put on a recording. *Jack and Coke* reached number one on the [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes "ITunes") Comedy Albums chart and entered its Top 20 Albums chart. It was also released as a DVD, which [Comedy Central](/wiki/Comedy_Central "Comedy Central") aired as a special in January 2010\.
In November 2009, Lange cancelled his stand\-up gigs booked for the rest of the year and throughout 2010\. He felt "[really beat](/wiki/Occupational_burnout "Occupational burnout")" from work and needed time to recover from his heroin relapse that April, write new stand\-up material, and work on a second book, which he had begun writing under the working title *College Is for Losers*. In an interview around this time Lange said, "The combination of the road and morning radio hasn't killed me, but it's come close. If I keep doing it, it will".
The situation culminated on December 9, 2009, when Lange showed up at *The Howard Stern Show* having spent the previous seven hours drinking whiskey and taking painkillers, which affected his performance on the air. During a commercial break, Sirius management told Lange to go home; he was granted time off from the show. He voluntarily checked in at a rehab facility on [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island "Long Island") to cope with withdrawals, but he "hated everything about it", and left eight days later, on December 23\. Upon his return home, Lange spent the next several days in his apartment on an alcohol and pill binge.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2013\|pp\=176–178}}
### 2010–2014: Second suicide attempt, radio show, and second book
On January 2, 2010, Lange attempted suicide for the second time at his home by drinking [bleach](/wiki/Bleach "Bleach"), slitting his wrists, and stabbing himself in the abdomen nine times with a 13\-inch kitchen knife.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2010/01/07/2010\-01\-07\_artie\_lange.html\#ixzz0cNqhmJni\|newspaper\=New York Daily News\|title\=Artie Lange used 13\-inch kitchen knife in violent suicide try\|first\=Cristina\|last\=Everett\|date\=January 8, 2010\|access\-date\=July 18, 2011}} He was found on the floor by his mother who, unbeknownst to him, was outside planning an intervention for him with his sister, two uncles, and comedian [Colin Quinn](/wiki/Colin_Quinn "Colin Quinn"). Lange was taken to a hospital for surgery,Hammerstein, BJ (January 9, 2010\). ["Artie Lange out of the hospital"](http://www.freep.com/article/20100109/ENT07/1090336/1036/ent01/Artie-Lange-out-of-the-hospital). *[Detroit Free Press](/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press "Detroit Free Press")*. {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211021309/http://www.freep.com/article/20100109/ENT07/1090336/1036/ent01/Artie\-Lange\-out\-of\-the\-hospital \|date\=February 11, 2010 }} and was transferred to a psychiatric ward a week later. An executive for SiriusXM stated that Lange would be welcomed back onto *The Howard Stern Show* following his recovery,Itzkoff, Dave (January 8, 2010\). ["'Howard Stern Show' to Keep Artie Lange."](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/09/arts/television/09arts-HOWARDSTERNS_BRF.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* but Stern later decided against it, thinking it would not aid in his recovery.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.today.com/id/42122964/ns/today\-today\_entertainment/t/stern\-artie\-lange\-wants\-be\-back\-show/\#.UiC\_yRukpHQ\|title\=Stern: Artie Lange wants to be back on the show\|work\=TODAY.com\|date\=17 March 2011 }}
Lange entered a period of [depression](/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 "Depression (mood)"), spending most of his time at home. The death of his friend and fellow comedian [Greg Giraldo](/wiki/Greg_Giraldo "Greg Giraldo") from a prescription drug overdose two days later sent Lange back into a depression, at a time when he considered a "return to society".{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2013\|p\=224}} In April 2011, after showing no signs of improvement, Lange was forced into a detox facility in New Jersey by Quinn and "two huge Irish guys". Lange wrote, "It was an abduction, which was exactly what I needed ... they dragged me, literally kicking and screaming".{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2013\|pp\=232–233}}
After three weeks at the facility, Lange was transferred to Ambrosia Treatment Center in [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") for two and a half months, where he completed the program.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2013\|p\=234}} [Bruce Springsteen](/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen "Bruce Springsteen"), one of Lange's favorite artists, contacted him during the process for support. Lange has since had "four or five" relapses between painkillers following an injury, alcohol and [gambling](/wiki/Problem_gambling "Problem gambling"), and continues to [smoke](/wiki/Tobacco_smoking "Tobacco smoking").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.maxim.com/entertainment/artie\-lange\-howard\-stern\-showtime\-special\-2016\-1\|title\=Artie Lange talks Howard Stern, Donald Trump, Carmen Electra, and his new Showtime special\|date\=January 8, 2016\|first\=Chris\|last\=Wilson\|magazine\=\[\[Maxim (magazine)\|Maxim]]\|access\-date\=August 6, 2016}} Initially, he denied the incident was a suicide attempt as he felt embarrassed to say it was his second, but while writing about the event and subsequent therapy, he realized, "I need to be honest with myself."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/11/08/crash\-and\-burn\-artie\-lange\-details\-harrowing\-addiction\-suicide\-attempt\-in\-new.html\|title\='Crash and Burn': Artie Lange details harrowing addiction, suicide attempt in new book\|website\=\[\[Fox News]]\|date\=8 November 2013\|first\=Nicki\|last\=Gostin\|access\-date\=20 February 2017}}
In July 2011, Lange had recovered enough to resume his career. His first endeavor took place on July 6 as co\-host on a one\-off radio show on [Fox Sports Radio](/wiki/Fox_Sports_Radio "Fox Sports Radio") with comedian [Nick Di Paolo](/wiki/Nick_Di_Paolo "Nick Di Paolo") as a stand\-in for [Tony Bruno](/wiki/Tony_Bruno "Tony Bruno"). The show turned out to be a test show after Di Paolo accepted a deal to host a late\-night sports comedy program on [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV "DirecTV"), and chose Lange as his co\-host. On October 3, 2011, *[The Nick \& Artie Show](/wiki/The_Nick_%26_Artie_Show "The Nick & Artie Show")* launched on approximately 30 stations nationwide and on [SiriusXM](/wiki/SiriusXM "SiriusXM").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv\-movies/artie\-lange\-howard\-stern\-show\-nick\-dipaolo\-latest\-hosts\-new\-radio\-tv\-show\-article\-1\.959919\|date\=October 3, 2011\|first\=David\|last\=Hinkley\|title\=Artie Lange from the Howard Stern show and Nick DiPaolo will be latest hosts of new radio, TV show\|newspaper\=The New York Daily News\|access\-date\=May 17, 2015}} After Di Paolo left the show in January 2013, the show was renamed *[The Artie Lange Show](/wiki/The_Artie_Lange_Show "The Artie Lange Show")* and Lange hired retired American football player [Jon Ritchie](/wiki/Jon_Ritchie "Jon Ritchie") as his co\-host. On April 28, 2014, Lange announced the show would no longer air after that day.
In 2013, Lange accepted an $800,000 advance from [Touchstone Books](/wiki/Touchstone_Books "Touchstone Books") to write his second book. Lange agreed to the project primarily for the money, but also wished to put out something that would help others who struggle with [drug abuse](/wiki/Substance_abuse "Substance abuse"). He wrote the book, *[Crash and Burn](/wiki/Crash_and_Burn_%28book%29 "Crash and Burn (book)")*, with Bozza returning as his co\-author,{{Cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/artie\-lange\-on\-his\-suicide\-attempt\-and\-life\-after\-howard\-stern\-20131010\|title\=Artie Lange on His Suicide Attempt and Life After Howard Stern\|date\=October 10, 2013\|first\=Andy\|last\=Greene\|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]]\|access\-date\=May 17, 2015\|archive\-date\=May 8, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508045257/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/artie\-lange\-on\-his\-suicide\-attempt\-and\-life\-after\-howard\-stern\-20131010\|url\-status\=dead}} which covers his life and career during his final years on *The Howard Stern Show*, his second suicide attempt and resulting depression, and his recovery.{{Cite web\|last\=Wohlfarth\|first\=Matt\|title\=Comedian Artie Lange is back and happy to laugh at himself\|url\=http://triblive.com/aande/moreaande/3534710\-74/lange\-artie\-comedy\#axzz2cKYHmem0\|work\=Triblive\|access\-date\=August 18, 2013}} Lange described the book as "the most honest thing I've ever done in my life".{{Cite web\|url\=http://tbo.com/events/qa\-artie\-lange\-talks\-stern\-gambling\-and\-new\-book\-ahead\-of\-st\-pete\-show\-20130926/\|title\=Q\&A: Artie Lange talks Stern, gambling and new book ahead of St. Pete show\|date\=September 26, 2013\|work\=TBO.com\|access\-date\=October 4, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091121/http://tbo.com/events/qa\-artie\-lange\-talks\-stern\-gambling\-and\-new\-book\-ahead\-of\-st\-pete\-show\-20130926/\|archive\-date\=October 6, 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} Following its release on October 29, 2013, the book entered *The New York Times* Best Seller list at number 8 under combined print and e\-book sales{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/best\-sellers\-books/2013\-11\-17/combined\-print\-and\-e\-book\-nonfiction/list.html\|title\=The New York Times Best Sellers: Combined Print \& E\-Book Nonfiction\|date\=November 17, 2013\|access\-date\=May 31, 2015\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|first\=Gregory\|last\=Cowles}} and number 12 under hardcover sales.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/best\-sellers\-books/2013\-11\-17/hardcover\-nonfiction/list.html\|title\=The New York Times Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction\|date\=November 17, 2013\|access\-date\=May 31, 2015\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|first\=Gregory\|last\=Cowles}}
### 2014–2019: *The Artie Quitter Podcast*, third book, and *Crashing*
Following the cancellation of his DirecTV show, Lange focused on his comedy career. He recorded a one\-hour special for [Comedy Central](/wiki/Comedy_Central "Comedy Central") titled *The Stench of Failure* that aired on October 18, 2014\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.hngn.com/articles/46254/20141017/artie\-lange\-stench\-of\-failure\-comedy\-central\-special\-stand\-up.htm\|title\='Artie Lange: The Stench Of Failure' Premieres On Comedy Central\|date\=October 17, 2014\|first\=Emily\|last\=Morgan\|publisher\=Headlines \& Global News\|access\-date\=May 31, 2015}} On November 4, 2014, Lange sent out a series of tweets about a sexual fantasy between him and [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") sportscaster [Cari Champion](/wiki/Cari_Champion "Cari Champion") set during slavery times. He was [Thomas Jefferson](/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson") and Champion was a slave, and he attempts to whip her but fails. She beats him up and escapes.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lindseyadler/artie\-lange\-tweets\-about\-espns\-cari\-champion\-ripped\-as\-abusi \|title\=Artie Lange's Appearance On "@Midnight" Cancelled After Explicit Twitter Rant \|first\=Lindsey\|last\=Adler\|publisher\=Buzzfeed.com\|date\=November 5, 2014\|access\-date\=November 5, 2014}} As a result, Lange received a lifetime ban from ESPN and Comedy Central cancelled a scheduled appearance.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2014/11/06/artie\-lange\-banned\-from\-espn\-loses\-comedy\-central\-gig\-after\-racist\-sexist\-rant/\|title\=Artie Lange banned from ESPN, loses Comedy Central gig after racist, sexist rant\|publisher\=Fox News\|date\=November 6, 2014\|access\-date\=November 6, 2014}}
On January 5, 2015, Lange launched an uncensored subscription\-based podcast titled *The Artie Quitter Podcast*. He recorded episodes mainly from his home in [Hoboken, New Jersey](/wiki/Hoboken%2C_New_Jersey "Hoboken, New Jersey").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/celebrities/comedian\-artie\-lange\-launches\-artie\-quitter\-podcast\-1\.9823126\|first\=David J.\|last\=Criblez\|title\=Comedian Artie Lange launches 'Artie Quitter Podcast'\|date\=January 23, 2015\|access\-date\=May 22, 2015}} Lange estimated the podcast gained "about 9,000" subscribers in its first year.{{Cite web\|url\=http://theinterrobang.com/artie\-lange/\|title\=Artie Lange is Doing Nasty Things in Montreal and In His Own Kitchen\|date\=January 6, 2016\|first\=Debra\|last\=Kessler\|publisher\=The Interrobang\|access\-date\=January 11, 2016}} In May 2017, Lange stated the podcast would end after 400 episodes in order to tend to his comedy, filming *Crashing*, and his third book. He aimed to resume the podcast around September 2017, either at a cheaper subscription rate or free with advertisements.{{Cite tweet\|user\=ArtieQuitter\|author\=Artie Lange\|number\=869724185261735937\|date\=May 31, 2017\|title\=Falato \& i will do 400 eps Then a light Summer so I can make acting Magic on Crashing Season Dos'. Then we will be back around Labor Day!}}{{Cite tweet\|user\=ArtieQuitter\|author\=Artie Lange\|number\=869724810703765505\|date\=May 31, 2017\|title\=It might be less expensive. It might be free w ads. But i promise it will still be extremely offensive especially to College Grads}}{{Cite tweet\|user\=ArtieQuitter\|author\=Artie Lange\|number\=869727667121250305\|date\=May 31, 2017\|title\=I will be back as strong as ever. If we have ads I promise they will third in command. W me 2nd and u first. Watch for new PC soon}}
In 2015, Lange made a return to television after he secured roles on two shows. He made two guest appearances on *[The Jim Gaffigan Show](/wiki/The_Jim_Gaffigan_Show "The Jim Gaffigan Show")* in 2015 and 2016, respectively, and was chosen to star in a pilot episode for a new [HBO](/wiki/HBO "HBO") comedy series titled *[Crashing](/wiki/Crashing_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Crashing (U.S. TV series)")*, starring [Pete Holmes](/wiki/Pete_Holmes "Pete Holmes") with producer and editor [Judd Apatow](/wiki/Judd_Apatow "Judd Apatow"). After the series was picked up, filming began in November 2015 with Lange in a recurring role playing a loose version of himself. The remaining episodes were shot through 2016, and the title of the first is "Artie Lange".{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/arts/artie\-lange\-knows\-the\-score/article\_5e3e23a0\-514d\-5b66\-b0d3\-07aaee51ba44\.html\|title\=Artie Lange knows the score\|work\=Philadelphia Weekly\|date\=November 25, 2015\|first\=Kevin\|last\=Matuszak\|access\-date\=February 20, 2017}} Lange revealed he was paid $15,000 per episode.{{cite tweet\|user\=ArtieQuitter\|author\=Artie Lange\|number\=866406426658394113\|date\=May 21, 2017\|title\=My salary for Crashing season 1 Was 15 thousand dollars an episode. My season 2 salary is 17,500 dollars an episode. 2500 more!!!}} During this time, Lange recorded a scene for a special reunion episode of *Mad TV*. *Crashing* premiered in February 2017; to help promote it, Lange completed a stand\-up and media tour with Holmes and Apatow.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/entertainment/Judd\-Apatow\-Artie\-Lange\-and\-Pete\-Holmes\-announce\-Trocadero\-date\-on\-The\-Crashing\-Comedy\-Tour.html\|title\=Judd Apatow, Artie Lange, and Pete Holmes announce Trocadero date on 'The Crashing Comedy Tour'\|first\=Nick\|last\=Vadala\|date\=19 January 2017\|publisher\=Philly.com\|access\-date\=24 January 2017}} He revealed his salary of $17,500 per episode on season two.
In December 2015, Lange started on his third book with Bozza. Their publisher required the pair to produce a 25\-page proposal for it before a contract was offered; they wrote one titled *The Gambler: A Degenerate's Guide to Living on the Edge*.{{Cite tweet\|user\=ArtieQuitter\|author\=Artie Lange\|number\=673384048845332480\|date\=December 5, 2015\|title\=Here's Better handwriting. Bozza and I r writing our 3rd book. But this time Pubs want a 25\-page proposal. Deal soon!}} The piece was well received{{Cite tweet\|user\=ArtieQuitter\|author\=Artie Lange\|number\=698675213907705856\|date\=February 14, 2016\|title\=Back to Cotton for a second I'm supposed to shoot another HBO/Apatow EP of Crashing soon \& I'm signing contract for my 3rd book Thursday!}} and a deal with the publisher was made.{{Cite tweet\|user\=ArtieQuitter\|author\=Artie Lange\|number\=707635678448893952\|date\=March 9, 2016\|title\=Agent just told me deal closed \& Anthony Bozza \& I are writing a 3rd book. Anthony has become a brother. Thx to u fans! Books out in 2017!}} *Wanna Bet?: A Degenerate Gambler's Guide to Living on the Edge* was released in July 2018\.{{cite web\|url\=https://us.macmillan.com/wannabet/artielange/9781250121172/\|title\=Wanna Bet? A Degenerate Gambler's Guide to Living on the Edge\|publisher\=Macmillan Publishers\|date\=29 November 2017\|access\-date\=29 November 2017}}
On September 5, 2017, Lange co\-hosted his new show, *The Artie and Anthony Show*, with [Anthony Cumia](/wiki/Anthony_Cumia "Anthony Cumia") on the latter's online subscription\-based network [Compound Media](/wiki/Compound_Media "Compound Media"). Cumia had hosted *[The Anthony Cumia Show](/wiki/The_Anthony_Cumia_Show "The Anthony Cumia Show")* for three years by himself until he decided to bring in a co\-host.{{cite web\|url\=http://theinterrobang.com/anthony\-cumia\-announces\-new\-cohost/\|title\=Anthony Cumia Announces New Co\-Host\|date\=21 August 2017\|publisher\=The Interrobang\|access\-date\=22 August 2017}} Lange was absent from the show for six weeks following his December 2017 arrest and subsequent time in rehab; he returned full\-time on January 22, 2018\. Cumia announced Lange's departure on May 14, 2018, for the foreseeable future due to his ongoing health and legal issues.{{cite web\|url\=http://theinterrobang.com/artie\-lange\-leaves\-artie\-anthony\-show/\|title\=Artie Out! Lange Leaves the Artie and Anthony Show\|publisher\=The Interrobang\|date\=14 May 2018\|access\-date\=15 May 2018}}
In 2018, Lange's potential projects included the development of a film, a sitcom, and an animated series.
#### Arrests, return to jail, and rehabilitation
On March 12, 2017, Lange was arrested on three charges for possession of heroin, cocaine and drug paraphernalia in his car and on himself, in the parking garage of his apartment complex. He was released on a summons with a set court appearance.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2017/03/artie\_lange\_arrested\_drugs\_hoboken.html\|title\=Artie Lange arrested on drug charges in Hoboken, report says\|first\=Amy\|last\=Kuperinsky\|work\=NJ.com\|date\=March 17, 2017\|access\-date\=17 March 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full\_story/27382767/article\-Exclusive\-\-Comedian\-\-former\-Howard\-Stern\-regular\-Artie\-Lange\-arrested\-for\-cocaine\-\-heroin\-posession\-in\-parking\-garage\-in\-Hoboken?instance\=top\_story\|title\=Comedian former Howard Stern regular Artie Lange arrested for cocaine heroin possession in parking garage in Hoboken\|first\=Marilyn\|last\=Baer\|work\=The Hudson Reporter\|date\=March 17, 2017\|access\-date\=17 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318172528/http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full\_story/27382767/article\-Exclusive\-\-Comedian\-\-former\-Howard\-Stern\-regular\-Artie\-Lange\-arrested\-for\-cocaine\-\-heroin\-posession\-in\-parking\-garage\-in\-Hoboken?instance\=top\_story\|archive\-date\=18 March 2017\|url\-status\=dead}} Three days prior to his arrest, Apatow and HBO offered Lange a buddy comedy\-type show and a raise in salary,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2017/03/artie\_lange\_new\_jersey\_show\_wellmont\_montclair\_cra.html\|title\='Self\-destructive' Artie Lange talks drug arrest, HBO series at N.J. show\|first\=Amy\|last\=Kuperinsky\|date\=March 25, 2017\|work\=NJ.com\|access\-date\=March 26, 2017}} but Lange claimed he was fired from the second season of *Crashing* in the wake of the incident. However, Apatow maintained this was not the case{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/artie\-lange\-drugs\-arrest\-article\-1\.3006626\|title\=Artie Lange says he's been off drugs since arrest\|date\=March 23, 2017\|first\=Nicole\|last\=Bitette\|work\=The New York Daily News\|access\-date\=23 March 2017}} and Lange revealed he is "still a *Crashing* employee".{{cite web\|url\=http://www1\.play.it/audio/the\-jake\-brown\-show/\|title\=The Jake Brown Show – Friday, March 24th – Artie Lange\|publisher\=Play.It\|date\=March 24, 2017\|access\-date\=24 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325024652/http://www1\.play.it/audio/the\-jake\-brown\-show/\|archive\-date\=25 March 2017\|url\-status\=dead}}
On April 5, 2017, Lange's original charges were downgraded to three "disorderly persons" offenses, equivalent to misdemeanors, as he was not in the car where the drugs were found.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/artie\-lange\-drug\-possession\-charges\-downgraded\-article\-1\.3019880\|first\=Nicole\|last\=Bitette\|date\=April 5, 2017\|title\=Artie Lange has drug possession charges downgraded\|work\=The New York Daily News\|access\-date\=April 5, 2017}} Lange failed to appear in court due to miscommunication from his lawyer, resulting in a bench warrant issued by the court.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.philly.com/philly/entertainment/celebrities/bench\-warrant\-issued\-for\-artie\-lange\-after\-comedian\-misses\-hearing\-in\-drug\-case\-20170615\.html?mobi\=true\|title\=Bench warrant issued for Artie Lange after comedian misses hearing in drug case\|publisher\=Philly.com\|first\=Nick\|last\=Vadala\|date\=15 June 2017\|access\-date\=15 June 2017}} The situation culminated in Lange's arrest on December 12 when he failed to appear in court in response to an additional arrest on May 12 when he was caught at high speed with a bag of heroin on his lap.{{cite web\|url\=http://people.com/tv/artie\-lange\-arrested\-skipping\-court\-date\-drug\-arrest\-charges/\|title\=Comedian Artie Lange Arrested After Missing Court Date for Drug Arrest Charges\|date\=13 December 2017\|first\=Aurelie\|last\=Corinthios\|work\=People\|access\-date\=13 December 2017}}
On July 7, 2017, Lange was rushed to a hospital and had emergency surgery on his chest after he collapsed after performing stand\-up in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), and claimed he was hours from death.{{cite tweet\|user\=ArtieQuitter\|author\=Artie Lange\|number\=883587958925930497\|date\=July 8, 2017\|title\=After Chicago gig I collapsed. I had emergency surgery. All the blow \& H I've done for yrs blew hole in my nose \& landed in my chest...}}{{cite tweet\|user\=ArtieQuitter\|author\=Artie Lange\|number\=883588538993975296\|date\=July 8, 2017\|title\=It was infected. I was hours from checkin out. They ripped open my chest and got it all. I cheated the devil for the hundredth time}}{{cite tweet\|user\=ArtieQuitter\|author\=Artie Lange\|number\=883592041577549824\|date\=July 8, 2017\|title\=Stay strong. need cash.So be out next week working again. Next chapter. If I'm not clean I'm gone. I love u. As for u death pool fucks\-}}
On December 15, 2017, Lange pleaded guilty to possessing 81 bags of heroin in exchange for the earlier charge of possession of cocaine being dropped. He then checked himself into rehab on a private jet paid for by two fellow comics.{{cite web\|url\=http://people.com/tv/artie\-lange\-pleads\-guilty\-heroin\-possession/\|title\=Comedian Artie Lange Pleads Guilty to Heroin Possession\|date\=December 15, 2017\|first\=Aurelie\|last\=Corinthios\|work\=People\|access\-date\=December 15, 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/artie\-lange\-headed\-rehab\-private\-jet\-drug\-charge\-article\-1\.3701432\|title\=Artie Lange headed to rehab on private jet after drug charge\|date\=15 December 2017\|first\=Nicole\|last\=Bitette\|work\=New York Daily News\|access\-date\=16 December 2017}} Lange left rehab in January 2018,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/artie\-lange\-is\-not\-ready\-to\-die\-fck\-em\-all\|title\=Artie Lange Is Not Ready to Die: 'F\*ck 'Em All'\|first\=Mandy\|last\=Stadtmiller\|date\=23 January 2018\|website\=The Daily Beast\|access\-date\=23 January 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/01/artie\_lange\_shows\_canceled\_sober\_rehab\_tweets.html\|title\='Crashing' star Artie Lange 'sober 32 days' despite canceled shows\|date\=12 January 2018\|first\=Amy\|last\=Kuperinsky\|work\=NJ.com\|access\-date\=13 January 2018}} and began an outpatient rehab program for five days a week with regular urine tests. He reasoned his drug relapse down to anger. On June 1, 2018, Lange was sentenced to four years of probation with orders to complete 50 hours of community service and complete further outpatient rehabilitation.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thewrap.com/artie\-lange\-sentenced\-in\-drug\-case/\|title\=Artie Lange Sentenced in Drug Case\|date\=1 June 2018\|publisher\=The Wrap\|first\=Tim\|last\=Kenneally\|access\-date\=1 June 2018}}
In November 2018, Lange announced his decision to enter inpatient rehabilitation with comedian [Bob Levy](/wiki/Bob_Levy_%28comedian%29 "Bob Levy (comedian)"),{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nj.com/expo/life\-and\-culture/erry\-2018/11/d3712b985b2145/artie\-lange\-checks\-into\-rehab.html\|title\=Artie Lange checks into rehab: 'I'm about to take a big step to help myself. To save my life'\|work\=NJ.com\|first\=Amy\|last\=Kuperinsky\|date\=6 November 2018\|access\-date\=8 November 2018}} after breaking his four\-year probation by testing positive twice for cocaine and opioids.{{cite web\|url\=https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2018/11/artie\-lange\-violate\-probation\-tested\-positive\-drug\-cocaine\-rehab\-treatment\-prison/\|title\=Artie Lange Tests Positive Twice For Cocaine, Opioids \& Oxycodone\|first\=Mary\|last\=Jacob\|date\=November 9, 2018\|publisher\=Radar Online\|access\-date\=November 10, 2018}} On several occasions he left rehab to perform stand\-up comedy gigs before returning to the facility on the same night. On January 30, 2019, Lange was placed into custody for possession of a controlled substance and checked into a treatment center.{{cite web\|url\=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/artie\-lange\-jail\-rehab\-1203124809/\|title\=Comedian Artie Lange in Custody for Drug Possession, Says He'll Enter Rehab\|first\=Jordan\|last\=Moreau\|date\=January 31, 2019\|work\=Variety\|access\-date\=February 1, 2019}}
A month later, Lange posted a tweet which revealed he had moved on to work at a gas station.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2019/05/artie\-lange\-seen\-working\-at\-gas\-station\-sends\-message\-to\-howard\-stern\-i\-love\-him\-to\-death\-and\-i\-miss\-him.html\|title\=Artie Lange, seen working at gas station, sends message to Howard Stern. 'I love him to death.'\|date\=May 15, 2019\|work\=NJ.com\|first\=Amy\|last\=Kuperinsky\|access\-date\=May 16, 2019}} On May 21, Lange was arrested on a drug court warrant for violating the conditions of his probation program.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.phillyvoice.com/artie\-lange\-arrest\-probation\-drug\-program\-gas\-station\-new\-jersey/\|title\=Artie Lange arrested Tuesday, five days after being spotted at gas station job\|first\=Adam\|last\=Hermann\|date\=May 21, 2019\|work\=Philly Voice\|access\-date\=May 21, 2019}} On June 10, after 21 days in jail, he was released and began a new in\-patient program.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2019/06/artie\-lange\-will\-be\-released\-from\-jail\-and\-head\-to\-a\-new\-drug\-treatment\-program.html\|title\=Artie Lange will be released from jail and head to a new drug treatment program\|date\=10 June 2019\|work\=NJ.com\|first\=Amy\|last\=Kuperinsky\|access\-date\=12 June 2019}} *Radar Online* reported in August 2019 that Lange was progressing in rehab and would remain at least through September. He was scheduled to return to a New Jersey court where a jail sentence was a possibility.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.inquisitr.com/5606759/comedian\-artie\-lange\-to\-remain\-in\-rehab\-indefinitely\-and\-could\-be\-headed\-to\-jail\-next\-report\-claims/\|title\=Comedian Artie Lange To Remain In Rehab Indefinitely And Could Be Headed To Jail Next, Report Claims\|first\=Nathan\|last\=Francis\|work\=Inquisitr\|date\=August 30, 2019\|access\-date\=August 30, 2019}} On September 10, 2019, Lange left rehab and announced that had been sober for more than seven months.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://people.com/tv/comedian\-artie\-lange\-out\-of\-rehab\-after\-7\-months\-sobriety/\|title\=Comedian Artie Lange Reveals He's Out of Rehab After 7 Months of Sobriety: 'Great to Be Home!'\|magazine\=People\|date\=September 10, 2019\|first\=Joelle\|last\=Goldstein\|access\-date\=11 September 2019}} On January 30, 2020, Lange announced that he had been sober for one year.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2020/01/comedian\-artie\-lange\-im\-one\-year\-clean\-today.html\|title\=Comedian Artie Lange: 'I'm 1 year clean today.' Fans are cheering him on.\|date\=31 January 2020\|publisher\=NJ.com\|first\=Amy\|last\=Kuperinsky\|access\-date\=31 January 2020}}
### 2019–present: Resuming career and *Halfway House* podcast
After being released from rehab, Lange performed his first stand\-up routine that night at the Comedy Cellar in New York City. He then resumed regular stand\-up gigs in the local area.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.timesunion.com/entertainment/article/Just\-out\-of\-rehab\-ex\-Howard\-Stern\-sidekick\-Artie\-14451933\.php\|title\=Fresh from rehab, ex\-Howard Stern sidekick Artie Lange talks to Times Union\|first\=Steve\|last\=Barnes\|date\=September 19, 2019\|work\=Times Union\|access\-date\=September 22, 2019}} He announced that he had written a fourth memoir while in rehab, tentatively named *Rippin' \& Runnin': Life on Drug Court*.
On September 20, 2019, Lange announced that he had signed a deal to start a new podcast.{{cite web \|last1\=Kuperinsky \|first1\=Amy \|title\=Artie Lange sets premiere date for 'Halfway House' podcast \|url\=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2019/11/artie\-lange\-sets\-premiere\-date\-for\-halfway\-house\-podcast.html \|website\=NJ.com \|access\-date\=11 July 2020 \|date\=18 November 2019}} *Artie Lange's Halfway House* premiered on December 2, 2019, featuring comedian [Mike Bocchetti](/wiki/Mike_Bocchetti "Mike Bocchetti") as co\-host. The last episode was released on February 7, 2020, before Lange put his career on hold later that month. He later said that he had returned to the public eye too soon and needed further time to work on his recovery program. Lange resurfaced in November 2020 with a new podcast series, *Letters to Artie*, on The Comics Gym network with his manager as co\-host. The pair recorded one episode, after which Lange entered another career hiatus.{{cite web\|url\=https://darkcomedynews.com/?p\=843\|title\=Here's What's Been Going On With Artie Lange!\|publisher\=Dark Comedy News\|date\=December 3, 2020\|access\-date\=December 4, 2020}}
In October 2021, Lange resumed the *Artie Lange's Halfway House* podcast, recording two episodes a week. He also set up a [Patreon](/wiki/Patreon "Patreon") account.{{cite tweet\|user\=ArtieQuitter\|author\=Artie Lange\|number\=1454968190811860993\|date\=November 1, 2021\|title\=UPDATE: I'm doing 2 shows a week now. 1 on Mondays for FREE. 1 on Thursdays on Patreon or with a membership on my YouTube page. Lots of perks for supporters. Get the details here: https://patreon.com/artielange Shows coming w/ Stanhope, Gilbert, Joey Diaz, Di Paolo, Lampanelli \& more}} In February 2022, Lange put the podcast on hiatus once more to focus on his health.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 1987–1995: Early career",
"Lange cites [Richard Pryor](/wiki/Richard_Pryor \"Richard Pryor\"),{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://ew.com/article/2008/11/10/artie\\-lange\\-gets\\-literary/ \\|title\\=Artie Lange: 'F\\-\\-\\- It, I'll Write a Book' \\|magazine\\=Entertainment Weekly \\|last\\=Kirschling \\|first\\=Gregory \\|date\\=November 7, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212050918/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C20239025\\_3%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 12, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Richard Lewis](/wiki/Richard_Lewis_%28comedian%29 \"Richard Lewis (comedian)\"), and [George Carlin](/wiki/George_Carlin \"George Carlin\") as early influences. On July 12, 1987, at age nineteen, Lange performed his first stand\\-up comedy routine at [The Improv](/wiki/The_Improv \"The Improv\") in [Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan](/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen%2C_Manhattan \"Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan\"). He recalled, \"I bombed for five minutes. Everyone thinks that they can do better. I was unprepared, I mumbled, and I forgot stuff. But I'm proud that I did it.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full\\_story/2416725/article\\-The\\-other\\-side\\-of\\-laughter\\-\\-Part\\-II\\-Stern\\-show\\-regular\\-\\-comedian\\-Artie\\-Lange\\-discusses\\-standup\\-\\-radio\\|title\\=The other side of laughter, Part II\\|work\\=The Hudson Reporter\\|date\\=August 3, 2008\\|first\\=Schwaeble\\|last\\=Diana\\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=April 7, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083135/http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full\\_story/2416725/article\\-The\\-other\\-side\\-of\\-laughter\\-\\-Part\\-II\\-Stern\\-show\\-regular\\-\\-comedian\\-Artie\\-Lange\\-discusses\\-standup\\-\\-radio\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Lange would not attempt stand\\-up again for another four years.",
"In 1988, Lange took acting classes for three weeks from [Sandy Dennis](/wiki/Sandy_Dennis \"Sandy Dennis\") at [HB Studio](/wiki/HB_Studio \"HB Studio\") in New Jersey; he quit after he could no longer afford them.{{cite episode\\|title\\=Joey Diaz interview\\|series\\=The Artie Lange Show\\|date\\=2013\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=o3Z7UAH44xM \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/o3Z7UAH44xM \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|quote\\=YouTube title: The Artie Lange Show – Joey Diaz (in\\-studio) Part 2\\|network\\=DirecTV\\|last\\=Lange (host)\\|first\\=Artie}}{{cbignore}} In February 1991, Lange supported his family by taking up work as a [longshoreman](/wiki/Stevedore \"Stevedore\") at [Port Newark](/wiki/Port_Newark \"Port Newark\"), loading ships at its orange juice pier. That year, Lange earned around $60,000\\. In September 1992, Lange quit his longshoreman job to focus on a comedy career,{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=112}} giving himself one year to make it at stand\\-up comedy.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-81232313\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110246/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-81232313\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 22, 2017\\|title\\=Stern and Lange: Comedian Gets Dream Job With Howard\\|first\\=Jason\\|last\\=Gray\\|newspaper\\=The New York Observer\\|date\\=December 3, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2017}} During his search for work, he found regular employment driving a taxi in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). The flexibility of his taxi job allowed him to perform sets at the clubs and resume work afterwards.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=123}}{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=125}} Lange's first paid gig as a stand\\-up comedian followed at the [United States Merchant Marine Academy](/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy \"United States Merchant Marine Academy\") in [Kings Point, New York](/wiki/Kings_Point%2C_New_York \"Kings Point, New York\"), for a payment of $30\\.{{cite podcast\\|last\\=Lange\\|first\\=Artie\\|title\\=The Artie Quitter Podcast: Episode 283\\|url\\=http://www.artiequitter.com/\\|publisher\\=Publisher\\|date\\=August 3, 2016\\|time\\=49:36\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2016}} He then became a paid regular for the first time in 1992 at Stand Up NY in Manhattan,{{cite tweet\\|user\\=ArtieQuitter\\|author\\=Artie Lange\\|number\\=653100575207329792\\|date\\=October 11, 2015\\|title\\=Me at a friends apartment after a night of cocaine abuse NYC 1992 I passed at 1st Comedy Club same night Stand Up NY}} followed by [Comic Strip Live](/wiki/Comic_Strip_Live \"Comic Strip Live\"), where he would perform a 20\\-minute set from Tuesday to Saturday nights.{{cite podcast\\|last\\=Lange\\|first\\=Artie\\|title\\=The Artie Quitter Podcast: Episode 283\\|url\\=http://www.artiequitter.com/\\|publisher\\=Publisher\\|date\\=August 3, 2016\\|time\\=48:31\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2016}}{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=125}}",
"Within a year of starting, Lange landed a role in a dinner theater play, touring restaurants and catering halls across [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\").{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|pp\\=117–118}} He then co\\-formed an [improv troupe](/wiki/Improvisational_theatre \"Improvisational theatre\") called Live on Tape which sold out [Caroline's on Broadway](/wiki/Caroline%27s_on_Broadway \"Caroline's on Broadway\") numerous times.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|pp\\=117–118}} The success of these shows led to a contract with the [William Morris Agency](/wiki/William_Morris_Agency \"William Morris Agency\") where Lange met Peter Principato, his manager for the next ten years. Lange took up extra work with roles in commercials which were a \"big step up\",{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|pp\\=117–118}} including a voiceover for [Foot Locker](/wiki/Foot_Locker \"Foot Locker\"), which entitled him to become a member of [AFTRA](/wiki/American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists \"American Federation of Television and Radio Artists\").{{cite podcast\\|last\\=Lange\\|first\\=Artie\\|title\\=The Artie Quitter Podcast: Episode 283\\|url\\=http://www.artiequitter.com/\\|publisher\\=Publisher\\|date\\=August 3, 2016\\|time\\=52:26\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2016}} During this time, Lange developed an addiction to [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") and [alcohol](/wiki/Alcoholic_drink \"Alcoholic drink\").{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=136}}",
"### 1995–1997: *Mad TV*, first suicide attempt, and jail time",
"At age twenty\\-seven, Lange was selected as one of the eight cast members in the sketch comedy series *[Mad TV](/wiki/Mad_TV \"Mad TV\")*, from the eight thousand that were screened. He flew to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") in May 1995 to shoot the television pilot which was picked up by the [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") network.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=138}} Lange moved to Los Angeles two months later to film the [first season](/wiki/Mad_TV_%28season_1%29 \"Mad TV (season 1)\").{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=137}} The show paid him a large signing bonus plus a salary of $7,500 per episode, fueling his worsening {{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=138}} cocaine habit; during this period he said he was using cocaine \"like it was going out of style\".{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=138}}",
"In November 1995, after nine episodes had been shot,{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=157}} he attempted suicide after he ran out of cocaine, drank [whiskey](/wiki/Single_malt_whisky \"Single malt whisky\") and \"a bunch of pills\", and wrote a [suicide note](/wiki/Suicide_note \"Suicide note\") to his mother and sister. He claimed, \"I was 100 percent serious about dying\". He was found by his *Mad TV* co\\-stars and taken to intensive care.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=162}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.laughspin.com/artie\\-lange\\-confirms\\-his\\-return\\-to\\-radio\\-new\\-show\\-debuts\\-sept\\-12/\\|title\\=Artie Lange confirms return to radio, opens up about his recovery\\|publisher\\=LaughSpin\\|date\\=July 21, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2015\\|first\\=Dylan P.\\|last\\=Gadino\\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224054333/http://www.laughspin.com/artie\\-lange\\-confirms\\-his\\-return\\-to\\-radio\\-new\\-show\\-debuts\\-sept\\-12/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Lange returned to New Jersey to complete a rehabilitation and counseling program.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=164}} At its conclusion, he wrote a new forty\\-five minute stand\\-up set that he felt \"really proud of\", and used his *Mad TV* fame to headline spots in comedy clubs around New York City,{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=172}} supported by further voiceover work for commercials.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=173}}",
"In January 1996, Lange returned to Los Angeles to film the remaining episodes of the first season. [Quincy Jones](/wiki/Quincy_Jones \"Quincy Jones\"), the show's producer, supported Lange during rehab and sent him over on his private jet.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=165}} Lange returned to form in his work, ranking his performance in these episodes as \"the best I've ever done in sketch comedy\", including the creation of his hit character, White Mama.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=166}} In the summer of 1996, Lange secured his first major acting role for an independent film titled *Puppet*, starring [Rebecca Gayheart](/wiki/Rebecca_Gayheart \"Rebecca Gayheart\") and [Fred Weller](/wiki/Fred_Weller \"Fred Weller\"). He wrote, \"To this day I have never seen it because I don't think it's possible to purchase a copy of it anywhere ... it was screened in a theater at least once, because my manager went to see it\".{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=172}}",
"Filming for the [second season](/wiki/Mad_TV_%28season_2%29 \"Mad TV (season 2)\") of *Mad TV* began in August 1996\\.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=171}} Two months later, Lange ended his sobriety and returned to using cocaine.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=173}} His time on the show ended in November 1996 when his agent and the show's cast and crew attempted an [intervention](/wiki/Intervention_%28counseling%29 \"Intervention (counseling)\"). The incident began when Lange lost a $15,000 bet on the [Mike Tyson vs. Evander Holyfield](/wiki/Mike_Tyson_vs._Evander_Holyfield \"Mike Tyson vs. Evander Holyfield\") boxing match and turned up to rehearsals \"coked up\". Lange fled the set, running through streets with his co\\-workers chasing him. It ended in the parking lot of a supermarket where Lange was arrested and served a short time in [Los Angeles County Jail](/wiki/Men%27s_Central_Jail \"Men's Central Jail\").{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=195}} The case was never tried in court.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2006\\-jul\\-16\\-ca\\-vegas16\\-story.html\\|title\\=Artie Lange \\& Vegas: A potent mix\\|first\\=Richard\\|last\\=Abowitz\\|date\\=July 16, 2006\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 18, 2015}} While in jail, Lange received a voice mail from [Cameron Crowe](/wiki/Cameron_Crowe \"Cameron Crowe\") who informed him that his scene with [Tom Cruise](/wiki/Tom_Cruise \"Tom Cruise\") and [Kelly Preston](/wiki/Kelly_Preston \"Kelly Preston\") for *[Jerry Maguire](/wiki/Jerry_Maguire \"Jerry Maguire\")* had been cut.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=203}}",
"After his jail term, Lange returned to New Jersey in January 1997 and spent a short time in a [psychiatric hospital](/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital \"Psychiatric hospital\"). He described this time as the \"most depressing period\" of his life.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=212}} He returned home afterwards, and fell into a [clinical depression](/wiki/Major_depressive_episode \"Major depressive episode\"). After the producers at *Mad TV* convinced Lange to complete formal rehabilitation, he spent two months at Honesty House in [Stirling, New Jersey](/wiki/Stirling%2C_New_Jersey \"Stirling, New Jersey\").{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|pp\\=214–215}} Lange's contract was not renewed for the show's [third season](/wiki/Mad_TV_%28season_3%29 \"Mad TV (season 3)\"),{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=217}} but he made special guest appearances on the [fifth](/wiki/Mad_TV_%28season_5%29 \"Mad TV (season 5)\"), [tenth](/wiki/Mad_TV_%28season_10%29 \"Mad TV (season 10)\"), and [fourteenth seasons](/wiki/Mad_TV_%28season_14%29 \"Mad TV (season 14)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxflash.com/div.php/main/page?aID\\=1z4\\&mo\\=5\\&d\\=16\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621172012/http://www.foxflash.com/div.php/main/page?aID\\=1z4\\&mo\\=5\\&d\\=16\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-21\\|publisher\\=Fox Flash\\|title\\=Fox Primetime Schedule}}",
"### 1997–2001: *Dirty Work* and *The Norm Show*",
"In 1997, Lange left rehab and resumed stand\\-up gigs in New York City. His depression improved soon after when he was invited to audition for two network television sitcoms, which boosted his confidence \"astronomically\".{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=217}} During the negotiations phase, Lange was contacted by comedian and actor [Norm Macdonald](/wiki/Norm_Macdonald \"Norm Macdonald\"), who asked him to audition for the dual lead role in his comedy [buddy film](/wiki/Buddy_film \"Buddy film\") *[Dirty Work](/wiki/Dirty_Work_%281998_film%29 \"Dirty Work (1998 film)\")* (1998\\), directed by [Bob Saget](/wiki/Bob_Saget \"Bob Saget\").{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=218}}",
"Macdonald had not found a suitable actor for the part until he happened to tune into an episode of *Mad TV* for the first time. He saw a sketch that involved Lange delivering an out\\-of\\-character monologue which he found funny and noted Lange \"had a melancholy about him\" that reminded Macdonald of comedian [John Belushi](/wiki/John_Belushi \"John Belushi\").{{sfn\\|Macdonald\\|2016}} Macdonald recalled Lange's first reading of the script as \"perfect\", which landed him the role, but in order to shoot the film, [MGM](/wiki/MGM \"MGM\") studios required Lange to obtain an approval report from his rehab facility in New Jersey. Lange settled the matter by paying the center $1,500 as a private donor.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=226}}",
"Filming took place across two months in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"). To promote the film, Lange made his debut guest appearance on *The Howard Stern Show* with Macdonald on January 8, 1998\\. The pair returned once more that year, and twice more in 1999\\.*The Howard Stern Show* broadcast for June 9, 1998, and March 22 and September 22, 1999\\. WXRK\\-FM New York City. Infinity Broadcasting.",
"Lange credits Macdonald and Saget with rejuvenating his career when his exposure from *Dirty Work* led to several film and television offers. When filming wrapped, various heads of networks and production companies expressed an interest in potentially hiring Lange. After meeting with them, including [Warren Littlefield](/wiki/Warren_Littlefield \"Warren Littlefield\") of [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") and [Peter Roth](/wiki/Peter_Roth_%28executive%29 \"Peter Roth (executive)\") of Fox, a bidding war occurred, with offers coming in from every major network. With help from William Morris Agency, Lange accepted a $750,000 development deal with Fox that originally stood at $250,000 in late 1997,{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=237}} enabling him \"to bail my mother out of every single financial debt she had.\"{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=120}}",
"None of Lange's ideas for a show were picked up, but he supported himself by performing at comedy clubs in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County%2C_California \"Los Angeles County, California\").{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=238}} He also landed a role in a pilot television series which he co\\-wrote with Sam Cass, in April 1998, subsequently re\\-written by request from the network. Its title was *The King of New York* which included [Luis Guzmán](/wiki/Luis_Guzm%C3%A1n \"Luis Guzmán\") in its cast. Lange felt the idea was ignored and suddenly pushed through for shooting at the last minute, which affected its quality.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=240}} Weeks later, Lange accepted a second development deal, this time with NBC worth $350,000\\.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=241}} From 1999 to 2000, Lange secured roles in the feature films *[Mystery Men](/wiki/Mystery_Men \"Mystery Men\")*, *[The Bachelor](/wiki/The_Bachelor_%281999_film%29 \"The Bachelor (1999 film)\")*, *[The 4th Floor](/wiki/The_4th_Floor_%281999_film%29 \"The 4th Floor (1999 film)\")*,{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=242}} and *[Lost \\& Found](/wiki/Lost_%26_Found_%281999_film%29 \"Lost & Found (1999 film)\")*. He also toured as the opening act to Macdonald's stand\\-up shows.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=241}}",
"In 1999, Lange joined the cast of Macdonald's sitcom *[The Norm Show](/wiki/The_Norm_Show \"The Norm Show\")* during its second season as Macdonald's half brother, Artie. Lange stayed with the show until its cancellation in 2001 after three seasons. He enjoyed a period of wealth during this time, being paid $35,000 per episode for a show with \"ridiculously lame, easy jokes\", liked working with his castmates and lived in a $4,000\\-a\\-month condo in [Beverly Hills](/wiki/Beverly_Hills%2C_California \"Beverly Hills, California\"). \"Even with that life\", Lange added, \"creatively I was empty inside\". During a 2014 interview with [Marc Maron](/wiki/Marc_Maron \"Marc Maron\"), Lange said that this creative frustration drove him to perform more stand\\-up comedy as he \"came into his own as a comedian\" by introducing more \"dark,\" edgy material into his act.{{cite web \\|title\\=Episode 458 – Artie Lange \\|url\\=http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episodes/episode\\_458\\_\\-\\_artie\\_lange \\|website\\=WTF with Marc Maron Podcast\\|date\\=2 January 2014 }}",
"### 2001–2008: *The Howard Stern Show* and *Artie Lange's Beer League*",
"In March 2001, comedian and writer [Jackie Martling](/wiki/Jackie_Martling \"Jackie Martling\") left *The Howard Stern Show*. Stern announced a \"Win Jackie's Money\" contest and had several comedians audition for the vacant seat by sitting in on some shows. Lange was introduced to the show in 1982 by his father, and since became a big fan. He spoke about his invitation to take part in the contest: \"There were a lot of great funny guys — guys that were funnier than me ... I remember saying to my manager, 'I am not the most talented guy in this group, but I guarantee that I'm the biggest fan'\". After *The Norm Show* ended in April 2001, Lange returned to New Jersey and sat in on several shows between May and October 2001\\. Lange thought he blew his chance early on after he learned the jokes he was writing for Stern were not working out. \"Instead they said, 'We're just gonna keep your mic on all the time ... if you say something funny, just say it as you.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hitfix.com/news/artie\\-langes\\-brutally\\-honest\\-interview\\-howard\\-stern\\-will\\-never\\-ask\\-me\\-back\\|title\\=Artie Lange's brutally honest interview: Howard Stern will 'never' ask me back\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Eggersten\\|date\\=June 10, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=August 7, 2016\\|publisher\\=Hitfix}} Lange built a rapport with Stern, the show's [staff](/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show_staff \"The Howard Stern Show staff\"), and the audience. One news reporter credited Lange's \"everyman demeanor ... relatable to the average Joe\";{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3\\-1105586731\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110656/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3\\-1105586731\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 22, 2017\\|title\\=Artie's\\|first\\=Scott\\|last\\=Cronick\\|newspaper\\=Press of Atlantic City\\|date\\=August 24, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2017 }} another wrote: \"a kind of comic [Everyman](/wiki/Everyman \"Everyman\"), the person who says what the listener at home might be thinking\". Lange was prepared to return to Los Angeles if he did not land the job,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\\-7859813\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110428/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2\\-7859813\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 22, 2017\\|title\\=Stern sidekick Lange rolls with the punches\\|first\\=Nick A.\\|last\\=Zaino III\\|newspaper\\=The Boston Globe\\|date\\=August 20, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2017 }} but he accepted a contract to join the show full\\-time, describing the offer as a \"blessing\".",
"In the following years after joining *The Howard Stern Show*, Lange's career reached new heights, playing larger venues and various career film and television opportunities. In June 2002, he signed with the [United Talent Agency](/wiki/United_Talent_Agency \"United Talent Agency\").{{cite journal\\|url\\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-88824674\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110524/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-88824674\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 22, 2017\\|title\\=Tenpercenteries.(includes brief articles on agents' contracts)(Brief Article)\\|first\\=Jill\\|last\\=Feiwell\\|journal\\=Daily Variety\\|date\\=June 25, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2017 }} Around this time, Lange teamed with producer and writer [Sam Simon](/wiki/Sam_Simon \"Sam Simon\") for a comedy show pilot for [DreamWorks](/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures \"DreamWorks Pictures\") to air on [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"), but it never materialized. In September 2003, Lange scored a one\\-year talent holding deal with ABC and [Touchstone Television](/wiki/Touchstone_Pictures%23Touchstone_Television \"Touchstone Pictures#Touchstone Television\").{{cite journal\\|url\\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-109025412\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110727/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-109025412\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 22, 2017\\|title\\=ABC, Touchstone TV sign 'Mad' man Lange\\|first\\=Josef\\|last\\=Adalian\\|journal\\=Daily Variety\\|date\\=September 26, 2003\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2017 }} When Stern announced his departure from terrestrial radio for Sirius Satellite Radio in late 2004, Infinity Broadcasting offered Lange a four\\-year deal worth $20 million to replace Stern on WXRK\\-FM, with producer [Gary Dell'Abate](/wiki/Gary_Dell%27Abate \"Gary Dell'Abate\") as producer. Both turned down the offer.{{Why\\|date\\=November 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://radioink.com/2020/01/20/cbs\\-offered\\-artie\\-lange\\-20\\-million\\-to\\-replace\\-stern/\\|title\\=CBS Offered Artie Lange $20 Million To Replace Stern\\|date\\=January 21, 2020\\|publisher\\=Radio Ink\\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2020}}",
"On December 13, 2004, Lange released his first stand\\-up DVD titled *It's the Whiskey Talkin{{'}}*,{{Cite episode\\|series\\=The Howard Stern Show\\|network\\=Infinity Broadcasting\\|station\\=WXRK\\-FM\\|location\\=New York City\\|date\\=December 13, 2004\\|quote\\=Howard Stern reading a live commercial regarding the DVD release of ''It's the Whiskey Talkin{{'}}''.}} formed of 45 minutes of material he performed at the Tempe Improv in [Tempe, Arizona](/wiki/Tempe%2C_Arizona \"Tempe, Arizona\"), a time in his career when he was \"playing more clubs\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2009/11/24/artie\\-lange\\-jack\\-coke\\-howard\\-stern/\\|title\\=It's the Anger Talking: Artie Lange, 'Jack and Coke'\\|first\\=Christopher\\|last\\=Porter\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|date\\=November 24, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.clevescene.com/reel\\-cleveland/archives/2009/11/23/comedian\\-artie\\-lange\\-discusses\\-his\\-new\\-cddvd\\|title\\=Comedian Artie Lange discusses his new CD/DVD\\|first\\=Jeff\\|last\\=Niesel\\|date\\=November 23, 2009\\|work\\=Cleveland Scene\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2017}} Lange later spoke about the release: \"I worked really hard on that ... a major distributor put it out, people bought it and seemed to like it\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.iconvsicon.com/2009/11/21/comedy\\-icon\\-artie\\-lange\\-talks\\-standup\\-howard\\-stern\\-and\\-more/\\|title\\=Comedy Icon Artie Lange Talks Standup, Howard Stern and More!\\|date\\=November 21, 2009\\|publisher\\=Icon Versus Icon\\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2015\\|first\\=Jason\\|last\\=Price}} Upon the DVD's general release in February 2005, Lange took on \"an insane schedule\" for the following six months to promote it, doing *The Howard Stern Show* each weekday morning, and stand up gigs nationwide on weekends.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|pp\\=248–249}}",
"In March 2005, Lange secured a deal with Ckrush Entertainment to star in and executive produce his own comedy feature film, *[Artie Lange's Beer League](/wiki/Artie_Lange%27s_Beer_League \"Artie Lange's Beer League\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ckrush\\+Entertainment%2c\\+Inc.\\+Signs\\+Deal\\+for\\+%27Beer\\+League%27%2c\\+Feature\\+Film...\\-a0130343437\\|title\\=Ckrush Entertainment, Inc. Signs Deal for 'Beer League', Feature Film to Star Artie Lange.\\|date\\=March 16, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2015\\|publisher\\=Business Wire\\|archive\\-date\\=January 21, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121090328/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ckrush\\+Entertainment%2c\\+Inc.\\+Signs\\+Deal\\+for\\+%27Beer\\+League%27%2c\\+Feature\\+Film...\\-a0130343437\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Development began in 2001 when Lange started on a script with director and producer Frank Sebastiano, based on a 17\\-minute film Lange wrote, funded and starred in 2000 titled *Game Day*. The script was complete by 2002, and Ckrush agreed to fund a $2\\.5 million budget.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|pp\\=248–249}} The stress of putting the film together, and doing nationwide gigs on weekends, caused Lange to [drink heavily](/wiki/Alcohol_abuse \"Alcohol abuse\") and take \"twenty [painkillers](/wiki/Analgesic \"Analgesic\") a day\".{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=251}} His attempts to cope from withdrawals failed – during one attempt to obtain more at a comedy gig, he instead bought [heroin](/wiki/Heroin \"Heroin\") which began an addiction that lasted from March to June 2005, resulting in his absence from cast auditions and pre\\-production meetings.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|pp\\=254–256}} Lange took four days off work in June 2005 to get through the illness caused by withdrawals at home,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.today.com/id/16524661/ns/today\\-today\\_entertainment/t/howard\\-sterns\\-sirius\\-question\\-answered/\\#.U3zZcvldUQM\\|title\\=Howard Stern's Sirius question is answered\\|author\\= Helen A.S. Popkin\\|date\\=February 14, 2007\\|work\\=The Today Show}} which prompted concerns from his family and radio colleagues of a drug relapse.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|p\\=260}} When Sebastiano and production staff threatened to cancel the film if he did not show up, Lange obtained [Subutex](/wiki/Buprenorphine \"Buprenorphine\") from a doctor that got him well enough to return to work. On the air, Lange put his absence down to illness from excessive drinking. Filming was completed in July 2005, on time and within budget.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2008\\|pp\\=263\\-265}} The film premiered on September 13, 2006, at the [Ziegfeld Theatre](/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_%281969%29 \"Ziegfeld Theatre (1969)\"),{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/artie\\-langes\\-life\\-in\\-photos\\-from\\-hometown\\-comic\\-to\\-howard\\-sterns\\-sidekick\\-20100107/artie\\-lange\\-timeline\\-2006\\-artie\\-lange\\-and\\-howard\\-stern\\-at\\-premiere\\-90831111\\|title\\=Artie Lange's Life in Photos: From Hometown Comic to Howard Stern's Sidekick, Page 13\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|access\\-date\\=May 18, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519150742/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/artie\\-langes\\-life\\-in\\-photos\\-from\\-hometown\\-comic\\-to\\-howard\\-sterns\\-sidekick\\-20100107/artie\\-lange\\-timeline\\-2006\\-artie\\-lange\\-and\\-howard\\-stern\\-at\\-premiere\\-90831111\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} followed by a limited release across North America. To promote the film, Lange completed a stand\\-up tour which included a show at [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall \"Carnegie Hall\") which sold out in under three hours. He revealed the true reason for his absence to Stern on September 21, 2006\\.{{Cite episode\\|series\\=The Howard Stern Show\\|network\\=SiriusXM Radio\\|station\\=Howard 100\\|location\\=New York City\\|date\\=September 21, 2006}}",
"### 2008–2009: Various projects and *Stern Show* departure",
"In June 2008, Lange headlined a comedy tour he formed, named Operation Mirth, with the [United Service Organizations](/wiki/United_Service_Organizations \"United Service Organizations\") to entertain American troops serving in [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\"). He was inspired to do so after watching *[Patriot Act: A Jeffrey Ross Home Movie](/wiki/Patriot_Act:A_Jeffrey_Ross_Home_Movie \"A Jeffrey Ross Home Movie\")*, a documentary about comedian [Jeffrey Ross](/wiki/Jeffrey_Ross \"Jeffrey Ross\")' own USO tour in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\"). Lange picked comedians [Jim Florentine](/wiki/Jim_Florentine \"Jim Florentine\"), [Nick DiPaolo](/wiki/Nick_DiPaolo \"Nick DiPaolo\"), and [Dave Attell](/wiki/Dave_Attell \"Dave Attell\") to join him, with *The Howard Stern Show's* producer [Gary Dell'Abate](/wiki/Gary_Dell%27Abate \"Gary Dell'Abate\") as the tour's [master of ceremonies](/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies \"Master of ceremonies\"). Later in the year, Lange and Attell recorded dialogue for the video game *[Leisure Suit Larry: Box Office Bust](/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry:Box_Office_Bust \"Box Office Bust\")*, released in 2009\\.",
"In August 2008, Lange entered rehab after he cancelled his appearance on the *[Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget](/wiki/The_Roast_of_Bob_Saget \"The Roast of Bob Saget\")*. He had relapsed in [heroin](/wiki/Heroin \"Heroin\") use in the previous seven weeks after he was offered it while drunk at a pool hall. [Comedy Central](/wiki/Comedy_Central \"Comedy Central\") was willing to cover the $65,000 in costs to send an ambulance for him to the airport and fly him to Los Angeles on a private jet with a doctor, but Lange declined and began treatment with a therapist recommended by comedian [Richard Lewis](/wiki/Richard_Lewis_%28comedian%29 \"Richard Lewis (comedian)\"), who contacted Lange to help.Lange; Bozza, \"Greetings from Sunny Kandahar\"",
"In 2008, Lange signed a deal with [Spiegel \\& Grau](/wiki/Spiegel_%26_Grau \"Spiegel & Grau\") to write his first book *[Too Fat to Fish](/wiki/Too_Fat_to_Fish \"Too Fat to Fish\")*, a collection of memoirs across his life co\\-written by [Anthony Bozza](/wiki/Anthony_Bozza \"Anthony Bozza\") that \"range from funny to dark, to tragic, to sad.\" Lange dedicated the book to Stern who wrote its foreword. Upon its release on November 11, 2008, *Too Fat to Fish* entered [*The New York Times* Best Seller list](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list \"The New York Times Best Seller list\") at number one{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/books/bestseller/besthardnonfiction.html?\\_r\\=1\\|title\\=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction for the week November 21, 2008\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=November 28, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2011}} and held the position for one week.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/books/bestseller/besthardnonfiction.html?\\_r\\=1 \\|title\\=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction for the week November 28, 2008\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=November 28, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2011}} The book remained on the list's top ten for eleven weeks.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/best\\-sellers\\-books/2009\\-02\\-08/hardcover\\-nonfiction/list.html\\|title\\=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=February 8, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2011\\|first\\=Jennifer\\|last\\=Schuessler}} It was referenced twice on the [Top Ten List](/wiki/Late_Show_Top_Ten_List \"Late Show Top Ten List\") segment on *[Late Show with David Letterman](/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman \"Late Show with David Letterman\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\\_ten/index/php/20090513\\.phtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518135325/http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\\_ten/index/php/20090513\\.phtml\\|title\\=Today's Top Ten – Wednesday, May 13, 2009 – Top Ten Surprises In The Sarah Palin Memoir\\|publisher\\=CBS: Late Show with David Letterman\\|date\\=May 13, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=May 18, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\\_ten/index/php/20090401\\.phtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406080228/http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\\_ten/index/php/20090401\\.phtml\\|title\\=Today's Top Ten – Wednesday, April 1, 2009 – Top Ten Signs You Have A Lame Computer Virus\\|date\\=April 1, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=April 6, 2009\\|publisher\\=CBS: Late Show with David Letterman\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2017}} A paperback edition released in 2009 with an additional chapter, peaked at number six on the Best Seller paperback list.",
"By 2009, Lange was earning $700,000 a year for working with Stern and roughly $3 million a year from stand up gigs.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/artie\\-lange\\-exposed\\-rolling\\-stones\\-2009\\-feature\\-20110316\\|title\\=Artie Lange Exposed: Rolling Stone's 2009 Feature\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|date\\=March 16, 2011\\|first\\=Vanessa\\|last\\=Grigoriadis\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=March 1, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301183213/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/artie\\-lange\\-exposed\\-rolling\\-stones\\-2009\\-feature\\-20110316\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In January 2009, Lange went to [West Palm Beach, Florida](/wiki/West_Palm_Beach%2C_Florida \"West Palm Beach, Florida\"), to complete a 21\\-day rehab program after he had relapsed on heroin the month prior. After seven days, he quit treatment and spent almost $4,800 on a hotel room, women, a haircut, and two pairs of sunglasses. He returned home and booked three nights at Caroline's comedy club in the same week, earning $35,000 back.",
"Lange relapsed on heroin once more in April 2009\\. To help him cope with withdrawals, Lange hired two former New York City police officers for support in his recovery and lost 50 pounds in the following six months.",
"On June 15, 2009, Lange made a controversial appearance on the first episode of *[Joe Buck Live](/wiki/Joe_Buck_Live \"Joe Buck Live\")*, exchanging insults with host [Joe Buck](/wiki/Joe_Buck \"Joe Buck\") that HBO Sports president [Ross Greenburg](/wiki/Ross_Greenburg \"Ross Greenburg\") said \"bordered on bad taste\" with a \"mean\\-spirited\" tone.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://usatoday30\\.usatoday.com/sports/2009\\-06\\-16\\-artie\\-lange\\-joe\\-buck\\_N.htm\\|work\\=USA Today\\|first\\=Michael\\|last\\=McCarthy\\|title\\=Comedian Lange crosses the line on 'Joe Buck Live'\\|date\\=June 16, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2017}} The show was cancelled two episodes later. Buck defended Lange's comments and wrote the foreword to his second book.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stltoday.com/sports/buck\\-isn\\-t\\-overly\\-upset\\-after\\-new\\-show\\-pillaged\\-he/article\\_5a9296c4\\-6bf8\\-55e7\\-86d2\\-d05ae14576cb.html\\|title\\=Buck isn't overly upset after new show pillaged. He says vulgar comedian Lange thought he was doing what HBO wanted with his profane bits\\|date\\=June 17, 2009\\|first\\=Dan\\|last\\=Caesar\\|work\\=St. Louis Post\\-Dispatch\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/columns/editors\\-desk/joe\\-buck\\-will\\-write\\-the\\-foreword\\-for\\-artie\\-lange\\-s/article\\_3d2f136e\\-b727\\-11e1\\-bd3a\\-0019bb30f31a.html\\|title\\=Joe Buck will write the foreword for Artie Lange's book\\|first\\=Bob\\|last\\=Rose\\|date\\=June 15, 2012\\|work\\=St. Louis Post\\-Dispatch\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2017}}",
"In July 2009, Lange was charged of [driving under the influence](/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence \"Driving under the influence\") of an intoxicant and [careless driving](/wiki/Driving_without_due_care_and_attention \"Driving without due care and attention\") after he became involved in a minor traffic accident in New Jersey.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1\\-D99C0IDG0\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222195630/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1\\-D99C0IDG0\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 22, 2017\\|title\\=Comic Artie Lange charged with DUI in NJ\\|publisher\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=July 10, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2017 }} In October 2009, Lange took one week off from *The Howard Stern Show*,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2009/10/artie\\_lange\\_back\\_at\\_work\\_after.html\\|title\\=Artie Lange back at work after a week at Hoboken home with \"severe depression\"\\|date\\=October 20, 2009\\|first\\=Amy Sara\\|last\\=Clark\\|work\\=\\[\\[NJ.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2017}} citing depression and a \"mini nervous breakdown\". His second stand up DVD and CD, *Jack and Coke*, was released a month later.{{Cite episode\\|series\\=The Howard Stern Show\\|network\\=SiriusXM Radio\\|station\\=Howard 100\\|location\\=New York City\\|date\\=November 17, 2009}} Lange recorded the set at [Gotham Comedy Club](/wiki/Gotham_Comedy_Club \"Gotham Comedy Club\") in New York City earlier in the year,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2009/12/artie\\_lange\\_interview\\_his\\_new.html\\|title\\=Artie Lange interview: His new CD, his comedy heroes, his future and more\\|first\\=Jay\\|last\\=Lustig\\|date\\=December 3, 2009\\|work\\=\\[\\[NJ.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2015}} and is composed of material that Lange had written over the past four years of his career, some of which dated back to 15 years, which Lange developed further and felt it was suitable to put on a recording. *Jack and Coke* reached number one on the [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes \"ITunes\") Comedy Albums chart and entered its Top 20 Albums chart. It was also released as a DVD, which [Comedy Central](/wiki/Comedy_Central \"Comedy Central\") aired as a special in January 2010\\.",
"In November 2009, Lange cancelled his stand\\-up gigs booked for the rest of the year and throughout 2010\\. He felt \"[really beat](/wiki/Occupational_burnout \"Occupational burnout\")\" from work and needed time to recover from his heroin relapse that April, write new stand\\-up material, and work on a second book, which he had begun writing under the working title *College Is for Losers*. In an interview around this time Lange said, \"The combination of the road and morning radio hasn't killed me, but it's come close. If I keep doing it, it will\".",
"The situation culminated on December 9, 2009, when Lange showed up at *The Howard Stern Show* having spent the previous seven hours drinking whiskey and taking painkillers, which affected his performance on the air. During a commercial break, Sirius management told Lange to go home; he was granted time off from the show. He voluntarily checked in at a rehab facility on [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island \"Long Island\") to cope with withdrawals, but he \"hated everything about it\", and left eight days later, on December 23\\. Upon his return home, Lange spent the next several days in his apartment on an alcohol and pill binge.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2013\\|pp\\=176–178}}",
"### 2010–2014: Second suicide attempt, radio show, and second book",
"On January 2, 2010, Lange attempted suicide for the second time at his home by drinking [bleach](/wiki/Bleach \"Bleach\"), slitting his wrists, and stabbing himself in the abdomen nine times with a 13\\-inch kitchen knife.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2010/01/07/2010\\-01\\-07\\_artie\\_lange.html\\#ixzz0cNqhmJni\\|newspaper\\=New York Daily News\\|title\\=Artie Lange used 13\\-inch kitchen knife in violent suicide try\\|first\\=Cristina\\|last\\=Everett\\|date\\=January 8, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=July 18, 2011}} He was found on the floor by his mother who, unbeknownst to him, was outside planning an intervention for him with his sister, two uncles, and comedian [Colin Quinn](/wiki/Colin_Quinn \"Colin Quinn\"). Lange was taken to a hospital for surgery,Hammerstein, BJ (January 9, 2010\\). [\"Artie Lange out of the hospital\"](http://www.freep.com/article/20100109/ENT07/1090336/1036/ent01/Artie-Lange-out-of-the-hospital). *[Detroit Free Press](/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press \"Detroit Free Press\")*. {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211021309/http://www.freep.com/article/20100109/ENT07/1090336/1036/ent01/Artie\\-Lange\\-out\\-of\\-the\\-hospital \\|date\\=February 11, 2010 }} and was transferred to a psychiatric ward a week later. An executive for SiriusXM stated that Lange would be welcomed back onto *The Howard Stern Show* following his recovery,Itzkoff, Dave (January 8, 2010\\). [\"'Howard Stern Show' to Keep Artie Lange.\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/09/arts/television/09arts-HOWARDSTERNS_BRF.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* but Stern later decided against it, thinking it would not aid in his recovery.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.today.com/id/42122964/ns/today\\-today\\_entertainment/t/stern\\-artie\\-lange\\-wants\\-be\\-back\\-show/\\#.UiC\\_yRukpHQ\\|title\\=Stern: Artie Lange wants to be back on the show\\|work\\=TODAY.com\\|date\\=17 March 2011 }}",
"Lange entered a period of [depression](/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 \"Depression (mood)\"), spending most of his time at home. The death of his friend and fellow comedian [Greg Giraldo](/wiki/Greg_Giraldo \"Greg Giraldo\") from a prescription drug overdose two days later sent Lange back into a depression, at a time when he considered a \"return to society\".{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2013\\|p\\=224}} In April 2011, after showing no signs of improvement, Lange was forced into a detox facility in New Jersey by Quinn and \"two huge Irish guys\". Lange wrote, \"It was an abduction, which was exactly what I needed ... they dragged me, literally kicking and screaming\".{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2013\\|pp\\=232–233}}",
"After three weeks at the facility, Lange was transferred to Ambrosia Treatment Center in [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") for two and a half months, where he completed the program.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2013\\|p\\=234}} [Bruce Springsteen](/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen \"Bruce Springsteen\"), one of Lange's favorite artists, contacted him during the process for support. Lange has since had \"four or five\" relapses between painkillers following an injury, alcohol and [gambling](/wiki/Problem_gambling \"Problem gambling\"), and continues to [smoke](/wiki/Tobacco_smoking \"Tobacco smoking\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.maxim.com/entertainment/artie\\-lange\\-howard\\-stern\\-showtime\\-special\\-2016\\-1\\|title\\=Artie Lange talks Howard Stern, Donald Trump, Carmen Electra, and his new Showtime special\\|date\\=January 8, 2016\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Wilson\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Maxim (magazine)\\|Maxim]]\\|access\\-date\\=August 6, 2016}} Initially, he denied the incident was a suicide attempt as he felt embarrassed to say it was his second, but while writing about the event and subsequent therapy, he realized, \"I need to be honest with myself.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/11/08/crash\\-and\\-burn\\-artie\\-lange\\-details\\-harrowing\\-addiction\\-suicide\\-attempt\\-in\\-new.html\\|title\\='Crash and Burn': Artie Lange details harrowing addiction, suicide attempt in new book\\|website\\=\\[\\[Fox News]]\\|date\\=8 November 2013\\|first\\=Nicki\\|last\\=Gostin\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2017}}",
"In July 2011, Lange had recovered enough to resume his career. His first endeavor took place on July 6 as co\\-host on a one\\-off radio show on [Fox Sports Radio](/wiki/Fox_Sports_Radio \"Fox Sports Radio\") with comedian [Nick Di Paolo](/wiki/Nick_Di_Paolo \"Nick Di Paolo\") as a stand\\-in for [Tony Bruno](/wiki/Tony_Bruno \"Tony Bruno\"). The show turned out to be a test show after Di Paolo accepted a deal to host a late\\-night sports comedy program on [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV \"DirecTV\"), and chose Lange as his co\\-host. On October 3, 2011, *[The Nick \\& Artie Show](/wiki/The_Nick_%26_Artie_Show \"The Nick & Artie Show\")* launched on approximately 30 stations nationwide and on [SiriusXM](/wiki/SiriusXM \"SiriusXM\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv\\-movies/artie\\-lange\\-howard\\-stern\\-show\\-nick\\-dipaolo\\-latest\\-hosts\\-new\\-radio\\-tv\\-show\\-article\\-1\\.959919\\|date\\=October 3, 2011\\|first\\=David\\|last\\=Hinkley\\|title\\=Artie Lange from the Howard Stern show and Nick DiPaolo will be latest hosts of new radio, TV show\\|newspaper\\=The New York Daily News\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2015}} After Di Paolo left the show in January 2013, the show was renamed *[The Artie Lange Show](/wiki/The_Artie_Lange_Show \"The Artie Lange Show\")* and Lange hired retired American football player [Jon Ritchie](/wiki/Jon_Ritchie \"Jon Ritchie\") as his co\\-host. On April 28, 2014, Lange announced the show would no longer air after that day.",
"In 2013, Lange accepted an $800,000 advance from [Touchstone Books](/wiki/Touchstone_Books \"Touchstone Books\") to write his second book. Lange agreed to the project primarily for the money, but also wished to put out something that would help others who struggle with [drug abuse](/wiki/Substance_abuse \"Substance abuse\"). He wrote the book, *[Crash and Burn](/wiki/Crash_and_Burn_%28book%29 \"Crash and Burn (book)\")*, with Bozza returning as his co\\-author,{{Cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/artie\\-lange\\-on\\-his\\-suicide\\-attempt\\-and\\-life\\-after\\-howard\\-stern\\-20131010\\|title\\=Artie Lange on His Suicide Attempt and Life After Howard Stern\\|date\\=October 10, 2013\\|first\\=Andy\\|last\\=Greene\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=May 8, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508045257/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/artie\\-lange\\-on\\-his\\-suicide\\-attempt\\-and\\-life\\-after\\-howard\\-stern\\-20131010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} which covers his life and career during his final years on *The Howard Stern Show*, his second suicide attempt and resulting depression, and his recovery.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Wohlfarth\\|first\\=Matt\\|title\\=Comedian Artie Lange is back and happy to laugh at himself\\|url\\=http://triblive.com/aande/moreaande/3534710\\-74/lange\\-artie\\-comedy\\#axzz2cKYHmem0\\|work\\=Triblive\\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2013}} Lange described the book as \"the most honest thing I've ever done in my life\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://tbo.com/events/qa\\-artie\\-lange\\-talks\\-stern\\-gambling\\-and\\-new\\-book\\-ahead\\-of\\-st\\-pete\\-show\\-20130926/\\|title\\=Q\\&A: Artie Lange talks Stern, gambling and new book ahead of St. Pete show\\|date\\=September 26, 2013\\|work\\=TBO.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091121/http://tbo.com/events/qa\\-artie\\-lange\\-talks\\-stern\\-gambling\\-and\\-new\\-book\\-ahead\\-of\\-st\\-pete\\-show\\-20130926/\\|archive\\-date\\=October 6, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Following its release on October 29, 2013, the book entered *The New York Times* Best Seller list at number 8 under combined print and e\\-book sales{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/best\\-sellers\\-books/2013\\-11\\-17/combined\\-print\\-and\\-e\\-book\\-nonfiction/list.html\\|title\\=The New York Times Best Sellers: Combined Print \\& E\\-Book Nonfiction\\|date\\=November 17, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2015\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|first\\=Gregory\\|last\\=Cowles}} and number 12 under hardcover sales.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/best\\-sellers\\-books/2013\\-11\\-17/hardcover\\-nonfiction/list.html\\|title\\=The New York Times Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction\\|date\\=November 17, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2015\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|first\\=Gregory\\|last\\=Cowles}}",
"### 2014–2019: *The Artie Quitter Podcast*, third book, and *Crashing*",
"Following the cancellation of his DirecTV show, Lange focused on his comedy career. He recorded a one\\-hour special for [Comedy Central](/wiki/Comedy_Central \"Comedy Central\") titled *The Stench of Failure* that aired on October 18, 2014\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hngn.com/articles/46254/20141017/artie\\-lange\\-stench\\-of\\-failure\\-comedy\\-central\\-special\\-stand\\-up.htm\\|title\\='Artie Lange: The Stench Of Failure' Premieres On Comedy Central\\|date\\=October 17, 2014\\|first\\=Emily\\|last\\=Morgan\\|publisher\\=Headlines \\& Global News\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2015}} On November 4, 2014, Lange sent out a series of tweets about a sexual fantasy between him and [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") sportscaster [Cari Champion](/wiki/Cari_Champion \"Cari Champion\") set during slavery times. He was [Thomas Jefferson](/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson \"Thomas Jefferson\") and Champion was a slave, and he attempts to whip her but fails. She beats him up and escapes.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lindseyadler/artie\\-lange\\-tweets\\-about\\-espns\\-cari\\-champion\\-ripped\\-as\\-abusi \\|title\\=Artie Lange's Appearance On \"@Midnight\" Cancelled After Explicit Twitter Rant \\|first\\=Lindsey\\|last\\=Adler\\|publisher\\=Buzzfeed.com\\|date\\=November 5, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=November 5, 2014}} As a result, Lange received a lifetime ban from ESPN and Comedy Central cancelled a scheduled appearance.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2014/11/06/artie\\-lange\\-banned\\-from\\-espn\\-loses\\-comedy\\-central\\-gig\\-after\\-racist\\-sexist\\-rant/\\|title\\=Artie Lange banned from ESPN, loses Comedy Central gig after racist, sexist rant\\|publisher\\=Fox News\\|date\\=November 6, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2014}}",
"On January 5, 2015, Lange launched an uncensored subscription\\-based podcast titled *The Artie Quitter Podcast*. He recorded episodes mainly from his home in [Hoboken, New Jersey](/wiki/Hoboken%2C_New_Jersey \"Hoboken, New Jersey\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/celebrities/comedian\\-artie\\-lange\\-launches\\-artie\\-quitter\\-podcast\\-1\\.9823126\\|first\\=David J.\\|last\\=Criblez\\|title\\=Comedian Artie Lange launches 'Artie Quitter Podcast'\\|date\\=January 23, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2015}} Lange estimated the podcast gained \"about 9,000\" subscribers in its first year.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://theinterrobang.com/artie\\-lange/\\|title\\=Artie Lange is Doing Nasty Things in Montreal and In His Own Kitchen\\|date\\=January 6, 2016\\|first\\=Debra\\|last\\=Kessler\\|publisher\\=The Interrobang\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2016}} In May 2017, Lange stated the podcast would end after 400 episodes in order to tend to his comedy, filming *Crashing*, and his third book. He aimed to resume the podcast around September 2017, either at a cheaper subscription rate or free with advertisements.{{Cite tweet\\|user\\=ArtieQuitter\\|author\\=Artie Lange\\|number\\=869724185261735937\\|date\\=May 31, 2017\\|title\\=Falato \\& i will do 400 eps Then a light Summer so I can make acting Magic on Crashing Season Dos'. Then we will be back around Labor Day!}}{{Cite tweet\\|user\\=ArtieQuitter\\|author\\=Artie Lange\\|number\\=869724810703765505\\|date\\=May 31, 2017\\|title\\=It might be less expensive. It might be free w ads. But i promise it will still be extremely offensive especially to College Grads}}{{Cite tweet\\|user\\=ArtieQuitter\\|author\\=Artie Lange\\|number\\=869727667121250305\\|date\\=May 31, 2017\\|title\\=I will be back as strong as ever. If we have ads I promise they will third in command. W me 2nd and u first. Watch for new PC soon}}",
"In 2015, Lange made a return to television after he secured roles on two shows. He made two guest appearances on *[The Jim Gaffigan Show](/wiki/The_Jim_Gaffigan_Show \"The Jim Gaffigan Show\")* in 2015 and 2016, respectively, and was chosen to star in a pilot episode for a new [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") comedy series titled *[Crashing](/wiki/Crashing_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Crashing (U.S. TV series)\")*, starring [Pete Holmes](/wiki/Pete_Holmes \"Pete Holmes\") with producer and editor [Judd Apatow](/wiki/Judd_Apatow \"Judd Apatow\"). After the series was picked up, filming began in November 2015 with Lange in a recurring role playing a loose version of himself. The remaining episodes were shot through 2016, and the title of the first is \"Artie Lange\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/arts/artie\\-lange\\-knows\\-the\\-score/article\\_5e3e23a0\\-514d\\-5b66\\-b0d3\\-07aaee51ba44\\.html\\|title\\=Artie Lange knows the score\\|work\\=Philadelphia Weekly\\|date\\=November 25, 2015\\|first\\=Kevin\\|last\\=Matuszak\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2017}} Lange revealed he was paid $15,000 per episode.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=ArtieQuitter\\|author\\=Artie Lange\\|number\\=866406426658394113\\|date\\=May 21, 2017\\|title\\=My salary for Crashing season 1 Was 15 thousand dollars an episode. My season 2 salary is 17,500 dollars an episode. 2500 more!!!}} During this time, Lange recorded a scene for a special reunion episode of *Mad TV*. *Crashing* premiered in February 2017; to help promote it, Lange completed a stand\\-up and media tour with Holmes and Apatow.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/entertainment/Judd\\-Apatow\\-Artie\\-Lange\\-and\\-Pete\\-Holmes\\-announce\\-Trocadero\\-date\\-on\\-The\\-Crashing\\-Comedy\\-Tour.html\\|title\\=Judd Apatow, Artie Lange, and Pete Holmes announce Trocadero date on 'The Crashing Comedy Tour'\\|first\\=Nick\\|last\\=Vadala\\|date\\=19 January 2017\\|publisher\\=Philly.com\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2017}} He revealed his salary of $17,500 per episode on season two.",
"In December 2015, Lange started on his third book with Bozza. Their publisher required the pair to produce a 25\\-page proposal for it before a contract was offered; they wrote one titled *The Gambler: A Degenerate's Guide to Living on the Edge*.{{Cite tweet\\|user\\=ArtieQuitter\\|author\\=Artie Lange\\|number\\=673384048845332480\\|date\\=December 5, 2015\\|title\\=Here's Better handwriting. Bozza and I r writing our 3rd book. But this time Pubs want a 25\\-page proposal. Deal soon!}} The piece was well received{{Cite tweet\\|user\\=ArtieQuitter\\|author\\=Artie Lange\\|number\\=698675213907705856\\|date\\=February 14, 2016\\|title\\=Back to Cotton for a second I'm supposed to shoot another HBO/Apatow EP of Crashing soon \\& I'm signing contract for my 3rd book Thursday!}} and a deal with the publisher was made.{{Cite tweet\\|user\\=ArtieQuitter\\|author\\=Artie Lange\\|number\\=707635678448893952\\|date\\=March 9, 2016\\|title\\=Agent just told me deal closed \\& Anthony Bozza \\& I are writing a 3rd book. Anthony has become a brother. Thx to u fans! Books out in 2017!}} *Wanna Bet?: A Degenerate Gambler's Guide to Living on the Edge* was released in July 2018\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://us.macmillan.com/wannabet/artielange/9781250121172/\\|title\\=Wanna Bet? A Degenerate Gambler's Guide to Living on the Edge\\|publisher\\=Macmillan Publishers\\|date\\=29 November 2017\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017}}",
"On September 5, 2017, Lange co\\-hosted his new show, *The Artie and Anthony Show*, with [Anthony Cumia](/wiki/Anthony_Cumia \"Anthony Cumia\") on the latter's online subscription\\-based network [Compound Media](/wiki/Compound_Media \"Compound Media\"). Cumia had hosted *[The Anthony Cumia Show](/wiki/The_Anthony_Cumia_Show \"The Anthony Cumia Show\")* for three years by himself until he decided to bring in a co\\-host.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://theinterrobang.com/anthony\\-cumia\\-announces\\-new\\-cohost/\\|title\\=Anthony Cumia Announces New Co\\-Host\\|date\\=21 August 2017\\|publisher\\=The Interrobang\\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2017}} Lange was absent from the show for six weeks following his December 2017 arrest and subsequent time in rehab; he returned full\\-time on January 22, 2018\\. Cumia announced Lange's departure on May 14, 2018, for the foreseeable future due to his ongoing health and legal issues.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://theinterrobang.com/artie\\-lange\\-leaves\\-artie\\-anthony\\-show/\\|title\\=Artie Out! Lange Leaves the Artie and Anthony Show\\|publisher\\=The Interrobang\\|date\\=14 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=15 May 2018}}",
"In 2018, Lange's potential projects included the development of a film, a sitcom, and an animated series.",
"#### Arrests, return to jail, and rehabilitation",
"On March 12, 2017, Lange was arrested on three charges for possession of heroin, cocaine and drug paraphernalia in his car and on himself, in the parking garage of his apartment complex. He was released on a summons with a set court appearance.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2017/03/artie\\_lange\\_arrested\\_drugs\\_hoboken.html\\|title\\=Artie Lange arrested on drug charges in Hoboken, report says\\|first\\=Amy\\|last\\=Kuperinsky\\|work\\=NJ.com\\|date\\=March 17, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=17 March 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full\\_story/27382767/article\\-Exclusive\\-\\-Comedian\\-\\-former\\-Howard\\-Stern\\-regular\\-Artie\\-Lange\\-arrested\\-for\\-cocaine\\-\\-heroin\\-posession\\-in\\-parking\\-garage\\-in\\-Hoboken?instance\\=top\\_story\\|title\\=Comedian former Howard Stern regular Artie Lange arrested for cocaine heroin possession in parking garage in Hoboken\\|first\\=Marilyn\\|last\\=Baer\\|work\\=The Hudson Reporter\\|date\\=March 17, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=17 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318172528/http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full\\_story/27382767/article\\-Exclusive\\-\\-Comedian\\-\\-former\\-Howard\\-Stern\\-regular\\-Artie\\-Lange\\-arrested\\-for\\-cocaine\\-\\-heroin\\-posession\\-in\\-parking\\-garage\\-in\\-Hoboken?instance\\=top\\_story\\|archive\\-date\\=18 March 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Three days prior to his arrest, Apatow and HBO offered Lange a buddy comedy\\-type show and a raise in salary,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2017/03/artie\\_lange\\_new\\_jersey\\_show\\_wellmont\\_montclair\\_cra.html\\|title\\='Self\\-destructive' Artie Lange talks drug arrest, HBO series at N.J. show\\|first\\=Amy\\|last\\=Kuperinsky\\|date\\=March 25, 2017\\|work\\=NJ.com\\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2017}} but Lange claimed he was fired from the second season of *Crashing* in the wake of the incident. However, Apatow maintained this was not the case{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/artie\\-lange\\-drugs\\-arrest\\-article\\-1\\.3006626\\|title\\=Artie Lange says he's been off drugs since arrest\\|date\\=March 23, 2017\\|first\\=Nicole\\|last\\=Bitette\\|work\\=The New York Daily News\\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2017}} and Lange revealed he is \"still a *Crashing* employee\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www1\\.play.it/audio/the\\-jake\\-brown\\-show/\\|title\\=The Jake Brown Show – Friday, March 24th – Artie Lange\\|publisher\\=Play.It\\|date\\=March 24, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325024652/http://www1\\.play.it/audio/the\\-jake\\-brown\\-show/\\|archive\\-date\\=25 March 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"On April 5, 2017, Lange's original charges were downgraded to three \"disorderly persons\" offenses, equivalent to misdemeanors, as he was not in the car where the drugs were found.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/artie\\-lange\\-drug\\-possession\\-charges\\-downgraded\\-article\\-1\\.3019880\\|first\\=Nicole\\|last\\=Bitette\\|date\\=April 5, 2017\\|title\\=Artie Lange has drug possession charges downgraded\\|work\\=The New York Daily News\\|access\\-date\\=April 5, 2017}} Lange failed to appear in court due to miscommunication from his lawyer, resulting in a bench warrant issued by the court.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.philly.com/philly/entertainment/celebrities/bench\\-warrant\\-issued\\-for\\-artie\\-lange\\-after\\-comedian\\-misses\\-hearing\\-in\\-drug\\-case\\-20170615\\.html?mobi\\=true\\|title\\=Bench warrant issued for Artie Lange after comedian misses hearing in drug case\\|publisher\\=Philly.com\\|first\\=Nick\\|last\\=Vadala\\|date\\=15 June 2017\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2017}} The situation culminated in Lange's arrest on December 12 when he failed to appear in court in response to an additional arrest on May 12 when he was caught at high speed with a bag of heroin on his lap.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://people.com/tv/artie\\-lange\\-arrested\\-skipping\\-court\\-date\\-drug\\-arrest\\-charges/\\|title\\=Comedian Artie Lange Arrested After Missing Court Date for Drug Arrest Charges\\|date\\=13 December 2017\\|first\\=Aurelie\\|last\\=Corinthios\\|work\\=People\\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2017}}",
"On July 7, 2017, Lange was rushed to a hospital and had emergency surgery on his chest after he collapsed after performing stand\\-up in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), and claimed he was hours from death.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=ArtieQuitter\\|author\\=Artie Lange\\|number\\=883587958925930497\\|date\\=July 8, 2017\\|title\\=After Chicago gig I collapsed. I had emergency surgery. All the blow \\& H I've done for yrs blew hole in my nose \\& landed in my chest...}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=ArtieQuitter\\|author\\=Artie Lange\\|number\\=883588538993975296\\|date\\=July 8, 2017\\|title\\=It was infected. I was hours from checkin out. They ripped open my chest and got it all. I cheated the devil for the hundredth time}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=ArtieQuitter\\|author\\=Artie Lange\\|number\\=883592041577549824\\|date\\=July 8, 2017\\|title\\=Stay strong. need cash.So be out next week working again. Next chapter. If I'm not clean I'm gone. I love u. As for u death pool fucks\\-}}",
"On December 15, 2017, Lange pleaded guilty to possessing 81 bags of heroin in exchange for the earlier charge of possession of cocaine being dropped. He then checked himself into rehab on a private jet paid for by two fellow comics.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://people.com/tv/artie\\-lange\\-pleads\\-guilty\\-heroin\\-possession/\\|title\\=Comedian Artie Lange Pleads Guilty to Heroin Possession\\|date\\=December 15, 2017\\|first\\=Aurelie\\|last\\=Corinthios\\|work\\=People\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/artie\\-lange\\-headed\\-rehab\\-private\\-jet\\-drug\\-charge\\-article\\-1\\.3701432\\|title\\=Artie Lange headed to rehab on private jet after drug charge\\|date\\=15 December 2017\\|first\\=Nicole\\|last\\=Bitette\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2017}} Lange left rehab in January 2018,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/artie\\-lange\\-is\\-not\\-ready\\-to\\-die\\-fck\\-em\\-all\\|title\\=Artie Lange Is Not Ready to Die: 'F\\*ck 'Em All'\\|first\\=Mandy\\|last\\=Stadtmiller\\|date\\=23 January 2018\\|website\\=The Daily Beast\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/01/artie\\_lange\\_shows\\_canceled\\_sober\\_rehab\\_tweets.html\\|title\\='Crashing' star Artie Lange 'sober 32 days' despite canceled shows\\|date\\=12 January 2018\\|first\\=Amy\\|last\\=Kuperinsky\\|work\\=NJ.com\\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2018}} and began an outpatient rehab program for five days a week with regular urine tests. He reasoned his drug relapse down to anger. On June 1, 2018, Lange was sentenced to four years of probation with orders to complete 50 hours of community service and complete further outpatient rehabilitation.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thewrap.com/artie\\-lange\\-sentenced\\-in\\-drug\\-case/\\|title\\=Artie Lange Sentenced in Drug Case\\|date\\=1 June 2018\\|publisher\\=The Wrap\\|first\\=Tim\\|last\\=Kenneally\\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2018}}",
"In November 2018, Lange announced his decision to enter inpatient rehabilitation with comedian [Bob Levy](/wiki/Bob_Levy_%28comedian%29 \"Bob Levy (comedian)\"),{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nj.com/expo/life\\-and\\-culture/erry\\-2018/11/d3712b985b2145/artie\\-lange\\-checks\\-into\\-rehab.html\\|title\\=Artie Lange checks into rehab: 'I'm about to take a big step to help myself. To save my life'\\|work\\=NJ.com\\|first\\=Amy\\|last\\=Kuperinsky\\|date\\=6 November 2018\\|access\\-date\\=8 November 2018}} after breaking his four\\-year probation by testing positive twice for cocaine and opioids.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2018/11/artie\\-lange\\-violate\\-probation\\-tested\\-positive\\-drug\\-cocaine\\-rehab\\-treatment\\-prison/\\|title\\=Artie Lange Tests Positive Twice For Cocaine, Opioids \\& Oxycodone\\|first\\=Mary\\|last\\=Jacob\\|date\\=November 9, 2018\\|publisher\\=Radar Online\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2018}} On several occasions he left rehab to perform stand\\-up comedy gigs before returning to the facility on the same night. On January 30, 2019, Lange was placed into custody for possession of a controlled substance and checked into a treatment center.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/artie\\-lange\\-jail\\-rehab\\-1203124809/\\|title\\=Comedian Artie Lange in Custody for Drug Possession, Says He'll Enter Rehab\\|first\\=Jordan\\|last\\=Moreau\\|date\\=January 31, 2019\\|work\\=Variety\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2019}}",
"A month later, Lange posted a tweet which revealed he had moved on to work at a gas station.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2019/05/artie\\-lange\\-seen\\-working\\-at\\-gas\\-station\\-sends\\-message\\-to\\-howard\\-stern\\-i\\-love\\-him\\-to\\-death\\-and\\-i\\-miss\\-him.html\\|title\\=Artie Lange, seen working at gas station, sends message to Howard Stern. 'I love him to death.'\\|date\\=May 15, 2019\\|work\\=NJ.com\\|first\\=Amy\\|last\\=Kuperinsky\\|access\\-date\\=May 16, 2019}} On May 21, Lange was arrested on a drug court warrant for violating the conditions of his probation program.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.phillyvoice.com/artie\\-lange\\-arrest\\-probation\\-drug\\-program\\-gas\\-station\\-new\\-jersey/\\|title\\=Artie Lange arrested Tuesday, five days after being spotted at gas station job\\|first\\=Adam\\|last\\=Hermann\\|date\\=May 21, 2019\\|work\\=Philly Voice\\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2019}} On June 10, after 21 days in jail, he was released and began a new in\\-patient program.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2019/06/artie\\-lange\\-will\\-be\\-released\\-from\\-jail\\-and\\-head\\-to\\-a\\-new\\-drug\\-treatment\\-program.html\\|title\\=Artie Lange will be released from jail and head to a new drug treatment program\\|date\\=10 June 2019\\|work\\=NJ.com\\|first\\=Amy\\|last\\=Kuperinsky\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2019}} *Radar Online* reported in August 2019 that Lange was progressing in rehab and would remain at least through September. He was scheduled to return to a New Jersey court where a jail sentence was a possibility.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.inquisitr.com/5606759/comedian\\-artie\\-lange\\-to\\-remain\\-in\\-rehab\\-indefinitely\\-and\\-could\\-be\\-headed\\-to\\-jail\\-next\\-report\\-claims/\\|title\\=Comedian Artie Lange To Remain In Rehab Indefinitely And Could Be Headed To Jail Next, Report Claims\\|first\\=Nathan\\|last\\=Francis\\|work\\=Inquisitr\\|date\\=August 30, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2019}} On September 10, 2019, Lange left rehab and announced that had been sober for more than seven months.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://people.com/tv/comedian\\-artie\\-lange\\-out\\-of\\-rehab\\-after\\-7\\-months\\-sobriety/\\|title\\=Comedian Artie Lange Reveals He's Out of Rehab After 7 Months of Sobriety: 'Great to Be Home!'\\|magazine\\=People\\|date\\=September 10, 2019\\|first\\=Joelle\\|last\\=Goldstein\\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2019}} On January 30, 2020, Lange announced that he had been sober for one year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2020/01/comedian\\-artie\\-lange\\-im\\-one\\-year\\-clean\\-today.html\\|title\\=Comedian Artie Lange: 'I'm 1 year clean today.' Fans are cheering him on.\\|date\\=31 January 2020\\|publisher\\=NJ.com\\|first\\=Amy\\|last\\=Kuperinsky\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2020}}",
"### 2019–present: Resuming career and *Halfway House* podcast",
"After being released from rehab, Lange performed his first stand\\-up routine that night at the Comedy Cellar in New York City. He then resumed regular stand\\-up gigs in the local area.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.timesunion.com/entertainment/article/Just\\-out\\-of\\-rehab\\-ex\\-Howard\\-Stern\\-sidekick\\-Artie\\-14451933\\.php\\|title\\=Fresh from rehab, ex\\-Howard Stern sidekick Artie Lange talks to Times Union\\|first\\=Steve\\|last\\=Barnes\\|date\\=September 19, 2019\\|work\\=Times Union\\|access\\-date\\=September 22, 2019}} He announced that he had written a fourth memoir while in rehab, tentatively named *Rippin' \\& Runnin': Life on Drug Court*.",
"On September 20, 2019, Lange announced that he had signed a deal to start a new podcast.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kuperinsky \\|first1\\=Amy \\|title\\=Artie Lange sets premiere date for 'Halfway House' podcast \\|url\\=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2019/11/artie\\-lange\\-sets\\-premiere\\-date\\-for\\-halfway\\-house\\-podcast.html \\|website\\=NJ.com \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2020 \\|date\\=18 November 2019}} *Artie Lange's Halfway House* premiered on December 2, 2019, featuring comedian [Mike Bocchetti](/wiki/Mike_Bocchetti \"Mike Bocchetti\") as co\\-host. The last episode was released on February 7, 2020, before Lange put his career on hold later that month. He later said that he had returned to the public eye too soon and needed further time to work on his recovery program. Lange resurfaced in November 2020 with a new podcast series, *Letters to Artie*, on The Comics Gym network with his manager as co\\-host. The pair recorded one episode, after which Lange entered another career hiatus.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://darkcomedynews.com/?p\\=843\\|title\\=Here's What's Been Going On With Artie Lange!\\|publisher\\=Dark Comedy News\\|date\\=December 3, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2020}}",
"In October 2021, Lange resumed the *Artie Lange's Halfway House* podcast, recording two episodes a week. He also set up a [Patreon](/wiki/Patreon \"Patreon\") account.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=ArtieQuitter\\|author\\=Artie Lange\\|number\\=1454968190811860993\\|date\\=November 1, 2021\\|title\\=UPDATE: I'm doing 2 shows a week now. 1 on Mondays for FREE. 1 on Thursdays on Patreon or with a membership on my YouTube page. Lots of perks for supporters. Get the details here: https://patreon.com/artielange Shows coming w/ Stanhope, Gilbert, Joey Diaz, Di Paolo, Lampanelli \\& more}} In February 2022, Lange put the podcast on hiatus once more to focus on his health.",
""
] |
### 2008–2009: Various projects and *Stern Show* departure
In June 2008, Lange headlined a comedy tour he formed, named Operation Mirth, with the [United Service Organizations](/wiki/United_Service_Organizations "United Service Organizations") to entertain American troops serving in [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan"). He was inspired to do so after watching *[Patriot Act: A Jeffrey Ross Home Movie](/wiki/Patriot_Act:A_Jeffrey_Ross_Home_Movie "A Jeffrey Ross Home Movie")*, a documentary about comedian [Jeffrey Ross](/wiki/Jeffrey_Ross "Jeffrey Ross")' own USO tour in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"). Lange picked comedians [Jim Florentine](/wiki/Jim_Florentine "Jim Florentine"), [Nick DiPaolo](/wiki/Nick_DiPaolo "Nick DiPaolo"), and [Dave Attell](/wiki/Dave_Attell "Dave Attell") to join him, with *The Howard Stern Show's* producer [Gary Dell'Abate](/wiki/Gary_Dell%27Abate "Gary Dell'Abate") as the tour's [master of ceremonies](/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies "Master of ceremonies"). Later in the year, Lange and Attell recorded dialogue for the video game *[Leisure Suit Larry: Box Office Bust](/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry:Box_Office_Bust "Box Office Bust")*, released in 2009\.
In August 2008, Lange entered rehab after he cancelled his appearance on the *[Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget](/wiki/The_Roast_of_Bob_Saget "The Roast of Bob Saget")*. He had relapsed in [heroin](/wiki/Heroin "Heroin") use in the previous seven weeks after he was offered it while drunk at a pool hall. [Comedy Central](/wiki/Comedy_Central "Comedy Central") was willing to cover the $65,000 in costs to send an ambulance for him to the airport and fly him to Los Angeles on a private jet with a doctor, but Lange declined and began treatment with a therapist recommended by comedian [Richard Lewis](/wiki/Richard_Lewis_%28comedian%29 "Richard Lewis (comedian)"), who contacted Lange to help.Lange; Bozza, "Greetings from Sunny Kandahar"
In 2008, Lange signed a deal with [Spiegel \& Grau](/wiki/Spiegel_%26_Grau "Spiegel & Grau") to write his first book *[Too Fat to Fish](/wiki/Too_Fat_to_Fish "Too Fat to Fish")*, a collection of memoirs across his life co\-written by [Anthony Bozza](/wiki/Anthony_Bozza "Anthony Bozza") that "range from funny to dark, to tragic, to sad." Lange dedicated the book to Stern who wrote its foreword. Upon its release on November 11, 2008, *Too Fat to Fish* entered [*The New York Times* Best Seller list](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list "The New York Times Best Seller list") at number one{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/books/bestseller/besthardnonfiction.html?\_r\=1\|title\=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction for the week November 21, 2008\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=November 28, 2008\|access\-date\=January 11, 2011}} and held the position for one week.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/books/bestseller/besthardnonfiction.html?\_r\=1 \|title\=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction for the week November 28, 2008\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=November 28, 2008\|access\-date\=January 11, 2011}} The book remained on the list's top ten for eleven weeks.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/best\-sellers\-books/2009\-02\-08/hardcover\-nonfiction/list.html\|title\=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=February 8, 2009\|access\-date\=January 11, 2011\|first\=Jennifer\|last\=Schuessler}} It was referenced twice on the [Top Ten List](/wiki/Late_Show_Top_Ten_List "Late Show Top Ten List") segment on *[Late Show with David Letterman](/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman "Late Show with David Letterman")*.{{cite web\|url\=http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\_ten/index/php/20090513\.phtml\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518135325/http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\_ten/index/php/20090513\.phtml\|title\=Today's Top Ten – Wednesday, May 13, 2009 – Top Ten Surprises In The Sarah Palin Memoir\|publisher\=CBS: Late Show with David Letterman\|date\=May 13, 2009\|archive\-date\=May 18, 2009\|access\-date\=March 17, 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\_ten/index/php/20090401\.phtml\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406080228/http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\_ten/index/php/20090401\.phtml\|title\=Today's Top Ten – Wednesday, April 1, 2009 – Top Ten Signs You Have A Lame Computer Virus\|date\=April 1, 2009\|archive\-date\=April 6, 2009\|publisher\=CBS: Late Show with David Letterman\|access\-date\=March 17, 2017}} A paperback edition released in 2009 with an additional chapter, peaked at number six on the Best Seller paperback list.
By 2009, Lange was earning $700,000 a year for working with Stern and roughly $3 million a year from stand up gigs.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/artie\-lange\-exposed\-rolling\-stones\-2009\-feature\-20110316\|title\=Artie Lange Exposed: Rolling Stone's 2009 Feature\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|date\=March 16, 2011\|first\=Vanessa\|last\=Grigoriadis\|access\-date\=March 11, 2016\|archive\-date\=March 1, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301183213/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/artie\-lange\-exposed\-rolling\-stones\-2009\-feature\-20110316\|url\-status\=dead}} In January 2009, Lange went to [West Palm Beach, Florida](/wiki/West_Palm_Beach%2C_Florida "West Palm Beach, Florida"), to complete a 21\-day rehab program after he had relapsed on heroin the month prior. After seven days, he quit treatment and spent almost $4,800 on a hotel room, women, a haircut, and two pairs of sunglasses. He returned home and booked three nights at Caroline's comedy club in the same week, earning $35,000 back.
Lange relapsed on heroin once more in April 2009\. To help him cope with withdrawals, Lange hired two former New York City police officers for support in his recovery and lost 50 pounds in the following six months.
On June 15, 2009, Lange made a controversial appearance on the first episode of *[Joe Buck Live](/wiki/Joe_Buck_Live "Joe Buck Live")*, exchanging insults with host [Joe Buck](/wiki/Joe_Buck "Joe Buck") that HBO Sports president [Ross Greenburg](/wiki/Ross_Greenburg "Ross Greenburg") said "bordered on bad taste" with a "mean\-spirited" tone.{{cite web\|url\=http://usatoday30\.usatoday.com/sports/2009\-06\-16\-artie\-lange\-joe\-buck\_N.htm\|work\=USA Today\|first\=Michael\|last\=McCarthy\|title\=Comedian Lange crosses the line on 'Joe Buck Live'\|date\=June 16, 2009\|access\-date\=February 23, 2017}} The show was cancelled two episodes later. Buck defended Lange's comments and wrote the foreword to his second book.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stltoday.com/sports/buck\-isn\-t\-overly\-upset\-after\-new\-show\-pillaged\-he/article\_5a9296c4\-6bf8\-55e7\-86d2\-d05ae14576cb.html\|title\=Buck isn't overly upset after new show pillaged. He says vulgar comedian Lange thought he was doing what HBO wanted with his profane bits\|date\=June 17, 2009\|first\=Dan\|last\=Caesar\|work\=St. Louis Post\-Dispatch\|access\-date\=February 23, 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/columns/editors\-desk/joe\-buck\-will\-write\-the\-foreword\-for\-artie\-lange\-s/article\_3d2f136e\-b727\-11e1\-bd3a\-0019bb30f31a.html\|title\=Joe Buck will write the foreword for Artie Lange's book\|first\=Bob\|last\=Rose\|date\=June 15, 2012\|work\=St. Louis Post\-Dispatch\|access\-date\=February 23, 2017}}
In July 2009, Lange was charged of [driving under the influence](/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence "Driving under the influence") of an intoxicant and [careless driving](/wiki/Driving_without_due_care_and_attention "Driving without due care and attention") after he became involved in a minor traffic accident in New Jersey.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1\-D99C0IDG0\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222195630/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1\-D99C0IDG0\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 22, 2017\|title\=Comic Artie Lange charged with DUI in NJ\|publisher\=Associated Press\|date\=July 10, 2009\|access\-date\=February 21, 2017 }} In October 2009, Lange took one week off from *The Howard Stern Show*,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2009/10/artie\_lange\_back\_at\_work\_after.html\|title\=Artie Lange back at work after a week at Hoboken home with "severe depression"\|date\=October 20, 2009\|first\=Amy Sara\|last\=Clark\|work\=\[\[NJ.com]]\|access\-date\=22 February 2017}} citing depression and a "mini nervous breakdown". His second stand up DVD and CD, *Jack and Coke*, was released a month later.{{Cite episode\|series\=The Howard Stern Show\|network\=SiriusXM Radio\|station\=Howard 100\|location\=New York City\|date\=November 17, 2009}} Lange recorded the set at [Gotham Comedy Club](/wiki/Gotham_Comedy_Club "Gotham Comedy Club") in New York City earlier in the year,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2009/12/artie\_lange\_interview\_his\_new.html\|title\=Artie Lange interview: His new CD, his comedy heroes, his future and more\|first\=Jay\|last\=Lustig\|date\=December 3, 2009\|work\=\[\[NJ.com]]\|access\-date\=May 26, 2015}} and is composed of material that Lange had written over the past four years of his career, some of which dated back to 15 years, which Lange developed further and felt it was suitable to put on a recording. *Jack and Coke* reached number one on the [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes "ITunes") Comedy Albums chart and entered its Top 20 Albums chart. It was also released as a DVD, which [Comedy Central](/wiki/Comedy_Central "Comedy Central") aired as a special in January 2010\.
In November 2009, Lange cancelled his stand\-up gigs booked for the rest of the year and throughout 2010\. He felt "[really beat](/wiki/Occupational_burnout "Occupational burnout")" from work and needed time to recover from his heroin relapse that April, write new stand\-up material, and work on a second book, which he had begun writing under the working title *College Is for Losers*. In an interview around this time Lange said, "The combination of the road and morning radio hasn't killed me, but it's come close. If I keep doing it, it will".
The situation culminated on December 9, 2009, when Lange showed up at *The Howard Stern Show* having spent the previous seven hours drinking whiskey and taking painkillers, which affected his performance on the air. During a commercial break, Sirius management told Lange to go home; he was granted time off from the show. He voluntarily checked in at a rehab facility on [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island "Long Island") to cope with withdrawals, but he "hated everything about it", and left eight days later, on December 23\. Upon his return home, Lange spent the next several days in his apartment on an alcohol and pill binge.{{sfn\|Lange\|Bozza\|2013\|pp\=176–178}}
|
[
"### 2008–2009: Various projects and *Stern Show* departure",
"In June 2008, Lange headlined a comedy tour he formed, named Operation Mirth, with the [United Service Organizations](/wiki/United_Service_Organizations \"United Service Organizations\") to entertain American troops serving in [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\"). He was inspired to do so after watching *[Patriot Act: A Jeffrey Ross Home Movie](/wiki/Patriot_Act:A_Jeffrey_Ross_Home_Movie \"A Jeffrey Ross Home Movie\")*, a documentary about comedian [Jeffrey Ross](/wiki/Jeffrey_Ross \"Jeffrey Ross\")' own USO tour in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\"). Lange picked comedians [Jim Florentine](/wiki/Jim_Florentine \"Jim Florentine\"), [Nick DiPaolo](/wiki/Nick_DiPaolo \"Nick DiPaolo\"), and [Dave Attell](/wiki/Dave_Attell \"Dave Attell\") to join him, with *The Howard Stern Show's* producer [Gary Dell'Abate](/wiki/Gary_Dell%27Abate \"Gary Dell'Abate\") as the tour's [master of ceremonies](/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies \"Master of ceremonies\"). Later in the year, Lange and Attell recorded dialogue for the video game *[Leisure Suit Larry: Box Office Bust](/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry:Box_Office_Bust \"Box Office Bust\")*, released in 2009\\.",
"In August 2008, Lange entered rehab after he cancelled his appearance on the *[Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget](/wiki/The_Roast_of_Bob_Saget \"The Roast of Bob Saget\")*. He had relapsed in [heroin](/wiki/Heroin \"Heroin\") use in the previous seven weeks after he was offered it while drunk at a pool hall. [Comedy Central](/wiki/Comedy_Central \"Comedy Central\") was willing to cover the $65,000 in costs to send an ambulance for him to the airport and fly him to Los Angeles on a private jet with a doctor, but Lange declined and began treatment with a therapist recommended by comedian [Richard Lewis](/wiki/Richard_Lewis_%28comedian%29 \"Richard Lewis (comedian)\"), who contacted Lange to help.Lange; Bozza, \"Greetings from Sunny Kandahar\"",
"In 2008, Lange signed a deal with [Spiegel \\& Grau](/wiki/Spiegel_%26_Grau \"Spiegel & Grau\") to write his first book *[Too Fat to Fish](/wiki/Too_Fat_to_Fish \"Too Fat to Fish\")*, a collection of memoirs across his life co\\-written by [Anthony Bozza](/wiki/Anthony_Bozza \"Anthony Bozza\") that \"range from funny to dark, to tragic, to sad.\" Lange dedicated the book to Stern who wrote its foreword. Upon its release on November 11, 2008, *Too Fat to Fish* entered [*The New York Times* Best Seller list](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list \"The New York Times Best Seller list\") at number one{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/books/bestseller/besthardnonfiction.html?\\_r\\=1\\|title\\=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction for the week November 21, 2008\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=November 28, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2011}} and held the position for one week.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/books/bestseller/besthardnonfiction.html?\\_r\\=1 \\|title\\=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction for the week November 28, 2008\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=November 28, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2011}} The book remained on the list's top ten for eleven weeks.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/best\\-sellers\\-books/2009\\-02\\-08/hardcover\\-nonfiction/list.html\\|title\\=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=February 8, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2011\\|first\\=Jennifer\\|last\\=Schuessler}} It was referenced twice on the [Top Ten List](/wiki/Late_Show_Top_Ten_List \"Late Show Top Ten List\") segment on *[Late Show with David Letterman](/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman \"Late Show with David Letterman\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\\_ten/index/php/20090513\\.phtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518135325/http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\\_ten/index/php/20090513\\.phtml\\|title\\=Today's Top Ten – Wednesday, May 13, 2009 – Top Ten Surprises In The Sarah Palin Memoir\\|publisher\\=CBS: Late Show with David Letterman\\|date\\=May 13, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=May 18, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\\_ten/index/php/20090401\\.phtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406080228/http://lateshow.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top\\_ten/index/php/20090401\\.phtml\\|title\\=Today's Top Ten – Wednesday, April 1, 2009 – Top Ten Signs You Have A Lame Computer Virus\\|date\\=April 1, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=April 6, 2009\\|publisher\\=CBS: Late Show with David Letterman\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2017}} A paperback edition released in 2009 with an additional chapter, peaked at number six on the Best Seller paperback list.",
"By 2009, Lange was earning $700,000 a year for working with Stern and roughly $3 million a year from stand up gigs.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/artie\\-lange\\-exposed\\-rolling\\-stones\\-2009\\-feature\\-20110316\\|title\\=Artie Lange Exposed: Rolling Stone's 2009 Feature\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|date\\=March 16, 2011\\|first\\=Vanessa\\|last\\=Grigoriadis\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=March 1, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301183213/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/artie\\-lange\\-exposed\\-rolling\\-stones\\-2009\\-feature\\-20110316\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In January 2009, Lange went to [West Palm Beach, Florida](/wiki/West_Palm_Beach%2C_Florida \"West Palm Beach, Florida\"), to complete a 21\\-day rehab program after he had relapsed on heroin the month prior. After seven days, he quit treatment and spent almost $4,800 on a hotel room, women, a haircut, and two pairs of sunglasses. He returned home and booked three nights at Caroline's comedy club in the same week, earning $35,000 back.",
"Lange relapsed on heroin once more in April 2009\\. To help him cope with withdrawals, Lange hired two former New York City police officers for support in his recovery and lost 50 pounds in the following six months.",
"On June 15, 2009, Lange made a controversial appearance on the first episode of *[Joe Buck Live](/wiki/Joe_Buck_Live \"Joe Buck Live\")*, exchanging insults with host [Joe Buck](/wiki/Joe_Buck \"Joe Buck\") that HBO Sports president [Ross Greenburg](/wiki/Ross_Greenburg \"Ross Greenburg\") said \"bordered on bad taste\" with a \"mean\\-spirited\" tone.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://usatoday30\\.usatoday.com/sports/2009\\-06\\-16\\-artie\\-lange\\-joe\\-buck\\_N.htm\\|work\\=USA Today\\|first\\=Michael\\|last\\=McCarthy\\|title\\=Comedian Lange crosses the line on 'Joe Buck Live'\\|date\\=June 16, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2017}} The show was cancelled two episodes later. Buck defended Lange's comments and wrote the foreword to his second book.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stltoday.com/sports/buck\\-isn\\-t\\-overly\\-upset\\-after\\-new\\-show\\-pillaged\\-he/article\\_5a9296c4\\-6bf8\\-55e7\\-86d2\\-d05ae14576cb.html\\|title\\=Buck isn't overly upset after new show pillaged. He says vulgar comedian Lange thought he was doing what HBO wanted with his profane bits\\|date\\=June 17, 2009\\|first\\=Dan\\|last\\=Caesar\\|work\\=St. Louis Post\\-Dispatch\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/columns/editors\\-desk/joe\\-buck\\-will\\-write\\-the\\-foreword\\-for\\-artie\\-lange\\-s/article\\_3d2f136e\\-b727\\-11e1\\-bd3a\\-0019bb30f31a.html\\|title\\=Joe Buck will write the foreword for Artie Lange's book\\|first\\=Bob\\|last\\=Rose\\|date\\=June 15, 2012\\|work\\=St. Louis Post\\-Dispatch\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2017}}",
"In July 2009, Lange was charged of [driving under the influence](/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence \"Driving under the influence\") of an intoxicant and [careless driving](/wiki/Driving_without_due_care_and_attention \"Driving without due care and attention\") after he became involved in a minor traffic accident in New Jersey.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1\\-D99C0IDG0\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222195630/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1\\-D99C0IDG0\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 22, 2017\\|title\\=Comic Artie Lange charged with DUI in NJ\\|publisher\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=July 10, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2017 }} In October 2009, Lange took one week off from *The Howard Stern Show*,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2009/10/artie\\_lange\\_back\\_at\\_work\\_after.html\\|title\\=Artie Lange back at work after a week at Hoboken home with \"severe depression\"\\|date\\=October 20, 2009\\|first\\=Amy Sara\\|last\\=Clark\\|work\\=\\[\\[NJ.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2017}} citing depression and a \"mini nervous breakdown\". His second stand up DVD and CD, *Jack and Coke*, was released a month later.{{Cite episode\\|series\\=The Howard Stern Show\\|network\\=SiriusXM Radio\\|station\\=Howard 100\\|location\\=New York City\\|date\\=November 17, 2009}} Lange recorded the set at [Gotham Comedy Club](/wiki/Gotham_Comedy_Club \"Gotham Comedy Club\") in New York City earlier in the year,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2009/12/artie\\_lange\\_interview\\_his\\_new.html\\|title\\=Artie Lange interview: His new CD, his comedy heroes, his future and more\\|first\\=Jay\\|last\\=Lustig\\|date\\=December 3, 2009\\|work\\=\\[\\[NJ.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2015}} and is composed of material that Lange had written over the past four years of his career, some of which dated back to 15 years, which Lange developed further and felt it was suitable to put on a recording. *Jack and Coke* reached number one on the [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes \"ITunes\") Comedy Albums chart and entered its Top 20 Albums chart. It was also released as a DVD, which [Comedy Central](/wiki/Comedy_Central \"Comedy Central\") aired as a special in January 2010\\.",
"In November 2009, Lange cancelled his stand\\-up gigs booked for the rest of the year and throughout 2010\\. He felt \"[really beat](/wiki/Occupational_burnout \"Occupational burnout\")\" from work and needed time to recover from his heroin relapse that April, write new stand\\-up material, and work on a second book, which he had begun writing under the working title *College Is for Losers*. In an interview around this time Lange said, \"The combination of the road and morning radio hasn't killed me, but it's come close. If I keep doing it, it will\".",
"The situation culminated on December 9, 2009, when Lange showed up at *The Howard Stern Show* having spent the previous seven hours drinking whiskey and taking painkillers, which affected his performance on the air. During a commercial break, Sirius management told Lange to go home; he was granted time off from the show. He voluntarily checked in at a rehab facility on [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island \"Long Island\") to cope with withdrawals, but he \"hated everything about it\", and left eight days later, on December 23\\. Upon his return home, Lange spent the next several days in his apartment on an alcohol and pill binge.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|Bozza\\|2013\\|pp\\=176–178}}",
""
] |
Cook Cup and Ella\-Mobbs Trophy (since 1997\)
---------------------------------------------
{{main\|Ella\-Mobbs Trophy}}
The **Cook Cup** came about at the start of Rugby Union's professional era, when the [Rugby Football Union](/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union "Rugby Football Union") (RFU) and the [Australian Rugby Union](/wiki/Australian_Rugby_Union "Australian Rugby Union") (ARU) agreed to play each other on a home\-and\-away basis. The first Cook Cup match was played at the [Sydney Football Stadium](/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_%281988%29 "Sydney Football Stadium (1988)") on 25 June 1997\. Australia won the match 25–6\. The series was however to be decided through two tests, and the second took place at [Twickenham](/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium "Twickenham Stadium") in [London](/wiki/London "London"), this resulted in a 15–15 draw. Since Australia won the first test, they were crowned champions.
In 1998 Australia ran out 76\-0 winners at [Lang Park](/wiki/Suncorp_Stadium "Suncorp Stadium") in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"). The Wallabies were captained by [John Eales](/wiki/John_Eales "John Eales"), and in total, Australia scored 11 [tries](/wiki/Try_%28rugby%29 "Try (rugby)") against a weakened England side. The subsequent meeting at Twickenham saw England lose by just one point, the score being 12–11\. In 1999, the Cook Cup was decided through one match rather than two, as the [1999 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup "1999 Rugby World Cup") meant that there was no space in the schedule for a November test match between the countries. Australia defeated England 22–15 at [Stadium Australia](/wiki/Stadium_Australia "Stadium Australia"). In 2000, the Cook Cup was again contested over a single match, due to the [2001 British Lions tour](/wiki/2001_British_Lions_tour "2001 British Lions tour") to Australia, and for the first time saw England and Australia meet as reigning champions of their respective hemispheres. The match was played at Twickenham, and England won 22–19 to win the Cook Cup for the first time.
[thumb\|250px\|right\|The 2006 match between Australia and England at [Telstra Dome](/wiki/Telstra_Dome "Telstra Dome").](/wiki/Image:England_Australia_Cook_Cup_Telstra_Dome.jpg "England Australia Cook Cup Telstra Dome.jpg")
The single\-test format remained for 2002, and England successfully defended the Cook Cup by beating Australia 32–31 at Twickenham. In 2003, the Cook Cup was again decided over one match, owing to the [2003 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup "2003 Rugby World Cup"). The match was played at [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne")'s [Telstra Dome](/wiki/Telstra_Dome "Telstra Dome"), and England won 25–14, marking their first ever victory over Australia on Australian soil. Later that year, England repeated the feat when the two nations met in what is arguably their most famous encounter, at the 2003 World Cup final. [Jonny Wilkinson](/wiki/Jonny_Wilkinson "Jonny Wilkinson") landed a drop goal in extra time that saw England win the [Rugby World Cup](/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup "Rugby World Cup") 20–17\.
The 2004 Cook Cup was contested over two matches. The first post\-World Cup edition of the challenge saw Australia beat England in Brisbane in June and then again in London in November to reclaim the Cook Cup for the first time since 1999\. The 2005 Cook Cup was contested over a single test, which England won 26–16 at Twickenham. In June 2006 the countries played a two\-match test series in Australia, with the home team winning both matches to regain the Cup.
The Cook Cup has been contested nearly every year since, with the exception of the World Cup years (2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019\). Australia retained the cup in 2008, 2009 and the mid\-year tests of 2010, before England regained it in the 2010 end\-of\-year tests. Australia regained the cup in 2012, but since then England have dominated the series, winning it outright in 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2021 and 2022\. The match scheduled for Twickenham in November 2020 did not take place, making 2020 the first non\-World Cup year this century in which the Cook Cup has not been contested.
The Cook Cup was renamed the [Ella\-Mobbs Trophy](/wiki/Ella-Mobbs_Trophy "Ella-Mobbs Trophy") from the July 2022 series.{{Cite web \|title\=Wallabies legend Mark Ella backs the change to have Cook Cup renamed in his honour \|url\=https://www.msn.com/en\-au/sport/other/wallabies\-legend\-mark\-ella\-backs\-the\-change\-to\-have\-cook\-cup\-renamed\-in\-his\-honour/ar\-AAZ5xE7 \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-02 \|website\=MSN \|language\=en\-AU}}
Since 1909, England and Australia have played each other 55 times. England lead the series by 28 wins to 26, with one match drawn.
|
[
"Cook Cup and Ella\\-Mobbs Trophy (since 1997\\)\n---------------------------------------------",
"{{main\\|Ella\\-Mobbs Trophy}}",
"The **Cook Cup** came about at the start of Rugby Union's professional era, when the [Rugby Football Union](/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union \"Rugby Football Union\") (RFU) and the [Australian Rugby Union](/wiki/Australian_Rugby_Union \"Australian Rugby Union\") (ARU) agreed to play each other on a home\\-and\\-away basis. The first Cook Cup match was played at the [Sydney Football Stadium](/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_%281988%29 \"Sydney Football Stadium (1988)\") on 25 June 1997\\. Australia won the match 25–6\\. The series was however to be decided through two tests, and the second took place at [Twickenham](/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium \"Twickenham Stadium\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), this resulted in a 15–15 draw. Since Australia won the first test, they were crowned champions.",
"In 1998 Australia ran out 76\\-0 winners at [Lang Park](/wiki/Suncorp_Stadium \"Suncorp Stadium\") in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\"). The Wallabies were captained by [John Eales](/wiki/John_Eales \"John Eales\"), and in total, Australia scored 11 [tries](/wiki/Try_%28rugby%29 \"Try (rugby)\") against a weakened England side. The subsequent meeting at Twickenham saw England lose by just one point, the score being 12–11\\. In 1999, the Cook Cup was decided through one match rather than two, as the [1999 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup \"1999 Rugby World Cup\") meant that there was no space in the schedule for a November test match between the countries. Australia defeated England 22–15 at [Stadium Australia](/wiki/Stadium_Australia \"Stadium Australia\"). In 2000, the Cook Cup was again contested over a single match, due to the [2001 British Lions tour](/wiki/2001_British_Lions_tour \"2001 British Lions tour\") to Australia, and for the first time saw England and Australia meet as reigning champions of their respective hemispheres. The match was played at Twickenham, and England won 22–19 to win the Cook Cup for the first time.",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|The 2006 match between Australia and England at [Telstra Dome](/wiki/Telstra_Dome \"Telstra Dome\").](/wiki/Image:England_Australia_Cook_Cup_Telstra_Dome.jpg \"England Australia Cook Cup Telstra Dome.jpg\")",
"The single\\-test format remained for 2002, and England successfully defended the Cook Cup by beating Australia 32–31 at Twickenham. In 2003, the Cook Cup was again decided over one match, owing to the [2003 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup \"2003 Rugby World Cup\"). The match was played at [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\")'s [Telstra Dome](/wiki/Telstra_Dome \"Telstra Dome\"), and England won 25–14, marking their first ever victory over Australia on Australian soil. Later that year, England repeated the feat when the two nations met in what is arguably their most famous encounter, at the 2003 World Cup final. [Jonny Wilkinson](/wiki/Jonny_Wilkinson \"Jonny Wilkinson\") landed a drop goal in extra time that saw England win the [Rugby World Cup](/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup \"Rugby World Cup\") 20–17\\.",
"The 2004 Cook Cup was contested over two matches. The first post\\-World Cup edition of the challenge saw Australia beat England in Brisbane in June and then again in London in November to reclaim the Cook Cup for the first time since 1999\\. The 2005 Cook Cup was contested over a single test, which England won 26–16 at Twickenham. In June 2006 the countries played a two\\-match test series in Australia, with the home team winning both matches to regain the Cup.",
"The Cook Cup has been contested nearly every year since, with the exception of the World Cup years (2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019\\). Australia retained the cup in 2008, 2009 and the mid\\-year tests of 2010, before England regained it in the 2010 end\\-of\\-year tests. Australia regained the cup in 2012, but since then England have dominated the series, winning it outright in 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2021 and 2022\\. The match scheduled for Twickenham in November 2020 did not take place, making 2020 the first non\\-World Cup year this century in which the Cook Cup has not been contested.",
"The Cook Cup was renamed the [Ella\\-Mobbs Trophy](/wiki/Ella-Mobbs_Trophy \"Ella-Mobbs Trophy\") from the July 2022 series.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Wallabies legend Mark Ella backs the change to have Cook Cup renamed in his honour \\|url\\=https://www.msn.com/en\\-au/sport/other/wallabies\\-legend\\-mark\\-ella\\-backs\\-the\\-change\\-to\\-have\\-cook\\-cup\\-renamed\\-in\\-his\\-honour/ar\\-AAZ5xE7 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-02 \\|website\\=MSN \\|language\\=en\\-AU}}",
"Since 1909, England and Australia have played each other 55 times. England lead the series by 28 wins to 26, with one match drawn.",
""
] |
History
-------
Dimensions was founded in 1976 with a single telephone in a rented office. [What we do](https://www.dimensions-uk.org/what-we-do/) Dimensions UK. Retrieved 27 February 2019\. Its aims and areas of focus then remain largely the same today.
It now has around 7,000 staff across the UK and supports an estimated 3,500 people in England and Wales {{as of\|2018\|lc\=y}}.[Listening and Learning: A summary of our stakeholder feedback in 2017/2018](https://www.dimensions-uk.org/wp-content/uploads/Dimensions-Listening-and-learning-report-2017-18.pdf) Dimensions UK. Retrieved 27 February 2019\.
Following research with the University of Kent's Tizard Centre,{{cite journal \| url\=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/67062/7/1\-s2\.0\-S0891422218300969\-main.pdf \| doi\=10\.1016/j.ridd.2018\.04\.020 \| title\=Reducing challenging behaviour of adults with intellectual disabilities in supported accommodation: A cluster randomized controlled trial of setting\-wide positive behaviour support \| year\=2018 \| last1\=McGill \| first1\=Peter \| last2\=Vanono \| first2\=Leah \| last3\=Clover \| first3\=Will \| last4\=Smyth \| first4\=Emmett \| last5\=Cooper \| first5\=Vivien \| last6\=Hopkins \| first6\=Lisa \| last7\=Barratt \| first7\=Nick \| last8\=Joyce \| first8\=Christopher \| last9\=Henderson \| first9\=Kate \| last10\=Sekasi \| first10\=Sheila \| last11\=Davis \| first11\=Susy \| last12\=Deveau \| first12\=Roy \| journal\=Research in Developmental Disabilities \| volume\=81 \| pages\=143–154 \| pmid\=29752027 \| s2cid\=21656777 \| doi\-access\=free }} Dimensions introduced a new model of supporting people with learning disabilities and autism in 2015, known as Activate. [Dimensions Activate \- our new support model](https://www.dimensions-uk.org/initiative/activate/) Dimensions UK. 12 November 2015\. Retrieved 27 February 2019\.[New model of support for people with learning disabilities reduces behaviours that challenge by 60%, trials find](https://www.learningdisabilitytoday.co.uk/new-model-of-support-for-people-with-learning-disabilities-reduces-behaviours-that-challenge-by-60-trials-find) LearningDisabilityToday.co.uk. 29 January 2016\. Retrieved 27 February 2019\.
In July 2018 Dimensions launched the Learning Disability and Autism Leaders' List in association with *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* which honours achievements by people with learning disabilities.[Learning Disability and Autism Leaders' List 2018](https://livability.org.uk/learning-disability-and-autism-leaders-list/) Livability.org.uk. 31 October 2018\. Retrieved 27 February 2019\.
### Other areas of the Dimensions group
Waymarks, a charity that helps people with learning disabilities or autism who have forensic histories or risky behaviours to change their lives, was created in 2009 and fully merged into Dimensions Group in 2019\.[Charity Details: Waymarks Limited](http://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regid=1133664&subid=0) [Charity Commission](/wiki/Charity_Commission "Charity Commission"). 31 March 2018\. Retrieved 1 March 2019\.
In 2017 Discovery was launched in partnership with Somerset County Council to provide support for adults with learning disabilities in the region.[Discovery support across Somerset](https://www.dimensions-uk.org/about/discovery/) Dimensions UK. Retrieved 1 March 2019\. Around 900 adults are currently supported in this capacity.[Discovery (Dimensions Somerset SEV)](https://www.socialenterprisemark.org.uk/directory/united-kingdom/somerset/bridgwater/employment/discovery-dimensions-somerset-sev/#geodir_statements) SocialEnterpriseMark.org.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2019\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Dimensions was founded in 1976 with a single telephone in a rented office. [What we do](https://www.dimensions-uk.org/what-we-do/) Dimensions UK. Retrieved 27 February 2019\\. Its aims and areas of focus then remain largely the same today.",
"It now has around 7,000 staff across the UK and supports an estimated 3,500 people in England and Wales {{as of\\|2018\\|lc\\=y}}.[Listening and Learning: A summary of our stakeholder feedback in 2017/2018](https://www.dimensions-uk.org/wp-content/uploads/Dimensions-Listening-and-learning-report-2017-18.pdf) Dimensions UK. Retrieved 27 February 2019\\.",
"Following research with the University of Kent's Tizard Centre,{{cite journal \\| url\\=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/67062/7/1\\-s2\\.0\\-S0891422218300969\\-main.pdf \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/j.ridd.2018\\.04\\.020 \\| title\\=Reducing challenging behaviour of adults with intellectual disabilities in supported accommodation: A cluster randomized controlled trial of setting\\-wide positive behaviour support \\| year\\=2018 \\| last1\\=McGill \\| first1\\=Peter \\| last2\\=Vanono \\| first2\\=Leah \\| last3\\=Clover \\| first3\\=Will \\| last4\\=Smyth \\| first4\\=Emmett \\| last5\\=Cooper \\| first5\\=Vivien \\| last6\\=Hopkins \\| first6\\=Lisa \\| last7\\=Barratt \\| first7\\=Nick \\| last8\\=Joyce \\| first8\\=Christopher \\| last9\\=Henderson \\| first9\\=Kate \\| last10\\=Sekasi \\| first10\\=Sheila \\| last11\\=Davis \\| first11\\=Susy \\| last12\\=Deveau \\| first12\\=Roy \\| journal\\=Research in Developmental Disabilities \\| volume\\=81 \\| pages\\=143–154 \\| pmid\\=29752027 \\| s2cid\\=21656777 \\| doi\\-access\\=free }} Dimensions introduced a new model of supporting people with learning disabilities and autism in 2015, known as Activate. [Dimensions Activate \\- our new support model](https://www.dimensions-uk.org/initiative/activate/) Dimensions UK. 12 November 2015\\. Retrieved 27 February 2019\\.[New model of support for people with learning disabilities reduces behaviours that challenge by 60%, trials find](https://www.learningdisabilitytoday.co.uk/new-model-of-support-for-people-with-learning-disabilities-reduces-behaviours-that-challenge-by-60-trials-find) LearningDisabilityToday.co.uk. 29 January 2016\\. Retrieved 27 February 2019\\.",
"In July 2018 Dimensions launched the Learning Disability and Autism Leaders' List in association with *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* which honours achievements by people with learning disabilities.[Learning Disability and Autism Leaders' List 2018](https://livability.org.uk/learning-disability-and-autism-leaders-list/) Livability.org.uk. 31 October 2018\\. Retrieved 27 February 2019\\.",
"### Other areas of the Dimensions group",
"Waymarks, a charity that helps people with learning disabilities or autism who have forensic histories or risky behaviours to change their lives, was created in 2009 and fully merged into Dimensions Group in 2019\\.[Charity Details: Waymarks Limited](http://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regid=1133664&subid=0) [Charity Commission](/wiki/Charity_Commission \"Charity Commission\"). 31 March 2018\\. Retrieved 1 March 2019\\.",
"In 2017 Discovery was launched in partnership with Somerset County Council to provide support for adults with learning disabilities in the region.[Discovery support across Somerset](https://www.dimensions-uk.org/about/discovery/) Dimensions UK. Retrieved 1 March 2019\\. Around 900 adults are currently supported in this capacity.[Discovery (Dimensions Somerset SEV)](https://www.socialenterprisemark.org.uk/directory/united-kingdom/somerset/bridgwater/employment/discovery-dimensions-somerset-sev/#geodir_statements) SocialEnterpriseMark.org.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2019\\.",
""
] |
Recent Campaigns
----------------
Dimensions' recent campaigns include working with leading cinema chains such as [ODEON](/wiki/ODEON_Cinemas "ODEON Cinemas"), [Cineworld](/wiki/Cineworld "Cineworld"), [Vue](/wiki/Vue_Cinemas "Vue Cinemas"), [Showcase](/wiki/Showcase_Cinema "Showcase Cinema") and [Picturehouse](/wiki/Picturehouse_Cinemas "Picturehouse Cinemas") to provide cinema screenings designed for autistic children and their families in more than 300 cinemas across the UK, branded as 'autism\-friendly cinema screenings'. These are showings of children's films which feature lower volume and lighting than usual and allow audience members to move around freely during the film.[No silence please \- campaigners launch network of autism\-friendly libraries](https://www.theguardian.com/social-care-network/2016/jun/10/no-silence-please-campaigners-launch-network-of-autism-friendly-libraries) *The Guardian.* 10 June 2016\. Retrieved 28 February 2019\.
The organisation launched the 'Love your Vote' campaign for the [2015 general election](/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election")[A century after women got the vote, many people are still disenfranchised](https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/feb/06/century-after-women-vote-barriers-exist-disabled-people) *The Guardian*. 6 February 2018\. Retrieved 1 March 2019\.[Adults with Learning Disabilities (ALD) programme: EMPOWER!](https://www.parliament.uk/get-involved/education-programmes/learning-disabilities-programme/) [UK Parliament](/wiki/UK_Parliament "UK Parliament"). Retrieved 1 March 2019\.
The \#I'mWithSam campaign against hate crimes suffered by people with learning disabilities was launched in 2016 using 'Sam', a fictional character, to represent testimonies of abuse from people Dimensions work with.[I'm with Sam](https://www.dignityincare.org.uk/Dignity-in-Care-news/Im-with-Sam/) DignityInCare.org.uk. 5 May 2017\. Retrieved 1 March 2019\.[\#ImWithSam \- experiences of hate crime](https://www.dimensions-uk.org/case-study/imwithsam-experiences-hate-crime/) Dimensions UK. 10 October 2016\. Retrieved 1 March 2019\. Since launching the campaign Dimensions has worked with the [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service"), police force, [Law Commission](/wiki/Law_Commission "Law Commission") and PSHE Association to update the criminal justice system, police training and school teaching.[First year timeline](https://www.dimensions-uk.org/get-involved/campaigns/say-no-autism-learning-disability-hate-crime-imwithsam/first-year-timeline/) Dimensions UK. Retrieved 1 March 2019\.
The \#MyGPandMe campaign aims to make GP practices more accessible for people with autism and learning disabilities and train GP surgery staff on making adjustments for people with learning disabilities.[My GP and me \- people with learning difficulties and autism's health inequalities](http://enablemagazine.co.uk/my-gp-and-me/) *Enable Magazine*. 30 July 2018\. Retrieved 1 March 2019\.
Dimensions has also produced 'autism\-friendly' resources and training for libraries (as with the cinema screenings, these changes are aimed at autistic children and their families). As part of the campaign Dimensions have also created resources for libraries, schools and children with autism to use to simplify the process of using libraries.
|
[
"Recent Campaigns\n----------------",
"Dimensions' recent campaigns include working with leading cinema chains such as [ODEON](/wiki/ODEON_Cinemas \"ODEON Cinemas\"), [Cineworld](/wiki/Cineworld \"Cineworld\"), [Vue](/wiki/Vue_Cinemas \"Vue Cinemas\"), [Showcase](/wiki/Showcase_Cinema \"Showcase Cinema\") and [Picturehouse](/wiki/Picturehouse_Cinemas \"Picturehouse Cinemas\") to provide cinema screenings designed for autistic children and their families in more than 300 cinemas across the UK, branded as 'autism\\-friendly cinema screenings'. These are showings of children's films which feature lower volume and lighting than usual and allow audience members to move around freely during the film.[No silence please \\- campaigners launch network of autism\\-friendly libraries](https://www.theguardian.com/social-care-network/2016/jun/10/no-silence-please-campaigners-launch-network-of-autism-friendly-libraries) *The Guardian.* 10 June 2016\\. Retrieved 28 February 2019\\.",
"The organisation launched the 'Love your Vote' campaign for the [2015 general election](/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\")[A century after women got the vote, many people are still disenfranchised](https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/feb/06/century-after-women-vote-barriers-exist-disabled-people) *The Guardian*. 6 February 2018\\. Retrieved 1 March 2019\\.[Adults with Learning Disabilities (ALD) programme: EMPOWER!](https://www.parliament.uk/get-involved/education-programmes/learning-disabilities-programme/) [UK Parliament](/wiki/UK_Parliament \"UK Parliament\"). Retrieved 1 March 2019\\.",
"The \\#I'mWithSam campaign against hate crimes suffered by people with learning disabilities was launched in 2016 using 'Sam', a fictional character, to represent testimonies of abuse from people Dimensions work with.[I'm with Sam](https://www.dignityincare.org.uk/Dignity-in-Care-news/Im-with-Sam/) DignityInCare.org.uk. 5 May 2017\\. Retrieved 1 March 2019\\.[\\#ImWithSam \\- experiences of hate crime](https://www.dimensions-uk.org/case-study/imwithsam-experiences-hate-crime/) Dimensions UK. 10 October 2016\\. Retrieved 1 March 2019\\. Since launching the campaign Dimensions has worked with the [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\"), police force, [Law Commission](/wiki/Law_Commission \"Law Commission\") and PSHE Association to update the criminal justice system, police training and school teaching.[First year timeline](https://www.dimensions-uk.org/get-involved/campaigns/say-no-autism-learning-disability-hate-crime-imwithsam/first-year-timeline/) Dimensions UK. Retrieved 1 March 2019\\.",
"The \\#MyGPandMe campaign aims to make GP practices more accessible for people with autism and learning disabilities and train GP surgery staff on making adjustments for people with learning disabilities.[My GP and me \\- people with learning difficulties and autism's health inequalities](http://enablemagazine.co.uk/my-gp-and-me/) *Enable Magazine*. 30 July 2018\\. Retrieved 1 March 2019\\.",
"Dimensions has also produced 'autism\\-friendly' resources and training for libraries (as with the cinema screenings, these changes are aimed at autistic children and their families). As part of the campaign Dimensions have also created resources for libraries, schools and children with autism to use to simplify the process of using libraries.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{Infobox country
\|native\_name \= ''Reichstadt Nordhausen''
\|conventional\_long\_name \= Imperial City of Nordhausen
\|common\_name \= Nordhausen
\|era \= High Middle Ages
\|status \= Imperial city
\|empire \= Holy Roman Empire
\|government\_type \= Imperial city
\|year\_start \= 1220
\|year\_end \= 1802
\|event\_pre \= Settlement founded
\|date\_pre \= 650\-700
\|event\_start \= ''\[\[Reichsfreiheit]]''
\|date\_start \= 27 July
\|event1 \= ''Reichsfreiheit'' confirmed
\|date\_event1 \= 1290
\|event2 \= New city constitution
\|date\_event2 \= 14 February 1375
\|event3 \= Joined \[\[Hanseatic League]]
\|date\_event3 \= 1430
\|event4 \= \[\[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]]
\|date\_event4 \= 1523
\|event\_end \= \[\[German Mediatisation\|Ceded]] to \[\[Kingdom of Prussia\|Prussia]]
\|date\_end \=
\|event\_post \= Ceded to \[\[Kingdom of Westphalia\|Westphalia]]
\|date\_post \= 1807–13
\|p1 \= Duchy of Saxony
\|flag\_p1 \= Coat of arms of Saxony.svg
\|s1 \= Kingdom of Prussia
\|flag\_s1 \= Flag of Prussia (1750\).svg
\|capital \= Nordhausen
\|image\_map \= Nordhausen\-1611\-1691\.jpg
\|image\_map\_caption \= Nordhausen in the 17th century
\|footnotes \=
}}
### Middle Ages
The [Franks](/wiki/Francia "Francia") colonized the area around Nordhausen about 800, many place names here have a Frankish origin, discernible by the suffix *\-hausen* (like Nordhausen itself, Sundhausen, Windehausen and the later abandoned settlement Stockhausen as well as the neighbouring cities of [Mühlhausen](/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen "Mühlhausen"), [Sondershausen](/wiki/Sondershausen "Sondershausen"), [Frankenhausen](/wiki/Bad_Frankenhausen "Bad Frankenhausen") and [Sangerhausen](/wiki/Sangerhausen "Sangerhausen")). Nordhausen itself is first mentioned in a 13 May 927 document of King [Henry the Fowler](/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler "Henry the Fowler"). He built a castle here, which is traceable between 910 and 1277 and became a centre of the empire during the 10th century. [Gerberga of Saxony](/wiki/Gerberga_of_Saxony "Gerberga of Saxony"), Henry's daughter is supposed to have been born there, as was [Henry I, Duke of Bavaria](/wiki/Henry_I%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria "Henry I, Duke of Bavaria"). The first market was established in the 10th century, as was a chapter of nuns (961\). During the 12th century, the *old town* was semi\-planned and established around the new market place and St. Nicholas' Church.
Nordhausen was [Reichsgut](/wiki/Reichsgut "Reichsgut") (estate of the German emperor) from the beginning, but in 1158, [Frederick Barbarossa](/wiki/Frederick_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor") donated it to the local chapter of nuns, which was converted to a cathedral chapter by [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor") in 1220, whereby the city came back to the empire and became an [Imperial Free City](/wiki/Imperial_Free_City "Imperial Free City"). Nordhausen was granted the privileges of a town around 1200, in 1198 it was first mentioned as a *villa* and in 1206, there was a mayor, a [Vogt](/wiki/Vogt "Vogt") and citizens. The municipal law of Nordhausen was similar to that of Mühlhausen, hence the Mühlhausen Book of Law was adopted in the mid\-13th century. Today's city wall was established between 1290 and 1330 and cut the old town off from *Altendorf* in the north\-west, the *new town* in the west and *Altnordhausen* in the south. Nevertheless, the new town was legally incorporated in 1365\. Besides the parish churches, many monasteries were founded during the late Middle Ages in Nordhausen (Cistercians in Altnordhausen (Frauenberg, about 1200\) and Altendorf (1294\), Augustines where the Nordhäuser distillery is today (1312\), Franciscans at Georgengasse (1230\) and Dominicans at Predigerstraße (1287\)). As distinct from Mühlhausen and many other free imperial cities, Nordhausen did not own any territories or villages in the surrounding area.
The city's independence was endangered by the ambitions of regional counts, especially by those of Hohnstein County (based in near [Ilfeld](/wiki/Ilfeld "Ilfeld")), who extorted funds from Nordhausen during the 14th century. On the other hand, the debts of the Hohnstein Counts were gigantic: they owed 86 citizens of Nordhausen 5744 Mark silver in 1370\. In 1306, Nordhausen allied with the two other major Thuringian cities [Erfurt](/wiki/Erfurt "Erfurt") and [Mühlhausen](/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen "Mühlhausen") against the [Wettins](/wiki/House_of_Wettin "House of Wettin") and the local counts (Hohnstein, [Stolberg](/wiki/County_of_Stolberg "County of Stolberg"), [Schwarzburg](/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg "House of Schwarzburg"), [Beichlingen](/wiki/Beichlingen "Beichlingen") etc.) and joined the [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League "Hanseatic League") together with them in 1430\. Further alliances were concluded with [Goslar](/wiki/Goslar "Goslar"), [Halberstadt](/wiki/Halberstadt "Halberstadt"), [Quedlinburg](/wiki/Quedlinburg "Quedlinburg") and [Aschersleben](/wiki/Aschersleben "Aschersleben") to represent urban interests against the landlords.
In 1349, during a plague epidemic, some number of Jewish residents were killed by the citizenry with support from [Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Margrave_of_Meissen "Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen"). According to legend, they danced on their way to the pyre.{{cite web \|title\=Nordhausen \|url\=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nordhausen \|website\=The Jewish Virtual Library \|access\-date\=14 January 2019}}{{cite web \|last1\=Jacobs \|first1\=Joseph \|last2\=Seligsohn \|first2\=M. \|title\=Nordhausen \|url\=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11587\-nordhausen \|website\=Jewish Encyclopedia \|access\-date\=14 January 2019}}
### Early modern period
In 1500 it became part of the [Lower Saxon Circle](/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle "Lower Saxon Circle"), and from around the same year the city began producing fermented grain liquor, which became famous under the name *Nordhäuser Doppelkorn*. In 1523, a year in which [Thomas Müntzer](/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer "Thomas Müntzer") spent some time in the city, the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation") came to Nordhausen, which was one of the first cities that adopted the new doctrine. The cathedral chapter stayed catholic, protected by the [Habsburg](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg "House of Habsburg") emperors but the other monasteries got closed during the following decades and their heritage came to the city. During the 16th century, Nordhausen succeeded to push back the influence of the Wettins and the Hohnstein counts by buying back their privileges over the city. This marked the peak in pre\-modern urban development, followed by some centuries of decline introduced by the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War"). In 1551, the Jews were expelled from the city. They were not generally permitted to live there again until 1807\.
After the war, the [Electorate of Brandenburg](/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg "Margraviate of Brandenburg") tried to incorporate the free cities of Nordhausen, [Mühlhausen](/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen "Mühlhausen") and [Goslar](/wiki/Goslar "Goslar"), because it already became large territories in the Harz region. The [Electorate of Saxony](/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony "Electorate of Saxony"), protecting power of Nordhausen gave hidden support to the Brandenburgs, so that Nordhausen tried to keep its independence through the protection by the [Hanovers](/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg "Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg"). After the Brandenburg\-Prussians had occupied Nordhausen between 1703 and 1714, the city got protection of Hanover resp. [England](/wiki/England "England"), which paid 50,000 Talers to the Prussians to leave Nordhausen, which was moreover destroyed by two town fires in 1710 and 1712\. Under the protection of Hanover, the economy improved again and the production of [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco "Tobacco") since mid\-18th century brought new wealth to Nordhausen.
During the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars"), [Prussian troops](/wiki/Prussian_Army "Prussian Army") occupied Nordhausen on 2 August 1802; the city lost its status as an Imperial Free City during the [German Mediatisation](/wiki/German_Mediatisation "German Mediatisation"). After Prussia's defeat against Napoleon, it became part of the [Kingdom of Westphalia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia "Kingdom of Westphalia") created in 1807\.
### Since 1815
[thumb\|Underground factory of KZ Mittelbau\-Dora](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-061-17%2C_Niedersachswerfen%2C_Produktion_von_V1_-_V2.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1991-061-17, Niedersachswerfen, Produktion von V1 - V2.jpg")
[thumb\|Boelcke Kaserne was destroyed, resulting in 1300 deaths of prisoners after the April 1945 bombings by the Royal Air Force](/wiki/File:Corpses_in_the_courtyard_of_Nordhausen_concentration_camp.jpg "Corpses in the courtyard of Nordhausen concentration camp.jpg")
Following the defeat of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France "Napoleon I of France"), Nordhausen was included in the [Kingdom of Prussia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia")'s [Province of Saxony](/wiki/Province_of_Saxony "Province of Saxony") created in 1816\. During the mid\-19th century, industrialisation started in Nordhausen with production of chewing tobacco, alcoholic beverages, paper and textiles. The breakthrough was reached as Nordhausen got connected to main railways in four directions between 1866 and 1869\. In 1882 it became an [urban district](/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany "Urban districts of Germany") (until 1950\). In the late 19th century, [narrow\-gauge railways](/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways "Narrow-gauge railways") were constructed linking Nordhausen and other cities through the [Harz](/wiki/Harz "Harz") mountains, operating by 1899\.
As the engineering industry developed after 1900, the city saw an economic heyday. Industry developed and expanded during the following decades.
### 1900 to present
In the 1930s the [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party "Nazi Party") came to power in Germany. It imposed discrimination against Jews, with increasing restrictions and violence such as [Kristallnacht](/wiki/Kristallnacht "Kristallnacht") in 1938, when businesses and synagogues were destroyed. It deported Jews to concentration and death camps. The [Mittelbau\-Dora](/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora "Mittelbau-Dora") [Nazi concentration camp](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp "Nazi concentration camp"), also known as Dora\-Nordhausen or Nordhausen,{{Cite web \|title\=Dora\-Mittelbau: Overview \|url\=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/dora\-mittelbau\-overview \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-12 \|website\=encyclopedia.ushmm.org \|language\=en}} was established in 1943 during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") after the destruction of [Peenemünde](/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde "Peenemünde"), and located on the outskirts of Nordhausen to provide labor for the [Mittelwerk](/wiki/Mittelwerk "Mittelwerk") [V\-2 rocket](/wiki/V-2_rocket "V-2 rocket") factory in the [Kohnstein](/wiki/Kohnstein "Kohnstein"). Over its period of operation, around 60,000 inmates passed through Dora and its system of subcamps, of whom around 20,000 died from bad working conditions, starvation, and diseases, or were murdered. Around 10,000 forced labourers were deployed in several factories within the city; up to 6,000 of them were interned at Boelcke Kaserne, working for a [Junkers](/wiki/Junkers "Junkers") factory.
{{anchor\|Allied air attacks}}On 24 August 1944, 11 [B\-17 Flying Fortresses](/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress "B-17 Flying Fortress") of Mission 568 bombed the airfield at Nordhausen as a target of opportunity.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af\_1944\.php \|title\=8th Air Force 1944 Chronicles \|access\-date\=2007\-05\-25 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912155604/http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af\_1944\.php \|archive\-date\=September 12, 2007 }} From January 1945, sick and dying prisoners were interned at Boelcke Kaserne. On 3 and 4 April 1945 three\-quarters of Nordhausen was destroyed by bombing raids of the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force"), resulting in the deaths of around 8,800 people, including 1,300\-1,500 sick prisoners at the Boelcke Kaserne barracks within Nordhausen.{{cite book \|last\=Béon\|first\=Yves \|others\=(translated from the French '''La planète Dora''' by Béon \& Richard L. Fague)\|title\=Planet Dora: A Memoir of the Holocaust and the Birth of the Space Age\|year\=1997\|publisher\=Westview Press, Div. of Harper Collins\|isbn\=0\-8133\-3272\-9\|page\=XIX, XXI, XXII, XXIV}}
On 11 April 1945, United States troops occupied the town, and on 2 July the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army") of the Soviet Union took over. A Special Mission V\-2: US operation was undertaken by Maj. William Bromley, intended to recover V\-2 rocket parts and equipment. Maj. James P. Hamill co\-ordinated the rail transport of said equipment with the 144th Motor Vehicle Assembly Company, from Nordhausen to Erfurt ([Operation Paperclip](/wiki/Operation_Paperclip "Operation Paperclip")).
On 18 July the Soviet administration created the [Institute Rabe](/wiki/Institute_Rabe "Institute Rabe") to develop Soviet rocket technology on the basis of the substantially more sophisticated [V\-2 rockets](/wiki/V-2_rocket "V-2 rocket"). In May 1946 the Institute was subsumed into the new Institute Nordhausen, under an expanded programme of research across the [Soviet occupation zone](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone "Soviet occupation zone"), including a new Institute Berlin. On 22 October 1946, under [Operation Osoaviakhim](/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim "Operation Osoaviakhim"), 10–15,000 German scientists, engineers and their families were deported to the Soviet Union, including around 300 from Nordhausen.["Soviet rocket building in Thuringia"](http://www.mdr.de/thueringen/148417.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522073813/http://www.mdr.de/thueringen/148417\.html \|date\=2008\-05\-22 }} (in German) Transplanted along with their equipment, many of the scientists and their families lived there until the early 1950s.
Nordhausen became part of [East Germany](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic "German Democratic Republic") in 1949\. It was administered as part of [Bezirk Erfurt](/wiki/Bezirk_Erfurt "Bezirk Erfurt") from 1952\. The reconstruction of Nordhausen took a long time during the 1950s and 1960s and was carried out in modern architectural style. Town hall, the cathedral and St. Blaise's Church were the only rebuilt historic monuments. The [Uprising of 1953 in East Germany](/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany "Uprising of 1953 in East Germany") found a centre in Nordhausen, because the living conditions within the destroyed city were still bad, and the people were exceedingly dissatisfied. Only the Soviet army could defeat the uprising. Within the GDR, Nordhausen was the centre of tobacco and liqueur production.
After the [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification") of 1990, Nordhausen was made part of the recreated state of [Thuringia](/wiki/Thuringia "Thuringia"). The 1990s brought an economic crisis with high unemployment rates, and many uncompetitive communist\-era factories had to close. Nevertheless, local industry revived after the crisis. Since 2000 the economy has been growing again, with the unemployment rate decreasing and Nordhausen has established itself as the urban centre of northern Thuringia. The [Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences](/wiki/Nordhausen_University_of_Applied_Sciences "Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences") was founded in 1997, attracting students to the town. The [Landesgartenschau](/wiki/Landesgartenschau "Landesgartenschau") (Land's horticultural exhibition) in 2004 was an impetus to further urban development.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Infobox country\n\\|native\\_name \\= ''Reichstadt Nordhausen''\n\\|conventional\\_long\\_name \\= Imperial City of Nordhausen\n\\|common\\_name \\= Nordhausen\n\\|era \\= High Middle Ages\n\\|status \\= Imperial city\n\\|empire \\= Holy Roman Empire\n\\|government\\_type \\= Imperial city\n\\|year\\_start \\= 1220\n\\|year\\_end \\= 1802\n\\|event\\_pre \\= Settlement founded\n\\|date\\_pre \\= 650\\-700\n\\|event\\_start \\= ''\\[\\[Reichsfreiheit]]''\n\\|date\\_start \\= 27 July\n\\|event1 \\= ''Reichsfreiheit'' confirmed\n\\|date\\_event1 \\= 1290\n\\|event2 \\= New city constitution\n\\|date\\_event2 \\= 14 February 1375\n\\|event3 \\= Joined \\[\\[Hanseatic League]]\n\\|date\\_event3 \\= 1430\n\\|event4 \\= \\[\\[Protestant Reformation\\|Reformation]]\n\\|date\\_event4 \\= 1523\n\\|event\\_end \\= \\[\\[German Mediatisation\\|Ceded]] to \\[\\[Kingdom of Prussia\\|Prussia]]\n\\|date\\_end \\= \n\\|event\\_post \\= Ceded to \\[\\[Kingdom of Westphalia\\|Westphalia]]\n\\|date\\_post \\= 1807–13\n\\|p1 \\= Duchy of Saxony\n\\|flag\\_p1 \\= Coat of arms of Saxony.svg\n\\|s1 \\= Kingdom of Prussia\n\\|flag\\_s1 \\= Flag of Prussia (1750\\).svg\n\\|capital \\= Nordhausen\n\\|image\\_map \\= Nordhausen\\-1611\\-1691\\.jpg\n\\|image\\_map\\_caption \\= Nordhausen in the 17th century\n\\|footnotes \\= \n}}",
"### Middle Ages",
"The [Franks](/wiki/Francia \"Francia\") colonized the area around Nordhausen about 800, many place names here have a Frankish origin, discernible by the suffix *\\-hausen* (like Nordhausen itself, Sundhausen, Windehausen and the later abandoned settlement Stockhausen as well as the neighbouring cities of [Mühlhausen](/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen \"Mühlhausen\"), [Sondershausen](/wiki/Sondershausen \"Sondershausen\"), [Frankenhausen](/wiki/Bad_Frankenhausen \"Bad Frankenhausen\") and [Sangerhausen](/wiki/Sangerhausen \"Sangerhausen\")). Nordhausen itself is first mentioned in a 13 May 927 document of King [Henry the Fowler](/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler \"Henry the Fowler\"). He built a castle here, which is traceable between 910 and 1277 and became a centre of the empire during the 10th century. [Gerberga of Saxony](/wiki/Gerberga_of_Saxony \"Gerberga of Saxony\"), Henry's daughter is supposed to have been born there, as was [Henry I, Duke of Bavaria](/wiki/Henry_I%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria \"Henry I, Duke of Bavaria\"). The first market was established in the 10th century, as was a chapter of nuns (961\\). During the 12th century, the *old town* was semi\\-planned and established around the new market place and St. Nicholas' Church.",
"Nordhausen was [Reichsgut](/wiki/Reichsgut \"Reichsgut\") (estate of the German emperor) from the beginning, but in 1158, [Frederick Barbarossa](/wiki/Frederick_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor\") donated it to the local chapter of nuns, which was converted to a cathedral chapter by [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor\") in 1220, whereby the city came back to the empire and became an [Imperial Free City](/wiki/Imperial_Free_City \"Imperial Free City\"). Nordhausen was granted the privileges of a town around 1200, in 1198 it was first mentioned as a *villa* and in 1206, there was a mayor, a [Vogt](/wiki/Vogt \"Vogt\") and citizens. The municipal law of Nordhausen was similar to that of Mühlhausen, hence the Mühlhausen Book of Law was adopted in the mid\\-13th century. Today's city wall was established between 1290 and 1330 and cut the old town off from *Altendorf* in the north\\-west, the *new town* in the west and *Altnordhausen* in the south. Nevertheless, the new town was legally incorporated in 1365\\. Besides the parish churches, many monasteries were founded during the late Middle Ages in Nordhausen (Cistercians in Altnordhausen (Frauenberg, about 1200\\) and Altendorf (1294\\), Augustines where the Nordhäuser distillery is today (1312\\), Franciscans at Georgengasse (1230\\) and Dominicans at Predigerstraße (1287\\)). As distinct from Mühlhausen and many other free imperial cities, Nordhausen did not own any territories or villages in the surrounding area.",
"The city's independence was endangered by the ambitions of regional counts, especially by those of Hohnstein County (based in near [Ilfeld](/wiki/Ilfeld \"Ilfeld\")), who extorted funds from Nordhausen during the 14th century. On the other hand, the debts of the Hohnstein Counts were gigantic: they owed 86 citizens of Nordhausen 5744 Mark silver in 1370\\. In 1306, Nordhausen allied with the two other major Thuringian cities [Erfurt](/wiki/Erfurt \"Erfurt\") and [Mühlhausen](/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen \"Mühlhausen\") against the [Wettins](/wiki/House_of_Wettin \"House of Wettin\") and the local counts (Hohnstein, [Stolberg](/wiki/County_of_Stolberg \"County of Stolberg\"), [Schwarzburg](/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg \"House of Schwarzburg\"), [Beichlingen](/wiki/Beichlingen \"Beichlingen\") etc.) and joined the [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League \"Hanseatic League\") together with them in 1430\\. Further alliances were concluded with [Goslar](/wiki/Goslar \"Goslar\"), [Halberstadt](/wiki/Halberstadt \"Halberstadt\"), [Quedlinburg](/wiki/Quedlinburg \"Quedlinburg\") and [Aschersleben](/wiki/Aschersleben \"Aschersleben\") to represent urban interests against the landlords.",
"In 1349, during a plague epidemic, some number of Jewish residents were killed by the citizenry with support from [Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Margrave_of_Meissen \"Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen\"). According to legend, they danced on their way to the pyre.{{cite web \\|title\\=Nordhausen \\|url\\=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nordhausen \\|website\\=The Jewish Virtual Library \\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2019}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Jacobs \\|first1\\=Joseph \\|last2\\=Seligsohn \\|first2\\=M. \\|title\\=Nordhausen \\|url\\=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11587\\-nordhausen \\|website\\=Jewish Encyclopedia \\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2019}}",
"### Early modern period",
"In 1500 it became part of the [Lower Saxon Circle](/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle \"Lower Saxon Circle\"), and from around the same year the city began producing fermented grain liquor, which became famous under the name *Nordhäuser Doppelkorn*. In 1523, a year in which [Thomas Müntzer](/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer \"Thomas Müntzer\") spent some time in the city, the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\") came to Nordhausen, which was one of the first cities that adopted the new doctrine. The cathedral chapter stayed catholic, protected by the [Habsburg](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg \"House of Habsburg\") emperors but the other monasteries got closed during the following decades and their heritage came to the city. During the 16th century, Nordhausen succeeded to push back the influence of the Wettins and the Hohnstein counts by buying back their privileges over the city. This marked the peak in pre\\-modern urban development, followed by some centuries of decline introduced by the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\"). In 1551, the Jews were expelled from the city. They were not generally permitted to live there again until 1807\\.",
"After the war, the [Electorate of Brandenburg](/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg \"Margraviate of Brandenburg\") tried to incorporate the free cities of Nordhausen, [Mühlhausen](/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen \"Mühlhausen\") and [Goslar](/wiki/Goslar \"Goslar\"), because it already became large territories in the Harz region. The [Electorate of Saxony](/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony \"Electorate of Saxony\"), protecting power of Nordhausen gave hidden support to the Brandenburgs, so that Nordhausen tried to keep its independence through the protection by the [Hanovers](/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg \"Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg\"). After the Brandenburg\\-Prussians had occupied Nordhausen between 1703 and 1714, the city got protection of Hanover resp. [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), which paid 50,000 Talers to the Prussians to leave Nordhausen, which was moreover destroyed by two town fires in 1710 and 1712\\. Under the protection of Hanover, the economy improved again and the production of [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco \"Tobacco\") since mid\\-18th century brought new wealth to Nordhausen.",
"During the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\"), [Prussian troops](/wiki/Prussian_Army \"Prussian Army\") occupied Nordhausen on 2 August 1802; the city lost its status as an Imperial Free City during the [German Mediatisation](/wiki/German_Mediatisation \"German Mediatisation\"). After Prussia's defeat against Napoleon, it became part of the [Kingdom of Westphalia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia \"Kingdom of Westphalia\") created in 1807\\.",
"### Since 1815",
"[thumb\\|Underground factory of KZ Mittelbau\\-Dora](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-061-17%2C_Niedersachswerfen%2C_Produktion_von_V1_-_V2.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1991-061-17, Niedersachswerfen, Produktion von V1 - V2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Boelcke Kaserne was destroyed, resulting in 1300 deaths of prisoners after the April 1945 bombings by the Royal Air Force](/wiki/File:Corpses_in_the_courtyard_of_Nordhausen_concentration_camp.jpg \"Corpses in the courtyard of Nordhausen concentration camp.jpg\")\nFollowing the defeat of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France \"Napoleon I of France\"), Nordhausen was included in the [Kingdom of Prussia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\")'s [Province of Saxony](/wiki/Province_of_Saxony \"Province of Saxony\") created in 1816\\. During the mid\\-19th century, industrialisation started in Nordhausen with production of chewing tobacco, alcoholic beverages, paper and textiles. The breakthrough was reached as Nordhausen got connected to main railways in four directions between 1866 and 1869\\. In 1882 it became an [urban district](/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany \"Urban districts of Germany\") (until 1950\\). In the late 19th century, [narrow\\-gauge railways](/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways \"Narrow-gauge railways\") were constructed linking Nordhausen and other cities through the [Harz](/wiki/Harz \"Harz\") mountains, operating by 1899\\.",
"As the engineering industry developed after 1900, the city saw an economic heyday. Industry developed and expanded during the following decades.",
"### 1900 to present",
"In the 1930s the [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party \"Nazi Party\") came to power in Germany. It imposed discrimination against Jews, with increasing restrictions and violence such as [Kristallnacht](/wiki/Kristallnacht \"Kristallnacht\") in 1938, when businesses and synagogues were destroyed. It deported Jews to concentration and death camps. The [Mittelbau\\-Dora](/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora \"Mittelbau-Dora\") [Nazi concentration camp](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp \"Nazi concentration camp\"), also known as Dora\\-Nordhausen or Nordhausen,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Dora\\-Mittelbau: Overview \\|url\\=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/dora\\-mittelbau\\-overview \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-12 \\|website\\=encyclopedia.ushmm.org \\|language\\=en}} was established in 1943 during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") after the destruction of [Peenemünde](/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde \"Peenemünde\"), and located on the outskirts of Nordhausen to provide labor for the [Mittelwerk](/wiki/Mittelwerk \"Mittelwerk\") [V\\-2 rocket](/wiki/V-2_rocket \"V-2 rocket\") factory in the [Kohnstein](/wiki/Kohnstein \"Kohnstein\"). Over its period of operation, around 60,000 inmates passed through Dora and its system of subcamps, of whom around 20,000 died from bad working conditions, starvation, and diseases, or were murdered. Around 10,000 forced labourers were deployed in several factories within the city; up to 6,000 of them were interned at Boelcke Kaserne, working for a [Junkers](/wiki/Junkers \"Junkers\") factory.",
"{{anchor\\|Allied air attacks}}On 24 August 1944, 11 [B\\-17 Flying Fortresses](/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress \"B-17 Flying Fortress\") of Mission 568 bombed the airfield at Nordhausen as a target of opportunity.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af\\_1944\\.php \\|title\\=8th Air Force 1944 Chronicles \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-05\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912155604/http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af\\_1944\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=September 12, 2007 }} From January 1945, sick and dying prisoners were interned at Boelcke Kaserne. On 3 and 4 April 1945 three\\-quarters of Nordhausen was destroyed by bombing raids of the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\"), resulting in the deaths of around 8,800 people, including 1,300\\-1,500 sick prisoners at the Boelcke Kaserne barracks within Nordhausen.{{cite book \\|last\\=Béon\\|first\\=Yves \\|others\\=(translated from the French '''La planète Dora''' by Béon \\& Richard L. Fague)\\|title\\=Planet Dora: A Memoir of the Holocaust and the Birth of the Space Age\\|year\\=1997\\|publisher\\=Westview Press, Div. of Harper Collins\\|isbn\\=0\\-8133\\-3272\\-9\\|page\\=XIX, XXI, XXII, XXIV}}",
"On 11 April 1945, United States troops occupied the town, and on 2 July the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\") of the Soviet Union took over. A Special Mission V\\-2: US operation was undertaken by Maj. William Bromley, intended to recover V\\-2 rocket parts and equipment. Maj. James P. Hamill co\\-ordinated the rail transport of said equipment with the 144th Motor Vehicle Assembly Company, from Nordhausen to Erfurt ([Operation Paperclip](/wiki/Operation_Paperclip \"Operation Paperclip\")).",
"On 18 July the Soviet administration created the [Institute Rabe](/wiki/Institute_Rabe \"Institute Rabe\") to develop Soviet rocket technology on the basis of the substantially more sophisticated [V\\-2 rockets](/wiki/V-2_rocket \"V-2 rocket\"). In May 1946 the Institute was subsumed into the new Institute Nordhausen, under an expanded programme of research across the [Soviet occupation zone](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone \"Soviet occupation zone\"), including a new Institute Berlin. On 22 October 1946, under [Operation Osoaviakhim](/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim \"Operation Osoaviakhim\"), 10–15,000 German scientists, engineers and their families were deported to the Soviet Union, including around 300 from Nordhausen.[\"Soviet rocket building in Thuringia\"](http://www.mdr.de/thueringen/148417.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522073813/http://www.mdr.de/thueringen/148417\\.html \\|date\\=2008\\-05\\-22 }} (in German) Transplanted along with their equipment, many of the scientists and their families lived there until the early 1950s.",
"Nordhausen became part of [East Germany](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic \"German Democratic Republic\") in 1949\\. It was administered as part of [Bezirk Erfurt](/wiki/Bezirk_Erfurt \"Bezirk Erfurt\") from 1952\\. The reconstruction of Nordhausen took a long time during the 1950s and 1960s and was carried out in modern architectural style. Town hall, the cathedral and St. Blaise's Church were the only rebuilt historic monuments. The [Uprising of 1953 in East Germany](/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany \"Uprising of 1953 in East Germany\") found a centre in Nordhausen, because the living conditions within the destroyed city were still bad, and the people were exceedingly dissatisfied. Only the Soviet army could defeat the uprising. Within the GDR, Nordhausen was the centre of tobacco and liqueur production.",
"After the [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification \"German reunification\") of 1990, Nordhausen was made part of the recreated state of [Thuringia](/wiki/Thuringia \"Thuringia\"). The 1990s brought an economic crisis with high unemployment rates, and many uncompetitive communist\\-era factories had to close. Nevertheless, local industry revived after the crisis. Since 2000 the economy has been growing again, with the unemployment rate decreasing and Nordhausen has established itself as the urban centre of northern Thuringia. The [Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences](/wiki/Nordhausen_University_of_Applied_Sciences \"Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences\") was founded in 1997, attracting students to the town. The [Landesgartenschau](/wiki/Landesgartenschau \"Landesgartenschau\") (Land's horticultural exhibition) in 2004 was an impetus to further urban development.",
""
] |
### 1900 to present
In the 1930s the [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party "Nazi Party") came to power in Germany. It imposed discrimination against Jews, with increasing restrictions and violence such as [Kristallnacht](/wiki/Kristallnacht "Kristallnacht") in 1938, when businesses and synagogues were destroyed. It deported Jews to concentration and death camps. The [Mittelbau\-Dora](/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora "Mittelbau-Dora") [Nazi concentration camp](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp "Nazi concentration camp"), also known as Dora\-Nordhausen or Nordhausen,{{Cite web \|title\=Dora\-Mittelbau: Overview \|url\=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/dora\-mittelbau\-overview \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-12 \|website\=encyclopedia.ushmm.org \|language\=en}} was established in 1943 during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") after the destruction of [Peenemünde](/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde "Peenemünde"), and located on the outskirts of Nordhausen to provide labor for the [Mittelwerk](/wiki/Mittelwerk "Mittelwerk") [V\-2 rocket](/wiki/V-2_rocket "V-2 rocket") factory in the [Kohnstein](/wiki/Kohnstein "Kohnstein"). Over its period of operation, around 60,000 inmates passed through Dora and its system of subcamps, of whom around 20,000 died from bad working conditions, starvation, and diseases, or were murdered. Around 10,000 forced labourers were deployed in several factories within the city; up to 6,000 of them were interned at Boelcke Kaserne, working for a [Junkers](/wiki/Junkers "Junkers") factory.
{{anchor\|Allied air attacks}}On 24 August 1944, 11 [B\-17 Flying Fortresses](/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress "B-17 Flying Fortress") of Mission 568 bombed the airfield at Nordhausen as a target of opportunity.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af\_1944\.php \|title\=8th Air Force 1944 Chronicles \|access\-date\=2007\-05\-25 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912155604/http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af\_1944\.php \|archive\-date\=September 12, 2007 }} From January 1945, sick and dying prisoners were interned at Boelcke Kaserne. On 3 and 4 April 1945 three\-quarters of Nordhausen was destroyed by bombing raids of the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force"), resulting in the deaths of around 8,800 people, including 1,300\-1,500 sick prisoners at the Boelcke Kaserne barracks within Nordhausen.{{cite book \|last\=Béon\|first\=Yves \|others\=(translated from the French '''La planète Dora''' by Béon \& Richard L. Fague)\|title\=Planet Dora: A Memoir of the Holocaust and the Birth of the Space Age\|year\=1997\|publisher\=Westview Press, Div. of Harper Collins\|isbn\=0\-8133\-3272\-9\|page\=XIX, XXI, XXII, XXIV}}
On 11 April 1945, United States troops occupied the town, and on 2 July the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army") of the Soviet Union took over. A Special Mission V\-2: US operation was undertaken by Maj. William Bromley, intended to recover V\-2 rocket parts and equipment. Maj. James P. Hamill co\-ordinated the rail transport of said equipment with the 144th Motor Vehicle Assembly Company, from Nordhausen to Erfurt ([Operation Paperclip](/wiki/Operation_Paperclip "Operation Paperclip")).
On 18 July the Soviet administration created the [Institute Rabe](/wiki/Institute_Rabe "Institute Rabe") to develop Soviet rocket technology on the basis of the substantially more sophisticated [V\-2 rockets](/wiki/V-2_rocket "V-2 rocket"). In May 1946 the Institute was subsumed into the new Institute Nordhausen, under an expanded programme of research across the [Soviet occupation zone](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone "Soviet occupation zone"), including a new Institute Berlin. On 22 October 1946, under [Operation Osoaviakhim](/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim "Operation Osoaviakhim"), 10–15,000 German scientists, engineers and their families were deported to the Soviet Union, including around 300 from Nordhausen.["Soviet rocket building in Thuringia"](http://www.mdr.de/thueringen/148417.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522073813/http://www.mdr.de/thueringen/148417\.html \|date\=2008\-05\-22 }} (in German) Transplanted along with their equipment, many of the scientists and their families lived there until the early 1950s.
Nordhausen became part of [East Germany](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic "German Democratic Republic") in 1949\. It was administered as part of [Bezirk Erfurt](/wiki/Bezirk_Erfurt "Bezirk Erfurt") from 1952\. The reconstruction of Nordhausen took a long time during the 1950s and 1960s and was carried out in modern architectural style. Town hall, the cathedral and St. Blaise's Church were the only rebuilt historic monuments. The [Uprising of 1953 in East Germany](/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany "Uprising of 1953 in East Germany") found a centre in Nordhausen, because the living conditions within the destroyed city were still bad, and the people were exceedingly dissatisfied. Only the Soviet army could defeat the uprising. Within the GDR, Nordhausen was the centre of tobacco and liqueur production.
After the [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification") of 1990, Nordhausen was made part of the recreated state of [Thuringia](/wiki/Thuringia "Thuringia"). The 1990s brought an economic crisis with high unemployment rates, and many uncompetitive communist\-era factories had to close. Nevertheless, local industry revived after the crisis. Since 2000 the economy has been growing again, with the unemployment rate decreasing and Nordhausen has established itself as the urban centre of northern Thuringia. The [Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences](/wiki/Nordhausen_University_of_Applied_Sciences "Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences") was founded in 1997, attracting students to the town. The [Landesgartenschau](/wiki/Landesgartenschau "Landesgartenschau") (Land's horticultural exhibition) in 2004 was an impetus to further urban development.
|
[
"### 1900 to present",
"In the 1930s the [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party \"Nazi Party\") came to power in Germany. It imposed discrimination against Jews, with increasing restrictions and violence such as [Kristallnacht](/wiki/Kristallnacht \"Kristallnacht\") in 1938, when businesses and synagogues were destroyed. It deported Jews to concentration and death camps. The [Mittelbau\\-Dora](/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora \"Mittelbau-Dora\") [Nazi concentration camp](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp \"Nazi concentration camp\"), also known as Dora\\-Nordhausen or Nordhausen,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Dora\\-Mittelbau: Overview \\|url\\=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/dora\\-mittelbau\\-overview \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-12 \\|website\\=encyclopedia.ushmm.org \\|language\\=en}} was established in 1943 during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") after the destruction of [Peenemünde](/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde \"Peenemünde\"), and located on the outskirts of Nordhausen to provide labor for the [Mittelwerk](/wiki/Mittelwerk \"Mittelwerk\") [V\\-2 rocket](/wiki/V-2_rocket \"V-2 rocket\") factory in the [Kohnstein](/wiki/Kohnstein \"Kohnstein\"). Over its period of operation, around 60,000 inmates passed through Dora and its system of subcamps, of whom around 20,000 died from bad working conditions, starvation, and diseases, or were murdered. Around 10,000 forced labourers were deployed in several factories within the city; up to 6,000 of them were interned at Boelcke Kaserne, working for a [Junkers](/wiki/Junkers \"Junkers\") factory.",
"{{anchor\\|Allied air attacks}}On 24 August 1944, 11 [B\\-17 Flying Fortresses](/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress \"B-17 Flying Fortress\") of Mission 568 bombed the airfield at Nordhausen as a target of opportunity.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af\\_1944\\.php \\|title\\=8th Air Force 1944 Chronicles \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-05\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912155604/http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af\\_1944\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=September 12, 2007 }} From January 1945, sick and dying prisoners were interned at Boelcke Kaserne. On 3 and 4 April 1945 three\\-quarters of Nordhausen was destroyed by bombing raids of the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\"), resulting in the deaths of around 8,800 people, including 1,300\\-1,500 sick prisoners at the Boelcke Kaserne barracks within Nordhausen.{{cite book \\|last\\=Béon\\|first\\=Yves \\|others\\=(translated from the French '''La planète Dora''' by Béon \\& Richard L. Fague)\\|title\\=Planet Dora: A Memoir of the Holocaust and the Birth of the Space Age\\|year\\=1997\\|publisher\\=Westview Press, Div. of Harper Collins\\|isbn\\=0\\-8133\\-3272\\-9\\|page\\=XIX, XXI, XXII, XXIV}}",
"On 11 April 1945, United States troops occupied the town, and on 2 July the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\") of the Soviet Union took over. A Special Mission V\\-2: US operation was undertaken by Maj. William Bromley, intended to recover V\\-2 rocket parts and equipment. Maj. James P. Hamill co\\-ordinated the rail transport of said equipment with the 144th Motor Vehicle Assembly Company, from Nordhausen to Erfurt ([Operation Paperclip](/wiki/Operation_Paperclip \"Operation Paperclip\")).",
"On 18 July the Soviet administration created the [Institute Rabe](/wiki/Institute_Rabe \"Institute Rabe\") to develop Soviet rocket technology on the basis of the substantially more sophisticated [V\\-2 rockets](/wiki/V-2_rocket \"V-2 rocket\"). In May 1946 the Institute was subsumed into the new Institute Nordhausen, under an expanded programme of research across the [Soviet occupation zone](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone \"Soviet occupation zone\"), including a new Institute Berlin. On 22 October 1946, under [Operation Osoaviakhim](/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim \"Operation Osoaviakhim\"), 10–15,000 German scientists, engineers and their families were deported to the Soviet Union, including around 300 from Nordhausen.[\"Soviet rocket building in Thuringia\"](http://www.mdr.de/thueringen/148417.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522073813/http://www.mdr.de/thueringen/148417\\.html \\|date\\=2008\\-05\\-22 }} (in German) Transplanted along with their equipment, many of the scientists and their families lived there until the early 1950s.",
"Nordhausen became part of [East Germany](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic \"German Democratic Republic\") in 1949\\. It was administered as part of [Bezirk Erfurt](/wiki/Bezirk_Erfurt \"Bezirk Erfurt\") from 1952\\. The reconstruction of Nordhausen took a long time during the 1950s and 1960s and was carried out in modern architectural style. Town hall, the cathedral and St. Blaise's Church were the only rebuilt historic monuments. The [Uprising of 1953 in East Germany](/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany \"Uprising of 1953 in East Germany\") found a centre in Nordhausen, because the living conditions within the destroyed city were still bad, and the people were exceedingly dissatisfied. Only the Soviet army could defeat the uprising. Within the GDR, Nordhausen was the centre of tobacco and liqueur production.",
"After the [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification \"German reunification\") of 1990, Nordhausen was made part of the recreated state of [Thuringia](/wiki/Thuringia \"Thuringia\"). The 1990s brought an economic crisis with high unemployment rates, and many uncompetitive communist\\-era factories had to close. Nevertheless, local industry revived after the crisis. Since 2000 the economy has been growing again, with the unemployment rate decreasing and Nordhausen has established itself as the urban centre of northern Thuringia. The [Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences](/wiki/Nordhausen_University_of_Applied_Sciences \"Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences\") was founded in 1997, attracting students to the town. The [Landesgartenschau](/wiki/Landesgartenschau \"Landesgartenschau\") (Land's horticultural exhibition) in 2004 was an impetus to further urban development.",
""
] |
Economy and infrastructure
--------------------------
[thumb\|left\|Historical chewing tobacco advertisement of Grimm \& Triepel Kruse chewing tobacco (1895\)](/wiki/File:Grimm_%26_Triepel_NORDHAUSEN.jpg "Grimm & Triepel NORDHAUSEN.jpg")
### Agriculture, industry and services
[thumb\|The Nordhäuser distillery](/wiki/File:Nordh%C3%A4user_Kornflaschen.JPG "Nordhäuser Kornflaschen.JPG")
Agriculture plays an important role to the present day. Approximately 57% of the municipal territory is in agricultural use. Cereals from the region are used in the making of a famous local spirit, the *Nordhäuser [Korn](/wiki/Korn_%28liquor%29 "Korn (liquor)")*. Historically, sulfuric acid produced by the distillation of green vitriol (iron(II) sulfate) was known as Nordhausen oil of vitriol.
The primary industry of Nordhausen is in the production of heavy machinery. The region had a factory for the production of rail engines until 1942\. Later the region's plants produced truck motors, augers and excavators. Today, engineering is still the most important industrial branch of Nordhausen, although many factories have had to close following the reunification of Germany in 1990\. In 2012 there were 35 companies of 20 workers or more were present in the industrial sector, all together employing 4,000 persons and generating an annual turnover of €800 mio,[According to Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik](http://www.tls.thueringen.de/datenbank/TabAnzeige.asp?GGglied=1&GGTabelle=lk&GGTabelle=gem&GGTabelle=erf&GGTabelle=vg&tabelle=gg000602%7C%7CJahresdaten+nach+Gemeinden%2C+erf%FCllenden+Gemeinden+und+Verwaltungsgemeinschaften+%28WZ+2008%29+im+Bergbau+und+Verarbeitenden+Gewerbe+%2820+und+mehr+Besch%E4ftigte%29+ab+2009&startpage=64&csv=&richtung=&sortiere=&vorspalte=0&tit2=&TIS=&SZDT=&anzahlH=-1&fontgr=12&mkro=&AnzeigeAuswahl=&XLS=&auswahlNr=&felder=0&felder=1&felder=2&felder=3&zeit=2012%7C%7C99) making Nordhausen the industrial core of Thuringia today.
Nordhausen is the biggest city in a circuit of {{convert\|60\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}}, making it an important regional service hub for retail, medicine, education, government and culture (theatre, cinema etc.). A major shopping centre is the Südharz Galerie at Bahnhofstraße, and the Südharz Klinikum is one of the biggest hospitals in Thuringia.
### Transport
[thumb\|Nordhausen station](/wiki/File:Bahnhof_Nordhausen.JPG "Bahnhof Nordhausen.JPG")
[thumb\|Tramway](/wiki/File:Tram_101_in_Nordhausen_%28Germany%29.jpg "Tram 101 in Nordhausen (Germany).jpg")
[thumb\|Nordhausen [HSB](/wiki/Harz_Narrow_Gauge_Railways "Harz Narrow Gauge Railways") railway station.](/wiki/File:Nordhausen_Bahnhof_HSB.JPG "Nordhausen Bahnhof HSB.JPG")
[Nordhausen](/wiki/Nordhausen_station "Nordhausen station") has been a railway node since the late 19th century. The [Halle–Kassel railway](/wiki/Halle%E2%80%93Kassel_railway "Halle–Kassel railway") was opened in 1866/67, the [South Harz Railway](/wiki/South_Harz_Railway "South Harz Railway") in 1869 and the [Nordhausen–Erfurt railway](/wiki/Nordhausen%E2%80%93Erfurt_railway "Nordhausen–Erfurt railway") also in 1869\. In 1897, the narrow\-gauge [Trans\-Harz Railway](/wiki/Harz_Railway "Harz Railway") followed as the last one. Today, there are regional express trains to [Halle](/wiki/Halle_%28Saale%29 "Halle (Saale)") in the east and [Kassel](/wiki/Kassel "Kassel") in the west as well as local trains to Halle, [Heiligenstadt](/wiki/Heilbad_Heiligenstadt "Heilbad Heiligenstadt"), [Erfurt](/wiki/Erfurt "Erfurt") and [Göttingen](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen "Göttingen") (via [Northeim](/wiki/Northeim "Northeim")), running every one to two hours. [Nordhausen station](/wiki/Nordhausen_station "Nordhausen station") is the main station, a second one is Nordhausen\-Salza on the South Harz line. The narrow\-gauge [Trans\-Harz\-Railway](/wiki/Harz_Railway "Harz Railway") is linked with the tramway network in a [Tram\-train](/wiki/Tram-train "Tram-train") system with many stops within Nordhausen.
Nordhausen is located on the [Bundesautobahn 38](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_38 "Bundesautobahn 38") from Göttingen in the west to Halle and [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig "Leipzig") in the east, opened in the 2000s. Furthermore, there are two [Bundesstraßen](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe "Bundesstraße") connecting Nordhausen: the [Bundesstraße 4](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_4 "Bundesstraße 4") is a link to [Erfurt](/wiki/Erfurt "Erfurt") in the south and to [Braunschweig](/wiki/Braunschweig "Braunschweig") through the Harz mountains in the north and the [Bundesstraße 243](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_243 "Bundesstraße 243") connects Nordhausen with [Hildesheim](/wiki/Hildesheim "Hildesheim") in the north\-west. The former [Bundesstraße 80](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_80 "Bundesstraße 80") was annulled after the opening of the parallel Bundesautobahn 38 and the [Bundesstraße 81](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_81 "Bundesstraße 81") as a connection to [Magdeburg](/wiki/Magdeburg "Magdeburg") starts a few kilometres north of the city at B 4\. The B 4 (southern branch) and the B 243 shall be enlarged because of their importance as connections to and between Erfurt and [Lower Saxony](/wiki/Lower_Saxony "Lower Saxony"). Furthermore, there are important secondary roads to [Heringen](/wiki/Heringen%2C_Thuringia "Heringen, Thuringia") in the south\-east and to [Buchholz](/wiki/Buchholz%2C_Thuringia "Buchholz, Thuringia") in the north\-east.
The nearest airports are the [Erfurt\-Weimar Airport](/wiki/Erfurt-Weimar_Airport "Erfurt-Weimar Airport"), {{convert\|80\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}} to the south, the [Leipzig/Halle Airport](/wiki/Leipzig/Halle_Airport "Leipzig/Halle Airport"), {{convert\|120\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}} to the east and the [Hannover Airport](/wiki/Hannover_Airport "Hannover Airport"), {{convert\|150\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}} to the north\-west.
For cycling, the long\-distance *Südharzroute* trail network offers 10 trails in the region around Nordhausen.
The [Nordhausen tramway network](/wiki/Trams_in_Nordhausen "Trams in Nordhausen") forms an important part of the public transport system, established in 1900\. Furthermore, there are inner\-city and regional bus services.
### Education
{{Main\|Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences}}
Nordhausen has a *{{lang\|de\|\[\[Fachhochschule]]}}* (University of Applied Sciences) with 2,500 students that offers [Bachelor's](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree "Bachelor's degree") and [Master's degrees](/wiki/Master%27s_degree "Master's degree") in [business administration](/wiki/Business_administration "Business administration"), [public management](/wiki/Public_management "Public management"), and [business engineering](/wiki/Business_engineering "Business engineering"), among others.[Fachhochschule Nordhausen](http://www.fh-nordhausen.de/index.php?id=1&L=1) Furthermore, there are two [Gymnasiums](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28Germany%29 "Gymnasium (Germany)") in Nordhausen.
|
[
"Economy and infrastructure\n--------------------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Historical chewing tobacco advertisement of Grimm \\& Triepel Kruse chewing tobacco (1895\\)](/wiki/File:Grimm_%26_Triepel_NORDHAUSEN.jpg \"Grimm & Triepel NORDHAUSEN.jpg\")",
"### Agriculture, industry and services",
"[thumb\\|The Nordhäuser distillery](/wiki/File:Nordh%C3%A4user_Kornflaschen.JPG \"Nordhäuser Kornflaschen.JPG\")\nAgriculture plays an important role to the present day. Approximately 57% of the municipal territory is in agricultural use. Cereals from the region are used in the making of a famous local spirit, the *Nordhäuser [Korn](/wiki/Korn_%28liquor%29 \"Korn (liquor)\")*. Historically, sulfuric acid produced by the distillation of green vitriol (iron(II) sulfate) was known as Nordhausen oil of vitriol.",
"The primary industry of Nordhausen is in the production of heavy machinery. The region had a factory for the production of rail engines until 1942\\. Later the region's plants produced truck motors, augers and excavators. Today, engineering is still the most important industrial branch of Nordhausen, although many factories have had to close following the reunification of Germany in 1990\\. In 2012 there were 35 companies of 20 workers or more were present in the industrial sector, all together employing 4,000 persons and generating an annual turnover of €800 mio,[According to Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik](http://www.tls.thueringen.de/datenbank/TabAnzeige.asp?GGglied=1&GGTabelle=lk&GGTabelle=gem&GGTabelle=erf&GGTabelle=vg&tabelle=gg000602%7C%7CJahresdaten+nach+Gemeinden%2C+erf%FCllenden+Gemeinden+und+Verwaltungsgemeinschaften+%28WZ+2008%29+im+Bergbau+und+Verarbeitenden+Gewerbe+%2820+und+mehr+Besch%E4ftigte%29+ab+2009&startpage=64&csv=&richtung=&sortiere=&vorspalte=0&tit2=&TIS=&SZDT=&anzahlH=-1&fontgr=12&mkro=&AnzeigeAuswahl=&XLS=&auswahlNr=&felder=0&felder=1&felder=2&felder=3&zeit=2012%7C%7C99) making Nordhausen the industrial core of Thuringia today.",
"Nordhausen is the biggest city in a circuit of {{convert\\|60\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, making it an important regional service hub for retail, medicine, education, government and culture (theatre, cinema etc.). A major shopping centre is the Südharz Galerie at Bahnhofstraße, and the Südharz Klinikum is one of the biggest hospitals in Thuringia.",
"### Transport",
"[thumb\\|Nordhausen station](/wiki/File:Bahnhof_Nordhausen.JPG \"Bahnhof Nordhausen.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|Tramway](/wiki/File:Tram_101_in_Nordhausen_%28Germany%29.jpg \"Tram 101 in Nordhausen (Germany).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Nordhausen [HSB](/wiki/Harz_Narrow_Gauge_Railways \"Harz Narrow Gauge Railways\") railway station.](/wiki/File:Nordhausen_Bahnhof_HSB.JPG \"Nordhausen Bahnhof HSB.JPG\")\n[Nordhausen](/wiki/Nordhausen_station \"Nordhausen station\") has been a railway node since the late 19th century. The [Halle–Kassel railway](/wiki/Halle%E2%80%93Kassel_railway \"Halle–Kassel railway\") was opened in 1866/67, the [South Harz Railway](/wiki/South_Harz_Railway \"South Harz Railway\") in 1869 and the [Nordhausen–Erfurt railway](/wiki/Nordhausen%E2%80%93Erfurt_railway \"Nordhausen–Erfurt railway\") also in 1869\\. In 1897, the narrow\\-gauge [Trans\\-Harz Railway](/wiki/Harz_Railway \"Harz Railway\") followed as the last one. Today, there are regional express trains to [Halle](/wiki/Halle_%28Saale%29 \"Halle (Saale)\") in the east and [Kassel](/wiki/Kassel \"Kassel\") in the west as well as local trains to Halle, [Heiligenstadt](/wiki/Heilbad_Heiligenstadt \"Heilbad Heiligenstadt\"), [Erfurt](/wiki/Erfurt \"Erfurt\") and [Göttingen](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen \"Göttingen\") (via [Northeim](/wiki/Northeim \"Northeim\")), running every one to two hours. [Nordhausen station](/wiki/Nordhausen_station \"Nordhausen station\") is the main station, a second one is Nordhausen\\-Salza on the South Harz line. The narrow\\-gauge [Trans\\-Harz\\-Railway](/wiki/Harz_Railway \"Harz Railway\") is linked with the tramway network in a [Tram\\-train](/wiki/Tram-train \"Tram-train\") system with many stops within Nordhausen.",
"Nordhausen is located on the [Bundesautobahn 38](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_38 \"Bundesautobahn 38\") from Göttingen in the west to Halle and [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig \"Leipzig\") in the east, opened in the 2000s. Furthermore, there are two [Bundesstraßen](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe \"Bundesstraße\") connecting Nordhausen: the [Bundesstraße 4](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_4 \"Bundesstraße 4\") is a link to [Erfurt](/wiki/Erfurt \"Erfurt\") in the south and to [Braunschweig](/wiki/Braunschweig \"Braunschweig\") through the Harz mountains in the north and the [Bundesstraße 243](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_243 \"Bundesstraße 243\") connects Nordhausen with [Hildesheim](/wiki/Hildesheim \"Hildesheim\") in the north\\-west. The former [Bundesstraße 80](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_80 \"Bundesstraße 80\") was annulled after the opening of the parallel Bundesautobahn 38 and the [Bundesstraße 81](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_81 \"Bundesstraße 81\") as a connection to [Magdeburg](/wiki/Magdeburg \"Magdeburg\") starts a few kilometres north of the city at B 4\\. The B 4 (southern branch) and the B 243 shall be enlarged because of their importance as connections to and between Erfurt and [Lower Saxony](/wiki/Lower_Saxony \"Lower Saxony\"). Furthermore, there are important secondary roads to [Heringen](/wiki/Heringen%2C_Thuringia \"Heringen, Thuringia\") in the south\\-east and to [Buchholz](/wiki/Buchholz%2C_Thuringia \"Buchholz, Thuringia\") in the north\\-east.",
"The nearest airports are the [Erfurt\\-Weimar Airport](/wiki/Erfurt-Weimar_Airport \"Erfurt-Weimar Airport\"), {{convert\\|80\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} to the south, the [Leipzig/Halle Airport](/wiki/Leipzig/Halle_Airport \"Leipzig/Halle Airport\"), {{convert\\|120\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} to the east and the [Hannover Airport](/wiki/Hannover_Airport \"Hannover Airport\"), {{convert\\|150\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} to the north\\-west.",
"For cycling, the long\\-distance *Südharzroute* trail network offers 10 trails in the region around Nordhausen.",
"The [Nordhausen tramway network](/wiki/Trams_in_Nordhausen \"Trams in Nordhausen\") forms an important part of the public transport system, established in 1900\\. Furthermore, there are inner\\-city and regional bus services.",
"### Education",
"{{Main\\|Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences}}\nNordhausen has a *{{lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[Fachhochschule]]}}* (University of Applied Sciences) with 2,500 students that offers [Bachelor's](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree \"Bachelor's degree\") and [Master's degrees](/wiki/Master%27s_degree \"Master's degree\") in [business administration](/wiki/Business_administration \"Business administration\"), [public management](/wiki/Public_management \"Public management\"), and [business engineering](/wiki/Business_engineering \"Business engineering\"), among others.[Fachhochschule Nordhausen](http://www.fh-nordhausen.de/index.php?id=1&L=1) Furthermore, there are two [Gymnasiums](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28Germany%29 \"Gymnasium (Germany)\") in Nordhausen.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
He was educated at Vaughan School in West Harrow, Cannon Lane School in Pinner, the John Lyon School in Harrow, and [Hatfield Polytechnic](/wiki/Hatfield_Polytechnic "Hatfield Polytechnic"), from which he graduated in humanities in 1979\.
A self\-taught drummer, he began playing in blues\-soul band Mischief on the East London pub and club circuit in the early 1980s.
In 1982, he met [Brendan Perry](/wiki/Brendan_Perry "Brendan Perry") and [Lisa Gerrard](/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard "Lisa Gerrard") on the Isle of Dogs, London and joined [Dead Can Dance](/wiki/Dead_Can_Dance "Dead Can Dance") on drums and percussion and, and the following year was signed with DCD to the [4AD](/wiki/4AD "4AD") label.Tenzin\-Dolma, Lisa (2008\) *Mind \& Motivation: The Spirit of Success*, Phoenix Rising Press, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-9558499\-0\-9}}, p. 67Strong, Martin C. (2003\) *The Great Indie Discography*, Canongate, {{ISBN\|1\-84195\-335\-0}}, p. 294
He played on Dead Can Dance's eponymous first album, the *[Garden of the Arcane Delights](/wiki/Garden_of_the_Arcane_Delights "Garden of the Arcane Delights")* EP, albums *[Within the Realm of a Dying Sun](/wiki/Within_the_Realm_of_a_Dying_Sun "Within the Realm of a Dying Sun")* and *[Spiritchaser](/wiki/Spiritchaser "Spiritchaser")*,Phares, Heather "[Peter Ulrich Biography](http://www.allmusic.com/artist/peter-ulrich-p281136/biography)", [Allmusic](/wiki/Allmusic "Allmusic"), retrieved 2011\-03\-25 promo single *Sambatiki*, and both sessions the band recorded for the [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1") [John Peel](/wiki/John_Peel "John Peel") Show. He toured with DCD between 1983 and 1990, including the band's first tour of North America.
During the 1980s, Ulrich also contributed a self\-composed percussion piece *At First, and Then* to the [This Mortal Coil](/wiki/This_Mortal_Coil "This Mortal Coil") album *[Filigree \& Shadow (1986, 4AD)](/wiki/Filigree_%26_Shadow "Filigree & Shadow")*, and made cameo appearances on albums by 4AD labelmates The [Wolfgang Press](/wiki/Wolfgang_Press "Wolfgang Press") and [Pieter Nooten \& Michael Brook](/wiki/Sleeps_with_the_Fishes "Sleeps with the Fishes").
In 1990 he released his first solo recording – a double A\-sided 12" vinyl single featuring his songs *Taqaharu's Leaving* and *Evocation* which has since become a collector's item.
Ulrich's first solo album – *[Pathways and Dawns](/wiki/Pathways_and_Dawns "Pathways and Dawns")* – was extensively arranged, recorded and produced by [Brendan Perry](/wiki/Brendan_Perry "Brendan Perry") at DCD's Quivvy Church studio in Ireland,Buckley, Peter (2003\) *The Rough Guide to Rock*, Rough Guides, {{ISBN\|978\-1\-84353\-105\-0}}, p. 275 and was released on the [Projekt](/wiki/Projekt "Projekt") label in 1999 (subsequently re\-issued in 12" vinyl format on the Infinite Fog label in 2020\). A review in US magazine *Alternative Press* dubbed it the album The Beatles might have made had they signed to 4AD instead of Capitol. A second solo album followed in 2005 \- *Enter The Mysterium* \- released on the City Canyons label, with an SACD format version licensed through the Music \& Words label in Europe.
At the invitation of City Canyons founder Trebor Lloyd, Ulrich participated in a joint venture with Lloyd and singer Sara Wendt to produce a single "Hanging Man" in 2009, sowing the seeds for a project that would evolve into The Peter Ulrich Collaboration, spawning three albums \- *The Painted Caravan* (2013\), *Tempus Fugitives* (2015\) and *Final Reflections* (2019\). While Ulrich and Lloyd remained the linchpins, the project involved upwards of 50 musicians, largely drawn from the New York scene, as well as a vast array of instruments, and in June 2015 TPUC staged a showpiece performance at NYC's Webster Hall with a 17\-strong band.
In 2021, Ulrich was invited to contribute extensively to the Tenzin album *Echoes* working with singer/songwriter Lisa Tenzin\-Dolma and long\-time guitarist with The Proclaimers, Zac Ware. Ulrich has also appeared on the albums *Ovations* by Piano Magic (2009\) and *Psychostasia* by Daemonia Nymphe (2013\), as well as making guest live appearances with Daemonia Nymphe at several London venues, and with dark cabaret duo Frenchy and the Punk at Steampunk Fairs in both New Jersey (US) and Lincoln (UK). He also contributed to both the first and last albums in the highly acclaimed folk compilation series *John Barleycorn: Dark Britannica* on the Cold Spring label, the latter being a specially commissioned song "Lammas Dance".
2022 saw Ulrich debut as an author with the publication of his memoir *Drumming with Dead Can Dance and Parallel Adventures* (Red Hen Press), and with his first novel in the pipeline for which he also plans a companion soundtrack album.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"He was educated at Vaughan School in West Harrow, Cannon Lane School in Pinner, the John Lyon School in Harrow, and [Hatfield Polytechnic](/wiki/Hatfield_Polytechnic \"Hatfield Polytechnic\"), from which he graduated in humanities in 1979\\.",
"A self\\-taught drummer, he began playing in blues\\-soul band Mischief on the East London pub and club circuit in the early 1980s.",
"In 1982, he met [Brendan Perry](/wiki/Brendan_Perry \"Brendan Perry\") and [Lisa Gerrard](/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard \"Lisa Gerrard\") on the Isle of Dogs, London and joined [Dead Can Dance](/wiki/Dead_Can_Dance \"Dead Can Dance\") on drums and percussion and, and the following year was signed with DCD to the [4AD](/wiki/4AD \"4AD\") label.Tenzin\\-Dolma, Lisa (2008\\) *Mind \\& Motivation: The Spirit of Success*, Phoenix Rising Press, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-9558499\\-0\\-9}}, p. 67Strong, Martin C. (2003\\) *The Great Indie Discography*, Canongate, {{ISBN\\|1\\-84195\\-335\\-0}}, p. 294",
"He played on Dead Can Dance's eponymous first album, the *[Garden of the Arcane Delights](/wiki/Garden_of_the_Arcane_Delights \"Garden of the Arcane Delights\")* EP, albums *[Within the Realm of a Dying Sun](/wiki/Within_the_Realm_of_a_Dying_Sun \"Within the Realm of a Dying Sun\")* and *[Spiritchaser](/wiki/Spiritchaser \"Spiritchaser\")*,Phares, Heather \"[Peter Ulrich Biography](http://www.allmusic.com/artist/peter-ulrich-p281136/biography)\", [Allmusic](/wiki/Allmusic \"Allmusic\"), retrieved 2011\\-03\\-25 promo single *Sambatiki*, and both sessions the band recorded for the [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\") [John Peel](/wiki/John_Peel \"John Peel\") Show. He toured with DCD between 1983 and 1990, including the band's first tour of North America.",
"During the 1980s, Ulrich also contributed a self\\-composed percussion piece *At First, and Then* to the [This Mortal Coil](/wiki/This_Mortal_Coil \"This Mortal Coil\") album *[Filigree \\& Shadow (1986, 4AD)](/wiki/Filigree_%26_Shadow \"Filigree & Shadow\")*, and made cameo appearances on albums by 4AD labelmates The [Wolfgang Press](/wiki/Wolfgang_Press \"Wolfgang Press\") and [Pieter Nooten \\& Michael Brook](/wiki/Sleeps_with_the_Fishes \"Sleeps with the Fishes\").\nIn 1990 he released his first solo recording – a double A\\-sided 12\" vinyl single featuring his songs *Taqaharu's Leaving* and *Evocation* which has since become a collector's item.",
"Ulrich's first solo album – *[Pathways and Dawns](/wiki/Pathways_and_Dawns \"Pathways and Dawns\")* – was extensively arranged, recorded and produced by [Brendan Perry](/wiki/Brendan_Perry \"Brendan Perry\") at DCD's Quivvy Church studio in Ireland,Buckley, Peter (2003\\) *The Rough Guide to Rock*, Rough Guides, {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-84353\\-105\\-0}}, p. 275 and was released on the [Projekt](/wiki/Projekt \"Projekt\") label in 1999 (subsequently re\\-issued in 12\" vinyl format on the Infinite Fog label in 2020\\). A review in US magazine *Alternative Press* dubbed it the album The Beatles might have made had they signed to 4AD instead of Capitol. A second solo album followed in 2005 \\- *Enter The Mysterium* \\- released on the City Canyons label, with an SACD format version licensed through the Music \\& Words label in Europe.",
"At the invitation of City Canyons founder Trebor Lloyd, Ulrich participated in a joint venture with Lloyd and singer Sara Wendt to produce a single \"Hanging Man\" in 2009, sowing the seeds for a project that would evolve into The Peter Ulrich Collaboration, spawning three albums \\- *The Painted Caravan* (2013\\), *Tempus Fugitives* (2015\\) and *Final Reflections* (2019\\). While Ulrich and Lloyd remained the linchpins, the project involved upwards of 50 musicians, largely drawn from the New York scene, as well as a vast array of instruments, and in June 2015 TPUC staged a showpiece performance at NYC's Webster Hall with a 17\\-strong band.",
"In 2021, Ulrich was invited to contribute extensively to the Tenzin album *Echoes* working with singer/songwriter Lisa Tenzin\\-Dolma and long\\-time guitarist with The Proclaimers, Zac Ware. Ulrich has also appeared on the albums *Ovations* by Piano Magic (2009\\) and *Psychostasia* by Daemonia Nymphe (2013\\), as well as making guest live appearances with Daemonia Nymphe at several London venues, and with dark cabaret duo Frenchy and the Punk at Steampunk Fairs in both New Jersey (US) and Lincoln (UK). He also contributed to both the first and last albums in the highly acclaimed folk compilation series *John Barleycorn: Dark Britannica* on the Cold Spring label, the latter being a specially commissioned song \"Lammas Dance\".",
"2022 saw Ulrich debut as an author with the publication of his memoir *Drumming with Dead Can Dance and Parallel Adventures* (Red Hen Press), and with his first novel in the pipeline for which he also plans a companion soundtrack album.",
""
] |
Story Synopsis
--------------
Golf (played by Teerapat Lohanan) whom is referred by his friends as aggressive, hot\-tempered, a playboy and foul\-mouth 18\-year\-old high school student. He comes from a broken family, often living in the semi\-detached home alone, often depriving the love and attention from his father, but the latter showered him with money.
One day, Golf was thrown in a ruthless world of family politics when Golf's father brought a woman (Thara) and Bank (played by Pongsatorn Sripinta) home, confused as it is, Golf slowly learns that, that Thara would be his new step\-mother, and also had to learn that he has a step\-brother who is just 4 months his junior. Golf, who has never been an older brother and doesn't wish to have a younger brother was forced to accept the sudden change with new additions in the family. Golf began to ostracized Bank when he tries to make contact with the new older brother.
Soon after, initially belonging to another class, Bank asked the school principal to transfer him to Golf's class to be close to him, Golf's chanced the opportunity on Bank by bullying him. as he hates to see him, taking any opportunity that comes his way, resulting dampening the relationship with his friends (especially Jieb). And the concerned group of classmates of theirs stepped in, making Golf's in realizing what he did to Bank was wrong, When the jealous Golf discovers that Bank who is willing to do anything and everything for his older brother. Bank's actions slowly earn and won the respect of Golf, and slowly accepts him as brother. However, love starts to dazzle and blossom in the two unknown brothers.
Things gets sticky when Thom (played by Withawat Thaokhamlue) a popular school singer tries his ways to woo Bank, by sending him lunchbox, flowers and snacks. Also, he went as far as to buying Bank's contact number from Bank's classmate and friend (Tar), knowing his family is poor. Affected by what Golf's saw in his own eyes, that Bank communicated with Thom, he turned jealous, and started a heated argument with Bank, and end up forcing Bank to confess his true feelings for his older brother. Golf later confessed his true feelings too and in return, gave Bank a couple ring which Bank wanted to buy earlier on.
Things does not look so good as it seems, apart from having the approval by their classmates (Jieb, Paan, Tar and Tued), the duo relationship start to crack when Golf's aunt suspected and eventually caught the audacious act by the two step\-brothers laying on top of each other as they return home from a trip. Horrified and notified by the action, Golf's father called for a family meeting and eventually sent Golf to America to study, in hopes that the two brother's relationship will break, leaving both boys sad and withered like flowers.
Six months has passed, Golf returned home, a happy Bank was shocked and couldn't accept that his older brother has a new girlfriend (Kaem) whom they knew in America, and to make matters worst, Golf is about to get engaged to Kaem, leaving a heart\-broken Bank to date Thom, however Bank's steadfast love for Golf did not change. Being confronted by Golf's firm love to Bank and in the state of a heated argument proving who loves who, both brothers was involved in a car accident leaving the two brothers seriously injured.
A shocked Golf slowly understands that his brother life was left hanging when the doctors had to remove one of his kidneys, and the latter's health did not improve, as Bank's other kidney did not function properly, a sad Golf decides to donate his kidney to Bank, with several disapproval from his father. After pleading, Golf eventually donates his kidney to his younger brother, a pact they have done before that none of the brothers will leave each other.
Fast forward to one year later, during Bank's 19th birthday, unbeknownst to Bank about his brother Golf's death. Bank unwraps the last present and a letter given to him, but was left in tears when he learnt that his brother had died of a brain tumor (a condition that was discovered after the duo had the car accident), and the truth that Golf has donated one of the kidneys to Bank, telling him his love to his younger brother, leaving Bank even more distraught.
As Bank visited Golf's grave, he thanked the older brother and offered the ring to him, with his finger wearing one, proving Bank's everlasting and steadfast love to his brother. To a boy who has suffered so much, Bank took on his brother legacy by doing what he likes most, painting and collecting plastic toy fixtures. (To the viewers, it was shown that Bank's mother had born a son). And Bank fully understands and is able to with\-hold the love of his older brother, Bank later affirmed the love of his brother by visiting a bridge area which the brothers frequently visited.
|
[
"Story Synopsis\n--------------",
"Golf (played by Teerapat Lohanan) whom is referred by his friends as aggressive, hot\\-tempered, a playboy and foul\\-mouth 18\\-year\\-old high school student. He comes from a broken family, often living in the semi\\-detached home alone, often depriving the love and attention from his father, but the latter showered him with money.",
"One day, Golf was thrown in a ruthless world of family politics when Golf's father brought a woman (Thara) and Bank (played by Pongsatorn Sripinta) home, confused as it is, Golf slowly learns that, that Thara would be his new step\\-mother, and also had to learn that he has a step\\-brother who is just 4 months his junior. Golf, who has never been an older brother and doesn't wish to have a younger brother was forced to accept the sudden change with new additions in the family. Golf began to ostracized Bank when he tries to make contact with the new older brother.",
"Soon after, initially belonging to another class, Bank asked the school principal to transfer him to Golf's class to be close to him, Golf's chanced the opportunity on Bank by bullying him. as he hates to see him, taking any opportunity that comes his way, resulting dampening the relationship with his friends (especially Jieb). And the concerned group of classmates of theirs stepped in, making Golf's in realizing what he did to Bank was wrong, When the jealous Golf discovers that Bank who is willing to do anything and everything for his older brother. Bank's actions slowly earn and won the respect of Golf, and slowly accepts him as brother. However, love starts to dazzle and blossom in the two unknown brothers.",
"Things gets sticky when Thom (played by Withawat Thaokhamlue) a popular school singer tries his ways to woo Bank, by sending him lunchbox, flowers and snacks. Also, he went as far as to buying Bank's contact number from Bank's classmate and friend (Tar), knowing his family is poor. Affected by what Golf's saw in his own eyes, that Bank communicated with Thom, he turned jealous, and started a heated argument with Bank, and end up forcing Bank to confess his true feelings for his older brother. Golf later confessed his true feelings too and in return, gave Bank a couple ring which Bank wanted to buy earlier on.",
"Things does not look so good as it seems, apart from having the approval by their classmates (Jieb, Paan, Tar and Tued), the duo relationship start to crack when Golf's aunt suspected and eventually caught the audacious act by the two step\\-brothers laying on top of each other as they return home from a trip. Horrified and notified by the action, Golf's father called for a family meeting and eventually sent Golf to America to study, in hopes that the two brother's relationship will break, leaving both boys sad and withered like flowers.",
"Six months has passed, Golf returned home, a happy Bank was shocked and couldn't accept that his older brother has a new girlfriend (Kaem) whom they knew in America, and to make matters worst, Golf is about to get engaged to Kaem, leaving a heart\\-broken Bank to date Thom, however Bank's steadfast love for Golf did not change. Being confronted by Golf's firm love to Bank and in the state of a heated argument proving who loves who, both brothers was involved in a car accident leaving the two brothers seriously injured.",
"A shocked Golf slowly understands that his brother life was left hanging when the doctors had to remove one of his kidneys, and the latter's health did not improve, as Bank's other kidney did not function properly, a sad Golf decides to donate his kidney to Bank, with several disapproval from his father. After pleading, Golf eventually donates his kidney to his younger brother, a pact they have done before that none of the brothers will leave each other.",
"Fast forward to one year later, during Bank's 19th birthday, unbeknownst to Bank about his brother Golf's death. Bank unwraps the last present and a letter given to him, but was left in tears when he learnt that his brother had died of a brain tumor (a condition that was discovered after the duo had the car accident), and the truth that Golf has donated one of the kidneys to Bank, telling him his love to his younger brother, leaving Bank even more distraught.",
"As Bank visited Golf's grave, he thanked the older brother and offered the ring to him, with his finger wearing one, proving Bank's everlasting and steadfast love to his brother. To a boy who has suffered so much, Bank took on his brother legacy by doing what he likes most, painting and collecting plastic toy fixtures. (To the viewers, it was shown that Bank's mother had born a son). And Bank fully understands and is able to with\\-hold the love of his older brother, Bank later affirmed the love of his brother by visiting a bridge area which the brothers frequently visited.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{expand section\|date\=July 2016}}
According to legend, the city was founded by [Julius Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar "Julius Caesar"), who established a camp on the site of the city during his campaigns.
The parents of [St. Arnulf of Metz](/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz "Arnulf of Metz") were said to have given all they owned *in villa Reistete* (in the city of Rethel) to [St. Remigius, bishop of Reims](/wiki/Saint_Remigius "Saint Remigius"), so that their prayers for a child would be answered.
The city belonged to the [Abbey of Saint\-Remi](/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Remi "Abbey of Saint-Remi") and was administered by its [advocati](/wiki/Advocatus "Advocatus"). One of them, Manasses I, became the first [Count of Rethel](/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Rethel "Counts and dukes of Rethel"). In 1481 the county, with Rethel as its seat, was elevated to the [Peerage of France](/wiki/Peerage_of_France "Peerage of France"); it was elevated to a [duchy](/wiki/Duchy "Duchy") in 1581 and in 1663 it became the Duchy of Mazarin.
During the [Franco\-Spanish War](/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_%281635%E2%80%9359%29 "Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)") it was captured by Spanish forces under [Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé](/wiki/Louis%2C_Grand_Cond%C3%A9 "Louis, Grand Condé") on 30 October 1652 after a four\-year siege, but was retaken by the French in July 1653\.
In 1814 Spanish prisoners of war from the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars") introduced [typhus](/wiki/Typhus "Typhus") to the city. Jean\-Baptiste Reberotte\-Labesse cared for the soldiers who were ill. [Cholera](/wiki/Cholera "Cholera") epidemics occurred in 1832 and 1849, while [typhoid fever](/wiki/Typhoid_fever "Typhoid fever") ravaged the city in 1839, with an average of thirty deaths a day.
During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") Rethel was the site of heavy combat from May to June 1940 during the [Battle of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France "Battle of France"). French troops under [Jean de Lattre de Tassigny](/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny "Jean de Lattre de Tassigny") repelled German assaults on the town for a month before it fell.
In 1974, Rethel absorbed the former commune Pargny\-Resson.[Modifications aux circonscriptions administratives territoriales (fusion de communes)](https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/jo/id/JORFCONT000000021342), *[Journal officiel de la République française](/wiki/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise "Journal officiel de la République française")* n° 0030, 3 February 1974, pp. 1283\-1284\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{expand section\\|date\\=July 2016}}\nAccording to legend, the city was founded by [Julius Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar \"Julius Caesar\"), who established a camp on the site of the city during his campaigns.",
"The parents of [St. Arnulf of Metz](/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz \"Arnulf of Metz\") were said to have given all they owned *in villa Reistete* (in the city of Rethel) to [St. Remigius, bishop of Reims](/wiki/Saint_Remigius \"Saint Remigius\"), so that their prayers for a child would be answered.",
"The city belonged to the [Abbey of Saint\\-Remi](/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Remi \"Abbey of Saint-Remi\") and was administered by its [advocati](/wiki/Advocatus \"Advocatus\"). One of them, Manasses I, became the first [Count of Rethel](/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Rethel \"Counts and dukes of Rethel\"). In 1481 the county, with Rethel as its seat, was elevated to the [Peerage of France](/wiki/Peerage_of_France \"Peerage of France\"); it was elevated to a [duchy](/wiki/Duchy \"Duchy\") in 1581 and in 1663 it became the Duchy of Mazarin.",
"During the [Franco\\-Spanish War](/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_%281635%E2%80%9359%29 \"Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)\") it was captured by Spanish forces under [Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé](/wiki/Louis%2C_Grand_Cond%C3%A9 \"Louis, Grand Condé\") on 30 October 1652 after a four\\-year siege, but was retaken by the French in July 1653\\.",
"In 1814 Spanish prisoners of war from the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\") introduced [typhus](/wiki/Typhus \"Typhus\") to the city. Jean\\-Baptiste Reberotte\\-Labesse cared for the soldiers who were ill. [Cholera](/wiki/Cholera \"Cholera\") epidemics occurred in 1832 and 1849, while [typhoid fever](/wiki/Typhoid_fever \"Typhoid fever\") ravaged the city in 1839, with an average of thirty deaths a day.",
"During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") Rethel was the site of heavy combat from May to June 1940 during the [Battle of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France \"Battle of France\"). French troops under [Jean de Lattre de Tassigny](/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny \"Jean de Lattre de Tassigny\") repelled German assaults on the town for a month before it fell.",
"In 1974, Rethel absorbed the former commune Pargny\\-Resson.[Modifications aux circonscriptions administratives territoriales (fusion de communes)](https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/jo/id/JORFCONT000000021342), *[Journal officiel de la République française](/wiki/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise \"Journal officiel de la République française\")* n° 0030, 3 February 1974, pp. 1283\\-1284\\.",
""
] |
Life
----
He was born on 18 September 1837 at Bogton Farm near [Cadder](/wiki/Cadder "Cadder"), north of [Bishopbriggs](/wiki/Bishopbriggs "Bishopbriggs"), [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow"), the sixth son of Margaret (née Brown) and James Scott, a farmer. He was educated at the parish school which was run by the [Church of Scotland](/wiki/Church_of_Scotland "Church of Scotland"). His later education was at [Glasgow High School](/wiki/High_School_of_Glasgow "High School of Glasgow"). His classmates included [James Bryce](/wiki/James_Bryce%2C_1st_Viscount_Bryce "James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce").{{Cite web\|url\=http://archive.org/details/drarchibaldscott00sanduoft\|title\=Dr. Archibald Scott of St. George's, Edinburgh, and his times\|first\=Christopher Nicholson Johnston\|last\=Sands\|date\=February 23, 1919\|publisher\=Edinburgh, Blackwood\|via\=Internet Archive}}
From 1845 onwards the Church of Scotland required trainee ministers to study for four years for a general MA degree prior to studying divinity. Scott studied for his general degree at the [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow "University of Glasgow"), at that time located on the High Street close to [Glasgow Cathedral](/wiki/Glasgow_Cathedral "Glasgow Cathedral"). His studied mathematics under [William Thomson, Lord Kelvin](/wiki/William_Thomson%2C_Lord_Kelvin "William Thomson, Lord Kelvin"), Greek was under [Edmund Lushington](/wiki/Edmund_Law_Lushington "Edmund Law Lushington"), and Latin from Professor Ramsay. Lacking skills in mathematics and physics he graduated with a BA rather than MA. In autumn 1855 he began studying divinity at the [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow "University of Glasgow"). He studied theology under Professor Hill. He was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Glasgow in June 1859\. He began as assistant to Rev Dr Archibald Watson of St Matthew's Church in Glasgow.
In the autumn of 1859 he moved to [Clackmannan](/wiki/Clackmannan "Clackmannan") as assistant to Rev [Peter Balfour](/wiki/Peter_Balfour "Peter Balfour") (known as "Perpendicular Peter") the father of [John Balfour](/wiki/John_Balfour%2C_1st_Baron_Kinross "John Balfour, 1st Baron Kinross"). Here he started a lifelong friendship with John. He also befriended the young [Alexander Bruce](/wiki/Alexander_Bruce%2C_6th_Lord_Balfour_of_Burleigh "Alexander Bruce, 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh") during this period.
In January 1860 he was ordained as first minister of the East Church in [Perth](/wiki/Perth%2C_Scotland "Perth, Scotland") (St John's, close to the [River Tay](/wiki/River_Tay "River Tay")) replacing Rev Elder Cumming. Scott was only 22 years old at this time.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/sct/PER/EastChurch\|title\=Genuki: East Church, Perthshire\|website\=www.genuki.org.uk}} He left this major city church in 1863 to move to the much smaller parish church in [Abernethy](/wiki/Abernethy%2C_Perth_and_Kinross "Abernethy, Perth and Kinross"), in place of Rev David Duncan, under the patronage of the [Earl of Mansfield](/wiki/Earl_of_Mansfield "Earl of Mansfield"). Although the Church of Scotland had major competition in Abernethy in the form of the Free Church and United Presbyterian Church, Scott nevertheless persuaded the Church of Scotland to fund a new [manse](/wiki/Manse "Manse") for his use during what was to be his brief tenure.
Meanwhile, in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow") a group of businessmen (including [Sir John Maxwell](/wiki/Sir_John_Maxwell%2C_8th_Baronet "Sir John Maxwell, 8th Baronet") of [Pollok](/wiki/Pollok_House "Pollok House"), in discussion with Rev [Matthew Leishman](/wiki/Matthew_Leishman "Matthew Leishman") of [Govan](/wiki/Govan "Govan") Old Parish Church, were planning a new church to serve the [Kinning Park](/wiki/Kinning_Park "Kinning Park") district of Glasgow, as a [Quoad sacra](/wiki/Quoad_sacra "Quoad sacra") church. It was deducted that Archibald Scott would be a good choice as minister, and in 1864 he came, at first to a temporary wooden structure, and then to the newly built church (1867\) was known as the **Maxwell Church** after its main funder, and by then deceased, Lord Maxwell. Soon after construction, and [Rev John Cunningham's](/wiki/John_Cunningham_%28moderator%29 "John Cunningham (moderator)") critical "Crieff Organ Case" was decided in court, Scott organised the insertion of a church organ (not previously encouraged by the Church of Scotland).Children of the Fasti by Brian Orr
He remained in Glasgow at the Maxwell Church for four years. In July 1869 he was translated to [Linlithgow](/wiki/Linlithgow "Linlithgow") Parish Church ([St Michael's](/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Parish_Church%2C_Linlithgow "St Michael's Parish Church, Linlithgow")) in [West Lothian](/wiki/West_Lothian "West Lothian"). This imposing church stands next to [Linlithgow Palace](/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace "Linlithgow Palace"). He did not take up the post until September 1870\. Here he succeeded his friend, Rev [Donald Macleod](/wiki/Donald_Macleod_%28moderator%29 "Donald Macleod (moderator)") who later was also his immediate predecessor as Moderator (1895\). But again his stay was short\-lived, he was chosen to replace the late Rev Dr William Glover (1801\-1871\) of Greenside Church in [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh") in September 1871\.Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1870 Greenside was not a huge church, but had an important and influential catchment in the residents of [Calton Hill](/wiki/Calton_Hill "Calton Hill"): [Royal Terrace](/wiki/Royal_Terrace%2C_Edinburgh "Royal Terrace, Edinburgh") and [Regent Terrace](/wiki/Regent_Terrace "Regent Terrace"). Scott at this time lived at 17 Brunswick Street, just north of Greenside Church.Edinburgh Post Office directory 1873 This imposing Georgian townhouse was designed by [William Henry Playfair](/wiki/William_Henry_Playfair "William Henry Playfair").Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh by Gifford, McWilliam and Walker
His parish and congregation were growing rapidly due to new housing projects on [Leith Walk](/wiki/Leith_Walk "Leith Walk"), [Easter Road](/wiki/Easter_Road_%28street%29 "Easter Road (street)") and London Road. Scott set about raising funds for a new church, Holyrood Abbey Church to be sited to the east (eventually built at the junction of London Road and Marionville Road in 1899\).
Amongst his congregation and [Kirk Session](/wiki/Kirk_Session "Kirk Session") was the aged [Andrew Young](/wiki/Andrew_Young_%28schoolmaster_and_poet%29 "Andrew Young (schoolmaster and poet)") (who ran the [Sunday School](/wiki/Sunday_School "Sunday School") and [Charles John Pearson](/wiki/Charles_John_Pearson "Charles John Pearson").
During this period (from 1873\) he was appointed one of the trustees to the [Baird Trust](/wiki/James_Baird_%28industrialist%29 "James Baird (industrialist)"): overseeing the wise use of the immense £500,000 left by James Baird to promote good works on behalf of the [Church of Scotland](/wiki/Church_of_Scotland "Church of Scotland") (this equates to £10 million in modern terms).{{Cite ODNB\|url\=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10\.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128\.001\.0001/odnb\-9780198614128\-e\-35979\|title\=Scott, Archibald (1837–1909\), Church of Scotland minister \| Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\|year\=2004\|doi\=10\.1093/ref:odnb/35979}}
In 1876 the University of Glasgow awarded him an honorary doctorate (DD). Following the [Education (Scotland) Act 1872](/wiki/Education_%28Scotland%29_Act_1872 "Education (Scotland) Act 1872"), Scott was elected onto the First Edinburgh School Board. Scott emphasised that a good primary education was futile if a person did not then continue to read. He was Chairman of the Edinburgh School Board from 1878 to 1882\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Scott,\_Archibald\_(DNB12\)\|title\=Scott Archibald\|first\=James\|last\=Cooper\|volume\=3 \|via\=Wikisource}}
In 1880 he replaced Rev [Robert Horne Stevenson](/wiki/Robert_Horne_Stevenson "Robert Horne Stevenson") (who resigned in June 1879\) as minister of [St George's Church](/wiki/West_Register_House "West Register House") on [Charlotte Square](/wiki/Charlotte_Square "Charlotte Square") in [Edinburgh's New Town](/wiki/New_Town%2C_Edinburgh "New Town, Edinburgh"). He was then living at 7 Rothesay Place.Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1881 St George's had an even more impressive and affluent congregation than Greenside: incorporating the residents of [Charlotte Square](/wiki/Charlotte_Square "Charlotte Square"), the [Moray Estate](/wiki/Moray_Estate "Moray Estate"), Edinburgh's West End and the [First New Town](/wiki/New_Town%2C_Edinburgh "New Town, Edinburgh"). His [Kirk Session](/wiki/Kirk_Session "Kirk Session") at St George's included Thomas Graham Murray, [Sir John Cheyne](/wiki/John_Cheyne_%28advocate%29 "John Cheyne (advocate)"), his brother Harry Cheyne (Session Clerk) and James McKerrell Brown.
In 1890 he was living at 16 Rothesay Place, west of the church.Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1891
In 1896 he was elected Moderator of the General Assembly, the highest position in the Church of Scotland. He was succeeded in 1897 by [Very Rev William Mair](/wiki/William_Mair_%28moderator%29 "William Mair (moderator)").
He spent from 1895 to 1900 striving to re\-unify the Church of Scotland with the Free Church. This was largely successful with the merge taking place in 1900\. However, his later years were overshadowed by the multiple court cases regarding the ownership issues of the churches themselves, mainly caused by the fact that the merge, though substantial, was not complete, and the Free Church continued as a body. In many parishes the caused the requirement to build another church. This huge cost, within a limited time\-frame, almost bankrupted the church. Moreover, due to undue optimism, almost all churches were created of a size capable of holding the entire congregation of the parish. This resulted in most of the new churches being less than half full. The entire affair broke Scott's spirit.ODNB: Archibald Scott
He was replaced at St Georges by Rev [Gavin Lang Pagan](/wiki/Gavin_Lang_Pagan "Gavin Lang Pagan") (later killed serving as a Chaplain in WW1 at the [Battle of Arras (1917\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_%281917%29 "Battle of Arras (1917)")).CWGC: Gavin Pagan
He was in poor health from January 1909 and died in [North Berwick](/wiki/North_Berwick "North Berwick") on 18 April 1909\.
The Maxwell Church was demolished in 1976\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://canmore.org.uk/site/164867/glasgow\-113\-pollok\-street\-maxwell\-parish\-church\|title\=Glasgow, 113 Pollok Street, Maxwell Parish Church \| Canmore\|website\=canmore.org.uk}}
|
[
"Life\n----",
"He was born on 18 September 1837 at Bogton Farm near [Cadder](/wiki/Cadder \"Cadder\"), north of [Bishopbriggs](/wiki/Bishopbriggs \"Bishopbriggs\"), [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), the sixth son of Margaret (née Brown) and James Scott, a farmer. He was educated at the parish school which was run by the [Church of Scotland](/wiki/Church_of_Scotland \"Church of Scotland\"). His later education was at [Glasgow High School](/wiki/High_School_of_Glasgow \"High School of Glasgow\"). His classmates included [James Bryce](/wiki/James_Bryce%2C_1st_Viscount_Bryce \"James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://archive.org/details/drarchibaldscott00sanduoft\\|title\\=Dr. Archibald Scott of St. George's, Edinburgh, and his times\\|first\\=Christopher Nicholson Johnston\\|last\\=Sands\\|date\\=February 23, 1919\\|publisher\\=Edinburgh, Blackwood\\|via\\=Internet Archive}}",
"From 1845 onwards the Church of Scotland required trainee ministers to study for four years for a general MA degree prior to studying divinity. Scott studied for his general degree at the [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow \"University of Glasgow\"), at that time located on the High Street close to [Glasgow Cathedral](/wiki/Glasgow_Cathedral \"Glasgow Cathedral\"). His studied mathematics under [William Thomson, Lord Kelvin](/wiki/William_Thomson%2C_Lord_Kelvin \"William Thomson, Lord Kelvin\"), Greek was under [Edmund Lushington](/wiki/Edmund_Law_Lushington \"Edmund Law Lushington\"), and Latin from Professor Ramsay. Lacking skills in mathematics and physics he graduated with a BA rather than MA. In autumn 1855 he began studying divinity at the [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow \"University of Glasgow\"). He studied theology under Professor Hill. He was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Glasgow in June 1859\\. He began as assistant to Rev Dr Archibald Watson of St Matthew's Church in Glasgow.",
"In the autumn of 1859 he moved to [Clackmannan](/wiki/Clackmannan \"Clackmannan\") as assistant to Rev [Peter Balfour](/wiki/Peter_Balfour \"Peter Balfour\") (known as \"Perpendicular Peter\") the father of [John Balfour](/wiki/John_Balfour%2C_1st_Baron_Kinross \"John Balfour, 1st Baron Kinross\"). Here he started a lifelong friendship with John. He also befriended the young [Alexander Bruce](/wiki/Alexander_Bruce%2C_6th_Lord_Balfour_of_Burleigh \"Alexander Bruce, 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh\") during this period.",
"In January 1860 he was ordained as first minister of the East Church in [Perth](/wiki/Perth%2C_Scotland \"Perth, Scotland\") (St John's, close to the [River Tay](/wiki/River_Tay \"River Tay\")) replacing Rev Elder Cumming. Scott was only 22 years old at this time.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/sct/PER/EastChurch\\|title\\=Genuki: East Church, Perthshire\\|website\\=www.genuki.org.uk}} He left this major city church in 1863 to move to the much smaller parish church in [Abernethy](/wiki/Abernethy%2C_Perth_and_Kinross \"Abernethy, Perth and Kinross\"), in place of Rev David Duncan, under the patronage of the [Earl of Mansfield](/wiki/Earl_of_Mansfield \"Earl of Mansfield\"). Although the Church of Scotland had major competition in Abernethy in the form of the Free Church and United Presbyterian Church, Scott nevertheless persuaded the Church of Scotland to fund a new [manse](/wiki/Manse \"Manse\") for his use during what was to be his brief tenure.",
"Meanwhile, in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") a group of businessmen (including [Sir John Maxwell](/wiki/Sir_John_Maxwell%2C_8th_Baronet \"Sir John Maxwell, 8th Baronet\") of [Pollok](/wiki/Pollok_House \"Pollok House\"), in discussion with Rev [Matthew Leishman](/wiki/Matthew_Leishman \"Matthew Leishman\") of [Govan](/wiki/Govan \"Govan\") Old Parish Church, were planning a new church to serve the [Kinning Park](/wiki/Kinning_Park \"Kinning Park\") district of Glasgow, as a [Quoad sacra](/wiki/Quoad_sacra \"Quoad sacra\") church. It was deducted that Archibald Scott would be a good choice as minister, and in 1864 he came, at first to a temporary wooden structure, and then to the newly built church (1867\\) was known as the **Maxwell Church** after its main funder, and by then deceased, Lord Maxwell. Soon after construction, and [Rev John Cunningham's](/wiki/John_Cunningham_%28moderator%29 \"John Cunningham (moderator)\") critical \"Crieff Organ Case\" was decided in court, Scott organised the insertion of a church organ (not previously encouraged by the Church of Scotland).Children of the Fasti by Brian Orr",
"He remained in Glasgow at the Maxwell Church for four years. In July 1869 he was translated to [Linlithgow](/wiki/Linlithgow \"Linlithgow\") Parish Church ([St Michael's](/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Parish_Church%2C_Linlithgow \"St Michael's Parish Church, Linlithgow\")) in [West Lothian](/wiki/West_Lothian \"West Lothian\"). This imposing church stands next to [Linlithgow Palace](/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace \"Linlithgow Palace\"). He did not take up the post until September 1870\\. Here he succeeded his friend, Rev [Donald Macleod](/wiki/Donald_Macleod_%28moderator%29 \"Donald Macleod (moderator)\") who later was also his immediate predecessor as Moderator (1895\\). But again his stay was short\\-lived, he was chosen to replace the late Rev Dr William Glover (1801\\-1871\\) of Greenside Church in [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") in September 1871\\.Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1870 Greenside was not a huge church, but had an important and influential catchment in the residents of [Calton Hill](/wiki/Calton_Hill \"Calton Hill\"): [Royal Terrace](/wiki/Royal_Terrace%2C_Edinburgh \"Royal Terrace, Edinburgh\") and [Regent Terrace](/wiki/Regent_Terrace \"Regent Terrace\"). Scott at this time lived at 17 Brunswick Street, just north of Greenside Church.Edinburgh Post Office directory 1873 This imposing Georgian townhouse was designed by [William Henry Playfair](/wiki/William_Henry_Playfair \"William Henry Playfair\").Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh by Gifford, McWilliam and Walker",
"His parish and congregation were growing rapidly due to new housing projects on [Leith Walk](/wiki/Leith_Walk \"Leith Walk\"), [Easter Road](/wiki/Easter_Road_%28street%29 \"Easter Road (street)\") and London Road. Scott set about raising funds for a new church, Holyrood Abbey Church to be sited to the east (eventually built at the junction of London Road and Marionville Road in 1899\\).",
"Amongst his congregation and [Kirk Session](/wiki/Kirk_Session \"Kirk Session\") was the aged [Andrew Young](/wiki/Andrew_Young_%28schoolmaster_and_poet%29 \"Andrew Young (schoolmaster and poet)\") (who ran the [Sunday School](/wiki/Sunday_School \"Sunday School\") and [Charles John Pearson](/wiki/Charles_John_Pearson \"Charles John Pearson\").",
"During this period (from 1873\\) he was appointed one of the trustees to the [Baird Trust](/wiki/James_Baird_%28industrialist%29 \"James Baird (industrialist)\"): overseeing the wise use of the immense £500,000 left by James Baird to promote good works on behalf of the [Church of Scotland](/wiki/Church_of_Scotland \"Church of Scotland\") (this equates to £10 million in modern terms).{{Cite ODNB\\|url\\=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10\\.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128\\.001\\.0001/odnb\\-9780198614128\\-e\\-35979\\|title\\=Scott, Archibald (1837–1909\\), Church of Scotland minister \\| Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\\|year\\=2004\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ref:odnb/35979}}",
"In 1876 the University of Glasgow awarded him an honorary doctorate (DD). Following the [Education (Scotland) Act 1872](/wiki/Education_%28Scotland%29_Act_1872 \"Education (Scotland) Act 1872\"), Scott was elected onto the First Edinburgh School Board. Scott emphasised that a good primary education was futile if a person did not then continue to read. He was Chairman of the Edinburgh School Board from 1878 to 1882\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Scott,\\_Archibald\\_(DNB12\\)\\|title\\=Scott Archibald\\|first\\=James\\|last\\=Cooper\\|volume\\=3 \\|via\\=Wikisource}}",
"In 1880 he replaced Rev [Robert Horne Stevenson](/wiki/Robert_Horne_Stevenson \"Robert Horne Stevenson\") (who resigned in June 1879\\) as minister of [St George's Church](/wiki/West_Register_House \"West Register House\") on [Charlotte Square](/wiki/Charlotte_Square \"Charlotte Square\") in [Edinburgh's New Town](/wiki/New_Town%2C_Edinburgh \"New Town, Edinburgh\"). He was then living at 7 Rothesay Place.Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1881 St George's had an even more impressive and affluent congregation than Greenside: incorporating the residents of [Charlotte Square](/wiki/Charlotte_Square \"Charlotte Square\"), the [Moray Estate](/wiki/Moray_Estate \"Moray Estate\"), Edinburgh's West End and the [First New Town](/wiki/New_Town%2C_Edinburgh \"New Town, Edinburgh\"). His [Kirk Session](/wiki/Kirk_Session \"Kirk Session\") at St George's included Thomas Graham Murray, [Sir John Cheyne](/wiki/John_Cheyne_%28advocate%29 \"John Cheyne (advocate)\"), his brother Harry Cheyne (Session Clerk) and James McKerrell Brown.",
"In 1890 he was living at 16 Rothesay Place, west of the church.Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1891",
"In 1896 he was elected Moderator of the General Assembly, the highest position in the Church of Scotland. He was succeeded in 1897 by [Very Rev William Mair](/wiki/William_Mair_%28moderator%29 \"William Mair (moderator)\").",
"He spent from 1895 to 1900 striving to re\\-unify the Church of Scotland with the Free Church. This was largely successful with the merge taking place in 1900\\. However, his later years were overshadowed by the multiple court cases regarding the ownership issues of the churches themselves, mainly caused by the fact that the merge, though substantial, was not complete, and the Free Church continued as a body. In many parishes the caused the requirement to build another church. This huge cost, within a limited time\\-frame, almost bankrupted the church. Moreover, due to undue optimism, almost all churches were created of a size capable of holding the entire congregation of the parish. This resulted in most of the new churches being less than half full. The entire affair broke Scott's spirit.ODNB: Archibald Scott",
"He was replaced at St Georges by Rev [Gavin Lang Pagan](/wiki/Gavin_Lang_Pagan \"Gavin Lang Pagan\") (later killed serving as a Chaplain in WW1 at the [Battle of Arras (1917\\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_%281917%29 \"Battle of Arras (1917)\")).CWGC: Gavin Pagan",
"He was in poor health from January 1909 and died in [North Berwick](/wiki/North_Berwick \"North Berwick\") on 18 April 1909\\.",
"The Maxwell Church was demolished in 1976\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://canmore.org.uk/site/164867/glasgow\\-113\\-pollok\\-street\\-maxwell\\-parish\\-church\\|title\\=Glasgow, 113 Pollok Street, Maxwell Parish Church \\| Canmore\\|website\\=canmore.org.uk}}",
""
] |
Event
-----
| \+ Other on\-screen personnel | Role: | Name: |
| --- | --- | --- |
|Presenters
[Tony Schiavone](/wiki/Tony_Schiavone "Tony Schiavone") |
| [Eric Bischoff](/wiki/Eric_Bischoff "Eric Bischoff") |
|Commentators
[Jim Ross](/wiki/Jim_Ross "Jim Ross") |
| [Jesse Ventura](/wiki/Jesse_Ventura "Jesse Ventura") |
| Interviewer | [Missy Hyatt](/wiki/Missy_Hyatt "Missy Hyatt") |
|Referees
[Randy Anderson](/wiki/Randy_Anderson "Randy Anderson") |
| Nick Patrick |
|Ring announcers
[Gary Michael Cappetta](/wiki/Gary_Michael_Cappetta "Gary Michael Cappetta") |
| Barry Abrams |
Before the event aired live on pay\-per\-view, [Big Josh](/wiki/Matt_Osborne "Matt Osborne") defeated [Diamond Dallas Page](/wiki/Diamond_Dallas_Page "Diamond Dallas Page") in a non\-televised match.
### Preliminary matches
In the opening match, [Jushin Liger](/wiki/Jushin_Liger "Jushin Liger") defended the [Light Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WCW_Light_Heavyweight_Championship "WCW Light Heavyweight Championship") against [Brian Pillman](/wiki/Brian_Pillman "Brian Pillman"). Pillman pinned Liger with a cradle after avoiding a [diving headbutt](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_headbutt "Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving headbutt") by Liger.
Next, [Marcus Alexander Bagwell](/wiki/Buff_Bagwell "Buff Bagwell") took on [Terrence Taylor](/wiki/Terry_Taylor "Terry Taylor"). Bagwell pinned Taylor with a [sunset flip](/wiki/Pin_%28professional_wrestling%29%23Sunset_flip "Pin (professional wrestling)#Sunset flip") for the win.
Next, [Ron Simmons](/wiki/Ron_Simmons "Ron Simmons") took on [Cactus Jack](/wiki/Mick_Foley "Mick Foley"). Near the end of the match, Jack climbed the top rope and dived off the turnbuckle to perform an aerial move on Simmons but Simmons countered with a [powerslam](/wiki/Powerslam "Powerslam") for the win. After the match, [Abdullah the Butcher](/wiki/Abdullah_the_Butcher "Abdullah the Butcher") attacked Simmons until [Junkyard Dog](/wiki/Junkyard_Dog "Junkyard Dog") made his surprise return to WCW and saved Simmons from a double\-team assault by Butcher and Jack.
The next match was scheduled to be a singles match between [Tom Zenk](/wiki/Tom_Zenk "Tom Zenk") and [Richard Morton](/wiki/Ricky_Morton "Ricky Morton") but was quietly changed into a tag team match as Zenk teamed with [Van Hammer](/wiki/Van_Hammer "Van Hammer") to take on Morton and [Vinnie Vegas](/wiki/Kevin_Nash "Kevin Nash"). Zenk pinned Morton with a sunset flip for the win after Morton was hit into the turnbuckle.
Next, [Barry Windham](/wiki/Barry_Windham "Barry Windham") and [Dustin Rhodes](/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes "Dustin Rhodes") took on [The Dangerous Alliance](/wiki/The_Dangerous_Alliance "The Dangerous Alliance") team of [Steve Austin](/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin "Stone Cold Steve Austin") and [Larry Zbyszko](/wiki/Larry_Zbyszko "Larry Zbyszko"). After being double teamed by Austin and Zbyszko for most of the match, Windham performed a [diving lariat](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_clothesline "Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving clothesline") on Zbyszko for the win.
Later, the team of [Arn Anderson](/wiki/Arn_Anderson "Arn Anderson") and [Bobby Eaton](/wiki/Bobby_Eaton "Bobby Eaton") defended the [World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW World Tag Team Championship") against [The Steiner Brothers](/wiki/The_Steiner_Brothers "The Steiner Brothers"). Near the end of the match, Anderson blinded [Rick Steiner](/wiki/Rick_Steiner "Rick Steiner") by throwing powder in his eyes and a blinded Steiner accidentally [suplexed](/wiki/Suplex "Suplex") the referee, allowing [Scott Steiner](/wiki/Scott_Steiner "Scott Steiner") to tag in and hit a *[Frankensteiner](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws%23Frankensteiner "Professional wrestling throws#Frankensteiner")* to Eaton to win the titles as the new referee counted the pinfall. However, the original referee reversed the decision and disqualified Steiners, resulting in Anderson and Eaton retaining the titles.
In the final match on the undercard, [Rick Rude](/wiki/Rick_Rude "Rick Rude") defended the [United States Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") against [Ricky Steamboat](/wiki/Ricky_Steamboat "Ricky Steamboat"). Dangerous Alliance manager [Paul E. Dangerously](/wiki/Paul_Heyman "Paul Heyman") was banned from the ringside by Kip Frey. Near the end of the match, Dangerously under the disguise of a masked ninja attacked Steamboat by hitting him with a phone, allowing Rude to pin him to retain the title.
### Main event match
In the main event, [Lex Luger](/wiki/Lex_Luger "Lex Luger") defended the [World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Heavyweight_Championship "WCW World Heavyweight Championship") against [Sting](/wiki/Sting_%28wrestler%29 "Sting (wrestler)"). Near the end of the match, Sting attempted to hit a [diving crossbody](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_crossbody "Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving crossbody") to Luger but fell outside the ring where Luger's manager [Harley Race](/wiki/Harley_Race "Harley Race") tried to interfere but Sting attacked him and then delivered a diving crossbody to Luger to win the title.
|
[
"Event\n-----",
"",
"| \\+ Other on\\-screen personnel | Role: | Name: |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|Presenters",
"[Tony Schiavone](/wiki/Tony_Schiavone \"Tony Schiavone\") |\n| [Eric Bischoff](/wiki/Eric_Bischoff \"Eric Bischoff\") |\n|Commentators",
"[Jim Ross](/wiki/Jim_Ross \"Jim Ross\") |\n| [Jesse Ventura](/wiki/Jesse_Ventura \"Jesse Ventura\") |\n| Interviewer | [Missy Hyatt](/wiki/Missy_Hyatt \"Missy Hyatt\") |\n|Referees",
"[Randy Anderson](/wiki/Randy_Anderson \"Randy Anderson\") |\n| Nick Patrick |\n|Ring announcers",
"[Gary Michael Cappetta](/wiki/Gary_Michael_Cappetta \"Gary Michael Cappetta\") |\n| Barry Abrams |",
"Before the event aired live on pay\\-per\\-view, [Big Josh](/wiki/Matt_Osborne \"Matt Osborne\") defeated [Diamond Dallas Page](/wiki/Diamond_Dallas_Page \"Diamond Dallas Page\") in a non\\-televised match.",
"### Preliminary matches",
"In the opening match, [Jushin Liger](/wiki/Jushin_Liger \"Jushin Liger\") defended the [Light Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WCW_Light_Heavyweight_Championship \"WCW Light Heavyweight Championship\") against [Brian Pillman](/wiki/Brian_Pillman \"Brian Pillman\"). Pillman pinned Liger with a cradle after avoiding a [diving headbutt](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_headbutt \"Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving headbutt\") by Liger.",
"Next, [Marcus Alexander Bagwell](/wiki/Buff_Bagwell \"Buff Bagwell\") took on [Terrence Taylor](/wiki/Terry_Taylor \"Terry Taylor\"). Bagwell pinned Taylor with a [sunset flip](/wiki/Pin_%28professional_wrestling%29%23Sunset_flip \"Pin (professional wrestling)#Sunset flip\") for the win.",
"Next, [Ron Simmons](/wiki/Ron_Simmons \"Ron Simmons\") took on [Cactus Jack](/wiki/Mick_Foley \"Mick Foley\"). Near the end of the match, Jack climbed the top rope and dived off the turnbuckle to perform an aerial move on Simmons but Simmons countered with a [powerslam](/wiki/Powerslam \"Powerslam\") for the win. After the match, [Abdullah the Butcher](/wiki/Abdullah_the_Butcher \"Abdullah the Butcher\") attacked Simmons until [Junkyard Dog](/wiki/Junkyard_Dog \"Junkyard Dog\") made his surprise return to WCW and saved Simmons from a double\\-team assault by Butcher and Jack.",
"The next match was scheduled to be a singles match between [Tom Zenk](/wiki/Tom_Zenk \"Tom Zenk\") and [Richard Morton](/wiki/Ricky_Morton \"Ricky Morton\") but was quietly changed into a tag team match as Zenk teamed with [Van Hammer](/wiki/Van_Hammer \"Van Hammer\") to take on Morton and [Vinnie Vegas](/wiki/Kevin_Nash \"Kevin Nash\"). Zenk pinned Morton with a sunset flip for the win after Morton was hit into the turnbuckle.",
"Next, [Barry Windham](/wiki/Barry_Windham \"Barry Windham\") and [Dustin Rhodes](/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes \"Dustin Rhodes\") took on [The Dangerous Alliance](/wiki/The_Dangerous_Alliance \"The Dangerous Alliance\") team of [Steve Austin](/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin \"Stone Cold Steve Austin\") and [Larry Zbyszko](/wiki/Larry_Zbyszko \"Larry Zbyszko\"). After being double teamed by Austin and Zbyszko for most of the match, Windham performed a [diving lariat](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_clothesline \"Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving clothesline\") on Zbyszko for the win.",
"Later, the team of [Arn Anderson](/wiki/Arn_Anderson \"Arn Anderson\") and [Bobby Eaton](/wiki/Bobby_Eaton \"Bobby Eaton\") defended the [World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW World Tag Team Championship\") against [The Steiner Brothers](/wiki/The_Steiner_Brothers \"The Steiner Brothers\"). Near the end of the match, Anderson blinded [Rick Steiner](/wiki/Rick_Steiner \"Rick Steiner\") by throwing powder in his eyes and a blinded Steiner accidentally [suplexed](/wiki/Suplex \"Suplex\") the referee, allowing [Scott Steiner](/wiki/Scott_Steiner \"Scott Steiner\") to tag in and hit a *[Frankensteiner](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws%23Frankensteiner \"Professional wrestling throws#Frankensteiner\")* to Eaton to win the titles as the new referee counted the pinfall. However, the original referee reversed the decision and disqualified Steiners, resulting in Anderson and Eaton retaining the titles.",
"In the final match on the undercard, [Rick Rude](/wiki/Rick_Rude \"Rick Rude\") defended the [United States Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") against [Ricky Steamboat](/wiki/Ricky_Steamboat \"Ricky Steamboat\"). Dangerous Alliance manager [Paul E. Dangerously](/wiki/Paul_Heyman \"Paul Heyman\") was banned from the ringside by Kip Frey. Near the end of the match, Dangerously under the disguise of a masked ninja attacked Steamboat by hitting him with a phone, allowing Rude to pin him to retain the title.",
"### Main event match",
"In the main event, [Lex Luger](/wiki/Lex_Luger \"Lex Luger\") defended the [World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"WCW World Heavyweight Championship\") against [Sting](/wiki/Sting_%28wrestler%29 \"Sting (wrestler)\"). Near the end of the match, Sting attempted to hit a [diving crossbody](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_crossbody \"Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving crossbody\") to Luger but fell outside the ring where Luger's manager [Harley Race](/wiki/Harley_Race \"Harley Race\") tried to interfere but Sting attacked him and then delivered a diving crossbody to Luger to win the title.",
""
] |
### Preliminary matches
In the opening match, [Jushin Liger](/wiki/Jushin_Liger "Jushin Liger") defended the [Light Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WCW_Light_Heavyweight_Championship "WCW Light Heavyweight Championship") against [Brian Pillman](/wiki/Brian_Pillman "Brian Pillman"). Pillman pinned Liger with a cradle after avoiding a [diving headbutt](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_headbutt "Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving headbutt") by Liger.
Next, [Marcus Alexander Bagwell](/wiki/Buff_Bagwell "Buff Bagwell") took on [Terrence Taylor](/wiki/Terry_Taylor "Terry Taylor"). Bagwell pinned Taylor with a [sunset flip](/wiki/Pin_%28professional_wrestling%29%23Sunset_flip "Pin (professional wrestling)#Sunset flip") for the win.
Next, [Ron Simmons](/wiki/Ron_Simmons "Ron Simmons") took on [Cactus Jack](/wiki/Mick_Foley "Mick Foley"). Near the end of the match, Jack climbed the top rope and dived off the turnbuckle to perform an aerial move on Simmons but Simmons countered with a [powerslam](/wiki/Powerslam "Powerslam") for the win. After the match, [Abdullah the Butcher](/wiki/Abdullah_the_Butcher "Abdullah the Butcher") attacked Simmons until [Junkyard Dog](/wiki/Junkyard_Dog "Junkyard Dog") made his surprise return to WCW and saved Simmons from a double\-team assault by Butcher and Jack.
The next match was scheduled to be a singles match between [Tom Zenk](/wiki/Tom_Zenk "Tom Zenk") and [Richard Morton](/wiki/Ricky_Morton "Ricky Morton") but was quietly changed into a tag team match as Zenk teamed with [Van Hammer](/wiki/Van_Hammer "Van Hammer") to take on Morton and [Vinnie Vegas](/wiki/Kevin_Nash "Kevin Nash"). Zenk pinned Morton with a sunset flip for the win after Morton was hit into the turnbuckle.
Next, [Barry Windham](/wiki/Barry_Windham "Barry Windham") and [Dustin Rhodes](/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes "Dustin Rhodes") took on [The Dangerous Alliance](/wiki/The_Dangerous_Alliance "The Dangerous Alliance") team of [Steve Austin](/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin "Stone Cold Steve Austin") and [Larry Zbyszko](/wiki/Larry_Zbyszko "Larry Zbyszko"). After being double teamed by Austin and Zbyszko for most of the match, Windham performed a [diving lariat](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_clothesline "Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving clothesline") on Zbyszko for the win.
Later, the team of [Arn Anderson](/wiki/Arn_Anderson "Arn Anderson") and [Bobby Eaton](/wiki/Bobby_Eaton "Bobby Eaton") defended the [World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW World Tag Team Championship") against [The Steiner Brothers](/wiki/The_Steiner_Brothers "The Steiner Brothers"). Near the end of the match, Anderson blinded [Rick Steiner](/wiki/Rick_Steiner "Rick Steiner") by throwing powder in his eyes and a blinded Steiner accidentally [suplexed](/wiki/Suplex "Suplex") the referee, allowing [Scott Steiner](/wiki/Scott_Steiner "Scott Steiner") to tag in and hit a *[Frankensteiner](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws%23Frankensteiner "Professional wrestling throws#Frankensteiner")* to Eaton to win the titles as the new referee counted the pinfall. However, the original referee reversed the decision and disqualified Steiners, resulting in Anderson and Eaton retaining the titles.
In the final match on the undercard, [Rick Rude](/wiki/Rick_Rude "Rick Rude") defended the [United States Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") against [Ricky Steamboat](/wiki/Ricky_Steamboat "Ricky Steamboat"). Dangerous Alliance manager [Paul E. Dangerously](/wiki/Paul_Heyman "Paul Heyman") was banned from the ringside by Kip Frey. Near the end of the match, Dangerously under the disguise of a masked ninja attacked Steamboat by hitting him with a phone, allowing Rude to pin him to retain the title.
|
[
"### Preliminary matches",
"In the opening match, [Jushin Liger](/wiki/Jushin_Liger \"Jushin Liger\") defended the [Light Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WCW_Light_Heavyweight_Championship \"WCW Light Heavyweight Championship\") against [Brian Pillman](/wiki/Brian_Pillman \"Brian Pillman\"). Pillman pinned Liger with a cradle after avoiding a [diving headbutt](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_headbutt \"Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving headbutt\") by Liger.",
"Next, [Marcus Alexander Bagwell](/wiki/Buff_Bagwell \"Buff Bagwell\") took on [Terrence Taylor](/wiki/Terry_Taylor \"Terry Taylor\"). Bagwell pinned Taylor with a [sunset flip](/wiki/Pin_%28professional_wrestling%29%23Sunset_flip \"Pin (professional wrestling)#Sunset flip\") for the win.",
"Next, [Ron Simmons](/wiki/Ron_Simmons \"Ron Simmons\") took on [Cactus Jack](/wiki/Mick_Foley \"Mick Foley\"). Near the end of the match, Jack climbed the top rope and dived off the turnbuckle to perform an aerial move on Simmons but Simmons countered with a [powerslam](/wiki/Powerslam \"Powerslam\") for the win. After the match, [Abdullah the Butcher](/wiki/Abdullah_the_Butcher \"Abdullah the Butcher\") attacked Simmons until [Junkyard Dog](/wiki/Junkyard_Dog \"Junkyard Dog\") made his surprise return to WCW and saved Simmons from a double\\-team assault by Butcher and Jack.",
"The next match was scheduled to be a singles match between [Tom Zenk](/wiki/Tom_Zenk \"Tom Zenk\") and [Richard Morton](/wiki/Ricky_Morton \"Ricky Morton\") but was quietly changed into a tag team match as Zenk teamed with [Van Hammer](/wiki/Van_Hammer \"Van Hammer\") to take on Morton and [Vinnie Vegas](/wiki/Kevin_Nash \"Kevin Nash\"). Zenk pinned Morton with a sunset flip for the win after Morton was hit into the turnbuckle.",
"Next, [Barry Windham](/wiki/Barry_Windham \"Barry Windham\") and [Dustin Rhodes](/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes \"Dustin Rhodes\") took on [The Dangerous Alliance](/wiki/The_Dangerous_Alliance \"The Dangerous Alliance\") team of [Steve Austin](/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin \"Stone Cold Steve Austin\") and [Larry Zbyszko](/wiki/Larry_Zbyszko \"Larry Zbyszko\"). After being double teamed by Austin and Zbyszko for most of the match, Windham performed a [diving lariat](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_clothesline \"Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving clothesline\") on Zbyszko for the win.",
"Later, the team of [Arn Anderson](/wiki/Arn_Anderson \"Arn Anderson\") and [Bobby Eaton](/wiki/Bobby_Eaton \"Bobby Eaton\") defended the [World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW World Tag Team Championship\") against [The Steiner Brothers](/wiki/The_Steiner_Brothers \"The Steiner Brothers\"). Near the end of the match, Anderson blinded [Rick Steiner](/wiki/Rick_Steiner \"Rick Steiner\") by throwing powder in his eyes and a blinded Steiner accidentally [suplexed](/wiki/Suplex \"Suplex\") the referee, allowing [Scott Steiner](/wiki/Scott_Steiner \"Scott Steiner\") to tag in and hit a *[Frankensteiner](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws%23Frankensteiner \"Professional wrestling throws#Frankensteiner\")* to Eaton to win the titles as the new referee counted the pinfall. However, the original referee reversed the decision and disqualified Steiners, resulting in Anderson and Eaton retaining the titles.",
"In the final match on the undercard, [Rick Rude](/wiki/Rick_Rude \"Rick Rude\") defended the [United States Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") against [Ricky Steamboat](/wiki/Ricky_Steamboat \"Ricky Steamboat\"). Dangerous Alliance manager [Paul E. Dangerously](/wiki/Paul_Heyman \"Paul Heyman\") was banned from the ringside by Kip Frey. Near the end of the match, Dangerously under the disguise of a masked ninja attacked Steamboat by hitting him with a phone, allowing Rude to pin him to retain the title.",
""
] |
Aftermath
---------
SuperBrawl II was Lex Luger's final appearance in WCW as he departed the promotion to pursue a bodybuilding career in the [World Bodybuilding Federation](/wiki/World_Bodybuilding_Federation "World Bodybuilding Federation") (WBF) and jumped ship to rival promotion [World Wrestling Federation](/wiki/WWE "WWE") (WWF) in 1993\. Luger returned to WCW three years later on the debut episode of *[Monday Nitro](/wiki/WCW_Monday_Nitro "WCW Monday Nitro")* on September 4, 1995\.
On the March 7 episode of *World Championship Wrestling*, Rick Rude threw drink in Sting's face during a press conference, which led to a feud between Sting and the Dangerous Alliance. Ricky Steamboat, Barry Windham and Dustin Rhodes resumed their rivalry with Dangerous Alliance after SuperBrawl and joined Sting and [Nikita Koloff](/wiki/Nikita_Koloff "Nikita Koloff") to defeat the Dangerous Alliance in a [WarGames match](/wiki/WarGames_match "WarGames match") at [WrestleWar](/wiki/WrestleWar_%281992%29 "WrestleWar (1992)"). Sting held the World Heavyweight Championship until [The Great American Bash](/wiki/The_Great_American_Bash_%281992%29 "The Great American Bash (1992)"), where he lost the title to [Big Van Vader](/wiki/Big_Van_Vader "Big Van Vader"). Steamboat and Rude's rivalry culminated in an [Iron Man match](/wiki/Iron_Man_match "Iron Man match") at [Beach Blast](/wiki/Beach_Blast_%281992%29 "Beach Blast (1992)"), which Steamboat won.
The feud between Ron Simmons and Cactus Jack continued after SuperBrawl as Jack joined forces with [Mr. Hughes](/wiki/Curtis_Hughes "Curtis Hughes") to feud with Simmons and his new ally [Junkyard Dog](/wiki/Junkyard_Dog "Junkyard Dog"). A tag team match was supposed to take place between the two teams at WrestleWar but Jack attacked JYD before the match rendering him unable to compete and Simmons defeated Hughes in a singles match.
Arn Anderson and Bobby Eaton continued their feud with Steiner Brothers over the World Tag Team Championship after the event. On the April 11 episode of *Pro*, it was announced that Anderson and Eaton would defend the titles against Steiners in a [steel cage match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Steel_Cage_match "Professional wrestling match types#Steel Cage match") at a house show on May 3\. Steiners would win the titles. Steiners would then defeat [Takayuki Iizuka](/wiki/Takashi_Iizuka "Takashi Iizuka") and [Tatsumi Fujinami](/wiki/Tatsumi_Fujinami "Tatsumi Fujinami") at WrestleWar to become the number one contenders for the [IWGP Tag Team Championship](/wiki/IWGP_Tag_Team_Championship "IWGP Tag Team Championship").
Brian Pillman would successfully defend the Light Heavyweight Championship against Tom Zenk at WrestleWar. He would hold the title until Beach Blast, where he lost the title to [Scotty Flamingo](/wiki/Raven_%28wrestler%29 "Raven (wrestler)").
|
[
"Aftermath\n---------",
"SuperBrawl II was Lex Luger's final appearance in WCW as he departed the promotion to pursue a bodybuilding career in the [World Bodybuilding Federation](/wiki/World_Bodybuilding_Federation \"World Bodybuilding Federation\") (WBF) and jumped ship to rival promotion [World Wrestling Federation](/wiki/WWE \"WWE\") (WWF) in 1993\\. Luger returned to WCW three years later on the debut episode of *[Monday Nitro](/wiki/WCW_Monday_Nitro \"WCW Monday Nitro\")* on September 4, 1995\\.",
"On the March 7 episode of *World Championship Wrestling*, Rick Rude threw drink in Sting's face during a press conference, which led to a feud between Sting and the Dangerous Alliance. Ricky Steamboat, Barry Windham and Dustin Rhodes resumed their rivalry with Dangerous Alliance after SuperBrawl and joined Sting and [Nikita Koloff](/wiki/Nikita_Koloff \"Nikita Koloff\") to defeat the Dangerous Alliance in a [WarGames match](/wiki/WarGames_match \"WarGames match\") at [WrestleWar](/wiki/WrestleWar_%281992%29 \"WrestleWar (1992)\"). Sting held the World Heavyweight Championship until [The Great American Bash](/wiki/The_Great_American_Bash_%281992%29 \"The Great American Bash (1992)\"), where he lost the title to [Big Van Vader](/wiki/Big_Van_Vader \"Big Van Vader\"). Steamboat and Rude's rivalry culminated in an [Iron Man match](/wiki/Iron_Man_match \"Iron Man match\") at [Beach Blast](/wiki/Beach_Blast_%281992%29 \"Beach Blast (1992)\"), which Steamboat won.",
"The feud between Ron Simmons and Cactus Jack continued after SuperBrawl as Jack joined forces with [Mr. Hughes](/wiki/Curtis_Hughes \"Curtis Hughes\") to feud with Simmons and his new ally [Junkyard Dog](/wiki/Junkyard_Dog \"Junkyard Dog\"). A tag team match was supposed to take place between the two teams at WrestleWar but Jack attacked JYD before the match rendering him unable to compete and Simmons defeated Hughes in a singles match.",
"Arn Anderson and Bobby Eaton continued their feud with Steiner Brothers over the World Tag Team Championship after the event. On the April 11 episode of *Pro*, it was announced that Anderson and Eaton would defend the titles against Steiners in a [steel cage match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Steel_Cage_match \"Professional wrestling match types#Steel Cage match\") at a house show on May 3\\. Steiners would win the titles. Steiners would then defeat [Takayuki Iizuka](/wiki/Takashi_Iizuka \"Takashi Iizuka\") and [Tatsumi Fujinami](/wiki/Tatsumi_Fujinami \"Tatsumi Fujinami\") at WrestleWar to become the number one contenders for the [IWGP Tag Team Championship](/wiki/IWGP_Tag_Team_Championship \"IWGP Tag Team Championship\").",
"Brian Pillman would successfully defend the Light Heavyweight Championship against Tom Zenk at WrestleWar. He would hold the title until Beach Blast, where he lost the title to [Scotty Flamingo](/wiki/Raven_%28wrestler%29 \"Raven (wrestler)\").",
""
] |
Compliance codes
----------------
New York City requires emergency lights to carry a Calendar Number signifying approval for local installation,{{cite web\|title\=ARTICLE 6 EXIT LIGHTING\|url\=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dob/downloads/bldgs\_code/bc27s6\.pdf\|publisher\=nyc.gov\|access\-date\=18 September 2014}} Chicago requires emergency lighting to have a metal face plate,{{cite web\|title\=Chicago Code Exit and Emergency Lighting\|url\=http://www.junolightinggroup.com/%5CLiterature%5CLIT\-NAVI\-CHICAGO.pdf\|publisher\=Navilite\|access\-date\=18 September 2014}} and Los Angeles requires additional exit signs be installed within {{convert\|18\|in}} of the floor around doors to mark exits during a fire, as smoke rises and tends to block out higher installed units.{{cite web\|title\=Emergency Lighting\|url\=http://www.emergencylight.com/emergency\-lighting\|publisher\=emergencylight.com\|access\-date\=18 September 2014}}
As there are strict requirements to provide an average of one foot candle of light along the path of egress, emergency lighting should be selected carefully to ensure codes are met.
In recent years, emergency lighting has made less use of the traditional two\-head unit \- with manufacturers stretching the concept of emergency lighting to accommodate and integrate emergency lighting into the architecture.
An emergency lighting installation may be either a central standby source such as a bank of lead acid batteries and control gear/chargers supplying slave fittings throughout the building, or may be constructed using self\-contained emergency fittings which incorporate the lamp, battery, charger and control equipment.
Self\-contained emergency lighting fittings may operate in "Maintained" mode (illuminated all the time or controlled by a switch) or "Non\-Maintained" mode (illuminated only when the normal supply fails).
Some emergency lighting manufacturers offer dimming solutions for common area emergency lighting to allow energy savings for building owners when unoccupied using embedded sensors.{{cite web\|title\=Emergency Lighting Dim Down Solutions Guide\|url\=https://wbstech.com.au/blog/dim\-down\-sensor\-solutions\-guide/\|publisher\=WBS Technology}}
Another popular method for lighting designers, architects and contractors are battery backup ballasts that install within or adjacent to existing lighting fixtures. Upon sensing power loss, the ballasts switch into emergency mode turning the existing lighting into emergency lighting in order to meet both the NFPA's [Life Safety Code](/wiki/Life_Safety_Code "Life Safety Code") and the [National Electric Code](/wiki/National_Electric_Code "National Electric Code") without the need of wiring separate circuits or external wall mounts.
Codes of practice for remote mounted emergency lighting generally mandate that wiring from the central power source to emergency luminaires be kept segregated from other wiring, and constructed in fire resistant cabling and wiring systems.
Codes of practice lay down minimum illumination levels in escape routes and open areas. Codes of practice also lay down requirements governing siting of emergency lighting fittings, for example the UK code of practice, BS5266, specifies that a fitting must be within {{convert\|2\|m}} horizontal distance of a fire alarm call point or location for fire fighting appliances.
The most recent codes of practice require the designer to allow for both failure of the supply to the building and the failure of an individual lighting circuit. BS5266 requires that when Non Maintained fittings are used, they must be supplied from the same final circuit as the main lighting circuit in the area.
|
[
"Compliance codes\n----------------",
"New York City requires emergency lights to carry a Calendar Number signifying approval for local installation,{{cite web\\|title\\=ARTICLE 6 EXIT LIGHTING\\|url\\=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dob/downloads/bldgs\\_code/bc27s6\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=nyc.gov\\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2014}} Chicago requires emergency lighting to have a metal face plate,{{cite web\\|title\\=Chicago Code Exit and Emergency Lighting\\|url\\=http://www.junolightinggroup.com/%5CLiterature%5CLIT\\-NAVI\\-CHICAGO.pdf\\|publisher\\=Navilite\\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2014}} and Los Angeles requires additional exit signs be installed within {{convert\\|18\\|in}} of the floor around doors to mark exits during a fire, as smoke rises and tends to block out higher installed units.{{cite web\\|title\\=Emergency Lighting\\|url\\=http://www.emergencylight.com/emergency\\-lighting\\|publisher\\=emergencylight.com\\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2014}}",
"As there are strict requirements to provide an average of one foot candle of light along the path of egress, emergency lighting should be selected carefully to ensure codes are met.",
"In recent years, emergency lighting has made less use of the traditional two\\-head unit \\- with manufacturers stretching the concept of emergency lighting to accommodate and integrate emergency lighting into the architecture.",
"An emergency lighting installation may be either a central standby source such as a bank of lead acid batteries and control gear/chargers supplying slave fittings throughout the building, or may be constructed using self\\-contained emergency fittings which incorporate the lamp, battery, charger and control equipment.",
"Self\\-contained emergency lighting fittings may operate in \"Maintained\" mode (illuminated all the time or controlled by a switch) or \"Non\\-Maintained\" mode (illuminated only when the normal supply fails).",
"Some emergency lighting manufacturers offer dimming solutions for common area emergency lighting to allow energy savings for building owners when unoccupied using embedded sensors.{{cite web\\|title\\=Emergency Lighting Dim Down Solutions Guide\\|url\\=https://wbstech.com.au/blog/dim\\-down\\-sensor\\-solutions\\-guide/\\|publisher\\=WBS Technology}}",
"Another popular method for lighting designers, architects and contractors are battery backup ballasts that install within or adjacent to existing lighting fixtures. Upon sensing power loss, the ballasts switch into emergency mode turning the existing lighting into emergency lighting in order to meet both the NFPA's [Life Safety Code](/wiki/Life_Safety_Code \"Life Safety Code\") and the [National Electric Code](/wiki/National_Electric_Code \"National Electric Code\") without the need of wiring separate circuits or external wall mounts.",
"Codes of practice for remote mounted emergency lighting generally mandate that wiring from the central power source to emergency luminaires be kept segregated from other wiring, and constructed in fire resistant cabling and wiring systems.",
"Codes of practice lay down minimum illumination levels in escape routes and open areas. Codes of practice also lay down requirements governing siting of emergency lighting fittings, for example the UK code of practice, BS5266, specifies that a fitting must be within {{convert\\|2\\|m}} horizontal distance of a fire alarm call point or location for fire fighting appliances.",
"The most recent codes of practice require the designer to allow for both failure of the supply to the building and the failure of an individual lighting circuit. BS5266 requires that when Non Maintained fittings are used, they must be supplied from the same final circuit as the main lighting circuit in the area.",
""
] |
Criminal code
-------------
[Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") based its criminal codes and court operations primarily on [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), [Italian](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), and [Napoleonic](/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France "Napoleon I of France") models. Criminal court procedures had been substantially modified by the heritage of Islamic legal and social patterns and the legacy of numerous kinds of courts that formerly existed. The divergent sources and philosophical origins of these laws and the inapplicability of many borrowed Western legal concepts occasioned difficulties in administering Egyptian law.
The criminal code listed three main categories of crime: contraventions (minor offenses), misdemeanors (offenses punishable by imprisonment or fines), and felonies (offenses punishable by penal servitude or death). Lower courts handled the majority of the cases that reached adjudication and levied fines in about nine out of ten cases. At their discretion, courts could suspend fines or imprisonment (when a sentence did not exceed one year).
Capital crimes that carried a possible death sentence included murder, manslaughter occurring in the commission of a felony, arson or the use of explosives that caused death, rape, treason, and endangerment of state security. Few convictions for capital crimes, however, resulted in execution.
Egypt's laws require that a detained person be brought before a magistrate and formally charged within forty\-eight hours or released. An accused is entitled to post bail and had the right to be defended by legal counsel.
The [Emergency Law](/wiki/Emergency_law_in_Egypt "Emergency law in Egypt") of 1958 outlined special judicial procedures for some cases. The law enabled authorities to circumvent the increasingly independent regular court system in cases where people were charged with endangering state security. The law applied primarily to Islamic radicals but also covered leftists suspected of political violence, drug smugglers, and illegal currency dealers. It also allowed detention of striking workers, pro\-Palestinian student demonstrators, and relatives of fugitives.
The Emergency Law of 1958 authorized the judicial system to detain people without charging them or guaranteeing them due process while an investigation was under way. After thirty days, a detainee could petition the State Security Court to review the case. If the court ordered the detainee's release, the minister of interior had fifteen days to object. If the minister overruled the court's decision, the detainee could petition another State Security Court for release after thirty more days. If the second court supported the detainee's petition, it released the detainee. The minister of interior could, however, simply re\-arrest the detainee. The government commonly engaged in this practice in cases involving Islamic extremists.
|
[
"Criminal code\n-------------",
"[Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") based its criminal codes and court operations primarily on [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), [Italian](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), and [Napoleonic](/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France \"Napoleon I of France\") models. Criminal court procedures had been substantially modified by the heritage of Islamic legal and social patterns and the legacy of numerous kinds of courts that formerly existed. The divergent sources and philosophical origins of these laws and the inapplicability of many borrowed Western legal concepts occasioned difficulties in administering Egyptian law.",
"The criminal code listed three main categories of crime: contraventions (minor offenses), misdemeanors (offenses punishable by imprisonment or fines), and felonies (offenses punishable by penal servitude or death). Lower courts handled the majority of the cases that reached adjudication and levied fines in about nine out of ten cases. At their discretion, courts could suspend fines or imprisonment (when a sentence did not exceed one year).",
"Capital crimes that carried a possible death sentence included murder, manslaughter occurring in the commission of a felony, arson or the use of explosives that caused death, rape, treason, and endangerment of state security. Few convictions for capital crimes, however, resulted in execution.",
"Egypt's laws require that a detained person be brought before a magistrate and formally charged within forty\\-eight hours or released. An accused is entitled to post bail and had the right to be defended by legal counsel.",
"The [Emergency Law](/wiki/Emergency_law_in_Egypt \"Emergency law in Egypt\") of 1958 outlined special judicial procedures for some cases. The law enabled authorities to circumvent the increasingly independent regular court system in cases where people were charged with endangering state security. The law applied primarily to Islamic radicals but also covered leftists suspected of political violence, drug smugglers, and illegal currency dealers. It also allowed detention of striking workers, pro\\-Palestinian student demonstrators, and relatives of fugitives.",
"The Emergency Law of 1958 authorized the judicial system to detain people without charging them or guaranteeing them due process while an investigation was under way. After thirty days, a detainee could petition the State Security Court to review the case. If the court ordered the detainee's release, the minister of interior had fifteen days to object. If the minister overruled the court's decision, the detainee could petition another State Security Court for release after thirty more days. If the second court supported the detainee's petition, it released the detainee. The minister of interior could, however, simply re\\-arrest the detainee. The government commonly engaged in this practice in cases involving Islamic extremists.",
""
] |
Courts
------
The Judiciary of [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") consists of administrative and non\-administrative courts, a Supreme Constitutional Court, penal courts, civil and commercial courts, personal status and family courts, national security courts, labour courts, military courts, and other specialized courts or circuits.
Amendments to some articles of the 2014 Constitution passed by a public referendum followed on 19–22 April 2019, provide for the president to appoint the heads of the judicial bodies or authorities and to be head of the Supreme Council for the Judicial Authorities. Other members of that council include the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court, the heads of other judicial authorities, the head of the Cairo Court of Appeal and the Attorney\-General.
* The **[Supreme Constitutional Court](/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt "Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt")** is the highest judicial power in Egypt. Article 25 of the Supreme Constitutional Court's Law No.48 of the Year 1979 (which was still in effect as of 2019\), empowers the court to rule on:
+ the constitutionality of laws and regulations;
+ jurisdiction disputes between judicial bodies or authorities of judicial competence;
+ disputes resulting from enforcement of contradictory rulings issued by two different judicial entities;
+ interpretation of laws issued by the Legislative Authority and the decrees issued by the Head of the State in case of any divergence with respect to their implementation.
* **Court of Cassation** (*Maḥkamet El Naqḍ*)
The Court of Cassation, the only one in its category, was established in 1931 and based in Cairo. The Court of Cassation, the exclusive body atop the judicial hierarchy in Egypt, was designated with the purpose of creating a central tool to provide exclusive and uniform interpretation and application of law.
The jurisdiction of Court of Cassation basically includes consideration of challenges brought to it by either adversary or by the public prosecution.
It also includes examining lawsuits related to judges' actions. In such a case, the court undertakes its role as a court of merit, rather than a court of law.
It also has the power to give rulings on requests of reparations for all violated verdicts.
The court issues annual collections on approved judicial principles under the title “Rulings and Principles of The Court of Cassation”.
* **Court of Appeal**
Courts of Appeal, some which are called Higher Courts of Appeal, have the competence to consider rulings by the courts of first instance falling under its jurisdiction should these rulings be liable for appeal.
According to the Egyptian judiciary law, there are seven courts of appeal in Egypt; in Cairo, Alexandria, Tanta, Mansoura, Ismailia, Beni Swaif and Assuit.
* **Court of First Instance**
These courts of first instance have the competence to consider lawsuits filed before them as may fall under their jurisdictions. Their rulings are liable to appeal.
* **Courts of limited jurisdiction**
These courts have the competence to issue rulings on lawsuits of limited importance, falling under their geographical and term jurisdictions.
These rulings are liable to appeal.
* **Family Court**
The Family Court (FC) was established in 2004, motivated by the need to differentiate between family litigations and other disputes. It is intended to provide a specialized judiciary tool that would take cognizance of such cases in an atmosphere totally different from that of other lawsuits.
This aims to secure psychological peace for the children who may be involved, especially in such cases of tutelage, divorce, alimony, custody, etc.
The ultimate objective of this court is to hammer out an amicable settlement for family problems through specialized guidance bureaus.
* **[Egyptian State Lawsuits Authority](/wiki/Egyptian_State_Lawsuits_Authority "Egyptian State Lawsuits Authority")**
* **Public Prosecution**
The public prosecution acts as public attorney before criminal courts with the right to file criminal actions. It was given the right by the Egyptian legislation to initiate action even if plaintiff has relinquished his right to do so.
* **Administrative judiciary**
This judiciary has the jurisdiction to decide on administrative disputes to which any administrative body is involved.
Egypt has adopted a dual system of judiciary, i.e. the ordinary and administrative judiciary.
References : An Approach to Legal English \& Terminology – DR.Mostafa El\-Morshedy
|
[
"Courts\n------",
"The Judiciary of [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") consists of administrative and non\\-administrative courts, a Supreme Constitutional Court, penal courts, civil and commercial courts, personal status and family courts, national security courts, labour courts, military courts, and other specialized courts or circuits.",
"Amendments to some articles of the 2014 Constitution passed by a public referendum followed on 19–22 April 2019, provide for the president to appoint the heads of the judicial bodies or authorities and to be head of the Supreme Council for the Judicial Authorities. Other members of that council include the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court, the heads of other judicial authorities, the head of the Cairo Court of Appeal and the Attorney\\-General.",
"* The **[Supreme Constitutional Court](/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt \"Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt\")** is the highest judicial power in Egypt. Article 25 of the Supreme Constitutional Court's Law No.48 of the Year 1979 (which was still in effect as of 2019\\), empowers the court to rule on:\n\t+ the constitutionality of laws and regulations;\n\t+ jurisdiction disputes between judicial bodies or authorities of judicial competence;\n\t+ disputes resulting from enforcement of contradictory rulings issued by two different judicial entities;\n\t+ interpretation of laws issued by the Legislative Authority and the decrees issued by the Head of the State in case of any divergence with respect to their implementation.\n* **Court of Cassation** (*Maḥkamet El Naqḍ*)\nThe Court of Cassation, the only one in its category, was established in 1931 and based in Cairo. The Court of Cassation, the exclusive body atop the judicial hierarchy in Egypt, was designated with the purpose of creating a central tool to provide exclusive and uniform interpretation and application of law.",
"The jurisdiction of Court of Cassation basically includes consideration of challenges brought to it by either adversary or by the public prosecution.",
"It also includes examining lawsuits related to judges' actions. In such a case, the court undertakes its role as a court of merit, rather than a court of law.",
"It also has the power to give rulings on requests of reparations for all violated verdicts.\nThe court issues annual collections on approved judicial principles under the title “Rulings and Principles of The Court of Cassation”.",
"* **Court of Appeal**\nCourts of Appeal, some which are called Higher Courts of Appeal, have the competence to consider rulings by the courts of first instance falling under its jurisdiction should these rulings be liable for appeal.",
"According to the Egyptian judiciary law, there are seven courts of appeal in Egypt; in Cairo, Alexandria, Tanta, Mansoura, Ismailia, Beni Swaif and Assuit.",
"* **Court of First Instance**\nThese courts of first instance have the competence to consider lawsuits filed before them as may fall under their jurisdictions. Their rulings are liable to appeal.\n* **Courts of limited jurisdiction**\nThese courts have the competence to issue rulings on lawsuits of limited importance, falling under their geographical and term jurisdictions.",
"These rulings are liable to appeal.",
"* **Family Court**\nThe Family Court (FC) was established in 2004, motivated by the need to differentiate between family litigations and other disputes. It is intended to provide a specialized judiciary tool that would take cognizance of such cases in an atmosphere totally different from that of other lawsuits.",
"This aims to secure psychological peace for the children who may be involved, especially in such cases of tutelage, divorce, alimony, custody, etc.",
"The ultimate objective of this court is to hammer out an amicable settlement for family problems through specialized guidance bureaus.",
"* **[Egyptian State Lawsuits Authority](/wiki/Egyptian_State_Lawsuits_Authority \"Egyptian State Lawsuits Authority\")**\n* **Public Prosecution**\nThe public prosecution acts as public attorney before criminal courts with the right to file criminal actions. It was given the right by the Egyptian legislation to initiate action even if plaintiff has relinquished his right to do so.\n* **Administrative judiciary**\nThis judiciary has the jurisdiction to decide on administrative disputes to which any administrative body is involved.",
"Egypt has adopted a dual system of judiciary, i.e. the ordinary and administrative judiciary.",
"References : An Approach to Legal English \\& Terminology – DR.Mostafa El\\-Morshedy",
""
] |
Transportation
--------------
Garratt Lane is one of three major north–south routes in south\-west Inner London, i.e. between the Lambeth/Southwark south bank areas and the gradual widening and receiving of local roads to the arterial A3, west of Wandsworth. The Lane follows a bank of the [River Wandle](/wiki/River_Wandle "River Wandle") so has quite a consistent rise as with the parallel A218 on the higher, western bank. Industries grew up in the 18th and 19th centuries along this east bank, which led to its prominence. A 1741 map of Rocque shows a road with a near identical orientation, which strongly implies the road had early origins. A 1786 map [Carey's map of The Environs of London sheet 34](http://www.oldlondonmaps.com/cary/cary34.html) shows and names Garratt Lane running approximately on its present route. This map also shows two lanes that intersect named: Half Farthing (now Allfarthing) and Burnt Wood (now Burntwood). The sub\-settlement on its length was **Garratt Green**, Wandsworth.
In 1803 the first commercial railway in Britain was opened along much of the northern section. This was the [Surrey Iron Railway](/wiki/Surrey_Iron_Railway "Surrey Iron Railway") which connected the Thames at Wandsworth with these industries, and those in [Merton](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Merton "London Borough of Merton") and [Croydon](/wiki/Croydon "Croydon"). No sign remains of the railway which was horse\-drawn.
Public transport in the form of horse buses was placed on the street in the latter part of the 19th century, and in 1903 the [London County Council](/wiki/London_County_Council "London County Council") (LCC) extended and electrified the [tramways](/wiki/Tram "Tram"). The trams started at the Thames near [Westminster](/wiki/Westminster "Westminster") and went west and southwest on three route, one through [Clapham Junction](/wiki/Clapham_Junction_%28area%29 "Clapham Junction (area)") to Wandsworth, another through Brixton to [Streatham](/wiki/Streatham "Streatham"), and one through [Balham](/wiki/Balham%2C_London "Balham, London") to [Wimbledon](/wiki/Wimbledon%2C_London "Wimbledon, London"). The routes through Garratt Lane connected all three with the focal point being Tooting.
When the [London Passenger Transport Board](/wiki/London_Passenger_Transport_Board "London Passenger Transport Board") was formed in 1933 to control all of London's transport, route 12 (from Tooting to London Bridge via Wandsworth \& [Battersea](/wiki/Battersea "Battersea")) and route 30 (from Tooting to [Shepherd's Bush](/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush "Shepherd's Bush") via [Putney](/wiki/Putney "Putney")) ran the length of Garratt Lane. These routes were transformed to trolleybus (612 and 630\) routes in 1937 with conversion to bus service in the 1960s (No 44 \& 220 (later replaced by the 270\) respectively) as London's tram services were discontinued. Garratt Lane is served along its length by TfL bus routes 44, 77, and 270\. Routes G1, 155, 264, 280 and 493 serve the southern end, with the G1 continuing to Battersea via St George's Hospital and Burntwood Lane, and the remainder terminating at St George's Hospital. Routes 28 and 220 terminate at Southside Wandsworth at the northern end of Garratt Lane.
The [South West Main Line](/wiki/South_West_Main_Line "South West Main Line") serves Garratt Lane at [Earlsfield](/wiki/Earlsfield_railway_station "Earlsfield railway station") and the nearest London Underground station is [Tooting Broadway](/wiki/Tooting_Broadway_tube_station "Tooting Broadway tube station"), just opposite the south end of Garratt Lane at the junction of the A24 and A217\.
|
[
"Transportation\n--------------",
"Garratt Lane is one of three major north–south routes in south\\-west Inner London, i.e. between the Lambeth/Southwark south bank areas and the gradual widening and receiving of local roads to the arterial A3, west of Wandsworth. The Lane follows a bank of the [River Wandle](/wiki/River_Wandle \"River Wandle\") so has quite a consistent rise as with the parallel A218 on the higher, western bank. Industries grew up in the 18th and 19th centuries along this east bank, which led to its prominence. A 1741 map of Rocque shows a road with a near identical orientation, which strongly implies the road had early origins. A 1786 map [Carey's map of The Environs of London sheet 34](http://www.oldlondonmaps.com/cary/cary34.html) shows and names Garratt Lane running approximately on its present route. This map also shows two lanes that intersect named: Half Farthing (now Allfarthing) and Burnt Wood (now Burntwood). The sub\\-settlement on its length was **Garratt Green**, Wandsworth.",
"In 1803 the first commercial railway in Britain was opened along much of the northern section. This was the [Surrey Iron Railway](/wiki/Surrey_Iron_Railway \"Surrey Iron Railway\") which connected the Thames at Wandsworth with these industries, and those in [Merton](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Merton \"London Borough of Merton\") and [Croydon](/wiki/Croydon \"Croydon\"). No sign remains of the railway which was horse\\-drawn.",
"Public transport in the form of horse buses was placed on the street in the latter part of the 19th century, and in 1903 the [London County Council](/wiki/London_County_Council \"London County Council\") (LCC) extended and electrified the [tramways](/wiki/Tram \"Tram\"). The trams started at the Thames near [Westminster](/wiki/Westminster \"Westminster\") and went west and southwest on three route, one through [Clapham Junction](/wiki/Clapham_Junction_%28area%29 \"Clapham Junction (area)\") to Wandsworth, another through Brixton to [Streatham](/wiki/Streatham \"Streatham\"), and one through [Balham](/wiki/Balham%2C_London \"Balham, London\") to [Wimbledon](/wiki/Wimbledon%2C_London \"Wimbledon, London\"). The routes through Garratt Lane connected all three with the focal point being Tooting.",
"When the [London Passenger Transport Board](/wiki/London_Passenger_Transport_Board \"London Passenger Transport Board\") was formed in 1933 to control all of London's transport, route 12 (from Tooting to London Bridge via Wandsworth \\& [Battersea](/wiki/Battersea \"Battersea\")) and route 30 (from Tooting to [Shepherd's Bush](/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush \"Shepherd's Bush\") via [Putney](/wiki/Putney \"Putney\")) ran the length of Garratt Lane. These routes were transformed to trolleybus (612 and 630\\) routes in 1937 with conversion to bus service in the 1960s (No 44 \\& 220 (later replaced by the 270\\) respectively) as London's tram services were discontinued. Garratt Lane is served along its length by TfL bus routes 44, 77, and 270\\. Routes G1, 155, 264, 280 and 493 serve the southern end, with the G1 continuing to Battersea via St George's Hospital and Burntwood Lane, and the remainder terminating at St George's Hospital. Routes 28 and 220 terminate at Southside Wandsworth at the northern end of Garratt Lane.",
"The [South West Main Line](/wiki/South_West_Main_Line \"South West Main Line\") serves Garratt Lane at [Earlsfield](/wiki/Earlsfield_railway_station \"Earlsfield railway station\") and the nearest London Underground station is [Tooting Broadway](/wiki/Tooting_Broadway_tube_station \"Tooting Broadway tube station\"), just opposite the south end of Garratt Lane at the junction of the A24 and A217\\.",
""
] |
Eric Drummond, Secretary\-General, 1920\-1933
---------------------------------------------
{{Main\|Eric Drummond, 7th Earl of Perth}}
[thumb\|Sir Eric Drummond in 1918](/wiki/File:Sir_Eric_Drummond_circa_1918.jpg "Sir Eric Drummond circa 1918.jpg")
Between 1918 and 1919, he was a member of the British delegation to the [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919 "Paris Peace Conference, 1919"), where he was engaged in the drafting of the [Covenant of the League of Nations](/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations "Covenant of the League of Nations"). In 1919 he accepted the position of the [Secretary\-General of the League of Nations](/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_League_of_Nations "Secretary-General of the League of Nations"), on the recommendation of [Lord Cecil](/wiki/Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood "Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood").Lorna Lloyd. Drummond, (James) Eric, seventh earl of Perth (1876–1951\), *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2011 [accessed 7 October 2014](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32902)
Before the 1919 [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919 "Paris Peace Conference, 1919") in 1919, much work had been put into finding a suitable candidate for secretary\-general of the newly\-established League of Nations. Cecil, who played a key role in drafting the Covenant and organising the League, initially wanted a person with a background in politics for the post; there were several suitable candidates, but none accepted his proposal. He believed that only somebody of the highest ability would be sufficient for this role. However, after it transpired that the office holder would not be given as many powers as initially thought, Cecil reconsidered and sought to find somebody who was a well\-trained civil servant and less known as a big political figure. He first approached [Maurice Hankey](/wiki/Maurice_Hankey "Maurice Hankey"), who for some time showed interest in the position but in the end rejected the offer only ten days before the Paris plenary session.{{cite book \|last\= Walters\| first \= F. P. \|year\= 1952 \|title \= A History of the League of Nations \|publisher\= Oxford University Press \|url\= https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content\_id\=32146299\| ref\=walters}} In the event that Hankey would turn down the offer, Cecil and the American [Edward M. House](/wiki/Edward_M._House "Edward M. House") had developed a contingency plan to substitute Hankey with Sir Eric Drummond.
As early as 1915, Drummond expressed himself favourably towards the establishment of an international organisation. As such, Drummond was involved in negotiations regarding the establishment of the League of Nations. In addition, he was also a British national, which Cecil valued very highly. Drummond was an experienced diplomat and had earned a high reputation during his 19 years at the Foreign Office, which helped him to be considered the best choice available.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2022}}
After some initial doubt in which Drummond expressed anxiety about organising the League, he finally accepted the proposal. At the Paris Peace Conference's plenary session on 28 April 1919, the conference accepted the appointment of Drummond as the first secretary\-general of the League of Nations.
### Establishment of permanent secretariat (1919–1920\)
[thumb\|Organization chart of the International Secretariat of the [League](/wiki/League_of_Nations "League of Nations") (here in 1930\), established by Drummond.{{Cite journal \| issue \= 2\| last \= Grandjean\| first \= Martin\| title \= Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni \| journal \= Memoria e Ricerca \| date \= 2017\| pages \= 371–393\| url \= https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10\.14647/87204 \| doi \= 10\.14647/87204}} See also [French version](https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2) (PDF) and [English summary](http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/).](/wiki/File:League_of_Nations_Organization.png "League of Nations Organization.png")
One of the secretary\-general's major deeds was the establishment of a permanent and strictly international secretariat. No such thing had ever been attempted, and prewar secretariats had largely been confined to the national sphere as regards who supplied them and the civil servants who worked there. The creation of an international civil service was problematic, and administrative leaders thought it unthinkable that such a body would ever be united, loyal or efficient. By August 1920 the secretariat was fully established.Barros (1979\), p. 84\.
The secretariat's personnel came from over 30 countries and differed in language, religion and training. They were all appointed by the League, not by national governments. That once again underscored the difference between the new international body and previous national secretariats. In all, the secretariat came to consist of seven sections: a Mandate Section, an Economic and Financial Section, a Section for Transit and Communication, a Social Section, a Political Section, a Legal Section and an International Bureau Section.
### Leadership style
Drummond approached the role conservatively. His somewhat\-subdued role in the British Foreign Office easily transferred over to the position of secretary\-general. He was not a major political figure and so did not seek to turn the office into a reflection of his personality.Barros (1979\), p. 34\.
Drummond set about creating the administrative divisions for the League. He took no risk in his appointments to senior positions in the League of Nations and chose to appoint only members who supported their nation's government and gave the positions only to members of leading states.
Drummond was regarded as taking great care with issues and taking his position very seriously. He would read everything that came to his desk and would often call meetings regularly to discuss various issues. The meetings would often take place with various members of governments, which managed to established contact by his appointments to the League. Drummond thus became aware of sensitive information from various governments and nongovernmental organisations but became someone who could be trusted by various politicians worldwide.
He was widely regarded as shying away from the public and political spotlight, despite the high\-profile nature of his position. He, however, was believed to be highly political behind the scenes but was often forced to do to appease various nations and because of often lacking support from many governments. One example was his 1920s dealings with [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini")'s policies towards the Balkans, Africa and Europe. Drummond was unable to condemn any of Mussolini's policies publicly, as he did not have the backing of Britain and France. He wanted to maintain good relations with Italy, which helped to render him somewhat impotent.Barros (1979\), p. 35\.
Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League, but he also appeased nations, rather than keeping them in check against international law. Despite the limitations coming from outside the League, he largely decided how he would run the office since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. Drummond became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and he would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.Barros (1979\), p. 38\.
### National links of League officers
The ideal underpinning the secretariat and those working there was one much resembling a [Weberian](/wiki/Weberian "Weberian") understanding of bureaucracy, the idea of a non\-political, neutral, effective and efficient bureaucrat.Dykmann, Klaas \& Naumann, Katja, *Changes from the "Margins": Non\-European Actors, Ideas and Strategies in International Organizations*, Leipzig, 2014, pp. 33–34; Barros (1979\), pp. 60–61\. Drummond admitted, "It is not always those who secure public praise to whom thanks are mainly due, and the work unknown to the public which is done behind the scenes is often a large factor in the success which has been obtained".Letter from Eric Drummond to Thanassis Aghnides, Genava, 12 December 1927 – adapted from Dykmann \& Naumann, *Changes from the "Margins": Non\-European Actors, Ideas and Strategies in International Organizations*, p. 34\.
The ideal was not always upheld, and national preferences were never really abandoned. New under\-secretaries\-general who were appointed were more often than not of the same nationality, with candidates of smaller powers excluded. Drummond did not practice what he preached, which created small national islands from which the appointed officials conducted national, rather than international, politics.Barros (1979\), pp. 68–69\.
In 1929, the Assembly decided to make a thorough investigation of the secretariats, the [International Labour Organization](/wiki/International_Labour_Organization "International Labour Organization") and the [Permanent Court of International Justice](/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice "Permanent Court of International Justice"). The minority report showed that the political influence in substantive issues by the secretariats and its main officers was enormous and could not be overlooked. However, that was not recognised by Drummond before the 1950s and until then had readily defended the notion of nonpolitical character of international secretariats.Barros (1979\), pp. 71–74\.
Despite the political character of the international civil service, the Secretariat came to be widely recognised as an instrument of the highest efficiency and the structural framework became a model for future international civil services, such as seen in the United Nations.
### Role during crises
During Drummond's secretary\-generalship there were several crises that called for his attention. The League of Nations' Council relied on the willingness of its members to use their militaries to apply its collective security mandate during crises. Many of them centred on border disputes from the collapse of empires after the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"). As the League got involved in such matters throughout the 1920s with members and non\-members alike, Drummond was at the centre of the talks and the negotiations. The League was involved in disputes in Latin America, the Baltics and then China. Peter Yearwood argues that although Drummond was an idealist, as were most other people, he also 'made use' of his connections in politics.Peter J. Yearwood, *Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925*. (Oxford UP, 2009\). Drummond was widely regarded as somebody who shied away from the public and political limelight, despite the high\-profile nature of his position. He managed to achieve that but was believed to be highly political behind the scenes. He was often forced to appease various nations because he often lacked support from governments.Lloyd (1995\): pp. 160–174\.
One example was his dealings with [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini")'s policies in the 1920s towards the Balkans, Africa and the rest of Europe. Drummond was unable to give a public condemnation of Mussolini's policies, as he had the backing of neither Britain nor France and wanted to maintain good relations with Italy. That was one of the many reasons that helped to render him a somewhat impotent leader.
Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League of Nations. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League of Nations, but he appeased nations, rather than keeping them in check against international law. Despite the limitations coming from outside the League of Nations, he largely decided how he would run the office within it, since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. He became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.
Another factor that partly drove Drummond's ambitions and his way of handling the crises presented before him was his religion. He was a devout Catholic, which had a significant impact in his dealings with the [Polish–Lithuanian War](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War "Polish–Lithuanian War") early in his career. He strongly urged a plebiscite to which Poland could agree, most Poles being Catholic.Yearwood, *Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925* (2009\). Also, Drummond seemed to be pro\-active. On the crisis between Russia and Finland over the latter's independence gained after the First World War, Drummond was one of the first to consider a possible solution.Lloyd (1995\).
Another important factor of his secretary\-generalship was his willingness to step beyond the boundaries given to him in his position. During the crisis over the [Chaco War](/wiki/Chaco_War "Chaco War") near the end of Drummond's career at the League, he was praised for being a helpful mediator and for doing more than his position allowed.
### Mukden Incident
{{Main\|Mukden Incident}}
One of the less successful moments for Drummond was one of the most prominent crises of Drummond's career, the Mukden Incident. China allegedly blew up part of a railroad, which Japan then used as an excuse to invade [Manchuria](/wiki/Manchuria "Manchuria"). China appealed to the League for measures against Japan.Chapman, Michael E. "Fidgeting over Foreign Policy: Henry L. Stimson and the Shenyang Incident, 1931". *Diplomatic History*, 37\#3 (2013\): pp. 727–748\.
According to Michael E. Chapman, Drummond's initial response was not that of an imperialistic western leader but that of a bureaucrat. Somewhat limited in his powers, he looked towards the two most powerful Western nations in the region, Britain and the United States, which more or less stated that they were 'too busy' to deal with the crisis at hand.Chapman (2013\).
When the crisis reached its peak, Stimson advised Drummond to "strengthen and support treaty obligations" the Japanese action had caused British discomfort. He was advised to try not to arouse nationalist feelings in Japan. Drummond wanted to be an active player in the crisis but was mostly outplayed by Henry Stimson and [Hugh R. Wilson](/wiki/Hugh_R._Wilson "Hugh R. Wilson").
|
[
"Eric Drummond, Secretary\\-General, 1920\\-1933\n---------------------------------------------",
"{{Main\\|Eric Drummond, 7th Earl of Perth}}\n[thumb\\|Sir Eric Drummond in 1918](/wiki/File:Sir_Eric_Drummond_circa_1918.jpg \"Sir Eric Drummond circa 1918.jpg\")\nBetween 1918 and 1919, he was a member of the British delegation to the [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919 \"Paris Peace Conference, 1919\"), where he was engaged in the drafting of the [Covenant of the League of Nations](/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations \"Covenant of the League of Nations\"). In 1919 he accepted the position of the [Secretary\\-General of the League of Nations](/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_League_of_Nations \"Secretary-General of the League of Nations\"), on the recommendation of [Lord Cecil](/wiki/Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood \"Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood\").Lorna Lloyd. Drummond, (James) Eric, seventh earl of Perth (1876–1951\\), *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2011 [accessed 7 October 2014](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32902)",
"Before the 1919 [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919 \"Paris Peace Conference, 1919\") in 1919, much work had been put into finding a suitable candidate for secretary\\-general of the newly\\-established League of Nations. Cecil, who played a key role in drafting the Covenant and organising the League, initially wanted a person with a background in politics for the post; there were several suitable candidates, but none accepted his proposal. He believed that only somebody of the highest ability would be sufficient for this role. However, after it transpired that the office holder would not be given as many powers as initially thought, Cecil reconsidered and sought to find somebody who was a well\\-trained civil servant and less known as a big political figure. He first approached [Maurice Hankey](/wiki/Maurice_Hankey \"Maurice Hankey\"), who for some time showed interest in the position but in the end rejected the offer only ten days before the Paris plenary session.{{cite book \\|last\\= Walters\\| first \\= F. P. \\|year\\= 1952 \\|title \\= A History of the League of Nations \\|publisher\\= Oxford University Press \\|url\\= https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content\\_id\\=32146299\\| ref\\=walters}} In the event that Hankey would turn down the offer, Cecil and the American [Edward M. House](/wiki/Edward_M._House \"Edward M. House\") had developed a contingency plan to substitute Hankey with Sir Eric Drummond.",
"As early as 1915, Drummond expressed himself favourably towards the establishment of an international organisation. As such, Drummond was involved in negotiations regarding the establishment of the League of Nations. In addition, he was also a British national, which Cecil valued very highly. Drummond was an experienced diplomat and had earned a high reputation during his 19 years at the Foreign Office, which helped him to be considered the best choice available.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2022}}",
"After some initial doubt in which Drummond expressed anxiety about organising the League, he finally accepted the proposal. At the Paris Peace Conference's plenary session on 28 April 1919, the conference accepted the appointment of Drummond as the first secretary\\-general of the League of Nations.",
"### Establishment of permanent secretariat (1919–1920\\)",
"[thumb\\|Organization chart of the International Secretariat of the [League](/wiki/League_of_Nations \"League of Nations\") (here in 1930\\), established by Drummond.{{Cite journal \\| issue \\= 2\\| last \\= Grandjean\\| first \\= Martin\\| title \\= Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni \\| journal \\= Memoria e Ricerca \\| date \\= 2017\\| pages \\= 371–393\\| url \\= https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10\\.14647/87204 \\| doi \\= 10\\.14647/87204}} See also [French version](https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2) (PDF) and [English summary](http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/).](/wiki/File:League_of_Nations_Organization.png \"League of Nations Organization.png\")\nOne of the secretary\\-general's major deeds was the establishment of a permanent and strictly international secretariat. No such thing had ever been attempted, and prewar secretariats had largely been confined to the national sphere as regards who supplied them and the civil servants who worked there. The creation of an international civil service was problematic, and administrative leaders thought it unthinkable that such a body would ever be united, loyal or efficient. By August 1920 the secretariat was fully established.Barros (1979\\), p. 84\\.",
"The secretariat's personnel came from over 30 countries and differed in language, religion and training. They were all appointed by the League, not by national governments. That once again underscored the difference between the new international body and previous national secretariats. In all, the secretariat came to consist of seven sections: a Mandate Section, an Economic and Financial Section, a Section for Transit and Communication, a Social Section, a Political Section, a Legal Section and an International Bureau Section.",
"### Leadership style",
"Drummond approached the role conservatively. His somewhat\\-subdued role in the British Foreign Office easily transferred over to the position of secretary\\-general. He was not a major political figure and so did not seek to turn the office into a reflection of his personality.Barros (1979\\), p. 34\\.",
"Drummond set about creating the administrative divisions for the League. He took no risk in his appointments to senior positions in the League of Nations and chose to appoint only members who supported their nation's government and gave the positions only to members of leading states.",
"Drummond was regarded as taking great care with issues and taking his position very seriously. He would read everything that came to his desk and would often call meetings regularly to discuss various issues. The meetings would often take place with various members of governments, which managed to established contact by his appointments to the League. Drummond thus became aware of sensitive information from various governments and nongovernmental organisations but became someone who could be trusted by various politicians worldwide.",
"He was widely regarded as shying away from the public and political spotlight, despite the high\\-profile nature of his position. He, however, was believed to be highly political behind the scenes but was often forced to do to appease various nations and because of often lacking support from many governments. One example was his 1920s dealings with [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\")'s policies towards the Balkans, Africa and Europe. Drummond was unable to condemn any of Mussolini's policies publicly, as he did not have the backing of Britain and France. He wanted to maintain good relations with Italy, which helped to render him somewhat impotent.Barros (1979\\), p. 35\\.",
"Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League, but he also appeased nations, rather than keeping them in check against international law. Despite the limitations coming from outside the League, he largely decided how he would run the office since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. Drummond became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and he would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.Barros (1979\\), p. 38\\.",
"### National links of League officers",
"The ideal underpinning the secretariat and those working there was one much resembling a [Weberian](/wiki/Weberian \"Weberian\") understanding of bureaucracy, the idea of a non\\-political, neutral, effective and efficient bureaucrat.Dykmann, Klaas \\& Naumann, Katja, *Changes from the \"Margins\": Non\\-European Actors, Ideas and Strategies in International Organizations*, Leipzig, 2014, pp. 33–34; Barros (1979\\), pp. 60–61\\. Drummond admitted, \"It is not always those who secure public praise to whom thanks are mainly due, and the work unknown to the public which is done behind the scenes is often a large factor in the success which has been obtained\".Letter from Eric Drummond to Thanassis Aghnides, Genava, 12 December 1927 – adapted from Dykmann \\& Naumann, *Changes from the \"Margins\": Non\\-European Actors, Ideas and Strategies in International Organizations*, p. 34\\.",
"The ideal was not always upheld, and national preferences were never really abandoned. New under\\-secretaries\\-general who were appointed were more often than not of the same nationality, with candidates of smaller powers excluded. Drummond did not practice what he preached, which created small national islands from which the appointed officials conducted national, rather than international, politics.Barros (1979\\), pp. 68–69\\.",
"In 1929, the Assembly decided to make a thorough investigation of the secretariats, the [International Labour Organization](/wiki/International_Labour_Organization \"International Labour Organization\") and the [Permanent Court of International Justice](/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice \"Permanent Court of International Justice\"). The minority report showed that the political influence in substantive issues by the secretariats and its main officers was enormous and could not be overlooked. However, that was not recognised by Drummond before the 1950s and until then had readily defended the notion of nonpolitical character of international secretariats.Barros (1979\\), pp. 71–74\\.",
"Despite the political character of the international civil service, the Secretariat came to be widely recognised as an instrument of the highest efficiency and the structural framework became a model for future international civil services, such as seen in the United Nations.",
"### Role during crises",
"During Drummond's secretary\\-generalship there were several crises that called for his attention. The League of Nations' Council relied on the willingness of its members to use their militaries to apply its collective security mandate during crises. Many of them centred on border disputes from the collapse of empires after the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"). As the League got involved in such matters throughout the 1920s with members and non\\-members alike, Drummond was at the centre of the talks and the negotiations. The League was involved in disputes in Latin America, the Baltics and then China. Peter Yearwood argues that although Drummond was an idealist, as were most other people, he also 'made use' of his connections in politics.Peter J. Yearwood, *Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925*. (Oxford UP, 2009\\). Drummond was widely regarded as somebody who shied away from the public and political limelight, despite the high\\-profile nature of his position. He managed to achieve that but was believed to be highly political behind the scenes. He was often forced to appease various nations because he often lacked support from governments.Lloyd (1995\\): pp. 160–174\\.",
"One example was his dealings with [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\")'s policies in the 1920s towards the Balkans, Africa and the rest of Europe. Drummond was unable to give a public condemnation of Mussolini's policies, as he had the backing of neither Britain nor France and wanted to maintain good relations with Italy. That was one of the many reasons that helped to render him a somewhat impotent leader.",
"Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League of Nations. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League of Nations, but he appeased nations, rather than keeping them in check against international law. Despite the limitations coming from outside the League of Nations, he largely decided how he would run the office within it, since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. He became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.",
"Another factor that partly drove Drummond's ambitions and his way of handling the crises presented before him was his religion. He was a devout Catholic, which had a significant impact in his dealings with the [Polish–Lithuanian War](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War \"Polish–Lithuanian War\") early in his career. He strongly urged a plebiscite to which Poland could agree, most Poles being Catholic.Yearwood, *Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925* (2009\\). Also, Drummond seemed to be pro\\-active. On the crisis between Russia and Finland over the latter's independence gained after the First World War, Drummond was one of the first to consider a possible solution.Lloyd (1995\\).",
"Another important factor of his secretary\\-generalship was his willingness to step beyond the boundaries given to him in his position. During the crisis over the [Chaco War](/wiki/Chaco_War \"Chaco War\") near the end of Drummond's career at the League, he was praised for being a helpful mediator and for doing more than his position allowed.",
"### Mukden Incident",
"{{Main\\|Mukden Incident}}\nOne of the less successful moments for Drummond was one of the most prominent crises of Drummond's career, the Mukden Incident. China allegedly blew up part of a railroad, which Japan then used as an excuse to invade [Manchuria](/wiki/Manchuria \"Manchuria\"). China appealed to the League for measures against Japan.Chapman, Michael E. \"Fidgeting over Foreign Policy: Henry L. Stimson and the Shenyang Incident, 1931\". *Diplomatic History*, 37\\#3 (2013\\): pp. 727–748\\.",
"According to Michael E. Chapman, Drummond's initial response was not that of an imperialistic western leader but that of a bureaucrat. Somewhat limited in his powers, he looked towards the two most powerful Western nations in the region, Britain and the United States, which more or less stated that they were 'too busy' to deal with the crisis at hand.Chapman (2013\\).",
"When the crisis reached its peak, Stimson advised Drummond to \"strengthen and support treaty obligations\" the Japanese action had caused British discomfort. He was advised to try not to arouse nationalist feelings in Japan. Drummond wanted to be an active player in the crisis but was mostly outplayed by Henry Stimson and [Hugh R. Wilson](/wiki/Hugh_R._Wilson \"Hugh R. Wilson\").",
""
] |
### Leadership style
Drummond approached the role conservatively. His somewhat\-subdued role in the British Foreign Office easily transferred over to the position of secretary\-general. He was not a major political figure and so did not seek to turn the office into a reflection of his personality.Barros (1979\), p. 34\.
Drummond set about creating the administrative divisions for the League. He took no risk in his appointments to senior positions in the League of Nations and chose to appoint only members who supported their nation's government and gave the positions only to members of leading states.
Drummond was regarded as taking great care with issues and taking his position very seriously. He would read everything that came to his desk and would often call meetings regularly to discuss various issues. The meetings would often take place with various members of governments, which managed to established contact by his appointments to the League. Drummond thus became aware of sensitive information from various governments and nongovernmental organisations but became someone who could be trusted by various politicians worldwide.
He was widely regarded as shying away from the public and political spotlight, despite the high\-profile nature of his position. He, however, was believed to be highly political behind the scenes but was often forced to do to appease various nations and because of often lacking support from many governments. One example was his 1920s dealings with [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini")'s policies towards the Balkans, Africa and Europe. Drummond was unable to condemn any of Mussolini's policies publicly, as he did not have the backing of Britain and France. He wanted to maintain good relations with Italy, which helped to render him somewhat impotent.Barros (1979\), p. 35\.
Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League, but he also appeased nations, rather than keeping them in check against international law. Despite the limitations coming from outside the League, he largely decided how he would run the office since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. Drummond became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and he would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.Barros (1979\), p. 38\.
|
[
"### Leadership style",
"Drummond approached the role conservatively. His somewhat\\-subdued role in the British Foreign Office easily transferred over to the position of secretary\\-general. He was not a major political figure and so did not seek to turn the office into a reflection of his personality.Barros (1979\\), p. 34\\.",
"Drummond set about creating the administrative divisions for the League. He took no risk in his appointments to senior positions in the League of Nations and chose to appoint only members who supported their nation's government and gave the positions only to members of leading states.",
"Drummond was regarded as taking great care with issues and taking his position very seriously. He would read everything that came to his desk and would often call meetings regularly to discuss various issues. The meetings would often take place with various members of governments, which managed to established contact by his appointments to the League. Drummond thus became aware of sensitive information from various governments and nongovernmental organisations but became someone who could be trusted by various politicians worldwide.",
"He was widely regarded as shying away from the public and political spotlight, despite the high\\-profile nature of his position. He, however, was believed to be highly political behind the scenes but was often forced to do to appease various nations and because of often lacking support from many governments. One example was his 1920s dealings with [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\")'s policies towards the Balkans, Africa and Europe. Drummond was unable to condemn any of Mussolini's policies publicly, as he did not have the backing of Britain and France. He wanted to maintain good relations with Italy, which helped to render him somewhat impotent.Barros (1979\\), p. 35\\.",
"Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League, but he also appeased nations, rather than keeping them in check against international law. Despite the limitations coming from outside the League, he largely decided how he would run the office since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. Drummond became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and he would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.Barros (1979\\), p. 38\\.",
""
] |
### Role during crises
During Drummond's secretary\-generalship there were several crises that called for his attention. The League of Nations' Council relied on the willingness of its members to use their militaries to apply its collective security mandate during crises. Many of them centred on border disputes from the collapse of empires after the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"). As the League got involved in such matters throughout the 1920s with members and non\-members alike, Drummond was at the centre of the talks and the negotiations. The League was involved in disputes in Latin America, the Baltics and then China. Peter Yearwood argues that although Drummond was an idealist, as were most other people, he also 'made use' of his connections in politics.Peter J. Yearwood, *Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925*. (Oxford UP, 2009\). Drummond was widely regarded as somebody who shied away from the public and political limelight, despite the high\-profile nature of his position. He managed to achieve that but was believed to be highly political behind the scenes. He was often forced to appease various nations because he often lacked support from governments.Lloyd (1995\): pp. 160–174\.
One example was his dealings with [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini")'s policies in the 1920s towards the Balkans, Africa and the rest of Europe. Drummond was unable to give a public condemnation of Mussolini's policies, as he had the backing of neither Britain nor France and wanted to maintain good relations with Italy. That was one of the many reasons that helped to render him a somewhat impotent leader.
Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League of Nations. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League of Nations, but he appeased nations, rather than keeping them in check against international law. Despite the limitations coming from outside the League of Nations, he largely decided how he would run the office within it, since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. He became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.
Another factor that partly drove Drummond's ambitions and his way of handling the crises presented before him was his religion. He was a devout Catholic, which had a significant impact in his dealings with the [Polish–Lithuanian War](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War "Polish–Lithuanian War") early in his career. He strongly urged a plebiscite to which Poland could agree, most Poles being Catholic.Yearwood, *Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925* (2009\). Also, Drummond seemed to be pro\-active. On the crisis between Russia and Finland over the latter's independence gained after the First World War, Drummond was one of the first to consider a possible solution.Lloyd (1995\).
Another important factor of his secretary\-generalship was his willingness to step beyond the boundaries given to him in his position. During the crisis over the [Chaco War](/wiki/Chaco_War "Chaco War") near the end of Drummond's career at the League, he was praised for being a helpful mediator and for doing more than his position allowed.
|
[
"### Role during crises",
"During Drummond's secretary\\-generalship there were several crises that called for his attention. The League of Nations' Council relied on the willingness of its members to use their militaries to apply its collective security mandate during crises. Many of them centred on border disputes from the collapse of empires after the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"). As the League got involved in such matters throughout the 1920s with members and non\\-members alike, Drummond was at the centre of the talks and the negotiations. The League was involved in disputes in Latin America, the Baltics and then China. Peter Yearwood argues that although Drummond was an idealist, as were most other people, he also 'made use' of his connections in politics.Peter J. Yearwood, *Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925*. (Oxford UP, 2009\\). Drummond was widely regarded as somebody who shied away from the public and political limelight, despite the high\\-profile nature of his position. He managed to achieve that but was believed to be highly political behind the scenes. He was often forced to appease various nations because he often lacked support from governments.Lloyd (1995\\): pp. 160–174\\.",
"One example was his dealings with [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\")'s policies in the 1920s towards the Balkans, Africa and the rest of Europe. Drummond was unable to give a public condemnation of Mussolini's policies, as he had the backing of neither Britain nor France and wanted to maintain good relations with Italy. That was one of the many reasons that helped to render him a somewhat impotent leader.",
"Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League of Nations. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League of Nations, but he appeased nations, rather than keeping them in check against international law. Despite the limitations coming from outside the League of Nations, he largely decided how he would run the office within it, since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. He became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.",
"Another factor that partly drove Drummond's ambitions and his way of handling the crises presented before him was his religion. He was a devout Catholic, which had a significant impact in his dealings with the [Polish–Lithuanian War](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War \"Polish–Lithuanian War\") early in his career. He strongly urged a plebiscite to which Poland could agree, most Poles being Catholic.Yearwood, *Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925* (2009\\). Also, Drummond seemed to be pro\\-active. On the crisis between Russia and Finland over the latter's independence gained after the First World War, Drummond was one of the first to consider a possible solution.Lloyd (1995\\).",
"Another important factor of his secretary\\-generalship was his willingness to step beyond the boundaries given to him in his position. During the crisis over the [Chaco War](/wiki/Chaco_War \"Chaco War\") near the end of Drummond's career at the League, he was praised for being a helpful mediator and for doing more than his position allowed.",
""
] |
Public opinion in Britain
-------------------------
British public opinion was generally favorable toward the League, providing its major basis of popular and financial support. However Conservatives were generally suspicious, especially regarding the danger of naval disarmament to its control of the oceans. [David Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George "David Lloyd George"), prime Minister until 1922, believed that the League without the United States was a member was a worthless and probably dangerous organization. He quietly made sure that it dealt with minor items of little importance, and this approach was largely supported by the other powerful member France. (Russia and Germany were not members at first.) The league was heavily a European organization, at a time when most of Asia and Africa was in the control of European powers. The independent nations of the Latin America were all members, but they rarely took leadership roles. Indeed, the Covenant had acknowledged the Monroe doctrine, to the effect that the nations of the Western hemisphere could handle their own affairs without recourse to the League of Nations.Zara Steiner, *The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919\-1933* (2006\) pp. 46, 350\.
### League of Nations Union
{{Main\|League of Nations Union}}
In every member nation, organizations were formed to generate public support and publicity for the League of Nations.Thomas R. Davies, "Internationalism in a divided world: the experience of the International Federation of League of Nations Societies, 1919–1939\." *Peace \& Change* 37\.2 (2012\): 227\-252\. The most successful support organization worldwide was the League of Nations Union (LNU) in Great Britain.Donald S. Birn,"The League of Nations Union and Collective Security." *Journal of Contemporary History* 9\.3 (1974\): 131\-159\.Helen McCarthy, "Leading from the Centre: The League of Nations Union, Foreign Policy and ‘Political Agreement’ in the 1930s." *Contemporary British History* 23\.4 (2009\): 527\-542\.
The LNU was formed by the merger of the [League of Free Nations Association in the U.S.](/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Association "Foreign Policy Association") and the [League of Nations Society](/wiki/League_of_Nations_Society "League of Nations Society") in Britain.Peter Raffo, "The founding of the League of Nations Union." *Canadian Journal of History* 12\.2 (1977\): 193\-206\. They were already working for the establishment of a new and transparent system of international relations, human rights, and for world peace through disarmament and universal collective security, rather than traditional approaches such as the balance of power and the creation of power blocs through secret treaties.Henry R. Winkler, "The Development of the League of Nations Idea in Great Britain, 1914\-1919\." *Journal of Modern History* 20\.2 (1948\): 95\-112\.
The LNU promoted international justice, [collective security](/wiki/Collective_security "Collective security") and a permanent peace between nations based upon the ideals of the League of Nations. By the mid\-1920s, it had over a quarter of a million subscribers. By contrast the comparable French organization was one\-fourth the size. LNU's paid membership peaked in 1931 at 407,000 in 2,982 local branches, 295 junior clubs, and 3,058 local Protestant church chapters (heavily based in Nonconformist churches). After 1931 membership steadily declined.Donald S. Birn, *The League of Nations Union, 1918\-1945* (1981\) pp. 79, 93, 124, 130, 137\.
By the 1940s, after the disappointments of the international crises of the 1930s and the descent into World War II, membership fell to about 100,000\.{{cite book \|first\=Joseph Preston \|last\=Baratta \|title\=Politics of World Federation: From world federalism to global governance \|publisher\=Greenwood Publishing Group \|date\=2004 \|page\=74\|isbn\=9780275980689}} There was another problem. Pacifists were less and less willing to maintain membership as the LNU in the 1930s more and more proposed economic sanctions and suggested military sanctions against aggressive nations.J. A, Thompson, "Lord Cecil and the pacifists in the League of Nations Union." *Historical Journal* 20\.4 (1977\): 949\-959\.
#### Activities
According to B. J. C. McKercher, LNU had considerable success in leading the mainstream of British society to its cause, including labour, the churches and the principal newspapers.{{cite book \|editor\-first\=B. J. C. \|editor\-last\=McKercher \|title\=Anglo\-American Relations in the 1920s: The Struggle for Supremacy \|publisher\=University of Alberta \|year\=1990 \|page\=23\|isbn\=9781349119196}} LNU was most influential in the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 "Liberal Party (UK)"), although that party was rapidly losing MPs. It had great strength in the Labour Party, which was growing. It was weakest in the Conservative Party, which dominated politics in the 1930s. Most Conservatives were deeply suspicious of the LNU's support for pacifism and disarmament,.{{cite journal \|first\=J. A. \|last\=Thompson \|title\=Lord Cecil and the Pacifists in the League of Nations Union\|journal\=The Historical Journal \|volume\=20 \|issue\=4 \|date\=December 1977 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|pages\=949–59 \|doi\=10\.1017/S0018246X00011481 \|jstor\=2638416\|s2cid\=154899222 }} The three main leaders were [Gilbert Murray](/wiki/Gilbert_Murray "Gilbert Murray") (an Oxford professor), [Lord Robert Cecil](/wiki/Lord_Robert_Cecil "Lord Robert Cecil") (who helped Woodrow Wilson design the League of Nations Covenant in 1919\), and the general secretary, J. C. Maxwell Garnett.
In terms of impact on the government, Birn argues that it helped push the government to admit Germany to the League in 1926, impose an arms embargo during the Far Eastern crisis of 1933, and to impose sanctions against Italy in 1935\. These were exceptional, Birn argues, because these were rare instances wherte the LNU got its way in controversial issues.Birn (1981\), p. 228\.
#### Peace Ballot
The most famous operation of the LNU was its organisation of the [Peace Ballot](/wiki/Peace_Ballot "Peace Ballot") of 1935\. It asked British adults to decide on questions relating to international disarmament and collective security. The Peace Ballot was a private operation not an official government\-sponsored [referendum](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum"). More than eleven million people participated in it, representing strong support for the aims and objectives of the League of Nations, influencing policy makers and politicians. The results were publicised worldwide. The vote for military action against international aggressors, as a matter of last resort, was almost three\-to\-one.J. A. Thompson, "The Peace Ballot and the Public," *Albion* (1981\) 13\#4 pp. 381–392 [in JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4048643)
#### Educational programmes
The LNU was highly successful in reaching schools; teachers were eager to join. It provided publications, films, speakers and lesson plans that were endorsed by Local Education Authorities, and the National Union of Teachers. Brian J. Elliott shows the material downplayed simple moralism, criticized narrow nationalism and gave historical studies a broad European perspective.Brian J. Elliott, "The League of Nations Union and history teaching in England: a study in benevolent bias." *History of Education* 6\.2 (1977\): 131\-141\.
|
[
"Public opinion in Britain\n-------------------------",
"British public opinion was generally favorable toward the League, providing its major basis of popular and financial support. However Conservatives were generally suspicious, especially regarding the danger of naval disarmament to its control of the oceans. [David Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George \"David Lloyd George\"), prime Minister until 1922, believed that the League without the United States was a member was a worthless and probably dangerous organization. He quietly made sure that it dealt with minor items of little importance, and this approach was largely supported by the other powerful member France. (Russia and Germany were not members at first.) The league was heavily a European organization, at a time when most of Asia and Africa was in the control of European powers. The independent nations of the Latin America were all members, but they rarely took leadership roles. Indeed, the Covenant had acknowledged the Monroe doctrine, to the effect that the nations of the Western hemisphere could handle their own affairs without recourse to the League of Nations.Zara Steiner, *The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919\\-1933* (2006\\) pp. 46, 350\\.",
"### League of Nations Union",
"{{Main\\|League of Nations Union}}\nIn every member nation, organizations were formed to generate public support and publicity for the League of Nations.Thomas R. Davies, \"Internationalism in a divided world: the experience of the International Federation of League of Nations Societies, 1919–1939\\.\" *Peace \\& Change* 37\\.2 (2012\\): 227\\-252\\. The most successful support organization worldwide was the League of Nations Union (LNU) in Great Britain.Donald S. Birn,\"The League of Nations Union and Collective Security.\" *Journal of Contemporary History* 9\\.3 (1974\\): 131\\-159\\.Helen McCarthy, \"Leading from the Centre: The League of Nations Union, Foreign Policy and ‘Political Agreement’ in the 1930s.\" *Contemporary British History* 23\\.4 (2009\\): 527\\-542\\.",
"The LNU was formed by the merger of the [League of Free Nations Association in the U.S.](/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Association \"Foreign Policy Association\") and the [League of Nations Society](/wiki/League_of_Nations_Society \"League of Nations Society\") in Britain.Peter Raffo, \"The founding of the League of Nations Union.\" *Canadian Journal of History* 12\\.2 (1977\\): 193\\-206\\. They were already working for the establishment of a new and transparent system of international relations, human rights, and for world peace through disarmament and universal collective security, rather than traditional approaches such as the balance of power and the creation of power blocs through secret treaties.Henry R. Winkler, \"The Development of the League of Nations Idea in Great Britain, 1914\\-1919\\.\" *Journal of Modern History* 20\\.2 (1948\\): 95\\-112\\.",
"The LNU promoted international justice, [collective security](/wiki/Collective_security \"Collective security\") and a permanent peace between nations based upon the ideals of the League of Nations. By the mid\\-1920s, it had over a quarter of a million subscribers. By contrast the comparable French organization was one\\-fourth the size. LNU's paid membership peaked in 1931 at 407,000 in 2,982 local branches, 295 junior clubs, and 3,058 local Protestant church chapters (heavily based in Nonconformist churches). After 1931 membership steadily declined.Donald S. Birn, *The League of Nations Union, 1918\\-1945* (1981\\) pp. 79, 93, 124, 130, 137\\.",
"By the 1940s, after the disappointments of the international crises of the 1930s and the descent into World War II, membership fell to about 100,000\\.{{cite book \\|first\\=Joseph Preston \\|last\\=Baratta \\|title\\=Politics of World Federation: From world federalism to global governance \\|publisher\\=Greenwood Publishing Group \\|date\\=2004 \\|page\\=74\\|isbn\\=9780275980689}} There was another problem. Pacifists were less and less willing to maintain membership as the LNU in the 1930s more and more proposed economic sanctions and suggested military sanctions against aggressive nations.J. A, Thompson, \"Lord Cecil and the pacifists in the League of Nations Union.\" *Historical Journal* 20\\.4 (1977\\): 949\\-959\\.",
"#### Activities",
"According to B. J. C. McKercher, LNU had considerable success in leading the mainstream of British society to its cause, including labour, the churches and the principal newspapers.{{cite book \\|editor\\-first\\=B. J. C. \\|editor\\-last\\=McKercher \\|title\\=Anglo\\-American Relations in the 1920s: The Struggle for Supremacy \\|publisher\\=University of Alberta \\|year\\=1990 \\|page\\=23\\|isbn\\=9781349119196}} LNU was most influential in the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Party (UK)\"), although that party was rapidly losing MPs. It had great strength in the Labour Party, which was growing. It was weakest in the Conservative Party, which dominated politics in the 1930s. Most Conservatives were deeply suspicious of the LNU's support for pacifism and disarmament,.{{cite journal \\|first\\=J. A. \\|last\\=Thompson \\|title\\=Lord Cecil and the Pacifists in the League of Nations Union\\|journal\\=The Historical Journal \\|volume\\=20 \\|issue\\=4 \\|date\\=December 1977 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|pages\\=949–59 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0018246X00011481 \\|jstor\\=2638416\\|s2cid\\=154899222 }} The three main leaders were [Gilbert Murray](/wiki/Gilbert_Murray \"Gilbert Murray\") (an Oxford professor), [Lord Robert Cecil](/wiki/Lord_Robert_Cecil \"Lord Robert Cecil\") (who helped Woodrow Wilson design the League of Nations Covenant in 1919\\), and the general secretary, J. C. Maxwell Garnett.",
"In terms of impact on the government, Birn argues that it helped push the government to admit Germany to the League in 1926, impose an arms embargo during the Far Eastern crisis of 1933, and to impose sanctions against Italy in 1935\\. These were exceptional, Birn argues, because these were rare instances wherte the LNU got its way in controversial issues.Birn (1981\\), p. 228\\.",
"#### Peace Ballot",
"The most famous operation of the LNU was its organisation of the [Peace Ballot](/wiki/Peace_Ballot \"Peace Ballot\") of 1935\\. It asked British adults to decide on questions relating to international disarmament and collective security. The Peace Ballot was a private operation not an official government\\-sponsored [referendum](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\"). More than eleven million people participated in it, representing strong support for the aims and objectives of the League of Nations, influencing policy makers and politicians. The results were publicised worldwide. The vote for military action against international aggressors, as a matter of last resort, was almost three\\-to\\-one.J. A. Thompson, \"The Peace Ballot and the Public,\" *Albion* (1981\\) 13\\#4 pp. 381–392 [in JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4048643)",
"#### Educational programmes",
"The LNU was highly successful in reaching schools; teachers were eager to join. It provided publications, films, speakers and lesson plans that were endorsed by Local Education Authorities, and the National Union of Teachers. Brian J. Elliott shows the material downplayed simple moralism, criticized narrow nationalism and gave historical studies a broad European perspective.Brian J. Elliott, \"The League of Nations Union and history teaching in England: a study in benevolent bias.\" *History of Education* 6\\.2 (1977\\): 131\\-141\\.",
""
] |
### League of Nations Union
{{Main\|League of Nations Union}}
In every member nation, organizations were formed to generate public support and publicity for the League of Nations.Thomas R. Davies, "Internationalism in a divided world: the experience of the International Federation of League of Nations Societies, 1919–1939\." *Peace \& Change* 37\.2 (2012\): 227\-252\. The most successful support organization worldwide was the League of Nations Union (LNU) in Great Britain.Donald S. Birn,"The League of Nations Union and Collective Security." *Journal of Contemporary History* 9\.3 (1974\): 131\-159\.Helen McCarthy, "Leading from the Centre: The League of Nations Union, Foreign Policy and ‘Political Agreement’ in the 1930s." *Contemporary British History* 23\.4 (2009\): 527\-542\.
The LNU was formed by the merger of the [League of Free Nations Association in the U.S.](/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Association "Foreign Policy Association") and the [League of Nations Society](/wiki/League_of_Nations_Society "League of Nations Society") in Britain.Peter Raffo, "The founding of the League of Nations Union." *Canadian Journal of History* 12\.2 (1977\): 193\-206\. They were already working for the establishment of a new and transparent system of international relations, human rights, and for world peace through disarmament and universal collective security, rather than traditional approaches such as the balance of power and the creation of power blocs through secret treaties.Henry R. Winkler, "The Development of the League of Nations Idea in Great Britain, 1914\-1919\." *Journal of Modern History* 20\.2 (1948\): 95\-112\.
The LNU promoted international justice, [collective security](/wiki/Collective_security "Collective security") and a permanent peace between nations based upon the ideals of the League of Nations. By the mid\-1920s, it had over a quarter of a million subscribers. By contrast the comparable French organization was one\-fourth the size. LNU's paid membership peaked in 1931 at 407,000 in 2,982 local branches, 295 junior clubs, and 3,058 local Protestant church chapters (heavily based in Nonconformist churches). After 1931 membership steadily declined.Donald S. Birn, *The League of Nations Union, 1918\-1945* (1981\) pp. 79, 93, 124, 130, 137\.
By the 1940s, after the disappointments of the international crises of the 1930s and the descent into World War II, membership fell to about 100,000\.{{cite book \|first\=Joseph Preston \|last\=Baratta \|title\=Politics of World Federation: From world federalism to global governance \|publisher\=Greenwood Publishing Group \|date\=2004 \|page\=74\|isbn\=9780275980689}} There was another problem. Pacifists were less and less willing to maintain membership as the LNU in the 1930s more and more proposed economic sanctions and suggested military sanctions against aggressive nations.J. A, Thompson, "Lord Cecil and the pacifists in the League of Nations Union." *Historical Journal* 20\.4 (1977\): 949\-959\.
#### Activities
According to B. J. C. McKercher, LNU had considerable success in leading the mainstream of British society to its cause, including labour, the churches and the principal newspapers.{{cite book \|editor\-first\=B. J. C. \|editor\-last\=McKercher \|title\=Anglo\-American Relations in the 1920s: The Struggle for Supremacy \|publisher\=University of Alberta \|year\=1990 \|page\=23\|isbn\=9781349119196}} LNU was most influential in the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 "Liberal Party (UK)"), although that party was rapidly losing MPs. It had great strength in the Labour Party, which was growing. It was weakest in the Conservative Party, which dominated politics in the 1930s. Most Conservatives were deeply suspicious of the LNU's support for pacifism and disarmament,.{{cite journal \|first\=J. A. \|last\=Thompson \|title\=Lord Cecil and the Pacifists in the League of Nations Union\|journal\=The Historical Journal \|volume\=20 \|issue\=4 \|date\=December 1977 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|pages\=949–59 \|doi\=10\.1017/S0018246X00011481 \|jstor\=2638416\|s2cid\=154899222 }} The three main leaders were [Gilbert Murray](/wiki/Gilbert_Murray "Gilbert Murray") (an Oxford professor), [Lord Robert Cecil](/wiki/Lord_Robert_Cecil "Lord Robert Cecil") (who helped Woodrow Wilson design the League of Nations Covenant in 1919\), and the general secretary, J. C. Maxwell Garnett.
In terms of impact on the government, Birn argues that it helped push the government to admit Germany to the League in 1926, impose an arms embargo during the Far Eastern crisis of 1933, and to impose sanctions against Italy in 1935\. These were exceptional, Birn argues, because these were rare instances wherte the LNU got its way in controversial issues.Birn (1981\), p. 228\.
#### Peace Ballot
The most famous operation of the LNU was its organisation of the [Peace Ballot](/wiki/Peace_Ballot "Peace Ballot") of 1935\. It asked British adults to decide on questions relating to international disarmament and collective security. The Peace Ballot was a private operation not an official government\-sponsored [referendum](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum"). More than eleven million people participated in it, representing strong support for the aims and objectives of the League of Nations, influencing policy makers and politicians. The results were publicised worldwide. The vote for military action against international aggressors, as a matter of last resort, was almost three\-to\-one.J. A. Thompson, "The Peace Ballot and the Public," *Albion* (1981\) 13\#4 pp. 381–392 [in JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4048643)
#### Educational programmes
The LNU was highly successful in reaching schools; teachers were eager to join. It provided publications, films, speakers and lesson plans that were endorsed by Local Education Authorities, and the National Union of Teachers. Brian J. Elliott shows the material downplayed simple moralism, criticized narrow nationalism and gave historical studies a broad European perspective.Brian J. Elliott, "The League of Nations Union and history teaching in England: a study in benevolent bias." *History of Education* 6\.2 (1977\): 131\-141\.
|
[
"### League of Nations Union",
"{{Main\\|League of Nations Union}}\nIn every member nation, organizations were formed to generate public support and publicity for the League of Nations.Thomas R. Davies, \"Internationalism in a divided world: the experience of the International Federation of League of Nations Societies, 1919–1939\\.\" *Peace \\& Change* 37\\.2 (2012\\): 227\\-252\\. The most successful support organization worldwide was the League of Nations Union (LNU) in Great Britain.Donald S. Birn,\"The League of Nations Union and Collective Security.\" *Journal of Contemporary History* 9\\.3 (1974\\): 131\\-159\\.Helen McCarthy, \"Leading from the Centre: The League of Nations Union, Foreign Policy and ‘Political Agreement’ in the 1930s.\" *Contemporary British History* 23\\.4 (2009\\): 527\\-542\\.",
"The LNU was formed by the merger of the [League of Free Nations Association in the U.S.](/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Association \"Foreign Policy Association\") and the [League of Nations Society](/wiki/League_of_Nations_Society \"League of Nations Society\") in Britain.Peter Raffo, \"The founding of the League of Nations Union.\" *Canadian Journal of History* 12\\.2 (1977\\): 193\\-206\\. They were already working for the establishment of a new and transparent system of international relations, human rights, and for world peace through disarmament and universal collective security, rather than traditional approaches such as the balance of power and the creation of power blocs through secret treaties.Henry R. Winkler, \"The Development of the League of Nations Idea in Great Britain, 1914\\-1919\\.\" *Journal of Modern History* 20\\.2 (1948\\): 95\\-112\\.",
"The LNU promoted international justice, [collective security](/wiki/Collective_security \"Collective security\") and a permanent peace between nations based upon the ideals of the League of Nations. By the mid\\-1920s, it had over a quarter of a million subscribers. By contrast the comparable French organization was one\\-fourth the size. LNU's paid membership peaked in 1931 at 407,000 in 2,982 local branches, 295 junior clubs, and 3,058 local Protestant church chapters (heavily based in Nonconformist churches). After 1931 membership steadily declined.Donald S. Birn, *The League of Nations Union, 1918\\-1945* (1981\\) pp. 79, 93, 124, 130, 137\\.",
"By the 1940s, after the disappointments of the international crises of the 1930s and the descent into World War II, membership fell to about 100,000\\.{{cite book \\|first\\=Joseph Preston \\|last\\=Baratta \\|title\\=Politics of World Federation: From world federalism to global governance \\|publisher\\=Greenwood Publishing Group \\|date\\=2004 \\|page\\=74\\|isbn\\=9780275980689}} There was another problem. Pacifists were less and less willing to maintain membership as the LNU in the 1930s more and more proposed economic sanctions and suggested military sanctions against aggressive nations.J. A, Thompson, \"Lord Cecil and the pacifists in the League of Nations Union.\" *Historical Journal* 20\\.4 (1977\\): 949\\-959\\.",
"#### Activities",
"According to B. J. C. McKercher, LNU had considerable success in leading the mainstream of British society to its cause, including labour, the churches and the principal newspapers.{{cite book \\|editor\\-first\\=B. J. C. \\|editor\\-last\\=McKercher \\|title\\=Anglo\\-American Relations in the 1920s: The Struggle for Supremacy \\|publisher\\=University of Alberta \\|year\\=1990 \\|page\\=23\\|isbn\\=9781349119196}} LNU was most influential in the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Party (UK)\"), although that party was rapidly losing MPs. It had great strength in the Labour Party, which was growing. It was weakest in the Conservative Party, which dominated politics in the 1930s. Most Conservatives were deeply suspicious of the LNU's support for pacifism and disarmament,.{{cite journal \\|first\\=J. A. \\|last\\=Thompson \\|title\\=Lord Cecil and the Pacifists in the League of Nations Union\\|journal\\=The Historical Journal \\|volume\\=20 \\|issue\\=4 \\|date\\=December 1977 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|pages\\=949–59 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0018246X00011481 \\|jstor\\=2638416\\|s2cid\\=154899222 }} The three main leaders were [Gilbert Murray](/wiki/Gilbert_Murray \"Gilbert Murray\") (an Oxford professor), [Lord Robert Cecil](/wiki/Lord_Robert_Cecil \"Lord Robert Cecil\") (who helped Woodrow Wilson design the League of Nations Covenant in 1919\\), and the general secretary, J. C. Maxwell Garnett.",
"In terms of impact on the government, Birn argues that it helped push the government to admit Germany to the League in 1926, impose an arms embargo during the Far Eastern crisis of 1933, and to impose sanctions against Italy in 1935\\. These were exceptional, Birn argues, because these were rare instances wherte the LNU got its way in controversial issues.Birn (1981\\), p. 228\\.",
"#### Peace Ballot",
"The most famous operation of the LNU was its organisation of the [Peace Ballot](/wiki/Peace_Ballot \"Peace Ballot\") of 1935\\. It asked British adults to decide on questions relating to international disarmament and collective security. The Peace Ballot was a private operation not an official government\\-sponsored [referendum](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\"). More than eleven million people participated in it, representing strong support for the aims and objectives of the League of Nations, influencing policy makers and politicians. The results were publicised worldwide. The vote for military action against international aggressors, as a matter of last resort, was almost three\\-to\\-one.J. A. Thompson, \"The Peace Ballot and the Public,\" *Albion* (1981\\) 13\\#4 pp. 381–392 [in JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4048643)",
"#### Educational programmes",
"The LNU was highly successful in reaching schools; teachers were eager to join. It provided publications, films, speakers and lesson plans that were endorsed by Local Education Authorities, and the National Union of Teachers. Brian J. Elliott shows the material downplayed simple moralism, criticized narrow nationalism and gave historical studies a broad European perspective.Brian J. Elliott, \"The League of Nations Union and history teaching in England: a study in benevolent bias.\" *History of Education* 6\\.2 (1977\\): 131\\-141\\.",
""
] |
British role in major proposals
-------------------------------
### Åland Islands dispute of 1920–21
When Finland was part of Russia, it controlled the Åland Islands. In 1920 now that Finland was independent, Sweden called on the principle of self\-determination, pointing out the island population was 90% Swedish and wished to join Sweden. The British took the lead in setting terms for negotiations before the League of Nations. It ruled in favour of Finland in 1921\.
### Admission of Albania and Bulgaria
After extensive debate on the question of admitting Albania and Bulgaria, Lord Cecil proved most convincing, and secured their admission in late 1920\.
### Admission of Germany
The admission of Germany was much more complicated. Britain under Lloyd George strongly recommended admission, but France was bitterly hostile. The Germans misplayed their diplomacy so badly that the British gave up trying. The 1925 Locarno agreement enabled German admission, but there were further delays caused by a crisis over giving a permanent seat on the Council to Spain or Brazil. Germany was finally admitted in 1926 and given the permanent seat in question. David Carlton argues that Foreign Minister [Austen Chamberlain](/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain "Austen Chamberlain") badly mismanaged Britain's role, defied public opinion inside Britain, and made many Europeans hostile to Britain.David Carlton, "Great Britain and the League Council Crisis of 1926\." *Historical Journal* 11\.2 (1968\): 354\-364\.
### Treaty of Mutual Guarantee
{{Main\|1923 Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance}}
Disarmament was a high priority for the League, but it proved increasingly difficult to come up with a solution. The problem is that if almost everyone was disarmed, the remaining armed power would be very dangerous. In the context of Europe in the 1920s, the fear was that Germany could quickly rearm, threaten the neighbor, and the disarmed members of the League would be helpless to stop it. Lord Cecil (at the time a delegate from South Africa) proposed a solution in 1922 called the Treaty of Mutual Guarantee. Every country that signed, and had reduced its armaments according to the agreed schedule, would be protected. If anyone attacked it, the Treaty would guarantee that the victim would be immediately support by all the other signatories. France and Britain, although quarreling on many other issues, supported the proposal. As the other nations debated the proposal, confusion and difficulty arose – some governments said the proposal went too far, others said it did not go far enough, and few were actually satisfied with it. Latin American states ignored the issue. The report of the Permanent Elements Commission, representing military leaders, said such a treaty would never work. Finally in September 1923 a French draft retitled the "Treaty of Mutual Assistance" was supported by majority, with a large dissenting minority. At the time Italy and Greece were at swords' point, so the proposed treaty was not just a hypothetical solution to imaginary problems. Lord Cecil, now a member of the British government, built up support. The new version would empower the Consul to designate an aggressor, apply economic sanctions, mobilize military forces, and supervise their action. In the early 1920s, however, the proposal failed. The Soviet Union and United States rejected the proposed treaty, and Germany criticized. Italy and France gave support. The British dominions were opposed. The death blow for the proposed treaty came in Geneva on 4 September 1924 when Prime Minister [Ramsay MacDonald](/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald "Ramsay MacDonald") rejected it and called instead for a system of arbitrating disputes.David Marquand, *Ramsay MacDonald* (Jonathan Cape Publishers, 1977\) pp 351–356\.Peter J. Yearwood, *Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British policy 1914\-1925* (Oxford University Press, 2009\) pp. 223–250, 285–305\.Zara Steiner, *The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919\-1933* (Oxford UP, 2005\) pp. 379–83\.
The idea of a military force for an international organization was more than 20 years away from becoming a reality in 1924, but became a function of the League's replacement, the United Nations. In 1950, the UN Security Council and General Assembly authorized a joint force to enter the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War").
### Geneva Protocol of 1924
{{Main\|Geneva Protocol (1924\)}}
A draft treaty was assembled in 1923 that made aggressive war illegal and bound the member states to defend victims of aggression by force. Since the onus of responsibility would, in practice, be on the great powers of the League, it was vetoed by Great Britain, who feared that this pledge would strain its own commitment to police its British Empire.Andrew Webster, "'Absolutely Irresponsible Amateurs': The Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments, 1921–1924\." *Australian Journal of Politics \& History* 54\.3 (2008\): 373\-388\.
The "Geneva Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes" was a proposal by British Prime Minister [Ramsay MacDonald](/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald "Ramsay MacDonald") and his French counterpart [Édouard Herriot](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot "Édouard Herriot"). It set up compulsory arbitration of disputes and created a method to determine the aggressor in international conflicts. All legal disputes between nations would be submitted to the World Court. It called for a disarmament conference in 1925\. Any government that refused to comply in a dispute would be named an aggressor. Any victim of aggression was to receive immediate assistance from League members.
British Conservatives condemned the proposal for fear that it would lead to conflict with the United States, which also opposed the proposal. The British Dominions strongly opposed it. The Conservatives came to power in Britain and in March 1925 the proposal was shelved and never reintroduced.John F. Williams, "The Geneva Protocol of 1924 for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes." *Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs* 3\.6 (1924\): 288\-304\.
|
[
"British role in major proposals\n-------------------------------",
"### Åland Islands dispute of 1920–21",
"When Finland was part of Russia, it controlled the Åland Islands. In 1920 now that Finland was independent, Sweden called on the principle of self\\-determination, pointing out the island population was 90% Swedish and wished to join Sweden. The British took the lead in setting terms for negotiations before the League of Nations. It ruled in favour of Finland in 1921\\.",
"### Admission of Albania and Bulgaria",
"After extensive debate on the question of admitting Albania and Bulgaria, Lord Cecil proved most convincing, and secured their admission in late 1920\\.",
"### Admission of Germany",
"The admission of Germany was much more complicated. Britain under Lloyd George strongly recommended admission, but France was bitterly hostile. The Germans misplayed their diplomacy so badly that the British gave up trying. The 1925 Locarno agreement enabled German admission, but there were further delays caused by a crisis over giving a permanent seat on the Council to Spain or Brazil. Germany was finally admitted in 1926 and given the permanent seat in question. David Carlton argues that Foreign Minister [Austen Chamberlain](/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain \"Austen Chamberlain\") badly mismanaged Britain's role, defied public opinion inside Britain, and made many Europeans hostile to Britain.David Carlton, \"Great Britain and the League Council Crisis of 1926\\.\" *Historical Journal* 11\\.2 (1968\\): 354\\-364\\.",
"### Treaty of Mutual Guarantee",
"{{Main\\|1923 Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance}}\nDisarmament was a high priority for the League, but it proved increasingly difficult to come up with a solution. The problem is that if almost everyone was disarmed, the remaining armed power would be very dangerous. In the context of Europe in the 1920s, the fear was that Germany could quickly rearm, threaten the neighbor, and the disarmed members of the League would be helpless to stop it. Lord Cecil (at the time a delegate from South Africa) proposed a solution in 1922 called the Treaty of Mutual Guarantee. Every country that signed, and had reduced its armaments according to the agreed schedule, would be protected. If anyone attacked it, the Treaty would guarantee that the victim would be immediately support by all the other signatories. France and Britain, although quarreling on many other issues, supported the proposal. As the other nations debated the proposal, confusion and difficulty arose – some governments said the proposal went too far, others said it did not go far enough, and few were actually satisfied with it. Latin American states ignored the issue. The report of the Permanent Elements Commission, representing military leaders, said such a treaty would never work. Finally in September 1923 a French draft retitled the \"Treaty of Mutual Assistance\" was supported by majority, with a large dissenting minority. At the time Italy and Greece were at swords' point, so the proposed treaty was not just a hypothetical solution to imaginary problems. Lord Cecil, now a member of the British government, built up support. The new version would empower the Consul to designate an aggressor, apply economic sanctions, mobilize military forces, and supervise their action. In the early 1920s, however, the proposal failed. The Soviet Union and United States rejected the proposed treaty, and Germany criticized. Italy and France gave support. The British dominions were opposed. The death blow for the proposed treaty came in Geneva on 4 September 1924 when Prime Minister [Ramsay MacDonald](/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald \"Ramsay MacDonald\") rejected it and called instead for a system of arbitrating disputes.David Marquand, *Ramsay MacDonald* (Jonathan Cape Publishers, 1977\\) pp 351–356\\.Peter J. Yearwood, *Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British policy 1914\\-1925* (Oxford University Press, 2009\\) pp. 223–250, 285–305\\.Zara Steiner, *The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919\\-1933* (Oxford UP, 2005\\) pp. 379–83\\.",
"The idea of a military force for an international organization was more than 20 years away from becoming a reality in 1924, but became a function of the League's replacement, the United Nations. In 1950, the UN Security Council and General Assembly authorized a joint force to enter the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\").",
"### Geneva Protocol of 1924",
"{{Main\\|Geneva Protocol (1924\\)}}",
"A draft treaty was assembled in 1923 that made aggressive war illegal and bound the member states to defend victims of aggression by force. Since the onus of responsibility would, in practice, be on the great powers of the League, it was vetoed by Great Britain, who feared that this pledge would strain its own commitment to police its British Empire.Andrew Webster, \"'Absolutely Irresponsible Amateurs': The Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments, 1921–1924\\.\" *Australian Journal of Politics \\& History* 54\\.3 (2008\\): 373\\-388\\.",
"The \"Geneva Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes\" was a proposal by British Prime Minister [Ramsay MacDonald](/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald \"Ramsay MacDonald\") and his French counterpart [Édouard Herriot](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot \"Édouard Herriot\"). It set up compulsory arbitration of disputes and created a method to determine the aggressor in international conflicts. All legal disputes between nations would be submitted to the World Court. It called for a disarmament conference in 1925\\. Any government that refused to comply in a dispute would be named an aggressor. Any victim of aggression was to receive immediate assistance from League members.",
"British Conservatives condemned the proposal for fear that it would lead to conflict with the United States, which also opposed the proposal. The British Dominions strongly opposed it. The Conservatives came to power in Britain and in March 1925 the proposal was shelved and never reintroduced.John F. Williams, \"The Geneva Protocol of 1924 for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes.\" *Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs* 3\\.6 (1924\\): 288\\-304\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
The club was founded in 1920 under the name **Loughborough College**. They joined Division Two of the [Leicestershire Senior League](/wiki/Leicestershire_Senior_League "Leicestershire Senior League") in 1966, where they remained until 1972\.{{fchd\|id\=LOUGHUNI\|name\=Loughborough University}} The club then left Senior football, and did not return until 2007 when they were promoted to the Premier Division of the [Midland Combination](/wiki/Midland_Football_Combination "Midland Football Combination"). In 2008–09 they won the league's Premier Division,[Midland Combination Premier](http://www.tonykempster.co.uk/mc.htm) Tony Kempster and were promoted to the [Midland Alliance](/wiki/Midland_Football_Alliance "Midland Football Alliance"). The Scholars ground shared at fellow local side [Loughborough Dynamo](/wiki/Loughborough_Dynamo "Loughborough Dynamo") until moving into the new Holywell Park, Loughborough University Stadium.
In 2011 the club beat [Boldmere St Michaels](/wiki/Boldmere_St_Michaels_F.C. "Boldmere St Michaels F.C.") 4–2 to lift the League Cup at [Walsall's](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. "Walsall F.C.") [Bescot Stadium](/wiki/Bescot_Stadium "Bescot Stadium"), then won the trophy again the following season when they beat [Tipton Town](/wiki/Tipton_Town_F.C. "Tipton Town F.C.") 2–0\.
Manager [Stuart McLaren](/wiki/Stuart_McLaren "Stuart McLaren") resigned from his post in 2014 after being announced as the new [Stirling Albion](/wiki/Stirling_Albion_F.C. "Stirling Albion F.C.") manager. Following this, Michael Skubala was appointed as part time Performance Manager and put former [Chesterfield](/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C. "Chesterfield F.C.") manager [John Duncan](/wiki/John_Duncan_%28footballer%29 "John Duncan (footballer)") and [Graham Harvey](/wiki/Graham_Harvey_%28football_manager%29 "Graham Harvey (football manager)") in charge of the 1st team. However they were not able to avoid the club ending in the bottom three of the Midland Football League Premier. Relegation was nonetheless avoided due to [Causeway United](/wiki/Causeway_United_F.C. "Causeway United F.C.") folding at the end of the season.
For the 2015–16 season, the club turned to former Quorn AFC assistant manager and experienced non\-league man Karl Brennan, and saw an upturn in results in his first part time management role.
In January 2017 Richard Allen, formally Head of Recruitment at Tottenham Hotspur, Academy Manager at QPR and more recently Head of Talent at the Football Association was appointed as the first ever Director of Football. Alex Ackerley was subsequently confirmed as full time Men's Head Coach and Mat Stock elevated from Programme Coordinator to Programme Manager.
The team managed to avoid relegation narrowly that season.
With the reorganisation of the Step 5 leagues in 2019, Loughborough Students FC were moved in to the United Counties League. Reaching the final of the Leicestershire and Rutland FA Senior Cup Final only to lose out in the final to Step 3 side Coalville Town FC
In 2021 former Leeds, Middlesbrough, Hull and Barnsley Assistant Manager and former Ipswich and Birmingham player Jamie Clapham was appointed as Men's Head Coach replacing Alex Ackerley who joined Sunderland FC to coach within their Academy set up.
In the 2021–22 season the Scholars were crowned BUCS National Champions for the first time in nine years and were semi\-finalists in the FA Vase (losing away to Littlehampton Town), their best ever performance in the Vase. In 2022–23 they narrowly missed out on an inter\-league play off place. In the 2023–24 season after finishing third in the league, they secured promotion via the playoffs beating Skegness 7\-0 in the Playoff final gaining promotion for the first time to non\-league Step 4, and were runners up in the Leicestershire and Rutland County Cup.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The club was founded in 1920 under the name **Loughborough College**. They joined Division Two of the [Leicestershire Senior League](/wiki/Leicestershire_Senior_League \"Leicestershire Senior League\") in 1966, where they remained until 1972\\.{{fchd\\|id\\=LOUGHUNI\\|name\\=Loughborough University}} The club then left Senior football, and did not return until 2007 when they were promoted to the Premier Division of the [Midland Combination](/wiki/Midland_Football_Combination \"Midland Football Combination\"). In 2008–09 they won the league's Premier Division,[Midland Combination Premier](http://www.tonykempster.co.uk/mc.htm) Tony Kempster and were promoted to the [Midland Alliance](/wiki/Midland_Football_Alliance \"Midland Football Alliance\"). The Scholars ground shared at fellow local side [Loughborough Dynamo](/wiki/Loughborough_Dynamo \"Loughborough Dynamo\") until moving into the new Holywell Park, Loughborough University Stadium.",
"In 2011 the club beat [Boldmere St Michaels](/wiki/Boldmere_St_Michaels_F.C. \"Boldmere St Michaels F.C.\") 4–2 to lift the League Cup at [Walsall's](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. \"Walsall F.C.\") [Bescot Stadium](/wiki/Bescot_Stadium \"Bescot Stadium\"), then won the trophy again the following season when they beat [Tipton Town](/wiki/Tipton_Town_F.C. \"Tipton Town F.C.\") 2–0\\.",
"Manager [Stuart McLaren](/wiki/Stuart_McLaren \"Stuart McLaren\") resigned from his post in 2014 after being announced as the new [Stirling Albion](/wiki/Stirling_Albion_F.C. \"Stirling Albion F.C.\") manager. Following this, Michael Skubala was appointed as part time Performance Manager and put former [Chesterfield](/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C. \"Chesterfield F.C.\") manager [John Duncan](/wiki/John_Duncan_%28footballer%29 \"John Duncan (footballer)\") and [Graham Harvey](/wiki/Graham_Harvey_%28football_manager%29 \"Graham Harvey (football manager)\") in charge of the 1st team. However they were not able to avoid the club ending in the bottom three of the Midland Football League Premier. Relegation was nonetheless avoided due to [Causeway United](/wiki/Causeway_United_F.C. \"Causeway United F.C.\") folding at the end of the season.",
"For the 2015–16 season, the club turned to former Quorn AFC assistant manager and experienced non\\-league man Karl Brennan, and saw an upturn in results in his first part time management role.",
"In January 2017 Richard Allen, formally Head of Recruitment at Tottenham Hotspur, Academy Manager at QPR and more recently Head of Talent at the Football Association was appointed as the first ever Director of Football. Alex Ackerley was subsequently confirmed as full time Men's Head Coach and Mat Stock elevated from Programme Coordinator to Programme Manager.",
"The team managed to avoid relegation narrowly that season.",
"With the reorganisation of the Step 5 leagues in 2019, Loughborough Students FC were moved in to the United Counties League. Reaching the final of the Leicestershire and Rutland FA Senior Cup Final only to lose out in the final to Step 3 side Coalville Town FC",
"In 2021 former Leeds, Middlesbrough, Hull and Barnsley Assistant Manager and former Ipswich and Birmingham player Jamie Clapham was appointed as Men's Head Coach replacing Alex Ackerley who joined Sunderland FC to coach within their Academy set up.",
"In the 2021–22 season the Scholars were crowned BUCS National Champions for the first time in nine years and were semi\\-finalists in the FA Vase (losing away to Littlehampton Town), their best ever performance in the Vase. In 2022–23 they narrowly missed out on an inter\\-league play off place. In the 2023–24 season after finishing third in the league, they secured promotion via the playoffs beating Skegness 7\\-0 in the Playoff final gaining promotion for the first time to non\\-league Step 4, and were runners up in the Leicestershire and Rutland County Cup.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
### Act I
At the *New York Record*, [copy boy](/wiki/Copy_boy "Copy boy") Sammy Glick eagerly darts around, collecting the day's new stories from the reporters, like Al Manhaim. He shows O'Brien, the Managing Editor, some typographical errors. Sammy is ambitious and enterprising: he earns money on the side, too. He buys "A New Pair of Shoes", fancy ones, the first chance he gets. Sammy asks AI for advice on his first radio column. Al notes that Sammy stole it from a book written by Kit Sargent. O’Brien publishes "Sammy's" article instead of Al's drama column. Al is amazed when Sammy protests that he was "helping" Al by making the entertainment page better ("You Help Me"). Sammy persuades a talented writer, Julian Blumberg, to let Sammy "help" him get his radio script produced. He uses Al's connections to get an agent to sell the script under Sammy's name to Hollywood producer Sidney Fineman.
Soon Sammy is hired to write scripts for World\-Wide Pictures in Los Angeles, where he meets rising star Rita Rio, tough\-guy assistant director Sheik Orsini, and writer Kit Sargent. Kit has "A Tender Spot" for difficult men, so she falls for Sammy. Al shows up at the studio, looking to adapt a script for the movies, and Sammy takes the credit for finding him. Kit joins Al and Sammy to lampoon film plots ("Lights! Camera! Platitude!") Sidney sees that Sammy is a Hollywood natural — unsavory, duplicitous and glory\-seeking ("My Home Town"). Sammy suggests a film plot to Sidney, stolen from the Joan Crawford movie *[Rain](/wiki/Rain_%281932_film%29 "Rain (1932 film)")*: *Monsoon*, written by Sammy's ghostwriter, Julian, stars Rita Rio. At an industry showing, Sammy and Kit continue their affair.
Investor H. R. Harrington, who might purchase control of the studio, and his spoiled daughter Laurette see the film. Sammy realizes that if he can win Laurette, he could eventually head the studio, but Laurette fantasizes about crushing Sammy ("I See Something"). Al hopes for romance with Kit, but she turns him down ("Maybe Some Other Time"). *Monsoon* is a hit, and Sidney gives Sammy his own film unit. A disappointed Al goes to the airport to fly east. Sammy suggests a sexy weekend with Kit in Mexico ("You Can Trust Me: A Room Without Windows"). Laurette calls Kit, wanting Sammy to take her out on the town. Sammy slinks away from Kit, but when he calls for Laurette, she acts uninterested. Everyone is unhappy ("Kiss Me No Kisses").
### Act II
Sammy's new film, *Paint a Rainbow*, gives a red carpet premiere at [Grauman's Chinese Theatre](/wiki/Grauman%27s_Chinese_Theatre "Grauman's Chinese Theatre"). Sammy is interviewed about his success ("I Feel Humble"). Sammy wants Kit to write a new film, *Sob Sister*, but she will not speak to him. Sammy flies east to persuade Al to phone Kit in Los Angeles and propose marriage so that the two will write the screenplay together. Kit, not realizing the implications of the proposal, believes that she has "Something to Live For". Sammy's low\-class brother Seymour arrives at the New York premiere of the film to demand that Sammy leave to see their mother for the anniversary of the death of their father; Sammy refuses. Laurette is impressed that Sammy's callousness is on a level with hers ("You’re No Good").
Back in Hollywood, Kit is startled and disgruntled when she discovers Sammy's plan to get her to write for him. Al and Kit reluctantly write a series of films for Sammy. Laurette is now attracted to Sammy, but he plays hard\-to\-get ("The Friendliest Thing"). Sidney's production unit is failing, and Sammy will not assist him. Harrington fires Sidney.
Sammy has clawed his way to the top of the studio. At his ostentatious mansion, Sammy and Laurette present the "Wedding of the Year". At the ceremony, they learn that Sidney has committed suicide. Everyone is shaken; Kit and Al, Sammy's only friends, are so disgusted that they finally break away from him and flee Los Angeles.
When Sammy discovers Laurette in bed with a young French movie star, his wife comments that he cannot do anything about it, or Harrington will dismiss him. Sammy knows: "Some Days Everything Goes Wrong".
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"### Act I",
"At the *New York Record*, [copy boy](/wiki/Copy_boy \"Copy boy\") Sammy Glick eagerly darts around, collecting the day's new stories from the reporters, like Al Manhaim. He shows O'Brien, the Managing Editor, some typographical errors. Sammy is ambitious and enterprising: he earns money on the side, too. He buys \"A New Pair of Shoes\", fancy ones, the first chance he gets. Sammy asks AI for advice on his first radio column. Al notes that Sammy stole it from a book written by Kit Sargent. O’Brien publishes \"Sammy's\" article instead of Al's drama column. Al is amazed when Sammy protests that he was \"helping\" Al by making the entertainment page better (\"You Help Me\"). Sammy persuades a talented writer, Julian Blumberg, to let Sammy \"help\" him get his radio script produced. He uses Al's connections to get an agent to sell the script under Sammy's name to Hollywood producer Sidney Fineman.",
"Soon Sammy is hired to write scripts for World\\-Wide Pictures in Los Angeles, where he meets rising star Rita Rio, tough\\-guy assistant director Sheik Orsini, and writer Kit Sargent. Kit has \"A Tender Spot\" for difficult men, so she falls for Sammy. Al shows up at the studio, looking to adapt a script for the movies, and Sammy takes the credit for finding him. Kit joins Al and Sammy to lampoon film plots (\"Lights! Camera! Platitude!\") Sidney sees that Sammy is a Hollywood natural — unsavory, duplicitous and glory\\-seeking (\"My Home Town\"). Sammy suggests a film plot to Sidney, stolen from the Joan Crawford movie *[Rain](/wiki/Rain_%281932_film%29 \"Rain (1932 film)\")*: *Monsoon*, written by Sammy's ghostwriter, Julian, stars Rita Rio. At an industry showing, Sammy and Kit continue their affair.",
"Investor H. R. Harrington, who might purchase control of the studio, and his spoiled daughter Laurette see the film. Sammy realizes that if he can win Laurette, he could eventually head the studio, but Laurette fantasizes about crushing Sammy (\"I See Something\"). Al hopes for romance with Kit, but she turns him down (\"Maybe Some Other Time\"). *Monsoon* is a hit, and Sidney gives Sammy his own film unit. A disappointed Al goes to the airport to fly east. Sammy suggests a sexy weekend with Kit in Mexico (\"You Can Trust Me: A Room Without Windows\"). Laurette calls Kit, wanting Sammy to take her out on the town. Sammy slinks away from Kit, but when he calls for Laurette, she acts uninterested. Everyone is unhappy (\"Kiss Me No Kisses\").",
"### Act II",
"Sammy's new film, *Paint a Rainbow*, gives a red carpet premiere at [Grauman's Chinese Theatre](/wiki/Grauman%27s_Chinese_Theatre \"Grauman's Chinese Theatre\"). Sammy is interviewed about his success (\"I Feel Humble\"). Sammy wants Kit to write a new film, *Sob Sister*, but she will not speak to him. Sammy flies east to persuade Al to phone Kit in Los Angeles and propose marriage so that the two will write the screenplay together. Kit, not realizing the implications of the proposal, believes that she has \"Something to Live For\". Sammy's low\\-class brother Seymour arrives at the New York premiere of the film to demand that Sammy leave to see their mother for the anniversary of the death of their father; Sammy refuses. Laurette is impressed that Sammy's callousness is on a level with hers (\"You’re No Good\").",
"Back in Hollywood, Kit is startled and disgruntled when she discovers Sammy's plan to get her to write for him. Al and Kit reluctantly write a series of films for Sammy. Laurette is now attracted to Sammy, but he plays hard\\-to\\-get (\"The Friendliest Thing\"). Sidney's production unit is failing, and Sammy will not assist him. Harrington fires Sidney.",
"Sammy has clawed his way to the top of the studio. At his ostentatious mansion, Sammy and Laurette present the \"Wedding of the Year\". At the ceremony, they learn that Sidney has committed suicide. Everyone is shaken; Kit and Al, Sammy's only friends, are so disgusted that they finally break away from him and flee Los Angeles.",
"When Sammy discovers Laurette in bed with a young French movie star, his wife comments that he cannot do anything about it, or Harrington will dismiss him. Sammy knows: \"Some Days Everything Goes Wrong\".",
""
] |
Early life and education
------------------------
{{More citations needed\|section\|date\=March 2023}}
Key, sometimes spelled Kaye, was born in 1630 in [Warwick County, Virginia](/wiki/Warwick_County%2C_Virginia "Warwick County, Virginia"). Her mother was an indentured African woman, and her father was Thomas Key, an English [planter](/wiki/Planter_class "Planter class") and a member of the Virginia [House of Burgesses](/wiki/House_of_Burgesses "House of Burgesses"), representing Warwick County, today's [Newport News](/wiki/Newport_News "Newport News"). Thomas Key's legal white wife lived across the [James River](/wiki/James_River_%28Virginia%29 "James River (Virginia)") in [Isle of Wight County, Virginia](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_County%2C_Virginia "Isle of Wight County, Virginia"), where she owned considerable property. Born in England, the Keys were considered [pioneer planters](/wiki/Ancient_planter "Ancient planter") as they had come to Virginia before 1616, remained for more than three years, paid their passage, and survived the [Indian massacre of 1622](/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622 "Indian massacre of 1622").
Around 1636, in a civic case at [Blunt Poynt](/wiki/Blunt_Poynt "Blunt Poynt") court, Thomas Key was charged with fathering the [mixed\-race](/wiki/Multiracial "Multiracial") Elizabeth Key. Initially, he denied the charge. Complaints about [illegitimate](/wiki/Legitimacy_%28family_law%29 "Legitimacy (family law)") children were brought to court so that fathers would be required to provide support for those children, under English common law, including arranging for [apprenticeships](/wiki/Apprenticeship "Apprenticeship") so that they could learn skills necessary for their livelihood.
Thomas Key first said an unidentified "Turk"{{efn\|''Turk'' was a colloquial catch\-all for Muslims during the \[\[Middle Ages]] and \[\[Early modern period]]}} was Elizabeth's father, but the Court relied on witnesses who testified to his paternity. Thomas Key took responsibility for Elizabeth, arranging for her [baptism](/wiki/Baptism "Baptism") in the established [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England") and supporting her financially. Sometime before his death that same year (1636\), Thomas placed Elizabeth (then aged six) in the custody of Humphrey Higginson for a nine\-year [indenture](/wiki/Indenture "Indenture").
Higginson, a wealthy planter who owned several [plantations](/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States "Plantation complexes in the Southern United States"), was expected to act as her guardian until Elizabeth Key reached the age of 15 (considered the "coming of age" for girls; during this period, girls frequently married or began working for wages at age 15\). Upon reaching age 15, Elizabeth Key would be free.
During this period in early Virginia, African and European servants were likely to be indentured for a period of years, usually to pay off passage to the Americas. The colony required illegitimate children to be indentured for a period of apprenticeship until they "came of age" and could be expected to support themselves. While mortality was high, it was common for indentured servants to earn their freedom. [Working class](/wiki/Working_class "Working class") people of different ethnicities lived, worked, ate, and played together as equals, and many married or formed unions during the colonial period.
Key intended Higginson to act as Elizabeth's guardian, but the latter did not keep his commitment to take the girl with him if he returned to England. Instead, he transferred (or sold) her indenture to Col. [John Mottram](/wiki/John_Mottrom "John Mottrom"), the first Anglo\-European settler in [Northumberland County](/wiki/Northumberland_County%2C_Virginia "Northumberland County, Virginia"). About 1640, Mottram moved to the undeveloped county, taking Elizabeth at age 10 with him as a servant. There is little record of Key's next 15 years.
|
[
"Early life and education\n------------------------",
"{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=March 2023}}\nKey, sometimes spelled Kaye, was born in 1630 in [Warwick County, Virginia](/wiki/Warwick_County%2C_Virginia \"Warwick County, Virginia\"). Her mother was an indentured African woman, and her father was Thomas Key, an English [planter](/wiki/Planter_class \"Planter class\") and a member of the Virginia [House of Burgesses](/wiki/House_of_Burgesses \"House of Burgesses\"), representing Warwick County, today's [Newport News](/wiki/Newport_News \"Newport News\"). Thomas Key's legal white wife lived across the [James River](/wiki/James_River_%28Virginia%29 \"James River (Virginia)\") in [Isle of Wight County, Virginia](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_County%2C_Virginia \"Isle of Wight County, Virginia\"), where she owned considerable property. Born in England, the Keys were considered [pioneer planters](/wiki/Ancient_planter \"Ancient planter\") as they had come to Virginia before 1616, remained for more than three years, paid their passage, and survived the [Indian massacre of 1622](/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622 \"Indian massacre of 1622\").",
"Around 1636, in a civic case at [Blunt Poynt](/wiki/Blunt_Poynt \"Blunt Poynt\") court, Thomas Key was charged with fathering the [mixed\\-race](/wiki/Multiracial \"Multiracial\") Elizabeth Key. Initially, he denied the charge. Complaints about [illegitimate](/wiki/Legitimacy_%28family_law%29 \"Legitimacy (family law)\") children were brought to court so that fathers would be required to provide support for those children, under English common law, including arranging for [apprenticeships](/wiki/Apprenticeship \"Apprenticeship\") so that they could learn skills necessary for their livelihood.",
"Thomas Key first said an unidentified \"Turk\"{{efn\\|''Turk'' was a colloquial catch\\-all for Muslims during the \\[\\[Middle Ages]] and \\[\\[Early modern period]]}} was Elizabeth's father, but the Court relied on witnesses who testified to his paternity. Thomas Key took responsibility for Elizabeth, arranging for her [baptism](/wiki/Baptism \"Baptism\") in the established [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England \"Church of England\") and supporting her financially. Sometime before his death that same year (1636\\), Thomas placed Elizabeth (then aged six) in the custody of Humphrey Higginson for a nine\\-year [indenture](/wiki/Indenture \"Indenture\").",
"Higginson, a wealthy planter who owned several [plantations](/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States \"Plantation complexes in the Southern United States\"), was expected to act as her guardian until Elizabeth Key reached the age of 15 (considered the \"coming of age\" for girls; during this period, girls frequently married or began working for wages at age 15\\). Upon reaching age 15, Elizabeth Key would be free.",
"During this period in early Virginia, African and European servants were likely to be indentured for a period of years, usually to pay off passage to the Americas. The colony required illegitimate children to be indentured for a period of apprenticeship until they \"came of age\" and could be expected to support themselves. While mortality was high, it was common for indentured servants to earn their freedom. [Working class](/wiki/Working_class \"Working class\") people of different ethnicities lived, worked, ate, and played together as equals, and many married or formed unions during the colonial period.",
"Key intended Higginson to act as Elizabeth's guardian, but the latter did not keep his commitment to take the girl with him if he returned to England. Instead, he transferred (or sold) her indenture to Col. [John Mottram](/wiki/John_Mottrom \"John Mottrom\"), the first Anglo\\-European settler in [Northumberland County](/wiki/Northumberland_County%2C_Virginia \"Northumberland County, Virginia\"). About 1640, Mottram moved to the undeveloped county, taking Elizabeth at age 10 with him as a servant. There is little record of Key's next 15 years.",
""
] |
Adulthood, child, and freedom suit
----------------------------------
In about 1650, Mottram paid for passage for a group of 20 young white English [indentured servants](/wiki/Indentured_servant "Indentured servant") to Coan Hall, his [plantation](/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South "Plantations in the American South") in Northumberland County. To encourage development, the Crown had awarded Virginia colonists [headrights](/wiki/Headrights "Headrights") of {{convert\|50\|acre\|m2}} of land for each person they transported to the colony; generally, these persons were indentured servants. Each indentured person would serve for six years to pay for the passage from England.
One of these servants was 16\-year\-old William Grinstead (also spelled Greenstead), a young lawyer. (He is considered the immigrant English ancestor of numerous descendants of Grinstead and spelling variations.) Although Grinstead's parents are not known, he may have learned law as the younger son of an attorney. Under the [English common law](/wiki/Common_law "Common law") of [primogeniture](/wiki/Primogeniture "Primogeniture"), only the eldest son could inherit the father's real property, so many younger sons crossed the Atlantic to seek their lives and fortunes in the American colonies.
Recognizing Grinstead's value, Mottram used the young man for representation in legal matters for Coan Hall. During this period, Grinstead and Elizabeth Key began a relationship and had a son together, whom they named John Grinstead. They were prohibited from marrying while Grinstead was serving his indenture. Elizabeth Key's future was uncertain.
### 1655 freedom suit
After Mottram died in 1655, the overseers of his estate classified Elizabeth Key and her infant son, John, as Negroes (and essentially enslaved and part of the property assets of the estate). With William Grinstead acting as her attorney, Key sued the estate over her status, saying she was an indentured servant who had served past her term and that her son was thus [freeborn](/wiki/Freeborn "Freeborn"). At 25, Elizabeth had been a servant for a total of 19 years, having served 15 years with Mottram. According to Taunya Lovell Banks in the *Akron Law Review*, "subjecthood" rather than "citizenship" was more important for determining a person's social status in the young colony.
In the early 17th century,
> children born to English parents outside the country became English subjects at birth, others could become "naturalized subjects" (although there was no process at the time in the colonies). What was unsettled was the status of children if only one of the parents was an English subject, as foreigners (including Africans) were not considered subjects. Because non\-whites came to be denied civil rights as foreigners, mixed\-race people seeking freedom often had to stress their English ancestry (and later, European).
Elizabeth had served as a servant for ten years beyond the terms of her indenture. In trying to establish whether Key's father was a free Englishman, the Court relied on the testimony of witnesses who knew the people in the case.
Nicholas Jurnew, 53, testified in 1655 that he had
> heard a flying report \[rumor] at Yorke that Elizabeth a Negro Servant to the Estate of Col. John Mottrom (deceased) was the Childe of Mr. Kaye but... Mr. Kaye said that a Turke of Capt. Mathewes was Father to the Girle.[Hardcastle, "Black History shines new light on 'color'"](http://www.activedayton.com/ddn/epaper/editions/thursday/northwest_24.htmlMartha){{Dead link\|date\=August 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, *Dayton Daily News,* Dayton, Ohio, 30 January 2003, accessed 5 January 2011
Banks said Jurnew's testimony had the most significant effect on the court's decision. The colonists would not have granted [Turks](/wiki/Turkish_people "Turkish people") the same rights as themselves, as they were not Christian.
"The most persuasive evidence" about Elizabeth's paternity came from Elizabeth Newman, 80 years old and a former servant of Mottram, who testified that
> it was a common Fame in Virginia that Elizabeth a Molletto (sic [mulatto](/wiki/Mulatto "Mulatto")), now (e) servant to the Estate of Col. John Mottrom, deceased, was the Daughter of Mr. Kaye; and the said Kaye was brought to [Blunt Poynt](/wiki/Blunt_Poynt "Blunt Poynt") Court and there fined for getting his Negro woman with Childe, which said Negroe was the Mother of the said Molletto, and the said fine was for getting the Negro with Childe which Childe was the said Elizabeth.
Other witnesses asserted similar testimony.
Believing Thomas Key's paternity was proved by common law, the Court granted Elizabeth Key her freedom. Mottram's estate appealed the decision to the General Court, which overturned it and ruled that Elizabeth was a slave because of her mother's status as Negro.[Taunya Lovell Banks, "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia"](http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/52/), 41 *Akron Law Review* 799 (2008\), Digital Commons @UM Carey Law, University of Maryland Law School, accessed 21 Apr 2009
Through Grinstead, Elizabeth Key took the case to the [Virginia General Assembly](/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly "Virginia General Assembly"), which appointed a committee to investigate. They sent the case back to the courts for retrial. Elizabeth Key finally won her freedom on three counts: the most important was that by English [common law](/wiki/Common_law "Common law"), the father's status determined the child's status. Her father was a free Englishman, and she was a practicing Christian. In other cases, the courts had ruled that (black) Negro or Indian Christians could not be held in servitude for life. The Assembly may also have been influenced by the reputation of Elizabeth's planter father, Thomas Key, who wanted to carry out his wishes after he had acknowledged his daughter. In addition, the father of her mixed\-race child (who was three\-quarters white) was himself an English subject. The court ordered Mottram's estate to compensate Key with corn and clothes for her lost years.
Although Elizabeth Key won her court battle for freedom for her and her son John, she and Grinstead could not marry until he completed his indenture in 1656\. Theirs was one of the few recorded marriages between an Englishman and a free woman of African descent in the seventeenth century. They had another son together before William Grinstead died early in 1661\.
The widow, Elizabeth Grinstead, remarried to the widower John Parse (Pearce). Upon his death, she and her sons John and William Grinstead II inherited {{convert\|500\|acre\|km2}}, helping to secure their future. This property enabled Elizabeth Grinstead and her sons to get on.
Among the many descendants of Elizabeth (Key) and William Grinstead in the South are believed to be those named Grinstead and people with variations of the surname, such as Greenstead, Grinsted and Grimsted.[Paul Heinegg, *Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina from the colonial period to about 1820*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1FjAedUxMXgC&q=Elizabeth+Key++Grinstead), Volume 2 (Google eBook), Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Com, 2005, accessed 7 January 2011[Mario de Valdes y Cocom, "The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families: Greenstead, Grinsted, Grimsted, etc."](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/greenstead.html), PBS *Front Line*, WGBH, 1995–2011, accessed 4 January 2011\.
|
[
"Adulthood, child, and freedom suit\n----------------------------------",
"In about 1650, Mottram paid for passage for a group of 20 young white English [indentured servants](/wiki/Indentured_servant \"Indentured servant\") to Coan Hall, his [plantation](/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South \"Plantations in the American South\") in Northumberland County. To encourage development, the Crown had awarded Virginia colonists [headrights](/wiki/Headrights \"Headrights\") of {{convert\\|50\\|acre\\|m2}} of land for each person they transported to the colony; generally, these persons were indentured servants. Each indentured person would serve for six years to pay for the passage from England.",
"One of these servants was 16\\-year\\-old William Grinstead (also spelled Greenstead), a young lawyer. (He is considered the immigrant English ancestor of numerous descendants of Grinstead and spelling variations.) Although Grinstead's parents are not known, he may have learned law as the younger son of an attorney. Under the [English common law](/wiki/Common_law \"Common law\") of [primogeniture](/wiki/Primogeniture \"Primogeniture\"), only the eldest son could inherit the father's real property, so many younger sons crossed the Atlantic to seek their lives and fortunes in the American colonies.",
"Recognizing Grinstead's value, Mottram used the young man for representation in legal matters for Coan Hall. During this period, Grinstead and Elizabeth Key began a relationship and had a son together, whom they named John Grinstead. They were prohibited from marrying while Grinstead was serving his indenture. Elizabeth Key's future was uncertain.",
"### 1655 freedom suit",
"After Mottram died in 1655, the overseers of his estate classified Elizabeth Key and her infant son, John, as Negroes (and essentially enslaved and part of the property assets of the estate). With William Grinstead acting as her attorney, Key sued the estate over her status, saying she was an indentured servant who had served past her term and that her son was thus [freeborn](/wiki/Freeborn \"Freeborn\"). At 25, Elizabeth had been a servant for a total of 19 years, having served 15 years with Mottram. According to Taunya Lovell Banks in the *Akron Law Review*, \"subjecthood\" rather than \"citizenship\" was more important for determining a person's social status in the young colony.",
"In the early 17th century,",
"> children born to English parents outside the country became English subjects at birth, others could become \"naturalized subjects\" (although there was no process at the time in the colonies). What was unsettled was the status of children if only one of the parents was an English subject, as foreigners (including Africans) were not considered subjects. Because non\\-whites came to be denied civil rights as foreigners, mixed\\-race people seeking freedom often had to stress their English ancestry (and later, European).",
"",
"Elizabeth had served as a servant for ten years beyond the terms of her indenture. In trying to establish whether Key's father was a free Englishman, the Court relied on the testimony of witnesses who knew the people in the case.",
"Nicholas Jurnew, 53, testified in 1655 that he had",
"> heard a flying report \\[rumor] at Yorke that Elizabeth a Negro Servant to the Estate of Col. John Mottrom (deceased) was the Childe of Mr. Kaye but... Mr. Kaye said that a Turke of Capt. Mathewes was Father to the Girle.[Hardcastle, \"Black History shines new light on 'color'\"](http://www.activedayton.com/ddn/epaper/editions/thursday/northwest_24.htmlMartha){{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, *Dayton Daily News,* Dayton, Ohio, 30 January 2003, accessed 5 January 2011",
"",
"Banks said Jurnew's testimony had the most significant effect on the court's decision. The colonists would not have granted [Turks](/wiki/Turkish_people \"Turkish people\") the same rights as themselves, as they were not Christian.",
"\"The most persuasive evidence\" about Elizabeth's paternity came from Elizabeth Newman, 80 years old and a former servant of Mottram, who testified that",
"> it was a common Fame in Virginia that Elizabeth a Molletto (sic [mulatto](/wiki/Mulatto \"Mulatto\")), now (e) servant to the Estate of Col. John Mottrom, deceased, was the Daughter of Mr. Kaye; and the said Kaye was brought to [Blunt Poynt](/wiki/Blunt_Poynt \"Blunt Poynt\") Court and there fined for getting his Negro woman with Childe, which said Negroe was the Mother of the said Molletto, and the said fine was for getting the Negro with Childe which Childe was the said Elizabeth.",
"",
"Other witnesses asserted similar testimony.",
"Believing Thomas Key's paternity was proved by common law, the Court granted Elizabeth Key her freedom. Mottram's estate appealed the decision to the General Court, which overturned it and ruled that Elizabeth was a slave because of her mother's status as Negro.[Taunya Lovell Banks, \"Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia\"](http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/52/), 41 *Akron Law Review* 799 (2008\\), Digital Commons @UM Carey Law, University of Maryland Law School, accessed 21 Apr 2009",
"Through Grinstead, Elizabeth Key took the case to the [Virginia General Assembly](/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly \"Virginia General Assembly\"), which appointed a committee to investigate. They sent the case back to the courts for retrial. Elizabeth Key finally won her freedom on three counts: the most important was that by English [common law](/wiki/Common_law \"Common law\"), the father's status determined the child's status. Her father was a free Englishman, and she was a practicing Christian. In other cases, the courts had ruled that (black) Negro or Indian Christians could not be held in servitude for life. The Assembly may also have been influenced by the reputation of Elizabeth's planter father, Thomas Key, who wanted to carry out his wishes after he had acknowledged his daughter. In addition, the father of her mixed\\-race child (who was three\\-quarters white) was himself an English subject. The court ordered Mottram's estate to compensate Key with corn and clothes for her lost years.",
"Although Elizabeth Key won her court battle for freedom for her and her son John, she and Grinstead could not marry until he completed his indenture in 1656\\. Theirs was one of the few recorded marriages between an Englishman and a free woman of African descent in the seventeenth century. They had another son together before William Grinstead died early in 1661\\.",
"The widow, Elizabeth Grinstead, remarried to the widower John Parse (Pearce). Upon his death, she and her sons John and William Grinstead II inherited {{convert\\|500\\|acre\\|km2}}, helping to secure their future. This property enabled Elizabeth Grinstead and her sons to get on.",
"Among the many descendants of Elizabeth (Key) and William Grinstead in the South are believed to be those named Grinstead and people with variations of the surname, such as Greenstead, Grinsted and Grimsted.[Paul Heinegg, *Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina from the colonial period to about 1820*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1FjAedUxMXgC&q=Elizabeth+Key++Grinstead), Volume 2 (Google eBook), Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Com, 2005, accessed 7 January 2011[Mario de Valdes y Cocom, \"The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families: Greenstead, Grinsted, Grimsted, etc.\"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/greenstead.html), PBS *Front Line*, WGBH, 1995–2011, accessed 4 January 2011\\.",
""
] |
### 1655 freedom suit
After Mottram died in 1655, the overseers of his estate classified Elizabeth Key and her infant son, John, as Negroes (and essentially enslaved and part of the property assets of the estate). With William Grinstead acting as her attorney, Key sued the estate over her status, saying she was an indentured servant who had served past her term and that her son was thus [freeborn](/wiki/Freeborn "Freeborn"). At 25, Elizabeth had been a servant for a total of 19 years, having served 15 years with Mottram. According to Taunya Lovell Banks in the *Akron Law Review*, "subjecthood" rather than "citizenship" was more important for determining a person's social status in the young colony.
In the early 17th century,
> children born to English parents outside the country became English subjects at birth, others could become "naturalized subjects" (although there was no process at the time in the colonies). What was unsettled was the status of children if only one of the parents was an English subject, as foreigners (including Africans) were not considered subjects. Because non\-whites came to be denied civil rights as foreigners, mixed\-race people seeking freedom often had to stress their English ancestry (and later, European).
Elizabeth had served as a servant for ten years beyond the terms of her indenture. In trying to establish whether Key's father was a free Englishman, the Court relied on the testimony of witnesses who knew the people in the case.
Nicholas Jurnew, 53, testified in 1655 that he had
> heard a flying report \[rumor] at Yorke that Elizabeth a Negro Servant to the Estate of Col. John Mottrom (deceased) was the Childe of Mr. Kaye but... Mr. Kaye said that a Turke of Capt. Mathewes was Father to the Girle.[Hardcastle, "Black History shines new light on 'color'"](http://www.activedayton.com/ddn/epaper/editions/thursday/northwest_24.htmlMartha){{Dead link\|date\=August 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, *Dayton Daily News,* Dayton, Ohio, 30 January 2003, accessed 5 January 2011
Banks said Jurnew's testimony had the most significant effect on the court's decision. The colonists would not have granted [Turks](/wiki/Turkish_people "Turkish people") the same rights as themselves, as they were not Christian.
"The most persuasive evidence" about Elizabeth's paternity came from Elizabeth Newman, 80 years old and a former servant of Mottram, who testified that
> it was a common Fame in Virginia that Elizabeth a Molletto (sic [mulatto](/wiki/Mulatto "Mulatto")), now (e) servant to the Estate of Col. John Mottrom, deceased, was the Daughter of Mr. Kaye; and the said Kaye was brought to [Blunt Poynt](/wiki/Blunt_Poynt "Blunt Poynt") Court and there fined for getting his Negro woman with Childe, which said Negroe was the Mother of the said Molletto, and the said fine was for getting the Negro with Childe which Childe was the said Elizabeth.
Other witnesses asserted similar testimony.
Believing Thomas Key's paternity was proved by common law, the Court granted Elizabeth Key her freedom. Mottram's estate appealed the decision to the General Court, which overturned it and ruled that Elizabeth was a slave because of her mother's status as Negro.[Taunya Lovell Banks, "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia"](http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/52/), 41 *Akron Law Review* 799 (2008\), Digital Commons @UM Carey Law, University of Maryland Law School, accessed 21 Apr 2009
Through Grinstead, Elizabeth Key took the case to the [Virginia General Assembly](/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly "Virginia General Assembly"), which appointed a committee to investigate. They sent the case back to the courts for retrial. Elizabeth Key finally won her freedom on three counts: the most important was that by English [common law](/wiki/Common_law "Common law"), the father's status determined the child's status. Her father was a free Englishman, and she was a practicing Christian. In other cases, the courts had ruled that (black) Negro or Indian Christians could not be held in servitude for life. The Assembly may also have been influenced by the reputation of Elizabeth's planter father, Thomas Key, who wanted to carry out his wishes after he had acknowledged his daughter. In addition, the father of her mixed\-race child (who was three\-quarters white) was himself an English subject. The court ordered Mottram's estate to compensate Key with corn and clothes for her lost years.
Although Elizabeth Key won her court battle for freedom for her and her son John, she and Grinstead could not marry until he completed his indenture in 1656\. Theirs was one of the few recorded marriages between an Englishman and a free woman of African descent in the seventeenth century. They had another son together before William Grinstead died early in 1661\.
The widow, Elizabeth Grinstead, remarried to the widower John Parse (Pearce). Upon his death, she and her sons John and William Grinstead II inherited {{convert\|500\|acre\|km2}}, helping to secure their future. This property enabled Elizabeth Grinstead and her sons to get on.
Among the many descendants of Elizabeth (Key) and William Grinstead in the South are believed to be those named Grinstead and people with variations of the surname, such as Greenstead, Grinsted and Grimsted.[Paul Heinegg, *Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina from the colonial period to about 1820*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1FjAedUxMXgC&q=Elizabeth+Key++Grinstead), Volume 2 (Google eBook), Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Com, 2005, accessed 7 January 2011[Mario de Valdes y Cocom, "The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families: Greenstead, Grinsted, Grimsted, etc."](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/greenstead.html), PBS *Front Line*, WGBH, 1995–2011, accessed 4 January 2011\.
|
[
"### 1655 freedom suit",
"After Mottram died in 1655, the overseers of his estate classified Elizabeth Key and her infant son, John, as Negroes (and essentially enslaved and part of the property assets of the estate). With William Grinstead acting as her attorney, Key sued the estate over her status, saying she was an indentured servant who had served past her term and that her son was thus [freeborn](/wiki/Freeborn \"Freeborn\"). At 25, Elizabeth had been a servant for a total of 19 years, having served 15 years with Mottram. According to Taunya Lovell Banks in the *Akron Law Review*, \"subjecthood\" rather than \"citizenship\" was more important for determining a person's social status in the young colony.",
"In the early 17th century,",
"> children born to English parents outside the country became English subjects at birth, others could become \"naturalized subjects\" (although there was no process at the time in the colonies). What was unsettled was the status of children if only one of the parents was an English subject, as foreigners (including Africans) were not considered subjects. Because non\\-whites came to be denied civil rights as foreigners, mixed\\-race people seeking freedom often had to stress their English ancestry (and later, European).",
"",
"Elizabeth had served as a servant for ten years beyond the terms of her indenture. In trying to establish whether Key's father was a free Englishman, the Court relied on the testimony of witnesses who knew the people in the case.",
"Nicholas Jurnew, 53, testified in 1655 that he had",
"> heard a flying report \\[rumor] at Yorke that Elizabeth a Negro Servant to the Estate of Col. John Mottrom (deceased) was the Childe of Mr. Kaye but... Mr. Kaye said that a Turke of Capt. Mathewes was Father to the Girle.[Hardcastle, \"Black History shines new light on 'color'\"](http://www.activedayton.com/ddn/epaper/editions/thursday/northwest_24.htmlMartha){{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, *Dayton Daily News,* Dayton, Ohio, 30 January 2003, accessed 5 January 2011",
"",
"Banks said Jurnew's testimony had the most significant effect on the court's decision. The colonists would not have granted [Turks](/wiki/Turkish_people \"Turkish people\") the same rights as themselves, as they were not Christian.",
"\"The most persuasive evidence\" about Elizabeth's paternity came from Elizabeth Newman, 80 years old and a former servant of Mottram, who testified that",
"> it was a common Fame in Virginia that Elizabeth a Molletto (sic [mulatto](/wiki/Mulatto \"Mulatto\")), now (e) servant to the Estate of Col. John Mottrom, deceased, was the Daughter of Mr. Kaye; and the said Kaye was brought to [Blunt Poynt](/wiki/Blunt_Poynt \"Blunt Poynt\") Court and there fined for getting his Negro woman with Childe, which said Negroe was the Mother of the said Molletto, and the said fine was for getting the Negro with Childe which Childe was the said Elizabeth.",
"",
"Other witnesses asserted similar testimony.",
"Believing Thomas Key's paternity was proved by common law, the Court granted Elizabeth Key her freedom. Mottram's estate appealed the decision to the General Court, which overturned it and ruled that Elizabeth was a slave because of her mother's status as Negro.[Taunya Lovell Banks, \"Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia\"](http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/52/), 41 *Akron Law Review* 799 (2008\\), Digital Commons @UM Carey Law, University of Maryland Law School, accessed 21 Apr 2009",
"Through Grinstead, Elizabeth Key took the case to the [Virginia General Assembly](/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly \"Virginia General Assembly\"), which appointed a committee to investigate. They sent the case back to the courts for retrial. Elizabeth Key finally won her freedom on three counts: the most important was that by English [common law](/wiki/Common_law \"Common law\"), the father's status determined the child's status. Her father was a free Englishman, and she was a practicing Christian. In other cases, the courts had ruled that (black) Negro or Indian Christians could not be held in servitude for life. The Assembly may also have been influenced by the reputation of Elizabeth's planter father, Thomas Key, who wanted to carry out his wishes after he had acknowledged his daughter. In addition, the father of her mixed\\-race child (who was three\\-quarters white) was himself an English subject. The court ordered Mottram's estate to compensate Key with corn and clothes for her lost years.",
"Although Elizabeth Key won her court battle for freedom for her and her son John, she and Grinstead could not marry until he completed his indenture in 1656\\. Theirs was one of the few recorded marriages between an Englishman and a free woman of African descent in the seventeenth century. They had another son together before William Grinstead died early in 1661\\.",
"The widow, Elizabeth Grinstead, remarried to the widower John Parse (Pearce). Upon his death, she and her sons John and William Grinstead II inherited {{convert\\|500\\|acre\\|km2}}, helping to secure their future. This property enabled Elizabeth Grinstead and her sons to get on.",
"Among the many descendants of Elizabeth (Key) and William Grinstead in the South are believed to be those named Grinstead and people with variations of the surname, such as Greenstead, Grinsted and Grimsted.[Paul Heinegg, *Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina from the colonial period to about 1820*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1FjAedUxMXgC&q=Elizabeth+Key++Grinstead), Volume 2 (Google eBook), Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Com, 2005, accessed 7 January 2011[Mario de Valdes y Cocom, \"The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families: Greenstead, Grinsted, Grimsted, etc.\"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/greenstead.html), PBS *Front Line*, WGBH, 1995–2011, accessed 4 January 2011\\.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
A woman had a daughter and [stepdaughter](/wiki/Stepfamily%23In_fiction "Stepfamily#In fiction"). One day, she set them to spin while sitting on the edge of a [well](/wiki/Well "Well"), giving her daughter good flax and her stepdaughter coarse, unusable flax, and declared that whoever's thread broke first would be thrown in. When her stepdaughter's thread broke, she threw her in.
The girl fell to a wonderful land. She walked on and came to a tumble\-down [fence](/wiki/Fence "Fence") that is overgrown with [vines](/wiki/Vine "Vine"). It pleaded with her not to hurt it because it did not have long to live and she carefully jumped over it where the vines were less. She found an [oven](/wiki/Oven "Oven") full of [bread](/wiki/Bread "Bread") loaves and it told her she could eat what she liked, but begged her not to hurt it. She ate a loaf, thanked it for such fine bread, and shut its door. She came to a [cow](/wiki/Cattle "Cattle") with a bucket on its horns. It said she could milk it and drink, but asked her not to hurt it or spill its milk. She agreed. When a drop of milk was left, the cow told her to throw it over its hooves and hang the bucket back up.
She came to a house. An old woman asked her to comb her hair. When she did, the old woman showed her a farm where she could take service. She took good care of the cows, gave milk to the [cats](/wiki/Cat "Cat"), sieved some corn, and gave some sieved corn to the [birds](/wiki/Bird "Bird").
One day, the old woman summoned her and told her to fill a sieve full of water and bring it back. The birds told her to use ashes to stop up the holes. Another day, she had to wash some black yarn until it became white and white yarn until it became black. The birds told her to face east to turn the black white and west to turn the white black. Then the old woman had her weave them into a robe as smooth as a king's by sunset, but the [skeins](/wiki/Hank_%28textile%29 "Hank (textile)") tangled and broke every moment. The cats wove it on her behalf.
She wanted to leave and go home. The old woman sent her to an attic and told her to take whatever [casket](/wiki/Casket_%28decorative_box%29 "Casket (decorative box)") she liked. She considered many beautiful ones. The cats directed her to a black one, so she took it and went home. Her stepmother took her wages, but the box was filled with marvelous treasures.
Her stepmother put her own daughter on the edge of the well to spin with coarse stuff and threw her down the well when it broke. The daughter proceeded as her sister had, but was rude to the fence, the oven, and the cow and worked very poorly at the farm including the three tasks her stepsister had done. At the end of the year, she went on her way with a large red casket. When she opened it at home, fire burst out and burned her and her mother to death.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"A woman had a daughter and [stepdaughter](/wiki/Stepfamily%23In_fiction \"Stepfamily#In fiction\"). One day, she set them to spin while sitting on the edge of a [well](/wiki/Well \"Well\"), giving her daughter good flax and her stepdaughter coarse, unusable flax, and declared that whoever's thread broke first would be thrown in. When her stepdaughter's thread broke, she threw her in.",
"The girl fell to a wonderful land. She walked on and came to a tumble\\-down [fence](/wiki/Fence \"Fence\") that is overgrown with [vines](/wiki/Vine \"Vine\"). It pleaded with her not to hurt it because it did not have long to live and she carefully jumped over it where the vines were less. She found an [oven](/wiki/Oven \"Oven\") full of [bread](/wiki/Bread \"Bread\") loaves and it told her she could eat what she liked, but begged her not to hurt it. She ate a loaf, thanked it for such fine bread, and shut its door. She came to a [cow](/wiki/Cattle \"Cattle\") with a bucket on its horns. It said she could milk it and drink, but asked her not to hurt it or spill its milk. She agreed. When a drop of milk was left, the cow told her to throw it over its hooves and hang the bucket back up.",
"She came to a house. An old woman asked her to comb her hair. When she did, the old woman showed her a farm where she could take service. She took good care of the cows, gave milk to the [cats](/wiki/Cat \"Cat\"), sieved some corn, and gave some sieved corn to the [birds](/wiki/Bird \"Bird\").",
"One day, the old woman summoned her and told her to fill a sieve full of water and bring it back. The birds told her to use ashes to stop up the holes. Another day, she had to wash some black yarn until it became white and white yarn until it became black. The birds told her to face east to turn the black white and west to turn the white black. Then the old woman had her weave them into a robe as smooth as a king's by sunset, but the [skeins](/wiki/Hank_%28textile%29 \"Hank (textile)\") tangled and broke every moment. The cats wove it on her behalf.",
"She wanted to leave and go home. The old woman sent her to an attic and told her to take whatever [casket](/wiki/Casket_%28decorative_box%29 \"Casket (decorative box)\") she liked. She considered many beautiful ones. The cats directed her to a black one, so she took it and went home. Her stepmother took her wages, but the box was filled with marvelous treasures.",
"Her stepmother put her own daughter on the edge of the well to spin with coarse stuff and threw her down the well when it broke. The daughter proceeded as her sister had, but was rude to the fence, the oven, and the cow and worked very poorly at the farm including the three tasks her stepsister had done. At the end of the year, she went on her way with a large red casket. When she opened it at home, fire burst out and burned her and her mother to death.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1900\= 274
\|1910\= 483
\|1920\= 301
\|1930\= 317
\|1940\= 278
\|1950\= 276
\|1960\= 341
\|1970\= 318
\|1980\= 339
\|1990\= 289
\|2000\= 274
\|2010\= 322
\|2020\= 269
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=January 6, 2013}} of 2010, there were 322 people, 116 households, and 89 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1110\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 127 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|437\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\.2% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.9% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 3\.1% of the population.
There were 116 households, of which 43\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 19\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 8\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23\.3% were non\-families. 16\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.78 and the average family size was 3\.04\.
The median age in the village was 34\.7 years. 30\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\.8% were from 25 to 44; 26\.6% were from 45 to 64; and 11\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48\.8% male and 51\.2% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 274 people, 110 households, and 85 families living in the village. The population density was {{convert\|984\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 122 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|438\.5\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 99\.64% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.36% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.46% of the population.
There were 110 households, out of which 38\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 10\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22\.7% were non\-families. 22\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.49 and the average family size was 2\.91\.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 28\.1% under the age of 18, 4\.7% from 18 to 24, 24\.8% from 25 to 44, 25\.9% from 45 to 64, and 16\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 91\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93\.1 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $39,464, and the median income for a family was $42,500\. Males had a median income of $34,167 versus $25,714 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the village was $17,990\. About 2\.2% of families and 3\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including none of those under the age of eighteen and 10\.9% of those 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1900\\= 274\n\\|1910\\= 483\n\\|1920\\= 301\n\\|1930\\= 317\n\\|1940\\= 278\n\\|1950\\= 276\n\\|1960\\= 341\n\\|1970\\= 318\n\\|1980\\= 339\n\\|1990\\= 289\n\\|2000\\= 274\n\\|2010\\= 322\n\\|2020\\= 269\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=January 6, 2013}} of 2010, there were 322 people, 116 households, and 89 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1110\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 127 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|437\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97\\.2% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.9% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 3\\.1% of the population.",
"There were 116 households, of which 43\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 19\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 8\\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23\\.3% were non\\-families. 16\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.78 and the average family size was 3\\.04\\.",
"The median age in the village was 34\\.7 years. 30\\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9\\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\\.8% were from 25 to 44; 26\\.6% were from 45 to 64; and 11\\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48\\.8% male and 51\\.2% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 274 people, 110 households, and 85 families living in the village. The population density was {{convert\\|984\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 122 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|438\\.5\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 99\\.64% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.36% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.46% of the population.",
"There were 110 households, out of which 38\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 10\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22\\.7% were non\\-families. 22\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.49 and the average family size was 2\\.91\\.",
"In the village, the population was spread out, with 28\\.1% under the age of 18, 4\\.7% from 18 to 24, 24\\.8% from 25 to 44, 25\\.9% from 45 to 64, and 16\\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 91\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93\\.1 males.",
"The median income for a household in the village was $39,464, and the median income for a family was $42,500\\. Males had a median income of $34,167 versus $25,714 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $17,990\\. About 2\\.2% of families and 3\\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including none of those under the age of eighteen and 10\\.9% of those 65 or over.",
""
] |
Civil War
---------
[alt\=\|thumb\|S. D. Ramseur in the Civil War](/wiki/File:General_Stephen_Dodson_Ramseur.jpg "General Stephen Dodson Ramseur.jpg")
Ramseur did not wait until North Carolina [seceded](/wiki/Secession "Secession") from the [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 "Union (American Civil War)"), joining the [Confederate States Army](/wiki/Confederate_States_Army "Confederate States Army") in Alabama, but quickly transferred to the 10th North Carolina Militia. He became the [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel "Lieutenant colonel") of the 3rd North Carolina Infantry on May 27, 1861\. He was injured with a broken collarbone while being thrown from his horse in July and was out of service until the following spring.
### Peninsula Campaign
At the start of the [Peninsula Campaign](/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign "Peninsula Campaign") in 1862, Ramseur commanded artillery in [Brig. Gen.](/wiki/Brigadier_General_%28CSA%29 "Brigadier General (CSA)") [John B. Magruder](/wiki/John_B._Magruder "John B. Magruder")'s [division](/wiki/Division_%28military%29 "Division (military)"), but he was elected [colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 "Colonel (United States)") of the [49th North Carolina Infantry](/wiki/49th_North_Carolina_Infantry "49th North Carolina Infantry") on April 12, 1862\. In the [Seven Days Battles](/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles "Seven Days Battles"), Ramseur saw his first significant action at the [Battle of Malvern Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill "Battle of Malvern Hill"), where he led a futile charge against the strong [Union](/wiki/Union_Army "Union Army") defense and was severely wounded in the right arm. The arm mangled and paralyzed, Ramseur returned home to recuperate. After the [Battle of Antietam](/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam "Battle of Antietam"), he returned from leave as commander of a [brigade](/wiki/Brigade "Brigade") of four North Carolina regiments in Brig. Gen. [Robert E. Rodes](/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes "Robert E. Rodes")'s division of [Lt. Gen.](/wiki/Lieutenant_General_%28CSA%29 "Lieutenant General (CSA)") [Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson](/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson "Stonewall Jackson")'s [corps](/wiki/Corps "Corps"). Promoted to [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_General_%28CSA%29 "Brigadier General (CSA)") on November 1, 1862, he became, at 25 years old, the youngest general in the Confederate army at that time.Eicher, pp. 329, 330, 444\. [John Herbert Kelly](/wiki/John_Herbert_Kelly "John Herbert Kelly") and [John D. Kennedy](/wiki/John_D._Kennedy "John D. Kennedy") were both 24 when promoted to brigadier general, but those appointments came in 1863 and 1864, respectively. This was a remarkable accession to rank for someone who had missed so many battles, but Gen. [Robert E. Lee](/wiki/Robert_E._Lee "Robert E. Lee") had been very impressed by Ramseur's aggressive performance at Malvern Hill.
### Chancellorsville
In the [Battle of Chancellorsville](/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville "Battle of Chancellorsville"), Ramseur's was the lead brigade in Jackson's famous flank march of May 2, 1863, against the Union right. Maj. Gen. [J.E.B. Stuart](/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart "J.E.B. Stuart"), in temporary command of the corps after Jackson was mortally wounded, ordered three cheers for the brigade's aggressive assault and recommended that Ramseur be promoted to [major general](/wiki/Major_General%23United_States "Major General#United States"); this would not come to pass for another year. Ramseur's performance was actually overly aggressive because his brigade moved out in front of the other brigades too quickly, became exposed, and ran out of ammunition. They had to have reinforcements rush in from the neighboring brigade to help consolidate their gains. His brigade had higher casualties in the battle—more than 50%—than any other Confederate brigade. On the following day, he was wounded again, this time in the leg. General Lee wrote about Ramseur's brigade after the battle:
{{Quotation\|I consider its brigade and regimental commanders as among the best of their respective grades in the army, and in the battle of Chancellorsville, where the brigade was much distinguished and suffered severely, General Ramseur was among those whose conduct was especially commended to my notice by Lieutenant General Jackson, in a message sent to me after he was wounded.\|Robert E. Lee\|Official Report on Chancellorsville}}
### Gettysburg
In the [Battle of Gettysburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg "Battle of Gettysburg"), on July 1, 1863, Ramseur's brigade was one of five Rodes led in an assault south from Oak Hill against the right flank of the Union [I Corps](/wiki/I_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "I Corps (Union Army)"). Ramseur started in reserve, but the failed attacks by the brigades of Brig. Gens. [Alfred Iverson](/wiki/Alfred_Iverson%2C_Jr. "Alfred Iverson, Jr.") and [Edward A. O'Neal](/wiki/Edward_A._O%27Neal "Edward A. O'Neal") required him to move forward to keep the assault from petering out. Rather than repeating their direct assaults, he swung around to the left, across the Mummasburg Road, and hit the defenders in the rear, routing them and driving them back through the town. (This assault was not as difficult as Iverson's and O'Neal's because the Union defenders had now only one brigade in position instead of two and they were low on ammunition.) Ramseur was dismayed when ordered to halt the pursuit of his foe at the foot of [Cemetery Hill](/wiki/Cemetery_Hill "Cemetery Hill"). This was the last fighting at Gettysburg for Ramseur; Rodes's division sat idle just northwest of Cemetery Hill for the next two days and retreated to Virginia with the rest of the [Army of Northern Virginia](/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia "Army of Northern Virginia"). Ramseur returned home on leave to marry Ellen E. "Nellie" Richmond and they spent three months together in the Confederate army winter encampment.
### The Wilderness
In the [Wilderness](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness "Battle of the Wilderness"), the start of Lt. Gen. [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant")'s 1864 [Overland Campaign](/wiki/Overland_Campaign "Overland Campaign"), Ramseur was once again kept in reserve. On May 7, 1864, his brigade was called forward and smashed into Maj. Gen. [Ambrose Burnside](/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside "Ambrose Burnside")'s [IX Corps](/wiki/IX_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "IX Corps (Union Army)"), which was attempting to outflank Ramseur's corps. Both Lee and corps commander Lt. Gen. [Richard S. Ewell](/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell "Richard S. Ewell") wrote in admiration of his gallant attack, which drove Burnside's troops back over a half mile. At [Spotsylvania Court House](/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House "Battle of Spotsylvania Court House"), his brigade counterattacked the [II Corps](/wiki/II_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "II Corps (Union Army)") of Maj. Gen. [Winfield S. Hancock](/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock "Winfield S. Hancock") after its assault on the Mule Shoe at the "Bloody Angle". Desperate hand\-to\-hand fighting, some of the most intense of the war, lasted for over 20 hours. He was wounded again in this attack, shot from his horse in the right arm, but refused to leave the field.
### Major General
Ramseur assumed command of [Jubal A. Early](/wiki/Jubal_A._Early "Jubal A. Early")'s division when that general took over from Ewell after Spotsylvania. He received a temporary promotion to major general on June 1, 1864, becoming at 27 the youngest West Point graduate to ever be promoted to major general in the Confederate Army.Warner, p. 252\. He fought at [Cold Harbor](/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor "Battle of Cold Harbor") and was the first division to intercept Grant before he could capture [Petersburg](/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg "Siege of Petersburg").
### 1864 Valley Campaign
In June 1864, Ramseur and the rest of Early's corps was sent by Lee to the [Shenandoah Valley](/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley "Shenandoah Valley") to draw Union forces away from Petersburg, in the [Valley Campaigns of 1864](/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864 "Valley Campaigns of 1864"). They conducted a long and successful raid down the Valley, into [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland"), and reached the outskirts of [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), before turning back. Maj. Gen. [Philip Sheridan](/wiki/Philip_Sheridan "Philip Sheridan") was sent by Grant to drive Early from the Valley. On September 19, 1864, Sheridan attacked the Confederates at the [Battle of Opequon](/wiki/Battle_of_Opequon "Battle of Opequon"), also known as the Third Battle of Winchester. Ramseur's division was routed by a strong Union assault near Stephenson's Depot; Ramseur allegedly wept openly and immaturely blamed his men for the retreat. His colleague Rodes was mortally wounded.
### Cedar Creek and death
In a surprise attack a month later, Early routed two thirds of the Union army at the [Battle of Cedar Creek](/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek "Battle of Cedar Creek") on October 19, but his troops were hungry and exhausted and fell out of their ranks to pillage the Union camp; Ramseur managed to corral a few hundred soldiers out of his division and stood with them in the center of the line as Sheridan counterattacked. They held off the Union assault for an hour and a half. Ramseur displayed great bravery in rallying his troops, but he was mounted conspicuously on horseback and drew continuous fire. He was wounded in the arm and his horse was shot out from under him. A second horse was also killed. On his third horse, he was struck through both lungs and fell, later to be captured by Union soldiers of the [1st Vermont Cavalry](/wiki/1st_Vermont_Cavalry "1st Vermont Cavalry").He was captured by Corporal [Frederick A. Lyon](/wiki/Frederick_A._Lyon "Frederick A. Lyon") and Private [James Sweeney](/wiki/James_Sweeney_%28Medal_of_Honor%29 "James Sweeney (Medal of Honor)") Company A of the 1st Vermont Cavalry, who both received the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor "Medal of Honor"). [Obituary](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1911-09-26/ed-1/seq-6/;words=FLAG+RETURNED+CONFEDERATE), *New York Tribune*, September 26, 1911\.
Dodson Ramseur died the following day near [Middletown, Virginia](/wiki/Middletown%2C_Virginia "Middletown, Virginia"), at Sheridan's headquarters in the Belle Grove Plantation. His last words were, "Bear this message to my precious wife—I die a Christian and hope to meet her in heaven." The day before the battle, word reached Ramseur of the birth of a baby daughter. He is buried near his birthplace, [Lincolnton](/wiki/Lincolnton%2C_North_Carolina "Lincolnton, North Carolina"), in St. Luke's Episcopal Cemetery.
Jubal Early's account of Ramseur at Cedar Creek sums up the man and his accomplishments:
{{Quotation\|Major\-General Ramseur fell into the hands of the enemy mortally wounded, and in him not only my command, but the country suffered a heavy loss. He was a most gallant and energetic officer whom no disaster appalled, but his courage and energy seemed to gain new strength in the midst of confusion and disorder. He fell at his post fighting like a lion at bay, and his native State has reason to be proud of his memory.\|Jubal Early\|Official Report from Cedar Creek}}
|
[
"Civil War\n---------",
"[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|S. D. Ramseur in the Civil War](/wiki/File:General_Stephen_Dodson_Ramseur.jpg \"General Stephen Dodson Ramseur.jpg\")\nRamseur did not wait until North Carolina [seceded](/wiki/Secession \"Secession\") from the [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 \"Union (American Civil War)\"), joining the [Confederate States Army](/wiki/Confederate_States_Army \"Confederate States Army\") in Alabama, but quickly transferred to the 10th North Carolina Militia. He became the [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel \"Lieutenant colonel\") of the 3rd North Carolina Infantry on May 27, 1861\\. He was injured with a broken collarbone while being thrown from his horse in July and was out of service until the following spring.",
"### Peninsula Campaign",
"At the start of the [Peninsula Campaign](/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign \"Peninsula Campaign\") in 1862, Ramseur commanded artillery in [Brig. Gen.](/wiki/Brigadier_General_%28CSA%29 \"Brigadier General (CSA)\") [John B. Magruder](/wiki/John_B._Magruder \"John B. Magruder\")'s [division](/wiki/Division_%28military%29 \"Division (military)\"), but he was elected [colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Colonel (United States)\") of the [49th North Carolina Infantry](/wiki/49th_North_Carolina_Infantry \"49th North Carolina Infantry\") on April 12, 1862\\. In the [Seven Days Battles](/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles \"Seven Days Battles\"), Ramseur saw his first significant action at the [Battle of Malvern Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill \"Battle of Malvern Hill\"), where he led a futile charge against the strong [Union](/wiki/Union_Army \"Union Army\") defense and was severely wounded in the right arm. The arm mangled and paralyzed, Ramseur returned home to recuperate. After the [Battle of Antietam](/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam \"Battle of Antietam\"), he returned from leave as commander of a [brigade](/wiki/Brigade \"Brigade\") of four North Carolina regiments in Brig. Gen. [Robert E. Rodes](/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes \"Robert E. Rodes\")'s division of [Lt. Gen.](/wiki/Lieutenant_General_%28CSA%29 \"Lieutenant General (CSA)\") [Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson](/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson \"Stonewall Jackson\")'s [corps](/wiki/Corps \"Corps\"). Promoted to [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_General_%28CSA%29 \"Brigadier General (CSA)\") on November 1, 1862, he became, at 25 years old, the youngest general in the Confederate army at that time.Eicher, pp. 329, 330, 444\\. [John Herbert Kelly](/wiki/John_Herbert_Kelly \"John Herbert Kelly\") and [John D. Kennedy](/wiki/John_D._Kennedy \"John D. Kennedy\") were both 24 when promoted to brigadier general, but those appointments came in 1863 and 1864, respectively. This was a remarkable accession to rank for someone who had missed so many battles, but Gen. [Robert E. Lee](/wiki/Robert_E._Lee \"Robert E. Lee\") had been very impressed by Ramseur's aggressive performance at Malvern Hill.",
"### Chancellorsville",
"In the [Battle of Chancellorsville](/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville \"Battle of Chancellorsville\"), Ramseur's was the lead brigade in Jackson's famous flank march of May 2, 1863, against the Union right. Maj. Gen. [J.E.B. Stuart](/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart \"J.E.B. Stuart\"), in temporary command of the corps after Jackson was mortally wounded, ordered three cheers for the brigade's aggressive assault and recommended that Ramseur be promoted to [major general](/wiki/Major_General%23United_States \"Major General#United States\"); this would not come to pass for another year. Ramseur's performance was actually overly aggressive because his brigade moved out in front of the other brigades too quickly, became exposed, and ran out of ammunition. They had to have reinforcements rush in from the neighboring brigade to help consolidate their gains. His brigade had higher casualties in the battle—more than 50%—than any other Confederate brigade. On the following day, he was wounded again, this time in the leg. General Lee wrote about Ramseur's brigade after the battle:",
"{{Quotation\\|I consider its brigade and regimental commanders as among the best of their respective grades in the army, and in the battle of Chancellorsville, where the brigade was much distinguished and suffered severely, General Ramseur was among those whose conduct was especially commended to my notice by Lieutenant General Jackson, in a message sent to me after he was wounded.\\|Robert E. Lee\\|Official Report on Chancellorsville}}",
"### Gettysburg",
"In the [Battle of Gettysburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg \"Battle of Gettysburg\"), on July 1, 1863, Ramseur's brigade was one of five Rodes led in an assault south from Oak Hill against the right flank of the Union [I Corps](/wiki/I_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"I Corps (Union Army)\"). Ramseur started in reserve, but the failed attacks by the brigades of Brig. Gens. [Alfred Iverson](/wiki/Alfred_Iverson%2C_Jr. \"Alfred Iverson, Jr.\") and [Edward A. O'Neal](/wiki/Edward_A._O%27Neal \"Edward A. O'Neal\") required him to move forward to keep the assault from petering out. Rather than repeating their direct assaults, he swung around to the left, across the Mummasburg Road, and hit the defenders in the rear, routing them and driving them back through the town. (This assault was not as difficult as Iverson's and O'Neal's because the Union defenders had now only one brigade in position instead of two and they were low on ammunition.) Ramseur was dismayed when ordered to halt the pursuit of his foe at the foot of [Cemetery Hill](/wiki/Cemetery_Hill \"Cemetery Hill\"). This was the last fighting at Gettysburg for Ramseur; Rodes's division sat idle just northwest of Cemetery Hill for the next two days and retreated to Virginia with the rest of the [Army of Northern Virginia](/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia \"Army of Northern Virginia\"). Ramseur returned home on leave to marry Ellen E. \"Nellie\" Richmond and they spent three months together in the Confederate army winter encampment.",
"### The Wilderness",
"In the [Wilderness](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness \"Battle of the Wilderness\"), the start of Lt. Gen. [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant \"Ulysses S. Grant\")'s 1864 [Overland Campaign](/wiki/Overland_Campaign \"Overland Campaign\"), Ramseur was once again kept in reserve. On May 7, 1864, his brigade was called forward and smashed into Maj. Gen. [Ambrose Burnside](/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside \"Ambrose Burnside\")'s [IX Corps](/wiki/IX_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"IX Corps (Union Army)\"), which was attempting to outflank Ramseur's corps. Both Lee and corps commander Lt. Gen. [Richard S. Ewell](/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell \"Richard S. Ewell\") wrote in admiration of his gallant attack, which drove Burnside's troops back over a half mile. At [Spotsylvania Court House](/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House \"Battle of Spotsylvania Court House\"), his brigade counterattacked the [II Corps](/wiki/II_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"II Corps (Union Army)\") of Maj. Gen. [Winfield S. Hancock](/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock \"Winfield S. Hancock\") after its assault on the Mule Shoe at the \"Bloody Angle\". Desperate hand\\-to\\-hand fighting, some of the most intense of the war, lasted for over 20 hours. He was wounded again in this attack, shot from his horse in the right arm, but refused to leave the field.",
"### Major General",
"Ramseur assumed command of [Jubal A. Early](/wiki/Jubal_A._Early \"Jubal A. Early\")'s division when that general took over from Ewell after Spotsylvania. He received a temporary promotion to major general on June 1, 1864, becoming at 27 the youngest West Point graduate to ever be promoted to major general in the Confederate Army.Warner, p. 252\\. He fought at [Cold Harbor](/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor \"Battle of Cold Harbor\") and was the first division to intercept Grant before he could capture [Petersburg](/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg \"Siege of Petersburg\").",
"### 1864 Valley Campaign",
"In June 1864, Ramseur and the rest of Early's corps was sent by Lee to the [Shenandoah Valley](/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley \"Shenandoah Valley\") to draw Union forces away from Petersburg, in the [Valley Campaigns of 1864](/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864 \"Valley Campaigns of 1864\"). They conducted a long and successful raid down the Valley, into [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\"), and reached the outskirts of [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), before turning back. Maj. Gen. [Philip Sheridan](/wiki/Philip_Sheridan \"Philip Sheridan\") was sent by Grant to drive Early from the Valley. On September 19, 1864, Sheridan attacked the Confederates at the [Battle of Opequon](/wiki/Battle_of_Opequon \"Battle of Opequon\"), also known as the Third Battle of Winchester. Ramseur's division was routed by a strong Union assault near Stephenson's Depot; Ramseur allegedly wept openly and immaturely blamed his men for the retreat. His colleague Rodes was mortally wounded.",
"### Cedar Creek and death",
"In a surprise attack a month later, Early routed two thirds of the Union army at the [Battle of Cedar Creek](/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek \"Battle of Cedar Creek\") on October 19, but his troops were hungry and exhausted and fell out of their ranks to pillage the Union camp; Ramseur managed to corral a few hundred soldiers out of his division and stood with them in the center of the line as Sheridan counterattacked. They held off the Union assault for an hour and a half. Ramseur displayed great bravery in rallying his troops, but he was mounted conspicuously on horseback and drew continuous fire. He was wounded in the arm and his horse was shot out from under him. A second horse was also killed. On his third horse, he was struck through both lungs and fell, later to be captured by Union soldiers of the [1st Vermont Cavalry](/wiki/1st_Vermont_Cavalry \"1st Vermont Cavalry\").He was captured by Corporal [Frederick A. Lyon](/wiki/Frederick_A._Lyon \"Frederick A. Lyon\") and Private [James Sweeney](/wiki/James_Sweeney_%28Medal_of_Honor%29 \"James Sweeney (Medal of Honor)\") Company A of the 1st Vermont Cavalry, who both received the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\"). [Obituary](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1911-09-26/ed-1/seq-6/;words=FLAG+RETURNED+CONFEDERATE), *New York Tribune*, September 26, 1911\\.",
"Dodson Ramseur died the following day near [Middletown, Virginia](/wiki/Middletown%2C_Virginia \"Middletown, Virginia\"), at Sheridan's headquarters in the Belle Grove Plantation. His last words were, \"Bear this message to my precious wife—I die a Christian and hope to meet her in heaven.\" The day before the battle, word reached Ramseur of the birth of a baby daughter. He is buried near his birthplace, [Lincolnton](/wiki/Lincolnton%2C_North_Carolina \"Lincolnton, North Carolina\"), in St. Luke's Episcopal Cemetery.",
"Jubal Early's account of Ramseur at Cedar Creek sums up the man and his accomplishments:",
"{{Quotation\\|Major\\-General Ramseur fell into the hands of the enemy mortally wounded, and in him not only my command, but the country suffered a heavy loss. He was a most gallant and energetic officer whom no disaster appalled, but his courage and energy seemed to gain new strength in the midst of confusion and disorder. He fell at his post fighting like a lion at bay, and his native State has reason to be proud of his memory.\\|Jubal Early\\|Official Report from Cedar Creek}}",
""
] |
Chess career
------------
### Early years
Evans was born on March 22, 1932, in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan"), the son of Bella (Shotl) and Harry Evans.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2010\-nov\-23\-la\-me\-larry\-evans\-20101123\-story.html \|title\=Larry Evans dies at 78; five\-time U.S. Chess champion and writer \|website\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|date\=23 November 2010}} His family was Jewish.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=wpFxDwAAQBAJ\&q\=%22Other\+American\+Jews\+who\+competed\+successfully\+in\+the\+pre\-Bobby\+Fischer\+years%22\&pg\=PA61 \|title\=Encyclopedia of Jewish American Popular Culture \|isbn\=9780313087349 \|last1\=Fischel \|first1\=Jack R. \|date\=30 December 2008\|publisher\=Abc\-Clio }} He learned much about the game by playing for ten cents an hour on [42nd Street](/wiki/42nd_Street_%28Manhattan%29 "42nd Street (Manhattan)") in New York City,{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2007}} quickly becoming a rising star. At age 14, he tied for 4th–5th place in the [Marshall Chess Club](/wiki/Marshall_Chess_Club "Marshall Chess Club") championship. The next year he won it outright, becoming the youngest Marshall champion at that time. He also finished equal second in the U.S. Junior Championship, which led to an article in the September 1947 issue of [Chess Review](/wiki/Chess_Review "Chess Review"). At 16, he played in the 1948 [U.S. Chess Championship](/wiki/U.S._Chess_Championship "U.S. Chess Championship"), his first, tying for eighth place at 11½–7½.[William Lombardy](/wiki/William_Lombardy "William Lombardy") and David Daniels, *U.S. Championship Chess*, David McKay, 1975, pp. 33–36\. {{ISBN\|0\-679\-13042\-X}}. Evans tied with [Arthur Bisguier](/wiki/Arthur_Bisguier "Arthur Bisguier") for first place in the [U.S. Junior Chess Championship](/wiki/Scholastic_chess_in_the_United_States "Scholastic chess in the United States") of 1949\. By age 18, he had won a [New York State](/wiki/New_York_State "New York State") championship as well as a gold medal in the [Dubrovnik 1950 Chess Olympiad](/wiki/9th_Chess_Olympiad "9th Chess Olympiad"). In the latter, his 90% score (eight wins and two draws) on sixth board tied with [Rabar](/wiki/Braslav_Rabar "Braslav Rabar") of [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia "Yugoslavia") for the best result of the entire Olympiad.Árpád Főldeák, *Chess Olympiads 1927–1968*, Dover Publications, 1979, pp. 181, 183\. {{ISBN\|0\-486\-23733\-8}}.
### U.S. champion
[thumb\|Larry Evans in 1964](/wiki/File:Larry_Evans_%281964%29.jpg "Larry Evans (1964).jpg")
In 1951, Evans first won the U.S. Championship, ahead of [Samuel Reshevsky](/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky "Samuel Reshevsky"), who had tied for 3rd–4th in the 1948 [World Championship match\-tournament](/wiki/World_Chess_Championship "World Chess Championship").[William Lombardy](/wiki/William_Lombardy "William Lombardy") and David Daniels, *U.S. Championship Chess*, David McKay, 1975, pp. 37–39\. {{ISBN\|0\-679\-13042\-X}}. Evans won his second championship the following year by winning a title match against [Herman Steiner](/wiki/Herman_Steiner "Herman Steiner").[William Lombardy](/wiki/William_Lombardy "William Lombardy") and David Daniels, *U.S. Championship Chess*, David McKay, 1975, p. 40\. {{ISBN\|0\-679\-13042\-X}}. He won the national championship three additional times: in 1961–62, 1967–68,[Strawberry Open](http://www.nwchess.com/articles/history/1968_StrawberryOpen.pdf) and 1980, the last in a tie with [Walter Browne](/wiki/Walter_Browne "Walter Browne") and [Larry Christiansen](/wiki/Larry_Christiansen "Larry Christiansen").[William Lombardy](/wiki/William_Lombardy "William Lombardy") and David Daniels, *U.S. Championship Chess*, David McKay, 1975, pp. 54–56, 69–71\. {{ISBN\|0\-679\-13042\-X}}.*Chess Informant*, Volume 30, Šahovski Informator, 1981, p. 290\.Larry Christiansen, *1980 U.S. Championship*, Chess Enterprises, Inc., 1980, pp. 6, 108\. {{ISBN\|0\-931462\-09\-6}}.
### Grandmaster
[FIDE](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_%C3%89checs "Fédération Internationale des Échecs") awarded Evans the titles of [International Master](/wiki/International_Master "International Master") (1952\) and [International Grandmaster](/wiki/International_Grandmaster "International Grandmaster") (1957\). In 1956 the [U.S. State Department](/wiki/U.S._State_Department "U.S. State Department") appointed him a "chess ambassador".
Evans performed well in many U.S. events during the 1960s and 1970s, but his trips abroad to international tournaments were infrequent and less successful. He won the [U.S. Open Chess Championship](/wiki/U.S._Open_Chess_Championship "U.S. Open Chess Championship") in 1951, 1952, 1954 (he tied with [Arturo Pomar](/wiki/Arturo_Pomar "Arturo Pomar") but won the title on the tie\-break) and tied with [Walter Browne](/wiki/Walter_Browne "Walter Browne") in 1971\. He also won the first [Lone Pine tournament](/wiki/Lone_Pine_International "Lone Pine International") in 1971\.[John Grefe](/wiki/John_Grefe "John Grefe") and Dennis Waterman, *The Best of Lone Pine: The Louis D. Statham Chess Tournaments 1971–1980*, R.H.M. Press, 1981, pp. 38, 42\. {{ISBN\|0\-89058\-049\-9}} {{ISBN\|4\-87187\-816\-3}}.
### Olympiad successes
Evans represented the U.S. in eight Chess Olympiads over a period of twenty\-six years, winning gold ([1950](/wiki/9th_Chess_Olympiad "9th Chess Olympiad")), silver ([1958](/wiki/13th_Chess_Olympiad "13th Chess Olympiad")), and bronze ([1976](/wiki/22nd_Chess_Olympiad "22nd Chess Olympiad")) medals for his play, and participating in team gold (1976\) and silver ([1966](/wiki/17th_Chess_Olympiad "17th Chess Olympiad")) medals.Árpád Főldeák, *Chess Olympiads 1927–1968*, Dover Publications, 1979, pp. 181–83, 198–202, 264–69, 311–15, 358–64, 383–89\. {{ISBN\|0\-486\-23733\-8}}.[R.D. Keene](/wiki/Raymond_Keene "Raymond Keene") and [D.N.L. Levy](/wiki/David_Levy_%28chess_player%29 "David Levy (chess player)"), *Siegen Chess Olympiad*, CHESS Ltd., 1970, p. 214\.R.D. Keene and D.N.L. Levy, *Haifa Chess Olympiad 1976*, The Chess Player, 1977, pp. 63–78\. {{ISBN\|0\-906042\-02\-X}}, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-906042\-02\-1}}
### Best international results
Evans' best results on foreign soil included two wins at the [Canadian Open Chess Championship](/wiki/Canadian_Open_Chess_Championship "Canadian Open Chess Championship"), 1956 in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"), and 1966 in [Kingston, Ontario](/wiki/Kingston%2C_Ontario "Kingston, Ontario"). He tied for first–second in the 1975 [Portimão](/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o "Portimão"), Portugal International*[Chess Informant](/wiki/Chess_Informant "Chess Informant")*, Šahovski Informator, Volume 20, 1976, p. 263\. and for second–third with [World Champion](/wiki/World_Chess_Championship "World Chess Championship") [Tigran Petrosian](/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian "Tigran Petrosian"), behind [Jan Hein Donner](/wiki/Jan_Hein_Donner "Jan Hein Donner"), in [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice"), 1967\.*[Chess Informant](/wiki/Chess_Informant "Chess Informant")*, Šahovski Informator, Volume 4, 1968, p. 282\. However, Evans' first, and what ultimately proved to be his only, chance in the [World Chess Championship](/wiki/World_Chess_Championship "World Chess Championship") cycle ended with a disappointing 14th place (10/23\) in the 1964 [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") [Interzonal](/wiki/Interzonal "Interzonal").B.M. Kazic, *International Championship Chess: A Complete Record of FIDE Events*, 1974, pp. 167–68\. {{ISBN\|0\-273\-07078\-9}}.
At his peak in October 1968 he was [rated](/wiki/Elo_rating_system "Elo rating system") 2631 by the [United States Chess Federation](/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation "United States Chess Federation").
### Working with Bobby Fischer
[right\|thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|Evans (*right*) helping Fischer prepare for his World Championship match](/wiki/File:Fischer_and_evans.jpg "Fischer and evans.jpg")
He never entered the world championship cycle again, and concentrated his efforts on assisting his fellow American [Bobby Fischer](/wiki/Bobby_Fischer "Bobby Fischer") in his quest for the [world title](/wiki/World_Chess_Championship "World Chess Championship"). He was Fischer's [second](/wiki/Glossary_of_chess%23Second "Glossary of chess#Second") for the [Candidates matches](/wiki/Candidates_Tournament "Candidates Tournament") leading up to the [World Chess Championship 1972](/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1972 "World Chess Championship 1972") against [Boris Spassky](/wiki/Boris_Spassky "Boris Spassky"), though not for the championship match itself, after a disagreement with Fischer.
He also wrote the introductions to Fischer's *[My 60 Memorable Games](/wiki/My_60_Memorable_Games "My 60 Memorable Games")* (1969\) and urged Fischer to publish when he had initially been reluctant to do so.Larry Evans, *This Crazy World of Chess*, [Cardoza Publishing](/wiki/Cardoza_Publishing "Cardoza Publishing"), 2007, pp. 20, 29\. {{ISBN\|1\-58042\-218\-7}}.
|
[
"Chess career\n------------",
"### Early years",
"Evans was born on March 22, 1932, in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\"), the son of Bella (Shotl) and Harry Evans.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2010\\-nov\\-23\\-la\\-me\\-larry\\-evans\\-20101123\\-story.html \\|title\\=Larry Evans dies at 78; five\\-time U.S. Chess champion and writer \\|website\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|date\\=23 November 2010}} His family was Jewish.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wpFxDwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=%22Other\\+American\\+Jews\\+who\\+competed\\+successfully\\+in\\+the\\+pre\\-Bobby\\+Fischer\\+years%22\\&pg\\=PA61 \\|title\\=Encyclopedia of Jewish American Popular Culture \\|isbn\\=9780313087349 \\|last1\\=Fischel \\|first1\\=Jack R. \\|date\\=30 December 2008\\|publisher\\=Abc\\-Clio }} He learned much about the game by playing for ten cents an hour on [42nd Street](/wiki/42nd_Street_%28Manhattan%29 \"42nd Street (Manhattan)\") in New York City,{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2007}} quickly becoming a rising star. At age 14, he tied for 4th–5th place in the [Marshall Chess Club](/wiki/Marshall_Chess_Club \"Marshall Chess Club\") championship. The next year he won it outright, becoming the youngest Marshall champion at that time. He also finished equal second in the U.S. Junior Championship, which led to an article in the September 1947 issue of [Chess Review](/wiki/Chess_Review \"Chess Review\"). At 16, he played in the 1948 [U.S. Chess Championship](/wiki/U.S._Chess_Championship \"U.S. Chess Championship\"), his first, tying for eighth place at 11½–7½.[William Lombardy](/wiki/William_Lombardy \"William Lombardy\") and David Daniels, *U.S. Championship Chess*, David McKay, 1975, pp. 33–36\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-679\\-13042\\-X}}. Evans tied with [Arthur Bisguier](/wiki/Arthur_Bisguier \"Arthur Bisguier\") for first place in the [U.S. Junior Chess Championship](/wiki/Scholastic_chess_in_the_United_States \"Scholastic chess in the United States\") of 1949\\. By age 18, he had won a [New York State](/wiki/New_York_State \"New York State\") championship as well as a gold medal in the [Dubrovnik 1950 Chess Olympiad](/wiki/9th_Chess_Olympiad \"9th Chess Olympiad\"). In the latter, his 90% score (eight wins and two draws) on sixth board tied with [Rabar](/wiki/Braslav_Rabar \"Braslav Rabar\") of [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\") for the best result of the entire Olympiad.Árpád Főldeák, *Chess Olympiads 1927–1968*, Dover Publications, 1979, pp. 181, 183\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-486\\-23733\\-8}}.",
"### U.S. champion",
"[thumb\\|Larry Evans in 1964](/wiki/File:Larry_Evans_%281964%29.jpg \"Larry Evans (1964).jpg\")\nIn 1951, Evans first won the U.S. Championship, ahead of [Samuel Reshevsky](/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky \"Samuel Reshevsky\"), who had tied for 3rd–4th in the 1948 [World Championship match\\-tournament](/wiki/World_Chess_Championship \"World Chess Championship\").[William Lombardy](/wiki/William_Lombardy \"William Lombardy\") and David Daniels, *U.S. Championship Chess*, David McKay, 1975, pp. 37–39\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-679\\-13042\\-X}}. Evans won his second championship the following year by winning a title match against [Herman Steiner](/wiki/Herman_Steiner \"Herman Steiner\").[William Lombardy](/wiki/William_Lombardy \"William Lombardy\") and David Daniels, *U.S. Championship Chess*, David McKay, 1975, p. 40\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-679\\-13042\\-X}}. He won the national championship three additional times: in 1961–62, 1967–68,[Strawberry Open](http://www.nwchess.com/articles/history/1968_StrawberryOpen.pdf) and 1980, the last in a tie with [Walter Browne](/wiki/Walter_Browne \"Walter Browne\") and [Larry Christiansen](/wiki/Larry_Christiansen \"Larry Christiansen\").[William Lombardy](/wiki/William_Lombardy \"William Lombardy\") and David Daniels, *U.S. Championship Chess*, David McKay, 1975, pp. 54–56, 69–71\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-679\\-13042\\-X}}.*Chess Informant*, Volume 30, Šahovski Informator, 1981, p. 290\\.Larry Christiansen, *1980 U.S. Championship*, Chess Enterprises, Inc., 1980, pp. 6, 108\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-931462\\-09\\-6}}.",
"### Grandmaster",
"[FIDE](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_%C3%89checs \"Fédération Internationale des Échecs\") awarded Evans the titles of [International Master](/wiki/International_Master \"International Master\") (1952\\) and [International Grandmaster](/wiki/International_Grandmaster \"International Grandmaster\") (1957\\). In 1956 the [U.S. State Department](/wiki/U.S._State_Department \"U.S. State Department\") appointed him a \"chess ambassador\".",
"Evans performed well in many U.S. events during the 1960s and 1970s, but his trips abroad to international tournaments were infrequent and less successful. He won the [U.S. Open Chess Championship](/wiki/U.S._Open_Chess_Championship \"U.S. Open Chess Championship\") in 1951, 1952, 1954 (he tied with [Arturo Pomar](/wiki/Arturo_Pomar \"Arturo Pomar\") but won the title on the tie\\-break) and tied with [Walter Browne](/wiki/Walter_Browne \"Walter Browne\") in 1971\\. He also won the first [Lone Pine tournament](/wiki/Lone_Pine_International \"Lone Pine International\") in 1971\\.[John Grefe](/wiki/John_Grefe \"John Grefe\") and Dennis Waterman, *The Best of Lone Pine: The Louis D. Statham Chess Tournaments 1971–1980*, R.H.M. Press, 1981, pp. 38, 42\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-89058\\-049\\-9}} {{ISBN\\|4\\-87187\\-816\\-3}}.",
"### Olympiad successes",
"Evans represented the U.S. in eight Chess Olympiads over a period of twenty\\-six years, winning gold ([1950](/wiki/9th_Chess_Olympiad \"9th Chess Olympiad\")), silver ([1958](/wiki/13th_Chess_Olympiad \"13th Chess Olympiad\")), and bronze ([1976](/wiki/22nd_Chess_Olympiad \"22nd Chess Olympiad\")) medals for his play, and participating in team gold (1976\\) and silver ([1966](/wiki/17th_Chess_Olympiad \"17th Chess Olympiad\")) medals.Árpád Főldeák, *Chess Olympiads 1927–1968*, Dover Publications, 1979, pp. 181–83, 198–202, 264–69, 311–15, 358–64, 383–89\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-486\\-23733\\-8}}.[R.D. Keene](/wiki/Raymond_Keene \"Raymond Keene\") and [D.N.L. Levy](/wiki/David_Levy_%28chess_player%29 \"David Levy (chess player)\"), *Siegen Chess Olympiad*, CHESS Ltd., 1970, p. 214\\.R.D. Keene and D.N.L. Levy, *Haifa Chess Olympiad 1976*, The Chess Player, 1977, pp. 63–78\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-906042\\-02\\-X}}, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-906042\\-02\\-1}}",
"### Best international results",
"Evans' best results on foreign soil included two wins at the [Canadian Open Chess Championship](/wiki/Canadian_Open_Chess_Championship \"Canadian Open Chess Championship\"), 1956 in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"), and 1966 in [Kingston, Ontario](/wiki/Kingston%2C_Ontario \"Kingston, Ontario\"). He tied for first–second in the 1975 [Portimão](/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o \"Portimão\"), Portugal International*[Chess Informant](/wiki/Chess_Informant \"Chess Informant\")*, Šahovski Informator, Volume 20, 1976, p. 263\\. and for second–third with [World Champion](/wiki/World_Chess_Championship \"World Chess Championship\") [Tigran Petrosian](/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian \"Tigran Petrosian\"), behind [Jan Hein Donner](/wiki/Jan_Hein_Donner \"Jan Hein Donner\"), in [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"), 1967\\.*[Chess Informant](/wiki/Chess_Informant \"Chess Informant\")*, Šahovski Informator, Volume 4, 1968, p. 282\\. However, Evans' first, and what ultimately proved to be his only, chance in the [World Chess Championship](/wiki/World_Chess_Championship \"World Chess Championship\") cycle ended with a disappointing 14th place (10/23\\) in the 1964 [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") [Interzonal](/wiki/Interzonal \"Interzonal\").B.M. Kazic, *International Championship Chess: A Complete Record of FIDE Events*, 1974, pp. 167–68\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-273\\-07078\\-9}}.",
"At his peak in October 1968 he was [rated](/wiki/Elo_rating_system \"Elo rating system\") 2631 by the [United States Chess Federation](/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation \"United States Chess Federation\").",
"### Working with Bobby Fischer",
"[right\\|thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|Evans (*right*) helping Fischer prepare for his World Championship match](/wiki/File:Fischer_and_evans.jpg \"Fischer and evans.jpg\")\nHe never entered the world championship cycle again, and concentrated his efforts on assisting his fellow American [Bobby Fischer](/wiki/Bobby_Fischer \"Bobby Fischer\") in his quest for the [world title](/wiki/World_Chess_Championship \"World Chess Championship\"). He was Fischer's [second](/wiki/Glossary_of_chess%23Second \"Glossary of chess#Second\") for the [Candidates matches](/wiki/Candidates_Tournament \"Candidates Tournament\") leading up to the [World Chess Championship 1972](/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1972 \"World Chess Championship 1972\") against [Boris Spassky](/wiki/Boris_Spassky \"Boris Spassky\"), though not for the championship match itself, after a disagreement with Fischer.",
"He also wrote the introductions to Fischer's *[My 60 Memorable Games](/wiki/My_60_Memorable_Games \"My 60 Memorable Games\")* (1969\\) and urged Fischer to publish when he had initially been reluctant to do so.Larry Evans, *This Crazy World of Chess*, [Cardoza Publishing](/wiki/Cardoza_Publishing \"Cardoza Publishing\"), 2007, pp. 20, 29\\. {{ISBN\\|1\\-58042\\-218\\-7}}.",
""
] |
Chess journalism
----------------
Evans had always been interested in writing as well as playing. By the age of 18, he had already published *David Bronstein's Best Games of Chess, 1944–1949* and the *Vienna International Tournament, 1922*. His book *New Ideas in Chess* was published in 1958, and was reprinted in 2011\. He wrote or co\-wrote more than twenty books on chess.Larry Evans, *This Crazy World of Chess*, [Cardoza Publishing](/wiki/Cardoza_Publishing "Cardoza Publishing"), 2007, back cover. {{ISBN\|1\-58042\-218\-7}}.
He wrote the tenth edition of the important [openings](/wiki/Chess_opening "Chess opening") [treatise](/wiki/Treatise "Treatise") *[Modern Chess Openings](/wiki/Modern_Chess_Openings "Modern Chess Openings")* (1965\), co\-authored with editor [Walter Korn](/wiki/Walter_Korn "Walter Korn"). Some of Evans's other books are *Modern Chess Brilliancies* (1970\), *What's The Best Move* (1973\), and *Test Your Chess I.Q.* (2001\).
Evans began his career in chess journalism during the 1960s, helping to found the *[American Chess Quarterly](/wiki/American_Chess_Quarterly "American Chess Quarterly")*, which ran from 1961 to 1965\. He was an editor of *Chess Digest* during the 1960s and 1970s. For over thirty years, until 2006, he wrote a question\-and\-answer column for *[Chess Life](/wiki/Chess_Life "Chess Life")*, the official publication of the [United States Chess Federation](/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation "United States Chess Federation") (USCF), and has also written for Chess Life Online. His weekly chess column, *Evans on Chess*, has appeared in more than fifty separate newspapers throughout the United States. He also wrote a column for the [World Chess Network](/wiki/World_Chess_Network "World Chess Network").
Evans also commentated on some of the most important matches for *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")* magazine and *[ABC's Wide World of Sports](/wiki/Wide_World_of_Sports_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Wide World of Sports (U.S. TV series)")*, including the 1972 [Fischer](/wiki/Bobby_Fischer "Bobby Fischer") versus [Spassky](/wiki/Boris_Spassky "Boris Spassky") match, the 1993 PCA world title battle between [Garry Kasparov](/wiki/Garry_Kasparov "Garry Kasparov") and [Nigel Short](/wiki/Nigel_Short "Nigel Short"), and the Braingames [world chess championship](/wiki/World_chess_championship "World chess championship") match between [Vladimir Kramnik](/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik "Vladimir Kramnik") and Kasparov in 2000\.
Evans also contributed a large amount of tutorial and other content to the *[Chessmaster](/wiki/Chessmaster "Chessmaster")* computer game series, most notably an endgame quiz and annotations of classic chess games. He was inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 1994\.
### Criticism of writings
Larry Evans was a prolific author, with many who both liked and disliked his works.
Noted chess author and trainer [International Master](/wiki/International_Master "International Master") [John L. Watson](/wiki/John_L._Watson "John L. Watson") made the following observations on Evans's books and columns: "huge bias"; "long histories of ignoring and distorting evidence" and "Evans' absurd arguments".Watson, John. *Chess and Politics* (Kingpin, Spring 1999, pp. 33–38\)
By contrast, chess author and International Master [Anthony Saidy](/wiki/Anthony_Saidy "Anthony Saidy") noted that Evans brought to his journalism a "taste for intriguing chess", his personal experience at "the summit of US chess", and "sharp opinions" regarding the politics of chess, which contributed to his "spicy, concise columns".Saidy, Anthony. Book review by IM Anthony Saidy *[This Crazy World of Chess](http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2008/02/book-review-by-im-anthony-saidy.html)*. Susanpolgar blogspot. February 2008\.
Author and USCF National Master [Bruce Pandolfini](/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini "Bruce Pandolfini") described Larry Evans's *New Ideas in Chess* as influential and a "first\-rate chess book".[Pandolfini, Bruce. ChessCafe](http://www.chesscafe.com/text/bruce07.pdf)
Leading chess historian [Edward Winter](/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 "Edward Winter (chess historian)"), however, has noted numerous factual errors in Evans' work as well as several examples of possible plagiarism.Edward Winter, ["The Facts About Larry Evans"](http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/evans.html) (2001\). Retrieved on 2009\-01\-18\.
On page 175 of Evans' book, *Modern Chess Brilliancies*, he claims [Lodewijk Prins](/wiki/Lodewijk_Prins "Lodewijk Prins") adjourned a clearly lost position against Cuban master Quesada and was lucky enough when the latter died of a heart attack the "next day". Prins noted that he had actually resigned the position, as is proven by the tournament crosstables showing it as a loss for him, and that Quesada played three more games in the tournament before dying five days after the game against Prins. While Evans acknowledged the error, he defended it with "you must admit it makes a good story."["The Facts About Larry Evans"](http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/evans.html) (2001\).
|
[
"Chess journalism\n----------------",
"Evans had always been interested in writing as well as playing. By the age of 18, he had already published *David Bronstein's Best Games of Chess, 1944–1949* and the *Vienna International Tournament, 1922*. His book *New Ideas in Chess* was published in 1958, and was reprinted in 2011\\. He wrote or co\\-wrote more than twenty books on chess.Larry Evans, *This Crazy World of Chess*, [Cardoza Publishing](/wiki/Cardoza_Publishing \"Cardoza Publishing\"), 2007, back cover. {{ISBN\\|1\\-58042\\-218\\-7}}.",
"He wrote the tenth edition of the important [openings](/wiki/Chess_opening \"Chess opening\") [treatise](/wiki/Treatise \"Treatise\") *[Modern Chess Openings](/wiki/Modern_Chess_Openings \"Modern Chess Openings\")* (1965\\), co\\-authored with editor [Walter Korn](/wiki/Walter_Korn \"Walter Korn\"). Some of Evans's other books are *Modern Chess Brilliancies* (1970\\), *What's The Best Move* (1973\\), and *Test Your Chess I.Q.* (2001\\).",
"Evans began his career in chess journalism during the 1960s, helping to found the *[American Chess Quarterly](/wiki/American_Chess_Quarterly \"American Chess Quarterly\")*, which ran from 1961 to 1965\\. He was an editor of *Chess Digest* during the 1960s and 1970s. For over thirty years, until 2006, he wrote a question\\-and\\-answer column for *[Chess Life](/wiki/Chess_Life \"Chess Life\")*, the official publication of the [United States Chess Federation](/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation \"United States Chess Federation\") (USCF), and has also written for Chess Life Online. His weekly chess column, *Evans on Chess*, has appeared in more than fifty separate newspapers throughout the United States. He also wrote a column for the [World Chess Network](/wiki/World_Chess_Network \"World Chess Network\").",
"Evans also commentated on some of the most important matches for *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* magazine and *[ABC's Wide World of Sports](/wiki/Wide_World_of_Sports_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Wide World of Sports (U.S. TV series)\")*, including the 1972 [Fischer](/wiki/Bobby_Fischer \"Bobby Fischer\") versus [Spassky](/wiki/Boris_Spassky \"Boris Spassky\") match, the 1993 PCA world title battle between [Garry Kasparov](/wiki/Garry_Kasparov \"Garry Kasparov\") and [Nigel Short](/wiki/Nigel_Short \"Nigel Short\"), and the Braingames [world chess championship](/wiki/World_chess_championship \"World chess championship\") match between [Vladimir Kramnik](/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik \"Vladimir Kramnik\") and Kasparov in 2000\\.",
"Evans also contributed a large amount of tutorial and other content to the *[Chessmaster](/wiki/Chessmaster \"Chessmaster\")* computer game series, most notably an endgame quiz and annotations of classic chess games. He was inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 1994\\.",
"### Criticism of writings",
"Larry Evans was a prolific author, with many who both liked and disliked his works.",
"Noted chess author and trainer [International Master](/wiki/International_Master \"International Master\") [John L. Watson](/wiki/John_L._Watson \"John L. Watson\") made the following observations on Evans's books and columns: \"huge bias\"; \"long histories of ignoring and distorting evidence\" and \"Evans' absurd arguments\".Watson, John. *Chess and Politics* (Kingpin, Spring 1999, pp. 33–38\\)",
"By contrast, chess author and International Master [Anthony Saidy](/wiki/Anthony_Saidy \"Anthony Saidy\") noted that Evans brought to his journalism a \"taste for intriguing chess\", his personal experience at \"the summit of US chess\", and \"sharp opinions\" regarding the politics of chess, which contributed to his \"spicy, concise columns\".Saidy, Anthony. Book review by IM Anthony Saidy *[This Crazy World of Chess](http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2008/02/book-review-by-im-anthony-saidy.html)*. Susanpolgar blogspot. February 2008\\.",
"Author and USCF National Master [Bruce Pandolfini](/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini \"Bruce Pandolfini\") described Larry Evans's *New Ideas in Chess* as influential and a \"first\\-rate chess book\".[Pandolfini, Bruce. ChessCafe](http://www.chesscafe.com/text/bruce07.pdf)",
"Leading chess historian [Edward Winter](/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 \"Edward Winter (chess historian)\"), however, has noted numerous factual errors in Evans' work as well as several examples of possible plagiarism.Edward Winter, [\"The Facts About Larry Evans\"](http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/evans.html) (2001\\). Retrieved on 2009\\-01\\-18\\.",
"On page 175 of Evans' book, *Modern Chess Brilliancies*, he claims [Lodewijk Prins](/wiki/Lodewijk_Prins \"Lodewijk Prins\") adjourned a clearly lost position against Cuban master Quesada and was lucky enough when the latter died of a heart attack the \"next day\". Prins noted that he had actually resigned the position, as is proven by the tournament crosstables showing it as a loss for him, and that Quesada played three more games in the tournament before dying five days after the game against Prins. While Evans acknowledged the error, he defended it with \"you must admit it makes a good story.\"[\"The Facts About Larry Evans\"](http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/evans.html) (2001\\).",
""
] |
History
-------
The station opened in 1915 as Royal Flying Corps Station Grantham, becoming RAF Grantham on 1 April 1918 \- a name it bore until 1942 when it was renamed as RAF Spitalgate. Throughout the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") the station focused on flying training, hosting a succession of reserve (Nos 49, 86 (Canadian), 11, and 50\) and then training squadrons (the renamed No. 49 (Training) Squadron and 15, 20, and 37, plus No. 39 in 1919\) plus several [United States Army Air Service](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service "United States Army Air Service") squadrons (9th, 50th, 174th, and a detachment of [43rd](/wiki/43rd_Aero_Squadron "43rd Aero Squadron")).Rafweb.org [Stations \- Spitalgate](http://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Stations-S.htm#Spitalgate), accessed June 2020\.
Flying training continued at RAF Grantham during the inter\-war years; [Nos 100](/wiki/No._100_Squadron_RAF "No. 100 Squadron RAF") and [39 Squadrons](/wiki/No._39_Squadron_RAF "No. 39 Squadron RAF") were present for much of the 1920s. [No. 3 Group RAF](/wiki/No._3_Group_RAF "No. 3 Group RAF") was disbanded on 12 April 1926 at Spitalgate by renumbering it [No. 23 (Training) Group](/wiki/No._23_Group_RAF "No. 23 Group RAF"). The station was back under the administration of No. 3 Group from July \- September 1937 after which it was transferred to [No. 5 Group RAF](/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF "No. 5 Group RAF") (September 1937 \- August 1938\) after which the station was placed under care \& maintenance (it was [mothballed](/wiki/wikt:Mothballing "Mothballing")). It was reopened in July 1938 and [No. 12 Flying Training School RAF](/wiki/No._12_Flying_Training_School_RAF "No. 12 Flying Training School RAF") moved in on 1 December 1938, possibly with additional 12 FTS elements at the satellite station at [RAF Harlaxton](/wiki/RAF_Harlaxton "RAF Harlaxton").
RAF Spitalgate should not be confused with HQ of [No. 5 Group](/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF "No. 5 Group RAF") that was in a large private house, [St Vincents Hall](/wiki/St_Vincents_Hall "St Vincents Hall"), Grantham from October 1937 to November 1943 and also known as RAF Grantham during its final years there. Also in November 1943, elements of the HQ [IX Troop Carrier Command](/wiki/IX_Troop_Carrier_Command "IX Troop Carrier Command") of the [United States Army Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force "United States Army Air Force") were relocated to RAF Spitalgate, with their headquarters at St. Vincents in the town centre. The station was also the training and point\-of\-departure for the [Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade](/wiki/Polish_1st_Independent_Parachute_Brigade "Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade") during [Operation Market Garden](/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden "Operation Market Garden").
The station was an [Officer Cadet Training Unit](/wiki/Officer_Cadet_Training_Unit "Officer Cadet Training Unit") in the 1950s. Much later it became the [Women's Royal Air Force](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Air_Force "Women's Royal Air Force") (WRAF) Depot, responsible for the recruitment and training of all non\-[commissioned](/wiki/Commissioned_officer "Commissioned officer") females in the RAF, until this moved to [RAF Hereford](/wiki/RAF_Hereford "RAF Hereford") and later again to [RAF Swinderby](/wiki/RAF_Swinderby "RAF Swinderby"). It was also the home of the Central Gliding School which moved to [RAF Syerston](/wiki/RAF_Syerston "RAF Syerston") in March 1975\. The site is not part of Grantham, but the parish of Londonthorpe \& Harrowby Without.
Spitalgate acted as a parent station for a relief landing ground four miles further south at RAF Harlaxton from November 1916 until 1945\.
In 1975 the RAF vacated the site and the following year it became a [British Army](/wiki/British_Army "British Army") installation, renamed [Prince William of Gloucester Barracks](/wiki/Prince_William_of_Gloucester_Barracks "Prince William of Gloucester Barracks").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The station opened in 1915 as Royal Flying Corps Station Grantham, becoming RAF Grantham on 1 April 1918 \\- a name it bore until 1942 when it was renamed as RAF Spitalgate. Throughout the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") the station focused on flying training, hosting a succession of reserve (Nos 49, 86 (Canadian), 11, and 50\\) and then training squadrons (the renamed No. 49 (Training) Squadron and 15, 20, and 37, plus No. 39 in 1919\\) plus several [United States Army Air Service](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service \"United States Army Air Service\") squadrons (9th, 50th, 174th, and a detachment of [43rd](/wiki/43rd_Aero_Squadron \"43rd Aero Squadron\")).Rafweb.org [Stations \\- Spitalgate](http://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Stations-S.htm#Spitalgate), accessed June 2020\\.",
"Flying training continued at RAF Grantham during the inter\\-war years; [Nos 100](/wiki/No._100_Squadron_RAF \"No. 100 Squadron RAF\") and [39 Squadrons](/wiki/No._39_Squadron_RAF \"No. 39 Squadron RAF\") were present for much of the 1920s. [No. 3 Group RAF](/wiki/No._3_Group_RAF \"No. 3 Group RAF\") was disbanded on 12 April 1926 at Spitalgate by renumbering it [No. 23 (Training) Group](/wiki/No._23_Group_RAF \"No. 23 Group RAF\"). The station was back under the administration of No. 3 Group from July \\- September 1937 after which it was transferred to [No. 5 Group RAF](/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF \"No. 5 Group RAF\") (September 1937 \\- August 1938\\) after which the station was placed under care \\& maintenance (it was [mothballed](/wiki/wikt:Mothballing \"Mothballing\")). It was reopened in July 1938 and [No. 12 Flying Training School RAF](/wiki/No._12_Flying_Training_School_RAF \"No. 12 Flying Training School RAF\") moved in on 1 December 1938, possibly with additional 12 FTS elements at the satellite station at [RAF Harlaxton](/wiki/RAF_Harlaxton \"RAF Harlaxton\").",
"RAF Spitalgate should not be confused with HQ of [No. 5 Group](/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF \"No. 5 Group RAF\") that was in a large private house, [St Vincents Hall](/wiki/St_Vincents_Hall \"St Vincents Hall\"), Grantham from October 1937 to November 1943 and also known as RAF Grantham during its final years there. Also in November 1943, elements of the HQ [IX Troop Carrier Command](/wiki/IX_Troop_Carrier_Command \"IX Troop Carrier Command\") of the [United States Army Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force \"United States Army Air Force\") were relocated to RAF Spitalgate, with their headquarters at St. Vincents in the town centre. The station was also the training and point\\-of\\-departure for the [Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade](/wiki/Polish_1st_Independent_Parachute_Brigade \"Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade\") during [Operation Market Garden](/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden \"Operation Market Garden\").",
"The station was an [Officer Cadet Training Unit](/wiki/Officer_Cadet_Training_Unit \"Officer Cadet Training Unit\") in the 1950s. Much later it became the [Women's Royal Air Force](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Air_Force \"Women's Royal Air Force\") (WRAF) Depot, responsible for the recruitment and training of all non\\-[commissioned](/wiki/Commissioned_officer \"Commissioned officer\") females in the RAF, until this moved to [RAF Hereford](/wiki/RAF_Hereford \"RAF Hereford\") and later again to [RAF Swinderby](/wiki/RAF_Swinderby \"RAF Swinderby\"). It was also the home of the Central Gliding School which moved to [RAF Syerston](/wiki/RAF_Syerston \"RAF Syerston\") in March 1975\\. The site is not part of Grantham, but the parish of Londonthorpe \\& Harrowby Without.",
"Spitalgate acted as a parent station for a relief landing ground four miles further south at RAF Harlaxton from November 1916 until 1945\\.",
"In 1975 the RAF vacated the site and the following year it became a [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") installation, renamed [Prince William of Gloucester Barracks](/wiki/Prince_William_of_Gloucester_Barracks \"Prince William of Gloucester Barracks\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
{{Free French Forces}}
He joined in 1913, during the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), and served on [patrol boats](/wiki/Patrol_boat "Patrol boat") and [submarines](/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_France "List of submarines of France"). In 1929 he attended the School of War, where he was also promoted. He was appointed [frigate captain](/wiki/Frigate_captain "Frigate captain") in 1933 and then commanded the destroyer *Le Malin*.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.anciens\-navale.fr/public/ecole/anciens\_celebres.html\|title\=Grades and taking of office of André\-Georges Lemonnier from the site of the Association of Former Students of the Naval School}}
He was appointed captain of the ship at the beginning of the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). In 1940 and 1941, he commanded the cruiser *[Georges Leygues](/wiki/French_cruiser_Georges_Leygues "French cruiser Georges Leygues")*, with whom he escaped the British blockade in [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar"). He then participated in the fighting in [Dakar](/wiki/Dakar "Dakar"), in September 1940, against a fleet of *[Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy")* ships. He then returned to [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers "Algiers") where he joined the Allies after the American landing in North Africa of 8 November 1942\.
[left\|thumb\|Senior officers aboard [USS Catoctin (AGC\-5\)](/wiki/USS_Catoctin_%28AGC-5%29 "USS Catoctin (AGC-5)"), operation flagship, en route to the invasion area on August 14, 1944\. Left to right: Brigadier General [Gordon P. Saville](/wiki/Gordon_P._Saville "Gordon P. Saville"), Air Commander; Lieutenant General [Alexander Patch](/wiki/Alexander_Patch "Alexander Patch"), Army Commander; Vice Admiral [Kent Hewitt](/wiki/Henry_Kent_Hewitt "Henry Kent Hewitt"), Naval Commander; [James Forrestal](/wiki/James_Forrestal "James Forrestal"), Secretary of the Navy; Rear Admiral André Lemonnier, Chief of Staff of the French Navy.](/wiki/File:80-G-K-2018_Senior_Officers_on_the_bridge_of_USS_CATOCTIN_%28AGC-5%29.jpg "80-G-K-2018 Senior Officers on the bridge of USS CATOCTIN (AGC-5).jpg")
After being entrusted with the task of relaunching the activity of the French merchant navy, he was appointed [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral "Rear admiral") in 1943 and, in July that year, [Chief of Staff of the French Navy](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_French_Navy "Chief of Staff of the French Navy") of the Navy of the newly created French Liberation Committee national and, as such, responsible for the fusion of marine Vichy and free French naval Forces.
He contributed to the preparation of the landing of [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy "Normandy") under the French Army of the Liberation. Initially, the allies envisaged the participation of only a few light French units. Rear\-Admiral Lemonnier obtained from [Admiral Andrew Cunningham](/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham%2C_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope "Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope") the participation in the combat of the two cruisers Montcalm and Georges Leygues. His participation in the landing of free French naval forces took two different forms: certain vessels provided direct support to the assault by their fire, such as the cruiser Montcalm and Georges Leygues or the torpedo\-boat La Combattante, or simply by their sacrifice for the establishment of an artificial shelter (scuttling the Courbet).
On the night of 10–11 June, they had a fairly hard engagement against three light vessels off [Guernsey](/wiki/Guernsey "Guernsey"). He prepared for the liberation of [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica "Corsica") and commanded the French squadron during the landing of [Provence](/wiki/Provence "Provence") in August 1944\. He was appointed [vice\-admiral](/wiki/Vice_admiral "Vice admiral") in 1944\.
After the war, he retained his position of [Chief of Staff of the Navy](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_French_Navy "Chief of Staff of the French Navy") but also became director of the [NATO Defense College](/wiki/NATO_Defense_College "NATO Defense College"). Between 1951 and 1956, he was the "naval deputy" of the [commander\- in\-chief](/wiki/Commander-in-chief "Commander-in-chief") of the allied forces in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") at [SHAPE](/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe "Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe"), the [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO") command center in Europe, then installed in the Marly forest in western [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"). His superior in 1951 and 1952 was [General Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") Former ally commander of the Second World War and president of the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"). He reached the rank of [admiral](/wiki/Admiral "Admiral") in 1952\. He retired in May 1956\.
He died in [La Glacerie](/wiki/La_Glacerie "La Glacerie") in 1963\. An avenue of the city and another in Marly\-le\-Roi now bear his name.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"{{Free French Forces}}\nHe joined in 1913, during the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), and served on [patrol boats](/wiki/Patrol_boat \"Patrol boat\") and [submarines](/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_France \"List of submarines of France\"). In 1929 he attended the School of War, where he was also promoted. He was appointed [frigate captain](/wiki/Frigate_captain \"Frigate captain\") in 1933 and then commanded the destroyer *Le Malin*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.anciens\\-navale.fr/public/ecole/anciens\\_celebres.html\\|title\\=Grades and taking of office of André\\-Georges Lemonnier from the site of the Association of Former Students of the Naval School}}",
"He was appointed captain of the ship at the beginning of the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). In 1940 and 1941, he commanded the cruiser *[Georges Leygues](/wiki/French_cruiser_Georges_Leygues \"French cruiser Georges Leygues\")*, with whom he escaped the British blockade in [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\"). He then participated in the fighting in [Dakar](/wiki/Dakar \"Dakar\"), in September 1940, against a fleet of *[Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\")* ships. He then returned to [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\") where he joined the Allies after the American landing in North Africa of 8 November 1942\\.\n[left\\|thumb\\|Senior officers aboard [USS Catoctin (AGC\\-5\\)](/wiki/USS_Catoctin_%28AGC-5%29 \"USS Catoctin (AGC-5)\"), operation flagship, en route to the invasion area on August 14, 1944\\. Left to right: Brigadier General [Gordon P. Saville](/wiki/Gordon_P._Saville \"Gordon P. Saville\"), Air Commander; Lieutenant General [Alexander Patch](/wiki/Alexander_Patch \"Alexander Patch\"), Army Commander; Vice Admiral [Kent Hewitt](/wiki/Henry_Kent_Hewitt \"Henry Kent Hewitt\"), Naval Commander; [James Forrestal](/wiki/James_Forrestal \"James Forrestal\"), Secretary of the Navy; Rear Admiral André Lemonnier, Chief of Staff of the French Navy.](/wiki/File:80-G-K-2018_Senior_Officers_on_the_bridge_of_USS_CATOCTIN_%28AGC-5%29.jpg \"80-G-K-2018 Senior Officers on the bridge of USS CATOCTIN (AGC-5).jpg\")\nAfter being entrusted with the task of relaunching the activity of the French merchant navy, he was appointed [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral \"Rear admiral\") in 1943 and, in July that year, [Chief of Staff of the French Navy](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_French_Navy \"Chief of Staff of the French Navy\") of the Navy of the newly created French Liberation Committee national and, as such, responsible for the fusion of marine Vichy and free French naval Forces.",
"He contributed to the preparation of the landing of [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy \"Normandy\") under the French Army of the Liberation. Initially, the allies envisaged the participation of only a few light French units. Rear\\-Admiral Lemonnier obtained from [Admiral Andrew Cunningham](/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham%2C_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope \"Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope\") the participation in the combat of the two cruisers Montcalm and Georges Leygues. His participation in the landing of free French naval forces took two different forms: certain vessels provided direct support to the assault by their fire, such as the cruiser Montcalm and Georges Leygues or the torpedo\\-boat La Combattante, or simply by their sacrifice for the establishment of an artificial shelter (scuttling the Courbet).",
"On the night of 10–11 June, they had a fairly hard engagement against three light vessels off [Guernsey](/wiki/Guernsey \"Guernsey\"). He prepared for the liberation of [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica \"Corsica\") and commanded the French squadron during the landing of [Provence](/wiki/Provence \"Provence\") in August 1944\\. He was appointed [vice\\-admiral](/wiki/Vice_admiral \"Vice admiral\") in 1944\\.",
"After the war, he retained his position of [Chief of Staff of the Navy](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_French_Navy \"Chief of Staff of the French Navy\") but also became director of the [NATO Defense College](/wiki/NATO_Defense_College \"NATO Defense College\"). Between 1951 and 1956, he was the \"naval deputy\" of the [commander\\- in\\-chief](/wiki/Commander-in-chief \"Commander-in-chief\") of the allied forces in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") at [SHAPE](/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe \"Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe\"), the [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\") command center in Europe, then installed in the Marly forest in western [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"). His superior in 1951 and 1952 was [General Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\") Former ally commander of the Second World War and president of the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). He reached the rank of [admiral](/wiki/Admiral \"Admiral\") in 1952\\. He retired in May 1956\\.",
"He died in [La Glacerie](/wiki/La_Glacerie \"La Glacerie\") in 1963\\. An avenue of the city and another in Marly\\-le\\-Roi now bear his name.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
[thumb\|upright\=1\.2 \|right\|Artistic impression of Jabir and his master [Jaʿfar al\-Ṣādiq](/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq "Ja'far al-Sadiq").](/wiki/File:Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.002_front.tif "Liebig Company Trading Card Ad 01.12.002 front.tif")
### Historicity
It is not clear whether Jabir ibn Hayyan ever existed as a historical person. He is purported to have lived in the 8th century, and to have been a disciple of the Shi'ite Imam [Jaʿfar al\-Ṣādiq](/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq "Ja'far al-Sadiq") (died 765\).References to Jaʿfar al\-Ṣādiq occur throughout the Jabirian corpus (see {{harvnb\|Kraus\|1942–1943\|loc\=vol. I, pp. xxxvi–xxxvii}}). See also below. However, he is not mentioned in any historical source before c. 900, and the first known author to write about Jabir from a biographical point of view was the [Baghdadi](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad") bibliographer [Ibn al\-Nadīm](/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim "Ibn al-Nadim") (c. 932–995\).{{harvnb\|Kraus\|1942–1943\|loc\=vol. I, pp. xvii, 189}}; {{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|loc\=p. 38, note 15}}. In his [*Fihrist*](/wiki/Al-Fihrist "Al-Fihrist") ("The Book Catalogue", written in 987\), Ibn al\-Nadīm compiled a list of Jabir's works, adding a short notice on the various claims that were then circulating about Jabir.{{harvnb\|Kraus\|1942–1943\|loc\=vol. I, pp. xvii, xix–xxi, xliii–xlv}}; {{harvnb\|Fück\|1951\|p\=124}}. An annotated English translation of this notice and the list of Jabir's works may be found in {{harvnb\|Fück\|1951\|pp\=95–104}}. Already in Ibn al\-Nadīm's time, there were some people who explicitly asserted that Jabir had never existed, although Ibn al\-Nadīm himself disagreed with this claim.{{harvnb\|Fück\|1951\|pp\=124–125}}. Jabir was often ignored by later medieval Islamic biographers and historians, but even early Shi'ite [biographers](/wiki/Biographical_evaluation "Biographical evaluation") such as [Aḥmad al\-Barqī](/wiki/Ahmad_al-Barqi "Ahmad al-Barqi") (died c. 893\), [Abū ʿAmr al\-Kashshī](/wiki/Mohammad_ibn_Umar_Kashshi "Mohammad ibn Umar Kashshi") (first half of the 10th century), [Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī al\-Najāshī](/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ali_al-Najashi "Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi") (983–1058\), and [Abū Jaʿfar al\-Ṭūsī](/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi "Shaykh Tusi") (995–1067\), who wrote long volumes on the companions of the Shi'ite Imams (including the many companions of Jaʿfar al\-Ṣādiq), did not mention Jabir at all.{{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|p\=39}}. However, as also noted by Delva 2017, pp. 39–40, note 19, Jabir does occur in two possibly early Shi'ite [hadith](/wiki/Hadith "Hadith") collections, which are in need of further investigation.
### Dating of the Jabirian corpus
Apart from outright denying his existence, there were also some who, already in Ibn al\-Nadīm's time, questioned whether the writings attributed to Jabir were really written by him.{{harvnb\|Fück\|1951\|p\=124}}. The authenticity of these writings was expressly denied by the Baghdadi philosopher [Abū Sulaymān al\-Sijistānī](/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani "Abu Sulayman Sijistani") (c. 912–985\) and his pupil [Abū Ḥayyān al\-Tawḥīdī](/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Hayy%C4%81n_al-Tawh%C4%ABd%C4%AB "Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī") (c. 932–1023\), though this may have been related to the hostility of both these thinkers to [alchemy](/wiki/Alchemy "Alchemy") in general.{{harvnb\|Kraus\|1942–1943\|loc\=vol. I, pp. lxiii–lxv}}; {{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|loc\=p. 39, note 17}}. Modern scholarly analysis has tended to confirm the inauthenticity of the writings attributed to Jabir. Much of the philosophical terminology used in the Jabirian treatises was only coined around the middle of the 9th century,See already {{harvnb\|Kraus\|1930}} and {{harvnb\|Kraus\|1931}}. This was denied by {{harvnb\|Sezgin\|1971}}. and some of the [Greek philosophical texts](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy "Ancient Greek philosophy") cited in the Jabirian writings are known to have been [translated into Arabic](/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement "Graeco-Arabic translation movement") towards the end of the 9th century.{{harvnb\|Nomanul Haq\|1994\|pp\=230–242}} has argued that one of these translations of Greek philosophical texts cited by Jabir actually dates to the 8th century, but this was contradicted by {{harvnb\|Gannagé\|1998\|pp\=427–449}} (cf. {{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|loc\=p. 38, note 14}}). Moreover, an important part of the corpus deals with early Shi'ite religious philosophy that is elsewhere only attested in late 9th\-century and early 10th\-century sources.Kraus regarded Jabirian Shi'ism as an early form of [Isma'ilism](/wiki/Isma%27ilism "Isma'ilism") (see {{harvnb\|Kraus\|1930}}, {{harvnb\|Kraus\|1942}}; see also {{harvnb\|Corbin\|1950}}), but it has since been shown that it significantly differs from Isma'ilism (see {{harvnb\|Lory\|1989\|pp\=47–125}}; {{harvnb\|Lory\|2000}}), and may have been an independent sectarian Shi'ite current related to the late 9th\-century [ghulāt](/wiki/Ghulat "Ghulat") (see {{harvnb\|Capezzone\|2020}}). As a result, the dating of the Jabirian corpus to c. 850–950 has been widely accepted in modern scholarship.This is the dating put forward by {{harvnb\|Kraus\|1942–1943\|loc\=vol. I, p. lxv}}. For its acceptance by other scholars, see the references in {{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|loc\=p. 38, note 14}}. Notable critics of Kraus' dating are {{harvnb\|Sezgin\|1971}} and {{harvnb\|Nomanul Haq\|1994\|pp\=3–47}} (cf. {{harvnb\|Forster\|2018}}). However, it has also been noted that many Jabirian treatises show clear signs of having been redacted multiple times, and the writings as we now have them may well have been based on an earlier 8th\-century core.{{harvnb\|Lory\|1983\|pp\=62–79}}. For other observations of the existence of different editorial layers in Jabirian treatises, see {{harvnb\|Kraus\|1942–1943\|loc\=vol. I, pp. xxxxiii\-xxxvi}}; {{harvnb\|Gannagé\|1998\|pp\=409–410}}. Despite the obscurity involved, it is not impossible that some of these writings, in their earliest form, were written by a real Jabir ibn Hayyan.{{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|loc\=p. 53, note 87}}. In any case, it is clear that Jabir's name was used as a [pseudonym](/wiki/Pseudonym "Pseudonym") by one or more anonymous Shi'ite alchemists writing in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, who also redacted the corpus as we now know it.{{harvnb\|Capezzone\|2020}}; cf. {{harvnb\|Lory\|2008b}}.
### Biographical clues and legend
Jabir was generally known by the [*kunya*](/wiki/Kunya_%28Arabic%29 "Kunya (Arabic)") Abū Mūsā ("Father of Mūsā"), or sometimes Abū ʿAbd Allāh ("Father of ʿAbd Allāh"), and by the [*nisba*s](/wiki/Nisba_%28onomastics%29 "Nisba (onomastics)") (attributive names) al\-[Ṣūfī](/wiki/Sufism "Sufism"), al\-Azdī, al\-Kūfī, or al\-Ṭūsī.{{harvnb\|Nomanul Haq\|1994\|loc\=p. 33, note 1}}. The *kunya* Abū ʿAbd Allāh only occurs in Ibn al\-Nadīm (see {{harvnb\|Kraus\|1942–1943\|loc\=vol. I, p. xliii, note 5}}). [Ibn Khallikān](/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan "Ibn Khallikan") (1211–1282\) gives Jabir's *nisba* as al\-[Ṭarsūsī](/wiki/Tarsus%2C_Mersin "Tarsus, Mersin"), or in some manuscripts as al\-[Tarṭūsī](/wiki/Tartus "Tartus"), but these are most likely scribal errors for al\-Ṭūsī (see Kraus 1942–1943, vol. I, p. xli, note 3\). His grandfather's name is mentioned by Ibn al\-Nadim as ʿAbd Allāh.{{harvnb\|Kraus\|1942–1943\|loc\=vol. I, p. xli, note 9}}. Kraus adds that ʿAbd Allāh as the name of Jabir's grandfather is also mentioned in Jabir's *Kitāb al\-Najīb* (Kr. no. 977\). If the attribution of the name al\-Azdī to Jabir is authentic,{{harvnb\|Ruska\|1923b\|p\=57}} still thought the attribution to Jabir of the name al\-Azdī to be false. Later sources assume its authenticity. this would point to his affiliation with the [Southern\-Arabian](/wiki/South_Arabia "South Arabia") (Yemenite) tribe of the [Azd](/wiki/Azd "Azd"). However, it is not clear whether Jabir was an [Arab](/wiki/Arab "Arab") belonging to the Azd tribe, or a non\-Arab Muslim client (*[mawlā](/wiki/Mawla "Mawla")*) of the Azd.{{harvnb\|Kraus\|1942–1943\|loc\=vol. I, p. xli, note 1}}; {{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|p\=36}}. In the 8th century, it was still necessary for non\-Arabs to secure an affiliation with an Arab tribe in order to be allowed to convert to Islam. If he was a non\-Arab Muslim client of the Azd, he is most likely to have been [Persian](/wiki/Persians "Persians"), given his ties with eastern Iran (his *nisba* al\-Ṭūsī also points to [Tus](/wiki/Tus%2C_Iran "Tus, Iran"), a city in Khurasan).{{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|p\=36}}. According to a copyist of one of the manuscripts containing Jabir's works, he also died in Tus (see Delva 2017, p. 36, note 6\). Jabir was held to be an Arab by {{harvnb\|Holmyard\|1927\|pp\=29–32}}, a view still taken by {{harvnb\|Forster\|2018}}. He was regarded as Persian by {{harvnb\|Ruska\|1923b\|p\=57}} (cf. {{harvnb\|Holmyard\|1927\|p\=29}}), who was echoed by such scholars as {{harvnb\|Sarton\|1927–1948\|loc\=vol. II.2, p. 1044}} and {{harvnb\|Newman\|1996\|p\=178}}. According to [Ibn al\-Nadīm](/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim "Ibn al-Nadim"), Jabir hailed from [Khurasan](/wiki/Khurasan "Khurasan") (eastern [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran")), but spent most of his life in [Kufa](/wiki/Kufa "Kufa") (Iraq),{{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|pp\=36–37}}. both regions where the Azd tribe was well\-settled.{{harvnb\|Holmyard\|1927\|p\=29}}; {{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|p\=49}}. Various late reports put his date of death between 806 (190 [AH](/wiki/Islamic_calendar "Islamic calendar")) and 816 (200 AH).{{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|loc\=pp. 36−37, note 6}}.
Given the lack of independent biographical sources, most of the biographical information about Jabir can be traced back to the Jabirian writings themselves.This even holds for most of what was written by Ibn al\-Nadīm; see {{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|pp\=38–39}}. There are references throughout the Jabirian corpus to the Shi'ite Imam Jaʿfar al\-Ṣādiq (died 765\), whom Jabir generally calls "my master" (Arabic: *sayyidī*), and whom he represents as the original source of all his knowledge.{{harvnb\|Kraus\|1942–1943\|loc\=vol. I, pp. xxxvi\-xxxvii}}. That the references are indeed to Jaʿfar al\-Ṣādiq is made clear by the Shi'ite context in which they occur, and by the fact that Jaʿfar's [patronymic](/wiki/Patronymic "Patronymic") "ibn Muḥammad" is sometimes included (see {{harvnb\|Holmyard\|1927\|pp\=34–35}}; {{harvnb\|Ruska\|1927\|p\=42}}). Ibn al\-Nadīm's isolated statement that some claimed "my master" to refer to Jaʿfar ibn Yaḥyā al\-Barmakī was called "arbitrary" by Kraus 1942–1943, vol. I, p. xliv, note 2\. In one work, Jabir is also represented as an associate of the [Bactrian](/wiki/Bactria "Bactria") vizier family of the [Barmakids](/wiki/Barmakids "Barmakids"), whereas Ibn al\-Nadīm reports that some claimed Jabir to have been especially devoted to [Jaʿfar ibn Yaḥyā al\-Barmakī](/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Yahya "Ja'far ibn Yahya") (767–803\), the [Abbasid](/wiki/Abbasid "Abbasid") vizier of *[One Thousand and One Nights](/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights "One Thousand and One Nights")* fame.{{harvnb\|Kraus\|1931\|pp\=28–29}}; cf. {{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|loc\=p. 36, note 3}}. Kraus expressly compared the seemingly legendary tales about Jabir and the Barmakids with those of the *One Thousand and One Nights*. Jabir's links with the Abbasids were stressed even more by later tradition, which turned him into a favorite of the Abbasid caliph [Hārūn al\-Rashīd](/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid "Harun al-Rashid") (c. 763–809, also appearing in *One Thousand and One Nights*), for whom Jabir would have composed a treatise on alchemy, and who is supposed to have commanded the translation of Greek works into Arabic on Jabir's instigation.This is first related by the 14th century alchemist [al\-Jildakī](/wiki/Al-Jaldaki "Al-Jaldaki") (see {{harvnb\|Kraus\|1942–1943\|loc\=vol. I, pp. xli–xliii}}; cf. {{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|loc\=p. 36, note 4}}).
Given Jabir's purported ties with both the Shi'ite Imam Jaʿfar al\-Ṣādiq and the Barmakid family (who served the Abbasids as [viziers](/wiki/Vizier "Vizier")), or with the Abbasid caliphs themselves, it has sometimes been thought plausible that Ḥayyān al\-ʿAṭṭār ("Hayyan the Druggist"), a proto\-Shi'ite activist who was fighting for the [Abbasid cause](/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution "Abbasid Revolution") in the early 8th century, may have been Jabir's father (Jabir's name "Ibn Hayyan" literally means "The Son of Hayyan").{{harvnb\|Holmyard\|1927\|pp\=29–32, 35}}. Although there is no direct evidence supporting this hypothesis, it fits very well in the historical context, and it allows one to think of Jabir, however obscure, as a historical figure.{{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|pp\=41–42, 52}}. Because Ḥayyān al\-ʿAṭṭār was supposedly executed not long after 721, the hypothesis even made it possible to estimate Jabir's date of birth at {{circa\|721}}.{{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|p\=42}}; cf. {{harvnb\|Holmyard\|1927\|p\=32}}. However, it has recently been argued that Ḥayyān al\-ʿAṭṭār probably lived at least until {{circa\|744}},{{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|pp\=46–47}}. and that as a client (*mawlā*) of the [Nakhaʿ](/wiki/Nukha_%28tribe%29 "Nukha (tribe)") tribe he is highly unlikely to have been the father of Jabir (who is supposed to have been a client/member of the Azd).{{harvnb\|Delva\|2017\|p\=49, 52}}.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2 \\|right\\|Artistic impression of Jabir and his master [Jaʿfar al\\-Ṣādiq](/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq \"Ja'far al-Sadiq\").](/wiki/File:Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.002_front.tif \"Liebig Company Trading Card Ad 01.12.002 front.tif\")",
"### Historicity",
"It is not clear whether Jabir ibn Hayyan ever existed as a historical person. He is purported to have lived in the 8th century, and to have been a disciple of the Shi'ite Imam [Jaʿfar al\\-Ṣādiq](/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq \"Ja'far al-Sadiq\") (died 765\\).References to Jaʿfar al\\-Ṣādiq occur throughout the Jabirian corpus (see {{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1942–1943\\|loc\\=vol. I, pp. xxxvi–xxxvii}}). See also below. However, he is not mentioned in any historical source before c. 900, and the first known author to write about Jabir from a biographical point of view was the [Baghdadi](/wiki/Baghdad \"Baghdad\") bibliographer [Ibn al\\-Nadīm](/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim \"Ibn al-Nadim\") (c. 932–995\\).{{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1942–1943\\|loc\\=vol. I, pp. xvii, 189}}; {{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|loc\\=p. 38, note 15}}. In his [*Fihrist*](/wiki/Al-Fihrist \"Al-Fihrist\") (\"The Book Catalogue\", written in 987\\), Ibn al\\-Nadīm compiled a list of Jabir's works, adding a short notice on the various claims that were then circulating about Jabir.{{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1942–1943\\|loc\\=vol. I, pp. xvii, xix–xxi, xliii–xlv}}; {{harvnb\\|Fück\\|1951\\|p\\=124}}. An annotated English translation of this notice and the list of Jabir's works may be found in {{harvnb\\|Fück\\|1951\\|pp\\=95–104}}. Already in Ibn al\\-Nadīm's time, there were some people who explicitly asserted that Jabir had never existed, although Ibn al\\-Nadīm himself disagreed with this claim.{{harvnb\\|Fück\\|1951\\|pp\\=124–125}}. Jabir was often ignored by later medieval Islamic biographers and historians, but even early Shi'ite [biographers](/wiki/Biographical_evaluation \"Biographical evaluation\") such as [Aḥmad al\\-Barqī](/wiki/Ahmad_al-Barqi \"Ahmad al-Barqi\") (died c. 893\\), [Abū ʿAmr al\\-Kashshī](/wiki/Mohammad_ibn_Umar_Kashshi \"Mohammad ibn Umar Kashshi\") (first half of the 10th century), [Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī al\\-Najāshī](/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ali_al-Najashi \"Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi\") (983–1058\\), and [Abū Jaʿfar al\\-Ṭūsī](/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi \"Shaykh Tusi\") (995–1067\\), who wrote long volumes on the companions of the Shi'ite Imams (including the many companions of Jaʿfar al\\-Ṣādiq), did not mention Jabir at all.{{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|p\\=39}}. However, as also noted by Delva 2017, pp. 39–40, note 19, Jabir does occur in two possibly early Shi'ite [hadith](/wiki/Hadith \"Hadith\") collections, which are in need of further investigation.",
"### Dating of the Jabirian corpus",
"Apart from outright denying his existence, there were also some who, already in Ibn al\\-Nadīm's time, questioned whether the writings attributed to Jabir were really written by him.{{harvnb\\|Fück\\|1951\\|p\\=124}}. The authenticity of these writings was expressly denied by the Baghdadi philosopher [Abū Sulaymān al\\-Sijistānī](/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani \"Abu Sulayman Sijistani\") (c. 912–985\\) and his pupil [Abū Ḥayyān al\\-Tawḥīdī](/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Hayy%C4%81n_al-Tawh%C4%ABd%C4%AB \"Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī\") (c. 932–1023\\), though this may have been related to the hostility of both these thinkers to [alchemy](/wiki/Alchemy \"Alchemy\") in general.{{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1942–1943\\|loc\\=vol. I, pp. lxiii–lxv}}; {{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|loc\\=p. 39, note 17}}. Modern scholarly analysis has tended to confirm the inauthenticity of the writings attributed to Jabir. Much of the philosophical terminology used in the Jabirian treatises was only coined around the middle of the 9th century,See already {{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1930}} and {{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1931}}. This was denied by {{harvnb\\|Sezgin\\|1971}}. and some of the [Greek philosophical texts](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy \"Ancient Greek philosophy\") cited in the Jabirian writings are known to have been [translated into Arabic](/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement \"Graeco-Arabic translation movement\") towards the end of the 9th century.{{harvnb\\|Nomanul Haq\\|1994\\|pp\\=230–242}} has argued that one of these translations of Greek philosophical texts cited by Jabir actually dates to the 8th century, but this was contradicted by {{harvnb\\|Gannagé\\|1998\\|pp\\=427–449}} (cf. {{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|loc\\=p. 38, note 14}}). Moreover, an important part of the corpus deals with early Shi'ite religious philosophy that is elsewhere only attested in late 9th\\-century and early 10th\\-century sources.Kraus regarded Jabirian Shi'ism as an early form of [Isma'ilism](/wiki/Isma%27ilism \"Isma'ilism\") (see {{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1930}}, {{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1942}}; see also {{harvnb\\|Corbin\\|1950}}), but it has since been shown that it significantly differs from Isma'ilism (see {{harvnb\\|Lory\\|1989\\|pp\\=47–125}}; {{harvnb\\|Lory\\|2000}}), and may have been an independent sectarian Shi'ite current related to the late 9th\\-century [ghulāt](/wiki/Ghulat \"Ghulat\") (see {{harvnb\\|Capezzone\\|2020}}). As a result, the dating of the Jabirian corpus to c. 850–950 has been widely accepted in modern scholarship.This is the dating put forward by {{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1942–1943\\|loc\\=vol. I, p. lxv}}. For its acceptance by other scholars, see the references in {{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|loc\\=p. 38, note 14}}. Notable critics of Kraus' dating are {{harvnb\\|Sezgin\\|1971}} and {{harvnb\\|Nomanul Haq\\|1994\\|pp\\=3–47}} (cf. {{harvnb\\|Forster\\|2018}}). However, it has also been noted that many Jabirian treatises show clear signs of having been redacted multiple times, and the writings as we now have them may well have been based on an earlier 8th\\-century core.{{harvnb\\|Lory\\|1983\\|pp\\=62–79}}. For other observations of the existence of different editorial layers in Jabirian treatises, see {{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1942–1943\\|loc\\=vol. I, pp. xxxxiii\\-xxxvi}}; {{harvnb\\|Gannagé\\|1998\\|pp\\=409–410}}. Despite the obscurity involved, it is not impossible that some of these writings, in their earliest form, were written by a real Jabir ibn Hayyan.{{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|loc\\=p. 53, note 87}}. In any case, it is clear that Jabir's name was used as a [pseudonym](/wiki/Pseudonym \"Pseudonym\") by one or more anonymous Shi'ite alchemists writing in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, who also redacted the corpus as we now know it.{{harvnb\\|Capezzone\\|2020}}; cf. {{harvnb\\|Lory\\|2008b}}.",
"### Biographical clues and legend",
"Jabir was generally known by the [*kunya*](/wiki/Kunya_%28Arabic%29 \"Kunya (Arabic)\") Abū Mūsā (\"Father of Mūsā\"), or sometimes Abū ʿAbd Allāh (\"Father of ʿAbd Allāh\"), and by the [*nisba*s](/wiki/Nisba_%28onomastics%29 \"Nisba (onomastics)\") (attributive names) al\\-[Ṣūfī](/wiki/Sufism \"Sufism\"), al\\-Azdī, al\\-Kūfī, or al\\-Ṭūsī.{{harvnb\\|Nomanul Haq\\|1994\\|loc\\=p. 33, note 1}}. The *kunya* Abū ʿAbd Allāh only occurs in Ibn al\\-Nadīm (see {{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1942–1943\\|loc\\=vol. I, p. xliii, note 5}}). [Ibn Khallikān](/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan \"Ibn Khallikan\") (1211–1282\\) gives Jabir's *nisba* as al\\-[Ṭarsūsī](/wiki/Tarsus%2C_Mersin \"Tarsus, Mersin\"), or in some manuscripts as al\\-[Tarṭūsī](/wiki/Tartus \"Tartus\"), but these are most likely scribal errors for al\\-Ṭūsī (see Kraus 1942–1943, vol. I, p. xli, note 3\\). His grandfather's name is mentioned by Ibn al\\-Nadim as ʿAbd Allāh.{{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1942–1943\\|loc\\=vol. I, p. xli, note 9}}. Kraus adds that ʿAbd Allāh as the name of Jabir's grandfather is also mentioned in Jabir's *Kitāb al\\-Najīb* (Kr. no. 977\\). If the attribution of the name al\\-Azdī to Jabir is authentic,{{harvnb\\|Ruska\\|1923b\\|p\\=57}} still thought the attribution to Jabir of the name al\\-Azdī to be false. Later sources assume its authenticity. this would point to his affiliation with the [Southern\\-Arabian](/wiki/South_Arabia \"South Arabia\") (Yemenite) tribe of the [Azd](/wiki/Azd \"Azd\"). However, it is not clear whether Jabir was an [Arab](/wiki/Arab \"Arab\") belonging to the Azd tribe, or a non\\-Arab Muslim client (*[mawlā](/wiki/Mawla \"Mawla\")*) of the Azd.{{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1942–1943\\|loc\\=vol. I, p. xli, note 1}}; {{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|p\\=36}}. In the 8th century, it was still necessary for non\\-Arabs to secure an affiliation with an Arab tribe in order to be allowed to convert to Islam. If he was a non\\-Arab Muslim client of the Azd, he is most likely to have been [Persian](/wiki/Persians \"Persians\"), given his ties with eastern Iran (his *nisba* al\\-Ṭūsī also points to [Tus](/wiki/Tus%2C_Iran \"Tus, Iran\"), a city in Khurasan).{{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|p\\=36}}. According to a copyist of one of the manuscripts containing Jabir's works, he also died in Tus (see Delva 2017, p. 36, note 6\\). Jabir was held to be an Arab by {{harvnb\\|Holmyard\\|1927\\|pp\\=29–32}}, a view still taken by {{harvnb\\|Forster\\|2018}}. He was regarded as Persian by {{harvnb\\|Ruska\\|1923b\\|p\\=57}} (cf. {{harvnb\\|Holmyard\\|1927\\|p\\=29}}), who was echoed by such scholars as {{harvnb\\|Sarton\\|1927–1948\\|loc\\=vol. II.2, p. 1044}} and {{harvnb\\|Newman\\|1996\\|p\\=178}}. According to [Ibn al\\-Nadīm](/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim \"Ibn al-Nadim\"), Jabir hailed from [Khurasan](/wiki/Khurasan \"Khurasan\") (eastern [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\")), but spent most of his life in [Kufa](/wiki/Kufa \"Kufa\") (Iraq),{{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|pp\\=36–37}}. both regions where the Azd tribe was well\\-settled.{{harvnb\\|Holmyard\\|1927\\|p\\=29}}; {{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|p\\=49}}. Various late reports put his date of death between 806 (190 [AH](/wiki/Islamic_calendar \"Islamic calendar\")) and 816 (200 AH).{{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|loc\\=pp. 36−37, note 6}}.",
"Given the lack of independent biographical sources, most of the biographical information about Jabir can be traced back to the Jabirian writings themselves.This even holds for most of what was written by Ibn al\\-Nadīm; see {{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|pp\\=38–39}}. There are references throughout the Jabirian corpus to the Shi'ite Imam Jaʿfar al\\-Ṣādiq (died 765\\), whom Jabir generally calls \"my master\" (Arabic: *sayyidī*), and whom he represents as the original source of all his knowledge.{{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1942–1943\\|loc\\=vol. I, pp. xxxvi\\-xxxvii}}. That the references are indeed to Jaʿfar al\\-Ṣādiq is made clear by the Shi'ite context in which they occur, and by the fact that Jaʿfar's [patronymic](/wiki/Patronymic \"Patronymic\") \"ibn Muḥammad\" is sometimes included (see {{harvnb\\|Holmyard\\|1927\\|pp\\=34–35}}; {{harvnb\\|Ruska\\|1927\\|p\\=42}}). Ibn al\\-Nadīm's isolated statement that some claimed \"my master\" to refer to Jaʿfar ibn Yaḥyā al\\-Barmakī was called \"arbitrary\" by Kraus 1942–1943, vol. I, p. xliv, note 2\\. In one work, Jabir is also represented as an associate of the [Bactrian](/wiki/Bactria \"Bactria\") vizier family of the [Barmakids](/wiki/Barmakids \"Barmakids\"), whereas Ibn al\\-Nadīm reports that some claimed Jabir to have been especially devoted to [Jaʿfar ibn Yaḥyā al\\-Barmakī](/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Yahya \"Ja'far ibn Yahya\") (767–803\\), the [Abbasid](/wiki/Abbasid \"Abbasid\") vizier of *[One Thousand and One Nights](/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights \"One Thousand and One Nights\")* fame.{{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1931\\|pp\\=28–29}}; cf. {{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|loc\\=p. 36, note 3}}. Kraus expressly compared the seemingly legendary tales about Jabir and the Barmakids with those of the *One Thousand and One Nights*. Jabir's links with the Abbasids were stressed even more by later tradition, which turned him into a favorite of the Abbasid caliph [Hārūn al\\-Rashīd](/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid \"Harun al-Rashid\") (c. 763–809, also appearing in *One Thousand and One Nights*), for whom Jabir would have composed a treatise on alchemy, and who is supposed to have commanded the translation of Greek works into Arabic on Jabir's instigation.This is first related by the 14th century alchemist [al\\-Jildakī](/wiki/Al-Jaldaki \"Al-Jaldaki\") (see {{harvnb\\|Kraus\\|1942–1943\\|loc\\=vol. I, pp. xli–xliii}}; cf. {{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|loc\\=p. 36, note 4}}).",
"Given Jabir's purported ties with both the Shi'ite Imam Jaʿfar al\\-Ṣādiq and the Barmakid family (who served the Abbasids as [viziers](/wiki/Vizier \"Vizier\")), or with the Abbasid caliphs themselves, it has sometimes been thought plausible that Ḥayyān al\\-ʿAṭṭār (\"Hayyan the Druggist\"), a proto\\-Shi'ite activist who was fighting for the [Abbasid cause](/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution \"Abbasid Revolution\") in the early 8th century, may have been Jabir's father (Jabir's name \"Ibn Hayyan\" literally means \"The Son of Hayyan\").{{harvnb\\|Holmyard\\|1927\\|pp\\=29–32, 35}}. Although there is no direct evidence supporting this hypothesis, it fits very well in the historical context, and it allows one to think of Jabir, however obscure, as a historical figure.{{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|pp\\=41–42, 52}}. Because Ḥayyān al\\-ʿAṭṭār was supposedly executed not long after 721, the hypothesis even made it possible to estimate Jabir's date of birth at {{circa\\|721}}.{{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|p\\=42}}; cf. {{harvnb\\|Holmyard\\|1927\\|p\\=32}}. However, it has recently been argued that Ḥayyān al\\-ʿAṭṭār probably lived at least until {{circa\\|744}},{{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|pp\\=46–47}}. and that as a client (*mawlā*) of the [Nakhaʿ](/wiki/Nukha_%28tribe%29 \"Nukha (tribe)\") tribe he is highly unlikely to have been the father of Jabir (who is supposed to have been a client/member of the Azd).{{harvnb\\|Delva\\|2017\\|p\\=49, 52}}.",
""
] |
Main sights
-----------
### Mother Church
Work on the *Chiesa Madre* ("Mother Church"), dedicated to the 4th\-century French bishop Saint [Martin of Tours](/wiki/Martin_of_Tours "Martin of Tours"), started in the late 14th century. Its appearance today has been influenced by numerous changes and renovations. The interior has a nave and aisles divided into various chapels containing artwork, including a wooden statue representing San Filippo d'Agira from the 17th century, a 16th\-century statue representing San Biagio ([Saint Blaise](/wiki/Saint_Blaise "Saint Blaise")) and a fine marble panel depicting the *Baptism of Christ* (also from this period).{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2017}}
### Addolorata Church
The *Chiesa dell'Addolorata* is from the 18th century, dedicated to the Basilian abbot and patron saint [San Leoluca](/wiki/Leoluca "Leoluca")
#### Other Churches
The *Chiesa di Santa Rosalia*, and the small *Sant'Andrea* (the latter two from the 17th century), all with important frescoes and paintings, are notable landmarks. The *Santuario della Madonna del Rosario di Tagliavia*, a religious building from the 19th century, is now a destination for pilgrims on [Ascension Day](/wiki/Ascension_Day "Ascension Day").
### Mafia and anti\-Mafia Museum of Corleone
The CIDMA museum (*Centro Internazionale di Documentazione sulla Mafia e del Movimento Antimafia*) was inaugurated on 12 December 2000, in the presence of the highest authorities of the Republic, including the President of the Republic [Carlo Azeglio Ciampi](/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi "Carlo Azeglio Ciampi") and the deputy Secretary\-General of the United Nations [Pino Arlacchi](/wiki/Pino_Arlacchi "Pino Arlacchi"), on behalf of Secretary\-General [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan "Kofi Annan"). The CIDMA intends to pursue "Culture, Progress and Legality" as its objectives.
CIDMA has several rooms for visitors: Room of the Folders of the [Maxi Trial](/wiki/Maxi_Trial "Maxi Trial") ({{lang\-it\|Maxiprocesso di Palermo}}), the Room of the Messages, the Room of Pain and the final room dedicated to [Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa](/wiki/Carlo_Alberto_Dalla_Chiesa "Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa"), an Italian general who campaigned against terrorism and was assassinated by the Mafia. The first room contains Maxi\-Trial documents which marked a milestone in the fight against [Cosa Nostra](/wiki/Cosa_Nostra "Cosa Nostra").
The documents, given to Corleone by the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Palermo, are a testimony to the work of magistrates like [Giovanni Falcone](/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone "Giovanni Falcone") and [Paolo Borsellino](/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino "Paolo Borsellino") who paid with their lives for their commitment to the fight against the Mafia. Among the folders there are the confessions of the famous *[pentito](/wiki/Pentito "Pentito")* ("repentant") [Tommaso Buscetta](/wiki/Tommaso_Buscetta "Tommaso Buscetta") to Judge Falcone.
In the Room of the Messages, visitors may see the photos of the well\-known, Sicilian photographer [Letizia Battaglia](/wiki/Letizia_Battaglia "Letizia Battaglia") who had the courage to go on site to capture tragic photographs of Mafia murders. She was able to capture significant details that made her shots documents detailing the murder methods used by the Mafia in the 1970s–1980s. The different positions of the bodies allow visitors to reconstruct the Mafia's strategy.
The Room of Pain houses a permanent exhibition of Shobha, Letizia Battaglia's daughter, who followed in her mother's footsteps, taking photos of the dismay, helplessness, and despair felt by those who have lost someone at the hands of the Mafia. In the room there are also photos of Letizia Battaglia documenting Mafia crimes. This approach allows visitors to understand the cause\-effect relationships that exist between the crimes and the consequences they produce in the lives of affected families and the entire community.
The room Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa is dedicated to General Dalla Chiesa. It contains photos of some of the main bosses of the Mafia placed side by side with those in the legal system who fought organized crime.
Local guides also offer tours through the CIDMA.
### Gorges of the Dragon
[thumb\|right\|250px\|The Gorges of the Dragon](/wiki/File:Gole_del_drago.jpg "Gole del drago.jpg")
Along the road that connects Corleone with [Ficuzza](/wiki/Ficuzza "Ficuzza"), following the old railway line connecting Palermo to [San Carlo](/wiki/San_Carlo_%28Chiusa_Sclafani%29 "San Carlo (Chiusa Sclafani)") (a hamlet of [Chiusa Sclafani](/wiki/Chiusa_Sclafani "Chiusa Sclafani")) (now the bike path), is an old bridge where the Frattina River streams between the limestone rocks. The erosive action of water has produced [karst](/wiki/Karst "Karst") topography over time forming chasms, reels and small waterfalls where the abundant water first disappears and then reappears in the boulders and lush vegetation. Of considerable size are the "pots of the Giants", i.e. cylindrical and deep holes where the water takes on a swirling pattern. Old mulberry trees, oranges, pomegranates, and figs are living testimony of the site where a mill once stood. In the section where the slope is gentler, clear water pools have formed allowing visitors to bathe surrounded by bracken, maidenhair ferns, willows and elms, in the company of tortoise, fish, and colorful dragonflies. The walls that enclose the slopes are clad in rock plants of great botanical interest such as wood spurge, cabbage mountain, the carnation, and capers. Among the crevices of the rock shelter are pigeons, jackdaws, and birds of prey such as kestrels and the peregrine falcon. Tours take visitors up to the top of the gorge where the Frattina River continues to flow, in a more gentle manner, down to the Belice.
### Due Rocche Waterfall
Within the territory of Corleone, a short walk from the historic center of the city, is the "Natural Park of the cascade of the two fortresses." After going through a series of narrow streets in the district of San Giuliano visitors come to the front of a small church dedicated to Our Lady of the Two Fortresses. To the left of this church winds a path that leads between the poplars, willows, and elms to the falls. Seated on the ancient square blocks in the shade of mulberry, walnut and ash trees, visitors have an unimpeded view of the waterfall. The flow of the water in the river has formed a large pool among rocks through its erosive action. The canyon contains eroded, yellow\-green [glauconitic](/wiki/Glauconite "Glauconite") rocks occupied by vegetation.(From *Corleone SottoSopra*)
|
[
"Main sights\n-----------",
"### Mother Church",
"Work on the *Chiesa Madre* (\"Mother Church\"), dedicated to the 4th\\-century French bishop Saint [Martin of Tours](/wiki/Martin_of_Tours \"Martin of Tours\"), started in the late 14th century. Its appearance today has been influenced by numerous changes and renovations. The interior has a nave and aisles divided into various chapels containing artwork, including a wooden statue representing San Filippo d'Agira from the 17th century, a 16th\\-century statue representing San Biagio ([Saint Blaise](/wiki/Saint_Blaise \"Saint Blaise\")) and a fine marble panel depicting the *Baptism of Christ* (also from this period).{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2017}}",
"### Addolorata Church",
"The *Chiesa dell'Addolorata* is from the 18th century, dedicated to the Basilian abbot and patron saint [San Leoluca](/wiki/Leoluca \"Leoluca\")",
"#### Other Churches",
"The *Chiesa di Santa Rosalia*, and the small *Sant'Andrea* (the latter two from the 17th century), all with important frescoes and paintings, are notable landmarks. The *Santuario della Madonna del Rosario di Tagliavia*, a religious building from the 19th century, is now a destination for pilgrims on [Ascension Day](/wiki/Ascension_Day \"Ascension Day\").",
"### Mafia and anti\\-Mafia Museum of Corleone",
"The CIDMA museum (*Centro Internazionale di Documentazione sulla Mafia e del Movimento Antimafia*) was inaugurated on 12 December 2000, in the presence of the highest authorities of the Republic, including the President of the Republic [Carlo Azeglio Ciampi](/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi \"Carlo Azeglio Ciampi\") and the deputy Secretary\\-General of the United Nations [Pino Arlacchi](/wiki/Pino_Arlacchi \"Pino Arlacchi\"), on behalf of Secretary\\-General [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan \"Kofi Annan\"). The CIDMA intends to pursue \"Culture, Progress and Legality\" as its objectives.",
"CIDMA has several rooms for visitors: Room of the Folders of the [Maxi Trial](/wiki/Maxi_Trial \"Maxi Trial\") ({{lang\\-it\\|Maxiprocesso di Palermo}}), the Room of the Messages, the Room of Pain and the final room dedicated to [Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa](/wiki/Carlo_Alberto_Dalla_Chiesa \"Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa\"), an Italian general who campaigned against terrorism and was assassinated by the Mafia. The first room contains Maxi\\-Trial documents which marked a milestone in the fight against [Cosa Nostra](/wiki/Cosa_Nostra \"Cosa Nostra\").",
"The documents, given to Corleone by the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Palermo, are a testimony to the work of magistrates like [Giovanni Falcone](/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone \"Giovanni Falcone\") and [Paolo Borsellino](/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino \"Paolo Borsellino\") who paid with their lives for their commitment to the fight against the Mafia. Among the folders there are the confessions of the famous *[pentito](/wiki/Pentito \"Pentito\")* (\"repentant\") [Tommaso Buscetta](/wiki/Tommaso_Buscetta \"Tommaso Buscetta\") to Judge Falcone.",
"In the Room of the Messages, visitors may see the photos of the well\\-known, Sicilian photographer [Letizia Battaglia](/wiki/Letizia_Battaglia \"Letizia Battaglia\") who had the courage to go on site to capture tragic photographs of Mafia murders. She was able to capture significant details that made her shots documents detailing the murder methods used by the Mafia in the 1970s–1980s. The different positions of the bodies allow visitors to reconstruct the Mafia's strategy.",
"The Room of Pain houses a permanent exhibition of Shobha, Letizia Battaglia's daughter, who followed in her mother's footsteps, taking photos of the dismay, helplessness, and despair felt by those who have lost someone at the hands of the Mafia. In the room there are also photos of Letizia Battaglia documenting Mafia crimes. This approach allows visitors to understand the cause\\-effect relationships that exist between the crimes and the consequences they produce in the lives of affected families and the entire community.",
"The room Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa is dedicated to General Dalla Chiesa. It contains photos of some of the main bosses of the Mafia placed side by side with those in the legal system who fought organized crime.",
"Local guides also offer tours through the CIDMA.",
"### Gorges of the Dragon",
"[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|The Gorges of the Dragon](/wiki/File:Gole_del_drago.jpg \"Gole del drago.jpg\")\nAlong the road that connects Corleone with [Ficuzza](/wiki/Ficuzza \"Ficuzza\"), following the old railway line connecting Palermo to [San Carlo](/wiki/San_Carlo_%28Chiusa_Sclafani%29 \"San Carlo (Chiusa Sclafani)\") (a hamlet of [Chiusa Sclafani](/wiki/Chiusa_Sclafani \"Chiusa Sclafani\")) (now the bike path), is an old bridge where the Frattina River streams between the limestone rocks. The erosive action of water has produced [karst](/wiki/Karst \"Karst\") topography over time forming chasms, reels and small waterfalls where the abundant water first disappears and then reappears in the boulders and lush vegetation. Of considerable size are the \"pots of the Giants\", i.e. cylindrical and deep holes where the water takes on a swirling pattern. Old mulberry trees, oranges, pomegranates, and figs are living testimony of the site where a mill once stood. In the section where the slope is gentler, clear water pools have formed allowing visitors to bathe surrounded by bracken, maidenhair ferns, willows and elms, in the company of tortoise, fish, and colorful dragonflies. The walls that enclose the slopes are clad in rock plants of great botanical interest such as wood spurge, cabbage mountain, the carnation, and capers. Among the crevices of the rock shelter are pigeons, jackdaws, and birds of prey such as kestrels and the peregrine falcon. Tours take visitors up to the top of the gorge where the Frattina River continues to flow, in a more gentle manner, down to the Belice.",
"### Due Rocche Waterfall",
"Within the territory of Corleone, a short walk from the historic center of the city, is the \"Natural Park of the cascade of the two fortresses.\" After going through a series of narrow streets in the district of San Giuliano visitors come to the front of a small church dedicated to Our Lady of the Two Fortresses. To the left of this church winds a path that leads between the poplars, willows, and elms to the falls. Seated on the ancient square blocks in the shade of mulberry, walnut and ash trees, visitors have an unimpeded view of the waterfall. The flow of the water in the river has formed a large pool among rocks through its erosive action. The canyon contains eroded, yellow\\-green [glauconitic](/wiki/Glauconite \"Glauconite\") rocks occupied by vegetation.(From *Corleone SottoSopra*)",
""
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.