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Characters
----------
### Revolutionary period
#### Peter
Peter is an unpolitical monarchist poet who is fleeing from the authorities. After murdering his former schoolmate [chekist](/wiki/Cheka "Cheka") commander von Ernen he takes up von Ernen's checkist name Fanerny. Apartment he meets Chapayev and after a revolutionary performance which Peter does in a cabaret as Fanerny he is approached by Chapayev. Chapayev tells him that Peter (or Fanerny) is transferred to the Asian Cavalry division which is commanded by Chapayev. Everything that happens to him after boarding a train with Chapayev and his niece Anna is lost from Peter's memory after an injury he suffers in battle. Later he learns from other characters that he had become really close with Chapayev and had found answers to many questions. Peter falls in love with Anna who doesn't seem to find him attractive or interesting. He spends much time talking to Chapayev who is trying to explain the illusionary nature of the world to Peter. Peter's character is based on Pyotr Semenovich Isayev who was Chapayev's assistant in real life.
### Modern Russia
{{unreferenced section\|date\=March 2021}}
#### Peter
In modern Russia Peter wakes up in a psychiatric hospital and has only Peter's memories from the times of the revolution. From his case in the hospital he learns to know that he has had psychological pathologies since the age of fourteen.
#### Serdyuk
Semen Serdyuk is an inmate of the 17th psychiatric hospital who shares the room with Peter. He claims that he has been put in the hospital after a misunderstanding he had with some policeman over the illusionarity of the world while lying drunk in some basement. When he is put in a state similar to hypnosis he tells a different story{{snd}}about himself applying for work in a Japanese firm and performing [seppuku](/wiki/Seppuku "Seppuku") when the company that has hired him becomes a subject of a [hostile takeover](/wiki/Hostile_takeover "Hostile takeover") by an archrival company.
#### Volodin
Vladimir Volodin is a Russian gangster (so\-called "[New Russian](/wiki/New_Russians "New Russians")") and Peter's fellow inmate. He and his two friends (or rather "business partners") had consumed numerous psychedelic mushrooms, which took them to a Valhalla\-like place ruled by [Baron Sternberg](/wiki/Roman_Ungern_von_Sternberg "Roman Ungern von Sternberg").
#### Maria
Maria or Simply Maria (a male character) is another roommate of Peter's in the psychiatric hospital. After a head injury he has partly taken up the identity of "Simply Maria"{{snd}}a character played by [Victoria Ruffo](/wiki/Victoria_Ruffo "Victoria Ruffo") in the soap opera *[Simplemente María](/wiki/Simplemente_Mar%C3%ADa_%281989_telenovela%29 "Simplemente María (1989 telenovela)")* which was very popular in Russia in the 1990s. In his hallucinations he is a manly woman who meets [Arnold Schwarzenegger](/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger "Arnold Schwarzenegger") and after flying together with him on a military airplane through Moscow Maria is hit by the [Ostankino Tower](/wiki/Ostankino_Tower "Ostankino Tower"). His fantasies are full of [phallic symbols](/wiki/Phallic_symbol "Phallic symbol").
|
[
"Characters\n----------",
"### Revolutionary period",
"#### Peter",
"Peter is an unpolitical monarchist poet who is fleeing from the authorities. After murdering his former schoolmate [chekist](/wiki/Cheka \"Cheka\") commander von Ernen he takes up von Ernen's checkist name Fanerny. Apartment he meets Chapayev and after a revolutionary performance which Peter does in a cabaret as Fanerny he is approached by Chapayev. Chapayev tells him that Peter (or Fanerny) is transferred to the Asian Cavalry division which is commanded by Chapayev. Everything that happens to him after boarding a train with Chapayev and his niece Anna is lost from Peter's memory after an injury he suffers in battle. Later he learns from other characters that he had become really close with Chapayev and had found answers to many questions. Peter falls in love with Anna who doesn't seem to find him attractive or interesting. He spends much time talking to Chapayev who is trying to explain the illusionary nature of the world to Peter. Peter's character is based on Pyotr Semenovich Isayev who was Chapayev's assistant in real life.",
"### Modern Russia",
"{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=March 2021}}",
"#### Peter",
"In modern Russia Peter wakes up in a psychiatric hospital and has only Peter's memories from the times of the revolution. From his case in the hospital he learns to know that he has had psychological pathologies since the age of fourteen.",
"#### Serdyuk",
"Semen Serdyuk is an inmate of the 17th psychiatric hospital who shares the room with Peter. He claims that he has been put in the hospital after a misunderstanding he had with some policeman over the illusionarity of the world while lying drunk in some basement. When he is put in a state similar to hypnosis he tells a different story{{snd}}about himself applying for work in a Japanese firm and performing [seppuku](/wiki/Seppuku \"Seppuku\") when the company that has hired him becomes a subject of a [hostile takeover](/wiki/Hostile_takeover \"Hostile takeover\") by an archrival company.",
"#### Volodin",
"Vladimir Volodin is a Russian gangster (so\\-called \"[New Russian](/wiki/New_Russians \"New Russians\")\") and Peter's fellow inmate. He and his two friends (or rather \"business partners\") had consumed numerous psychedelic mushrooms, which took them to a Valhalla\\-like place ruled by [Baron Sternberg](/wiki/Roman_Ungern_von_Sternberg \"Roman Ungern von Sternberg\").",
"#### Maria",
"Maria or Simply Maria (a male character) is another roommate of Peter's in the psychiatric hospital. After a head injury he has partly taken up the identity of \"Simply Maria\"{{snd}}a character played by [Victoria Ruffo](/wiki/Victoria_Ruffo \"Victoria Ruffo\") in the soap opera *[Simplemente María](/wiki/Simplemente_Mar%C3%ADa_%281989_telenovela%29 \"Simplemente María (1989 telenovela)\")* which was very popular in Russia in the 1990s. In his hallucinations he is a manly woman who meets [Arnold Schwarzenegger](/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger \"Arnold Schwarzenegger\") and after flying together with him on a military airplane through Moscow Maria is hit by the [Ostankino Tower](/wiki/Ostankino_Tower \"Ostankino Tower\"). His fantasies are full of [phallic symbols](/wiki/Phallic_symbol \"Phallic symbol\").",
""
] |
Main sights
-----------
Populated since the [Paleolithic Age](/wiki/Paleolithic_Age "Paleolithic Age"), the area of Cieza is home to [archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology") excavations in Almadenes, La Serreta,{{Cite web\|last\=Mateo Saura\|first\=Miguel Ángel\|date\=1993\|title\=El arte rupestre de la Cueva de la Serreta (Cieza, Murcia)\|url\=http://www.patrimur.es/documents/1806272/1815002/3\-Cueva\+Serreta.pdf/d3c6dfd6\-54a9\-48d8\-a71d\-06f3892b27f5\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-20\|website\=Patrimonio Cultural Región de Murcia\|language\=Spanish}} and Barranco de los Grajos.
There are also [Iberian](/wiki/Iberians "Iberians") remains (found at Bolvax{{Cite web\|title\=Listado inmuebles (22/01/2016\)\|url\=http://www.patrimur.es/documents/1806272/1815047/Zona\+Arqueol%C3%B3gica/3db406ca\-fc5f\-4053\-89a0\-b8cfe8ab968e?version\=1\.0\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-20\|website\=Patrimonio Cultural Región de Murcia\|language\=Spanish\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216193415/http://www.patrimur.es/documents/1806272/1815047/Zona\+Arqueol%C3%B3gica/3db406ca\-fc5f\-4053\-89a0\-b8cfe8ab968e?version\=1\.0 \|archive\-date\=2022\-02\-16 }}{{Cite web\|title\=Bolvax\- Yacimiento Ibero Romano \- Región de Murcia Digital\|url\=https://www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit\=c,522,m,165\&r\=CeAP\-5356\-R\_330\_DETALLE\_REPORTAJES\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-20\|language\=Spanish\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606221428/http://www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit\=c,522,m,165\&r\=CeAP\-5356\-R\_330\_DETALLE\_REPORTAJES \|archive\-date\=2016\-06\-06 }}), as well as [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome"), [Visigothic](/wiki/Visigoths "Visigoths"), and [Arabic](/wiki/Arab "Arab") deposits. The Arabs, who inhabited the area from the eleventh to thirteenth centuries, and who knew the area as *Medina Siyâsa*, left behind a mountain fortress. At the dig site of Medina Siyâsa, many decorative [architectural](/wiki/Architecture "Architecture") elements have been found, such as engraved [arches](/wiki/Arch "Arch") and [porticos](/wiki/Portico "Portico"), and [polychromed](/wiki/Polychrome "Polychrome") [ceramics](/wiki/Pottery "Pottery"), [glass](/wiki/Glass "Glass"), [metals](/wiki/Metals "Metals"), etc. All these discoveries are kept in the museum of Siyâsa.
The Ermita ("hermitage") de la Virgen del Buen Suceso is located in the area known as Collado de la Atalaya. The Plaza de España is located in the heart of the city. The modern market was built in 1929 by [Julio Carrilero](/wiki/Julio_Carrilero "Julio Carrilero").
El Paseo ("The Walkway") contains pictorial work in glazed tile by [José Lucas](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lucas "José Lucas"), who dedicated the different tiles to several [men of letters](/wiki/Spanish_literature "Spanish literature").
The main church is the eighteenth\-century Basílica de la Asunción. Inside, there are [sculptures](/wiki/Sculpture "Sculpture") and [retablos](/wiki/wikt:Tableau "Tableau") by [Rafael Ximeno y Planes](/wiki/Rafael_Ximeno_y_Planes "Rafael Ximeno y Planes"), [Ignacio Pinazo Martínez](/wiki/Ignacio_Pinazo_Mart%C3%ADnez "Ignacio Pinazo Martínez"), [José González Moreno](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Moreno "José González Moreno"), [Francisco Romero Zafra](/wiki/Francisco_Romero_Zafra "Francisco Romero Zafra"), etc.{{Cite web\|last\=Murcia\|first\=Instituto de Turismo de la Región de\|title\=Basílica de Ntra. Sra. de la Asunción : Official Murcia Region tourist site\|url\=https://www.murciaturistica.es/en/monument/basilica\-de\-ntra.\-sra.\-de\-la\-asuncion\-186/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-20\|website\=murciaturistica.es\|language\=en}}
The Iglesia de San Joaquín, dating from the seventeenth century, used to be a [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscans "Franciscans") monastery in the past. The church\-monastery of the [Order of Poor Ladies](/wiki/Order_of_Poor_Ladies "Order of Poor Ladies") (*Clarisas*), from the eighteenth century is also an important monument.
Other important sites include the main market, which was built in 1929, and "El Muro" (The Wall), built in the nineteenth century in the place where the medieval wall was located.
|
[
"Main sights\n-----------",
"Populated since the [Paleolithic Age](/wiki/Paleolithic_Age \"Paleolithic Age\"), the area of Cieza is home to [archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") excavations in Almadenes, La Serreta,{{Cite web\\|last\\=Mateo Saura\\|first\\=Miguel Ángel\\|date\\=1993\\|title\\=El arte rupestre de la Cueva de la Serreta (Cieza, Murcia)\\|url\\=http://www.patrimur.es/documents/1806272/1815002/3\\-Cueva\\+Serreta.pdf/d3c6dfd6\\-54a9\\-48d8\\-a71d\\-06f3892b27f5\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-20\\|website\\=Patrimonio Cultural Región de Murcia\\|language\\=Spanish}} and Barranco de los Grajos.",
"There are also [Iberian](/wiki/Iberians \"Iberians\") remains (found at Bolvax{{Cite web\\|title\\=Listado inmuebles (22/01/2016\\)\\|url\\=http://www.patrimur.es/documents/1806272/1815047/Zona\\+Arqueol%C3%B3gica/3db406ca\\-fc5f\\-4053\\-89a0\\-b8cfe8ab968e?version\\=1\\.0\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-20\\|website\\=Patrimonio Cultural Región de Murcia\\|language\\=Spanish\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216193415/http://www.patrimur.es/documents/1806272/1815047/Zona\\+Arqueol%C3%B3gica/3db406ca\\-fc5f\\-4053\\-89a0\\-b8cfe8ab968e?version\\=1\\.0 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-16 }}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Bolvax\\- Yacimiento Ibero Romano \\- Región de Murcia Digital\\|url\\=https://www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit\\=c,522,m,165\\&r\\=CeAP\\-5356\\-R\\_330\\_DETALLE\\_REPORTAJES\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-20\\|language\\=Spanish\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606221428/http://www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit\\=c,522,m,165\\&r\\=CeAP\\-5356\\-R\\_330\\_DETALLE\\_REPORTAJES \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-06 }}), as well as [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\"), [Visigothic](/wiki/Visigoths \"Visigoths\"), and [Arabic](/wiki/Arab \"Arab\") deposits. The Arabs, who inhabited the area from the eleventh to thirteenth centuries, and who knew the area as *Medina Siyâsa*, left behind a mountain fortress. At the dig site of Medina Siyâsa, many decorative [architectural](/wiki/Architecture \"Architecture\") elements have been found, such as engraved [arches](/wiki/Arch \"Arch\") and [porticos](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\"), and [polychromed](/wiki/Polychrome \"Polychrome\") [ceramics](/wiki/Pottery \"Pottery\"), [glass](/wiki/Glass \"Glass\"), [metals](/wiki/Metals \"Metals\"), etc. All these discoveries are kept in the museum of Siyâsa.",
"The Ermita (\"hermitage\") de la Virgen del Buen Suceso is located in the area known as Collado de la Atalaya. The Plaza de España is located in the heart of the city. The modern market was built in 1929 by [Julio Carrilero](/wiki/Julio_Carrilero \"Julio Carrilero\").",
"El Paseo (\"The Walkway\") contains pictorial work in glazed tile by [José Lucas](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lucas \"José Lucas\"), who dedicated the different tiles to several [men of letters](/wiki/Spanish_literature \"Spanish literature\").",
"The main church is the eighteenth\\-century Basílica de la Asunción. Inside, there are [sculptures](/wiki/Sculpture \"Sculpture\") and [retablos](/wiki/wikt:Tableau \"Tableau\") by [Rafael Ximeno y Planes](/wiki/Rafael_Ximeno_y_Planes \"Rafael Ximeno y Planes\"), [Ignacio Pinazo Martínez](/wiki/Ignacio_Pinazo_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Ignacio Pinazo Martínez\"), [José González Moreno](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Moreno \"José González Moreno\"), [Francisco Romero Zafra](/wiki/Francisco_Romero_Zafra \"Francisco Romero Zafra\"), etc.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Murcia\\|first\\=Instituto de Turismo de la Región de\\|title\\=Basílica de Ntra. Sra. de la Asunción : Official Murcia Region tourist site\\|url\\=https://www.murciaturistica.es/en/monument/basilica\\-de\\-ntra.\\-sra.\\-de\\-la\\-asuncion\\-186/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-20\\|website\\=murciaturistica.es\\|language\\=en}}",
"The Iglesia de San Joaquín, dating from the seventeenth century, used to be a [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscans \"Franciscans\") monastery in the past. The church\\-monastery of the [Order of Poor Ladies](/wiki/Order_of_Poor_Ladies \"Order of Poor Ladies\") (*Clarisas*), from the eighteenth century is also an important monument.",
"Other important sites include the main market, which was built in 1929, and \"El Muro\" (The Wall), built in the nineteenth century in the place where the medieval wall was located.",
""
] |
Properties
----------
Because complex differentiation is linear and obeys the product, quotient, and chain rules, the sums, products and compositions of holomorphic functions are holomorphic, and the quotient of two holomorphic functions is holomorphic wherever the denominator is not zero.
{{cite book
\| last \= Henrici \| first \= Peter \| author\-link \= Peter Henrici (mathematician)
\| year \= 1993 \| orig\-year \= 1986
\| title \= Applied and Computational Complex Analysis
\| volume \= 3
\| place \= New York \- Chichester \- Brisbane \- Toronto \- Singapore
\| publisher \= \[\[John Wiley \& Sons]]
\| series \= Wiley Classics Library
\| edition \= Reprint
\| mr \= 0822470 \| zbl \= 1107\.30300 \| isbn \= 0\-471\-58986\-1
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=vKZPsjaXuF4C \|via\=Google
}}
That is, if functions {{tmath\|f}} and {{tmath\|g}} are holomorphic in a domain {{tmath\|U}}, then so are {{tmath\|f\+g}}, {{tmath\|f\-g}}, {{tmath\| fg}}, and {{tmath\|f \\circ g}}. Furthermore, {{tmath\|f/g }} is holomorphic if {{tmath\|g}} has no zeros in {{tmath\|U}}; otherwise it is [meromorphic](/wiki/Meromorphic "Meromorphic").
If one identifies {{tmath\|\\C}} with the real [plane](/wiki/Plane_%28geometry%29 "Plane (geometry)") {{tmath\|\\textstyle \\R^2}}, then the holomorphic functions coincide with those functions of two real variables with continuous first derivatives which solve the [Cauchy–Riemann equations](/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Riemann_equations "Cauchy–Riemann equations"), a set of two [partial differential equations](/wiki/Partial_differential_equation "Partial differential equation").
Every holomorphic function can be separated into its real and imaginary parts {{tmath\|1\=f(x \+ iy) \= u(x, y) \+ i\\,v(x,y)}}, and each of these is a [harmonic function](/wiki/Harmonic_function "Harmonic function") on {{tmath\|\\textstyle \\R^2}} (each satisfies [Laplace's equation](/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation "Laplace's equation") {{tmath\|1\=\\textstyle \\nabla^2 u \= \\nabla^2 v \= 0}}), with {{tmath\|v}} the [harmonic conjugate](/wiki/Harmonic_conjugate "Harmonic conjugate") of {{tmath\|u}}.
{{cite book
\|first\=L.C. \|last\=Evans \|author\-link\=Lawrence C. Evans
\|year\=1998
\|title\=Partial Differential Equations
\|publisher\=American Mathematical Society
}}
Conversely, every harmonic function {{tmath\|u(x, y)}} on a [simply connected](/wiki/Simply_connected_space "Simply connected space") domain {{tmath\|\\textstyle \\Omega \\subset \\R^2}} is the real part of a holomorphic function: If {{tmath\|v}} is the harmonic conjugate of {{tmath\|u}}, unique up to a constant, then {{tmath\|1\=f(x \+ iy) \= u(x, y) \+ i\\,v(x, y)}} is holomorphic.
[Cauchy's integral theorem](/wiki/Cauchy%27s_integral_theorem "Cauchy's integral theorem") implies that the [contour integral](/wiki/Contour_integral "Contour integral") of every holomorphic function along a [loop](/wiki/Loop_%28topology%29 "Loop (topology)") vanishes:
{{cite book
\|first \= Serge \|last \= Lang \| author\-link \= Serge Lang
\| year \= 2003
\| title \= Complex Analysis
\| series \= Springer Verlag GTM
\| publisher \= \[\[Springer Verlag]]
}}
\\oint\_\\gamma f(z)\\,\\mathrm{d}z \= 0\.
Here {{tmath\|\\gamma}} is a [rectifiable path](/wiki/Rectifiable_path "Rectifiable path") in a simply connected [complex domain](/wiki/Domain_%28mathematical_analysis%29 "Domain (mathematical analysis)") {{tmath\|U \\subset \\C}} whose start point is equal to its end point, and {{tmath\|f \\colon U \\to \\C}} is a holomorphic function.
[Cauchy's integral formula](/wiki/Cauchy%27s_integral_formula "Cauchy's integral formula") states that every function holomorphic inside a [disk](/wiki/Disk_%28mathematics%29 "Disk (mathematics)") is completely determined by its values on the disk's boundary. Furthermore: Suppose {{tmath\|U \\subset \\C}} is a complex domain, {{tmath\|f\\colon U \\to \\C}} is a holomorphic function and the closed disk {{tmath\|D \\equiv \\{ z : \| z \- z\_0 \| \\le r \\} }} is [completely contained](/wiki/Neighbourhood_%28mathematics%29%23Neighbourhood_of_a_set "Neighbourhood (mathematics)#Neighbourhood of a set") in {{tmath\|U}}. Let {{tmath\|\\gamma}} be the circle forming the [boundary](/wiki/Boundary_%28topology%29 "Boundary (topology)") of {{tmath\|D}}. Then for every {{tmath\|a}} in the [interior](/wiki/Interior_%28topology%29 "Interior (topology)") of {{tmath\|D}}:
f(a) \= \\frac{ 1 }{2\\pi i} \\oint\_\\gamma \\frac{f(z)}{z\-a}\\,\\mathrm{d}z
where the contour integral is taken [counter\-clockwise](/wiki/Curve_orientation "Curve orientation").
The derivative {{tmath\|{f'}(a)}} can be written as a contour integral using [Cauchy's differentiation formula](/wiki/Cauchy%27s_differentiation_formula "Cauchy's differentiation formula"):
f'\\!(a) \= \\frac{ 1 }{2\\pi i} \\oint\_\\gamma \\frac{f(z)}{(z\-a)^2}\\,\\mathrm{d}z,
for any simple loop positively winding once around {{tmath\|a}}, and
f'\\!(a) \= \\lim\\limits\_{\\gamma\\to a} \\frac{ i }{2\\mathcal{A}(\\gamma)} \\oint\_{\\gamma}f(z)\\,\\mathrm{d}\\bar{z},
for infinitesimal positive loops {{tmath\|\\gamma}} around {{tmath\|a}}.
In regions where the first derivative is not zero, holomorphic functions are [conformal](/wiki/Conformal_map "Conformal map"): they preserve angles and the shape (but not size) of small figures.
{{cite book
\| last \=Rudin \| first \=Walter \| author\-link \= Walter Rudin
\| year\=1987
\| title\=Real and Complex Analysis
\| publisher\=McGraw–Hill Book Co.
\| location\=New York
\| edition\=3rd
\| isbn\=978\-0\-07\-054234\-1 \| mr\=924157
}}
Every [holomorphic function is analytic](/wiki/Holomorphic_functions_are_analytic "Holomorphic functions are analytic"). That is, a holomorphic function {{tmath\|f}} has derivatives of every order at each point {{tmath\|a}} in its domain, and it coincides with its own [Taylor series](/wiki/Taylor_series "Taylor series") at {{tmath\|a}} in a neighbourhood of {{tmath\|a}}. In fact, {{tmath\|f}} coincides with its Taylor series at {{tmath\|a}} in any disk centred at that point and lying within the domain of the function.
From an algebraic point of view, the set of holomorphic functions on an open set is a [commutative ring](/wiki/Commutative_ring "Commutative ring") and a [complex vector space](/wiki/Complex_vector_space "Complex vector space"). Additionally, the set of holomorphic functions in an open set {{tmath\|U}} is an [integral domain](/wiki/Integral_domain "Integral domain") if and only if the open set {{tmath\|U}} is connected. In fact, it is a [locally convex topological vector space](/wiki/Locally_convex_topological_vector_space "Locally convex topological vector space"), with the [seminorms](/wiki/Norm_%28mathematics%29 "Norm (mathematics)") being the [suprema](/wiki/Suprema "Suprema") on [compact subsets](/wiki/Compact_subset "Compact subset").
From a geometric perspective, a function {{tmath\|f}} is holomorphic at {{tmath\|z\_0}} if and only if its [exterior derivative](/wiki/Exterior_derivative "Exterior derivative") {{tmath\|\\mathrm{d}f}} in a neighbourhood {{tmath\|U}} of {{tmath\|z\_0}} is equal to {{tmath\| f'(z)\\,\\mathrm{d}z}} for some continuous function {{tmath\|f'}}. It follows from
0 \= \\mathrm{d}^2 f \= \\mathrm{d}(f'\\,\\mathrm{d}z) \= \\mathrm{d}f' \\wedge \\mathrm{d}z
that {{tmath\|\\mathrm{d}f'}} is also proportional to {{tmath\|\\mathrm{d}z}}, implying that the derivative {{tmath\|\\mathrm{d}f'}} is itself holomorphic and thus that {{tmath\|f}} is infinitely differentiable. Similarly, {{tmath\|1\= \\mathrm{d}(f\\,\\mathrm{d}z ) \= f'\\,\\mathrm{d}z \\wedge \\mathrm{d}z \= 0}} implies that any function {{tmath\|f}} that is holomorphic on the simply connected region {{tmath\|U}} is also integrable on {{tmath\|U}}.
(For a path {{tmath\|\\gamma}} from {{tmath\|z\_0}} to {{tmath\|z}} lying entirely in {{tmath\|U}}, define {{tmath\|1\= F\_\\gamma(z) \= F(0\) \+ \\int\_\\gamma f\\,\\mathrm{d}z }}; in light of the [Jordan curve theorem](/wiki/Jordan_curve_theorem "Jordan curve theorem") and the [generalized Stokes' theorem](/wiki/Stokes%27_theorem "Stokes' theorem"), {{tmath\|F\_\\gamma(z)}} is independent of the particular choice of path {{tmath\|\\gamma}}, and thus {{tmath\|F(z)}} is a well\-defined function on {{tmath\|U}} having {{tmath\|1\= \\mathrm{d}F \= f\\,\\mathrm{d}z}} or {{tmath\|1\= f \= \\frac{\\mathrm{d}F}{\\mathrm{d}z} }}.
|
[
"Properties\n----------",
"Because complex differentiation is linear and obeys the product, quotient, and chain rules, the sums, products and compositions of holomorphic functions are holomorphic, and the quotient of two holomorphic functions is holomorphic wherever the denominator is not zero.\n{{cite book\n \\| last \\= Henrici \\| first \\= Peter \\| author\\-link \\= Peter Henrici (mathematician)\n \\| year \\= 1993 \\| orig\\-year \\= 1986\n \\| title \\= Applied and Computational Complex Analysis\n \\| volume \\= 3\n \\| place \\= New York \\- Chichester \\- Brisbane \\- Toronto \\- Singapore\n \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[John Wiley \\& Sons]]\n \\| series \\= Wiley Classics Library\n \\| edition \\= Reprint\n \\| mr \\= 0822470 \\| zbl \\= 1107\\.30300 \\| isbn \\= 0\\-471\\-58986\\-1\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vKZPsjaXuF4C \\|via\\=Google\n}}\n That is, if functions {{tmath\\|f}} and {{tmath\\|g}} are holomorphic in a domain {{tmath\\|U}}, then so are {{tmath\\|f\\+g}}, {{tmath\\|f\\-g}}, {{tmath\\| fg}}, and {{tmath\\|f \\\\circ g}}. Furthermore, {{tmath\\|f/g }} is holomorphic if {{tmath\\|g}} has no zeros in {{tmath\\|U}}; otherwise it is [meromorphic](/wiki/Meromorphic \"Meromorphic\").",
"If one identifies {{tmath\\|\\\\C}} with the real [plane](/wiki/Plane_%28geometry%29 \"Plane (geometry)\") {{tmath\\|\\\\textstyle \\\\R^2}}, then the holomorphic functions coincide with those functions of two real variables with continuous first derivatives which solve the [Cauchy–Riemann equations](/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Riemann_equations \"Cauchy–Riemann equations\"), a set of two [partial differential equations](/wiki/Partial_differential_equation \"Partial differential equation\").",
"Every holomorphic function can be separated into its real and imaginary parts {{tmath\\|1\\=f(x \\+ iy) \\= u(x, y) \\+ i\\\\,v(x,y)}}, and each of these is a [harmonic function](/wiki/Harmonic_function \"Harmonic function\") on {{tmath\\|\\\\textstyle \\\\R^2}} (each satisfies [Laplace's equation](/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation \"Laplace's equation\") {{tmath\\|1\\=\\\\textstyle \\\\nabla^2 u \\= \\\\nabla^2 v \\= 0}}), with {{tmath\\|v}} the [harmonic conjugate](/wiki/Harmonic_conjugate \"Harmonic conjugate\") of {{tmath\\|u}}.\n{{cite book\n \\|first\\=L.C. \\|last\\=Evans \\|author\\-link\\=Lawrence C. Evans\n \\|year\\=1998\n \\|title\\=Partial Differential Equations\n \\|publisher\\=American Mathematical Society\n}}",
"Conversely, every harmonic function {{tmath\\|u(x, y)}} on a [simply connected](/wiki/Simply_connected_space \"Simply connected space\") domain {{tmath\\|\\\\textstyle \\\\Omega \\\\subset \\\\R^2}} is the real part of a holomorphic function: If {{tmath\\|v}} is the harmonic conjugate of {{tmath\\|u}}, unique up to a constant, then {{tmath\\|1\\=f(x \\+ iy) \\= u(x, y) \\+ i\\\\,v(x, y)}} is holomorphic.",
"[Cauchy's integral theorem](/wiki/Cauchy%27s_integral_theorem \"Cauchy's integral theorem\") implies that the [contour integral](/wiki/Contour_integral \"Contour integral\") of every holomorphic function along a [loop](/wiki/Loop_%28topology%29 \"Loop (topology)\") vanishes:\n{{cite book\n \\|first \\= Serge \\|last \\= Lang \\| author\\-link \\= Serge Lang\n \\| year \\= 2003\n \\| title \\= Complex Analysis\n \\| series \\= Springer Verlag GTM\n \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Springer Verlag]]\n}}",
"",
"\\\\oint\\_\\\\gamma f(z)\\\\,\\\\mathrm{d}z \\= 0\\.\nHere {{tmath\\|\\\\gamma}} is a [rectifiable path](/wiki/Rectifiable_path \"Rectifiable path\") in a simply connected [complex domain](/wiki/Domain_%28mathematical_analysis%29 \"Domain (mathematical analysis)\") {{tmath\\|U \\\\subset \\\\C}} whose start point is equal to its end point, and {{tmath\\|f \\\\colon U \\\\to \\\\C}} is a holomorphic function.",
"[Cauchy's integral formula](/wiki/Cauchy%27s_integral_formula \"Cauchy's integral formula\") states that every function holomorphic inside a [disk](/wiki/Disk_%28mathematics%29 \"Disk (mathematics)\") is completely determined by its values on the disk's boundary. Furthermore: Suppose {{tmath\\|U \\\\subset \\\\C}} is a complex domain, {{tmath\\|f\\\\colon U \\\\to \\\\C}} is a holomorphic function and the closed disk {{tmath\\|D \\\\equiv \\\\{ z : \\| z \\- z\\_0 \\| \\\\le r \\\\} }} is [completely contained](/wiki/Neighbourhood_%28mathematics%29%23Neighbourhood_of_a_set \"Neighbourhood (mathematics)#Neighbourhood of a set\") in {{tmath\\|U}}. Let {{tmath\\|\\\\gamma}} be the circle forming the [boundary](/wiki/Boundary_%28topology%29 \"Boundary (topology)\") of {{tmath\\|D}}. Then for every {{tmath\\|a}} in the [interior](/wiki/Interior_%28topology%29 \"Interior (topology)\") of {{tmath\\|D}}:",
"f(a) \\= \\\\frac{ 1 }{2\\\\pi i} \\\\oint\\_\\\\gamma \\\\frac{f(z)}{z\\-a}\\\\,\\\\mathrm{d}z\nwhere the contour integral is taken [counter\\-clockwise](/wiki/Curve_orientation \"Curve orientation\").",
"The derivative {{tmath\\|{f'}(a)}} can be written as a contour integral using [Cauchy's differentiation formula](/wiki/Cauchy%27s_differentiation_formula \"Cauchy's differentiation formula\"):",
"f'\\\\!(a) \\= \\\\frac{ 1 }{2\\\\pi i} \\\\oint\\_\\\\gamma \\\\frac{f(z)}{(z\\-a)^2}\\\\,\\\\mathrm{d}z,\nfor any simple loop positively winding once around {{tmath\\|a}}, and",
"f'\\\\!(a) \\= \\\\lim\\\\limits\\_{\\\\gamma\\\\to a} \\\\frac{ i }{2\\\\mathcal{A}(\\\\gamma)} \\\\oint\\_{\\\\gamma}f(z)\\\\,\\\\mathrm{d}\\\\bar{z},\nfor infinitesimal positive loops {{tmath\\|\\\\gamma}} around {{tmath\\|a}}.",
"In regions where the first derivative is not zero, holomorphic functions are [conformal](/wiki/Conformal_map \"Conformal map\"): they preserve angles and the shape (but not size) of small figures.\n{{cite book\n \\| last \\=Rudin \\| first \\=Walter \\| author\\-link \\= Walter Rudin\n \\| year\\=1987\n \\| title\\=Real and Complex Analysis\n \\| publisher\\=McGraw–Hill Book Co.\n \\| location\\=New York\n \\| edition\\=3rd\n \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-07\\-054234\\-1 \\| mr\\=924157\n}}",
"",
"Every [holomorphic function is analytic](/wiki/Holomorphic_functions_are_analytic \"Holomorphic functions are analytic\"). That is, a holomorphic function {{tmath\\|f}} has derivatives of every order at each point {{tmath\\|a}} in its domain, and it coincides with its own [Taylor series](/wiki/Taylor_series \"Taylor series\") at {{tmath\\|a}} in a neighbourhood of {{tmath\\|a}}. In fact, {{tmath\\|f}} coincides with its Taylor series at {{tmath\\|a}} in any disk centred at that point and lying within the domain of the function.",
"From an algebraic point of view, the set of holomorphic functions on an open set is a [commutative ring](/wiki/Commutative_ring \"Commutative ring\") and a [complex vector space](/wiki/Complex_vector_space \"Complex vector space\"). Additionally, the set of holomorphic functions in an open set {{tmath\\|U}} is an [integral domain](/wiki/Integral_domain \"Integral domain\") if and only if the open set {{tmath\\|U}} is connected. In fact, it is a [locally convex topological vector space](/wiki/Locally_convex_topological_vector_space \"Locally convex topological vector space\"), with the [seminorms](/wiki/Norm_%28mathematics%29 \"Norm (mathematics)\") being the [suprema](/wiki/Suprema \"Suprema\") on [compact subsets](/wiki/Compact_subset \"Compact subset\").",
"From a geometric perspective, a function {{tmath\\|f}} is holomorphic at {{tmath\\|z\\_0}} if and only if its [exterior derivative](/wiki/Exterior_derivative \"Exterior derivative\") {{tmath\\|\\\\mathrm{d}f}} in a neighbourhood {{tmath\\|U}} of {{tmath\\|z\\_0}} is equal to {{tmath\\| f'(z)\\\\,\\\\mathrm{d}z}} for some continuous function {{tmath\\|f'}}. It follows from",
"0 \\= \\\\mathrm{d}^2 f \\= \\\\mathrm{d}(f'\\\\,\\\\mathrm{d}z) \\= \\\\mathrm{d}f' \\\\wedge \\\\mathrm{d}z\nthat {{tmath\\|\\\\mathrm{d}f'}} is also proportional to {{tmath\\|\\\\mathrm{d}z}}, implying that the derivative {{tmath\\|\\\\mathrm{d}f'}} is itself holomorphic and thus that {{tmath\\|f}} is infinitely differentiable. Similarly, {{tmath\\|1\\= \\\\mathrm{d}(f\\\\,\\\\mathrm{d}z ) \\= f'\\\\,\\\\mathrm{d}z \\\\wedge \\\\mathrm{d}z \\= 0}} implies that any function {{tmath\\|f}} that is holomorphic on the simply connected region {{tmath\\|U}} is also integrable on {{tmath\\|U}}.",
"(For a path {{tmath\\|\\\\gamma}} from {{tmath\\|z\\_0}} to {{tmath\\|z}} lying entirely in {{tmath\\|U}}, define {{tmath\\|1\\= F\\_\\\\gamma(z) \\= F(0\\) \\+ \\\\int\\_\\\\gamma f\\\\,\\\\mathrm{d}z }}; in light of the [Jordan curve theorem](/wiki/Jordan_curve_theorem \"Jordan curve theorem\") and the [generalized Stokes' theorem](/wiki/Stokes%27_theorem \"Stokes' theorem\"), {{tmath\\|F\\_\\\\gamma(z)}} is independent of the particular choice of path {{tmath\\|\\\\gamma}}, and thus {{tmath\\|F(z)}} is a well\\-defined function on {{tmath\\|U}} having {{tmath\\|1\\= \\\\mathrm{d}F \\= f\\\\,\\\\mathrm{d}z}} or {{tmath\\|1\\= f \\= \\\\frac{\\\\mathrm{d}F}{\\\\mathrm{d}z} }}.",
""
] |
History
-------
The Jains starting arriving in Belgium in the 1960s.{{Cite web \|url\=http://geographical.co.uk/people/cultures/item/2679\-antwerp\-s\-humble\-diamantaires \|title\=Antwerp's humble diamantaires, Estelle Hakner, Geographical, March 22, 2018 \|access\-date\=23 March 2018 \|archive\-date\=5 August 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805074411/http://geographical.co.uk/people/cultures/item/2679\-antwerp\-s\-humble\-diamantaires \|url\-status\=dead }} They initially traded low quality rough diamonds, with very small margins of profit, while the local Jewish merchants dealt in larger stones. [Jews Surrender Gem Trade to Indians, Erich Wiedemann, DEM SPIEGEL, May 15, 2006](http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/antwerp-s-diamond-business-jews-surrender-gem-trade-to-indians-a-416243.html) These were sent to India for cutting and polishing, where labour costs were much lower. Gradually they started dealing in larger diamonds.
In 1992, The Jain Cultural Centre of Antwerp VZW was formed with 12 committee members and 52 founder members.
Land for a [Jain temple](/wiki/Jain_temple "Jain temple") and a meditation centre ([Upashray](/wiki/Upashray "Upashray")) was purchased. In 2001, construction of Antwerp Jain temple and meditation hall began.
In 2007, Jain idol's Anjanshalaka took place on 31 January in India and was performed by Jain ascetics Acharya Shri Subodhsagarsuriswarji, Acharya Shri Manohar Kiritisagarsuriswarji, Acharya Udaykirtisagarsuriswarji and Shri Narendra Hiralal.
It was necessary to do that in India because the Jain monks do not travel overseas and in vehicles.
In 2008, on 25 August the idols were brought to Antwerp by air, this was followed by a huge procession.
In 2010, on 27 August, the Idol's [pratistha](/wiki/Pratistha "Pratistha") was performed.
Principal deity of this temple is [Parshvanatha](/wiki/Parshvanatha "Parshvanatha"), 23rd tirthankara of Jainism.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Jains starting arriving in Belgium in the 1960s.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://geographical.co.uk/people/cultures/item/2679\\-antwerp\\-s\\-humble\\-diamantaires \\|title\\=Antwerp's humble diamantaires, Estelle Hakner, Geographical, March 22, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 August 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805074411/http://geographical.co.uk/people/cultures/item/2679\\-antwerp\\-s\\-humble\\-diamantaires \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} They initially traded low quality rough diamonds, with very small margins of profit, while the local Jewish merchants dealt in larger stones. [Jews Surrender Gem Trade to Indians, Erich Wiedemann, DEM SPIEGEL, May 15, 2006](http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/antwerp-s-diamond-business-jews-surrender-gem-trade-to-indians-a-416243.html) These were sent to India for cutting and polishing, where labour costs were much lower. Gradually they started dealing in larger diamonds.",
"In 1992, The Jain Cultural Centre of Antwerp VZW was formed with 12 committee members and 52 founder members.",
"Land for a [Jain temple](/wiki/Jain_temple \"Jain temple\") and a meditation centre ([Upashray](/wiki/Upashray \"Upashray\")) was purchased. In 2001, construction of Antwerp Jain temple and meditation hall began.",
"In 2007, Jain idol's Anjanshalaka took place on 31 January in India and was performed by Jain ascetics Acharya Shri Subodhsagarsuriswarji, Acharya Shri Manohar Kiritisagarsuriswarji, Acharya Udaykirtisagarsuriswarji and Shri Narendra Hiralal.",
"It was necessary to do that in India because the Jain monks do not travel overseas and in vehicles.",
"In 2008, on 25 August the idols were brought to Antwerp by air, this was followed by a huge procession.",
"In 2010, on 27 August, the Idol's [pratistha](/wiki/Pratistha \"Pratistha\") was performed.",
"Principal deity of this temple is [Parshvanatha](/wiki/Parshvanatha \"Parshvanatha\"), 23rd tirthankara of Jainism.",
""
] |
Jainism today
-------------
The temple and meditation hall are widely used throughout the year, with all important dates celebrated.
### Paryushana
[Paryushana](/wiki/Paryushana "Paryushana") is celebrated every year as a community. In a show of unity, the [Derāvāsī](/wiki/Murtipujaka "Murtipujaka") and [Sthānakavāsī](/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB "Sthānakavāsī") sects follow the paryushana at the same time. Though according to the calendar of each there is a difference of between a few days to few weeks, each year the entire community follows the same paryushana at the same time by alternatively doing one year according to Deravasi calendar, and next year the Sthanakvasi calendar and so on.
### Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
In most centers the rocking of the dreams during [Mahavir Janma Kalyanak](/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak "Mahavir Janma Kalyanak") are auctioned to the highest bidder. At the Jain Culture Center of Antwerp, auctioning is not done. Instead the rocking of dreams is done by those individuals that do the longer fasts, mostly of aathai and longer fasts.
### Navpad Oli
The fasting festival of oli is followed with all those who are fasting can come for the meal that they have once a day at the bhojanshala venue in the temple complex.
### Paathshaala
For children from ages 6 onwards there is paathsaala that runs on Sundays (11am \-12 30pm) where children are taught about Jainism, its values and its scriptures. They are told the history of the gods. This is run by mothers from the community.
### Varsi Tapa
Varsi Tapa is a year long fasting where people on alternative days fast (no food) and then have 2 meals the next day, and fast, and so on, for 13 months.
The 2 meals on the day that they eat are also provided at the bhojanshala in the temple complex.
|
[
"Jainism today\n-------------",
"The temple and meditation hall are widely used throughout the year, with all important dates celebrated.",
"### Paryushana",
"[Paryushana](/wiki/Paryushana \"Paryushana\") is celebrated every year as a community. In a show of unity, the [Derāvāsī](/wiki/Murtipujaka \"Murtipujaka\") and [Sthānakavāsī](/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB \"Sthānakavāsī\") sects follow the paryushana at the same time. Though according to the calendar of each there is a difference of between a few days to few weeks, each year the entire community follows the same paryushana at the same time by alternatively doing one year according to Deravasi calendar, and next year the Sthanakvasi calendar and so on.",
"### Mahavir Janma Kalyanak",
"In most centers the rocking of the dreams during [Mahavir Janma Kalyanak](/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak \"Mahavir Janma Kalyanak\") are auctioned to the highest bidder. At the Jain Culture Center of Antwerp, auctioning is not done. Instead the rocking of dreams is done by those individuals that do the longer fasts, mostly of aathai and longer fasts.",
"### Navpad Oli",
"The fasting festival of oli is followed with all those who are fasting can come for the meal that they have once a day at the bhojanshala venue in the temple complex.",
"### Paathshaala",
"For children from ages 6 onwards there is paathsaala that runs on Sundays (11am \\-12 30pm) where children are taught about Jainism, its values and its scriptures. They are told the history of the gods. This is run by mothers from the community.",
"### Varsi Tapa",
"Varsi Tapa is a year long fasting where people on alternative days fast (no food) and then have 2 meals the next day, and fast, and so on, for 13 months.",
"The 2 meals on the day that they eat are also provided at the bhojanshala in the temple complex.",
""
] |
Railway wheelsets
-----------------
{{Main\|Wheelset (rail transport)}}
A classical hunting oscillation is a swaying motion of a [railway](/wiki/Railway "Railway") vehicle (often called *truck hunting* or *bogie hunting*) caused by the [coning](/wiki/Adhesion_railway%23Directional_stability_and_hunting_instability "Adhesion railway#Directional stability and hunting instability") action on which the directional [stability](/wiki/Directional_stability "Directional stability") of an [adhesion railway](/wiki/Adhesion_railway "Adhesion railway") depends. It arises from the interaction of [adhesion](/wiki/Adhesion "Adhesion") forces and [inertial](/wiki/Inertial "Inertial") forces. At low speed, adhesion dominates but, as the speed increases, the adhesion forces and inertial forces become comparable in magnitude and the [oscillation](/wiki/Oscillation "Oscillation") begins at a critical speed. Above this speed, the motion can be violent, damaging track and wheels and potentially causing [derailment](/wiki/Derailment "Derailment"). The problem does not occur on systems with a [differential](/wiki/Differential_%28mechanical_device%29 "Differential (mechanical device)") because the action depends on both wheels of a [wheelset](/wiki/Wheelset_%28rail_transport%29 "Wheelset (rail transport)") rotating at the same angular rate, although differentials tend to be rare, and conventional trains have their wheels fixed to the axles in pairs instead. Some trains, like the [Talgo 350](/wiki/Talgo_350 "Talgo 350"), have no differential, yet they are mostly not affected by hunting oscillation, as most of their wheels rotate independently from one another. The wheels of the power car, however, can be affected by hunting oscillation, because the wheels of the power car are fixed to the axles in pairs like in conventional bogies. Less conical wheels and bogies equipped with independent wheels that turn independently from each other and are not fixed to an axle in pairs are cheaper than a suitable differential for the bogies of a train.[https://www.talgo.com/en/rolling\-stock/very\-high\-speed/350/](https://www.talgo.com/en/rolling-stock/very-high-speed/350/)
The problem was first noticed towards the end of the 19th century, when train speeds became high enough to encounter it. Serious efforts to counteract it got underway in the 1930s, giving rise to lengthened trucks and the side\-damping [*swing hanger*](/wiki/Blomberg_truck "Blomberg truck") truck. In the development of the Japanese *[Shinkansen](/wiki/Shinkansen "Shinkansen")*, less\-conical wheels and other design changes were used to extend truck design speeds above {{convert\|225\|km/h\|mph\|0\|abbr\=on}}. Advances in wheel and truck design based on research and development efforts in Europe and Japan have extended the speeds of steel wheel systems well beyond those attained by the original *Shinkansen*, while the advantage of [backwards compatibility](/wiki/Backward_compatibility "Backward compatibility") keeps such technology dominant over alternatives such as the [hovertrain](/wiki/Hovertrain "Hovertrain") and [maglev](/wiki/Maglev "Maglev") systems. The speed record for steel\-wheeled trains is held by the French [TGV](/wiki/TGV "TGV"), at {{convert\|574\.9\|km/h\|mph\|0\|abbr\=on}}.
### Kinematic analysis
[thumb\|upright\=1\.4\|alt\=Diagram, from the front, of a laterally displaced wheelset on rails (modelled as circles). Labels: on a line of circumference of the wheel, "Position of point of contact for straight running"; on the radius of that circumference, "Nominal radius"; on the distance between that circumference and the top of the rail, "Lateral displacement"; overall: "Centre of curvature is the intersection of the line of contact and the wheelset centreline".\|Kinematics of railway wheel coning action](/wiki/Image:Newkinematics.png "Newkinematics.png")
While a qualitative description provides some understanding of the phenomenon, deeper understanding inevitably requires a mathematical analysis of the vehicle [dynamics](/wiki/Dynamics_%28mechanics%29 "Dynamics (mechanics)"). Even then, the results may be only approximate.
A [kinematic](/wiki/Kinematic "Kinematic") description deals with the [geometry](/wiki/Geometry "Geometry") of motion, without reference to the [forces](/wiki/Force "Force") causing it, so the analysis begins with a description of the geometry of a wheel set running on a straight track. Since [Newton's second law](/wiki/Newton%27s_second_law "Newton's second law") relates forces to the [acceleration](/wiki/Acceleration "Acceleration") of bodies, the forces acting may then be derived from the kinematics by calculating the accelerations of the components. However, if these forces change the kinematic description (as they do in this case) then the results may only be approximately correct.
#### Assumptions and non\-mathematical description
This kinematic description makes a number of simplifying assumptions since it neglects forces. For one, it assumes that the [rolling resistance](/wiki/Rolling_resistance "Rolling resistance") is zero. A wheelset (not attached to a [train](/wiki/Train "Train") or [truck](/wiki/Bogie "Bogie")), is given a push forward on a straight and level track. The wheelset starts coasting and never slows down since there are no forces (except downward forces on the wheelset to make it adhere to the track and not slip). If initially the wheelset is centered on the railroad track then the effective diameters of each wheel are the same and the wheelset rolls down the track in a perfectly straight line forever. But if the wheelset is a little off\-center so that the effective diameters (or radii) are different, then the wheelset starts to move in a curve of radius {{var\|R}} (depending on these wheelset radii, etc.; to be derived later on). The problem is to use kinematic reasoning to find the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory "Trajectory") of the wheelset, or more precisely, the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory "Trajectory") of the center of the wheelset projected vertically on the roadbed in the center of the track. This is a trajectory on the plane of the level earth's surface and plotted on an {{var\|x}}\-{{var\|y}} graphical plot where {{var\|x}} is the distance along the railroad and {{var\|y}} is the "tracking error", the deviation of the center of the wheelset from the straight line of the railway running down the center of the track (midway between the two rails).
To illustrate that a wheelset trajectory follows a curved path, one may place a nail or screw on a flat table top and give it a push. It will roll in a circular curve because the nail or screw is like a wheelset with extremely different diameter wheels. The head is analogous to a large diameter wheel and the pointed end is like a small diameter wheel. While the nail or screw will turn around in a full circle (and more) the railroad wheelset behaves differently because as soon at it starts to turn in a curve, the effective diameters change in such a way as to decrease the curvature of the path. Note that "radius" and "curvature" refer to the curvature of the trajectory of the wheelset and not the curvature of the railway since this is perfectly straight track. As the wheelset rolls on, the curvature decreases until the wheels reach the point where their effective diameters are equal and the path is no longer curving. But the trajectory has a slope at this point (it is a straight line which crosses diagonally over the centerline of the track) so that it overshoots the centerline of the track and the effective diameters reverse (the formerly smaller diameter wheel becomes the larger diameter and conversely). This results in the wheelset moving in a curve in the opposite direction. Again it overshoots the centerline and this phenomenon continues indefinitely with the wheelset oscillating from side to side. Note that the wheel [flange](/wiki/Flange "Flange") never makes contact with the rail. In this model, the rails are assumed to always contact the wheel tread along the same line on the rail head which assumes that the rails are knife\-edge and only make contact with the wheel tread along a line (of zero width).
#### Mathematical analysis
The train stays on the track by virtue of the conical shape of the wheel [treads](/wiki/Tire "Tire"). If a wheelset is displaced to one side by an amount {{var\|y}} (the tracking error), the radius of the tread in contact with the rail on one side is reduced, while on the other side it is increased. The [angular velocity](/wiki/Angular_velocity "Angular velocity") is the same for both wheels (they are coupled via a [rigid](/wiki/Stiffness "Stiffness") [axle](/wiki/Axle "Axle")), so the larger [diameter](/wiki/Diameter "Diameter") tread speeds up, while the smaller slows down. The wheel set steers around a centre of curvature defined by the intersection of the generator of a cone passing through the points of contact with the wheels on the rails and the axis of the wheel set. Applying [similar triangles](/wiki/Similar_triangles "Similar triangles"), we have for the turn radius:
[thumb\|centre\|upright\=1\.4\|Calculation of radius of turn](/wiki/Image:NewTurnRadius.png "NewTurnRadius.png")
{{block indent\|\\frac{1}{R} \=\\frac{2ky}{rd}}}
where {{var\|d}} is the track [gauge](/wiki/Rail_gauge "Rail gauge"), {{var\|r}} the wheel radius when running straight and {{var\|k}} is the tread [taper](/wiki/Machine_tapers "Machine tapers") (which is the slope of tread in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the track).
The path of the wheel set relative to the straight track is defined by a function {{var\|y}}({{var\|x}}), where {{var\|x}} is the progress along the track. This is sometimes called the tracking error.Tracking error will be zero if the path of the wheels runs absolutely straight along the track and the wheel pair is centered on the track. Provided the direction of motion remains more or less [parallel](/wiki/Parallel_%28geometry%29 "Parallel (geometry)") to the rails, the [curvature](/wiki/Curvature "Curvature") of the path may be related to the second [derivative](/wiki/Derivative "Derivative") of {{var\|y}} with respect to distance along the track as approximatelySee [Curvature\#Graph of a function](/wiki/Curvature%23Graph_of_a_function "Curvature#Graph of a function") for mathematical details. The approximate equality becomes equality only when the tracking error, {{var\|y}}, has zero slope with respect to {{var\|x}}. Since the tracking error will turn out to be a sine wave, the points of zero slope are at the points of maximum tracking error {{var\|y}}. But the equality is approximately correct provided the slope of {{var\|y}} is low.
{{block indent\|\\left\|\\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2y}{\\operatorname{d}x^2}\\right\| \\approx \\frac{1}{R}}}
It follows that the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory "Trajectory") along the track is governed by the equation:Note that \\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2y}{\\operatorname{d}x^2} is negative when {{var\|y}} is positive and conversely. The other equation for {{var\|R}}, \\frac {1} {R} \=\\frac {2ky}{rd} does not hold when {{var\|y}} goes negative, since the radius {{var\|R}} is not allowed to be negative (per mathematical definition). But after radius {{var\|R}} is eliminated by combining the two equations, the resulting equation becomes correct by checking the two cases: {{var\|y}} negative and {{var\|y}} positive.
{{block indent\|\\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2y} {\\operatorname{d}x^2} \= \-\\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) y}}
This is a [simple harmonic motion](/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion "Simple harmonic motion") having wavelength:
{{block indent\|\\lambda \= 2\\pi \\sqrt{\\frac{rd}{2k}}{{pad\|3em}}known as Klingel's formula (derived in 1883\)Iwnicki, p.7 formula 2\.1}}
This kinematic analysis implies that trains sway from side to side all the time. In fact, this oscillation is [damped](/wiki/Damping_ratio "Damping ratio") out below a critical speed and the ride is correspondingly more comfortable. The kinematic result ignores the forces causing the motion. These may be analyzed using the [concept of creep](/wiki/Rail_adhesion%23Forces_on_wheels%2C_creep "Rail adhesion#Forces on wheels, creep") (non\-linear) but are somewhat difficult to quantify simply, as they arise from the [elastic distortion](/wiki/Hertzian_contact_stress "Hertzian contact stress") of the wheel and rail at the regions of contact. These are the subject of [frictional contact mechanics](/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics "Frictional contact mechanics"); an early presentation that includes these effects in hunting motion analysis was presented by Carter.{{cite journal\|last\=Carter\|first\=F. W.\|title\=On the Stability of Running of Locomotives\|journal\=Proceedings of the Royal Society\|date\=July 25, 1928\|volume\=121\|issue\=788\|pages\=585–610\|doi\=10\.1098/rspa.1928\.0220\|bibcode \= 1928RSPSA.121\..585C \|doi\-access\=free}} See Knothe{{cite journal\|last\=Knothe\|first\=K.\|title\=History of wheel/rail contact mechanics: from Redtenbacher to Kalker\|journal\=Vehicle System Dynamics\|year\=2008\|volume\=46\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=9–26\|doi\=10\.1080/00423110701586469\|s2cid\=109580328}} for a historical overview.
If the motion is substantially parallel with the rails, the angular displacement of the wheel set \\left(\\theta\\right) is given by:
{{block indent\|\\theta \= \\frac{\\operatorname{d}y}{\\operatorname{d}x}}}
Hence:
{{block indent\|\\begin{align}
\\frac{\\operatorname{d} \\theta}{\\operatorname{d}x} \&\= \\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2 y}{\\operatorname{d}x^2} \= \-\\left( \\frac{2k}{rd} \\right) y \\\\
\\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2 \\theta}{\\operatorname{d}x^2} \&\= \-\\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\frac{\\operatorname{d}y}{\\operatorname{d}x} \= \-\\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\theta
\\end{align}}}
The angular deflection also follows a simple harmonic motion, which lags behind the side to side motion by a quarter of a cycle. In many systems which are characterised by harmonic motion involving two different states (in this case the axle yaw deflection and the lateral displacement), the quarter cycle lag between the two motions endows the system with the ability to extract energy from the forward motion. This effect is observed in "[flutter](/wiki/Aeroelasticity%23Flutter "Aeroelasticity#Flutter")" of aircraft wings and "[shimmy](/wiki/Speed_wobble "Speed wobble")" of road vehicles, as well as hunting of railway vehicles. The kinematic solution derived above describes the motion at the critical speed.
In practice, below the critical speed, the lag between the two motions is less than a quarter cycle so that the motion is damped out but, above the critical speed, the lag is greater than a quarter cycle so that the motion is amplified.
In order to estimate the [inertial](/wiki/Inertia "Inertia") forces, it is necessary to express the distance derivatives as time [derivatives](/wiki/Derivative "Derivative"). This is done using the speed of the vehicle {{var\|U}}, which is assumed constant:
{{block indent\| \\frac{\\operatorname{d}}{\\operatorname{d}t} \= U\\frac{\\operatorname{d}}{\\operatorname{d}x}}}
The angular acceleration of the axle in yaw is:
{{block indent\|\\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2 \\theta}{\\operatorname{d}t^2} \= \-U^2 \\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\theta}}
The inertial moment (ignoring gyroscopic effects) is:
{{block indent\|Fd \= C \\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2 \\theta}{\\operatorname{d}t^2}}}
where {{var\|F}} is the force acting along the rails and {{var\|C}} is the [moment of inertia](/wiki/Moment_of_inertia "Moment of inertia") of the wheel set.
{{block indent\|F \= \-C U^2 \\left(\\frac{2k}{rd^2}\\right) \\theta}}
the maximum [frictional](/wiki/Friction "Friction") force between the wheel and rail is given by:
{{block indent\|F \= \\mu \\frac{W}{2}}}
where {{var\|W}} is the axle load and \\mu is the [coefficient of friction](/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction "Coefficient of friction"). Gross slipping will occur at a combination of speed and axle deflection given by:
{{block indent\|\\theta U^2 \= \\mu W \\frac{rd^2}{4Ck}}}
this expression yields a significant overestimate of the critical speed, but it does illustrate the physical reason why hunting occurs, i.e. the inertial forces become comparable with the adhesion forces above a certain speed. Limiting friction is a poor representation of the adhesion force in this case.
The actual adhesion forces arise from the distortion of the tread and rail in the region of contact. There is no gross slippage, just elastic distortion and some local slipping (creep slippage). During normal operation these forces are well within the limiting friction constraint. A complete analysis takes these forces into account, using [rolling contact mechanics](/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics "Frictional contact mechanics") theories.
However, the kinematic analysis assumed that there was no slippage at all at the wheel\-rail contact. Now it is clear that there is some creep slippage which makes the calculated sinusoidal trajectory of the wheelset (per Klingel's formula) not exactly correct.
### Energy balance
In order to get an estimate of the critical speed, we use the fact that the condition for which this kinematic solution is valid corresponds to the case where there is no net [energy](/wiki/Energy "Energy") exchange with the surroundings, so by considering the [kinetic](/wiki/Kinetic_energy "Kinetic energy") and [potential energy](/wiki/Potential_energy "Potential energy") of the system, we should be able to derive the critical speed.
Let:
{{block indent\| \\omega \= \\frac{\\operatorname{d}\\theta}{\\operatorname{d}t}}}
Using the operator:
{{block indent\| \\omega \\frac{\\operatorname{d}}{\\operatorname{d}\\theta} \= \\frac{\\operatorname{d}}{\\operatorname{d}t}}}
the angular acceleration equation may be expressed in terms of the angular velocity in yaw, \\omega:
{{block indent\|\\omega \\frac{\\operatorname{d}\\omega}{\\operatorname{d}\\theta} \= \-U^2 \\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\theta}}
integrating:
{{block indent\|\\frac {1}{2} \\omega^2 \= \-\\frac{1}{2} U^2 \\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\theta^2}}
so the kinetic energy due to rotation is:
{{block indent\|\\frac{1}{2} C \\omega^2 \= \-\\frac{1}{2} C U^2 \\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\theta^2}}
[thumb\|centre\|upright\=1\.4\|alt\=Diagram, from above, of an angled wheelset withrespect to the rails. The angle of the wheel set with respect to the rails is labelled theta; the rail gauge is labelled d; the spacing of the points of contact is labelled d over cos theta.\|Outward displacement of points of contact with axle yaw](/wiki/Image:NewWheelSetYaw.png "NewWheelSetYaw.png")
When the axle yaws, the points of contact move outwards on the treads so that the height of the axle is lowered. The distance between the support points increases to:
{{block indent\|\\frac{d}{cos(\\theta)} \= d\\left(1 \+ \\frac{1}{2} \\theta^2\\right)}}
(to second order of small quantities).
the displacement of the support point out from the centres of the treads is:
{{block indent\|\\frac{1}{2} \\left(d \+ \\frac{1}{2}d \\theta^2 \- d\\right)}}
the axle load falls by
{{block indent\|h \= \\frac{1}{4} kd \\theta^2}}
The work done by lowering the axle load is therefore:
{{block indent\|E \= \\frac{1}{4} Wkd \\theta^2}}
This is energy lost from the system, so in order for the motion to continue, an equal amount of energy must be extracted from the forward motion of the wheelset.
The outer wheel velocity is given by:
{{block indent\|V \= \\frac{U}{r} \\left(r \+ ky\\right)}}
The kinetic energy is:
{{block indent\|\\frac{1}{4} m \\left(U^2 \+ 2U^2 \\frac{ky}{r} \+ U^2 \\frac{k^2 y^2}{r^2}\\right)}}
for the inner wheel it is
{{block indent\|\\frac{1}{4} m \\left(U^2 \- 2U^2 \\frac{ky}{r} \+ U^2\\frac {k^2 y^2}{r^2}\\right)}}
where {{var\|m}} is the [mass](/wiki/Mass "Mass") of both wheels.
The increase in [kinetic energy](/wiki/Kinetic_energy "Kinetic energy") is:
{{block indent\|\\delta E \= \\frac{1}{2} m \\left(\\frac{Uky}{r}\\right)^2}}
The motion will continue at constant amplitude as long as the [energy](/wiki/Energy "Energy") extracted from the forward motion, and manifesting itself as increased kinetic energy of the wheel set at zero yaw, is equal to the [potential energy](/wiki/Potential_energy "Potential energy") lost by the lowering of the axle load at maximum yaw.
Now, from the kinematics:
{{block indent\|\\begin{align}
2U\\frac{ky}{rd} \&\= \\omega \\\\
\\delta E \&\=\\frac{1}{8} m d^2 \\omega^2
\\end{align}}}
but
{{block indent\|\\omega^2 \= \-U^2 \\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\theta^2}}
The translational kinetic energy is
{{block indent\|\\delta E \= \-\\frac{1}{8} U^2 md^2 \\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\theta^2}}
The total kinetic energy is:
{{block indent\|T \= \\frac{1}{2} U^2 \\left(C \+ \\frac{md^2}{4}\\right) \\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\theta^2}}
The critical speed is found from the energy balance:
{{block indent\|\\frac{Wkd}{2} \= U^2 \\frac{2k}{rd}\\left(C \+ \\frac{md^2}{4}\\right)}}
Hence the critical speed is given by
{{block indent\|U^2 \= \\frac{Wrd^2}{4C \+ md^2}}}
This is independent of the wheel taper, but depends on the ratio of the axle [load](/wiki/Structural_load "Structural load") to wheel set mass. If the treads were truly conical in shape, the critical speed would be independent of the taper. In practice, wear on the wheel causes the taper to vary across the tread width, so that the value of taper used to determine the potential energy is different from that used to calculate the kinetic energy. Denoting the former as {{var\|a}}, the critical speed becomes:
{{block indent\|U^2\=\\frac{Ward^2}{k(4C\+md^2\)} }}
where {{var\|a}} is now a shape factor determined by the wheel [wear](/wiki/Wear "Wear"). This result is derived in Wickens (1965\){{cite journal\|last\=Wickens\|first\=A. H.\|title\=The Dynamics of Railway Vehicles on Straight Track: Fundamental Considerations of Lateral Stability\|journal\=\[\[Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers]]\|year\=1965–66\|pages\=29–}} from an analysis of the system dynamics using standard [control engineering](/wiki/Control_engineering "Control engineering") methods.
### Limitation of simplified analysis
The motion of a wheel set is much more complicated than this analysis would indicate. There are additional restraining forces applied by the vehicle suspension{{cite journal\|last1\=Wickens\|first1\=A. H. \|last2\=Gilchrist \|first2\=A. O. \|first3\=A. E. W. \|last3\=Hobbs \|title\=Suspension Design for High\-Performance Two\-Axle Freight Vehicles\|journal\=Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers\|year\=1969–70\|pages\=22–}} and, at high speed, the wheel set will generate additional [gyroscopic](/wiki/Gyroscopic "Gyroscopic") torques, which will modify the estimate of the critical speed. Conventionally a railway vehicle has stable motion in low speeds, when it reaches to high speeds stability changes to unstable form. The main purpose of nonlinear analysis of rail vehicle system dynamics is to show the view of analytical investigation of bifurcation, nonlinear lateral stability and hunting behavior of rail vehicles in a tangent track. This study describes the Bogoliubov method for the analysis.{{cite journal\|last\=Serajian\|first\=Reza \|title\=Parameters' changing influence with different lateral stiffnesses on nonlinear analysis of hunting behavior of a bogie\|journal\=Journal of Measurements in Engineering\|year\=2013\|pages\=195–206}}
Two main matters, namely assuming the body as a fixed support and influence of the nonlinear elements in calculation of the hunting speed, are mostly focused in studies.{{cite journal\|last\=Serajian\|first\=Reza \|title\=Effects of the bogie and body inertia on the nonlinear wheel\-set hunting recognized by the hopf bifurcation theory\|journal\=Int J Auto Engng\|year\=2011\|pages\=186–196}} A real railway vehicle has many more degrees of freedom and, consequently, may have more than one critical speed; it is by no means certain that the lowest is dictated by the wheelset motion. However, the analysis is instructive because it shows why hunting occurs. As the speed increases, the inertial forces become comparable with the adhesion forces. That is why the critical speed depends on the ratio of the axle load (which determines the adhesion force) to the wheelset mass (which determines the inertial forces).
Alternatively, below a certain speed, the energy which is extracted from the forward motion is insufficient to replace the energy lost by lowering the axles and the motion damps out; above this speed, the energy extracted is greater than the loss in potential energy and the amplitude builds up.
The potential energy at maximum axle yaw may be increased by including an elastic constraint on the yaw motion of the axle, so that there is a contribution arising from spring tension. Arranging wheels in bogies to increase the constraint on the yaw motion of wheelsets and applying elastic constraints to the bogie also raises the critical speed. Introducing elastic forces into the equation permits suspension designs which are limited only by the onset of gross slippage, rather than classical hunting. The penalty to be paid for the virtual elimination of hunting is a straight track, with an attendant right\-of\-way problem and incompatibility with legacy infrastructure.
Hunting is a dynamic problem which can be solved, in principle at least, by active feedback control, which may be adapted to the quality of track. However, the introduction of active control raises reliability and safety issues.
Shortly after the onset of hunting, gross slippage occurs and the wheel flanges impact on the rails, potentially causing damage to both.
### Road–rail vehicles
[thumb\|Independent rail wheel axles are common on road–rail vehicles](/wiki/File:Road-rail_vehicle_conversion_to_Toyota_Land_Cruiser.jpg "Road-rail vehicle conversion to Toyota Land Cruiser.jpg")
Many [road–rail vehicles](/wiki/Road%E2%80%93rail_vehicle "Road–rail vehicle") feature independent axles and suspension systems on each rail wheel. When this is combined with the presence of road wheels on the rail it becomes difficult to use the formulae above. Historically, road–rail vehicles have their front wheels set slightly [toe\-in](/wiki/Toe-in "Toe-in"), which has been found to minimise hunting whilst the vehicle is being driven on\-rail.
|
[
"Railway wheelsets\n-----------------",
"{{Main\\|Wheelset (rail transport)}}\nA classical hunting oscillation is a swaying motion of a [railway](/wiki/Railway \"Railway\") vehicle (often called *truck hunting* or *bogie hunting*) caused by the [coning](/wiki/Adhesion_railway%23Directional_stability_and_hunting_instability \"Adhesion railway#Directional stability and hunting instability\") action on which the directional [stability](/wiki/Directional_stability \"Directional stability\") of an [adhesion railway](/wiki/Adhesion_railway \"Adhesion railway\") depends. It arises from the interaction of [adhesion](/wiki/Adhesion \"Adhesion\") forces and [inertial](/wiki/Inertial \"Inertial\") forces. At low speed, adhesion dominates but, as the speed increases, the adhesion forces and inertial forces become comparable in magnitude and the [oscillation](/wiki/Oscillation \"Oscillation\") begins at a critical speed. Above this speed, the motion can be violent, damaging track and wheels and potentially causing [derailment](/wiki/Derailment \"Derailment\"). The problem does not occur on systems with a [differential](/wiki/Differential_%28mechanical_device%29 \"Differential (mechanical device)\") because the action depends on both wheels of a [wheelset](/wiki/Wheelset_%28rail_transport%29 \"Wheelset (rail transport)\") rotating at the same angular rate, although differentials tend to be rare, and conventional trains have their wheels fixed to the axles in pairs instead. Some trains, like the [Talgo 350](/wiki/Talgo_350 \"Talgo 350\"), have no differential, yet they are mostly not affected by hunting oscillation, as most of their wheels rotate independently from one another. The wheels of the power car, however, can be affected by hunting oscillation, because the wheels of the power car are fixed to the axles in pairs like in conventional bogies. Less conical wheels and bogies equipped with independent wheels that turn independently from each other and are not fixed to an axle in pairs are cheaper than a suitable differential for the bogies of a train.[https://www.talgo.com/en/rolling\\-stock/very\\-high\\-speed/350/](https://www.talgo.com/en/rolling-stock/very-high-speed/350/)",
"The problem was first noticed towards the end of the 19th century, when train speeds became high enough to encounter it. Serious efforts to counteract it got underway in the 1930s, giving rise to lengthened trucks and the side\\-damping [*swing hanger*](/wiki/Blomberg_truck \"Blomberg truck\") truck. In the development of the Japanese *[Shinkansen](/wiki/Shinkansen \"Shinkansen\")*, less\\-conical wheels and other design changes were used to extend truck design speeds above {{convert\\|225\\|km/h\\|mph\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}. Advances in wheel and truck design based on research and development efforts in Europe and Japan have extended the speeds of steel wheel systems well beyond those attained by the original *Shinkansen*, while the advantage of [backwards compatibility](/wiki/Backward_compatibility \"Backward compatibility\") keeps such technology dominant over alternatives such as the [hovertrain](/wiki/Hovertrain \"Hovertrain\") and [maglev](/wiki/Maglev \"Maglev\") systems. The speed record for steel\\-wheeled trains is held by the French [TGV](/wiki/TGV \"TGV\"), at {{convert\\|574\\.9\\|km/h\\|mph\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
"### Kinematic analysis",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.4\\|alt\\=Diagram, from the front, of a laterally displaced wheelset on rails (modelled as circles). Labels: on a line of circumference of the wheel, \"Position of point of contact for straight running\"; on the radius of that circumference, \"Nominal radius\"; on the distance between that circumference and the top of the rail, \"Lateral displacement\"; overall: \"Centre of curvature is the intersection of the line of contact and the wheelset centreline\".\\|Kinematics of railway wheel coning action](/wiki/Image:Newkinematics.png \"Newkinematics.png\")\nWhile a qualitative description provides some understanding of the phenomenon, deeper understanding inevitably requires a mathematical analysis of the vehicle [dynamics](/wiki/Dynamics_%28mechanics%29 \"Dynamics (mechanics)\"). Even then, the results may be only approximate.",
"A [kinematic](/wiki/Kinematic \"Kinematic\") description deals with the [geometry](/wiki/Geometry \"Geometry\") of motion, without reference to the [forces](/wiki/Force \"Force\") causing it, so the analysis begins with a description of the geometry of a wheel set running on a straight track. Since [Newton's second law](/wiki/Newton%27s_second_law \"Newton's second law\") relates forces to the [acceleration](/wiki/Acceleration \"Acceleration\") of bodies, the forces acting may then be derived from the kinematics by calculating the accelerations of the components. However, if these forces change the kinematic description (as they do in this case) then the results may only be approximately correct.",
"#### Assumptions and non\\-mathematical description",
"This kinematic description makes a number of simplifying assumptions since it neglects forces. For one, it assumes that the [rolling resistance](/wiki/Rolling_resistance \"Rolling resistance\") is zero. A wheelset (not attached to a [train](/wiki/Train \"Train\") or [truck](/wiki/Bogie \"Bogie\")), is given a push forward on a straight and level track. The wheelset starts coasting and never slows down since there are no forces (except downward forces on the wheelset to make it adhere to the track and not slip). If initially the wheelset is centered on the railroad track then the effective diameters of each wheel are the same and the wheelset rolls down the track in a perfectly straight line forever. But if the wheelset is a little off\\-center so that the effective diameters (or radii) are different, then the wheelset starts to move in a curve of radius {{var\\|R}} (depending on these wheelset radii, etc.; to be derived later on). The problem is to use kinematic reasoning to find the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory \"Trajectory\") of the wheelset, or more precisely, the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory \"Trajectory\") of the center of the wheelset projected vertically on the roadbed in the center of the track. This is a trajectory on the plane of the level earth's surface and plotted on an {{var\\|x}}\\-{{var\\|y}} graphical plot where {{var\\|x}} is the distance along the railroad and {{var\\|y}} is the \"tracking error\", the deviation of the center of the wheelset from the straight line of the railway running down the center of the track (midway between the two rails).",
"To illustrate that a wheelset trajectory follows a curved path, one may place a nail or screw on a flat table top and give it a push. It will roll in a circular curve because the nail or screw is like a wheelset with extremely different diameter wheels. The head is analogous to a large diameter wheel and the pointed end is like a small diameter wheel. While the nail or screw will turn around in a full circle (and more) the railroad wheelset behaves differently because as soon at it starts to turn in a curve, the effective diameters change in such a way as to decrease the curvature of the path. Note that \"radius\" and \"curvature\" refer to the curvature of the trajectory of the wheelset and not the curvature of the railway since this is perfectly straight track. As the wheelset rolls on, the curvature decreases until the wheels reach the point where their effective diameters are equal and the path is no longer curving. But the trajectory has a slope at this point (it is a straight line which crosses diagonally over the centerline of the track) so that it overshoots the centerline of the track and the effective diameters reverse (the formerly smaller diameter wheel becomes the larger diameter and conversely). This results in the wheelset moving in a curve in the opposite direction. Again it overshoots the centerline and this phenomenon continues indefinitely with the wheelset oscillating from side to side. Note that the wheel [flange](/wiki/Flange \"Flange\") never makes contact with the rail. In this model, the rails are assumed to always contact the wheel tread along the same line on the rail head which assumes that the rails are knife\\-edge and only make contact with the wheel tread along a line (of zero width).",
"#### Mathematical analysis",
"The train stays on the track by virtue of the conical shape of the wheel [treads](/wiki/Tire \"Tire\"). If a wheelset is displaced to one side by an amount {{var\\|y}} (the tracking error), the radius of the tread in contact with the rail on one side is reduced, while on the other side it is increased. The [angular velocity](/wiki/Angular_velocity \"Angular velocity\") is the same for both wheels (they are coupled via a [rigid](/wiki/Stiffness \"Stiffness\") [axle](/wiki/Axle \"Axle\")), so the larger [diameter](/wiki/Diameter \"Diameter\") tread speeds up, while the smaller slows down. The wheel set steers around a centre of curvature defined by the intersection of the generator of a cone passing through the points of contact with the wheels on the rails and the axis of the wheel set. Applying [similar triangles](/wiki/Similar_triangles \"Similar triangles\"), we have for the turn radius:",
"[thumb\\|centre\\|upright\\=1\\.4\\|Calculation of radius of turn](/wiki/Image:NewTurnRadius.png \"NewTurnRadius.png\")\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{1}{R} \\=\\\\frac{2ky}{rd}}}",
"where {{var\\|d}} is the track [gauge](/wiki/Rail_gauge \"Rail gauge\"), {{var\\|r}} the wheel radius when running straight and {{var\\|k}} is the tread [taper](/wiki/Machine_tapers \"Machine tapers\") (which is the slope of tread in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the track).",
"The path of the wheel set relative to the straight track is defined by a function {{var\\|y}}({{var\\|x}}), where {{var\\|x}} is the progress along the track. This is sometimes called the tracking error.Tracking error will be zero if the path of the wheels runs absolutely straight along the track and the wheel pair is centered on the track. Provided the direction of motion remains more or less [parallel](/wiki/Parallel_%28geometry%29 \"Parallel (geometry)\") to the rails, the [curvature](/wiki/Curvature \"Curvature\") of the path may be related to the second [derivative](/wiki/Derivative \"Derivative\") of {{var\\|y}} with respect to distance along the track as approximatelySee [Curvature\\#Graph of a function](/wiki/Curvature%23Graph_of_a_function \"Curvature#Graph of a function\") for mathematical details. The approximate equality becomes equality only when the tracking error, {{var\\|y}}, has zero slope with respect to {{var\\|x}}. Since the tracking error will turn out to be a sine wave, the points of zero slope are at the points of maximum tracking error {{var\\|y}}. But the equality is approximately correct provided the slope of {{var\\|y}} is low.\n{{block indent\\|\\\\left\\|\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x^2}\\\\right\\| \\\\approx \\\\frac{1}{R}}}",
"It follows that the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory \"Trajectory\") along the track is governed by the equation:Note that \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x^2} is negative when {{var\\|y}} is positive and conversely. The other equation for {{var\\|R}}, \\\\frac {1} {R} \\=\\\\frac {2ky}{rd} does not hold when {{var\\|y}} goes negative, since the radius {{var\\|R}} is not allowed to be negative (per mathematical definition). But after radius {{var\\|R}} is eliminated by combining the two equations, the resulting equation becomes correct by checking the two cases: {{var\\|y}} negative and {{var\\|y}} positive.\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2y} {\\\\operatorname{d}x^2} \\= \\-\\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) y}}",
"This is a [simple harmonic motion](/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion \"Simple harmonic motion\") having wavelength:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\lambda \\= 2\\\\pi \\\\sqrt{\\\\frac{rd}{2k}}{{pad\\|3em}}known as Klingel's formula (derived in 1883\\)Iwnicki, p.7 formula 2\\.1}}",
"This kinematic analysis implies that trains sway from side to side all the time. In fact, this oscillation is [damped](/wiki/Damping_ratio \"Damping ratio\") out below a critical speed and the ride is correspondingly more comfortable. The kinematic result ignores the forces causing the motion. These may be analyzed using the [concept of creep](/wiki/Rail_adhesion%23Forces_on_wheels%2C_creep \"Rail adhesion#Forces on wheels, creep\") (non\\-linear) but are somewhat difficult to quantify simply, as they arise from the [elastic distortion](/wiki/Hertzian_contact_stress \"Hertzian contact stress\") of the wheel and rail at the regions of contact. These are the subject of [frictional contact mechanics](/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics \"Frictional contact mechanics\"); an early presentation that includes these effects in hunting motion analysis was presented by Carter.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Carter\\|first\\=F. W.\\|title\\=On the Stability of Running of Locomotives\\|journal\\=Proceedings of the Royal Society\\|date\\=July 25, 1928\\|volume\\=121\\|issue\\=788\\|pages\\=585–610\\|doi\\=10\\.1098/rspa.1928\\.0220\\|bibcode \\= 1928RSPSA.121\\..585C \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} See Knothe{{cite journal\\|last\\=Knothe\\|first\\=K.\\|title\\=History of wheel/rail contact mechanics: from Redtenbacher to Kalker\\|journal\\=Vehicle System Dynamics\\|year\\=2008\\|volume\\=46\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=9–26\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/00423110701586469\\|s2cid\\=109580328}} for a historical overview.",
"If the motion is substantially parallel with the rails, the angular displacement of the wheel set \\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right) is given by:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\theta \\= \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x}}}",
"Hence:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\begin{align}\n \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d} \\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}x} \\&\\= \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2 y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x^2} \\= \\-\\\\left( \\\\frac{2k}{rd} \\\\right) y \\\\\\\\\n \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2 \\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}x^2} \\&\\= \\-\\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x} \\= \\-\\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\theta\n\\\\end{align}}}",
"The angular deflection also follows a simple harmonic motion, which lags behind the side to side motion by a quarter of a cycle. In many systems which are characterised by harmonic motion involving two different states (in this case the axle yaw deflection and the lateral displacement), the quarter cycle lag between the two motions endows the system with the ability to extract energy from the forward motion. This effect is observed in \"[flutter](/wiki/Aeroelasticity%23Flutter \"Aeroelasticity#Flutter\")\" of aircraft wings and \"[shimmy](/wiki/Speed_wobble \"Speed wobble\")\" of road vehicles, as well as hunting of railway vehicles. The kinematic solution derived above describes the motion at the critical speed.",
"In practice, below the critical speed, the lag between the two motions is less than a quarter cycle so that the motion is damped out but, above the critical speed, the lag is greater than a quarter cycle so that the motion is amplified.",
"In order to estimate the [inertial](/wiki/Inertia \"Inertia\") forces, it is necessary to express the distance derivatives as time [derivatives](/wiki/Derivative \"Derivative\"). This is done using the speed of the vehicle {{var\\|U}}, which is assumed constant:\n{{block indent\\| \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}}{\\\\operatorname{d}t} \\= U\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}}{\\\\operatorname{d}x}}}",
"The angular acceleration of the axle in yaw is:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2 \\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}t^2} \\= \\-U^2 \\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\theta}}",
"The inertial moment (ignoring gyroscopic effects) is:\n{{block indent\\|Fd \\= C \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2 \\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}t^2}}}",
"where {{var\\|F}} is the force acting along the rails and {{var\\|C}} is the [moment of inertia](/wiki/Moment_of_inertia \"Moment of inertia\") of the wheel set.\n{{block indent\\|F \\= \\-C U^2 \\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd^2}\\\\right) \\\\theta}}",
"the maximum [frictional](/wiki/Friction \"Friction\") force between the wheel and rail is given by:\n{{block indent\\|F \\= \\\\mu \\\\frac{W}{2}}}",
"where {{var\\|W}} is the axle load and \\\\mu is the [coefficient of friction](/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction \"Coefficient of friction\"). Gross slipping will occur at a combination of speed and axle deflection given by:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\theta U^2 \\= \\\\mu W \\\\frac{rd^2}{4Ck}}}",
"this expression yields a significant overestimate of the critical speed, but it does illustrate the physical reason why hunting occurs, i.e. the inertial forces become comparable with the adhesion forces above a certain speed. Limiting friction is a poor representation of the adhesion force in this case.",
"The actual adhesion forces arise from the distortion of the tread and rail in the region of contact. There is no gross slippage, just elastic distortion and some local slipping (creep slippage). During normal operation these forces are well within the limiting friction constraint. A complete analysis takes these forces into account, using [rolling contact mechanics](/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics \"Frictional contact mechanics\") theories.",
"However, the kinematic analysis assumed that there was no slippage at all at the wheel\\-rail contact. Now it is clear that there is some creep slippage which makes the calculated sinusoidal trajectory of the wheelset (per Klingel's formula) not exactly correct.",
"### Energy balance",
"In order to get an estimate of the critical speed, we use the fact that the condition for which this kinematic solution is valid corresponds to the case where there is no net [energy](/wiki/Energy \"Energy\") exchange with the surroundings, so by considering the [kinetic](/wiki/Kinetic_energy \"Kinetic energy\") and [potential energy](/wiki/Potential_energy \"Potential energy\") of the system, we should be able to derive the critical speed.",
"Let:\n{{block indent\\| \\\\omega \\= \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}\\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}t}}}",
"Using the operator:\n{{block indent\\| \\\\omega \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}}{\\\\operatorname{d}\\\\theta} \\= \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}}{\\\\operatorname{d}t}}}",
"the angular acceleration equation may be expressed in terms of the angular velocity in yaw, \\\\omega:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\omega \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}\\\\omega}{\\\\operatorname{d}\\\\theta} \\= \\-U^2 \\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\theta}}",
"integrating:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac {1}{2} \\\\omega^2 \\= \\-\\\\frac{1}{2} U^2 \\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\theta^2}}",
"so the kinetic energy due to rotation is:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{1}{2} C \\\\omega^2 \\= \\-\\\\frac{1}{2} C U^2 \\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\theta^2}}",
"[thumb\\|centre\\|upright\\=1\\.4\\|alt\\=Diagram, from above, of an angled wheelset withrespect to the rails. The angle of the wheel set with respect to the rails is labelled theta; the rail gauge is labelled d; the spacing of the points of contact is labelled d over cos theta.\\|Outward displacement of points of contact with axle yaw](/wiki/Image:NewWheelSetYaw.png \"NewWheelSetYaw.png\")\nWhen the axle yaws, the points of contact move outwards on the treads so that the height of the axle is lowered. The distance between the support points increases to:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{d}{cos(\\\\theta)} \\= d\\\\left(1 \\+ \\\\frac{1}{2} \\\\theta^2\\\\right)}}",
"(to second order of small quantities).\nthe displacement of the support point out from the centres of the treads is:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{1}{2} \\\\left(d \\+ \\\\frac{1}{2}d \\\\theta^2 \\- d\\\\right)}}",
"the axle load falls by\n{{block indent\\|h \\= \\\\frac{1}{4} kd \\\\theta^2}}",
"The work done by lowering the axle load is therefore:\n{{block indent\\|E \\= \\\\frac{1}{4} Wkd \\\\theta^2}}",
"This is energy lost from the system, so in order for the motion to continue, an equal amount of energy must be extracted from the forward motion of the wheelset.",
"The outer wheel velocity is given by:\n{{block indent\\|V \\= \\\\frac{U}{r} \\\\left(r \\+ ky\\\\right)}}",
"The kinetic energy is:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{1}{4} m \\\\left(U^2 \\+ 2U^2 \\\\frac{ky}{r} \\+ U^2 \\\\frac{k^2 y^2}{r^2}\\\\right)}}",
"for the inner wheel it is\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{1}{4} m \\\\left(U^2 \\- 2U^2 \\\\frac{ky}{r} \\+ U^2\\\\frac {k^2 y^2}{r^2}\\\\right)}}",
"where {{var\\|m}} is the [mass](/wiki/Mass \"Mass\") of both wheels.",
"The increase in [kinetic energy](/wiki/Kinetic_energy \"Kinetic energy\") is:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\delta E \\= \\\\frac{1}{2} m \\\\left(\\\\frac{Uky}{r}\\\\right)^2}}",
"The motion will continue at constant amplitude as long as the [energy](/wiki/Energy \"Energy\") extracted from the forward motion, and manifesting itself as increased kinetic energy of the wheel set at zero yaw, is equal to the [potential energy](/wiki/Potential_energy \"Potential energy\") lost by the lowering of the axle load at maximum yaw.",
"Now, from the kinematics:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\begin{align}\n 2U\\\\frac{ky}{rd} \\&\\= \\\\omega \\\\\\\\\n \\\\delta E \\&\\=\\\\frac{1}{8} m d^2 \\\\omega^2\n\\\\end{align}}}",
"but\n{{block indent\\|\\\\omega^2 \\= \\-U^2 \\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\theta^2}}",
"The translational kinetic energy is\n{{block indent\\|\\\\delta E \\= \\-\\\\frac{1}{8} U^2 md^2 \\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\theta^2}}",
"The total kinetic energy is:\n{{block indent\\|T \\= \\\\frac{1}{2} U^2 \\\\left(C \\+ \\\\frac{md^2}{4}\\\\right) \\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\theta^2}}",
"The critical speed is found from the energy balance:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{Wkd}{2} \\= U^2 \\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\left(C \\+ \\\\frac{md^2}{4}\\\\right)}}",
"Hence the critical speed is given by\n{{block indent\\|U^2 \\= \\\\frac{Wrd^2}{4C \\+ md^2}}}",
"This is independent of the wheel taper, but depends on the ratio of the axle [load](/wiki/Structural_load \"Structural load\") to wheel set mass. If the treads were truly conical in shape, the critical speed would be independent of the taper. In practice, wear on the wheel causes the taper to vary across the tread width, so that the value of taper used to determine the potential energy is different from that used to calculate the kinetic energy. Denoting the former as {{var\\|a}}, the critical speed becomes:\n{{block indent\\|U^2\\=\\\\frac{Ward^2}{k(4C\\+md^2\\)} }}",
"where {{var\\|a}} is now a shape factor determined by the wheel [wear](/wiki/Wear \"Wear\"). This result is derived in Wickens (1965\\){{cite journal\\|last\\=Wickens\\|first\\=A. H.\\|title\\=The Dynamics of Railway Vehicles on Straight Track: Fundamental Considerations of Lateral Stability\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers]]\\|year\\=1965–66\\|pages\\=29–}} from an analysis of the system dynamics using standard [control engineering](/wiki/Control_engineering \"Control engineering\") methods.",
"### Limitation of simplified analysis",
"The motion of a wheel set is much more complicated than this analysis would indicate. There are additional restraining forces applied by the vehicle suspension{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Wickens\\|first1\\=A. H. \\|last2\\=Gilchrist \\|first2\\=A. O. \\|first3\\=A. E. W. \\|last3\\=Hobbs \\|title\\=Suspension Design for High\\-Performance Two\\-Axle Freight Vehicles\\|journal\\=Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers\\|year\\=1969–70\\|pages\\=22–}} and, at high speed, the wheel set will generate additional [gyroscopic](/wiki/Gyroscopic \"Gyroscopic\") torques, which will modify the estimate of the critical speed. Conventionally a railway vehicle has stable motion in low speeds, when it reaches to high speeds stability changes to unstable form. The main purpose of nonlinear analysis of rail vehicle system dynamics is to show the view of analytical investigation of bifurcation, nonlinear lateral stability and hunting behavior of rail vehicles in a tangent track. This study describes the Bogoliubov method for the analysis.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Serajian\\|first\\=Reza \\|title\\=Parameters' changing influence with different lateral stiffnesses on nonlinear analysis of hunting behavior of a bogie\\|journal\\=Journal of Measurements in Engineering\\|year\\=2013\\|pages\\=195–206}}",
"Two main matters, namely assuming the body as a fixed support and influence of the nonlinear elements in calculation of the hunting speed, are mostly focused in studies.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Serajian\\|first\\=Reza \\|title\\=Effects of the bogie and body inertia on the nonlinear wheel\\-set hunting recognized by the hopf bifurcation theory\\|journal\\=Int J Auto Engng\\|year\\=2011\\|pages\\=186–196}} A real railway vehicle has many more degrees of freedom and, consequently, may have more than one critical speed; it is by no means certain that the lowest is dictated by the wheelset motion. However, the analysis is instructive because it shows why hunting occurs. As the speed increases, the inertial forces become comparable with the adhesion forces. That is why the critical speed depends on the ratio of the axle load (which determines the adhesion force) to the wheelset mass (which determines the inertial forces).",
"Alternatively, below a certain speed, the energy which is extracted from the forward motion is insufficient to replace the energy lost by lowering the axles and the motion damps out; above this speed, the energy extracted is greater than the loss in potential energy and the amplitude builds up.",
"The potential energy at maximum axle yaw may be increased by including an elastic constraint on the yaw motion of the axle, so that there is a contribution arising from spring tension. Arranging wheels in bogies to increase the constraint on the yaw motion of wheelsets and applying elastic constraints to the bogie also raises the critical speed. Introducing elastic forces into the equation permits suspension designs which are limited only by the onset of gross slippage, rather than classical hunting. The penalty to be paid for the virtual elimination of hunting is a straight track, with an attendant right\\-of\\-way problem and incompatibility with legacy infrastructure.",
"Hunting is a dynamic problem which can be solved, in principle at least, by active feedback control, which may be adapted to the quality of track. However, the introduction of active control raises reliability and safety issues.",
"Shortly after the onset of hunting, gross slippage occurs and the wheel flanges impact on the rails, potentially causing damage to both.",
"### Road–rail vehicles",
"[thumb\\|Independent rail wheel axles are common on road–rail vehicles](/wiki/File:Road-rail_vehicle_conversion_to_Toyota_Land_Cruiser.jpg \"Road-rail vehicle conversion to Toyota Land Cruiser.jpg\")\nMany [road–rail vehicles](/wiki/Road%E2%80%93rail_vehicle \"Road–rail vehicle\") feature independent axles and suspension systems on each rail wheel. When this is combined with the presence of road wheels on the rail it becomes difficult to use the formulae above. Historically, road–rail vehicles have their front wheels set slightly [toe\\-in](/wiki/Toe-in \"Toe-in\"), which has been found to minimise hunting whilst the vehicle is being driven on\\-rail.",
""
] |
### Kinematic analysis
[thumb\|upright\=1\.4\|alt\=Diagram, from the front, of a laterally displaced wheelset on rails (modelled as circles). Labels: on a line of circumference of the wheel, "Position of point of contact for straight running"; on the radius of that circumference, "Nominal radius"; on the distance between that circumference and the top of the rail, "Lateral displacement"; overall: "Centre of curvature is the intersection of the line of contact and the wheelset centreline".\|Kinematics of railway wheel coning action](/wiki/Image:Newkinematics.png "Newkinematics.png")
While a qualitative description provides some understanding of the phenomenon, deeper understanding inevitably requires a mathematical analysis of the vehicle [dynamics](/wiki/Dynamics_%28mechanics%29 "Dynamics (mechanics)"). Even then, the results may be only approximate.
A [kinematic](/wiki/Kinematic "Kinematic") description deals with the [geometry](/wiki/Geometry "Geometry") of motion, without reference to the [forces](/wiki/Force "Force") causing it, so the analysis begins with a description of the geometry of a wheel set running on a straight track. Since [Newton's second law](/wiki/Newton%27s_second_law "Newton's second law") relates forces to the [acceleration](/wiki/Acceleration "Acceleration") of bodies, the forces acting may then be derived from the kinematics by calculating the accelerations of the components. However, if these forces change the kinematic description (as they do in this case) then the results may only be approximately correct.
#### Assumptions and non\-mathematical description
This kinematic description makes a number of simplifying assumptions since it neglects forces. For one, it assumes that the [rolling resistance](/wiki/Rolling_resistance "Rolling resistance") is zero. A wheelset (not attached to a [train](/wiki/Train "Train") or [truck](/wiki/Bogie "Bogie")), is given a push forward on a straight and level track. The wheelset starts coasting and never slows down since there are no forces (except downward forces on the wheelset to make it adhere to the track and not slip). If initially the wheelset is centered on the railroad track then the effective diameters of each wheel are the same and the wheelset rolls down the track in a perfectly straight line forever. But if the wheelset is a little off\-center so that the effective diameters (or radii) are different, then the wheelset starts to move in a curve of radius {{var\|R}} (depending on these wheelset radii, etc.; to be derived later on). The problem is to use kinematic reasoning to find the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory "Trajectory") of the wheelset, or more precisely, the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory "Trajectory") of the center of the wheelset projected vertically on the roadbed in the center of the track. This is a trajectory on the plane of the level earth's surface and plotted on an {{var\|x}}\-{{var\|y}} graphical plot where {{var\|x}} is the distance along the railroad and {{var\|y}} is the "tracking error", the deviation of the center of the wheelset from the straight line of the railway running down the center of the track (midway between the two rails).
To illustrate that a wheelset trajectory follows a curved path, one may place a nail or screw on a flat table top and give it a push. It will roll in a circular curve because the nail or screw is like a wheelset with extremely different diameter wheels. The head is analogous to a large diameter wheel and the pointed end is like a small diameter wheel. While the nail or screw will turn around in a full circle (and more) the railroad wheelset behaves differently because as soon at it starts to turn in a curve, the effective diameters change in such a way as to decrease the curvature of the path. Note that "radius" and "curvature" refer to the curvature of the trajectory of the wheelset and not the curvature of the railway since this is perfectly straight track. As the wheelset rolls on, the curvature decreases until the wheels reach the point where their effective diameters are equal and the path is no longer curving. But the trajectory has a slope at this point (it is a straight line which crosses diagonally over the centerline of the track) so that it overshoots the centerline of the track and the effective diameters reverse (the formerly smaller diameter wheel becomes the larger diameter and conversely). This results in the wheelset moving in a curve in the opposite direction. Again it overshoots the centerline and this phenomenon continues indefinitely with the wheelset oscillating from side to side. Note that the wheel [flange](/wiki/Flange "Flange") never makes contact with the rail. In this model, the rails are assumed to always contact the wheel tread along the same line on the rail head which assumes that the rails are knife\-edge and only make contact with the wheel tread along a line (of zero width).
#### Mathematical analysis
The train stays on the track by virtue of the conical shape of the wheel [treads](/wiki/Tire "Tire"). If a wheelset is displaced to one side by an amount {{var\|y}} (the tracking error), the radius of the tread in contact with the rail on one side is reduced, while on the other side it is increased. The [angular velocity](/wiki/Angular_velocity "Angular velocity") is the same for both wheels (they are coupled via a [rigid](/wiki/Stiffness "Stiffness") [axle](/wiki/Axle "Axle")), so the larger [diameter](/wiki/Diameter "Diameter") tread speeds up, while the smaller slows down. The wheel set steers around a centre of curvature defined by the intersection of the generator of a cone passing through the points of contact with the wheels on the rails and the axis of the wheel set. Applying [similar triangles](/wiki/Similar_triangles "Similar triangles"), we have for the turn radius:
[thumb\|centre\|upright\=1\.4\|Calculation of radius of turn](/wiki/Image:NewTurnRadius.png "NewTurnRadius.png")
{{block indent\|\\frac{1}{R} \=\\frac{2ky}{rd}}}
where {{var\|d}} is the track [gauge](/wiki/Rail_gauge "Rail gauge"), {{var\|r}} the wheel radius when running straight and {{var\|k}} is the tread [taper](/wiki/Machine_tapers "Machine tapers") (which is the slope of tread in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the track).
The path of the wheel set relative to the straight track is defined by a function {{var\|y}}({{var\|x}}), where {{var\|x}} is the progress along the track. This is sometimes called the tracking error.Tracking error will be zero if the path of the wheels runs absolutely straight along the track and the wheel pair is centered on the track. Provided the direction of motion remains more or less [parallel](/wiki/Parallel_%28geometry%29 "Parallel (geometry)") to the rails, the [curvature](/wiki/Curvature "Curvature") of the path may be related to the second [derivative](/wiki/Derivative "Derivative") of {{var\|y}} with respect to distance along the track as approximatelySee [Curvature\#Graph of a function](/wiki/Curvature%23Graph_of_a_function "Curvature#Graph of a function") for mathematical details. The approximate equality becomes equality only when the tracking error, {{var\|y}}, has zero slope with respect to {{var\|x}}. Since the tracking error will turn out to be a sine wave, the points of zero slope are at the points of maximum tracking error {{var\|y}}. But the equality is approximately correct provided the slope of {{var\|y}} is low.
{{block indent\|\\left\|\\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2y}{\\operatorname{d}x^2}\\right\| \\approx \\frac{1}{R}}}
It follows that the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory "Trajectory") along the track is governed by the equation:Note that \\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2y}{\\operatorname{d}x^2} is negative when {{var\|y}} is positive and conversely. The other equation for {{var\|R}}, \\frac {1} {R} \=\\frac {2ky}{rd} does not hold when {{var\|y}} goes negative, since the radius {{var\|R}} is not allowed to be negative (per mathematical definition). But after radius {{var\|R}} is eliminated by combining the two equations, the resulting equation becomes correct by checking the two cases: {{var\|y}} negative and {{var\|y}} positive.
{{block indent\|\\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2y} {\\operatorname{d}x^2} \= \-\\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) y}}
This is a [simple harmonic motion](/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion "Simple harmonic motion") having wavelength:
{{block indent\|\\lambda \= 2\\pi \\sqrt{\\frac{rd}{2k}}{{pad\|3em}}known as Klingel's formula (derived in 1883\)Iwnicki, p.7 formula 2\.1}}
This kinematic analysis implies that trains sway from side to side all the time. In fact, this oscillation is [damped](/wiki/Damping_ratio "Damping ratio") out below a critical speed and the ride is correspondingly more comfortable. The kinematic result ignores the forces causing the motion. These may be analyzed using the [concept of creep](/wiki/Rail_adhesion%23Forces_on_wheels%2C_creep "Rail adhesion#Forces on wheels, creep") (non\-linear) but are somewhat difficult to quantify simply, as they arise from the [elastic distortion](/wiki/Hertzian_contact_stress "Hertzian contact stress") of the wheel and rail at the regions of contact. These are the subject of [frictional contact mechanics](/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics "Frictional contact mechanics"); an early presentation that includes these effects in hunting motion analysis was presented by Carter.{{cite journal\|last\=Carter\|first\=F. W.\|title\=On the Stability of Running of Locomotives\|journal\=Proceedings of the Royal Society\|date\=July 25, 1928\|volume\=121\|issue\=788\|pages\=585–610\|doi\=10\.1098/rspa.1928\.0220\|bibcode \= 1928RSPSA.121\..585C \|doi\-access\=free}} See Knothe{{cite journal\|last\=Knothe\|first\=K.\|title\=History of wheel/rail contact mechanics: from Redtenbacher to Kalker\|journal\=Vehicle System Dynamics\|year\=2008\|volume\=46\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=9–26\|doi\=10\.1080/00423110701586469\|s2cid\=109580328}} for a historical overview.
If the motion is substantially parallel with the rails, the angular displacement of the wheel set \\left(\\theta\\right) is given by:
{{block indent\|\\theta \= \\frac{\\operatorname{d}y}{\\operatorname{d}x}}}
Hence:
{{block indent\|\\begin{align}
\\frac{\\operatorname{d} \\theta}{\\operatorname{d}x} \&\= \\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2 y}{\\operatorname{d}x^2} \= \-\\left( \\frac{2k}{rd} \\right) y \\\\
\\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2 \\theta}{\\operatorname{d}x^2} \&\= \-\\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\frac{\\operatorname{d}y}{\\operatorname{d}x} \= \-\\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\theta
\\end{align}}}
The angular deflection also follows a simple harmonic motion, which lags behind the side to side motion by a quarter of a cycle. In many systems which are characterised by harmonic motion involving two different states (in this case the axle yaw deflection and the lateral displacement), the quarter cycle lag between the two motions endows the system with the ability to extract energy from the forward motion. This effect is observed in "[flutter](/wiki/Aeroelasticity%23Flutter "Aeroelasticity#Flutter")" of aircraft wings and "[shimmy](/wiki/Speed_wobble "Speed wobble")" of road vehicles, as well as hunting of railway vehicles. The kinematic solution derived above describes the motion at the critical speed.
In practice, below the critical speed, the lag between the two motions is less than a quarter cycle so that the motion is damped out but, above the critical speed, the lag is greater than a quarter cycle so that the motion is amplified.
In order to estimate the [inertial](/wiki/Inertia "Inertia") forces, it is necessary to express the distance derivatives as time [derivatives](/wiki/Derivative "Derivative"). This is done using the speed of the vehicle {{var\|U}}, which is assumed constant:
{{block indent\| \\frac{\\operatorname{d}}{\\operatorname{d}t} \= U\\frac{\\operatorname{d}}{\\operatorname{d}x}}}
The angular acceleration of the axle in yaw is:
{{block indent\|\\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2 \\theta}{\\operatorname{d}t^2} \= \-U^2 \\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\theta}}
The inertial moment (ignoring gyroscopic effects) is:
{{block indent\|Fd \= C \\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2 \\theta}{\\operatorname{d}t^2}}}
where {{var\|F}} is the force acting along the rails and {{var\|C}} is the [moment of inertia](/wiki/Moment_of_inertia "Moment of inertia") of the wheel set.
{{block indent\|F \= \-C U^2 \\left(\\frac{2k}{rd^2}\\right) \\theta}}
the maximum [frictional](/wiki/Friction "Friction") force between the wheel and rail is given by:
{{block indent\|F \= \\mu \\frac{W}{2}}}
where {{var\|W}} is the axle load and \\mu is the [coefficient of friction](/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction "Coefficient of friction"). Gross slipping will occur at a combination of speed and axle deflection given by:
{{block indent\|\\theta U^2 \= \\mu W \\frac{rd^2}{4Ck}}}
this expression yields a significant overestimate of the critical speed, but it does illustrate the physical reason why hunting occurs, i.e. the inertial forces become comparable with the adhesion forces above a certain speed. Limiting friction is a poor representation of the adhesion force in this case.
The actual adhesion forces arise from the distortion of the tread and rail in the region of contact. There is no gross slippage, just elastic distortion and some local slipping (creep slippage). During normal operation these forces are well within the limiting friction constraint. A complete analysis takes these forces into account, using [rolling contact mechanics](/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics "Frictional contact mechanics") theories.
However, the kinematic analysis assumed that there was no slippage at all at the wheel\-rail contact. Now it is clear that there is some creep slippage which makes the calculated sinusoidal trajectory of the wheelset (per Klingel's formula) not exactly correct.
|
[
"### Kinematic analysis",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.4\\|alt\\=Diagram, from the front, of a laterally displaced wheelset on rails (modelled as circles). Labels: on a line of circumference of the wheel, \"Position of point of contact for straight running\"; on the radius of that circumference, \"Nominal radius\"; on the distance between that circumference and the top of the rail, \"Lateral displacement\"; overall: \"Centre of curvature is the intersection of the line of contact and the wheelset centreline\".\\|Kinematics of railway wheel coning action](/wiki/Image:Newkinematics.png \"Newkinematics.png\")\nWhile a qualitative description provides some understanding of the phenomenon, deeper understanding inevitably requires a mathematical analysis of the vehicle [dynamics](/wiki/Dynamics_%28mechanics%29 \"Dynamics (mechanics)\"). Even then, the results may be only approximate.",
"A [kinematic](/wiki/Kinematic \"Kinematic\") description deals with the [geometry](/wiki/Geometry \"Geometry\") of motion, without reference to the [forces](/wiki/Force \"Force\") causing it, so the analysis begins with a description of the geometry of a wheel set running on a straight track. Since [Newton's second law](/wiki/Newton%27s_second_law \"Newton's second law\") relates forces to the [acceleration](/wiki/Acceleration \"Acceleration\") of bodies, the forces acting may then be derived from the kinematics by calculating the accelerations of the components. However, if these forces change the kinematic description (as they do in this case) then the results may only be approximately correct.",
"#### Assumptions and non\\-mathematical description",
"This kinematic description makes a number of simplifying assumptions since it neglects forces. For one, it assumes that the [rolling resistance](/wiki/Rolling_resistance \"Rolling resistance\") is zero. A wheelset (not attached to a [train](/wiki/Train \"Train\") or [truck](/wiki/Bogie \"Bogie\")), is given a push forward on a straight and level track. The wheelset starts coasting and never slows down since there are no forces (except downward forces on the wheelset to make it adhere to the track and not slip). If initially the wheelset is centered on the railroad track then the effective diameters of each wheel are the same and the wheelset rolls down the track in a perfectly straight line forever. But if the wheelset is a little off\\-center so that the effective diameters (or radii) are different, then the wheelset starts to move in a curve of radius {{var\\|R}} (depending on these wheelset radii, etc.; to be derived later on). The problem is to use kinematic reasoning to find the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory \"Trajectory\") of the wheelset, or more precisely, the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory \"Trajectory\") of the center of the wheelset projected vertically on the roadbed in the center of the track. This is a trajectory on the plane of the level earth's surface and plotted on an {{var\\|x}}\\-{{var\\|y}} graphical plot where {{var\\|x}} is the distance along the railroad and {{var\\|y}} is the \"tracking error\", the deviation of the center of the wheelset from the straight line of the railway running down the center of the track (midway between the two rails).",
"To illustrate that a wheelset trajectory follows a curved path, one may place a nail or screw on a flat table top and give it a push. It will roll in a circular curve because the nail or screw is like a wheelset with extremely different diameter wheels. The head is analogous to a large diameter wheel and the pointed end is like a small diameter wheel. While the nail or screw will turn around in a full circle (and more) the railroad wheelset behaves differently because as soon at it starts to turn in a curve, the effective diameters change in such a way as to decrease the curvature of the path. Note that \"radius\" and \"curvature\" refer to the curvature of the trajectory of the wheelset and not the curvature of the railway since this is perfectly straight track. As the wheelset rolls on, the curvature decreases until the wheels reach the point where their effective diameters are equal and the path is no longer curving. But the trajectory has a slope at this point (it is a straight line which crosses diagonally over the centerline of the track) so that it overshoots the centerline of the track and the effective diameters reverse (the formerly smaller diameter wheel becomes the larger diameter and conversely). This results in the wheelset moving in a curve in the opposite direction. Again it overshoots the centerline and this phenomenon continues indefinitely with the wheelset oscillating from side to side. Note that the wheel [flange](/wiki/Flange \"Flange\") never makes contact with the rail. In this model, the rails are assumed to always contact the wheel tread along the same line on the rail head which assumes that the rails are knife\\-edge and only make contact with the wheel tread along a line (of zero width).",
"#### Mathematical analysis",
"The train stays on the track by virtue of the conical shape of the wheel [treads](/wiki/Tire \"Tire\"). If a wheelset is displaced to one side by an amount {{var\\|y}} (the tracking error), the radius of the tread in contact with the rail on one side is reduced, while on the other side it is increased. The [angular velocity](/wiki/Angular_velocity \"Angular velocity\") is the same for both wheels (they are coupled via a [rigid](/wiki/Stiffness \"Stiffness\") [axle](/wiki/Axle \"Axle\")), so the larger [diameter](/wiki/Diameter \"Diameter\") tread speeds up, while the smaller slows down. The wheel set steers around a centre of curvature defined by the intersection of the generator of a cone passing through the points of contact with the wheels on the rails and the axis of the wheel set. Applying [similar triangles](/wiki/Similar_triangles \"Similar triangles\"), we have for the turn radius:",
"[thumb\\|centre\\|upright\\=1\\.4\\|Calculation of radius of turn](/wiki/Image:NewTurnRadius.png \"NewTurnRadius.png\")\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{1}{R} \\=\\\\frac{2ky}{rd}}}",
"where {{var\\|d}} is the track [gauge](/wiki/Rail_gauge \"Rail gauge\"), {{var\\|r}} the wheel radius when running straight and {{var\\|k}} is the tread [taper](/wiki/Machine_tapers \"Machine tapers\") (which is the slope of tread in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the track).",
"The path of the wheel set relative to the straight track is defined by a function {{var\\|y}}({{var\\|x}}), where {{var\\|x}} is the progress along the track. This is sometimes called the tracking error.Tracking error will be zero if the path of the wheels runs absolutely straight along the track and the wheel pair is centered on the track. Provided the direction of motion remains more or less [parallel](/wiki/Parallel_%28geometry%29 \"Parallel (geometry)\") to the rails, the [curvature](/wiki/Curvature \"Curvature\") of the path may be related to the second [derivative](/wiki/Derivative \"Derivative\") of {{var\\|y}} with respect to distance along the track as approximatelySee [Curvature\\#Graph of a function](/wiki/Curvature%23Graph_of_a_function \"Curvature#Graph of a function\") for mathematical details. The approximate equality becomes equality only when the tracking error, {{var\\|y}}, has zero slope with respect to {{var\\|x}}. Since the tracking error will turn out to be a sine wave, the points of zero slope are at the points of maximum tracking error {{var\\|y}}. But the equality is approximately correct provided the slope of {{var\\|y}} is low.\n{{block indent\\|\\\\left\\|\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x^2}\\\\right\\| \\\\approx \\\\frac{1}{R}}}",
"It follows that the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory \"Trajectory\") along the track is governed by the equation:Note that \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x^2} is negative when {{var\\|y}} is positive and conversely. The other equation for {{var\\|R}}, \\\\frac {1} {R} \\=\\\\frac {2ky}{rd} does not hold when {{var\\|y}} goes negative, since the radius {{var\\|R}} is not allowed to be negative (per mathematical definition). But after radius {{var\\|R}} is eliminated by combining the two equations, the resulting equation becomes correct by checking the two cases: {{var\\|y}} negative and {{var\\|y}} positive.\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2y} {\\\\operatorname{d}x^2} \\= \\-\\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) y}}",
"This is a [simple harmonic motion](/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion \"Simple harmonic motion\") having wavelength:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\lambda \\= 2\\\\pi \\\\sqrt{\\\\frac{rd}{2k}}{{pad\\|3em}}known as Klingel's formula (derived in 1883\\)Iwnicki, p.7 formula 2\\.1}}",
"This kinematic analysis implies that trains sway from side to side all the time. In fact, this oscillation is [damped](/wiki/Damping_ratio \"Damping ratio\") out below a critical speed and the ride is correspondingly more comfortable. The kinematic result ignores the forces causing the motion. These may be analyzed using the [concept of creep](/wiki/Rail_adhesion%23Forces_on_wheels%2C_creep \"Rail adhesion#Forces on wheels, creep\") (non\\-linear) but are somewhat difficult to quantify simply, as they arise from the [elastic distortion](/wiki/Hertzian_contact_stress \"Hertzian contact stress\") of the wheel and rail at the regions of contact. These are the subject of [frictional contact mechanics](/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics \"Frictional contact mechanics\"); an early presentation that includes these effects in hunting motion analysis was presented by Carter.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Carter\\|first\\=F. W.\\|title\\=On the Stability of Running of Locomotives\\|journal\\=Proceedings of the Royal Society\\|date\\=July 25, 1928\\|volume\\=121\\|issue\\=788\\|pages\\=585–610\\|doi\\=10\\.1098/rspa.1928\\.0220\\|bibcode \\= 1928RSPSA.121\\..585C \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} See Knothe{{cite journal\\|last\\=Knothe\\|first\\=K.\\|title\\=History of wheel/rail contact mechanics: from Redtenbacher to Kalker\\|journal\\=Vehicle System Dynamics\\|year\\=2008\\|volume\\=46\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=9–26\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/00423110701586469\\|s2cid\\=109580328}} for a historical overview.",
"If the motion is substantially parallel with the rails, the angular displacement of the wheel set \\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right) is given by:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\theta \\= \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x}}}",
"Hence:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\begin{align}\n \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d} \\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}x} \\&\\= \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2 y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x^2} \\= \\-\\\\left( \\\\frac{2k}{rd} \\\\right) y \\\\\\\\\n \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2 \\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}x^2} \\&\\= \\-\\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x} \\= \\-\\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\theta\n\\\\end{align}}}",
"The angular deflection also follows a simple harmonic motion, which lags behind the side to side motion by a quarter of a cycle. In many systems which are characterised by harmonic motion involving two different states (in this case the axle yaw deflection and the lateral displacement), the quarter cycle lag between the two motions endows the system with the ability to extract energy from the forward motion. This effect is observed in \"[flutter](/wiki/Aeroelasticity%23Flutter \"Aeroelasticity#Flutter\")\" of aircraft wings and \"[shimmy](/wiki/Speed_wobble \"Speed wobble\")\" of road vehicles, as well as hunting of railway vehicles. The kinematic solution derived above describes the motion at the critical speed.",
"In practice, below the critical speed, the lag between the two motions is less than a quarter cycle so that the motion is damped out but, above the critical speed, the lag is greater than a quarter cycle so that the motion is amplified.",
"In order to estimate the [inertial](/wiki/Inertia \"Inertia\") forces, it is necessary to express the distance derivatives as time [derivatives](/wiki/Derivative \"Derivative\"). This is done using the speed of the vehicle {{var\\|U}}, which is assumed constant:\n{{block indent\\| \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}}{\\\\operatorname{d}t} \\= U\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}}{\\\\operatorname{d}x}}}",
"The angular acceleration of the axle in yaw is:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2 \\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}t^2} \\= \\-U^2 \\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\theta}}",
"The inertial moment (ignoring gyroscopic effects) is:\n{{block indent\\|Fd \\= C \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2 \\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}t^2}}}",
"where {{var\\|F}} is the force acting along the rails and {{var\\|C}} is the [moment of inertia](/wiki/Moment_of_inertia \"Moment of inertia\") of the wheel set.\n{{block indent\\|F \\= \\-C U^2 \\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd^2}\\\\right) \\\\theta}}",
"the maximum [frictional](/wiki/Friction \"Friction\") force between the wheel and rail is given by:\n{{block indent\\|F \\= \\\\mu \\\\frac{W}{2}}}",
"where {{var\\|W}} is the axle load and \\\\mu is the [coefficient of friction](/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction \"Coefficient of friction\"). Gross slipping will occur at a combination of speed and axle deflection given by:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\theta U^2 \\= \\\\mu W \\\\frac{rd^2}{4Ck}}}",
"this expression yields a significant overestimate of the critical speed, but it does illustrate the physical reason why hunting occurs, i.e. the inertial forces become comparable with the adhesion forces above a certain speed. Limiting friction is a poor representation of the adhesion force in this case.",
"The actual adhesion forces arise from the distortion of the tread and rail in the region of contact. There is no gross slippage, just elastic distortion and some local slipping (creep slippage). During normal operation these forces are well within the limiting friction constraint. A complete analysis takes these forces into account, using [rolling contact mechanics](/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics \"Frictional contact mechanics\") theories.",
"However, the kinematic analysis assumed that there was no slippage at all at the wheel\\-rail contact. Now it is clear that there is some creep slippage which makes the calculated sinusoidal trajectory of the wheelset (per Klingel's formula) not exactly correct.",
""
] |
#### Mathematical analysis
The train stays on the track by virtue of the conical shape of the wheel [treads](/wiki/Tire "Tire"). If a wheelset is displaced to one side by an amount {{var\|y}} (the tracking error), the radius of the tread in contact with the rail on one side is reduced, while on the other side it is increased. The [angular velocity](/wiki/Angular_velocity "Angular velocity") is the same for both wheels (they are coupled via a [rigid](/wiki/Stiffness "Stiffness") [axle](/wiki/Axle "Axle")), so the larger [diameter](/wiki/Diameter "Diameter") tread speeds up, while the smaller slows down. The wheel set steers around a centre of curvature defined by the intersection of the generator of a cone passing through the points of contact with the wheels on the rails and the axis of the wheel set. Applying [similar triangles](/wiki/Similar_triangles "Similar triangles"), we have for the turn radius:
[thumb\|centre\|upright\=1\.4\|Calculation of radius of turn](/wiki/Image:NewTurnRadius.png "NewTurnRadius.png")
{{block indent\|\\frac{1}{R} \=\\frac{2ky}{rd}}}
where {{var\|d}} is the track [gauge](/wiki/Rail_gauge "Rail gauge"), {{var\|r}} the wheel radius when running straight and {{var\|k}} is the tread [taper](/wiki/Machine_tapers "Machine tapers") (which is the slope of tread in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the track).
The path of the wheel set relative to the straight track is defined by a function {{var\|y}}({{var\|x}}), where {{var\|x}} is the progress along the track. This is sometimes called the tracking error.Tracking error will be zero if the path of the wheels runs absolutely straight along the track and the wheel pair is centered on the track. Provided the direction of motion remains more or less [parallel](/wiki/Parallel_%28geometry%29 "Parallel (geometry)") to the rails, the [curvature](/wiki/Curvature "Curvature") of the path may be related to the second [derivative](/wiki/Derivative "Derivative") of {{var\|y}} with respect to distance along the track as approximatelySee [Curvature\#Graph of a function](/wiki/Curvature%23Graph_of_a_function "Curvature#Graph of a function") for mathematical details. The approximate equality becomes equality only when the tracking error, {{var\|y}}, has zero slope with respect to {{var\|x}}. Since the tracking error will turn out to be a sine wave, the points of zero slope are at the points of maximum tracking error {{var\|y}}. But the equality is approximately correct provided the slope of {{var\|y}} is low.
{{block indent\|\\left\|\\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2y}{\\operatorname{d}x^2}\\right\| \\approx \\frac{1}{R}}}
It follows that the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory "Trajectory") along the track is governed by the equation:Note that \\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2y}{\\operatorname{d}x^2} is negative when {{var\|y}} is positive and conversely. The other equation for {{var\|R}}, \\frac {1} {R} \=\\frac {2ky}{rd} does not hold when {{var\|y}} goes negative, since the radius {{var\|R}} is not allowed to be negative (per mathematical definition). But after radius {{var\|R}} is eliminated by combining the two equations, the resulting equation becomes correct by checking the two cases: {{var\|y}} negative and {{var\|y}} positive.
{{block indent\|\\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2y} {\\operatorname{d}x^2} \= \-\\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) y}}
This is a [simple harmonic motion](/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion "Simple harmonic motion") having wavelength:
{{block indent\|\\lambda \= 2\\pi \\sqrt{\\frac{rd}{2k}}{{pad\|3em}}known as Klingel's formula (derived in 1883\)Iwnicki, p.7 formula 2\.1}}
This kinematic analysis implies that trains sway from side to side all the time. In fact, this oscillation is [damped](/wiki/Damping_ratio "Damping ratio") out below a critical speed and the ride is correspondingly more comfortable. The kinematic result ignores the forces causing the motion. These may be analyzed using the [concept of creep](/wiki/Rail_adhesion%23Forces_on_wheels%2C_creep "Rail adhesion#Forces on wheels, creep") (non\-linear) but are somewhat difficult to quantify simply, as they arise from the [elastic distortion](/wiki/Hertzian_contact_stress "Hertzian contact stress") of the wheel and rail at the regions of contact. These are the subject of [frictional contact mechanics](/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics "Frictional contact mechanics"); an early presentation that includes these effects in hunting motion analysis was presented by Carter.{{cite journal\|last\=Carter\|first\=F. W.\|title\=On the Stability of Running of Locomotives\|journal\=Proceedings of the Royal Society\|date\=July 25, 1928\|volume\=121\|issue\=788\|pages\=585–610\|doi\=10\.1098/rspa.1928\.0220\|bibcode \= 1928RSPSA.121\..585C \|doi\-access\=free}} See Knothe{{cite journal\|last\=Knothe\|first\=K.\|title\=History of wheel/rail contact mechanics: from Redtenbacher to Kalker\|journal\=Vehicle System Dynamics\|year\=2008\|volume\=46\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=9–26\|doi\=10\.1080/00423110701586469\|s2cid\=109580328}} for a historical overview.
If the motion is substantially parallel with the rails, the angular displacement of the wheel set \\left(\\theta\\right) is given by:
{{block indent\|\\theta \= \\frac{\\operatorname{d}y}{\\operatorname{d}x}}}
Hence:
{{block indent\|\\begin{align}
\\frac{\\operatorname{d} \\theta}{\\operatorname{d}x} \&\= \\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2 y}{\\operatorname{d}x^2} \= \-\\left( \\frac{2k}{rd} \\right) y \\\\
\\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2 \\theta}{\\operatorname{d}x^2} \&\= \-\\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\frac{\\operatorname{d}y}{\\operatorname{d}x} \= \-\\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\theta
\\end{align}}}
The angular deflection also follows a simple harmonic motion, which lags behind the side to side motion by a quarter of a cycle. In many systems which are characterised by harmonic motion involving two different states (in this case the axle yaw deflection and the lateral displacement), the quarter cycle lag between the two motions endows the system with the ability to extract energy from the forward motion. This effect is observed in "[flutter](/wiki/Aeroelasticity%23Flutter "Aeroelasticity#Flutter")" of aircraft wings and "[shimmy](/wiki/Speed_wobble "Speed wobble")" of road vehicles, as well as hunting of railway vehicles. The kinematic solution derived above describes the motion at the critical speed.
In practice, below the critical speed, the lag between the two motions is less than a quarter cycle so that the motion is damped out but, above the critical speed, the lag is greater than a quarter cycle so that the motion is amplified.
In order to estimate the [inertial](/wiki/Inertia "Inertia") forces, it is necessary to express the distance derivatives as time [derivatives](/wiki/Derivative "Derivative"). This is done using the speed of the vehicle {{var\|U}}, which is assumed constant:
{{block indent\| \\frac{\\operatorname{d}}{\\operatorname{d}t} \= U\\frac{\\operatorname{d}}{\\operatorname{d}x}}}
The angular acceleration of the axle in yaw is:
{{block indent\|\\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2 \\theta}{\\operatorname{d}t^2} \= \-U^2 \\left(\\frac{2k}{rd}\\right) \\theta}}
The inertial moment (ignoring gyroscopic effects) is:
{{block indent\|Fd \= C \\frac{\\operatorname{d}^2 \\theta}{\\operatorname{d}t^2}}}
where {{var\|F}} is the force acting along the rails and {{var\|C}} is the [moment of inertia](/wiki/Moment_of_inertia "Moment of inertia") of the wheel set.
{{block indent\|F \= \-C U^2 \\left(\\frac{2k}{rd^2}\\right) \\theta}}
the maximum [frictional](/wiki/Friction "Friction") force between the wheel and rail is given by:
{{block indent\|F \= \\mu \\frac{W}{2}}}
where {{var\|W}} is the axle load and \\mu is the [coefficient of friction](/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction "Coefficient of friction"). Gross slipping will occur at a combination of speed and axle deflection given by:
{{block indent\|\\theta U^2 \= \\mu W \\frac{rd^2}{4Ck}}}
this expression yields a significant overestimate of the critical speed, but it does illustrate the physical reason why hunting occurs, i.e. the inertial forces become comparable with the adhesion forces above a certain speed. Limiting friction is a poor representation of the adhesion force in this case.
The actual adhesion forces arise from the distortion of the tread and rail in the region of contact. There is no gross slippage, just elastic distortion and some local slipping (creep slippage). During normal operation these forces are well within the limiting friction constraint. A complete analysis takes these forces into account, using [rolling contact mechanics](/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics "Frictional contact mechanics") theories.
However, the kinematic analysis assumed that there was no slippage at all at the wheel\-rail contact. Now it is clear that there is some creep slippage which makes the calculated sinusoidal trajectory of the wheelset (per Klingel's formula) not exactly correct.
|
[
"#### Mathematical analysis",
"The train stays on the track by virtue of the conical shape of the wheel [treads](/wiki/Tire \"Tire\"). If a wheelset is displaced to one side by an amount {{var\\|y}} (the tracking error), the radius of the tread in contact with the rail on one side is reduced, while on the other side it is increased. The [angular velocity](/wiki/Angular_velocity \"Angular velocity\") is the same for both wheels (they are coupled via a [rigid](/wiki/Stiffness \"Stiffness\") [axle](/wiki/Axle \"Axle\")), so the larger [diameter](/wiki/Diameter \"Diameter\") tread speeds up, while the smaller slows down. The wheel set steers around a centre of curvature defined by the intersection of the generator of a cone passing through the points of contact with the wheels on the rails and the axis of the wheel set. Applying [similar triangles](/wiki/Similar_triangles \"Similar triangles\"), we have for the turn radius:",
"[thumb\\|centre\\|upright\\=1\\.4\\|Calculation of radius of turn](/wiki/Image:NewTurnRadius.png \"NewTurnRadius.png\")\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{1}{R} \\=\\\\frac{2ky}{rd}}}",
"where {{var\\|d}} is the track [gauge](/wiki/Rail_gauge \"Rail gauge\"), {{var\\|r}} the wheel radius when running straight and {{var\\|k}} is the tread [taper](/wiki/Machine_tapers \"Machine tapers\") (which is the slope of tread in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the track).",
"The path of the wheel set relative to the straight track is defined by a function {{var\\|y}}({{var\\|x}}), where {{var\\|x}} is the progress along the track. This is sometimes called the tracking error.Tracking error will be zero if the path of the wheels runs absolutely straight along the track and the wheel pair is centered on the track. Provided the direction of motion remains more or less [parallel](/wiki/Parallel_%28geometry%29 \"Parallel (geometry)\") to the rails, the [curvature](/wiki/Curvature \"Curvature\") of the path may be related to the second [derivative](/wiki/Derivative \"Derivative\") of {{var\\|y}} with respect to distance along the track as approximatelySee [Curvature\\#Graph of a function](/wiki/Curvature%23Graph_of_a_function \"Curvature#Graph of a function\") for mathematical details. The approximate equality becomes equality only when the tracking error, {{var\\|y}}, has zero slope with respect to {{var\\|x}}. Since the tracking error will turn out to be a sine wave, the points of zero slope are at the points of maximum tracking error {{var\\|y}}. But the equality is approximately correct provided the slope of {{var\\|y}} is low.\n{{block indent\\|\\\\left\\|\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x^2}\\\\right\\| \\\\approx \\\\frac{1}{R}}}",
"It follows that the [trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory \"Trajectory\") along the track is governed by the equation:Note that \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x^2} is negative when {{var\\|y}} is positive and conversely. The other equation for {{var\\|R}}, \\\\frac {1} {R} \\=\\\\frac {2ky}{rd} does not hold when {{var\\|y}} goes negative, since the radius {{var\\|R}} is not allowed to be negative (per mathematical definition). But after radius {{var\\|R}} is eliminated by combining the two equations, the resulting equation becomes correct by checking the two cases: {{var\\|y}} negative and {{var\\|y}} positive.\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2y} {\\\\operatorname{d}x^2} \\= \\-\\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) y}}",
"This is a [simple harmonic motion](/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion \"Simple harmonic motion\") having wavelength:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\lambda \\= 2\\\\pi \\\\sqrt{\\\\frac{rd}{2k}}{{pad\\|3em}}known as Klingel's formula (derived in 1883\\)Iwnicki, p.7 formula 2\\.1}}",
"This kinematic analysis implies that trains sway from side to side all the time. In fact, this oscillation is [damped](/wiki/Damping_ratio \"Damping ratio\") out below a critical speed and the ride is correspondingly more comfortable. The kinematic result ignores the forces causing the motion. These may be analyzed using the [concept of creep](/wiki/Rail_adhesion%23Forces_on_wheels%2C_creep \"Rail adhesion#Forces on wheels, creep\") (non\\-linear) but are somewhat difficult to quantify simply, as they arise from the [elastic distortion](/wiki/Hertzian_contact_stress \"Hertzian contact stress\") of the wheel and rail at the regions of contact. These are the subject of [frictional contact mechanics](/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics \"Frictional contact mechanics\"); an early presentation that includes these effects in hunting motion analysis was presented by Carter.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Carter\\|first\\=F. W.\\|title\\=On the Stability of Running of Locomotives\\|journal\\=Proceedings of the Royal Society\\|date\\=July 25, 1928\\|volume\\=121\\|issue\\=788\\|pages\\=585–610\\|doi\\=10\\.1098/rspa.1928\\.0220\\|bibcode \\= 1928RSPSA.121\\..585C \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} See Knothe{{cite journal\\|last\\=Knothe\\|first\\=K.\\|title\\=History of wheel/rail contact mechanics: from Redtenbacher to Kalker\\|journal\\=Vehicle System Dynamics\\|year\\=2008\\|volume\\=46\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=9–26\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/00423110701586469\\|s2cid\\=109580328}} for a historical overview.",
"If the motion is substantially parallel with the rails, the angular displacement of the wheel set \\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right) is given by:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\theta \\= \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x}}}",
"Hence:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\begin{align}\n \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d} \\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}x} \\&\\= \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2 y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x^2} \\= \\-\\\\left( \\\\frac{2k}{rd} \\\\right) y \\\\\\\\\n \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2 \\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}x^2} \\&\\= \\-\\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}y}{\\\\operatorname{d}x} \\= \\-\\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\theta\n\\\\end{align}}}",
"The angular deflection also follows a simple harmonic motion, which lags behind the side to side motion by a quarter of a cycle. In many systems which are characterised by harmonic motion involving two different states (in this case the axle yaw deflection and the lateral displacement), the quarter cycle lag between the two motions endows the system with the ability to extract energy from the forward motion. This effect is observed in \"[flutter](/wiki/Aeroelasticity%23Flutter \"Aeroelasticity#Flutter\")\" of aircraft wings and \"[shimmy](/wiki/Speed_wobble \"Speed wobble\")\" of road vehicles, as well as hunting of railway vehicles. The kinematic solution derived above describes the motion at the critical speed.",
"In practice, below the critical speed, the lag between the two motions is less than a quarter cycle so that the motion is damped out but, above the critical speed, the lag is greater than a quarter cycle so that the motion is amplified.",
"In order to estimate the [inertial](/wiki/Inertia \"Inertia\") forces, it is necessary to express the distance derivatives as time [derivatives](/wiki/Derivative \"Derivative\"). This is done using the speed of the vehicle {{var\\|U}}, which is assumed constant:\n{{block indent\\| \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}}{\\\\operatorname{d}t} \\= U\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}}{\\\\operatorname{d}x}}}",
"The angular acceleration of the axle in yaw is:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2 \\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}t^2} \\= \\-U^2 \\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd}\\\\right) \\\\theta}}",
"The inertial moment (ignoring gyroscopic effects) is:\n{{block indent\\|Fd \\= C \\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{d}^2 \\\\theta}{\\\\operatorname{d}t^2}}}",
"where {{var\\|F}} is the force acting along the rails and {{var\\|C}} is the [moment of inertia](/wiki/Moment_of_inertia \"Moment of inertia\") of the wheel set.\n{{block indent\\|F \\= \\-C U^2 \\\\left(\\\\frac{2k}{rd^2}\\\\right) \\\\theta}}",
"the maximum [frictional](/wiki/Friction \"Friction\") force between the wheel and rail is given by:\n{{block indent\\|F \\= \\\\mu \\\\frac{W}{2}}}",
"where {{var\\|W}} is the axle load and \\\\mu is the [coefficient of friction](/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction \"Coefficient of friction\"). Gross slipping will occur at a combination of speed and axle deflection given by:\n{{block indent\\|\\\\theta U^2 \\= \\\\mu W \\\\frac{rd^2}{4Ck}}}",
"this expression yields a significant overestimate of the critical speed, but it does illustrate the physical reason why hunting occurs, i.e. the inertial forces become comparable with the adhesion forces above a certain speed. Limiting friction is a poor representation of the adhesion force in this case.",
"The actual adhesion forces arise from the distortion of the tread and rail in the region of contact. There is no gross slippage, just elastic distortion and some local slipping (creep slippage). During normal operation these forces are well within the limiting friction constraint. A complete analysis takes these forces into account, using [rolling contact mechanics](/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics \"Frictional contact mechanics\") theories.",
"However, the kinematic analysis assumed that there was no slippage at all at the wheel\\-rail contact. Now it is clear that there is some creep slippage which makes the calculated sinusoidal trajectory of the wheelset (per Klingel's formula) not exactly correct.",
""
] |
### Limitation of simplified analysis
The motion of a wheel set is much more complicated than this analysis would indicate. There are additional restraining forces applied by the vehicle suspension{{cite journal\|last1\=Wickens\|first1\=A. H. \|last2\=Gilchrist \|first2\=A. O. \|first3\=A. E. W. \|last3\=Hobbs \|title\=Suspension Design for High\-Performance Two\-Axle Freight Vehicles\|journal\=Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers\|year\=1969–70\|pages\=22–}} and, at high speed, the wheel set will generate additional [gyroscopic](/wiki/Gyroscopic "Gyroscopic") torques, which will modify the estimate of the critical speed. Conventionally a railway vehicle has stable motion in low speeds, when it reaches to high speeds stability changes to unstable form. The main purpose of nonlinear analysis of rail vehicle system dynamics is to show the view of analytical investigation of bifurcation, nonlinear lateral stability and hunting behavior of rail vehicles in a tangent track. This study describes the Bogoliubov method for the analysis.{{cite journal\|last\=Serajian\|first\=Reza \|title\=Parameters' changing influence with different lateral stiffnesses on nonlinear analysis of hunting behavior of a bogie\|journal\=Journal of Measurements in Engineering\|year\=2013\|pages\=195–206}}
Two main matters, namely assuming the body as a fixed support and influence of the nonlinear elements in calculation of the hunting speed, are mostly focused in studies.{{cite journal\|last\=Serajian\|first\=Reza \|title\=Effects of the bogie and body inertia on the nonlinear wheel\-set hunting recognized by the hopf bifurcation theory\|journal\=Int J Auto Engng\|year\=2011\|pages\=186–196}} A real railway vehicle has many more degrees of freedom and, consequently, may have more than one critical speed; it is by no means certain that the lowest is dictated by the wheelset motion. However, the analysis is instructive because it shows why hunting occurs. As the speed increases, the inertial forces become comparable with the adhesion forces. That is why the critical speed depends on the ratio of the axle load (which determines the adhesion force) to the wheelset mass (which determines the inertial forces).
Alternatively, below a certain speed, the energy which is extracted from the forward motion is insufficient to replace the energy lost by lowering the axles and the motion damps out; above this speed, the energy extracted is greater than the loss in potential energy and the amplitude builds up.
The potential energy at maximum axle yaw may be increased by including an elastic constraint on the yaw motion of the axle, so that there is a contribution arising from spring tension. Arranging wheels in bogies to increase the constraint on the yaw motion of wheelsets and applying elastic constraints to the bogie also raises the critical speed. Introducing elastic forces into the equation permits suspension designs which are limited only by the onset of gross slippage, rather than classical hunting. The penalty to be paid for the virtual elimination of hunting is a straight track, with an attendant right\-of\-way problem and incompatibility with legacy infrastructure.
Hunting is a dynamic problem which can be solved, in principle at least, by active feedback control, which may be adapted to the quality of track. However, the introduction of active control raises reliability and safety issues.
Shortly after the onset of hunting, gross slippage occurs and the wheel flanges impact on the rails, potentially causing damage to both.
|
[
"### Limitation of simplified analysis",
"The motion of a wheel set is much more complicated than this analysis would indicate. There are additional restraining forces applied by the vehicle suspension{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Wickens\\|first1\\=A. H. \\|last2\\=Gilchrist \\|first2\\=A. O. \\|first3\\=A. E. W. \\|last3\\=Hobbs \\|title\\=Suspension Design for High\\-Performance Two\\-Axle Freight Vehicles\\|journal\\=Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers\\|year\\=1969–70\\|pages\\=22–}} and, at high speed, the wheel set will generate additional [gyroscopic](/wiki/Gyroscopic \"Gyroscopic\") torques, which will modify the estimate of the critical speed. Conventionally a railway vehicle has stable motion in low speeds, when it reaches to high speeds stability changes to unstable form. The main purpose of nonlinear analysis of rail vehicle system dynamics is to show the view of analytical investigation of bifurcation, nonlinear lateral stability and hunting behavior of rail vehicles in a tangent track. This study describes the Bogoliubov method for the analysis.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Serajian\\|first\\=Reza \\|title\\=Parameters' changing influence with different lateral stiffnesses on nonlinear analysis of hunting behavior of a bogie\\|journal\\=Journal of Measurements in Engineering\\|year\\=2013\\|pages\\=195–206}}",
"Two main matters, namely assuming the body as a fixed support and influence of the nonlinear elements in calculation of the hunting speed, are mostly focused in studies.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Serajian\\|first\\=Reza \\|title\\=Effects of the bogie and body inertia on the nonlinear wheel\\-set hunting recognized by the hopf bifurcation theory\\|journal\\=Int J Auto Engng\\|year\\=2011\\|pages\\=186–196}} A real railway vehicle has many more degrees of freedom and, consequently, may have more than one critical speed; it is by no means certain that the lowest is dictated by the wheelset motion. However, the analysis is instructive because it shows why hunting occurs. As the speed increases, the inertial forces become comparable with the adhesion forces. That is why the critical speed depends on the ratio of the axle load (which determines the adhesion force) to the wheelset mass (which determines the inertial forces).",
"Alternatively, below a certain speed, the energy which is extracted from the forward motion is insufficient to replace the energy lost by lowering the axles and the motion damps out; above this speed, the energy extracted is greater than the loss in potential energy and the amplitude builds up.",
"The potential energy at maximum axle yaw may be increased by including an elastic constraint on the yaw motion of the axle, so that there is a contribution arising from spring tension. Arranging wheels in bogies to increase the constraint on the yaw motion of wheelsets and applying elastic constraints to the bogie also raises the critical speed. Introducing elastic forces into the equation permits suspension designs which are limited only by the onset of gross slippage, rather than classical hunting. The penalty to be paid for the virtual elimination of hunting is a straight track, with an attendant right\\-of\\-way problem and incompatibility with legacy infrastructure.",
"Hunting is a dynamic problem which can be solved, in principle at least, by active feedback control, which may be adapted to the quality of track. However, the introduction of active control raises reliability and safety issues.",
"Shortly after the onset of hunting, gross slippage occurs and the wheel flanges impact on the rails, potentially causing damage to both.",
""
] |
Later life
----------
After his Congressional service, he resumed the independent practice of law in Dayton, with partners Thomas H. Ford, and Wayne F. Lee.
From 1927 to 1930, he was a delegate to the [Carnegie Foundation](/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York "Carnegie Corporation of New York")'s [Inter\-Parliamentary Union](/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union "Inter-Parliamentary Union") at [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva"), and [London](/wiki/London "London") to study methods of classifying [international law](/wiki/International_law "International law").
An active man, Roy Fitzgerald climbed [Mount Rainier](/wiki/Mount_Rainier "Mount Rainier") in 1925 and four years later swam the [Bosphorus](/wiki/Bosphorus "Bosphorus") from [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") to [Asia](/wiki/Asia "Asia") in a cold rain. The swim took him 30 minutes.
In June 1934, Congressman Fitzgerald purchased a Dayton\-area farm from Frederick B. Patterson, president of National Cash Register Corp. The farm was {{convert\|133\|acre\|km2}} located on Rural Road 11, one and a half miles south of Alexandersville, and three miles (5 km) east of Miamisburg.
Fitzgerald was a director of the Merchants National Bank \& Trust Company in Dayton for more than 50 years, and president of the [Montgomery County Historical Society](/wiki/Montgomery_County_Historical_Society "Montgomery County Historical Society") for 22 years. Although he was not a Dayton native, he enthusiastically led in helping to preserve many Dayton landmarks, notably [Newcom Tavern](/wiki/Newcom_Tavern "Newcom Tavern") and the Old Court House. During his presidency, a six million dollar bond was issued to build a new Court House with the condition that the Old Court House building be kept intact. The Court House later became the headquarters of the Historical Society. He oversaw the conservation of the Tavern and began deliberations about its relocation to [Carillon Historical Park](/wiki/Carillon_Historical_Park "Carillon Historical Park").
Roy Gerald Fitzgerald died in Dayton in 1962 after a long illness and is interred with his family at [Woodland Cemetery, Dayton, Ohio](/wiki/Woodland_Cemetery%2C_Dayton%2C_Ohio "Woodland Cemetery, Dayton, Ohio").
|
[
"Later life\n----------",
"After his Congressional service, he resumed the independent practice of law in Dayton, with partners Thomas H. Ford, and Wayne F. Lee.",
"From 1927 to 1930, he was a delegate to the [Carnegie Foundation](/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York \"Carnegie Corporation of New York\")'s [Inter\\-Parliamentary Union](/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union \"Inter-Parliamentary Union\") at [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"), [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\"), and [London](/wiki/London \"London\") to study methods of classifying [international law](/wiki/International_law \"International law\").",
"An active man, Roy Fitzgerald climbed [Mount Rainier](/wiki/Mount_Rainier \"Mount Rainier\") in 1925 and four years later swam the [Bosphorus](/wiki/Bosphorus \"Bosphorus\") from [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") to [Asia](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\") in a cold rain. The swim took him 30 minutes.",
"In June 1934, Congressman Fitzgerald purchased a Dayton\\-area farm from Frederick B. Patterson, president of National Cash Register Corp. The farm was {{convert\\|133\\|acre\\|km2}} located on Rural Road 11, one and a half miles south of Alexandersville, and three miles (5 km) east of Miamisburg.",
"Fitzgerald was a director of the Merchants National Bank \\& Trust Company in Dayton for more than 50 years, and president of the [Montgomery County Historical Society](/wiki/Montgomery_County_Historical_Society \"Montgomery County Historical Society\") for 22 years. Although he was not a Dayton native, he enthusiastically led in helping to preserve many Dayton landmarks, notably [Newcom Tavern](/wiki/Newcom_Tavern \"Newcom Tavern\") and the Old Court House. During his presidency, a six million dollar bond was issued to build a new Court House with the condition that the Old Court House building be kept intact. The Court House later became the headquarters of the Historical Society. He oversaw the conservation of the Tavern and began deliberations about its relocation to [Carillon Historical Park](/wiki/Carillon_Historical_Park \"Carillon Historical Park\").",
"Roy Gerald Fitzgerald died in Dayton in 1962 after a long illness and is interred with his family at [Woodland Cemetery, Dayton, Ohio](/wiki/Woodland_Cemetery%2C_Dayton%2C_Ohio \"Woodland Cemetery, Dayton, Ohio\").",
""
] |
History
-------
{{proseline\|date\=December 2022}}
The [Wigan Branch Railway](/wiki/Wigan_Branch_Railway "Wigan Branch Railway") opened between the [Liverpool and Manchester Railway](/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway "Liverpool and Manchester Railway") on 3 September 1832 at Parkside Junction (in [Newton\-le\-Willows](/wiki/Newton-le-Willows "Newton-le-Willows")) and Wigan. The original station in Wigan was located close to [Chapel Lane](/wiki/Wigan_Chapel_Lane_railway_station "Wigan Chapel Lane railway station"), and three trains per day were provided, connecting with the Liverpool and Manchester trains at [Parkside](/wiki/Parkside_railway_station_%28Merseyside%29 "Parkside railway station (Merseyside)").{{Cite book\| last\=Sweeney\| first\=Dennis\| title\=The Wigan Branch Railway\| publisher\=Triangle Publishing\| year\=2008\| isbn\=978\-0\-9550030\-35\| page\=91}}
The [North Union Railway](/wiki/North_Union_Railway "North Union Railway") opened between Wigan and Preston and connected with the line from Parkside on 31 October 1838\. Wigan station was relocated to its present position.
The [London and North Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway "London and North Western Railway") was formed as a result of the progressive amalgamation of various earlier lines, including the [Grand Junction Railway](/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway "Grand Junction Railway") in 1846\. In collaboration with the [Caledonian Railway](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway "Caledonian Railway"), through trains were introduced between [London Euston](/wiki/Euston_railway_station "Euston railway station") and [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station "Glasgow Central railway station").
On 2 August 1873, [a major accident](/wiki/Wigan_rail_crash "Wigan rail crash") occurred at the station. An overnight express from London to Scotland derailed while passing through the station at high speed. 13 people died and 30 were badly injured. The subsequent inquiry into the accident resulted in the introduction of facing point locks to passenger\-carrying lines throughout the UK.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53021717/the\-bradford\-observer/\| title\=The Wigan Railway Accident\| newspaper\=The Bradford Observer\| date\=9 August 1873\| page\=8\| via\=Newspapers.com\| access\-date\=8 June 2020\| archive\-date\=8 June 2020\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608111952/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53021717/the\-bradford\-observer/\| url\-status\=live}} {{open access}}
1888–1894: The station was substantially enlarged. The [London and North Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway "London and North Western Railway")'s [Manchester and Wigan Railway](/wiki/Manchester_and_Wigan_Railway "Manchester and Wigan Railway") connected with the North Union Railway at Springs Branch, and services to [Manchester Exchange](/wiki/Manchester_Exchange_railway_station "Manchester Exchange railway station") via [Tyldesley](/wiki/Tyldesley_railway_station "Tyldesley railway station") which began in September 1864, terminated at the enlarged station. This line closed in 1969\.
It was renamed from "Wigan" to "Wigan North Western" on 2 June 1924\.{{Butt\-Stations\|page\=250}}
During 1971 and 1972, the run\-down Victorian\-era station buildings were demolished and the track layout re\-modelled as a prelude to electrification. The re\-built station was officially opened in July 1972\.
On 1 October 1972, all signalling through Wigan North Western and adjacent sections of the West Coast main line came under the control of the new Warrington Power Signal Box. Two large signal boxes were closed \- Wigan No.1 and Wigan No.2, which had controlled train movements at the south and north ends of station respectively.
23 July 1973, Electric train services began between London Euston and Preston, via Wigan North Western. Express trains, formerly hauled by one or two [Class 50](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_50 "British Rail Class 50") diesels, were now powered by [Class 86](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_86 "British Rail Class 86") or new [Class 87](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_87 "British Rail Class 87") [electrics](/wiki/Electric_locomotive "Electric locomotive").
On 6 May 1974, the West Coast electrification project was complete and electric trains operated through to Glasgow by [British Rail](/wiki/British_Rail "British Rail").
### Withdrawn passenger services
[thumb\|Lines around Wigan in 1907](/wiki/File:Boar%27s_Head%2C_Haigh%2C_Hindley%2C_Pemberton%2C_Plank_Lane%2C_Strangeways_%26_Wigan_RJD_77.jpg "Boar's Head, Haigh, Hindley, Pemberton, Plank Lane, Strangeways & Wigan RJD 77.jpg")
[thumb\|The station in 1957\|left](/wiki/File:Wigan_North_Western_railway_station_2052512_4fbe2a7c.jpg "Wigan North Western railway station 2052512 4fbe2a7c.jpg")
Being located on the [West Coast Main Line](/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line "West Coast Main Line"), Wigan North Western has retained regular trains to a wide range of destinations. However, there were several local passenger services from the station which fell under the [Beeching Axe](/wiki/Beeching_Axe "Beeching Axe") and earlier, and the lines have since been closed:
* **Blackburn via Chorley** (passenger service a pre\-Beeching withdrawal in January 1960: *see [Lancashire Union Railway](/wiki/Lancashire_Union_Railway "Lancashire Union Railway")*)
Trains departed northwards before diverging from the main line at Boar's Head Junction, {{convert\|2\+1/4\|mi\|km}} north of Wigan. From Boar's Head, a line ran to [Adlington](/wiki/Adlington%2C_Lancashire "Adlington, Lancashire") where it joined the [Manchester to Preston Line](/wiki/Manchester_to_Preston_Line "Manchester to Preston Line") as far as [Chorley](/wiki/Chorley_railway_station "Chorley railway station"). From Chorley another branch line ran to [Cherry Tree station](/wiki/Cherry_Tree_railway_station "Cherry Tree railway station") and joined the existing line from [Preston](/wiki/Preston_railway_station "Preston railway station") to [Blackburn](/wiki/Blackburn_railway_station "Blackburn railway station"). In addition to the local service, this route was also occasionally used by long distance trains when these were diverted over the [Settle and Carlisle line](/wiki/Settle-Carlisle_Railway "Settle-Carlisle Railway"). Until at least 1963 a "private" non\-advertised return passenger service was operated for workers at the Royal Ordnance Factory at Euxton.PSUL 1963: 6:33{{nbsp}}am SX Wigan North Western—Chorley R.O.F. Halt and return at 4:29{{nbsp}}pm SX Chorley R.O.F. Halt—Wigan North Western
* **Manchester (Exchange) via Tyldesley** (local stopping passenger service withdrawn 1962, with some remaining non\-stopping local services withdrawn in January 1968: some expresses continuing until May 1969\)
The line from Wigan to [Manchester Exchange](/wiki/Manchester_Exchange_railway_station "Manchester Exchange railway station") via [Tyldesley](/wiki/Tyldesley "Tyldesley") and [Eccles](/wiki/Eccles%2C_Greater_Manchester "Eccles, Greater Manchester") was the [L\&NWR's](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway "London and North Western Railway") route from Manchester to the north and Scotland. Before closure, this route was used both by local trains and by long\-distance expresses between [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") and destinations such as [Windermere](/wiki/Windermere_railway_station "Windermere railway station") and [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station "Glasgow Central railway station"). Trains from Wigan North Western to [Manchester Exchange](/wiki/Manchester_Exchange_Station "Manchester Exchange Station") travelled south for {{convert\|1\+1/2\|mi\|km}} along the main line before diverging onto the Tyldesley line at Springs Branch Junction. In fact the timings of the non\-stop express trains were such that trains between Manchester Exchange and Wigan could (and did) take the (longer) route via Lowton.
* **Local trains along main line**
Passenger services were provided to a number of smaller stations located along the main line. Except for [Leyland](/wiki/Leyland_railway_station "Leyland railway station") and Balshaw Lane (which was reopened in 1998 as Euxton Balshaw Lane) these stations are now closed. Closure of some of these smaller stations started before the Beeching report (for example Boar's Head and Bamfurlong in 1949 and Golborne in 1962\) and was completed in the late 1960s.
Local trains called at:
{\| class\="wikitable"
\|\-
\| width\="50%" \| **Northwards** \|\| **Southwards**
\|\-
\| Boar's Head \|\| [Bamfurlong](/wiki/Bamfurlong_railway_station "Bamfurlong railway station")
\|\-
\| Standish Junction \|\| [Golborne](/wiki/Golborne_South_railway_station "Golborne South railway station")
\|\-
\| Coppull \|\| [Lowton](/wiki/Lowton_railway_station "Lowton railway station")
\|\-
\| Balshaw Lane \& Euxton \|\| [Newton\-le\-Willows](/wiki/Newton-le-Willows_railway_station "Newton-le-Willows railway station")
\|\-
\| [Leyland](/wiki/Leyland_railway_station "Leyland railway station")\|\| [Earlestown](/wiki/Earlestown_railway_station "Earlestown railway station")
\|\-
\| Farington \|\| {{Stnlnk\|Vulcan Halt}}
\|\-
\| [Preston](/wiki/Preston_railway_station "Preston railway station")\|\| [Warrington Bank Quay](/wiki/Warrington_Bank_Quay_railway_station "Warrington Bank Quay railway station")
\|}
There are proposals to re\-open some of the closed local stations (e.g. Golborne), but none have been approved as of 2018\.{{cite web\| url\=https://www.wigantoday.net/news/calls\-for\-stations\-to\-be\-reinstated\-1\-185620\| url\-status\=dead\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084046/https://www.wigantoday.net/news/calls\-for\-stations\-to\-be\-reinstated\-1\-185620\| archive\-date\=27 January 2018\| title\=Calls for stations to be reinstated\| date\=25 April 2008\| website\=Wigan Today}}{{cite web\| url\=https://www.wigantoday.net/news/transport/town\-is\-forgotten\-by\-hs2\-1\-8848535\| title\=Town is forgotten by HS2 \- A town in the borough is fast becoming 'forgotten" by HS2, according to its MP\| date\=12 December 2017\| website\=Wigan Today\| access\-date\=26 January 2018\| archive\-date\=27 January 2018\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083830/https://www.wigantoday.net/news/transport/town\-is\-forgotten\-by\-hs2\-1\-8848535\| url\-status\=live}}
### Wigan Central
{{Main\|Wigan Central railway station}}
Wigan had a third station: [Wigan Central](/wiki/Wigan_Central_railway_station "Wigan Central railway station") which has been demolished.
Wigan Central was located in Station Road, still in the town centre but some way away from the two main stations (at North Western and Wallgate). It was a terminal station on the branch line to Glazebrook and on to Manchester Central.
Wigan Central was opened by the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (later to become the [Great Central](/wiki/Great_Central_Railway "Great Central Railway")) in October 1892 and was closed to passengers in November 1964\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{proseline\\|date\\=December 2022}}\nThe [Wigan Branch Railway](/wiki/Wigan_Branch_Railway \"Wigan Branch Railway\") opened between the [Liverpool and Manchester Railway](/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway \"Liverpool and Manchester Railway\") on 3 September 1832 at Parkside Junction (in [Newton\\-le\\-Willows](/wiki/Newton-le-Willows \"Newton-le-Willows\")) and Wigan. The original station in Wigan was located close to [Chapel Lane](/wiki/Wigan_Chapel_Lane_railway_station \"Wigan Chapel Lane railway station\"), and three trains per day were provided, connecting with the Liverpool and Manchester trains at [Parkside](/wiki/Parkside_railway_station_%28Merseyside%29 \"Parkside railway station (Merseyside)\").{{Cite book\\| last\\=Sweeney\\| first\\=Dennis\\| title\\=The Wigan Branch Railway\\| publisher\\=Triangle Publishing\\| year\\=2008\\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9550030\\-35\\| page\\=91}}",
"The [North Union Railway](/wiki/North_Union_Railway \"North Union Railway\") opened between Wigan and Preston and connected with the line from Parkside on 31 October 1838\\. Wigan station was relocated to its present position.",
"The [London and North Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway \"London and North Western Railway\") was formed as a result of the progressive amalgamation of various earlier lines, including the [Grand Junction Railway](/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway \"Grand Junction Railway\") in 1846\\. In collaboration with the [Caledonian Railway](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway \"Caledonian Railway\"), through trains were introduced between [London Euston](/wiki/Euston_railway_station \"Euston railway station\") and [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station \"Glasgow Central railway station\").",
"On 2 August 1873, [a major accident](/wiki/Wigan_rail_crash \"Wigan rail crash\") occurred at the station. An overnight express from London to Scotland derailed while passing through the station at high speed. 13 people died and 30 were badly injured. The subsequent inquiry into the accident resulted in the introduction of facing point locks to passenger\\-carrying lines throughout the UK.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53021717/the\\-bradford\\-observer/\\| title\\=The Wigan Railway Accident\\| newspaper\\=The Bradford Observer\\| date\\=9 August 1873\\| page\\=8\\| via\\=Newspapers.com\\| access\\-date\\=8 June 2020\\| archive\\-date\\=8 June 2020\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608111952/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53021717/the\\-bradford\\-observer/\\| url\\-status\\=live}} {{open access}}",
"1888–1894: The station was substantially enlarged. The [London and North Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway \"London and North Western Railway\")'s [Manchester and Wigan Railway](/wiki/Manchester_and_Wigan_Railway \"Manchester and Wigan Railway\") connected with the North Union Railway at Springs Branch, and services to [Manchester Exchange](/wiki/Manchester_Exchange_railway_station \"Manchester Exchange railway station\") via [Tyldesley](/wiki/Tyldesley_railway_station \"Tyldesley railway station\") which began in September 1864, terminated at the enlarged station. This line closed in 1969\\.",
"It was renamed from \"Wigan\" to \"Wigan North Western\" on 2 June 1924\\.{{Butt\\-Stations\\|page\\=250}}",
"During 1971 and 1972, the run\\-down Victorian\\-era station buildings were demolished and the track layout re\\-modelled as a prelude to electrification. The re\\-built station was officially opened in July 1972\\.",
"On 1 October 1972, all signalling through Wigan North Western and adjacent sections of the West Coast main line came under the control of the new Warrington Power Signal Box. Two large signal boxes were closed \\- Wigan No.1 and Wigan No.2, which had controlled train movements at the south and north ends of station respectively.",
"23 July 1973, Electric train services began between London Euston and Preston, via Wigan North Western. Express trains, formerly hauled by one or two [Class 50](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_50 \"British Rail Class 50\") diesels, were now powered by [Class 86](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_86 \"British Rail Class 86\") or new [Class 87](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_87 \"British Rail Class 87\") [electrics](/wiki/Electric_locomotive \"Electric locomotive\").",
"On 6 May 1974, the West Coast electrification project was complete and electric trains operated through to Glasgow by [British Rail](/wiki/British_Rail \"British Rail\").",
"### Withdrawn passenger services",
"[thumb\\|Lines around Wigan in 1907](/wiki/File:Boar%27s_Head%2C_Haigh%2C_Hindley%2C_Pemberton%2C_Plank_Lane%2C_Strangeways_%26_Wigan_RJD_77.jpg \"Boar's Head, Haigh, Hindley, Pemberton, Plank Lane, Strangeways & Wigan RJD 77.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The station in 1957\\|left](/wiki/File:Wigan_North_Western_railway_station_2052512_4fbe2a7c.jpg \"Wigan North Western railway station 2052512 4fbe2a7c.jpg\")\nBeing located on the [West Coast Main Line](/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line \"West Coast Main Line\"), Wigan North Western has retained regular trains to a wide range of destinations. However, there were several local passenger services from the station which fell under the [Beeching Axe](/wiki/Beeching_Axe \"Beeching Axe\") and earlier, and the lines have since been closed:\n* **Blackburn via Chorley** (passenger service a pre\\-Beeching withdrawal in January 1960: *see [Lancashire Union Railway](/wiki/Lancashire_Union_Railway \"Lancashire Union Railway\")*)",
"Trains departed northwards before diverging from the main line at Boar's Head Junction, {{convert\\|2\\+1/4\\|mi\\|km}} north of Wigan. From Boar's Head, a line ran to [Adlington](/wiki/Adlington%2C_Lancashire \"Adlington, Lancashire\") where it joined the [Manchester to Preston Line](/wiki/Manchester_to_Preston_Line \"Manchester to Preston Line\") as far as [Chorley](/wiki/Chorley_railway_station \"Chorley railway station\"). From Chorley another branch line ran to [Cherry Tree station](/wiki/Cherry_Tree_railway_station \"Cherry Tree railway station\") and joined the existing line from [Preston](/wiki/Preston_railway_station \"Preston railway station\") to [Blackburn](/wiki/Blackburn_railway_station \"Blackburn railway station\"). In addition to the local service, this route was also occasionally used by long distance trains when these were diverted over the [Settle and Carlisle line](/wiki/Settle-Carlisle_Railway \"Settle-Carlisle Railway\"). Until at least 1963 a \"private\" non\\-advertised return passenger service was operated for workers at the Royal Ordnance Factory at Euxton.PSUL 1963: 6:33{{nbsp}}am SX Wigan North Western—Chorley R.O.F. Halt and return at 4:29{{nbsp}}pm SX Chorley R.O.F. Halt—Wigan North Western",
"* **Manchester (Exchange) via Tyldesley** (local stopping passenger service withdrawn 1962, with some remaining non\\-stopping local services withdrawn in January 1968: some expresses continuing until May 1969\\)",
"The line from Wigan to [Manchester Exchange](/wiki/Manchester_Exchange_railway_station \"Manchester Exchange railway station\") via [Tyldesley](/wiki/Tyldesley \"Tyldesley\") and [Eccles](/wiki/Eccles%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Eccles, Greater Manchester\") was the [L\\&NWR's](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway \"London and North Western Railway\") route from Manchester to the north and Scotland. Before closure, this route was used both by local trains and by long\\-distance expresses between [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\") and destinations such as [Windermere](/wiki/Windermere_railway_station \"Windermere railway station\") and [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station \"Glasgow Central railway station\"). Trains from Wigan North Western to [Manchester Exchange](/wiki/Manchester_Exchange_Station \"Manchester Exchange Station\") travelled south for {{convert\\|1\\+1/2\\|mi\\|km}} along the main line before diverging onto the Tyldesley line at Springs Branch Junction. In fact the timings of the non\\-stop express trains were such that trains between Manchester Exchange and Wigan could (and did) take the (longer) route via Lowton.\n* **Local trains along main line**",
"Passenger services were provided to a number of smaller stations located along the main line. Except for [Leyland](/wiki/Leyland_railway_station \"Leyland railway station\") and Balshaw Lane (which was reopened in 1998 as Euxton Balshaw Lane) these stations are now closed. Closure of some of these smaller stations started before the Beeching report (for example Boar's Head and Bamfurlong in 1949 and Golborne in 1962\\) and was completed in the late 1960s.\n Local trains called at:\n {\\| class\\=\"wikitable\"\n\\|\\-\n\\| width\\=\"50%\" \\| **Northwards** \\|\\| **Southwards**\n\\|\\-\n\\| Boar's Head \\|\\| [Bamfurlong](/wiki/Bamfurlong_railway_station \"Bamfurlong railway station\")\n\\|\\-\n\\| Standish Junction \\|\\| [Golborne](/wiki/Golborne_South_railway_station \"Golborne South railway station\")\n\\|\\-\n\\| Coppull \\|\\| [Lowton](/wiki/Lowton_railway_station \"Lowton railway station\")\n\\|\\-\n\\| Balshaw Lane \\& Euxton \\|\\| [Newton\\-le\\-Willows](/wiki/Newton-le-Willows_railway_station \"Newton-le-Willows railway station\")\n\\|\\-\n\\| [Leyland](/wiki/Leyland_railway_station \"Leyland railway station\")\\|\\| [Earlestown](/wiki/Earlestown_railway_station \"Earlestown railway station\")\n\\|\\-\n\\| Farington \\|\\| {{Stnlnk\\|Vulcan Halt}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| [Preston](/wiki/Preston_railway_station \"Preston railway station\")\\|\\| [Warrington Bank Quay](/wiki/Warrington_Bank_Quay_railway_station \"Warrington Bank Quay railway station\")\n\\|}\nThere are proposals to re\\-open some of the closed local stations (e.g. Golborne), but none have been approved as of 2018\\.{{cite web\\| url\\=https://www.wigantoday.net/news/calls\\-for\\-stations\\-to\\-be\\-reinstated\\-1\\-185620\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084046/https://www.wigantoday.net/news/calls\\-for\\-stations\\-to\\-be\\-reinstated\\-1\\-185620\\| archive\\-date\\=27 January 2018\\| title\\=Calls for stations to be reinstated\\| date\\=25 April 2008\\| website\\=Wigan Today}}{{cite web\\| url\\=https://www.wigantoday.net/news/transport/town\\-is\\-forgotten\\-by\\-hs2\\-1\\-8848535\\| title\\=Town is forgotten by HS2 \\- A town in the borough is fast becoming 'forgotten\" by HS2, according to its MP\\| date\\=12 December 2017\\| website\\=Wigan Today\\| access\\-date\\=26 January 2018\\| archive\\-date\\=27 January 2018\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083830/https://www.wigantoday.net/news/transport/town\\-is\\-forgotten\\-by\\-hs2\\-1\\-8848535\\| url\\-status\\=live}}\n### Wigan Central",
"{{Main\\|Wigan Central railway station}}",
"Wigan had a third station: [Wigan Central](/wiki/Wigan_Central_railway_station \"Wigan Central railway station\") which has been demolished.",
"Wigan Central was located in Station Road, still in the town centre but some way away from the two main stations (at North Western and Wallgate). It was a terminal station on the branch line to Glazebrook and on to Manchester Central.",
"Wigan Central was opened by the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (later to become the [Great Central](/wiki/Great_Central_Railway \"Great Central Railway\")) in October 1892 and was closed to passengers in November 1964\\.",
""
] |
Services
--------
[thumb\|The [Northern Electrics](/wiki/Northern_Electrics_%28Northern_Rail%29 "Northern Electrics (Northern Rail)") {{brc\|319}} service operating the [Merseyrail](/wiki/Merseyrail "Merseyrail") [City Line](/wiki/City_Line_%28Merseyrail%29 "City Line (Merseyrail)") from Liverpool, introduced in May 2015\|left](/wiki/File:Northern_Electric_Class_319%2C_319380%2C_platform_6%2C_Wigan_North_Western_railway_station_%28geograph_4499923%29.jpg "Northern Electric Class 319, 319380, platform 6, Wigan North Western railway station (geograph 4499923).jpg")
### Avanti West Coast
[Avanti West Coast](/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast "Avanti West Coast"), who manage the station, operate services on the [West Coast Main Line](/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line "West Coast Main Line"). An hourly service runs fast to {{rws\|Euston\|\|London Euston}} calling at {{rws\|Warrington Bank Quay}} and London Euston off\-peak. An hourly service also runs northbound to {{rws\|Glasgow Central}}, with some additional peak services terminating at {{rws\|Preston}}, {{rws\|Lancaster}} and {{rws\|Carlisle}}. The journey time from London is less than two hours (1 hour and 55 minutes).{{NRtimes\|Dec 2022\|65}}.
It is also served by Avanti West Coast's hourly services to/from London Euston via {{stn\|Wolverhampton}}, {{rws\|Birmingham New Street}} and {{rws\|Coventry}} that use the [Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line](/wiki/Rugby%E2%80%93Birmingham%E2%80%93Stafford_line "Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line") rather than the direct route to London which uses the [Trent Valley line](/wiki/Trent_Valley_line "Trent Valley line").
In the northbound direction, 2 trains per day (tpd) run northbound to {{rws\|Blackpool North}}, 6 tpd to {{rws\|Glasgow Central}} and 7 tpd run to {{rws\|Edinburgh Waverley}} (alternating hours).
[Avanti West Coast](/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast "Avanti West Coast") services southbound towards London Euston and northbound to {{rws\|Preston}} and Scotland are operated by electric {{brc\|390}} *Pendolino* trains.
### Northern
[Northern Trains](/wiki/Northern_Trains "Northern Trains") operates a half\-hourly local stopping service from {{rws\|Liverpool Lime Street}}, along the Liverpool\-Wigan Line via {{rws\|St Helens Central}} with a handful of services running to Liverpool via the Lowton Chord and {{rws\|Newton\-le\-Willows}}.{{NRtimes\|May 2019\|90}} There is also an hourly service from Liverpool which continues north along the West Coast Main Line to {{rws\|Blackpool North}}. On Sundays, the Liverpool – Wigan services do not run with the hourly {{rws\|Blackpool North}} – {{rws\|Liverpool Lime Street}} services calling at the smaller intermediate stations on the route to Liverpool.
Northern also operated one electric hourly service per hour each way between Blackpool North and Manchester Airport between May 2018 \& May 2019\.{{NRtimes\|May 2018\|82}} Between May 2019 and December 2022, this was replaced by an hourly diesel service between {{stn\|Manchester Airport}} and {{rws\|Lancaster}}, with most trains continuing on to either {{rws\|Barrow\-in\-Furness}} or {{rws\|Windermere}}. In December 2022, the {{rws\|Manchester Airport}} to {{rws\|Lancaster}} services reverted to their previous route via {{rws\|Chorley}} thus ceasing to serve Wigan. These services were replaced by limited weekday peak\-only fast services to {{rws\|Manchester Victoria}} calling only at {{rws\|Eccles}}.{{NRtimes\|Dec 2022\|82}} These were mainly operated by new {{brc\|195}} *Civity* units, whilst the electric variants ({{brc\|331}}s) have started to appear on Liverpool services since Summer 2019\.
In the May 2018 timetable change, two trains per hour were introduced to/from Bolton \- one to {{rws\|Manchester Victoria}} and Stalybridge, the other to {{stn\|Manchester Piccadilly}} and thence {{rws\|Alderley Edge}} via Stockport. These ran on weekdays only \- weekend trains were replaced by buses until November 2018 due to ongoing electrification work on the [Manchester–Preston line](/wiki/Manchester%E2%80%93Preston_line "Manchester–Preston line") through Bolton and Salford Crescent. From the December 2019 timetable change, most weekday services to/from Manchester via Hindley reverted to their previous route via Wallgate, with just a few trains starting or finishing here in the morning and both peak periods. From December 2020 until December 2022 however, the hourly service from Leeds started \& terminated here once more throughout the day (save for a few peak period services). Most services via {{rws\|Hindley}} towards Manchester now run from {{rws\|Wigan Wallgate}} station. An hourly service operates on Sundays to {{rws\|Stalybridge}} via {{rws\|Manchester Victoria}}.
### TransPennine Express
With completion of the first stage of the North West electrification programme, most [TransPennine Express](/wiki/TransPennine_Express "TransPennine Express") services between Manchester and Scotland were re\-routed via Wigan instead of Bolton by connecting with the West Coast Main Line near Newton\-le\-Willows. [TransPennine Express](/wiki/TransPennine_Express "TransPennine Express") now operates services between Manchester Airport and Scotland. These services no longer call at Wigan North Western and have been re\-routed via Bolton now that the line is electrified (work finally being completed in early 2019 ahead of the spring timetable update).
### Former services
The single [London Midland](/wiki/London_Midland "London Midland") service from Birmingham New Street to Preston that used to call in the evening was withdrawn at the end of the 2007–08 timetable.
{{Rail start}}
{{s\-rail\-national\|previous\=Preston\|next\=Warrington Bank Quay\|toc\=Avanti West Coast\|route\=\[\[West Coast Main Line]]\|rows1\=2}}
{{s\-rail\-national\|next\=Manchester Oxford Road\|toc\=Northern Trains\|route\={{rws\|Barrow\-in\-Furness}}/{{rws\|Windermere}} \- {{rws\|Manchester Airport}}\|hide1\=yes}}
{{s\-rail\-national\|previous\=Euxton Balshaw Lane\|next\=St Helens Central\|toc\=Northern Trains\|route\={{rws\|Blackpool North}} \- {{rws\|Liverpool Lime Street}}}}
{{s\-rail\-national\|next\=Bryn\|toc\=Northern Trains\|route\=Wigan North Western \- {{rws\|Liverpool Lime Street}}\|rows1\=4\|}}
{{s\-rail\-national\|next\=Daisy Hill\|toc\=Northern Trains\|route\=Wigan North Western \- {{rws\|Leeds}}
(Limited service)\|hide1\=yes\|rowsmid\=2}}
{{s\-rail\-national\|next\=Hindley\|hide1\=yes\|hidemid\=yes}}
{{s\-rail\-national\|next\=Eccles\|toc\=Northern Trains\|route\=Wigan North Western \- {{rws\|Manchester Victoria}}
(Limited service)\|hide1\=yes\|}}
{{s\-rail\-national\|previous\=Preston\|next\=St Helens Central\|toc\=TransPennine Express\|route\={{rws\|Glasgow Central}} \- {{rws\|Liverpool Lime Street}}
(Limited service)\|rows1\=3\|rowsmid\=3}}
{{s\-rail\-national\|next\=Lea Green\|hide1\=yes\|hidemid\=yes}}
{{s\-rail\-national\|next\=Liverpool Lime Street
\|hide1\=yes\|hidemid\=yes}}
{{Disused Rail Insert}}
{{rail line\|previous\=\[\[Bryn railway station\|Bryn]]\|next\={{Stnlnk\|Boar's Head}}\|route\=\[\[London and North Western Railway]]
\[\[Lancashire Union Railway]]\|col\={{LNWR colour}} }}
{{s\-end}}
### Future train services
Under [HS2](/wiki/HS2 "HS2") and government proposals' high\-speed trains would stop at the station from Glasgow before joining the new HS2 line south of Wigan to Birmingham and London.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.propertyexpertonline.co.uk/hs\-2\-phase\-two/\| url\-status\=dead\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063845/http://www.propertyexpertonline.co.uk/hs\-2\-phase\-two/\| archive\-date\=4 March 2016\| title\=HS 2 – Phase Two\| work\=propertyexpertonline.co.uk\| access\-date\=31 May 2015}} Describes details of the junction south of Wigan, and HS2 stations are identified in the accompanying map.
|
[
"Services\n--------",
"[thumb\\|The [Northern Electrics](/wiki/Northern_Electrics_%28Northern_Rail%29 \"Northern Electrics (Northern Rail)\") {{brc\\|319}} service operating the [Merseyrail](/wiki/Merseyrail \"Merseyrail\") [City Line](/wiki/City_Line_%28Merseyrail%29 \"City Line (Merseyrail)\") from Liverpool, introduced in May 2015\\|left](/wiki/File:Northern_Electric_Class_319%2C_319380%2C_platform_6%2C_Wigan_North_Western_railway_station_%28geograph_4499923%29.jpg \"Northern Electric Class 319, 319380, platform 6, Wigan North Western railway station (geograph 4499923).jpg\")",
"### Avanti West Coast",
"[Avanti West Coast](/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast \"Avanti West Coast\"), who manage the station, operate services on the [West Coast Main Line](/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line \"West Coast Main Line\"). An hourly service runs fast to {{rws\\|Euston\\|\\|London Euston}} calling at {{rws\\|Warrington Bank Quay}} and London Euston off\\-peak. An hourly service also runs northbound to {{rws\\|Glasgow Central}}, with some additional peak services terminating at {{rws\\|Preston}}, {{rws\\|Lancaster}} and {{rws\\|Carlisle}}. The journey time from London is less than two hours (1 hour and 55 minutes).{{NRtimes\\|Dec 2022\\|65}}.",
"It is also served by Avanti West Coast's hourly services to/from London Euston via {{stn\\|Wolverhampton}}, {{rws\\|Birmingham New Street}} and {{rws\\|Coventry}} that use the [Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line](/wiki/Rugby%E2%80%93Birmingham%E2%80%93Stafford_line \"Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line\") rather than the direct route to London which uses the [Trent Valley line](/wiki/Trent_Valley_line \"Trent Valley line\").\nIn the northbound direction, 2 trains per day (tpd) run northbound to {{rws\\|Blackpool North}}, 6 tpd to {{rws\\|Glasgow Central}} and 7 tpd run to {{rws\\|Edinburgh Waverley}} (alternating hours).",
"[Avanti West Coast](/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast \"Avanti West Coast\") services southbound towards London Euston and northbound to {{rws\\|Preston}} and Scotland are operated by electric {{brc\\|390}} *Pendolino* trains.",
"### Northern",
"[Northern Trains](/wiki/Northern_Trains \"Northern Trains\") operates a half\\-hourly local stopping service from {{rws\\|Liverpool Lime Street}}, along the Liverpool\\-Wigan Line via {{rws\\|St Helens Central}} with a handful of services running to Liverpool via the Lowton Chord and {{rws\\|Newton\\-le\\-Willows}}.{{NRtimes\\|May 2019\\|90}} There is also an hourly service from Liverpool which continues north along the West Coast Main Line to {{rws\\|Blackpool North}}. On Sundays, the Liverpool – Wigan services do not run with the hourly {{rws\\|Blackpool North}} – {{rws\\|Liverpool Lime Street}} services calling at the smaller intermediate stations on the route to Liverpool.",
"Northern also operated one electric hourly service per hour each way between Blackpool North and Manchester Airport between May 2018 \\& May 2019\\.{{NRtimes\\|May 2018\\|82}} Between May 2019 and December 2022, this was replaced by an hourly diesel service between {{stn\\|Manchester Airport}} and {{rws\\|Lancaster}}, with most trains continuing on to either {{rws\\|Barrow\\-in\\-Furness}} or {{rws\\|Windermere}}. In December 2022, the {{rws\\|Manchester Airport}} to {{rws\\|Lancaster}} services reverted to their previous route via {{rws\\|Chorley}} thus ceasing to serve Wigan. These services were replaced by limited weekday peak\\-only fast services to {{rws\\|Manchester Victoria}} calling only at {{rws\\|Eccles}}.{{NRtimes\\|Dec 2022\\|82}} These were mainly operated by new {{brc\\|195}} *Civity* units, whilst the electric variants ({{brc\\|331}}s) have started to appear on Liverpool services since Summer 2019\\.",
"In the May 2018 timetable change, two trains per hour were introduced to/from Bolton \\- one to {{rws\\|Manchester Victoria}} and Stalybridge, the other to {{stn\\|Manchester Piccadilly}} and thence {{rws\\|Alderley Edge}} via Stockport. These ran on weekdays only \\- weekend trains were replaced by buses until November 2018 due to ongoing electrification work on the [Manchester–Preston line](/wiki/Manchester%E2%80%93Preston_line \"Manchester–Preston line\") through Bolton and Salford Crescent. From the December 2019 timetable change, most weekday services to/from Manchester via Hindley reverted to their previous route via Wallgate, with just a few trains starting or finishing here in the morning and both peak periods. From December 2020 until December 2022 however, the hourly service from Leeds started \\& terminated here once more throughout the day (save for a few peak period services). Most services via {{rws\\|Hindley}} towards Manchester now run from {{rws\\|Wigan Wallgate}} station. An hourly service operates on Sundays to {{rws\\|Stalybridge}} via {{rws\\|Manchester Victoria}}.",
"### TransPennine Express",
"With completion of the first stage of the North West electrification programme, most [TransPennine Express](/wiki/TransPennine_Express \"TransPennine Express\") services between Manchester and Scotland were re\\-routed via Wigan instead of Bolton by connecting with the West Coast Main Line near Newton\\-le\\-Willows. [TransPennine Express](/wiki/TransPennine_Express \"TransPennine Express\") now operates services between Manchester Airport and Scotland. These services no longer call at Wigan North Western and have been re\\-routed via Bolton now that the line is electrified (work finally being completed in early 2019 ahead of the spring timetable update).",
"### Former services",
"The single [London Midland](/wiki/London_Midland \"London Midland\") service from Birmingham New Street to Preston that used to call in the evening was withdrawn at the end of the 2007–08 timetable.",
"{{Rail start}}\n{{s\\-rail\\-national\\|previous\\=Preston\\|next\\=Warrington Bank Quay\\|toc\\=Avanti West Coast\\|route\\=\\[\\[West Coast Main Line]]\\|rows1\\=2}}\n{{s\\-rail\\-national\\|next\\=Manchester Oxford Road\\|toc\\=Northern Trains\\|route\\={{rws\\|Barrow\\-in\\-Furness}}/{{rws\\|Windermere}} \\- {{rws\\|Manchester Airport}}\\|hide1\\=yes}}\n{{s\\-rail\\-national\\|previous\\=Euxton Balshaw Lane\\|next\\=St Helens Central\\|toc\\=Northern Trains\\|route\\={{rws\\|Blackpool North}} \\- {{rws\\|Liverpool Lime Street}}}}\n{{s\\-rail\\-national\\|next\\=Bryn\\|toc\\=Northern Trains\\|route\\=Wigan North Western \\- {{rws\\|Liverpool Lime Street}}\\|rows1\\=4\\|}}\n{{s\\-rail\\-national\\|next\\=Daisy Hill\\|toc\\=Northern Trains\\|route\\=Wigan North Western \\- {{rws\\|Leeds}} \n(Limited service)\\|hide1\\=yes\\|rowsmid\\=2}}\n{{s\\-rail\\-national\\|next\\=Hindley\\|hide1\\=yes\\|hidemid\\=yes}}\n{{s\\-rail\\-national\\|next\\=Eccles\\|toc\\=Northern Trains\\|route\\=Wigan North Western \\- {{rws\\|Manchester Victoria}} \n(Limited service)\\|hide1\\=yes\\|}}\n{{s\\-rail\\-national\\|previous\\=Preston\\|next\\=St Helens Central\\|toc\\=TransPennine Express\\|route\\={{rws\\|Glasgow Central}} \\- {{rws\\|Liverpool Lime Street}} \n(Limited service)\\|rows1\\=3\\|rowsmid\\=3}}\n{{s\\-rail\\-national\\|next\\=Lea Green\\|hide1\\=yes\\|hidemid\\=yes}}\n{{s\\-rail\\-national\\|next\\=Liverpool Lime Street\n\\|hide1\\=yes\\|hidemid\\=yes}}",
"{{Disused Rail Insert}}\n{{rail line\\|previous\\=\\[\\[Bryn railway station\\|Bryn]]\\|next\\={{Stnlnk\\|Boar's Head}}\\|route\\=\\[\\[London and North Western Railway]] \n\\[\\[Lancashire Union Railway]]\\|col\\={{LNWR colour}} }}\n{{s\\-end}}",
"### Future train services",
"Under [HS2](/wiki/HS2 \"HS2\") and government proposals' high\\-speed trains would stop at the station from Glasgow before joining the new HS2 line south of Wigan to Birmingham and London.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.propertyexpertonline.co.uk/hs\\-2\\-phase\\-two/\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063845/http://www.propertyexpertonline.co.uk/hs\\-2\\-phase\\-two/\\| archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\| title\\=HS 2 – Phase Two\\| work\\=propertyexpertonline.co.uk\\| access\\-date\\=31 May 2015}} Describes details of the junction south of Wigan, and HS2 stations are identified in the accompanying map.",
""
] |
Career
------
He was first discovered by Italian [producers](/wiki/Film_producer "Film producer") while working as a club [disc jockey](/wiki/Disc_jockey "Disc jockey") in Spain and began working increasingly seriously as an actor in the late 60s. He appeared in twenty Italo Westerns in six or seven years and before branching out to diverse roles and genres. In the years 1968\-1974 he participated in more than 24 [Italo Westerns](/wiki/Spaghetti_Western "Spaghetti Western"), amongst others directed by [Sergio Corbucci](/wiki/Sergio_Corbucci "Sergio Corbucci"), [Sergio Martino](/wiki/Sergio_Martino "Sergio Martino"), [Enzo G. Castellari](/wiki/Enzo_G._Castellari "Enzo G. Castellari") etc. In 1977, he was also involved in the play *Courage* at the [Schauspielhaus Bochum](/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Bochum "Schauspielhaus Bochum"), directed by [Jérôme Savary](/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Savary "Jérôme Savary"). He was cast as the bad guy in 90% of his films.
Van Husen was credited for numerous further film appearances such as *[Fellini Casanova](/wiki/Fellini_Casanova "Fellini Casanova")*, by [Federico Fellini](/wiki/Federico_Fellini "Federico Fellini"), in *[Salon Kitty](/wiki/Salon_Kitty_%28film%29 "Salon Kitty (film)")* by [Tinto Brass](/wiki/Tinto_Brass "Tinto Brass") and *[Nosferatu the Vampyre](/wiki/Nosferatu_the_Vampyre "Nosferatu the Vampyre")* directed by [Werner Herzog](/wiki/Werner_Herzog "Werner Herzog"), amongst others.
He also worked in German TV series such as *[The Old Fox](/wiki/The_Old_Fox "The Old Fox")*, *[Derrick](/wiki/Derrick_%28TV_series%29 "Derrick (TV series)")*, *[Alarm für Cobra 11 \- Die Autobahnpolizei](/wiki/Alarm_f%C3%BCr_Cobra_11_-_Die_Autobahnpolizei "Alarm für Cobra 11 - Die Autobahnpolizei")* and many more. He was often cast as a rogue as in the television disaster film *Tsunami* or in the '80s cult film *Ritchy Guitar* of *Michael Laux*, and in the film *Cold and Dark* directed by Andrew Goth.
In 2001, he worked on *[Band of Brothers](/wiki/Band_of_Brothers_%28TV_miniseries%29 "Band of Brothers (TV miniseries)")*, a [Steven Spielberg](/wiki/Steven_Spielberg "Steven Spielberg") production, *[Perfect Strangers](/wiki/Perfect_Strangers_%28BBC_TV_series%29 "Perfect Strangers (BBC TV series)")* directed by [Stephen Poliakoff](/wiki/Stephen_Poliakoff "Stephen Poliakoff") and in *[Enemy at the Gates](/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Gates "Enemy at the Gates")* directed by [Jean\-Jacques Annaud](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud "Jean-Jacques Annaud"), as well as *[Hart's War](/wiki/Hart%27s_War "Hart's War")* directed by [Gregory Hoblit](/wiki/Gregory_Hoblit "Gregory Hoblit") in 2002\.
In 2006, he acted in the German television film *Karol Woityla* directed by Gero von Boehm and in 2007 in *Gellert*, a motion picture film under the direction of Ayassi with [Ken Duken](/wiki/Ken_Duken "Ken Duken") and the German TV crime series *SOKO Wismar*.
In February/March 2008, he worked on *[Winter in Wartime](/wiki/Winter_in_Wartime_%28film%29 "Winter in Wartime (film)")* a [Dutch](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands "Cinema of the Netherlands") movie based on the hit novel by the same name, written by [Jan Terlouw](/wiki/Jan_Terlouw "Jan Terlouw") and directed (and written) by [Martin Koolhoven](/wiki/Martin_Koolhoven "Martin Koolhoven"). In June and July 2010, he worked in southern [California](/wiki/California "California") on the American Western film *Scarlet Worm*, in the role of the antagonist Heinrich Kley, directed by Michael Fredianelli.
[thumb\|upright\|Dan van Husen in 2007](/wiki/File:Ueber1.jpg "Ueber1.jpg")
In 2011, he worked on the American film production *Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn*, directed by Jo Kastner, and got invited to the Spaghetti Western Film Festival in Los Angeles on 19 March of that year. He attended the [Almería](/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa "Almería") Western Film Festival from 8 to 11 September 2011, and received a lifetime achievement award in the western film genre. He then got invited to the [Lund](/wiki/Lund "Lund") International Fantastic Film Festival in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), from 15 to 24 September 2011\. He attended the Cinefest 2011, VIII, and Internationales Festival des deutschen Film\-Erbes [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") from 12 to 20 November 2011\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"He was first discovered by Italian [producers](/wiki/Film_producer \"Film producer\") while working as a club [disc jockey](/wiki/Disc_jockey \"Disc jockey\") in Spain and began working increasingly seriously as an actor in the late 60s. He appeared in twenty Italo Westerns in six or seven years and before branching out to diverse roles and genres. In the years 1968\\-1974 he participated in more than 24 [Italo Westerns](/wiki/Spaghetti_Western \"Spaghetti Western\"), amongst others directed by [Sergio Corbucci](/wiki/Sergio_Corbucci \"Sergio Corbucci\"), [Sergio Martino](/wiki/Sergio_Martino \"Sergio Martino\"), [Enzo G. Castellari](/wiki/Enzo_G._Castellari \"Enzo G. Castellari\") etc. In 1977, he was also involved in the play *Courage* at the [Schauspielhaus Bochum](/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Bochum \"Schauspielhaus Bochum\"), directed by [Jérôme Savary](/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Savary \"Jérôme Savary\"). He was cast as the bad guy in 90% of his films.",
"Van Husen was credited for numerous further film appearances such as *[Fellini Casanova](/wiki/Fellini_Casanova \"Fellini Casanova\")*, by [Federico Fellini](/wiki/Federico_Fellini \"Federico Fellini\"), in *[Salon Kitty](/wiki/Salon_Kitty_%28film%29 \"Salon Kitty (film)\")* by [Tinto Brass](/wiki/Tinto_Brass \"Tinto Brass\") and *[Nosferatu the Vampyre](/wiki/Nosferatu_the_Vampyre \"Nosferatu the Vampyre\")* directed by [Werner Herzog](/wiki/Werner_Herzog \"Werner Herzog\"), amongst others.",
"He also worked in German TV series such as *[The Old Fox](/wiki/The_Old_Fox \"The Old Fox\")*, *[Derrick](/wiki/Derrick_%28TV_series%29 \"Derrick (TV series)\")*, *[Alarm für Cobra 11 \\- Die Autobahnpolizei](/wiki/Alarm_f%C3%BCr_Cobra_11_-_Die_Autobahnpolizei \"Alarm für Cobra 11 - Die Autobahnpolizei\")* and many more. He was often cast as a rogue as in the television disaster film *Tsunami* or in the '80s cult film *Ritchy Guitar* of *Michael Laux*, and in the film *Cold and Dark* directed by Andrew Goth.",
"In 2001, he worked on *[Band of Brothers](/wiki/Band_of_Brothers_%28TV_miniseries%29 \"Band of Brothers (TV miniseries)\")*, a [Steven Spielberg](/wiki/Steven_Spielberg \"Steven Spielberg\") production, *[Perfect Strangers](/wiki/Perfect_Strangers_%28BBC_TV_series%29 \"Perfect Strangers (BBC TV series)\")* directed by [Stephen Poliakoff](/wiki/Stephen_Poliakoff \"Stephen Poliakoff\") and in *[Enemy at the Gates](/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Gates \"Enemy at the Gates\")* directed by [Jean\\-Jacques Annaud](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud \"Jean-Jacques Annaud\"), as well as *[Hart's War](/wiki/Hart%27s_War \"Hart's War\")* directed by [Gregory Hoblit](/wiki/Gregory_Hoblit \"Gregory Hoblit\") in 2002\\.",
"In 2006, he acted in the German television film *Karol Woityla* directed by Gero von Boehm and in 2007 in *Gellert*, a motion picture film under the direction of Ayassi with [Ken Duken](/wiki/Ken_Duken \"Ken Duken\") and the German TV crime series *SOKO Wismar*.",
"In February/March 2008, he worked on *[Winter in Wartime](/wiki/Winter_in_Wartime_%28film%29 \"Winter in Wartime (film)\")* a [Dutch](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands \"Cinema of the Netherlands\") movie based on the hit novel by the same name, written by [Jan Terlouw](/wiki/Jan_Terlouw \"Jan Terlouw\") and directed (and written) by [Martin Koolhoven](/wiki/Martin_Koolhoven \"Martin Koolhoven\"). In June and July 2010, he worked in southern [California](/wiki/California \"California\") on the American Western film *Scarlet Worm*, in the role of the antagonist Heinrich Kley, directed by Michael Fredianelli.\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Dan van Husen in 2007](/wiki/File:Ueber1.jpg \"Ueber1.jpg\")\nIn 2011, he worked on the American film production *Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn*, directed by Jo Kastner, and got invited to the Spaghetti Western Film Festival in Los Angeles on 19 March of that year. He attended the [Almería](/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa \"Almería\") Western Film Festival from 8 to 11 September 2011, and received a lifetime achievement award in the western film genre. He then got invited to the [Lund](/wiki/Lund \"Lund\") International Fantastic Film Festival in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), from 15 to 24 September 2011\\. He attended the Cinefest 2011, VIII, and Internationales Festival des deutschen Film\\-Erbes [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\") from 12 to 20 November 2011\\.",
""
] |
Concept
-------
The basic appearance of the game is the traditional view onto a [hexagonal grid](/wiki/Hex_map "Hex map"), although the player may choose a map\-like overhead view with [military symbols](/wiki/APP-6a "APP-6a") and basic info for the units, or an [isometric view](/wiki/Isometric_view "Isometric view") that depicts the units with small pictures of soldiers, tanks, etc. Gameplay is [turn\-based](/wiki/Turn-based "Turn-based").
The scale of the game is variable, with distances ranging from 2\.5 km per hex to 50 km per hex, and each turn simulating from 1/4 day to 1 week of time, but is fundamentally "operational", focusing on [battalion](/wiki/Battalion "Battalion"), [division](/wiki/Division_%28military%29 "Division (military)"), and [corps](/wiki/Corps "Corps") combat. The option of scale is left to a maker of a particular scenario to choose, resulting in a wide range of user\-made scenarios; ranging from, for example, a small engagement in northern Germany between several companies to an entire [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") on division scale.
The maximum number of units that can be made in a scenario was 2,000 per side until TOAW IV, although managing more than 200 can often be complicated. Each unit is assigned unique equipment (types of infantry, tanks, aircraft, etc.) and given its own name, info and color code.
The game also includes "events", which is a series of programmable events which display a message and can have several different causes and effects. The variability of these events makes each scenario—when properly designed—very complex and variable. The maximum number of in\-game events is 500 (or 1,000 for TOAW III version).
The games include a scenario editor, and much of the content in the follow\-up games are designs developed by the community of avid players.
|
[
"Concept\n-------",
"The basic appearance of the game is the traditional view onto a [hexagonal grid](/wiki/Hex_map \"Hex map\"), although the player may choose a map\\-like overhead view with [military symbols](/wiki/APP-6a \"APP-6a\") and basic info for the units, or an [isometric view](/wiki/Isometric_view \"Isometric view\") that depicts the units with small pictures of soldiers, tanks, etc. Gameplay is [turn\\-based](/wiki/Turn-based \"Turn-based\").",
"The scale of the game is variable, with distances ranging from 2\\.5 km per hex to 50 km per hex, and each turn simulating from 1/4 day to 1 week of time, but is fundamentally \"operational\", focusing on [battalion](/wiki/Battalion \"Battalion\"), [division](/wiki/Division_%28military%29 \"Division (military)\"), and [corps](/wiki/Corps \"Corps\") combat. The option of scale is left to a maker of a particular scenario to choose, resulting in a wide range of user\\-made scenarios; ranging from, for example, a small engagement in northern Germany between several companies to an entire [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") on division scale.",
"The maximum number of units that can be made in a scenario was 2,000 per side until TOAW IV, although managing more than 200 can often be complicated. Each unit is assigned unique equipment (types of infantry, tanks, aircraft, etc.) and given its own name, info and color code.",
"The game also includes \"events\", which is a series of programmable events which display a message and can have several different causes and effects. The variability of these events makes each scenario—when properly designed—very complex and variable. The maximum number of in\\-game events is 500 (or 1,000 for TOAW III version).",
"The games include a scenario editor, and much of the content in the follow\\-up games are designs developed by the community of avid players.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Pre\-1941
A total of 651 prehistoric archaeological sites were archived at Redstone Arsenal to date.Data on File at the Redstone Arsenal Environmental Management Division{{better source needed\|date\=March 2024}} At least 22 have components dating to the [Paleo\-Indian period](/wiki/Paleo-Indians "Paleo-Indians") (9200 to 8000 BC). The Paleo\-Indian projectile point called the Redstone Point was named after Redstone Arsenal where it was first identified.[RSA Archeological Program](http://www.garrison.redstone.army.mil/sites/directorates/dpw/emd/cnr/CulturalRes/content/ARCHAEOLOGICAL%20PROGRAM.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910072211/http://www.garrison.redstone.army.mil/sites/directorates/dpw/emd/cnr/CulturalRes/content/ARCHAEOLOGICAL%20PROGRAM.pdf \|date\=September 10, 2008}}. redstone.army.mil
Euro\-Americans settlers began to establish homesteads on the land that is now Redstone Arsenal by the first decade of the 19th century. Prior to the [Civil War](/wiki/Civil_War_%28United_States%29 "Civil War (United States)"), the landscape was dominated by several large plantations, the remains of which survive as archaeological sites. The land played a peripheral role during the Civil War with activity limited to the posting of pickets along the Tennessee River bank. Following the war, many of the large plantations were increasingly divided into smaller parcels owned by small farmers, who included former slaves and their descendants. By the start of the 20th century, many of the farms were owned by absentee owners, with the land being worked by tenants and sharecroppers. The remains of hundreds of tenant and sharecropper houses still dot the landscape around the installation.Curry, Beverly S. *The People Who Lived on the Land that Is Now Redstone Arsenal*. Cultural Resources Management Program, U.S. Army Missile Command, 2006\.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the approximately {{convert\|57\|sqmi\|km2\|adj\=on}} area of rolling terrain, which contained some of the richest agricultural land in Madison County, included such small farming communities as Spring Hill, Pond Beat, Mullins Flat, and Union Hill. Although there was no electricity, indoor plumbing, or telephones, few roads, and fewer cars or tractors, the people who lived in the area that one former resident recalled as being "nearly out of the world" prospered enough to support their own stores, mills, shops, gins, churches, and schools. A total of 46 historic cemeteries including slave cemeteries, plantation family cemeteries, and late 19th to early 20th century community cemeteries are maintained on the installation as [Redstone Arsenal cemeteries](/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal_cemeteries "Redstone Arsenal cemeteries").
### Huntsville Arsenal
As part of the mobilization leading to U.S. involvement in World War II, Huntsville Arsenal was established in 1941 to create a second chemical weapons plant in addition to one in [Edgewood, Maryland](/wiki/Edgewood%2C_Maryland "Edgewood, Maryland"). It was announced by the [War Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War "United States Department of War") on July 3, 1941\.{{Cite web\|date\=2016\|title\=75th Anniversary of Redstone Arsenal\|url\=https://www.amc.army.mil/Portals/9/Documents/AMC%20Publications/Historical%20Files/75th%20Anniversary%20of%20Redstone%20Arsenal.pdf\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-23\|publisher\=U.S. Army Materiel Command\|page\=14}} Over 550 families were displaced when the Army acquired the land, including over 300 tenants and sharecroppers. Most of the landowners were allowed to salvage their assets and rebuild elsewhere. The remaining buildings were almost all razed by the War Department. A land\-use agreement was arranged with the [Tennessee Valley Authority](/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority "Tennessee Valley Authority") for the Army to use about {{convert\|1250\|acre\|km2}} of land along the Tennessee River.
The military installation was originally composed of three separate entities: the Huntsville Arsenal and the Huntsville Depot (later the Gulf Chemical Warfare Depot), which were operated under the auspices of the [Chemical Warfare Service](/wiki/Chemical_Corps "Chemical Corps"); and the Redstone Ordnance Plant, operated by the [United States Army Ordnance Department](/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Department "United States Army Ordnance Department"). The name *Redstone* drew on the region's [red](/wiki/Iron%28III%29_oxide "Iron(III) oxide") [rocks](/wiki/Hematite "Hematite") and [soil](/wiki/Geography_of_Alabama%23Climate_and_soil "Geography of Alabama#Climate and soil").Cagle, Mary T. "[\[Early](https://web.archive.org/web/20111015121417/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/huntsville/history_redstone_arsenal.pdf) History of Redstone Arsenal]". Public Information Office, Redstone Arsenal.
Established during World War II as a [chemical](/wiki/Chemical "Chemical") manufacturing facility, in the immediate post\-war era the Arsenal was used for research and development by German weapons rocket scientists who were brought to the U.S. as part of [Operation Paperclip](/wiki/Operation_Paperclip "Operation Paperclip"). The team first worked on [ballistic missiles](/wiki/Ballistic_missile "Ballistic missile"), starting with [V\-2 rocket](/wiki/V-2_rocket "V-2 rocket") derivatives, before moving on to a series of ever larger designs. Many of their tests were carried out at [White Sands Missile Range](/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range "White Sands Missile Range") and flights between the two locations were common. In late 1956 the Army was relieved of most of its ballistic missiles in favor of similar weapons operated by the [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force "US Air Force").
The German design team was spun off to become part of the newly founded [National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)](/wiki/NASA "NASA"). The Cold War had moved to space, and the US intended to compete with the Soviet Union there as well as across the globe. The Arsenal served as the primary site for space [launch vehicle](/wiki/Launch_vehicle "Launch vehicle") design into the 1960s.
[thumb\|left\|1940s munitions production at Huntsville Arsenal](/wiki/File:RSA_Munitions.jpg "RSA Munitions.jpg")
In its early years, the arsenal produced and stockpiled chemical weapons such as [phosgene](/wiki/Phosgene "Phosgene"), [Lewisite](/wiki/Lewisite "Lewisite"), and [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas "Mustard gas"). The use of toxic gases in warfare was banned under the Geneva Protocol of 1925, but the U.S. signed with the reservation that it be allowed to use chemical weapons against aggressors who used them. The facility also produced carbonyl iron powder (for radio and radar tuning), tear gas, and smoke and incendiary devices. The arsenal also produced small pyrotechnic devices including small solid\-fuel rockets during the war. In recognition of its production record, the arsenal received the [Army\-Navy "E" Award](/wiki/Army-Navy_%22E%22_Award "Army-Navy ") four times, the first on October 31, 1942\. The ordnance plant was renamed Redstone Arsenal in 1943\. Through the war years, more than 27,000,000 items of chemical munitions were produced and 45,200,000 ammunition shells were loaded. [Redstone Army Airfield](/wiki/Redstone_Army_Airfield "Redstone Army Airfield") was established in 1943 for the [6th Army Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces "United States Army Air Forces") to test incendiary devices in preparation for the [firebombing of Japanese cities](/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan "Air raids on Japan").Baker, Michael E. *Redstone Arsenal: Yesterday and Today*. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993\-758\-626/80050; summary: <http://geckocountry.com/redstons.shtml>
Three days after the announcement of the Japanese surrender, production facilities at the installation were put on standby. After the war, Huntsville Arsenal was briefly used as the primary storage facility for the Chemical Warfare Service, and for manufacture of gas masks and dismantling of surplus incendiary bombs. Most of the wartime civilian workforce was furloughed, dropping to 600 from a wartime high of around 4,400\. Much of the arsenal land was leased for agriculture, and many of the buildings were leased for local industry. By 1947, the installation was declared to be excess, the first step toward demilitarization.
Major political and commercial efforts were made in searching for government or business tenants for the space. In early 1948, several buildings of Huntsville Arsenal were leased by the newly formed Keller Motors Corporation with the intention of establishing a major automobile manufacturing complex. Only 18 [Keller](/wiki/Keller_%28automobile%29 "Keller (automobile)") prototype vehicles were built before the firm's president and primary organizer, George Keller, suddenly died and the operation folded.Gross, Ken, and Rich Taylor; "[America's Most Needed Car](http://assets.hemmings.com/uimage/2197977-0-1200.jpg)", *Special Interest Autos* no. 30, September–October 1975, pp. 32–40, 59\.
The [Army Air Forces](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces "United States Army Air Forces") was searching for a site to establish a major air development center and considered Huntsville Arsenal. In 1949, a competing site near [Tullahoma, Tennessee](/wiki/Tullahoma%2C_Tennessee "Tullahoma, Tennessee") was selected. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army then directed that Huntsville Arsenal be advertised for sale by 1 July 1949\. The proposed sale never happened, because the Army found it needed the land for the new mission of developing and testing rocket systems. [Thiokol Corporation](/wiki/Thiokol_Corporation "Thiokol Corporation") moved operations to Redstone Arsenal from Maryland in the summer of 1949 to research and develop rocket propellants, while [Rohm and Haas](/wiki/Rohm_and_Haas "Rohm and Haas") began work on rockets and jet propulsion. On June 30, 1949, Huntsville Arsenal was deactivated and consolidated with the other two entities to become Redstone Arsenal. Command responsibilities were assumed by Redstone.
### Army Ordnance Corps
At the close of World War II, a number of key German scientists and engineers were brought to the United States under [Operation Paperclip](/wiki/Operation_Paperclip "Operation Paperclip"). Colonel [Holger Toftoy](/wiki/Holger_Toftoy "Holger Toftoy") arranged for 127 individuals, including [Wernher von Braun](/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun "Wernher von Braun"), to receive contracts for work on Army missiles. In late 1945, they began arriving at [Fort Bliss, Texas](/wiki/Fort_Bliss%2C_Texas "Fort Bliss, Texas"), where, using components brought from Germany, started upgrading the [V\-2](/wiki/V-2 "V-2") missile. Testing was done at the nearby [White Sands Proving Ground](/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range "White Sands Missile Range") in [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico "New Mexico").{{cite web \|url\=http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf \|last1\=Fidenbach \|first1\=Peter L. \|title\=A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965 \|publisher\=Ordnance Department, U.S. Army \|access\-date\=August 19, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229102456/http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf \|archive\-date\=December 29, 2010}}
On June 1, 1949, the [Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army](/wiki/Chief_of_Ordnance_of_the_United_States_Army "Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army") designated Redstone Arsenal as the Ordnance Rocket Center, its facility for ordnance rocket research and development. In April 1950, the Fort Bliss missile development operation, then with 130 German contract employees, 120 civil\-service employees, and 500 military personnel, was transferred to Redstone Arsenal. This became the Ordnance Guided Missile Center (OGMC), with Major James Hamill as acting commander and von Braun as technical director. An initial project was the Major tactical missile.
Upon the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, OGMC was given the mission of developing a surface\-to\-surface ballistic missile with an objective range of {{convert\|500\|mi\|km}}. Starting with an upgraded Major missile, the design went through a series of improvements and ultimately became the PGM\-11 with the popular name [Redstone rocket](/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone "PGM-11 Redstone"). To expedite development, an existing engine was used, greatly reducing the operational range to between 58 and 200 miles.Bullard, John W. "[History of the Redstone Missile System](http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA434109)". Historical Monograph Project No. AMC23M, Historical Division, Army Missile Command, October 1965\. {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\=ADA434109\&Location\=U2\&doc\=GetTRDoc.pdf \|date\=May 27, 2012 }}
During the Korean War, ammunition production was resumed at Redstone Arsenal. From July 1951 through July 1955, around 38,700,000 rounds of chemical artillery munitions were produced.
The Ordnance Missile Laboratories (OML) was formed in 1952 to coordinate research and development within the OGMC. Holger Toftoy, who had originally recruited von Braun and his team of missile specialists, was assigned to Huntsville and promoted to Brigadier General as director of the OML. Test operations were under [Kurt Debus](/wiki/Kurt_H._Debus "Kurt H. Debus"), who set up the [Interim Test Stand](/wiki/Redstone_Test_Stand "Redstone Test Stand") and the launch facility at [Cape Canaveral, Florida](/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station"). Redstone static fire testing began in the spring of 1953, followed by the first launch at Cape Canaveral on August 20, 1953\.{{cite web \|last\=McCleskey \|first\=C. \|author2\=D. Christensen \|title\=Dr. Kurt H. Debus: Launching a Vision \|url\=http://www\-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf \|access\-date\=June 22, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103545/http://www\-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf \|archive\-date\=September 17, 2008}}
In addition to the Redstone rocket development, the OML had many other research and development programs. Under Toftoy, the organization included the R\&D Division under Col. Miles Birkett Chatfield, the Field Service Division under Maj. Ben Keyserling, and the Industrial Division. In the R\&D Division there were the Surface\-to\-Air Projects under Maj. Rudy Axelson, the Surface\-to\-Surface Division under Maj. Dan Breedon, and Special Projects under Lt. Colonel John O'Conner. Projects in Surface\-to\-Air included the Nike B (later called the [Nike Hercules](/wiki/Project_Nike "Project Nike")), [Hawk](/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk "MIM-23 Hawk") and others. Surface\-to\-Surface projects were the [Honest John](/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John "MGR-1 Honest John"), [Little John](/wiki/MGR-3_Little_John "MGR-3 Little John"), [Lacrosse](/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse "MGM-18 Lacrosse"), and [Corporal Type III](/wiki/MGM-5_Corporal "MGM-5 Corporal"); the liquid\-fueled Corporal Type III was soon canceled and the solid Thiokol fueled [Sergeant](/wiki/MGM-29_Sergeant "MGM-29 Sergeant") project started. The [Jet Propulsion Laboratory](/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory "Jet Propulsion Laboratory") (JPL) at the [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") was an Army research operation at that time, as NASA did not exist at the time. It was JPL that designed the Corporal system and later was the R\&D designer of the Sergeant.
At a 1954 meeting of the Spaceflight Committee of the [American Rocket Society](/wiki/American_Rocket_Society "American Rocket Society"), von Braun proposed placing a [satellite](/wiki/Satellite "Satellite") into orbit using the Redstone with clusters of small [solid\-fuel rockets](/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket "Solid-fuel rocket") on top.{{cite book \|first1\=Roger R. \|last1\=Bate \|last2\=Mueller \|first2\=Donald D. \|last3\=White \|first3\=Jerry E. \|title\=Fundamentals of Astrodynamics \|publisher\=\[\[Dover Publications]] \|date\=1971 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofas00bate/page/152 152] \|isbn\=0\-486\-60061\-0 \|url\-access\=registration \|url\=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofas00bate/page/152}} The proposal, [Project Orbiter](/wiki/Project_Orbiter "Project Orbiter"), was rejected in 1955\.
### Ordnance schools
{{main\|United States Army Ordnance Munitions and Electronic Maintenance School}}
In March 1952, the commanding officer at Redstone Arsenal officially established the Provisional Redstone Ordnance School. In December, the Ordnance Guided Missile School (OGMS) was established, taking over the provisional operation. The OGMS greatly expanded through the years, occupying a large land area with many buildings and providing a wide variety of missile and munitions courses for thousands of students from the U.S. as well as many foreign countries. The name was later changed to the Missile and Munitions Center \& School in 1966 and then to the Ordnance Missile and Munitions Center and School in the mid\-1980s. In 1994, the School Brigade disbanded and was replaced by the reformed [59th Ordnance Brigade](/wiki/59th_Ordnance_Brigade "59th Ordnance Brigade"), which had previously disbanded in Europe in 1992\. The school was then renamed the Ordnance Munitions and Electronic Maintenance School in 2002 and moved to [Fort Lee](/wiki/Fort_Lee_%28Virginia%29 "Fort Lee (Virginia)") in 2011\.["Welcome to OMEMS"](http://omems.redstone.army.mil/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224092705/http://omems.redstone.army.mil/ \|date\=December 24, 2008}}.
### Army Ballistic Missile Agency
[thumb\|right\|RSA commander Maj. Gen. [John Medaris](/wiki/John_Bruce_Medaris "John Bruce Medaris"), [Wernher von Braun](/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun "Wernher von Braun"), and RSA deputy commander Brig. Gen. [Holger Toftoy](/wiki/Holger_Toftoy "Holger Toftoy") (left to right) in the 1950s](/wiki/File:Medaris_vonBraun_and_Toftoy_01.jpg "Medaris vonBraun and Toftoy 01.jpg")
The [Army Ballistic Missile Agency](/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency "Army Ballistic Missile Agency") (ABMA), commanded by Maj. Gen. [John Medaris](/wiki/John_Bruce_Medaris "John Bruce Medaris"), was formed on 1 February 1956, taking over from Redstone Arsenal the facilities and personnel of OGMC. Von Braun was the Director of ABMA's Development Operations Division. Redstone Arsenal then became an Army post, supporting the ABMA and, in the future, other agencies. Medaris also commanded RSA, and BG Toftoy was deputy.
The ABMA's primary mission was developing and fielding the Army's first intermediate\-range ballistic missile, the [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28missile%29 "Jupiter (missile)"). By August 1958, the system was delivered to the Air Force for early deployment overseas. Jupiter deployment to Turkey later proved to be a cause of and significant bargaining chip in the [Cuban Missile Crisis](/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis "Cuban Missile Crisis"). During his command, Medaris' operation also fielded the PGM\-11 Redstone and [MIM\-23 Hawk](/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk "MIM-23 Hawk") missiles, accelerated the development of the [Nike Zeus](/wiki/Nike_Zeus "Nike Zeus") system, and began development of the [MGM\-31 Pershing](/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing "MGM-31 Pershing") missile system, which later played a role in ending the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War").
As part of the 1957–58 [International Geophysical Year](/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year "International Geophysical Year"), both the U.S. and the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") proposed to launch a scientific satellite. Although von Braun had proposed in 1954 that the OML could place a satellite in Earth orbit, the [Naval Research Laboratory](/wiki/Naval_Research_Laboratory "Naval Research Laboratory"), using its [Vanguard rocket](/wiki/Vanguard_%28rocket%29 "Vanguard (rocket)"), was given this assignment.
On October 4, 1957, the USSR orbited *[Sputnik I](/wiki/Sputnik_I "Sputnik I")*, the first Earth satellite. A second Sputnik was launched a month later. On December 6, 1957, a first attempt to launch a satellite\-carrying Vanguard failed. Toftoy, Medaris, and von Braun immediately pleaded for the opportunity to show what the Army's "space team" could do. The go\-ahead was given and on 31 January 1958, America's first satellite, *[Explorer I](/wiki/Explorer_I "Explorer I")*, was placed into orbit using a modified Jupiter launch vehicle (a four\-stage system designated [Juno I](/wiki/Juno_I "Juno I")).{{cite web \|url\=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode\=Explorer\_01 \|title\= Explorer I Mssion \|access\-date\=February 6, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108105558/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode\=Explorer\_01 \|archive\-date\=January 8, 2008}}
By 1958, 20,000 civilian, military, and contractor workers were employed within Redstone Arsenal.{{cite news \|title\=Jobs Rise At Redstone\|page\=4 \|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/01/03/83433060\.pdf \|access\-date\=May 21, 2022 \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=January 3, 1959}}
The Army Ordnance Missile Command (AOMC) was formed in March 1958\. Headquartered at Redstone Arsenal and commanded by Maj. Gen. Medaris, AOMC had several subordinate elements, including ABMA, White Sands Missile Range, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at California Institute of Technology. Another local activity, the Army Rocket and Guided Missile Agency (ARGMA), was formed and added to AOMC in June.
Six months after *Explorer I*, President [Dwight Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") created the [National Aeronautics and Space Administration](/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration "National Aeronautics and Space Administration") (NASA) on July 29, 1958\. On October 21, 1959, he approved the transfer of all Army space\-related activities to NASA. This was accomplished effective July 1, 1960, when 4,670 civilian employees, about $100 million worth of buildings and equipment, and {{convert\|1840\|acre\|km2}} of land transferred from RSA/ABMA's Development Operations Division to NASA's [George C. Marshall Space Flight Center](/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center "Marshall Space Flight Center") (MSFC). Von Braun was MSFC's first director."Historical Facts", MSFC History Office; <http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/history_fact_sheet.htm>{{dead link\|date\=June 2021\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}
### Army Missile Command
The U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) was activated on August 1, 1962 at Redstone Arsenal, absorbing all of the personnel, facilities, and projects remaining in the prior AOMC. On March 12, 1964, the Francis J. McMorrow Missile Laboratories were dedicated in memory of MICOM's first commander, who died while in command.
Dating from the start of AMC, [Project Nike](/wiki/Project_Nike "Project Nike") involving anti\-aircraft missiles had been conducted. As the [intercontinental ballistic missile](/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile "Intercontinental ballistic missile") (ICBM) came into being, a much higher\-performance system was needed for ICBM defense. The [Advanced Research Projects Agency](/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency "Advanced Research Projects Agency") (ARPA) examined the requirements and recommending a system, designated Nike\-X, incorporating phased\-array radars, high\-performance computers, and separate low\-altitude ([Sprint](/wiki/Sprint_%28missile%29 "Sprint (missile)")) and high\-altitude ([Spartan](/wiki/LIM-49_Spartan "LIM-49 Spartan")) high\-velocity interceptor missiles. To manage this development, in 1963 MICOM created the Nike\-X Project Office headed by Colonel (later Brigadier General) Ivy O. Drewry.
The People's Republic of China exploded its first [thermonuclear bomb](/wiki/Thermonuclear_bomb "Thermonuclear bomb") in June 1967\. Hence, ABM system requirements were revised and the Sentinel System was born, replacing Nike\-X."[Logic behind the ABM system](https://books.google.com/books?id=clYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PP1)". *Life*, September 19, 1967, pp. 26–28\. In 1968, the Army Ballistic Missile Defense Agency (ABMDA) was formed, taking over Sentinel and other ballistic missile defense projects previously under MICOM. Commanded by B. G. Drewry, ABMDA established operations adjacent to Redstone Arsenal in the [Cummings Research Park](/wiki/Cummings_Research_Park "Cummings Research Park"). In May 1974, all ballistic missile defense efforts were consolidated under a single manager in the [Ballistic Missile Defense Organization](/wiki/Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Organization "Ballistic Missile Defense Organization"), which eventually evolved into today's [U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command](/wiki/United_States_Army_Space_and_Missile_Defense_Command "United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command").
On July 17, 1997, the former Army Missile Command combined with the aviation portion of the U.S. Army Aviation and Troop Command (ATCOM), creating a new organization at RSA, the [United States Army Aviation and Missile Command](/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_and_Missile_Command "United States Army Aviation and Missile Command") (AMCOM).Baker, Michael E.; "Redstone Arsenal Through the Years", 2003 (video); *[Redstone Arsenal Through the Years](https://archive.org/details/redstone_years)*. 2003\.
### Today
Redstone Arsenal remains the center of testing, development, and doctrine for the Army's missile programs. Besides the U.S. Army Materiel Command and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command, Redstone houses the Tactical UAV Project Office, Redstone Test Center (RTC), the [Missile Defense Agency](/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency "Missile Defense Agency"), the [Missile and Space Intelligence Center](/wiki/Missile_and_Space_Intelligence_Center "Missile and Space Intelligence Center"), and other operations.
After operating as a tenant on Redstone Arsenal for over half a century, the Ordnance Munitions and Maintenance School was moved to Fort Lee (now [Fort Gregg\-Adams](/wiki/Fort_Gregg-Adams "Fort Gregg-Adams")), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia").
Redstone Arsenal continues to host the Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA's largest field center for propulsion analysis and development, which developed the [Saturn rocket family](/wiki/Saturn_%28rocket_family%29 "Saturn (rocket family)") in the 1960s and propulsion systems for the [Space Shuttle](/wiki/Space_Shuttle "Space Shuttle") in the 1970s and 1980s.
Redstone Scientific Information Center (RSIC), a 450,000\-volume library established by NASA and the Army in 1962, was shuttered on September 30, 2019\.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your\-army/2019/10/15/army\-defends\-decision\-to\-close\-redstone\-arsenals\-space\-tech\-library/\|title\=Army defends decision to close Redstone Arsenal's space, tech library\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=October 14, 2019\|newspaper\=Army Times}} The cost\-saving measure was announced by Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation \& Missile Center (AvMC); selected documents from RSIC were acquired by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Pre\\-1941",
"A total of 651 prehistoric archaeological sites were archived at Redstone Arsenal to date.Data on File at the Redstone Arsenal Environmental Management Division{{better source needed\\|date\\=March 2024}} At least 22 have components dating to the [Paleo\\-Indian period](/wiki/Paleo-Indians \"Paleo-Indians\") (9200 to 8000 BC). The Paleo\\-Indian projectile point called the Redstone Point was named after Redstone Arsenal where it was first identified.[RSA Archeological Program](http://www.garrison.redstone.army.mil/sites/directorates/dpw/emd/cnr/CulturalRes/content/ARCHAEOLOGICAL%20PROGRAM.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910072211/http://www.garrison.redstone.army.mil/sites/directorates/dpw/emd/cnr/CulturalRes/content/ARCHAEOLOGICAL%20PROGRAM.pdf \\|date\\=September 10, 2008}}. redstone.army.mil",
"Euro\\-Americans settlers began to establish homesteads on the land that is now Redstone Arsenal by the first decade of the 19th century. Prior to the [Civil War](/wiki/Civil_War_%28United_States%29 \"Civil War (United States)\"), the landscape was dominated by several large plantations, the remains of which survive as archaeological sites. The land played a peripheral role during the Civil War with activity limited to the posting of pickets along the Tennessee River bank. Following the war, many of the large plantations were increasingly divided into smaller parcels owned by small farmers, who included former slaves and their descendants. By the start of the 20th century, many of the farms were owned by absentee owners, with the land being worked by tenants and sharecroppers. The remains of hundreds of tenant and sharecropper houses still dot the landscape around the installation.Curry, Beverly S. *The People Who Lived on the Land that Is Now Redstone Arsenal*. Cultural Resources Management Program, U.S. Army Missile Command, 2006\\.",
"At the beginning of the 20th century, the approximately {{convert\\|57\\|sqmi\\|km2\\|adj\\=on}} area of rolling terrain, which contained some of the richest agricultural land in Madison County, included such small farming communities as Spring Hill, Pond Beat, Mullins Flat, and Union Hill. Although there was no electricity, indoor plumbing, or telephones, few roads, and fewer cars or tractors, the people who lived in the area that one former resident recalled as being \"nearly out of the world\" prospered enough to support their own stores, mills, shops, gins, churches, and schools. A total of 46 historic cemeteries including slave cemeteries, plantation family cemeteries, and late 19th to early 20th century community cemeteries are maintained on the installation as [Redstone Arsenal cemeteries](/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal_cemeteries \"Redstone Arsenal cemeteries\").",
"### Huntsville Arsenal",
"As part of the mobilization leading to U.S. involvement in World War II, Huntsville Arsenal was established in 1941 to create a second chemical weapons plant in addition to one in [Edgewood, Maryland](/wiki/Edgewood%2C_Maryland \"Edgewood, Maryland\"). It was announced by the [War Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War \"United States Department of War\") on July 3, 1941\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2016\\|title\\=75th Anniversary of Redstone Arsenal\\|url\\=https://www.amc.army.mil/Portals/9/Documents/AMC%20Publications/Historical%20Files/75th%20Anniversary%20of%20Redstone%20Arsenal.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-23\\|publisher\\=U.S. Army Materiel Command\\|page\\=14}} Over 550 families were displaced when the Army acquired the land, including over 300 tenants and sharecroppers. Most of the landowners were allowed to salvage their assets and rebuild elsewhere. The remaining buildings were almost all razed by the War Department. A land\\-use agreement was arranged with the [Tennessee Valley Authority](/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority \"Tennessee Valley Authority\") for the Army to use about {{convert\\|1250\\|acre\\|km2}} of land along the Tennessee River.",
"The military installation was originally composed of three separate entities: the Huntsville Arsenal and the Huntsville Depot (later the Gulf Chemical Warfare Depot), which were operated under the auspices of the [Chemical Warfare Service](/wiki/Chemical_Corps \"Chemical Corps\"); and the Redstone Ordnance Plant, operated by the [United States Army Ordnance Department](/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Department \"United States Army Ordnance Department\"). The name *Redstone* drew on the region's [red](/wiki/Iron%28III%29_oxide \"Iron(III) oxide\") [rocks](/wiki/Hematite \"Hematite\") and [soil](/wiki/Geography_of_Alabama%23Climate_and_soil \"Geography of Alabama#Climate and soil\").Cagle, Mary T. \"[\\[Early](https://web.archive.org/web/20111015121417/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/huntsville/history_redstone_arsenal.pdf) History of Redstone Arsenal]\". Public Information Office, Redstone Arsenal.",
"Established during World War II as a [chemical](/wiki/Chemical \"Chemical\") manufacturing facility, in the immediate post\\-war era the Arsenal was used for research and development by German weapons rocket scientists who were brought to the U.S. as part of [Operation Paperclip](/wiki/Operation_Paperclip \"Operation Paperclip\"). The team first worked on [ballistic missiles](/wiki/Ballistic_missile \"Ballistic missile\"), starting with [V\\-2 rocket](/wiki/V-2_rocket \"V-2 rocket\") derivatives, before moving on to a series of ever larger designs. Many of their tests were carried out at [White Sands Missile Range](/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range \"White Sands Missile Range\") and flights between the two locations were common. In late 1956 the Army was relieved of most of its ballistic missiles in favor of similar weapons operated by the [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force \"US Air Force\").",
"The German design team was spun off to become part of the newly founded [National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\"). The Cold War had moved to space, and the US intended to compete with the Soviet Union there as well as across the globe. The Arsenal served as the primary site for space [launch vehicle](/wiki/Launch_vehicle \"Launch vehicle\") design into the 1960s.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|1940s munitions production at Huntsville Arsenal](/wiki/File:RSA_Munitions.jpg \"RSA Munitions.jpg\")\nIn its early years, the arsenal produced and stockpiled chemical weapons such as [phosgene](/wiki/Phosgene \"Phosgene\"), [Lewisite](/wiki/Lewisite \"Lewisite\"), and [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas \"Mustard gas\"). The use of toxic gases in warfare was banned under the Geneva Protocol of 1925, but the U.S. signed with the reservation that it be allowed to use chemical weapons against aggressors who used them. The facility also produced carbonyl iron powder (for radio and radar tuning), tear gas, and smoke and incendiary devices. The arsenal also produced small pyrotechnic devices including small solid\\-fuel rockets during the war. In recognition of its production record, the arsenal received the [Army\\-Navy \"E\" Award](/wiki/Army-Navy_%22E%22_Award \"Army-Navy \") four times, the first on October 31, 1942\\. The ordnance plant was renamed Redstone Arsenal in 1943\\. Through the war years, more than 27,000,000 items of chemical munitions were produced and 45,200,000 ammunition shells were loaded. [Redstone Army Airfield](/wiki/Redstone_Army_Airfield \"Redstone Army Airfield\") was established in 1943 for the [6th Army Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces \"United States Army Air Forces\") to test incendiary devices in preparation for the [firebombing of Japanese cities](/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan \"Air raids on Japan\").Baker, Michael E. *Redstone Arsenal: Yesterday and Today*. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993\\-758\\-626/80050; summary: <http://geckocountry.com/redstons.shtml>",
"Three days after the announcement of the Japanese surrender, production facilities at the installation were put on standby. After the war, Huntsville Arsenal was briefly used as the primary storage facility for the Chemical Warfare Service, and for manufacture of gas masks and dismantling of surplus incendiary bombs. Most of the wartime civilian workforce was furloughed, dropping to 600 from a wartime high of around 4,400\\. Much of the arsenal land was leased for agriculture, and many of the buildings were leased for local industry. By 1947, the installation was declared to be excess, the first step toward demilitarization.",
"Major political and commercial efforts were made in searching for government or business tenants for the space. In early 1948, several buildings of Huntsville Arsenal were leased by the newly formed Keller Motors Corporation with the intention of establishing a major automobile manufacturing complex. Only 18 [Keller](/wiki/Keller_%28automobile%29 \"Keller (automobile)\") prototype vehicles were built before the firm's president and primary organizer, George Keller, suddenly died and the operation folded.Gross, Ken, and Rich Taylor; \"[America's Most Needed Car](http://assets.hemmings.com/uimage/2197977-0-1200.jpg)\", *Special Interest Autos* no. 30, September–October 1975, pp. 32–40, 59\\.",
"The [Army Air Forces](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces \"United States Army Air Forces\") was searching for a site to establish a major air development center and considered Huntsville Arsenal. In 1949, a competing site near [Tullahoma, Tennessee](/wiki/Tullahoma%2C_Tennessee \"Tullahoma, Tennessee\") was selected. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army then directed that Huntsville Arsenal be advertised for sale by 1 July 1949\\. The proposed sale never happened, because the Army found it needed the land for the new mission of developing and testing rocket systems. [Thiokol Corporation](/wiki/Thiokol_Corporation \"Thiokol Corporation\") moved operations to Redstone Arsenal from Maryland in the summer of 1949 to research and develop rocket propellants, while [Rohm and Haas](/wiki/Rohm_and_Haas \"Rohm and Haas\") began work on rockets and jet propulsion. On June 30, 1949, Huntsville Arsenal was deactivated and consolidated with the other two entities to become Redstone Arsenal. Command responsibilities were assumed by Redstone.",
"### Army Ordnance Corps",
"At the close of World War II, a number of key German scientists and engineers were brought to the United States under [Operation Paperclip](/wiki/Operation_Paperclip \"Operation Paperclip\"). Colonel [Holger Toftoy](/wiki/Holger_Toftoy \"Holger Toftoy\") arranged for 127 individuals, including [Wernher von Braun](/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun \"Wernher von Braun\"), to receive contracts for work on Army missiles. In late 1945, they began arriving at [Fort Bliss, Texas](/wiki/Fort_Bliss%2C_Texas \"Fort Bliss, Texas\"), where, using components brought from Germany, started upgrading the [V\\-2](/wiki/V-2 \"V-2\") missile. Testing was done at the nearby [White Sands Proving Ground](/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range \"White Sands Missile Range\") in [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf \\|last1\\=Fidenbach \\|first1\\=Peter L. \\|title\\=A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965 \\|publisher\\=Ordnance Department, U.S. Army \\|access\\-date\\=August 19, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229102456/http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=December 29, 2010}}",
"On June 1, 1949, the [Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army](/wiki/Chief_of_Ordnance_of_the_United_States_Army \"Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army\") designated Redstone Arsenal as the Ordnance Rocket Center, its facility for ordnance rocket research and development. In April 1950, the Fort Bliss missile development operation, then with 130 German contract employees, 120 civil\\-service employees, and 500 military personnel, was transferred to Redstone Arsenal. This became the Ordnance Guided Missile Center (OGMC), with Major James Hamill as acting commander and von Braun as technical director. An initial project was the Major tactical missile.",
"Upon the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, OGMC was given the mission of developing a surface\\-to\\-surface ballistic missile with an objective range of {{convert\\|500\\|mi\\|km}}. Starting with an upgraded Major missile, the design went through a series of improvements and ultimately became the PGM\\-11 with the popular name [Redstone rocket](/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone \"PGM-11 Redstone\"). To expedite development, an existing engine was used, greatly reducing the operational range to between 58 and 200 miles.Bullard, John W. \"[History of the Redstone Missile System](http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA434109)\". Historical Monograph Project No. AMC23M, Historical Division, Army Missile Command, October 1965\\. {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi\\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\\=ADA434109\\&Location\\=U2\\&doc\\=GetTRDoc.pdf \\|date\\=May 27, 2012 }}",
"During the Korean War, ammunition production was resumed at Redstone Arsenal. From July 1951 through July 1955, around 38,700,000 rounds of chemical artillery munitions were produced.",
"The Ordnance Missile Laboratories (OML) was formed in 1952 to coordinate research and development within the OGMC. Holger Toftoy, who had originally recruited von Braun and his team of missile specialists, was assigned to Huntsville and promoted to Brigadier General as director of the OML. Test operations were under [Kurt Debus](/wiki/Kurt_H._Debus \"Kurt H. Debus\"), who set up the [Interim Test Stand](/wiki/Redstone_Test_Stand \"Redstone Test Stand\") and the launch facility at [Cape Canaveral, Florida](/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station \"Cape Canaveral Air Force Station\"). Redstone static fire testing began in the spring of 1953, followed by the first launch at Cape Canaveral on August 20, 1953\\.{{cite web \\|last\\=McCleskey \\|first\\=C. \\|author2\\=D. Christensen \\|title\\=Dr. Kurt H. Debus: Launching a Vision \\|url\\=http://www\\-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103545/http://www\\-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=September 17, 2008}}",
"In addition to the Redstone rocket development, the OML had many other research and development programs. Under Toftoy, the organization included the R\\&D Division under Col. Miles Birkett Chatfield, the Field Service Division under Maj. Ben Keyserling, and the Industrial Division. In the R\\&D Division there were the Surface\\-to\\-Air Projects under Maj. Rudy Axelson, the Surface\\-to\\-Surface Division under Maj. Dan Breedon, and Special Projects under Lt. Colonel John O'Conner. Projects in Surface\\-to\\-Air included the Nike B (later called the [Nike Hercules](/wiki/Project_Nike \"Project Nike\")), [Hawk](/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk \"MIM-23 Hawk\") and others. Surface\\-to\\-Surface projects were the [Honest John](/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John \"MGR-1 Honest John\"), [Little John](/wiki/MGR-3_Little_John \"MGR-3 Little John\"), [Lacrosse](/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse \"MGM-18 Lacrosse\"), and [Corporal Type III](/wiki/MGM-5_Corporal \"MGM-5 Corporal\"); the liquid\\-fueled Corporal Type III was soon canceled and the solid Thiokol fueled [Sergeant](/wiki/MGM-29_Sergeant \"MGM-29 Sergeant\") project started. The [Jet Propulsion Laboratory](/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory \"Jet Propulsion Laboratory\") (JPL) at the [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology \"California Institute of Technology\") was an Army research operation at that time, as NASA did not exist at the time. It was JPL that designed the Corporal system and later was the R\\&D designer of the Sergeant.",
"At a 1954 meeting of the Spaceflight Committee of the [American Rocket Society](/wiki/American_Rocket_Society \"American Rocket Society\"), von Braun proposed placing a [satellite](/wiki/Satellite \"Satellite\") into orbit using the Redstone with clusters of small [solid\\-fuel rockets](/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket \"Solid-fuel rocket\") on top.{{cite book \\|first1\\=Roger R. \\|last1\\=Bate \\|last2\\=Mueller \\|first2\\=Donald D. \\|last3\\=White \\|first3\\=Jerry E. \\|title\\=Fundamentals of Astrodynamics \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Dover Publications]] \\|date\\=1971 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofas00bate/page/152 152] \\|isbn\\=0\\-486\\-60061\\-0 \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofas00bate/page/152}} The proposal, [Project Orbiter](/wiki/Project_Orbiter \"Project Orbiter\"), was rejected in 1955\\.",
"### Ordnance schools",
"{{main\\|United States Army Ordnance Munitions and Electronic Maintenance School}}",
"In March 1952, the commanding officer at Redstone Arsenal officially established the Provisional Redstone Ordnance School. In December, the Ordnance Guided Missile School (OGMS) was established, taking over the provisional operation. The OGMS greatly expanded through the years, occupying a large land area with many buildings and providing a wide variety of missile and munitions courses for thousands of students from the U.S. as well as many foreign countries. The name was later changed to the Missile and Munitions Center \\& School in 1966 and then to the Ordnance Missile and Munitions Center and School in the mid\\-1980s. In 1994, the School Brigade disbanded and was replaced by the reformed [59th Ordnance Brigade](/wiki/59th_Ordnance_Brigade \"59th Ordnance Brigade\"), which had previously disbanded in Europe in 1992\\. The school was then renamed the Ordnance Munitions and Electronic Maintenance School in 2002 and moved to [Fort Lee](/wiki/Fort_Lee_%28Virginia%29 \"Fort Lee (Virginia)\") in 2011\\.[\"Welcome to OMEMS\"](http://omems.redstone.army.mil/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224092705/http://omems.redstone.army.mil/ \\|date\\=December 24, 2008}}.",
"### Army Ballistic Missile Agency",
"[thumb\\|right\\|RSA commander Maj. Gen. [John Medaris](/wiki/John_Bruce_Medaris \"John Bruce Medaris\"), [Wernher von Braun](/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun \"Wernher von Braun\"), and RSA deputy commander Brig. Gen. [Holger Toftoy](/wiki/Holger_Toftoy \"Holger Toftoy\") (left to right) in the 1950s](/wiki/File:Medaris_vonBraun_and_Toftoy_01.jpg \"Medaris vonBraun and Toftoy 01.jpg\")",
"The [Army Ballistic Missile Agency](/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency \"Army Ballistic Missile Agency\") (ABMA), commanded by Maj. Gen. [John Medaris](/wiki/John_Bruce_Medaris \"John Bruce Medaris\"), was formed on 1 February 1956, taking over from Redstone Arsenal the facilities and personnel of OGMC. Von Braun was the Director of ABMA's Development Operations Division. Redstone Arsenal then became an Army post, supporting the ABMA and, in the future, other agencies. Medaris also commanded RSA, and BG Toftoy was deputy.",
"The ABMA's primary mission was developing and fielding the Army's first intermediate\\-range ballistic missile, the [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28missile%29 \"Jupiter (missile)\"). By August 1958, the system was delivered to the Air Force for early deployment overseas. Jupiter deployment to Turkey later proved to be a cause of and significant bargaining chip in the [Cuban Missile Crisis](/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis \"Cuban Missile Crisis\"). During his command, Medaris' operation also fielded the PGM\\-11 Redstone and [MIM\\-23 Hawk](/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk \"MIM-23 Hawk\") missiles, accelerated the development of the [Nike Zeus](/wiki/Nike_Zeus \"Nike Zeus\") system, and began development of the [MGM\\-31 Pershing](/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing \"MGM-31 Pershing\") missile system, which later played a role in ending the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\").",
"As part of the 1957–58 [International Geophysical Year](/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year \"International Geophysical Year\"), both the U.S. and the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") proposed to launch a scientific satellite. Although von Braun had proposed in 1954 that the OML could place a satellite in Earth orbit, the [Naval Research Laboratory](/wiki/Naval_Research_Laboratory \"Naval Research Laboratory\"), using its [Vanguard rocket](/wiki/Vanguard_%28rocket%29 \"Vanguard (rocket)\"), was given this assignment.",
"On October 4, 1957, the USSR orbited *[Sputnik I](/wiki/Sputnik_I \"Sputnik I\")*, the first Earth satellite. A second Sputnik was launched a month later. On December 6, 1957, a first attempt to launch a satellite\\-carrying Vanguard failed. Toftoy, Medaris, and von Braun immediately pleaded for the opportunity to show what the Army's \"space team\" could do. The go\\-ahead was given and on 31 January 1958, America's first satellite, *[Explorer I](/wiki/Explorer_I \"Explorer I\")*, was placed into orbit using a modified Jupiter launch vehicle (a four\\-stage system designated [Juno I](/wiki/Juno_I \"Juno I\")).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode\\=Explorer\\_01 \\|title\\= Explorer I Mssion \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108105558/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode\\=Explorer\\_01 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 8, 2008}}",
"By 1958, 20,000 civilian, military, and contractor workers were employed within Redstone Arsenal.{{cite news \\|title\\=Jobs Rise At Redstone\\|page\\=4 \\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/01/03/83433060\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2022 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=January 3, 1959}}",
"The Army Ordnance Missile Command (AOMC) was formed in March 1958\\. Headquartered at Redstone Arsenal and commanded by Maj. Gen. Medaris, AOMC had several subordinate elements, including ABMA, White Sands Missile Range, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at California Institute of Technology. Another local activity, the Army Rocket and Guided Missile Agency (ARGMA), was formed and added to AOMC in June.",
"Six months after *Explorer I*, President [Dwight Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\") created the [National Aeronautics and Space Administration](/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration \"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\") (NASA) on July 29, 1958\\. On October 21, 1959, he approved the transfer of all Army space\\-related activities to NASA. This was accomplished effective July 1, 1960, when 4,670 civilian employees, about $100 million worth of buildings and equipment, and {{convert\\|1840\\|acre\\|km2}} of land transferred from RSA/ABMA's Development Operations Division to NASA's [George C. Marshall Space Flight Center](/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center \"Marshall Space Flight Center\") (MSFC). Von Braun was MSFC's first director.\"Historical Facts\", MSFC History Office; <http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/history_fact_sheet.htm>{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2021\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}",
"### Army Missile Command",
"The U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) was activated on August 1, 1962 at Redstone Arsenal, absorbing all of the personnel, facilities, and projects remaining in the prior AOMC. On March 12, 1964, the Francis J. McMorrow Missile Laboratories were dedicated in memory of MICOM's first commander, who died while in command.",
"Dating from the start of AMC, [Project Nike](/wiki/Project_Nike \"Project Nike\") involving anti\\-aircraft missiles had been conducted. As the [intercontinental ballistic missile](/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile \"Intercontinental ballistic missile\") (ICBM) came into being, a much higher\\-performance system was needed for ICBM defense. The [Advanced Research Projects Agency](/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency \"Advanced Research Projects Agency\") (ARPA) examined the requirements and recommending a system, designated Nike\\-X, incorporating phased\\-array radars, high\\-performance computers, and separate low\\-altitude ([Sprint](/wiki/Sprint_%28missile%29 \"Sprint (missile)\")) and high\\-altitude ([Spartan](/wiki/LIM-49_Spartan \"LIM-49 Spartan\")) high\\-velocity interceptor missiles. To manage this development, in 1963 MICOM created the Nike\\-X Project Office headed by Colonel (later Brigadier General) Ivy O. Drewry.",
"The People's Republic of China exploded its first [thermonuclear bomb](/wiki/Thermonuclear_bomb \"Thermonuclear bomb\") in June 1967\\. Hence, ABM system requirements were revised and the Sentinel System was born, replacing Nike\\-X.\"[Logic behind the ABM system](https://books.google.com/books?id=clYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PP1)\". *Life*, September 19, 1967, pp. 26–28\\. In 1968, the Army Ballistic Missile Defense Agency (ABMDA) was formed, taking over Sentinel and other ballistic missile defense projects previously under MICOM. Commanded by B. G. Drewry, ABMDA established operations adjacent to Redstone Arsenal in the [Cummings Research Park](/wiki/Cummings_Research_Park \"Cummings Research Park\"). In May 1974, all ballistic missile defense efforts were consolidated under a single manager in the [Ballistic Missile Defense Organization](/wiki/Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Organization \"Ballistic Missile Defense Organization\"), which eventually evolved into today's [U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command](/wiki/United_States_Army_Space_and_Missile_Defense_Command \"United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command\").",
"On July 17, 1997, the former Army Missile Command combined with the aviation portion of the U.S. Army Aviation and Troop Command (ATCOM), creating a new organization at RSA, the [United States Army Aviation and Missile Command](/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_and_Missile_Command \"United States Army Aviation and Missile Command\") (AMCOM).Baker, Michael E.; \"Redstone Arsenal Through the Years\", 2003 (video); *[Redstone Arsenal Through the Years](https://archive.org/details/redstone_years)*. 2003\\.",
"### Today",
"Redstone Arsenal remains the center of testing, development, and doctrine for the Army's missile programs. Besides the U.S. Army Materiel Command and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command, Redstone houses the Tactical UAV Project Office, Redstone Test Center (RTC), the [Missile Defense Agency](/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency \"Missile Defense Agency\"), the [Missile and Space Intelligence Center](/wiki/Missile_and_Space_Intelligence_Center \"Missile and Space Intelligence Center\"), and other operations.",
"After operating as a tenant on Redstone Arsenal for over half a century, the Ordnance Munitions and Maintenance School was moved to Fort Lee (now [Fort Gregg\\-Adams](/wiki/Fort_Gregg-Adams \"Fort Gregg-Adams\")), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\").",
"Redstone Arsenal continues to host the Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA's largest field center for propulsion analysis and development, which developed the [Saturn rocket family](/wiki/Saturn_%28rocket_family%29 \"Saturn (rocket family)\") in the 1960s and propulsion systems for the [Space Shuttle](/wiki/Space_Shuttle \"Space Shuttle\") in the 1970s and 1980s.",
"Redstone Scientific Information Center (RSIC), a 450,000\\-volume library established by NASA and the Army in 1962, was shuttered on September 30, 2019\\.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your\\-army/2019/10/15/army\\-defends\\-decision\\-to\\-close\\-redstone\\-arsenals\\-space\\-tech\\-library/\\|title\\=Army defends decision to close Redstone Arsenal's space, tech library\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=October 14, 2019\\|newspaper\\=Army Times}} The cost\\-saving measure was announced by Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation \\& Missile Center (AvMC); selected documents from RSIC were acquired by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.",
""
] |
### Huntsville Arsenal
As part of the mobilization leading to U.S. involvement in World War II, Huntsville Arsenal was established in 1941 to create a second chemical weapons plant in addition to one in [Edgewood, Maryland](/wiki/Edgewood%2C_Maryland "Edgewood, Maryland"). It was announced by the [War Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War "United States Department of War") on July 3, 1941\.{{Cite web\|date\=2016\|title\=75th Anniversary of Redstone Arsenal\|url\=https://www.amc.army.mil/Portals/9/Documents/AMC%20Publications/Historical%20Files/75th%20Anniversary%20of%20Redstone%20Arsenal.pdf\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-23\|publisher\=U.S. Army Materiel Command\|page\=14}} Over 550 families were displaced when the Army acquired the land, including over 300 tenants and sharecroppers. Most of the landowners were allowed to salvage their assets and rebuild elsewhere. The remaining buildings were almost all razed by the War Department. A land\-use agreement was arranged with the [Tennessee Valley Authority](/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority "Tennessee Valley Authority") for the Army to use about {{convert\|1250\|acre\|km2}} of land along the Tennessee River.
The military installation was originally composed of three separate entities: the Huntsville Arsenal and the Huntsville Depot (later the Gulf Chemical Warfare Depot), which were operated under the auspices of the [Chemical Warfare Service](/wiki/Chemical_Corps "Chemical Corps"); and the Redstone Ordnance Plant, operated by the [United States Army Ordnance Department](/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Department "United States Army Ordnance Department"). The name *Redstone* drew on the region's [red](/wiki/Iron%28III%29_oxide "Iron(III) oxide") [rocks](/wiki/Hematite "Hematite") and [soil](/wiki/Geography_of_Alabama%23Climate_and_soil "Geography of Alabama#Climate and soil").Cagle, Mary T. "[\[Early](https://web.archive.org/web/20111015121417/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/huntsville/history_redstone_arsenal.pdf) History of Redstone Arsenal]". Public Information Office, Redstone Arsenal.
Established during World War II as a [chemical](/wiki/Chemical "Chemical") manufacturing facility, in the immediate post\-war era the Arsenal was used for research and development by German weapons rocket scientists who were brought to the U.S. as part of [Operation Paperclip](/wiki/Operation_Paperclip "Operation Paperclip"). The team first worked on [ballistic missiles](/wiki/Ballistic_missile "Ballistic missile"), starting with [V\-2 rocket](/wiki/V-2_rocket "V-2 rocket") derivatives, before moving on to a series of ever larger designs. Many of their tests were carried out at [White Sands Missile Range](/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range "White Sands Missile Range") and flights between the two locations were common. In late 1956 the Army was relieved of most of its ballistic missiles in favor of similar weapons operated by the [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force "US Air Force").
The German design team was spun off to become part of the newly founded [National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)](/wiki/NASA "NASA"). The Cold War had moved to space, and the US intended to compete with the Soviet Union there as well as across the globe. The Arsenal served as the primary site for space [launch vehicle](/wiki/Launch_vehicle "Launch vehicle") design into the 1960s.
[thumb\|left\|1940s munitions production at Huntsville Arsenal](/wiki/File:RSA_Munitions.jpg "RSA Munitions.jpg")
In its early years, the arsenal produced and stockpiled chemical weapons such as [phosgene](/wiki/Phosgene "Phosgene"), [Lewisite](/wiki/Lewisite "Lewisite"), and [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas "Mustard gas"). The use of toxic gases in warfare was banned under the Geneva Protocol of 1925, but the U.S. signed with the reservation that it be allowed to use chemical weapons against aggressors who used them. The facility also produced carbonyl iron powder (for radio and radar tuning), tear gas, and smoke and incendiary devices. The arsenal also produced small pyrotechnic devices including small solid\-fuel rockets during the war. In recognition of its production record, the arsenal received the [Army\-Navy "E" Award](/wiki/Army-Navy_%22E%22_Award "Army-Navy ") four times, the first on October 31, 1942\. The ordnance plant was renamed Redstone Arsenal in 1943\. Through the war years, more than 27,000,000 items of chemical munitions were produced and 45,200,000 ammunition shells were loaded. [Redstone Army Airfield](/wiki/Redstone_Army_Airfield "Redstone Army Airfield") was established in 1943 for the [6th Army Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces "United States Army Air Forces") to test incendiary devices in preparation for the [firebombing of Japanese cities](/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan "Air raids on Japan").Baker, Michael E. *Redstone Arsenal: Yesterday and Today*. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993\-758\-626/80050; summary: <http://geckocountry.com/redstons.shtml>
Three days after the announcement of the Japanese surrender, production facilities at the installation were put on standby. After the war, Huntsville Arsenal was briefly used as the primary storage facility for the Chemical Warfare Service, and for manufacture of gas masks and dismantling of surplus incendiary bombs. Most of the wartime civilian workforce was furloughed, dropping to 600 from a wartime high of around 4,400\. Much of the arsenal land was leased for agriculture, and many of the buildings were leased for local industry. By 1947, the installation was declared to be excess, the first step toward demilitarization.
Major political and commercial efforts were made in searching for government or business tenants for the space. In early 1948, several buildings of Huntsville Arsenal were leased by the newly formed Keller Motors Corporation with the intention of establishing a major automobile manufacturing complex. Only 18 [Keller](/wiki/Keller_%28automobile%29 "Keller (automobile)") prototype vehicles were built before the firm's president and primary organizer, George Keller, suddenly died and the operation folded.Gross, Ken, and Rich Taylor; "[America's Most Needed Car](http://assets.hemmings.com/uimage/2197977-0-1200.jpg)", *Special Interest Autos* no. 30, September–October 1975, pp. 32–40, 59\.
The [Army Air Forces](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces "United States Army Air Forces") was searching for a site to establish a major air development center and considered Huntsville Arsenal. In 1949, a competing site near [Tullahoma, Tennessee](/wiki/Tullahoma%2C_Tennessee "Tullahoma, Tennessee") was selected. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army then directed that Huntsville Arsenal be advertised for sale by 1 July 1949\. The proposed sale never happened, because the Army found it needed the land for the new mission of developing and testing rocket systems. [Thiokol Corporation](/wiki/Thiokol_Corporation "Thiokol Corporation") moved operations to Redstone Arsenal from Maryland in the summer of 1949 to research and develop rocket propellants, while [Rohm and Haas](/wiki/Rohm_and_Haas "Rohm and Haas") began work on rockets and jet propulsion. On June 30, 1949, Huntsville Arsenal was deactivated and consolidated with the other two entities to become Redstone Arsenal. Command responsibilities were assumed by Redstone.
|
[
"### Huntsville Arsenal",
"As part of the mobilization leading to U.S. involvement in World War II, Huntsville Arsenal was established in 1941 to create a second chemical weapons plant in addition to one in [Edgewood, Maryland](/wiki/Edgewood%2C_Maryland \"Edgewood, Maryland\"). It was announced by the [War Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War \"United States Department of War\") on July 3, 1941\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2016\\|title\\=75th Anniversary of Redstone Arsenal\\|url\\=https://www.amc.army.mil/Portals/9/Documents/AMC%20Publications/Historical%20Files/75th%20Anniversary%20of%20Redstone%20Arsenal.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-23\\|publisher\\=U.S. Army Materiel Command\\|page\\=14}} Over 550 families were displaced when the Army acquired the land, including over 300 tenants and sharecroppers. Most of the landowners were allowed to salvage their assets and rebuild elsewhere. The remaining buildings were almost all razed by the War Department. A land\\-use agreement was arranged with the [Tennessee Valley Authority](/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority \"Tennessee Valley Authority\") for the Army to use about {{convert\\|1250\\|acre\\|km2}} of land along the Tennessee River.",
"The military installation was originally composed of three separate entities: the Huntsville Arsenal and the Huntsville Depot (later the Gulf Chemical Warfare Depot), which were operated under the auspices of the [Chemical Warfare Service](/wiki/Chemical_Corps \"Chemical Corps\"); and the Redstone Ordnance Plant, operated by the [United States Army Ordnance Department](/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Department \"United States Army Ordnance Department\"). The name *Redstone* drew on the region's [red](/wiki/Iron%28III%29_oxide \"Iron(III) oxide\") [rocks](/wiki/Hematite \"Hematite\") and [soil](/wiki/Geography_of_Alabama%23Climate_and_soil \"Geography of Alabama#Climate and soil\").Cagle, Mary T. \"[\\[Early](https://web.archive.org/web/20111015121417/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/huntsville/history_redstone_arsenal.pdf) History of Redstone Arsenal]\". Public Information Office, Redstone Arsenal.",
"Established during World War II as a [chemical](/wiki/Chemical \"Chemical\") manufacturing facility, in the immediate post\\-war era the Arsenal was used for research and development by German weapons rocket scientists who were brought to the U.S. as part of [Operation Paperclip](/wiki/Operation_Paperclip \"Operation Paperclip\"). The team first worked on [ballistic missiles](/wiki/Ballistic_missile \"Ballistic missile\"), starting with [V\\-2 rocket](/wiki/V-2_rocket \"V-2 rocket\") derivatives, before moving on to a series of ever larger designs. Many of their tests were carried out at [White Sands Missile Range](/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range \"White Sands Missile Range\") and flights between the two locations were common. In late 1956 the Army was relieved of most of its ballistic missiles in favor of similar weapons operated by the [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force \"US Air Force\").",
"The German design team was spun off to become part of the newly founded [National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\"). The Cold War had moved to space, and the US intended to compete with the Soviet Union there as well as across the globe. The Arsenal served as the primary site for space [launch vehicle](/wiki/Launch_vehicle \"Launch vehicle\") design into the 1960s.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|1940s munitions production at Huntsville Arsenal](/wiki/File:RSA_Munitions.jpg \"RSA Munitions.jpg\")\nIn its early years, the arsenal produced and stockpiled chemical weapons such as [phosgene](/wiki/Phosgene \"Phosgene\"), [Lewisite](/wiki/Lewisite \"Lewisite\"), and [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas \"Mustard gas\"). The use of toxic gases in warfare was banned under the Geneva Protocol of 1925, but the U.S. signed with the reservation that it be allowed to use chemical weapons against aggressors who used them. The facility also produced carbonyl iron powder (for radio and radar tuning), tear gas, and smoke and incendiary devices. The arsenal also produced small pyrotechnic devices including small solid\\-fuel rockets during the war. In recognition of its production record, the arsenal received the [Army\\-Navy \"E\" Award](/wiki/Army-Navy_%22E%22_Award \"Army-Navy \") four times, the first on October 31, 1942\\. The ordnance plant was renamed Redstone Arsenal in 1943\\. Through the war years, more than 27,000,000 items of chemical munitions were produced and 45,200,000 ammunition shells were loaded. [Redstone Army Airfield](/wiki/Redstone_Army_Airfield \"Redstone Army Airfield\") was established in 1943 for the [6th Army Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces \"United States Army Air Forces\") to test incendiary devices in preparation for the [firebombing of Japanese cities](/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan \"Air raids on Japan\").Baker, Michael E. *Redstone Arsenal: Yesterday and Today*. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993\\-758\\-626/80050; summary: <http://geckocountry.com/redstons.shtml>",
"Three days after the announcement of the Japanese surrender, production facilities at the installation were put on standby. After the war, Huntsville Arsenal was briefly used as the primary storage facility for the Chemical Warfare Service, and for manufacture of gas masks and dismantling of surplus incendiary bombs. Most of the wartime civilian workforce was furloughed, dropping to 600 from a wartime high of around 4,400\\. Much of the arsenal land was leased for agriculture, and many of the buildings were leased for local industry. By 1947, the installation was declared to be excess, the first step toward demilitarization.",
"Major political and commercial efforts were made in searching for government or business tenants for the space. In early 1948, several buildings of Huntsville Arsenal were leased by the newly formed Keller Motors Corporation with the intention of establishing a major automobile manufacturing complex. Only 18 [Keller](/wiki/Keller_%28automobile%29 \"Keller (automobile)\") prototype vehicles were built before the firm's president and primary organizer, George Keller, suddenly died and the operation folded.Gross, Ken, and Rich Taylor; \"[America's Most Needed Car](http://assets.hemmings.com/uimage/2197977-0-1200.jpg)\", *Special Interest Autos* no. 30, September–October 1975, pp. 32–40, 59\\.",
"The [Army Air Forces](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces \"United States Army Air Forces\") was searching for a site to establish a major air development center and considered Huntsville Arsenal. In 1949, a competing site near [Tullahoma, Tennessee](/wiki/Tullahoma%2C_Tennessee \"Tullahoma, Tennessee\") was selected. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army then directed that Huntsville Arsenal be advertised for sale by 1 July 1949\\. The proposed sale never happened, because the Army found it needed the land for the new mission of developing and testing rocket systems. [Thiokol Corporation](/wiki/Thiokol_Corporation \"Thiokol Corporation\") moved operations to Redstone Arsenal from Maryland in the summer of 1949 to research and develop rocket propellants, while [Rohm and Haas](/wiki/Rohm_and_Haas \"Rohm and Haas\") began work on rockets and jet propulsion. On June 30, 1949, Huntsville Arsenal was deactivated and consolidated with the other two entities to become Redstone Arsenal. Command responsibilities were assumed by Redstone.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\| 1980 \= 5728
\| 1990 \= 4909
\| 2000 \= 2365
\| 2010 \= 1946
\| 2020 \= 837
\| estyear \= 2024
\| estimate \= 690
\| align\-fn \= center
\| footnote \= U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=U.S. Decennial Census\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 6, 2013}}
}}
Redstone Arsenal saw a decline in population in 2024 estimates.{{Cite web \|title\=Redstone Arsenal, Alabama Population 2024 \|url\=https://worldpopulationreview.com/us\-cities/redstone\-arsenal\-al\-population \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-28 \|website\=worldpopulationreview.com}}
As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census "United States census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=31 January 2008\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 2,353 people, 487 households, and 446 families residing in the CDP. The population density was {{convert\|300\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 879 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|111\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 56\.5% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 31\.7% [Black](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") or [African American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 0\.4% [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 2\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 0\.8% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 3\.3% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 4\.8% from two or more races. 9\.3% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") of any race.
There were 487 households, out of which 79\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 79\.7% were married couples living together, 8\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 8\.4% were non\-families. 7\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\.48 and the average family size was 3\.67\.
The population was spread out, with 32\.9% under the age of 18, 19\.2% from 18 to 24, 43\.2% from 25 to 44, 4\.6% from 45 to 64, and 0\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 150\.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 170\.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,435, and the median income for a family was $40,208\. Men had a median income of $29,053 versus $24,063 for females. The per capita income was $14,860\. About 9\.0% of families and 10\.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11\.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census "United States census") of 2010, there were 1,946 people, 343 households, and 301 families residing in the CDP. There were 379 housing units. The racial makeup of the CDP was 69\.1% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 20\.8% [Black](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") or [African American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 1\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 1\.7% [Asian](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 0\.4% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 2\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 4\.0% from two or more races. 10\.7% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") of any race.
There were 343 households, out of which 68\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72\.6% were married couples living together, 13\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12\.2% were non\-families. 11\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\.27 and the average family size was 3\.56\.
The population was spread out, with 24\.8% under the age of 18, 36\.1% from 18 to 24, 33\.0% from 25 to 44, 5\.8% from 45 to 64, and 0\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21\.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 203\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 249\.6 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $53,142, and the median income for a family was $48,750\. Men had a median income of $31,018 versus $25,500 for females. The per capita income was $24,739\. About 0% of families and 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
{{Gallery\|title\=Gallery of Redstone Arsenal images \|width\=250
\|File:Test stand 56 01\.jpg\|1956: \[\[PGM\-11 Redstone\|Redstone missile]] testing on \[\[Propulsion and Structural Test Facility\|Static Test Stand]]
\|File:Redstone Airfield land cleanup 57\.jpg\|1957: Contaminated land and buildings at RSA were reclaimed by Chemical Corps personnel.
\|File:Kennedy vonbraun 19may63 02\.jpg \|18 May 1963: \[\[Wernher von Braun]] with president \[\[John F. Kennedy]] at RSA
\|File:Redstone Arsenal.jpg\|RSA main gate {{Circa\|1964}}
\|File:MGM\-52 Lance 01\.jpg\|\[\[MGM\-52 Lance]] missile testing at RSA {{Circa\|1970}}
\|File:US Army 53382 TEAM EFFORT.jpg\|RSA commander Maj. Gen. Jim Myles speaks at a Community Family Readiness Group meeting in 2009\.
}}
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\| 1980 \\= 5728\n\\| 1990 \\= 4909\n\\| 2000 \\= 2365\n\\| 2010 \\= 1946\n\\| 2020 \\= 837\n\\| estyear \\= 2024\n\\| estimate \\= 690\n\\| align\\-fn \\= center\n\\| footnote \\= U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=U.S. Decennial Census\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2013}}\n}}",
"Redstone Arsenal saw a decline in population in 2024 estimates.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Redstone Arsenal, Alabama Population 2024 \\|url\\=https://worldpopulationreview.com/us\\-cities/redstone\\-arsenal\\-al\\-population \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-28 \\|website\\=worldpopulationreview.com}}",
"As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census \"United States census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2008\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 2,353 people, 487 households, and 446 families residing in the CDP. The population density was {{convert\\|300\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 879 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|111\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 56\\.5% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 31\\.7% [Black](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") or [African American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.4% [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 2\\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.8% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 3\\.3% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 4\\.8% from two or more races. 9\\.3% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") of any race.",
"There were 487 households, out of which 79\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 79\\.7% were married couples living together, 8\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 8\\.4% were non\\-families. 7\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.48 and the average family size was 3\\.67\\.",
"The population was spread out, with 32\\.9% under the age of 18, 19\\.2% from 18 to 24, 43\\.2% from 25 to 44, 4\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 0\\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 150\\.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 170\\.1 males.",
"The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,435, and the median income for a family was $40,208\\. Men had a median income of $29,053 versus $24,063 for females. The per capita income was $14,860\\. About 9\\.0% of families and 10\\.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11\\.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census \"United States census\") of 2010, there were 1,946 people, 343 households, and 301 families residing in the CDP. There were 379 housing units. The racial makeup of the CDP was 69\\.1% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 20\\.8% [Black](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") or [African American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 1\\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 1\\.7% [Asian](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.4% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 2\\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 4\\.0% from two or more races. 10\\.7% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") of any race.",
"There were 343 households, out of which 68\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72\\.6% were married couples living together, 13\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12\\.2% were non\\-families. 11\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.27 and the average family size was 3\\.56\\.",
"The population was spread out, with 24\\.8% under the age of 18, 36\\.1% from 18 to 24, 33\\.0% from 25 to 44, 5\\.8% from 45 to 64, and 0\\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21\\.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 203\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 249\\.6 males.",
"The median income for a household in the CDP was $53,142, and the median income for a family was $48,750\\. Men had a median income of $31,018 versus $25,500 for females. The per capita income was $24,739\\. About 0% of families and 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.",
"{{Gallery\\|title\\=Gallery of Redstone Arsenal images \\|width\\=250\n\\|File:Test stand 56 01\\.jpg\\|1956: \\[\\[PGM\\-11 Redstone\\|Redstone missile]] testing on \\[\\[Propulsion and Structural Test Facility\\|Static Test Stand]]\n\\|File:Redstone Airfield land cleanup 57\\.jpg\\|1957: Contaminated land and buildings at RSA were reclaimed by Chemical Corps personnel.\n\\|File:Kennedy vonbraun 19may63 02\\.jpg \\|18 May 1963: \\[\\[Wernher von Braun]] with president \\[\\[John F. Kennedy]] at RSA\n\\|File:Redstone Arsenal.jpg\\|RSA main gate {{Circa\\|1964}}\n\\|File:MGM\\-52 Lance 01\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[MGM\\-52 Lance]] missile testing at RSA {{Circa\\|1970}}\n\\|File:US Army 53382 TEAM EFFORT.jpg\\|RSA commander Maj. Gen. Jim Myles speaks at a Community Family Readiness Group meeting in 2009\\.\n}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Having come to Brooklyn from Ireland at the invitation of Bishop Loughlin, the Franciscan brothers served the Brooklyn diocese as educators and child care providers. The order expanded to rural Smithtown in 1929 with the establishment of Mount St. Francis Novitiate and Normal School, having acquired [Mill House](https://www.stanthonyshs.org/about-sahs-education/history/history-page-2/), an already old property dating back to the first half of the 19th century, in 1928\.
Plans were made for a new [Juniorate](/wiki/Juniorate "Juniorate") to board young men at a new location from the Order's existing Juniorate at [St. Francis Preparatory School](/wiki/St._Francis_Preparatory_School "St. Francis Preparatory School"), then in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"). On August 31, 1933, ground broke on the new facility in [Smithtown, New York](/wiki/Smithtown%2C_New_York "Smithtown, New York"). The ground\-breaking marks the founding of St. Anthony's and its date appears on the school's crest.
Until 1936 freshman began their studies at [St. Francis Preparatory School](/wiki/St._Francis_Preparatory_School "St. Francis Preparatory School") and only sophomores, juniors and seniors boarded and studied at the Smithtown campus.The attendance was modest and never expanded to more than 50 or 60 pupils during the early years. The first five students graduated in June 1935\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stanthonyshs.org/./aboutus/history1\.htm\|title\=St. Anthony's High School History\|access\-date\=2007\-08\-01\|publisher\=St. Anthony's High School website\|author\=SAHS \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070717132800/http://www.stanthonyshs.org/aboutus/history1\.htm \|archive\-date \= 2007\-07\-17}}
In 1949, the Franciscan Novitiate moved from Mill House in Smithtown to [Wyandanch, New York](/wiki/Wyandanch%2C_New_York "Wyandanch, New York") and Mill House began to house the Juniorate and faculty. In 1957, the decision was made to expand the school's enrollment as a day school to accommodate a growing Catholic population on Long Island and in the next year, enrollment increased from 40 to approximately 125\. The school continued to grow, both in enrollment and with additional facilities on the Smithtown campus until 1984\.
On December 5, 1983, Most Reverend [John R. McGann](/wiki/John_R._McGann "John R. McGann") announced that, as part of extensive changes in the educational plans of the [Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockville Centre](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rockville_Centre "Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockville Centre"), [Holy Family Diocesan High School](/wiki/Holy_family_diocesan_high_school "Holy family diocesan high school"), South Huntington, New York, would close in June 1984, and St. Anthony's High School will re\-locate in the Holy Family facility. The two schools, once athletic rivals, were merged and the enrollment and faculty were significantly expanded as a private coeducational high school.
St. Anthony's High School currently is located at the former Holy Family location, at 275 Wolf Hill Road in [South Huntington](/wiki/South_Huntington "South Huntington").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Having come to Brooklyn from Ireland at the invitation of Bishop Loughlin, the Franciscan brothers served the Brooklyn diocese as educators and child care providers. The order expanded to rural Smithtown in 1929 with the establishment of Mount St. Francis Novitiate and Normal School, having acquired [Mill House](https://www.stanthonyshs.org/about-sahs-education/history/history-page-2/), an already old property dating back to the first half of the 19th century, in 1928\\.",
"Plans were made for a new [Juniorate](/wiki/Juniorate \"Juniorate\") to board young men at a new location from the Order's existing Juniorate at [St. Francis Preparatory School](/wiki/St._Francis_Preparatory_School \"St. Francis Preparatory School\"), then in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"). On August 31, 1933, ground broke on the new facility in [Smithtown, New York](/wiki/Smithtown%2C_New_York \"Smithtown, New York\"). The ground\\-breaking marks the founding of St. Anthony's and its date appears on the school's crest.",
"Until 1936 freshman began their studies at [St. Francis Preparatory School](/wiki/St._Francis_Preparatory_School \"St. Francis Preparatory School\") and only sophomores, juniors and seniors boarded and studied at the Smithtown campus.The attendance was modest and never expanded to more than 50 or 60 pupils during the early years. The first five students graduated in June 1935\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stanthonyshs.org/./aboutus/history1\\.htm\\|title\\=St. Anthony's High School History\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-01\\|publisher\\=St. Anthony's High School website\\|author\\=SAHS \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070717132800/http://www.stanthonyshs.org/aboutus/history1\\.htm \\|archive\\-date \\= 2007\\-07\\-17}}",
"In 1949, the Franciscan Novitiate moved from Mill House in Smithtown to [Wyandanch, New York](/wiki/Wyandanch%2C_New_York \"Wyandanch, New York\") and Mill House began to house the Juniorate and faculty. In 1957, the decision was made to expand the school's enrollment as a day school to accommodate a growing Catholic population on Long Island and in the next year, enrollment increased from 40 to approximately 125\\. The school continued to grow, both in enrollment and with additional facilities on the Smithtown campus until 1984\\.",
"On December 5, 1983, Most Reverend [John R. McGann](/wiki/John_R._McGann \"John R. McGann\") announced that, as part of extensive changes in the educational plans of the [Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockville Centre](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rockville_Centre \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockville Centre\"), [Holy Family Diocesan High School](/wiki/Holy_family_diocesan_high_school \"Holy family diocesan high school\"), South Huntington, New York, would close in June 1984, and St. Anthony's High School will re\\-locate in the Holy Family facility. The two schools, once athletic rivals, were merged and the enrollment and faculty were significantly expanded as a private coeducational high school.",
"St. Anthony's High School currently is located at the former Holy Family location, at 275 Wolf Hill Road in [South Huntington](/wiki/South_Huntington \"South Huntington\").",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early history (1947–1986\)
KMXG originally had studios in Clinton and was co\-owned with [KROS](/wiki/KROS "KROS") (1340 AM). At that time, 96\.1 had the call letters KROS\-FM and later KSAY. During its run as KROS\-FM, the station [simulcast](/wiki/Simulcast "Simulcast") the AM signal initially, and later aired a [beautiful music](/wiki/Beautiful_music "Beautiful music") format, with quarter hour sweeps of instrumental [cover versions](/wiki/Cover_version "Cover version") of popular songs.
During its years in Clinton, KSAY operated as a religious station serving primarily the Gateway area (Clinton and Jackson counties in Iowa; Whiteside and Carroll in Illinois) from 1974 until 1986\. During this time, a February 1985 fire that struck the building where the studios for KSAY and KROS were located knocked the station off the air for several days; when the station returned to the air in a new studio, the first program was a two\-hour show devoted to the fire and volunteers that helped get KROS\-KSAY back on the air.
### Adult contemporary era (1986–present)
Upon 96\.1 FM's move to the Quad Cities, the station was known as KLIO\-FM (K\-Lite) and formatted adult contemporary music. The call letters changed several years later to KMJC ("Magic 96") in November 1989 before adopting the current KMXG ("Mix 96") call sign in July 1993\.
Starting in 2008, during the holiday season, KMXG switches to an all\-holiday music format.
#### Weekend programming
Sometime during the 2000s, KMXG began programming a "retro Saturday" block of music, focusing on hits of the 1980s with some hits from the 1970s and early 1990s mixed in. Syndicated programming added included *[Backtrax USA](/wiki/Backtrax_USA "Backtrax USA")* (both the 1980s and 1990s versions), *Retro Pop Reunion* and *[American Top 40: The 80s](/wiki/American_Top_40 "American Top 40")*. With the demise of KUUL\-FM's oldies format in 2012, several of KUUL's former programs were added to KMXG's weekend lineup, including *American Top 40: The 70s*, *[Into the 70s with John Landecker](/wiki/John_Landecker "John Landecker")* and *The 70s with Steve Goddard*. As such, Saturdays are devoted to 1980s and 1990s music, while Sundays feature music of the 1970s. For nearly two years, until format changes to classic hits and adult hits at [WYEC](/wiki/KQCJ "KQCJ") and [KQCS](/wiki/KIIK-FM "KIIK-FM"), respectively, KMXG's weekend programming was the only regularly scheduled classic hits radio programming, featuring music of the 1970s through 1990s, available in the Quad\-Cities market.
Continuing on Sundays were two three\-hour blocks of [smooth jazz](/wiki/Smooth_jazz "Smooth jazz") music: "Jazz Patio" and "Smooth Jazz Sunday Night", both hosted by Art Monroe. Jazz music has been a staple of 96\.1 FM since at least its incarnation as KLIO, with different hosts through the years.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early history (1947–1986\\)",
"KMXG originally had studios in Clinton and was co\\-owned with [KROS](/wiki/KROS \"KROS\") (1340 AM). At that time, 96\\.1 had the call letters KROS\\-FM and later KSAY. During its run as KROS\\-FM, the station [simulcast](/wiki/Simulcast \"Simulcast\") the AM signal initially, and later aired a [beautiful music](/wiki/Beautiful_music \"Beautiful music\") format, with quarter hour sweeps of instrumental [cover versions](/wiki/Cover_version \"Cover version\") of popular songs.",
"During its years in Clinton, KSAY operated as a religious station serving primarily the Gateway area (Clinton and Jackson counties in Iowa; Whiteside and Carroll in Illinois) from 1974 until 1986\\. During this time, a February 1985 fire that struck the building where the studios for KSAY and KROS were located knocked the station off the air for several days; when the station returned to the air in a new studio, the first program was a two\\-hour show devoted to the fire and volunteers that helped get KROS\\-KSAY back on the air.",
"### Adult contemporary era (1986–present)",
"Upon 96\\.1 FM's move to the Quad Cities, the station was known as KLIO\\-FM (K\\-Lite) and formatted adult contemporary music. The call letters changed several years later to KMJC (\"Magic 96\") in November 1989 before adopting the current KMXG (\"Mix 96\") call sign in July 1993\\.",
"Starting in 2008, during the holiday season, KMXG switches to an all\\-holiday music format.",
"#### Weekend programming",
"Sometime during the 2000s, KMXG began programming a \"retro Saturday\" block of music, focusing on hits of the 1980s with some hits from the 1970s and early 1990s mixed in. Syndicated programming added included *[Backtrax USA](/wiki/Backtrax_USA \"Backtrax USA\")* (both the 1980s and 1990s versions), *Retro Pop Reunion* and *[American Top 40: The 80s](/wiki/American_Top_40 \"American Top 40\")*. With the demise of KUUL\\-FM's oldies format in 2012, several of KUUL's former programs were added to KMXG's weekend lineup, including *American Top 40: The 70s*, *[Into the 70s with John Landecker](/wiki/John_Landecker \"John Landecker\")* and *The 70s with Steve Goddard*. As such, Saturdays are devoted to 1980s and 1990s music, while Sundays feature music of the 1970s. For nearly two years, until format changes to classic hits and adult hits at [WYEC](/wiki/KQCJ \"KQCJ\") and [KQCS](/wiki/KIIK-FM \"KIIK-FM\"), respectively, KMXG's weekend programming was the only regularly scheduled classic hits radio programming, featuring music of the 1970s through 1990s, available in the Quad\\-Cities market.",
"Continuing on Sundays were two three\\-hour blocks of [smooth jazz](/wiki/Smooth_jazz \"Smooth jazz\") music: \"Jazz Patio\" and \"Smooth Jazz Sunday Night\", both hosted by Art Monroe. Jazz music has been a staple of 96\\.1 FM since at least its incarnation as KLIO, with different hosts through the years.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Suraj Singh Dhillon ([Diljit Dosanjh](/wiki/Diljit_Dosanjh "Diljit Dosanjh")) is a rich young lad who is quite desperate to get married. He looks after his father Gurnam's dairy, but due to his raw mannerisms, he is unable to impress any girl proposed to his family for an arranged marriage. His friend Sukhi, a filmy buff, suggests that he should create a bad boy image to woe girls as shown in latest flicks. Both go on a bad boy drive, breaking many rules and giving rise to varying comical instances. Unknown to them, this is all recorded by a private detective Madhu Mangal Rane ([Manoj Bajpayee](/wiki/Manoj_Bajpayee "Manoj Bajpayee")), who is known to perform background checks on prospective grooms.
When Suraj and his family meet the next prospective bride, her family shows them the photographs of his bad\-boy drive and rejects his proposal. Gurnam ([Manoj Pahwa](/wiki/Manoj_Pahwa "Manoj Pahwa")) feels disgraced and leaves the house. Suraj then catches hold of Pandit Dubey ([Neeraj Sood](/wiki/Neeraj_Sood "Neeraj Sood")), who had earlier proposed this relation, and learns of Mangal's involvement. He decides to avenge the humiliation of his family and goes after Mangal.
Mangal belongs to a middle\-class family and lives with his younger sister Tulshi ([Fatima Sana Shaikh](/wiki/Fatima_Sana_Shaikh "Fatima Sana Shaikh")) and his mother Rekha ([Supriya Pilgaonkar](/wiki/Supriya_Pilgaonkar "Supriya Pilgaonkar")) in a chawl. Tulshi is considered the epitome of traditional girls with good moral values as per contemporary standards by one and all. Suraj and Sukhi first do a recce of Mangal's office in disguise, and then, late in the night, raid his office. Tulshi, who has just returned from her late\-night tuitions, sees intruders in his office and enters to check out what is happening. Sukhi immediately runs away, but Suraj's coat gets stuck in the door. Their eyes meet for the first time and Suraj is immediately struck by her beauty. When her family and neighbours gather at the office, Mangal correctly suspects that Suraj has been here when he sees his photo and file missing from the office.
To avenge this nightly raid, Mangal mixes water in Suraj's milk cans the next day. Later, Suraj gets hold of a family photo featuring Mangal which they had earlier stolen from his office and learns that Tulshi is Mangal's sister. He chases her and they meet at a cosmetics store and they have a casual chat. Suraj had damaged her moped earlier, and he tells her that he would get it repaired. On this pretext, he drops her home and obtains her phone number. The next day he takes her on a date on the pretext of handing over her moped back. Tulshi also starts warming up to his romantic advances. Mangal meanwhile has found two suitors for her and most likely she would marry one of them. Tulshi reluctantly agrees with her brother as most traditional girls are expected to marry a suitor usually selected by someone elder in her family.
As their relation becomes stronger, Tulshi decides to reveal her profession to Suraj. She leads him and Sukhi to tuition class where she is supposed to teach, but exits from another door to a discotheque. Later they see her on stage in a fully modern avatar, completely contrary to her traditional personality, as a DJ. Suraj and Sukhi both enjoy her music, and Sukhi sees an opportunity for Suraj to get even with Mangal.
The next day the first suitor calls Mangal to reject his proposal after seeing Tulshi's DJ avatar in the newspaper. Mangal is thoroughly shocked and cannot come to terms that he was completely unaware of his sister's profession which is considered unacceptable in contemporary society and prohibits Tulshi from pursuing her DJ activity. She is deeply hurt by this and seeks solace with Suraj, whose confession pushes her into further grief. Suraj, with persistent efforts, is able to win back her trust. On the other side, Mangal comes to terms with his defeat and plans another act to get revenge. He meets Suraj's parents and proposes Tulshi's marriage with Suraj which everyone agrees to, despite Tulshi and Suraj doubting this sudden change of heart.
On the day of their engagement, Mangal tricks Gurnam into talking about dowry, which he records, and has the Dhillons arrested for dowry. Tulshi is heartbroken yet again as she cannot approve Suraj asking for dowry and resigns her fate to Mangal, who arranges her meeting with the second suitor he had spoken earlier and their marriage is fixed in haste.
After seeking bail, Suraj discovers that Mangal is in a romantic relation with a woman, Kavya ([Neha Pendse](/wiki/Neha_Pendse "Neha Pendse")), who is married to a OCD\-esque maths professor Chinmay Godbole ([Vijay Raaz](/wiki/Vijay_Raaz "Vijay Raaz")). Seeking revenge, Suraj produces evidence of adultery to Chinmay and asks him to press charges of adultery on Mangal, which he refuses because he hates the courts where nothing is in order. Suraj realises Kavya's plight and then tortures Chinmay by putting everything in sight out of order, forcing him to sign the divorce papers.
On the day of Tulshi's marriage, Kavya rushes to Mangal and tells him that Suraj made her husband sign the divorce papers. Mangal, who was unsure of the match from the beginning, realises his mistake and apologies to Tulshi and Rekha, and they flee from the marriage. They go to the railway station where Suraj is returning with his parents to their native place forever to escape from the humiliation of their dowry charges. Out of desperation, Mangal pulls the emergency chain to stop it and searches for Suraj. He is able to finally reunite Tulshi and Suraj, but the TTE charges him for stopping the train. As Mangal has forgotten to carry his wallet, he is unable to pay the fine; when the Dhillons refuse as well, Mangal is sent to jail.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Suraj Singh Dhillon ([Diljit Dosanjh](/wiki/Diljit_Dosanjh \"Diljit Dosanjh\")) is a rich young lad who is quite desperate to get married. He looks after his father Gurnam's dairy, but due to his raw mannerisms, he is unable to impress any girl proposed to his family for an arranged marriage. His friend Sukhi, a filmy buff, suggests that he should create a bad boy image to woe girls as shown in latest flicks. Both go on a bad boy drive, breaking many rules and giving rise to varying comical instances. Unknown to them, this is all recorded by a private detective Madhu Mangal Rane ([Manoj Bajpayee](/wiki/Manoj_Bajpayee \"Manoj Bajpayee\")), who is known to perform background checks on prospective grooms.",
"When Suraj and his family meet the next prospective bride, her family shows them the photographs of his bad\\-boy drive and rejects his proposal. Gurnam ([Manoj Pahwa](/wiki/Manoj_Pahwa \"Manoj Pahwa\")) feels disgraced and leaves the house. Suraj then catches hold of Pandit Dubey ([Neeraj Sood](/wiki/Neeraj_Sood \"Neeraj Sood\")), who had earlier proposed this relation, and learns of Mangal's involvement. He decides to avenge the humiliation of his family and goes after Mangal.",
"Mangal belongs to a middle\\-class family and lives with his younger sister Tulshi ([Fatima Sana Shaikh](/wiki/Fatima_Sana_Shaikh \"Fatima Sana Shaikh\")) and his mother Rekha ([Supriya Pilgaonkar](/wiki/Supriya_Pilgaonkar \"Supriya Pilgaonkar\")) in a chawl. Tulshi is considered the epitome of traditional girls with good moral values as per contemporary standards by one and all. Suraj and Sukhi first do a recce of Mangal's office in disguise, and then, late in the night, raid his office. Tulshi, who has just returned from her late\\-night tuitions, sees intruders in his office and enters to check out what is happening. Sukhi immediately runs away, but Suraj's coat gets stuck in the door. Their eyes meet for the first time and Suraj is immediately struck by her beauty. When her family and neighbours gather at the office, Mangal correctly suspects that Suraj has been here when he sees his photo and file missing from the office.",
"To avenge this nightly raid, Mangal mixes water in Suraj's milk cans the next day. Later, Suraj gets hold of a family photo featuring Mangal which they had earlier stolen from his office and learns that Tulshi is Mangal's sister. He chases her and they meet at a cosmetics store and they have a casual chat. Suraj had damaged her moped earlier, and he tells her that he would get it repaired. On this pretext, he drops her home and obtains her phone number. The next day he takes her on a date on the pretext of handing over her moped back. Tulshi also starts warming up to his romantic advances. Mangal meanwhile has found two suitors for her and most likely she would marry one of them. Tulshi reluctantly agrees with her brother as most traditional girls are expected to marry a suitor usually selected by someone elder in her family.",
"As their relation becomes stronger, Tulshi decides to reveal her profession to Suraj. She leads him and Sukhi to tuition class where she is supposed to teach, but exits from another door to a discotheque. Later they see her on stage in a fully modern avatar, completely contrary to her traditional personality, as a DJ. Suraj and Sukhi both enjoy her music, and Sukhi sees an opportunity for Suraj to get even with Mangal.",
"The next day the first suitor calls Mangal to reject his proposal after seeing Tulshi's DJ avatar in the newspaper. Mangal is thoroughly shocked and cannot come to terms that he was completely unaware of his sister's profession which is considered unacceptable in contemporary society and prohibits Tulshi from pursuing her DJ activity. She is deeply hurt by this and seeks solace with Suraj, whose confession pushes her into further grief. Suraj, with persistent efforts, is able to win back her trust. On the other side, Mangal comes to terms with his defeat and plans another act to get revenge. He meets Suraj's parents and proposes Tulshi's marriage with Suraj which everyone agrees to, despite Tulshi and Suraj doubting this sudden change of heart.",
"On the day of their engagement, Mangal tricks Gurnam into talking about dowry, which he records, and has the Dhillons arrested for dowry. Tulshi is heartbroken yet again as she cannot approve Suraj asking for dowry and resigns her fate to Mangal, who arranges her meeting with the second suitor he had spoken earlier and their marriage is fixed in haste.",
"After seeking bail, Suraj discovers that Mangal is in a romantic relation with a woman, Kavya ([Neha Pendse](/wiki/Neha_Pendse \"Neha Pendse\")), who is married to a OCD\\-esque maths professor Chinmay Godbole ([Vijay Raaz](/wiki/Vijay_Raaz \"Vijay Raaz\")). Seeking revenge, Suraj produces evidence of adultery to Chinmay and asks him to press charges of adultery on Mangal, which he refuses because he hates the courts where nothing is in order. Suraj realises Kavya's plight and then tortures Chinmay by putting everything in sight out of order, forcing him to sign the divorce papers.",
"On the day of Tulshi's marriage, Kavya rushes to Mangal and tells him that Suraj made her husband sign the divorce papers. Mangal, who was unsure of the match from the beginning, realises his mistake and apologies to Tulshi and Rekha, and they flee from the marriage. They go to the railway station where Suraj is returning with his parents to their native place forever to escape from the humiliation of their dowry charges. Out of desperation, Mangal pulls the emergency chain to stop it and searches for Suraj. He is able to finally reunite Tulshi and Suraj, but the TTE charges him for stopping the train. As Mangal has forgotten to carry his wallet, he is unable to pay the fine; when the Dhillons refuse as well, Mangal is sent to jail.",
""
] |
Debt traps, suicides and group pressure
---------------------------------------
In 2008, economist Jonathan Morduch of [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University "New York University") noted there were still major gaps in research on microcredit, such as on debt traps and the use of microcredits for consumption.
There has been much criticism of the high interest rates charged to borrowers. The real average portfolio yield cited by the sample of 704 microfinance institutions that voluntarily submitted reports to the MicroBanking Bulletin in 2006 was 22\.3% annually. However, annual rates charged to clients are higher, as they also include local inflation and the bad debt expenses of the microfinance institution.{{cite web\| last \= Microfinance Information Exchange, Inc.\| title \= MicroBanking Bulletin Issue \#15, Autumn, 2007, pp. 48\| publisher \= Microfinance Information Exchange, Inc.\| date \= 2007\-08\-01\| url \= http://www.themix.org/microbanking\-bulletin/mbb\-issue\-no\-15\-autumn\-2007\| url\-status \= dead\| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20100105152122/http://www.themix.org/microbanking\-bulletin/mbb\-issue\-no\-15\-autumn\-2007\| archivedate \= 2010\-01\-05}} Interest rates charged by the Mexican [Banco Compartamos](/wiki/Compartamos_Banco "Compartamos Banco") on their micro\-loans reached 86% per year while it sold stocks in the stock market in 2007\.{{cite magazine\|last\=Epstein \|first\=Keith \|url\=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07\_52/b4064038915009\.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216163458/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07\_52/b4064038915009\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=December 16, 2007 \|title\=''Businessweek'', The Ugly Side of Microlending \|magazine\=Businessweek.com \|date\=2007\-12\-13 \|accessdate\=2011\-03\-25}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/newIssuesNews/idUSN2025193920070420 \|title\=Mexican microlending bank surges in market debut \|publisher\=Reuters.com \|date\= 2007\-04\-20\|accessdate\=2011\-03\-25 \|first\=Noel \|last\=Randewich}}Businessweek Online Extra: [Yunus Blasts Compartamos](https://web.archive.org/web/20071218081153/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_52/b4064045920958.htm)
In India microfinance institutions have been criticized for creating small\-debt traps for the poor in [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh "Andhra Pradesh") with high interest rates and coercive methods of recovery. Villagers often did not know the interest that they were being charged and were not aware of the consequences of taking multiple loans as they take the second loan to clear the first loan.{{cite journal\|last\=Tucker\|first\=Jeffrey\|title\=The Micro\-Credit Cult\|url\=http://mises.org/freemarket\_detail.aspx?control\=215\|date\=November 1995\|journal\=The Free Market, the Mises Institute Monthly}} retrieved on 13 February 2012 In 2010 aggressive lending by microcredit institutions has been blamed for over 80 suicides in Andhra Pradesh.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-south\-asia\-11997571 \| work\=BBC News \| title\=India's micro\-finance suicide epidemic \| date\=2010\-12\-16}} Bangladesh's former Finance and Planning Minister [M. Saifur Rahman](/wiki/Saifur_Rahman_%28Bangladeshi_politician%29 "Saifur Rahman (Bangladeshi politician)") charged in 2005 that some microfinance institutions use excessive interest rates.Bangladesh Strategic and Development Forum:[Saifur takes swipe at micro\-credit](http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=3573&st=15), 21 November 2005, retrieved on 13 February 2012 A 2008 study in Bangladesh showed that some loan recipients sink into a cycle of debt, using a microloan from one organization to meet interest obligations from another. Field officers who are in a position of power locally and are remunerated based on repayment rates sometimes use coercive and even violent tactics to collect instalments on the microloans.
Private banks and large MNCs have become involved in microfinance. With large corporations investing, local MFIs are under pressure to deliver high returns each quarter; this comes at the expense of borrowers. Foreign and corporate capital investment take advantage of emerging and developing economies across Asia and Africa, introducing new forms of collateral requirements; individuals borrowers sometimes end up in even more debilitating debt and poverty than when they started.
The Cambodian market offers a key example of such problematic and debilitating debt traps. Throughout the early 1990s, Cambodia began as a success story for microfinance in the developing world. By the early 2000s, however, the situation deteriorated until “the typical loan amount \[to] now exceed the average annual household income and require land\-based collateral”.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Green \|first1\=W. Nathan \|last2\=Bylander \|first2\=Maryann \|date\=2021\-06\-01 \|title\=The Exclusionary Power of Microfinance \|url\=https://online.ucpress.edu/socdev/article/7/2/202/117607/The\-Exclusionary\-Power\-of\-MicrofinanceOver \|journal\=Sociology of Development \|language\=en \|volume\=7 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=202–229 \|doi\=10\.1525/sod.2021\.7\.2\.202 \|issn\=2374\-538X}} The introduction of land\-based collateral has driven thousands of borrowers to sell their property at depreciating rates compared to actual property value in order to pay off their accumulating debts. Companies and stakeholders, on the other hand, benefit from borrower losses. In 2020, as the pandemic ravaged Cambodia’s economy, “six of the country’s eight biggest microfinance companies posted record earnings,” while loanees were driven into devastating amounts of debt due to skyrocketing interest rates. As the market has evolved, companies have deviated from the initial goal of providing loans to fund and develop income\-generating opportunities to offering credit for daily living costs and prior loan repayments.
Some microfinance institutions lend only to groups of women. This practice puts loan recipients under pressure, because all women are liable for the loans of the other women in the group and each member can only obtain a new loan if each member has repaid the previous loan.
[Muhammad Yunus](/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus "Muhammad Yunus") argues that microfinance institutions that charge more than 15% above their long\-term operating costs should face penalties.Muhammad Yunus and Karl Weber. *Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism*. PublicAffairs, New York, 2007
|
[
"Debt traps, suicides and group pressure\n---------------------------------------",
"In 2008, economist Jonathan Morduch of [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University \"New York University\") noted there were still major gaps in research on microcredit, such as on debt traps and the use of microcredits for consumption.",
"There has been much criticism of the high interest rates charged to borrowers. The real average portfolio yield cited by the sample of 704 microfinance institutions that voluntarily submitted reports to the MicroBanking Bulletin in 2006 was 22\\.3% annually. However, annual rates charged to clients are higher, as they also include local inflation and the bad debt expenses of the microfinance institution.{{cite web\\| last \\= Microfinance Information Exchange, Inc.\\| title \\= MicroBanking Bulletin Issue \\#15, Autumn, 2007, pp. 48\\| publisher \\= Microfinance Information Exchange, Inc.\\| date \\= 2007\\-08\\-01\\| url \\= http://www.themix.org/microbanking\\-bulletin/mbb\\-issue\\-no\\-15\\-autumn\\-2007\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100105152122/http://www.themix.org/microbanking\\-bulletin/mbb\\-issue\\-no\\-15\\-autumn\\-2007\\| archivedate \\= 2010\\-01\\-05}} Interest rates charged by the Mexican [Banco Compartamos](/wiki/Compartamos_Banco \"Compartamos Banco\") on their micro\\-loans reached 86% per year while it sold stocks in the stock market in 2007\\.{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Epstein \\|first\\=Keith \\|url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07\\_52/b4064038915009\\.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216163458/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07\\_52/b4064038915009\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=December 16, 2007 \\|title\\=''Businessweek'', The Ugly Side of Microlending \\|magazine\\=Businessweek.com \\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-13 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-03\\-25}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/newIssuesNews/idUSN2025193920070420 \\|title\\=Mexican microlending bank surges in market debut \\|publisher\\=Reuters.com \\|date\\= 2007\\-04\\-20\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-03\\-25 \\|first\\=Noel \\|last\\=Randewich}}Businessweek Online Extra: [Yunus Blasts Compartamos](https://web.archive.org/web/20071218081153/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_52/b4064045920958.htm)",
"In India microfinance institutions have been criticized for creating small\\-debt traps for the poor in [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\") with high interest rates and coercive methods of recovery. Villagers often did not know the interest that they were being charged and were not aware of the consequences of taking multiple loans as they take the second loan to clear the first loan.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Tucker\\|first\\=Jeffrey\\|title\\=The Micro\\-Credit Cult\\|url\\=http://mises.org/freemarket\\_detail.aspx?control\\=215\\|date\\=November 1995\\|journal\\=The Free Market, the Mises Institute Monthly}} retrieved on 13 February 2012 In 2010 aggressive lending by microcredit institutions has been blamed for over 80 suicides in Andhra Pradesh.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-south\\-asia\\-11997571 \\| work\\=BBC News \\| title\\=India's micro\\-finance suicide epidemic \\| date\\=2010\\-12\\-16}} Bangladesh's former Finance and Planning Minister [M. Saifur Rahman](/wiki/Saifur_Rahman_%28Bangladeshi_politician%29 \"Saifur Rahman (Bangladeshi politician)\") charged in 2005 that some microfinance institutions use excessive interest rates.Bangladesh Strategic and Development Forum:[Saifur takes swipe at micro\\-credit](http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=3573&st=15), 21 November 2005, retrieved on 13 February 2012 A 2008 study in Bangladesh showed that some loan recipients sink into a cycle of debt, using a microloan from one organization to meet interest obligations from another. Field officers who are in a position of power locally and are remunerated based on repayment rates sometimes use coercive and even violent tactics to collect instalments on the microloans.",
"Private banks and large MNCs have become involved in microfinance. With large corporations investing, local MFIs are under pressure to deliver high returns each quarter; this comes at the expense of borrowers. Foreign and corporate capital investment take advantage of emerging and developing economies across Asia and Africa, introducing new forms of collateral requirements; individuals borrowers sometimes end up in even more debilitating debt and poverty than when they started.",
"The Cambodian market offers a key example of such problematic and debilitating debt traps. Throughout the early 1990s, Cambodia began as a success story for microfinance in the developing world. By the early 2000s, however, the situation deteriorated until “the typical loan amount \\[to] now exceed the average annual household income and require land\\-based collateral”.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Green \\|first1\\=W. Nathan \\|last2\\=Bylander \\|first2\\=Maryann \\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-01 \\|title\\=The Exclusionary Power of Microfinance \\|url\\=https://online.ucpress.edu/socdev/article/7/2/202/117607/The\\-Exclusionary\\-Power\\-of\\-MicrofinanceOver \\|journal\\=Sociology of Development \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=202–229 \\|doi\\=10\\.1525/sod.2021\\.7\\.2\\.202 \\|issn\\=2374\\-538X}} The introduction of land\\-based collateral has driven thousands of borrowers to sell their property at depreciating rates compared to actual property value in order to pay off their accumulating debts. Companies and stakeholders, on the other hand, benefit from borrower losses. In 2020, as the pandemic ravaged Cambodia’s economy, “six of the country’s eight biggest microfinance companies posted record earnings,” while loanees were driven into devastating amounts of debt due to skyrocketing interest rates. As the market has evolved, companies have deviated from the initial goal of providing loans to fund and develop income\\-generating opportunities to offering credit for daily living costs and prior loan repayments.",
"Some microfinance institutions lend only to groups of women. This practice puts loan recipients under pressure, because all women are liable for the loans of the other women in the group and each member can only obtain a new loan if each member has repaid the previous loan.",
"[Muhammad Yunus](/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus \"Muhammad Yunus\") argues that microfinance institutions that charge more than 15% above their long\\-term operating costs should face penalties.Muhammad Yunus and Karl Weber. *Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism*. PublicAffairs, New York, 2007",
""
] |
Plot
----
Park Plaza Mall has just installed a state\-of\-the\-art security system, including shutters across all exits and three high\-tech [robots](/wiki/Robot "Robot") programmed to disable and apprehend thieves using [tasers](/wiki/Taser "Taser") and [tranquilizer guns](/wiki/Tranquilizer_gun "Tranquilizer gun"). Allison and Suzie, co\-workers at a pizzeria in the mall, join their respective boyfriends, Ferdy and Greg—along with their other friends, couples Rick and Linda, and Mike and Leslie—for an after\-hours party in a furniture store where Mike, Greg, and Ferdy work. Once the mall closes for the night, the couples begin to have sex, drink, and party inside the furniture store.
Outside, a lightning storm strikes the mall several times and damages the computer controlling Protectors 1, 2 and 3, which malfunction and kill the technicians and a janitor before starting their routine patrol. When Mike goes to purchase [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarettes "Cigarettes") for Leslie at a vending machine, Protector 1 attacks him and slashes his throat. When Leslie goes to find him, she is chased by Protector 1, which kills her with a laser. The others witness Leslie's death, and barricade themselves in a stock room.
The women attempt to escape through an air vent, but Suzie panics and they exit the vent system into an automotive shop, arming themselves with gasoline and flares. Meanwhile, the men break into a sporting\-goods store to arm themselves with firearms. Reunited, the group use a [propane](/wiki/Propane "Propane") tank to seemingly destroy Protector 1\. While the men set up the elevator as a booby trap, the killbots ambush the women and ignite Suzie by shooting her gasoline can, burning her alive. Greg unsuccessfully shoots them before Rick drags him away.
The teenagers regroup and rig the elevator trap on Protector 2, destroying it. They then hide in the restaurant where Allison works. Inside, Greg confronts Allison and Linda about leaving the air ducts and exhibits rage due to Suzie's death, pulling his gun on Ferdy when he intercedes on Allison and Linda's behalf. Rick tries to calm him down, and Ferdy suggests destroying the killbots' main control center in hopes of shutting them all down. The group agrees and heads to the control center on the third floor. The robot throws Greg over the railing and he falls to his death.
On the run, the four remaining survivors, Allison, Ferdy, Rick, and Linda also find the first robot recovered after its earlier defeat. They take refuge inside a department store and set up mannequins to confuse Protector 1 and Protector 3\. Their plan works, as the robots fire at the dummies and one of them blinds itself with its own reflected laser. However, the blind Protector 3 kills Linda, and an enraged Rick rams a golf cart into it. A bolt of electricity kills him, but his attack succeeds in destroying the robot.
Protector 1 corners Allison, but Ferdy rescues her and shoots it point\-blank, damaging its laser just before he falls unconscious. Despite an injured leg, Allison escapes into Ellis Paint Company and sets up a trap by mixing paint and chemicals. She lures Protector 1 inside, where it gets stuck, unable to get traction on the spilled paint and thinners. Allison then tosses a flare into the store, igniting the chemicals and finally destroying Protector 1\. As daylight appears, Allison leaves the store and Ferdy awakens. The two remain the only survivors.
In a post\-credits scene, a fourth, unknown Protector says its catchphrase "Have a nice day" one last time.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Park Plaza Mall has just installed a state\\-of\\-the\\-art security system, including shutters across all exits and three high\\-tech [robots](/wiki/Robot \"Robot\") programmed to disable and apprehend thieves using [tasers](/wiki/Taser \"Taser\") and [tranquilizer guns](/wiki/Tranquilizer_gun \"Tranquilizer gun\"). Allison and Suzie, co\\-workers at a pizzeria in the mall, join their respective boyfriends, Ferdy and Greg—along with their other friends, couples Rick and Linda, and Mike and Leslie—for an after\\-hours party in a furniture store where Mike, Greg, and Ferdy work. Once the mall closes for the night, the couples begin to have sex, drink, and party inside the furniture store.",
"Outside, a lightning storm strikes the mall several times and damages the computer controlling Protectors 1, 2 and 3, which malfunction and kill the technicians and a janitor before starting their routine patrol. When Mike goes to purchase [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarettes \"Cigarettes\") for Leslie at a vending machine, Protector 1 attacks him and slashes his throat. When Leslie goes to find him, she is chased by Protector 1, which kills her with a laser. The others witness Leslie's death, and barricade themselves in a stock room.",
"The women attempt to escape through an air vent, but Suzie panics and they exit the vent system into an automotive shop, arming themselves with gasoline and flares. Meanwhile, the men break into a sporting\\-goods store to arm themselves with firearms. Reunited, the group use a [propane](/wiki/Propane \"Propane\") tank to seemingly destroy Protector 1\\. While the men set up the elevator as a booby trap, the killbots ambush the women and ignite Suzie by shooting her gasoline can, burning her alive. Greg unsuccessfully shoots them before Rick drags him away.",
"The teenagers regroup and rig the elevator trap on Protector 2, destroying it. They then hide in the restaurant where Allison works. Inside, Greg confronts Allison and Linda about leaving the air ducts and exhibits rage due to Suzie's death, pulling his gun on Ferdy when he intercedes on Allison and Linda's behalf. Rick tries to calm him down, and Ferdy suggests destroying the killbots' main control center in hopes of shutting them all down. The group agrees and heads to the control center on the third floor. The robot throws Greg over the railing and he falls to his death.",
"On the run, the four remaining survivors, Allison, Ferdy, Rick, and Linda also find the first robot recovered after its earlier defeat. They take refuge inside a department store and set up mannequins to confuse Protector 1 and Protector 3\\. Their plan works, as the robots fire at the dummies and one of them blinds itself with its own reflected laser. However, the blind Protector 3 kills Linda, and an enraged Rick rams a golf cart into it. A bolt of electricity kills him, but his attack succeeds in destroying the robot.",
"Protector 1 corners Allison, but Ferdy rescues her and shoots it point\\-blank, damaging its laser just before he falls unconscious. Despite an injured leg, Allison escapes into Ellis Paint Company and sets up a trap by mixing paint and chemicals. She lures Protector 1 inside, where it gets stuck, unable to get traction on the spilled paint and thinners. Allison then tosses a flare into the store, igniting the chemicals and finally destroying Protector 1\\. As daylight appears, Allison leaves the store and Ferdy awakens. The two remain the only survivors.",
"In a post\\-credits scene, a fourth, unknown Protector says its catchphrase \"Have a nice day\" one last time.",
""
] |
Production
----------
### Writing
[Julie Corman](/wiki/Julie_Corman "Julie Corman") had a deal with [Vestron](/wiki/Vestron_Pictures "Vestron Pictures") to make a horror film that took place in a mall. [Jim Wynorski](/wiki/Jim_Wynorski "Jim Wynorski") agreed to write one cheaply if he could direct.{{Cite web\|work\=\[\[Bloody Disgusting]]\|url\=https://bloody\-disgusting.com/editorials/3489705/have\-a\-nice\-day\-32\-years\-of\-chopping\-mall/\|title\= Have A Nice Day! 32 Years of 'Chopping Mall'\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628220530/https://bloody\-disgusting.com/editorials/3489705/have\-a\-nice\-day\-32\-years\-of\-chopping\-mall/\|archive\-date\=June 28, 2022\|last\=Paul\|first\=Zachary\|date\=March 22, 2018}}
Wynorski wrote the script with Steve Mitchell, whom he had known since the 1970s, when they met at conventions for EC Comics, and became friends. They decided to do a "[phantom of the mall](/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_%28novel%29 "The Phantom of the Opera (novel)")"\-type movie and Mitchell says it was Wynorski's idea to feature robots.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mondo\-digital.com/stevemitchelltalk.html\|title\=An Interview with Steve Mitchell\|website\=Mondo Digital\|access\-date\=2017\-05\-13\|archive\-date\=2020\-01\-29\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129155811/http://www.mondo\-digital.com/stevemitchelltalk.html\|url\-status\=live}} Wynorski said he was inspired by the 1954 film *[Gog](/wiki/Gog_%28film%29 "Gog (film)")*; he claims he never saw the 1973 TV film *[Trapped](/wiki/Trapped_%281973_film%29 "Trapped (1973 film)")*, which some believe inspired *Chopping Mall*.{{sfn\|Nashawaty\|2013\|p\=196}}{{cite web\|url\=http://retroslashers.us/exclusive\-interview\-with\-cult\-filmmaker\-jim\-wynorski/\|website\=Retro Slashers\|title\=Exclusive Interview With Cult Filmmaker Jim Wynorski\|date\= April 19, 2009\|first\=Christian\|last\=Sellers\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829120239/http://retroslashers.us/exclusive\-interview\-with\-cult\-filmmaker\-jim\-wynorski/\|archive\-date\=August 29, 2017\|url\-status\=dead}}
Mitchell says they wrote up the story in 24 hours and sent it to Julie Corman. Vestron gave their approval within a week despite lack of a script. The script took around four or five weeks to write.
Wynorski says [Roger Corman](/wiki/Roger_Corman "Roger Corman") "was nothing but supportive from the get\-go. He loved the idea."
### Casting
Wynorski says Kelli Maroney was cast because "I had seen Kelli in a couple of things and I wanted to date her. So, I figured the one way to make that happen was to put her in a movie." She replaced [Dana Kimmell](/wiki/Dana_Kimmell "Dana Kimmell"), who had been cast on the strength of her performance in *[Lone Wolf McQuade](/wiki/Lone_Wolf_McQuade "Lone Wolf McQuade")* but Dana did not want to do anything that was sexual," according to Mitchell. "So Jim was very quick to say, "Well, she’s out, let’s get Kelli," who was pretty much game for anything." Karrie Emerson also replaced someone else.
The script was full of [in\-jokes](/wiki/In-joke "In-joke"), writing in characters from *[A Bucket of Blood](/wiki/A_Bucket_of_Blood "A Bucket of Blood")* and *[Eating Raoul](/wiki/Eating_Raoul "Eating Raoul")*. The writers got the actors from the respective films: [Dick Miller](/wiki/Dick_Miller "Dick Miller"),{{cite web\|url\=https://ascmag.com/articles/chopping\-mall\-robots\-on\-rampage\|title\=Chopping Mall: Robots on Rampage!\|work\=\[\[American Cinematographer]]\|date\=June 6, 2021\|author\=ASC Staff\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923022430/https://ascmag.com/articles/chopping\-mall\-robots\-on\-rampage\|archive\-date\=September 23, 2021}} [Mary Woronov](/wiki/Mary_Woronov "Mary Woronov"), and [Paul Bartel](/wiki/Paul_Bartel "Paul Bartel").
Mitchell wanted [John Terlesky](/wiki/John_Terlesky "John Terlesky") to play the hero, but Wynorski wanted [Russell Todd](/wiki/Russell_Todd "Russell Todd"). Terlesky played the part of Mike. *Chopping Mall* also acts as a debut film for [Rodney Eastman](/wiki/Rodney_Eastman "Rodney Eastman"), who later went on to star in *[A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors](/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_3:Dream_Warriors "Dream Warriors")* and *[A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master](/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_4:The_Dream_Master "The Dream Master")*. According to Mitchell, Wynorski provided the voices of the Killbots.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=u4S6FGQEQf8\&t\=428s\|title\=Jim Wynorski, Steve Mitchell \& Robert Short on "Chopping Mall"\|date\=30 October 2020 \|publisher\=YouTube\|access\-date\=August 9, 2024}}
### Filming
[thumb\|right\|upright\=1\|Portions of the film were shot on location at the [Sherman Oaks Galleria](/wiki/Sherman_Oaks_Galleria "Sherman Oaks Galleria")](/wiki/File:Sherman_Oaks_Galleria_-_panoramio.jpg "Sherman Oaks Galleria - panoramio.jpg")
Wynorski says Roger Corman took him out to lunch before making the film. He bought a yellow pad, and after lunch he said "this here is what you gotta do", and he gave me film school in an hour. "Everything I learned in film school didn't count, but what he said made a lot of sense and I still have that yellow pad and I live by it. I now have it memorized, many dos and don'ts."{{Cite web\|url\=http://gorehoundmike.blogspot.com/2014/02/jim\-wynorski\-legendary\-film\-maker.html\|website\=Gorehound Mike\|date\=February 17, 2014\|title\=Jim Wynorski :Legendary Film Maker Interviewed! Talks Chopping Mall Working with Traci Lords and his New Film!!\|access\-date\=May 13, 2017\|archive\-date\=September 16, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916045319/http://gorehoundmike.blogspot.com/2014/02/jim\-wynorski\-legendary\-film\-maker.html\|url\-status\=live}}
The film was intended to be shot on location at the [Beverly Center](/wiki/Beverly_Center "Beverly Center"), but the production was unable to afford their fee; instead, the majority of filming took place in the [Sherman Oaks Galleria](/wiki/Sherman_Oaks_Galleria "Sherman Oaks Galleria"), where *[Fast Times at Ridgemont High](/wiki/Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High "Fast Times at Ridgemont High")* (1982\) and *[Commando](/wiki/Commando_%281985_film%29 "Commando (1985 film)")* (1985\) had also been shot.{{Cite web\|work\=\[\[JoBlo.com]]\|url\=https://www.joblo.com/the\-fcking\-black\-sheep\-chopping\-mall\-1986/ \|title\=The F\*cking Black Sheep: Chopping Mall (1986\)\|last\=Dee\|first\=Jake\|date\=May 24, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821035539/https://www.joblo.com/the\-fcking\-black\-sheep\-chopping\-mall\-1986/\|archive\-date\=August 21, 2022\|url\-status\=live}} The Beverly Center was used for exterior shots instead.
Mitchell later recalls, "I think we both felt a pretty fair amount of pressure when we started shooting. It was Julie’s picture, but it was still Roger’s company, and he was the bottom line. We both very much wanted to make him happy." He says, "the specter of Roger loomed large for the first couple of days", but after the second or third night, Corman said they were doing a "very fine job". "So there was a collective sigh of relief on our part that we were making Roger happy, and that’s what really mattered," says Mitchell.
Wynorski says that Bartel and Woronov ad\-libbed the bulk of their parts.
Mitchell estimates [filming](/wiki/Principal_photography "Principal photography") took 20 days at the Galleria and two days at Corman's studios.
|
[
"Production\n----------",
"### Writing",
"[Julie Corman](/wiki/Julie_Corman \"Julie Corman\") had a deal with [Vestron](/wiki/Vestron_Pictures \"Vestron Pictures\") to make a horror film that took place in a mall. [Jim Wynorski](/wiki/Jim_Wynorski \"Jim Wynorski\") agreed to write one cheaply if he could direct.{{Cite web\\|work\\=\\[\\[Bloody Disgusting]]\\|url\\=https://bloody\\-disgusting.com/editorials/3489705/have\\-a\\-nice\\-day\\-32\\-years\\-of\\-chopping\\-mall/\\|title\\= Have A Nice Day! 32 Years of 'Chopping Mall'\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628220530/https://bloody\\-disgusting.com/editorials/3489705/have\\-a\\-nice\\-day\\-32\\-years\\-of\\-chopping\\-mall/\\|archive\\-date\\=June 28, 2022\\|last\\=Paul\\|first\\=Zachary\\|date\\=March 22, 2018}}",
"Wynorski wrote the script with Steve Mitchell, whom he had known since the 1970s, when they met at conventions for EC Comics, and became friends. They decided to do a \"[phantom of the mall](/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_%28novel%29 \"The Phantom of the Opera (novel)\")\"\\-type movie and Mitchell says it was Wynorski's idea to feature robots.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mondo\\-digital.com/stevemitchelltalk.html\\|title\\=An Interview with Steve Mitchell\\|website\\=Mondo Digital\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-13\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-29\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129155811/http://www.mondo\\-digital.com/stevemitchelltalk.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Wynorski said he was inspired by the 1954 film *[Gog](/wiki/Gog_%28film%29 \"Gog (film)\")*; he claims he never saw the 1973 TV film *[Trapped](/wiki/Trapped_%281973_film%29 \"Trapped (1973 film)\")*, which some believe inspired *Chopping Mall*.{{sfn\\|Nashawaty\\|2013\\|p\\=196}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://retroslashers.us/exclusive\\-interview\\-with\\-cult\\-filmmaker\\-jim\\-wynorski/\\|website\\=Retro Slashers\\|title\\=Exclusive Interview With Cult Filmmaker Jim Wynorski\\|date\\= April 19, 2009\\|first\\=Christian\\|last\\=Sellers\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829120239/http://retroslashers.us/exclusive\\-interview\\-with\\-cult\\-filmmaker\\-jim\\-wynorski/\\|archive\\-date\\=August 29, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Mitchell says they wrote up the story in 24 hours and sent it to Julie Corman. Vestron gave their approval within a week despite lack of a script. The script took around four or five weeks to write.",
"Wynorski says [Roger Corman](/wiki/Roger_Corman \"Roger Corman\") \"was nothing but supportive from the get\\-go. He loved the idea.\"",
"### Casting",
"Wynorski says Kelli Maroney was cast because \"I had seen Kelli in a couple of things and I wanted to date her. So, I figured the one way to make that happen was to put her in a movie.\" She replaced [Dana Kimmell](/wiki/Dana_Kimmell \"Dana Kimmell\"), who had been cast on the strength of her performance in *[Lone Wolf McQuade](/wiki/Lone_Wolf_McQuade \"Lone Wolf McQuade\")* but Dana did not want to do anything that was sexual,\" according to Mitchell. \"So Jim was very quick to say, \"Well, she’s out, let’s get Kelli,\" who was pretty much game for anything.\" Karrie Emerson also replaced someone else.",
"The script was full of [in\\-jokes](/wiki/In-joke \"In-joke\"), writing in characters from *[A Bucket of Blood](/wiki/A_Bucket_of_Blood \"A Bucket of Blood\")* and *[Eating Raoul](/wiki/Eating_Raoul \"Eating Raoul\")*. The writers got the actors from the respective films: [Dick Miller](/wiki/Dick_Miller \"Dick Miller\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://ascmag.com/articles/chopping\\-mall\\-robots\\-on\\-rampage\\|title\\=Chopping Mall: Robots on Rampage!\\|work\\=\\[\\[American Cinematographer]]\\|date\\=June 6, 2021\\|author\\=ASC Staff\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923022430/https://ascmag.com/articles/chopping\\-mall\\-robots\\-on\\-rampage\\|archive\\-date\\=September 23, 2021}} [Mary Woronov](/wiki/Mary_Woronov \"Mary Woronov\"), and [Paul Bartel](/wiki/Paul_Bartel \"Paul Bartel\").",
"Mitchell wanted [John Terlesky](/wiki/John_Terlesky \"John Terlesky\") to play the hero, but Wynorski wanted [Russell Todd](/wiki/Russell_Todd \"Russell Todd\"). Terlesky played the part of Mike. *Chopping Mall* also acts as a debut film for [Rodney Eastman](/wiki/Rodney_Eastman \"Rodney Eastman\"), who later went on to star in *[A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors](/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_3:Dream_Warriors \"Dream Warriors\")* and *[A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master](/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_4:The_Dream_Master \"The Dream Master\")*. According to Mitchell, Wynorski provided the voices of the Killbots.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=u4S6FGQEQf8\\&t\\=428s\\|title\\=Jim Wynorski, Steve Mitchell \\& Robert Short on \"Chopping Mall\"\\|date\\=30 October 2020 \\|publisher\\=YouTube\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2024}}",
"### Filming",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=1\\|Portions of the film were shot on location at the [Sherman Oaks Galleria](/wiki/Sherman_Oaks_Galleria \"Sherman Oaks Galleria\")](/wiki/File:Sherman_Oaks_Galleria_-_panoramio.jpg \"Sherman Oaks Galleria - panoramio.jpg\")\nWynorski says Roger Corman took him out to lunch before making the film. He bought a yellow pad, and after lunch he said \"this here is what you gotta do\", and he gave me film school in an hour. \"Everything I learned in film school didn't count, but what he said made a lot of sense and I still have that yellow pad and I live by it. I now have it memorized, many dos and don'ts.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://gorehoundmike.blogspot.com/2014/02/jim\\-wynorski\\-legendary\\-film\\-maker.html\\|website\\=Gorehound Mike\\|date\\=February 17, 2014\\|title\\=Jim Wynorski :Legendary Film Maker Interviewed! Talks Chopping Mall Working with Traci Lords and his New Film!!\\|access\\-date\\=May 13, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=September 16, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916045319/http://gorehoundmike.blogspot.com/2014/02/jim\\-wynorski\\-legendary\\-film\\-maker.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The film was intended to be shot on location at the [Beverly Center](/wiki/Beverly_Center \"Beverly Center\"), but the production was unable to afford their fee; instead, the majority of filming took place in the [Sherman Oaks Galleria](/wiki/Sherman_Oaks_Galleria \"Sherman Oaks Galleria\"), where *[Fast Times at Ridgemont High](/wiki/Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High \"Fast Times at Ridgemont High\")* (1982\\) and *[Commando](/wiki/Commando_%281985_film%29 \"Commando (1985 film)\")* (1985\\) had also been shot.{{Cite web\\|work\\=\\[\\[JoBlo.com]]\\|url\\=https://www.joblo.com/the\\-fcking\\-black\\-sheep\\-chopping\\-mall\\-1986/ \\|title\\=The F\\*cking Black Sheep: Chopping Mall (1986\\)\\|last\\=Dee\\|first\\=Jake\\|date\\=May 24, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821035539/https://www.joblo.com/the\\-fcking\\-black\\-sheep\\-chopping\\-mall\\-1986/\\|archive\\-date\\=August 21, 2022\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Beverly Center was used for exterior shots instead.",
"Mitchell later recalls, \"I think we both felt a pretty fair amount of pressure when we started shooting. It was Julie’s picture, but it was still Roger’s company, and he was the bottom line. We both very much wanted to make him happy.\" He says, \"the specter of Roger loomed large for the first couple of days\", but after the second or third night, Corman said they were doing a \"very fine job\". \"So there was a collective sigh of relief on our part that we were making Roger happy, and that’s what really mattered,\" says Mitchell.",
"Wynorski says that Bartel and Woronov ad\\-libbed the bulk of their parts.",
"Mitchell estimates [filming](/wiki/Principal_photography \"Principal photography\") took 20 days at the Galleria and two days at Corman's studios.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Founding
{{main\|ASEAN Declaration\|ASEAN Charter}}
The predecessor of ASEAN was the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), formed on 31 July 1961 and consisting of [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), and [Malaya](/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya").{{cite book \|last1\=Tarling \|first1\=Nicholas \|title\=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 2, Part 2, From World War II to the Present \|year\=1999 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-66372\-4 \|page\=287 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=U0trzUvic\-8C\&pg\=PA287 \|access\-date\=7 January 2021}}{{cite book \|last1\=Ooi \|first1\=Keat Gin \|title\=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor \|year\=2004 \|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO \|isbn\=978\-1\-57607\-770\-2 \|page\=186 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=QKgraWbb7yoC\&pg\=PA186 \|access\-date\=7 January 2021}} ASEAN itself was created on 8 August 1967, when the [foreign ministers](/wiki/Foreign_minister "Foreign minister") of five countries—[Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), and [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand")—signed the [ASEAN Declaration](/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration "ASEAN Declaration").{{cite book \|last1\=Liow \|first1\=Joseph \|last2\=Leifer \|first2\=Michael \|title\=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia \|date\=20 November 2014 \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-1\-317\-62233\-8 \|pages\=82–85 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=G5KLBQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA82 \|access\-date\=7 January 2021}} According to the Declaration, ASEAN aims to accelerate economic, social, and cultural development in the region, as well as promoting regional peace, to collaborate on matters of shared interest, and to promote [Southeast Asian studies](/wiki/Southeast_Asian_studies "Southeast Asian studies") and maintain close cooperation with existing international organisations.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asean.org/news/item/the\-asean\-declaration\-bangkok\-declaration\|title\=The Asean Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) Bangkok, 8 August 1967\|publisher\=ASEAN\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211121705/http://www.asean.org/news/item/the\-asean\-declaration\-bangkok\-declaration\|archive\-date\=11 February 2015\|access\-date\=17 June 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asean.org/asean/about\-asean/overview\|title\=Overview\|website\=asean.org\|publisher\=ASEAN\|access\-date\=7 February 2015\|archive\-date\=17 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217005044/http://www.asean.org/asean/about\-asean/overview\|url\-status\=live}}
The creation of ASEAN was initially motivated by [the desire to contain communism](/wiki/Anti-communism "Anti-communism"),{{Cite web \|title\=What Is ASEAN? \|url\=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what\-asean \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-22 \|website\=Council on Foreign Relations}}{{Cite web \|title\=Historical Overview of ASEAN \|url\=https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary\_business/committees/house\_of\_representatives\_committees?url\=jfadt/asean/aseanch1\.pdf}} which had taken a foothold in mainland Asia after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), with the formation of communist governments in [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea"), China, and [Vietnam](/wiki/North_Vietnam "North Vietnam"), accompanied by the so\-called communist "emergency" in [British Malaya](/wiki/British_Malaya "British Malaya"), and unrest in the recently decolonized [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines").
These events also encouraged the earlier formation of the [South East Asia Treaty Organization](/wiki/South_East_Asia_Treaty_Organization "South East Asia Treaty Organization") (SEATO), led by the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), and [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), with several Southeast Asian partners in 1954 as an extension of "containment" policy, seeking to create an Eastern version of [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO").{{cite book \|title\=The Asia\-Pacific Profile \|author1\=Bernard Eccleston \|author2\=Michael Dawson \|author3\=Deborah J. McNamara \|year\=1998 \|publisher\=Routledge (UK) \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=l07ak\-yd6DAC\&q\=%22Bangkok\+Declaration%22\+ASEAN\&pg\=RA1\-PA311 \|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-17279\-0 \|access\-date\=3 June 2020 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053135/https://books.google.com/books?id\=l07ak\-yd6DAC\&pg\=RA1\-PA311\&lpg\=RA1\-PA311\&dq\=%22Bangkok\+Declaration%22\+ASEAN \|url\-status\=live }} However, the local member states of ASEAN group achieved greater cohesion in the mid\-1970s following a change in the balance of power after the fall of Saigon and the end of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") in April 1975 and the decline of SEATO.{{Cite book \|last\=Beeson \|first\=Mark \|title\=Institutions of the Asia Pacific: ASEAN, APEC, and beyond \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-46504\-5 \|series\=Global institutions series \|location\=London \|pages\=65\|quote\=Despite the previously discussed potential limitations of the ASEAN way and its preference for voluntarism and consensus, it was felt that this form of multilateralism had more chance of success than some of its institutional predecessors like SEATO, which was unable to demonstrate "either a viable political purpose or a military function."}}{{Cite book \|title\=The ASEAN: Thirty years and beyond \|date\=1997 \|isbn\=978\-971\-15\-0360\-4 \|editor\-last\=Aranal\-Sereno \|editor\-first\=Maria Lourdes \|location\=Quezon City \|pages\=271, 460 \|quote\=Regional cooperation flourished when the smaller countries took the leadership in developing such organizations as ASEAN ... As the US forces moved on to strategic weakness and disengagement, heightened insecurity caught up with Southeast Asian countries and, ironically, gave ASEAN a sense of being. \|editor\-last2\=Santiago \|editor\-first2\=Joseph Sedfrey}}
ASEAN's first summit meeting, held in [Bali](/wiki/Bali "Bali"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), in 1976, resulted in an agreement on several industrial projects and the signing of a [Treaty of Amity and Cooperation](/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Cooperation_in_Southeast_Asia "Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia"), and a Declaration of Concord. The end of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") allowed ASEAN countries to exercise greater political independence in the region, and in the 1990s, ASEAN emerged as a leading voice on [regional trade](/wiki/Regional_trade "Regional trade") and security issues.Moon, C. (2014\). ASEAN. Encyclopædia Britannica
On 15 December 1995, the [Southeast Asian Nuclear\-Weapon\-Free Zone Treaty](/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Nuclear-Weapon-Free_Zone_Treaty "Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty") was signed to turn Southeast Asia into a [nuclear\-weapon\-free zone](/wiki/Nuclear-weapon-free_zone "Nuclear-weapon-free zone"). The treaty took effect on 28 March 1997 after all but one of the member states had ratified it. It became fully effective on 21 June 2001 after the Philippines ratified it, effectively banning all nuclear weapons in the region.[Bangkok Treaty (in alphabetical order) At UNODA](http://disarmament.un.org/TreatyStatus.nsf/Bangkok%20Treaty%20(in%20alphabetical%20order)?OpenView) United Nations. Retrieved 4 September 2008\. {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728143121/http://disarmament.un.org/TreatyStatus.nsf/Bangkok%20Treaty%20%28in%20alphabetical%20order%29?OpenView\|date\=28 July 2011}}
### Expansion
On 7 January 1984, [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei "Brunei") became ASEAN's sixth member{{cite web\|url\=https://2009\-2017\.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2700\.htm\|title\=Background Note:Brunei Darussalam/Profile:/Foreign Relations\|publisher\=US State Department\|access\-date\=6 March 2007\|archive\-date\=4 June 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183451/https://2009\-2017\.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2700\.htm\|url\-status\=live}} and on 28 July 1995, following the end of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam") joined as the seventh member.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asean.org/10098\.htm\|title\=Vietnam in ASEAN: Toward Cooperation for Mutual Benefits\|year\=2007\|work\=ASEAN Secretariat\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153326/http://www.asean.org/10098\.htm\|archive\-date\=11 May 2011\|access\-date\=28 August 2009}} [Laos](/wiki/Laos "Laos") and [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar") (formerly Burma) joined two years later on 23 July 1997\.{{cite book\|title\=ASEAN Enlargement: impacts and implications\|author1\=Carolyn L. Gates\|author2\=Mya Than\|publisher\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies\|year\=2001\|isbn\=978\-981\-230\-081\-2}} [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia") was to join at the same time as [Laos](/wiki/Laos "Laos") and [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar"), but a [Cambodian coup in 1997](/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1997 Cambodian coup d'état") and other internal instability delayed its entry.{{Cite web\|title\=Diplomatic pragmatism: ASEAN's response to the July 1997 coup {{!}} Conciliation Resources\|url\=https://www.c\-r.org/accord/cambodia/diplomatic\-pragmatism\-aseans\-response\-july\-1997\-coup\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-27\|website\=c\-r.org}} It then joined on 30 April 1999 following the stabilization of its government.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asean.org/3338\.htm\|title\=Statement by the Secretary\-General of ASEAN Welcoming the Kingdom of Cambodia as the Tenth Member State of ASEAN: 30 April 1999, ASEAN Secretariat\|year\=2008\|work\=ASEAN Secretariat\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153639/http://www.asean.org/3338\.htm\|archive\-date\=11 May 2011\|access\-date\=28 August 2009}}
In 2006, ASEAN was given [observer status at the United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers "United Nations General Assembly observers").[RP resolution for observer status in UN assembly OK'd](http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view_article.php?article_id=28822), Philippine Daily Inquirer, 13 March 2007\. {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826051047/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view\_article.php?article\_id\=28822 \|date\=26 August 2010 }} In response, the organization awarded the status of "dialogue partner" to the UN.{{cite news \|title\=Philippines to Represent ASEAN in UN Meetings in NY, Geneva \|url\=http://asia.news.yahoo.com/070307/4/2ykdn.html \|work\=Yahoo! News \|date\=7 March 2007 \|access\-date\=13 March 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312113724/http://asia.news.yahoo.com/070307/4/2ykdn.html \|archive\-date\=12 March 2007 }}
### Commonality
{{Main\|History of Southeast Asia}}
Besides their close geographic proximity, political scholars consider [Southeast Asian](/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia") nations a cultural crossroads between [East Asia](/wiki/East_Asia "East Asia") and [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia"), located at critical junctions of the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea") as well as the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean "Indian Ocean"), and as a result received much influence from [Islamic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") and [Persian](/wiki/Persians "Persians") influences prior to the [European](/wiki/Europe "Europe") colonial ages.{{Cite book \|last\=Reid \|first\=Anthony \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=2TRPCAAAQBAJ\&dq\=history\+of\+southeast\+asia\&pg\=PA13 \|title\=A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads \|date\=2015\-03\-03 \|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons \|isbn\=978\-1\-118\-51293\-7\|page\=13}}{{cite web\|url\=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp\-content/uploads/2000/03/JSS\_088\_0q\_Marcinkowski\_PersianReligiousCulturalInfluences.pdf\|author\=Muhammad Ismail Marcinkowski\|title\=Persian Religious and Cultural Influences in Siam/Thailand and Maritime Southeast Asia in Historical Perspective: A Plea for a Concerted Interdisciplinary Approach\|website\=Thesiamsociety.org\|access\-date\=28 July 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718124016/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp\-content/uploads/2000/03/JSS\_088\_0q\_Marcinkowski\_PersianReligiousCulturalInfluences.pdf\|archive\-date\=18 July 2020\|url\-status\=live}}
Since around 100 BCE, the Southeast Asian archipelago occupied a central position at the crossroads of the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean "Indian Ocean") and the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea") trading routes, which stimulated the economy and the influx of ideas.{{Cite journal \|last\=Reid \|first\=Anthony \|date\=February 1990 \|title\=An 'Age of Commerce' in Southeast Asian History \|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern\-asian\-studies/article/abs/an\-age\-of\-commerce\-in\-southeast\-asian\-history/E09ED31B7CDB61464CA851C688C83A28 \|journal\=Modern Asian Studies\|volume\=24 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=1–30 \|doi\=10\.1017/S0026749X00001153 \|s2cid\=128602618 \|issn\=1469\-8099}} This included the introduction of [abugida scripts](/wiki/Abugida "Abugida") to Southeast Asia as well as the [Chinese script](/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m "Chữ Nôm") to [Vietnam](/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam "Literary Chinese in Vietnam"). Besides various indigenous scripts, various abugida [Brahmic scripts](/wiki/Brahmic_scripts "Brahmic scripts") were widespread in both continental and insular Southeast Asia. Historically, scripts such as [Pallava](/wiki/Pallava_script "Pallava script"), [Kawi](/wiki/Kawi_script "Kawi script") (from ancient [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language") script) and [Rencong](/wiki/Rencong_script "Rencong script") or *Surat Ulu* were used to write [Old Malay](/wiki/Old_Malay "Old Malay"), until they were replaced by [Jawi](/wiki/Jawi_script "Jawi script") during [Islamic](/wiki/Islam "Islam") [missionary](/wiki/Missionary "Missionary") missions in the [Malay Archipelago](/wiki/Malay_Archipelago "Malay Archipelago").{{Cite book \|last\=Fadeli \|first\=Muhammad Al\-Amin Mohd \|display\-authors\=etal \|date\=2019 \|title\=Malay History \& Culture \|via\=Academia}}
[European colonialism](/wiki/European_colonial "European colonial") influenced most ASEAN countries, including [French Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina "French Indochina") (present\-day [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), [Laos](/wiki/Laos "Laos") \& [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia")), [British Burma](/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma "British rule in Burma"), [Malaya](/wiki/British_Malaya "British Malaya") and [Borneo](/wiki/British_Borneo "British Borneo") (present\-day [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") \& [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), and [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei "Brunei")), [Dutch East Indies](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies "Dutch East Indies") (present day [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia")), [Spanish East Indies](/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies "Spanish East Indies") (present\-day [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") and various other colonies), and [Portuguese Timor](/wiki/Portuguese_Timor "Portuguese Timor") (present\-day [Timor\-Leste](/wiki/East_Timor "East Timor")), with only [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") (then [Siam](/wiki/Siam "Siam")) not formed from a prior European colony.{{Cite book \|last\=Acharya \|first\=Amitav \|url\=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10\.1355/9789814311250/html \|title\=The Making of Southeast Asia \|date\=2012\-11\-22 \|publisher\=ISEAS Publishing \|isbn\=978\-981\-4311\-25\-0\|doi\=10\.1355/9789814311250}} Siam served as a convenient buffer state, sandwiched between British Burma and French Indochina, but its kings had to contend with [unequal treaties](/wiki/Bowring_Treaty "Bowring Treaty") as well as British and French political interference and territorial losses after the [Franco\-Siamese conflict of 1893](/wiki/Franco-Siamese_conflict_of_1893 "Franco-Siamese conflict of 1893") and the [Anglo\-Siamese Treaty of 1909](/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909 "Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909").{{Cite journal \|date\=1909 \|title\=Treaty between Great Britain and Siam \|journal\=The American Journal of International Law \|volume\=3 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=297–304 \|doi\=10\.2307/2212641 \|jstor\=2212641 \|s2cid\=246007886 \|issn\=0002\-9300}} Under European colonization, Southeast Asian nations were introduced to European religions and technologies, as well as the [Latin alphabet](/wiki/Latin_alphabet "Latin alphabet").
The [Japanese Empire](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan "Empire of Japan"), in the vein of the [Greater East Asia Co\-Prosperity Sphere](/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere") concept, sought to unite and create a pan\-Asian identity against [Western colonial occupation](/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia "Western imperialism in Asia"), but Japan's alliance with the [Axis powers](/wiki/Axis_powers "Axis powers") in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") soured relations between many colonies of Europe and the United States.{{Citation needed\|reason\=States overarching claim without reasonable sources\|date\=December 2022}} Defeat of Imperial Japan eventuated in [decolonization movements](/wiki/Decolonization_of_Asia "Decolonization of Asia") throughout Southeast Asia, resulting in the independent ASEAN states of today.
### The ASEAN Charter
On 15 December 2008, the member states met in [Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta "Jakarta") to launch the charter signed in November 2007, to move closer to "an [EU](/wiki/European_Union "European Union")\-style community".{{cite news\|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/world/momentous\-day\-for\-asean\-as\-charter\-comes\-into\-force\-20081215\-6yx4\.html\|title\='Momentous' day for ASEAN as charter comes into force\|website\=The Sydney Morning Herald \|date\=15 December 2008\|access\-date\=16 December 2008}} The charter formally established ASEAN as a legal entity, aiming to create a single trade bloc for a region encompassing 500 million people. Indonesian president [Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono](/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono "Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono") stated: "This is a momentous development when ASEAN is consolidating, integrating, and transforming itself into a community. It is achieved while ASEAN seeks a more vigorous role in Asian and global affairs at a time when the international system is experiencing a seismic shift". Referring to climate change and economic upheaval, he concluded: "Southeast Asia is no longer the bitterly divided, war\-torn region it was in the 1960s and 1970s".
The [financial crisis of 2007–2008](/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008 "Financial crisis of 2007–2008") was seen as a threat to the charter's goals,{{cite news\|url\=http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia\-37031520081215\|title\=ASEAN launches charter under shadow of crisis\|author1\=Olivia Rondon \|author2\=Suhartono, Harry\|work\=Reuters \|date\=15 December 2008\|access\-date\=16 December 2008\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081220192555/http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia\-37031520081215\| archive\-date\= 20 December 2008 \| url\-status\=dead}} and also set forth the idea of a proposed human rights body to be discussed at a future summit in February 2009\. This proposition caused controversy, as the body would not have the power to impose sanctions or punish countries which violated citizens' rights and would, therefore, be limited in effectiveness.{{cite news\|title\=ASEAN charter comes into force \|url\=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/12/15/asia/AS\-ASEAN\-Charter.php \|access\-date\=12 May 2015 \|work\=International Herald Tribune \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=15 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210032138/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/12/15/asia/AS\-ASEAN\-Charter.php \|archive\-date\=10 February 2009 }} The body was established later in 2009 as the [ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights](/wiki/ASEAN_Intergovernmental_Commission_on_Human_Rights "ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights") (AICHR).
In November 2012, the commission adopted the [ASEAN Human Rights Declaration](/wiki/ASEAN_Human_Rights_Declaration "ASEAN Human Rights Declaration").{{cite news\|last1\=Wong\|first1\=Chun Han\|title\=Asean Human\-Rights Pledge Leaves Critics Cool\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323353204578126803863141948\|access\-date\=8 February 2015\|work\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] Asia\|date\=18 November 2012\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053136/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323353204578126803863141948\|url\-status\=live}} However, their human rights declaration has been critiqued widely by the international community, with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights stating that the declaration was worded in problematic ways that do not easily align with international norms. Likewise, the [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") in the United States noted several important fundamental rights were omitted or not clearly established.{{Cite web \|title\=The ASEAN Political\-Security Community and Its Dilemmas {{!}} The SAGE Handbook of Asian Foreign Policy – Credo Reference \|url\=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageukasian/the\_asean\_political\_security\_community\_and\_its\_dilemmas/0 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-22 \|website\=search.credoreference.com}}
The ASEAN chair is a rotating position, currently held by [Laos](/wiki/Laos "Laos").{{Cite web \|last\=VietnamPlus \|date\=2023\-06\-02 \|title\=Laos prepares for 2024 ASEAN Chairmanship {{!}} ASEAN {{!}} Vietnam\+ (VietnamPlus) \|url\=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/laos\-prepares\-for\-2024\-asean\-chairmanship/254055\.vnp \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-07 \|website\=VietnamPlus}} Recent ASEAN chairs are as follows:{{Cite web \|title\=ASEAN Chairmanship Role \|url\=https://asean.org/category/chairmanship/ \|access\-date\=22 May 2023 \|website\=ASEAN Website}}
| \+ASEAN Chairs | Year | Country |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | {{flag\|Thailand}} |
| 2009 |
| 2010 | {{flag\|Vietnam}} |
| 2011 | {{flag\|Indonesia}} |
| 2012 | {{flag\|Cambodia}} |
| 2013 | {{flag\|Brunei}} |
| 2014 | {{flag\|Myanmar}} |
| 2015 | {{flag\|Malaysia}} |
| 2016 | {{flag\|Laos}} |
| 2017 | {{flag\|Philippines}} |
| 2018 | {{flag\|Singapore}} |
| 2019 | {{flag\|Thailand}} |
| 2020 | {{flag\|Vietnam}} |
| 2021 | {{flag\|Brunei}} |
| 2022 | {{flag\|Cambodia}} |
| 2023 | {{flag\|Indonesia}} |
| 2024 | {{flag\|Laos}} |
| 2025 | {{flag\|Malaysia}} |
### Public health
In response to pandemics, ASEAN has coordinated with ASEAN\+3 and other actors to create a regional public health response.{{Cite web \|date\=4 May 2020 \|title\=COVID\-19 crisis response in ASEAN Member States \|url\=https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy\-responses/covid\-19\-crisis\-response\-in\-asean\-member\-states\-02f828a2/ \|access\-date\=9 July 2023 \|website\=OECD}}
#### SARS outbreak
During the [SARS outbreak](/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak "2002–2004 SARS outbreak"), ASEAN and ASEAN\+3 worked together to devise a response to the outbreak. Immediate and short\-to\-medium term measures were devised. The parties agreed to enhance sharing of best practices against the disease while also agreeing to bolster collaboration between their respective health authorities and harmonize travel procedures to ensure that proper health screening would occur. In addition, China offered to contribute $1\.2 million to the ASEAN SARS fund, made both to show that it was willing to cooperate with the rest of the region and make amends for its withholding of information during the initial stages of the outbreak.{{Cite journal \|last\=Caballero\-Anthony \|first\=Mely \|date\=June 2005 \|title\=SARS in Asia: Crisis, Vulnerabilities, and Regional Responses \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1525/as.2005\.45\.3\.475 \|journal\=Asian Survey \|volume\=45 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=475–495\|doi\=10\.1525/as.2005\.45\.3\.475 }}
#### H1N1 pandemic
ASEAN held a special meeting between ASEAN and ASEAN\+3 health ministers on 8 May 2009, on responding to the [H1N1 pandemic](/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic "2009 swine flu pandemic").{{Cite web \|date\=9 May 2009 \|title\=Press Release – "Full Marks" for ASEAN in Common Defense Against Influenza A (H1N1\), Bangkok, 8 May 2009 \|url\=https://asean.org/press\-release\-full\-marks\-for\-asean\-in\-common\-defense\-against\-influenza\-a\-h1n1\-bangkok\-8\-may\-2009\-2/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615011241/https://asean.org/press\-release\-full\-marks\-for\-asean\-in\-common\-defense\-against\-influenza\-a\-h1n1\-bangkok\-8\-may\-2009\-2/ \|archive\-date\=15 June 2021 \|website\=ASEAN}} At this meeting, it was agreed that hotlines would be established between public health authorities, joint response teams would be formed, and ongoing research efforts would be bolstered.
### Myanmar crisis
Since 2017, political, military and ethnic affairs in [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar") have posed unusual challenges for ASEAN, creating precedent\-breaking situations and threatening the traditions and unity of the group, and its global standing["Myanmar coup: ASEAN split over the way forward,"](https://www.dw.com/en/myanmar-coup-asean-ties/a-57042503) 29 March 2021, [Deutsche Welle](/wiki/Deutsche_Welle "Deutsche Welle"), ([same article](https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4163647) at *[Taiwan News](/wiki/Taiwan_News "Taiwan News")*) retrieved 7 November 2021Laksmana, Evan A. (Centre on Asia and Globalisation, [National University of Singapore](/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore "National University of Singapore")): ["ASEAN's Future Will Be Decided in Myanmar,"](https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/21/asean-myanmar-brunei-southeast-asia-special-envoy-junta-humanitarian-aid-aha-center/) date, *[Foreign Policy](/wiki/Foreign_Policy_%28magazine%29 "Foreign Policy (magazine)"),* retrieved 7 November 2021Williams, Nicola: ["Myanmar pushes ASEAN to the brink,"](https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/myanmar-pushes-asean-brink) 10 June 2021, *The Interpreter,* [Lowy Institute](/wiki/Lowy_Institute "Lowy Institute"), retrieved 8 November 2021 (*"The Myanmar coup presents to ASEAN the most serious threat to the importance of its regional diplomacy since the Cold War."*)["Myanmar's crisis tests ASEAN,"](https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/08/27/myanmars-crisis-tests-asean/) 27 August 2021, *Southeast Asia Insights,* [Brookings Institution](/wiki/Brookings_Institution "Brookings Institution"), retrieved 7 November 2021Bowie, Nile ["Myanmar crisis now or never moment for ASEAN,"](https://asiatimes.com/2021/03/myanmar-crisis-now-or-never-moment-for-asean/) 4 March 2021, *[Asia Times](/wiki/Asia_Times "Asia Times"),* retrieved 7 November 2021—with ASEAN responses indicating possible fundamental change in the nature of the organization.["Rohingya Crisis, Suu Kyi Under the Microscope at Southeast Asia Summit,"](https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-11-08/rohingya-crisis-suu-kyi-under-the-microscope-at-southeast-asia-summit) 8 November 2018, [Reuters News Service](/wiki/Reuters_News_Service "Reuters News Service") in *[U.S. News](/wiki/U.S._News "U.S. News"),* (same article at *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")* [https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/11/08/world/asia/08reuters\-asean\-summit.html](https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/11/08/world/asia/08reuters-asean-summit.html)), retrieved November 2018Wisnu, Dinna (Indonesian representative to the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights): ["Breaking resistance to human rights: Democracies and Rohingya,"](http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2018/12/06/breaking-resistance-to-human-rights-democracies-and-rohingya.html) 6 December 2018, *[Jakarta Post](/wiki/Jakarta_Post "Jakarta Post")* retrieved December 2018{{Cite news \|last1\=Wongcha\-um \|first1\=Panu \|last2\=Johnson \|first2\=Kay \|date\=2021\-04\-26 \|title\=Analysis: On Myanmar, ASEAN pushes boundaries of "non\-interference"\|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia\-pacific/myanmar\-asean\-pushes\-boundaries\-non\-interference\-2021\-04\-26/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-22}}[Analysis: "Why ASEAN's rebuke of Myanmar's top general matters,"](https://www.iiss.org/blogs/analysis/2021/10/why-aseans-rebuke-of-myanmars-top-general-matters) 21 October 2021, [International Institute for Strategic Studies](/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies "International Institute for Strategic Studies"), retrieved November, 2021Coppel, Nicholas ([Monash University](/wiki/Monash_University "Monash University"), former Australian Ambassador to Myanmar): ["ASEAN's snub to Myanmar junta a sign of change,"](https://asialink.unimelb.edu.au/insights/aseans-snub-to-myanmar-junta-a-sign-of-change) 20 October 2021, *[Asialink Insights](/wiki/Asialink%23Asialink_Insights "Asialink#Asialink Insights"),* [Asialink](/wiki/Asialink "Asialink"), [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne "University of Melbourne"), retrieved 8 November 2021
#### Rohingya genocide
The [Rohingya genocide](/wiki/Rohingya_genocide "Rohingya genocide") erupting in [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar") in August 2017—killing thousands of [Rohingya people](/wiki/Rohingya_people "Rohingya people") in Myanmar,["MSF estimates more than 6,700 Rohingya killed in Myanmar,"](http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42348214) 13 December 2017, [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"), retrieved December 2017 (same topic at [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News")[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rohingya\-myanmar\-thousands\-killed\-2\-months\-doctors\-without\-borders\-msf\-says/](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rohingya-myanmar-thousands-killed-2-months-doctors-without-borders-msf-says/), [The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/rohingya\-crisis\-latest\-6700\-muslims\-killed\-two\-months\-burma\-doctors\-without\-borders\-persecution\-a8109131\.html](http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/rohingya-crisis-latest-6700-muslims-killed-two-months-burma-doctors-without-borders-persecution-a8109131.html), [Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star "Toronto Star")[https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2017/12/14/at\-least\-6700\-rohingya\-killed\-in\-myanmar\-between\-august\-and\-september\-aid\-group\-says.html](https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2017/12/14/at-least-6700-rohingya-killed-in-myanmar-between-august-and-september-aid-group-says.html), and [Australian Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation "Australian Broadcasting Corporation")[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017\-12\-14/rohingya\-death\-toll\-in\-the\-thousands\-says\-msf/9260552](http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/rohingya-death-toll-in-the-thousands-says-msf/9260552))["'Kill All You See': In a First, Myanmar Soldiers Tell of Rohingya Slaughter,"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/08/world/asia/myanmar-rohingya-genocide.html) 8 September 2020, *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times"),* retrieved 7 November 2021["Study claims an estimated 24,000 Rohingyas murdered in Myanmar"](https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2018/08/17/study-claims-an-estimated-24-000-rohingya-murdered-in-myanmar) 17 August 2018, *[Dhaka Tribune](/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune "Dhaka Tribune")* retrieved 7 November 2021 driving most into neighboring [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"), and continuing for months["Over 123,000 Rohingya Refugees Flee Violence in Myanmar,"](https://www.nbcnews.com/slideshow/rohingya-muslims-flee-myanmar-trudging-through-treacherous-terrain-n798896), 5 September 2017, [Reuters News Service](/wiki/Reuters_News_Service "Reuters News Service") / *[NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC")* retrieved September 2017["'Textbook example of ethnic cleansing': 370,000 Rohingyas flood Bangladesh as crisis worsens,"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/textbook-example-of-ethnic-cleansing--370000-rohingyas-flood-bangladesh-as-crisis-worsens/2017/09/12/24bf290e-8792-41e9-a769-c79d7326bed0_story.html), 12 September 2017, *[Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post "Washington Post")* retrieved September 2017["Myanmar 'planned' Rohingya attacks, possibly 'genocide': UN rights chief,"](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/myanmar-planned-rohingya-attacks-possibly-genocide-un-rights-9508588) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223043844/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/myanmar\-planned\-rohingya\-attacks\-possibly\-genocide\-un\-rights\-9508588\|date\=23 December 2017}} 19 December 2017, [Agence France\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse") in *[Channel NewsAsia](/wiki/Channel_NewsAsia "Channel NewsAsia"),* (also at [SBS News](/wiki/SBS_News "SBS News") [https://www.sbs.com.au/news/myanmar\-planned\-rohingya\-attacks\-possibly\-genocide\-un\-rights\-chief](https://www.sbs.com.au/news/myanmar-planned-rohingya-attacks-possibly-genocide-un-rights-chief), retrieved December 2017["Genocide survivors in Bangladesh refugee camps face new threats,"](http://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2017/Rohingya-crisis-lives-in-limbo/), *[Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald "Sydney Morning Herald")* retrieved December 2017—created a global outcry demanding ASEAN take action against the civilian\-military [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government "Coalition government") of Myanmar, which had long discriminated against the Rohingya, and had launched the 2017 attacks upon them.["ASEAN's Limited Role in Solving the Rohingya Crisis,"](https://thediplomat.com/2018/10/aseans-limited-role-in-solving-the-rohingya-crisis/) 12 October 2018, *[The Diplomat](/wiki/The_Diplomat "The Diplomat"),* retrieved 7 November 2021[" The Rohingya Crisis: U.S. Response to the Tragedy in Burma,"](https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-rohingya-crisis-u-s-response-to-the-tragedy-in-burma/index.html) testimony, 5 October 2017, *[U.S. State Department](/wiki/U.S._State_Department "U.S. State Department"),* retrieved 7 November 2021Septiari, Dian: ["'Totally shameful': Outrage as ASEAN nations abandon Rohingya boat people,"](https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/26/totally-shameful-outrage-as-asean-nations-abandon-rohingya-boat-people.html) 26 June 2020, *[Jakarta Post](/wiki/Jakarta_Post "Jakarta Post"),* retrieved 7 November 2021{{Cite web \|last\=Daily \|first\=The ASEAN \|date\=2023\-08\-08 \|title\=United Nations Investigators Uncover Escalating War Crimes In Myanmar Amid Alarming Surge In Atrocities \|url\=https://theaseandaily.com/united\-nations\-investigators\-uncover\-escalating\-war\-crimes\-in\-myanmar\-amid\-alarming\-surge\-in\-atrocities/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-17 \|website\=THE ASEAN DAILY}}
#### 2021 Myanmar coup
On 1 February 2021, the day before a newly elected slate of civilian leaders was to take office in Myanmar, a military junta overthrew Myanmar's civilian government in a [coup d'etat](/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27etat "2021 Myanmar coup d'etat"), declaring a national [state of emergency](/wiki/State_of_emergency "State of emergency"), imposing [martial law](/wiki/Martial_law "Martial law"), arresting elected civilian leaders, violently clamping down on dissent, and replacing civilian government with the military's appointees.["Myanmar military seizes power, detains elected leader Aung San Suu Kyi."](https://www.thedailystar.net/asia/news/myanmar-military-seizes-power-detains-elected-leader-aung-san-suu-kyi-2037309) 1–2 February 2021, *[Daily Star (Bangladesh)](/wiki/Daily_Star_%28Bangladesh%29 "Daily Star (Bangladesh)")* retrieved February 2021["Asean leaders agree 5\-point plan for Myanmar,"](https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2104915/asean-leaders-agree-5-point-plan-for-myanmar), *[Bangkok Post](/wiki/Bangkok_Post "Bangkok Post")* with [Agence France\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse"), retrieved November 2021["Myanmar: As Aung San Suu Kyi goes on trial, ASEAN's indecision is enabling military rampage,"](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/06/myanmar-aung-san-suu-kyi-goes-on-trial-asean-indecision-enabling-military-rampage/) 15 June 2021, [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International"), retrieved 7 November 2021["Tradition vs credibility: Inside the SE Asian meet that snubbed Myanmar,"](https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/tradition-vs-credibility-inside-se-asian-meet-that-snubbed-myanmar-2021-10-19/) 19 October 2021, [Reuters News Service](/wiki/Reuters_News_Service "Reuters News Service"), retrieved 8 November 2021
Widespread protests and resistance erupted, and elements of the civilian leadership formed an underground "[National Unity Government](/wiki/National_Unity_Government_of_Myanmar "National Unity Government of Myanmar")" (NUG). Global opposition to the coup emerged, and global pressure was brought on ASEAN to take action.["UN calls for reversal of Myanmar coup and condemns violence,"](https://apnews.com/article/aung-san-suu-kyi-asia-pacific-myanmar-united-nations-4d0b4e78b8b740784c7ed5adb0aec3b4) 10 March 2021, [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"), (same article at: [U.S. News](/wiki/U.S._News "U.S. News") [https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021\-03\-10/diplomats\-un\-to\-condemn\-violence\-against\-myanmar\-protesters](https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-03-10/diplomats-un-to-condemn-violence-against-myanmar-protesters) and [CTV News](/wiki/CTV_News "CTV News") (Canada) [https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/un\-calls\-for\-reversal\-of\-myanmar\-coup\-and\-condemns\-violence\-1\.5342124](https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/un-calls-for-reversal-of-myanmar-coup-and-condemns-violence-1.5342124)), retrieved March 2021["US urges UN Council to press Myanmar to return to democracy.,"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-urges-council-press-myanmar-return-democracy-79153798) 29 July 2021, [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"), retrieved July 2021["Commentary: Is ASEAN's snub to Myanmar military the start of a new approach?"](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/asean-myanmar-protest-military-government-nug-sac-min-aung-hlaing-un-2254311) 20 October 2021, [Channel NewsAsia](/wiki/Channel_NewsAsia "Channel NewsAsia"), retrieved 9 November 2021Durst, Charles ([Eurasia Group](/wiki/Eurasia_Group "Eurasia Group")): ["The Myanmar Coup as an ASEAN Inflection Point"](https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/2747515/the-myanmar-coup-as-an-asean-inflection-point/) August 2021 (Special Issue), *[Journal of Indo\-Pacific Affairs](/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-Pacific_Affairs "Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs"),* [Air University](/wiki/Air_University_%28United_States_Air_Force%29 "Air University (United States Air Force)"), (also print edition PDF at: [https://media.defense.gov/2021/Aug/26/2002840264/\-1/\-1/1/DUNST.PDF](https://media.defense.gov/2021/Aug/26/2002840264/-1/-1/1/DUNST.PDF)), retrieved 9 November 2021
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Founding",
"{{main\\|ASEAN Declaration\\|ASEAN Charter}}",
"The predecessor of ASEAN was the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), formed on 31 July 1961 and consisting of [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"), the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), and [Malaya](/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya \"Federation of Malaya\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Tarling \\|first1\\=Nicholas \\|title\\=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 2, Part 2, From World War II to the Present \\|year\\=1999 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-66372\\-4 \\|page\\=287 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=U0trzUvic\\-8C\\&pg\\=PA287 \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2021}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Ooi \\|first1\\=Keat Gin \\|title\\=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor \\|year\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-57607\\-770\\-2 \\|page\\=186 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=QKgraWbb7yoC\\&pg\\=PA186 \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2021}} ASEAN itself was created on 8 August 1967, when the [foreign ministers](/wiki/Foreign_minister \"Foreign minister\") of five countries—[Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"), the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"), and [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\")—signed the [ASEAN Declaration](/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration \"ASEAN Declaration\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Liow \\|first1\\=Joseph \\|last2\\=Leifer \\|first2\\=Michael \\|title\\=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia \\|date\\=20 November 2014 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-317\\-62233\\-8 \\|pages\\=82–85 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=G5KLBQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA82 \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2021}} According to the Declaration, ASEAN aims to accelerate economic, social, and cultural development in the region, as well as promoting regional peace, to collaborate on matters of shared interest, and to promote [Southeast Asian studies](/wiki/Southeast_Asian_studies \"Southeast Asian studies\") and maintain close cooperation with existing international organisations.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/news/item/the\\-asean\\-declaration\\-bangkok\\-declaration\\|title\\=The Asean Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) Bangkok, 8 August 1967\\|publisher\\=ASEAN\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211121705/http://www.asean.org/news/item/the\\-asean\\-declaration\\-bangkok\\-declaration\\|archive\\-date\\=11 February 2015\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/asean/about\\-asean/overview\\|title\\=Overview\\|website\\=asean.org\\|publisher\\=ASEAN\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=17 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217005044/http://www.asean.org/asean/about\\-asean/overview\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The creation of ASEAN was initially motivated by [the desire to contain communism](/wiki/Anti-communism \"Anti-communism\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=What Is ASEAN? \\|url\\=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what\\-asean \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-22 \\|website\\=Council on Foreign Relations}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Historical Overview of ASEAN \\|url\\=https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary\\_business/committees/house\\_of\\_representatives\\_committees?url\\=jfadt/asean/aseanch1\\.pdf}} which had taken a foothold in mainland Asia after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), with the formation of communist governments in [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea \"North Korea\"), China, and [Vietnam](/wiki/North_Vietnam \"North Vietnam\"), accompanied by the so\\-called communist \"emergency\" in [British Malaya](/wiki/British_Malaya \"British Malaya\"), and unrest in the recently decolonized [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\").",
"These events also encouraged the earlier formation of the [South East Asia Treaty Organization](/wiki/South_East_Asia_Treaty_Organization \"South East Asia Treaty Organization\") (SEATO), led by the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), and [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), with several Southeast Asian partners in 1954 as an extension of \"containment\" policy, seeking to create an Eastern version of [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\").{{cite book \\|title\\=The Asia\\-Pacific Profile \\|author1\\=Bernard Eccleston \\|author2\\=Michael Dawson \\|author3\\=Deborah J. McNamara \\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=Routledge (UK) \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=l07ak\\-yd6DAC\\&q\\=%22Bangkok\\+Declaration%22\\+ASEAN\\&pg\\=RA1\\-PA311 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-17279\\-0 \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053135/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=l07ak\\-yd6DAC\\&pg\\=RA1\\-PA311\\&lpg\\=RA1\\-PA311\\&dq\\=%22Bangkok\\+Declaration%22\\+ASEAN \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However, the local member states of ASEAN group achieved greater cohesion in the mid\\-1970s following a change in the balance of power after the fall of Saigon and the end of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") in April 1975 and the decline of SEATO.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Beeson \\|first\\=Mark \\|title\\=Institutions of the Asia Pacific: ASEAN, APEC, and beyond \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-46504\\-5 \\|series\\=Global institutions series \\|location\\=London \\|pages\\=65\\|quote\\=Despite the previously discussed potential limitations of the ASEAN way and its preference for voluntarism and consensus, it was felt that this form of multilateralism had more chance of success than some of its institutional predecessors like SEATO, which was unable to demonstrate \"either a viable political purpose or a military function.\"}}{{Cite book \\|title\\=The ASEAN: Thirty years and beyond \\|date\\=1997 \\|isbn\\=978\\-971\\-15\\-0360\\-4 \\|editor\\-last\\=Aranal\\-Sereno \\|editor\\-first\\=Maria Lourdes \\|location\\=Quezon City \\|pages\\=271, 460 \\|quote\\=Regional cooperation flourished when the smaller countries took the leadership in developing such organizations as ASEAN ... As the US forces moved on to strategic weakness and disengagement, heightened insecurity caught up with Southeast Asian countries and, ironically, gave ASEAN a sense of being. \\|editor\\-last2\\=Santiago \\|editor\\-first2\\=Joseph Sedfrey}}",
"ASEAN's first summit meeting, held in [Bali](/wiki/Bali \"Bali\"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"), in 1976, resulted in an agreement on several industrial projects and the signing of a [Treaty of Amity and Cooperation](/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Cooperation_in_Southeast_Asia \"Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia\"), and a Declaration of Concord. The end of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") allowed ASEAN countries to exercise greater political independence in the region, and in the 1990s, ASEAN emerged as a leading voice on [regional trade](/wiki/Regional_trade \"Regional trade\") and security issues.Moon, C. (2014\\). ASEAN. Encyclopædia Britannica",
"On 15 December 1995, the [Southeast Asian Nuclear\\-Weapon\\-Free Zone Treaty](/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Nuclear-Weapon-Free_Zone_Treaty \"Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty\") was signed to turn Southeast Asia into a [nuclear\\-weapon\\-free zone](/wiki/Nuclear-weapon-free_zone \"Nuclear-weapon-free zone\"). The treaty took effect on 28 March 1997 after all but one of the member states had ratified it. It became fully effective on 21 June 2001 after the Philippines ratified it, effectively banning all nuclear weapons in the region.[Bangkok Treaty (in alphabetical order) At UNODA](http://disarmament.un.org/TreatyStatus.nsf/Bangkok%20Treaty%20(in%20alphabetical%20order)?OpenView) United Nations. Retrieved 4 September 2008\\. {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728143121/http://disarmament.un.org/TreatyStatus.nsf/Bangkok%20Treaty%20%28in%20alphabetical%20order%29?OpenView\\|date\\=28 July 2011}}",
"### Expansion",
"On 7 January 1984, [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei \"Brunei\") became ASEAN's sixth member{{cite web\\|url\\=https://2009\\-2017\\.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2700\\.htm\\|title\\=Background Note:Brunei Darussalam/Profile:/Foreign Relations\\|publisher\\=US State Department\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=4 June 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183451/https://2009\\-2017\\.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2700\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and on 28 July 1995, following the end of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"), [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\") joined as the seventh member.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/10098\\.htm\\|title\\=Vietnam in ASEAN: Toward Cooperation for Mutual Benefits\\|year\\=2007\\|work\\=ASEAN Secretariat\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153326/http://www.asean.org/10098\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2011\\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2009}} [Laos](/wiki/Laos \"Laos\") and [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar \"Myanmar\") (formerly Burma) joined two years later on 23 July 1997\\.{{cite book\\|title\\=ASEAN Enlargement: impacts and implications\\|author1\\=Carolyn L. Gates\\|author2\\=Mya Than\\|publisher\\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies\\|year\\=2001\\|isbn\\=978\\-981\\-230\\-081\\-2}} [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia \"Cambodia\") was to join at the same time as [Laos](/wiki/Laos \"Laos\") and [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar \"Myanmar\"), but a [Cambodian coup in 1997](/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"1997 Cambodian coup d'état\") and other internal instability delayed its entry.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Diplomatic pragmatism: ASEAN's response to the July 1997 coup {{!}} Conciliation Resources\\|url\\=https://www.c\\-r.org/accord/cambodia/diplomatic\\-pragmatism\\-aseans\\-response\\-july\\-1997\\-coup\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-27\\|website\\=c\\-r.org}} It then joined on 30 April 1999 following the stabilization of its government.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/3338\\.htm\\|title\\=Statement by the Secretary\\-General of ASEAN Welcoming the Kingdom of Cambodia as the Tenth Member State of ASEAN: 30 April 1999, ASEAN Secretariat\\|year\\=2008\\|work\\=ASEAN Secretariat\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153639/http://www.asean.org/3338\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2011\\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2009}}",
"In 2006, ASEAN was given [observer status at the United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers \"United Nations General Assembly observers\").[RP resolution for observer status in UN assembly OK'd](http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view_article.php?article_id=28822), Philippine Daily Inquirer, 13 March 2007\\. {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826051047/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view\\_article.php?article\\_id\\=28822 \\|date\\=26 August 2010 }} In response, the organization awarded the status of \"dialogue partner\" to the UN.{{cite news \\|title\\=Philippines to Represent ASEAN in UN Meetings in NY, Geneva \\|url\\=http://asia.news.yahoo.com/070307/4/2ykdn.html \\|work\\=Yahoo! News \\|date\\=7 March 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312113724/http://asia.news.yahoo.com/070307/4/2ykdn.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 March 2007 }}",
"### Commonality",
"{{Main\\|History of Southeast Asia}}",
"Besides their close geographic proximity, political scholars consider [Southeast Asian](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\") nations a cultural crossroads between [East Asia](/wiki/East_Asia \"East Asia\") and [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia \"South Asia\"), located at critical junctions of the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea \"South China Sea\") as well as the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean \"Indian Ocean\"), and as a result received much influence from [Islamic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") and [Persian](/wiki/Persians \"Persians\") influences prior to the [European](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") colonial ages.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Reid \\|first\\=Anthony \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=2TRPCAAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=history\\+of\\+southeast\\+asia\\&pg\\=PA13 \\|title\\=A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads \\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-03 \\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-118\\-51293\\-7\\|page\\=13}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2000/03/JSS\\_088\\_0q\\_Marcinkowski\\_PersianReligiousCulturalInfluences.pdf\\|author\\=Muhammad Ismail Marcinkowski\\|title\\=Persian Religious and Cultural Influences in Siam/Thailand and Maritime Southeast Asia in Historical Perspective: A Plea for a Concerted Interdisciplinary Approach\\|website\\=Thesiamsociety.org\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718124016/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2000/03/JSS\\_088\\_0q\\_Marcinkowski\\_PersianReligiousCulturalInfluences.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=18 July 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Since around 100 BCE, the Southeast Asian archipelago occupied a central position at the crossroads of the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean \"Indian Ocean\") and the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea \"South China Sea\") trading routes, which stimulated the economy and the influx of ideas.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Reid \\|first\\=Anthony \\|date\\=February 1990 \\|title\\=An 'Age of Commerce' in Southeast Asian History \\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern\\-asian\\-studies/article/abs/an\\-age\\-of\\-commerce\\-in\\-southeast\\-asian\\-history/E09ED31B7CDB61464CA851C688C83A28 \\|journal\\=Modern Asian Studies\\|volume\\=24 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=1–30 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0026749X00001153 \\|s2cid\\=128602618 \\|issn\\=1469\\-8099}} This included the introduction of [abugida scripts](/wiki/Abugida \"Abugida\") to Southeast Asia as well as the [Chinese script](/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m \"Chữ Nôm\") to [Vietnam](/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam \"Literary Chinese in Vietnam\"). Besides various indigenous scripts, various abugida [Brahmic scripts](/wiki/Brahmic_scripts \"Brahmic scripts\") were widespread in both continental and insular Southeast Asia. Historically, scripts such as [Pallava](/wiki/Pallava_script \"Pallava script\"), [Kawi](/wiki/Kawi_script \"Kawi script\") (from ancient [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language \"Tamil language\") script) and [Rencong](/wiki/Rencong_script \"Rencong script\") or *Surat Ulu* were used to write [Old Malay](/wiki/Old_Malay \"Old Malay\"), until they were replaced by [Jawi](/wiki/Jawi_script \"Jawi script\") during [Islamic](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\") [missionary](/wiki/Missionary \"Missionary\") missions in the [Malay Archipelago](/wiki/Malay_Archipelago \"Malay Archipelago\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Fadeli \\|first\\=Muhammad Al\\-Amin Mohd \\|display\\-authors\\=etal \\|date\\=2019 \\|title\\=Malay History \\& Culture \\|via\\=Academia}}",
"[European colonialism](/wiki/European_colonial \"European colonial\") influenced most ASEAN countries, including [French Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina \"French Indochina\") (present\\-day [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\"), [Laos](/wiki/Laos \"Laos\") \\& [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia \"Cambodia\")), [British Burma](/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma \"British rule in Burma\"), [Malaya](/wiki/British_Malaya \"British Malaya\") and [Borneo](/wiki/British_Borneo \"British Borneo\") (present\\-day [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar \"Myanmar\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\") \\& [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"), and [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei \"Brunei\")), [Dutch East Indies](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies \"Dutch East Indies\") (present day [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\")), [Spanish East Indies](/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies \"Spanish East Indies\") (present\\-day [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\") and various other colonies), and [Portuguese Timor](/wiki/Portuguese_Timor \"Portuguese Timor\") (present\\-day [Timor\\-Leste](/wiki/East_Timor \"East Timor\")), with only [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\") (then [Siam](/wiki/Siam \"Siam\")) not formed from a prior European colony.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Acharya \\|first\\=Amitav \\|url\\=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10\\.1355/9789814311250/html \\|title\\=The Making of Southeast Asia \\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-22 \\|publisher\\=ISEAS Publishing \\|isbn\\=978\\-981\\-4311\\-25\\-0\\|doi\\=10\\.1355/9789814311250}} Siam served as a convenient buffer state, sandwiched between British Burma and French Indochina, but its kings had to contend with [unequal treaties](/wiki/Bowring_Treaty \"Bowring Treaty\") as well as British and French political interference and territorial losses after the [Franco\\-Siamese conflict of 1893](/wiki/Franco-Siamese_conflict_of_1893 \"Franco-Siamese conflict of 1893\") and the [Anglo\\-Siamese Treaty of 1909](/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909 \"Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909\").{{Cite journal \\|date\\=1909 \\|title\\=Treaty between Great Britain and Siam \\|journal\\=The American Journal of International Law \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=297–304 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2212641 \\|jstor\\=2212641 \\|s2cid\\=246007886 \\|issn\\=0002\\-9300}} Under European colonization, Southeast Asian nations were introduced to European religions and technologies, as well as the [Latin alphabet](/wiki/Latin_alphabet \"Latin alphabet\").",
"The [Japanese Empire](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan \"Empire of Japan\"), in the vein of the [Greater East Asia Co\\-Prosperity Sphere](/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere \"Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere\") concept, sought to unite and create a pan\\-Asian identity against [Western colonial occupation](/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia \"Western imperialism in Asia\"), but Japan's alliance with the [Axis powers](/wiki/Axis_powers \"Axis powers\") in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") soured relations between many colonies of Europe and the United States.{{Citation needed\\|reason\\=States overarching claim without reasonable sources\\|date\\=December 2022}} Defeat of Imperial Japan eventuated in [decolonization movements](/wiki/Decolonization_of_Asia \"Decolonization of Asia\") throughout Southeast Asia, resulting in the independent ASEAN states of today.",
"### The ASEAN Charter",
"On 15 December 2008, the member states met in [Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta \"Jakarta\") to launch the charter signed in November 2007, to move closer to \"an [EU](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\")\\-style community\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/world/momentous\\-day\\-for\\-asean\\-as\\-charter\\-comes\\-into\\-force\\-20081215\\-6yx4\\.html\\|title\\='Momentous' day for ASEAN as charter comes into force\\|website\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\|date\\=15 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2008}} The charter formally established ASEAN as a legal entity, aiming to create a single trade bloc for a region encompassing 500 million people. Indonesian president [Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono](/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono \"Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono\") stated: \"This is a momentous development when ASEAN is consolidating, integrating, and transforming itself into a community. It is achieved while ASEAN seeks a more vigorous role in Asian and global affairs at a time when the international system is experiencing a seismic shift\". Referring to climate change and economic upheaval, he concluded: \"Southeast Asia is no longer the bitterly divided, war\\-torn region it was in the 1960s and 1970s\".",
"The [financial crisis of 2007–2008](/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008 \"Financial crisis of 2007–2008\") was seen as a threat to the charter's goals,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia\\-37031520081215\\|title\\=ASEAN launches charter under shadow of crisis\\|author1\\=Olivia Rondon \\|author2\\=Suhartono, Harry\\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=15 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2008\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081220192555/http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia\\-37031520081215\\| archive\\-date\\= 20 December 2008 \\| url\\-status\\=dead}} and also set forth the idea of a proposed human rights body to be discussed at a future summit in February 2009\\. This proposition caused controversy, as the body would not have the power to impose sanctions or punish countries which violated citizens' rights and would, therefore, be limited in effectiveness.{{cite news\\|title\\=ASEAN charter comes into force \\|url\\=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/12/15/asia/AS\\-ASEAN\\-Charter.php \\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2015 \\|work\\=International Herald Tribune \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=15 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210032138/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/12/15/asia/AS\\-ASEAN\\-Charter.php \\|archive\\-date\\=10 February 2009 }} The body was established later in 2009 as the [ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights](/wiki/ASEAN_Intergovernmental_Commission_on_Human_Rights \"ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights\") (AICHR).",
"In November 2012, the commission adopted the [ASEAN Human Rights Declaration](/wiki/ASEAN_Human_Rights_Declaration \"ASEAN Human Rights Declaration\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Wong\\|first1\\=Chun Han\\|title\\=Asean Human\\-Rights Pledge Leaves Critics Cool\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323353204578126803863141948\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2015\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] Asia\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053136/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323353204578126803863141948\\|url\\-status\\=live}} However, their human rights declaration has been critiqued widely by the international community, with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights stating that the declaration was worded in problematic ways that do not easily align with international norms. Likewise, the [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") in the United States noted several important fundamental rights were omitted or not clearly established.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The ASEAN Political\\-Security Community and Its Dilemmas {{!}} The SAGE Handbook of Asian Foreign Policy – Credo Reference \\|url\\=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageukasian/the\\_asean\\_political\\_security\\_community\\_and\\_its\\_dilemmas/0 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-22 \\|website\\=search.credoreference.com}}",
"The ASEAN chair is a rotating position, currently held by [Laos](/wiki/Laos \"Laos\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=VietnamPlus \\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-02 \\|title\\=Laos prepares for 2024 ASEAN Chairmanship {{!}} ASEAN {{!}} Vietnam\\+ (VietnamPlus) \\|url\\=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/laos\\-prepares\\-for\\-2024\\-asean\\-chairmanship/254055\\.vnp \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-07 \\|website\\=VietnamPlus}} Recent ASEAN chairs are as follows:{{Cite web \\|title\\=ASEAN Chairmanship Role \\|url\\=https://asean.org/category/chairmanship/ \\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2023 \\|website\\=ASEAN Website}}",
"| \\+ASEAN Chairs | Year | Country |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 2008 | {{flag\\|Thailand}} |\n| 2009 |\n| 2010 | {{flag\\|Vietnam}} |\n| 2011 | {{flag\\|Indonesia}} |\n| 2012 | {{flag\\|Cambodia}} |\n| 2013 | {{flag\\|Brunei}} |\n| 2014 | {{flag\\|Myanmar}} |\n| 2015 | {{flag\\|Malaysia}} |\n| 2016 | {{flag\\|Laos}} |\n| 2017 | {{flag\\|Philippines}} |\n| 2018 | {{flag\\|Singapore}} |\n| 2019 | {{flag\\|Thailand}} |\n| 2020 | {{flag\\|Vietnam}} |\n| 2021 | {{flag\\|Brunei}} |\n| 2022 | {{flag\\|Cambodia}} |\n| 2023 | {{flag\\|Indonesia}} |\n| 2024 | {{flag\\|Laos}} |\n| 2025 | {{flag\\|Malaysia}} |",
"",
"### Public health",
"In response to pandemics, ASEAN has coordinated with ASEAN\\+3 and other actors to create a regional public health response.{{Cite web \\|date\\=4 May 2020 \\|title\\=COVID\\-19 crisis response in ASEAN Member States \\|url\\=https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy\\-responses/covid\\-19\\-crisis\\-response\\-in\\-asean\\-member\\-states\\-02f828a2/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2023 \\|website\\=OECD}}",
"#### SARS outbreak",
"During the [SARS outbreak](/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak \"2002–2004 SARS outbreak\"), ASEAN and ASEAN\\+3 worked together to devise a response to the outbreak. Immediate and short\\-to\\-medium term measures were devised. The parties agreed to enhance sharing of best practices against the disease while also agreeing to bolster collaboration between their respective health authorities and harmonize travel procedures to ensure that proper health screening would occur. In addition, China offered to contribute $1\\.2 million to the ASEAN SARS fund, made both to show that it was willing to cooperate with the rest of the region and make amends for its withholding of information during the initial stages of the outbreak.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Caballero\\-Anthony \\|first\\=Mely \\|date\\=June 2005 \\|title\\=SARS in Asia: Crisis, Vulnerabilities, and Regional Responses \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1525/as.2005\\.45\\.3\\.475 \\|journal\\=Asian Survey \\|volume\\=45 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=475–495\\|doi\\=10\\.1525/as.2005\\.45\\.3\\.475 }}",
"#### H1N1 pandemic",
"ASEAN held a special meeting between ASEAN and ASEAN\\+3 health ministers on 8 May 2009, on responding to the [H1N1 pandemic](/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic \"2009 swine flu pandemic\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=9 May 2009 \\|title\\=Press Release – \"Full Marks\" for ASEAN in Common Defense Against Influenza A (H1N1\\), Bangkok, 8 May 2009 \\|url\\=https://asean.org/press\\-release\\-full\\-marks\\-for\\-asean\\-in\\-common\\-defense\\-against\\-influenza\\-a\\-h1n1\\-bangkok\\-8\\-may\\-2009\\-2/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615011241/https://asean.org/press\\-release\\-full\\-marks\\-for\\-asean\\-in\\-common\\-defense\\-against\\-influenza\\-a\\-h1n1\\-bangkok\\-8\\-may\\-2009\\-2/ \\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2021 \\|website\\=ASEAN}} At this meeting, it was agreed that hotlines would be established between public health authorities, joint response teams would be formed, and ongoing research efforts would be bolstered.",
"### Myanmar crisis",
"Since 2017, political, military and ethnic affairs in [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar \"Myanmar\") have posed unusual challenges for ASEAN, creating precedent\\-breaking situations and threatening the traditions and unity of the group, and its global standing[\"Myanmar coup: ASEAN split over the way forward,\"](https://www.dw.com/en/myanmar-coup-asean-ties/a-57042503) 29 March 2021, [Deutsche Welle](/wiki/Deutsche_Welle \"Deutsche Welle\"), ([same article](https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4163647) at *[Taiwan News](/wiki/Taiwan_News \"Taiwan News\")*) retrieved 7 November 2021Laksmana, Evan A. (Centre on Asia and Globalisation, [National University of Singapore](/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore \"National University of Singapore\")): [\"ASEAN's Future Will Be Decided in Myanmar,\"](https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/21/asean-myanmar-brunei-southeast-asia-special-envoy-junta-humanitarian-aid-aha-center/) date, *[Foreign Policy](/wiki/Foreign_Policy_%28magazine%29 \"Foreign Policy (magazine)\"),* retrieved 7 November 2021Williams, Nicola: [\"Myanmar pushes ASEAN to the brink,\"](https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/myanmar-pushes-asean-brink) 10 June 2021, *The Interpreter,* [Lowy Institute](/wiki/Lowy_Institute \"Lowy Institute\"), retrieved 8 November 2021 (*\"The Myanmar coup presents to ASEAN the most serious threat to the importance of its regional diplomacy since the Cold War.\"*)[\"Myanmar's crisis tests ASEAN,\"](https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/08/27/myanmars-crisis-tests-asean/) 27 August 2021, *Southeast Asia Insights,* [Brookings Institution](/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\"), retrieved 7 November 2021Bowie, Nile [\"Myanmar crisis now or never moment for ASEAN,\"](https://asiatimes.com/2021/03/myanmar-crisis-now-or-never-moment-for-asean/) 4 March 2021, *[Asia Times](/wiki/Asia_Times \"Asia Times\"),* retrieved 7 November 2021—with ASEAN responses indicating possible fundamental change in the nature of the organization.[\"Rohingya Crisis, Suu Kyi Under the Microscope at Southeast Asia Summit,\"](https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-11-08/rohingya-crisis-suu-kyi-under-the-microscope-at-southeast-asia-summit) 8 November 2018, [Reuters News Service](/wiki/Reuters_News_Service \"Reuters News Service\") in *[U.S. News](/wiki/U.S._News \"U.S. News\"),* (same article at *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")* [https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/11/08/world/asia/08reuters\\-asean\\-summit.html](https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/11/08/world/asia/08reuters-asean-summit.html)), retrieved November 2018Wisnu, Dinna (Indonesian representative to the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights): [\"Breaking resistance to human rights: Democracies and Rohingya,\"](http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2018/12/06/breaking-resistance-to-human-rights-democracies-and-rohingya.html) 6 December 2018, *[Jakarta Post](/wiki/Jakarta_Post \"Jakarta Post\")* retrieved December 2018{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Wongcha\\-um \\|first1\\=Panu \\|last2\\=Johnson \\|first2\\=Kay \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-26 \\|title\\=Analysis: On Myanmar, ASEAN pushes boundaries of \"non\\-interference\"\\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia\\-pacific/myanmar\\-asean\\-pushes\\-boundaries\\-non\\-interference\\-2021\\-04\\-26/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-22}}[Analysis: \"Why ASEAN's rebuke of Myanmar's top general matters,\"](https://www.iiss.org/blogs/analysis/2021/10/why-aseans-rebuke-of-myanmars-top-general-matters) 21 October 2021, [International Institute for Strategic Studies](/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies \"International Institute for Strategic Studies\"), retrieved November, 2021Coppel, Nicholas ([Monash University](/wiki/Monash_University \"Monash University\"), former Australian Ambassador to Myanmar): [\"ASEAN's snub to Myanmar junta a sign of change,\"](https://asialink.unimelb.edu.au/insights/aseans-snub-to-myanmar-junta-a-sign-of-change) 20 October 2021, *[Asialink Insights](/wiki/Asialink%23Asialink_Insights \"Asialink#Asialink Insights\"),* [Asialink](/wiki/Asialink \"Asialink\"), [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne \"University of Melbourne\"), retrieved 8 November 2021",
"#### Rohingya genocide",
"The [Rohingya genocide](/wiki/Rohingya_genocide \"Rohingya genocide\") erupting in [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar \"Myanmar\") in August 2017—killing thousands of [Rohingya people](/wiki/Rohingya_people \"Rohingya people\") in Myanmar,[\"MSF estimates more than 6,700 Rohingya killed in Myanmar,\"](http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42348214) 13 December 2017, [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\"), retrieved December 2017 (same topic at [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rohingya\\-myanmar\\-thousands\\-killed\\-2\\-months\\-doctors\\-without\\-borders\\-msf\\-says/](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rohingya-myanmar-thousands-killed-2-months-doctors-without-borders-msf-says/), [The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\")[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/rohingya\\-crisis\\-latest\\-6700\\-muslims\\-killed\\-two\\-months\\-burma\\-doctors\\-without\\-borders\\-persecution\\-a8109131\\.html](http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/rohingya-crisis-latest-6700-muslims-killed-two-months-burma-doctors-without-borders-persecution-a8109131.html), [Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star \"Toronto Star\")[https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2017/12/14/at\\-least\\-6700\\-rohingya\\-killed\\-in\\-myanmar\\-between\\-august\\-and\\-september\\-aid\\-group\\-says.html](https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2017/12/14/at-least-6700-rohingya-killed-in-myanmar-between-august-and-september-aid-group-says.html), and [Australian Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Australian Broadcasting Corporation\")[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017\\-12\\-14/rohingya\\-death\\-toll\\-in\\-the\\-thousands\\-says\\-msf/9260552](http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/rohingya-death-toll-in-the-thousands-says-msf/9260552))[\"'Kill All You See': In a First, Myanmar Soldiers Tell of Rohingya Slaughter,\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/08/world/asia/myanmar-rohingya-genocide.html) 8 September 2020, *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\"),* retrieved 7 November 2021[\"Study claims an estimated 24,000 Rohingyas murdered in Myanmar\"](https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2018/08/17/study-claims-an-estimated-24-000-rohingya-murdered-in-myanmar) 17 August 2018, *[Dhaka Tribune](/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune \"Dhaka Tribune\")* retrieved 7 November 2021 driving most into neighboring [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"), and continuing for months[\"Over 123,000 Rohingya Refugees Flee Violence in Myanmar,\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/slideshow/rohingya-muslims-flee-myanmar-trudging-through-treacherous-terrain-n798896), 5 September 2017, [Reuters News Service](/wiki/Reuters_News_Service \"Reuters News Service\") / *[NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\")* retrieved September 2017[\"'Textbook example of ethnic cleansing': 370,000 Rohingyas flood Bangladesh as crisis worsens,\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/textbook-example-of-ethnic-cleansing--370000-rohingyas-flood-bangladesh-as-crisis-worsens/2017/09/12/24bf290e-8792-41e9-a769-c79d7326bed0_story.html), 12 September 2017, *[Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post \"Washington Post\")* retrieved September 2017[\"Myanmar 'planned' Rohingya attacks, possibly 'genocide': UN rights chief,\"](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/myanmar-planned-rohingya-attacks-possibly-genocide-un-rights-9508588) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223043844/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/myanmar\\-planned\\-rohingya\\-attacks\\-possibly\\-genocide\\-un\\-rights\\-9508588\\|date\\=23 December 2017}} 19 December 2017, [Agence France\\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\") in *[Channel NewsAsia](/wiki/Channel_NewsAsia \"Channel NewsAsia\"),* (also at [SBS News](/wiki/SBS_News \"SBS News\") [https://www.sbs.com.au/news/myanmar\\-planned\\-rohingya\\-attacks\\-possibly\\-genocide\\-un\\-rights\\-chief](https://www.sbs.com.au/news/myanmar-planned-rohingya-attacks-possibly-genocide-un-rights-chief), retrieved December 2017[\"Genocide survivors in Bangladesh refugee camps face new threats,\"](http://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2017/Rohingya-crisis-lives-in-limbo/), *[Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald \"Sydney Morning Herald\")* retrieved December 2017—created a global outcry demanding ASEAN take action against the civilian\\-military [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government \"Coalition government\") of Myanmar, which had long discriminated against the Rohingya, and had launched the 2017 attacks upon them.[\"ASEAN's Limited Role in Solving the Rohingya Crisis,\"](https://thediplomat.com/2018/10/aseans-limited-role-in-solving-the-rohingya-crisis/) 12 October 2018, *[The Diplomat](/wiki/The_Diplomat \"The Diplomat\"),* retrieved 7 November 2021[\" The Rohingya Crisis: U.S. Response to the Tragedy in Burma,\"](https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-rohingya-crisis-u-s-response-to-the-tragedy-in-burma/index.html) testimony, 5 October 2017, *[U.S. State Department](/wiki/U.S._State_Department \"U.S. State Department\"),* retrieved 7 November 2021Septiari, Dian: [\"'Totally shameful': Outrage as ASEAN nations abandon Rohingya boat people,\"](https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/26/totally-shameful-outrage-as-asean-nations-abandon-rohingya-boat-people.html) 26 June 2020, *[Jakarta Post](/wiki/Jakarta_Post \"Jakarta Post\"),* retrieved 7 November 2021{{Cite web \\|last\\=Daily \\|first\\=The ASEAN \\|date\\=2023\\-08\\-08 \\|title\\=United Nations Investigators Uncover Escalating War Crimes In Myanmar Amid Alarming Surge In Atrocities \\|url\\=https://theaseandaily.com/united\\-nations\\-investigators\\-uncover\\-escalating\\-war\\-crimes\\-in\\-myanmar\\-amid\\-alarming\\-surge\\-in\\-atrocities/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-17 \\|website\\=THE ASEAN DAILY}}",
"#### 2021 Myanmar coup",
"On 1 February 2021, the day before a newly elected slate of civilian leaders was to take office in Myanmar, a military junta overthrew Myanmar's civilian government in a [coup d'etat](/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27etat \"2021 Myanmar coup d'etat\"), declaring a national [state of emergency](/wiki/State_of_emergency \"State of emergency\"), imposing [martial law](/wiki/Martial_law \"Martial law\"), arresting elected civilian leaders, violently clamping down on dissent, and replacing civilian government with the military's appointees.[\"Myanmar military seizes power, detains elected leader Aung San Suu Kyi.\"](https://www.thedailystar.net/asia/news/myanmar-military-seizes-power-detains-elected-leader-aung-san-suu-kyi-2037309) 1–2 February 2021, *[Daily Star (Bangladesh)](/wiki/Daily_Star_%28Bangladesh%29 \"Daily Star (Bangladesh)\")* retrieved February 2021[\"Asean leaders agree 5\\-point plan for Myanmar,\"](https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2104915/asean-leaders-agree-5-point-plan-for-myanmar), *[Bangkok Post](/wiki/Bangkok_Post \"Bangkok Post\")* with [Agence France\\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\"), retrieved November 2021[\"Myanmar: As Aung San Suu Kyi goes on trial, ASEAN's indecision is enabling military rampage,\"](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/06/myanmar-aung-san-suu-kyi-goes-on-trial-asean-indecision-enabling-military-rampage/) 15 June 2021, [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\"), retrieved 7 November 2021[\"Tradition vs credibility: Inside the SE Asian meet that snubbed Myanmar,\"](https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/tradition-vs-credibility-inside-se-asian-meet-that-snubbed-myanmar-2021-10-19/) 19 October 2021, [Reuters News Service](/wiki/Reuters_News_Service \"Reuters News Service\"), retrieved 8 November 2021",
"Widespread protests and resistance erupted, and elements of the civilian leadership formed an underground \"[National Unity Government](/wiki/National_Unity_Government_of_Myanmar \"National Unity Government of Myanmar\")\" (NUG). Global opposition to the coup emerged, and global pressure was brought on ASEAN to take action.[\"UN calls for reversal of Myanmar coup and condemns violence,\"](https://apnews.com/article/aung-san-suu-kyi-asia-pacific-myanmar-united-nations-4d0b4e78b8b740784c7ed5adb0aec3b4) 10 March 2021, [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"), (same article at: [U.S. News](/wiki/U.S._News \"U.S. News\") [https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021\\-03\\-10/diplomats\\-un\\-to\\-condemn\\-violence\\-against\\-myanmar\\-protesters](https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-03-10/diplomats-un-to-condemn-violence-against-myanmar-protesters) and [CTV News](/wiki/CTV_News \"CTV News\") (Canada) [https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/un\\-calls\\-for\\-reversal\\-of\\-myanmar\\-coup\\-and\\-condemns\\-violence\\-1\\.5342124](https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/un-calls-for-reversal-of-myanmar-coup-and-condemns-violence-1.5342124)), retrieved March 2021[\"US urges UN Council to press Myanmar to return to democracy.,\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-urges-council-press-myanmar-return-democracy-79153798) 29 July 2021, [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"), retrieved July 2021[\"Commentary: Is ASEAN's snub to Myanmar military the start of a new approach?\"](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/asean-myanmar-protest-military-government-nug-sac-min-aung-hlaing-un-2254311) 20 October 2021, [Channel NewsAsia](/wiki/Channel_NewsAsia \"Channel NewsAsia\"), retrieved 9 November 2021Durst, Charles ([Eurasia Group](/wiki/Eurasia_Group \"Eurasia Group\")): [\"The Myanmar Coup as an ASEAN Inflection Point\"](https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/2747515/the-myanmar-coup-as-an-asean-inflection-point/) August 2021 (Special Issue), *[Journal of Indo\\-Pacific Affairs](/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-Pacific_Affairs \"Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs\"),* [Air University](/wiki/Air_University_%28United_States_Air_Force%29 \"Air University (United States Air Force)\"), (also print edition PDF at: [https://media.defense.gov/2021/Aug/26/2002840264/\\-1/\\-1/1/DUNST.PDF](https://media.defense.gov/2021/Aug/26/2002840264/-1/-1/1/DUNST.PDF)), retrieved 9 November 2021",
""
] |
Structure
---------
Beginning in 1997, heads of each member state adopted the ASEAN Vision 2020 during the group's 30th anniversary meeting held in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur"). As a means for the realization of a single ASEAN community, this vision provides provisions on peace and stability, a nuclear\-free region, closer economic integration, human development, sustainable development, cultural heritage, being a drug\-free region, environment among others. The vision also aimed to "see an outward\-looking ASEAN playing a pivotal role in the international fora, and advancing ASEAN's common interests".["ASEAN Vision 2020"](http://www.asean.org/news/item/asean-vision-2020) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429050655/http://www.asean.org/news/item/asean\-vision\-2020 \|date\=29 April 2015}} 15 December 1997\. Retrieved 10 December 2014\.{{cite news\|title\=A united region: The ASEAN Community 2015\|url\=http://www.rappler.com/world/specials/southeast\-asia/asean\-journey/47239\-asean\-community\-2015\-overview\|author1\=Julio Amador\|author2\=Joycee A. Teodoro\|work\=Rappler\|date\=2 May 2014\|access\-date\=17 June 2015\|archive\-date\=10 May 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510023020/http://www.rappler.com/world/specials/southeast\-asia/asean\-journey/47239\-asean\-community\-2015\-overview\|url\-status\=live}}
ASEAN Vision 2020 was formalized and made comprehensive through the Bali Concord II in 2003\. Three major pillars of a single ASEAN community were established: Political\-Security Community (APSC), Economic Community (AEC) and Socio\-Cultural Community (ASCC).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asean.org/news/item/declaration\-of\-asean\-concord\-ii\-bali\-concord\-ii\|title\=Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Bali Concord II)\|publisher\=ASEAN\|access\-date\=17 June 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702050633/http://www.asean.org/news/item/declaration\-of\-asean\-concord\-ii\-bali\-concord\-ii\|archive\-date\=2 July 2015}}{{cite web\|title\=Overview\|url\=http://www.asean.org/asean/about\-asean/overview\|website\=ASEAN\|publisher\=Association of Southeast Asian Nations\|access\-date\=15 February 2015\|archive\-date\=17 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217005044/http://www.asean.org/asean/about\-asean/overview\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite book\|title\=Fact Sheet ASEAN Political\-Security Community (APSC)\|date\=Jun 2013\|publisher\=ASEAN Secretariat\|location\=Jakarta\|isbn\=978\-602\-7643\-49\-9\|url\=http://www.asean.org/images/2013/factsheet/2013%20(6\.%20Jun)%20\-%20APSC.pdf\|access\-date\=15 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904103519/http://www.asean.org/images/2013/factsheet/2013%20(6\.%20Jun)%20\-%20APSC.pdf\|archive\-date\=4 September 2015}}{{cite book\|title\=Fact Sheet ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)\|date\=Jun 2013\|publisher\=ASEAN Secretariat\|location\=Jakarta\|isbn\=978\-602\-7643\-50\-5\|url\=http://www.asean.org/images/2013/factsheet/2013%20(6\.%20Jun)%20\-%20AEC.pdf\|access\-date\=15 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904103519/http://www.asean.org/images/2013/factsheet/2013%20(6\.%20Jun)%20\-%20AEC.pdf\|archive\-date\=4 September 2015}}{{cite book\|title\=Fact Sheet of ASEAN Socio\-Cultural Community (ASCC)\|date\=Jun 2013\|publisher\=ASEAN Secretariat\|location\=Jakarta\|isbn\=978\-602\-7643\-51\-2\|url\=http://www.asean.org/images/2013/factsheet/2013%20(6\.%20Jun)%20\-%20ASCC.pdf\|access\-date\=15 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904103519/http://www.asean.org/images/2013/factsheet/2013%20(6\.%20Jun)%20\-%20ASCC.pdf\|archive\-date\=4 September 2015}} To fully embody the three pillars as part of the 2015 integration, blueprints for APSC and ASCC were subsequently adopted in 2009 in [Cha\-am](/wiki/Cha-am "Cha-am"), Thailand.{{cite book\|title\=Towards A Sustainable Asia: Environment and Climate Change\|author\=The Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia\|date\=2011\|location\=Beijing\|publisher\=Science Press}} The ASEAN Community, initially planned to commence by 2020, was accelerated to begin by 31 December 2015\.{{cite web\|title\=TODAY Online – Countries must work together to deal with shared problems: PM Lee\|url\=http://www.gov.sg/news/content/today\-online\-countries\-must\-work\-together\-to\-deal\-with\-shared\-problems\-pm\-lee\|website\=Government of Singapore\|access\-date\=25 November 2015\|archive\-date\=26 November 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126041217/http://www.gov.sg/news/content/today\-online\-countries\-must\-work\-together\-to\-deal\-with\-shared\-problems\-pm\-lee\|url\-status\=live}} It was decided during the 12th ASEAN Summit in [Cebu](/wiki/Cebu "Cebu") in 2007\.{{cite web\|title\=Cebu declaration on the acceleration of the establishment of an ASEAN Community by 2015\|url\=http://www.asean.org/component/zoo/item/about\-asean\-overview\-cebu\-declaration\-on\-the\-acceleration\-of\-the\-establishment\-of\-an\-asean\-community\-by\-2015?Itemid\=185\|access\-date\=17 June 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617102112/http://www.asean.org/component/zoo/item/about\-asean\-overview\-cebu\-declaration\-on\-the\-acceleration\-of\-the\-establishment\-of\-an\-asean\-community\-by\-2015?Itemid\=185\|archive\-date\=17 June 2015}}
### AEC Blueprint
[thumb\|ASEAN leaders sign the declaration of the ASEAN Economic Community during the 27th ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur, 2015\.](/wiki/File:KL_Declaration_Signing_11.22.15.jpg "KL Declaration Signing 11.22.15.jpg")
The AEC aims to "implement economic integration initiatives" to create a single market for member states.{{cite book \|url\=http://www.dfa.gov.ph/images/PDF/AEC%20Primer\_Ebook2\.pdf \|title\=Understanding the ASEAN Economic Community; A Primer \|publisher\=Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines) \|edition\=1st \|date\=28 February 2014 \|access\-date\=10 February 2015 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053213/https://www.dfa.gov.ph/images/PDF/AEC%20Primer\_Ebook2\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asean.org/communities/asean\-economic\-community\|title\=ASEAN Economic Community – ASEAN – ONE VISION ONE IDENTITY ONE COMMUNITY\|access\-date\=6 September 2014\|archive\-date\=3 September 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903023000/http://www.asean.org/communities/asean\-economic\-community\|url\-status\=live}} The blueprint that serves as a comprehensive guide for the establishment of the community was adopted on 20 November 2007 at the 13th ASEAN Summit in Singapore.{{cite book\|title\=ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint\|date\=Jan 2008\|publisher\=Association of Southeast Asian Nations\|location\=Jakarta\|isbn\=978\-979\-3496\-77\-1\|pages\=56\|url\=http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\-10\.pdf\|access\-date\=7 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203402/http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\-10\.pdf\|archive\-date\=5 February 2015}} Its characteristics include a single market and production base, a highly competitive economic region, a region of fair economic development, and a region fully integrated into the global economy. The areas of cooperation include human resources development, recognition of professional qualifications, closer consultation economic policies, enhanced infrastructure and communications connectivity, integrating industries for regional sourcing, and strengthening private sector involvement. Through the free movement of skilled labor, goods, services and investment, ASEAN would rise globally as one market, thus increasing its competitiveness and opportunities for development.{{cite book\|url\=http://www.lga.gov.ph/sites/default/files/knowledgeProducts\-pdf/Rising%20As%20One%20The%20ASEAN%20Economic%20Integration.pdf \|title\=Rising as One: The Filipino Nation Towards the ASEAN Economic Integration \|publisher\=Local Government Academy of the Philippines \|isbn\=978\-971\-0576\-41\-8 \|pages\=23 \|date\=2013 \|access\-date\=11 February 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731172032/http://www.lga.gov.ph/sites/default/files/knowledgeProducts\-pdf/Rising%20As%20One%20The%20ASEAN%20Economic%20Integration.pdf \|archive\-date\=31 July 2014 }}
### APSC Blueprint
During the 14th ASEAN Summit, the group adopted the APSC Blueprint.{{cite book\|title\=ASEAN Political\-Security Community Blueprint\|date\=Jun 2009\|publisher\=Association of Southeast Asian Nations\|location\=Jakarta\|isbn\=978\-602\-8411\-06\-6\|pages\=20\|url\=http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\-18\.pdf\|access\-date\=7 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203428/http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\-18\.pdf\|archive\-date\=5 February 2015}} This document is aimed at creating a robust political\-security environment within ASEAN, with programs and activities outlined to establish the APSC by 2016\. It is based on the ASEAN Charter, the ASEAN Security Community Plan of Action, and the Vientiane Action Program. The APSC aims to create a sense of responsibility toward comprehensive security and a dynamic, outward\-looking region in an increasingly integrated and interdependent world.
The ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration (ADIC) was proposed at the 4th ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM) on 11 May 2010 in [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi "Hanoi").{{cite web\|title\=Annex 10\- ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting: Concept Paper on Establishing ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration\|url\=http://admm.asean.org\|access\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053217/https://admm.asean.org/\|url\-status\=live}} It has the purpose, among others, to reduce defense imports from non\-ASEAN countries by half and to further develop the defense industry in the region.Sneha Raghavan and Guy Ben\-Ari (7 September 2011\) Current Issues\- No. 25: ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration \-www.csis.org/ISP/DIIG It was formally adopted on the next ADMM on 19 May 2011, in Jakarta, Indonesia.{{cite web\|title\=2011 JOINT DECLARATION OF THE ASEAN DEFENCE MINISTERS ON STRENGTHENING DEFENCE COOPERATION OF ASEAN IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY TO FACE NEW CHALLENGES\|url\=http://www.asean.org/news/item/joint\-declaration\-of\-the\-asean\-defence\-ministers\-on\-strengthening\-defence\-cooperation\-of\-asean\-in\-the\-global\-community\-to\-face\-new\-challenges\-jakarta\-19\-may\-2011\|website\=asean.org\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109042135/http://www.asean.org/news/item/joint\-declaration\-of\-the\-asean\-defence\-ministers\-on\-strengthening\-defence\-cooperation\-of\-asean\-in\-the\-global\-community\-to\-face\-new\-challenges\-jakarta\-19\-may\-2011\|archive\-date\=9 January 2015}} The main focus is to industrially and technologically boost the security capability of ASEAN,{{cite web\|title\=Sneha Raghavan and Guy Ben\-Ari (2011, September 7\) Current Issues\- No. 25: ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration\|url\=http://www.csis.org/ISP/DIIG\|access\-date\=18 February 2019\|archive\-date\=10 June 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610105520/http://www.csis.org/isp/diig/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Last Meeting: 2nd ADMM\-Plus, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 29 August 2013\|url\=http://ADMM.ASEAN.org\|access\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-date\=17 August 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817115534/https://admm.asean.org/\|url\-status\=live}} consistent with the principles of flexibility and non\-binding and voluntary participation among the member states.{{cite web\|title\=3rd ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration Workshop\|url\=http://www2\.mindef.gov.bn\|access\-date\=30 January 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625035140/http://mindef.gov.bn/\|archive\-date\=25 June 2014}}{{cite web\|title\=ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting: Concept Paper on Establishing ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration\|url\=http://admm.asean.org\|access\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053223/https://admm.asean.org/\|url\-status\=live}} The concept revolves around education and capability\-building programs to develop the skills and capabilities of the workforce, production of capital for defense products, and the provision of numerous services to address the security needs of each member state. It also aims to develop an intra\-ASEAN defense trade. ADIC aims to establish a strong defense industry relying on the local capabilities of each member state and limit annual procurement from external original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Countries like the US, Germany, Russia, France, Italy, UK, China, South Korea, Israel, and the Netherlands are among the major suppliers to ASEAN.{{cite web\|title\=Sneha Raghavan and Guy Ben\-Ari (2011, September 7\) Current Issues\- No. 25: ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration\|url\=http://www.csis.org/ISP/DIIG/\|access\-date\=18 February 2019\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053223/https://www.csis.org/programs/international\-security\-program/defense\-industrial\-initiatives\-group\|url\-status\=live}} ASEAN defense budget rose by 147% from 2004 to 2013 and is expected to rise further in the future.{{cite web\|title\=Fear Us: Military Expenditures in Southeast Asia (11 Sep 2014\)\|url\=http://www.IndoPacificReview.com\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921200104/http://www.indopacificreview.com/\|archive\-date\=2013\-09\-21}} Factors affecting the increase include economic growth, ageing equipment, and the plan to strengthen the establishment of the defense industry.{{cite news\|author1\=J. Dowdy \|author2\=D. Chinn \|author3\=M. Mancini \|author4\=J. Ng \|date\=February 2014\|title\=Southeast Asia: The next growth opportunity in defence McKinsey – Innovation Campus Aerospace and Defence Practice}} ASEANAPOL is also established to enhance cooperation on law enforcement and crime control among police forces of member states.{{cite web \|title\=ASEANAPOL, The Urgency to Keep The Region Safe – ICOAS \|url\=https://icoas.ppispanyol.org/2017/12/31/aseanapol\-the\-urgency\-to\-keep\-the\-region\-safe/ \|website\=icoas.ppispanyol.org \|access\-date\=8 September 2018 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053224/https://ups\-error.com/ \|url\-status\=live }}
### ASCC Blueprint
{{Main\|ASEAN Inter\-Parliamentary Assembly}}
The ASEAN Socio\-Cultural Community (ASCC) was also adopted during the 14th ASEAN Summit.{{cite book\|title\=ASEAN Socio\-Cultural Community Blueprint\|date\=Jun 2009\|publisher\=Association of Southeast Asian Nations\|location\=Jakarta\|isbn\=978\-602\-8411\-07\-3\|pages\=32\|url\=http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\-19\.pdf\|access\-date\=7 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203437/http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\-19\.pdf\|archive\-date\=5 February 2015}} It envisions an "ASEAN Community that is people\-centered and socially responsible with a view to achieving enduring solidarity and unity among the countries and peoples of ASEAN by forging a common identity and building a caring and sharing society which is inclusive and harmonious where the well\-being, livelihood, and welfare of the peoples are enhanced". Among its focus areas include human development, social welfare and protection, social justice and rights, environmental sustainability, building the ASEAN identity, and narrowing the development gap.
To track the progress of the AEC, a compliance tool called the AEC Scorecard was developed based on the EU Internal Market Scorecard. It is the only one in effect{{cite web\|url\=http://aseanec.blogspot.com/2012/05/grading\-asean\-economic\-community.html\|title\=AEC Blog: Grading the ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard\|author\=Edmund Sim\|date\=25 May 2012\|access\-date\=14 June 2015\|archive\-date\=15 August 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815124400/http://aseanec.blogspot.com/2012/05/grading\-asean\-economic\-community.html\|url\-status\=live}} and is expected to serve as an unbiased assessment tool to measure the extent of integration and the economic health of the region. It is expected to provide relevant information about regional priorities, and thus foster productive, inclusive, and sustainable growth.{{cite journal\|url\=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/06/01/a\-critical\-look\-at\-the\-asean\-economic\-community\-scorecard/\|title\=A critical look at the ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard\|journal\=East Asia Forum\|date\=June 2012 \|access\-date\=14 June 2015\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053233/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/06/01/a\-critical\-look\-at\-the\-asean\-economic\-community\-scorecard/\|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Das \|first1\=Sanchita Basu }} It makes it possible to monitor the implementation of ASEAN agreements, and the achievement of milestones indicated in the AEC Strategic Schedule. The scorecard outlines specific actions that must be undertaken collectively and individually to establish AEC by 2015\. To date, two official scorecards have been published, one in 2010,{{cite book\|title\=ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard: Charting Progress Towards Regional Economic Integration\|date\=Mar 2010\|publisher\=ASEAN Secretariat\|location\=Jakarta\|isbn\=978\-602\-8411\-35\-6\|url\=http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/AEC%20Scorecard.pdf\|access\-date\=10 May 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203548/http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/AEC%20Scorecard.pdf\|archive\-date\=5 February 2015}} and the other in 2012\.{{cite book\|title\=ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard\|date\=Mar 2012\|publisher\=ASEAN Secretariat\|location\=Jakarka\|isbn\=978\-602\-8411\-96\-7\|url\=http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/scorecard\_final.pdf\|access\-date\=10 May 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203612/http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/scorecard\_final.pdf\|archive\-date\=5 February 2015}} However, the scorecard is purely quantitative, as it only examines whether a member state has performed the AEC task or not. The more "yes" answers, the higher the score.
#### APAEC blueprint
Part of the work towards the ASEAN Economic Community is the integration of the energy systems of the ASEAN member states. The blueprint for this integration is provided by the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC).{{Cite journal\|last1\=Overland\|first1\=Indra\|last2\=Sagbakken\|first2\=Haakon Fossum\|last3\=Chan\|first3\=Hoy\-Yen\|last4\=Merdekawati\|first4\=Monika\|last5\=Suryadi\|first5\=Beni\|last6\=Utama\|first6\=Nuki Agya\|last7\=Vakulchuk\|first7\=Roman\|date\=December 2021\|title\=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox\|journal\=Energy and Climate Change\|volume\=2\|pages\=100019\|doi\=10\.1016/j.egycc.2020\.100019 \|issn\=2666\-2787 \|hdl\=11250/2734506\|hdl\-access\=free}} APAEC is managed by the ASEAN Center for Energy.
#### 2020 ASEAN Banking Integration Framework
As trade is liberalized with the integration in 2015, the need arises for ASEAN banking institutions to accommodate and expand their services to an intra\-ASEAN market. Experts, however, have already forecast a shaky economic transition, especially for smaller players in the banking and financial services industry. Two separate reports by [Standard \& Poor's](/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s "Standard & Poor's") (S\&P) outline the challenges that ASEAN financial institutions face as they prepare for the 2020 banking integration.{{efn\|name\=fn1\|''ASEAN Financial Integration: The Long Road to Bank Consolidation'' and ''The Philippines' Banking System: The Good, the Bad and the Ambivalent''.}} The reports point out that overcrowded banking sector in the Philippines is expected to feel the most pressure as the integration welcomes tighter competition with bigger and more established foreign banks.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/sp\-cites\-moves\-by\-philippine\-banks/\|title\=S\&P cites moves by Philippine banks\|author\=Manila Bulletin\|website\=\[\[Manila Bulletin]] \|access\-date\=14 June 2015\|archive\-date\=14 November 2014\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20141114060935/http://www.mb.com.ph/sp\-cites\-moves\-by\-philippine\-banks/\|url\-status\=live}} As a result, there needs to be a regional expansion by countries with a small banking sector to lessen the impact of the post\-integration environment. In a follow\-up report, S\&P recently cited the Philippines for "shoring up its network bases and building up capital ahead of the banking integration – playing defense and strengthening their domestic networks".
#### Financial integration roadmap
The roadmap for financial integration is the latest regional initiative that aims to strengthen local self\-help and support mechanisms. The roadmap's implementation would contribute to the realization of the AEC. Adoption of a common currency, when conditions are ripe, could be the final stage of the AEC. The roadmap identifies approaches and milestones in capital market development, capital account and financial services liberalization, and ASEAN currency cooperation. Capital market development entails promoting institutional capacity as well as the facilitation of greater cross\-border collaboration, linkages, and harmonization between capital markets. Orderly capital account liberalization would be promoted with adequate safeguards against volatility and systemic risks. To expedite the process of financial services liberalization, ASEAN has agreed on a positive list modality and adopted milestones to facilitate negotiations. Currency cooperation would involve the exploration of possible currency arrangements, including an ASEAN currency payment system for trade in local goods to reduce the demand for US dollars and to help promote stability of regional currencies, such as by settling intra\-ASEAN trade using regional currencies.
#### Food security
Member states recognize the importance of strengthening [food security](/wiki/Food_security "Food security") to maintain stability and prosperity in the region.{{cite web\|title\=Food Security \|url\=https://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en/ \|website\=World Health Organisation \|access\-date\=10 February 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917112705/http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en/ \|archive\-date\=17 September 2015 }} As ASEAN moves towards AEC and beyond, food security would be an integral part of the community\-building agenda.{{cite book\|last1\=Desker\|first1\=Barry\|last2\=Caballero\-Anthony\|first2\=Mely\|last3\=Teng\|first3\=Paul\|title\=Thought/Issues Paper on ASEAN Food Security: Towards a more Comprehensive Framework\|date\=Oct 2013\|publisher\=Nanyang Technological University\|location\=Singapore\|url\=http://www.eria.org/ERIA\-DP\-2013\-20\.pdf\|access\-date\=10 February 2015\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053232/https://www.eria.org/ERIA\-DP\-2013\-20\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} Strengthened food security is even more relevant in light of potentially severe risks from climate change with agriculture and fisheries being the most affected industries.Overland, Indra et al. (2017\) *[Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312)*, {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728061128/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312\_Impact\_of\_Climate\_Change\_on\_ASEAN\_International\_Affairs\_Risk\_and\_Opportunity\_Multiplier \|date\=28 July 2020 }}, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).
Part of the aim of ASEAN integration is to achieve food security collectively via [trade](/wiki/Trade "Trade") in rice and maize. [Trade facilitation](/wiki/Trade_facilitation "Trade facilitation") measures and the harmonization/equivalency of food regulation and control standards would reduce the cost of trade in food products. While specialization and revealed comparative and competitive indices point to complementarities between trade patterns among the member states, intra\-ASEAN trade in agriculture is quite small, something that integration could address.{{cite journal\|last1\=Bello\|first1\=Amelia L.\|title\=Ensuring Food Security—A Case for ASEAN Integration\|journal\=Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development\|volume\=2\|issue\=1,2\|url\=http://searca.org/ajad/index.php/previous\-issues/13\-view\-article?aid\=28\|access\-date\=12 February 2015\|issn\=1656\-4383\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053236/https://ajad.searca.org/index.php/previous\-issues/13\-view\-article?aid\=28\|url\-status\=live}} The MARKET project would provide flexible and demand\-driven support to the ASEAN Secretariat while bringing more private\-sector and civil\-society input into regional agriculture policy dialogue. By building an environment that reduces barriers to trade, ASEAN trade would increase, thereby decreasing the risk of food price crisis.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asean.org/news/asean\-secretariat\-news/item/strengthening\-food\-security\-for\-asean\-citizens\-asean\-us\-cooperation\-on\-food\-security\-initiative\-market\-project\-reduces\-market\-volatility\-through\-increased\-regional\-trade\|title\=Strengthening Food Security for ASEAN Citizens: ASEAN – U.S. Cooperation on Food Security initiative "MARKET" Project Reduces Market Volatility through Increased Regional Trade\|access\-date\=14 June 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429043831/http://www.asean.org/news/asean\-secretariat\-news/item/strengthening\-food\-security\-for\-asean\-citizens\-asean\-us\-cooperation\-on\-food\-security\-initiative\-market\-project\-reduces\-market\-volatility\-through\-increased\-regional\-trade\|archive\-date\=29 April 2015}}
|
[
"Structure\n---------",
"Beginning in 1997, heads of each member state adopted the ASEAN Vision 2020 during the group's 30th anniversary meeting held in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\"). As a means for the realization of a single ASEAN community, this vision provides provisions on peace and stability, a nuclear\\-free region, closer economic integration, human development, sustainable development, cultural heritage, being a drug\\-free region, environment among others. The vision also aimed to \"see an outward\\-looking ASEAN playing a pivotal role in the international fora, and advancing ASEAN's common interests\".[\"ASEAN Vision 2020\"](http://www.asean.org/news/item/asean-vision-2020) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429050655/http://www.asean.org/news/item/asean\\-vision\\-2020 \\|date\\=29 April 2015}} 15 December 1997\\. Retrieved 10 December 2014\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=A united region: The ASEAN Community 2015\\|url\\=http://www.rappler.com/world/specials/southeast\\-asia/asean\\-journey/47239\\-asean\\-community\\-2015\\-overview\\|author1\\=Julio Amador\\|author2\\=Joycee A. Teodoro\\|work\\=Rappler\\|date\\=2 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510023020/http://www.rappler.com/world/specials/southeast\\-asia/asean\\-journey/47239\\-asean\\-community\\-2015\\-overview\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"ASEAN Vision 2020 was formalized and made comprehensive through the Bali Concord II in 2003\\. Three major pillars of a single ASEAN community were established: Political\\-Security Community (APSC), Economic Community (AEC) and Socio\\-Cultural Community (ASCC).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/news/item/declaration\\-of\\-asean\\-concord\\-ii\\-bali\\-concord\\-ii\\|title\\=Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Bali Concord II)\\|publisher\\=ASEAN\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702050633/http://www.asean.org/news/item/declaration\\-of\\-asean\\-concord\\-ii\\-bali\\-concord\\-ii\\|archive\\-date\\=2 July 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Overview\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/asean/about\\-asean/overview\\|website\\=ASEAN\\|publisher\\=Association of Southeast Asian Nations\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=17 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217005044/http://www.asean.org/asean/about\\-asean/overview\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite book\\|title\\=Fact Sheet ASEAN Political\\-Security Community (APSC)\\|date\\=Jun 2013\\|publisher\\=ASEAN Secretariat\\|location\\=Jakarta\\|isbn\\=978\\-602\\-7643\\-49\\-9\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/images/2013/factsheet/2013%20(6\\.%20Jun)%20\\-%20APSC.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904103519/http://www.asean.org/images/2013/factsheet/2013%20(6\\.%20Jun)%20\\-%20APSC.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2015}}{{cite book\\|title\\=Fact Sheet ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)\\|date\\=Jun 2013\\|publisher\\=ASEAN Secretariat\\|location\\=Jakarta\\|isbn\\=978\\-602\\-7643\\-50\\-5\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/images/2013/factsheet/2013%20(6\\.%20Jun)%20\\-%20AEC.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904103519/http://www.asean.org/images/2013/factsheet/2013%20(6\\.%20Jun)%20\\-%20AEC.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2015}}{{cite book\\|title\\=Fact Sheet of ASEAN Socio\\-Cultural Community (ASCC)\\|date\\=Jun 2013\\|publisher\\=ASEAN Secretariat\\|location\\=Jakarta\\|isbn\\=978\\-602\\-7643\\-51\\-2\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/images/2013/factsheet/2013%20(6\\.%20Jun)%20\\-%20ASCC.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904103519/http://www.asean.org/images/2013/factsheet/2013%20(6\\.%20Jun)%20\\-%20ASCC.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2015}} To fully embody the three pillars as part of the 2015 integration, blueprints for APSC and ASCC were subsequently adopted in 2009 in [Cha\\-am](/wiki/Cha-am \"Cha-am\"), Thailand.{{cite book\\|title\\=Towards A Sustainable Asia: Environment and Climate Change\\|author\\=The Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia\\|date\\=2011\\|location\\=Beijing\\|publisher\\=Science Press}} The ASEAN Community, initially planned to commence by 2020, was accelerated to begin by 31 December 2015\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=TODAY Online – Countries must work together to deal with shared problems: PM Lee\\|url\\=http://www.gov.sg/news/content/today\\-online\\-countries\\-must\\-work\\-together\\-to\\-deal\\-with\\-shared\\-problems\\-pm\\-lee\\|website\\=Government of Singapore\\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=26 November 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126041217/http://www.gov.sg/news/content/today\\-online\\-countries\\-must\\-work\\-together\\-to\\-deal\\-with\\-shared\\-problems\\-pm\\-lee\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It was decided during the 12th ASEAN Summit in [Cebu](/wiki/Cebu \"Cebu\") in 2007\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Cebu declaration on the acceleration of the establishment of an ASEAN Community by 2015\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/component/zoo/item/about\\-asean\\-overview\\-cebu\\-declaration\\-on\\-the\\-acceleration\\-of\\-the\\-establishment\\-of\\-an\\-asean\\-community\\-by\\-2015?Itemid\\=185\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617102112/http://www.asean.org/component/zoo/item/about\\-asean\\-overview\\-cebu\\-declaration\\-on\\-the\\-acceleration\\-of\\-the\\-establishment\\-of\\-an\\-asean\\-community\\-by\\-2015?Itemid\\=185\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2015}}",
"### AEC Blueprint",
"[thumb\\|ASEAN leaders sign the declaration of the ASEAN Economic Community during the 27th ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur, 2015\\.](/wiki/File:KL_Declaration_Signing_11.22.15.jpg \"KL Declaration Signing 11.22.15.jpg\")",
"The AEC aims to \"implement economic integration initiatives\" to create a single market for member states.{{cite book \\|url\\=http://www.dfa.gov.ph/images/PDF/AEC%20Primer\\_Ebook2\\.pdf \\|title\\=Understanding the ASEAN Economic Community; A Primer \\|publisher\\=Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines) \\|edition\\=1st \\|date\\=28 February 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053213/https://www.dfa.gov.ph/images/PDF/AEC%20Primer\\_Ebook2\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/communities/asean\\-economic\\-community\\|title\\=ASEAN Economic Community – ASEAN – ONE VISION ONE IDENTITY ONE COMMUNITY\\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=3 September 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903023000/http://www.asean.org/communities/asean\\-economic\\-community\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The blueprint that serves as a comprehensive guide for the establishment of the community was adopted on 20 November 2007 at the 13th ASEAN Summit in Singapore.{{cite book\\|title\\=ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint\\|date\\=Jan 2008\\|publisher\\=Association of Southeast Asian Nations\\|location\\=Jakarta\\|isbn\\=978\\-979\\-3496\\-77\\-1\\|pages\\=56\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\\-10\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203402/http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\\-10\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2015}} Its characteristics include a single market and production base, a highly competitive economic region, a region of fair economic development, and a region fully integrated into the global economy. The areas of cooperation include human resources development, recognition of professional qualifications, closer consultation economic policies, enhanced infrastructure and communications connectivity, integrating industries for regional sourcing, and strengthening private sector involvement. Through the free movement of skilled labor, goods, services and investment, ASEAN would rise globally as one market, thus increasing its competitiveness and opportunities for development.{{cite book\\|url\\=http://www.lga.gov.ph/sites/default/files/knowledgeProducts\\-pdf/Rising%20As%20One%20The%20ASEAN%20Economic%20Integration.pdf \\|title\\=Rising as One: The Filipino Nation Towards the ASEAN Economic Integration \\|publisher\\=Local Government Academy of the Philippines \\|isbn\\=978\\-971\\-0576\\-41\\-8 \\|pages\\=23 \\|date\\=2013 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731172032/http://www.lga.gov.ph/sites/default/files/knowledgeProducts\\-pdf/Rising%20As%20One%20The%20ASEAN%20Economic%20Integration.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=31 July 2014 }}",
"### APSC Blueprint",
"During the 14th ASEAN Summit, the group adopted the APSC Blueprint.{{cite book\\|title\\=ASEAN Political\\-Security Community Blueprint\\|date\\=Jun 2009\\|publisher\\=Association of Southeast Asian Nations\\|location\\=Jakarta\\|isbn\\=978\\-602\\-8411\\-06\\-6\\|pages\\=20\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\\-18\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203428/http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\\-18\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2015}} This document is aimed at creating a robust political\\-security environment within ASEAN, with programs and activities outlined to establish the APSC by 2016\\. It is based on the ASEAN Charter, the ASEAN Security Community Plan of Action, and the Vientiane Action Program. The APSC aims to create a sense of responsibility toward comprehensive security and a dynamic, outward\\-looking region in an increasingly integrated and interdependent world.",
"The ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration (ADIC) was proposed at the 4th ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM) on 11 May 2010 in [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi \"Hanoi\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Annex 10\\- ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting: Concept Paper on Establishing ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration\\|url\\=http://admm.asean.org\\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053217/https://admm.asean.org/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It has the purpose, among others, to reduce defense imports from non\\-ASEAN countries by half and to further develop the defense industry in the region.Sneha Raghavan and Guy Ben\\-Ari (7 September 2011\\) Current Issues\\- No. 25: ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration \\-www.csis.org/ISP/DIIG It was formally adopted on the next ADMM on 19 May 2011, in Jakarta, Indonesia.{{cite web\\|title\\=2011 JOINT DECLARATION OF THE ASEAN DEFENCE MINISTERS ON STRENGTHENING DEFENCE COOPERATION OF ASEAN IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY TO FACE NEW CHALLENGES\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/news/item/joint\\-declaration\\-of\\-the\\-asean\\-defence\\-ministers\\-on\\-strengthening\\-defence\\-cooperation\\-of\\-asean\\-in\\-the\\-global\\-community\\-to\\-face\\-new\\-challenges\\-jakarta\\-19\\-may\\-2011\\|website\\=asean.org\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109042135/http://www.asean.org/news/item/joint\\-declaration\\-of\\-the\\-asean\\-defence\\-ministers\\-on\\-strengthening\\-defence\\-cooperation\\-of\\-asean\\-in\\-the\\-global\\-community\\-to\\-face\\-new\\-challenges\\-jakarta\\-19\\-may\\-2011\\|archive\\-date\\=9 January 2015}} The main focus is to industrially and technologically boost the security capability of ASEAN,{{cite web\\|title\\=Sneha Raghavan and Guy Ben\\-Ari (2011, September 7\\) Current Issues\\- No. 25: ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration\\|url\\=http://www.csis.org/ISP/DIIG\\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610105520/http://www.csis.org/isp/diig/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Last Meeting: 2nd ADMM\\-Plus, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 29 August 2013\\|url\\=http://ADMM.ASEAN.org\\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817115534/https://admm.asean.org/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} consistent with the principles of flexibility and non\\-binding and voluntary participation among the member states.{{cite web\\|title\\=3rd ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration Workshop\\|url\\=http://www2\\.mindef.gov.bn\\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625035140/http://mindef.gov.bn/\\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2014}}{{cite web\\|title\\=ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting: Concept Paper on Establishing ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration\\|url\\=http://admm.asean.org\\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053223/https://admm.asean.org/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The concept revolves around education and capability\\-building programs to develop the skills and capabilities of the workforce, production of capital for defense products, and the provision of numerous services to address the security needs of each member state. It also aims to develop an intra\\-ASEAN defense trade. ADIC aims to establish a strong defense industry relying on the local capabilities of each member state and limit annual procurement from external original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Countries like the US, Germany, Russia, France, Italy, UK, China, South Korea, Israel, and the Netherlands are among the major suppliers to ASEAN.{{cite web\\|title\\=Sneha Raghavan and Guy Ben\\-Ari (2011, September 7\\) Current Issues\\- No. 25: ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration\\|url\\=http://www.csis.org/ISP/DIIG/\\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053223/https://www.csis.org/programs/international\\-security\\-program/defense\\-industrial\\-initiatives\\-group\\|url\\-status\\=live}} ASEAN defense budget rose by 147% from 2004 to 2013 and is expected to rise further in the future.{{cite web\\|title\\=Fear Us: Military Expenditures in Southeast Asia (11 Sep 2014\\)\\|url\\=http://www.IndoPacificReview.com\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921200104/http://www.indopacificreview.com/\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-21}} Factors affecting the increase include economic growth, ageing equipment, and the plan to strengthen the establishment of the defense industry.{{cite news\\|author1\\=J. Dowdy \\|author2\\=D. Chinn \\|author3\\=M. Mancini \\|author4\\=J. Ng \\|date\\=February 2014\\|title\\=Southeast Asia: The next growth opportunity in defence McKinsey – Innovation Campus Aerospace and Defence Practice}} ASEANAPOL is also established to enhance cooperation on law enforcement and crime control among police forces of member states.{{cite web \\|title\\=ASEANAPOL, The Urgency to Keep The Region Safe – ICOAS \\|url\\=https://icoas.ppispanyol.org/2017/12/31/aseanapol\\-the\\-urgency\\-to\\-keep\\-the\\-region\\-safe/ \\|website\\=icoas.ppispanyol.org \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053224/https://ups\\-error.com/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### ASCC Blueprint",
"{{Main\\|ASEAN Inter\\-Parliamentary Assembly}}\nThe ASEAN Socio\\-Cultural Community (ASCC) was also adopted during the 14th ASEAN Summit.{{cite book\\|title\\=ASEAN Socio\\-Cultural Community Blueprint\\|date\\=Jun 2009\\|publisher\\=Association of Southeast Asian Nations\\|location\\=Jakarta\\|isbn\\=978\\-602\\-8411\\-07\\-3\\|pages\\=32\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\\-19\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203437/http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\\-19\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2015}} It envisions an \"ASEAN Community that is people\\-centered and socially responsible with a view to achieving enduring solidarity and unity among the countries and peoples of ASEAN by forging a common identity and building a caring and sharing society which is inclusive and harmonious where the well\\-being, livelihood, and welfare of the peoples are enhanced\". Among its focus areas include human development, social welfare and protection, social justice and rights, environmental sustainability, building the ASEAN identity, and narrowing the development gap.",
"To track the progress of the AEC, a compliance tool called the AEC Scorecard was developed based on the EU Internal Market Scorecard. It is the only one in effect{{cite web\\|url\\=http://aseanec.blogspot.com/2012/05/grading\\-asean\\-economic\\-community.html\\|title\\=AEC Blog: Grading the ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard\\|author\\=Edmund Sim\\|date\\=25 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=15 August 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815124400/http://aseanec.blogspot.com/2012/05/grading\\-asean\\-economic\\-community.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and is expected to serve as an unbiased assessment tool to measure the extent of integration and the economic health of the region. It is expected to provide relevant information about regional priorities, and thus foster productive, inclusive, and sustainable growth.{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/06/01/a\\-critical\\-look\\-at\\-the\\-asean\\-economic\\-community\\-scorecard/\\|title\\=A critical look at the ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard\\|journal\\=East Asia Forum\\|date\\=June 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053233/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/06/01/a\\-critical\\-look\\-at\\-the\\-asean\\-economic\\-community\\-scorecard/\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Das \\|first1\\=Sanchita Basu }} It makes it possible to monitor the implementation of ASEAN agreements, and the achievement of milestones indicated in the AEC Strategic Schedule. The scorecard outlines specific actions that must be undertaken collectively and individually to establish AEC by 2015\\. To date, two official scorecards have been published, one in 2010,{{cite book\\|title\\=ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard: Charting Progress Towards Regional Economic Integration\\|date\\=Mar 2010\\|publisher\\=ASEAN Secretariat\\|location\\=Jakarta\\|isbn\\=978\\-602\\-8411\\-35\\-6\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/AEC%20Scorecard.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203548/http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/AEC%20Scorecard.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2015}} and the other in 2012\\.{{cite book\\|title\\=ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard\\|date\\=Mar 2012\\|publisher\\=ASEAN Secretariat\\|location\\=Jakarka\\|isbn\\=978\\-602\\-8411\\-96\\-7\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/scorecard\\_final.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203612/http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/scorecard\\_final.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2015}} However, the scorecard is purely quantitative, as it only examines whether a member state has performed the AEC task or not. The more \"yes\" answers, the higher the score.",
"#### APAEC blueprint",
"Part of the work towards the ASEAN Economic Community is the integration of the energy systems of the ASEAN member states. The blueprint for this integration is provided by the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC).{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Overland\\|first1\\=Indra\\|last2\\=Sagbakken\\|first2\\=Haakon Fossum\\|last3\\=Chan\\|first3\\=Hoy\\-Yen\\|last4\\=Merdekawati\\|first4\\=Monika\\|last5\\=Suryadi\\|first5\\=Beni\\|last6\\=Utama\\|first6\\=Nuki Agya\\|last7\\=Vakulchuk\\|first7\\=Roman\\|date\\=December 2021\\|title\\=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox\\|journal\\=Energy and Climate Change\\|volume\\=2\\|pages\\=100019\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.egycc.2020\\.100019 \\|issn\\=2666\\-2787 \\|hdl\\=11250/2734506\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} APAEC is managed by the ASEAN Center for Energy.",
"#### 2020 ASEAN Banking Integration Framework",
"As trade is liberalized with the integration in 2015, the need arises for ASEAN banking institutions to accommodate and expand their services to an intra\\-ASEAN market. Experts, however, have already forecast a shaky economic transition, especially for smaller players in the banking and financial services industry. Two separate reports by [Standard \\& Poor's](/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s \"Standard & Poor's\") (S\\&P) outline the challenges that ASEAN financial institutions face as they prepare for the 2020 banking integration.{{efn\\|name\\=fn1\\|''ASEAN Financial Integration: The Long Road to Bank Consolidation'' and ''The Philippines' Banking System: The Good, the Bad and the Ambivalent''.}} The reports point out that overcrowded banking sector in the Philippines is expected to feel the most pressure as the integration welcomes tighter competition with bigger and more established foreign banks.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/sp\\-cites\\-moves\\-by\\-philippine\\-banks/\\|title\\=S\\&P cites moves by Philippine banks\\|author\\=Manila Bulletin\\|website\\=\\[\\[Manila Bulletin]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=14 November 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20141114060935/http://www.mb.com.ph/sp\\-cites\\-moves\\-by\\-philippine\\-banks/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} As a result, there needs to be a regional expansion by countries with a small banking sector to lessen the impact of the post\\-integration environment. In a follow\\-up report, S\\&P recently cited the Philippines for \"shoring up its network bases and building up capital ahead of the banking integration – playing defense and strengthening their domestic networks\".",
"#### Financial integration roadmap",
"The roadmap for financial integration is the latest regional initiative that aims to strengthen local self\\-help and support mechanisms. The roadmap's implementation would contribute to the realization of the AEC. Adoption of a common currency, when conditions are ripe, could be the final stage of the AEC. The roadmap identifies approaches and milestones in capital market development, capital account and financial services liberalization, and ASEAN currency cooperation. Capital market development entails promoting institutional capacity as well as the facilitation of greater cross\\-border collaboration, linkages, and harmonization between capital markets. Orderly capital account liberalization would be promoted with adequate safeguards against volatility and systemic risks. To expedite the process of financial services liberalization, ASEAN has agreed on a positive list modality and adopted milestones to facilitate negotiations. Currency cooperation would involve the exploration of possible currency arrangements, including an ASEAN currency payment system for trade in local goods to reduce the demand for US dollars and to help promote stability of regional currencies, such as by settling intra\\-ASEAN trade using regional currencies.",
"#### Food security",
"Member states recognize the importance of strengthening [food security](/wiki/Food_security \"Food security\") to maintain stability and prosperity in the region.{{cite web\\|title\\=Food Security \\|url\\=https://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en/ \\|website\\=World Health Organisation \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917112705/http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en/ \\|archive\\-date\\=17 September 2015 }} As ASEAN moves towards AEC and beyond, food security would be an integral part of the community\\-building agenda.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Desker\\|first1\\=Barry\\|last2\\=Caballero\\-Anthony\\|first2\\=Mely\\|last3\\=Teng\\|first3\\=Paul\\|title\\=Thought/Issues Paper on ASEAN Food Security: Towards a more Comprehensive Framework\\|date\\=Oct 2013\\|publisher\\=Nanyang Technological University\\|location\\=Singapore\\|url\\=http://www.eria.org/ERIA\\-DP\\-2013\\-20\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053232/https://www.eria.org/ERIA\\-DP\\-2013\\-20\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Strengthened food security is even more relevant in light of potentially severe risks from climate change with agriculture and fisheries being the most affected industries.Overland, Indra et al. (2017\\) *[Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312)*, {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728061128/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312\\_Impact\\_of\\_Climate\\_Change\\_on\\_ASEAN\\_International\\_Affairs\\_Risk\\_and\\_Opportunity\\_Multiplier \\|date\\=28 July 2020 }}, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).",
"Part of the aim of ASEAN integration is to achieve food security collectively via [trade](/wiki/Trade \"Trade\") in rice and maize. [Trade facilitation](/wiki/Trade_facilitation \"Trade facilitation\") measures and the harmonization/equivalency of food regulation and control standards would reduce the cost of trade in food products. While specialization and revealed comparative and competitive indices point to complementarities between trade patterns among the member states, intra\\-ASEAN trade in agriculture is quite small, something that integration could address.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Bello\\|first1\\=Amelia L.\\|title\\=Ensuring Food Security—A Case for ASEAN Integration\\|journal\\=Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development\\|volume\\=2\\|issue\\=1,2\\|url\\=http://searca.org/ajad/index.php/previous\\-issues/13\\-view\\-article?aid\\=28\\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2015\\|issn\\=1656\\-4383\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053236/https://ajad.searca.org/index.php/previous\\-issues/13\\-view\\-article?aid\\=28\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The MARKET project would provide flexible and demand\\-driven support to the ASEAN Secretariat while bringing more private\\-sector and civil\\-society input into regional agriculture policy dialogue. By building an environment that reduces barriers to trade, ASEAN trade would increase, thereby decreasing the risk of food price crisis.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/news/asean\\-secretariat\\-news/item/strengthening\\-food\\-security\\-for\\-asean\\-citizens\\-asean\\-us\\-cooperation\\-on\\-food\\-security\\-initiative\\-market\\-project\\-reduces\\-market\\-volatility\\-through\\-increased\\-regional\\-trade\\|title\\=Strengthening Food Security for ASEAN Citizens: ASEAN – U.S. Cooperation on Food Security initiative \"MARKET\" Project Reduces Market Volatility through Increased Regional Trade\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429043831/http://www.asean.org/news/asean\\-secretariat\\-news/item/strengthening\\-food\\-security\\-for\\-asean\\-citizens\\-asean\\-us\\-cooperation\\-on\\-food\\-security\\-initiative\\-market\\-project\\-reduces\\-market\\-volatility\\-through\\-increased\\-regional\\-trade\\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2015}}",
""
] |
### ASCC Blueprint
{{Main\|ASEAN Inter\-Parliamentary Assembly}}
The ASEAN Socio\-Cultural Community (ASCC) was also adopted during the 14th ASEAN Summit.{{cite book\|title\=ASEAN Socio\-Cultural Community Blueprint\|date\=Jun 2009\|publisher\=Association of Southeast Asian Nations\|location\=Jakarta\|isbn\=978\-602\-8411\-07\-3\|pages\=32\|url\=http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\-19\.pdf\|access\-date\=7 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203437/http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\-19\.pdf\|archive\-date\=5 February 2015}} It envisions an "ASEAN Community that is people\-centered and socially responsible with a view to achieving enduring solidarity and unity among the countries and peoples of ASEAN by forging a common identity and building a caring and sharing society which is inclusive and harmonious where the well\-being, livelihood, and welfare of the peoples are enhanced". Among its focus areas include human development, social welfare and protection, social justice and rights, environmental sustainability, building the ASEAN identity, and narrowing the development gap.
To track the progress of the AEC, a compliance tool called the AEC Scorecard was developed based on the EU Internal Market Scorecard. It is the only one in effect{{cite web\|url\=http://aseanec.blogspot.com/2012/05/grading\-asean\-economic\-community.html\|title\=AEC Blog: Grading the ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard\|author\=Edmund Sim\|date\=25 May 2012\|access\-date\=14 June 2015\|archive\-date\=15 August 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815124400/http://aseanec.blogspot.com/2012/05/grading\-asean\-economic\-community.html\|url\-status\=live}} and is expected to serve as an unbiased assessment tool to measure the extent of integration and the economic health of the region. It is expected to provide relevant information about regional priorities, and thus foster productive, inclusive, and sustainable growth.{{cite journal\|url\=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/06/01/a\-critical\-look\-at\-the\-asean\-economic\-community\-scorecard/\|title\=A critical look at the ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard\|journal\=East Asia Forum\|date\=June 2012 \|access\-date\=14 June 2015\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053233/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/06/01/a\-critical\-look\-at\-the\-asean\-economic\-community\-scorecard/\|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Das \|first1\=Sanchita Basu }} It makes it possible to monitor the implementation of ASEAN agreements, and the achievement of milestones indicated in the AEC Strategic Schedule. The scorecard outlines specific actions that must be undertaken collectively and individually to establish AEC by 2015\. To date, two official scorecards have been published, one in 2010,{{cite book\|title\=ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard: Charting Progress Towards Regional Economic Integration\|date\=Mar 2010\|publisher\=ASEAN Secretariat\|location\=Jakarta\|isbn\=978\-602\-8411\-35\-6\|url\=http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/AEC%20Scorecard.pdf\|access\-date\=10 May 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203548/http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/AEC%20Scorecard.pdf\|archive\-date\=5 February 2015}} and the other in 2012\.{{cite book\|title\=ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard\|date\=Mar 2012\|publisher\=ASEAN Secretariat\|location\=Jakarka\|isbn\=978\-602\-8411\-96\-7\|url\=http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/scorecard\_final.pdf\|access\-date\=10 May 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203612/http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/scorecard\_final.pdf\|archive\-date\=5 February 2015}} However, the scorecard is purely quantitative, as it only examines whether a member state has performed the AEC task or not. The more "yes" answers, the higher the score.
#### APAEC blueprint
Part of the work towards the ASEAN Economic Community is the integration of the energy systems of the ASEAN member states. The blueprint for this integration is provided by the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC).{{Cite journal\|last1\=Overland\|first1\=Indra\|last2\=Sagbakken\|first2\=Haakon Fossum\|last3\=Chan\|first3\=Hoy\-Yen\|last4\=Merdekawati\|first4\=Monika\|last5\=Suryadi\|first5\=Beni\|last6\=Utama\|first6\=Nuki Agya\|last7\=Vakulchuk\|first7\=Roman\|date\=December 2021\|title\=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox\|journal\=Energy and Climate Change\|volume\=2\|pages\=100019\|doi\=10\.1016/j.egycc.2020\.100019 \|issn\=2666\-2787 \|hdl\=11250/2734506\|hdl\-access\=free}} APAEC is managed by the ASEAN Center for Energy.
#### 2020 ASEAN Banking Integration Framework
As trade is liberalized with the integration in 2015, the need arises for ASEAN banking institutions to accommodate and expand their services to an intra\-ASEAN market. Experts, however, have already forecast a shaky economic transition, especially for smaller players in the banking and financial services industry. Two separate reports by [Standard \& Poor's](/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s "Standard & Poor's") (S\&P) outline the challenges that ASEAN financial institutions face as they prepare for the 2020 banking integration.{{efn\|name\=fn1\|''ASEAN Financial Integration: The Long Road to Bank Consolidation'' and ''The Philippines' Banking System: The Good, the Bad and the Ambivalent''.}} The reports point out that overcrowded banking sector in the Philippines is expected to feel the most pressure as the integration welcomes tighter competition with bigger and more established foreign banks.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/sp\-cites\-moves\-by\-philippine\-banks/\|title\=S\&P cites moves by Philippine banks\|author\=Manila Bulletin\|website\=\[\[Manila Bulletin]] \|access\-date\=14 June 2015\|archive\-date\=14 November 2014\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20141114060935/http://www.mb.com.ph/sp\-cites\-moves\-by\-philippine\-banks/\|url\-status\=live}} As a result, there needs to be a regional expansion by countries with a small banking sector to lessen the impact of the post\-integration environment. In a follow\-up report, S\&P recently cited the Philippines for "shoring up its network bases and building up capital ahead of the banking integration – playing defense and strengthening their domestic networks".
#### Financial integration roadmap
The roadmap for financial integration is the latest regional initiative that aims to strengthen local self\-help and support mechanisms. The roadmap's implementation would contribute to the realization of the AEC. Adoption of a common currency, when conditions are ripe, could be the final stage of the AEC. The roadmap identifies approaches and milestones in capital market development, capital account and financial services liberalization, and ASEAN currency cooperation. Capital market development entails promoting institutional capacity as well as the facilitation of greater cross\-border collaboration, linkages, and harmonization between capital markets. Orderly capital account liberalization would be promoted with adequate safeguards against volatility and systemic risks. To expedite the process of financial services liberalization, ASEAN has agreed on a positive list modality and adopted milestones to facilitate negotiations. Currency cooperation would involve the exploration of possible currency arrangements, including an ASEAN currency payment system for trade in local goods to reduce the demand for US dollars and to help promote stability of regional currencies, such as by settling intra\-ASEAN trade using regional currencies.
#### Food security
Member states recognize the importance of strengthening [food security](/wiki/Food_security "Food security") to maintain stability and prosperity in the region.{{cite web\|title\=Food Security \|url\=https://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en/ \|website\=World Health Organisation \|access\-date\=10 February 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917112705/http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en/ \|archive\-date\=17 September 2015 }} As ASEAN moves towards AEC and beyond, food security would be an integral part of the community\-building agenda.{{cite book\|last1\=Desker\|first1\=Barry\|last2\=Caballero\-Anthony\|first2\=Mely\|last3\=Teng\|first3\=Paul\|title\=Thought/Issues Paper on ASEAN Food Security: Towards a more Comprehensive Framework\|date\=Oct 2013\|publisher\=Nanyang Technological University\|location\=Singapore\|url\=http://www.eria.org/ERIA\-DP\-2013\-20\.pdf\|access\-date\=10 February 2015\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053232/https://www.eria.org/ERIA\-DP\-2013\-20\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} Strengthened food security is even more relevant in light of potentially severe risks from climate change with agriculture and fisheries being the most affected industries.Overland, Indra et al. (2017\) *[Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312)*, {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728061128/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312\_Impact\_of\_Climate\_Change\_on\_ASEAN\_International\_Affairs\_Risk\_and\_Opportunity\_Multiplier \|date\=28 July 2020 }}, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).
Part of the aim of ASEAN integration is to achieve food security collectively via [trade](/wiki/Trade "Trade") in rice and maize. [Trade facilitation](/wiki/Trade_facilitation "Trade facilitation") measures and the harmonization/equivalency of food regulation and control standards would reduce the cost of trade in food products. While specialization and revealed comparative and competitive indices point to complementarities between trade patterns among the member states, intra\-ASEAN trade in agriculture is quite small, something that integration could address.{{cite journal\|last1\=Bello\|first1\=Amelia L.\|title\=Ensuring Food Security—A Case for ASEAN Integration\|journal\=Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development\|volume\=2\|issue\=1,2\|url\=http://searca.org/ajad/index.php/previous\-issues/13\-view\-article?aid\=28\|access\-date\=12 February 2015\|issn\=1656\-4383\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053236/https://ajad.searca.org/index.php/previous\-issues/13\-view\-article?aid\=28\|url\-status\=live}} The MARKET project would provide flexible and demand\-driven support to the ASEAN Secretariat while bringing more private\-sector and civil\-society input into regional agriculture policy dialogue. By building an environment that reduces barriers to trade, ASEAN trade would increase, thereby decreasing the risk of food price crisis.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asean.org/news/asean\-secretariat\-news/item/strengthening\-food\-security\-for\-asean\-citizens\-asean\-us\-cooperation\-on\-food\-security\-initiative\-market\-project\-reduces\-market\-volatility\-through\-increased\-regional\-trade\|title\=Strengthening Food Security for ASEAN Citizens: ASEAN – U.S. Cooperation on Food Security initiative "MARKET" Project Reduces Market Volatility through Increased Regional Trade\|access\-date\=14 June 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429043831/http://www.asean.org/news/asean\-secretariat\-news/item/strengthening\-food\-security\-for\-asean\-citizens\-asean\-us\-cooperation\-on\-food\-security\-initiative\-market\-project\-reduces\-market\-volatility\-through\-increased\-regional\-trade\|archive\-date\=29 April 2015}}
|
[
"### ASCC Blueprint",
"{{Main\\|ASEAN Inter\\-Parliamentary Assembly}}\nThe ASEAN Socio\\-Cultural Community (ASCC) was also adopted during the 14th ASEAN Summit.{{cite book\\|title\\=ASEAN Socio\\-Cultural Community Blueprint\\|date\\=Jun 2009\\|publisher\\=Association of Southeast Asian Nations\\|location\\=Jakarta\\|isbn\\=978\\-602\\-8411\\-07\\-3\\|pages\\=32\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\\-19\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203437/http://www.asean.org/archive/5187\\-19\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2015}} It envisions an \"ASEAN Community that is people\\-centered and socially responsible with a view to achieving enduring solidarity and unity among the countries and peoples of ASEAN by forging a common identity and building a caring and sharing society which is inclusive and harmonious where the well\\-being, livelihood, and welfare of the peoples are enhanced\". Among its focus areas include human development, social welfare and protection, social justice and rights, environmental sustainability, building the ASEAN identity, and narrowing the development gap.",
"To track the progress of the AEC, a compliance tool called the AEC Scorecard was developed based on the EU Internal Market Scorecard. It is the only one in effect{{cite web\\|url\\=http://aseanec.blogspot.com/2012/05/grading\\-asean\\-economic\\-community.html\\|title\\=AEC Blog: Grading the ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard\\|author\\=Edmund Sim\\|date\\=25 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=15 August 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815124400/http://aseanec.blogspot.com/2012/05/grading\\-asean\\-economic\\-community.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and is expected to serve as an unbiased assessment tool to measure the extent of integration and the economic health of the region. It is expected to provide relevant information about regional priorities, and thus foster productive, inclusive, and sustainable growth.{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/06/01/a\\-critical\\-look\\-at\\-the\\-asean\\-economic\\-community\\-scorecard/\\|title\\=A critical look at the ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard\\|journal\\=East Asia Forum\\|date\\=June 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053233/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/06/01/a\\-critical\\-look\\-at\\-the\\-asean\\-economic\\-community\\-scorecard/\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Das \\|first1\\=Sanchita Basu }} It makes it possible to monitor the implementation of ASEAN agreements, and the achievement of milestones indicated in the AEC Strategic Schedule. The scorecard outlines specific actions that must be undertaken collectively and individually to establish AEC by 2015\\. To date, two official scorecards have been published, one in 2010,{{cite book\\|title\\=ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard: Charting Progress Towards Regional Economic Integration\\|date\\=Mar 2010\\|publisher\\=ASEAN Secretariat\\|location\\=Jakarta\\|isbn\\=978\\-602\\-8411\\-35\\-6\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/AEC%20Scorecard.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203548/http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/AEC%20Scorecard.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2015}} and the other in 2012\\.{{cite book\\|title\\=ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard\\|date\\=Mar 2012\\|publisher\\=ASEAN Secretariat\\|location\\=Jakarka\\|isbn\\=978\\-602\\-8411\\-96\\-7\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/scorecard\\_final.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203612/http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/scorecard\\_final.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2015}} However, the scorecard is purely quantitative, as it only examines whether a member state has performed the AEC task or not. The more \"yes\" answers, the higher the score.",
"#### APAEC blueprint",
"Part of the work towards the ASEAN Economic Community is the integration of the energy systems of the ASEAN member states. The blueprint for this integration is provided by the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC).{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Overland\\|first1\\=Indra\\|last2\\=Sagbakken\\|first2\\=Haakon Fossum\\|last3\\=Chan\\|first3\\=Hoy\\-Yen\\|last4\\=Merdekawati\\|first4\\=Monika\\|last5\\=Suryadi\\|first5\\=Beni\\|last6\\=Utama\\|first6\\=Nuki Agya\\|last7\\=Vakulchuk\\|first7\\=Roman\\|date\\=December 2021\\|title\\=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox\\|journal\\=Energy and Climate Change\\|volume\\=2\\|pages\\=100019\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.egycc.2020\\.100019 \\|issn\\=2666\\-2787 \\|hdl\\=11250/2734506\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} APAEC is managed by the ASEAN Center for Energy.",
"#### 2020 ASEAN Banking Integration Framework",
"As trade is liberalized with the integration in 2015, the need arises for ASEAN banking institutions to accommodate and expand their services to an intra\\-ASEAN market. Experts, however, have already forecast a shaky economic transition, especially for smaller players in the banking and financial services industry. Two separate reports by [Standard \\& Poor's](/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s \"Standard & Poor's\") (S\\&P) outline the challenges that ASEAN financial institutions face as they prepare for the 2020 banking integration.{{efn\\|name\\=fn1\\|''ASEAN Financial Integration: The Long Road to Bank Consolidation'' and ''The Philippines' Banking System: The Good, the Bad and the Ambivalent''.}} The reports point out that overcrowded banking sector in the Philippines is expected to feel the most pressure as the integration welcomes tighter competition with bigger and more established foreign banks.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/sp\\-cites\\-moves\\-by\\-philippine\\-banks/\\|title\\=S\\&P cites moves by Philippine banks\\|author\\=Manila Bulletin\\|website\\=\\[\\[Manila Bulletin]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=14 November 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20141114060935/http://www.mb.com.ph/sp\\-cites\\-moves\\-by\\-philippine\\-banks/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} As a result, there needs to be a regional expansion by countries with a small banking sector to lessen the impact of the post\\-integration environment. In a follow\\-up report, S\\&P recently cited the Philippines for \"shoring up its network bases and building up capital ahead of the banking integration – playing defense and strengthening their domestic networks\".",
"#### Financial integration roadmap",
"The roadmap for financial integration is the latest regional initiative that aims to strengthen local self\\-help and support mechanisms. The roadmap's implementation would contribute to the realization of the AEC. Adoption of a common currency, when conditions are ripe, could be the final stage of the AEC. The roadmap identifies approaches and milestones in capital market development, capital account and financial services liberalization, and ASEAN currency cooperation. Capital market development entails promoting institutional capacity as well as the facilitation of greater cross\\-border collaboration, linkages, and harmonization between capital markets. Orderly capital account liberalization would be promoted with adequate safeguards against volatility and systemic risks. To expedite the process of financial services liberalization, ASEAN has agreed on a positive list modality and adopted milestones to facilitate negotiations. Currency cooperation would involve the exploration of possible currency arrangements, including an ASEAN currency payment system for trade in local goods to reduce the demand for US dollars and to help promote stability of regional currencies, such as by settling intra\\-ASEAN trade using regional currencies.",
"#### Food security",
"Member states recognize the importance of strengthening [food security](/wiki/Food_security \"Food security\") to maintain stability and prosperity in the region.{{cite web\\|title\\=Food Security \\|url\\=https://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en/ \\|website\\=World Health Organisation \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917112705/http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en/ \\|archive\\-date\\=17 September 2015 }} As ASEAN moves towards AEC and beyond, food security would be an integral part of the community\\-building agenda.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Desker\\|first1\\=Barry\\|last2\\=Caballero\\-Anthony\\|first2\\=Mely\\|last3\\=Teng\\|first3\\=Paul\\|title\\=Thought/Issues Paper on ASEAN Food Security: Towards a more Comprehensive Framework\\|date\\=Oct 2013\\|publisher\\=Nanyang Technological University\\|location\\=Singapore\\|url\\=http://www.eria.org/ERIA\\-DP\\-2013\\-20\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053232/https://www.eria.org/ERIA\\-DP\\-2013\\-20\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Strengthened food security is even more relevant in light of potentially severe risks from climate change with agriculture and fisheries being the most affected industries.Overland, Indra et al. (2017\\) *[Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312)*, {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728061128/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312\\_Impact\\_of\\_Climate\\_Change\\_on\\_ASEAN\\_International\\_Affairs\\_Risk\\_and\\_Opportunity\\_Multiplier \\|date\\=28 July 2020 }}, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).",
"Part of the aim of ASEAN integration is to achieve food security collectively via [trade](/wiki/Trade \"Trade\") in rice and maize. [Trade facilitation](/wiki/Trade_facilitation \"Trade facilitation\") measures and the harmonization/equivalency of food regulation and control standards would reduce the cost of trade in food products. While specialization and revealed comparative and competitive indices point to complementarities between trade patterns among the member states, intra\\-ASEAN trade in agriculture is quite small, something that integration could address.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Bello\\|first1\\=Amelia L.\\|title\\=Ensuring Food Security—A Case for ASEAN Integration\\|journal\\=Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development\\|volume\\=2\\|issue\\=1,2\\|url\\=http://searca.org/ajad/index.php/previous\\-issues/13\\-view\\-article?aid\\=28\\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2015\\|issn\\=1656\\-4383\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053236/https://ajad.searca.org/index.php/previous\\-issues/13\\-view\\-article?aid\\=28\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The MARKET project would provide flexible and demand\\-driven support to the ASEAN Secretariat while bringing more private\\-sector and civil\\-society input into regional agriculture policy dialogue. By building an environment that reduces barriers to trade, ASEAN trade would increase, thereby decreasing the risk of food price crisis.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/news/asean\\-secretariat\\-news/item/strengthening\\-food\\-security\\-for\\-asean\\-citizens\\-asean\\-us\\-cooperation\\-on\\-food\\-security\\-initiative\\-market\\-project\\-reduces\\-market\\-volatility\\-through\\-increased\\-regional\\-trade\\|title\\=Strengthening Food Security for ASEAN Citizens: ASEAN – U.S. Cooperation on Food Security initiative \"MARKET\" Project Reduces Market Volatility through Increased Regional Trade\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429043831/http://www.asean.org/news/asean\\-secretariat\\-news/item/strengthening\\-food\\-security\\-for\\-asean\\-citizens\\-asean\\-us\\-cooperation\\-on\\-food\\-security\\-initiative\\-market\\-project\\-reduces\\-market\\-volatility\\-through\\-increased\\-regional\\-trade\\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2015}}",
""
] |
Economy
-------
{{See also\|List of ASEAN countries by GDP\|List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP}}
{{Static row numbers}}
{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
| \+GDP statistics by country, in 2024 | Country[World Economic Outlook Database: April 2024\.](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=516,522,536,544,548,518,566,578,582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1)[World Economic Outlook Database: April 2024 for Singapore.](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=576,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1) | Population(millions) | GDP Nominal | | GDP (PPP) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| millions ofUSD | per capitaUSD | millions ofInt$ | per capitaInt$ |
| {{flag\|Indonesia}} | 279\.965 | 1,475,960 | 5,271 | 4,720,542 | 16,861 |
| {{flag\|Thailand}} | 65\.975 | 548,890 | 7,812 | 1,644,322 | 23,401 |
| {{flag\|Singapore}} | 5\.938 | 525,228 | 88,446 | 794,179 | 133,738 |
| {{flag\|Philippines}} | 114\.161 | 471,516 | 4,130 | 1,391,800 | 12,192 |
| {{flag\|Vietnam}} | 100\.770 | 468,814 | 4,623 | 1,558,898 | 15,470 |
| {{flag\|Malaysia}} | 33\.460 | 445,519 | 13,315 | 1,305,942 | 39,030 |
| {{flag\|Myanmar}} | 54\.506 | 68,006 | 1,248 | 283,572 | 5,203 |
| {{flag\|Cambodia}} | 17\.182 | 45,150 | 2,628 | 142,392 | 8,287 |
| {{flag\|Brunei}} | 0\.442 | 15,510 | 35,111 | 34,249 | 75,534 |
| {{flag\|Laos}} | 7\.686 | 15,190 | 1,976 | 78,713 | 10,242 |
| {{Flag\|ASEAN}} | 684\.376 | 4,079,723 | 5,961 | 11,954,627 | 17,468 |
The group sought economic integration by creating the AEC by the end of 2015 that established a [single market](/wiki/Single_market "Single market").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.asil.org/aseanevent/Sim\_Intro\_to\_ASEAN.pdf\|title\=Trade \& Customs Singapore : Introduction to ASEAN Economic Community\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218183029/http://www.asil.org/aseanevent/Sim\_Intro\_to\_ASEAN.pdf \|access\-date\=28 July 2022\|archive\-date\=18 February 2012 }} The average economic growth of member states from 1989 to 2009 was between 3\.8% and 7%. This was greater than the average growth of APEC, which was 2\.8%.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/11/asean\-economies\-past\-and\-future.html \|title\=ASEAN economies past and future \|work\=The Jakarta Post \|date\=29 July 2011 \|access\-date\=8 August 2011 \|archive\-date\=12 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512043847/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/11/asean\-economies\-past\-and\-future.html \|url\-status\=live }} The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), established on 28 January 1992, includes a Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) to promote the free flow of goods between member states. ASEAN had only six members when it was signed. The new member states (Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia) have not fully met AFTA's obligations, but are officially considered part of the agreement as they were required to sign it upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames to meet AFTA's tariff reduction obligations.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asean.org/12021\.htm \|title\=Overview \|publisher\=ASEAN \|access\-date\=21 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022142043/http://www.asean.org/12021\.htm \|archive\-date\=22 October 2008 }} The next steps are to create a single market and production base, a competitive economic region, a region of equitable economic development, and a region that is fully integrated into the global economy. Since 2007, ASEAN countries have gradually lowered their import duties to member states, with a target of zero import duties by 2016\.{{cite web\|title\=ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) \|url\=http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id\=com.tms.cms.article.Article\_b5e22087\-c0a81573\-aba0aba0\-ab12873b \|website\=Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Malaysia) \|access\-date\=12 February 2015 \|date\=24 April 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820145429/http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id\=com.tms.cms.article.Article\_b5e22087\-c0a81573\-aba0aba0\-ab12873b \|archive\-date\=20 August 2014 }}
ASEAN countries have many economic zones (industrial parks, eco\-industrial parks, special economic zones, technology parks, and innovation districts) (see reference for comprehensive list from 2015\).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user\_media\_upgrade/Resources/Publications/UCO\_Viet\_Nam\_Study\_FINAL.pdf\|title\=Economic Zones in the ASEAN\|access\-date\=20 November 2016\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053234/https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2015\-08/UCO\_Viet\_Nam\_Study\_FINAL\_0\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}
In 2018, eight of the ASEAN members are among the world's outperforming economies, with positive long\-term prospect for the region.{{cite news \|title\=ASEAN countries among world's outperforming emerging economies: Report \|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/asean\-countries\-among\-world\-s\-outperforming\-emerging\-economies\-10718216 \|work\=Channel NewsAsia \|access\-date\=17 September 2018 \|archive\-date\=17 September 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917181637/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/asean\-countries\-among\-world\-s\-outperforming\-emerging\-economies\-10718216 \|url\-status\=live }} ASEAN's Secretariat projects that the regional body will grow to become the world's fourth largest economy by 2030\.{{cite news \|last1\=Gronewold \|first1\=Nathanial \|title\=Booming Southeast Asia's dirty secret: Coal \|url\=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1061593609 \|access\-date\=22 November 2019 \|work\=E\&E News \|agency\=Climatewire \|date\=20 November 2019 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053238/https://www.eenews.net/stories/1061593609 \|url\-status\=live }}
The ASEAN Centre for Energy publishes the ASEAN Energy Outlook every five years, analysing and promoting the integration of national energy systems across the region. The sixth edition was published in 2020\.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-11\-19\|title\=The 6th ASEAN Energy Outlook\|url\=https://aseanenergy.org/the\-6th\-asean\-energy\-outlook/\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-20\|website\=ASEAN Centre for Energy}}
### Internal market
ASEAN planned to establish a single market based upon the [four freedoms](/wiki/Four_Freedoms_%28European_Union%29 "Four Freedoms (European Union)") by the end of 2015, with the goal of ensuring free flow of goods, services, skilled labour, and capital. The ASEAN Economic Community was formed in 2015,{{Cite web\|url\=https://asean.org/asean\-economic\-community/\|title\=You are being redirected...\|website\=asean.org}} but the group deferred about 20% of the harmonization provisions needed to create a [common market](/wiki/Common_market "Common market") and set a new deadline of 2025\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.asiapathways\-adbi.org/2017/07/will\-2025\-be\-the\-final\-deadline\-for\-the\-asean\-economic\-community/\|title\=Will 2025 be the final deadline for the ASEAN Economic Community?\|first\=Jayant\|last\=Menon\|date\=14 July 2017}}
Until the end of 2010, intra\-ASEAN trade was still low as trade involved mainly exports to countries outside the region, with the exception of Laos and Myanmar, whose foreign trade was ASEAN\-oriented.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/77403/asean\-feared\-to\-become\-multinational\-companies\-market\-only\|work\=Anatara News\|title\=ASEAN feared to become multinational companies market only\|date\=10 November 2011\|access\-date\=10 November 2011\|archive\-date\=12 January 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112112614/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/77403/asean\-feared\-to\-become\-multinational\-companies\-market\-only\|url\-status\=live}} In 2009, realised [foreign direct investment](/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment "Foreign direct investment") (FDI) was US$37\.9 billion and increased two\-fold in 2010 to US$75\.8 billion. 22% of FDI came from the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), followed by ASEAN countries (16%), and by Japan and the United States.
The ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services (AFAS) was adopted at the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in December 1995\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asean.org/6628\.htm \|title\=ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (1995\) \|publisher\=ASEAN \|access\-date\=21 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226223120/http://www.asean.org/6628\.htm \|archive\-date\=26 December 2009 }} Under the agreement, member states enter into successive rounds of negotiations to liberalise trade in services with the aim of submitting increasingly higher levels of commitment. ASEAN has concluded seven packages of commitments under AFAS.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asean.org/6626\.htm \|title\=Overview \|publisher\=ASEAN \|access\-date\=21 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206130652/http://www.asean.org/6626\.htm \|archive\-date\=6 February 2011 }}
Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) have been agreed upon by ASEAN for eight professions: physicians, dentists, nurses, architects, engineers, accountants, surveyors, and tourism professionals. Individuals in these professions will be free to work in any ASEAN states effective 31 December 2015\.{{cite news\|last1\=Buranasomphop\|first1\=Duangkamol\|title\=Asean 2015: Free movement of labour\|url\=http://en.aectourismthai.com/content1/1411\|access\-date\=11 May 2015\|publisher\=AEC Tourism Thailand\|date\=14 June 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518070624/http://en.aectourismthai.com/content1/1411\|archive\-date\=18 May 2015}}{{cite news\|title\=Concern over free flow of labour after AEC starts\|url\=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Concern\-over\-free\-flow\-of\-labour\-after\-AEC\-starts\-30238365\.html\|access\-date\=11 May 2015\|work\=The Nation\|date\=13 July 2014\|archive\-date\=18 May 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102622/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Concern\-over\-free\-flow\-of\-labour\-after\-AEC\-starts\-30238365\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Why the AEC in 2015 Will Lead to Few Changes in Thailand \|url\=http://www.norcham.com/news/why\-the\-aec\-in\-2015\-will\-lead\-to\-few\-changes\-in\-thailand \|website\=Thai\-Norwegian Chamber of Commerce \|access\-date\=12 May 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093814/http://www.norcham.com/news/why\-the\-aec\-in\-2015\-will\-lead\-to\-few\-changes\-in\-thailand \|archive\-date\=18 May 2015 }}
In addition, six member states ([Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam") (2 exchanges), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), and [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore")) have collaborated on integrating their stock exchanges, which includes 70% of its transaction values with the goal to compete with international exchanges.{{cite web \|url\=http://investasi.kontan.co.id/news/indonesia\-belum\-akan\-masuk\-asean\-linkage \|title\=Indonesia belum akan masuk Asean Linkage \|author\=Anna Suci Perwitasari \|date\=13 June 2012 \|access\-date\=17 January 2014 \|archive\-date\=10 December 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210101112/http://investasi.kontan.co.id/news/indonesia\-belum\-akan\-masuk\-asean\-linkage \|url\-status\=live }}
Single market will also include the [ASEAN Single Aviation Market](/wiki/ASEAN_Single_Aviation_Market "ASEAN Single Aviation Market") (ASEAN\-SAM), the region's aviation policy geared towards the development of a [unified and single aviation market](/wiki/Open_skies "Open skies") in [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"). It was proposed by the ASEAN Air Transport Working Group, supported by the ASEAN Senior Transport Officials Meeting, and endorsed by the ASEAN Transport Ministers.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asian\-aerocad.com/news/news.php?newsid\=23 \|title\=Asean Single Aviation Market \|access\-date\=26 September 2008 \|work\=Straits Times \|location\=Singapore \|date\=2 February 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209063906/http://www.asian\-aerocad.com/news/news.php?newsid\=23 \|archive\-date\=9 December 2008 }} It is expected to liberalise air travel between member states allowing ASEAN airlines to benefit directly from the growth in air travel, and also free up tourism, trade, investment, and service flows.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007\-11/01/content\_6990497\.htm \|title\=Singaporean PM urges ASEAN to liberalise aviation \|access\-date\=26 September 2008 \|work\=chinaview.cn \|publisher\=Xinhua News Agency \|date\=1 November 2007 \|archive\-date\=11 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211012727/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007\-11/01/content\_6990497\.htm }} Since 1 December 2008, restrictions on the third and fourth [freedoms of the air](/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air "Freedoms of the air") between capital cities of member states for air passenger services have been removed,{{cite news \|url\=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory\_282410\.html \| title\=Tiger offers 50,000 free seats \|access\-date\=26 September 2008 \|last\=Kaur \|first\= Karamjit \|work\=Straits Times \|location\=Singapore \|date\=25 September 2008\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080927183958/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory\_282410\.html\| archive\-date\= 27 September 2008 \| url\-status\=live}} while from 1 January 2009, full liberalisation of air freight services in the region took effect. On 1 January 2011, full liberalisation on fifth freedom traffic rights between all capital cities took effect.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.centreforaviation.com/aviation/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=5015 \|title\=Three\-quarters of a million more seats and counting\- KL\-Singapore benefits from liberalisation \|access\-date\=26 September 2008 \|publisher\=Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation \|date\=28 September 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060405030709/http://content.nejm.org/icons/home/cme\_button.gif \|archive\-date\=5 April 2006 }} This policy supersedes existing unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral air services agreements among member states which are inconsistent with its provisions.
### Monetary union
The concept of an [Asian Currency Unit](/wiki/Asian_Currency_Unit "Asian Currency Unit") (ACU) started in the middle of the 1990s, prior to the [1997 Asian financial crisis](/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis "1997 Asian financial crisis").Baby Steps to a Common Currency It is a proposed basket of Asian currencies, similar to the European Currency Unit, which was the precursor of the [Euro](/wiki/Euro "Euro"). The [Asian Development Bank](/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank "Asian Development Bank") is responsible for exploring the feasibility and construction of the basket.Asian Currency Unit Since the ACU is being considered to be a precursor to a common currency, it has a dynamic outlook of the region.{{clarify\|date\=May 2024}}Prospects for a Single Asian Currency The overall goal of a common currency is to contribute to the financial stability of a regional economy, including price stability. It means lower cost of cross\-border business through the elimination of currency risk. Greater flows of intra\-trade would put pressure on prices, resulting in cheaper goods and services. Individuals benefit not only from the lowering of prices, they save by not having to change money when travelling, by being able to compare prices more readily, and by the reduced cost of transferring money across borders.
However, there are conditions for a common currency: the intensity of intra\-regional trade and the convergence of [macroeconomic](/wiki/Macroeconomics "Macroeconomics") conditions. Substantial intra\-ASEAN trade (which is growing, partly as a result of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the ASEAN Economic Community.) and economic integration is an incentive for a monetary union. Member states currently trade more with other countries (80%) than among themselves (20%). Therefore, their economies are more concerned about currency stability against major international currencies, like the US dollar. On macroeconomic conditions, member states have different levels of economic development, capacity, and priorities that translate into different levels of interest and readiness. Monetary integration, however, implies less control over national monetary and fiscal policy to stimulate the economy. Therefore, greater convergence in macroeconomic conditions is being enacted to improve conditions and confidence in a common currency.Towards ASEAN Financial Integration Other concerns include weaknesses in the financial sectors, inadequacy of regional\-level resource pooling mechanisms and institutions required to form and manage a currency union, and lack of political preconditions for monetary co\-operation and a common currency.Cost and Benefits for A Common Currency in ASEAN
### Free trade
[thumb\|310x310px\|{{Legend\|\#fd1813ff\|ASEAN}}{{Legend\|\#124295ff\|Countries with which ASEAN has free trade agreements}}](/wiki/File:Map_of_countries_with_which_ASEAN_has_free_trade_agreements.svg "Map of countries with which ASEAN has free trade agreements.svg")
In 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme was adopted as a schedule for phasing out tariffs to increase the "region's competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market". This law would act as the framework for the [ASEAN Free Trade Area](/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area "ASEAN Free Trade Area") (AFTA), which is an agreement by member states concerning local manufacturing in ASEAN. It was signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asean.org/12375\.htm\|title\=Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme for the ASEAN Free Trade Area, Singapore, 28 Jan 1992\|publisher\=Asean.org\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414223453/http://www.asean.org/12375\.htm\|archive\-date\=14 April 2009\|access\-date\=21 December 2008}}
Free trade initiatives in ASEAN are spearheaded by the implementation of the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) and the Agreement on Customs. These agreements are supported by several sector bodies to plan and to execute free trade measures, guided by the provisions and the requirements of ATIGA and the Agreement on Customs. They form a backbone for achieving targets of the AEC Blueprint and establishing the ASEAN Economic Community by the end of 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.investasian.com/2015/01/15/asean\-economic\-communitys\-progress/\|title\=The ASEAN Economic Community's Progress\|work\=InvestAsian\|date\=15 January 2015\|access\-date\=14 June 2015\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053243/https://www.investasian.com/2015/01/15/aec\-2015\-problems/\|url\-status\=live}}
On 26 August 2007, ASEAN stated its aim of completing free trade agreements (FTA) with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and New Zealand by 2013, which is in line with the start of the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015\.{{cite news\|title\=ASEAN to complete free trade agreements by 2013 \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/08/26/afx4054320\.html \|work\=Forbes \|date\=26 August 2007 \|access\-date\=27 August 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012121738/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/08/26/afx4054320\.html \|archive\-date\=12 October 2008 }}{{cite news \|first\=Christine \|last\=Ong \|title\=ASEAN confident of concluding FTAs with partners by 2013 \|url\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/economicnews/view/296149/1/.html \|publisher\=Channel NewsAsia \|date\=27 August 2007 \|access\-date\=27 August 2007 }}{{dead link\|date\=June 2016}}{{cbignore}} In November 2007, ASEAN states signed the ASEAN Charter, a constitution governing relations among member states and establishing the group itself as an international legal entity.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.asean.org/asean/asean\-charter/ \| title\=ASEAN Charter \| publisher\=ASEAN \| access\-date\=4 March 2016 \| archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053247/https://asean.org/asean/asean\-charter/charter\-of\-the\-association\-of\-southeast\-asian\-nations/ \| url\-status\=live }} During the same year, the [Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security](/wiki/Cebu_Declaration_on_East_Asian_Energy_Security "Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security") was signed by ASEAN and the other members of the [EAS](/wiki/East_Asian_Summit "East Asian Summit") (Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), which pursues [energy security](/wiki/Energy_security "Energy security") by finding [energy alternatives](/wiki/Renewable "Renewable") to [fossil fuels](/wiki/Fossil_fuels "Fossil fuels").{{cite web \| url\=http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia\-paci/eas/energy0701\.html \| title\=CEBU DECLARATION ON EAST ASIAN ENERGY SECURITY \| publisher\=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan \| access\-date\=4 March 2016 \| archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053238/https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia\-paci/eas/energy0701\.html \| url\-status\=live }}
On 27 February 2009, an FTA with [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") was signed. It is believed that this FTA would boost combined GDP across the 12 countries by more than US$48 billion over the period between 2000 and 2020\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Trade\-and\-Economic\-Relations/Trade\-Agreements/Asean/index.php \|title\=ASEAN, Australia and New Zealand Free Trade Agreement – NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade \|publisher\=Mfat.govt.nz \|access\-date\=21 May 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415060123/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Trade\-and\-Economic\-Relations/Trade\-Agreements/Asean/index.php \|archive\-date\=15 April 2009 }}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=newsarchive\&sid\=aul8rxM98Jg4 \|title\=Asean, Australia, New Zealand Sign Free\-Trade Deal (Update1\) \|publisher\=Bloomberg \|date\=27 February 2009 \|access\-date\=21 May 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202160359/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=newsarchive\&sid\=aul8rxM98Jg4 \|archive\-date\=2 December 2010 }} The agreement with China created the [ASEAN–China Free Trade Area](/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area "ASEAN–China Free Trade Area") (ACFTA), which went into full effect on 1 January 2010\. In addition, ASEAN was noted to be negotiating an FTA with the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fta.gov.sg/sg\_fta.asp \|title\=Welcome to Singapore FTA Network \|publisher\=Fta.gov.sg \|access\-date\=21 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209033340/http://www.fta.gov.sg/sg\_fta.asp \|archive\-date\=9 December 2008 }} Bilateral trade with India crossed the US$70 billion target in 2012 (target was to reach the level by 2015\).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.statista.com/statistics/650795/trade\-value\-asean\-countries\-with\-india/\|title\=India – trade value with ASEAN countries 2016 {{!}} Statistic\|website\=Statista\|access\-date\=2018\-08\-29\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053248/https://www.statista.com/statistics/650795/trade\-value\-asean\-countries\-with\-india/\|url\-status\=live}} Taiwan has also expressed interest in an agreement with ASEAN but needs to overcome diplomatic objections from China.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/12/2003425653 \|title\=Siew calls for pragmatic approach to ASEAN ties \|work\=The Taipei Times \|date\=12 October 2008 \|location\=Taiwan (ROC) \|access\-date\=21 December 2008\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081211235752/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/12/2003425653\| archive\-date\= 11 December 2008 \| url\-status\=live}}
ASEAN, together with its six major trading partners (Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), began the first round of negotiations on 26–28 February 2013, in Bali, Indonesia on the establishment of [the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)](/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership "Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership"),{{Cite news\| title \= ASEAN\+6 trade bloc in the making\| publisher \= Investvine.com\| date \= 23 February 2013\| url \= http://investvine.com/asean6\-trade\-bloc\-in\-the\-making/\| access\-date \= 24 February 2013\| archive\-date \= 28 March 2013\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130328045835/http://investvine.com/asean6\-trade\-bloc\-in\-the\-making\| url\-status \= live}} which is an extension of ASEAN Plus Three and Six that covers 45% of the world's population and about a third of the world's total GDP.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Trade\-and\-Economic\-Relations/2\-Trade\-Relationships\-and\-Agreements/RCEP/ \|title\=Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) \|access\-date\=29 October 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029151938/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Trade\-and\-Economic\-Relations/2\-Trade\-Relationships\-and\-Agreements/RCEP/ \|archive\-date\=29 October 2014 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fta.gov.sg/press\_release%5CFACTSHEET%20ON%20RCEP\_final.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626012240/http://www.fta.gov.sg/press\_release%5CFACTSHEET%20ON%20RCEP\_final.pdf \|archive\-date\=26 June 2013 \|title\=Factsheet on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) \|access\-date\=29 October 2014 }}Regional integration: the ASEAN vision in 2020 by Rosabel B. Guerrero; Director, Department of Economic Statistics, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, Manila, Philippines.
In 2019, [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters") highlighted a mechanism used by traders to avoid the 70% tariff on [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol") imported into China from the United States, involving importing the fuel into Malaysia, mixing it with at least 40% ASEAN\-produced fuel, and re\-exporting it to China tariff\-free under ACFTA rules.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-usa\-trade\-ethanol\-insight/long\-strange\-trip\-how\-u\-s\-ethanol\-reaches\-china\-tariff\-free\-idUSKCN1PW0BR\|title\=Long, strange trip: How U.S. ethanol reaches China tariff\-free\|work\=reuters.com\|first1\=Chris\|last1\=Prentice\|first2\=A.\|last2\=Ananthalakshmi\|date\=7 February 2019\|access\-date\=7 February 2019\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053244/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-usa\-trade\-ethanol\-insight/long\-strange\-trip\-how\-u\-s\-ethanol\-reaches\-china\-tariff\-free\-idUSKCN1PW0BR\|url\-status\=live}}
### Electricity trade
Cross\-border electricity trade in ASEAN has been limited, despite efforts since 1997 to establish an [ASEAN Power Grid](/wiki/ASEAN_Power_Grid "ASEAN Power Grid") and associated trade. Electricity trade accounts for only about 5% of the generation, whereas trades in coal and gas are 86% and 53% respectively.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Do \|first1\=Thang Nam \|last2\=Burke \|first2\=Paul J. \|date\=2022\-05\-09 \|title\=Is ASEAN ready to move to multilateral cross\-border electricity trade? \|journal\=Asia Pacific Viewpoint \|volume\=64\|pages\=110–125 \|doi\=10\.1111/apv.12343 \|s2cid\=248689540 \|issn\=1360\-7456\|doi\-access\=free }}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Nian \|first1\=Victor \|last2\=Mignacca \|first2\=Benito \|last3\=Locatelli \|first3\=Giorgio \|date\=2022\-08\-15 \|title\=Policies toward net\-zero: Benchmarking the economic competitiveness of nuclear against wind and solar energy \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261922006328 \|journal\=Applied Energy\|volume\=320 \|pages\=119275 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.apenergy.2022\.119275 \|bibcode\=2022ApEn..32019275N \|s2cid\=249223353 \|issn\=0306\-2619\|hdl\=11311/1227558 \|hdl\-access\=free }}
### Tourism
{{See also\|Visa policy of ASEAN members}}
With the institutionalisation of visa\-free travel between ASEAN member states, intra\-ASEAN travel has escalated. In 2010, 47% or 34 million out of 73 million tourists in ASEAN member\-states were from other ASEAN countries.{{cite news\|last1\=Anjaiah\|first1\=Veeramalla\|title\=Perfect 10 Paradise: ASEAN tourist industry is booming with intra\-ASEAN travelers\|url\=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/27/perfect\-10\-paradise\-asean\-tourist\-industry\-booming\-with\-intra\-asean\-travelers.html\|access\-date\=10 February 2015\|work\=The Jakarta Post\|date\=27 September 2011\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053245/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/27/perfect\-10\-paradise\-asean\-tourist\-industry\-booming\-with\-intra\-asean\-travelers.html\|url\-status\=live}} Cooperation in tourism was formalised in 1976, following the formation of the Sub\-Committee on Tourism (SCOT) under the ASEAN Committee on Trade and Tourism. The 1st ASEAN Tourism Forum was held on 18–26 October 1981 in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur"). In 1986, ASEAN Promotional Chapters for Tourism (APCT) were established in Hong Kong, West Germany, the United Kingdom, Australia/New Zealand, Japan, and North America.{{cite web\|last1\=Thoeun\|first1\=In\|title\=Tourism Cooperation Towards AEC\|url\=http://www.moc.gov.kh/tradeswap/userfiles/file/uploadedfiles/Gallery/9\.%20Tourism%20Cooperation%20Towards%20AEC9\_16\_2014\_13\_56\_52\.pdf\|website\=Kingdom of Cambodia, Ministry of Commerce\|publisher\=Workshop on ASEAN Economic Community Outreach\|access\-date\=10 May 2015\|archive\-date\=2 November 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102083250/http://www.moc.gov.kh/tradeswap/userfiles/file/uploadedfiles/Gallery/9\.%20Tourism%20Cooperation%20Towards%20AEC9\_16\_2014\_13\_56\_52\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}
Tourism has been one of the key growth sectors in ASEAN and has proven resilient amid global economic challenges. The wide array of tourist attractions across the region drew 109 million tourists to ASEAN in 2015, up by 34% compared to 81 million tourists in 2011\. As of 2012, tourism was estimated to account for 4\.6% of ASEAN GDP—10\.9% when taking into account all indirect contributions. It directly employed 9\.3 million people, or 3\.2% of total employment, and indirectly supported some 25 million jobs.{{cite web\|title\=Tourism Statistics – ASEAN {{!}} ONE VISION ONE IDENTITY ONE COMMUNITY\|url\=http://asean.org/?static\_post\=tourism\-statistics\|website\=ASEAN {{!}} ONE VISION ONE IDENTITY ONE COMMUNITY\|access\-date\=23 November 2017\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053249/https://asean.org/?static\_post\=tourism\-statistics\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www3\.weforum.org/docs/WEF\_TTCR\_ASEAN\_Report\_2012\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829211257/http://www3\.weforum.org/docs/WEF\_TTCR\_ASEAN\_Report\_2012\.pdf\|archive\-date\=2017\-08\-29\|title\=The ASEAN Travel \& Tourism Competitiveness Report 2012\|publisher\=\[\[World Economic Forum]]}} In addition, the sector accounted for an estimated 8% of total capital investment in the region.{{cite web\|url\=http://investasean.asean.org/index.php/page/view/tourism \|title\=Tourism \| ASEAN Investment \|access\-date\=2014\-11\-01 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029213600/http://investasean.asean.org/index.php/page/view/tourism \|archive\-date\=29 October 2014 }} In January 2012, ASEAN tourism ministers called for the development of a marketing strategy. The strategy represents the consensus of ASEAN National Tourism Organisations (NTOs) on marketing directions for ASEAN moving forward to 2015\.{{cite book\|title\=ASEAN Tourism Marketing Strategy (ATMS) 2012–2015\|date\=Mar 2012\|publisher\=The ASEAN Secretariat Public Outreach and Civil Society Division\|location\=Jakarta\|isbn\=978\-602\-8411\-97\-4\|url\=http://www10\.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2012/10151\.pdf\|access\-date\=10 May 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203358/http://www10\.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2012/10151\.pdf\|archive\-date\=5 February 2015}} In the 2013 *Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index* (TTCI) report, Singapore placed 1st, Malaysia placed 8th, Thailand placed 9th, Indonesia placed 12th, Brunei placed 13th, Vietnam placed 16th, Philippines placed 17th, and Cambodia placed 20th as the top destinations of travellers in the Asia Pacific region.{{cite web\|url\=http://www3\.weforum.org/docs/WEF\_TT\_Competitiveness\_Report\_2013\.pdf\|title\=The Travel \& Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013\|year\=2013\|publisher\=\[\[World Economic Forum]]\|access\-date\=1 November 2014\|archive\-date\=5 November 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105024651/http://www3\.weforum.org/docs/WEF\_TT\_Competitiveness\_Report\_2013\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}
1981 The ASEAN Tourism Forum (ATF) was established. It is a regional meeting of NGOs, Ministers, sellers, buyers and journalists to promote the ASEAN countries as a single one tourist destination. The annual event 2019 in Ha Long marks the 38th anniversary and involves all the tourism industry sectors of the 10 member states of ASEAN: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. It was organized by TTG Events from Singapore.
File:Indonesian Press Conference ATF 2019\.ogv\|Indonesian Press Conference AFT 2019
File:ASEAN Tourism Forum 2019 Vietnam woman cloth parade.jpg\|ASEAN Tourism Forum 2019 \- Traditional Vietnam woman cloth parade
File:ASEAN Tourism Awards 2019\.jpg\|ASEAN Tourism Awards 2019 \- Gzhel costumes Vietnam style
File:Nguyễn Ngọc Thiện.jpg\|Nguyễn Ngọc Thiện, Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam at the ASEAN Tourism Awards 2019 in Ha Long Bay
File:Thai Village Princesses.jpg\|Children from Thai Hai Reserve Area of Ecological Houses\-on\-stilts Ethnic Village at the ASEAN Tourism Forum 2019 in Ha Long Bay, Viet Nam; organised by TTG Events
File:Gala ATF 2019 Salute.jpg\|Closing Ceremony of Visit Vietnam Year 2018 \& Gala Celebrating the Success of ATF 2019
### Cooperation funds
The establishment of the [China\-ASEAN Investment Cooperation Fund](/wiki/China-ASEAN_Investment_Cooperation_Fund "China-ASEAN Investment Cooperation Fund") was announced in 2009 by Chinese Premier [Wen Jiabao](/wiki/Wen_Jiabao "Wen Jiabao") began operations in 2010\.{{cite web \|title\=About \|url\=http://www.china\-asean\-fund.com/about\-caf.php?slider1\=1 \|accessdate\=28 March 2013 \|publisher\=China\-ASEAN Investment Cooperation Fund Official Website}} The fund, which is sponsored by the [Export\-Import Bank of China](/wiki/Export-Import_Bank_of_China "Export-Import Bank of China"), among other institutional investors, became the first Southeast Asia\-focused private equity fund approved by China's [State Council](/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "State Council of the People's Republic of China") and the National Development and Reform Commission.{{cite news \|last\=Chan \|first\=Cathy \|date\=December 1, 2011 \|title\=China\-ASEAN Investment Fund Plans To Deploy $500M In 2012 \|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/343200/chinaasean\-investment\-fund\-plans\-to\-deploy\-500m\-in\-2012\#.UQ9lQFoTGKQ \|accessdate\=4 February 2013 \|newspaper\=Manila Bulletin}} The [Export\-Import Bank of China](/wiki/Export-Import_Bank_of_China "Export-Import Bank of China") is the "anchor sponsor" with a "seed investment" of US$300 million.{{cite web \|title\=China\-ASEAN Fund on Investment Cooperation:Summary of Proposed Investment \|url\=http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1\.nsf/0/EA30D66D3BCEE0F9852576BA000E3309 \|accessdate\=2 September 2013 \|work\=IFC Official Website \|publisher\=\[\[International Finance Corporation]], part of the \[\[World Bank]]}} Three other Chinese institutions invested a combined US$500 million. The [International Finance Corporation](/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation "International Finance Corporation") of the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank") invested US$100 million.
In November 2011, the China\-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation fund was established.{{Rp\|page\=160}} China underwrote the fund, which is valued at RMB 3 billion.{{Rp\|page\=160}}
|
[
"Economy\n-------",
"{{See also\\|List of ASEAN countries by GDP\\|List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP}}",
"{{Static row numbers}}\n{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}",
"| \\+GDP statistics by country, in 2024 | Country[World Economic Outlook Database: April 2024\\.](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=516,522,536,544,548,518,566,578,582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1)[World Economic Outlook Database: April 2024 for Singapore.](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=576,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1) | Population(millions) | GDP Nominal | | GDP (PPP) | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| millions ofUSD | per capitaUSD | millions ofInt$ | per capitaInt$ |\n| {{flag\\|Indonesia}} | 279\\.965 | 1,475,960 | 5,271 | 4,720,542 | 16,861 |\n| {{flag\\|Thailand}} | 65\\.975 | 548,890 | 7,812 | 1,644,322 | 23,401 |\n| {{flag\\|Singapore}} | 5\\.938 | 525,228 | 88,446 | 794,179 | 133,738 |\n| {{flag\\|Philippines}} | 114\\.161 | 471,516 | 4,130 | 1,391,800 | 12,192 |\n| {{flag\\|Vietnam}} | 100\\.770 | 468,814 | 4,623 | 1,558,898 | 15,470 |\n| {{flag\\|Malaysia}} | 33\\.460 | 445,519 | 13,315 | 1,305,942 | 39,030 |\n| {{flag\\|Myanmar}} | 54\\.506 | 68,006 | 1,248 | 283,572 | 5,203 |\n| {{flag\\|Cambodia}} | 17\\.182 | 45,150 | 2,628 | 142,392 | 8,287 |\n| {{flag\\|Brunei}} | 0\\.442 | 15,510 | 35,111 | 34,249 | 75,534 |\n| {{flag\\|Laos}} | 7\\.686 | 15,190 | 1,976 | 78,713 | 10,242 |\n| {{Flag\\|ASEAN}} | 684\\.376 | 4,079,723 | 5,961 | 11,954,627 | 17,468 |",
"",
"The group sought economic integration by creating the AEC by the end of 2015 that established a [single market](/wiki/Single_market \"Single market\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asil.org/aseanevent/Sim\\_Intro\\_to\\_ASEAN.pdf\\|title\\=Trade \\& Customs Singapore : Introduction to ASEAN Economic Community\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218183029/http://www.asil.org/aseanevent/Sim\\_Intro\\_to\\_ASEAN.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2012 }} The average economic growth of member states from 1989 to 2009 was between 3\\.8% and 7%. This was greater than the average growth of APEC, which was 2\\.8%.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/11/asean\\-economies\\-past\\-and\\-future.html \\|title\\=ASEAN economies past and future \\|work\\=The Jakarta Post \\|date\\=29 July 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512043847/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/11/asean\\-economies\\-past\\-and\\-future.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), established on 28 January 1992, includes a Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) to promote the free flow of goods between member states. ASEAN had only six members when it was signed. The new member states (Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia) have not fully met AFTA's obligations, but are officially considered part of the agreement as they were required to sign it upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames to meet AFTA's tariff reduction obligations.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/12021\\.htm \\|title\\=Overview \\|publisher\\=ASEAN \\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022142043/http://www.asean.org/12021\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2008 }} The next steps are to create a single market and production base, a competitive economic region, a region of equitable economic development, and a region that is fully integrated into the global economy. Since 2007, ASEAN countries have gradually lowered their import duties to member states, with a target of zero import duties by 2016\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) \\|url\\=http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id\\=com.tms.cms.article.Article\\_b5e22087\\-c0a81573\\-aba0aba0\\-ab12873b \\|website\\=Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Malaysia) \\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2015 \\|date\\=24 April 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820145429/http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id\\=com.tms.cms.article.Article\\_b5e22087\\-c0a81573\\-aba0aba0\\-ab12873b \\|archive\\-date\\=20 August 2014 }}",
"ASEAN countries have many economic zones (industrial parks, eco\\-industrial parks, special economic zones, technology parks, and innovation districts) (see reference for comprehensive list from 2015\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user\\_media\\_upgrade/Resources/Publications/UCO\\_Viet\\_Nam\\_Study\\_FINAL.pdf\\|title\\=Economic Zones in the ASEAN\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053234/https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2015\\-08/UCO\\_Viet\\_Nam\\_Study\\_FINAL\\_0\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nIn 2018, eight of the ASEAN members are among the world's outperforming economies, with positive long\\-term prospect for the region.{{cite news \\|title\\=ASEAN countries among world's outperforming emerging economies: Report \\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/asean\\-countries\\-among\\-world\\-s\\-outperforming\\-emerging\\-economies\\-10718216 \\|work\\=Channel NewsAsia \\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 September 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917181637/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/asean\\-countries\\-among\\-world\\-s\\-outperforming\\-emerging\\-economies\\-10718216 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} ASEAN's Secretariat projects that the regional body will grow to become the world's fourth largest economy by 2030\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Gronewold \\|first1\\=Nathanial \\|title\\=Booming Southeast Asia's dirty secret: Coal \\|url\\=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1061593609 \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2019 \\|work\\=E\\&E News \\|agency\\=Climatewire \\|date\\=20 November 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053238/https://www.eenews.net/stories/1061593609 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The ASEAN Centre for Energy publishes the ASEAN Energy Outlook every five years, analysing and promoting the integration of national energy systems across the region. The sixth edition was published in 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-11\\-19\\|title\\=The 6th ASEAN Energy Outlook\\|url\\=https://aseanenergy.org/the\\-6th\\-asean\\-energy\\-outlook/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-20\\|website\\=ASEAN Centre for Energy}}",
"### Internal market",
"ASEAN planned to establish a single market based upon the [four freedoms](/wiki/Four_Freedoms_%28European_Union%29 \"Four Freedoms (European Union)\") by the end of 2015, with the goal of ensuring free flow of goods, services, skilled labour, and capital. The ASEAN Economic Community was formed in 2015,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://asean.org/asean\\-economic\\-community/\\|title\\=You are being redirected...\\|website\\=asean.org}} but the group deferred about 20% of the harmonization provisions needed to create a [common market](/wiki/Common_market \"Common market\") and set a new deadline of 2025\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.asiapathways\\-adbi.org/2017/07/will\\-2025\\-be\\-the\\-final\\-deadline\\-for\\-the\\-asean\\-economic\\-community/\\|title\\=Will 2025 be the final deadline for the ASEAN Economic Community?\\|first\\=Jayant\\|last\\=Menon\\|date\\=14 July 2017}}",
"Until the end of 2010, intra\\-ASEAN trade was still low as trade involved mainly exports to countries outside the region, with the exception of Laos and Myanmar, whose foreign trade was ASEAN\\-oriented.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/77403/asean\\-feared\\-to\\-become\\-multinational\\-companies\\-market\\-only\\|work\\=Anatara News\\|title\\=ASEAN feared to become multinational companies market only\\|date\\=10 November 2011\\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112112614/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/77403/asean\\-feared\\-to\\-become\\-multinational\\-companies\\-market\\-only\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2009, realised [foreign direct investment](/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment \"Foreign direct investment\") (FDI) was US$37\\.9 billion and increased two\\-fold in 2010 to US$75\\.8 billion. 22% of FDI came from the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), followed by ASEAN countries (16%), and by Japan and the United States.",
"The ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services (AFAS) was adopted at the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in December 1995\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/6628\\.htm \\|title\\=ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (1995\\) \\|publisher\\=ASEAN \\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226223120/http://www.asean.org/6628\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=26 December 2009 }} Under the agreement, member states enter into successive rounds of negotiations to liberalise trade in services with the aim of submitting increasingly higher levels of commitment. ASEAN has concluded seven packages of commitments under AFAS.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/6626\\.htm \\|title\\=Overview \\|publisher\\=ASEAN \\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206130652/http://www.asean.org/6626\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=6 February 2011 }}",
"Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) have been agreed upon by ASEAN for eight professions: physicians, dentists, nurses, architects, engineers, accountants, surveyors, and tourism professionals. Individuals in these professions will be free to work in any ASEAN states effective 31 December 2015\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Buranasomphop\\|first1\\=Duangkamol\\|title\\=Asean 2015: Free movement of labour\\|url\\=http://en.aectourismthai.com/content1/1411\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2015\\|publisher\\=AEC Tourism Thailand\\|date\\=14 June 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518070624/http://en.aectourismthai.com/content1/1411\\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2015}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Concern over free flow of labour after AEC starts\\|url\\=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Concern\\-over\\-free\\-flow\\-of\\-labour\\-after\\-AEC\\-starts\\-30238365\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2015\\|work\\=The Nation\\|date\\=13 July 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102622/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Concern\\-over\\-free\\-flow\\-of\\-labour\\-after\\-AEC\\-starts\\-30238365\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Why the AEC in 2015 Will Lead to Few Changes in Thailand \\|url\\=http://www.norcham.com/news/why\\-the\\-aec\\-in\\-2015\\-will\\-lead\\-to\\-few\\-changes\\-in\\-thailand \\|website\\=Thai\\-Norwegian Chamber of Commerce \\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093814/http://www.norcham.com/news/why\\-the\\-aec\\-in\\-2015\\-will\\-lead\\-to\\-few\\-changes\\-in\\-thailand \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2015 }}",
"In addition, six member states ([Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"), [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\") (2 exchanges), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"), and [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\")) have collaborated on integrating their stock exchanges, which includes 70% of its transaction values with the goal to compete with international exchanges.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://investasi.kontan.co.id/news/indonesia\\-belum\\-akan\\-masuk\\-asean\\-linkage \\|title\\=Indonesia belum akan masuk Asean Linkage \\|author\\=Anna Suci Perwitasari \\|date\\=13 June 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210101112/http://investasi.kontan.co.id/news/indonesia\\-belum\\-akan\\-masuk\\-asean\\-linkage \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Single market will also include the [ASEAN Single Aviation Market](/wiki/ASEAN_Single_Aviation_Market \"ASEAN Single Aviation Market\") (ASEAN\\-SAM), the region's aviation policy geared towards the development of a [unified and single aviation market](/wiki/Open_skies \"Open skies\") in [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\"). It was proposed by the ASEAN Air Transport Working Group, supported by the ASEAN Senior Transport Officials Meeting, and endorsed by the ASEAN Transport Ministers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asian\\-aerocad.com/news/news.php?newsid\\=23 \\|title\\=Asean Single Aviation Market \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2008 \\|work\\=Straits Times \\|location\\=Singapore \\|date\\=2 February 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209063906/http://www.asian\\-aerocad.com/news/news.php?newsid\\=23 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2008 }} It is expected to liberalise air travel between member states allowing ASEAN airlines to benefit directly from the growth in air travel, and also free up tourism, trade, investment, and service flows.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007\\-11/01/content\\_6990497\\.htm \\|title\\=Singaporean PM urges ASEAN to liberalise aviation \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2008 \\|work\\=chinaview.cn \\|publisher\\=Xinhua News Agency \\|date\\=1 November 2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211012727/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007\\-11/01/content\\_6990497\\.htm }} Since 1 December 2008, restrictions on the third and fourth [freedoms of the air](/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air \"Freedoms of the air\") between capital cities of member states for air passenger services have been removed,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory\\_282410\\.html \\| title\\=Tiger offers 50,000 free seats \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2008 \\|last\\=Kaur \\|first\\= Karamjit \\|work\\=Straits Times \\|location\\=Singapore \\|date\\=25 September 2008\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080927183958/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory\\_282410\\.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 27 September 2008 \\| url\\-status\\=live}} while from 1 January 2009, full liberalisation of air freight services in the region took effect. On 1 January 2011, full liberalisation on fifth freedom traffic rights between all capital cities took effect.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.centreforaviation.com/aviation/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=5015 \\|title\\=Three\\-quarters of a million more seats and counting\\- KL\\-Singapore benefits from liberalisation \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2008 \\|publisher\\=Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation \\|date\\=28 September 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060405030709/http://content.nejm.org/icons/home/cme\\_button.gif \\|archive\\-date\\=5 April 2006 }} This policy supersedes existing unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral air services agreements among member states which are inconsistent with its provisions.",
"### Monetary union",
"The concept of an [Asian Currency Unit](/wiki/Asian_Currency_Unit \"Asian Currency Unit\") (ACU) started in the middle of the 1990s, prior to the [1997 Asian financial crisis](/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis \"1997 Asian financial crisis\").Baby Steps to a Common Currency It is a proposed basket of Asian currencies, similar to the European Currency Unit, which was the precursor of the [Euro](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\"). The [Asian Development Bank](/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank \"Asian Development Bank\") is responsible for exploring the feasibility and construction of the basket.Asian Currency Unit Since the ACU is being considered to be a precursor to a common currency, it has a dynamic outlook of the region.{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2024}}Prospects for a Single Asian Currency The overall goal of a common currency is to contribute to the financial stability of a regional economy, including price stability. It means lower cost of cross\\-border business through the elimination of currency risk. Greater flows of intra\\-trade would put pressure on prices, resulting in cheaper goods and services. Individuals benefit not only from the lowering of prices, they save by not having to change money when travelling, by being able to compare prices more readily, and by the reduced cost of transferring money across borders.",
"However, there are conditions for a common currency: the intensity of intra\\-regional trade and the convergence of [macroeconomic](/wiki/Macroeconomics \"Macroeconomics\") conditions. Substantial intra\\-ASEAN trade (which is growing, partly as a result of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the ASEAN Economic Community.) and economic integration is an incentive for a monetary union. Member states currently trade more with other countries (80%) than among themselves (20%). Therefore, their economies are more concerned about currency stability against major international currencies, like the US dollar. On macroeconomic conditions, member states have different levels of economic development, capacity, and priorities that translate into different levels of interest and readiness. Monetary integration, however, implies less control over national monetary and fiscal policy to stimulate the economy. Therefore, greater convergence in macroeconomic conditions is being enacted to improve conditions and confidence in a common currency.Towards ASEAN Financial Integration Other concerns include weaknesses in the financial sectors, inadequacy of regional\\-level resource pooling mechanisms and institutions required to form and manage a currency union, and lack of political preconditions for monetary co\\-operation and a common currency.Cost and Benefits for A Common Currency in ASEAN",
"### Free trade",
"[thumb\\|310x310px\\|{{Legend\\|\\#fd1813ff\\|ASEAN}}{{Legend\\|\\#124295ff\\|Countries with which ASEAN has free trade agreements}}](/wiki/File:Map_of_countries_with_which_ASEAN_has_free_trade_agreements.svg \"Map of countries with which ASEAN has free trade agreements.svg\")\nIn 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme was adopted as a schedule for phasing out tariffs to increase the \"region's competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market\". This law would act as the framework for the [ASEAN Free Trade Area](/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area \"ASEAN Free Trade Area\") (AFTA), which is an agreement by member states concerning local manufacturing in ASEAN. It was signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asean.org/12375\\.htm\\|title\\=Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme for the ASEAN Free Trade Area, Singapore, 28 Jan 1992\\|publisher\\=Asean.org\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414223453/http://www.asean.org/12375\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2009\\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2008}}",
"Free trade initiatives in ASEAN are spearheaded by the implementation of the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) and the Agreement on Customs. These agreements are supported by several sector bodies to plan and to execute free trade measures, guided by the provisions and the requirements of ATIGA and the Agreement on Customs. They form a backbone for achieving targets of the AEC Blueprint and establishing the ASEAN Economic Community by the end of 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.investasian.com/2015/01/15/asean\\-economic\\-communitys\\-progress/\\|title\\=The ASEAN Economic Community's Progress\\|work\\=InvestAsian\\|date\\=15 January 2015\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053243/https://www.investasian.com/2015/01/15/aec\\-2015\\-problems/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 26 August 2007, ASEAN stated its aim of completing free trade agreements (FTA) with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and New Zealand by 2013, which is in line with the start of the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=ASEAN to complete free trade agreements by 2013 \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/08/26/afx4054320\\.html \\|work\\=Forbes \\|date\\=26 August 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012121738/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/08/26/afx4054320\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2008 }}{{cite news \\|first\\=Christine \\|last\\=Ong \\|title\\=ASEAN confident of concluding FTAs with partners by 2013 \\|url\\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/economicnews/view/296149/1/.html \\|publisher\\=Channel NewsAsia \\|date\\=27 August 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2007 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2016}}{{cbignore}} In November 2007, ASEAN states signed the ASEAN Charter, a constitution governing relations among member states and establishing the group itself as an international legal entity.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.asean.org/asean/asean\\-charter/ \\| title\\=ASEAN Charter \\| publisher\\=ASEAN \\| access\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\| archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053247/https://asean.org/asean/asean\\-charter/charter\\-of\\-the\\-association\\-of\\-southeast\\-asian\\-nations/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }} During the same year, the [Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security](/wiki/Cebu_Declaration_on_East_Asian_Energy_Security \"Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security\") was signed by ASEAN and the other members of the [EAS](/wiki/East_Asian_Summit \"East Asian Summit\") (Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), which pursues [energy security](/wiki/Energy_security \"Energy security\") by finding [energy alternatives](/wiki/Renewable \"Renewable\") to [fossil fuels](/wiki/Fossil_fuels \"Fossil fuels\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia\\-paci/eas/energy0701\\.html \\| title\\=CEBU DECLARATION ON EAST ASIAN ENERGY SECURITY \\| publisher\\=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan \\| access\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\| archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053238/https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia\\-paci/eas/energy0701\\.html \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"On 27 February 2009, an FTA with [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") was signed. It is believed that this FTA would boost combined GDP across the 12 countries by more than US$48 billion over the period between 2000 and 2020\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Trade\\-and\\-Economic\\-Relations/Trade\\-Agreements/Asean/index.php \\|title\\=ASEAN, Australia and New Zealand Free Trade Agreement – NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade \\|publisher\\=Mfat.govt.nz \\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415060123/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Trade\\-and\\-Economic\\-Relations/Trade\\-Agreements/Asean/index.php \\|archive\\-date\\=15 April 2009 }}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=newsarchive\\&sid\\=aul8rxM98Jg4 \\|title\\=Asean, Australia, New Zealand Sign Free\\-Trade Deal (Update1\\) \\|publisher\\=Bloomberg \\|date\\=27 February 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202160359/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=newsarchive\\&sid\\=aul8rxM98Jg4 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2010 }} The agreement with China created the [ASEAN–China Free Trade Area](/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area \"ASEAN–China Free Trade Area\") (ACFTA), which went into full effect on 1 January 2010\\. In addition, ASEAN was noted to be negotiating an FTA with the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fta.gov.sg/sg\\_fta.asp \\|title\\=Welcome to Singapore FTA Network \\|publisher\\=Fta.gov.sg \\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209033340/http://www.fta.gov.sg/sg\\_fta.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2008 }} Bilateral trade with India crossed the US$70 billion target in 2012 (target was to reach the level by 2015\\).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.statista.com/statistics/650795/trade\\-value\\-asean\\-countries\\-with\\-india/\\|title\\=India – trade value with ASEAN countries 2016 {{!}} Statistic\\|website\\=Statista\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-29\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053248/https://www.statista.com/statistics/650795/trade\\-value\\-asean\\-countries\\-with\\-india/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Taiwan has also expressed interest in an agreement with ASEAN but needs to overcome diplomatic objections from China.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/12/2003425653 \\|title\\=Siew calls for pragmatic approach to ASEAN ties \\|work\\=The Taipei Times \\|date\\=12 October 2008 \\|location\\=Taiwan (ROC) \\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2008\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081211235752/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/12/2003425653\\| archive\\-date\\= 11 December 2008 \\| url\\-status\\=live}}",
"ASEAN, together with its six major trading partners (Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), began the first round of negotiations on 26–28 February 2013, in Bali, Indonesia on the establishment of [the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)](/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership \"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership\"),{{Cite news\\| title \\= ASEAN\\+6 trade bloc in the making\\| publisher \\= Investvine.com\\| date \\= 23 February 2013\\| url \\= http://investvine.com/asean6\\-trade\\-bloc\\-in\\-the\\-making/\\| access\\-date \\= 24 February 2013\\| archive\\-date \\= 28 March 2013\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130328045835/http://investvine.com/asean6\\-trade\\-bloc\\-in\\-the\\-making\\| url\\-status \\= live}} which is an extension of ASEAN Plus Three and Six that covers 45% of the world's population and about a third of the world's total GDP.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Trade\\-and\\-Economic\\-Relations/2\\-Trade\\-Relationships\\-and\\-Agreements/RCEP/ \\|title\\=Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) \\|access\\-date\\=29 October 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029151938/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Trade\\-and\\-Economic\\-Relations/2\\-Trade\\-Relationships\\-and\\-Agreements/RCEP/ \\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2014 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fta.gov.sg/press\\_release%5CFACTSHEET%20ON%20RCEP\\_final.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626012240/http://www.fta.gov.sg/press\\_release%5CFACTSHEET%20ON%20RCEP\\_final.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=26 June 2013 \\|title\\=Factsheet on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) \\|access\\-date\\=29 October 2014 }}Regional integration: the ASEAN vision in 2020 by Rosabel B. Guerrero; Director, Department of Economic Statistics, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, Manila, Philippines.",
"In 2019, [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\") highlighted a mechanism used by traders to avoid the 70% tariff on [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol \"Ethanol\") imported into China from the United States, involving importing the fuel into Malaysia, mixing it with at least 40% ASEAN\\-produced fuel, and re\\-exporting it to China tariff\\-free under ACFTA rules.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-usa\\-trade\\-ethanol\\-insight/long\\-strange\\-trip\\-how\\-u\\-s\\-ethanol\\-reaches\\-china\\-tariff\\-free\\-idUSKCN1PW0BR\\|title\\=Long, strange trip: How U.S. ethanol reaches China tariff\\-free\\|work\\=reuters.com\\|first1\\=Chris\\|last1\\=Prentice\\|first2\\=A.\\|last2\\=Ananthalakshmi\\|date\\=7 February 2019\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053244/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-usa\\-trade\\-ethanol\\-insight/long\\-strange\\-trip\\-how\\-u\\-s\\-ethanol\\-reaches\\-china\\-tariff\\-free\\-idUSKCN1PW0BR\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Electricity trade",
"Cross\\-border electricity trade in ASEAN has been limited, despite efforts since 1997 to establish an [ASEAN Power Grid](/wiki/ASEAN_Power_Grid \"ASEAN Power Grid\") and associated trade. Electricity trade accounts for only about 5% of the generation, whereas trades in coal and gas are 86% and 53% respectively.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Do \\|first1\\=Thang Nam \\|last2\\=Burke \\|first2\\=Paul J. \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-09 \\|title\\=Is ASEAN ready to move to multilateral cross\\-border electricity trade? \\|journal\\=Asia Pacific Viewpoint \\|volume\\=64\\|pages\\=110–125 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/apv.12343 \\|s2cid\\=248689540 \\|issn\\=1360\\-7456\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Nian \\|first1\\=Victor \\|last2\\=Mignacca \\|first2\\=Benito \\|last3\\=Locatelli \\|first3\\=Giorgio \\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-15 \\|title\\=Policies toward net\\-zero: Benchmarking the economic competitiveness of nuclear against wind and solar energy \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261922006328 \\|journal\\=Applied Energy\\|volume\\=320 \\|pages\\=119275 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.apenergy.2022\\.119275 \\|bibcode\\=2022ApEn..32019275N \\|s2cid\\=249223353 \\|issn\\=0306\\-2619\\|hdl\\=11311/1227558 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }}",
"### Tourism",
"{{See also\\|Visa policy of ASEAN members}}",
"With the institutionalisation of visa\\-free travel between ASEAN member states, intra\\-ASEAN travel has escalated. In 2010, 47% or 34 million out of 73 million tourists in ASEAN member\\-states were from other ASEAN countries.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Anjaiah\\|first1\\=Veeramalla\\|title\\=Perfect 10 Paradise: ASEAN tourist industry is booming with intra\\-ASEAN travelers\\|url\\=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/27/perfect\\-10\\-paradise\\-asean\\-tourist\\-industry\\-booming\\-with\\-intra\\-asean\\-travelers.html\\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2015\\|work\\=The Jakarta Post\\|date\\=27 September 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053245/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/27/perfect\\-10\\-paradise\\-asean\\-tourist\\-industry\\-booming\\-with\\-intra\\-asean\\-travelers.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Cooperation in tourism was formalised in 1976, following the formation of the Sub\\-Committee on Tourism (SCOT) under the ASEAN Committee on Trade and Tourism. The 1st ASEAN Tourism Forum was held on 18–26 October 1981 in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\"). In 1986, ASEAN Promotional Chapters for Tourism (APCT) were established in Hong Kong, West Germany, the United Kingdom, Australia/New Zealand, Japan, and North America.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Thoeun\\|first1\\=In\\|title\\=Tourism Cooperation Towards AEC\\|url\\=http://www.moc.gov.kh/tradeswap/userfiles/file/uploadedfiles/Gallery/9\\.%20Tourism%20Cooperation%20Towards%20AEC9\\_16\\_2014\\_13\\_56\\_52\\.pdf\\|website\\=Kingdom of Cambodia, Ministry of Commerce\\|publisher\\=Workshop on ASEAN Economic Community Outreach\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102083250/http://www.moc.gov.kh/tradeswap/userfiles/file/uploadedfiles/Gallery/9\\.%20Tourism%20Cooperation%20Towards%20AEC9\\_16\\_2014\\_13\\_56\\_52\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Tourism has been one of the key growth sectors in ASEAN and has proven resilient amid global economic challenges. The wide array of tourist attractions across the region drew 109 million tourists to ASEAN in 2015, up by 34% compared to 81 million tourists in 2011\\. As of 2012, tourism was estimated to account for 4\\.6% of ASEAN GDP—10\\.9% when taking into account all indirect contributions. It directly employed 9\\.3 million people, or 3\\.2% of total employment, and indirectly supported some 25 million jobs.{{cite web\\|title\\=Tourism Statistics – ASEAN {{!}} ONE VISION ONE IDENTITY ONE COMMUNITY\\|url\\=http://asean.org/?static\\_post\\=tourism\\-statistics\\|website\\=ASEAN {{!}} ONE VISION ONE IDENTITY ONE COMMUNITY\\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053249/https://asean.org/?static\\_post\\=tourism\\-statistics\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www3\\.weforum.org/docs/WEF\\_TTCR\\_ASEAN\\_Report\\_2012\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829211257/http://www3\\.weforum.org/docs/WEF\\_TTCR\\_ASEAN\\_Report\\_2012\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-29\\|title\\=The ASEAN Travel \\& Tourism Competitiveness Report 2012\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Economic Forum]]}} In addition, the sector accounted for an estimated 8% of total capital investment in the region.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://investasean.asean.org/index.php/page/view/tourism \\|title\\=Tourism \\| ASEAN Investment \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-01 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029213600/http://investasean.asean.org/index.php/page/view/tourism \\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2014 }} In January 2012, ASEAN tourism ministers called for the development of a marketing strategy. The strategy represents the consensus of ASEAN National Tourism Organisations (NTOs) on marketing directions for ASEAN moving forward to 2015\\.{{cite book\\|title\\=ASEAN Tourism Marketing Strategy (ATMS) 2012–2015\\|date\\=Mar 2012\\|publisher\\=The ASEAN Secretariat Public Outreach and Civil Society Division\\|location\\=Jakarta\\|isbn\\=978\\-602\\-8411\\-97\\-4\\|url\\=http://www10\\.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2012/10151\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205203358/http://www10\\.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2012/10151\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2015}} In the 2013 *Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index* (TTCI) report, Singapore placed 1st, Malaysia placed 8th, Thailand placed 9th, Indonesia placed 12th, Brunei placed 13th, Vietnam placed 16th, Philippines placed 17th, and Cambodia placed 20th as the top destinations of travellers in the Asia Pacific region.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www3\\.weforum.org/docs/WEF\\_TT\\_Competitiveness\\_Report\\_2013\\.pdf\\|title\\=The Travel \\& Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013\\|year\\=2013\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Economic Forum]]\\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105024651/http://www3\\.weforum.org/docs/WEF\\_TT\\_Competitiveness\\_Report\\_2013\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"1981 The ASEAN Tourism Forum (ATF) was established. It is a regional meeting of NGOs, Ministers, sellers, buyers and journalists to promote the ASEAN countries as a single one tourist destination. The annual event 2019 in Ha Long marks the 38th anniversary and involves all the tourism industry sectors of the 10 member states of ASEAN: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. It was organized by TTG Events from Singapore.",
"",
"File:Indonesian Press Conference ATF 2019\\.ogv\\|Indonesian Press Conference AFT 2019\nFile:ASEAN Tourism Forum 2019 Vietnam woman cloth parade.jpg\\|ASEAN Tourism Forum 2019 \\- Traditional Vietnam woman cloth parade\nFile:ASEAN Tourism Awards 2019\\.jpg\\|ASEAN Tourism Awards 2019 \\- Gzhel costumes Vietnam style\nFile:Nguyễn Ngọc Thiện.jpg\\|Nguyễn Ngọc Thiện, Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam at the ASEAN Tourism Awards 2019 in Ha Long Bay\nFile:Thai Village Princesses.jpg\\|Children from Thai Hai Reserve Area of Ecological Houses\\-on\\-stilts Ethnic Village at the ASEAN Tourism Forum 2019 in Ha Long Bay, Viet Nam; organised by TTG Events\nFile:Gala ATF 2019 Salute.jpg\\|Closing Ceremony of Visit Vietnam Year 2018 \\& Gala Celebrating the Success of ATF 2019",
"",
"### Cooperation funds",
"The establishment of the [China\\-ASEAN Investment Cooperation Fund](/wiki/China-ASEAN_Investment_Cooperation_Fund \"China-ASEAN Investment Cooperation Fund\") was announced in 2009 by Chinese Premier [Wen Jiabao](/wiki/Wen_Jiabao \"Wen Jiabao\") began operations in 2010\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=About \\|url\\=http://www.china\\-asean\\-fund.com/about\\-caf.php?slider1\\=1 \\|accessdate\\=28 March 2013 \\|publisher\\=China\\-ASEAN Investment Cooperation Fund Official Website}} The fund, which is sponsored by the [Export\\-Import Bank of China](/wiki/Export-Import_Bank_of_China \"Export-Import Bank of China\"), among other institutional investors, became the first Southeast Asia\\-focused private equity fund approved by China's [State Council](/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"State Council of the People's Republic of China\") and the National Development and Reform Commission.{{cite news \\|last\\=Chan \\|first\\=Cathy \\|date\\=December 1, 2011 \\|title\\=China\\-ASEAN Investment Fund Plans To Deploy $500M In 2012 \\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/343200/chinaasean\\-investment\\-fund\\-plans\\-to\\-deploy\\-500m\\-in\\-2012\\#.UQ9lQFoTGKQ \\|accessdate\\=4 February 2013 \\|newspaper\\=Manila Bulletin}} The [Export\\-Import Bank of China](/wiki/Export-Import_Bank_of_China \"Export-Import Bank of China\") is the \"anchor sponsor\" with a \"seed investment\" of US$300 million.{{cite web \\|title\\=China\\-ASEAN Fund on Investment Cooperation:Summary of Proposed Investment \\|url\\=http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1\\.nsf/0/EA30D66D3BCEE0F9852576BA000E3309 \\|accessdate\\=2 September 2013 \\|work\\=IFC Official Website \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[International Finance Corporation]], part of the \\[\\[World Bank]]}} Three other Chinese institutions invested a combined US$500 million. The [International Finance Corporation](/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation \"International Finance Corporation\") of the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") invested US$100 million.",
"In November 2011, the China\\-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation fund was established.{{Rp\\|page\\=160}} China underwrote the fund, which is valued at RMB 3 billion.{{Rp\\|page\\=160}}",
""
] |
Foreign relations
-----------------
{{Main\|ASEAN Summit}}
[thumb\|upright\=1\.15\|Royal Thai Embassy, Helsinki, flying its own national flag as well as ASEAN's flag](/wiki/File:Asean_flag_flying_at_Royal_Thai_Embassy_Helsinki.jpg "Asean flag flying at Royal Thai Embassy Helsinki.jpg")
[upright\=1\.15\|thumb\|right\|Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte poses for a photo with the ASEAN foreign ministers during the 50th anniversary of the group's foundation on 8 August 2017\.](/wiki/File:ASEAN_50th_Anniversary.jpg "ASEAN 50th Anniversary.jpg")
ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances, dialogue partners and diplomatic missions, and is involved in numerous international affairs.{{cite news \|title\=Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) {{!}} Treaties \& Regimes {{!}} NTI \|url\=http://www.nti.org/learn/treaties\-and\-regimes/association\-southeast\-asian\-nations\-asean/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413082230/https://www.nti.org/learn/treaties\-and\-regimes/association\-southeast\-asian\-nations\-asean/ \|archive\-date\=13 April 2019 \|access\-date\=3 March 2018 \|newspaper\=The Nuclear Threat Initiative}}{{cite web \|date\=20 December 2016 \|title\=ASEAN\-UN Partnership \|url\=http://www.unaprcm.org/asean\-un\-partnership \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012012749/http://www.unaprcm.org/asean\-un\-partnership \|archive\-date\=12 October 2018 \|access\-date\=7 December 2017 \|website\=Asia\-Pacific Regional Coordination Mechanism}}{{cite web \|title\=An Overview of ASEAN\-United Nations Cooperation – ASEAN – ONE VISION ONE IDENTITY ONE COMMUNITY \|url\=http://asean.org/?static\_post\=background\-overview\-united\-nations \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053140/https://asean.org/?static\_post\=background\-overview\-united\-nations \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|access\-date\=28 April 2017}}{{cite web \|title\=Intergovernmental Organizations \|url\=https://www.un.org/en/sections/member\-states/intergovernmental\-organizations/index.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523053652/http://www.un.org/en/sections/member\-states/intergovernmental\-organizations/index.html \|archive\-date\=23 May 2017 \|access\-date\=28 April 2017 \|website\=un.org}} The organisation maintains good relationships on an international scale, particularly towards Asia\-Pacific nations, and upholds itself as a neutral party in politics. It holds [ASEAN Summits](/wiki/ASEAN_Summit "ASEAN Summit"), where [heads of government](/wiki/Head_of_government "Head of government") of each member states meet to discuss and resolve regional issues, as well as to conduct other meetings with countries outside the bloc to promote external relations and deal with international affairs. The first summit was held in [Bali](/wiki/Bali "Bali") in 1976\. The third summit was in [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") in 1987, and during this meeting, it was decided that the leaders would meet every five years.[ASEAN Structure](http://www.summit99.ops.gov.ph/asean_structure.htm), *ASEAN Primer* {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222144528/http://www.summit99\.ops.gov.ph/asean\_structure.htm \|date\=22 February 2008 }} The fourth meeting was held in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") in 1992 where the leaders decided to meet more frequently, every three years. In 2001, it was decided that the organisation will meet annually to address urgent issues affecting the region. In December 2008, the ASEAN Charter came into force and with it, the ASEAN Summit will be held twice a year. The formal summit meets for three days, and usually includes internal organisation meeting, a conference with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum, an ASEAN Plus Three meeting and ASEAN\-CER, a meeting of member states with Australia and New Zealand.[ASEAN\-CER Meeting: Trade is the Key Driver in Fostering Growth](http://asean.org/asean-cer-meeting-trade-is-the-key-driver-in-fostering-growth-siem-reap-31-august-2012/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053248/https://asean.org/asean\-cer\-meeting\-trade\-is\-the\-key\-driver\-in\-fostering\-growth\-siem\-reap\-31\-august\-2012/ \|date\=30 September 2020 }}, 31 August 2012, ASEAN Secretariat News
ASEAN is a major partner of the [Shanghai Cooperation Organisation](/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"), developing cooperation model with the organisation in the field of security, economy, finance, tourism, culture, environmental protection, development and sustainability.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.eurasiafuture.com/2018/06/07/the\-shanghai\-cooperation\-organisation\-and\-brics\-should\-combine\-to\-form\-a\-single\-cohesive\-group/\|title\=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS Should Combine to Form a Single Cohesive Group – Eurasia Future\|date\=7 June 2018\|work\=Eurasia Future\|access\-date\=11 June 2018\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053246/https://eurasiafuture.com/is\-chad\-losing\-control\-of\-the\-central\-african\-pivot\-space/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20170806/309746\.html\|title\=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation {{!}} SCO\|website\=eng.sectsco.org\|access\-date\=11 June 2018\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053311/http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20170806/309746\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018\-06/10/c\_137244965\.htm\|title\=Interview: Cambodian FM says Cambodia can bridge SCO and ASEAN – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn\|work\=xinhuanet.com\|access\-date\=11 June 2018\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053250/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018\-06/10/c\_137244965\.htm}}{{cite web\|url\=http://en.sco\-russia.ru/cooperation/20140905/1013179818\.html\|title\=SCO\-ASEAN Cooperation for Mutual Interests\|website\=en.sco\-russia.ru\|access\-date\=11 June 2018\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053251/http://en.sco\-russia.ru/cooperation/20140905/1013179818\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Additionally, the grouping has been closely aligned with [China](/wiki/China "China"), cooperating across numerous areas, including economy, security, education, culture, technology, agriculture, human resource, society, development, investment, energy, transport, public health, tourism, media, environment, and sustainability.{{cite web \|url\=http://asean.org/storage/2016/01/Overview\-of\-ASEAN\-China\-Relations\-April\-2017\.pdf \|title\=Overview of ASEAN\-China Dialogue Relations \|series \= ASEAN Secretariat Information Paper \| date \= April 2017 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002517/https://asean.org/storage/2016/01/Overview\-of\-ASEAN\-China\-Relations\-April\-2017\.pdf \|archive\-date\=25 August 2018 \|access\-date\=29 November 2018 \| pages \= 3–5 }}{{cite news \|title\=Taking Asean\-China ties to the next level \|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/taking\-asean\-china\-ties\-to\-the\-next\-level \|work\=The Straits Times \|date\=15 September 2017 \|access\-date\=24 August 2018 \|archive\-date\=25 August 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002519/https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/taking\-asean\-china\-ties\-to\-the\-next\-level \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|title\=First ASEAN\-China maritime field training exercise to be held in October: MINDEF \|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/first\-asean\-china\-maritime\-exercise\-training\-navy\-mindef\-10586432 \|work\=Channel NewsAsia \|access\-date\=24 August 2018 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053251/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/first\-asean\-china\-maritime\-exercise\-training\-navy\-mindef\-10586432 \|url\-status\=live }} It is also the linchpin in the foreign policy of Australia and New Zealand, with the three sides being integrated into an essential alliance.{{cite news \|title\=ASEAN\-Australia Special Summit ends with commitments on cybersecurity, free trade \|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/asean\-australia\-special\-summit\-commitment\-cybersecurity\-trade\-10054114 \|work\=Channel NewsAsia \|access\-date\=16 September 2018 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053252/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/asean\-australia\-special\-summit\-commitment\-cybersecurity\-trade\-10054114 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|last1\=Trade \|first1\=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and \|title\=Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) \|url\=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries\-and\-regions/south\-east\-asia/association\-of\-south\-east\-asian\-nations\-asean/ \|work\=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade \|access\-date\=16 September 2018 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053320/https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries\-and\-regions/south\-east\-asia/association\-of\-south\-east\-asian\-nations\-asean/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|title\=ASEAN seeks to strengthen trade relations with partners – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn \|url\=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018\-09/01/c\_137437019\.htm \|work\=xinhuanet.com \|access\-date\=16 September 2018 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053257/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018\-09/01/c\_137437019\.htm }}{{cite news \|last1\=Stolarchuk \|first1\=Jewel \|title\=Reflecting on the ASEAN–Australian relationship \|url\=http://theindependent.sg/reflecting\-on\-the\-asean\-australian\-relationship/ \|work\=The Independent \|access\-date\=16 September 2018 \|archive\-date\=30 March 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330181723/http://theindependent.sg/reflecting\-on\-the\-asean\-australian\-relationship/ \|url\-status\=live }}
ASEAN also participates in the [East Asia Summit](/wiki/East_Asia_Summit "East Asia Summit") (EAS), a pan\-Asian forum held annually by the leaders of eighteen countries in the [East Asian](/wiki/East_Asia "East Asia") region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. Initially, membership included all member states of ASEAN plus China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and New Zealand, but was expanded to include the United States and Russia at the Sixth EAS in 2011, as they were also important players having dominance and influence over the region. The first summit was held in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") on 14 December 2005, and subsequent meetings have been held after the annual ASEAN Leaders' Meeting. The summit has discussed issues including trade, [energy](/wiki/Energy "Energy"), and security and the summit has a role in [regional community building](/wiki/East_Asia_Community "East Asia Community").
Other meetings include the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting[ASEAN Ministerial Meetings](http://www.asean.org/89.htm), ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 13 March 2007\. {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302194224/http://www.asean.org/89\.htm \|date\=2 March 2012 }}[Asean.org](http://www.asean.org/73.htm), ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 16 March 2007\. {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622232333/http://www.asean.org/73\.htm \|date\=22 June 2012 }} that focus mostly on specific topics, such as defence or the environment,{{cite news\|title\=Malaysians have had enough of haze woes \|url\=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/content/view/4967/2/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121219224631/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/content/view/4967/2/ \|archive\-date\=19 December 2012 \|publisher\=The Malaysian Bar \|access\-date\=13 March 2007 }} and are attended by [ministers](/wiki/Minister_%28government%29 "Minister (government)"). The {{visible anchor\|ASEAN Regional Forum}} (ARF), which met for the first time in 1994, fosters dialogue and consultation, and to promote confidence\-building and preventive diplomacy in the region.[About Us](http://www.aseanregionalforum.org/Default.aspx?tabid=49) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725021423/http://www.aseanregionalforum.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=49 \|date\=25 July 2013 }}, [ASEAN Regional Forum official website](http://www.aseanregionalforum.org/) . Retrieved 12 June 2006\. As of July 2007, it consists of twenty\-seven participants that include all ASEAN member states, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, China, the EU, India, Japan, North and South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, East Timor, the United States, and Sri Lanka.{{cite web\|title\=ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)\|url\=http://www.dfat.gov.au/international\-relations/regional\-architecture/asean/pages/asean\-regional\-forum\-arf.aspx\|website\=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade\|publisher\=Government of Australia\|access\-date\=12 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227150707/http://www.dfat.gov.au/international\-relations/regional\-architecture/asean/pages/asean\-regional\-forum\-arf.aspx\|archive\-date\=27 February 2015}} Taiwan has been excluded since the establishment of the ARF, and issues regarding the Taiwan Strait are neither discussed at ARF meetings nor stated in the ARF Chairman's Statements.
ASEAN also holds meetings with Europe during the [Asia–Europe Meeting](/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting "Asia–Europe Meeting") (ASEM), an informal dialogue process initiated in 1996 with the intention of strengthening co\-operation between the countries of Europe and Asia, especially members of the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") and ASEAN in particular.{{cite book \|title\=Asia and Europe: the development and different dimensions of ASEM \|author\=Lay Hwee Yeo \|year\=2003 \|publisher\=Routledge (UK) \|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-30697\-3 }} ASEAN, represented by its secretariat, is one of the forty\-five ASEM partners. It also appoints a representative to sit on the governing board of [Asia\-Europe Foundation](/wiki/Asia-Europe_Foundation "Asia-Europe Foundation") (ASEF), a socio\-cultural organisation associated with the meeting. Annual bilateral meetings between ASEAN and India, Russia and the United States are also held.
Prior to 2012, ASEAN foreign ministerial statements were not typically contentious.{{Rp\|page\=90}} Particularly as international disagreements over the South China Sea increased, the wording of ASEAN foreign ministerial statements became more politically contended.{{Rp\|pages\=90–91}}
Following the [2022 visit by United States Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan](/wiki/2022_visit_by_Nancy_Pelosi_to_Taiwan "2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan"), ASEAN and individual member states reiterated their support of the [One China policy](/wiki/One_China "One China").{{Rp\|page\=89}}
On 12 November 2022, Ukrainian Foreign Minister [Dmytro Kuleba](/wiki/Dmytro_Kuleba "Dmytro Kuleba") urged ASEAN countries to abandon their neutrality and condemn Russia's [invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine").{{cite news \|title\=Ukraine minister urges ASEAN bloc to stop Russia's 'hunger games' \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/12/ukraine\-minister\-urges\-asean\-bloc\-to\-stop\-russias\-hunger\-games \|work\=Al Jazeera \|date\=12 November 2022}}
### Territorial disputes
#### South China Sea
{{Main\|Territorial disputes in the South China Sea}}
With perceptions that there have been [multiple incursions](/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea "Territorial disputes in the South China Sea") into the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea") by the PRC (China) and ROC (Taiwan), with land, islands and resources all having had previous overlapping claims between [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei "Brunei"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), and various other countries, the PRC and ROC's claim into the region is seen as intrusive by many Southeast Asian countries as of 2022, potentially a reflection of the threat of [Chinese expansionism](/wiki/Chinese_expansionism "Chinese expansionism") into the region.{{Cite web \|title\=Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea \|url\=https://cfr.org/global\-conflict\-tracker/conflict/territorial\-disputes\-south\-china\-sea \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-25 \|website\=Global Conflict Tracker}}{{Cite web \|title\=Stiffening the ASEAN spine in the South China Sea \|url\=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the\-interpreter/stiffening\-asean\-spine\-south\-china\-sea \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-25 \|website\=lowyinstitute.org}}{{Cite news\| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/10/world/asia/indonesia\-south\-china\-sea\-military\-buildup.html\| title\=Indonesia, Long on Sidelines, Starts to Confront China's Territorial Claims\| newspaper\=The New York Times\| date\=10 September 2017\| last1\=Cochrane\| first1\=Joe\| access\-date\=20 October 2018\| archive\-date\=30 September 2020\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053331/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/10/world/asia/indonesia\-south\-china\-sea\-military\-buildup.html\| url\-status\=live}}
Shortly after the conclusion of the [South China Sea Arbitration](/wiki/South_China_Sea_Arbitration "South China Sea Arbitration"), at the 24 July 2016 China\-ASEAN Foreign Ministers summit, China assured ASEAN that it would not conduct [land reclamation](/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_China "Land reclamation in China") on the Scarborough Shoal.{{Cite book \|last\=Wang \|first\=Frances Yaping \|title\=The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|year\=2024 \|isbn\=9780197757512}}{{Rp\|page\=129}} The joint statement at the conclusion of the summit emphasized the implementation of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and urged the parties to refrain from inhabiting currently unoccupied islands, reefs, shoals, cays, and other features.{{Rp\|page\=129}}
Within ASEAN, [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations "Cambodia–China relations") is often supportive of the PRC's positions, including on the South China Sea issue.{{Cite book \|last\=Gerstl \|first\=Alfred \|title\=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? \|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|year\=2023 \|isbn\=978\-1\-03\-239508\-1 \|editor\-last\=Kironska \|editor\-first\=Kristina \|chapter\=China in its Immediate Neighborhood \|editor\-last2\=Turscanyi \|editor\-first2\=Richard Q.}}{{Rp\|page\=211}}
#### Bilateral
There have been [territorial disputes](/wiki/Territorial_dispute "Territorial dispute") between ASEAN member states such as the [Cambodian–Thai border dispute](/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute "Cambodian–Thai border dispute") between Cambodia and Thailand, [Cambodian–Vietnamese border dispute](/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations%23Recent_events "Cambodia–Vietnam relations#Recent events") between Cambodia and Vietnam,{{cite web\| url\=https://theaseanpost.com/article/lesser\-known\-border\-tensions\-between\-cambodia\-and\-vietnam\-0\| title\=Lesser known border tensions between Cambodia and Vietnam\| work\=theaseanpost.com\| date\=9 April 2018\| access\-date\=5 February 2020\| archive\-date\=4 February 2020\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204234627/https://theaseanpost.com/article/lesser\-known\-border\-tensions\-between\-cambodia\-and\-vietnam\-0\| url\-status\=live}} and the [North Borneo dispute](/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute "North Borneo dispute") between the Philippines and Malaysia.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/27/1557213/binay\-pursue\-territorial\-claim\-sabah\-if\-elected\|title\=Binay to pursue territorial claim to Sabah if elected\| first1\= Helen \| last1\= Flores\| first2\= Alexis \| last2\= Romero\| work\=The Philippine Star\|date\=27 February 2016\|access\-date\=25 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325101019/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/27/1557213/binay\-pursue\-territorial\-claim\-sabah\-if\-elected\|archive\-date\= 25 March 2016}}{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=2479\&dat\=20000402\&id\=P1M1AAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2032,892348\&hl\=en\|title\=Marcos order: Destabilize, take Sabah\|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\|date\=2 April 2000\|access\-date\=19 June 2015\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053330/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=2479\&dat\=20000402\&id\=P1M1AAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2032%2C892348\&hl\=en\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/citing\-militant\-threats\-on\-sabah\-bn\-mp\-tells\-putrajaya\-to\-cut\-diplomatic\-ti\|title\=Citing militant threats on Sabah, BN MP tells Putrajaya to cut diplomatic ties to Manila\|author\= Yiswaree Palansamy\|newspaper\=The Malay Mail\|date\=15 March 2016\|access\-date\=25 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325100426/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/citing\-militant\-threats\-on\-sabah\-bn\-mp\-tells\-putrajaya\-to\-cut\-diplomatic\-ti\|archive\-date\=25 March 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia\-asks\-philippines/2565596\.html\|title\=Malaysia asks Philippines not to threaten ties over Sabah claim\| first\= Sumisha \| last\= Naidu\|publisher\=Channel NewsAsia\|date\=2 March 2016\|access\-date\=25 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325095839/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia\-asks\-philippines/2565596\.html\|archive\-date\=25 March 2016}} The [Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia](/wiki/Vietnamese_invasion_of_Cambodia "Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia") in 1978, backed by the Soviet Union, was not accepted by ASEAN. They rejected it as a violation of the principles of regional integration. ASEAN cooperated with US and Australia to oppose Vietnam's move and it sponsored a Cambodian resolution in the United Nations General Assembly. ASEAN played a major role starting in 1980 in the peace process, leading to the 1991 Paris Agreement.
### Relations with other blocs
[thumb\|upright\=1\.8\|right\|
{{legend\|\#1743a6\|ASEAN}}
{{legend\|\#6330d5\|ASEAN Plus Three}}
{{legend\|\#0d675e\|ASEAN Plus Six}}](/wiki/File:ASEAN_with_Plus_3_and_Plus_6.png "ASEAN with Plus 3 and Plus 6.png")
#### ASEAN Plus Three
In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an [East Asia Economic Caucus](/wiki/East_Asia_Economic_Caucus "East Asia Economic Caucus")[East Asia Economic Caucus](http://www.asean.org/9303.htm). ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 14 March 2007\. {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302193928/http://www.asean.org/9303\.htm\|date\=2 March 2012}} composed of the members of ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea. It intended to counterbalance the growing US influence in [Asia\-Pacific Economic Cooperation](/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation") (APEC) and Asia as a whole.{{usurped\|1\=\[https://web.archive.org/web/20060429002757/http://asiaviews.org/?content\=ger53rger567664\&voices\=20060125184254 Asiaviews.org]}}, Whither East Asia? Retrieved 14 March 2007\.[UNT.edu](https://web.archive.org/web/20100605002320/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs//data/1993/upl-meta-crs-66/93-633f_1993Jun30.txt?PHPSESSID=f7a7ec622077fa19bfce9ec9def6f3d9), Asia's Reaction to NAFTA, Nancy J. Hamilton. CRS – Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 14 March 2007\. However, the proposal failed because of strong opposition from the US and Japan.[IHT.com](http://www.iht.com/articles/1994/07/26/caucus.php), Japan Straddles Fence on Issue of East Asia Caucus. [International Herald Tribune](/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune "International Herald Tribune"). Retrieved 14 March 2007\. {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212201202/http://www.iht.com/articles/1994/07/26/caucus.php\|date\=12 February 2009}} Work for further integration continued, and the [ASEAN Plus Three](/wiki/ASEAN_Plus_Three "ASEAN Plus Three"),[ASEAN Plus Three](https://aseanplusthree.asean.org) consisting of ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea, was created in 1997\.
[ASEAN Plus Three](/wiki/ASEAN_Plus_Three "ASEAN Plus Three") is a forum that functions as a coordinator of co\-operation between the ASEAN and the three [East Asian](/wiki/East_Asia "East Asia") nations of China, South Korea, and Japan. Government leaders, ministers, and senior officials from the ten members of the ASEAN and the three East Asian states consult on an increasing range of issues.["The Rise of China and Community Building in East Asia"](http://www.irchina.org/en/pdf/zxm06.pdf){{dead link\|date\=October 2016 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, Zhang Xiaoming, ASIAN Perspective, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2006, pp. 129–148\. The ASEAN Plus Three is the latest development of Southeast Asia\-East Asia regional co\-operation. In the past, proposals, such as South Korea's call for an Asian Common Market in 1970 and Japan's 1988 suggestion for an Asian Network, have been made to bring closer regional co\-operation.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aseansec.org/16580\.htm \|title\=Deneme Bonusu Veren Siteler – Deneme Bonusu 2023 \|access\-date\=2016\-04\-28 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528001949/http://www.aseansec.org/16580\.htm \|archive\-date\=28 May 2013 }} ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation
The first leaders' meetings were held in 1996, and 1997 to deal with [Asia–Europe Meeting](/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting "Asia–Europe Meeting") issues, and China and Japan each wanted regular summit meetings with ASEAN members afterwards. The group's significance and importance were strengthened by the [Asian Financial Crisis](/wiki/Asian_Financial_Crisis "Asian Financial Crisis"). In response to the crisis, ASEAN closely cooperated with China, South Korea, and Japan. Since the implementation of the Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation in 1999 at the Manila Summit, ASEAN Plus Three finance ministers have been holding periodic consultations.Stubbs, R. "ASEAN Plus Three: Emerging East Asian Regionalism?" n.d. web. 12 May 2012\. ASEAN Plus Three, in establishing the [Chiang Mai Initiative](/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Initiative "Chiang Mai Initiative"), has been credited as forming the basis for financial stability in Asia,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aseansec.org/17902\.pdf\|title\=Welcome To The World Of Smokeless Cigarettes!\|author\=atinder\|work\=E\-Cigarette Review Council\|access\-date\=28 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716172317/http://www.aseansec.org/17902\.pdf\|archive\-date\=16 July 2011}} the lack of such stability having contributed to the Asian Financial Crisis.
Since the process began in 1997, ASEAN Plus Three has also focused on subjects other than finance such as the areas of food and energy security, financial co\-operation, trade facilitation, disaster management, people\-to\-people contacts, narrowing the development gap, rural development, and poverty alleviation, human trafficking, labour movement, communicable diseases, environment and sustainable development, and [transnational crime](/wiki/Transnational_crime "Transnational crime"), including counter\-terrorism. With the aim of further strengthening the nations' co\-operation, East Asia Vision Group (EAVG) II was established at the 13th ASEAN Plus Three Summit on 29 October 2010 in [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi "Hanoi") to stock\-take, review, and identify the future direction of the co\-operation.
The ASEAN Plus Three framework also serves as a platform for the ASEAN affiliated intergovernmental organizations in China, Korea, and Japan to meet and cooperate. The [ASEAN\-China Centre](/wiki/ASEAN-China_Centre "ASEAN-China Centre"), the [ASEAN\-Japan Centre](/wiki/ASEAN-Japan_Centre "ASEAN-Japan Centre"), and [ASEAN\-Korea Centre](/wiki/ASEAN-Korea_Centre "ASEAN-Korea Centre") currently convene annually to discuss ongoing projects and to discuss possible areas of cooperation vis\-a\-vis ASEAN.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.asean\-china\-center.org/english/2022\-10/11397\.html \|title\= Secretaries\-General of ASEAN\-China Centre, ASEAN\-Japan Centre and ASEAN\-Korea Centre Held 18th Informal Meeting \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-07 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20230923073442/http://www.asean\-china\-center.org/english/2022\-10/11397\.html \|archive\-date\=23 September 2023 }}
#### ASEAN Plus Six
ASEAN Plus Three was the first of attempts for further integration to improve existing ties of Southeast Asia with [East Asian](/wiki/East_Asia "East Asia") countries of China, Japan and South Korea. This was followed by the even larger [East Asia Summit](/wiki/East_Asia_Summit "East Asia Summit") (EAS), which included ASEAN Plus Three as well as India, Australia, and New Zealand. This group acted as a prerequisite for the planned [East Asia Community](/wiki/East_Asia_Community "East Asia Community") which was supposedly patterned after the [European Community](/wiki/European_Community "European Community") (now transformed into the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union")). The [ASEAN Eminent Persons Group](/wiki/ASEAN_Eminent_Persons_Group "ASEAN Eminent Persons Group") was created to study this policy's possible successes and failures.
The group became ASEAN Plus Six with Australia, New Zealand, and India, and stands as the linchpin of [Asia Pacific](/wiki/Asia-Pacific "Asia-Pacific")'s economic, political, security, socio\-cultural architecture, as well as the global economy.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.jcer.or.jp/eng/pdf/asia07\.pdf \|title\=An ASEAN\+6 Economic Partnership: Significance and Tasks \|last\=Urata \|first\=Shujiro \|date\=February 2008 \|access\-date\=29 November 2018 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053153/https://www.jcer.or.jp/eng/pdf/asia07\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop\_e/region\_e/con\_sep07\_e/kawai\_wignaraja\_e.pdf \|title\=ASEAN\+3 or ASEAN\+6: Which Way Forward? \|last1\=Kawai \|first1\=Masahiro \|last2\=Wignaraja \|first2\=Ganeshan \|access\-date\=29 November 2018 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053202/https://www.wto.org/english/tratop\_e/region\_e/con\_sep07\_e/kawai\_wignaraja\_e.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|title\=Conclusion for Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 'finally in sight': PM Lee \|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/asean\-regional\-comprehensive\-economic\-partnership\-pm\-lee\-10662722 \|work\=Channel NewsAsia \|access\-date\=16 September 2018 \|archive\-date\=16 September 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164051/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/asean\-regional\-comprehensive\-economic\-partnership\-pm\-lee\-10662722 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2009/05/15/asean6\-as\-a\-step\-towards\-an\-asian\-economic\-community/\|title\=ASEAN\+6 as a step towards an Asian Economic Community\|date\=15 May 2009\|work\=East Asia Forum\|access\-date\=16 September 2018\|archive\-date\=30 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053206/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2009/05/15/asean6\-as\-a\-step\-towards\-an\-asian\-economic\-community/\|url\-status\=live}} Codification of the relations between these countries has seen progress through the development of the [Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership](/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership "Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership"), a free\-trade agreement involving the 15 countries of ASEAN Plus Six (excluding India). RCEP would, in part, allow the members to protect local sectors and give more time to comply with the aim for developed country members.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east\-asia/tpp\-rcep\-ftaap\-a\-users\-guide\-to\-alphabet\-soup\-of\-trade\-deals \|title\=TPP, RCEP, FTAAP – a user's guide to alphabet soup of trade deals \|newspaper\=The Straits Times \|date\=20 November 2016 \|access\-date\=28 November 2016 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053205/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east\-asia/tpp\-rcep\-ftaap\-a\-users\-guide\-to\-alphabet\-soup\-of\-trade\-deals \|url\-status\=live }}
[India](/wiki/India "India") temporarily does not join the RCEP for the protection of its own market, but Japan, China, and ASEAN welcomes India's participation.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019\-11/08/content\_5450257\.htm \|script\-title\=zh:中方：无意追求对印度贸易顺差 欢迎印度尽早加入Rcep\_滚动新闻\_中国政府网 \|script\-website\=zh:中国政府网\_中央人民政府门户网站}}
[Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") has been excluded from participating with the organization owing to China's influence on the [Asia Pacific](/wiki/Asia_Pacific "Asia Pacific") through its economic and diplomatic influence.{{cite journal \| last\=Hsieh \| first\=Pasha L. \| title\=Rethinking non\-recognition: Taiwan's new pivot to ASEAN and the one\-China policy \| journal\=Cambridge Review of International Affairs \| publisher\=Informa UK Limited \| date\=2019\-09\-09 \| volume\=33 \| issue\=2 \| issn\=0955\-7571 \| doi\=10\.1080/09557571\.2019\.1657796 \| pages\=204–228 \| s2cid\=203301979 \| url\=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol\_research/2953 \| access\-date\=3 September 2020 \| archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053205/https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol\_research/2953/ \| url\-status\=live }}
|
[
"Foreign relations\n-----------------",
"{{Main\\|ASEAN Summit}}",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.15\\|Royal Thai Embassy, Helsinki, flying its own national flag as well as ASEAN's flag](/wiki/File:Asean_flag_flying_at_Royal_Thai_Embassy_Helsinki.jpg \"Asean flag flying at Royal Thai Embassy Helsinki.jpg\")\n[upright\\=1\\.15\\|thumb\\|right\\|Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte poses for a photo with the ASEAN foreign ministers during the 50th anniversary of the group's foundation on 8 August 2017\\.](/wiki/File:ASEAN_50th_Anniversary.jpg \"ASEAN 50th Anniversary.jpg\")",
"ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances, dialogue partners and diplomatic missions, and is involved in numerous international affairs.{{cite news \\|title\\=Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) {{!}} Treaties \\& Regimes {{!}} NTI \\|url\\=http://www.nti.org/learn/treaties\\-and\\-regimes/association\\-southeast\\-asian\\-nations\\-asean/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413082230/https://www.nti.org/learn/treaties\\-and\\-regimes/association\\-southeast\\-asian\\-nations\\-asean/ \\|archive\\-date\\=13 April 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2018 \\|newspaper\\=The Nuclear Threat Initiative}}{{cite web \\|date\\=20 December 2016 \\|title\\=ASEAN\\-UN Partnership \\|url\\=http://www.unaprcm.org/asean\\-un\\-partnership \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012012749/http://www.unaprcm.org/asean\\-un\\-partnership \\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2017 \\|website\\=Asia\\-Pacific Regional Coordination Mechanism}}{{cite web \\|title\\=An Overview of ASEAN\\-United Nations Cooperation – ASEAN – ONE VISION ONE IDENTITY ONE COMMUNITY \\|url\\=http://asean.org/?static\\_post\\=background\\-overview\\-united\\-nations \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053140/https://asean.org/?static\\_post\\=background\\-overview\\-united\\-nations \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2017}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Intergovernmental Organizations \\|url\\=https://www.un.org/en/sections/member\\-states/intergovernmental\\-organizations/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523053652/http://www.un.org/en/sections/member\\-states/intergovernmental\\-organizations/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=23 May 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2017 \\|website\\=un.org}} The organisation maintains good relationships on an international scale, particularly towards Asia\\-Pacific nations, and upholds itself as a neutral party in politics. It holds [ASEAN Summits](/wiki/ASEAN_Summit \"ASEAN Summit\"), where [heads of government](/wiki/Head_of_government \"Head of government\") of each member states meet to discuss and resolve regional issues, as well as to conduct other meetings with countries outside the bloc to promote external relations and deal with international affairs. The first summit was held in [Bali](/wiki/Bali \"Bali\") in 1976\\. The third summit was in [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") in 1987, and during this meeting, it was decided that the leaders would meet every five years.[ASEAN Structure](http://www.summit99.ops.gov.ph/asean_structure.htm), *ASEAN Primer* {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222144528/http://www.summit99\\.ops.gov.ph/asean\\_structure.htm \\|date\\=22 February 2008 }} The fourth meeting was held in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") in 1992 where the leaders decided to meet more frequently, every three years. In 2001, it was decided that the organisation will meet annually to address urgent issues affecting the region. In December 2008, the ASEAN Charter came into force and with it, the ASEAN Summit will be held twice a year. The formal summit meets for three days, and usually includes internal organisation meeting, a conference with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum, an ASEAN Plus Three meeting and ASEAN\\-CER, a meeting of member states with Australia and New Zealand.[ASEAN\\-CER Meeting: Trade is the Key Driver in Fostering Growth](http://asean.org/asean-cer-meeting-trade-is-the-key-driver-in-fostering-growth-siem-reap-31-august-2012/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053248/https://asean.org/asean\\-cer\\-meeting\\-trade\\-is\\-the\\-key\\-driver\\-in\\-fostering\\-growth\\-siem\\-reap\\-31\\-august\\-2012/ \\|date\\=30 September 2020 }}, 31 August 2012, ASEAN Secretariat News",
"ASEAN is a major partner of the [Shanghai Cooperation Organisation](/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation \"Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\"), developing cooperation model with the organisation in the field of security, economy, finance, tourism, culture, environmental protection, development and sustainability.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.eurasiafuture.com/2018/06/07/the\\-shanghai\\-cooperation\\-organisation\\-and\\-brics\\-should\\-combine\\-to\\-form\\-a\\-single\\-cohesive\\-group/\\|title\\=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS Should Combine to Form a Single Cohesive Group – Eurasia Future\\|date\\=7 June 2018\\|work\\=Eurasia Future\\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053246/https://eurasiafuture.com/is\\-chad\\-losing\\-control\\-of\\-the\\-central\\-african\\-pivot\\-space/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20170806/309746\\.html\\|title\\=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation {{!}} SCO\\|website\\=eng.sectsco.org\\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053311/http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20170806/309746\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018\\-06/10/c\\_137244965\\.htm\\|title\\=Interview: Cambodian FM says Cambodia can bridge SCO and ASEAN – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn\\|work\\=xinhuanet.com\\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053250/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018\\-06/10/c\\_137244965\\.htm}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://en.sco\\-russia.ru/cooperation/20140905/1013179818\\.html\\|title\\=SCO\\-ASEAN Cooperation for Mutual Interests\\|website\\=en.sco\\-russia.ru\\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053251/http://en.sco\\-russia.ru/cooperation/20140905/1013179818\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Additionally, the grouping has been closely aligned with [China](/wiki/China \"China\"), cooperating across numerous areas, including economy, security, education, culture, technology, agriculture, human resource, society, development, investment, energy, transport, public health, tourism, media, environment, and sustainability.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://asean.org/storage/2016/01/Overview\\-of\\-ASEAN\\-China\\-Relations\\-April\\-2017\\.pdf \\|title\\=Overview of ASEAN\\-China Dialogue Relations \\|series \\= ASEAN Secretariat Information Paper \\| date \\= April 2017 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002517/https://asean.org/storage/2016/01/Overview\\-of\\-ASEAN\\-China\\-Relations\\-April\\-2017\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=25 August 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2018 \\| pages \\= 3–5 }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Taking Asean\\-China ties to the next level \\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/taking\\-asean\\-china\\-ties\\-to\\-the\\-next\\-level \\|work\\=The Straits Times \\|date\\=15 September 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 August 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002519/https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/taking\\-asean\\-china\\-ties\\-to\\-the\\-next\\-level \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|title\\=First ASEAN\\-China maritime field training exercise to be held in October: MINDEF \\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/first\\-asean\\-china\\-maritime\\-exercise\\-training\\-navy\\-mindef\\-10586432 \\|work\\=Channel NewsAsia \\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053251/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/first\\-asean\\-china\\-maritime\\-exercise\\-training\\-navy\\-mindef\\-10586432 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It is also the linchpin in the foreign policy of Australia and New Zealand, with the three sides being integrated into an essential alliance.{{cite news \\|title\\=ASEAN\\-Australia Special Summit ends with commitments on cybersecurity, free trade \\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/asean\\-australia\\-special\\-summit\\-commitment\\-cybersecurity\\-trade\\-10054114 \\|work\\=Channel NewsAsia \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053252/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/asean\\-australia\\-special\\-summit\\-commitment\\-cybersecurity\\-trade\\-10054114 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Trade \\|first1\\=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and \\|title\\=Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) \\|url\\=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries\\-and\\-regions/south\\-east\\-asia/association\\-of\\-south\\-east\\-asian\\-nations\\-asean/ \\|work\\=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053320/https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries\\-and\\-regions/south\\-east\\-asia/association\\-of\\-south\\-east\\-asian\\-nations\\-asean/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|title\\=ASEAN seeks to strengthen trade relations with partners – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn \\|url\\=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018\\-09/01/c\\_137437019\\.htm \\|work\\=xinhuanet.com \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053257/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018\\-09/01/c\\_137437019\\.htm }}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Stolarchuk \\|first1\\=Jewel \\|title\\=Reflecting on the ASEAN–Australian relationship \\|url\\=http://theindependent.sg/reflecting\\-on\\-the\\-asean\\-australian\\-relationship/ \\|work\\=The Independent \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 March 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330181723/http://theindependent.sg/reflecting\\-on\\-the\\-asean\\-australian\\-relationship/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"ASEAN also participates in the [East Asia Summit](/wiki/East_Asia_Summit \"East Asia Summit\") (EAS), a pan\\-Asian forum held annually by the leaders of eighteen countries in the [East Asian](/wiki/East_Asia \"East Asia\") region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. Initially, membership included all member states of ASEAN plus China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and New Zealand, but was expanded to include the United States and Russia at the Sixth EAS in 2011, as they were also important players having dominance and influence over the region. The first summit was held in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\") on 14 December 2005, and subsequent meetings have been held after the annual ASEAN Leaders' Meeting. The summit has discussed issues including trade, [energy](/wiki/Energy \"Energy\"), and security and the summit has a role in [regional community building](/wiki/East_Asia_Community \"East Asia Community\").",
"Other meetings include the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting[ASEAN Ministerial Meetings](http://www.asean.org/89.htm), ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 13 March 2007\\. {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302194224/http://www.asean.org/89\\.htm \\|date\\=2 March 2012 }}[Asean.org](http://www.asean.org/73.htm), ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 16 March 2007\\. {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622232333/http://www.asean.org/73\\.htm \\|date\\=22 June 2012 }} that focus mostly on specific topics, such as defence or the environment,{{cite news\\|title\\=Malaysians have had enough of haze woes \\|url\\=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/content/view/4967/2/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121219224631/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/content/view/4967/2/ \\|archive\\-date\\=19 December 2012 \\|publisher\\=The Malaysian Bar \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2007 }} and are attended by [ministers](/wiki/Minister_%28government%29 \"Minister (government)\"). The {{visible anchor\\|ASEAN Regional Forum}} (ARF), which met for the first time in 1994, fosters dialogue and consultation, and to promote confidence\\-building and preventive diplomacy in the region.[About Us](http://www.aseanregionalforum.org/Default.aspx?tabid=49) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725021423/http://www.aseanregionalforum.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=49 \\|date\\=25 July 2013 }}, [ASEAN Regional Forum official website](http://www.aseanregionalforum.org/) . Retrieved 12 June 2006\\. As of July 2007, it consists of twenty\\-seven participants that include all ASEAN member states, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, China, the EU, India, Japan, North and South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, East Timor, the United States, and Sri Lanka.{{cite web\\|title\\=ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)\\|url\\=http://www.dfat.gov.au/international\\-relations/regional\\-architecture/asean/pages/asean\\-regional\\-forum\\-arf.aspx\\|website\\=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade\\|publisher\\=Government of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227150707/http://www.dfat.gov.au/international\\-relations/regional\\-architecture/asean/pages/asean\\-regional\\-forum\\-arf.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2015}} Taiwan has been excluded since the establishment of the ARF, and issues regarding the Taiwan Strait are neither discussed at ARF meetings nor stated in the ARF Chairman's Statements.",
"ASEAN also holds meetings with Europe during the [Asia–Europe Meeting](/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting \"Asia–Europe Meeting\") (ASEM), an informal dialogue process initiated in 1996 with the intention of strengthening co\\-operation between the countries of Europe and Asia, especially members of the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") and ASEAN in particular.{{cite book \\|title\\=Asia and Europe: the development and different dimensions of ASEM \\|author\\=Lay Hwee Yeo \\|year\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=Routledge (UK) \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-30697\\-3 }} ASEAN, represented by its secretariat, is one of the forty\\-five ASEM partners. It also appoints a representative to sit on the governing board of [Asia\\-Europe Foundation](/wiki/Asia-Europe_Foundation \"Asia-Europe Foundation\") (ASEF), a socio\\-cultural organisation associated with the meeting. Annual bilateral meetings between ASEAN and India, Russia and the United States are also held.",
"Prior to 2012, ASEAN foreign ministerial statements were not typically contentious.{{Rp\\|page\\=90}} Particularly as international disagreements over the South China Sea increased, the wording of ASEAN foreign ministerial statements became more politically contended.{{Rp\\|pages\\=90–91}}",
"Following the [2022 visit by United States Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan](/wiki/2022_visit_by_Nancy_Pelosi_to_Taiwan \"2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan\"), ASEAN and individual member states reiterated their support of the [One China policy](/wiki/One_China \"One China\").{{Rp\\|page\\=89}}",
"On 12 November 2022, Ukrainian Foreign Minister [Dmytro Kuleba](/wiki/Dmytro_Kuleba \"Dmytro Kuleba\") urged ASEAN countries to abandon their neutrality and condemn Russia's [invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Ukraine minister urges ASEAN bloc to stop Russia's 'hunger games' \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/12/ukraine\\-minister\\-urges\\-asean\\-bloc\\-to\\-stop\\-russias\\-hunger\\-games \\|work\\=Al Jazeera \\|date\\=12 November 2022}}",
"### Territorial disputes",
"#### South China Sea",
"{{Main\\|Territorial disputes in the South China Sea}}",
"With perceptions that there have been [multiple incursions](/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea \"Territorial disputes in the South China Sea\") into the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea \"South China Sea\") by the PRC (China) and ROC (Taiwan), with land, islands and resources all having had previous overlapping claims between [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"), [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei \"Brunei\"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"), and various other countries, the PRC and ROC's claim into the region is seen as intrusive by many Southeast Asian countries as of 2022, potentially a reflection of the threat of [Chinese expansionism](/wiki/Chinese_expansionism \"Chinese expansionism\") into the region.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea \\|url\\=https://cfr.org/global\\-conflict\\-tracker/conflict/territorial\\-disputes\\-south\\-china\\-sea \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-25 \\|website\\=Global Conflict Tracker}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Stiffening the ASEAN spine in the South China Sea \\|url\\=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the\\-interpreter/stiffening\\-asean\\-spine\\-south\\-china\\-sea \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-25 \\|website\\=lowyinstitute.org}}{{Cite news\\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/10/world/asia/indonesia\\-south\\-china\\-sea\\-military\\-buildup.html\\| title\\=Indonesia, Long on Sidelines, Starts to Confront China's Territorial Claims\\| newspaper\\=The New York Times\\| date\\=10 September 2017\\| last1\\=Cochrane\\| first1\\=Joe\\| access\\-date\\=20 October 2018\\| archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053331/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/10/world/asia/indonesia\\-south\\-china\\-sea\\-military\\-buildup.html\\| url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Shortly after the conclusion of the [South China Sea Arbitration](/wiki/South_China_Sea_Arbitration \"South China Sea Arbitration\"), at the 24 July 2016 China\\-ASEAN Foreign Ministers summit, China assured ASEAN that it would not conduct [land reclamation](/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_China \"Land reclamation in China\") on the Scarborough Shoal.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Wang \\|first\\=Frances Yaping \\|title\\=The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|year\\=2024 \\|isbn\\=9780197757512}}{{Rp\\|page\\=129}} The joint statement at the conclusion of the summit emphasized the implementation of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and urged the parties to refrain from inhabiting currently unoccupied islands, reefs, shoals, cays, and other features.{{Rp\\|page\\=129}}",
"Within ASEAN, [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations \"Cambodia–China relations\") is often supportive of the PRC's positions, including on the South China Sea issue.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gerstl \\|first\\=Alfred \\|title\\=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|year\\=2023 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-03\\-239508\\-1 \\|editor\\-last\\=Kironska \\|editor\\-first\\=Kristina \\|chapter\\=China in its Immediate Neighborhood \\|editor\\-last2\\=Turscanyi \\|editor\\-first2\\=Richard Q.}}{{Rp\\|page\\=211}}",
"#### Bilateral",
"There have been [territorial disputes](/wiki/Territorial_dispute \"Territorial dispute\") between ASEAN member states such as the [Cambodian–Thai border dispute](/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute \"Cambodian–Thai border dispute\") between Cambodia and Thailand, [Cambodian–Vietnamese border dispute](/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations%23Recent_events \"Cambodia–Vietnam relations#Recent events\") between Cambodia and Vietnam,{{cite web\\| url\\=https://theaseanpost.com/article/lesser\\-known\\-border\\-tensions\\-between\\-cambodia\\-and\\-vietnam\\-0\\| title\\=Lesser known border tensions between Cambodia and Vietnam\\| work\\=theaseanpost.com\\| date\\=9 April 2018\\| access\\-date\\=5 February 2020\\| archive\\-date\\=4 February 2020\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204234627/https://theaseanpost.com/article/lesser\\-known\\-border\\-tensions\\-between\\-cambodia\\-and\\-vietnam\\-0\\| url\\-status\\=live}} and the [North Borneo dispute](/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute \"North Borneo dispute\") between the Philippines and Malaysia.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/27/1557213/binay\\-pursue\\-territorial\\-claim\\-sabah\\-if\\-elected\\|title\\=Binay to pursue territorial claim to Sabah if elected\\| first1\\= Helen \\| last1\\= Flores\\| first2\\= Alexis \\| last2\\= Romero\\| work\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=27 February 2016\\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325101019/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/27/1557213/binay\\-pursue\\-territorial\\-claim\\-sabah\\-if\\-elected\\|archive\\-date\\= 25 March 2016}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=2479\\&dat\\=20000402\\&id\\=P1M1AAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2032,892348\\&hl\\=en\\|title\\=Marcos order: Destabilize, take Sabah\\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\\|date\\=2 April 2000\\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053330/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=2479\\&dat\\=20000402\\&id\\=P1M1AAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2032%2C892348\\&hl\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/citing\\-militant\\-threats\\-on\\-sabah\\-bn\\-mp\\-tells\\-putrajaya\\-to\\-cut\\-diplomatic\\-ti\\|title\\=Citing militant threats on Sabah, BN MP tells Putrajaya to cut diplomatic ties to Manila\\|author\\= Yiswaree Palansamy\\|newspaper\\=The Malay Mail\\|date\\=15 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325100426/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/citing\\-militant\\-threats\\-on\\-sabah\\-bn\\-mp\\-tells\\-putrajaya\\-to\\-cut\\-diplomatic\\-ti\\|archive\\-date\\=25 March 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia\\-asks\\-philippines/2565596\\.html\\|title\\=Malaysia asks Philippines not to threaten ties over Sabah claim\\| first\\= Sumisha \\| last\\= Naidu\\|publisher\\=Channel NewsAsia\\|date\\=2 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325095839/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia\\-asks\\-philippines/2565596\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=25 March 2016}} The [Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia](/wiki/Vietnamese_invasion_of_Cambodia \"Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia\") in 1978, backed by the Soviet Union, was not accepted by ASEAN. They rejected it as a violation of the principles of regional integration. ASEAN cooperated with US and Australia to oppose Vietnam's move and it sponsored a Cambodian resolution in the United Nations General Assembly. ASEAN played a major role starting in 1980 in the peace process, leading to the 1991 Paris Agreement.",
"### Relations with other blocs",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.8\\|right\\|\n{{legend\\|\\#1743a6\\|ASEAN}}\n{{legend\\|\\#6330d5\\|ASEAN Plus Three}}\n{{legend\\|\\#0d675e\\|ASEAN Plus Six}}](/wiki/File:ASEAN_with_Plus_3_and_Plus_6.png \"ASEAN with Plus 3 and Plus 6.png\")",
"#### ASEAN Plus Three",
"In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an [East Asia Economic Caucus](/wiki/East_Asia_Economic_Caucus \"East Asia Economic Caucus\")[East Asia Economic Caucus](http://www.asean.org/9303.htm). ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 14 March 2007\\. {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302193928/http://www.asean.org/9303\\.htm\\|date\\=2 March 2012}} composed of the members of ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea. It intended to counterbalance the growing US influence in [Asia\\-Pacific Economic Cooperation](/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation \"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation\") (APEC) and Asia as a whole.{{usurped\\|1\\=\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20060429002757/http://asiaviews.org/?content\\=ger53rger567664\\&voices\\=20060125184254 Asiaviews.org]}}, Whither East Asia? Retrieved 14 March 2007\\.[UNT.edu](https://web.archive.org/web/20100605002320/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs//data/1993/upl-meta-crs-66/93-633f_1993Jun30.txt?PHPSESSID=f7a7ec622077fa19bfce9ec9def6f3d9), Asia's Reaction to NAFTA, Nancy J. Hamilton. CRS – Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 14 March 2007\\. However, the proposal failed because of strong opposition from the US and Japan.[IHT.com](http://www.iht.com/articles/1994/07/26/caucus.php), Japan Straddles Fence on Issue of East Asia Caucus. [International Herald Tribune](/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune \"International Herald Tribune\"). Retrieved 14 March 2007\\. {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212201202/http://www.iht.com/articles/1994/07/26/caucus.php\\|date\\=12 February 2009}} Work for further integration continued, and the [ASEAN Plus Three](/wiki/ASEAN_Plus_Three \"ASEAN Plus Three\"),[ASEAN Plus Three](https://aseanplusthree.asean.org) consisting of ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea, was created in 1997\\.",
"[ASEAN Plus Three](/wiki/ASEAN_Plus_Three \"ASEAN Plus Three\") is a forum that functions as a coordinator of co\\-operation between the ASEAN and the three [East Asian](/wiki/East_Asia \"East Asia\") nations of China, South Korea, and Japan. Government leaders, ministers, and senior officials from the ten members of the ASEAN and the three East Asian states consult on an increasing range of issues.[\"The Rise of China and Community Building in East Asia\"](http://www.irchina.org/en/pdf/zxm06.pdf){{dead link\\|date\\=October 2016 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, Zhang Xiaoming, ASIAN Perspective, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2006, pp. 129–148\\. The ASEAN Plus Three is the latest development of Southeast Asia\\-East Asia regional co\\-operation. In the past, proposals, such as South Korea's call for an Asian Common Market in 1970 and Japan's 1988 suggestion for an Asian Network, have been made to bring closer regional co\\-operation.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aseansec.org/16580\\.htm \\|title\\=Deneme Bonusu Veren Siteler – Deneme Bonusu 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-28 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528001949/http://www.aseansec.org/16580\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=28 May 2013 }} ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation",
"The first leaders' meetings were held in 1996, and 1997 to deal with [Asia–Europe Meeting](/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting \"Asia–Europe Meeting\") issues, and China and Japan each wanted regular summit meetings with ASEAN members afterwards. The group's significance and importance were strengthened by the [Asian Financial Crisis](/wiki/Asian_Financial_Crisis \"Asian Financial Crisis\"). In response to the crisis, ASEAN closely cooperated with China, South Korea, and Japan. Since the implementation of the Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation in 1999 at the Manila Summit, ASEAN Plus Three finance ministers have been holding periodic consultations.Stubbs, R. \"ASEAN Plus Three: Emerging East Asian Regionalism?\" n.d. web. 12 May 2012\\. ASEAN Plus Three, in establishing the [Chiang Mai Initiative](/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Initiative \"Chiang Mai Initiative\"), has been credited as forming the basis for financial stability in Asia,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aseansec.org/17902\\.pdf\\|title\\=Welcome To The World Of Smokeless Cigarettes!\\|author\\=atinder\\|work\\=E\\-Cigarette Review Council\\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716172317/http://www.aseansec.org/17902\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=16 July 2011}} the lack of such stability having contributed to the Asian Financial Crisis.",
"Since the process began in 1997, ASEAN Plus Three has also focused on subjects other than finance such as the areas of food and energy security, financial co\\-operation, trade facilitation, disaster management, people\\-to\\-people contacts, narrowing the development gap, rural development, and poverty alleviation, human trafficking, labour movement, communicable diseases, environment and sustainable development, and [transnational crime](/wiki/Transnational_crime \"Transnational crime\"), including counter\\-terrorism. With the aim of further strengthening the nations' co\\-operation, East Asia Vision Group (EAVG) II was established at the 13th ASEAN Plus Three Summit on 29 October 2010 in [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi \"Hanoi\") to stock\\-take, review, and identify the future direction of the co\\-operation.",
"The ASEAN Plus Three framework also serves as a platform for the ASEAN affiliated intergovernmental organizations in China, Korea, and Japan to meet and cooperate. The [ASEAN\\-China Centre](/wiki/ASEAN-China_Centre \"ASEAN-China Centre\"), the [ASEAN\\-Japan Centre](/wiki/ASEAN-Japan_Centre \"ASEAN-Japan Centre\"), and [ASEAN\\-Korea Centre](/wiki/ASEAN-Korea_Centre \"ASEAN-Korea Centre\") currently convene annually to discuss ongoing projects and to discuss possible areas of cooperation vis\\-a\\-vis ASEAN.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.asean\\-china\\-center.org/english/2022\\-10/11397\\.html \\|title\\= Secretaries\\-General of ASEAN\\-China Centre, ASEAN\\-Japan Centre and ASEAN\\-Korea Centre Held 18th Informal Meeting \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20230923073442/http://www.asean\\-china\\-center.org/english/2022\\-10/11397\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2023 }}",
"#### ASEAN Plus Six",
"ASEAN Plus Three was the first of attempts for further integration to improve existing ties of Southeast Asia with [East Asian](/wiki/East_Asia \"East Asia\") countries of China, Japan and South Korea. This was followed by the even larger [East Asia Summit](/wiki/East_Asia_Summit \"East Asia Summit\") (EAS), which included ASEAN Plus Three as well as India, Australia, and New Zealand. This group acted as a prerequisite for the planned [East Asia Community](/wiki/East_Asia_Community \"East Asia Community\") which was supposedly patterned after the [European Community](/wiki/European_Community \"European Community\") (now transformed into the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\")). The [ASEAN Eminent Persons Group](/wiki/ASEAN_Eminent_Persons_Group \"ASEAN Eminent Persons Group\") was created to study this policy's possible successes and failures.",
"The group became ASEAN Plus Six with Australia, New Zealand, and India, and stands as the linchpin of [Asia Pacific](/wiki/Asia-Pacific \"Asia-Pacific\")'s economic, political, security, socio\\-cultural architecture, as well as the global economy.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.jcer.or.jp/eng/pdf/asia07\\.pdf \\|title\\=An ASEAN\\+6 Economic Partnership: Significance and Tasks \\|last\\=Urata \\|first\\=Shujiro \\|date\\=February 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053153/https://www.jcer.or.jp/eng/pdf/asia07\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop\\_e/region\\_e/con\\_sep07\\_e/kawai\\_wignaraja\\_e.pdf \\|title\\=ASEAN\\+3 or ASEAN\\+6: Which Way Forward? \\|last1\\=Kawai \\|first1\\=Masahiro \\|last2\\=Wignaraja \\|first2\\=Ganeshan \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053202/https://www.wto.org/english/tratop\\_e/region\\_e/con\\_sep07\\_e/kawai\\_wignaraja\\_e.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Conclusion for Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 'finally in sight': PM Lee \\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/asean\\-regional\\-comprehensive\\-economic\\-partnership\\-pm\\-lee\\-10662722 \\|work\\=Channel NewsAsia \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164051/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/asean\\-regional\\-comprehensive\\-economic\\-partnership\\-pm\\-lee\\-10662722 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2009/05/15/asean6\\-as\\-a\\-step\\-towards\\-an\\-asian\\-economic\\-community/\\|title\\=ASEAN\\+6 as a step towards an Asian Economic Community\\|date\\=15 May 2009\\|work\\=East Asia Forum\\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053206/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2009/05/15/asean6\\-as\\-a\\-step\\-towards\\-an\\-asian\\-economic\\-community/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Codification of the relations between these countries has seen progress through the development of the [Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership](/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership \"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership\"), a free\\-trade agreement involving the 15 countries of ASEAN Plus Six (excluding India). RCEP would, in part, allow the members to protect local sectors and give more time to comply with the aim for developed country members.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east\\-asia/tpp\\-rcep\\-ftaap\\-a\\-users\\-guide\\-to\\-alphabet\\-soup\\-of\\-trade\\-deals \\|title\\=TPP, RCEP, FTAAP – a user's guide to alphabet soup of trade deals \\|newspaper\\=The Straits Times \\|date\\=20 November 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053205/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east\\-asia/tpp\\-rcep\\-ftaap\\-a\\-users\\-guide\\-to\\-alphabet\\-soup\\-of\\-trade\\-deals \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"[India](/wiki/India \"India\") temporarily does not join the RCEP for the protection of its own market, but Japan, China, and ASEAN welcomes India's participation.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019\\-11/08/content\\_5450257\\.htm \\|script\\-title\\=zh:中方：无意追求对印度贸易顺差 欢迎印度尽早加入Rcep\\_滚动新闻\\_中国政府网 \\|script\\-website\\=zh:中国政府网\\_中央人民政府门户网站}}",
"[Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") has been excluded from participating with the organization owing to China's influence on the [Asia Pacific](/wiki/Asia_Pacific \"Asia Pacific\") through its economic and diplomatic influence.{{cite journal \\| last\\=Hsieh \\| first\\=Pasha L. \\| title\\=Rethinking non\\-recognition: Taiwan's new pivot to ASEAN and the one\\-China policy \\| journal\\=Cambridge Review of International Affairs \\| publisher\\=Informa UK Limited \\| date\\=2019\\-09\\-09 \\| volume\\=33 \\| issue\\=2 \\| issn\\=0955\\-7571 \\| doi\\=10\\.1080/09557571\\.2019\\.1657796 \\| pages\\=204–228 \\| s2cid\\=203301979 \\| url\\=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol\\_research/2953 \\| access\\-date\\=3 September 2020 \\| archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053205/https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol\\_research/2953/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
""
] |
History
-------
The first SpoCon was held in 2008 at [Gonzaga University](/wiki/Gonzaga_University "Gonzaga University"). Attendance was far more than anticipated, in large part because the Guest of Honor was [Timothy Zahn](/wiki/Timothy_Zahn "Timothy Zahn").
The second SpoCon, with the theme "Are You Fan Enough?", was held July 31 \- August 2, 2009 at Gonzaga.
The third SpoCon, with the theme of "The Year Fans Make Contact," ( From 2001: A Space Odyssey ) was held July 30 to August 1, 2010\.[SpoCon Website](http://spocon.org) Accessed February 8, 2010\. The Guest of Honor was artist Michael Whelan.
The 2011 convention had "The Power of Fandom" as the theme and featured best\-selling author Patricia Briggs as Guest of Honor. This was the first SpoCon to leave the college campus and make a new home in the Spokane Doubletree Hotel. It was held August 12–14, 2011 and drew record numbers of attendees.[Spokesman Review, August 14, 2011](http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2011/aug/14/happy-to-live-in-a-fantasy-world/) Accessed November 5, 2011
In 2012, SpoCon changed from the traditional convention\-committee style of leadership and operation to a business model, with the aim of creating a more efficient, forward\-thinking and productive organization.
In 2016 SpoCon changed back from a business model to a 501c3 non profit organization and the convention\-committee style of leadership was reinstated.
In 2017 SpoCon returned with a new convention committee and returned to the Doubletree Hotel.
The 2018 convention had "Shoot for the Stars" as the theme.
In 2019 the convention moved from the Spokane Doubletree Hotel to the Historic Davenport Hotel. The theme was "All Hail the Goblin King" with goblin\-related programming and guests.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The first SpoCon was held in 2008 at [Gonzaga University](/wiki/Gonzaga_University \"Gonzaga University\"). Attendance was far more than anticipated, in large part because the Guest of Honor was [Timothy Zahn](/wiki/Timothy_Zahn \"Timothy Zahn\").",
"The second SpoCon, with the theme \"Are You Fan Enough?\", was held July 31 \\- August 2, 2009 at Gonzaga.",
"The third SpoCon, with the theme of \"The Year Fans Make Contact,\" ( From 2001: A Space Odyssey ) was held July 30 to August 1, 2010\\.[SpoCon Website](http://spocon.org) Accessed February 8, 2010\\. The Guest of Honor was artist Michael Whelan.",
"The 2011 convention had \"The Power of Fandom\" as the theme and featured best\\-selling author Patricia Briggs as Guest of Honor. This was the first SpoCon to leave the college campus and make a new home in the Spokane Doubletree Hotel. It was held August 12–14, 2011 and drew record numbers of attendees.[Spokesman Review, August 14, 2011](http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2011/aug/14/happy-to-live-in-a-fantasy-world/) Accessed November 5, 2011",
"In 2012, SpoCon changed from the traditional convention\\-committee style of leadership and operation to a business model, with the aim of creating a more efficient, forward\\-thinking and productive organization.",
"In 2016 SpoCon changed back from a business model to a 501c3 non profit organization and the convention\\-committee style of leadership was reinstated.",
"In 2017 SpoCon returned with a new convention committee and returned to the Doubletree Hotel.",
"The 2018 convention had \"Shoot for the Stars\" as the theme.",
"In 2019 the convention moved from the Spokane Doubletree Hotel to the Historic Davenport Hotel. The theme was \"All Hail the Goblin King\" with goblin\\-related programming and guests.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Ottoman Empire
[American](/wiki/United_States "United States") commercial interaction with the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") (which included the area that later became modern [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq")) began in the late 18th century. In 1831, Chargé d'Affaires [David Porter](/wiki/David_Porter_%28naval_officer%29 "David Porter (naval officer)") became the first American diplomat in the Ottoman Empire, at the capital city of [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople "Constantinople"). With the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), the United States supported Great Britain's administration of Iraq as a mandate, but insisted that it be groomed for independence, rather than remain a colony.{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/countries/iraq\|title\=A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Iraq\|publisher\=Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs: \[\[United States Department of State]]\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205170628/https://history.state.gov/countries/iraq\|archive\-date\=2018\-12\-05\|url\-status\=live}} U.S. first became involved in Iraq in the 1920s as part of an effort to secure a role for American companies in Iraq's emerging oil industry. As part of the [1928 Red Line Agreement](/wiki/Red_Line_Agreement "Red Line Agreement"), UK, US, France and the Netherlands effectively agreed to share out Iraq's oil, with American oil companies gaining a 23\.75 percent ownership share of the [Iraq Petroleum Company](/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company "Iraq Petroleum Company").{{Cite web \|date\=December 7, 2009 \|title\=FACTBOX\-A history of foreign oil firms in Iraq \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/iraq\-oil\-foreigners\-idINGEE5B60HD20091207 \|website\=Reuters}}{{Cite book\|date\=24 January 2018 \|chapter\=Iraq\-US Relations, 1920–2003 \|chapter\-url\=https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/display/10\.1093/acrefore/9780199329175\.001\.0001/acrefore\-9780199329175\-e\-463 \|website\=Oxford Research Encyclopedias\|doi\=10\.1093/acrefore/9780199329175\.013\.463 \|last1\=Wolfe\-Hunnicutt \|first1\=Brandon \|title\=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-932917\-5 }}{{Cite web \|date\=6 April 2008 \|title\=What is the history of oil in Iraq? \|url\=https://usiraq.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID\=000907 \|website\=Britannica ProCon}}
### U.S. recognizes Iraq
{{multiple image
\| align \=
\| direction \=
\| total\_width \= 500
\| image1 \= President Truman, Prince Abdul Ilah of Iraq, and other representatives of the governments of the United States and... \- NARA \- 199086 (cropped).tiff
\|image2\=President Harry S. Truman greeting King Faisal II of Iraq.jpg
\|caption1\=\[\[Abd al\-Ilah]] (left), \[\[Regent of Iraq]], with U.S. President \[\[Harry S. Truman]] at the \[\[White House]] in 1945
\|caption2\=President Truman (right) greeting King \[\[Faisal II of Iraq]] at the White House in 1952}}
The U.S. recognized Iraq on January 9, 1930, when [Charles G. Dawes](/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes "Charles G. Dawes"), U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, signed the Anglo\-American\-Iraqi Convention in London. According to the preamble of the convention, "the United States of America recognizes Iraq as an independent State." In this treaty, the U.S. also acknowledged that "special relations" existed between the U.K. and Iraq because the latter was a mandate under British protection according to the [Treaty of Versailles](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles "Treaty of Versailles"). In 1932, Iraq terminated its mandate status. Diplomatic relations and the American Legation in Iraq were established on March 30, 1931, when Alexander K. Sloan (then serving as Consul in Iraq) was appointed [Chargé d'Affaires](/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27Affaires "Chargé d'Affaires") of the American Legation at [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad"). The U.S. upgraded its diplomatic representation in Iraq from a [Legation](/wiki/Legation "Legation") to an [Embassy](/wiki/Embassy "Embassy") on December 28, 1946\.
### Arab Union
On May 28, 1958, the U.S. recognized the [Arab Union](/wiki/Arab_Union "Arab Union") that formed between Iraq and the [Hashemite](/wiki/Hashemite "Hashemite") Kingdom of [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan"). U.S. recognition of the new state was accorded in an exchange of notes between the American Embassy at Baghdad and the [Ministry of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs "Ministry of Foreign Affairs") of the Arab Union. In announcing U.S. recognition, the [Department of State](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State") noted that the Arab Union's constitution stipulated that "external affairs will remain as they are at the present time" with the two Kingdoms that had joined to form the new state. Consequently, formal diplomatic relations were not established between the U.S. and the Arab Union, and diplomatic relations continued uninterrupted between the U.S. and Iraq, and the U.S. and Jordan.
### Relations with Qasim's government, 1958–1963
{{Main\|14 July Revolution\|Operation Vantage\|First Iraqi–Kurdish War\|Ramadan Revolution\|Ar\-Rashid revolt\|November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état}}
Relations between the U.S. and Iraq became strained following [the overthrow of the Iraqi monarchy on July 14, 1958](/wiki/14_July_Revolution "14 July Revolution"), which resulted in the declaration of a republican government led by Brigadier [Abd al\-Karim Qasim](/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim "Abd al-Karim Qasim").{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=3\-5}} Concerned about the influence of [Iraqi Communist Party](/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party "Iraqi Communist Party") (ICP) members in Qasim's administration, and hoping to prevent "[Ba'athist](/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party "Ba'ath Party") or [Communist](/wiki/Communism "Communism") exploitation of the situation," President [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") had established a Special Committee on Iraq (SCI) in April 1959 to monitor events and propose various contingencies for preventing a communist takeover of the country.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=19\-20}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958\-60v12/d130\|title\=Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs (Rountree) to Secretary of State Dulles: Recognition of New Iraqi Government\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1958–1960, Near East Region; Iraq; Iran; Arabian Peninsula, Volume XII\|date\=1958\-07\-23\|access\-date\=2016\-04\-21\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531064352/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958\-60v12/d130\|archive\-date\=2016\-05\-31\|url\-status\=live}} cf. {{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958\-60v12/d110\|title\=Briefing Notes by Director of Central Intelligence Dulles\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1958\-1960, Near East Region; Iraq; Iran; Arabian Peninsula, Volume XII\|date\=1958\-07\-14\|access\-date\=2016\-04\-21\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531082643/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958\-60v12/d110\|archive\-date\=2016\-05\-31\|url\-status\=live}} Qasim undertook numerous repressive measures against the communists throughout 1960, and this—combined with the [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") administration's belief that Iraq was not important to the broader [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War")—resulted in the disestablishment of the SCI within days of Kennedy's inauguration as president.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=27\-28, 35}} However, subsequent events would return Iraq to the attention of American officials.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=36}}
On June 25, 1961, Qasim mobilized troops along the [Iraq–Kuwait border](/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border "Iraq–Kuwait border"), declaring the latter nation "an indivisible part of Iraq" and causing a short\-lived "[Kuwait Crisis](/wiki/Operation_Vantage "Operation Vantage")." The U.K.—which had just granted Kuwait independence on June 19 and whose economy was heavily dependent on Kuwaiti oil supplies—responded on July 1 by dispatching 5,000 troops to the country to deter any Iraqi invasion.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/center\-for\-the\-study\-of\-intelligence/csi\-publications/csi\-studies/studies/fall\_winter\_2001/article03\.html\|title\=Gauging the Iraqi Threat to Kuwait in the 1960s — Central Intelligence Agency\|website\=www.cia.gov\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-21\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324190255/https://www.cia.gov/library/center\-for\-the\-study\-of\-intelligence/csi\-publications/csi\-studies/studies/fall\_winter\_2001/article03\.html\|archive\-date\=2010\-03\-24\|url\-status\=dead}} At the same time, Kennedy briefly dispatched a U.S. Navy task force to [Bahrain](/wiki/Bahrain "Bahrain"), and the U.K. (at the urging of the Kennedy administration) brought the dispute to [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council"), where the proposed resolution was [vetoed](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power "United Nations Security Council veto power") by the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"). The situation was finally resolved in October, when the British troops were withdrawn and replaced by a 4,000\-strong [Arab League](/wiki/Arab_League "Arab League") force. The Kennedy administration's initially "low\-key" response to the stand\-off was motivated by the desire to project an image of the U.S. as "a progressive [anti\-colonial](/wiki/Anti-colonial "Anti-colonial") power trying to work productively with [Arab nationalism](/wiki/Arab_nationalism "Arab nationalism")" as well as the preference of U.S. officials to defer to the U.K. on issues related to the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf").{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=36\-37}}
Following Kurdish leader [Mustafa Barzani](/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani "Mustafa Barzani")'s 1958 return to Iraq from exile in the Soviet Union, Qasim had promised to permit autonomous rule in [the Kurdish region of northern Iraq](/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan "Iraqi Kurdistan"), but by 1961 Qasim had made no progress towards achieving this goal. In July 1961, following months of violence between feuding Kurdish tribes, Barzani returned to northern Iraq and began retaking territory from his Kurdish rivals. Although Qasim's government did not respond to the escalating violence, the [Kurdistan Democratic Party](/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party "Kurdistan Democratic Party") (KDP) sent Qasim a list of demands in August, which included the withdrawal of Iraqi government troops from Kurdish territory and greater political freedom.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=37}} For the next month, U.S. officials in [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran") and Iraq predicted that a war was imminent. Faced with the loss of northern Iraq after non\-Barzani [Kurds](/wiki/Kurds "Kurds") seized control of a key road leading to the [Iran–Iraq border](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_border "Iran–Iraq border") in early September and ambushed and massacred Iraqi troops on September 10 and September 12, Qasim finally ordered the systematic bombing of Kurdish villages on September 14, which caused Barzani to join the rebellion on September 19\.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=37\-38}} As part of a strategy devised by [Alexander Shelepin](/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin "Alexander Shelepin") in July 1961 to distract the U.S. and its allies from the Soviet Union's [aggressive posture in Berlin](/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961 "Berlin Crisis of 1961"), the Soviet [KGB](/wiki/KGB "KGB") revived its connections with Barzani and encouraged him to revolt, although Barzani had no intention to act as their proxy. By March 1962, Barzani's forces were in firm control of Iraqi Kurdistan, although Barzani refrained from taking major cities out of fear that the Iraqi government would launch reprisals against civilians. The U.S. refused Kurdish requests for assistance, but Qasim nevertheless castigated the Kurds as "American stooges" while absolving the Soviets of any responsibility for the unrest.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=38\-40, 200}}{{cite book\|last\=Hahn\|first\=Peter\|title\=Missions Accomplished?: The United States and Iraq Since World War I\|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]]\|year\=2011\|isbn\=9780195333381\|pages\=47–48\|quote\=By 1962, the U.S. relationship with Qassim was stabilized. ... Resolution of a potential conflict over the IPC signified determination in both Washington and Baghdad to stabilize relations. ... Barzani envoys called on U.S. officials in Baghdad and Washington, requesting arms supply and political support and offering to help defeat communism in Iraq, return Iraq to the Baghdad Pact, and provide intelligence about neighboring states. State Department officials refused these requests on the grounds that the Kurdish problem was an internal matter for Iraq, Iran, and Turkey to handle. 'It has been firm U.S. policy to avoid involvement in any way with opposition to Qas\[s]im,' State Department officials noted in 1962, 'even with Iraqis who profess basic friendliness to the U.S.' ... King Hussein of Jordan later alleged that U.S. intelligence supplied the Baath with the names and addresses of those Communists, and an Iraqi Baathist leader confirmed to the scholar Hanna Batatu that the Baath had maintained contacts with American officials during the Qassim era. (Declassified U.S. government documents offer no evidence to support these suggestions.)}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\-63v17/d305\|title\=Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Iraq\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1961–1963, Volume XVII, Near East, 1961–1962\|date\=1962\-06\-22\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121103421/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\-63v17/d305\|archive\-date\=2016\-11\-21\|url\-status\=live}} cf. {{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\-63v18/d49\|title\=Telegram From the Embassy in Iraq to the Department of State\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1961–1963, Volume XVIII, Near East, 1962–1963\|date\=1962\-09\-20\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121103313/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\-63v18/d49\|archive\-date\=2016\-11\-21\|url\-status\=live}}
In December 1961, Qasim's government passed Public Law 80, which restricted the British\- and American\-owned [Iraq Petroleum Company](/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company "Iraq Petroleum Company") (IPC)'s [concessionary holding](/wiki/Concession_%28contract%29 "Concession (contract)") to those areas in which oil was actually being produced, effectively expropriating 99\.5% of the IPC concession. U.S. officials were alarmed by the expropriation as well as the recent Soviet veto of an Egyptian\-sponsored UN resolution requesting the admittance of Kuwait as a UN member state, which they believed to be connected. Senior [National Security Council](/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council "United States National Security Council") (NSC) adviser [Robert Komer](/wiki/Robert_Komer "Robert Komer") worried that if the IPC ceased production in response, Qasim might "grab Kuwait" (thus achieving a "stranglehold" on Middle Eastern oil production) or "throw himself into Russian arms." At the same time, Komer made note of widespread rumors that a nationalist coup against Qasim could be imminent, and had the potential to "get Iraq back on \[a] more neutral keel."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=37, 40\-42}} Following Komer's advice, on December 30 Kennedy's [National Security Advisor](/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_%28United_States%29 "National Security Advisor (United States)") [McGeorge Bundy](/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy "McGeorge Bundy") sent the President a cable from the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq, John Jernegan, which argued that the U.S. was "in grave danger \[of] being drawn into \[a] costly and politically disastrous situation over Kuwait." Bundy also requested Kennedy's permission to "press [State](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State")" to consider measures to resolve the situation with Iraq, adding that cooperation with the British was desirable "if possible, but our own interests, oil and other, are very directly involved."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=35, 41\-43}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\-63v17/d156\|title\=Memorandum From Robert W. Komer of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy)\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1961–1963, Volume XVII, Near East, 1961–1962\|date\=1961\-12\-29\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406073111/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\-63v17/d156\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-06\|url\-status\=live}}
In April 1962, the State Department issued new guidelines on Iraq that were intended to increase American influence in the country. Around the same time, Kennedy instructed the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") (CIA)—under the direction of [Archie Roosevelt Jr.](/wiki/Archibald_Bulloch_Roosevelt_Jr. "Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr.")—to begin making preparations for a military coup against Qasim.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=43\-45}} On June 2, [Iraqi Foreign Minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Iraq%29 "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)") [Hashim Jawad](/wiki/Hashem_Jawad "Hashem Jawad") ordered Jernegan to leave the country, stating that Iraq was also withdrawing its ambassador from Washington in retaliation for the U.S. accepting the credentials of a new Kuwaiti ambassador on June 1, which Iraq had repeatedly warned would result in a downgrading of diplomatic relations. Despite the Iraqi warnings, senior U.S. officials were stunned by the downgrade; Kennedy had not been informed of the likely consequences of accepting the Kuwaiti ambassador.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=47\-48}}See footnote 5, {{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\-63v17/d286\|title\=Telegram From the Embassy in Iraq to the Department of State\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1961–1963, Volume XVII, Near East, 1961–1962\|date\=1962\-06\-02\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406033734/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\-63v17/d286\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-06\|url\-status\=live}} By the end of 1962, a series of major defeats at the hands of Kurdish rebels had severely damaged both the Iraqi army's morale and Qasim's popular support. From September 1962 through February 1963, Qasim repeatedly blamed the "criminal activities" of the U.S. for the battlefield successes of the Kurds, but the State Department rejected requests from the U.S. Chargé d'Affaires in Baghdad, Roy Melbourne, to publicly respond to Qasim's allegations out of fear that doing so would jeopardize the remaining U.S. presence in Iraq. On February 5, 1963, Secretary of State [Dean Rusk](/wiki/Dean_Rusk "Dean Rusk") informed the U.S. embassy in Iraq that the State Department was "considering carefully whether on balance U.S. interests would be served \[at] this particular juncture by abandoning \[its] policy of avoiding public reaction to Qasim's charges," with the reluctance stemming from the desire to avoid compromising the CIA's "significant intelligence collecting operations": On February 7, State Department executive secretary William Brubeck informed Bundy that Iraq had become "one of the more useful spots for acquiring technical information on Soviet military and industrial equipment and on Soviet methods of operation in nonaligned areas."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=48, 51\-54, 219}}cf. {{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\-63v18/d149\|title\=Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Iraq\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1961–1963, Volume XVIII, Near East, 1962–1963\|date\=1963\-02\-05\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406070320/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\-63v18/d149\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-06\|url\-status\=live}} The CIA had earlier penetrated a top\-secret Iraqi\-Soviet [surface\-to\-air missile](/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile "Surface-to-air missile") project, which yielded intelligence on the Soviet Union's ballistic missile program.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=45, 217}} With access to crucial intelligence hanging in the balance, U.S. officials were showing "great reluctance about aggravating Qasim."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=200}}
After reaching a secret agreement with Barzani to work together against Qasim in January, the anti\-imperialist and anti\-communist [Iraqi Ba'ath Party](/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region "Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region") [overthrew and executed Qasim in a violent coup](/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution "Ramadan Revolution") on February 8, 1963\. It has long been suspected that the Ba'ath Party collaborated with the CIA in planning and carrying out the coup.{{Cite journal \|last\=Wolfe\-Hunnicutt \|first\=B. \|date\=2015\-01\-01 \|title\=Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad \|url\=https://academic.oup.com/dh/article\-lookup/doi/10\.1093/dh/dht121 \|journal\=Diplomatic History \|language\=en \|volume\=39 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=98–125 \|doi\=10\.1093/dh/dht121 \|issn\=0145\-2096 \|quote\=While scholars and journalists have long suspected that the CIA was involved in the 1963 coup, as yet, there is very little archival analysis of the question. The most comprehensive study put forward thus far finds "mounting evidence of U.S. involvement" but ultimately runs up against the problem of available documentation.}}See, e.g., {{cite book \|last\=Mitchel \|first\=Timothy \|title\=Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno\-Politics, Modernity \|publisher\=\[\[University of California Press]] \|year\=2002 \|isbn\=9780520928251 \|page\=149 \|quote\=Qasim was killed three years later in a coup welcomed and possibly aided by the CIA, which brought to power the Ba'ath, the party of Saddam Hussein.}} cf. {{cite web \|last\=Sluglett \|first\=Peter \|title\=The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers (Review) \|url\=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/wp\-content/files\_mf/1389811754d4Sluglett.pdf \|work\=\[\[Democratiya]] \|page\=9 \|quote\=Batatu infers on pp. 985\-86 that the CIA was involved in the coup of 1963 (which brought the Ba'ath briefly to power): Even if the evidence here is somewhat circumstantial, there can be no question about the Ba'ath's fervent anti\-communism.}} cf. {{cite book \|last\=Weiner \|first\=Tim \|title\=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA \|publisher\=\[\[Doubleday (publisher)\|Doubleday]] \|year\=2008 \|isbn\=9780307455628 \|page\=163 \|quote\=The agency finally backed a successful coup in Iraq in the name of American influence. \|authorlink\=Tim Weiner}} cf. {{cite book \|last\=Barrett \|first\=Roby C. \|title\=The Greater Middle East and the Cold War: US Foreign Policy Under Eisenhower and Kennedy \|publisher\=\[\[I.B. Tauris]] \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=9780857713087 \|page\=451 \|quote\=Washington wanted to see Qasim and his Communist supporters removed, but that is a far cry from Batatu's inference that the U.S. had somehow engineered the coup. The U.S. lacked the operational capability to organize and carry out the coup, but certainly after it had occurred the U.S. government preferred the Nasserists and Ba'athists in power, and provided encouragement and probably some peripheral assistance.}} Pertinent contemporary documents relating to the CIA's operations in Iraq have remained classified,{{Cite journal \|last\=Wolfe\-Hunnicutt \|first\=B. \|date\=2015\-01\-01 \|title\=Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad \|url\=https://academic.oup.com/dh/article\-lookup/doi/10\.1093/dh/dht121 \|journal\=Diplomatic History \|language\=en \|volume\=39 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=98–125 \|doi\=10\.1093/dh/dht121 \|issn\=0145\-2096 \|quote\=The CIA records required to set forward definitive claims regarding U.S. covert operations in Iraq remain classified.}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Matthews \|first\=Weldon C. \|date\=9 November 2011 \|title\=The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime \|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international\-journal\-of\-middle\-east\-studies/article/abs/kennedy\-administration\-counterinsurgency\-and\-iraqs\-first\-bathist\-regime/B4DA680E1CD37E8293DCEE8788C7C826 \|journal\=\[\[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] \|language\=en \|volume\=43 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=635–653 \|doi\=10\.1017/S0020743811000882 \|issn\=1471\-6380 \|quote\=Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or cataloged.}} and modern academia have "remain\[ed] divided in their interpretations of American foreign policy toward the February 1963 coup in Iraq."{{cite journal \|last\=Wolfe\-Hunnicutt \|first\=Brandon \|year\=2017 \|title\=Oil Sovereignty, American Foreign Policy, and the 1968 Coups in Iraq \|url\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10\.1080/09592296\.2017\.1309882 \|journal\=Diplomacy \& Statecraft \|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|volume\=28 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=235–253 \|doi\=10\.1080/09592296\.2017\.1309882 \|s2cid\=157328042}}{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=xvii}} Bryan R. Gibson and Peter Hahn (in separate works) argue that although the U.S. had been notified of two aborted Ba'athist coup plots in July and December 1962, publicly declassified documents do not support claims of direct American involvement in the 1963 coup.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=45, 57\-58}}{{cite book \|last\=Hahn \|first\=Peter \|title\=Missions Accomplished?: The United States and Iraq Since World War I \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|year\=2011 \|isbn\=9780195333381 \|page\=48 \|quote\=Declassified U.S. government documents offer no evidence to support these suggestions.}}Rositzke later claimed "the CIA's major source, in an ideal catbird seat, reported the exact time of the coup and provided a list of the new cabinet members," but this remains unverified. See {{cite book \|last\=Rositzke \|first\=Harry \|title\=The CIA's Secret Operations \|publisher\=\[\[Reader's Digest Press]] \|year\=1977 \|isbn\=0\-88349\-116\-8 \|page\=109}} On the other hand, Brandon Wolfe\-Hunnicutt cites "compelling evidence of an American role," and that publicly declassified documents "largely substantiate the plausibility" of CIA involvement in the coup.{{Cite book \|last\=Wolfe\-Hunnicutt \|first\=Brandon \|title\=The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq \|publisher\=Stanford University Press \|year\=2021 \|isbn\=978\-1\-5036\-1382\-9 \|location\= \|pages\=264}} Eric Jacobsen, citing the testimony of contemporary prominent Ba'athists and U.S. government officials, states that ample evidence exists of the CIA having assisted the Ba'athists in planning the coup.{{Cite journal \|last\=Jacobsen \|first\=E. \|date\=2013\-11\-01 \|title\=A Coincidence of Interests: Kennedy, U.S. Assistance, and the 1963 Iraqi Ba'th Regime \|url\=https://academic.oup.com/dh/article\-lookup/doi/10\.1093/dh/dht049 \|journal\=Diplomatic History \|language\=en \|volume\=37 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=1029–1059 \|doi\=10\.1093/dh/dht049 \|issn\=0145\-2096}}
Qasim's former deputy [Abdul Salam Arif](/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif "Abdul Salam Arif") (who was not a Ba'athist) was given the largely ceremonial title of President, while prominent Ba'athist general [Ahmed Hassan al\-Bakr](/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr "Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr") was named Prime Minister. The most powerful leader of the new government was the secretary of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, [Ali Salih al\-Sa'di](/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di "Ali Salih al-Sa'di"), who controlled the militant National Guard and organized a massacre of hundreds—if not thousands—of suspected communists and other dissidents in the days following the coup.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=59\-60, 77}} The Kennedy administration viewed the prospect of an Iraqi shift in the Cold War with cautious optimism.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=60\-61}}See, e.g., {{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\-63v18/d153\|title\=Memorandum From Stephen O. Fuqua of the Bureau of International Security Affairs, Department of Defense, to the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (Sloan)\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1961–1963, Volume XVIII, Near East, 1962–1963\|date\=1963\-02\-08\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404220406/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\-63v18/d153\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-04\|url\-status\=live}} However, U.S. officials were worried that a renewal of conflict with the Kurds could threaten the Iraqi government's survival. While Barzani had released 1,500 Arab prisoners of war as a gesture of good faith, Iraqi [Foreign Minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Iraq%29 "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)") [Talib El\-Shibib](/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib "Talib El-Shibib") told Melbourne on March 3 that the government was unwilling to consider any concessions beyond cultural autonomy and was prepared to use anti\-Barzani Kurds and Arab tribes in northern Iraq to co\-opt the Kurds's guerrilla methods.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=62\-64}} On May 4, Melbourne delivered a message warning Shibib of the U.S. government's "serious apprehensions at \[the] trend of events" and urging Iraqi officials to make "serious counter\-proposals." Nevertheless, on May 22 al\-Bakr bluntly told Melbourne he "could not permit this Kurdish challenge to Iraqi sovereignty to continue \[for] much longer."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=66}} The fighting resumed on June 10, when the Iraqi government—which had amassed 45,000 troops in Iraqi Kurdistan—arrested members of the Kurdish negotiating delegation and declared martial law throughout northern Iraq.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=67}} Meanwhile, the Soviet Union actively worked to undermine the Ba'athist government, suspending military shipments to Iraq in May, convincing its ally [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic "Mongolian People's Republic") to sponsor charges of genocide against Iraq at the UN General Assembly from July to September, and sponsoring a [failed communist coup attempt on July 3](/wiki/Ar-Rashid_revolt "Ar-Rashid revolt").{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=69\-71, 76, 80}} The Kennedy administration responded by urging Arab allies of the U.S. to oppose the genocide charge at the UN and by approving a $55 million arms deal for Iraq.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=80}} Furthermore, "Weldon C. Mathews has meticulously established that National Guard leaders who participated in human rights abuses had been trained in the United States as part of a police program run by the [International Cooperation Administration](/wiki/International_Cooperation_Administration "International Cooperation Administration") and [Agency for International Development](/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development "United States Agency for International Development")."{{cite book\|last\=Citino\|first\=Nathan J.\|title\=Envisioning the Arab Future: Modernization in US\-Arab Relations, 1945–1967\|chapter\=The People's Court\|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]]\|year\=2017\|isbn\=9781108107556\|pages\=222}} Because, in the words of State Department official James Spain, the "policy of the nationalist Arabs who dominate the Baghdad government does in fact come close to genocide"—as well as a desire to eliminate the Soviets' "Kurdish Card"—the new U.S. ambassador to Iraq, [Robert C. Strong](/wiki/Robert_C._Strong "Robert C. Strong"), informed al\-Bakr of a Barzani peace proposal delivered to the U.S. consul in [Tabriz](/wiki/Tabriz "Tabriz") (and offered to convey a response) on August 25\. While a Barzani\-initiated ceasefire would have allowed the government to claim victory, al\-Bakr "expressed astonishment" over American contacts with the Kurds, asking why the message had not been delivered through the Soviets.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=71\-75}} Wolfe\-Hunnicutt argues that the Kennedy administration's provision of military aid to the Ba'athist government, including [napalm](/wiki/Napalm "Napalm") weapons, emboldened Iraqi hardliners and was counter\-productive to the administration's stated preference for a diplomatic settlement to the [First Iraqi–Kurdish War](/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War "First Iraqi–Kurdish War"). An offer by Iraqi general Hasan Sabri al\-Bayati to reciprocate this gesture by sending a Soviet [T\-54](/wiki/T-54/T-55 "T-54/T-55") tank in Iraq's possession to the U.S. embassy in Baghdad for inspection became something of a "scandal" as Bayati's offer had not been approved by al\-Bakr, Shibib, or other senior Iraqi officials and was rescinded by the Ba'ath Party leadership after they became aware of it.{{cite web\|last\=Wolfe\-Hunnicutt\|first\=Brandon\|url\=https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:tm772zz7352/Concessionary%20Regime%20\[e\-submit]\-augmented.pdf\|title\=The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958\-1972\|date\=March 2011\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-30\|pages\=117–119}}
The Ba'athist government [collapsed in November 1963](/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état") over the question of unification with Syria (where a [different branch](/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region "Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region") of the Ba'ath Party had [seized power in March](/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1963 Syrian coup d'état")) and the extremist and uncontrollable behavior of al\-Sa'di's National Guard. President Arif, with the overwhelming support of the Iraqi military, purged Ba'athists from the government and ordered the National Guard to stand down; although al\-Bakr had conspired with Arif to remove al\-Sa'di, on January 5, 1964, Arif removed al\-Bakr from his new position as [Vice President](/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iraq "Vice President of Iraq"), fearful of allowing the Ba'ath Party to retain a foothold inside his government.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=77, 85}} On November 21, 1963, the Kennedy administration determined that because Arif remained the Iraqi head of state, diplomatic relations with Iraq would continue unimpeded.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=79}}
### Lyndon Johnson administration
{{Main\|1966 Syrian coup d'état\|Six\-Day War\|17 July Revolution}}
Under the Presidencies of Arif, and, especially, his brother [Abdul Rahman Arif](/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif "Abdul Rahman Arif"), the U.S. and Iraq developed closer ties than at any point since the 1958 revolution.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=83\-84, 95, 102}}{{cite book\|last\=Hahn\|first\=Peter\|title\=Missions Accomplished?: The United States and Iraq Since World War I\|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]]\|year\=2011\|isbn\=9780195333381\|pages\=49–50}} The [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") administration favorably perceived Arif's proposal to partially reverse Qasim's nationalization of the IPC's concessionary holding in July 1965 (although the resignation of six cabinet members and widespread disapproval among the Iraqi public forced him to abandon this plan), as well as pro\-Western lawyer [Abdul Rahman al\-Bazzaz](/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_al-Bazzaz "Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz")'s tenure as Prime Minister; Bazzaz attempted to implement a peace agreement with the Kurds following a decisive Kurdish victory at the Battle of Mount Handren in May 1966\.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=94\-98}} Abdul Rahman Arif (hereinafter referred to as "Arif") was considered "one of the few forces of moderation" in Iraq, having established a friendship with ambassador Strong prior to assuming the presidency and making a number of friendly gestures to the U.S. between April 1966 and January 1967\.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=98\-99}}cf. {{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\-68v21/d186\|title\=Draft Message From President Johnson to President Aref\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1964–1968, Volume XXI, Near East Region; Arabian Peninsula\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405082350/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\-68v21/d186\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-05\|url\-status\=live}} At Arif's request, President Johnson met five Iraqi generals and Iraqi ambassador Nasir Hani in the White House on January 25, 1967, reiterating his "desire to build an ever closer relationship between \[the] two governments."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=99, 102}} According to Johnson's [National Security Adviser](/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_%28United_States%29 "National Security Advisor (United States)"), [Walt Whitman Rostow](/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Rostow "Walt Whitman Rostow"), the NSC even contemplated welcoming Arif on a state visit to the U.S., although this proposal was ultimately rejected due to concerns about the stability of his government.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=99}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\-68v21/d188\|title\=Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant (Rostow) to President Johnson\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1964–1968, Volume XXI, Near East Region; Arabian Peninsula\|date\=1967\-01\-21\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405061804/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\-68v21/d188\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-05\|url\-status\=live}} Prior to the outbreak of the [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War"), Iraqi Foreign Minister [Adnan Pachachi](/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi "Adnan Pachachi") met with a number of U.S. officials to discuss the escalating Middle East crisis on June 1, including U.S. ambassador to the UN [Arthur Goldberg](/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg "Arthur Goldberg"), [Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs](/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Political_Affairs "Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs") [Eugene V. Rostow](/wiki/Eugene_V._Rostow "Eugene V. Rostow"), [Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State") [Dean Rusk](/wiki/Dean_Rusk "Dean Rusk"), and President Johnson himself.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=36, 100}} The political atmosphere engendered by the costly Arab defeat prompted Iraq to break relations with the U.S. on June 7, and ultimately ensured the collapse of Arif's relatively moderate government.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=101\-105, 111}} Like his brother, Arif previously tried to balance radical and moderate elements in Iraq, but this balancing act was upended by the war as Arif moved to placate the ascendant Iraqi nationalists, notably by reappointing [Tahir Yahya](/wiki/Tahir_Yahya "Tahir Yahya") to the position of prime minister.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=94, 105, 110\-111}} Yahya had announced his intention to create a national oil company during his first premiership in late 1963, laying the groundwork for the [Iraq National Oil Company](/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company "Iraq National Oil Company") (INOC). During his second term as prime minister from July 1967 to July 1968, Yahya moved to revitalize the INOC and sought to work with [France](/wiki/France "France") and the Soviet Union to develop the technical capacity to nationalize the IPC outright, pledging to use Iraq's "oil as a weapon in the battle against Israel."{{cite web\|last\=Wolfe\-Hunnicutt\|first\=Brandon\|url\=https://purl.stanford.edu/tm772zz7352\|title\=The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958\-1972\|date\=March 2011\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-17\|pages\=146–150, 154, 193–194}}
Before leaving Baghdad on June 10, 1967, U.S. ambassador Enoch S. Duncan handed over the keys to the U.S. embassy to Belgian ambassador Marcel Dupret. Belgium became the [protecting power](/wiki/Protecting_power "Protecting power") for the U.S. in Baghdad, where lower\-ranking American diplomats remained in the old embassy compound as the U.S. Interests Section of the Belgian Embassy. India agreed to serve as the protecting power for Iraq in Washington.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=105}} Following the break in diplomatic relations, there were very few contacts between American and Iraqi officials until early 1972\.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=105}} In May 1968, the CIA produced a report titled "The Stagnant Revolution," stating that radicals in the Iraqi military posed a threat to the Arif government, and while "the balance of forces is such that no group feels power enough to take decisive steps," the ensuing gridlock had created "a situation in which many important political and economic matters are simply ignored."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=111}} In June, the Belgians relayed a message from the U.S. State Department to Iraqi officials, offering to resume normal relations if Iraq agreed to provide compensation for damage to the U.S. embassy and consulate incurred during an earlier protest and met other conditions, including an end to the Iraqi boycott of U.S. goods and services imposed after [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel")'s 1967 victory; although U.S. officials were hoping to prevent a coup, there is no indication of any Iraqi response to this overture.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=104, 112}} On July 17, the Iraqi Ba'ath Party—led by al\-Bakr as president, Abd ar\-Rahman al\-Dawud as defense minister, and [Abd ar\-Razzaq an\-Naif](/wiki/Abd_ar-Razzaq_an-Naif "Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif") as prime minister—[seized power in a bloodless coup](/wiki/17_July_Revolution "17 July Revolution"), placing Arif on a plane to London. Remembering the collapse of the short\-lived coalition government in 1963, al\-Bakr quickly ordered Naif and Dawud (neither of whom were Ba'athists) to be removed from their posts and exiled on July 30, cementing the Ba'ath Party's control over Iraq until the [U.S.\-led invasion in March 2003](/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War"). al\-Bakr was then named prime minister and commander\-in\-chief of the army.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=112\-113}}{{cite web\|last\=Wolfe\-Hunnicutt\|first\=Brandon\|url\=https://purl.stanford.edu/tm772zz7352\|title\=The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958\-1972\|date\=March 2011\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-17\|pages\=225–226, 229–231}}
On August 2, Iraqi Foreign Minister Abdul Karim Sheikhli announced that Iraq would seek close ties "with the socialist camp, particularly the Soviet Union and the [Chinese People's Republic](/wiki/China "China")." By late November, the U.S. embassy in Beirut reported that Iraq had released many leftist and communist dissidents, although "there \[was] no indication ... \[they had] been given any major role in the regime." As the Arif government had recently signed a major oil deal with the Soviets, the Ba'ath Party's rapid attempts to improve relations with Moscow were not a complete shock to U.S. policymakers, but they "provided a glimpse at a strategic alliance that would soon emerge."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=111, 113}} In December, Iraqi troops based in Jordan "made international headlines" when they began shelling Israeli settlers in the Jordan Valley, which led to a strong response by the Israeli Air Force.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=113}} al\-Bakr claimed that a "fifth column of agents of Israel and the U.S. was striking from behind," and, on December 14, the Iraqi government alleged it had discovered "an Israeli spy network" plotting to "bring about a change in the Iraqi regime," arresting dozens of individuals and eventually executing 9 Iraqi Jews in January 1969\. U.S. officials found the charges improbable, as Iraqi Jews were "under constant surveillance \[and therefore] would make poor recruits for any Israeli espionage or sabotage net."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=114, 119}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d251\|title\=Research Memorandum RNA\-6 From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hughes) to Secretary Rogers, Washington, February 14, 1969: Iraq: Internal Stresses and the Search for the Bogeyman\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\|date\=1969\-02\-14\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405082336/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d251\|archive\-date\=April 5, 2016\|url\-status\=live}} Contributing to the growing atmosphere of crisis, the Ba'ath Party also escalated the conflict with Barzani by providing aid to [Jalal Talabani](/wiki/Jalal_Talabani "Jalal Talabani")'s rival Kurdish faction.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=114}} From the beginning, Johnson administration officials were concerned about "how radical" the Ba'athist government would be—with John W. Foster of the NSC predicting immediately after the coup that "the new group ... will be more difficult than their predecessors"—and, although initial U.S. fears that the coup had been supported by the "extremist" sect of the Ba'ath Party that [seized control of Syria in 1966](/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1966 Syrian coup d'état") quickly proved unfounded, by the time President Johnson left office there was a growing belief "that the Ba'ath Party was becoming a vehicle for Soviet encroachment on Iraq's sovereignty."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=99, 113, 116}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\-68v21/d199\|title\=Memorandum From John W. Foster of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant (Rostow): The Iraqi Coup\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1964–1968, Volume XXI, Near East Region; Arabian Peninsula\|date\=1968\-07\-17\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-17\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323031630/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\-68v21/d199\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-23\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\-68v21/d200\|title\=Memorandum From John W. Foster of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant (Rostow): A Clearer Picture of the Iraqi Coup\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1964–1968, Volume XXI, Near East Region; Arabian Peninsula\|date\=1968\-07\-22\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-17\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323055048/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\-68v21/d200\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-23\|url\-status\=live}}
### Alleged U.S. support for 1970 anti\-Ba'athist coup attempt
{{Main\|1969 Baghdad hangings}}
{{See also\|Nixon Doctrine}}
The [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") administration was confronted with an early foreign policy crisis when [Iraq publicly executed 9 Iraqi Jews](/wiki/1969_Baghdad_hangings "1969 Baghdad hangings") on fabricated espionage charges at the end of January 1969\.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=114, 119}}{{cite book\|author\-link\=Kanan Makiya\|last\=Makiya\|first\=Kanan\|title\=Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition\|url\=https://archive.org/details/republicoffearpo00maki\|url\-access\=registration\|publisher\=\[\[University of California Press]]\|year\=1998\|isbn\=9780520921245\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/republicoffearpo00maki/page/52 52]\|quote\=Estimates on the size of the crowds that came to view the dangling corpses spread seventy meters apart in \[\[Liberation Square, Baghdad\|Liberation Square]]—increasing the area of sensual contact between mutilated body and mass—vary from 150,000 to 500,000\. Peasants streamed in from the surrounding countryside to hear the speeches. The proceedings, along with the bodies, continued for twenty\-four hours, during which the President, Ahmad Hasan al\-Bakr, and a host of other luminaries gave speeches and orchestrated the carnival\-like atmosphere.}} The Nixon administration initially sought to stay the executions by convincing American allies with close ties to Iraq—such as France, [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), and [India](/wiki/India "India")—to apply pressure on the government, but Iraqi officials responded "in no uncertain terms, to stay out of \[Iraq's] domestic affairs." The U.S. also urged UN Secretary General [U Thant](/wiki/U_Thant "U Thant") to intervene, but he was unable to influence Baghdad's decision. Nixon's Secretary of State, [William P. Rogers](/wiki/William_P._Rogers "William P. Rogers"), condemned the executions as "repugnant to the conscience of the world," while U.S. ambassador to the UN [Charles Yost](/wiki/Charles_Yost "Charles Yost") took the matter to the UN Security Council, stating that Iraq's actions were "designed to arouse emotions and to intensify the very explosive atmosphere of suspicion and hostility in the Middle East."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=119}} In early 1968, the U.K. had announced its intention to withdraw its forces from "East of Suez"—including the Persian Gulf region—thus alarming U.S. officials and prompting the Johnson administration to formulate what became known as the "twin pillar policy," in which the U.S. would support Iran and [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia") in their efforts to maintain the Gulf's stability. The Nixon administration would ultimately revise this policy by focusing on building up Iran, then ruled by Nixon's old friend Shah [Mohammed Reza Pahlavi](/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Pahlavi "Mohammed Reza Pahlavi") (hereinafter referred to as "the Shah"), as the dominant regional power.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=107\-111, 119}}Iran purchased $16\.2 billion worth of U.S. weapons from 1972 to 1977\. See {{cite book\|last\=Yaphe\|first\=Judith\|title\=The Iran\-Iraq War: New International Perspectives\|chapter\=Changing American Perspectives on the Iran\-Iraq war\|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]]\|year\=2013\|isbn\=9780415685245}} The Shah distrusted the Ba'athist government in Iraq, which he considered a "bunch of thugs and murderers."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=185}} Following Iraq's provocative actions in January 1969, the Shah sought to "punish" Iraq, and possibly win partial Iranian sovereignty over the [Shatt al\-Arab](/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab "Shatt al-Arab") waterway—which a 1937 treaty had given Iraq almost complete control over—through a series of coercive measures: At the beginning of March, he arranged for Iran's Kurdish allies to attack IPC installations around Kirkuk and Mosul, causing Iraq millions of dollars in damage; in April, he unilaterally abrogated the 1937 treaty; and in January 1970, he sponsored a failed coup attempt against the Iraqi government.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=120\-122}} The Shah knew that most of Iraq's army was deployed in Kurdistan—while an additional three Iraqi brigades were stationed in Jordan—thus Iraq was in no position to retaliate militarily, but he offered to "break off supplies to the Kurds in return for concessions in the Shatt," a proposal Iraq rejected.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=120\-121}}
The Shah's aggressive actions convinced Iraq to seek an end to the Kurdish War. In late December 1969, al\-Bakr sent his deputy, [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein"), to negotiate directly with Barzani and his close aide Dr. [Mahmoud Othman](/wiki/Mahmoud_Othman "Mahmoud Othman"). The Shah was outraged when he learned of these negotiations, and sponsored a coup against the Iraqi government, which was scheduled for the night of January 20–21, 1970\. However, Iraq's security forces had "complete recordings of most of the meetings and interviews that took place," foiling the plot, expelling the Iranian ambassador to Iraq, and executing "at least 33 conspirators" by January 23\.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=110, 122\-123}} On January 24, Iraq announced its support for Kurdish autonomy, and on March 11, Saddam and Barzani reached an agreement (dubbed the "March Accord") "to recognize the binational character of Iraq ... \[and] allow for the establishment of a self\-governing region of Kurdistan," which was to be implemented by March 1974, although U.S. officials were skeptical that the agreement would prove binding.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=123\-124, 151}}
There were allegations of American involvement in the failed 1970 coup attempt, which involved a coalition of Iraqi factions, including Kurdish opponents of the Ba'ath Party. [Edmund Ghareeb](/wiki/Edmund_Ghareeb "Edmund Ghareeb") claimed that the CIA reached an agreement to help the Kurds overthrow the Iraqi government in August 1969, although there is little evidence to support this claim, and the CIA officer in charge of operations in Iraq and Syria in 1969 "denied any U.S. involvement with the Kurds prior to 1972\." The State Department was informed of the plot by Iraqi businessman Loufti Obeidi on August 15, but strongly refused to provide any assistance.{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d262\|title\=Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, October 15, 1969: How To Buy A Revolution: Talk With an Iraqi Plotter\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\|date\=1969\-08\-15\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406053232/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d262\|archive\-date\=April 6, 2016\|url\-status\=live}} Iraqi exile Sa'ad Jabr discussed the coup planning with officials at the U.S. embassy in Beirut on December 8; embassy officials reiterated that the U.S. could not involve itself in the conspiracy, although on December 10 the State Department authorized the embassy to tell Jabr "we would be prepared to consider prompt resumption of diplomatic relations and would certainly be disposed to cooperate within the limits of existing legislation and our overall policy" if the "new government prove\[d] to be moderate and friendly."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=121\-122}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d263\|title\=Telegram 10069 From the Embassy in Lebanon to the Department of State, December 8, 1969, 1749Z: Iraq—Possible Coup d'Etat\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\|date\=1969\-12\-08\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406023649/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d263\|archive\-date\=April 6, 2016\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d264\|title\=Telegram 204979 From the Department of State to the Embassy in Lebanon, December 10, 1969, 1615Z: Iraq\-Coup d'Etat Plans\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\|date\=1969\-12\-10\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406022308/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d264\|archive\-date\=April 6, 2016\|url\-status\=live}}
### Kurdish intervention, 1972–1975
{{Main\|Corrective Revolution (Egypt)\|Second Iraqi–Kurdish War\|1975 Algiers Agreement\|Al\-Anfal Campaign}}
[thumb\|Alexei Kosygin (left) and [Ahmed Hassan al\-Bakr](/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr "Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr") signing the Iraqi–Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Co\-Operation in 1972](/wiki/File:Freundschaftsvertrag_Kossygin_al-Bakr_1972.jpg "Freundschaftsvertrag Kossygin al-Bakr 1972.jpg")
In the aftermath of the March Accord, Iranian and Israeli officials tried to persuade the Nixon administration that the agreement was part of a Soviet plot to free up Iraq's military for aggression against Iran and Israel, but U.S. officials refuted these claims by noting that Iraq had resumed purging ICP members on March 23, 1970, and that Saddam was met with a "chilly" reception during his visit to Moscow on August 4–12, during which he requested deferment on Iraq's considerable foreign debt.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=124–127}} Iraqi–Soviet relations improved rapidly in late 1971 in response to the Soviet Union's deteriorating alliance with Egyptian leader [Anwar Sadat](/wiki/Anwar_Sadat "Anwar Sadat"), who succeeded [Gamal Abdel Nasser](/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser "Gamal Abdel Nasser") following Nasser's death on September 28, 1970\.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=129–130}} However, even after Iraq signed a secret arms deal with the Soviets in September 1971, which was finalized during Soviet Defense Minister [Andrei Grechko](/wiki/Andrei_Grechko "Andrei Grechko")'s December trip to Baghdad and "brought the total of Soviet military aid to Iraq to above the $750 million level," the State Department remained skeptical that Iraq posed any threat to Iran.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=130–131}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d295\|title\=Telegram 12737 From the Department of State to the Embassies in Iran, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, January 22, 1972, 0231Z\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\|date\=1972\-01\-22\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-19\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328152550/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d295\|archive\-date\=March 28, 2016\|url\-status\=live}} On April 9, 1972, Soviet Prime Minister [Alexei Kosygin](/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin "Alexei Kosygin") signed "a 15\-year treaty of friendship and cooperation" with al\-Bakr, but U.S. officials were not "outwardly perturbed" by this development, because, according to the NSC staff, it was not "surprising or sudden but rather a culmination of existing relationships."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=134\-135}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d308\|title\=Briefing Paper Prepared for President Nixon, May 18, 1972\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\|date\=1972\-05\-18\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-19\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328152142/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d308\|archive\-date\=March 28, 2016\|url\-status\=live}}
It has been suggested that Nixon was initially preoccupied with pursuing his policy of [détente](/wiki/D%C3%A9tente "Détente") with the Soviet Union and with the May 1972 [Moscow Summit](/wiki/Moscow_Summit_%281972%29 "Moscow Summit (1972)"), but later sought to assuage the Shah's concerns about Iraq during his May 30–31 trip to Tehran. In a May 31 meeting with the Shah, Nixon vowed that the U.S. "would not let down \[its] friends," promising to provide Iran with sophisticated weapons ("including [F\-14s](/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat "Grumman F-14 Tomcat") and [F\-15s](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle "McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle")") to counter the Soviet Union's agreement to sell Iraq [Mig\-23](/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23 "Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23") jets. According to Nixon's National Security Adviser and later Secretary of State, [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger"), and numerous scholars, Nixon also agreed to a covert operation to assist Barzani's Kurdish rebels while in Tehran. (Barzani had resumed his alliance with Iran and Israel after a December 1970 assassination attempt on his son [Idris](/wiki/Idris_Barzani "Idris Barzani"), which he held the Ba'ath Party responsible for.) There is, however, no official record that this occurred, with the only record that Nixon approved the operation being an August 1 memo from Kissinger to [40 Committee](/wiki/40_Committee "40 Committee") principals.{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d322\|title\=Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\|date\=1972\-08\-01\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-19\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328155239/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d322\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-28\|url\-status\=live}} For accounts of Nixon's meetings with the Shah, see {{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d200\|title\=Memorandum of Conversation, Tehran, May 30, 1972, 5:35 to 6:35 p.m.\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\|date\=1972\-05\-30\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-19\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328205829/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d200\|archive\-date\=March 28, 2016\|url\-status\=live}} and {{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d201\|title\=Memorandum of Conversation, Tehran, May 31, 1972, 10:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\|date\=1972\-05\-31\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-19\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329000756/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d201\|archive\-date\=March 29, 2016\|url\-status\=live}} It is therefore plausible that two additional factors ultimately convinced Nixon to approve the operation, despite widespread opposition to supporting the Kurds within the State Department and CIA: Iraq's complete nationalization of the IPC on June 1, after Iraq began exporting oil from [North Rumaila](/wiki/Rumaila_oil_field "Rumaila oil field") to the Soviet Union in April; and the July 18 withdrawal of 15,000 Soviet military personnel from Egypt, which Kissinger's deputy, General [Alexander Haig](/wiki/Alexander_Haig "Alexander Haig"), Jr., predicted on July 28 "will probably result in more intense Soviet efforts in Iraq."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=117, 128, 135–142, 163}}
From October 1972 until the abrupt end of the Kurdish intervention after March 1975, the CIA "provided the Kurds with nearly $20 million in assistance," including 1,250 tons of non\-attributable weaponry.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=140, 144–145, 148, 181}} The main goal of U.S. policy\-makers was to increase the Kurds's ability to negotiate a reasonable autonomy agreement with the government of Iraq.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=205}} To justify the operation, U.S. officials cited Iraq's support for [international terrorism](/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism "State-sponsored terrorism") and its repeated threats against neighboring states, including Iran (where Iraq supported [Baluchi](/wiki/Balochistan "Balochistan") and Arab separatists against the Shah) and Kuwait (Iraq launched an [unprovoked attack on a Kuwaiti border post](/wiki/1973_Samita_border_skirmish "1973 Samita border skirmish") and claimed the Kuwaiti islands of [Warbah](/wiki/Warbah "Warbah") and [Bubiyan](/wiki/Bubiyan "Bubiyan") in May 1973\), with Haig remarking: "There can be no doubt that it is in the interest of ourselves, our allies, and other friendly governments in the area to see the Ba'thi regime in Iraq kept off balance and if possible overthrown."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=146\-148}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d321\|title\=Memorandum From the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Haig) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, July 28, 1972: Kurdish Problem\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\|date\=1972\-07\-28\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-19\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329024526/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d321\|archive\-date\=March 29, 2016\|url\-status\=live}} After Nixon's resignation in August 1974, President [Gerald Ford](/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") was briefed about the Kurdish intervention on a "need\-to\-know" basis—leaving Kissinger, former CIA director and ambassador to Iran [Richard Helms](/wiki/Richard_Helms "Richard Helms"), Arthur Callahan (chief of the CIA Station in Tehran), and Callahan's deputy—to actually implement the U.S. policy.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=163}} To prevent leaks, the State Department was not informed of the operation.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=141}} In fact, the State Department had dispatched Arthur Lowrie to establish a U.S. Interests Section in Baghdad shortly prior to Nixon's decision to support the Kurds; the Interests Section officially opened on October 1, 1972\.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=144}} Lowrie repeatedly warned that there was a power struggle between moderates and extremists within the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, and that the Shah's aggressive posture towards Iraq, combined with the Ba'ath Party's belief that the U.S. sought to overthrow it, empowered the extremists while forcing Iraq to turn towards the Soviet Union for arms resupply.cf. {{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d326\|title\=Memorandum From the U.S. Interests Section in Baghdad to the Department of State, October 21, 1972: U.S. Policy Toward Iraq\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\|date\=1972\-10\-21\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-19\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329194805/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76ve04/d326\|archive\-date\=March 29, 2016\|url\-status\=live}} Helms and the CIA rejected Lowrie's analysis and his proposal that the U.S. try to improve relations with Iraq, with Helms stating "\[We] are frankly skeptical that in practice we could help the moderates without building up our extremist enemies." The CIA went further, producing a report that cautioned "*the level of political violence is very high* ... This is not a happy situation nor a happy government for the US to try to do business with."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=144–146, 148–150, 152–153, 157–158}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d232\|title\=Memorandum Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency: Some Notes on Iraqi Politics\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\|date\=1973\-09\-05\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-19\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329114910/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d232\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-29\|url\-status\=live}} After a failed coup attempt on June 30, 1973, Saddam consolidated control over Iraq and made a number of positive gestures towards the U.S. and the West, such as refusing to participate in the Saudi\-led oil embargo following the [Yom Kippur War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War "Yom Kippur War"), but these actions were largely ignored in Washington.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=161}}
On March 11, 1974, the Iraqi government gave Barzani 15 days to accept a new autonomy law, which "fell far short of what the regime had promised the Kurds in 1970, including long\-standing demands like a proportional share of oil revenue and the inclusion of the oil\-rich and culturally significant city of Kirkuk into the autonomous region" and "gave the regime a veto over any Kurdish legislation."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=167}} Barzani allowed the deadline to lapse, triggering the outbreak of the [Second Iraqi–Kurdish War](/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War "Second Iraqi–Kurdish War") in April.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=166–171}} Although the CIA had stockpiled "900,000 pounds of non\-attributable small arms and ammunition" to prepare for this contingency, the Kurds were in a weak position due to their lack of anti\-aircraft and anti\-tank weapons. Moreover, Soviet advisers contributed to a change in Iraq's tactics that decisively altered the trajectory of the war, allowing the Iraqi army to finally achieve steady gains against the Kurds where it had failed in the past.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=169–171, 175, 177, 180, 204}} To prevent a collapse of the Kurdish resistance, Kissinger negotiated a deal with Israel to provide the Kurds with $28 million in heavy weaponry, but all assistance came to a sudden end shortly after the Shah and Saddam embraced one another at [a press conference in Algiers](/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement "1975 Algiers Agreement") on March 6, 1975: Saddam had agreed to a concession on the border of the Shatt al\-Arab waterway in return for an end to "all subversive infiltration from either side."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=181, 186, 190–191, 194–195, 204}} The increasingly overt Iranian involvement necessary to stave off a Kurdish defeat—including the presence of Iranian soldiers dressed in Kurdish uniforms, who participated in combat for as long as 10 days at a time, thus raising the possibility that further escalation might lead to "open war" between Iran and Iraq—combined with assurances from Arab leaders including Sadat, King [Hussein of Jordan](/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan "Hussein of Jordan"), and [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria "Algeria")'s [Houari Boumédiène](/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne "Houari Boumédiène") that "Saddam Hussein was ready to pull Iraq out of \[the] Soviet orbit if Iran would take away the \[Kurdish revolt] which was forcing them into the arms of the Soviets"—also helped convince the Shah that an accommodation with Iraq was necessary and desirable.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=59, 178, 183–185, 188, 190–191, 204}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d275\|title\=Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to Iran (Helms) to the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft)\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\|date\=1975\-03\-08\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401233412/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d275\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-01\|url\-status\=live}}; {{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d276\|title\=Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to Iran (Helms) to the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft)\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\|date\=1975\-03\-08\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401193419/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d276\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-01\|url\-status\=live}} In the aftermath, over 100,000 Kurds fled to Iran, while the Iraqi government brutally consolidated its control over Iraqi Kurdistan—destroying as many as 1,400 villages by 1978, imprisoning 600,000 Kurds in resettlement camps, and ultimately [waging a campaign of genocide against the Kurds](/wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign "Al-Anfal Campaign") in 1988\.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=195, 205}}
A [leaked Congressional investigation](/wiki/Pike_Committee "Pike Committee") led by [Otis Pike](/wiki/Otis_G._Pike "Otis G. Pike") and a February 4, 1976 *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")* article written by [William Safire](/wiki/William_Safire "William Safire"){{cite web\|author\-link\=William Safire\|last\=Safire\|first\=William\|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=9A06E3DD113CE334BC4D53DFB466838D669EDE\&url\=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1976/02/05/75572436\.html\|title\=Mr. Ford's Secret Sellout\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=1976\-02\-04\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401104251/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=9A06E3DD113CE334BC4D53DFB466838D669EDE\&url\=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1976%2F02%2F05%2F75572436\.html\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-01\|url\-status\=live}} have heavily influenced subsequent scholarship regarding the conduct of the Kurdish intervention.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=163\-164}} As a result, there is a widespread belief that U.S. officials prodded Barzani into rejecting the Iraqi government's initial offer of autonomy, cynically agreed to "sell out" the Kurds at the Shah's behest, refused to provide any humanitarian assistance for Kurdish refugees, and failed to respond to "a heartbreaking letter" Barzani sent Kissinger on March 10, 1975, in which he stated: "Our movement and people are being destroyed in an unbelievable way with silence from everyone."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=163, 171, 192, 204, 240}} In fact, declassified documents reveal that U.S. officials warned Barzani against his proposal to declare autonomy unilaterally, as they knew doing so would provoke the Iraqi government, even as the goal of permanently dividing Iraq and maintaining an autonomous Kurdish government would require massive resources irreconcilable with [plausible deniability](/wiki/Plausible_deniability "Plausible deniability").{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=166\-171, 204}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d244\|title\=Backchannel Message From the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to the Ambassador to Iran (Helms)\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\|date\=1975\-03\-16\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401163910/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d244\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-01\|url\-status\=live}} cf. {{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d246\|title\=Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\|date\=1974\-04\-11\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406071925/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d246\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-06\|url\-status\=live}} cf. {{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d247\|title\=Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to Iran (Helms) to Secretary of State Kissinger\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\|date\=1974\-04\-17\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220180446/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d247\|archive\-date\=2016\-12\-20\|url\-status\=live}} However, Barzani could never have accepted Iraq's "watered\-down autonomy law," as it was inconsistent with the terms of the March Accord and ignored outstanding Kurdish demands.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=167, 171, 204}} The Shah's "sell\-out" blindsided American and Israeli officials, as well as his own advisers; Kissinger had personally lobbied the Shah against reaching any agreement with Iraq, and questioned the logic of "trad\[ing] a valuable coercive asset ... for a modest border concession."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=187\-192}} The U.S. provided $1 million in aid to Kurdish refugees—and, on March 17, Kissinger responded to Barzani's letter: "We can understand that the difficult decisions which the Kurdish people now face are a cause of deep anguish for them. We have great admiration for the courage and dignity with which those people have confronted many trials, and our prayers are with them."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=169, 194, 204\-205}}{{cite web\|url\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d281\|title\=Backchannel Message From the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to the Ambassador to Iran (Helms)\|work\=\[\[Foreign Relations Series\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\|date\=1974\-03\-26\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175559/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\-76v27/d281\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-01\|url\-status\=live}} With neither Iran nor [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") willing to allow their territory to be used to support the Kurds, the U.S. and Israel were forced to abandon their assistance.{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=196}} According to Bryan R. Gibson, "The Pike Report ignored inconvenient truths; misattributed quotes; falsely accused the United States of not providing the Kurds with any humanitarian assistance; and, finally, claimed that Kissinger had not responded to Barzani's tragic plea, when in fact he had ... This was not the 'textbook case of betrayal and skulduggery' that the Pike Report had led many people to believe."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|p\=205}}Gibson has in turn been criticized for overstating his disagreement with the Pike Report and for neglecting Barzani's own claim that the latter's rejection of the Ba'ath Party's autonomy law was largely predicated on the promise of U.S. support. See {{cite web\|last\=Vis\|first\=Andrea \|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283217908\|title\=U.S. Foreign Policy on the Kurds of Iraq: 1958–1975\|date\=October 2015\|access\-date\=2017\-03\-24\|pages\=49–51}} Gibson concedes that U.S. involvement was self\-serving and "advanced America's Cold War interests, though not entirely at the expense of the Kurds."{{sfn\|Gibson\|2015\|pp\=204\-205}} [Joost Hiltermann](/wiki/Joost_Hiltermann "Joost Hiltermann") offers a contrasting analysis: "The exoneration shouldn't go unqualified. Kissinger cared for the Kurds only to the extent that they could be used in the pursuit of US interests, and he would surely have abandoned them sooner or later."{{cite journal\|author\-link\=Joost Hiltermann\|last\=Hiltermann\|first\=Joost\|url\=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n22/joost\-hiltermann/they\-were\-expendable\|title\=They were expendable\|journal\=\[\[London Review of Books]]\|volume\=38\|issue\=22\|date\=2016\-11\-17\|access\-date\=2017\-02\-15\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216140638/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n22/joost\-hiltermann/they\-were\-expendable\|archive\-date\=2017\-02\-16\|url\-status\=live}}
### Iran\-Iraq War and resumption of diplomatic ties
Even though Iraqi interest in American technical expertise was strong, prior to 1980 the government did not seem to be seriously interested in re\-establishing diplomatic relations with the United States. The Ba'ath Party viewed the efforts by the United States to achieve "step\-by\-step" interim agreements between [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") and the [Arab countries](/wiki/Arab_countries "Arab countries") and the diplomatic process that led to the [Camp David Accords](/wiki/Camp_David_Accords "Camp David Accords") as calculated attempts to perpetuate Arab disunity. Consequently, Iraq took a leading role in organizing Arab opposition to the diplomatic initiatives of the United States. After [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") signed a [peace treaty with Israel](/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Israeli_Peace_Treaty "Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty") in 1979, Iraq succeeded in getting members of the League of Arab States ([Arab League](/wiki/Arab_League "Arab League")) to vote unanimously for Egypt's expulsion from the organization.
A review of thousands of declassified government documents and interviews with former U.S. policymakers shows that the U.S. provided intelligence and logistical support, which played a role in arming Iraq during the [Iran–Iraq War](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War"). Under the [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") and [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") administrations, the U.S. authorized the sale to Iraq of numerous [dual\-use technology](/wiki/Dual-use_technology "Dual-use technology") (items with both military and civilian applications), including chemicals which can be used in manufacturing of pesticides or chemical weapons and live viruses and bacteria, such as [anthrax](/wiki/Anthrax "Anthrax") and [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague "Bubonic plague") used in medicine and the manufacture of vaccines or weaponized for use in biological weapons.
A report of the U.S. Senate's Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs concluded that the U.S. under the successive presidential administrations sold materials including anthrax, and botulism to Iraq right up until March 1992\. The chairman of the Senate committee, Don Riegle, said: "The executive branch of our government approved 771 different export licenses for sale of dual\-use technology to Iraq. I think it's a devastating record."*Sunday Herald* (Scotland) September 8, 2002\. According to several former officials, the State and Commerce departments promoted trade in such items as a way to boost U.S. exports and acquire political leverage over Saddam.Washington Post, December 30, 2002\.
Relations between the U.S. and Iraq were strained by the [Iran–Contra affair](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair "Iran–Contra affair").
[thumb\|thumbtime\=05\|Rumsfeld, [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan")'s then\-special envoy to the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") meeting Saddam Hussein on 19–20 December 1983 during a visit to Baghdad. Rumsfeld later became the U.S. Secretary of Defense who led the coalition forces in 2003 against him.](/wiki/File:Shakinghands_high.OGG "Shakinghands high.OGG")
The U.S. provided critical battle planning assistance at a time when U.S. intelligence agencies knew that Iraqi commanders would employ chemical weapons in waging the war, according to senior military officers with direct knowledge of the program. The U.S. carried out this covert program at a time when Secretary of State [George P. Shultz](/wiki/George_P._Shultz "George P. Shultz"), [United States Secretary of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense "United States Secretary of Defense") [Frank C. Carlucci](/wiki/Frank_C._Carlucci "Frank C. Carlucci") and National Security Adviser General [Colin L. Powell](/wiki/Colin_L._Powell "Colin L. Powell") were publicly condemning Iraq for its use of poison gas, especially after Iraq attacked [Kurdish](/wiki/Kurdish_people "Kurdish people") villagers in [Halabja](/wiki/Halabja "Halabja") in March 1988\. U.S. officials publicly condemned Iraq's employment of [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas "Mustard gas"), [sarin](/wiki/Sarin "Sarin"), [VX](/wiki/VX_%28nerve_agent%29 "VX (nerve agent)") and other poisonous agents, but sixty [Defense Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency "Defense Intelligence Agency") officers were secretly providing detailed information on Iranian deployments, tactical planning for battles, plans for airstrikes and bomb\-damage assessments for Iraq. It has long been known that the U.S. provided intelligence assistance, such as satellite photography, to Saddam's regime. Carlucci said: "My understanding is that what was provided" to Iraq "was general order of battle information, not operational intelligence." "I certainly have no knowledge of U.S. participation in preparing battle and strike packages," he said, "and doubt strongly that that occurred." "I did agree that Iraq should not lose the war, but I certainly had no foreknowledge of their use of chemical weapons." Secretary of State Powell, through a spokesman, said the officers' description of the program was "dead wrong," but declined to discuss it. His deputy, Richard L. Armitage, a senior defense official at the time, used an expletive relayed through a spokesman to indicate his denial that the United States acquiesced in the use of chemical weapons.*New York Times*, August 18, 2002\.
Concern about the 1979 [Islamic Revolution](/wiki/Islamic_Revolution "Islamic Revolution") in [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran") and about the [Soviet invasion of Afghanistan](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan "Soviet invasion of Afghanistan") prompted Iraq to reexamine seriously the nature of its relationship with the United States. This process led to a gradual warming of relations between the two countries. In 1981 Iraq and the United States engaged in low level, official talks on matters of mutual interest such as trade and regional security. In March 1982 the USA decided to remove Iraq from its list of countries supporting terrorism in order to be able to help Saddam Hussein to win the Iraq\-Iran war.{{Cite book\|last\=Entessar\|first\=Nader\|title\=Kurdish Ethnonationalism\|date\=1992\|publisher\=Lynn Rienner Publishers\|isbn\=978\-1\-55587\-250\-2\|pages\=142\|language\=en}} Following, the United States extended credits to Iraq for the purchase of American agricultural commodities, the first time this had been done since 1967\. More significant, in 1983 the Baathist government hosted a United States special Middle East envoy, the highest\-ranking American official to visit [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad") in more than sixteen years. In a U.S. bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq, the country was removed from the U.S. list of [State Sponsors of Terrorism](/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism "State Sponsors of Terrorism"). Ostensibly, this was because of improvement in the regime's record, although former United States Assistant Secretary of Defense Noel Koch later stated, "No one had any doubts about \[the Iraqis'] continued involvement in terrorism ... The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.army.mil/professionalWriting/volumes/volume1/july\_2003/7\_03\_2v2\.html \|title\=Inverse Engagement: Lessons from U.S.\-Iraq Relations, 1982–1990 \|access\-date\=12 October 2006 \|author\=Douglas A. Borer \|year\=2003 \|work\=U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection \|publisher\=U.S. Army \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011195656/http://www.army.mil/professionalwriting/volumes/volume1/july\_2003/7\_03\_2v2\.html \|archive\-date\=11 October 2006 }} In 1984, when the United States inaugurated "[Operation Staunch](/wiki/Operation_Staunch "Operation Staunch")" to halt shipment of arms to Iran by third countries, no similar embargo was attempted against Iraq because Iraq had expressed its desire to negotiate an end to the war. All of these initiatives prepared the ground for Iraq and the United States to reestablish diplomatic relations in November 1984\. Iraq was the last of the Arab countries to resume diplomatic relations with the U.S.{{cite news\|last1\=Gamarekian\|first1\=Barbara\|title\=Diplomatics Inch, Diplomatic Mile\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/06/us/embassy\-row\-diplomatics\-inch\-diplomatic\-mile.html\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=6 February 1985\|access\-date\=9 February 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080324/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/06/us/embassy\-row\-diplomatics\-inch\-diplomatic\-mile.html\|archive\-date\=10 May 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
In early 1988, Iraq's relations with the United States were generally cordial. The relationship had been strained at the end of 1986 when it was revealed that the United States had secretly sold arms to Iran during 1985 and 1986, and a crisis occurred in May 1987 when an Iraqi pilot [bombed an American naval ship](/wiki/USS_Stark_incident "USS Stark incident") in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf"), a ship he mistakenly thought to be involved in Iran\-related commerce. Nevertheless, the two countries had weathered these problems by mid\-1987\. Although lingering suspicions about the United States remained, Iraq welcomed greater, even if indirect, American diplomatic and military pressure in trying to end the war with Iran. For the most part, the Iraqi government believed the United States supported its position that the war was being prolonged only because of Iranian intransigence.
### Gulf War
[thumb\|right\|April Glaspie meets Saddam for an emergency meeting.](/wiki/File:April_Glaspie%2C_Sadoun_al-Zubaydi_and_Saddam_Hussein.jpg "April Glaspie, Sadoun al-Zubaydi and Saddam Hussein.jpg") On July 25, 1990, following [tensions with Kuwait](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%23Tensions_with_Kuwait "Saddam Hussein#Tensions with Kuwait"), Saddam met with United States Ambassador to Baghdad, [April Glaspie](/wiki/April_Glaspie "April Glaspie"), in one of the last high\-level contacts between the two Governments before the [Iraqi invasion of Kuwait](/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait "Iraqi invasion of Kuwait") on August 2, 1990\. Iraqi Government officials published a transcript of the meeting, which also included the Iraqi Foreign Minister, [Tariq Aziz](/wiki/Tariq_Aziz "Tariq Aziz"). A copy was provided to *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* by [ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 "ABC News (United States)"), which was translated from [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic"). The U.S. State Department has declined to comment on its accuracy.
Glaspie is quoted saying to Saddam:
> I have a direct instruction from the President to seek better relations with Iraq ... I know you need funds. We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country. But we have no opinion on the Arab\-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait. I was in the American Embassy in Kuwait during the late 60s \[during another Iraq\-Kuwait border conflict]. The instruction we had during this period was that we should express no opinion on this issue and that the issue is not associated with America. James Baker has directed our official spokesmen to emphasize this instruction. We hope you can solve this problem using any suitable methods via Klibi or via [President Mubarak](/wiki/President_Mubarak "President Mubarak"). All that we hope is that these issues are solved quickly ... Frankly, we can see only that you have deployed massive troops in the south. Normally that would not be any of our business. But when this happens in the context of what you said on your national day, then when we read the details in the two letters of the Foreign Minister, then when we see the Iraqi point of view that the measures taken by the U.A.E. and Kuwait is, in the final analysis, parallel to military aggression against Iraq, then it would be reasonable for me to be concerned. And for this reason, I received an instruction to ask you, in the spirit of friendship—not in the spirit of confrontation—regarding your intentions.[Excerpts From Iraqi Document on Meeting With U.S. Envoy](https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/23/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-excerpts-from-iraqi-document-on-meeting-with-us-envoy.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=4&pagewanted=print) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006013058/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/23/world/confrontation\-in\-the\-gulf\-excerpts\-from\-iraqi\-document\-on\-meeting\-with\-us\-envoy.html?sec\=\&spon\=\&pagewanted\=4\&pagewanted\=print \|date\=2017\-10\-06 }}, *New York Times*. September 23, 1990\.
However, Tariq Aziz told [PBS](/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service "Public Broadcasting Service") *[Frontline](/wiki/Frontline_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Frontline (U.S. TV series)")* in 1996 that the Iraqi leadership was under "no illusion" about America's likely response to the Iraqi invasion: "She \[Glaspie] didn't tell us anything strange. She didn't tell us in the sense that we concluded that the Americans will not retaliate. That was nonsense you see. It was nonsense to think that the Americans would not attack us.""The Gulf War", PBS *Frontline*. January 9, 1996\. And in a second 2000 interview with the same television program, Aziz said:
> There were no mixed signals. We should not forget that the whole period before August 2 witnessed a negative American policy towards Iraq. So it would be quite foolish to think that, if we go to Kuwait, then America would like that. Because the American tendency ... was to untie Iraq. So how could we imagine that such a step was going to be appreciated by the Americans? It looks foolish, you see, this is fiction. About the meeting with April Glaspie—it was a routine meeting. There was nothing extraordinary in it. She didn't say anything extraordinary beyond what any professional diplomat would say without previous instructions from his government. She did not ask for an audience with the president. She was summoned by the president. He telephoned me and said, "Bring the American ambassador. I want to see her." She was not prepared, because it was not morning in Washington. People in Washington were asleep, so she needed a half\-hour to contact anybody in Washington and seek instructions. So, what she said were routine, classical comments on what the president was asking her to convey to President Bush. He wanted her to carry a message to George Bush—not to receive a message through her from Washington.["The survival of Saddam"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saddam/interviews/aziz.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808105053/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saddam/interviews/aziz.html \|date\=2017\-08\-08 }}, PBS *Frontline*. January 25, 2000\.
Due to ongoing concerns over the security situation in Iraq, the U.S. State Department invalidated U.S. passports for travel to or through Iraq on February 8, 1991\. The [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War") cease\-fire was negotiated at [Safwan, Iraq](/wiki/Safwan%2C_Iraq "Safwan, Iraq") on March 1, 1991, taking effect on April 11, 1991\.Torreon, B.S. (2011\). U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Current Conflicts. CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS21405\.pdf](https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS21405.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328222039/http://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS21405\.pdf \|date\=2015\-03\-28 }}
According to former U.S. intelligence officials interviewed by *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, the CIA indirectly supported a bomb and sabotage campaign between 1992 and 1995 in Iraq conducted by the [Iraqi National Accord](/wiki/Iraqi_National_Accord "Iraqi National Accord") insurgents, led by [Iyad Allawi](/wiki/Iyad_Allawi "Iyad Allawi"). The campaign had no apparent effect in toppling Saddam's rule,{{Cite news
\| author\=Brinkley, Joel
\| date\=2004\-06\-09
\| title\=Ex\-C.I.A. Aides Say Iraq Leader Helped Agency in 90's Attacks
\| work\=\[\[New York Times]]
\| url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=9403E3D91630F93AA35755C0A9629C8B63
}} but the CIA was also involved in a failed 1996 coup against Saddam{{citation
\| url \= http://www.afio.com/sections/wins/2003/2003\-19\.html\#terrirst
\| author \= Association of Former Intelligence Officers
\| title \= US Coup Plotting in Iraq
\| id \= Weekly Intelligence Notes 19\-03
\| date \= 19 May 2003
\| access\-date \= 3 August 2016
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160409090906/http://www.afio.com/sections/wins/2003/2003\-19\.html\#terrirst
\| archive\-date \= 9 April 2016
\| url\-status \= live
}}{{citation
\| url \= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2003/05/16/the\-cia\-and\-the\-coup\-that\-wasnt/0abfb8fa\-61e9\-4159\-a885\-89b8c476b188/
\| first \= David
\| last \= Ignatius
\| title \= The CIA And the Coup That Wasn't
\| date \= May 16, 2003
\| access\-date \= August 3, 2016
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160312144241/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2003/05/16/the\-cia\-and\-the\-coup\-that\-wasnt/0abfb8fa\-61e9\-4159\-a885\-89b8c476b188/
\| archive\-date \= March 12, 2016
\| url\-status \= live
}}
\- and in October 1998, regime change became official U.S. policy with enactment of the "[Iraq Liberation Act](/wiki/Iraq_Liberation_Act "Iraq Liberation Act")."
As a result of the war, Iraq and the United States broke off diplomatic relations for a second time. From 1990 to 2003, [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria "Algeria") served as Iraq's [protecting power](/wiki/Protecting_power "Protecting power") in Washington, while Poland served as the [protecting power](/wiki/Protecting_power "Protecting power") for the United States in Baghdad.{{cite book\|last1\=Chauhan\|first1\=Sharad S.\|title\=War on Iraq\|date\=2003\|publisher\=A P H\|location\=New Delhi\|isbn\=9788176484787\|page\=9}} Diplomatic relations would not be restored until the United States overthrew Saddam Hussein in 2003 and established an American\-aligned government.
### 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq
{{Main\|Iraq War}}
[thumb\|George W. Bush announces start to 2003 war in Iraq.](/wiki/File:Bush_announces_Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_2003.jpg "Bush announces Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003.jpg")
After the [United Nations Security Council Resolution 687](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_687 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 687") and subsequent [UN weapons inspectors inside Iraq](/wiki/United_Nations_Monitoring%2C_Verification_and_Inspection_Commission "United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission") there was [a period of low\-level hostilities](/wiki/Lead-up_to_the_Iraq_War "Lead-up to the Iraq War") between Iraq and the United States\-led coalition from 1991\.
In late 2001, [Bush administration](/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration "George W. Bush administration") began actively pressing for military intervention in Iraq. The primary [rationalization](/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War "Rationale for the Iraq War") was articulated by a joint resolution of the [U.S. Congress](/wiki/U.S._Congress "U.S. Congress") known as the [Iraq Resolution](/wiki/Iraq_Resolution "Iraq Resolution"), stating that the intent was to remove "a regime that developed and used weapons of mass destruction, that harbored and supported terrorists, committed outrageous human rights abuses, and defied the just demands of the United Nations and the world."{{cite web\|title\=Winning the War on Terror\|url\=http://2001\-2009\.state.gov/documents/organization/24172\.pdf\|publisher\=U.S. State Department Bureau of Public Affairs\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220644/http://2001\-2009\.state.gov/documents/organization/24172\.pdf\|archive\-date\=2013\-10\-04\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last1\=Bellinger\|first1\=John\|title\=Transatlantic Approaches to the International Legal Regime in an Age of Globalization and Terrorism.\|url\=https://2009\-2017\.state.gov/s/l/2005/87203\.htm\|publisher\=U.S. State Department\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-25\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225054539/https://2009\-2017\.state.gov/s/l/2005/87203\.htm\|archive\-date\=2019\-12\-25\|url\-status\=live}}
In the lead\-up to the invasion, the U.S. and U.K. emphasized the argument that [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein") was developing [weapons of mass destruction](/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction "Weapons of mass destruction") and that he thus presented a threat to his neighbors and to the global community.[UN Security Council Resolution 1441](https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/io/rls/fs/2003/17926.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621233528/https://2001\-2009\.state.gov/p/io/rls/fs/2003/17926\.htm \|date\=2019\-06\-21 }} Retrieved 30 January 2008 Throughout late 2001, 2002, and early 2003, the Bush Administration worked to build a case for invading Iraq, culminating in then [Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State") [Colin Powell](/wiki/Colin_Powell "Colin Powell")'s February 2003 address to the Security Council.{{UN document \|code\=securitycouncil/meeting\_4701 \|body\= Security Council \|meeting\=4701 \|page\=2 \|anchor\=pg002\-bk08 \| speakername\=\[\[Colin Powell]]\| speakernation\=United States\|date\=5 February 2003 \| type\= PV\| accessdate\=2007\-07\-17 }}
Accusations of faulty evidence and alleged shifting rationales became the focal point for critics of the war, who charge that the Bush Administration purposely fabricated evidence to justify an invasion that it had long planned to launch.{{cite web\|last1\=Shakir\|first1\=Faiz\|title\=Bush Insists 'I Didn't Want War,' Overwhelming Evidence Suggests Otherwise\|url\=http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2006/03/21/4363/made\-up\-his\-mind/\|website\=ThinkProgress}}
[The invasion began](/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq "2003 invasion of Iraq") on 20 March 2003, with the U.S., joined by the U.K. and several coalition allies, launching a "[shock and awe](/wiki/Shock_and_awe "Shock and awe")" bombing campaign. Iraqi forces were quickly overwhelmed as U.S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the [Ba'athist government](/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq "Ba'athist Iraq"); Saddam was captured during [Operation Red Dawn](/wiki/Operation_Red_Dawn "Operation Red Dawn") in December of that same year and [executed by a military court three years later](/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein "Execution of Saddam Hussein").
However, the power vacuum following Saddam's demise and the mismanagement of [the occupation](/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority "Coalition Provisional Authority") led to a widespread [civil war](/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_%282006%E2%80%932008%29 "Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)") between [Shias](/wiki/Shia_Islam "Shia Islam") and [Sunnis](/wiki/Sunni_Islam "Sunni Islam"), as well as a [lengthy insurgency against U.S. and coalition forces](/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_%282003%E2%80%9311%29 "Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)"). The United States responded with a [troop surge in 2007](/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007 "Iraq War troop surge of 2007") to attempt to reduce the violence.
Shortly after the invasion, the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency"), [Defense Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency "Defense Intelligence Agency"), and other intelligence agencies largely discredited evidence related to Iraqi weapons as well as links to [Al\-Qaeda](/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda"), and at this point the Bush and Blair Administrations began to shift to secondary rationales for the war, such as [the Hussein government's human rights record](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq "Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq") and promoting [democracy in Iraq](/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq "Democracy in Iraq").{{cite news\|last1\=Smith\|first1\=R. Jeffrey\|title\=Hussein's Prewar Ties To Al\-Qaeda Discounted\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2007/04/05/AR2007040502263\.html\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|date\=April 6, 2007\|access\-date\=September 1, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411103726/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2007/04/05/AR2007040502263\.html\|archive\-date\=April 11, 2007\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|last1\=Sandalow\|first1\=Marc\|title\=Record shows Bush shifting on Iraq war / President's rationale for the invasion continues to evolve\|url\=http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/NEWS\-ANALYSIS\-Record\-shows\-Bush\-shifting\-on\-2690938\.php\|publisher\=The San Francisco Chronicle\|date\=September 29, 2004\|access\-date\=August 3, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022850/http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/NEWS\-ANALYSIS\-Record\-shows\-Bush\-shifting\-on\-2690938\.php\|archive\-date\=March 5, 2016\|url\-status\=live}}
UN [Secretary\-General](/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations "Secretary-General of the United Nations") [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan "Kofi Annan") described the war as illegal, saying in a September 2004 interview that it was "not in conformity with the Security Council."{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/3661134\.stm \|title\=Iraq war illegal, says Annan \|access\-date\=November 15, 2008 \|publisher\=BBC News \|date\=September 16, 2004 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115131657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/3661134\.stm \|archive\-date\=January 15, 2009 \|url\-status\=live }}
The U.S. began withdrawing its troops in the winter of 2007–08\. The winding down of U.S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"). The U.S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011\.{{cite news\|agency\=Associated Press \|first\=Ben \|last\=Feller \|title\=Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq \|date\=27 February 2009 \|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090227/ap\_on\_go\_pr\_wh/obama\_iraq \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302175610/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090227/ap\_on\_go\_pr\_wh/obama\_iraq \|archive\-date\=2 March 2009 }}
### Current status
[thumb\|[Embassy of Iraq](/wiki/Embassy_of_Iraq_in_Washington%2C_D.C. "Embassy of Iraq in Washington, D.C.") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.")](/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Iraq_in_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg "Embassy of Iraq in Washington, D.C..jpg")
[right\|thumb\|[U.S. President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") with [Iraqi Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq "Prime Minister of Iraq") [Mustafa Al\-Kadhimi](/wiki/Mustafa_Al-Kadhimi "Mustafa Al-Kadhimi") in 2021](/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_and_Prime_Minister_Mustafa_Al-Kadhimi.jpg "President Joe Biden and Prime Minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi.jpg")
The United States helped establish the [Central Bank of Iraq](/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq "Central Bank of Iraq") in 2004, and since then the U.S. dollar has become the country's chief currency because of Iraq's large [informal economy](/wiki/Informal_economy "Informal economy") which runs on cash.{{Cite news \|last\=Cloud \|first\=David S. \|title\=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iraq Economy Reels as U.S. Moves Against Money Flows to Iran \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/iraq\-economy\-reels\-as\-u\-s\-moves\-against\-money\-flows\-to\-iran\-11674128633 \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-22 \|newspaper\=Wall Street Journal \|date\=19 January 2023 \|language\=en\-US}}
The [Iraqi insurgency](/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_%282011%E2%80%932013%29 "Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)"), also referred to as the Iraq Crisis, escalated after the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 2011, resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as sectarian violence among Iraq's religious groups. This escalated into [a civil war](/wiki/War_in_Iraq_%282013%E2%80%932017%29 "War in Iraq (2013–2017)") with the conquest of [Fallujah](/wiki/Fallujah "Fallujah") and [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul "Mosul") and major areas in [northern Iraq](/wiki/Disputed_territories_of_Northern_Iraq "Disputed territories of Northern Iraq") by the [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State"). This has resulted in airstrikes by Iran, Syria, and other countries – including the United States.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.slate.com/blogs/business\_insider/2014/08/08/who\_else\_besides\_americans\_are\_flying\_fighter\_jets\_in\_iraq.html\|title\=Who Else, Besides Americans, Are Flying Fighter Jets in Iraq?\|work\=Slate \|date\=8 August 2014 \|access\-date\=14 November 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112044402/http://www.slate.com/blogs/business\_insider/2014/08/08/who\_else\_besides\_americans\_are\_flying\_fighter\_jets\_in\_iraq.html\|archive\-date\=12 November 2014\|url\-status\=live}}
In January 2017, US President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") issued an [executive order banning the entry of all Iraqi citizens, as well as citizens of six other countries](/wiki/Executive_Order_13769 "Executive Order 13769"). After sharp criticism and public protests as well as lawsuits against the executive order, Trump relaxed the travel restrictions and dropped Iraq from the list of non\-entry countries in March 2017\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-usa\-trump\-immigration\-idUSKBN15E1DE\|title\=Fired: Trump dumps top lawyer who defied immigration order\|last\=Rampton\|first\=Roberta\|publisher\=Reuters\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-21\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020094942/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-usa\-trump\-immigration\-idUSKBN15E1DE\|archive\-date\=2018\-10\-20\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/20/travel/after\-travel\-ban\-declining\-interest\-trips\-to\-united\-states.html\|title\=After Travel Ban, Interest in Trips to U.S. Declines\|work\=The New York Times \|date\=20 February 2017 \|access\-date\=2018\-10\-21\|language\=en\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022033817/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/20/travel/after\-travel\-ban\-declining\-interest\-trips\-to\-united\-states.html\|archive\-date\=2018\-10\-22\|url\-status\=live\|last1\=Vora \|first1\=Shivani}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/06/health/trump\-travel\-ban\-doctors.html\|title\=Trump's Travel Ban, Aimed at Terrorists, Has Blocked Doctors\|work\=The New York Times \|date\=6 February 2017 \|access\-date\=2018\-10\-21\|language\=en\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022033823/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/06/health/trump\-travel\-ban\-doctors.html\|archive\-date\=2018\-10\-22\|url\-status\=live\|last1\=Jr \|first1\=Donald G. Mcneil}}
As of October 2019, United States continued to use Iraqi bases for conducting operations such as the [Barisha raid](/wiki/Barisha_raid "Barisha raid").
On 31 December 2019, the U.S. embassy in Baghdad was [attacked](/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad "Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad") by supporters of [Popular Mobilization Forces](/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces "Popular Mobilization Forces") militia in response to [U.S. airstrikes on 29 December 2019](/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria "December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria").{{Cite web \|date\=2020\-12\-31 \|title\=Iraqi Shiite militia supporters attack US embassy compound in Baghdad \|url\=https://www.france24\.com/en/20191231\-iraqi\-shiite\-militia\-supporters\-attack\-us\-embassy\-compound\-in\-baghdad \|publisher\=France 24}}
After a [2020 attack near Baghdad International airport](/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike "2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike"), outgoing Prime Minister [Adil Abdul\-Mahdi](/wiki/Adil_Abdul-Mahdi "Adil Abdul-Mahdi") condemned America's assassination and stated that the strike was an act of aggression and a breach of Iraqi sovereignty which would lead to war in Iraq. He said the strike violated the [agreement on the presence of U.S. forces in Iraq](/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement "U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement") and that safeguards for Iraq's security and sovereignty should be met with legislation.{{cite news \|title\=Iraqi PM condemns US killing of Iran's Soleimani \|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/iraqi\-pm\-condemns\-us\-killing\-of\-irans\-soleimani \|access\-date\=3 January 2020 \|work\=The Straits Times \|date\=3 January 2020 \|language\=en \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103083209/https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/iraqi\-pm\-condemns\-us\-killing\-of\-irans\-soleimani \|archive\-date\=3 January 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} The media office of the Iraqi military's joint operations forces posted a photo of a destroyed vehicle on fire after the attack.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/world\-news/wires/1\.8350365\|title\=Middle East News\|last\=article\|first\=Amos Harel 24 minutes ago This is a primium\|website\=haaretz.com\|access\-date\=3 January 2020}} The speaker of Iraq's parliament Mohammed al Halbousi vowed to "put an end to the U.S. presence" in Iraq.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/iraqi\-parliament\-vows\-to\-put\-an\-end\-to\-us\-presence\-in\-country\|title\=Iraqi parliament vows to 'put an end to US presence' in country\|last\=Neale\|first\=Spencer\|work\=Washington Examiner\|date\=3 January 2020\|access\-date\=4 January 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104035947/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/iraqi\-parliament\-vows\-to\-put\-an\-end\-to\-us\-presence\-in\-country\|archive\-date\=4 January 2020\|url\-status\=dead}} In August 2020, United States returned the [Ba'ath Party archives](/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_archives "Ba'ath Party archives") to Iraq, including more than 6 million pages, which were discovered in a basement under their headquarters in Baghdad in 2003, before being transferred to the United States in 2005, to be archived by the [Hoover Institution](/wiki/Hoover_Institution "Hoover Institution").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/baath\-party\-archives\-return\-to\-iraq\-with\-the\-secrets\-they\-contain\-11598907600 \|title\=Baath Party Archives Return to Iraq, With the Secrets They Contain \|website\=The Wall Street Journal \|date\=31 August 2020}}
As per two Iraqi government sources, the US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Iraq's President [Barham Salih](/wiki/Barham_Salih "Barham Salih") held a telephonic conversation in the mid of September 2020\. In the call Pompeo discussed about bringing back US diplomats from Iraq followed by a threat to shut down the US Embassy in Iraq. Iraqi authorities feared the withdrawal of diplomat(s) would lead to military confrontation with Iran, whom the United States blamed for missile and bomb attacks.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-usa\-iraq\-iran/threat\-to\-evacuate\-us\-diplomats\-from\-iraq\-raises\-fear\-of\-war\-idUSKBN26J1Z6\|title\=Threat to evacuate U.S. diplomats from Iraq raises fear of war\|access\-date\= 28 September 2020\|work\=Reuters\|date\=28 September 2020}}
Relations between the two countries have significantly improved since the visit of prime minister [Mohammed Shia Al Sudani](/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani "Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani") to the US in April of 2024\.{{cite web \|title\=Baghdad Is Ready for a New Chapter in U.S.\-Iraq Relations \|url\=https://www.usip.org/publications/2024/04/baghdad\-ready\-new\-chapter\-us\-iraq\-relations \|website\=United States Institute of Peace \|language\=en}}
U.S. officials announced an agreement with the Iraqi government to conclude the military mission against the Islamic State group by 2025, which will involve U.S. troops leaving several bases that they have occupied for nearly two decades.{{cite web \|title\=Wrapping up mission, US troops will leave some longstanding bases in Iraq under new deal\|url\=https://apnews.com/article/iraq\-us\-troops\-military\-withdrawal\-iran\-a79aa83dca8f776f87a138bfe5697fa3\|website\=APNEWS\|language\=en}}{{cite web \|title\=US to announce plan to draw down troops in Iraq\|url\=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/09/20/us\-to\-announce\-plan\-to\-draw\-down\-troops\-in\-iraq\-00180222\|website\=Politico\|language\=en}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Ottoman Empire",
"[American](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") commercial interaction with the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") (which included the area that later became modern [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\")) began in the late 18th century. In 1831, Chargé d'Affaires [David Porter](/wiki/David_Porter_%28naval_officer%29 \"David Porter (naval officer)\") became the first American diplomat in the Ottoman Empire, at the capital city of [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople \"Constantinople\"). With the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), the United States supported Great Britain's administration of Iraq as a mandate, but insisted that it be groomed for independence, rather than remain a colony.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/countries/iraq\\|title\\=A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Iraq\\|publisher\\=Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs: \\[\\[United States Department of State]]\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205170628/https://history.state.gov/countries/iraq\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-05\\|url\\-status\\=live}} U.S. first became involved in Iraq in the 1920s as part of an effort to secure a role for American companies in Iraq's emerging oil industry. As part of the [1928 Red Line Agreement](/wiki/Red_Line_Agreement \"Red Line Agreement\"), UK, US, France and the Netherlands effectively agreed to share out Iraq's oil, with American oil companies gaining a 23\\.75 percent ownership share of the [Iraq Petroleum Company](/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company \"Iraq Petroleum Company\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=December 7, 2009 \\|title\\=FACTBOX\\-A history of foreign oil firms in Iraq \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/iraq\\-oil\\-foreigners\\-idINGEE5B60HD20091207 \\|website\\=Reuters}}{{Cite book\\|date\\=24 January 2018 \\|chapter\\=Iraq\\-US Relations, 1920–2003 \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/display/10\\.1093/acrefore/9780199329175\\.001\\.0001/acrefore\\-9780199329175\\-e\\-463 \\|website\\=Oxford Research Encyclopedias\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/acrefore/9780199329175\\.013\\.463 \\|last1\\=Wolfe\\-Hunnicutt \\|first1\\=Brandon \\|title\\=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-932917\\-5 }}{{Cite web \\|date\\=6 April 2008 \\|title\\=What is the history of oil in Iraq? \\|url\\=https://usiraq.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID\\=000907 \\|website\\=Britannica ProCon}}",
"### U.S. recognizes Iraq",
"{{multiple image\n\\| align \\=\n\\| direction \\= \n\\| total\\_width \\= 500\n\\| image1 \\= President Truman, Prince Abdul Ilah of Iraq, and other representatives of the governments of the United States and... \\- NARA \\- 199086 (cropped).tiff\n\\|image2\\=President Harry S. Truman greeting King Faisal II of Iraq.jpg\n\\|caption1\\=\\[\\[Abd al\\-Ilah]] (left), \\[\\[Regent of Iraq]], with U.S. President \\[\\[Harry S. Truman]] at the \\[\\[White House]] in 1945\n\\|caption2\\=President Truman (right) greeting King \\[\\[Faisal II of Iraq]] at the White House in 1952}}\nThe U.S. recognized Iraq on January 9, 1930, when [Charles G. Dawes](/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes \"Charles G. Dawes\"), U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, signed the Anglo\\-American\\-Iraqi Convention in London. According to the preamble of the convention, \"the United States of America recognizes Iraq as an independent State.\" In this treaty, the U.S. also acknowledged that \"special relations\" existed between the U.K. and Iraq because the latter was a mandate under British protection according to the [Treaty of Versailles](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles \"Treaty of Versailles\"). In 1932, Iraq terminated its mandate status. Diplomatic relations and the American Legation in Iraq were established on March 30, 1931, when Alexander K. Sloan (then serving as Consul in Iraq) was appointed [Chargé d'Affaires](/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27Affaires \"Chargé d'Affaires\") of the American Legation at [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad \"Baghdad\"). The U.S. upgraded its diplomatic representation in Iraq from a [Legation](/wiki/Legation \"Legation\") to an [Embassy](/wiki/Embassy \"Embassy\") on December 28, 1946\\.",
"### Arab Union",
"On May 28, 1958, the U.S. recognized the [Arab Union](/wiki/Arab_Union \"Arab Union\") that formed between Iraq and the [Hashemite](/wiki/Hashemite \"Hashemite\") Kingdom of [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\"). U.S. recognition of the new state was accorded in an exchange of notes between the American Embassy at Baghdad and the [Ministry of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs\") of the Arab Union. In announcing U.S. recognition, the [Department of State](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State \"United States Department of State\") noted that the Arab Union's constitution stipulated that \"external affairs will remain as they are at the present time\" with the two Kingdoms that had joined to form the new state. Consequently, formal diplomatic relations were not established between the U.S. and the Arab Union, and diplomatic relations continued uninterrupted between the U.S. and Iraq, and the U.S. and Jordan.",
"### Relations with Qasim's government, 1958–1963",
"{{Main\\|14 July Revolution\\|Operation Vantage\\|First Iraqi–Kurdish War\\|Ramadan Revolution\\|Ar\\-Rashid revolt\\|November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état}}\nRelations between the U.S. and Iraq became strained following [the overthrow of the Iraqi monarchy on July 14, 1958](/wiki/14_July_Revolution \"14 July Revolution\"), which resulted in the declaration of a republican government led by Brigadier [Abd al\\-Karim Qasim](/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim \"Abd al-Karim Qasim\").{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=3\\-5}} Concerned about the influence of [Iraqi Communist Party](/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party \"Iraqi Communist Party\") (ICP) members in Qasim's administration, and hoping to prevent \"[Ba'athist](/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party \"Ba'ath Party\") or [Communist](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\") exploitation of the situation,\" President [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\") had established a Special Committee on Iraq (SCI) in April 1959 to monitor events and propose various contingencies for preventing a communist takeover of the country.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=19\\-20}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958\\-60v12/d130\\|title\\=Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs (Rountree) to Secretary of State Dulles: Recognition of New Iraqi Government\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1958–1960, Near East Region; Iraq; Iran; Arabian Peninsula, Volume XII\\|date\\=1958\\-07\\-23\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-21\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531064352/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958\\-60v12/d130\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-31\\|url\\-status\\=live}} cf. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958\\-60v12/d110\\|title\\=Briefing Notes by Director of Central Intelligence Dulles\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1958\\-1960, Near East Region; Iraq; Iran; Arabian Peninsula, Volume XII\\|date\\=1958\\-07\\-14\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-21\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531082643/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958\\-60v12/d110\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-31\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Qasim undertook numerous repressive measures against the communists throughout 1960, and this—combined with the [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy \"John F. Kennedy\") administration's belief that Iraq was not important to the broader [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\")—resulted in the disestablishment of the SCI within days of Kennedy's inauguration as president.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=27\\-28, 35}} However, subsequent events would return Iraq to the attention of American officials.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=36}}",
"On June 25, 1961, Qasim mobilized troops along the [Iraq–Kuwait border](/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border \"Iraq–Kuwait border\"), declaring the latter nation \"an indivisible part of Iraq\" and causing a short\\-lived \"[Kuwait Crisis](/wiki/Operation_Vantage \"Operation Vantage\").\" The U.K.—which had just granted Kuwait independence on June 19 and whose economy was heavily dependent on Kuwaiti oil supplies—responded on July 1 by dispatching 5,000 troops to the country to deter any Iraqi invasion.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/center\\-for\\-the\\-study\\-of\\-intelligence/csi\\-publications/csi\\-studies/studies/fall\\_winter\\_2001/article03\\.html\\|title\\=Gauging the Iraqi Threat to Kuwait in the 1960s — Central Intelligence Agency\\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-21\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324190255/https://www.cia.gov/library/center\\-for\\-the\\-study\\-of\\-intelligence/csi\\-publications/csi\\-studies/studies/fall\\_winter\\_2001/article03\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-03\\-24\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} At the same time, Kennedy briefly dispatched a U.S. Navy task force to [Bahrain](/wiki/Bahrain \"Bahrain\"), and the U.K. (at the urging of the Kennedy administration) brought the dispute to [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council \"United Nations Security Council\"), where the proposed resolution was [vetoed](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power \"United Nations Security Council veto power\") by the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"). The situation was finally resolved in October, when the British troops were withdrawn and replaced by a 4,000\\-strong [Arab League](/wiki/Arab_League \"Arab League\") force. The Kennedy administration's initially \"low\\-key\" response to the stand\\-off was motivated by the desire to project an image of the U.S. as \"a progressive [anti\\-colonial](/wiki/Anti-colonial \"Anti-colonial\") power trying to work productively with [Arab nationalism](/wiki/Arab_nationalism \"Arab nationalism\")\" as well as the preference of U.S. officials to defer to the U.K. on issues related to the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\").{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=36\\-37}}",
"Following Kurdish leader [Mustafa Barzani](/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani \"Mustafa Barzani\")'s 1958 return to Iraq from exile in the Soviet Union, Qasim had promised to permit autonomous rule in [the Kurdish region of northern Iraq](/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan \"Iraqi Kurdistan\"), but by 1961 Qasim had made no progress towards achieving this goal. In July 1961, following months of violence between feuding Kurdish tribes, Barzani returned to northern Iraq and began retaking territory from his Kurdish rivals. Although Qasim's government did not respond to the escalating violence, the [Kurdistan Democratic Party](/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party \"Kurdistan Democratic Party\") (KDP) sent Qasim a list of demands in August, which included the withdrawal of Iraqi government troops from Kurdish territory and greater political freedom.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=37}} For the next month, U.S. officials in [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") and Iraq predicted that a war was imminent. Faced with the loss of northern Iraq after non\\-Barzani [Kurds](/wiki/Kurds \"Kurds\") seized control of a key road leading to the [Iran–Iraq border](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_border \"Iran–Iraq border\") in early September and ambushed and massacred Iraqi troops on September 10 and September 12, Qasim finally ordered the systematic bombing of Kurdish villages on September 14, which caused Barzani to join the rebellion on September 19\\.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=37\\-38}} As part of a strategy devised by [Alexander Shelepin](/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin \"Alexander Shelepin\") in July 1961 to distract the U.S. and its allies from the Soviet Union's [aggressive posture in Berlin](/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961 \"Berlin Crisis of 1961\"), the Soviet [KGB](/wiki/KGB \"KGB\") revived its connections with Barzani and encouraged him to revolt, although Barzani had no intention to act as their proxy. By March 1962, Barzani's forces were in firm control of Iraqi Kurdistan, although Barzani refrained from taking major cities out of fear that the Iraqi government would launch reprisals against civilians. The U.S. refused Kurdish requests for assistance, but Qasim nevertheless castigated the Kurds as \"American stooges\" while absolving the Soviets of any responsibility for the unrest.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=38\\-40, 200}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Hahn\\|first\\=Peter\\|title\\=Missions Accomplished?: The United States and Iraq Since World War I\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]]\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=9780195333381\\|pages\\=47–48\\|quote\\=By 1962, the U.S. relationship with Qassim was stabilized. ... Resolution of a potential conflict over the IPC signified determination in both Washington and Baghdad to stabilize relations. ... Barzani envoys called on U.S. officials in Baghdad and Washington, requesting arms supply and political support and offering to help defeat communism in Iraq, return Iraq to the Baghdad Pact, and provide intelligence about neighboring states. State Department officials refused these requests on the grounds that the Kurdish problem was an internal matter for Iraq, Iran, and Turkey to handle. 'It has been firm U.S. policy to avoid involvement in any way with opposition to Qas\\[s]im,' State Department officials noted in 1962, 'even with Iraqis who profess basic friendliness to the U.S.' ... King Hussein of Jordan later alleged that U.S. intelligence supplied the Baath with the names and addresses of those Communists, and an Iraqi Baathist leader confirmed to the scholar Hanna Batatu that the Baath had maintained contacts with American officials during the Qassim era. (Declassified U.S. government documents offer no evidence to support these suggestions.)}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\\-63v17/d305\\|title\\=Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Iraq\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1961–1963, Volume XVII, Near East, 1961–1962\\|date\\=1962\\-06\\-22\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121103421/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\\-63v17/d305\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-21\\|url\\-status\\=live}} cf. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\\-63v18/d49\\|title\\=Telegram From the Embassy in Iraq to the Department of State\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1961–1963, Volume XVIII, Near East, 1962–1963\\|date\\=1962\\-09\\-20\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121103313/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\\-63v18/d49\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-21\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In December 1961, Qasim's government passed Public Law 80, which restricted the British\\- and American\\-owned [Iraq Petroleum Company](/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company \"Iraq Petroleum Company\") (IPC)'s [concessionary holding](/wiki/Concession_%28contract%29 \"Concession (contract)\") to those areas in which oil was actually being produced, effectively expropriating 99\\.5% of the IPC concession. U.S. officials were alarmed by the expropriation as well as the recent Soviet veto of an Egyptian\\-sponsored UN resolution requesting the admittance of Kuwait as a UN member state, which they believed to be connected. Senior [National Security Council](/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council \"United States National Security Council\") (NSC) adviser [Robert Komer](/wiki/Robert_Komer \"Robert Komer\") worried that if the IPC ceased production in response, Qasim might \"grab Kuwait\" (thus achieving a \"stranglehold\" on Middle Eastern oil production) or \"throw himself into Russian arms.\" At the same time, Komer made note of widespread rumors that a nationalist coup against Qasim could be imminent, and had the potential to \"get Iraq back on \\[a] more neutral keel.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=37, 40\\-42}} Following Komer's advice, on December 30 Kennedy's [National Security Advisor](/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_%28United_States%29 \"National Security Advisor (United States)\") [McGeorge Bundy](/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy \"McGeorge Bundy\") sent the President a cable from the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq, John Jernegan, which argued that the U.S. was \"in grave danger \\[of] being drawn into \\[a] costly and politically disastrous situation over Kuwait.\" Bundy also requested Kennedy's permission to \"press [State](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State \"United States Department of State\")\" to consider measures to resolve the situation with Iraq, adding that cooperation with the British was desirable \"if possible, but our own interests, oil and other, are very directly involved.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=35, 41\\-43}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\\-63v17/d156\\|title\\=Memorandum From Robert W. Komer of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy)\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1961–1963, Volume XVII, Near East, 1961–1962\\|date\\=1961\\-12\\-29\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406073111/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\\-63v17/d156\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-06\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In April 1962, the State Department issued new guidelines on Iraq that were intended to increase American influence in the country. Around the same time, Kennedy instructed the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") (CIA)—under the direction of [Archie Roosevelt Jr.](/wiki/Archibald_Bulloch_Roosevelt_Jr. \"Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr.\")—to begin making preparations for a military coup against Qasim.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=43\\-45}} On June 2, [Iraqi Foreign Minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Iraq%29 \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)\") [Hashim Jawad](/wiki/Hashem_Jawad \"Hashem Jawad\") ordered Jernegan to leave the country, stating that Iraq was also withdrawing its ambassador from Washington in retaliation for the U.S. accepting the credentials of a new Kuwaiti ambassador on June 1, which Iraq had repeatedly warned would result in a downgrading of diplomatic relations. Despite the Iraqi warnings, senior U.S. officials were stunned by the downgrade; Kennedy had not been informed of the likely consequences of accepting the Kuwaiti ambassador.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=47\\-48}}See footnote 5, {{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\\-63v17/d286\\|title\\=Telegram From the Embassy in Iraq to the Department of State\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1961–1963, Volume XVII, Near East, 1961–1962\\|date\\=1962\\-06\\-02\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406033734/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\\-63v17/d286\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-06\\|url\\-status\\=live}} By the end of 1962, a series of major defeats at the hands of Kurdish rebels had severely damaged both the Iraqi army's morale and Qasim's popular support. From September 1962 through February 1963, Qasim repeatedly blamed the \"criminal activities\" of the U.S. for the battlefield successes of the Kurds, but the State Department rejected requests from the U.S. Chargé d'Affaires in Baghdad, Roy Melbourne, to publicly respond to Qasim's allegations out of fear that doing so would jeopardize the remaining U.S. presence in Iraq. On February 5, 1963, Secretary of State [Dean Rusk](/wiki/Dean_Rusk \"Dean Rusk\") informed the U.S. embassy in Iraq that the State Department was \"considering carefully whether on balance U.S. interests would be served \\[at] this particular juncture by abandoning \\[its] policy of avoiding public reaction to Qasim's charges,\" with the reluctance stemming from the desire to avoid compromising the CIA's \"significant intelligence collecting operations\": On February 7, State Department executive secretary William Brubeck informed Bundy that Iraq had become \"one of the more useful spots for acquiring technical information on Soviet military and industrial equipment and on Soviet methods of operation in nonaligned areas.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=48, 51\\-54, 219}}cf. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\\-63v18/d149\\|title\\=Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Iraq\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1961–1963, Volume XVIII, Near East, 1962–1963\\|date\\=1963\\-02\\-05\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406070320/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\\-63v18/d149\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-06\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The CIA had earlier penetrated a top\\-secret Iraqi\\-Soviet [surface\\-to\\-air missile](/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile \"Surface-to-air missile\") project, which yielded intelligence on the Soviet Union's ballistic missile program.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=45, 217}} With access to crucial intelligence hanging in the balance, U.S. officials were showing \"great reluctance about aggravating Qasim.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=200}}",
"After reaching a secret agreement with Barzani to work together against Qasim in January, the anti\\-imperialist and anti\\-communist [Iraqi Ba'ath Party](/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region \"Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region\") [overthrew and executed Qasim in a violent coup](/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution \"Ramadan Revolution\") on February 8, 1963\\. It has long been suspected that the Ba'ath Party collaborated with the CIA in planning and carrying out the coup.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Wolfe\\-Hunnicutt \\|first\\=B. \\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-01 \\|title\\=Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad \\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/dh/article\\-lookup/doi/10\\.1093/dh/dht121 \\|journal\\=Diplomatic History \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=39 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=98–125 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/dh/dht121 \\|issn\\=0145\\-2096 \\|quote\\=While scholars and journalists have long suspected that the CIA was involved in the 1963 coup, as yet, there is very little archival analysis of the question. The most comprehensive study put forward thus far finds \"mounting evidence of U.S. involvement\" but ultimately runs up against the problem of available documentation.}}See, e.g., {{cite book \\|last\\=Mitchel \\|first\\=Timothy \\|title\\=Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno\\-Politics, Modernity \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of California Press]] \\|year\\=2002 \\|isbn\\=9780520928251 \\|page\\=149 \\|quote\\=Qasim was killed three years later in a coup welcomed and possibly aided by the CIA, which brought to power the Ba'ath, the party of Saddam Hussein.}} cf. {{cite web \\|last\\=Sluglett \\|first\\=Peter \\|title\\=The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers (Review) \\|url\\=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/wp\\-content/files\\_mf/1389811754d4Sluglett.pdf \\|work\\=\\[\\[Democratiya]] \\|page\\=9 \\|quote\\=Batatu infers on pp. 985\\-86 that the CIA was involved in the coup of 1963 (which brought the Ba'ath briefly to power): Even if the evidence here is somewhat circumstantial, there can be no question about the Ba'ath's fervent anti\\-communism.}} cf. {{cite book \\|last\\=Weiner \\|first\\=Tim \\|title\\=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Doubleday (publisher)\\|Doubleday]] \\|year\\=2008 \\|isbn\\=9780307455628 \\|page\\=163 \\|quote\\=The agency finally backed a successful coup in Iraq in the name of American influence. \\|authorlink\\=Tim Weiner}} cf. {{cite book \\|last\\=Barrett \\|first\\=Roby C. \\|title\\=The Greater Middle East and the Cold War: US Foreign Policy Under Eisenhower and Kennedy \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[I.B. Tauris]] \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=9780857713087 \\|page\\=451 \\|quote\\=Washington wanted to see Qasim and his Communist supporters removed, but that is a far cry from Batatu's inference that the U.S. had somehow engineered the coup. The U.S. lacked the operational capability to organize and carry out the coup, but certainly after it had occurred the U.S. government preferred the Nasserists and Ba'athists in power, and provided encouragement and probably some peripheral assistance.}} Pertinent contemporary documents relating to the CIA's operations in Iraq have remained classified,{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Wolfe\\-Hunnicutt \\|first\\=B. \\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-01 \\|title\\=Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad \\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/dh/article\\-lookup/doi/10\\.1093/dh/dht121 \\|journal\\=Diplomatic History \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=39 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=98–125 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/dh/dht121 \\|issn\\=0145\\-2096 \\|quote\\=The CIA records required to set forward definitive claims regarding U.S. covert operations in Iraq remain classified.}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Matthews \\|first\\=Weldon C. \\|date\\=9 November 2011 \\|title\\=The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime \\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international\\-journal\\-of\\-middle\\-east\\-studies/article/abs/kennedy\\-administration\\-counterinsurgency\\-and\\-iraqs\\-first\\-bathist\\-regime/B4DA680E1CD37E8293DCEE8788C7C826 \\|journal\\=\\[\\[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=43 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=635–653 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0020743811000882 \\|issn\\=1471\\-6380 \\|quote\\=Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or cataloged.}} and modern academia have \"remain\\[ed] divided in their interpretations of American foreign policy toward the February 1963 coup in Iraq.\"{{cite journal \\|last\\=Wolfe\\-Hunnicutt \\|first\\=Brandon \\|year\\=2017 \\|title\\=Oil Sovereignty, American Foreign Policy, and the 1968 Coups in Iraq \\|url\\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10\\.1080/09592296\\.2017\\.1309882 \\|journal\\=Diplomacy \\& Statecraft \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=235–253 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/09592296\\.2017\\.1309882 \\|s2cid\\=157328042}}{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=xvii}} Bryan R. Gibson and Peter Hahn (in separate works) argue that although the U.S. had been notified of two aborted Ba'athist coup plots in July and December 1962, publicly declassified documents do not support claims of direct American involvement in the 1963 coup.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=45, 57\\-58}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Hahn \\|first\\=Peter \\|title\\=Missions Accomplished?: The United States and Iraq Since World War I \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|year\\=2011 \\|isbn\\=9780195333381 \\|page\\=48 \\|quote\\=Declassified U.S. government documents offer no evidence to support these suggestions.}}Rositzke later claimed \"the CIA's major source, in an ideal catbird seat, reported the exact time of the coup and provided a list of the new cabinet members,\" but this remains unverified. See {{cite book \\|last\\=Rositzke \\|first\\=Harry \\|title\\=The CIA's Secret Operations \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reader's Digest Press]] \\|year\\=1977 \\|isbn\\=0\\-88349\\-116\\-8 \\|page\\=109}} On the other hand, Brandon Wolfe\\-Hunnicutt cites \"compelling evidence of an American role,\" and that publicly declassified documents \"largely substantiate the plausibility\" of CIA involvement in the coup.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Wolfe\\-Hunnicutt \\|first\\=Brandon \\|title\\=The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq \\|publisher\\=Stanford University Press \\|year\\=2021 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-5036\\-1382\\-9 \\|location\\= \\|pages\\=264}} Eric Jacobsen, citing the testimony of contemporary prominent Ba'athists and U.S. government officials, states that ample evidence exists of the CIA having assisted the Ba'athists in planning the coup.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Jacobsen \\|first\\=E. \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-01 \\|title\\=A Coincidence of Interests: Kennedy, U.S. Assistance, and the 1963 Iraqi Ba'th Regime \\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/dh/article\\-lookup/doi/10\\.1093/dh/dht049 \\|journal\\=Diplomatic History \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=37 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=1029–1059 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/dh/dht049 \\|issn\\=0145\\-2096}}",
"Qasim's former deputy [Abdul Salam Arif](/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif \"Abdul Salam Arif\") (who was not a Ba'athist) was given the largely ceremonial title of President, while prominent Ba'athist general [Ahmed Hassan al\\-Bakr](/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr \"Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr\") was named Prime Minister. The most powerful leader of the new government was the secretary of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, [Ali Salih al\\-Sa'di](/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di \"Ali Salih al-Sa'di\"), who controlled the militant National Guard and organized a massacre of hundreds—if not thousands—of suspected communists and other dissidents in the days following the coup.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=59\\-60, 77}} The Kennedy administration viewed the prospect of an Iraqi shift in the Cold War with cautious optimism.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=60\\-61}}See, e.g., {{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\\-63v18/d153\\|title\\=Memorandum From Stephen O. Fuqua of the Bureau of International Security Affairs, Department of Defense, to the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (Sloan)\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1961–1963, Volume XVIII, Near East, 1962–1963\\|date\\=1963\\-02\\-08\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404220406/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961\\-63v18/d153\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-04\\|url\\-status\\=live}} However, U.S. officials were worried that a renewal of conflict with the Kurds could threaten the Iraqi government's survival. While Barzani had released 1,500 Arab prisoners of war as a gesture of good faith, Iraqi [Foreign Minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Iraq%29 \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)\") [Talib El\\-Shibib](/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib \"Talib El-Shibib\") told Melbourne on March 3 that the government was unwilling to consider any concessions beyond cultural autonomy and was prepared to use anti\\-Barzani Kurds and Arab tribes in northern Iraq to co\\-opt the Kurds's guerrilla methods.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=62\\-64}} On May 4, Melbourne delivered a message warning Shibib of the U.S. government's \"serious apprehensions at \\[the] trend of events\" and urging Iraqi officials to make \"serious counter\\-proposals.\" Nevertheless, on May 22 al\\-Bakr bluntly told Melbourne he \"could not permit this Kurdish challenge to Iraqi sovereignty to continue \\[for] much longer.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=66}} The fighting resumed on June 10, when the Iraqi government—which had amassed 45,000 troops in Iraqi Kurdistan—arrested members of the Kurdish negotiating delegation and declared martial law throughout northern Iraq.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=67}} Meanwhile, the Soviet Union actively worked to undermine the Ba'athist government, suspending military shipments to Iraq in May, convincing its ally [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic \"Mongolian People's Republic\") to sponsor charges of genocide against Iraq at the UN General Assembly from July to September, and sponsoring a [failed communist coup attempt on July 3](/wiki/Ar-Rashid_revolt \"Ar-Rashid revolt\").{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=69\\-71, 76, 80}} The Kennedy administration responded by urging Arab allies of the U.S. to oppose the genocide charge at the UN and by approving a $55 million arms deal for Iraq.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=80}} Furthermore, \"Weldon C. Mathews has meticulously established that National Guard leaders who participated in human rights abuses had been trained in the United States as part of a police program run by the [International Cooperation Administration](/wiki/International_Cooperation_Administration \"International Cooperation Administration\") and [Agency for International Development](/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development \"United States Agency for International Development\").\"{{cite book\\|last\\=Citino\\|first\\=Nathan J.\\|title\\=Envisioning the Arab Future: Modernization in US\\-Arab Relations, 1945–1967\\|chapter\\=The People's Court\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]]\\|year\\=2017\\|isbn\\=9781108107556\\|pages\\=222}} Because, in the words of State Department official James Spain, the \"policy of the nationalist Arabs who dominate the Baghdad government does in fact come close to genocide\"—as well as a desire to eliminate the Soviets' \"Kurdish Card\"—the new U.S. ambassador to Iraq, [Robert C. Strong](/wiki/Robert_C._Strong \"Robert C. Strong\"), informed al\\-Bakr of a Barzani peace proposal delivered to the U.S. consul in [Tabriz](/wiki/Tabriz \"Tabriz\") (and offered to convey a response) on August 25\\. While a Barzani\\-initiated ceasefire would have allowed the government to claim victory, al\\-Bakr \"expressed astonishment\" over American contacts with the Kurds, asking why the message had not been delivered through the Soviets.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=71\\-75}} Wolfe\\-Hunnicutt argues that the Kennedy administration's provision of military aid to the Ba'athist government, including [napalm](/wiki/Napalm \"Napalm\") weapons, emboldened Iraqi hardliners and was counter\\-productive to the administration's stated preference for a diplomatic settlement to the [First Iraqi–Kurdish War](/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War \"First Iraqi–Kurdish War\"). An offer by Iraqi general Hasan Sabri al\\-Bayati to reciprocate this gesture by sending a Soviet [T\\-54](/wiki/T-54/T-55 \"T-54/T-55\") tank in Iraq's possession to the U.S. embassy in Baghdad for inspection became something of a \"scandal\" as Bayati's offer had not been approved by al\\-Bakr, Shibib, or other senior Iraqi officials and was rescinded by the Ba'ath Party leadership after they became aware of it.{{cite web\\|last\\=Wolfe\\-Hunnicutt\\|first\\=Brandon\\|url\\=https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:tm772zz7352/Concessionary%20Regime%20\\[e\\-submit]\\-augmented.pdf\\|title\\=The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958\\-1972\\|date\\=March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-30\\|pages\\=117–119}}",
"The Ba'athist government [collapsed in November 1963](/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état\") over the question of unification with Syria (where a [different branch](/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region \"Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region\") of the Ba'ath Party had [seized power in March](/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"1963 Syrian coup d'état\")) and the extremist and uncontrollable behavior of al\\-Sa'di's National Guard. President Arif, with the overwhelming support of the Iraqi military, purged Ba'athists from the government and ordered the National Guard to stand down; although al\\-Bakr had conspired with Arif to remove al\\-Sa'di, on January 5, 1964, Arif removed al\\-Bakr from his new position as [Vice President](/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iraq \"Vice President of Iraq\"), fearful of allowing the Ba'ath Party to retain a foothold inside his government.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=77, 85}} On November 21, 1963, the Kennedy administration determined that because Arif remained the Iraqi head of state, diplomatic relations with Iraq would continue unimpeded.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=79}}",
"### Lyndon Johnson administration",
"{{Main\\|1966 Syrian coup d'état\\|Six\\-Day War\\|17 July Revolution}}\nUnder the Presidencies of Arif, and, especially, his brother [Abdul Rahman Arif](/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif \"Abdul Rahman Arif\"), the U.S. and Iraq developed closer ties than at any point since the 1958 revolution.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=83\\-84, 95, 102}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Hahn\\|first\\=Peter\\|title\\=Missions Accomplished?: The United States and Iraq Since World War I\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]]\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=9780195333381\\|pages\\=49–50}} The [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") administration favorably perceived Arif's proposal to partially reverse Qasim's nationalization of the IPC's concessionary holding in July 1965 (although the resignation of six cabinet members and widespread disapproval among the Iraqi public forced him to abandon this plan), as well as pro\\-Western lawyer [Abdul Rahman al\\-Bazzaz](/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_al-Bazzaz \"Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz\")'s tenure as Prime Minister; Bazzaz attempted to implement a peace agreement with the Kurds following a decisive Kurdish victory at the Battle of Mount Handren in May 1966\\.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=94\\-98}} Abdul Rahman Arif (hereinafter referred to as \"Arif\") was considered \"one of the few forces of moderation\" in Iraq, having established a friendship with ambassador Strong prior to assuming the presidency and making a number of friendly gestures to the U.S. between April 1966 and January 1967\\.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=98\\-99}}cf. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\\-68v21/d186\\|title\\=Draft Message From President Johnson to President Aref\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1964–1968, Volume XXI, Near East Region; Arabian Peninsula\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405082350/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\\-68v21/d186\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-05\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At Arif's request, President Johnson met five Iraqi generals and Iraqi ambassador Nasir Hani in the White House on January 25, 1967, reiterating his \"desire to build an ever closer relationship between \\[the] two governments.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=99, 102}} According to Johnson's [National Security Adviser](/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_%28United_States%29 \"National Security Advisor (United States)\"), [Walt Whitman Rostow](/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Rostow \"Walt Whitman Rostow\"), the NSC even contemplated welcoming Arif on a state visit to the U.S., although this proposal was ultimately rejected due to concerns about the stability of his government.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=99}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\\-68v21/d188\\|title\\=Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant (Rostow) to President Johnson\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1964–1968, Volume XXI, Near East Region; Arabian Peninsula\\|date\\=1967\\-01\\-21\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405061804/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\\-68v21/d188\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-05\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Prior to the outbreak of the [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\"), Iraqi Foreign Minister [Adnan Pachachi](/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi \"Adnan Pachachi\") met with a number of U.S. officials to discuss the escalating Middle East crisis on June 1, including U.S. ambassador to the UN [Arthur Goldberg](/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg \"Arthur Goldberg\"), [Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs](/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Political_Affairs \"Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs\") [Eugene V. Rostow](/wiki/Eugene_V._Rostow \"Eugene V. Rostow\"), [Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State \"United States Secretary of State\") [Dean Rusk](/wiki/Dean_Rusk \"Dean Rusk\"), and President Johnson himself.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=36, 100}} The political atmosphere engendered by the costly Arab defeat prompted Iraq to break relations with the U.S. on June 7, and ultimately ensured the collapse of Arif's relatively moderate government.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=101\\-105, 111}} Like his brother, Arif previously tried to balance radical and moderate elements in Iraq, but this balancing act was upended by the war as Arif moved to placate the ascendant Iraqi nationalists, notably by reappointing [Tahir Yahya](/wiki/Tahir_Yahya \"Tahir Yahya\") to the position of prime minister.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=94, 105, 110\\-111}} Yahya had announced his intention to create a national oil company during his first premiership in late 1963, laying the groundwork for the [Iraq National Oil Company](/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company \"Iraq National Oil Company\") (INOC). During his second term as prime minister from July 1967 to July 1968, Yahya moved to revitalize the INOC and sought to work with [France](/wiki/France \"France\") and the Soviet Union to develop the technical capacity to nationalize the IPC outright, pledging to use Iraq's \"oil as a weapon in the battle against Israel.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Wolfe\\-Hunnicutt\\|first\\=Brandon\\|url\\=https://purl.stanford.edu/tm772zz7352\\|title\\=The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958\\-1972\\|date\\=March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-17\\|pages\\=146–150, 154, 193–194}}",
"Before leaving Baghdad on June 10, 1967, U.S. ambassador Enoch S. Duncan handed over the keys to the U.S. embassy to Belgian ambassador Marcel Dupret. Belgium became the [protecting power](/wiki/Protecting_power \"Protecting power\") for the U.S. in Baghdad, where lower\\-ranking American diplomats remained in the old embassy compound as the U.S. Interests Section of the Belgian Embassy. India agreed to serve as the protecting power for Iraq in Washington.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=105}} Following the break in diplomatic relations, there were very few contacts between American and Iraqi officials until early 1972\\.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=105}} In May 1968, the CIA produced a report titled \"The Stagnant Revolution,\" stating that radicals in the Iraqi military posed a threat to the Arif government, and while \"the balance of forces is such that no group feels power enough to take decisive steps,\" the ensuing gridlock had created \"a situation in which many important political and economic matters are simply ignored.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=111}} In June, the Belgians relayed a message from the U.S. State Department to Iraqi officials, offering to resume normal relations if Iraq agreed to provide compensation for damage to the U.S. embassy and consulate incurred during an earlier protest and met other conditions, including an end to the Iraqi boycott of U.S. goods and services imposed after [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\")'s 1967 victory; although U.S. officials were hoping to prevent a coup, there is no indication of any Iraqi response to this overture.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=104, 112}} On July 17, the Iraqi Ba'ath Party—led by al\\-Bakr as president, Abd ar\\-Rahman al\\-Dawud as defense minister, and [Abd ar\\-Razzaq an\\-Naif](/wiki/Abd_ar-Razzaq_an-Naif \"Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif\") as prime minister—[seized power in a bloodless coup](/wiki/17_July_Revolution \"17 July Revolution\"), placing Arif on a plane to London. Remembering the collapse of the short\\-lived coalition government in 1963, al\\-Bakr quickly ordered Naif and Dawud (neither of whom were Ba'athists) to be removed from their posts and exiled on July 30, cementing the Ba'ath Party's control over Iraq until the [U.S.\\-led invasion in March 2003](/wiki/Iraq_War \"Iraq War\"). al\\-Bakr was then named prime minister and commander\\-in\\-chief of the army.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=112\\-113}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Wolfe\\-Hunnicutt\\|first\\=Brandon\\|url\\=https://purl.stanford.edu/tm772zz7352\\|title\\=The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958\\-1972\\|date\\=March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-17\\|pages\\=225–226, 229–231}}",
"On August 2, Iraqi Foreign Minister Abdul Karim Sheikhli announced that Iraq would seek close ties \"with the socialist camp, particularly the Soviet Union and the [Chinese People's Republic](/wiki/China \"China\").\" By late November, the U.S. embassy in Beirut reported that Iraq had released many leftist and communist dissidents, although \"there \\[was] no indication ... \\[they had] been given any major role in the regime.\" As the Arif government had recently signed a major oil deal with the Soviets, the Ba'ath Party's rapid attempts to improve relations with Moscow were not a complete shock to U.S. policymakers, but they \"provided a glimpse at a strategic alliance that would soon emerge.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=111, 113}} In December, Iraqi troops based in Jordan \"made international headlines\" when they began shelling Israeli settlers in the Jordan Valley, which led to a strong response by the Israeli Air Force.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=113}} al\\-Bakr claimed that a \"fifth column of agents of Israel and the U.S. was striking from behind,\" and, on December 14, the Iraqi government alleged it had discovered \"an Israeli spy network\" plotting to \"bring about a change in the Iraqi regime,\" arresting dozens of individuals and eventually executing 9 Iraqi Jews in January 1969\\. U.S. officials found the charges improbable, as Iraqi Jews were \"under constant surveillance \\[and therefore] would make poor recruits for any Israeli espionage or sabotage net.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=114, 119}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d251\\|title\\=Research Memorandum RNA\\-6 From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hughes) to Secretary Rogers, Washington, February 14, 1969: Iraq: Internal Stresses and the Search for the Bogeyman\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\\|date\\=1969\\-02\\-14\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405082336/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d251\\|archive\\-date\\=April 5, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Contributing to the growing atmosphere of crisis, the Ba'ath Party also escalated the conflict with Barzani by providing aid to [Jalal Talabani](/wiki/Jalal_Talabani \"Jalal Talabani\")'s rival Kurdish faction.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=114}} From the beginning, Johnson administration officials were concerned about \"how radical\" the Ba'athist government would be—with John W. Foster of the NSC predicting immediately after the coup that \"the new group ... will be more difficult than their predecessors\"—and, although initial U.S. fears that the coup had been supported by the \"extremist\" sect of the Ba'ath Party that [seized control of Syria in 1966](/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"1966 Syrian coup d'état\") quickly proved unfounded, by the time President Johnson left office there was a growing belief \"that the Ba'ath Party was becoming a vehicle for Soviet encroachment on Iraq's sovereignty.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=99, 113, 116}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\\-68v21/d199\\|title\\=Memorandum From John W. Foster of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant (Rostow): The Iraqi Coup\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1964–1968, Volume XXI, Near East Region; Arabian Peninsula\\|date\\=1968\\-07\\-17\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-17\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323031630/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\\-68v21/d199\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-23\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\\-68v21/d200\\|title\\=Memorandum From John W. Foster of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant (Rostow): A Clearer Picture of the Iraqi Coup\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1964–1968, Volume XXI, Near East Region; Arabian Peninsula\\|date\\=1968\\-07\\-22\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-17\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323055048/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964\\-68v21/d200\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-23\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Alleged U.S. support for 1970 anti\\-Ba'athist coup attempt",
"{{Main\\|1969 Baghdad hangings}}\n{{See also\\|Nixon Doctrine}}\nThe [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\") administration was confronted with an early foreign policy crisis when [Iraq publicly executed 9 Iraqi Jews](/wiki/1969_Baghdad_hangings \"1969 Baghdad hangings\") on fabricated espionage charges at the end of January 1969\\.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=114, 119}}{{cite book\\|author\\-link\\=Kanan Makiya\\|last\\=Makiya\\|first\\=Kanan\\|title\\=Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/republicoffearpo00maki\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of California Press]]\\|year\\=1998\\|isbn\\=9780520921245\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/republicoffearpo00maki/page/52 52]\\|quote\\=Estimates on the size of the crowds that came to view the dangling corpses spread seventy meters apart in \\[\\[Liberation Square, Baghdad\\|Liberation Square]]—increasing the area of sensual contact between mutilated body and mass—vary from 150,000 to 500,000\\. Peasants streamed in from the surrounding countryside to hear the speeches. The proceedings, along with the bodies, continued for twenty\\-four hours, during which the President, Ahmad Hasan al\\-Bakr, and a host of other luminaries gave speeches and orchestrated the carnival\\-like atmosphere.}} The Nixon administration initially sought to stay the executions by convincing American allies with close ties to Iraq—such as France, [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), and [India](/wiki/India \"India\")—to apply pressure on the government, but Iraqi officials responded \"in no uncertain terms, to stay out of \\[Iraq's] domestic affairs.\" The U.S. also urged UN Secretary General [U Thant](/wiki/U_Thant \"U Thant\") to intervene, but he was unable to influence Baghdad's decision. Nixon's Secretary of State, [William P. Rogers](/wiki/William_P._Rogers \"William P. Rogers\"), condemned the executions as \"repugnant to the conscience of the world,\" while U.S. ambassador to the UN [Charles Yost](/wiki/Charles_Yost \"Charles Yost\") took the matter to the UN Security Council, stating that Iraq's actions were \"designed to arouse emotions and to intensify the very explosive atmosphere of suspicion and hostility in the Middle East.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=119}} In early 1968, the U.K. had announced its intention to withdraw its forces from \"East of Suez\"—including the Persian Gulf region—thus alarming U.S. officials and prompting the Johnson administration to formulate what became known as the \"twin pillar policy,\" in which the U.S. would support Iran and [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\") in their efforts to maintain the Gulf's stability. The Nixon administration would ultimately revise this policy by focusing on building up Iran, then ruled by Nixon's old friend Shah [Mohammed Reza Pahlavi](/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Pahlavi \"Mohammed Reza Pahlavi\") (hereinafter referred to as \"the Shah\"), as the dominant regional power.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=107\\-111, 119}}Iran purchased $16\\.2 billion worth of U.S. weapons from 1972 to 1977\\. See {{cite book\\|last\\=Yaphe\\|first\\=Judith\\|title\\=The Iran\\-Iraq War: New International Perspectives\\|chapter\\=Changing American Perspectives on the Iran\\-Iraq war\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]]\\|year\\=2013\\|isbn\\=9780415685245}} The Shah distrusted the Ba'athist government in Iraq, which he considered a \"bunch of thugs and murderers.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=185}} Following Iraq's provocative actions in January 1969, the Shah sought to \"punish\" Iraq, and possibly win partial Iranian sovereignty over the [Shatt al\\-Arab](/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab \"Shatt al-Arab\") waterway—which a 1937 treaty had given Iraq almost complete control over—through a series of coercive measures: At the beginning of March, he arranged for Iran's Kurdish allies to attack IPC installations around Kirkuk and Mosul, causing Iraq millions of dollars in damage; in April, he unilaterally abrogated the 1937 treaty; and in January 1970, he sponsored a failed coup attempt against the Iraqi government.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=120\\-122}} The Shah knew that most of Iraq's army was deployed in Kurdistan—while an additional three Iraqi brigades were stationed in Jordan—thus Iraq was in no position to retaliate militarily, but he offered to \"break off supplies to the Kurds in return for concessions in the Shatt,\" a proposal Iraq rejected.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=120\\-121}}",
"The Shah's aggressive actions convinced Iraq to seek an end to the Kurdish War. In late December 1969, al\\-Bakr sent his deputy, [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\"), to negotiate directly with Barzani and his close aide Dr. [Mahmoud Othman](/wiki/Mahmoud_Othman \"Mahmoud Othman\"). The Shah was outraged when he learned of these negotiations, and sponsored a coup against the Iraqi government, which was scheduled for the night of January 20–21, 1970\\. However, Iraq's security forces had \"complete recordings of most of the meetings and interviews that took place,\" foiling the plot, expelling the Iranian ambassador to Iraq, and executing \"at least 33 conspirators\" by January 23\\.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=110, 122\\-123}} On January 24, Iraq announced its support for Kurdish autonomy, and on March 11, Saddam and Barzani reached an agreement (dubbed the \"March Accord\") \"to recognize the binational character of Iraq ... \\[and] allow for the establishment of a self\\-governing region of Kurdistan,\" which was to be implemented by March 1974, although U.S. officials were skeptical that the agreement would prove binding.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=123\\-124, 151}}",
"There were allegations of American involvement in the failed 1970 coup attempt, which involved a coalition of Iraqi factions, including Kurdish opponents of the Ba'ath Party. [Edmund Ghareeb](/wiki/Edmund_Ghareeb \"Edmund Ghareeb\") claimed that the CIA reached an agreement to help the Kurds overthrow the Iraqi government in August 1969, although there is little evidence to support this claim, and the CIA officer in charge of operations in Iraq and Syria in 1969 \"denied any U.S. involvement with the Kurds prior to 1972\\.\" The State Department was informed of the plot by Iraqi businessman Loufti Obeidi on August 15, but strongly refused to provide any assistance.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d262\\|title\\=Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, October 15, 1969: How To Buy A Revolution: Talk With an Iraqi Plotter\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\\|date\\=1969\\-08\\-15\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406053232/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d262\\|archive\\-date\\=April 6, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Iraqi exile Sa'ad Jabr discussed the coup planning with officials at the U.S. embassy in Beirut on December 8; embassy officials reiterated that the U.S. could not involve itself in the conspiracy, although on December 10 the State Department authorized the embassy to tell Jabr \"we would be prepared to consider prompt resumption of diplomatic relations and would certainly be disposed to cooperate within the limits of existing legislation and our overall policy\" if the \"new government prove\\[d] to be moderate and friendly.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=121\\-122}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d263\\|title\\=Telegram 10069 From the Embassy in Lebanon to the Department of State, December 8, 1969, 1749Z: Iraq—Possible Coup d'Etat\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\\|date\\=1969\\-12\\-08\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406023649/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d263\\|archive\\-date\\=April 6, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d264\\|title\\=Telegram 204979 From the Department of State to the Embassy in Lebanon, December 10, 1969, 1615Z: Iraq\\-Coup d'Etat Plans\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\\|date\\=1969\\-12\\-10\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406022308/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d264\\|archive\\-date\\=April 6, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Kurdish intervention, 1972–1975",
"{{Main\\|Corrective Revolution (Egypt)\\|Second Iraqi–Kurdish War\\|1975 Algiers Agreement\\|Al\\-Anfal Campaign}}\n[thumb\\|Alexei Kosygin (left) and [Ahmed Hassan al\\-Bakr](/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr \"Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr\") signing the Iraqi–Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Co\\-Operation in 1972](/wiki/File:Freundschaftsvertrag_Kossygin_al-Bakr_1972.jpg \"Freundschaftsvertrag Kossygin al-Bakr 1972.jpg\")",
"In the aftermath of the March Accord, Iranian and Israeli officials tried to persuade the Nixon administration that the agreement was part of a Soviet plot to free up Iraq's military for aggression against Iran and Israel, but U.S. officials refuted these claims by noting that Iraq had resumed purging ICP members on March 23, 1970, and that Saddam was met with a \"chilly\" reception during his visit to Moscow on August 4–12, during which he requested deferment on Iraq's considerable foreign debt.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=124–127}} Iraqi–Soviet relations improved rapidly in late 1971 in response to the Soviet Union's deteriorating alliance with Egyptian leader [Anwar Sadat](/wiki/Anwar_Sadat \"Anwar Sadat\"), who succeeded [Gamal Abdel Nasser](/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser \"Gamal Abdel Nasser\") following Nasser's death on September 28, 1970\\.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=129–130}} However, even after Iraq signed a secret arms deal with the Soviets in September 1971, which was finalized during Soviet Defense Minister [Andrei Grechko](/wiki/Andrei_Grechko \"Andrei Grechko\")'s December trip to Baghdad and \"brought the total of Soviet military aid to Iraq to above the $750 million level,\" the State Department remained skeptical that Iraq posed any threat to Iran.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=130–131}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d295\\|title\\=Telegram 12737 From the Department of State to the Embassies in Iran, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, January 22, 1972, 0231Z\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\\|date\\=1972\\-01\\-22\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-19\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328152550/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d295\\|archive\\-date\\=March 28, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On April 9, 1972, Soviet Prime Minister [Alexei Kosygin](/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin \"Alexei Kosygin\") signed \"a 15\\-year treaty of friendship and cooperation\" with al\\-Bakr, but U.S. officials were not \"outwardly perturbed\" by this development, because, according to the NSC staff, it was not \"surprising or sudden but rather a culmination of existing relationships.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=134\\-135}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d308\\|title\\=Briefing Paper Prepared for President Nixon, May 18, 1972\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\\|date\\=1972\\-05\\-18\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-19\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328152142/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d308\\|archive\\-date\\=March 28, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"It has been suggested that Nixon was initially preoccupied with pursuing his policy of [détente](/wiki/D%C3%A9tente \"Détente\") with the Soviet Union and with the May 1972 [Moscow Summit](/wiki/Moscow_Summit_%281972%29 \"Moscow Summit (1972)\"), but later sought to assuage the Shah's concerns about Iraq during his May 30–31 trip to Tehran. In a May 31 meeting with the Shah, Nixon vowed that the U.S. \"would not let down \\[its] friends,\" promising to provide Iran with sophisticated weapons (\"including [F\\-14s](/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat \"Grumman F-14 Tomcat\") and [F\\-15s](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle \"McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle\")\") to counter the Soviet Union's agreement to sell Iraq [Mig\\-23](/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23 \"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23\") jets. According to Nixon's National Security Adviser and later Secretary of State, [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger \"Henry Kissinger\"), and numerous scholars, Nixon also agreed to a covert operation to assist Barzani's Kurdish rebels while in Tehran. (Barzani had resumed his alliance with Iran and Israel after a December 1970 assassination attempt on his son [Idris](/wiki/Idris_Barzani \"Idris Barzani\"), which he held the Ba'ath Party responsible for.) There is, however, no official record that this occurred, with the only record that Nixon approved the operation being an August 1 memo from Kissinger to [40 Committee](/wiki/40_Committee \"40 Committee\") principals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d322\\|title\\=Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\\|date\\=1972\\-08\\-01\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-19\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328155239/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d322\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-28\\|url\\-status\\=live}} For accounts of Nixon's meetings with the Shah, see {{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d200\\|title\\=Memorandum of Conversation, Tehran, May 30, 1972, 5:35 to 6:35 p.m.\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\\|date\\=1972\\-05\\-30\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-19\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328205829/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d200\\|archive\\-date\\=March 28, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and {{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d201\\|title\\=Memorandum of Conversation, Tehran, May 31, 1972, 10:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\\|date\\=1972\\-05\\-31\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-19\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329000756/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d201\\|archive\\-date\\=March 29, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It is therefore plausible that two additional factors ultimately convinced Nixon to approve the operation, despite widespread opposition to supporting the Kurds within the State Department and CIA: Iraq's complete nationalization of the IPC on June 1, after Iraq began exporting oil from [North Rumaila](/wiki/Rumaila_oil_field \"Rumaila oil field\") to the Soviet Union in April; and the July 18 withdrawal of 15,000 Soviet military personnel from Egypt, which Kissinger's deputy, General [Alexander Haig](/wiki/Alexander_Haig \"Alexander Haig\"), Jr., predicted on July 28 \"will probably result in more intense Soviet efforts in Iraq.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=117, 128, 135–142, 163}}",
"From October 1972 until the abrupt end of the Kurdish intervention after March 1975, the CIA \"provided the Kurds with nearly $20 million in assistance,\" including 1,250 tons of non\\-attributable weaponry.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=140, 144–145, 148, 181}} The main goal of U.S. policy\\-makers was to increase the Kurds's ability to negotiate a reasonable autonomy agreement with the government of Iraq.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=205}} To justify the operation, U.S. officials cited Iraq's support for [international terrorism](/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism \"State-sponsored terrorism\") and its repeated threats against neighboring states, including Iran (where Iraq supported [Baluchi](/wiki/Balochistan \"Balochistan\") and Arab separatists against the Shah) and Kuwait (Iraq launched an [unprovoked attack on a Kuwaiti border post](/wiki/1973_Samita_border_skirmish \"1973 Samita border skirmish\") and claimed the Kuwaiti islands of [Warbah](/wiki/Warbah \"Warbah\") and [Bubiyan](/wiki/Bubiyan \"Bubiyan\") in May 1973\\), with Haig remarking: \"There can be no doubt that it is in the interest of ourselves, our allies, and other friendly governments in the area to see the Ba'thi regime in Iraq kept off balance and if possible overthrown.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=146\\-148}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d321\\|title\\=Memorandum From the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Haig) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, July 28, 1972: Kurdish Problem\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\\|date\\=1972\\-07\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-19\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329024526/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d321\\|archive\\-date\\=March 29, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} After Nixon's resignation in August 1974, President [Gerald Ford](/wiki/Gerald_Ford \"Gerald Ford\") was briefed about the Kurdish intervention on a \"need\\-to\\-know\" basis—leaving Kissinger, former CIA director and ambassador to Iran [Richard Helms](/wiki/Richard_Helms \"Richard Helms\"), Arthur Callahan (chief of the CIA Station in Tehran), and Callahan's deputy—to actually implement the U.S. policy.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=163}} To prevent leaks, the State Department was not informed of the operation.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=141}} In fact, the State Department had dispatched Arthur Lowrie to establish a U.S. Interests Section in Baghdad shortly prior to Nixon's decision to support the Kurds; the Interests Section officially opened on October 1, 1972\\.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=144}} Lowrie repeatedly warned that there was a power struggle between moderates and extremists within the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, and that the Shah's aggressive posture towards Iraq, combined with the Ba'ath Party's belief that the U.S. sought to overthrow it, empowered the extremists while forcing Iraq to turn towards the Soviet Union for arms resupply.cf. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d326\\|title\\=Memorandum From the U.S. Interests Section in Baghdad to the Department of State, October 21, 1972: U.S. Policy Toward Iraq\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972\\|date\\=1972\\-10\\-21\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-19\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329194805/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76ve04/d326\\|archive\\-date\\=March 29, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Helms and the CIA rejected Lowrie's analysis and his proposal that the U.S. try to improve relations with Iraq, with Helms stating \"\\[We] are frankly skeptical that in practice we could help the moderates without building up our extremist enemies.\" The CIA went further, producing a report that cautioned \"*the level of political violence is very high* ... This is not a happy situation nor a happy government for the US to try to do business with.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=144–146, 148–150, 152–153, 157–158}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d232\\|title\\=Memorandum Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency: Some Notes on Iraqi Politics\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\\|date\\=1973\\-09\\-05\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-19\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329114910/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d232\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-29\\|url\\-status\\=live}} After a failed coup attempt on June 30, 1973, Saddam consolidated control over Iraq and made a number of positive gestures towards the U.S. and the West, such as refusing to participate in the Saudi\\-led oil embargo following the [Yom Kippur War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War \"Yom Kippur War\"), but these actions were largely ignored in Washington.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=161}}",
"On March 11, 1974, the Iraqi government gave Barzani 15 days to accept a new autonomy law, which \"fell far short of what the regime had promised the Kurds in 1970, including long\\-standing demands like a proportional share of oil revenue and the inclusion of the oil\\-rich and culturally significant city of Kirkuk into the autonomous region\" and \"gave the regime a veto over any Kurdish legislation.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=167}} Barzani allowed the deadline to lapse, triggering the outbreak of the [Second Iraqi–Kurdish War](/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War \"Second Iraqi–Kurdish War\") in April.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=166–171}} Although the CIA had stockpiled \"900,000 pounds of non\\-attributable small arms and ammunition\" to prepare for this contingency, the Kurds were in a weak position due to their lack of anti\\-aircraft and anti\\-tank weapons. Moreover, Soviet advisers contributed to a change in Iraq's tactics that decisively altered the trajectory of the war, allowing the Iraqi army to finally achieve steady gains against the Kurds where it had failed in the past.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=169–171, 175, 177, 180, 204}} To prevent a collapse of the Kurdish resistance, Kissinger negotiated a deal with Israel to provide the Kurds with $28 million in heavy weaponry, but all assistance came to a sudden end shortly after the Shah and Saddam embraced one another at [a press conference in Algiers](/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement \"1975 Algiers Agreement\") on March 6, 1975: Saddam had agreed to a concession on the border of the Shatt al\\-Arab waterway in return for an end to \"all subversive infiltration from either side.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=181, 186, 190–191, 194–195, 204}} The increasingly overt Iranian involvement necessary to stave off a Kurdish defeat—including the presence of Iranian soldiers dressed in Kurdish uniforms, who participated in combat for as long as 10 days at a time, thus raising the possibility that further escalation might lead to \"open war\" between Iran and Iraq—combined with assurances from Arab leaders including Sadat, King [Hussein of Jordan](/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan \"Hussein of Jordan\"), and [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria \"Algeria\")'s [Houari Boumédiène](/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne \"Houari Boumédiène\") that \"Saddam Hussein was ready to pull Iraq out of \\[the] Soviet orbit if Iran would take away the \\[Kurdish revolt] which was forcing them into the arms of the Soviets\"—also helped convince the Shah that an accommodation with Iraq was necessary and desirable.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=59, 178, 183–185, 188, 190–191, 204}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d275\\|title\\=Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to Iran (Helms) to the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft)\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\\|date\\=1975\\-03\\-08\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401233412/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d275\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-01\\|url\\-status\\=live}}; {{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d276\\|title\\=Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to Iran (Helms) to the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft)\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\\|date\\=1975\\-03\\-08\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401193419/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d276\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-01\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the aftermath, over 100,000 Kurds fled to Iran, while the Iraqi government brutally consolidated its control over Iraqi Kurdistan—destroying as many as 1,400 villages by 1978, imprisoning 600,000 Kurds in resettlement camps, and ultimately [waging a campaign of genocide against the Kurds](/wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign \"Al-Anfal Campaign\") in 1988\\.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=195, 205}}",
"A [leaked Congressional investigation](/wiki/Pike_Committee \"Pike Committee\") led by [Otis Pike](/wiki/Otis_G._Pike \"Otis G. Pike\") and a February 4, 1976 *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")* article written by [William Safire](/wiki/William_Safire \"William Safire\"){{cite web\\|author\\-link\\=William Safire\\|last\\=Safire\\|first\\=William\\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=9A06E3DD113CE334BC4D53DFB466838D669EDE\\&url\\=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1976/02/05/75572436\\.html\\|title\\=Mr. Ford's Secret Sellout\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=1976\\-02\\-04\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401104251/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=9A06E3DD113CE334BC4D53DFB466838D669EDE\\&url\\=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1976%2F02%2F05%2F75572436\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-01\\|url\\-status\\=live}} have heavily influenced subsequent scholarship regarding the conduct of the Kurdish intervention.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=163\\-164}} As a result, there is a widespread belief that U.S. officials prodded Barzani into rejecting the Iraqi government's initial offer of autonomy, cynically agreed to \"sell out\" the Kurds at the Shah's behest, refused to provide any humanitarian assistance for Kurdish refugees, and failed to respond to \"a heartbreaking letter\" Barzani sent Kissinger on March 10, 1975, in which he stated: \"Our movement and people are being destroyed in an unbelievable way with silence from everyone.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=163, 171, 192, 204, 240}} In fact, declassified documents reveal that U.S. officials warned Barzani against his proposal to declare autonomy unilaterally, as they knew doing so would provoke the Iraqi government, even as the goal of permanently dividing Iraq and maintaining an autonomous Kurdish government would require massive resources irreconcilable with [plausible deniability](/wiki/Plausible_deniability \"Plausible deniability\").{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=166\\-171, 204}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d244\\|title\\=Backchannel Message From the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to the Ambassador to Iran (Helms)\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\\|date\\=1975\\-03\\-16\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401163910/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d244\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-01\\|url\\-status\\=live}} cf. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d246\\|title\\=Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\\|date\\=1974\\-04\\-11\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406071925/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d246\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-06\\|url\\-status\\=live}} cf. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d247\\|title\\=Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to Iran (Helms) to Secretary of State Kissinger\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\\|date\\=1974\\-04\\-17\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220180446/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d247\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-12\\-20\\|url\\-status\\=live}} However, Barzani could never have accepted Iraq's \"watered\\-down autonomy law,\" as it was inconsistent with the terms of the March Accord and ignored outstanding Kurdish demands.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=167, 171, 204}} The Shah's \"sell\\-out\" blindsided American and Israeli officials, as well as his own advisers; Kissinger had personally lobbied the Shah against reaching any agreement with Iraq, and questioned the logic of \"trad\\[ing] a valuable coercive asset ... for a modest border concession.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=187\\-192}} The U.S. provided $1 million in aid to Kurdish refugees—and, on March 17, Kissinger responded to Barzani's letter: \"We can understand that the difficult decisions which the Kurdish people now face are a cause of deep anguish for them. We have great admiration for the courage and dignity with which those people have confronted many trials, and our prayers are with them.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=169, 194, 204\\-205}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d281\\|title\\=Backchannel Message From the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to the Ambassador to Iran (Helms)\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Relations Series\\|Foreign Relations of the United States]], 1969–1976, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973–1976\\|date\\=1974\\-03\\-26\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175559/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969\\-76v27/d281\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-01\\|url\\-status\\=live}} With neither Iran nor [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\") willing to allow their territory to be used to support the Kurds, the U.S. and Israel were forced to abandon their assistance.{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=196}} According to Bryan R. Gibson, \"The Pike Report ignored inconvenient truths; misattributed quotes; falsely accused the United States of not providing the Kurds with any humanitarian assistance; and, finally, claimed that Kissinger had not responded to Barzani's tragic plea, when in fact he had ... This was not the 'textbook case of betrayal and skulduggery' that the Pike Report had led many people to believe.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|p\\=205}}Gibson has in turn been criticized for overstating his disagreement with the Pike Report and for neglecting Barzani's own claim that the latter's rejection of the Ba'ath Party's autonomy law was largely predicated on the promise of U.S. support. See {{cite web\\|last\\=Vis\\|first\\=Andrea \\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283217908\\|title\\=U.S. Foreign Policy on the Kurds of Iraq: 1958–1975\\|date\\=October 2015\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-03\\-24\\|pages\\=49–51}} Gibson concedes that U.S. involvement was self\\-serving and \"advanced America's Cold War interests, though not entirely at the expense of the Kurds.\"{{sfn\\|Gibson\\|2015\\|pp\\=204\\-205}} [Joost Hiltermann](/wiki/Joost_Hiltermann \"Joost Hiltermann\") offers a contrasting analysis: \"The exoneration shouldn't go unqualified. Kissinger cared for the Kurds only to the extent that they could be used in the pursuit of US interests, and he would surely have abandoned them sooner or later.\"{{cite journal\\|author\\-link\\=Joost Hiltermann\\|last\\=Hiltermann\\|first\\=Joost\\|url\\=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n22/joost\\-hiltermann/they\\-were\\-expendable\\|title\\=They were expendable\\|journal\\=\\[\\[London Review of Books]]\\|volume\\=38\\|issue\\=22\\|date\\=2016\\-11\\-17\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-15\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216140638/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n22/joost\\-hiltermann/they\\-were\\-expendable\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-16\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Iran\\-Iraq War and resumption of diplomatic ties",
"Even though Iraqi interest in American technical expertise was strong, prior to 1980 the government did not seem to be seriously interested in re\\-establishing diplomatic relations with the United States. The Ba'ath Party viewed the efforts by the United States to achieve \"step\\-by\\-step\" interim agreements between [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") and the [Arab countries](/wiki/Arab_countries \"Arab countries\") and the diplomatic process that led to the [Camp David Accords](/wiki/Camp_David_Accords \"Camp David Accords\") as calculated attempts to perpetuate Arab disunity. Consequently, Iraq took a leading role in organizing Arab opposition to the diplomatic initiatives of the United States. After [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") signed a [peace treaty with Israel](/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Israeli_Peace_Treaty \"Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty\") in 1979, Iraq succeeded in getting members of the League of Arab States ([Arab League](/wiki/Arab_League \"Arab League\")) to vote unanimously for Egypt's expulsion from the organization.",
"A review of thousands of declassified government documents and interviews with former U.S. policymakers shows that the U.S. provided intelligence and logistical support, which played a role in arming Iraq during the [Iran–Iraq War](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War \"Iran–Iraq War\"). Under the [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") and [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\") administrations, the U.S. authorized the sale to Iraq of numerous [dual\\-use technology](/wiki/Dual-use_technology \"Dual-use technology\") (items with both military and civilian applications), including chemicals which can be used in manufacturing of pesticides or chemical weapons and live viruses and bacteria, such as [anthrax](/wiki/Anthrax \"Anthrax\") and [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague \"Bubonic plague\") used in medicine and the manufacture of vaccines or weaponized for use in biological weapons.",
"A report of the U.S. Senate's Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs concluded that the U.S. under the successive presidential administrations sold materials including anthrax, and botulism to Iraq right up until March 1992\\. The chairman of the Senate committee, Don Riegle, said: \"The executive branch of our government approved 771 different export licenses for sale of dual\\-use technology to Iraq. I think it's a devastating record.\"*Sunday Herald* (Scotland) September 8, 2002\\. According to several former officials, the State and Commerce departments promoted trade in such items as a way to boost U.S. exports and acquire political leverage over Saddam.Washington Post, December 30, 2002\\.",
"Relations between the U.S. and Iraq were strained by the [Iran–Contra affair](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair \"Iran–Contra affair\").",
"[thumb\\|thumbtime\\=05\\|Rumsfeld, [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\")'s then\\-special envoy to the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") meeting Saddam Hussein on 19–20 December 1983 during a visit to Baghdad. Rumsfeld later became the U.S. Secretary of Defense who led the coalition forces in 2003 against him.](/wiki/File:Shakinghands_high.OGG \"Shakinghands high.OGG\")\nThe U.S. provided critical battle planning assistance at a time when U.S. intelligence agencies knew that Iraqi commanders would employ chemical weapons in waging the war, according to senior military officers with direct knowledge of the program. The U.S. carried out this covert program at a time when Secretary of State [George P. Shultz](/wiki/George_P._Shultz \"George P. Shultz\"), [United States Secretary of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense \"United States Secretary of Defense\") [Frank C. Carlucci](/wiki/Frank_C._Carlucci \"Frank C. Carlucci\") and National Security Adviser General [Colin L. Powell](/wiki/Colin_L._Powell \"Colin L. Powell\") were publicly condemning Iraq for its use of poison gas, especially after Iraq attacked [Kurdish](/wiki/Kurdish_people \"Kurdish people\") villagers in [Halabja](/wiki/Halabja \"Halabja\") in March 1988\\. U.S. officials publicly condemned Iraq's employment of [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas \"Mustard gas\"), [sarin](/wiki/Sarin \"Sarin\"), [VX](/wiki/VX_%28nerve_agent%29 \"VX (nerve agent)\") and other poisonous agents, but sixty [Defense Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency \"Defense Intelligence Agency\") officers were secretly providing detailed information on Iranian deployments, tactical planning for battles, plans for airstrikes and bomb\\-damage assessments for Iraq. It has long been known that the U.S. provided intelligence assistance, such as satellite photography, to Saddam's regime. Carlucci said: \"My understanding is that what was provided\" to Iraq \"was general order of battle information, not operational intelligence.\" \"I certainly have no knowledge of U.S. participation in preparing battle and strike packages,\" he said, \"and doubt strongly that that occurred.\" \"I did agree that Iraq should not lose the war, but I certainly had no foreknowledge of their use of chemical weapons.\" Secretary of State Powell, through a spokesman, said the officers' description of the program was \"dead wrong,\" but declined to discuss it. His deputy, Richard L. Armitage, a senior defense official at the time, used an expletive relayed through a spokesman to indicate his denial that the United States acquiesced in the use of chemical weapons.*New York Times*, August 18, 2002\\.",
"Concern about the 1979 [Islamic Revolution](/wiki/Islamic_Revolution \"Islamic Revolution\") in [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") and about the [Soviet invasion of Afghanistan](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan \"Soviet invasion of Afghanistan\") prompted Iraq to reexamine seriously the nature of its relationship with the United States. This process led to a gradual warming of relations between the two countries. In 1981 Iraq and the United States engaged in low level, official talks on matters of mutual interest such as trade and regional security. In March 1982 the USA decided to remove Iraq from its list of countries supporting terrorism in order to be able to help Saddam Hussein to win the Iraq\\-Iran war.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Entessar\\|first\\=Nader\\|title\\=Kurdish Ethnonationalism\\|date\\=1992\\|publisher\\=Lynn Rienner Publishers\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55587\\-250\\-2\\|pages\\=142\\|language\\=en}} Following, the United States extended credits to Iraq for the purchase of American agricultural commodities, the first time this had been done since 1967\\. More significant, in 1983 the Baathist government hosted a United States special Middle East envoy, the highest\\-ranking American official to visit [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad \"Baghdad\") in more than sixteen years. In a U.S. bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq, the country was removed from the U.S. list of [State Sponsors of Terrorism](/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism \"State Sponsors of Terrorism\"). Ostensibly, this was because of improvement in the regime's record, although former United States Assistant Secretary of Defense Noel Koch later stated, \"No one had any doubts about \\[the Iraqis'] continued involvement in terrorism ... The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.army.mil/professionalWriting/volumes/volume1/july\\_2003/7\\_03\\_2v2\\.html \\|title\\=Inverse Engagement: Lessons from U.S.\\-Iraq Relations, 1982–1990 \\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2006 \\|author\\=Douglas A. Borer \\|year\\=2003 \\|work\\=U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection \\|publisher\\=U.S. Army \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011195656/http://www.army.mil/professionalwriting/volumes/volume1/july\\_2003/7\\_03\\_2v2\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2006 }} In 1984, when the United States inaugurated \"[Operation Staunch](/wiki/Operation_Staunch \"Operation Staunch\")\" to halt shipment of arms to Iran by third countries, no similar embargo was attempted against Iraq because Iraq had expressed its desire to negotiate an end to the war. All of these initiatives prepared the ground for Iraq and the United States to reestablish diplomatic relations in November 1984\\. Iraq was the last of the Arab countries to resume diplomatic relations with the U.S.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Gamarekian\\|first1\\=Barbara\\|title\\=Diplomatics Inch, Diplomatic Mile\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/06/us/embassy\\-row\\-diplomatics\\-inch\\-diplomatic\\-mile.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=6 February 1985\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080324/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/06/us/embassy\\-row\\-diplomatics\\-inch\\-diplomatic\\-mile.html\\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In early 1988, Iraq's relations with the United States were generally cordial. The relationship had been strained at the end of 1986 when it was revealed that the United States had secretly sold arms to Iran during 1985 and 1986, and a crisis occurred in May 1987 when an Iraqi pilot [bombed an American naval ship](/wiki/USS_Stark_incident \"USS Stark incident\") in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\"), a ship he mistakenly thought to be involved in Iran\\-related commerce. Nevertheless, the two countries had weathered these problems by mid\\-1987\\. Although lingering suspicions about the United States remained, Iraq welcomed greater, even if indirect, American diplomatic and military pressure in trying to end the war with Iran. For the most part, the Iraqi government believed the United States supported its position that the war was being prolonged only because of Iranian intransigence.",
"### Gulf War",
"[thumb\\|right\\|April Glaspie meets Saddam for an emergency meeting.](/wiki/File:April_Glaspie%2C_Sadoun_al-Zubaydi_and_Saddam_Hussein.jpg \"April Glaspie, Sadoun al-Zubaydi and Saddam Hussein.jpg\") On July 25, 1990, following [tensions with Kuwait](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%23Tensions_with_Kuwait \"Saddam Hussein#Tensions with Kuwait\"), Saddam met with United States Ambassador to Baghdad, [April Glaspie](/wiki/April_Glaspie \"April Glaspie\"), in one of the last high\\-level contacts between the two Governments before the [Iraqi invasion of Kuwait](/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait \"Iraqi invasion of Kuwait\") on August 2, 1990\\. Iraqi Government officials published a transcript of the meeting, which also included the Iraqi Foreign Minister, [Tariq Aziz](/wiki/Tariq_Aziz \"Tariq Aziz\"). A copy was provided to *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* by [ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 \"ABC News (United States)\"), which was translated from [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\"). The U.S. State Department has declined to comment on its accuracy.",
"Glaspie is quoted saying to Saddam:",
"",
"> I have a direct instruction from the President to seek better relations with Iraq ... I know you need funds. We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country. But we have no opinion on the Arab\\-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait. I was in the American Embassy in Kuwait during the late 60s \\[during another Iraq\\-Kuwait border conflict]. The instruction we had during this period was that we should express no opinion on this issue and that the issue is not associated with America. James Baker has directed our official spokesmen to emphasize this instruction. We hope you can solve this problem using any suitable methods via Klibi or via [President Mubarak](/wiki/President_Mubarak \"President Mubarak\"). All that we hope is that these issues are solved quickly ... Frankly, we can see only that you have deployed massive troops in the south. Normally that would not be any of our business. But when this happens in the context of what you said on your national day, then when we read the details in the two letters of the Foreign Minister, then when we see the Iraqi point of view that the measures taken by the U.A.E. and Kuwait is, in the final analysis, parallel to military aggression against Iraq, then it would be reasonable for me to be concerned. And for this reason, I received an instruction to ask you, in the spirit of friendship—not in the spirit of confrontation—regarding your intentions.[Excerpts From Iraqi Document on Meeting With U.S. Envoy](https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/23/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-excerpts-from-iraqi-document-on-meeting-with-us-envoy.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=4&pagewanted=print) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006013058/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/23/world/confrontation\\-in\\-the\\-gulf\\-excerpts\\-from\\-iraqi\\-document\\-on\\-meeting\\-with\\-us\\-envoy.html?sec\\=\\&spon\\=\\&pagewanted\\=4\\&pagewanted\\=print \\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-06 }}, *New York Times*. September 23, 1990\\.",
"However, Tariq Aziz told [PBS](/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service \"Public Broadcasting Service\") *[Frontline](/wiki/Frontline_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Frontline (U.S. TV series)\")* in 1996 that the Iraqi leadership was under \"no illusion\" about America's likely response to the Iraqi invasion: \"She \\[Glaspie] didn't tell us anything strange. She didn't tell us in the sense that we concluded that the Americans will not retaliate. That was nonsense you see. It was nonsense to think that the Americans would not attack us.\"\"The Gulf War\", PBS *Frontline*. January 9, 1996\\. And in a second 2000 interview with the same television program, Aziz said:",
"",
"> There were no mixed signals. We should not forget that the whole period before August 2 witnessed a negative American policy towards Iraq. So it would be quite foolish to think that, if we go to Kuwait, then America would like that. Because the American tendency ... was to untie Iraq. So how could we imagine that such a step was going to be appreciated by the Americans? It looks foolish, you see, this is fiction. About the meeting with April Glaspie—it was a routine meeting. There was nothing extraordinary in it. She didn't say anything extraordinary beyond what any professional diplomat would say without previous instructions from his government. She did not ask for an audience with the president. She was summoned by the president. He telephoned me and said, \"Bring the American ambassador. I want to see her.\" She was not prepared, because it was not morning in Washington. People in Washington were asleep, so she needed a half\\-hour to contact anybody in Washington and seek instructions. So, what she said were routine, classical comments on what the president was asking her to convey to President Bush. He wanted her to carry a message to George Bush—not to receive a message through her from Washington.[\"The survival of Saddam\"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saddam/interviews/aziz.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808105053/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saddam/interviews/aziz.html \\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-08 }}, PBS *Frontline*. January 25, 2000\\.",
"Due to ongoing concerns over the security situation in Iraq, the U.S. State Department invalidated U.S. passports for travel to or through Iraq on February 8, 1991\\. The [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\") cease\\-fire was negotiated at [Safwan, Iraq](/wiki/Safwan%2C_Iraq \"Safwan, Iraq\") on March 1, 1991, taking effect on April 11, 1991\\.Torreon, B.S. (2011\\). U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Current Conflicts. CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS21405\\.pdf](https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS21405.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328222039/http://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS21405\\.pdf \\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-28 }}",
"According to former U.S. intelligence officials interviewed by *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, the CIA indirectly supported a bomb and sabotage campaign between 1992 and 1995 in Iraq conducted by the [Iraqi National Accord](/wiki/Iraqi_National_Accord \"Iraqi National Accord\") insurgents, led by [Iyad Allawi](/wiki/Iyad_Allawi \"Iyad Allawi\"). The campaign had no apparent effect in toppling Saddam's rule,{{Cite news\n\\| author\\=Brinkley, Joel\n\\| date\\=2004\\-06\\-09\n\\| title\\=Ex\\-C.I.A. Aides Say Iraq Leader Helped Agency in 90's Attacks\n\\| work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]\n\\| url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=9403E3D91630F93AA35755C0A9629C8B63\n}} but the CIA was also involved in a failed 1996 coup against Saddam{{citation\n \\| url \\= http://www.afio.com/sections/wins/2003/2003\\-19\\.html\\#terrirst\n \\| author \\= Association of Former Intelligence Officers\n \\| title \\= US Coup Plotting in Iraq\n \\| id \\= Weekly Intelligence Notes 19\\-03\n \\| date \\= 19 May 2003\n \\| access\\-date \\= 3 August 2016\n \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160409090906/http://www.afio.com/sections/wins/2003/2003\\-19\\.html\\#terrirst\n \\| archive\\-date \\= 9 April 2016\n \\| url\\-status \\= live\n }}{{citation\n \\| url \\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2003/05/16/the\\-cia\\-and\\-the\\-coup\\-that\\-wasnt/0abfb8fa\\-61e9\\-4159\\-a885\\-89b8c476b188/\n \\| first \\= David\n \\| last \\= Ignatius\n \\| title \\= The CIA And the Coup That Wasn't\n \\| date \\= May 16, 2003\n \\| access\\-date \\= August 3, 2016\n \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160312144241/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2003/05/16/the\\-cia\\-and\\-the\\-coup\\-that\\-wasnt/0abfb8fa\\-61e9\\-4159\\-a885\\-89b8c476b188/\n \\| archive\\-date \\= March 12, 2016\n \\| url\\-status \\= live\n }}\n\\- and in October 1998, regime change became official U.S. policy with enactment of the \"[Iraq Liberation Act](/wiki/Iraq_Liberation_Act \"Iraq Liberation Act\").\"",
"As a result of the war, Iraq and the United States broke off diplomatic relations for a second time. From 1990 to 2003, [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria \"Algeria\") served as Iraq's [protecting power](/wiki/Protecting_power \"Protecting power\") in Washington, while Poland served as the [protecting power](/wiki/Protecting_power \"Protecting power\") for the United States in Baghdad.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Chauhan\\|first1\\=Sharad S.\\|title\\=War on Iraq\\|date\\=2003\\|publisher\\=A P H\\|location\\=New Delhi\\|isbn\\=9788176484787\\|page\\=9}} Diplomatic relations would not be restored until the United States overthrew Saddam Hussein in 2003 and established an American\\-aligned government.",
"### 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq",
"{{Main\\|Iraq War}}\n[thumb\\|George W. Bush announces start to 2003 war in Iraq.](/wiki/File:Bush_announces_Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_2003.jpg \"Bush announces Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003.jpg\")",
"After the [United Nations Security Council Resolution 687](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_687 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 687\") and subsequent [UN weapons inspectors inside Iraq](/wiki/United_Nations_Monitoring%2C_Verification_and_Inspection_Commission \"United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission\") there was [a period of low\\-level hostilities](/wiki/Lead-up_to_the_Iraq_War \"Lead-up to the Iraq War\") between Iraq and the United States\\-led coalition from 1991\\.",
"In late 2001, [Bush administration](/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration \"George W. Bush administration\") began actively pressing for military intervention in Iraq. The primary [rationalization](/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War \"Rationale for the Iraq War\") was articulated by a joint resolution of the [U.S. Congress](/wiki/U.S._Congress \"U.S. Congress\") known as the [Iraq Resolution](/wiki/Iraq_Resolution \"Iraq Resolution\"), stating that the intent was to remove \"a regime that developed and used weapons of mass destruction, that harbored and supported terrorists, committed outrageous human rights abuses, and defied the just demands of the United Nations and the world.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Winning the War on Terror\\|url\\=http://2001\\-2009\\.state.gov/documents/organization/24172\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=U.S. State Department Bureau of Public Affairs\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220644/http://2001\\-2009\\.state.gov/documents/organization/24172\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-04\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bellinger\\|first1\\=John\\|title\\=Transatlantic Approaches to the International Legal Regime in an Age of Globalization and Terrorism.\\|url\\=https://2009\\-2017\\.state.gov/s/l/2005/87203\\.htm\\|publisher\\=U.S. State Department\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-25\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225054539/https://2009\\-2017\\.state.gov/s/l/2005/87203\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-25\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In the lead\\-up to the invasion, the U.S. and U.K. emphasized the argument that [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\") was developing [weapons of mass destruction](/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction \"Weapons of mass destruction\") and that he thus presented a threat to his neighbors and to the global community.[UN Security Council Resolution 1441](https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/io/rls/fs/2003/17926.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621233528/https://2001\\-2009\\.state.gov/p/io/rls/fs/2003/17926\\.htm \\|date\\=2019\\-06\\-21 }} Retrieved 30 January 2008 Throughout late 2001, 2002, and early 2003, the Bush Administration worked to build a case for invading Iraq, culminating in then [Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State \"United States Secretary of State\") [Colin Powell](/wiki/Colin_Powell \"Colin Powell\")'s February 2003 address to the Security Council.{{UN document \\|code\\=securitycouncil/meeting\\_4701 \\|body\\= Security Council \\|meeting\\=4701 \\|page\\=2 \\|anchor\\=pg002\\-bk08 \\| speakername\\=\\[\\[Colin Powell]]\\| speakernation\\=United States\\|date\\=5 February 2003 \\| type\\= PV\\| accessdate\\=2007\\-07\\-17 }}",
"Accusations of faulty evidence and alleged shifting rationales became the focal point for critics of the war, who charge that the Bush Administration purposely fabricated evidence to justify an invasion that it had long planned to launch.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Shakir\\|first1\\=Faiz\\|title\\=Bush Insists 'I Didn't Want War,' Overwhelming Evidence Suggests Otherwise\\|url\\=http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2006/03/21/4363/made\\-up\\-his\\-mind/\\|website\\=ThinkProgress}}",
"[The invasion began](/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq \"2003 invasion of Iraq\") on 20 March 2003, with the U.S., joined by the U.K. and several coalition allies, launching a \"[shock and awe](/wiki/Shock_and_awe \"Shock and awe\")\" bombing campaign. Iraqi forces were quickly overwhelmed as U.S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the [Ba'athist government](/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq \"Ba'athist Iraq\"); Saddam was captured during [Operation Red Dawn](/wiki/Operation_Red_Dawn \"Operation Red Dawn\") in December of that same year and [executed by a military court three years later](/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein \"Execution of Saddam Hussein\").\nHowever, the power vacuum following Saddam's demise and the mismanagement of [the occupation](/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority \"Coalition Provisional Authority\") led to a widespread [civil war](/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_%282006%E2%80%932008%29 \"Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)\") between [Shias](/wiki/Shia_Islam \"Shia Islam\") and [Sunnis](/wiki/Sunni_Islam \"Sunni Islam\"), as well as a [lengthy insurgency against U.S. and coalition forces](/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_%282003%E2%80%9311%29 \"Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)\"). The United States responded with a [troop surge in 2007](/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007 \"Iraq War troop surge of 2007\") to attempt to reduce the violence.",
"Shortly after the invasion, the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\"), [Defense Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency \"Defense Intelligence Agency\"), and other intelligence agencies largely discredited evidence related to Iraqi weapons as well as links to [Al\\-Qaeda](/wiki/Al-Qaeda \"Al-Qaeda\"), and at this point the Bush and Blair Administrations began to shift to secondary rationales for the war, such as [the Hussein government's human rights record](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq \"Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq\") and promoting [democracy in Iraq](/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq \"Democracy in Iraq\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Smith\\|first1\\=R. Jeffrey\\|title\\=Hussein's Prewar Ties To Al\\-Qaeda Discounted\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2007/04/05/AR2007040502263\\.html\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|date\\=April 6, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411103726/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2007/04/05/AR2007040502263\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2007\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Sandalow\\|first1\\=Marc\\|title\\=Record shows Bush shifting on Iraq war / President's rationale for the invasion continues to evolve\\|url\\=http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/NEWS\\-ANALYSIS\\-Record\\-shows\\-Bush\\-shifting\\-on\\-2690938\\.php\\|publisher\\=The San Francisco Chronicle\\|date\\=September 29, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=August 3, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022850/http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/NEWS\\-ANALYSIS\\-Record\\-shows\\-Bush\\-shifting\\-on\\-2690938\\.php\\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"UN [Secretary\\-General](/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations \"Secretary-General of the United Nations\") [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan \"Kofi Annan\") described the war as illegal, saying in a September 2004 interview that it was \"not in conformity with the Security Council.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/3661134\\.stm \\|title\\=Iraq war illegal, says Annan \\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2008 \\|publisher\\=BBC News \\|date\\=September 16, 2004 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115131657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/3661134\\.stm \\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The U.S. began withdrawing its troops in the winter of 2007–08\\. The winding down of U.S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\"). The U.S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011\\.{{cite news\\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|first\\=Ben \\|last\\=Feller \\|title\\=Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq \\|date\\=27 February 2009 \\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090227/ap\\_on\\_go\\_pr\\_wh/obama\\_iraq \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302175610/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090227/ap\\_on\\_go\\_pr\\_wh/obama\\_iraq \\|archive\\-date\\=2 March 2009 }}",
"### Current status",
"[thumb\\|[Embassy of Iraq](/wiki/Embassy_of_Iraq_in_Washington%2C_D.C. \"Embassy of Iraq in Washington, D.C.\") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\")](/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Iraq_in_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg \"Embassy of Iraq in Washington, D.C..jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|[U.S. President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\") with [Iraqi Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq \"Prime Minister of Iraq\") [Mustafa Al\\-Kadhimi](/wiki/Mustafa_Al-Kadhimi \"Mustafa Al-Kadhimi\") in 2021](/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_and_Prime_Minister_Mustafa_Al-Kadhimi.jpg \"President Joe Biden and Prime Minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi.jpg\")",
"The United States helped establish the [Central Bank of Iraq](/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq \"Central Bank of Iraq\") in 2004, and since then the U.S. dollar has become the country's chief currency because of Iraq's large [informal economy](/wiki/Informal_economy \"Informal economy\") which runs on cash.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Cloud \\|first\\=David S. \\|title\\=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iraq Economy Reels as U.S. Moves Against Money Flows to Iran \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/iraq\\-economy\\-reels\\-as\\-u\\-s\\-moves\\-against\\-money\\-flows\\-to\\-iran\\-11674128633 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-22 \\|newspaper\\=Wall Street Journal \\|date\\=19 January 2023 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"The [Iraqi insurgency](/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_%282011%E2%80%932013%29 \"Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)\"), also referred to as the Iraq Crisis, escalated after the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 2011, resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as sectarian violence among Iraq's religious groups. This escalated into [a civil war](/wiki/War_in_Iraq_%282013%E2%80%932017%29 \"War in Iraq (2013–2017)\") with the conquest of [Fallujah](/wiki/Fallujah \"Fallujah\") and [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul \"Mosul\") and major areas in [northern Iraq](/wiki/Disputed_territories_of_Northern_Iraq \"Disputed territories of Northern Iraq\") by the [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State \"Islamic State\"). This has resulted in airstrikes by Iran, Syria, and other countries – including the United States.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.slate.com/blogs/business\\_insider/2014/08/08/who\\_else\\_besides\\_americans\\_are\\_flying\\_fighter\\_jets\\_in\\_iraq.html\\|title\\=Who Else, Besides Americans, Are Flying Fighter Jets in Iraq?\\|work\\=Slate \\|date\\=8 August 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=14 November 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112044402/http://www.slate.com/blogs/business\\_insider/2014/08/08/who\\_else\\_besides\\_americans\\_are\\_flying\\_fighter\\_jets\\_in\\_iraq.html\\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In January 2017, US President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") issued an [executive order banning the entry of all Iraqi citizens, as well as citizens of six other countries](/wiki/Executive_Order_13769 \"Executive Order 13769\"). After sharp criticism and public protests as well as lawsuits against the executive order, Trump relaxed the travel restrictions and dropped Iraq from the list of non\\-entry countries in March 2017\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-usa\\-trump\\-immigration\\-idUSKBN15E1DE\\|title\\=Fired: Trump dumps top lawyer who defied immigration order\\|last\\=Rampton\\|first\\=Roberta\\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-21\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020094942/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-usa\\-trump\\-immigration\\-idUSKBN15E1DE\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-20\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/20/travel/after\\-travel\\-ban\\-declining\\-interest\\-trips\\-to\\-united\\-states.html\\|title\\=After Travel Ban, Interest in Trips to U.S. Declines\\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=20 February 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-21\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022033817/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/20/travel/after\\-travel\\-ban\\-declining\\-interest\\-trips\\-to\\-united\\-states.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-22\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|last1\\=Vora \\|first1\\=Shivani}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/06/health/trump\\-travel\\-ban\\-doctors.html\\|title\\=Trump's Travel Ban, Aimed at Terrorists, Has Blocked Doctors\\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=6 February 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-21\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022033823/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/06/health/trump\\-travel\\-ban\\-doctors.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-22\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|last1\\=Jr \\|first1\\=Donald G. Mcneil}}",
"As of October 2019, United States continued to use Iraqi bases for conducting operations such as the [Barisha raid](/wiki/Barisha_raid \"Barisha raid\").",
"On 31 December 2019, the U.S. embassy in Baghdad was [attacked](/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad \"Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad\") by supporters of [Popular Mobilization Forces](/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces \"Popular Mobilization Forces\") militia in response to [U.S. airstrikes on 29 December 2019](/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria \"December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-31 \\|title\\=Iraqi Shiite militia supporters attack US embassy compound in Baghdad \\|url\\=https://www.france24\\.com/en/20191231\\-iraqi\\-shiite\\-militia\\-supporters\\-attack\\-us\\-embassy\\-compound\\-in\\-baghdad \\|publisher\\=France 24}}",
"After a [2020 attack near Baghdad International airport](/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike \"2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike\"), outgoing Prime Minister [Adil Abdul\\-Mahdi](/wiki/Adil_Abdul-Mahdi \"Adil Abdul-Mahdi\") condemned America's assassination and stated that the strike was an act of aggression and a breach of Iraqi sovereignty which would lead to war in Iraq. He said the strike violated the [agreement on the presence of U.S. forces in Iraq](/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement \"U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement\") and that safeguards for Iraq's security and sovereignty should be met with legislation.{{cite news \\|title\\=Iraqi PM condemns US killing of Iran's Soleimani \\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/iraqi\\-pm\\-condemns\\-us\\-killing\\-of\\-irans\\-soleimani \\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2020 \\|work\\=The Straits Times \\|date\\=3 January 2020 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103083209/https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/iraqi\\-pm\\-condemns\\-us\\-killing\\-of\\-irans\\-soleimani \\|archive\\-date\\=3 January 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The media office of the Iraqi military's joint operations forces posted a photo of a destroyed vehicle on fire after the attack.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/world\\-news/wires/1\\.8350365\\|title\\=Middle East News\\|last\\=article\\|first\\=Amos Harel 24 minutes ago This is a primium\\|website\\=haaretz.com\\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2020}} The speaker of Iraq's parliament Mohammed al Halbousi vowed to \"put an end to the U.S. presence\" in Iraq.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/iraqi\\-parliament\\-vows\\-to\\-put\\-an\\-end\\-to\\-us\\-presence\\-in\\-country\\|title\\=Iraqi parliament vows to 'put an end to US presence' in country\\|last\\=Neale\\|first\\=Spencer\\|work\\=Washington Examiner\\|date\\=3 January 2020\\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104035947/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/iraqi\\-parliament\\-vows\\-to\\-put\\-an\\-end\\-to\\-us\\-presence\\-in\\-country\\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2020\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In August 2020, United States returned the [Ba'ath Party archives](/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_archives \"Ba'ath Party archives\") to Iraq, including more than 6 million pages, which were discovered in a basement under their headquarters in Baghdad in 2003, before being transferred to the United States in 2005, to be archived by the [Hoover Institution](/wiki/Hoover_Institution \"Hoover Institution\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/baath\\-party\\-archives\\-return\\-to\\-iraq\\-with\\-the\\-secrets\\-they\\-contain\\-11598907600 \\|title\\=Baath Party Archives Return to Iraq, With the Secrets They Contain \\|website\\=The Wall Street Journal \\|date\\=31 August 2020}}",
"As per two Iraqi government sources, the US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Iraq's President [Barham Salih](/wiki/Barham_Salih \"Barham Salih\") held a telephonic conversation in the mid of September 2020\\. In the call Pompeo discussed about bringing back US diplomats from Iraq followed by a threat to shut down the US Embassy in Iraq. Iraqi authorities feared the withdrawal of diplomat(s) would lead to military confrontation with Iran, whom the United States blamed for missile and bomb attacks.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-usa\\-iraq\\-iran/threat\\-to\\-evacuate\\-us\\-diplomats\\-from\\-iraq\\-raises\\-fear\\-of\\-war\\-idUSKBN26J1Z6\\|title\\=Threat to evacuate U.S. diplomats from Iraq raises fear of war\\|access\\-date\\= 28 September 2020\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=28 September 2020}}",
"Relations between the two countries have significantly improved since the visit of prime minister [Mohammed Shia Al Sudani](/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani \"Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani\") to the US in April of 2024\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Baghdad Is Ready for a New Chapter in U.S.\\-Iraq Relations \\|url\\=https://www.usip.org/publications/2024/04/baghdad\\-ready\\-new\\-chapter\\-us\\-iraq\\-relations \\|website\\=United States Institute of Peace \\|language\\=en}}",
"U.S. officials announced an agreement with the Iraqi government to conclude the military mission against the Islamic State group by 2025, which will involve U.S. troops leaving several bases that they have occupied for nearly two decades.{{cite web \\|title\\=Wrapping up mission, US troops will leave some longstanding bases in Iraq under new deal\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/iraq\\-us\\-troops\\-military\\-withdrawal\\-iran\\-a79aa83dca8f776f87a138bfe5697fa3\\|website\\=APNEWS\\|language\\=en}}{{cite web \\|title\\=US to announce plan to draw down troops in Iraq\\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/09/20/us\\-to\\-announce\\-plan\\-to\\-draw\\-down\\-troops\\-in\\-iraq\\-00180222\\|website\\=Politico\\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
### Iran\-Iraq War and resumption of diplomatic ties
Even though Iraqi interest in American technical expertise was strong, prior to 1980 the government did not seem to be seriously interested in re\-establishing diplomatic relations with the United States. The Ba'ath Party viewed the efforts by the United States to achieve "step\-by\-step" interim agreements between [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") and the [Arab countries](/wiki/Arab_countries "Arab countries") and the diplomatic process that led to the [Camp David Accords](/wiki/Camp_David_Accords "Camp David Accords") as calculated attempts to perpetuate Arab disunity. Consequently, Iraq took a leading role in organizing Arab opposition to the diplomatic initiatives of the United States. After [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") signed a [peace treaty with Israel](/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Israeli_Peace_Treaty "Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty") in 1979, Iraq succeeded in getting members of the League of Arab States ([Arab League](/wiki/Arab_League "Arab League")) to vote unanimously for Egypt's expulsion from the organization.
A review of thousands of declassified government documents and interviews with former U.S. policymakers shows that the U.S. provided intelligence and logistical support, which played a role in arming Iraq during the [Iran–Iraq War](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War"). Under the [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") and [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") administrations, the U.S. authorized the sale to Iraq of numerous [dual\-use technology](/wiki/Dual-use_technology "Dual-use technology") (items with both military and civilian applications), including chemicals which can be used in manufacturing of pesticides or chemical weapons and live viruses and bacteria, such as [anthrax](/wiki/Anthrax "Anthrax") and [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague "Bubonic plague") used in medicine and the manufacture of vaccines or weaponized for use in biological weapons.
A report of the U.S. Senate's Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs concluded that the U.S. under the successive presidential administrations sold materials including anthrax, and botulism to Iraq right up until March 1992\. The chairman of the Senate committee, Don Riegle, said: "The executive branch of our government approved 771 different export licenses for sale of dual\-use technology to Iraq. I think it's a devastating record."*Sunday Herald* (Scotland) September 8, 2002\. According to several former officials, the State and Commerce departments promoted trade in such items as a way to boost U.S. exports and acquire political leverage over Saddam.Washington Post, December 30, 2002\.
Relations between the U.S. and Iraq were strained by the [Iran–Contra affair](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair "Iran–Contra affair").
[thumb\|thumbtime\=05\|Rumsfeld, [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan")'s then\-special envoy to the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") meeting Saddam Hussein on 19–20 December 1983 during a visit to Baghdad. Rumsfeld later became the U.S. Secretary of Defense who led the coalition forces in 2003 against him.](/wiki/File:Shakinghands_high.OGG "Shakinghands high.OGG")
The U.S. provided critical battle planning assistance at a time when U.S. intelligence agencies knew that Iraqi commanders would employ chemical weapons in waging the war, according to senior military officers with direct knowledge of the program. The U.S. carried out this covert program at a time when Secretary of State [George P. Shultz](/wiki/George_P._Shultz "George P. Shultz"), [United States Secretary of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense "United States Secretary of Defense") [Frank C. Carlucci](/wiki/Frank_C._Carlucci "Frank C. Carlucci") and National Security Adviser General [Colin L. Powell](/wiki/Colin_L._Powell "Colin L. Powell") were publicly condemning Iraq for its use of poison gas, especially after Iraq attacked [Kurdish](/wiki/Kurdish_people "Kurdish people") villagers in [Halabja](/wiki/Halabja "Halabja") in March 1988\. U.S. officials publicly condemned Iraq's employment of [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas "Mustard gas"), [sarin](/wiki/Sarin "Sarin"), [VX](/wiki/VX_%28nerve_agent%29 "VX (nerve agent)") and other poisonous agents, but sixty [Defense Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency "Defense Intelligence Agency") officers were secretly providing detailed information on Iranian deployments, tactical planning for battles, plans for airstrikes and bomb\-damage assessments for Iraq. It has long been known that the U.S. provided intelligence assistance, such as satellite photography, to Saddam's regime. Carlucci said: "My understanding is that what was provided" to Iraq "was general order of battle information, not operational intelligence." "I certainly have no knowledge of U.S. participation in preparing battle and strike packages," he said, "and doubt strongly that that occurred." "I did agree that Iraq should not lose the war, but I certainly had no foreknowledge of their use of chemical weapons." Secretary of State Powell, through a spokesman, said the officers' description of the program was "dead wrong," but declined to discuss it. His deputy, Richard L. Armitage, a senior defense official at the time, used an expletive relayed through a spokesman to indicate his denial that the United States acquiesced in the use of chemical weapons.*New York Times*, August 18, 2002\.
Concern about the 1979 [Islamic Revolution](/wiki/Islamic_Revolution "Islamic Revolution") in [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran") and about the [Soviet invasion of Afghanistan](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan "Soviet invasion of Afghanistan") prompted Iraq to reexamine seriously the nature of its relationship with the United States. This process led to a gradual warming of relations between the two countries. In 1981 Iraq and the United States engaged in low level, official talks on matters of mutual interest such as trade and regional security. In March 1982 the USA decided to remove Iraq from its list of countries supporting terrorism in order to be able to help Saddam Hussein to win the Iraq\-Iran war.{{Cite book\|last\=Entessar\|first\=Nader\|title\=Kurdish Ethnonationalism\|date\=1992\|publisher\=Lynn Rienner Publishers\|isbn\=978\-1\-55587\-250\-2\|pages\=142\|language\=en}} Following, the United States extended credits to Iraq for the purchase of American agricultural commodities, the first time this had been done since 1967\. More significant, in 1983 the Baathist government hosted a United States special Middle East envoy, the highest\-ranking American official to visit [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad") in more than sixteen years. In a U.S. bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq, the country was removed from the U.S. list of [State Sponsors of Terrorism](/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism "State Sponsors of Terrorism"). Ostensibly, this was because of improvement in the regime's record, although former United States Assistant Secretary of Defense Noel Koch later stated, "No one had any doubts about \[the Iraqis'] continued involvement in terrorism ... The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.army.mil/professionalWriting/volumes/volume1/july\_2003/7\_03\_2v2\.html \|title\=Inverse Engagement: Lessons from U.S.\-Iraq Relations, 1982–1990 \|access\-date\=12 October 2006 \|author\=Douglas A. Borer \|year\=2003 \|work\=U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection \|publisher\=U.S. Army \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011195656/http://www.army.mil/professionalwriting/volumes/volume1/july\_2003/7\_03\_2v2\.html \|archive\-date\=11 October 2006 }} In 1984, when the United States inaugurated "[Operation Staunch](/wiki/Operation_Staunch "Operation Staunch")" to halt shipment of arms to Iran by third countries, no similar embargo was attempted against Iraq because Iraq had expressed its desire to negotiate an end to the war. All of these initiatives prepared the ground for Iraq and the United States to reestablish diplomatic relations in November 1984\. Iraq was the last of the Arab countries to resume diplomatic relations with the U.S.{{cite news\|last1\=Gamarekian\|first1\=Barbara\|title\=Diplomatics Inch, Diplomatic Mile\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/06/us/embassy\-row\-diplomatics\-inch\-diplomatic\-mile.html\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=6 February 1985\|access\-date\=9 February 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080324/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/06/us/embassy\-row\-diplomatics\-inch\-diplomatic\-mile.html\|archive\-date\=10 May 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
In early 1988, Iraq's relations with the United States were generally cordial. The relationship had been strained at the end of 1986 when it was revealed that the United States had secretly sold arms to Iran during 1985 and 1986, and a crisis occurred in May 1987 when an Iraqi pilot [bombed an American naval ship](/wiki/USS_Stark_incident "USS Stark incident") in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf"), a ship he mistakenly thought to be involved in Iran\-related commerce. Nevertheless, the two countries had weathered these problems by mid\-1987\. Although lingering suspicions about the United States remained, Iraq welcomed greater, even if indirect, American diplomatic and military pressure in trying to end the war with Iran. For the most part, the Iraqi government believed the United States supported its position that the war was being prolonged only because of Iranian intransigence.
|
[
"### Iran\\-Iraq War and resumption of diplomatic ties",
"Even though Iraqi interest in American technical expertise was strong, prior to 1980 the government did not seem to be seriously interested in re\\-establishing diplomatic relations with the United States. The Ba'ath Party viewed the efforts by the United States to achieve \"step\\-by\\-step\" interim agreements between [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") and the [Arab countries](/wiki/Arab_countries \"Arab countries\") and the diplomatic process that led to the [Camp David Accords](/wiki/Camp_David_Accords \"Camp David Accords\") as calculated attempts to perpetuate Arab disunity. Consequently, Iraq took a leading role in organizing Arab opposition to the diplomatic initiatives of the United States. After [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") signed a [peace treaty with Israel](/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Israeli_Peace_Treaty \"Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty\") in 1979, Iraq succeeded in getting members of the League of Arab States ([Arab League](/wiki/Arab_League \"Arab League\")) to vote unanimously for Egypt's expulsion from the organization.",
"A review of thousands of declassified government documents and interviews with former U.S. policymakers shows that the U.S. provided intelligence and logistical support, which played a role in arming Iraq during the [Iran–Iraq War](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War \"Iran–Iraq War\"). Under the [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") and [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\") administrations, the U.S. authorized the sale to Iraq of numerous [dual\\-use technology](/wiki/Dual-use_technology \"Dual-use technology\") (items with both military and civilian applications), including chemicals which can be used in manufacturing of pesticides or chemical weapons and live viruses and bacteria, such as [anthrax](/wiki/Anthrax \"Anthrax\") and [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague \"Bubonic plague\") used in medicine and the manufacture of vaccines or weaponized for use in biological weapons.",
"A report of the U.S. Senate's Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs concluded that the U.S. under the successive presidential administrations sold materials including anthrax, and botulism to Iraq right up until March 1992\\. The chairman of the Senate committee, Don Riegle, said: \"The executive branch of our government approved 771 different export licenses for sale of dual\\-use technology to Iraq. I think it's a devastating record.\"*Sunday Herald* (Scotland) September 8, 2002\\. According to several former officials, the State and Commerce departments promoted trade in such items as a way to boost U.S. exports and acquire political leverage over Saddam.Washington Post, December 30, 2002\\.",
"Relations between the U.S. and Iraq were strained by the [Iran–Contra affair](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair \"Iran–Contra affair\").",
"[thumb\\|thumbtime\\=05\\|Rumsfeld, [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\")'s then\\-special envoy to the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") meeting Saddam Hussein on 19–20 December 1983 during a visit to Baghdad. Rumsfeld later became the U.S. Secretary of Defense who led the coalition forces in 2003 against him.](/wiki/File:Shakinghands_high.OGG \"Shakinghands high.OGG\")\nThe U.S. provided critical battle planning assistance at a time when U.S. intelligence agencies knew that Iraqi commanders would employ chemical weapons in waging the war, according to senior military officers with direct knowledge of the program. The U.S. carried out this covert program at a time when Secretary of State [George P. Shultz](/wiki/George_P._Shultz \"George P. Shultz\"), [United States Secretary of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense \"United States Secretary of Defense\") [Frank C. Carlucci](/wiki/Frank_C._Carlucci \"Frank C. Carlucci\") and National Security Adviser General [Colin L. Powell](/wiki/Colin_L._Powell \"Colin L. Powell\") were publicly condemning Iraq for its use of poison gas, especially after Iraq attacked [Kurdish](/wiki/Kurdish_people \"Kurdish people\") villagers in [Halabja](/wiki/Halabja \"Halabja\") in March 1988\\. U.S. officials publicly condemned Iraq's employment of [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas \"Mustard gas\"), [sarin](/wiki/Sarin \"Sarin\"), [VX](/wiki/VX_%28nerve_agent%29 \"VX (nerve agent)\") and other poisonous agents, but sixty [Defense Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency \"Defense Intelligence Agency\") officers were secretly providing detailed information on Iranian deployments, tactical planning for battles, plans for airstrikes and bomb\\-damage assessments for Iraq. It has long been known that the U.S. provided intelligence assistance, such as satellite photography, to Saddam's regime. Carlucci said: \"My understanding is that what was provided\" to Iraq \"was general order of battle information, not operational intelligence.\" \"I certainly have no knowledge of U.S. participation in preparing battle and strike packages,\" he said, \"and doubt strongly that that occurred.\" \"I did agree that Iraq should not lose the war, but I certainly had no foreknowledge of their use of chemical weapons.\" Secretary of State Powell, through a spokesman, said the officers' description of the program was \"dead wrong,\" but declined to discuss it. His deputy, Richard L. Armitage, a senior defense official at the time, used an expletive relayed through a spokesman to indicate his denial that the United States acquiesced in the use of chemical weapons.*New York Times*, August 18, 2002\\.",
"Concern about the 1979 [Islamic Revolution](/wiki/Islamic_Revolution \"Islamic Revolution\") in [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") and about the [Soviet invasion of Afghanistan](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan \"Soviet invasion of Afghanistan\") prompted Iraq to reexamine seriously the nature of its relationship with the United States. This process led to a gradual warming of relations between the two countries. In 1981 Iraq and the United States engaged in low level, official talks on matters of mutual interest such as trade and regional security. In March 1982 the USA decided to remove Iraq from its list of countries supporting terrorism in order to be able to help Saddam Hussein to win the Iraq\\-Iran war.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Entessar\\|first\\=Nader\\|title\\=Kurdish Ethnonationalism\\|date\\=1992\\|publisher\\=Lynn Rienner Publishers\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55587\\-250\\-2\\|pages\\=142\\|language\\=en}} Following, the United States extended credits to Iraq for the purchase of American agricultural commodities, the first time this had been done since 1967\\. More significant, in 1983 the Baathist government hosted a United States special Middle East envoy, the highest\\-ranking American official to visit [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad \"Baghdad\") in more than sixteen years. In a U.S. bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq, the country was removed from the U.S. list of [State Sponsors of Terrorism](/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism \"State Sponsors of Terrorism\"). Ostensibly, this was because of improvement in the regime's record, although former United States Assistant Secretary of Defense Noel Koch later stated, \"No one had any doubts about \\[the Iraqis'] continued involvement in terrorism ... The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.army.mil/professionalWriting/volumes/volume1/july\\_2003/7\\_03\\_2v2\\.html \\|title\\=Inverse Engagement: Lessons from U.S.\\-Iraq Relations, 1982–1990 \\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2006 \\|author\\=Douglas A. Borer \\|year\\=2003 \\|work\\=U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection \\|publisher\\=U.S. Army \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011195656/http://www.army.mil/professionalwriting/volumes/volume1/july\\_2003/7\\_03\\_2v2\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2006 }} In 1984, when the United States inaugurated \"[Operation Staunch](/wiki/Operation_Staunch \"Operation Staunch\")\" to halt shipment of arms to Iran by third countries, no similar embargo was attempted against Iraq because Iraq had expressed its desire to negotiate an end to the war. All of these initiatives prepared the ground for Iraq and the United States to reestablish diplomatic relations in November 1984\\. Iraq was the last of the Arab countries to resume diplomatic relations with the U.S.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Gamarekian\\|first1\\=Barbara\\|title\\=Diplomatics Inch, Diplomatic Mile\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/06/us/embassy\\-row\\-diplomatics\\-inch\\-diplomatic\\-mile.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=6 February 1985\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080324/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/06/us/embassy\\-row\\-diplomatics\\-inch\\-diplomatic\\-mile.html\\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In early 1988, Iraq's relations with the United States were generally cordial. The relationship had been strained at the end of 1986 when it was revealed that the United States had secretly sold arms to Iran during 1985 and 1986, and a crisis occurred in May 1987 when an Iraqi pilot [bombed an American naval ship](/wiki/USS_Stark_incident \"USS Stark incident\") in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\"), a ship he mistakenly thought to be involved in Iran\\-related commerce. Nevertheless, the two countries had weathered these problems by mid\\-1987\\. Although lingering suspicions about the United States remained, Iraq welcomed greater, even if indirect, American diplomatic and military pressure in trying to end the war with Iran. For the most part, the Iraqi government believed the United States supported its position that the war was being prolonged only because of Iranian intransigence.",
""
] |
Recruitment and training
------------------------
Before start of policing on M–2 (Islamabad – Lahore Motorway) in 1997 all the officers were selected from within the existing police set ups of the country and an extensive training program was prepared for them in order to bring them up to international standards of Motorway/Expressway policing. Both local and foreign instructors imparted the training. Local training was given at Police College Sihala. To meet the international standards, experts from UK and Nordic Countries were invited who, along with local experts, trained our officers in advance driving skills and management of various types of incidents. A foreign training course with [South Wales Police](/wiki/South_Wales_Police "South Wales Police"), U.K. and [German Police](/wiki/German_Police "German Police") in [Kiel](/wiki/Kiel "Kiel") was also conducted to ameliorate personnel of this flourishing force up to the global standard of policing. In addition, services of [armed forces](/wiki/Armed_forces "Armed forces") were also utilised for advance [driving](/wiki/Driving "Driving") skills particularly for [motorcycles](/wiki/Motorcycle "Motorcycle").
In order to impart customized training related to Highways/Motorway NHMP has set up its own Training College at [Sheikhupura](/wiki/Sheikhupura "Sheikhupura") with the following mandate:
i) To train the newly selected Officers on basic police course.
ii) To organize NHMP orientation training of already trained Officers.
iii) To organize Driving Training for fresh recruited Officers.
iv) To organize advance courses for Drivers to make them Driving Instructors.
v) To organize Wireless training courses for Wireless Operators.
vi) To organize short courses on SOPs \& functioning of NHMP.
vii) To organize technical courses on use of Misc. Equipment (Provida, Wireless Sets etc.).
viii) To organize courses on Physical Fitness.
ix) To organize Fire Shooting Course.
x) To organize [First Aid](/wiki/First_Aid "First Aid") Training Course.
xi) To conduct promotional exams for different [cadres](/wiki/Cadre_%28politics%29 "Cadre (politics)").
xii) To conduct refresher courses for senior officers.
xiii) To act as a platform for provision of training by foreign experts.
Training Institute is working at its full swing and since January 2006, has trained over 129 trainers in different categories. Training Institute has the honor to train over 400 officers of Islamabad Model Traffic Police and recently trained 40 Senior Officers of Punjab Traffic Police as Trainers to train over 6000 newly recruited Traffic Wardens of Punjab Police. Besides this training Institute has successfully completed Lower Intermediate and Upper Class Promotion Courses in addition to a number of Capacity Building short courses like orientation for Deputationists, Refresher Courses for the CPOs/Admin Officers, Moharrars, Weapon handling, Record Keeping etc. Another landmark for the Training Institute is to complete on its own 1st Commando Course for about 27 Officers with 10 Officers doing Para Gliding Courses including 4 lady Officers.
It is worth mentioning that all the above development have been made with the limited available resources under the previous guidance and encouragement of the Worthy [Inspector General](/wiki/Inspector_General "Inspector General"), NHMP who has been taking personal interest to make the Training Institute a hub of learning and road model for all other Police Training Institutes in the country.
Training strategy
After study of the current policing system and the culture... a comprehensive training strategy is devised to build a force which is honest, professional, dedicated and service – oriented. Main elements of the training strategy in NHMP are:
• TNA to assess training needs
• SWOT Analysis Training Techniques
• Quality Instructors
• Modern Techniques of Instruction
1\.Syndicate/Participative System
2\.[Simulation](/wiki/Simulation "Simulation") Exercises
3\.Case Studies
4\.Driving Skills
• Respectful Training [Environment](/wiki/Social_environment "Social environment")
• Foreign Training
Selection criteria and requirements
SPO (Senior Patrolling Officer)
16
Graduation at least 2nd Division (Preferably Law) and
LTV Driving Licence
20 Years to 27 Years
5' 8" for Male 5'4" for Female
33\.5 to 35 with Expansion for Male only.
PO (Patrolling Officer)
14
Graduation at least 2nd Division and LTV Driving Licence
18 Years to 25 Years
5' 8" for Male 5'4" for Female
33\.5 to 35 with Expansion for Male only.
APO (Assistant Patrolling Officer)
07
Intermediate, LTV Driving Licence, 03 Years driving experience
18 Years to 25 Years
5' 8" for Male 5'4" for Female
33\.5 to 35 with Expansion for Male only.
JPO (Junior Patrolling Officer)
05
Matric, LTV Driving Licence, 03 Years driving experience
18 Years \- 25 Years
5' 8" for Male 5'4" for Female
33\.5 to 35 with Expansion for Male only.
Selection method
In all the above categories of selection the candidate has to go through a thorough selection process.
Candidate has to:
• Submit complete application in all respects.
• Qualify the physical test including running, height and chest measurements etc.
• Pass the written test.
• Pass the Interview.
The selected candidates are examined for medical fitness. Physically and mentally fit candidates are then ready for National Highways \& Motorway Police Training.
|
[
"Recruitment and training\n------------------------",
"Before start of policing on M–2 (Islamabad – Lahore Motorway) in 1997 all the officers were selected from within the existing police set ups of the country and an extensive training program was prepared for them in order to bring them up to international standards of Motorway/Expressway policing. Both local and foreign instructors imparted the training. Local training was given at Police College Sihala. To meet the international standards, experts from UK and Nordic Countries were invited who, along with local experts, trained our officers in advance driving skills and management of various types of incidents. A foreign training course with [South Wales Police](/wiki/South_Wales_Police \"South Wales Police\"), U.K. and [German Police](/wiki/German_Police \"German Police\") in [Kiel](/wiki/Kiel \"Kiel\") was also conducted to ameliorate personnel of this flourishing force up to the global standard of policing. In addition, services of [armed forces](/wiki/Armed_forces \"Armed forces\") were also utilised for advance [driving](/wiki/Driving \"Driving\") skills particularly for [motorcycles](/wiki/Motorcycle \"Motorcycle\").",
"In order to impart customized training related to Highways/Motorway NHMP has set up its own Training College at [Sheikhupura](/wiki/Sheikhupura \"Sheikhupura\") with the following mandate:",
"i) To train the newly selected Officers on basic police course.",
"ii) To organize NHMP orientation training of already trained Officers.",
"iii) To organize Driving Training for fresh recruited Officers.",
"iv) To organize advance courses for Drivers to make them Driving Instructors.",
"v) To organize Wireless training courses for Wireless Operators.",
"vi) To organize short courses on SOPs \\& functioning of NHMP.",
"vii) To organize technical courses on use of Misc. Equipment (Provida, Wireless Sets etc.).",
"viii) To organize courses on Physical Fitness.",
"ix) To organize Fire Shooting Course.",
"x) To organize [First Aid](/wiki/First_Aid \"First Aid\") Training Course.",
"xi) To conduct promotional exams for different [cadres](/wiki/Cadre_%28politics%29 \"Cadre (politics)\").",
"xii) To conduct refresher courses for senior officers.",
"xiii) To act as a platform for provision of training by foreign experts.",
"Training Institute is working at its full swing and since January 2006, has trained over 129 trainers in different categories. Training Institute has the honor to train over 400 officers of Islamabad Model Traffic Police and recently trained 40 Senior Officers of Punjab Traffic Police as Trainers to train over 6000 newly recruited Traffic Wardens of Punjab Police. Besides this training Institute has successfully completed Lower Intermediate and Upper Class Promotion Courses in addition to a number of Capacity Building short courses like orientation for Deputationists, Refresher Courses for the CPOs/Admin Officers, Moharrars, Weapon handling, Record Keeping etc. Another landmark for the Training Institute is to complete on its own 1st Commando Course for about 27 Officers with 10 Officers doing Para Gliding Courses including 4 lady Officers.",
"It is worth mentioning that all the above development have been made with the limited available resources under the previous guidance and encouragement of the Worthy [Inspector General](/wiki/Inspector_General \"Inspector General\"), NHMP who has been taking personal interest to make the Training Institute a hub of learning and road model for all other Police Training Institutes in the country.",
"Training strategy\nAfter study of the current policing system and the culture... a comprehensive training strategy is devised to build a force which is honest, professional, dedicated and service – oriented. Main elements of the training strategy in NHMP are:",
"• TNA to assess training needs\n• SWOT Analysis Training Techniques\n• Quality Instructors\n• Modern Techniques of Instruction\n1\\.Syndicate/Participative System\n2\\.[Simulation](/wiki/Simulation \"Simulation\") Exercises \n3\\.Case Studies\n4\\.Driving Skills\n• Respectful Training [Environment](/wiki/Social_environment \"Social environment\")\n• Foreign Training",
"Selection criteria and requirements\nSPO (Senior Patrolling Officer)\n16\nGraduation at least 2nd Division (Preferably Law) and\nLTV Driving Licence\n20 Years to 27 Years \n5' 8\" for Male 5'4\" for Female\n33\\.5 to 35 with Expansion for Male only.",
"PO (Patrolling Officer)\n14 \nGraduation at least 2nd Division and LTV Driving Licence\n18 Years to 25 Years \n5' 8\" for Male 5'4\" for Female\n33\\.5 to 35 with Expansion for Male only.",
"APO (Assistant Patrolling Officer)\n07 \nIntermediate, LTV Driving Licence, 03 Years driving experience\n18 Years to 25 Years \n5' 8\" for Male 5'4\" for Female\n33\\.5 to 35 with Expansion for Male only.",
"JPO (Junior Patrolling Officer)\n05\nMatric, LTV Driving Licence, 03 Years driving experience\n18 Years \\- 25 Years \n5' 8\" for Male 5'4\" for Female\n33\\.5 to 35 with Expansion for Male only.",
"Selection method\nIn all the above categories of selection the candidate has to go through a thorough selection process.\nCandidate has to:",
"• Submit complete application in all respects.",
"• Qualify the physical test including running, height and chest measurements etc.",
"• Pass the written test.",
"• Pass the Interview.",
"The selected candidates are examined for medical fitness. Physically and mentally fit candidates are then ready for National Highways \\& Motorway Police Training.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early career 1965–68
[thumb\|right\|250px\|The [Stax Museum](/wiki/Stax_Museum "Stax Museum") in Memphis, a replica of the now\-demolished Stax studio, where Whitlock spent part of his teenage years](/wiki/Image:Staxmuseum2005.jpg "Staxmuseum2005.jpg")
{{See also\|Memphis soul}}
In an article for *[Mojo](/wiki/Mojo_%28magazine%29 "Mojo (magazine)")* magazine in May 2011, music journalist Phil Sutcliffe described Whitlock as having been born in Memphis and learning to play the [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ "Hammond organ") "peering over [Booker T](/wiki/Booker_T._Jones "Booker T. Jones")'s shoulder at Stax studios". While still a teenager, Whitlock befriended acts associated with [Stax Records](/wiki/Stax_Records "Stax Records"), including [Albert King](/wiki/Albert_King "Albert King"), [Sam \& Dave](/wiki/Sam_%26_Dave "Sam & Dave"), [the Staples Singers](/wiki/The_Staples_Singers "The Staples Singers") and [Booker T. \& the M.G.'s](/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"),Whitlock, pp. 28–29\. and was the first white artist signed to the label.{{cite web\|first\=Rob\|last\=Caldwell\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bobby\-whitlock\-mn0000064154/biography \|title\=Bobby Whitlock: Biography\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|access\-date\=September 29, 2013}} His first contribution to a recording was in 1967, when he supplied handclaps on Sam \& Dave's single "[I Thank You](/wiki/I_Thank_You_%28song%29 "I Thank You (song)")".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goldminemag.com/features/layla\-turns\-40\|last\=Evans\|first\=Rush\|date\=April 19, 2011\|title\=Layla turns 40\|work\=\[\[Goldmine (magazine)\|Goldmine]]\|access\-date\=August 4, 2015}}
Between 1965 and 1968, Whitlock performed regularly in the Memphis area, playing organ with local [soul](/wiki/Soul_music "Soul music") band the Short Cuts before forming the Counts.Whitlock, pp. 27, 31, 34\. In his 2010 autobiography, Whitlock writes of this period in Memphis: "It was a great time and town for music then, especially soul music. It was real [rhythm and blues](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues "Rhythm and blues"). Albert King R\&B, that's what I'm talking about. It was loose and all about music everywhere that you turned."Whitlock, p. 27\. With established Stax musicians such as [Steve Cropper](/wiki/Steve_Cropper "Steve Cropper") as his mentor, and [Donald "Duck" Dunn](/wiki/Donald_%22Duck%22_Dunn "Donald ") and [Don Nix](/wiki/Don_Nix "Don Nix") preparing to produce a pop album by him on a Stax subsidiary label, Whitlock instead left Memphis after meeting the husband\-and\-wife team [Delaney and Bonnie Bramlett](/wiki/Delaney_%26_Bonnie "Delaney & Bonnie").Whitlock, pp. 34–35\. Whitlock recalls that he was performing at a club with the Counts when the Bramletts invited him to join a soul\-revue band they were forming in Los Angeles.{{cite web\|last\=Caligiuri\|first\=Jim\|title\=Keep on Growing: Playing Dominos with Bobby Whitlock\|url\=http://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2006\-12\-01/424273/\|work\=\[\[The Austin Chronicle]] \|date\=December 1, 2006\|access\-date\=August 22, 2012}}Whitlock, p. 35\.
### Delaney \& Bonnie 1968–70
{{Main\|Delaney \& Bonnie}}
Whitlock contributed on keyboards and vocals to two [Delaney \& Bonnie](/wiki/Delaney_%26_Bonnie "Delaney & Bonnie") albums in 1969, *[Home](/wiki/Home_%28Delaney_%26_Bonnie_album%29 "Home (Delaney & Bonnie album)")* and *[Accept No Substitute](/wiki/The_Original_Delaney_%26_Bonnie_%26_Friends "The Original Delaney & Bonnie & Friends")*.{{cite magazine\|first\=Harry\|last\=Shapiro\|title\=The Prince of Love... Or How the Recording of 'Layla', Clapton's Ode to Forbidden Love, Made Victims of Derek and the Dominos\|magazine\=\[\[Mojo (magazine)\|Mojo]]\|date\=January 2001 \|url\=http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/the\-prince\-of\-love\-or\-how\-the\-recording\-of\-layla\-claptons\-ode\-to\-forbidden\-love\-made\-victims\-of\-derek\-and\-the\-dominos \|via\= Rock's Backpages Library \|url\-access\=subscription}} Their touring band, known as Delaney \& Bonnie and Friends, included musicians he would continue to work with on projects through to the early 1970s: bassist [Carl Radle](/wiki/Carl_Radle "Carl Radle"); drummers [Jim Keltner](/wiki/Jim_Keltner "Jim Keltner") and [Jim Gordon](/wiki/Jim_Gordon_%28musician%29 "Jim Gordon (musician)");Whitlock, pp. 42, 48–49\. and a horn section comprising [Bobby Keys](/wiki/Bobby_Keys "Bobby Keys") and [Jim Price](/wiki/Jim_Price_%28musician%29 "Jim Price (musician)").Graff \& Durchholz, p. 327\.O'Dell, pp. 111, 167\. Another member was [Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton "Eric Clapton"), who joined the Friends as lead guitarist midway through a U.S. tour in July–August 1969\.*The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock \& Roll*, p. 183\. On this tour, Delaney \& Bonnie were supporting Clapton's short\-lived [supergroup](/wiki/Supergroup_%28music%29 "Supergroup (music)") [Blind Faith](/wiki/Blind_Faith "Blind Faith"), with [Steve Winwood](/wiki/Steve_Winwood "Steve Winwood").*The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock \& Roll*, pp. 183, 254\.Harris, p. 69\. Clapton later described Whitlock as "without doubt the most energetic sideman I had ever seen".Eric Clapton's foreword, Whitlock, p. 1\. Along with all the other members of Delaney \& Bonnie, Whitlock flew to England in November 1969 to prepare for a highly publicized European tour, financed by Clapton.
In his autobiography, Whitlock states that their arrival in London changed the dynamics within the band, as the Bramletts now considered themselves "big stars" and the ones solely responsible for the new\-found success.Whitlock, pp. 52, 53\. Once in London, Whitlock participated in a session for a solo album by the American soul singer [Doris Troy](/wiki/Doris_Troy "Doris Troy"), on [the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles")' [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Records "Apple Records") record label.Harris, p. 70\. The album, *[Doris Troy](/wiki/Doris_Troy_%28album%29 "Doris Troy (album)")* (1970\), was co\-produced by [George Harrison](/wiki/George_Harrison "George Harrison"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.applerecords.com/\#!/albums/Doris\_Troy \|title\=Doris Troy\|publisher\=\[\[Apple Records]]\|access\-date\=September 27, 2013}} who, having championed Delaney \& Bonnie in the British press, accepted Clapton's invitation to join the tour.Whitlock, pp. 53–54\. Through Harrison, Whitlock and the band then played at [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon "John Lennon")'s "[Peace for Christmas](/wiki/Some_Time_in_New_York_City%23Recording "Some Time in New York City#Recording")" concert, held at the [Lyceum Ballroom](/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre%2C_London "Lyceum Theatre, London") in London on December 15, 1969\.Leng, p. 67\.{{refn\|group\=nb\|Delaney \& Bonnie and Friends' performance with Lennon and others, dubbed the "\[\[Plastic Ono Band\|Plastic Ono Supergroup]]", was included on the ''Live Jam'' disc of Lennon and \[\[Yoko Ono]]'s double album ''\[\[Some Time in New York City]]'' in 1972\.Blaney, p. 41\.}}
In early 1970, Delaney \& Bonnie and Friends backed Clapton on his debut solo album, *[Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton_%28album%29 "Eric Clapton (album)")*,Reid, p. xiii. and toured America with the English guitarist.Whitlock, p. 60\. After arguments with the Bramletts over money, the other Friends quit the band and joined [Leon Russell](/wiki/Leon_Russell "Leon Russell") on [Joe Cocker](/wiki/Joe_Cocker "Joe Cocker")'s [Mad Dogs and Englishmen](/wiki/Mad_Dogs_and_Englishmen_%28album%29 "Mad Dogs and Englishmen (album)") tour. Whitlock continued to work with Delaney \& Bonnie until April,{{cite web\|first\=Nick\|last\=DeRiso\|url\=http://somethingelsereviews.com/2013/06/16/books\-eric\-clapton\-day\-by\-day\-the\-early\-years\-1963\-1982\-by\-marc\-roberty\-2013/ \|title\=Books: 'Eric Clapton, Day by Day: The Early Years, 1963–1982', by Marc Roberty (2013\)\|publisher\=Something New!\|date\=June 16, 2013 \|access\-date\=November 4, 2014}} following sessions for their album *[To Bonnie from Delaney](/wiki/To_Bonnie_from_Delaney "To Bonnie from Delaney")* (1970\).Whitlock, pp. 61, 65\.{{refn\|group\=nb\|Whitlock performed on Delaney \& Bonnie's 1971 studio album, ''\[\[Motel Shot]]'',{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/motel\-shot\-mw0000738488/credits\|title\=Delaney \& Bonnie 'Motel Shot': Credits\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|access\-date\=October 1, 2013}} through the inclusion of songs like "Goin' Down the Road Feelin' Bad", which were recorded before his departure.Whitlock, p. 65\.}} On Cropper's advice, he then returned to England to stay with Clapton at his home, Hurtwood Edge, in [Surrey](/wiki/Surrey "Surrey").
### Derek and the Dominos 1970–71
{{Main\|Derek and the Dominos}}
[thumb\|left\|200px\|Derek and the Dominos in 1970 (*from left to right*): Jim Gordon, Carl Radle, Whitlock and Eric Clapton](/wiki/Image:Derek_and_the_Dominos.png "Derek and the Dominos.png")
Seeking to start a new band, Whitlock and Clapton reunited with Radle and Gordon at a session for [P.P. Arnold](/wiki/P.P._Arnold "P.P. Arnold"),Harris, p. 72\. before going on to back Harrison on his 1970 triple album *[All Things Must Pass](/wiki/All_Things_Must_Pass "All Things Must Pass")*.Reid, p. 95\. Whitlock has described the latter sessions as "spectacular in every way". Although individual contributions remain hard to ascertain, due to the large cast of musicians on the [Phil Spector](/wiki/Phil_Spector "Phil Spector")\-produced recording, Harrison biographer Simon Leng identifies Whitlock as one of two "core keyboard players" on *All Things Must Pass*.Leng, p. 82fn. Having traditionally favored Hammond organ as his keyboard instrument,Whitlock, pp. 75–76\. Whitlock played piano for the first time on a studio recording during the session for Harrison's "[Beware of Darkness](/wiki/Beware_of_Darkness_%28song%29 "Beware of Darkness (song)")".Leng, p. 92fn.Reid, p. 94\.{{refn\|group\=nb\|In his autobiography, Whitlock writes that, aside from keyboards, he also played \[\[tubular bells]] on the album and arranged Keys and Price's horn parts.Whitlock, pp. 75, 81\. Leng also credits Whitlock and Clapton as backing vocalists on songs such as \[\[All Things Must Pass (song)\|the title track]] and "\[\[Let It Down]]".Leng, pp. 90, 96\.}}
In June 1970, early in the *All Things Must Pass* sessions, Clapton, Whitlock, Radle and Gordon formed the [blues\-rock](/wiki/Blues-rock "Blues-rock") band [Derek and the Dominos](/wiki/Derek_and_the_Dominos "Derek and the Dominos"). Their first release was a US\-only single, "[Tell the Truth](/wiki/Tell_the_Truth_%28Derek_and_the_Dominos_song%29 "Tell the Truth (Derek and the Dominos song)")", produced by Spector and written primarily by Whitlock.Reid, pp. 104, 105\.Schumacher, p. 143\. In August, once their work on Harrison's album was complete, Derek and the Dominos toured the UK, playing to small venues.Reid, p. 107\. That summer, Whitlock and his bandmates also participated in London sessions for [Dr John](/wiki/Dr_John "Dr John")'s album *[The Sun, Moon \& Herbs](/wiki/The_Sun%2C_Moon_%26_Herbs "The Sun, Moon & Herbs")* (1971\).Reid, p. 105\.
Unhappy with Spector's treatment of their sound, the band went to [Criteria Studios](/wiki/Criteria_Studios "Criteria Studios") in Miami to work with producer [Tom Dowd](/wiki/Tom_Dowd "Tom Dowd"),Clapton, pp. 135–36\.Harris, p. 73\. on what became a double album – *[Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs](/wiki/Layla_and_Other_Assorted_Love_Songs "Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs")* (1970\).Graff \& Durchholz, p. 238\. As well as a remake of "Tell the Truth",Reid, p. 128\. the album included six other songs written or co\-written by Whitlock,{{cite web\|first\=Noel\|last\=Murray\|url\=http://www.avclub.com/article/derek\-and\-the\-dominos\-when\-god\-walked\-among\-us\-54170\|title\=Derek and the Dominos: When God walked among us\|work\=\[\[The A.V. Club]]\|date\=April 6, 2011\|access\-date\=October 30, 2014}} including "Anyday", "Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad?", "Keep on Growing" and "Thorn Tree in the Garden". In addition, Whitlock helped Clapton finish "[Bell Bottom Blues](/wiki/Bell_Bottom_Blues_%28Derek_and_the_Dominos_song%29 "Bell Bottom Blues (Derek and the Dominos song)")", although he was not initially credited as a co\-writer on that song.{{cite web\|first\=Mike\|last\=Dow\|url\=http://www.themaineedge.com/buzz/bobby\-whitlock\-dominos\-drugs\-death\-and\-deliverance \|title\=Bobby Whitlock: Dominos, drugs, death and deliverance\|publisher\=themainedge.com\|date\=September 7, 2011\|access\-date\=August 13, 2015}} "Keep on Growing" and "Thorn Tree in the Garden" featured Whitlock on lead vocals, while on other tracks he and Clapton shared the singing in a style reminiscent of Sam \& Dave.Reid, pp. xv, 126, 127, 130\.
{{quote box\|quote\= After the recording \[of ''Layla''], we were on the road, and we scored an enormous amount of drugs to take with us. That was the beginning of the end ... \[Still], on our worst night we were the best band on the planet. It was impossible for us to play badly.\|source\= – Bobby Whitlock discussing the demise of Derek and the Dominos, December 2006\|width\=25%\|align\=right\|style\=padding:8px;}}
Adding to the power of the Dominos' music, Clapton's inspiration for the songs on *Layla* was his unrequited love for [Pattie Boyd](/wiki/Pattie_Boyd "Pattie Boyd"), Harrison's wife.{{cite magazine \|first\= Nigel \|last\= Williamson \|url\=https://www.uncut.co.uk/features/the\-making\-of\-derek\-and\-the\-dominos\-layla\-24633/ \|title\= Eric Clapton and friends on Derek And The Dominos' "Layla": "It still knocks me out every time" \|magazine\= \[\[Uncut (magazine)\|Uncut]] \|date\= March 29, 2018 \|access\-date\= February 24, 2021}} Whitlock began a relationship with Boyd's sister Paula at this time,Clapton, p. 135\. and was therefore, as he has described it, "in the inner circle ... in the middle of it with all of them".Whitlock, p. 77\. He comments on a musical dialogue between Harrison and Clapton in their songs: "There were subliminal messages, going back and forth, between two good friends as a way of healing and setting each other free ... I have always known that the better part of those songs \[on *All Things Must Pass*] were directed to Eric, just like Eric's were to George on the *Layla* record."
Between October and December 1970, Derek and the Dominos toured the United States in support of *Layla*. The Elton John Band was their opening act. In his autobiography, Elton John said, "They were phenomenal. From the side of the stage, I took mental notes of their performance ... it was their keyboard player Bobby Whitlock that I watched like a hawk. ... You watched and you learned, from people that had more experience than you."{{cite book \|last1\=John \|first1\=Elton \|title\=Me: Elton John Official Autobiography \|date\=2019 \|publisher\=Pan Macmillan \|isbn\=978\-1\-50\-985331\-1\|page\=86 \|edition\=First}} But the *Layla* album made little commercial impact on release, failing to chart in the UK.{{cite magazine\|first\=Phil \|last\=Sutcliffe\|title\=Derek and the Dominos: The Story of 'Layla' \|magazine\=\[\[Mojo (magazine)\|Mojo]]\|date\=May 2011 \|url\= https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/derek\-and\-the\-dominos\-the\-story\-of\-ilaylai \|via\=Rock's Backpages Library \|url\-access\=subscription}} Clapton's despondency at being rejected by Boyd, the band's drug consumption, and personal conflicts between the members, particularly with Gordon, all contributed to the break\-up of the Dominos in May 1971\.
### Solo career 1971–76
Whitlock recorded his debut solo album, *[Bobby Whitlock](/wiki/Bobby_Whitlock_%28album%29 "Bobby Whitlock (album)")* (1972\), at London's [Olympic Studios](/wiki/Olympic_Studios "Olympic Studios") in 1971, with [Andy Johns](/wiki/Andy_Johns "Andy Johns") as his co\-producer. The recording took place before the abortive sessions for the Dominos' second studio album; a press release for the 2013 reissue of *Bobby Whitlock* gives the recording date as starting in March 1971,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.whereseric.com/eric\-clapton\-news/303\-bobby\-whitlock\-first\-two\-albums\-reissued \|title\=Bobby Whitlock: First Two Albums Reissued\|publisher\=Where's Eric!\|date\=September 15, 2013\|access\-date\=September 29, 2013}} while Dominos biographer Jan Reid writes of sessions happening in January that year.Reid, p. 145\. Whitlock played acoustic or electric rhythm guitar on much of the album,Whitlock, pp. 237–38\. which also included musical contributions from all the Dominos (often recorded separately), the Bramletts, Harrison, Keys, Price and Keltner.Leng, p. 123fn. Among its tracks, "Where There's a Will" was a Whitlock–Bonnie Bramlett collaboration that had featured in Delaney \& Bonnie's live shows in 1969–70,Reid, p. 74\. and "A Day Without Jesus" was co\-written by Whitlock and Don Nix.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/bobby\-whitlock\-mw0000844917 \|title\=Bobby Whitlock: 'Bobby Whitlock' \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]] \|access\-date\= February 24, 2021}} The record peaked at number 140 on the US [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200") chart,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bobby\-whitlock\-mn0000064154/awards \|title\=Bobby Whitlock: Awards\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|access\-date\=September 28, 2013}} the [same magazine](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)") praising it as "a persuasively powerful first album".{{cite magazine\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jCgEAAAAMBAJ\&q\=bobby\+whitlock \|author\=Billboard Review Panel\|title\=Album Reviews\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|date\=March 18, 1972\|page\=46\|access\-date\=September 27, 2013}}
Whitlock's second solo album, also on [ABC\-Dunhill Records](/wiki/Dunhill_Records "Dunhill Records"), was *[Raw Velvet](/wiki/Raw_Velvet "Raw Velvet")*, released in November 1972\.{{cite web\|author1\=Eyries, Patrice \|author2\=Callahan, Mike \|author3\=Edwards, David \|url\=http://www.bsnpubs.com/abc/dunhill.html \|title\=Dunhill Album Discography \|website\= Both Sides Now Publications \|access\-date\=February 24, 2021}} It included appearances by Clapton and Gordon, on "Hello L.A., Bye Bye Birmingham", although the majority of the album, including another remake of "Tell the Truth", featured new associates such as guitarist [Rick Vito](/wiki/Rick_Vito "Rick Vito") and ex\-[Van der Graaf Generator](/wiki/Van_der_Graaf_Generator "Van der Graaf Generator") bassist [Keith Ellis](/wiki/Keith_Ellis_%28musician%29 "Keith Ellis (musician)").Whitlock, p. 238\. The album was co\-produced by [Jimmy Miller](/wiki/Jimmy_Miller "Jimmy Miller"), whose connection with [the Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones "The Rolling Stones") led to Whitlock making an uncredited contribution to the band's *[Exile on Main St.](/wiki/Exile_on_Main_St. "Exile on Main St.")* double album (1972\). By this point, *Layla*{{'}}s [title track](/wiki/Layla "Layla") had become a hit song, following its release as a single to promote the *[History of Eric Clapton](/wiki/The_History_of_Eric_Clapton "The History of Eric Clapton")* compilation (1972\), leading to a critical reappraisal of Derek and the Dominos and belated commercial success.{{cite web\|first\=William \|last\=Ruhlmann\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/derek\-and\-the\-dominos\-in\-concert\-mw0000189666 \|title\=Eric Clapton, 'The History of Eric Clapton'\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|access\-date\=September 28, 2013}} A 1970\-recorded live album, *[In Concert](/wiki/In_Concert_%28Derek_and_the_Dominos_album%29 "In Concert (Derek and the Dominos album)")*, was similarly well\-received when issued in January 1973\.{{cite web\|first\=William \|last\=Ruhlmann \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/derek\-the\-dominos\-mn0000817369/biography \|title\=Derek and the Dominos: Biography\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|access\-date\=September 28, 2013}} *Raw Velvet* peaked at number 190 on the *Billboard* 200, however, and it was Whitlock's last album to place on the chart. Whitlock tried in vain to get Clapton to come out and play; realizing it was not going to happen, after two years of waiting, he went back to the United States.
{{quote box\|quote\= You know I'm indirectly responsible for disco? \[Clapton's manager] \[\[Robert Stigwood]] took the Dominos' money, used it to create \[\[RSO Records]] and record \[\[the Bee Gees]]. My deepest apologies to the entire music world.\|source\= – Bobby Whitlock, December 2006\|width\=25%\|align\=right\|style\=padding:8px;}}
His next solo album was *One of a Kind*, co\-produced with Bill Halverson{{cite web\|title\=Album credits: Bobby Whitlock, 'One of a Kind'\|url\=http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release\=2194867\|publisher\=\[\[Capricorn Records]]\|year\=1975}} and released in 1975 on [Capricorn Records](/wiki/Capricorn_Records "Capricorn Records").{{cite web\|first\=Rob\|last\=Caldwell\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/one\-of\-a\-kind\-mw0000844875 \|title\=Bobby Whitlock, 'One of a Kind'\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|access\-date\=September 28, 2013}} *Rock Your Sox Off* followed in 1976, opening with a new recording of "Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad?"{{cite web\|first\=Rob\|last\=Caldwell\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/rock\-your\-sox\-off\-mw0000847065 \|title\=Bobby Whitlock, 'Rock Your Sox Off'\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|access\-date\=September 28, 2013}} Whitlock then withdrew from the music industry; he told *Mojo* contributor [Harry Shapiro](/wiki/Harry_Shapiro_%28author%29 "Harry Shapiro (author)") in 2001: "I had my own problems to deal with." Speaking to *[The Austin Chronicle](/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle "The Austin Chronicle")* in 2006, Whitlock said of his retirement, "It wasn't hard to stop, because there was nothing going on in music", and rued the popularity of [disco](/wiki/Disco "Disco").
### Later career
For much of the 1980s and 1990s, Whitlock lived on a farm in Mississippi, raising his children, Ashley Faye, and Beau Elijah,Whitlock, pp. 161, 164\. and doing occasional session work. He had his own television show with Steve Cropper. A rare music release during this period was "Put Angels Around You", a duet with Scottish singer [Maggie Bell](/wiki/Maggie_Bell "Maggie Bell"), issued as a single in 1983 on [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin")'s [Swan Song Records](/wiki/Swan_Song_Records "Swan Song Records").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.discogs.com/Maggie\-Bell\-And\-Bobby\-Whitlock\-Put\-Angels\-Around\-You/release/3571711 \|title\=Maggie Bell and Bobby Whitlock – Put Angels Around You \|access\-date\= February 24, 2021 \|website\=\[\[Discogs]]\|date\=1983 }}
In 1999, Whitlock resumed his solo career with *It's About Time*, which included contributions from Cropper and saxophonist [Jim Horn](/wiki/Jim_Horn "Jim Horn").{{cite web \|last\=Smith \|first\=Michael B. \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/its\-about\-time\-mw0000369697 \|title\=Bobby Whitlock, 'It's About Time \|website\= AllMusic \|access\-date\= September 30, 2013}} Michael Smith of [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic "AllMusic") described the album as "one of Whitlock's most intriguing creations yet" and a "fine set from a musician we haven't heard enough from in recent years". In April 2000, Whitlock reunited with Clapton to play live on the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC")'s *[Later... with Jools Holland](/wiki/Later..._with_Jools_Holland "Later... with Jools Holland")*. The following year, he contributed piano to *[Sweet Tea](/wiki/Sweet_Tea_%28album%29 "Sweet Tea (album)")* by blues guitarist [Buddy Guy](/wiki/Buddy_Guy "Buddy Guy").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/sweet\-tea\-mw0000002526/credits \|title\=Buddy Guy, 'Sweet Tea' – Credits \|website\=AllMusic \|access\-date\= September 30, 2013}}
In 2003, Whitlock and his partner, musician CoCo Carmel, collaborated on *Other Assorted Love Songs*, a live album that again revisited the Dominos' songs, as well as including Harrison's "[All Things Must Pass](/wiki/All_Things_Must_Pass_%28song%29 "All Things Must Pass (song)")".{{cite web \|last\=Eder \|first\=Bruce \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/other\-assorted\-love\-songs\-mw0000498695 \|title\=Bobby Whitlock \& Kim Carmel, 'Other Assorted Love Songs' \|website\=AllMusic \|access\-date\= September 30, 2013}} Music critic Bruce Eder praised the album, writing: "The classic pieces \[from *Layla*] hold up magnificently ... \[H]ere, acoustic guitar and piano are more than sufficient accompaniment and, indeed, coupled with Whitlock's powerful singing and range, make a strong case for these being the definitive versions."
Whitlock and Carmel married on December 24, 2005 in Nashville, Tennessee, Whitlock, pp. 214\-15 and moved to Austin, Texas, in 2006\. The couple worked with musicians such as [David Grissom](/wiki/David_Grissom "David Grissom"), [Stephen Bruton](/wiki/Stephen_Bruton "Stephen Bruton") and Brannen Temple, and special guest [Willie Nelson](/wiki/Willie_Nelson "Willie Nelson"), on the album *Lovers* (2008\)Whitlock, pp. 238–39\. and *Metamorphosis* (2010\), another live recording. Released on the Domino label, *Lovers* included a song that Whitlock had begun writing with Clapton in the early 1970s, "Dear Veronica", and a remake of "Layla" that omitted the Gordon\-composed ending, which Whitlock had never thought suitable for the track.Whitlock, pp. 47, 239\. *Vintage* (2009\) compiled his unreleased songs from the 1990s{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bobbywhitlockandcococarmel.com/\#!\_\_cds \|title\=Records \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213046/https://www.bobbywhitlockandcococarmel.com/\#!\_\_cds \|archive\-date\=June 14, 2020 \|website\=BobbyWhitlockAndCocoCarmel.com}} and included appearances by Cropper and Horn.{{cite web \|last\=Eder \|first\=Bruce \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/vintage\-mw0001754715 \|title\=Bobby Whitlock, 'Vintage' \|website\=AllMusic \|access\-date\=September 30, 2010}} Whitlock's solo album *My Time* (2009\) featured musical contributions from Cropper, Keltner, Horn, [Tim Drummond](/wiki/Tim_Drummond "Tim Drummond") and [Buddy Miller](/wiki/Buddy_Miller "Buddy Miller").Whitlock, p. 240\. His subsequent releases with Carmel include *Esoteric* (2012\) and another live album, *Carnival: Live in Austin* (2013\). In 2013, in connection with the release of the latter album, Whitlock and Carmel gave an interview for Tracy Thibodeaux's *[Pods o' Pop](/wiki/Pods_o%27_Pop "Pods o' Pop")* in which he spoke in depth about the formation of Derek and the Dominos, composing with Clapton, and playing on Harrison's *All Things Must Pass*.{{cite web \|title \= Pods o' Pop\-Bobby Whitlock \& CoCo Carmel \|last \= Thibodeaux \|first \= Tracy \|work \= Interview \|publisher \= \[\[Pods o' Pop]] \|url \= http://podsopop.com/2013/07/24/pods\-o\-pop\-bobby\-whitlock\-\-coco\-carmel.aspx \|access\-date \= October 4, 2013 \|date \= July 24, 2013 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20141029143037/http://podsopop.com/2013/07/24/pods\-o\-pop\-bobby\-whitlock\-\-coco\-carmel.aspx \|archive\-date \= October 29, 2014 \|url\-status \= dead }}
In 2010, *Bobby Whitlock: A Rock 'n' Roll Autobiography*, written with music historian Marc Roberty, was published, with a foreword by Eric Clapton.{{cite web\|title\=New Bobby Whitlock Autobiography with Foreword by Eric Clapton\|url\=http://www.ericclaptonmusicnews.com/new\-bobby\-whitlock\-autobiography\-with\-foreword\-by\-eric\-clapton/\|publisher\=Eric Clapton Music News\|access\-date\=August 22, 2012}} Whitlock's first two solo albums appeared, remastered, as *Where There's a Will, There's a Way: The ABC\-Dunhill Recordings*, released by Future Day Records in September 2013\. In 2015, Bobby Whitlock and Coco Carmel's "The Just Us Tour 2015" visited the eastern and mid\-western United States, using guest guitarists in each city. The tour ended with a performance at The Jass Blues Festival in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
{{cite web\|title\=The Official Website of Bobby Whitlock and Coco Carmel\|url\=http://www.bobbywhitlockandcococarmel.com/\#!\_\_events/eric\-clapton\-videos\-dvds\-and\-bluray\-discs\-music\-videos\-concerts\-various\-12/\|publisher\=bobbywhitlockandcococarmel.com\|access\-date\=21 September 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213046/https://www.bobbywhitlockandcococarmel.com/\#!\_\_events/eric\-clapton\-videos\-dvds\-and\-bluray\-discs\-music\-videos\-concerts\-various\-12/\|archive\-date\=14 June 2020\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\=Derek \& The Dominos Keyboardist Finally Gets Song Writing Credits \|url\=http://977rocks.com/derek\-the\-dominos\-keyboardist\-finally\-gets\-song\-writing\-credits/?doing\_wp\_cron\=1442837416\.8008251190185546875000/\|publisher\=977rocks.com\|access\-date\=21 September 2015}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early career 1965–68",
"[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|The [Stax Museum](/wiki/Stax_Museum \"Stax Museum\") in Memphis, a replica of the now\\-demolished Stax studio, where Whitlock spent part of his teenage years](/wiki/Image:Staxmuseum2005.jpg \"Staxmuseum2005.jpg\")\n{{See also\\|Memphis soul}}\nIn an article for *[Mojo](/wiki/Mojo_%28magazine%29 \"Mojo (magazine)\")* magazine in May 2011, music journalist Phil Sutcliffe described Whitlock as having been born in Memphis and learning to play the [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ \"Hammond organ\") \"peering over [Booker T](/wiki/Booker_T._Jones \"Booker T. Jones\")'s shoulder at Stax studios\". While still a teenager, Whitlock befriended acts associated with [Stax Records](/wiki/Stax_Records \"Stax Records\"), including [Albert King](/wiki/Albert_King \"Albert King\"), [Sam \\& Dave](/wiki/Sam_%26_Dave \"Sam & Dave\"), [the Staples Singers](/wiki/The_Staples_Singers \"The Staples Singers\") and [Booker T. \\& the M.G.'s](/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"),Whitlock, pp. 28–29\\. and was the first white artist signed to the label.{{cite web\\|first\\=Rob\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bobby\\-whitlock\\-mn0000064154/biography \\|title\\=Bobby Whitlock: Biography\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2013}} His first contribution to a recording was in 1967, when he supplied handclaps on Sam \\& Dave's single \"[I Thank You](/wiki/I_Thank_You_%28song%29 \"I Thank You (song)\")\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goldminemag.com/features/layla\\-turns\\-40\\|last\\=Evans\\|first\\=Rush\\|date\\=April 19, 2011\\|title\\=Layla turns 40\\|work\\=\\[\\[Goldmine (magazine)\\|Goldmine]]\\|access\\-date\\=August 4, 2015}}",
"Between 1965 and 1968, Whitlock performed regularly in the Memphis area, playing organ with local [soul](/wiki/Soul_music \"Soul music\") band the Short Cuts before forming the Counts.Whitlock, pp. 27, 31, 34\\. In his 2010 autobiography, Whitlock writes of this period in Memphis: \"It was a great time and town for music then, especially soul music. It was real [rhythm and blues](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues \"Rhythm and blues\"). Albert King R\\&B, that's what I'm talking about. It was loose and all about music everywhere that you turned.\"Whitlock, p. 27\\. With established Stax musicians such as [Steve Cropper](/wiki/Steve_Cropper \"Steve Cropper\") as his mentor, and [Donald \"Duck\" Dunn](/wiki/Donald_%22Duck%22_Dunn \"Donald \") and [Don Nix](/wiki/Don_Nix \"Don Nix\") preparing to produce a pop album by him on a Stax subsidiary label, Whitlock instead left Memphis after meeting the husband\\-and\\-wife team [Delaney and Bonnie Bramlett](/wiki/Delaney_%26_Bonnie \"Delaney & Bonnie\").Whitlock, pp. 34–35\\. Whitlock recalls that he was performing at a club with the Counts when the Bramletts invited him to join a soul\\-revue band they were forming in Los Angeles.{{cite web\\|last\\=Caligiuri\\|first\\=Jim\\|title\\=Keep on Growing: Playing Dominos with Bobby Whitlock\\|url\\=http://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2006\\-12\\-01/424273/\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Austin Chronicle]] \\|date\\=December 1, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2012}}Whitlock, p. 35\\.",
"### Delaney \\& Bonnie 1968–70",
"{{Main\\|Delaney \\& Bonnie}}\nWhitlock contributed on keyboards and vocals to two [Delaney \\& Bonnie](/wiki/Delaney_%26_Bonnie \"Delaney & Bonnie\") albums in 1969, *[Home](/wiki/Home_%28Delaney_%26_Bonnie_album%29 \"Home (Delaney & Bonnie album)\")* and *[Accept No Substitute](/wiki/The_Original_Delaney_%26_Bonnie_%26_Friends \"The Original Delaney & Bonnie & Friends\")*.{{cite magazine\\|first\\=Harry\\|last\\=Shapiro\\|title\\=The Prince of Love... Or How the Recording of 'Layla', Clapton's Ode to Forbidden Love, Made Victims of Derek and the Dominos\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Mojo (magazine)\\|Mojo]]\\|date\\=January 2001 \\|url\\=http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/the\\-prince\\-of\\-love\\-or\\-how\\-the\\-recording\\-of\\-layla\\-claptons\\-ode\\-to\\-forbidden\\-love\\-made\\-victims\\-of\\-derek\\-and\\-the\\-dominos \\|via\\= Rock's Backpages Library \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}} Their touring band, known as Delaney \\& Bonnie and Friends, included musicians he would continue to work with on projects through to the early 1970s: bassist [Carl Radle](/wiki/Carl_Radle \"Carl Radle\"); drummers [Jim Keltner](/wiki/Jim_Keltner \"Jim Keltner\") and [Jim Gordon](/wiki/Jim_Gordon_%28musician%29 \"Jim Gordon (musician)\");Whitlock, pp. 42, 48–49\\. and a horn section comprising [Bobby Keys](/wiki/Bobby_Keys \"Bobby Keys\") and [Jim Price](/wiki/Jim_Price_%28musician%29 \"Jim Price (musician)\").Graff \\& Durchholz, p. 327\\.O'Dell, pp. 111, 167\\. Another member was [Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton \"Eric Clapton\"), who joined the Friends as lead guitarist midway through a U.S. tour in July–August 1969\\.*The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock \\& Roll*, p. 183\\. On this tour, Delaney \\& Bonnie were supporting Clapton's short\\-lived [supergroup](/wiki/Supergroup_%28music%29 \"Supergroup (music)\") [Blind Faith](/wiki/Blind_Faith \"Blind Faith\"), with [Steve Winwood](/wiki/Steve_Winwood \"Steve Winwood\").*The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock \\& Roll*, pp. 183, 254\\.Harris, p. 69\\. Clapton later described Whitlock as \"without doubt the most energetic sideman I had ever seen\".Eric Clapton's foreword, Whitlock, p. 1\\. Along with all the other members of Delaney \\& Bonnie, Whitlock flew to England in November 1969 to prepare for a highly publicized European tour, financed by Clapton.",
"In his autobiography, Whitlock states that their arrival in London changed the dynamics within the band, as the Bramletts now considered themselves \"big stars\" and the ones solely responsible for the new\\-found success.Whitlock, pp. 52, 53\\. Once in London, Whitlock participated in a session for a solo album by the American soul singer [Doris Troy](/wiki/Doris_Troy \"Doris Troy\"), on [the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\")' [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Records \"Apple Records\") record label.Harris, p. 70\\. The album, *[Doris Troy](/wiki/Doris_Troy_%28album%29 \"Doris Troy (album)\")* (1970\\), was co\\-produced by [George Harrison](/wiki/George_Harrison \"George Harrison\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.applerecords.com/\\#!/albums/Doris\\_Troy \\|title\\=Doris Troy\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Apple Records]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2013}} who, having championed Delaney \\& Bonnie in the British press, accepted Clapton's invitation to join the tour.Whitlock, pp. 53–54\\. Through Harrison, Whitlock and the band then played at [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon \"John Lennon\")'s \"[Peace for Christmas](/wiki/Some_Time_in_New_York_City%23Recording \"Some Time in New York City#Recording\")\" concert, held at the [Lyceum Ballroom](/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre%2C_London \"Lyceum Theatre, London\") in London on December 15, 1969\\.Leng, p. 67\\.{{refn\\|group\\=nb\\|Delaney \\& Bonnie and Friends' performance with Lennon and others, dubbed the \"\\[\\[Plastic Ono Band\\|Plastic Ono Supergroup]]\", was included on the ''Live Jam'' disc of Lennon and \\[\\[Yoko Ono]]'s double album ''\\[\\[Some Time in New York City]]'' in 1972\\.Blaney, p. 41\\.}}",
"In early 1970, Delaney \\& Bonnie and Friends backed Clapton on his debut solo album, *[Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton_%28album%29 \"Eric Clapton (album)\")*,Reid, p. xiii. and toured America with the English guitarist.Whitlock, p. 60\\. After arguments with the Bramletts over money, the other Friends quit the band and joined [Leon Russell](/wiki/Leon_Russell \"Leon Russell\") on [Joe Cocker](/wiki/Joe_Cocker \"Joe Cocker\")'s [Mad Dogs and Englishmen](/wiki/Mad_Dogs_and_Englishmen_%28album%29 \"Mad Dogs and Englishmen (album)\") tour. Whitlock continued to work with Delaney \\& Bonnie until April,{{cite web\\|first\\=Nick\\|last\\=DeRiso\\|url\\=http://somethingelsereviews.com/2013/06/16/books\\-eric\\-clapton\\-day\\-by\\-day\\-the\\-early\\-years\\-1963\\-1982\\-by\\-marc\\-roberty\\-2013/ \\|title\\=Books: 'Eric Clapton, Day by Day: The Early Years, 1963–1982', by Marc Roberty (2013\\)\\|publisher\\=Something New!\\|date\\=June 16, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=November 4, 2014}} following sessions for their album *[To Bonnie from Delaney](/wiki/To_Bonnie_from_Delaney \"To Bonnie from Delaney\")* (1970\\).Whitlock, pp. 61, 65\\.{{refn\\|group\\=nb\\|Whitlock performed on Delaney \\& Bonnie's 1971 studio album, ''\\[\\[Motel Shot]]'',{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/motel\\-shot\\-mw0000738488/credits\\|title\\=Delaney \\& Bonnie 'Motel Shot': Credits\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2013}} through the inclusion of songs like \"Goin' Down the Road Feelin' Bad\", which were recorded before his departure.Whitlock, p. 65\\.}} On Cropper's advice, he then returned to England to stay with Clapton at his home, Hurtwood Edge, in [Surrey](/wiki/Surrey \"Surrey\").",
"### Derek and the Dominos 1970–71",
"{{Main\\|Derek and the Dominos}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Derek and the Dominos in 1970 (*from left to right*): Jim Gordon, Carl Radle, Whitlock and Eric Clapton](/wiki/Image:Derek_and_the_Dominos.png \"Derek and the Dominos.png\")\nSeeking to start a new band, Whitlock and Clapton reunited with Radle and Gordon at a session for [P.P. Arnold](/wiki/P.P._Arnold \"P.P. Arnold\"),Harris, p. 72\\. before going on to back Harrison on his 1970 triple album *[All Things Must Pass](/wiki/All_Things_Must_Pass \"All Things Must Pass\")*.Reid, p. 95\\. Whitlock has described the latter sessions as \"spectacular in every way\". Although individual contributions remain hard to ascertain, due to the large cast of musicians on the [Phil Spector](/wiki/Phil_Spector \"Phil Spector\")\\-produced recording, Harrison biographer Simon Leng identifies Whitlock as one of two \"core keyboard players\" on *All Things Must Pass*.Leng, p. 82fn. Having traditionally favored Hammond organ as his keyboard instrument,Whitlock, pp. 75–76\\. Whitlock played piano for the first time on a studio recording during the session for Harrison's \"[Beware of Darkness](/wiki/Beware_of_Darkness_%28song%29 \"Beware of Darkness (song)\")\".Leng, p. 92fn.Reid, p. 94\\.{{refn\\|group\\=nb\\|In his autobiography, Whitlock writes that, aside from keyboards, he also played \\[\\[tubular bells]] on the album and arranged Keys and Price's horn parts.Whitlock, pp. 75, 81\\. Leng also credits Whitlock and Clapton as backing vocalists on songs such as \\[\\[All Things Must Pass (song)\\|the title track]] and \"\\[\\[Let It Down]]\".Leng, pp. 90, 96\\.}}",
"In June 1970, early in the *All Things Must Pass* sessions, Clapton, Whitlock, Radle and Gordon formed the [blues\\-rock](/wiki/Blues-rock \"Blues-rock\") band [Derek and the Dominos](/wiki/Derek_and_the_Dominos \"Derek and the Dominos\"). Their first release was a US\\-only single, \"[Tell the Truth](/wiki/Tell_the_Truth_%28Derek_and_the_Dominos_song%29 \"Tell the Truth (Derek and the Dominos song)\")\", produced by Spector and written primarily by Whitlock.Reid, pp. 104, 105\\.Schumacher, p. 143\\. In August, once their work on Harrison's album was complete, Derek and the Dominos toured the UK, playing to small venues.Reid, p. 107\\. That summer, Whitlock and his bandmates also participated in London sessions for [Dr John](/wiki/Dr_John \"Dr John\")'s album *[The Sun, Moon \\& Herbs](/wiki/The_Sun%2C_Moon_%26_Herbs \"The Sun, Moon & Herbs\")* (1971\\).Reid, p. 105\\.",
"Unhappy with Spector's treatment of their sound, the band went to [Criteria Studios](/wiki/Criteria_Studios \"Criteria Studios\") in Miami to work with producer [Tom Dowd](/wiki/Tom_Dowd \"Tom Dowd\"),Clapton, pp. 135–36\\.Harris, p. 73\\. on what became a double album – *[Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs](/wiki/Layla_and_Other_Assorted_Love_Songs \"Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs\")* (1970\\).Graff \\& Durchholz, p. 238\\. As well as a remake of \"Tell the Truth\",Reid, p. 128\\. the album included six other songs written or co\\-written by Whitlock,{{cite web\\|first\\=Noel\\|last\\=Murray\\|url\\=http://www.avclub.com/article/derek\\-and\\-the\\-dominos\\-when\\-god\\-walked\\-among\\-us\\-54170\\|title\\=Derek and the Dominos: When God walked among us\\|work\\=\\[\\[The A.V. Club]]\\|date\\=April 6, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=October 30, 2014}} including \"Anyday\", \"Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad?\", \"Keep on Growing\" and \"Thorn Tree in the Garden\". In addition, Whitlock helped Clapton finish \"[Bell Bottom Blues](/wiki/Bell_Bottom_Blues_%28Derek_and_the_Dominos_song%29 \"Bell Bottom Blues (Derek and the Dominos song)\")\", although he was not initially credited as a co\\-writer on that song.{{cite web\\|first\\=Mike\\|last\\=Dow\\|url\\=http://www.themaineedge.com/buzz/bobby\\-whitlock\\-dominos\\-drugs\\-death\\-and\\-deliverance \\|title\\=Bobby Whitlock: Dominos, drugs, death and deliverance\\|publisher\\=themainedge.com\\|date\\=September 7, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2015}} \"Keep on Growing\" and \"Thorn Tree in the Garden\" featured Whitlock on lead vocals, while on other tracks he and Clapton shared the singing in a style reminiscent of Sam \\& Dave.Reid, pp. xv, 126, 127, 130\\.",
"{{quote box\\|quote\\= After the recording \\[of ''Layla''], we were on the road, and we scored an enormous amount of drugs to take with us. That was the beginning of the end ... \\[Still], on our worst night we were the best band on the planet. It was impossible for us to play badly.\\|source\\= – Bobby Whitlock discussing the demise of Derek and the Dominos, December 2006\\|width\\=25%\\|align\\=right\\|style\\=padding:8px;}}\nAdding to the power of the Dominos' music, Clapton's inspiration for the songs on *Layla* was his unrequited love for [Pattie Boyd](/wiki/Pattie_Boyd \"Pattie Boyd\"), Harrison's wife.{{cite magazine \\|first\\= Nigel \\|last\\= Williamson \\|url\\=https://www.uncut.co.uk/features/the\\-making\\-of\\-derek\\-and\\-the\\-dominos\\-layla\\-24633/ \\|title\\= Eric Clapton and friends on Derek And The Dominos' \"Layla\": \"It still knocks me out every time\" \\|magazine\\= \\[\\[Uncut (magazine)\\|Uncut]] \\|date\\= March 29, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\= February 24, 2021}} Whitlock began a relationship with Boyd's sister Paula at this time,Clapton, p. 135\\. and was therefore, as he has described it, \"in the inner circle ... in the middle of it with all of them\".Whitlock, p. 77\\. He comments on a musical dialogue between Harrison and Clapton in their songs: \"There were subliminal messages, going back and forth, between two good friends as a way of healing and setting each other free ... I have always known that the better part of those songs \\[on *All Things Must Pass*] were directed to Eric, just like Eric's were to George on the *Layla* record.\"",
"Between October and December 1970, Derek and the Dominos toured the United States in support of *Layla*. The Elton John Band was their opening act. In his autobiography, Elton John said, \"They were phenomenal. From the side of the stage, I took mental notes of their performance ... it was their keyboard player Bobby Whitlock that I watched like a hawk. ... You watched and you learned, from people that had more experience than you.\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=John \\|first1\\=Elton \\|title\\=Me: Elton John Official Autobiography \\|date\\=2019 \\|publisher\\=Pan Macmillan \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-50\\-985331\\-1\\|page\\=86 \\|edition\\=First}} But the *Layla* album made little commercial impact on release, failing to chart in the UK.{{cite magazine\\|first\\=Phil \\|last\\=Sutcliffe\\|title\\=Derek and the Dominos: The Story of 'Layla' \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Mojo (magazine)\\|Mojo]]\\|date\\=May 2011 \\|url\\= https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/derek\\-and\\-the\\-dominos\\-the\\-story\\-of\\-ilaylai \\|via\\=Rock's Backpages Library \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}} Clapton's despondency at being rejected by Boyd, the band's drug consumption, and personal conflicts between the members, particularly with Gordon, all contributed to the break\\-up of the Dominos in May 1971\\.",
"### Solo career 1971–76",
"Whitlock recorded his debut solo album, *[Bobby Whitlock](/wiki/Bobby_Whitlock_%28album%29 \"Bobby Whitlock (album)\")* (1972\\), at London's [Olympic Studios](/wiki/Olympic_Studios \"Olympic Studios\") in 1971, with [Andy Johns](/wiki/Andy_Johns \"Andy Johns\") as his co\\-producer. The recording took place before the abortive sessions for the Dominos' second studio album; a press release for the 2013 reissue of *Bobby Whitlock* gives the recording date as starting in March 1971,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.whereseric.com/eric\\-clapton\\-news/303\\-bobby\\-whitlock\\-first\\-two\\-albums\\-reissued \\|title\\=Bobby Whitlock: First Two Albums Reissued\\|publisher\\=Where's Eric!\\|date\\=September 15, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2013}} while Dominos biographer Jan Reid writes of sessions happening in January that year.Reid, p. 145\\. Whitlock played acoustic or electric rhythm guitar on much of the album,Whitlock, pp. 237–38\\. which also included musical contributions from all the Dominos (often recorded separately), the Bramletts, Harrison, Keys, Price and Keltner.Leng, p. 123fn. Among its tracks, \"Where There's a Will\" was a Whitlock–Bonnie Bramlett collaboration that had featured in Delaney \\& Bonnie's live shows in 1969–70,Reid, p. 74\\. and \"A Day Without Jesus\" was co\\-written by Whitlock and Don Nix.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/bobby\\-whitlock\\-mw0000844917 \\|title\\=Bobby Whitlock: 'Bobby Whitlock' \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\|access\\-date\\= February 24, 2021}} The record peaked at number 140 on the US [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") chart,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bobby\\-whitlock\\-mn0000064154/awards \\|title\\=Bobby Whitlock: Awards\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2013}} the [same magazine](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\") praising it as \"a persuasively powerful first album\".{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jCgEAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=bobby\\+whitlock \\|author\\=Billboard Review Panel\\|title\\=Album Reviews\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|date\\=March 18, 1972\\|page\\=46\\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2013}}",
"Whitlock's second solo album, also on [ABC\\-Dunhill Records](/wiki/Dunhill_Records \"Dunhill Records\"), was *[Raw Velvet](/wiki/Raw_Velvet \"Raw Velvet\")*, released in November 1972\\.{{cite web\\|author1\\=Eyries, Patrice \\|author2\\=Callahan, Mike \\|author3\\=Edwards, David \\|url\\=http://www.bsnpubs.com/abc/dunhill.html \\|title\\=Dunhill Album Discography \\|website\\= Both Sides Now Publications \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2021}} It included appearances by Clapton and Gordon, on \"Hello L.A., Bye Bye Birmingham\", although the majority of the album, including another remake of \"Tell the Truth\", featured new associates such as guitarist [Rick Vito](/wiki/Rick_Vito \"Rick Vito\") and ex\\-[Van der Graaf Generator](/wiki/Van_der_Graaf_Generator \"Van der Graaf Generator\") bassist [Keith Ellis](/wiki/Keith_Ellis_%28musician%29 \"Keith Ellis (musician)\").Whitlock, p. 238\\. The album was co\\-produced by [Jimmy Miller](/wiki/Jimmy_Miller \"Jimmy Miller\"), whose connection with [the Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones \"The Rolling Stones\") led to Whitlock making an uncredited contribution to the band's *[Exile on Main St.](/wiki/Exile_on_Main_St. \"Exile on Main St.\")* double album (1972\\). By this point, *Layla*{{'}}s [title track](/wiki/Layla \"Layla\") had become a hit song, following its release as a single to promote the *[History of Eric Clapton](/wiki/The_History_of_Eric_Clapton \"The History of Eric Clapton\")* compilation (1972\\), leading to a critical reappraisal of Derek and the Dominos and belated commercial success.{{cite web\\|first\\=William \\|last\\=Ruhlmann\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/derek\\-and\\-the\\-dominos\\-in\\-concert\\-mw0000189666 \\|title\\=Eric Clapton, 'The History of Eric Clapton'\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2013}} A 1970\\-recorded live album, *[In Concert](/wiki/In_Concert_%28Derek_and_the_Dominos_album%29 \"In Concert (Derek and the Dominos album)\")*, was similarly well\\-received when issued in January 1973\\.{{cite web\\|first\\=William \\|last\\=Ruhlmann \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/derek\\-the\\-dominos\\-mn0000817369/biography \\|title\\=Derek and the Dominos: Biography\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2013}} *Raw Velvet* peaked at number 190 on the *Billboard* 200, however, and it was Whitlock's last album to place on the chart. Whitlock tried in vain to get Clapton to come out and play; realizing it was not going to happen, after two years of waiting, he went back to the United States.",
"{{quote box\\|quote\\= You know I'm indirectly responsible for disco? \\[Clapton's manager] \\[\\[Robert Stigwood]] took the Dominos' money, used it to create \\[\\[RSO Records]] and record \\[\\[the Bee Gees]]. My deepest apologies to the entire music world.\\|source\\= – Bobby Whitlock, December 2006\\|width\\=25%\\|align\\=right\\|style\\=padding:8px;}}\nHis next solo album was *One of a Kind*, co\\-produced with Bill Halverson{{cite web\\|title\\=Album credits: Bobby Whitlock, 'One of a Kind'\\|url\\=http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release\\=2194867\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Capricorn Records]]\\|year\\=1975}} and released in 1975 on [Capricorn Records](/wiki/Capricorn_Records \"Capricorn Records\").{{cite web\\|first\\=Rob\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/one\\-of\\-a\\-kind\\-mw0000844875 \\|title\\=Bobby Whitlock, 'One of a Kind'\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2013}} *Rock Your Sox Off* followed in 1976, opening with a new recording of \"Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad?\"{{cite web\\|first\\=Rob\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/rock\\-your\\-sox\\-off\\-mw0000847065 \\|title\\=Bobby Whitlock, 'Rock Your Sox Off'\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2013}} Whitlock then withdrew from the music industry; he told *Mojo* contributor [Harry Shapiro](/wiki/Harry_Shapiro_%28author%29 \"Harry Shapiro (author)\") in 2001: \"I had my own problems to deal with.\" Speaking to *[The Austin Chronicle](/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle \"The Austin Chronicle\")* in 2006, Whitlock said of his retirement, \"It wasn't hard to stop, because there was nothing going on in music\", and rued the popularity of [disco](/wiki/Disco \"Disco\").",
"### Later career",
"For much of the 1980s and 1990s, Whitlock lived on a farm in Mississippi, raising his children, Ashley Faye, and Beau Elijah,Whitlock, pp. 161, 164\\. and doing occasional session work. He had his own television show with Steve Cropper. A rare music release during this period was \"Put Angels Around You\", a duet with Scottish singer [Maggie Bell](/wiki/Maggie_Bell \"Maggie Bell\"), issued as a single in 1983 on [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\")'s [Swan Song Records](/wiki/Swan_Song_Records \"Swan Song Records\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.discogs.com/Maggie\\-Bell\\-And\\-Bobby\\-Whitlock\\-Put\\-Angels\\-Around\\-You/release/3571711 \\|title\\=Maggie Bell and Bobby Whitlock – Put Angels Around You \\|access\\-date\\= February 24, 2021 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Discogs]]\\|date\\=1983 }}",
"In 1999, Whitlock resumed his solo career with *It's About Time*, which included contributions from Cropper and saxophonist [Jim Horn](/wiki/Jim_Horn \"Jim Horn\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Smith \\|first\\=Michael B. \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/its\\-about\\-time\\-mw0000369697 \\|title\\=Bobby Whitlock, 'It's About Time \\|website\\= AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\= September 30, 2013}} Michael Smith of [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\") described the album as \"one of Whitlock's most intriguing creations yet\" and a \"fine set from a musician we haven't heard enough from in recent years\". In April 2000, Whitlock reunited with Clapton to play live on the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")'s *[Later... with Jools Holland](/wiki/Later..._with_Jools_Holland \"Later... with Jools Holland\")*. The following year, he contributed piano to *[Sweet Tea](/wiki/Sweet_Tea_%28album%29 \"Sweet Tea (album)\")* by blues guitarist [Buddy Guy](/wiki/Buddy_Guy \"Buddy Guy\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/sweet\\-tea\\-mw0000002526/credits \\|title\\=Buddy Guy, 'Sweet Tea' – Credits \\|website\\=AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\= September 30, 2013}}",
"In 2003, Whitlock and his partner, musician CoCo Carmel, collaborated on *Other Assorted Love Songs*, a live album that again revisited the Dominos' songs, as well as including Harrison's \"[All Things Must Pass](/wiki/All_Things_Must_Pass_%28song%29 \"All Things Must Pass (song)\")\".{{cite web \\|last\\=Eder \\|first\\=Bruce \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/other\\-assorted\\-love\\-songs\\-mw0000498695 \\|title\\=Bobby Whitlock \\& Kim Carmel, 'Other Assorted Love Songs' \\|website\\=AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\= September 30, 2013}} Music critic Bruce Eder praised the album, writing: \"The classic pieces \\[from *Layla*] hold up magnificently ... \\[H]ere, acoustic guitar and piano are more than sufficient accompaniment and, indeed, coupled with Whitlock's powerful singing and range, make a strong case for these being the definitive versions.\"",
"Whitlock and Carmel married on December 24, 2005 in Nashville, Tennessee, Whitlock, pp. 214\\-15 and moved to Austin, Texas, in 2006\\. The couple worked with musicians such as [David Grissom](/wiki/David_Grissom \"David Grissom\"), [Stephen Bruton](/wiki/Stephen_Bruton \"Stephen Bruton\") and Brannen Temple, and special guest [Willie Nelson](/wiki/Willie_Nelson \"Willie Nelson\"), on the album *Lovers* (2008\\)Whitlock, pp. 238–39\\. and *Metamorphosis* (2010\\), another live recording. Released on the Domino label, *Lovers* included a song that Whitlock had begun writing with Clapton in the early 1970s, \"Dear Veronica\", and a remake of \"Layla\" that omitted the Gordon\\-composed ending, which Whitlock had never thought suitable for the track.Whitlock, pp. 47, 239\\. *Vintage* (2009\\) compiled his unreleased songs from the 1990s{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bobbywhitlockandcococarmel.com/\\#!\\_\\_cds \\|title\\=Records \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213046/https://www.bobbywhitlockandcococarmel.com/\\#!\\_\\_cds \\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2020 \\|website\\=BobbyWhitlockAndCocoCarmel.com}} and included appearances by Cropper and Horn.{{cite web \\|last\\=Eder \\|first\\=Bruce \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/vintage\\-mw0001754715 \\|title\\=Bobby Whitlock, 'Vintage' \\|website\\=AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2010}} Whitlock's solo album *My Time* (2009\\) featured musical contributions from Cropper, Keltner, Horn, [Tim Drummond](/wiki/Tim_Drummond \"Tim Drummond\") and [Buddy Miller](/wiki/Buddy_Miller \"Buddy Miller\").Whitlock, p. 240\\. His subsequent releases with Carmel include *Esoteric* (2012\\) and another live album, *Carnival: Live in Austin* (2013\\). In 2013, in connection with the release of the latter album, Whitlock and Carmel gave an interview for Tracy Thibodeaux's *[Pods o' Pop](/wiki/Pods_o%27_Pop \"Pods o' Pop\")* in which he spoke in depth about the formation of Derek and the Dominos, composing with Clapton, and playing on Harrison's *All Things Must Pass*.{{cite web \\|title \\= Pods o' Pop\\-Bobby Whitlock \\& CoCo Carmel \\|last \\= Thibodeaux \\|first \\= Tracy \\|work \\= Interview \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[Pods o' Pop]] \\|url \\= http://podsopop.com/2013/07/24/pods\\-o\\-pop\\-bobby\\-whitlock\\-\\-coco\\-carmel.aspx \\|access\\-date \\= October 4, 2013 \\|date \\= July 24, 2013 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141029143037/http://podsopop.com/2013/07/24/pods\\-o\\-pop\\-bobby\\-whitlock\\-\\-coco\\-carmel.aspx \\|archive\\-date \\= October 29, 2014 \\|url\\-status \\= dead }}",
"In 2010, *Bobby Whitlock: A Rock 'n' Roll Autobiography*, written with music historian Marc Roberty, was published, with a foreword by Eric Clapton.{{cite web\\|title\\=New Bobby Whitlock Autobiography with Foreword by Eric Clapton\\|url\\=http://www.ericclaptonmusicnews.com/new\\-bobby\\-whitlock\\-autobiography\\-with\\-foreword\\-by\\-eric\\-clapton/\\|publisher\\=Eric Clapton Music News\\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2012}} Whitlock's first two solo albums appeared, remastered, as *Where There's a Will, There's a Way: The ABC\\-Dunhill Recordings*, released by Future Day Records in September 2013\\. In 2015, Bobby Whitlock and Coco Carmel's \"The Just Us Tour 2015\" visited the eastern and mid\\-western United States, using guest guitarists in each city. The tour ended with a performance at The Jass Blues Festival in Dhaka, Bangladesh.\n{{cite web\\|title\\=The Official Website of Bobby Whitlock and Coco Carmel\\|url\\=http://www.bobbywhitlockandcococarmel.com/\\#!\\_\\_events/eric\\-clapton\\-videos\\-dvds\\-and\\-bluray\\-discs\\-music\\-videos\\-concerts\\-various\\-12/\\|publisher\\=bobbywhitlockandcococarmel.com\\|access\\-date\\=21 September 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213046/https://www.bobbywhitlockandcococarmel.com/\\#!\\_\\_events/eric\\-clapton\\-videos\\-dvds\\-and\\-bluray\\-discs\\-music\\-videos\\-concerts\\-various\\-12/\\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2020\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Derek \\& The Dominos Keyboardist Finally Gets Song Writing Credits \\|url\\=http://977rocks.com/derek\\-the\\-dominos\\-keyboardist\\-finally\\-gets\\-song\\-writing\\-credits/?doing\\_wp\\_cron\\=1442837416\\.8008251190185546875000/\\|publisher\\=977rocks.com\\|access\\-date\\=21 September 2015}}",
""
] |
Impact
------
### Honduras
[Honduras](/wiki/Honduras "Honduras") experienced heavy rains as a result of the [Central American gyre](/wiki/Central_American_gyre "Central American gyre") which preceded Helene.{{Cite web \|last\=Rodríguez \|first\=Fernanda \|date\=September 24, 2024 \|title\=Fuertes lluvias azotarán Honduras debido a la depresión tropical 9, según César Quintanilla \|url\=https://www.televicentro.com/fuertes\-lluvias\-honduras\-depresion\-tropical\-9\-cesar\-quintanilla\-2024\-09\-24 \|access\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|website\=TELEVICENTRO \|language\=es \|archive\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925013003/https://www.televicentro.com/fuertes\-lluvias\-honduras\-depresion\-tropical\-9\-cesar\-quintanilla\-2024\-09\-24 \|url\-status\=live }} As a result, the [Goascorán River](/wiki/Goascor%C3%A1n_River "Goascorán River") brought flooding to nearby communities located in low\-lying areas through [Valle](/wiki/Valle_Department "Valle Department") and [Choluteca](/wiki/Choluteca_Department "Choluteca Department") departments, reaching a level over {{convert\|.48\|ft\|m}}.{{Cite web \|last\=Mendoza \|first\=Elvis \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|title\=Choluteca, Valle y El Paraíso otra vez azotados por las fuertes inundaciones \|url\=https://www.elheraldo.hn/honduras/choluteca\-valle\-el\-paraiso\-otra\-vez\-azotados\-inundaciones\-honduras\-CD21773067 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927152707/https://www.elheraldo.hn/honduras/choluteca\-valle\-el\-paraiso\-otra\-vez\-azotados\-inundaciones\-honduras\-CD21773067 \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|website\=El Heraldo \|language\=es}} A state of emergency was issued in [San Marcos de Colón](/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Col%C3%B3n "San Marcos de Colón"), Choluteca, due to overall damage caused by the storm.{{Cite web \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|title\=Por intensas lluvias declaran estado de emergencia en San Marcos de Colón, Choluteca \|url\=https://www.elheraldo.hn/honduras/lluvias\-declaran\-estado\-emergencia\-choluteca\-DC21763752 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|website\=El Heraldo \|language\=es \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926184404/https://www.elheraldo.hn/honduras/lluvias\-declaran\-estado\-emergencia\-choluteca\-DC21763752 }} Nearly 30 homes were estimated to be affected in El Cubulero, [Alianza](/wiki/Alianza%2C_Honduras "Alianza, Honduras"), Valle. Due to high waves onshore, 120 families were affected in the coastal town of [Marcovia](/wiki/Marcovia "Marcovia"), Choluteca; at least one home was destroyed. Heavy rainfall left communities isolated and 50 people sheltered in [El Paraíso](/wiki/El_Para%C3%ADso_Department "El Paraíso Department") due to severe floods.
### Mexico
[thumb\|375x375px\|[Tropical Storm John](/wiki/Hurricane_John_%282024%29 "Hurricane John (2024)") along Mexico's Pacific coast and Hurricane Helene over the Gulf of Mexico on September 25](/wiki/File:Hurricane_Helene_and_Tropical_Storm_John_2024-09-25.jpg "Hurricane Helene and Tropical Storm John 2024-09-25.jpg")
The region around [Cancún](/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn "Cancún") received {{Convert\|240\|mm\|in}} of rain. Over 120,000 customers, 14% of all [Comisión Federal de Electricidad](/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Federal_de_Electricidad "Comisión Federal de Electricidad") customers, lost power in Quintana Roo.{{Cite web \|date\=September 25, 2024 \|title\=Helene leaves Cancun behind and more than 120,000 without power \|url\=https://riviera\-maya\-news.com/helene\-leaves\-cancun\-behind\-and\-more\-than\-120000\-without\-power/2024\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925210816/https://riviera\-maya\-news.com/helene\-leaves\-cancun\-behind\-and\-more\-than\-120000\-without\-power/2024\.html \|archive\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|website\=Riviera Maya News \|language\=en\-US}} Extreme flooding covering much of Isla Mujeres occurred. The island also experienced wind gusts up to {{Convert\|69\|mph\|km/h}}.{{Cite web \|last1\=Erdman \|first1\=Jonathan \|last2\=Dolce \|first2\=Chris \|date\=September 25, 2024 \|title\=Hurricane Helene A Surge, Flood, High Wind Danger \|url\=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2024\-09\-25\-hurricane\-tropical\-storm\-helene\-forecast\-florida\-southeast \|access\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|website\=The Weather Channel \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925102248/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2024\-09\-25\-hurricane\-tropical\-storm\-helene\-forecast\-florida\-southeast \|url\-status\=live }} Cancún and [Cozumel](/wiki/Cozumel "Cozumel") saw very rough surf, breaking the seawall in Cozumel and increasing beach erosion in Cancún.{{Cite web \|date\=September 25, 2024 \|title\=Helene becomes hurricane, is expected to intensify as it moves toward Florida \|url\=https://www.voanews.com/a/helene\-strengthens\-as\-hurricane\-warnings\-cover\-parts\-of\-florida\-and\-mexico\-/7798524\.html \|access\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|website\=Voice of America \|language\=en \|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926014431/https://www.voanews.com/a/helene\-strengthens\-as\-hurricane\-warnings\-cover\-parts\-of\-florida\-and\-mexico\-/7798524\.html \|url\-status\=live }} Flights at [Cozumel International Airport](/wiki/Cozumel_International_Airport "Cozumel International Airport") were delayed while [Cancún International Airport](/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn_International_Airport "Cancún International Airport") saw nearly 100 cancellations or delays. Only minor delays occurred at [Mérida Airport](/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_International_Airport "Mérida International Airport").{{Cite web \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|title\=Helene deja saldo blanco en Yucatán, pero con calles inundadas y árboles caídos \|url\=https://www.poresto.net/yucatan/2024/9/26/helene\-deja\-saldo\-blanco\-en\-yucatan\-pero\-con\-calles\-inundadas\-y\-arboles\-caidos.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926142145/https://www.poresto.net/yucatan/2024/9/26/helene\-deja\-saldo\-blanco\-en\-yucatan\-pero\-con\-calles\-inundadas\-y\-arboles\-caidos.html \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|website\=Por Esto! \|language\=es}} The companies most affected by Helene were [Viva Aerobus](/wiki/Viva_Aerobus "Viva Aerobus"), [Volaris](/wiki/Volaris "Volaris"), and [Aeromexico](/wiki/Aerom%C3%A9xico "Aeroméxico").{{Cite web \|date\=September 25, 2024 \|title\='Helene' interrumpe vuelos a La Habana, Orlando, Miami y Yucatán, reporta Profeco \|url\=https://www.informador.mx/economia/Helene\-interrumpe\-vuelos\-a\-La\-Habana\-Orlando\-Miami\-y\-Yucatan\-reporta\-Profeco\-20240925\-0188\.html \|access\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|website\=El Informador \|language\=es\-MX}} Trees fell and roofs were damaged across the Yucatán Peninsula.
A [gas explosion](/wiki/Gas_explosion "Gas explosion") occurred in Cancún during Helene,{{Cite web \|date\=September 25, 2024 \|title\=Cancun firemen fight LP plaza gas blast in middle of Helene \|url\=https://riviera\-maya\-news.com/cancun\-firemen\-fight\-lp\-plaza\-gas\-blast\-in\-middle\-of\-helene/2024\.html \|access\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|website\=Riviera Maya News \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925200624/https://riviera\-maya\-news.com/cancun\-firemen\-fight\-lp\-plaza\-gas\-blast\-in\-middle\-of\-helene/2024\.html \|url\-status\=live }} but no fatalities were reported in Mexico.
### Caribbean
[thumb\|right\|A map highlighting areas affected by Hurricane Helene's tropical storm and hurricane\-force wind fields](/wiki/File:Helene_2024_wind_history.png "Helene 2024 wind history.png")
#### Cayman Islands
Over {{Convert\|10\|in\|mm}} of rain fell onto the Cayman Islands.{{Cite web \|date\=September 25, 2024 \|title\=Cayman was caught in outer\-band squalls of Helene – Cayman Islands Headline News \|url\=https://caymannewsservice.com/2024/09/cayman\-was\-caught\-in\-outer\-band\-squalls\-of\-helene/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=Cayman News Service \|language\=en\-GB \|archive\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925233729/https://caymannewsservice.com/2024/09/cayman\-was\-caught\-in\-outer\-band\-squalls\-of\-helene/ \|url\-status\=live }} Heavy rainfall and large waves began affecting the Cayman Islands on September 24\.{{cite news \|last1\=Coto \|first1\=Dánica \|title\=Heavy rains pelt the Cayman Islands as southeast US prepares for a major hurricane \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/tropical\-weather\-hurricane\-caribbean\-c7b70ac631e5fc5df86900b6ee141fb5 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2024 \|work\=AP News \|date\=September 24, 2024 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924122807/https://apnews.com/article/tropical\-weather\-hurricane\-caribbean\-c7b70ac631e5fc5df86900b6ee141fb5 \|url\-status\=live }} Roads in [George Town](/wiki/George_Town%2C_Cayman_Islands "George Town, Cayman Islands") were flooded as rainfall produced by the storm caused 14 power outages, affecting 118 customers across Grand Cayman. The government began planning to buy land to aid in storm water management.{{Cite web \|last\=Whittaker \|first\=James \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|title\=Man\-made wetlands may be needed to manage increasing flood threat \|url\=https://www.caymancompass.com/2024/09/26/man\-made\-wetlands\-may\-be\-needed\-to\-manage\-increasing\-flood\-threat/ \|access\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|website\=Cayman Compass \|language\=en\-GB \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926062540/https://www.caymancompass.com/2024/09/26/man\-made\-wetlands\-may\-be\-needed\-to\-manage\-increasing\-flood\-threat/ \|url\-status\=live }} After Helene had passed, Grand Cayman was impacted by {{Convert\|5\-7\|foot\|m}} waves on September 26\.{{Cite web \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|title\=All\-clear issued for Cayman and recovery begins – Cayman Islands Headline News \|url\=https://caymannewsservice.com/2024/09/all\-clear\-issued\-for\-the\-cayman\-islands/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=Cayman News Service \|language\=en\-GB \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926231518/https://caymannewsservice.com/2024/09/all\-clear\-issued\-for\-the\-cayman\-islands/ \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Cuba
In Cuba, heavy rainfall occurred, with peak accumulations of {{Convert abbreviated\|218\.4\|mm\|in}} recorded in Presa Herradura and {{Convert abbreviated\|186\.8\|mm\|in}} in [Palacios](/wiki/Los_Palacios "Los Palacios").{{cite news \|title\=Heavy rains, gusty winds, and flooding in Pinar del Río due to Hurricane Helene. \|url\=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\-09\-25\-u1\-e129488\-s27061\-nid289019\-deteriora\-tiempo\-pinar\-rio\-occidente\-cuba \|access\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|work\=CiberCuba \|date\=September 25, 2024 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925170240/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\-09\-25\-u1\-e129488\-s27061\-nid289019\-deteriora\-tiempo\-pinar\-rio\-occidente\-cuba \|url\-status\=live }} Elsewhere, [Punta del Este](/wiki/Punta_del_Este "Punta del Este") and [Isla de la Juventud](/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud "Isla de la Juventud") received {{Convert abbreviated\|101\|mm\|in}}, Paso Real de San Diego received {{Convert abbreviated\|78\|mm\|in}}, [Pinar del Río](/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo "Pinar del Río") received {{Convert abbreviated\|72\|mm\|in}}, and Isabel Rubio received {{Convert abbreviated\|70\|mm}}.{{cite news \|last1\=Robinson \|first1\=Circles \|title\=Hurricane Helene Nears Yucatan Channel en Route to Florida \|url\=https://havanatimes.org/news/hurricane\-helene\-nears\-yucatan\-channel\-en\-route\-to\-florida/ \|access\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|work\=Havana Times \|date\=September 25, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 25, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925161350/https://havanatimes.org/news/hurricane\-helene\-nears\-yucatan\-channel\-en\-route\-to\-florida/ \|url\-status\=live }} In [Pinar del Río Province](/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo_Province "Pinar del Río Province"), 17 of the province's 24 reservoirs overflowed. Elsewhere, in El Palenque, road access was cut off due to flooding caused by Helene. Helene's winds caused a failure in the power lines that feed the Guanito transmitter, causing most of the territory, especially San Juan and Martínez, [Guane](/wiki/Guane "Guane"), [Mantua](/wiki/Mantua%2C_Cuba "Mantua, Cuba"), and [Minas de Matahambre](/wiki/Minas_de_Matahambre "Minas de Matahambre"), to suffer blackouts.{{Cite web \|date\=September 25, 2024 \|title\=Pinar del Río without radio and television signal due to a transmitter failure. \|url\=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\-09\-25\-u1\-e135253\-s27061\-nid289049\-pinar\-rio\-senal\-radio\-television\-falla\-transmisor \|access\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|website\=CiberCuba \|language\=en}} Gale\-force winds were recorded in the provinces of [Isla de la Juventud](/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud "Isla de la Juventud") and Pinar del Río.{{Cite web \|date\=September 25, 2024 \|title\=Cuban President Calls for Cautiousness amidst Heavy Rains \|url\=http://www.cubanews.acn.cu/cuba/25255\-cuban\-president\-calls\-for\-cautiousness\-amidst\-heavy\-rains \|access\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|website\=Cuban News Agency \|language\=en\-gb \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926021516/http://www.cubanews.acn.cu/cuba/25255\-cuban\-president\-calls\-for\-cautiousness\-amidst\-heavy\-rains \|url\-status\=live }} In total, around 70,000 customers experienced power outages in Pinar del Rio, with another 160,000 residents affected in [Artemisa](/wiki/Artemisa_Province "Artemisa Province").{{cite news \|title\=They report on the impacts of Hurricane Helene in Cuba. \|url\=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\-09\-26\-u129488\-e129488\-s27061\-nid289073\-informan\-afectaciones\-huracan\-helene\-cuba\#google\_vignette \|access\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|work\=CiberCuba \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930031034/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\-09\-26\-u129488\-e129488\-s27061\-nid289073\-informan\-afectaciones\-huracan\-helene\-cuba\#google\_vignette \|url\-status\=live }}
In [Havana](/wiki/Havana "Havana"), one person was injured after an uninhabited building collapsed due to heavy rains, and two landslides occurred.{{cite news \|title\=Two collapses reported in Havana \|url\=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\-09\-26\-u1\-e199894\-s27061\-nid289126\-reportan\-dos\-derrumbes\-habana \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|work\=CiberCuba \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928024545/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\-09\-26\-u1\-e199894\-s27061\-nid289126\-reportan\-dos\-derrumbes\-habana \|url\-status\=live }} Intense rainfall caused the [Cuyaguateje River](/wiki/Cuyaguateje_River "Cuyaguateje River") to rise rapidly, causing flooding in parts of Pinar del Río on September 26\.{{cite news \|title\=Flooding of the Cuyaguateje River keeps several areas of Pinar del Río submerged. \|url\=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\-09\-26\-u1\-e43231\-s27061\-nid289095\-crecida\-rio\-cuyaguateje\-mantiene\-inundadas\-varias \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|work\=CiberCuba \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926173547/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\-09\-26\-u1\-e43231\-s27061\-nid289095\-crecida\-rio\-cuyaguateje\-mantiene\-inundadas\-varias \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|last1\=Mendoza \|first1\=Samantha \|title\=Flooding from the Cuyaguateje River Continues to Impact Areas in Pinar del Río \|url\=https://www.cubaheadlines.com/articles/289095 \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|work\=CubaHeadlines \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926192444/https://www.cubaheadlines.com/articles/289095 \|url\-status\=live }} Flooding also occurred in [Mayabeque Province](/wiki/Mayabeque_Province "Mayabeque Province"), primarily in the municipalities of [Batabanó](/wiki/Bataban%C3%B3%2C_Cuba "Batabanó, Cuba"), [Melena del Sur](/wiki/Melena_del_Sur "Melena del Sur"), and [San Nicolás de Bari](/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Bari "San Nicolás de Bari").{{cite news \|title\=Municipalities of Mayabeque, underwater due to the effects of Hurricane Helene. \|url\=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\-09\-26\-u1\-e192519\-s27061\-nid289132\-municipios\-mayabeque\-bajo\-agua\-efectos\-huracan \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|work\=CiberCuba \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928024545/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\-09\-26\-u1\-e192519\-s27061\-nid289132\-municipios\-mayabeque\-bajo\-agua\-efectos\-huracan \|url\-status\=live }}
### United States
{{See also\|List of United States tornadoes from August to September 2024\#September 26 event\|List of United States tornadoes from August to September 2024\#September 27 event\|l2\=§ September 27 event}}
| \+**Impact by state** |
| --- |
| State | Deaths(Missing) | Damage ([US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")) | Ref |
| [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") | 26 | \>$21\.1 billion | {{Cite web \|last\=Phillips \|first\=Garrett \|date\=October 4, 2024 \|title\=25 Floridians dead from Hurricane Helene \|url\=https://www.wfla.com/news/pinellas\-county/25\-floridians\-dead\-from\-hurricane\-helene/ \|access\-date\=October 5, 2024 \|website\=\[\[WFLA\-TV]]}} |
| [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 "Georgia (U.S. state)") | 33 | \>$6\.88 billion | {{Cite web\|date\=October 3, 2024\|title\=Hurricane Helene live updates: More than 200 dead as hope fades in search for survivors\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/live\-blog/hurricane\-helene\-live\-updates\-rcna173767\|access\-date\=October 3, 2023\|website\=NBC News\|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Williams \|first\=Dave \|title\=UGA early estimates set losses to Georgia farms due to Hurricane Helene at $6\.46 billion \|url\=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/state/2024/10/11/georgia\-farmers\-lost\-an\-estimated\-6\-46\-billion\-due\-to\-hurricane\-helene/75617469007/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-16 \|website\=The Augusta Chronicle \|language\=en\-US}} |
| [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") | 51 | {{Unknown}} | {{Cite web \|date\=2024\-10\-07 \|title\=Three additional deaths in SC blamed on Helene; death toll in the state now at 51 \|url\=https://www.southcarolinapublicradio.org/sc\-news/2024\-10\-07/number\-of\-helene\-related\-deaths\-in\-sc\-climbs\-to\-48\-power\-slowly\-returns\-to\-upstate \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-15 \|website\=South Carolina Public Radio \|language\=en}} |
| [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") | 95 (26\) | {{Unknown}} | {{Cite web \|date\=2024\-10\-15 \|title\=92 people still missing in North Carolina after Hurricane Helene, governor says \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/weather/hurricanes/92\-people\-still\-missing\-north\-carolina\-hurricane\-helene\-governor\-says\-rcna175503 \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-16 \|website\=NBC News \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Emert \|first\=Jennifer \|date\=2024\-10\-18 \|title\=Western North Carolina mourns as storm death toll stabilizes at 95 \|url\=https://wtov9\.com/news/nation\-world/western\-north\-carolina\-mourns\-as\-storm\-death\-toll\-stabilizes\-at\-95 \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-18 \|website\=WTOV \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Hodgin \|first\=Carrie \|date\=October 21, 2024 \|title\=Helene becomes deadliest tropical storm in North Carolina history \|url\=https://www.wxii12\.com/article/helene\-deadliest\-tropical\-storm\-north\-carolina\-history/62670417 \|access\-date\=October 21, 2024 \|website\=\[\[WXII\-TV]] \|language\=en}} |
[Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee") |
17 (1\) |
{{Unknown}} |
{{Cite web \|last1\=Closson \|first1\=Troy \|last2\=Morales \|first2\=Christina \|date\=2024\-10\-05 \|title\=Missing People, Power Outages, Ruined Roads: Issues Across the Southeast After Helene \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/05/us/hurricane\-helene\-damage\-deaths.html \|access\-date\=October 5, 2024 \|website\=\[\[New York Times]]}}{{cite news \|last1\=Barker \|first1\=Jessica \|title\=Tennessee's Hurricane Helene death toll rises as Hurricane Milton heads to Florida \|url\=https://www.wkrn.com/news/tennessee\-news/tennessees\-hurricane\-helene\-death\-toll\-rises\-as\-hurricane\-milton\-strengthens/ \|access\-date\=8 October 2024 \|publisher\=WKRN \|date\=8 October 2024}}{{Cite web \|last\=Gibson \|first\=Robin \|title\=How many died in East Tennessee after Hurricane Helene? A county\-by\-county list \|url\=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/local/2024/10/09/how\-many\-died\-in\-east\-tennessee\-after\-helene\-a\-county\-by\-county\-list/75521004007/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-12 \|website\=Knoxville News Sentinel \|language\=en\-US}} || [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") | 2 | {{Unknown}} | |
| [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana "Indiana") | 1 | {{Unknown}} | {{cite web\|last\=Harwood\|first\=Houston\|date\=October 1, 2024\|title\=Sheriff: Man dies after tree falls on home due to storm in 'tragic accident'\|url\=https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2024/10/01/remnants\-of\-hurricane\-helene\-contributed\-to\-gibson\-county\-mans\-death\-herman\-paul\-maier\-griffin\-in/75455429007/\|access\-date\=October 3, 2024\|website\=\[\[Courier \& Press]]}} |
| Total | ≥225 (93\) | \>$45 billion | {{cite web \|title\=Death toll from Hurricane Helene rises to 227 as grim task of recovering bodies continues \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/hurricane\-helene\-death\-toll\-asheville\-north\-carolina\-34d1226bb31f79dfb2ff6827e40587fc \|website\=AP \|date\=October 5, 2024 \|access\-date\=8 October 2024}} |
Initial estimates suggested that insured losses could reach US$3–6 billion, according to reinsurance broker Gallagher Re;{{Cite web \|title\=Hurricane Helene expected to be a 'manageable event' for Florida insurers \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/26/florida\-hurricane\-helene\-storm\-insurance\-losses\-desantis/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=Tampa Bay Times \|language\=en}} [AM Best](/wiki/AM_Best "AM Best") estimated losses in excess of US$5 billion.{{Cite web \|last\=Amy \|first\=Jeff \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Insurers could pay $5B to cover losses from Helene \|url\=https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\-helene\-tracker\-maps\-updates\#00000192\-3557\-d582\-a1b7\-37f758ca0000 \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=AP News \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926235639/https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\-helene\-tracker\-maps\-updates\#00000192\-3557\-d582\-a1b7\-37f758ca0000 \|url\-status\=live }} Later estimates by [Moody's Analytics](/wiki/Moody%27s_Analytics "Moody's Analytics") estimated that the damage could reach US$20–34 billion.{{Cite web \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Moody's Analytics says Helene 'like Idalia, but worse' with cost estimated at up to $34bn \|url\=https://www.theinsurer.com/news/moodys\-analytics\-says\-helene\-like\-idalia\-but\-worse\-with\-cost\-estimated\-at\-up\-to\-34bn/ \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|website\=The Insurer \|language\=en\-US}} [AccuWeather](/wiki/AccuWeather "AccuWeather") estimated that the total damage and economic loss could cost anywhere from US$225–250 billion.{{Cite web \|last\=Rainey \|first\=Michael \|date\=October 3, 2024 \|title\=Hurricane Helene {{sic\|Damage\|s\|nolink\=y}} Could Top $250 Billion, Analysts Say \|url\=https://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2024/10/03/Hurricane\-Helene\-Damages\-Could\-Top\-250\-Billion\-Analysts\-Say?amp\= \|access\-date\=October 4, 2024 \|website\=The Fiscal Times \|language\=en}} At least four million people have lost power, according to the Omaha Public Power District.{{cite news \|last1\=Piercy \|first1\=Jackson \|title\=OPPD sending crew to West Virginia to assist in Hurricane Helene relief efforts \|url\=https://www.wowt.com/2024/09/28/oppd\-sending\-crew\-west\-virginia\-assist\-hurricane\-helene\-relief\-efforts/ \|access\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|publisher\=WOWT \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929005121/https://www.wowt.com/2024/09/28/oppd\-sending\-crew\-west\-virginia\-assist\-hurricane\-helene\-relief\-efforts/ \|url\-status\=live }} Agricultural damage is estimated at US$7 billion.{{Cite web \|last\=Hanrahan \|first\=Ryan \|date\=2024\-10\-02 \|title\=Hurricane Helene Causes Billions in Ag Damage \|url\=https://farmpolicynews.illinois.edu/2024/10/hurricane\-helene\-causes\-billions\-in\-ag\-damage/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-02 \|website\=Farm Policy News \|language\=en\-US}} Insured losses are expected to be lower than initially estimated due to standard [home insurance](/wiki/Home_insurance "Home insurance") [policies](/wiki/Insurance_policy "Insurance policy") not including [flood insurance](/wiki/Flood_insurance "Flood insurance") coverage, increased coverage restrictions by insurers, and hurricane [deductibles](/wiki/Deductible "Deductible").{{cite news\|last\=Eaglesham\|first\=Jean\|date\=October 5, 2024\|title\=Homeowners Hit by Helene Are In for an Insurance Claim Shock\|work\=The Wall Street Journal\|publisher\=News Corp\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/finance/homeowners\-hit\-by\-helene\-are\-in\-for\-an\-insurance\-claim\-shock\-60ae5519\|access\-date\=October 20, 2024}}{{cite interview\|last\=Eaglesham\|first\=Jean\|date\=October 9, 2024\|title\=Homeowners Rebuilding After Helene Face Limited Insurance Coverage\|work\=The Wall Street Journal\|publisher\=News Corp\|interviewer\=J. R. Whalen\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/podcasts/your\-money\-matters/homeowners\-rebuilding\-after\-helene\-face\-limited\-insurance\-coverage/d5df0f1b\-316f\-4c9f\-8fdd\-4b4cbd626cb5\|access\-date\=October 20, 2024}}
On September 27, [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines "Delta Air Lines") at [Hartsfield\-Jackson Atlanta International Airport](/wiki/Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport "Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport") issued travel waivers to people impacted by flight cancellations or delays. They also anticipated that there would be travel disruptions due to the force of Hurricane Helene making it dangerous for airplanes to fly. There were 171 flight cancellations to and from [Hartsfield\-Jackson Atlanta International Airport](/wiki/Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport "Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport"), most of which were from [Charlotte Douglas International Airport](/wiki/Charlotte_Douglas_International_Airport "Charlotte Douglas International Airport") and [Augusta Regional Airport](/wiki/Augusta_Regional_Airport "Augusta Regional Airport"). There were 489 flight delays, with most of those flight delays from [Tampa International Airport](/wiki/Tampa_International_Airport "Tampa International Airport"), [Augusta Regional Airport](/wiki/Augusta_Regional_Airport "Augusta Regional Airport"), and [Jacksonville International Airport](/wiki/Jacksonville_International_Airport "Jacksonville International Airport"). These cancellations and delays included [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines "Delta Air Lines"), [Frontier Airlines](/wiki/Frontier_Airlines "Frontier Airlines"), [Spirit Airlines](/wiki/Spirit_Airlines "Spirit Airlines"), [Westjet Airlines](/wiki/Westjet_Airlines "Westjet Airlines"), and many other airlines.{{cite news\|last1\=Raymond\|first1\=Jonathan\|title\= Atlanta Airport delays and cancellations from Helene impacts {{!}} Tracker \|url\= https://www.11alive.com/article/news/local/atlanta\-airport\-delays\-cancellations\-tracker\-helene/85\-8cdcc837\-9d75\-4484\-8637\-7333cad478c6 \|work\=11Alive News\|access\-date\=October 1, 2024}}
A [Baxter International](/wiki/Baxter_International "Baxter International") manufacturing site in [Marion, North Carolina](/wiki/Marion%2C_North_Carolina "Marion, North Carolina"), which produced 60% of the nation's sterile [intravenous](/wiki/Intravenous_therapy "Intravenous therapy") and [kidney dialysis fluids](/wiki/Kidney_dialysis "Kidney dialysis") for health facilities, was temporarily closed due to flood damage.{{Cite news \|last\=Alltucker \|first\=Ken \|date\=October 7, 2024 \|title\=Hospitals urge emergency steps on IV fluid shortage after Hurricane Helene \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2024/10/07/iv\-bag\-shortage\-hurricane\-helene/75556287007/ \|access\-date\=October 8, 2024 \|work\=\[\[USA Today]]}} The closure of the manufacturing site led to a shortage and rationing of IV fluids across hospitals across the country.{{Cite news \|last\=Theis \|first\=Lindsey \|date\=October 8, 2024 \|title\=American Hospital Association warns of IV shortage after Helene flooding \|url\=https://www.tmj4\.com/politics/health\-care/american\-hospital\-association\-warns\-of\-iv\-shortage\-after\-helene\-flooding \|access\-date\=October 8, 2024 \|work\=\[\[WTMJ\-TV]]}} The shutdown is anticipated to result in shortages of parenteral IV fluids through the end of 2024\.{{Cite journal\|url\=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/updates\-2024\-hurricane\-season/hurricane\-helene\-baxters\-manufacturing\-recovery\-north\-carolina\|title\=Hurricane Helene: Baxter's manufacturing recovery in North Carolina\|first\=Center for Drug Evaluation and\|last\=Research\|date\=October 11, 2024\|journal\=FDA\|via\=www.fda.gov}}
#### Florida
{{Strongest Florida landfalling hurricanes\|align\=right}}
By the morning of September 26, 2024, thousands in the [Tampa Bay area](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_area "Tampa Bay area") were experiencing power outages.{{Cite web \|last\=Sloan \|first\=Kaycee \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|title\=Thousands of Tampa Bay area residents without power amid Hurricane Helene \|url\=https://www.wfla.com/weather/tracking\-the\-tropics/thousands\-of\-tampa\-bay\-area\-residents\-without\-power\-amid\-hurricane\-helene/ \|access\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|website\=WFLA 8 \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926145918/https://www.wfla.com/weather/tracking\-the\-tropics/thousands\-of\-tampa\-bay\-area\-residents\-without\-power\-amid\-hurricane\-helene/ \|url\-status\=live }} Wind gusts reached {{convert\|64\|mph\|kph\|abbr\=on}} in [Fort Lauderdale](/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%2C_Florida "Fort Lauderdale, Florida") and {{convert\|67\|mph\|kph\|abbr\=on}} in [Naples](/wiki/Naples%2C_Florida "Naples, Florida").{{Cite web \|last1\=Erdman \|first1\=Jonathan \|last2\=Dolce \|first2\=Chris \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|title\=Hurricane Helene Nears Category 4 Florida Landfall \|url\=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2024\-09\-26\-hurricane\-helene\-forecast\-landfall\-florida\-southeast \|access\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|website\=The Weather Channel \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926131744/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2024\-09\-26\-hurricane\-helene\-forecast\-landfall\-florida\-southeast \|url\-status\=live }} Storm surges in [Steinhatchee](/wiki/Steinhatchee%2C_Florida "Steinhatchee, Florida") reached {{convert\|9\.63\|ft\|m}}.{{Cite web \|last1\=Nicholls \|first1\=Catherine \|last2\=Paddison \|first2\=Laura \|last3\=Salahieh \|first3\=Nouran \|last4\=Ebrahimji \|first4\=Alisha \|last5\=Zdanowicz \|first5\=Christina \|last6\=Chavez \|first6\=Nicole \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Live updates: Tropical Storm Helene plows through the Southeast after making landfall in Florida \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/weather/live\-news/hurricane\-helene\-florida\-georgia\-09\-27\-24/index.html\#cm1kg4kvg00003b6kj1m7ipkp \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=\[\[CNN]] \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927161855/https://www.cnn.com/weather/live\-news/hurricane\-helene\-florida\-georgia\-09\-27\-24/index.html\#cm1kg4kvg00003b6kj1m7ipkp \|url\-status\=live }} [Key West](/wiki/Key_West "Key West") experienced storm surge of {{Convert\|1 to 3\|ft\|m}}.{{Cite web \|last1\=Maugeri \|first1\=Steve \|last2\=Cone \|first2\=Allen \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|title\=Florida Keys feeling Hurricane Helene effects \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/florida\-keys\-feeling\-effects\-of\-hurricane\-helene\-several\-hundred\-miles\-away/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=CBS News \|language\=en\-US}} Storm surges reached {{Convert\|7\.18\|ft\|m}} in [Tampa](/wiki/Tampa%2C_Florida "Tampa, Florida").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.abcactionnews.com/weather/hurricane/record\-breaking\-storm\-surge\-hits\-most\-of\-tampa\-bay\-other\-parts\-of\-florida \|title\=Record\-breaking storm surge hits most of Tampa Bay, other parts of Florida \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930032716/https://www.abcactionnews.com/weather/hurricane/record\-breaking\-storm\-surge\-hits\-most\-of\-tampa\-bay\-other\-parts\-of\-florida \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|url\-status\=live \|work\=ABC Action News \|date\=September 27, 2024 }} About 1\.3 million people lost power in the state.{{Cite web \|last1\=Sundby \|first1\=Alex \|last2\=Dakss \|first2\=Brian \|last3\=Allen \|first3\=Jason \|last4\=Yeomans \|first4\=David \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Hurricane Helene makes landfall in Florida's Big Bend as Category 4 storm; well over 2 million without power \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane\-helene\-path\-florida/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=www.cbsnews.com \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927025100/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane\-helene\-path\-florida/ \|url\-status\=live }} The [Stan Gober Memorial Bridge](/wiki/Stan_Gober_Memorial_Bridge "Stan Gober Memorial Bridge") shut down due to flooding, and all sporting events in [Collier County](/wiki/Collier_County%2C_Florida "Collier County, Florida") on September 27 were canceled.[Live coverage: Latest on cleanup, Tesla fire, Naples Pier, waste and debris collection](https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/2024/09/27/hurricane-helenes-impacts-felt-wide-and-far-around-florida/75403078007/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930031541/https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/2024/09/27/hurricane\-helenes\-impacts\-felt\-wide\-and\-far\-around\-florida/75403078007/ \|date\=September 30, 2024 }}, Naples News, September 27, 2024
{{Most intense landfalling Florida hurricanes\|align\=right}}
Multiple [Waffle Houses](/wiki/Waffle_House "Waffle House") in [Tallahassee](/wiki/Tallahassee%2C_Florida "Tallahassee, Florida") and one in [Crawfordville](/wiki/Crawfordville%2C_Florida "Crawfordville, Florida") shut down, raising the [Waffle House Index](/wiki/Waffle_House_Index "Waffle House Index") to red, indicating the possibility of severe damage to the restaurant.{{Cite web \|last\=Christensen \|first\=Caroline \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|title\=Crawfordville Waffle House location closes as Helene barrels toward Big Bend \|url\=https://www.wctv.tv/2024/09/26/crawfordville\-waffle\-house\-location\-closes\-helene\-barrels\-toward\-big\-bend/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=WCTV \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926202203/https://www.wctv.tv/2024/09/26/crawfordville\-waffle\-house\-location\-closes\-helene\-barrels\-toward\-big\-bend/ \|url\-status\=live }} [Orlando International Airport](/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport "Orlando International Airport"), remaining open, saw 65 cancellations on September 26, and 92 cancellations occurred at [Miami International Airport](/wiki/Miami_International_Airport "Miami International Airport").{{cite news \|title\=Is Hurricane Helene aftermath slowing Florida travel? The latest on flights, airports \|work\=Miami Herald \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|url\= https://amp.miamiherald.com/living/travel/article293137164\.html \|access\-date\=October 2, 2024}}{{Cite web \|last\=Schneider \|first\=Michael \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|title\=Orlando International Airport remains open despite impending storm \|url\=https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\-helene\-tracker\-maps\-updates\#00000192\-3022\-d436\-a1d6\-b16685760000 \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=AP News \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926235639/https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\-helene\-tracker\-maps\-updates\#00000192\-3022\-d436\-a1d6\-b16685760000 \|url\-status\=live }} The Central Florida Pipeline, which supplies fuel used for jet planes between Tampa and Orlando, was reported to be damaged as a result taking on saltwater during Helene.{{Cite web \|date\=September 30, 2024 \|title\=Hurricane Helene knocks out jet\-fuel pipeline for Orlando International Airport \|url\=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2024/09/30/hurricane\-helene\-knocks\-out\-jet\-fuel\-pipeline\-for\-orlando\-international\-airport/ \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|website\=Orlando Sentinel \|language\=en\-US}} The pipeline is the only direct source of new jet fuel to Orlando International Airport; the airport is instead relying on trucking in fuel and reserves Several national parks experienced service disruptions due to the hurricane, with all services suspended at [Dry Tortugas National Park](/wiki/Dry_Tortugas_National_Park "Dry Tortugas National Park") due to storm surge.{{cite news \|title\=Conditions from Hurricane Helene vary at Florida National Parks \|url\=https://www.rvtravel.com/conditions\-hurricane\-helene\-vary\-florida\-national\-parks/ \|access\-date\=October 2, 2024 \|publisher\=RTravel \|date\=September 27, 2024}}
[thumb\|left\|The [Florida National Guard](/wiki/Florida_National_Guard "Florida National Guard") cleaning damage in [Keaton Beach, Florida](/wiki/Keaton_Beach%2C_Florida "Keaton Beach, Florida"), following Helene](/wiki/File:Florida_National_Guard_in_Keaton_Beach%2C_Florida_%28Hurricane_Helene%29.jpg "Florida National Guard in Keaton Beach, Florida (Hurricane Helene).jpg")
Seventeen fatalities have been reported in Florida, including at least eleven in [Pinellas County](/wiki/Pinellas_County%2C_Florida "Pinellas County, Florida");{{Cite news \|last\=Kumar \|first\=Divya \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Saturday live updates: Helene death toll rises, communities recover \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/28/helene\-death\-toll\-water\-power\-tampa\-pinellas/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928163658/https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/28/helene\-death\-toll\-water\-power\-tampa\-pinellas/ \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|work\=Tampa Bay Times}}{{Cite web \|title\=Pinellas County death toll rises to 11 after Hurricane Helene: PCSO \|url\=https://www.fox13news.com/news/pinellas\-county\-death\-toll\-rises\-11\-after\-hurricane\-helene\-pcso.amp \|access\-date\=October 2, 2024 \|website\=www.fox13news.com}} two in Tampa involving a car accident where a sign fell on a car on [I\-4](/wiki/Interstate_4 "Interstate 4"), along with an elderly woman who drowned inside her house; and one in [Dixie County](/wiki/Dixie_County%2C_Florida "Dixie County, Florida") involving a tree falling on a home.{{Cite news \|last\=Kumar \|first\=Divya \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Helene deaths in Tampa Bay now at 11 \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/28/hurricane\-helene\-death\-toll\-pinellas/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928141505/https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/28/hurricane\-helene\-death\-toll\-pinellas/ \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|work\=Tampa Bay Times}}{{Cite web \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Hurricane Helene downgraded to tropical storm; at least 7 dead, millions without power \|url\=https://abc30\.com/post/hurricane\-helene\-downgraded\-tropical\-storm\-3\-dead/15362541/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=ABC 30 \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927120655/https://abc30\.com/post/hurricane\-helene\-downgraded\-tropical\-storm\-3\-dead/15362541/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Hurricane Helene: Highway sign on top of car traveling on I\-4 in Tampa, fatality reported \|url\=https://www.fox13news.com/news/hurricane\-helene\-highway\-sign\-top\-car\-traveling\-i\-4\-tampa\-fatality\-reported \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=Fox 13 Tampa Bay \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927020904/https://www.fox13news.com/news/hurricane\-helene\-highway\-sign\-top\-car\-traveling\-i\-4\-tampa\-fatality\-reported \|url\-status\=live }} Of the deaths in Pinellas, ten have been drownings and one was caused by an electrical fire that started after water rushed into a home. The Taylor County Sheriff's Office posted to social media asking for those who did not evacuate to write their birthday and other important information on their bodies in permanent marker and to email the similar information and their location to them to help search and rescue teams.{{Cite web \|last\=Everett \|first\=Richard \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Florida sheriff asks residents who refused to evacuate to write information on body for identification after Helene landfall \|url\=https://www.wdhn.com/weather/hurricane\-helene/florida\-sheriff\-asks\-residents\-who\-refused\-to\-evacuate\-to\-write\-information\-on\-body\-for\-identification\-after\-helene\-landfall/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=WDHN ABC \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927125335/https://www.wdhn.com/weather/hurricane\-helene/florida\-sheriff\-asks\-residents\-who\-refused\-to\-evacuate\-to\-write\-information\-on\-body\-for\-identification\-after\-helene\-landfall/ \|url\-status\=live }} [Pasco County Sheriff's Office](/wiki/Pasco_County_Sheriff%27s_Office "Pasco County Sheriff's Office") rescued around 200 people in water emergencies.{{Cite web \|last\=Paul \|first\=Gabriella \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Pasco emergency officials 'prepare for body recovery' in wake of Helene's storm surge \|url\=https://www.wusf.org/weather/2024\-09\-27/pasco\-emergency\-body\-recovery\-wake\-hurricane\-helene\-storm\-surge \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=WUSF \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927135429/https://www.wusf.org/weather/2024\-09\-27/pasco\-emergency\-body\-recovery\-wake\-hurricane\-helene\-storm\-surge \|url\-status\=live }} In [Citrus County](/wiki/Citrus_County%2C_Florida "Citrus County, Florida"), over 100 people and 50 pets were rescued after ten feet of storm surge hit the area.{{Cite web \|last1\=Suter \|first1\=Ashley \|last2\=Rousseau \|first2\=Beth \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=More than 100 residents rescued in Citrus County amid 10 feet of floodwaters \|url\=https://www.wfla.com/news/local\-news/citrus\-county/more\-than\-100\-residents\-rescued\-in\-citrus\-county\-amid\-10\-feet\-of\-floodwaters/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=WFLA \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928031935/https://www.wfla.com/news/local\-news/citrus\-county/more\-than\-100\-residents\-rescued\-in\-citrus\-county\-amid\-10\-feet\-of\-floodwaters/ \|url\-status\=live }} In total, over 1,000 people had to be rescued in the Tampa Bay area.{{Cite web \|last\=Sullivan \|first\=Dan \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Tampa Bay saw more than 1,000 rescues during Hurricane Helene \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/27/hurricane\-helene\-tampa\-bay\-florida\-rescues\-flooding/ \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024 \|website\=Tampa Bay Times \|language\=en}}
Following the storm surge, multiple buildings in [Clearwater Beach](/wiki/Clearwater_Beach "Clearwater Beach") caught fire.{{Cite news \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=RAW VIDEO: Structure fires burn near each other in Clearwater Beach after Hurricane Helene \|url\=https://www.wtsp.com/video/weather/hurricane\-helene\-house\-fire\-clearwater\-beach/67\-01830b79\-7f4f\-4e51\-b0a6\-aa3d69693671 \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|work\=\[\[WTSP]]}} According to [Taylor County](/wiki/Taylor_County%2C_Florida "Taylor County, Florida") sheriff Wayne Padgett, 90% of homes in [Keaton Beach](/wiki/Keaton_Beach%2C_Florida "Keaton Beach, Florida") were destroyed.{{Cite web \|last\=Hoffmann \|first\=Matt \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\='All gone': Taylor County leaders estimate 90% of Keaton Beach homes destroyed \|url\=https://www.wctv.tv/2024/09/27/all\-gone\-taylor\-county\-leaders\-estimate\-90\-keaton\-beach\-homes\-destroyed/ \|access\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|website\=WCTV \|language\=en}} At least 24 businesses and 70 homes were also destroyed in [Gulfport](/wiki/Gulfport%2C_Florida "Gulfport, Florida").{{Cite web \|last\=DeGregory \|first\=Lane \|date\=September 29, 2024 \|title\=Gulfport, like so many Tampa Bay communities, picks up Helene's pieces \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/28/gulfport\-like\-so\-many\-tampa\-bay\-communities\-picks\-up\-helenes\-pieces/ \|access\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|website\=Tampa Bay Times \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929002626/https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/28/gulfport\-like\-so\-many\-tampa\-bay\-communities\-picks\-up\-helenes\-pieces/ \|url\-status\=live }} In [Manatee County](/wiki/Manatee_County%2C_Florida "Manatee County, Florida"), 230,471 structures were affected, with residential damage estimated at $347\.2 million, while commercial damage reached $6\.3 million, for a combined total of $353\.5 million.{{Cite web \|last1\=Mendoza \|first1\=Jesse \|last2\=Szymanowska \|first2\=Gabriela \|date\=September 29, 2024 \|title\=Locals return to Anna Maria Island homes and businesses broken by Hurricane Helene \|url\=https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/local/2024/09/29/desantis\-sets\-aggressive\-timeline\-for\-temporary\-road\-on\-anna\-maria\-island\-helene/75435467007/ \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024 \|website\=\[\[Herald Tribune]] \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|last1\=King\|first1\=Elizabeth\|date\=2024\-10\-05 \|title\=Helene damage estimates in Sarasota, Manatee surpass $1 billion \|url\=https://www.businessobserverfl.com/news/2024/oct/05/helene\-damage\-sarasota\-manatee/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-06 \|website\=Business Observer \|language\=en}} In [Bradenton](/wiki/Bradenton%2C_Florida "Bradenton, Florida"), 194 homes and seven commercial buildings suffered major damage, with the damage estimated at $41 million total.{{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=October 2, 2024 \|title\=City of Bradenton releases its latest Helene damage totals \|url\=https://www.mysuncoast.com/2024/10/02/city\-bradenton\-releases\-its\-latest\-helene\-damage\-totals/ \|access\-date\=October 4, 2024 \|website\=ABC7 \|language\=en}} In total, across Manatee and [Sarasota County](/wiki/Sarasota_County%2C_Florida "Sarasota County, Florida"), the damage is estimated at $1\.1 billion, with $755\.7 million in Sarasota County, 3,137 buildings are also damaged or destroyed in the county.{{Cite web\|first1\=Elizabeth\|last1\=King\|date\=2024\-10\-05 \|title\=Helene damage estimates in Sarasota, Manatee surpass $1 billion \|url\=https://www.businessobserverfl.com/news/2024/oct/05/helene\-damage\-sarasota\-manatee/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-06 \|website\=Business Observer \|language\=en}}
Despite not directly affecting [Volusia County](/wiki/Volusia_County%2C_Florida "Volusia County, Florida"), gale\-force gusts downed several trees, with a peak of {{Convert abbreviated\|53\|mph\|km/h}} in the county. More than 9,000 residents were without power as of September 27\. In [Edgewater](/wiki/Edgewater%2C_Volusia_County%2C_Florida "Edgewater, Volusia County, Florida"), a carport blew over while a tree fell through the roof of a mobile home in the Sea Horse Mobile Home Park. A large tree fell into a duplex\-style home through the roof in [Seminole County](/wiki/Seminole_County%2C_Florida "Seminole County, Florida"), affected only by the storm's outer bands.{{Cite web \|last\=Silver \|first\=Catherine \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\='This branch fell right beside me:' Helene sends tree through roof of Casselberry Home \|url\=https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2024/09/27/this\-branch\-fell\-right\-beside\-me\-helene\-sends\-tree\-through\-roof\-of\-casselberry\-home/ \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|website\=WKMG \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930033230/https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2024/09/27/this\-branch\-fell\-right\-beside\-me\-helene\-sends\-tree\-through\-roof\-of\-casselberry\-home/ \|url\-status\=live }} Seminole County saw 2,427 people without power, while neighboring [Orange County](/wiki/Orange_County%2C_Florida "Orange County, Florida") saw 4,476 customers without power. In [Apopka](/wiki/Apopka%2C_Florida "Apopka, Florida"), the outer bands tore the roof off of a home.{{Cite web \|last\=Roberts \|first\=Treasure \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Outer bands of Helene damage Orange County home, ripping off roof \|url\=https://www.clickorlando.com/weather/hurricane/2024/09/28/outer\-bands\-of\-helene\-damage\-orange\-county\-home\-ripping\-off\-roof/ \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024 \|website\=WKMG \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Kremposky \|first\=Averi \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Hurricane Helene's devastating impacts leave more than a million Floridians without power \|url\=https://www.wesh.com/article/helene\-florida\-power\-outages/62401442 \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|website\=WESH \|language\=en}}
Elsewhere, in [Flagler County](/wiki/Flagler_County%2C_Florida "Flagler County, Florida"), the highest gusts recorded were in [Marineland](/wiki/Marineland%2C_Florida "Marineland, Florida"), which had winds of {{Convert abbreviated\|63\|mph\|km/h}}. Approximately 20,000 residents lost power from September 26 and 27\. A tree fell through a roof at home in [Palm Coast](/wiki/Palm_Coast%2C_Florida "Palm Coast, Florida"), while in [Palm Beach](/wiki/Palm_Beach%2C_Florida "Palm Beach, Florida"), a "small scarp" received a local surge of {{Convert abbreviated\|18\|in\|mm}}.{{cite news \|last1\=Carillo \|first1\=Brenno \|title\=Volusia\-Flagler spared from worst of Hurricane Helene despite downed trees, power outages \|url\=https://www.news\-journalonline.com/story/weather/2024/09/27/hurricane\-helene\-sends\-tropical\-force\-winds\-to\-volusia\-flagler/75410414007/ \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|work\=Daytona Beach News\-Journal Online \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930031544/https://www.news\-journalonline.com/story/weather/2024/09/27/hurricane\-helene\-sends\-tropical\-force\-winds\-to\-volusia\-flagler/75410414007/ \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Georgia
{{main\|Effects of Hurricane Helene in Georgia}}
[thumb\|left\|Radar loop showing Hurricane Helene over Georgia](/wiki/File:KJGX_Helene_Loop.gif "KJGX Helene Loop.gif")
In [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), the [National Weather Service](/wiki/National_Weather_Service "National Weather Service") in [Peachtree City](/wiki/Peachtree_City "Peachtree City") issued the city's first\-ever [flash flood emergency](/wiki/Flash_flood_warning%23Emergency "Flash flood warning#Emergency") due to Atlanta having its heaviest 3\-day rainfall totals in 104 years.{{Cite web \|last\=Yablonski \|first\=Steven \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|title\=Helene continues deadly onslaught across Southeast, prompting first\-ever Flash Flood Emergency in Atlanta \|url\=https://www.foxweather.com/weather\-news/tracking\-hurricane\-helene\-florida\-landfall \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927050952/https://www.foxweather.com/weather\-news/tracking\-hurricane\-helene\-florida\-landfall \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=Fox Weather \|language\=en\-US}}{{cite news \|last1\=Oberholtz \|first1\=Chris \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Watch: Fox Weather meteorologist rescues woman from rising floodwaters in Atlanta \|url\=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/fox\-meteorologist\-rescue\-woman\-floodwaters\-atlanta \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|work\=\[\[WAGA\-TV]] \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927143421/https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/fox\-meteorologist\-rescue\-woman\-floodwaters\-atlanta \|url\-status\=live }} Rainfall totals over 48 hours in the city reached {{convert\|11\.12\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}}, the most the city has seen in 48 hours since recordkeeping began in 1878\.{{cite news \|url\=https://amp.ledger\-enquirer.com/news/weather\-news/article293149019\.html \|title\=Hurricane Helene sets Columbus weather record. A statistical look at the storm's impact \|work\=\[\[Columbus Ledger\-Enquirer]] \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930032108/https://amp.ledger\-enquirer.com/news/weather\-news/article293149019\.html \|url\-status\=live }} About 25 people had to be rescued from floods in Atlanta.{{Cite web \|last\=Oberholtz \|first\=Chris \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Watch: Fox Weather meteorologist rescues woman from rising floodwaters in Atlanta \|url\=https://www.foxweather.com/extreme\-weather/fox\-weather\-bob\-van\-dillen\-rescues\-woman\-flood\-georgia \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|website\=Fox Weather \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930041322/https://www.foxweather.com/extreme\-weather/fox\-weather\-bob\-van\-dillen\-rescues\-woman\-flood\-georgia \|url\-status\=live }} Localized urban flooding was also reported on multiple interstates like [I\-285](/wiki/Interstate_285_%28Georgia%29 "Interstate 285 (Georgia)"), [I\-85](/wiki/Interstate_85_in_Georgia "Interstate 85 in Georgia"), [I\-75](/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Georgia "Interstate 75 in Georgia"){{cite news\|last1\=Saunders\|first1\=Patrick \|title\=Helene leaves 25 dead in Georgia, state of emergency declared in Atlanta \|url\= https://www.wabe.org/breaking\-tropical\-storm\-helene\-leaves\-over\-1\-million\-without\-power\-in\-georgia\-flash\-flood\-emergency\-in\-place\-in\-atlanta/ \|work\=\[\[WABE (FM)\|WABE]] \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024}} and many other interstate systems encompassing Atlanta. More significant flooding occurred in [Buckhead](/wiki/Buckhead "Buckhead") due to overflowing of the [Peachtree Creek](/wiki/Peachtree_Creek "Peachtree Creek"), which flooded multiple surrounding apartment complexes. Other flooding occurred in areas around [Metro Atlanta](/wiki/Metro_Atlanta "Metro Atlanta").{{cite web \|title\= Water Rescue \|url\= https://www.facebook.com/share/p/PXJGABokhtR3x68J/?mibextid\=WaXdOe \|website\= Facebook.com \|publisher\= Newnan Coweta Scanner Traffic \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024}} The [Chattahoochee River](/wiki/Chattahoochee_River "Chattahoochee River") overflowed its banks in multiple areas around [Fulton County, Georgia](/wiki/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia "Fulton County, Georgia") and in downstream counties which prompted a water rescue in [Coweta County](/wiki/Coweta_County "Coweta County").{{cite news\|last1\=Tuman\|first1\=Lindsay \|title\=Helene forces residents of Peachtree Park Apartments out of homes \|url\=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/helene\-forces\-residents\-peachtree\-park\-apartments\-out\-homes.amp \|work\=Fox5 Atlanta \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024}} Three tornadoes were spawned by Helene in the state,{{cite report \|author\=National Weather Service in Columbia, South Carolina \|title\=NWS Damage Survey Summary for Hurricane Helene (9/26\-27/2024\) Tornadoes \|url\=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil\=PNSCAE\&e\=202410010002\&bbb\=CCA\|publisher\=National Weather Service\|date\=October 1, 2024 \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024}}{{cite report\|author\=National Weather Service in Jacksonville, Florida\|title\=NWS Damage Survey for 09/26/2024 Tornado Event\|url\=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil\=PNSJAX\&e\=202409301958\|publisher\=National Weather Service \|date\=September 30, 2024\|access\-date\=September 30, 2024}} including one that killed two people in [Wheeler County](/wiki/Wheeler_County%2C_Georgia "Wheeler County, Georgia") when it overturned their mobile home.{{Cite web \|last\=Cawthon \|first\=Graham \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Officials: 2 dead in Southeast Georgia after winds pick up home, blow it into peanut field \|url\=https://www.wjcl.com/article/jeff\-davis\-county\-georgia\-hurricane\-helene\-death/62399438 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927120818/https://www.wjcl.com/article/jeff\-davis\-county\-georgia\-hurricane\-helene\-death/62399438 \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|url\-status\=live \|website\=WJCL \|language\=en}} The Wheeler County tornado was rated an EF1, while the other two have been rated EF0\.
[thumb\|Damaged traffic signal in [Augusta](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Georgia "Augusta, Georgia") on September 30\.](/wiki/File:Damaged_traffic_signals_in_Augusta%2C_Georgia_after_Hurricane_Helene.webp "Damaged traffic signals in Augusta, Georgia after Hurricane Helene.webp")
[Rabun County](/wiki/Rabun_County%2C_Georgia "Rabun County, Georgia") officials ordered the evacuation of people living below a dam at [Lake Rabun](/wiki/Lake_Rabun "Lake Rabun") after officials were forced to open a third floodgate, inundating several roads and trapping people in their communities in the southern part of the county. Four homes were destroyed by falling trees in [White County](/wiki/White_County%2C_Georgia "White County, Georgia") and [Habersham County](/wiki/Habersham_County%2C_Georgia "Habersham County, Georgia"), but no injuries were reported.{{Cite news \|last1\=Wellmeier \|first1\=Brian \|last2\=Purcell \|first2\=Joy \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Clean up efforts in Northeast Georgia still underway \|url\=https://nowhabersham.com/northeast\-georgia\-spared\-brunt\-of\-storm\-as\-helene\-shifts\-eastward/ \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|work\=Now Habersham}} Rabun County's emergency management department said many roads were left "impassable" by the storm and that most residents were without power into September 27, urging them to stay home to allow rescue and cleanup personnel to work uninterrupted. The [Hiwassee River](/wiki/Hiwassee_River "Hiwassee River") in [Towns County](/wiki/Towns_County%2C_Georgia "Towns County, Georgia") crested at over {{convert\|10\|ft\|m\|spell\=in}}, just {{convert\|1\|ft\|m\|spell\=in}} below the record, and flooded pastures and parts of a campground, but campers were not reached.{{Cite news \|last\=Kempner \|first\=Matt \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=North Georgia digs out from Helene as some floodwaters head south \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/news/georgia\-news/mountainous\-north\-georgia\-skirts\-some\-of\-damage\-seen\-in\-carolinas\-tennessee/7H7IZ4OS6VGJDFPSEPR3IYDGHQ/ \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|work\=\[\[The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution]]}}
Over a million customers lost electric power in the state during Helene due to trees falling on power lines across the state and high wind speeds. There are over 400,000 people still without electricity as of September 29\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/more\-than\-1\-million\-georgians\-without\-power\-after\-tropical\-storm\-helene/BLVUNG5SJRAKFP6T3AMUJGI7PQ/?outputType\=amp \|title\=More than 1 million Georgians without power after Tropical Storm Helene \|work\=\[\[WSB\-TV]] \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928025533/https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/more\-than\-1\-million\-georgians\-without\-power\-after\-tropical\-storm\-helene/BLVUNG5SJRAKFP6T3AMUJGI7PQ/?outputType\=amp \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|last\=Aaro \|first\=David \|title\=Helene aftermath: Flooding, power outages continue after deadly storm \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/news/atlanta\-news/helene\-aftermath\-flooding\-power\-outages\-continue\-after\-deadly\-storm/2SXBQNB5RBBRTAXW7UPK3GNYTE/ \|access\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|work\=The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution \|language\=English \|issn\=1539\-7459 \|archive\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929224918/https://www.ajc.com/news/atlanta\-news/helene\-aftermath\-flooding\-power\-outages\-continue\-after\-deadly\-storm/2SXBQNB5RBBRTAXW7UPK3GNYTE/ \|url\-status\=live }} At least 115 structures in [Valdosta](/wiki/Valdosta%2C_Georgia "Valdosta, Georgia") were heavily damaged.{{Cite news \|last1\=Faheid \|first1\=Dalia \|last2\=Watson \|first2\=Michelle \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Over 50 dead as Helene unleashes life\-threatening flooding \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/28/weather/hurricane\-helene\-florida\-georgia\-carolinas/index.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928093340/https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/28/weather/hurricane\-helene\-florida\-georgia\-carolinas/index.html \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|work\=CNN}} Preliminary damage estimates according to governor [Brian Kemp](/wiki/Brian_Kemp "Brian Kemp") is at US$417 million.{{Cite web \|last\=Homan \|first\=Maya \|title\=Total damage from Hurricane Helene reaches $417 million, expected to grow 'substantially' \|url\=https://www.onlineathens.com/story/news/state/2024/10/03/one\-week\-after\-hurricane\-helene\-total\-damage\-surpasses\-417\-million/75498098007/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-04 \|website\=Online Athens \|language\=en\-US}} The timber industry in the state sustained $1\.28 billion in damage.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-10\-11 \|title\=Georgia timber industry down $1 billion after Hurricane Helene damage \|url\=https://www.13wmaz.com/article/news/community/hurricane\-helene\-devastates\-georgias\-timber\-industry\-causing\-over\-1\-billion\-in\-damages/93\-dc888a4b\-42f7\-4635\-9307\-93c982d2867f \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-13 \|website\=WMAZ \|language\=en\-US}} In total, agricultural damages reached $6\.46 billion.{{Cite web \|last\=Williams \|first\=Dave \|title\=UGA early estimates set losses to Georgia farms due to Hurricane Helene at $6\.46 billion \|url\=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/state/2024/10/11/georgia\-farmers\-lost\-an\-estimated\-6\-46\-billion\-due\-to\-hurricane\-helene/75617469007/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-16 \|website\=The Augusta Chronicle \|language\=en\-US}}
Helene caused major damage to Georgia's poultry farms, causing damage or total destruction to 107 facilities.{{Cite web \|last\=Torrella \|first\=Kenny \|date\=October 1, 2024 \|title\=Helene just pummeled America's chicken farming capital \|url\=https://www.vox.com/future\-perfect/374940/hurricane\-helene\-georgia\-chicken\-poultry\-farms \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024 \|website\=\[\[Vox Media\|Vox]] \|language\=en\-US}} Georgia and surrounding regions produce almost half of the 9 billion chickens consumed annually across the United States, and manure runoff from the damaged facilities raised alarms about the quality of streams and groundwater.
Injuries and deaths were reported throughout the state, including the two fatalities from the aforementioned tornado in Wheeler County. In total, 33 people died from the storm in the state.{{cite news \|title\=Georgia death toll from Hurricane Helene rises to 33, Gov. Kemp says \|url\=https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2024/10/03/watch\-live\-gov\-kemp\-gives\-update\-hurricane\-helene\-relief\-efforts/ \|access\-date\=October 9, 2024 \|publisher\=Atlanta News First \|date\=October 3, 2024}}
{{clear}}
#### North Carolina
{{main\|Effects of Hurricane Helene in North Carolina}}
[thumb\|Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard ([US\-64](/wiki/U.S._Route_64_in_North_Carolina "U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina")) West in [Henderson County, North Carolina](/wiki/Henderson_County%2C_North_Carolina "Henderson County, North Carolina"), on September 27](/wiki/File:2024-09-27-us-64-henderson-county.jpg "2024-09-27-us-64-henderson-county.jpg")
At least 115 people were confirmed to have been killed by Helene in North Carolina, including at least 40 in [Buncombe County](/wiki/Buncombe_County%2C_North_Carolina "Buncombe County, North Carolina") alone,{{Cite web \|last\=Lankford \|first\=Ciara \|date\=October 8, 2024 \|title\=89 verified storm\-related deaths in North Carolina following Helene: NCDHHS \|url\=https://www.qcnews.com/news/u\-s/north\-carolina/84\-verified\-storm\-related\-deaths\-in\-north\-carolina\-following\-helene\-ncdhhs/ \|access\-date\=October 9, 2024 \|website\=Queen City News \|language\=en\-US}} while about 200 more were left unaccounted for in the state.{{cite web \|last1\=Jervis \|first1\=Rick \|last2\=Cann \|first2\=Christopher \|title\=Hurricane Helene death toll may rise; at least 200 missing in NC: Friday updates \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/10/04/hurricane\-helene\-death\-toll\-aftermath\-live\-updates/75509868007/ \|publisher\=USA Today \|access\-date\=4 October 2024}}{{Cite web \|date\=September 30, 2024 \|title\=Helene live updates: At least 90 dead in storm; Trump expected to visit hard\-hit Georgia city \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/live\-blog/helene\-deadly\-storm\-live\-updates\-rcna173203 \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|website\=NBC News \|language\=en}} Two people, a 4\-year\-old girl in [Claremont](/wiki/Claremont%2C_North_Carolina "Claremont, North Carolina") and a 58\-year\-old man in [Gastonia](/wiki/Gastonia%2C_North_Carolina "Gastonia, North Carolina"), were killed in traffic collisions during rains caused by Helene.{{Cite web \|last\=Marusak \|first\=Joe \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|title\=Girl, 4, killed in wreck during Hurricane Helene rains, NC State Highway Patrol says \|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/weather\-news/article293094159\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928030051/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/weather\-news/article293094159\.html \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=The Charlotte Observer}} At least 879,000 customers in the state lost power.[Helene hammers NC with water and wind](https://carolinapublicpress.org/65628/helene-hammers-nc-with-water-and-wind/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930035306/https://carolinapublicpress.org/65628/helene\-hammers\-nc\-with\-water\-and\-wind/ \|date\=September 30, 2024 }}, Carolina Public Press, September 27, 2024 In [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"), high winds from Helene caused a tree to fall onto a residence, killing one person and seriously injuring another.{{Cite tweet \|number\=1839614301729943964 \|user\=CharlotteFD \|title\=At approximately 5:11 a.m., Charlotte Fire responded to an emergency on the 4200 block of Brookway Drive, where a tree had fallen onto a home, trapping two people inside. One person was rescued and transported to a nearby hospital. Tragically, the other person was found deceased.}} In [Winston\-Salem](/wiki/Winston-Salem%2C_North_Carolina "Winston-Salem, North Carolina"), heavy rains and high winds caused a large tree to fall on a gas station, damaging two vehicles.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wxii12\.com/article/north\-carolina\-winston\-salem\-downtown\-gas\-station\-awning\-off\-hurricane\-helene\-winds/62409054\|title\=Winston\-Salem downtown gas station awning torn down during Helene's winds\|first\=DaVonté\|last\=McKenith\|date\=September 27, 2024\|website\=WXII}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://journalnow.com/news/local/weather/gallery\-hurricane\-helene\-remnants\-damage\-winston\-salem/collection\_bc305526\-7cf7\-11ef\-b57a\-ffd2cebb3029\.html\|title\=Gallery: Hurricane Helene remnants damage Winston\-Salem\|first\=Walt \|last\=Unks\|date\=September 27, 2024\|website\=Winston\-Salem Journal}} Residents living downstream of [Lake Lure](/wiki/Lake_Lure_%28North_Carolina%29 "Lake Lure (North Carolina)") were ordered to evacuate as its dam was overtopped by water and imminent failure was expected. Lake Lure Dam was later evaluated, and no imminent failure was expected, although erosion on both sides of the dam and compromise of the structural supports were reported.{{Cite web \|last\=Barker \|first\=Aaron \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=North Carolina dam failure imminent: People near Lake Lure urged to seek higher ground amid Helene's flooding \|url\=https://www.foxweather.com/weather\-news/lake\-lure\-dam\-emergency\-north\-carolina\-flooding\-helene \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=Fox Weather \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927170253/https://www.foxweather.com/weather\-news/lake\-lure\-dam\-emergency\-north\-carolina\-flooding\-helene \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=North Carolina dam overtopped is not expected to fail, officials say \|url\=https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\-helene\-tracker\-maps\-updates\#00000192\-348e\-d582\-a1b7\-36bf53220000 \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=AP News \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926235639/https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\-helene\-tracker\-maps\-updates\#00000192\-348e\-d582\-a1b7\-36bf53220000 \|url\-status\=live }} One woman in the town of [Lake Lure](/wiki/Lake_Lure%2C_North_Carolina "Lake Lure, North Carolina") was rescued with her dog after being stranded inside a collapsed house along a riverbank.{{Cite news \|last\=Quillin \|first\=Martha \|date\=September 29, 2024 \|title\='There's just nothing left.' Helene wipes out Chimney Rock's Main Street \|url\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\-carolina/article293159444\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930033019/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\-carolina/article293159444\.html \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|work\=The News and Observer}} Eight tornadoes were spawned by Helene in the state.{{cite web \|author1\=Various \[\[National Weather Service]] offices \|title\=Damage Assessment Toolkit \|url\=https://apps.dat.noaa.gov/stormdamage/damageviewer/ \|website\=DAT \|publisher\=\[\[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] \|date\=2024 \|format\=Interactive map and database}} This included a brief but intense low\-end EF3 tornado that impacted the north side of [Rocky Mount](/wiki/Rocky_Mount%2C_North_Carolina "Rocky Mount, North Carolina"), damaging 14 buildings and injuring 15 people, including four critically.{{Cite web \|last1\=Moore \|first1\=Mary Helen \|last2\=Wagner \|first2\=Adam \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=4 critically hurt after tornado associated with Helene hits Eastern NC city \|url\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/weather\-news/article293142264\.html \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=The News \& Observer \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928030154/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/weather\-news/article293142264\.html \|url\-status\=live }} Five of the other tornadoes were rated EF1, while the remaining two were rated EF0\.
Areas in the [Black Mountains region](/wiki/Black_Mountains_%28North_Carolina%29 "Black Mountains (North Carolina)") in the western part of the state were particularly devastated. Residents of [Swannanoa](/wiki/Swannanoa%2C_North_Carolina "Swannanoa, North Carolina") also reported that no search and rescue operations had reached their location as of September 29, leaving several residents who had not prepared for the degree of flooding without food or drinkable water.{{Cite web \|last\=King \|first\=Kimberly \|date\=September 29, 2024 \|title\=Swannanoa community devastated by flood damage after Hurricane Helene \|url\=https://www.wlos.com/news/local/swannanoa\-community\-devastated\-flood\-damage\-after\-hurricane\-helene\-search\-and\-rescue\-highway\-70\-deputies\-buncombe\-county \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|website\=WLOS \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930043900/https://www.wlos.com/news/local/swannanoa\-community\-devastated\-flood\-damage\-after\-hurricane\-helene\-search\-and\-rescue\-highway\-70\-deputies\-buncombe\-county \|url\-status\=live }} Data from the National Weather Service indicated that over {{convert\|19\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} of rain fell in areas upstream of [Chimney Rock](/wiki/Chimney_Rock%2C_North_Carolina "Chimney Rock, North Carolina"), leading to devastating floodwaters that destroyed half of the village, including half of the businesses on the southern side of the village near the [Broad River](/wiki/Broad_River_%28Carolinas%29 "Broad River (Carolinas)").{{Cite news \|last1\=Jackson \|first1\=Drew \|last2\=Marusak \|first2\=Joe \|last3\=Quillin \|first3\=Martha \|last4\=Oehrli \|first4\=Ryan \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Devastating Helene: 400 roads closed in Western NC, 200 people rescued from floods \|url\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\-carolina/article293178834\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930032743/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\-carolina/article293178834\.html \|work\=\[\[The News \& Observer]] \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|url\-status\=live }} The downtown of [Elkin](/wiki/Elkin%2C_North_Carolina "Elkin, North Carolina") was heavily damaged by floodwaters from the [Yadkin River](/wiki/Yadkin_River "Yadkin River").{{Cite web \|last\=Harrison \|first\=Kitsey Burns \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Downtown Elkin nearly under water near Yadkin River \|url\=https://www.elkintribune.com/townnews/meteorology/downtown\-elkin\-nearly\-under\-water\-near\-yadkin\-river/article\_cf83d80a\-7cde\-11ef\-89dd\-af0b1c1d1d5c.html \|website\=\[\[The Tribune (Elkin, North Carolina)\|Elkin Tribune]]}} The [Catawba River](/wiki/Catawba_River "Catawba River") flooded [Morganton](/wiki/Morganton%2C_North_Carolina "Morganton, North Carolina") and left thousands of residents without power.{{Cite web \|last\=Lunsford \|first\=Erica \|date\=September 29, 2024 \|title\=Morganton community sticking close after severe flooding from Helene \|url\=https://www.wbtv.com/2024/09/29/morganton\-community\-sticking\-close\-after\-severe\-flooding\-helene/ \|access\-date\=4 October 2024 \|website\=\[\[WBTV]]}} The Oxford Dam, at Lake Hickory on the Catawba River, spilled over.{{Cite news \|title\=A county by county look at Helene's devastation in western NC \|url\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\-carolina/article293248659\.html \|url\-status\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930235836/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\-carolina/article293248659\.html?taid\=66fb2673bd37650001ccb6b4\&utm\_campaign\=trueanthem\&utm\_medium\=social\&utm\_source\=twitter \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|work\=\[\[The News \& Observer]]}} More than 400 roads were closed in the western part of the state, and over 200 people had to be rescued from floods.
[thumb\|Devastation in [Asheville, North Carolina](/wiki/Asheville%2C_North_Carolina "Asheville, North Carolina") – at the intersection of [Swannanoa River Road (NC\-81\)](/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_81 "North Carolina Highway 81") and Azalea Road – caused by Hurricane Helene](/wiki/File:Devastation_in_Asheville_after_Hurricane_Helene.jpg "Devastation in Asheville after Hurricane Helene.jpg")
A curfew was issued for [Asheville](/wiki/Asheville%2C_North_Carolina "Asheville, North Carolina") due to the damage that occurred inside the city.{{Cite web \|last\=Raby \|first\=John \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Curfew issued in western North Carolina community hit hard by Helene \|url\=https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\-helene\-tracker\-maps\-updates\#00000192\-3554\-d0a0\-a9d6\-f77e37a90000 \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|publisher\=AP News \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926235639/https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\-helene\-tracker\-maps\-updates\#00000192\-3554\-d0a0\-a9d6\-f77e37a90000 \|url\-status\=live }} The city broke their record for two\-day rainfall, recording {{convert\|9\.87\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} of rain.{{cite web \|url\=https://weather.com/safety/hurricane/news/2024\-09\-27\-hurricane\-helene\-recap\-surge\-rainfall\-flood\-florida\-southeast \|title\=Hurricane Helene Recap: Catastrophic Surge, Inland Flooding From Florida To The Appalachians \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929121659/https://weather.com/safety/hurricane/news/2024\-09\-27\-hurricane\-helene\-recap\-surge\-rainfall\-flood\-florida\-southeast \|archive\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|work\=The Weather Channel \|date\=September 27, 2024 }} There were sporadic reports of [looting](/wiki/Looting "Looting") with theft of non\-essential items such as [sports apparel](/wiki/Sportswear_%28activewear%29 "Sportswear (activewear)") and [athletic shoes](/wiki/Athletic_shoes "Athletic shoes") during the height of the storm.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.wfmynews2\.com/article/weather/severe\-weather/hurricane\-helene\-buncombe\-county\-officials\-give\-updates\-on\-asheville\-black\-mountain/83\-11e5ed34\-a700\-4fe9\-9c9b\-9f2c48f0f6bc\|title\=Helene aftermath: Buncombe officials give updates on Asheville, more\|website\=wfmynews2\.com\|first1\=Jeremy \|last1\=Vernon \|first2\=Itinease \|last2\=McMiller \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930055917/https://www.wfmynews2\.com/article/weather/severe\-weather/hurricane\-helene\-buncombe\-county\-officials\-give\-updates\-on\-asheville\-black\-mountain/83\-11e5ed34\-a700\-4fe9\-9c9b\-9f2c48f0f6bc \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|date\=September 28, 2024\|access\-date\=September 30, 2024\|url\-status\=live }} The [French Broad River](/wiki/French_Broad_River "French Broad River") crested at {{convert\|24\.67\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}}, and the Swannanoa River reached {{convert\|26\.1\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}}, both higher than the all\-time records set by the [Flood of 1916](/wiki/Floods_in_the_United_States_%281900%E2%80%931999%29%23Southeast_floods_%E2%80%93_July_1916 "Floods in the United States (1900–1999)#Southeast floods – July 1916").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\-carolina/article293178834\.html\|title\=At least 10 people dead in Western NC from Helene, 200 rescued from floods\|last1\=Jackson\|first1\=Drew\|last2\=Marusak\|first2\=Joe\|last3\=Quillin\|first3\=Martha\|last4\=Oehrli\|first4\=Ryan\|work\=\[\[News and Observer]]\|date\=September 28, 2024}}{{cite news\|title\=Asheville residents see cars, home floating\|last\=Hofmann\|first\=Will\|work\=\[\[Asheville Citizen\-Times]]\|date\=October 1, 2024\|page\=A3}} Almost the entirety of [Biltmore Village](/wiki/Biltmore_Village "Biltmore Village") and the [River Arts District](/wiki/River_Arts_District "River Arts District") were flooded, and the city was largely isolated due to loss of power and cell service.{{Cite web \|title\=Asheville's historic Biltmore Village submerged in water after Hurricane Helene \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/asheville\-s\-historic\-biltmore\-village\-submerged\-in\-water\-after\-hurricane\-helene\-220337221801 \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|website\=NBC News \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928005028/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/asheville\-s\-historic\-biltmore\-village\-submerged\-in\-water\-after\-hurricane\-helene\-220337221801 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|first1\=Erik \|last1\=Verduzco \|first2\=Travis \|last2\=Loller \|first3\=George IV \|last3\=Walker \|publisher\=Associated Press \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Asheville has been isolated after Helene wrecked roads and knocked out power and cell service \|url\=https://www.local10\.com/news/2024/09/28/asheville\-has\-been\-largely\-cut\-off\-after\-helene\-wrecked\-roads\-and\-knocked\-out\-power\-and\-cell\-service/ \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|website\=WPLG \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930035310/https://www.local10\.com/news/2024/09/28/asheville\-has\-been\-largely\-cut\-off\-after\-helene\-wrecked\-roads\-and\-knocked\-out\-power\-and\-cell\-service/ \|url\-status\=live }} Landslides around Asheville forced sections of [I\-26](/wiki/Interstate_26_in_North_Carolina "Interstate 26 in North Carolina") and [I\-40](/wiki/Interstate_40_in_North_Carolina "Interstate 40 in North Carolina") to close, and triggered a flash flood emergency for the location.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.axios.com/local/atlanta/2024/09/27/helene\-flash\-flood\-emergency\-hurricane\-north\-carolina\-georgia \|title\=Tropical Storm Helene: 'Flash flood emergency' explained \|work\=Axios \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|access\-date\=4 October 2024 }}{{Cite web \|last\=Lyons \|first\=Pat \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Helene Live Updates: 20 Dead as Destruction Spreads Across Southeast \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/27/weather/hurricane\-helene\-florida \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=The New York Times \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927100311/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/27/weather/hurricane\-helene\-florida \|url\-status\=live }} Access to Asheville was cut off from September 27–28 via I\-26 to South Carolina.{{cite news \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/hurricane\-helene\-asheville\-flooding\-north\-carolina\-tennessee\-078a298cdcaaf46749f3f6683a4e1057 \|title\=Asheville has been isolated after Helene wrecked roads and knocked out power and cell service \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930035355/https://apnews.com/article/hurricane\-helene\-asheville\-flooding\-north\-carolina\-tennessee\-078a298cdcaaf46749f3f6683a4e1057 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|work\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|url\-status\=live \|date\=28 September 2024 \|access\-date\=4 October 2024 }} A curfew was also issued for [Boone](/wiki/Boone%2C_North_Carolina "Boone, North Carolina") after high winds and torrential rain caused flooding, sink holes, and power outages throughout [Watauga County](/wiki/Watauga_County%2C_North_Carolina "Watauga County, North Carolina").{{Cite web \|last1\=Lee \|first1\=Hank \|last2\=DeVayne \|first2\=Richard \|last3\=Pierre \|first3\=Jesse \|date\=September 30, 2024 \|title\=Long, challenging recovery ahead for Boone after Helene's devastation \|url\=https://www.wcnc.com/article/weather/weather\-impact/boone\-helene\-recovery\-flooding\-power\-outages\-downed\-trees/275\-a4030e8a\-ce38\-4b2d\-9ae3\-b9f00073ca29 \|website\=\[\[WCNC\-TV]]}}
[Appalachian State](/wiki/Appalachian_State_University "Appalachian State University")'s football game against [Liberty](/wiki/Liberty_University "Liberty University") was canceled due to flooding and was not rescheduled.{{Cite web \|last\=Backus \|first\=Will \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Appalachian State vs. Liberty canceled: Effects from Hurricane Helene nix nonconference clash in Week 5 \|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/college\-football/news/appalachian\-state\-vs\-liberty\-canceled\-effects\-from\-hurricane\-helene\-nix\-nonconference\-clash\-in\-week\-5/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=CBS Sports \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928014625/https://www.cbssports.com/college\-football/news/appalachian\-state\-vs\-liberty\-canceled\-effects\-from\-hurricane\-helene\-nix\-nonconference\-clash\-in\-week\-5/ \|url\-status\=live }} A mudslide and floodwaters from the [Pigeon River](/wiki/Pigeon_River_%28Tennessee%E2%80%93North_Carolina%29 "Pigeon River (Tennessee–North Carolina)") washed out a section of [I\-40](/wiki/I-40 "I-40") at the North Carolina–Tennessee border, forcing another closure.{{Cite web \|last\=Raby \|first\=John \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=A mudslide and floodwaters wash out interstate at the North Carolina\-Tennessee state line \|url\=https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\-helene\-tracker\-maps\-updates\#00000192\-34ea\-d436\-a1d6\-b5eee82e0000 \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=AP News \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926235639/https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\-helene\-tracker\-maps\-updates\#00000192\-34ea\-d436\-a1d6\-b5eee82e0000 \|url\-status\=live }} The Pigeon River rose to more than {{convert\|25\|ft\|m\|abbr\=off}} in [Canton](/wiki/Canton%2C_North_Carolina "Canton, North Carolina"), higher than during [Hurricane Frances](/wiki/Hurricane_Frances "Hurricane Frances") in 2004 and [Tropical Storm Fred](/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Fred_%282021%29 "Tropical Storm Fred (2021)") in 2021\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.themountaineer.com/news/complete\-devastation\-canton\-ravaged\-by\-the\-worst\-flood\-yet/article\_dd39cc2e\-7d61\-11ef\-b837\-7394b404bbd0\.html\|title\='Complete devastation': Canton ravaged by the worst flood yet\|last\=Johnson\|first\=Becky\|work\=\[\[The Mountaineer]]\|date\=September 28, 2024\|access\-date\=September 30, 2024\|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930051118/https://www.themountaineer.com/news/complete\-devastation\-canton\-ravaged\-by\-the\-worst\-flood\-yet/article\_dd39cc2e\-7d61\-11ef\-b837\-7394b404bbd0\.html\|url\-status\=live}} In [Busick](/wiki/Busick%2C_North_Carolina "Busick, North Carolina"), rainfall totals reached {{convert\|30\.78\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}}.{{Cite web \|author\=National Weather Service Greenville \- Spartanburg\|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Here are the rainfall totals starting at 8 AM EDT Tuesday, September 24th through 8 AM Saturday, September 28th, following Hurricane Helene's departure. \|url\=https://x.com/NWSGSP/status/1840088090184167431 \|website\=\[\[X (Twitter)]] \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930044420/https://x.com/NWSGSP/status/1840088090184167431 \|url\-status\=live }} The [University of North Carolina at Asheville](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Asheville "University of North Carolina at Asheville") canceled all classes through October 9, along with Appalachian State campuses of Boone and [Hickory](/wiki/Hickory%2C_North_Carolina "Hickory, North Carolina") through October 11, and [Western Carolina University](/wiki/Western_Carolina_University "Western Carolina University") through October 4\.{{Cite web \|last\=Dean \|first\=Korie \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Some western NC universities to close doors for at least a week due to Helene rampage \|url\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\-carolina/article293188409\.html \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|website\=The News \& Observer \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928200042/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\-carolina/article293188409\.html \|url\-status\=live }} [Warren Wilson College](/wiki/Warren_Wilson_College "Warren Wilson College") and [Blue Ridge Community College](/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Community_College_%28North_Carolina%29 "Blue Ridge Community College (North Carolina)") announced they would remain closed for at least a week.{{Cite web \|last\=Blake \|first\=Jessica \|date\=October 1, 2024 \|title\='Long and Difficult' Recovery Ahead in N.C. \|url\=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/students/safety/2024/10/01/north\-carolina\-colleges\-slammed\-hurricane\-helene \|website\=Inside Higher Ed}} The [Asheville School](/wiki/Asheville_School "Asheville School"), a boarding school in Asheville, evacuated its students and announced the campus would remain closed until October 14\.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.ashevilleschool.org/news/extended\-campus\-closure/\|title\= Head of School Announcements October 1, 2024: Extended Campus Closure\|author\= \|date\= October 1, 2024\|website\= \[\[Asheville School]]\|access\-date\= October 1, 2024}} [Christ School](/wiki/Christ_School_%28North_Carolina%29 "Christ School (North Carolina)"), an all\-boys Episcopal boarding school in [Arden](/wiki/Arden%2C_North_Carolina "Arden, North Carolina"), was not evacuated and the campus was left without power until October 9\. Classes would resume six days later.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.christschool.org/article/message\-dr\-jenkins\|title\= A Message from Dr. Jenkins\|author\= \|date\= September 28, 2024\|website\= \[\[Christ School (North Carolina)\|Christ School]]\|access\-date\= October 1, 2024}}{{cite web \|url\= https://www.christschool.org/article/power\-back\-classes\-resume\-october\-15\|title\= Power Back On! Classes Resume October 15\|author\= \|date\= October 9, 2024\|website\= \[\[Christ School (North Carolina)\|Christ School]]\|access\-date\= October 9, 2024}}
The [North Carolina Department of Transportation](/wiki/North_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation "North Carolina Department of Transportation") (NCDOT) issued a statement on their website that all roads in western North Carolina should be considered closed.{{Cite web \|last\=Stradling \|first\=Richard \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=NCDOT says all roads in Western NC should be considered closed, even the big ones \|url\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/weather\-news/article293153234\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928070722/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/weather\-news/article293153234\.html \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|website\=The News and Observer}} [Lees\-McRae College](/wiki/Lees-McRae_College "Lees-McRae College") in [Banner Elk](/wiki/Banner_Elk%2C_North_Carolina "Banner Elk, North Carolina") evacuated their campus and as of September 29, all students were successfully evacuated with the assistance of the [North Carolina National Guard](/wiki/North_Carolina_National_Guard "North Carolina National Guard").
There were various non\-specific online posts using antisemitic rhetoric and threatening violence against FEMA officials in the aftermath of the storm.{{cite news \|last\= Medina\|first\= Eduardo\|date\= 8 October 2024\|title\= Antisemitism and Threats Directed at Officials Over Storm Response\|url\= https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/08/us/north\-carolina\-floods\-antisemitic\-social\-media.html\|work\= NY Times \|access\-date\=10 October 2024}}{{cite news \|last1\= Oremus \|first1\= Will\|last2\= Joselow\|first2\= Maxine \|date\= 8 October 2024\|title\= Officials face antisemitic attacks over Hurricane Helene response\|url\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/10/08/hurricane\-helene\-antisemitic\-misinformation\-x/\|newspaper\= Washington Post\|location\= \|access\-date\=}} In one instance, federal aid workers briefly paused or relocated their work in [Rutherford County](/wiki/Rutherford_County%2C_North_Carolina "Rutherford County, North Carolina"), North Carolina, as a result.{{Cite news \|last\=Sacks \|first\=Brianna \|date\=2024\-10\-14 \|title\=Hurricane recovery officials in N.C. relocated amid report of 'armed militia,' email shows \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/10/13/federal\-officials\-nc\-temporarily\-relocated\-amid\-report\-armed\-militia\-email\-shows/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-14 \|newspaper\=Washington Post \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=0190\-8286}} A 44\-year\-old North Carolina man was later arrested and charged in the Rutherford County incident after he was found with a handgun and a rifle at a supermarket serving as a storm relief site.{{Cite web \|last1\=Hughes \|first1\=Clyde \|last2\=Walsh \|first2\=Sheri \|date\=2024\-10\-14 \|title\=Suspect arrested after FEMA pauses Hurricane Helene work in North Carolina over threats \|url\=https://www.upi.com/Top\_News/US/2024/10/14/FEMA\-threats\-North\-Carolina\-Helene/6981728921477 \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-14 \|website\=United Press International \|language\=en}}
#### South Carolina
[thumb\|Uprooted and damaged trees on the campus of [Presbyterian College](/wiki/Presbyterian_College "Presbyterian College") in [Clinton, South Carolina](/wiki/Clinton%2C_South_Carolina "Clinton, South Carolina")](/wiki/File:Presbyterian_College_after_Hurricane_Helene%2C_September_2024.jpg "Presbyterian College after Hurricane Helene, September 2024.jpg")
Thirty\-six people were killed in South Carolina,{{Cite news \|last1\=Sundby \|first1\=Alex \|last2\=Dakss \|first2\=Brian \|last3\=Yeomans \|first3\=David \|last4\=Hanson \|first4\=Tom \|date\=September 30, 2024 \|title\=Helene death toll tops 100 as Southeast digs out from storm's devastation \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane\-helene\-path\-florida/ \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|work\=CBS News}} including six in [Spartanburg County](/wiki/Spartanburg_County%2C_South_Carolina "Spartanburg County, South Carolina") and [Greenville County](/wiki/Greenville_County%2C_South_Carolina "Greenville County, South Carolina"), four in [Aiken County](/wiki/Aiken_County%2C_South_Carolina "Aiken County, South Carolina"), and [Anderson County](/wiki/Anderson_County%2C_South_Carolina "Anderson County, South Carolina"), three in [Laurens County](/wiki/Laurens_County%2C_South_Carolina "Laurens County, South Carolina"), two in [Newberry County](/wiki/Newberry_County%2C_South_Carolina "Newberry County, South Carolina"), one in [Chesterfield County](/wiki/Chesterfield_County%2C_South_Carolina "Chesterfield County, South Carolina"),{{Cite news \|last\=Benjamin \|first\=Terry II \|date\=September 29, 2024 \|title\=Hurricane Helene\-related deaths reach 24 in South Carolina, with most in the Upstate \|url\=https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/local/2024/09/29/south\-carolina\-death\-toll\-grows\-tanderson\-co\-woman\-found\-dead\-after\-she\-was\-swept\-away\-by\-stormwater/75440400007/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240929211106/https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/local/2024/09/29/south\-carolina\-death\-toll\-grows\-tanderson\-co\-woman\-found\-dead\-after\-she\-was\-swept\-away\-by\-stormwater/75440400007/ \|archive\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|work\=The Greenville News}}{{Cite web \|last\=Rainey \|first\=Zach \|date\=September 30, 2024 \|title\=Death toll in Upstate continues to rise from Helene \|url\=https://www.wyff4\.com/article/south\-carolina\-helene\-deaths/62414502 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929104733/https://www.wyff4\.com/article/south\-carolina\-helene\-deaths/62414502 \|archive\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|website\=WYFF \|language\=en}} three in [Saluda County](/wiki/Saluda_County%2C_South_Carolina "Saluda County, South Carolina"), and one in [Greenwood County](/wiki/Greenwood_County%2C_South_Carolina "Greenwood County, South Carolina").{{Cite web \|last\=Collins \|first\=Jeffrey \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=At least 17 people have died in South Carolina \|url\=https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\-helene\-tracker\-maps\-updates\#00000192\-34c9\-d0a0\-a9d6\-f6ff9c1a0000 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926235639/https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\-helene\-tracker\-maps\-updates\#00000192\-34c9\-d0a0\-a9d6\-f6ff9c1a0000 \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=AP News}} Over 1\.3 million customers were without power in South Carolina, the most of any state impacted by Helene, with several counties experiencing a near\-complete loss of power.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.wistv.com/2024/09/27/hurricane\-helene\-causes\-thousands\-midlands\-residents\-lose\-power/ \|title\=Over 100K Midlands residents lose power as Helene sweeps southeast \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930051027/https://www.wistv.com/2024/09/27/hurricane\-helene\-causes\-thousands\-midlands\-residents\-lose\-power/ \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|url\-status\=live \|work\=WISTV \|date\=September 27, 2024 }} Wind gusts reached {{convert\|72\|mph\|kph\|abbr\=on}} in [Aiken](/wiki/Aiken%2C_South_Carolina "Aiken, South Carolina") and [Anderson](/wiki/Anderson%2C_South_Carolina "Anderson, South Carolina"),[Multiple deaths, widespread power outages across SC reported in wake of Tropical Storm Helene](https://scdailygazette.com/2024/09/27/multiple-deaths-widespread-power-outages-across-sc-reported-in-wake-of-tropical-storm-helene/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927180206/https://scdailygazette.com/2024/09/27/multiple\-deaths\-widespread\-power\-outages\-across\-sc\-reported\-in\-wake\-of\-tropical\-storm\-helene/ \|date\=September 27, 2024 }}, SC Daily Gazette, September 27, 2024 and {{convert\|75\|mph\|kph\|abbr\=on}} in [Beaufort](/wiki/Beaufort%2C_South_Carolina "Beaufort, South Carolina").{{cite news \|title\=Helene damage report: SC officials report highest wind gust in Beaufort clocked 75 mph \|url\=https://www.yahoo.com/news/hurricane\-helene\-damage\-report\-hilton\-124033311\.html \|access\-date\=October 2, 2024 \|agency\=The Island Packet \|publisher\=Yahoo \|date\=September 27, 2024}} Rainfall totals in the state peaked at {{convert\|21\.66\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} in [Rocky Bottom](/wiki/Rocky_Bottom%2C_South_Carolina "Rocky Bottom, South Carolina").{{cite news \|title\=Hurricane Helene: See the historic river level, rainfall, wind speed totals for the Upstate \|url\=https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/2024/09/28/what\-were\-the\-top\-as\-the\-rare\-the\-wind\-speedhow\-much\-rain\-did\-hurricane\-helenefell\-in\-the\-upstate\-sc/75430155007/ \|access\-date\=October 4, 2024 \|publisher\=Greenville Online \|date\=September 28, 2024}} Helene spawned 21 weak tornadoes in the state; five of them were rated EF1, another was rated EFU, and the remaining 15 were rated EF0\.
[Clemson University](/wiki/Clemson_University "Clemson University") faced major online backlash{{Cite web \|last\=cherrington@postandcourier.com \|first\=Caitlin Herrington \|date\=September 29, 2024 \|title\=Clemson blasted for holding football game in aftermath of Helene. University now cancels classes. \|url\=https://www.postandcourier.com/hurricanewire/clemson\-stanford\-helene\-criticism\-power\-outages/article\_b4d7d554\-7e89\-11ef\-a276\-f7f27bedfce5\.html \|access\-date\=October 2, 2024 \|website\=Post and Courier \|language\=en}} after deciding to host its September 28 homecoming football game against [Stanford](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), bringing 80,295 fans to campus, most of whom were non\-locals, at a time when the surrounding upstate, including the nearby city of [Clemson](/wiki/Clemson%2C_South_Carolina "Clemson, South Carolina") and town of [Central](/wiki/Central%2C_South_Carolina "Central, South Carolina"), were facing widespread power outages and gas shortages.{{Cite news \|last1\=Black \|first1\=Mitchell \|last2\=Mitchell \|first2\=Anna B. \|last3\=Boschult \|first3\=Christian \|last4\=White \|first4\=Abigail \|last5\=Simon \|first5\=Ben \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Gassing up after Helene: Upstate drivers wait up to an hour for a pump \- if they could find one \|url\=https://www.postandcourier.com/hurricanewire/gas\-fuel\-shortage\-helene\-upstate\-sc\-long\-lines/article\_538e3422\-7dc7\-11ef\-a941\-73e1ef7efbe9\.html \|access\-date\=October 2, 2024 \|work\=\[\[The Post and Courier]] \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Adams \|first\=Marsharia \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=South Carolina grapples with over a million power outages as Hurricane Helene hits \|url\=https://www.wach.com/news/local/south\-carolina\-grapples\-with\-over\-a\-million\-power\-outages\-as\-hurricane\-helene\-hits\-dominion\-duke\-energy\-outage\-powerlines\-blackout\-source\-lights \|access\-date\=October 2, 2024 \|website\=WACH \|language\=en}} Tailgaters put a heavy strain on already scarce supplies such as gas, hot food from the few local restaurants that remained open, and ice that residents needed to prevent their food from spoiling in the absence of power. Later, on September 28, Clemson University announced that it would be opening some of its powered facilities and offering free food, drinks, ice, charging stations, and showers to the community for members in need of respite following the storm. However, many criticized the university for not doing so sooner.{{Cite web \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Clemson to open several facilities for the community on Sunday \|url\=https://news.clemson.edu/clemson\-to\-open\-several\-facilities\-for\-community\-on\-sunday/ \|access\-date\=October 2, 2024 \|website\=Clemson News \|language\=en\-US}} Criticism continued when Clemson University announced that classes would be canceled on Monday, September 30, seemingly contradicting the earlier assertion that the area was recovered well enough to host a game.{{Cite news \|last\=Riddle \|first\=Lyn \|date\=October 1, 2024 \|title\=Outrage after Clemson holds football game but cancels classes following Helene damage in SC \|url\=https://www.thestate.com/news/state/south\-carolina/article293260659\.html \|work\=The State}}
In addition to Clemson, [Erskine College](/wiki/Erskine_College "Erskine College") was forced to postpone their football match against [University of West Alabama](/wiki/University_of_West_Alabama "University of West Alabama") and reschedule the matchup to November 16\.{{cite news \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Ryan \|title\=West Alabama Postpones Saturday's Game Due To Hurricane Helene Impacts \|url\=https://patch.com/alabama/tuscaloosa/amp/31897550/west\-alabama\-postpones\-saturdays\-game\-due\-to\-hurricane\-helene\-impacts \|access\-date\=October 2, 2024 \|publisher\=Patch \|date\=September 30, 2024}}
45,000 chickens were lost in one South Carolina poultry facility, and the storm is expected to have a major impact on local agriculture; South Carolina is a major supplier of chicken nationally to the United States. Manure runoff from the damaged chicken facilities poses a potential risk to groundwater and streams.
#### Tennessee
Helicopter crews rescued 58 people, with units from the [Virginia State Police](/wiki/Virginia_State_Police "Virginia State Police") assisting, from [Unicoi County](/wiki/Unicoi_County%2C_Tennessee "Unicoi County, Tennessee") Hospital in [Erwin](/wiki/Erwin%2C_Tennessee "Erwin, Tennessee") after the hospital was almost submerged entirely.{{Cite web \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=More than 50 people stranded on roof of Unicoi County Hospital \|url\=https://wcyb.com/news/local/patients\-and\-staff\-stranded\-on\-roof\-of\-unicoi\-county\-hospital \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=WCYB \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927190701/https://wcyb.com/news/local/patients\-and\-staff\-stranded\-on\-roof\-of\-unicoi\-county\-hospital \|url\-status\=live }} Part of a set of bridges on [US 23/I\-26](/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Tennessee "U.S. Route 23 in Tennessee")/[US 19W](/wiki/U.S._Route_19W "U.S. Route 19W") spanning the [Nolichucky River](/wiki/Nolichucky_River "Nolichucky River") in Erwin were completely washed away.{{cite news \|last\=Miller \|first\=Jim \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Interstates 26, 40 Shut By Flood Waters \|url\=https://wgrv.com/2024/09/28/interstates\-26\-40\-shut\-by\-flood\-waters/ \|work\=\[\[WGRV (AM)\|WGRV]] \|location\=Greeneville, Tennessee \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929074914/https://wgrv.com/2024/09/28/interstates\-26\-40\-shut\-by\-flood\-waters/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|last\=Lee \|first\=Murry \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=TDOT: I\-26 closed in Unicoi County due to flooding \|url\=https://www.wjhl.com/news/local/tdot\-state\-routes\-in\-northeast\-tennessee\-closed\-due\-to\-trees\-flooding/ \|work\=WJHL\-TV \|location\=Johnson City, Tennessee \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024}} The [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators "Nashville Predators") postponed a preseason game against the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning "Tampa Bay Lightning") to October 7 due to severe weather in the area.{{Cite web \|last\=Daugherty \|first\=Alex \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Hurricane Helene forces postponement of Predators vs. Lightning game at Amalie Arena \|url\=https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/nhl/predators/2024/09/27/hurricane\-helene\-amalie\-arena\-predators\-lightning\-preseason\-game\-postponed/75311445007/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=The Tennessean}} [Nashville](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee "Nashville, Tennessee") broke a daily rainfall record on September 27\.[How much rain has Nashville received from Tropical Storm Helene? See rain totals for Middle Tennessee](https://www.tennessean.com/story/weather/2024/09/27/how-much-rain-has-nashville-middle-tennessee-received-from-helene/75411069007/), The Tennessean, September 27, 2024 In [Morristown](/wiki/Morristown%2C_Tennessee "Morristown, Tennessee"), several trees fell, causing power lines to be snapped throughout the city.{{cite news \|title\=Lakeway Area dealing with the remnants of Hurricane Helene \|url\=https://www.citizentribune.com/news/local/lakeway\-area\-dealing\-with\-the\-remnants\-of\-hurricane\-helene/article\_7980d942\-7ce5\-11ef\-a507\-474d91332155\.html \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|work\=Citizen Tribune \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928030556/https://www.citizentribune.com/news/local/lakeway\-area\-dealing\-with\-the\-remnants\-of\-hurricane\-helene/article\_7980d942\-7ce5\-11ef\-a507\-474d91332155\.html \|url\-status\=live }} Wind gusts in [Sparta](/wiki/Sparta%2C_Tennessee "Sparta, Tennessee") reached {{convert\|44\|mph\|kph\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite news \|title\=Helene aftermath: Impacts, rainfall totals in Middle TN \|url\=https://www.wkrn.com/news/local\-news/helene\-aftermath\-impacts\-rainfall\-totals\-in\-middle\-tn/amp/ \|access\-date\=October 3, 2024 \|publisher\=WKRN \|date\=September 29, 2024}} In [Newport](/wiki/Newport%2C_Tennessee "Newport, Tennessee"), the [Pigeon River](/wiki/Pigeon_River_%28Tennessee%E2%80%93North_Carolina%29 "Pigeon River (Tennessee–North Carolina)") rose to over three times the flood stage and set a new record at {{convert\|26\|ft\|m}}, flooding portions of the town and nearby [I\-40](/wiki/Interstate_40_in_Tennessee "Interstate 40 in Tennessee").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/weather/2024/09/27/knoxville\-weather\-updates\-wind\-rain\-hurricane\-helene\-slams\-tennessee\-live/75399934007/\|title\=Live updates: Stranded people at East Tennessee hospital rescued\|first\=Sarah\|last\=Riley\|website\=Knoxville News Sentinel\|access\-date\=September 30, 2024\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928183835/https://www.knoxnews.com/story/weather/2024/09/27/knoxville\-weather\-updates\-wind\-rain\-hurricane\-helene\-slams\-tennessee\-live/75399934007/\|url\-status\=live}} As of October 1, 2024, across northeastern Tennessee, 85 people were still missing.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/weather/live\-news/hurricane\-helene\-damage\-north\-carolina\-10\-01\-24?t\=1727817913695 \|title\=Helene is second\-deadliest mainland US hurricane in past 50 years \|first1\=Brandon \|last1\=Miller \|publisher\=\[\[CNN]] \|date\=October 1, 2024 \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024 }}
Early on September 28, the [Tennessee Valley Authority](/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority "Tennessee Valley Authority") (TVA) utility company issued a Condition Red alert for the [Nolichucky Dam](/wiki/Nolichucky_Dam "Nolichucky Dam"), saying that a failure of the dam was imminent, and local authorities issued an evacuation order.{{Cite web \|title\=Failure Of Nolichucky Dam Imminent, Could Cause Life\-Threatening Flooding, TVA Says \|url\=https://www.msn.com/en\-us/weather/topstories/failure\-of\-nolichucky\-dam\-imminent\-could\-cause\-life\-threatening\-flooding\-tva\-says/ar\-AA1rm7aQ \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|website\=www.msn.com \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930034206/https://www.msn.com/en\-us/weather/topstories/failure\-of\-nolichucky\-dam\-imminent\-could\-cause\-life\-threatening\-flooding\-tva\-says/ar\-AA1rm7aQ \|url\-status\=live }} However, it was reported by late morning the same day that water levels along the [Nolichucky River](/wiki/Nolichucky_River "Nolichucky River") were lowering. The TVA was investigating the dam to figure out the next steps.{{Cite news \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Water Around Tennessee Dam Receding After Heavy Rain From Helene \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/28/weather/helene\-tennessee\-nolichucky\-dam\-evacuation.html \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930034207/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/28/weather/helene\-tennessee\-nolichucky\-dam\-evacuation.html \|url\-status\=live }} {{Convert\|12\|mi\|km\|abbr\=on}} northeast of the Nolichucky Dam, the Kinser Bridge, which is a part of [SR 107](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_107 "Tennessee State Route 107"), usually {{convert\|60\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}} above the Nolichucky River, collapsed after floodwaters overran the bridge.{{Cite web \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|title\=Bridge collapses into river in Tennessee amid flooding from Helene \|url\=https://www.wcax.com/2024/09/28/bridge\-collapses\-into\-river\-tennessee\-amid\-flooding\-helene/ \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|website\=WCAX \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930034208/https://www.wcax.com/2024/09/28/bridge\-collapses\-into\-river\-tennessee\-amid\-flooding\-helene/ \|url\-status\=live }} A total of five state\-maintained bridges were destroyed.{{cite news \|last\=Torres \|first\=Madalyn \|date\=September 30, 2024 \|title\=TDOT: 14 Tennessee bridges closed, 5 destroyed from flooding \|url\=https://www.wbir.com/article/traffic/tdot\-bridges\-helene\-flooding\-closures/51\-192edf45\-4b80\-4eb4\-a5b0\-92140304af01 \|work\=WBIR\-TV \|location\=Knoxville \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20240930220618/https://www.wbir.com/article/traffic/tdot\-bridges\-helene\-flooding\-closures/51\-192edf45\-4b80\-4eb4\-a5b0\-92140304af01 \|archivedate\=September 30, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024}} A [K\-9](/wiki/Police_dog "Police dog") for the Erwin Police Department named Scotty was found dead on September 28 after going missing during flooding in the [Bumpus Cove](/wiki/Bumpus_Cove%2C_Tennessee "Bumpus Cove, Tennessee") community.{{Cite news \|last\=Little \|first\=Faith \|date\=September 29, 2024 \|title\=Erwin PD: K\-9 Scotty found deceased following flood \|url\=https://www.wjhl.com/news/local/erwin\-pd\-k\-9\-scotty\-found\-deceased\-following\-flood/ \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|work\=\[\[WJHL\-TV]]}} Six employees who were trapped by flood waters at the Impact Plastics plant in Erwin were among the missing and dead, with one worker who survived and family members of the deceased saying workers were not told that they could leave until after flood waters had covered the road to the plant and it lost power. Impact Plastics released a statement expressing sympathy for the workers' deaths and said that employees had not been threatened with termination for leaving the plant.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-10\-02 \|title\=11 workers at a Tennessee factory were swept away in Hurricane Helene flooding. Only 5 were rescued \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/hurricane\-helene\-tennessee\-f7c4a460de588df7a4d5bc9efa756ecb \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-02 \|website\=AP News \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=September 30, 2024 \|title\=Helene floodwaters trapped Tennessee plastics plant employees, and some are among the missing and dead \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/hurricane\-tennessee\-deaths\-plastic\-factory\-rcna173351 \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024 \|website\=NBC News \|language\=en}}{{Cite news \|last\=Levine \|first\=Sam \|date\=October 1, 2024 \|title\=Tennessee plastics factory staff killed in Hurricane Helene reportedly told not to evacuate \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/us\-news/2024/oct/01/tennessee\-plastics\-factory\-hurricane \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024 \|work\=The Guardian \|language\=en\-GB \|issn\=0261\-3077}} The incident is under investigation by the [Tennessee Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Tennessee_Bureau_of_Investigation "Tennessee Bureau of Investigation").{{Cite news \|last\=Morgan\-Rumsey \|first\=Camruinn \|date\=October 2, 2024 \|title\=TBI investigating allegations against Impact Plastics, agency confirms\|url\=https://www.wvlt.tv/2024/10/02/tbi\-investigating\-allegations\-against\-impact\-plastics\-agency\-confirms/\|access\-date\=October 2, 2024 \|work\=WVLT 8}}
Following the storm, four state parks fully closed, with [Panther Creek State Park](/wiki/Panther_Creek_State_Park "Panther Creek State Park") experiencing trail closures and [Seven Islands State Birding Park](/wiki/Seven_Islands_State_Birding_Park "Seven Islands State Birding Park") having both trail and boat ramp closures.{{cite news \|title\=Impact of Hurricane Helene on Tennessee State Parks \|url\=https://tnstateparks.com/blog/impact\-of\-hurricane\-helene\-on\-tennessee\-state\-parks \|access\-date\=October 4, 2024 \|publisher\=Tennessee State Parks \|date\=October 3, 2024}}
#### Virginia
One person was killed in [Craig County](/wiki/Craig_County%2C_Virginia "Craig County, Virginia") after a tree fell onto a building.{{Cite web \|last\=Tucker \|first\=Emma \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=1 person dies in Craig County, Virginia in storm\-related tree fall, building collapse, gov says \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/weather/live\-news/hurricane\-helene\-florida\-georgia\-09\-27\-24\#cm1l7j5ei00003b6qifj1uo65 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927092454/https://www.cnn.com/weather/live\-news/hurricane\-helene\-florida\-georgia\-09\-27\-24/\#cm1l7j5ei00003b6qifj1uo65 \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|website\=CNN}} Another person was killed in [Tazewell County](/wiki/Tazewell_County%2C_Virginia "Tazewell County, Virginia") when a falling tree struck them as they were cleaning debris.{{Cite news \|last\=Jackson \|first\=Tynisha \|date\=September 29, 2024 \|title\=One person dead in Tazewell County after Hurricane Helene \|url\=https://www.wdbj7\.com/2024/09/29/one\-person\-dead\-tazewell\-county\-after\-hurricane\-helene/ \|access\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|work\=\[\[WDBJ]] \|archive\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929120637/https://www.wdbj7\.com/2024/09/29/one\-person\-dead\-tazewell\-county\-after\-hurricane\-helene/ \|url\-status\=live }} Rainfall reached {{convert\|12\.2\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} in the [Grayson Highlands](/wiki/Grayson_County%2C_Virginia "Grayson County, Virginia"),[One dead, five Va. communities under voluntary evacuation order from Tropical Depression Helene](https://virginiamercury.com/2024/09/27/one-dead-five-va-communities-under-voluntary-evacuation-order-from-tropical-depression-helene/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927215652/https://virginiamercury.com/2024/09/27/one\-dead\-five\-va\-communities\-under\-voluntary\-evacuation\-order\-from\-tropical\-depression\-helene/ \|date\=September 27, 2024 }}, VirginiaMercury, September 27, 2024 while [Galax](/wiki/Galax%2C_Virginia "Galax, Virginia") saw around {{cvt\|8\.6\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} of rain over a 72\-hour period. In the [New River Valley](/wiki/New_River_Valley "New River Valley"), high waters from Helene were seen as far north as [Radford University](/wiki/Radford_University "Radford University"). [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus%2C_Virginia "Damascus, Virginia") saw flooding of {{cvt\|19\.5\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite news \|last1\=Paullin \|first1\=Charlie \|title\=Hurricane Helene deaths in Virginia up to 2, future rain prompts more concern \|url\=https://virginiamercury.com/2024/09/30/hurricane\-helene\-deaths\-in\-virginia\-up\-to\-2\-future\-rain\-prompts\-more\-concern/ \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024 \|publisher\=Virginia Mercury \|date\=September 30, 2024}}
[thumb\|right\|Governor [Glenn Youngkin](/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin "Glenn Youngkin") surveying damage in Damascus after the storm](/wiki/File:Hurricane_Helene_Damage%2C_Damascus_-_9_28_24_%2854028180636%29.jpg "Hurricane Helene Damage, Damascus - 9 28 24 (54028180636).jpg")
Over 70 water rescue operations occurred in the state, with the [Virginia National Guard](/wiki/Virginia_National_Guard "Virginia National Guard") rappelling from helicopters and pulling people from cars. In [Albemarle County](/wiki/Albemarle_County%2C_Virginia "Albemarle County, Virginia"), one road was washed out. Elsewhere, [SR 670](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_670 "Virginia State Route 670") in [Madison County](/wiki/Madison_County%2C_Virginia "Madison County, Virginia") and [SR 637](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_637 "Virginia State Route 637") in [Greene County](/wiki/Greene_County%2C_Virginia "Greene County, Virginia") suffered heavy damage. [Claytor Lake](/wiki/Claytor_Lake "Claytor Lake") would suffer heavy pollution, with officials noting that their teams had found propane tanks and floating cars behind the dam. In [Pulaski County](/wiki/Pulaski_County%2C_Virginia "Pulaski County, Virginia"), initial estimates revealed that 45 homes were significantly impacted. At the same time, in [Giles County](/wiki/Giles_County%2C_Virginia "Giles County, Virginia"), more than 35 buildings were destroyed. Most of [US 21](/wiki/U.S._Route_21_in_Virginia "U.S. Route 21 in Virginia") along the mountainside outside of [Independence](/wiki/Independence%2C_Virginia "Independence, Virginia") in [Grayson County](/wiki/Grayson_County%2C_Virginia "Grayson County, Virginia") was destroyed, while [US 58](/wiki/U.S._Route_58 "U.S. Route 58") and [Virginia Creeper Trail](/wiki/Virginia_Creeper_Trail "Virginia Creeper Trail") were wiped out and will need to be rebuilt headed into Damascus. Access to [Taylors Valley](/wiki/Taylors_Valley%2C_Virginia "Taylors Valley, Virginia") in [Washington County](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Virginia "Washington County, Virginia") was cut off after the two bridges into the community were destroyed.{{Cite web \|last\=WCYB \|date\=2024\-10\-08 \|title\=Access restored to Taylors Valley community after Helene, VDOT says \|url\=https://wcyb.com/news/local/access\-restored\-to\-taylors\-valley\-community\-after\-helene\-vdot\-says \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-13 \|website\=WCYB \|language\=en}} In the city of [Radford](/wiki/Radford%2C_Virginia "Radford, Virginia"), the [New River](/wiki/New_River%2C_Virginia "New River, Virginia") crested at {{cvt\|31\.03\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}}, only being surpassed by a {{cvt\|35\.96\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}} crest on August 14, 1940, due to the remnants of the [1940 South Carolina hurricane](/wiki/1940_South_Carolina_hurricane "1940 South Carolina hurricane"). An EF1 tornado caused minor damage in [Bedford County](/wiki/Bedford_County%2C_Virginia "Bedford County, Virginia"), while an EF2 tornado in [Pittsylvania County](/wiki/Pittsylvania_County%2C_Virginia "Pittsylvania County, Virginia") injured one person, damaged 30 structures, and destroyed a mobile home.{{cite news \|title\=Storm cleanup continues across Southwest Virginia, as magnitude of devastation becomes clearer \|url\=https://cardinalnews.org/2024/09/30/storm\-cleanup\-continues\-across\-swva\-as\-magnitude\-of\-devastation\-becomes\-clearer/ \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024 \|publisher\=Cardinal News \|date\=September 30, 2024}} Another EF1 tornado blew down trees near [Keeling](/wiki/Keeling%2C_Virginia "Keeling, Virginia") as well. Power outages in the state affected 190,000 people.{{cite news \|title\=Long period of cleanup, recovery begins from Hurricane Helene's effects on SWVa \|url\=https://cardinalnews.org/2024/09/28/long\-period\-of\-cleanup\-recovery\-begins\-from\-hurricane\-helenes\-effects\-on\-swva/ \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|publisher\=Cardinal News \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930034209/https://cardinalnews.org/2024/09/28/long\-period\-of\-cleanup\-recovery\-begins\-from\-hurricane\-helenes\-effects\-on\-swva/ \|url\-status\=live }}
Following the storm, nine state parks and four preserves closed due to damage from Helene.{{cite news \|title\=Nine Virginia State Parks, four preserves see closures due to Helene damage \|url\=https://www.wric.com/news/virginia\-news/nine\-virginia\-state\-parks\-four\-preserves\-see\-closures\-due\-to\-helene\-damage/amp/ \|access\-date\=October 3, 2024 \|publisher\=WRIC \|date\=October 1, 2024}} In addition, numerous trails were closed in [Shenandoah National Park](/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park "Shenandoah National Park").{{cite news \|title\=Multiple trails at Shenandoah National Park closed due to flooding, downed trees \|url\=https://www.wric.com/news/western\-virginia/trails\-shenandoah\-closed\-flooding/amp/ \|access\-date\=October 3, 2024 \|publisher\=WRIC \|date\=September 30, 2024}} The entire [Blue Ridge Parkway](/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Parkway "Blue Ridge Parkway") was closed as well, though much of the Virginia segment of the highway re\-opened on October 11\.{{cite news \|title\=Nearly 200 miles of Blue Ridge Parkway reopens as long\-term work remains in North Carolina \|url\=https://fox59\.com/news/national\-world/nearly\-200\-miles\-of\-blue\-ridge\-parkway\-reopens\-as\-long\-term\-work\-remains\-in\-north\-carolina/amp/ \|access\-date\=October 14, 2024 \|publisher\=Fox59 \|date\=October 11, 2024}}
#### Elsewhere
[LaRue County, Kentucky](/wiki/LaRue_County%2C_Kentucky "LaRue County, Kentucky"), experienced up to {{convert\|3\.61\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} of rain.[Live updates: Louder Than Life cancels Friday show](https://www.courier-journal.com/story/weather/local/2024/09/27/hurricane-helene-louisville-weather-tropical-storm-helene/75406840007/), Courier Journal, September 27, 2024 A daily rainfall record was broken in [Lexington](/wiki/Lexington%2C_Kentucky "Lexington, Kentucky"). Wind gusts in [Morgan County](/wiki/Morgan_County%2C_Kentucky "Morgan County, Kentucky") exceeded {{convert\|60\|mph\|kph\|abbr\=on}}. Across Kentucky, nearly 220,000 customers lost power.{{cite news \|title\=Weather updates: 200,000\+ Kentucky homes without power as Hurricane Helene hits \|url\=https://amp.kentucky.com/news/local/article293131619\.html \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|publisher\=Lexington Herald Leader \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930040840/https://amp.kentucky.com/news/local/article293131619\.html \|url\-status\=live }} In [Jessamine County](/wiki/Jessamine_County%2C_Kentucky "Jessamine County, Kentucky"), the steeple of [Edgewood Baptist Church](/wiki/Edgewood_Baptist_Church "Edgewood Baptist Church") was blown off.{{cite news \|last1\=Williams \|first1\=Alyssa \|title\=Church building loses historic steeple in storm \|url\=https://www.wkyt.com/2024/09/29/church\-building\-loses\-historic\-steeple\-storm/ \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|publisher\=WKYT \|date\=September 29, 2024 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930044327/https://www.wkyt.com/2024/09/29/church\-building\-loses\-historic\-steeple\-storm/ \|url\-status\=live }} In Lexington alone, over 110,000 customers were without power.{{cite news \|last1\=Rickerby \|first1\=Maggie \|title\=Lexington residents are in the dark after Hurricane Helene \|url\=https://www.wkyt.com/2024/09/29/lexington\-residents\-are\-dark\-after\-hurricane\-helene/ \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|publisher\=WKYT \|date\=September 29, 2024 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 29, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929135154/https://www.wkyt.com/2024/09/29/lexington\-residents\-are\-dark\-after\-hurricane\-helene/ \|url\-status\=live }}
In West Virginia, heavy rainfall occurred. High water ran in [Bluefield](/wiki/Bluefield%2C_West_Virginia "Bluefield, West Virginia"), and trees blocked multiple roadways. Elsewhere in the state were fallen trees across parts of [Fayette County](/wiki/Fayette_County%2C_West_Virginia "Fayette County, West Virginia"). In [Mercer County](/wiki/Mercer_County%2C_West_Virginia "Mercer County, West Virginia"), more than 20,000 customers lost power due to Helene.{{cite news \|last1\=Eanes \|first1\=Brandon \|title\=PHOTOS: Tropical Storm Helene leaves damage across southern West Virginia \|url\=https://www.wvnstv.com/news/west\-virginia\-news/photos\-tropical\-storm\-helene\-leaves\-damage\-across\-southern\-west\-virginia/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|publisher\=WVNS TV (59 News) \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928015121/https://www.wvnstv.com/news/west\-virginia\-news/photos\-tropical\-storm\-helene\-leaves\-damage\-across\-southern\-west\-virginia/ \|url\-status\=live }} The [Denver Broncos](/wiki/Denver_Broncos "Denver Broncos"), who were practicing at the Greenbrier Resort due to having two consecutive east coast road games, were forced to hold one of their practices in the indoor tennis courts due to the heavy rainfall.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-09\-27 \|title\=Inside Broncos' unprecedented practice week at The Greenbrier Resort in West Virginia \|url\=https://www.denverpost.com/2024/09/27/broncos\-practice\-week\-greenbrier\-west\-virginia/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-03 \|website\=The Denver Post \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-09\-27 \|title\=Bronco notes: Practice served on indoor tennis courts \|url\=https://www.9news.com/article/sports/nfl/denver\-broncos/mike\-klis/bronco\-notes\-practice\-tennis\-courts/73\-d467bf46\-ecaa\-4566\-a01d\-439780c58a00 \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-03 \|website\=KUSA.com \|language\=en\-US}} Helene's rains have been primarily beneficial, alleviating drought conditions which were in the state since August 2024\.{{cite news \|last1\=Farrish \|first1\=Jessica \|title\=Experts say that recent rainfall will have little effect on drought conditions \|url\=https://www.wvnstv.com/news/experts\-say\-that\-recent\-rainfall\-will\-have\-little\-effect\-on\-drought\-conditions/ \|access\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|publisher\=WVNS TV (59 News) \|date\=September 26, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928002908/https://www.wvnstv.com/news/experts\-say\-that\-recent\-rainfall\-will\-have\-little\-effect\-on\-drought\-conditions/ \|url\-status\=live }} In [Huntington](/wiki/Huntington%2C_West_Virginia "Huntington, West Virginia"), a wind gust of {{convert\|70\|mph\|kph\|abbr\=on}} was recorded; which was the second highest wind gust ever recorded at that station. {{cite web \| url\=https://www.weather.gov/rlx/2024\-September\-27\-Helene \| title\=The Remnants of Helene Bring High Wind and Heavy Rain on September 27, 2024 to the NWS Charleston, WV Forecast Area }}
In Illinois, Helene's remnants produced heavy rains and high winds, causing several thousand outages.{{cite news \|title\=Rain, wind impacting central Illinois as Helene leaves trail of destruction across U.S. \|url\=https://www.wandtv.com/news/rain\-wind\-impacting\-central\-illinois\-as\-helene\-leaves\-trail\-of\-destruction\-across\-u\-s/article\_97e1ff00\-7d04\-11ef\-a3ca\-234cc6862442\.html \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|work\=WAND\-TV \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927220932/https://www.wandtv.com/news/rain\-wind\-impacting\-central\-illinois\-as\-helene\-leaves\-trail\-of\-destruction\-across\-u\-s/article\_97e1ff00\-7d04\-11ef\-a3ca\-234cc6862442\.html \|url\-status\=live }} The waves on [Lake Michigan](/wiki/Lake_Michigan "Lake Michigan") were as high as {{Convert\|10\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite web \|first11\=Mary Kay \|last1\=Kleist \|first2\=David \|last2\=Yeomans \|first3\=Albert \|last3\=Ramon \|title\=Chicago feeling remnants of Helene, winds of up to 55 mph possible Friday evening \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/remnants\-of\-helene\-beach\-hazard\-statement/ \|website\=CBS News \|publisher\=CBS \|access\-date\=September 28, 2024 \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927230034/https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/remnants\-of\-helene\-beach\-hazard\-statement/ \|url\-status\=live }} Portions of [Southern Illinois](/wiki/Southern_Illinois "Southern Illinois") exceeded {{convert\|6\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} of rain from the storm, which caused water levels on the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River "Ohio River") to jump by {{convert\|15\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}} following the storm. However, the rainfall in this region was largely beneficial due to drought conditions from a lack of rain earlier in the month.{{cite news \|title\=Fall begins with warm September in Illinois \|url\=https://www.effinghamdailynews.com/news/fall\-begins\-with\-warm\-september\-in\-illinois/article\_05335cf4\-8271\-11ef\-bad7\-8b34e144460f.html \|access\-date\=October 4, 2024 \|work\=Effingham Daily News \|date\=October 4, 2024}} About 100,000 power outages occurred in [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana "Indiana"),{{cite web \|url\=https://www.indystar.com/story/weather/indianapolis/2024/09/28/how\-much\-rain\-wind\-and\-damage\-did\-indiana\-get\-from\-hurricane\-helene\-high\-winds\-power\-outages/75427329007/ \|title\=Here's how much rain, wind and damage Indiana got from Hurricane Helene \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930051544/https://www.indystar.com/story/weather/indianapolis/2024/09/28/how\-much\-rain\-wind\-and\-damage\-did\-indiana\-get\-from\-hurricane\-helene\-high\-winds\-power\-outages/75427329007/ \|url\-status\=live}} and winds gusted up to {{Convert\|68\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite report \|title\=Damaging Winds from Remnants of Hurricane Helene \|url\=https://www.weather.gov/ind/sep272024helene \|publisher\=\[\[National Weather Service]] \|date\=September 28, 2024 \|location\=Indianapolis, Indiana \|access\-date\=October 1, 2024}} Rainfall in the state peaked at {{convert\|4\.89\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} in [Mt. Vernon](/wiki/Mt._Vernon%2C_Indiana "Mt. Vernon, Indiana"), with {{convert\|2\.02\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} of rain in [Downtown Indianapolis](/wiki/Downtown_Indianapolis "Downtown Indianapolis"); heavier rainfall totals occurred in the southern parts of the state.{{cite news \|last1\=Standridge \|first1\=Matt \|title\=How much rain from Helene has Indiana picked up so far? {{!}} Live Doppler 13 Weather Blog \|url\=https://www.wthr.com/article/weather/weather\-blog/hurricane\-helene\-rain\-rainfall\-totals\-indiana\-saturday\-friday\-how\-much\-water\-tracking/531\-d37b903a\-3a99\-47e3\-b21d\-e562897a1413 \|access\-date\=October 4, 2024 \|publisher\=WTHR \|date\=September 29, 2024}} One person was killed due to a fallen tree near [Griffin](/wiki/Griffin%2C_Indiana "Griffin, Indiana").
Over 120,000 customers lost power in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio").{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/local/2024/09/27/tropical\-storm\-helene\-columbus\-heavy\-wind\-rain\-power\-outages\-cancelations/75408701007/ \|title\=Power outages from Helene hit over 120,000 in Ohio, over 11,000 in Franklin County \|first\=Nathan \|last\=Hart \|website\=The Columbus Dispatch \|access\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930041923/https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/local/2024/09/27/tropical\-storm\-helene\-columbus\-heavy\-wind\-rain\-power\-outages\-cancelations/75408701007/\|url\-status\=live}} An estimated 1,000 households have sustained damage in [Scioto County](/wiki/Scioto_County%2C_Ohio "Scioto County, Ohio") due to unexpected heavy rainfall, with {{convert\|7\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} of rain falling within the span of a few hours. 400 damage reports have been filed as of September 30, 2024\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://signalcleveland.org/hurricane\-helenes\-aftermath\-leads\-to\-unexpected\-flooding\-in\-scioto\-county/\|title\=Hurricane Helene's aftermath leads to unexpected flooding in Scioto County \|first\=Andrew\|last\=Tobias \|website\=Signal Cleveland\|date\=September 30, 2024\|access\-date\=October 1, 2024}} In the city of [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati"), rainfall totals reached {{convert\|2\.05\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite news \|title\=How strong were winds from Helene leftovers Friday? See highest wind gust reports \|url\=https://www.wlwt.com/article/wind\-gusts\-cincinnati\-how\-strong\-were\-winds\-helene\-hurricane/62454484 \|access\-date\=October 2, 2024 \|publisher\=WLWT \|date\=September 27, 2024}} Wind gusts in the state reached {{convert\|67\|mph\|kph\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite web \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|url\=https://www.wcpo.com/weather/helene\-impact\-when\-winds\-will\-be\-highest\-and\-rain\-the\-heaviest \|title\=HELENE IMPACTS: High winds and heavy rain fading for most \|publisher\=WCPO \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927124016/https://www.wcpo.com/weather/helene\-impact\-when\-winds\-will\-be\-highest\-and\-rain\-the\-heaviest \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2024 \|url\-status\=deviated}}
In the state of [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama "Alabama"), over 3,000 customers lost power.{{cite news \|date\=September 27, 2024 \|title\=Hurricane Helene leads to power outage for thousands in Alabama \|work\=Montgomery Advisor \|url\=https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/local/alabama/2024/09/27/thousands\-in\-alabama\-without\-power\-after\-hurricane\-helene/75407705007/ \|access\-date\=October 2, 2024}} Isolated regions in [Geneva County](/wiki/Geneva_County%2C_Alabama "Geneva County, Alabama") and [Houston County](/wiki/Houston_County%2C_Alabama "Houston County, Alabama") experienced {{convert\|6\-8\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} of rain. However, a last\-second shift to the east lessened impacts throughout the state.{{cite news \|title\=Helene's impacts lessened across Alabama as last minute 'wobble' takes the storm east \|publisher\=WDHN \|url\=https://www.wdhn.com/weather/helenes\-impacts\-lessened\-across\-alabama\-as\-last\-minute\-wobble\-takes\-the\-storm\-east/amp/ \|access\-date\=October 2, 2024 \|date\=September 27, 2024}}
{{clear}}
|
[
"Impact\n------",
"### Honduras",
"[Honduras](/wiki/Honduras \"Honduras\") experienced heavy rains as a result of the [Central American gyre](/wiki/Central_American_gyre \"Central American gyre\") which preceded Helene.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rodríguez \\|first\\=Fernanda \\|date\\=September 24, 2024 \\|title\\=Fuertes lluvias azotarán Honduras debido a la depresión tropical 9, según César Quintanilla \\|url\\=https://www.televicentro.com/fuertes\\-lluvias\\-honduras\\-depresion\\-tropical\\-9\\-cesar\\-quintanilla\\-2024\\-09\\-24 \\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|website\\=TELEVICENTRO \\|language\\=es \\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925013003/https://www.televicentro.com/fuertes\\-lluvias\\-honduras\\-depresion\\-tropical\\-9\\-cesar\\-quintanilla\\-2024\\-09\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} As a result, the [Goascorán River](/wiki/Goascor%C3%A1n_River \"Goascorán River\") brought flooding to nearby communities located in low\\-lying areas through [Valle](/wiki/Valle_Department \"Valle Department\") and [Choluteca](/wiki/Choluteca_Department \"Choluteca Department\") departments, reaching a level over {{convert\\|.48\\|ft\\|m}}.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Mendoza \\|first\\=Elvis \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|title\\=Choluteca, Valle y El Paraíso otra vez azotados por las fuertes inundaciones \\|url\\=https://www.elheraldo.hn/honduras/choluteca\\-valle\\-el\\-paraiso\\-otra\\-vez\\-azotados\\-inundaciones\\-honduras\\-CD21773067 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927152707/https://www.elheraldo.hn/honduras/choluteca\\-valle\\-el\\-paraiso\\-otra\\-vez\\-azotados\\-inundaciones\\-honduras\\-CD21773067 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|website\\=El Heraldo \\|language\\=es}} A state of emergency was issued in [San Marcos de Colón](/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Col%C3%B3n \"San Marcos de Colón\"), Choluteca, due to overall damage caused by the storm.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|title\\=Por intensas lluvias declaran estado de emergencia en San Marcos de Colón, Choluteca \\|url\\=https://www.elheraldo.hn/honduras/lluvias\\-declaran\\-estado\\-emergencia\\-choluteca\\-DC21763752 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|website\\=El Heraldo \\|language\\=es \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926184404/https://www.elheraldo.hn/honduras/lluvias\\-declaran\\-estado\\-emergencia\\-choluteca\\-DC21763752 }} Nearly 30 homes were estimated to be affected in El Cubulero, [Alianza](/wiki/Alianza%2C_Honduras \"Alianza, Honduras\"), Valle. Due to high waves onshore, 120 families were affected in the coastal town of [Marcovia](/wiki/Marcovia \"Marcovia\"), Choluteca; at least one home was destroyed. Heavy rainfall left communities isolated and 50 people sheltered in [El Paraíso](/wiki/El_Para%C3%ADso_Department \"El Paraíso Department\") due to severe floods.",
"### Mexico",
"[thumb\\|375x375px\\|[Tropical Storm John](/wiki/Hurricane_John_%282024%29 \"Hurricane John (2024)\") along Mexico's Pacific coast and Hurricane Helene over the Gulf of Mexico on September 25](/wiki/File:Hurricane_Helene_and_Tropical_Storm_John_2024-09-25.jpg \"Hurricane Helene and Tropical Storm John 2024-09-25.jpg\")\nThe region around [Cancún](/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn \"Cancún\") received {{Convert\\|240\\|mm\\|in}} of rain. Over 120,000 customers, 14% of all [Comisión Federal de Electricidad](/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Federal_de_Electricidad \"Comisión Federal de Electricidad\") customers, lost power in Quintana Roo.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|title\\=Helene leaves Cancun behind and more than 120,000 without power \\|url\\=https://riviera\\-maya\\-news.com/helene\\-leaves\\-cancun\\-behind\\-and\\-more\\-than\\-120000\\-without\\-power/2024\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925210816/https://riviera\\-maya\\-news.com/helene\\-leaves\\-cancun\\-behind\\-and\\-more\\-than\\-120000\\-without\\-power/2024\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|website\\=Riviera Maya News \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Extreme flooding covering much of Isla Mujeres occurred. The island also experienced wind gusts up to {{Convert\\|69\\|mph\\|km/h}}.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Erdman \\|first1\\=Jonathan \\|last2\\=Dolce \\|first2\\=Chris \\|date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene A Surge, Flood, High Wind Danger \\|url\\=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2024\\-09\\-25\\-hurricane\\-tropical\\-storm\\-helene\\-forecast\\-florida\\-southeast \\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|website\\=The Weather Channel \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925102248/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2024\\-09\\-25\\-hurricane\\-tropical\\-storm\\-helene\\-forecast\\-florida\\-southeast \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Cancún and [Cozumel](/wiki/Cozumel \"Cozumel\") saw very rough surf, breaking the seawall in Cozumel and increasing beach erosion in Cancún.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|title\\=Helene becomes hurricane, is expected to intensify as it moves toward Florida \\|url\\=https://www.voanews.com/a/helene\\-strengthens\\-as\\-hurricane\\-warnings\\-cover\\-parts\\-of\\-florida\\-and\\-mexico\\-/7798524\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|website\\=Voice of America \\|language\\=en \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926014431/https://www.voanews.com/a/helene\\-strengthens\\-as\\-hurricane\\-warnings\\-cover\\-parts\\-of\\-florida\\-and\\-mexico\\-/7798524\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Flights at [Cozumel International Airport](/wiki/Cozumel_International_Airport \"Cozumel International Airport\") were delayed while [Cancún International Airport](/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn_International_Airport \"Cancún International Airport\") saw nearly 100 cancellations or delays. Only minor delays occurred at [Mérida Airport](/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_International_Airport \"Mérida International Airport\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|title\\=Helene deja saldo blanco en Yucatán, pero con calles inundadas y árboles caídos \\|url\\=https://www.poresto.net/yucatan/2024/9/26/helene\\-deja\\-saldo\\-blanco\\-en\\-yucatan\\-pero\\-con\\-calles\\-inundadas\\-y\\-arboles\\-caidos.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926142145/https://www.poresto.net/yucatan/2024/9/26/helene\\-deja\\-saldo\\-blanco\\-en\\-yucatan\\-pero\\-con\\-calles\\-inundadas\\-y\\-arboles\\-caidos.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|website\\=Por Esto! \\|language\\=es}} The companies most affected by Helene were [Viva Aerobus](/wiki/Viva_Aerobus \"Viva Aerobus\"), [Volaris](/wiki/Volaris \"Volaris\"), and [Aeromexico](/wiki/Aerom%C3%A9xico \"Aeroméxico\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|title\\='Helene' interrumpe vuelos a La Habana, Orlando, Miami y Yucatán, reporta Profeco \\|url\\=https://www.informador.mx/economia/Helene\\-interrumpe\\-vuelos\\-a\\-La\\-Habana\\-Orlando\\-Miami\\-y\\-Yucatan\\-reporta\\-Profeco\\-20240925\\-0188\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|website\\=El Informador \\|language\\=es\\-MX}} Trees fell and roofs were damaged across the Yucatán Peninsula.",
"A [gas explosion](/wiki/Gas_explosion \"Gas explosion\") occurred in Cancún during Helene,{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|title\\=Cancun firemen fight LP plaza gas blast in middle of Helene \\|url\\=https://riviera\\-maya\\-news.com/cancun\\-firemen\\-fight\\-lp\\-plaza\\-gas\\-blast\\-in\\-middle\\-of\\-helene/2024\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|website\\=Riviera Maya News \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925200624/https://riviera\\-maya\\-news.com/cancun\\-firemen\\-fight\\-lp\\-plaza\\-gas\\-blast\\-in\\-middle\\-of\\-helene/2024\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} but no fatalities were reported in Mexico.",
"### Caribbean",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A map highlighting areas affected by Hurricane Helene's tropical storm and hurricane\\-force wind fields](/wiki/File:Helene_2024_wind_history.png \"Helene 2024 wind history.png\")\n#### Cayman Islands",
"Over {{Convert\\|10\\|in\\|mm}} of rain fell onto the Cayman Islands.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|title\\=Cayman was caught in outer\\-band squalls of Helene – Cayman Islands Headline News \\|url\\=https://caymannewsservice.com/2024/09/cayman\\-was\\-caught\\-in\\-outer\\-band\\-squalls\\-of\\-helene/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=Cayman News Service \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925233729/https://caymannewsservice.com/2024/09/cayman\\-was\\-caught\\-in\\-outer\\-band\\-squalls\\-of\\-helene/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Heavy rainfall and large waves began affecting the Cayman Islands on September 24\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Coto \\|first1\\=Dánica \\|title\\=Heavy rains pelt the Cayman Islands as southeast US prepares for a major hurricane \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/tropical\\-weather\\-hurricane\\-caribbean\\-c7b70ac631e5fc5df86900b6ee141fb5 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2024 \\|work\\=AP News \\|date\\=September 24, 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924122807/https://apnews.com/article/tropical\\-weather\\-hurricane\\-caribbean\\-c7b70ac631e5fc5df86900b6ee141fb5 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Roads in [George Town](/wiki/George_Town%2C_Cayman_Islands \"George Town, Cayman Islands\") were flooded as rainfall produced by the storm caused 14 power outages, affecting 118 customers across Grand Cayman. The government began planning to buy land to aid in storm water management.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Whittaker \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|title\\=Man\\-made wetlands may be needed to manage increasing flood threat \\|url\\=https://www.caymancompass.com/2024/09/26/man\\-made\\-wetlands\\-may\\-be\\-needed\\-to\\-manage\\-increasing\\-flood\\-threat/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|website\\=Cayman Compass \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926062540/https://www.caymancompass.com/2024/09/26/man\\-made\\-wetlands\\-may\\-be\\-needed\\-to\\-manage\\-increasing\\-flood\\-threat/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} After Helene had passed, Grand Cayman was impacted by {{Convert\\|5\\-7\\|foot\\|m}} waves on September 26\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|title\\=All\\-clear issued for Cayman and recovery begins – Cayman Islands Headline News \\|url\\=https://caymannewsservice.com/2024/09/all\\-clear\\-issued\\-for\\-the\\-cayman\\-islands/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=Cayman News Service \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926231518/https://caymannewsservice.com/2024/09/all\\-clear\\-issued\\-for\\-the\\-cayman\\-islands/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Cuba",
"In Cuba, heavy rainfall occurred, with peak accumulations of {{Convert abbreviated\\|218\\.4\\|mm\\|in}} recorded in Presa Herradura and {{Convert abbreviated\\|186\\.8\\|mm\\|in}} in [Palacios](/wiki/Los_Palacios \"Los Palacios\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Heavy rains, gusty winds, and flooding in Pinar del Río due to Hurricane Helene. \\|url\\=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\\-09\\-25\\-u1\\-e129488\\-s27061\\-nid289019\\-deteriora\\-tiempo\\-pinar\\-rio\\-occidente\\-cuba \\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|work\\=CiberCuba \\|date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925170240/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\\-09\\-25\\-u1\\-e129488\\-s27061\\-nid289019\\-deteriora\\-tiempo\\-pinar\\-rio\\-occidente\\-cuba \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Elsewhere, [Punta del Este](/wiki/Punta_del_Este \"Punta del Este\") and [Isla de la Juventud](/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud \"Isla de la Juventud\") received {{Convert abbreviated\\|101\\|mm\\|in}}, Paso Real de San Diego received {{Convert abbreviated\\|78\\|mm\\|in}}, [Pinar del Río](/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo \"Pinar del Río\") received {{Convert abbreviated\\|72\\|mm\\|in}}, and Isabel Rubio received {{Convert abbreviated\\|70\\|mm}}.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Robinson \\|first1\\=Circles \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene Nears Yucatan Channel en Route to Florida \\|url\\=https://havanatimes.org/news/hurricane\\-helene\\-nears\\-yucatan\\-channel\\-en\\-route\\-to\\-florida/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|work\\=Havana Times \\|date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925161350/https://havanatimes.org/news/hurricane\\-helene\\-nears\\-yucatan\\-channel\\-en\\-route\\-to\\-florida/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In [Pinar del Río Province](/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo_Province \"Pinar del Río Province\"), 17 of the province's 24 reservoirs overflowed. Elsewhere, in El Palenque, road access was cut off due to flooding caused by Helene. Helene's winds caused a failure in the power lines that feed the Guanito transmitter, causing most of the territory, especially San Juan and Martínez, [Guane](/wiki/Guane \"Guane\"), [Mantua](/wiki/Mantua%2C_Cuba \"Mantua, Cuba\"), and [Minas de Matahambre](/wiki/Minas_de_Matahambre \"Minas de Matahambre\"), to suffer blackouts.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|title\\=Pinar del Río without radio and television signal due to a transmitter failure. \\|url\\=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\\-09\\-25\\-u1\\-e135253\\-s27061\\-nid289049\\-pinar\\-rio\\-senal\\-radio\\-television\\-falla\\-transmisor \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|website\\=CiberCuba \\|language\\=en}} Gale\\-force winds were recorded in the provinces of [Isla de la Juventud](/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud \"Isla de la Juventud\") and Pinar del Río.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 25, 2024 \\|title\\=Cuban President Calls for Cautiousness amidst Heavy Rains \\|url\\=http://www.cubanews.acn.cu/cuba/25255\\-cuban\\-president\\-calls\\-for\\-cautiousness\\-amidst\\-heavy\\-rains \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|website\\=Cuban News Agency \\|language\\=en\\-gb \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926021516/http://www.cubanews.acn.cu/cuba/25255\\-cuban\\-president\\-calls\\-for\\-cautiousness\\-amidst\\-heavy\\-rains \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In total, around 70,000 customers experienced power outages in Pinar del Rio, with another 160,000 residents affected in [Artemisa](/wiki/Artemisa_Province \"Artemisa Province\").{{cite news \\|title\\=They report on the impacts of Hurricane Helene in Cuba. \\|url\\=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\\-09\\-26\\-u129488\\-e129488\\-s27061\\-nid289073\\-informan\\-afectaciones\\-huracan\\-helene\\-cuba\\#google\\_vignette \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|work\\=CiberCuba \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930031034/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\\-09\\-26\\-u129488\\-e129488\\-s27061\\-nid289073\\-informan\\-afectaciones\\-huracan\\-helene\\-cuba\\#google\\_vignette \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In [Havana](/wiki/Havana \"Havana\"), one person was injured after an uninhabited building collapsed due to heavy rains, and two landslides occurred.{{cite news \\|title\\=Two collapses reported in Havana \\|url\\=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\\-09\\-26\\-u1\\-e199894\\-s27061\\-nid289126\\-reportan\\-dos\\-derrumbes\\-habana \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|work\\=CiberCuba \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928024545/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\\-09\\-26\\-u1\\-e199894\\-s27061\\-nid289126\\-reportan\\-dos\\-derrumbes\\-habana \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Intense rainfall caused the [Cuyaguateje River](/wiki/Cuyaguateje_River \"Cuyaguateje River\") to rise rapidly, causing flooding in parts of Pinar del Río on September 26\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Flooding of the Cuyaguateje River keeps several areas of Pinar del Río submerged. \\|url\\=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\\-09\\-26\\-u1\\-e43231\\-s27061\\-nid289095\\-crecida\\-rio\\-cuyaguateje\\-mantiene\\-inundadas\\-varias \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|work\\=CiberCuba \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926173547/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\\-09\\-26\\-u1\\-e43231\\-s27061\\-nid289095\\-crecida\\-rio\\-cuyaguateje\\-mantiene\\-inundadas\\-varias \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Mendoza \\|first1\\=Samantha \\|title\\=Flooding from the Cuyaguateje River Continues to Impact Areas in Pinar del Río \\|url\\=https://www.cubaheadlines.com/articles/289095 \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|work\\=CubaHeadlines \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926192444/https://www.cubaheadlines.com/articles/289095 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Flooding also occurred in [Mayabeque Province](/wiki/Mayabeque_Province \"Mayabeque Province\"), primarily in the municipalities of [Batabanó](/wiki/Bataban%C3%B3%2C_Cuba \"Batabanó, Cuba\"), [Melena del Sur](/wiki/Melena_del_Sur \"Melena del Sur\"), and [San Nicolás de Bari](/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Bari \"San Nicolás de Bari\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Municipalities of Mayabeque, underwater due to the effects of Hurricane Helene. \\|url\\=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\\-09\\-26\\-u1\\-e192519\\-s27061\\-nid289132\\-municipios\\-mayabeque\\-bajo\\-agua\\-efectos\\-huracan \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|work\\=CiberCuba \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928024545/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024\\-09\\-26\\-u1\\-e192519\\-s27061\\-nid289132\\-municipios\\-mayabeque\\-bajo\\-agua\\-efectos\\-huracan \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### United States",
"{{See also\\|List of United States tornadoes from August to September 2024\\#September 26 event\\|List of United States tornadoes from August to September 2024\\#September 27 event\\|l2\\=§ September 27 event}}",
"| \\+**Impact by state** |\n| --- |\n| State | Deaths(Missing) | Damage ([US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")) | Ref |\n| [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") | 26 | \\>$21\\.1 billion | {{Cite web \\|last\\=Phillips \\|first\\=Garrett \\|date\\=October 4, 2024 \\|title\\=25 Floridians dead from Hurricane Helene \\|url\\=https://www.wfla.com/news/pinellas\\-county/25\\-floridians\\-dead\\-from\\-hurricane\\-helene/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 5, 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[WFLA\\-TV]]}} |\n| [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\") | 33 | \\>$6\\.88 billion | {{Cite web\\|date\\=October 3, 2024\\|title\\=Hurricane Helene live updates: More than 200 dead as hope fades in search for survivors\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/live\\-blog/hurricane\\-helene\\-live\\-updates\\-rcna173767\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2023\\|website\\=NBC News\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Williams \\|first\\=Dave \\|title\\=UGA early estimates set losses to Georgia farms due to Hurricane Helene at $6\\.46 billion \\|url\\=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/state/2024/10/11/georgia\\-farmers\\-lost\\-an\\-estimated\\-6\\-46\\-billion\\-due\\-to\\-hurricane\\-helene/75617469007/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-16 \\|website\\=The Augusta Chronicle \\|language\\=en\\-US}} |\n| [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\") | 51 | {{Unknown}} | {{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-07 \\|title\\=Three additional deaths in SC blamed on Helene; death toll in the state now at 51 \\|url\\=https://www.southcarolinapublicradio.org/sc\\-news/2024\\-10\\-07/number\\-of\\-helene\\-related\\-deaths\\-in\\-sc\\-climbs\\-to\\-48\\-power\\-slowly\\-returns\\-to\\-upstate \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-15 \\|website\\=South Carolina Public Radio \\|language\\=en}} |\n| [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\") | 95 (26\\) | {{Unknown}} | {{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-15 \\|title\\=92 people still missing in North Carolina after Hurricane Helene, governor says \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/weather/hurricanes/92\\-people\\-still\\-missing\\-north\\-carolina\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-governor\\-says\\-rcna175503 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-16 \\|website\\=NBC News \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Emert \\|first\\=Jennifer \\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-18 \\|title\\=Western North Carolina mourns as storm death toll stabilizes at 95 \\|url\\=https://wtov9\\.com/news/nation\\-world/western\\-north\\-carolina\\-mourns\\-as\\-storm\\-death\\-toll\\-stabilizes\\-at\\-95 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-18 \\|website\\=WTOV \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hodgin \\|first\\=Carrie \\|date\\=October 21, 2024 \\|title\\=Helene becomes deadliest tropical storm in North Carolina history \\|url\\=https://www.wxii12\\.com/article/helene\\-deadliest\\-tropical\\-storm\\-north\\-carolina\\-history/62670417 \\|access\\-date\\=October 21, 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[WXII\\-TV]] \\|language\\=en}} |",
"[Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\") |\n 17 (1\\) |\n {{Unknown}} |\n {{Cite web \\|last1\\=Closson \\|first1\\=Troy \\|last2\\=Morales \\|first2\\=Christina \\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-05 \\|title\\=Missing People, Power Outages, Ruined Roads: Issues Across the Southeast After Helene \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/05/us/hurricane\\-helene\\-damage\\-deaths.html \\|access\\-date\\=October 5, 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Barker \\|first1\\=Jessica \\|title\\=Tennessee's Hurricane Helene death toll rises as Hurricane Milton heads to Florida \\|url\\=https://www.wkrn.com/news/tennessee\\-news/tennessees\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-death\\-toll\\-rises\\-as\\-hurricane\\-milton\\-strengthens/ \\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2024 \\|publisher\\=WKRN \\|date\\=8 October 2024}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Gibson \\|first\\=Robin \\|title\\=How many died in East Tennessee after Hurricane Helene? A county\\-by\\-county list \\|url\\=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/local/2024/10/09/how\\-many\\-died\\-in\\-east\\-tennessee\\-after\\-helene\\-a\\-county\\-by\\-county\\-list/75521004007/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-12 \\|website\\=Knoxville News Sentinel \\|language\\=en\\-US}} || [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\") | 2 | {{Unknown}} | |\n| [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana \"Indiana\") | 1 | {{Unknown}} | {{cite web\\|last\\=Harwood\\|first\\=Houston\\|date\\=October 1, 2024\\|title\\=Sheriff: Man dies after tree falls on home due to storm in 'tragic accident'\\|url\\=https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2024/10/01/remnants\\-of\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-contributed\\-to\\-gibson\\-county\\-mans\\-death\\-herman\\-paul\\-maier\\-griffin\\-in/75455429007/\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2024\\|website\\=\\[\\[Courier \\& Press]]}} |\n| Total | ≥225 (93\\) | \\>$45 billion | {{cite web \\|title\\=Death toll from Hurricane Helene rises to 227 as grim task of recovering bodies continues \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/hurricane\\-helene\\-death\\-toll\\-asheville\\-north\\-carolina\\-34d1226bb31f79dfb2ff6827e40587fc \\|website\\=AP \\|date\\=October 5, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2024}} |",
"",
"Initial estimates suggested that insured losses could reach US$3–6 billion, according to reinsurance broker Gallagher Re;{{Cite web \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene expected to be a 'manageable event' for Florida insurers \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/26/florida\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-storm\\-insurance\\-losses\\-desantis/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|language\\=en}} [AM Best](/wiki/AM_Best \"AM Best\") estimated losses in excess of US$5 billion.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Amy \\|first\\=Jeff \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Insurers could pay $5B to cover losses from Helene \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\\-helene\\-tracker\\-maps\\-updates\\#00000192\\-3557\\-d582\\-a1b7\\-37f758ca0000 \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=AP News \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926235639/https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\\-helene\\-tracker\\-maps\\-updates\\#00000192\\-3557\\-d582\\-a1b7\\-37f758ca0000 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Later estimates by [Moody's Analytics](/wiki/Moody%27s_Analytics \"Moody's Analytics\") estimated that the damage could reach US$20–34 billion.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Moody's Analytics says Helene 'like Idalia, but worse' with cost estimated at up to $34bn \\|url\\=https://www.theinsurer.com/news/moodys\\-analytics\\-says\\-helene\\-like\\-idalia\\-but\\-worse\\-with\\-cost\\-estimated\\-at\\-up\\-to\\-34bn/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|website\\=The Insurer \\|language\\=en\\-US}} [AccuWeather](/wiki/AccuWeather \"AccuWeather\") estimated that the total damage and economic loss could cost anywhere from US$225–250 billion.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rainey \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=October 3, 2024 \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene {{sic\\|Damage\\|s\\|nolink\\=y}} Could Top $250 Billion, Analysts Say \\|url\\=https://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2024/10/03/Hurricane\\-Helene\\-Damages\\-Could\\-Top\\-250\\-Billion\\-Analysts\\-Say?amp\\= \\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2024 \\|website\\=The Fiscal Times \\|language\\=en}} At least four million people have lost power, according to the Omaha Public Power District.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Piercy \\|first1\\=Jackson \\|title\\=OPPD sending crew to West Virginia to assist in Hurricane Helene relief efforts \\|url\\=https://www.wowt.com/2024/09/28/oppd\\-sending\\-crew\\-west\\-virginia\\-assist\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-relief\\-efforts/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|publisher\\=WOWT \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929005121/https://www.wowt.com/2024/09/28/oppd\\-sending\\-crew\\-west\\-virginia\\-assist\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-relief\\-efforts/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Agricultural damage is estimated at US$7 billion.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hanrahan \\|first\\=Ryan \\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-02 \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene Causes Billions in Ag Damage \\|url\\=https://farmpolicynews.illinois.edu/2024/10/hurricane\\-helene\\-causes\\-billions\\-in\\-ag\\-damage/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-02 \\|website\\=Farm Policy News \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Insured losses are expected to be lower than initially estimated due to standard [home insurance](/wiki/Home_insurance \"Home insurance\") [policies](/wiki/Insurance_policy \"Insurance policy\") not including [flood insurance](/wiki/Flood_insurance \"Flood insurance\") coverage, increased coverage restrictions by insurers, and hurricane [deductibles](/wiki/Deductible \"Deductible\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Eaglesham\\|first\\=Jean\\|date\\=October 5, 2024\\|title\\=Homeowners Hit by Helene Are In for an Insurance Claim Shock\\|work\\=The Wall Street Journal\\|publisher\\=News Corp\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/finance/homeowners\\-hit\\-by\\-helene\\-are\\-in\\-for\\-an\\-insurance\\-claim\\-shock\\-60ae5519\\|access\\-date\\=October 20, 2024}}{{cite interview\\|last\\=Eaglesham\\|first\\=Jean\\|date\\=October 9, 2024\\|title\\=Homeowners Rebuilding After Helene Face Limited Insurance Coverage\\|work\\=The Wall Street Journal\\|publisher\\=News Corp\\|interviewer\\=J. R. Whalen\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/podcasts/your\\-money\\-matters/homeowners\\-rebuilding\\-after\\-helene\\-face\\-limited\\-insurance\\-coverage/d5df0f1b\\-316f\\-4c9f\\-8fdd\\-4b4cbd626cb5\\|access\\-date\\=October 20, 2024}}",
"On September 27, [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines \"Delta Air Lines\") at [Hartsfield\\-Jackson Atlanta International Airport](/wiki/Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport \"Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport\") issued travel waivers to people impacted by flight cancellations or delays. They also anticipated that there would be travel disruptions due to the force of Hurricane Helene making it dangerous for airplanes to fly. There were 171 flight cancellations to and from [Hartsfield\\-Jackson Atlanta International Airport](/wiki/Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport \"Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport\"), most of which were from [Charlotte Douglas International Airport](/wiki/Charlotte_Douglas_International_Airport \"Charlotte Douglas International Airport\") and [Augusta Regional Airport](/wiki/Augusta_Regional_Airport \"Augusta Regional Airport\"). There were 489 flight delays, with most of those flight delays from [Tampa International Airport](/wiki/Tampa_International_Airport \"Tampa International Airport\"), [Augusta Regional Airport](/wiki/Augusta_Regional_Airport \"Augusta Regional Airport\"), and [Jacksonville International Airport](/wiki/Jacksonville_International_Airport \"Jacksonville International Airport\"). These cancellations and delays included [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines \"Delta Air Lines\"), [Frontier Airlines](/wiki/Frontier_Airlines \"Frontier Airlines\"), [Spirit Airlines](/wiki/Spirit_Airlines \"Spirit Airlines\"), [Westjet Airlines](/wiki/Westjet_Airlines \"Westjet Airlines\"), and many other airlines.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Raymond\\|first1\\=Jonathan\\|title\\= Atlanta Airport delays and cancellations from Helene impacts {{!}} Tracker \\|url\\= https://www.11alive.com/article/news/local/atlanta\\-airport\\-delays\\-cancellations\\-tracker\\-helene/85\\-8cdcc837\\-9d75\\-4484\\-8637\\-7333cad478c6 \\|work\\=11Alive News\\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024}}",
"A [Baxter International](/wiki/Baxter_International \"Baxter International\") manufacturing site in [Marion, North Carolina](/wiki/Marion%2C_North_Carolina \"Marion, North Carolina\"), which produced 60% of the nation's sterile [intravenous](/wiki/Intravenous_therapy \"Intravenous therapy\") and [kidney dialysis fluids](/wiki/Kidney_dialysis \"Kidney dialysis\") for health facilities, was temporarily closed due to flood damage.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Alltucker \\|first\\=Ken \\|date\\=October 7, 2024 \\|title\\=Hospitals urge emergency steps on IV fluid shortage after Hurricane Helene \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2024/10/07/iv\\-bag\\-shortage\\-hurricane\\-helene/75556287007/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 8, 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]}} The closure of the manufacturing site led to a shortage and rationing of IV fluids across hospitals across the country.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Theis \\|first\\=Lindsey \\|date\\=October 8, 2024 \\|title\\=American Hospital Association warns of IV shortage after Helene flooding \\|url\\=https://www.tmj4\\.com/politics/health\\-care/american\\-hospital\\-association\\-warns\\-of\\-iv\\-shortage\\-after\\-helene\\-flooding \\|access\\-date\\=October 8, 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[WTMJ\\-TV]]}} The shutdown is anticipated to result in shortages of parenteral IV fluids through the end of 2024\\.{{Cite journal\\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/updates\\-2024\\-hurricane\\-season/hurricane\\-helene\\-baxters\\-manufacturing\\-recovery\\-north\\-carolina\\|title\\=Hurricane Helene: Baxter's manufacturing recovery in North Carolina\\|first\\=Center for Drug Evaluation and\\|last\\=Research\\|date\\=October 11, 2024\\|journal\\=FDA\\|via\\=www.fda.gov}}",
"#### Florida",
"{{Strongest Florida landfalling hurricanes\\|align\\=right}}\nBy the morning of September 26, 2024, thousands in the [Tampa Bay area](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_area \"Tampa Bay area\") were experiencing power outages.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sloan \\|first\\=Kaycee \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|title\\=Thousands of Tampa Bay area residents without power amid Hurricane Helene \\|url\\=https://www.wfla.com/weather/tracking\\-the\\-tropics/thousands\\-of\\-tampa\\-bay\\-area\\-residents\\-without\\-power\\-amid\\-hurricane\\-helene/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|website\\=WFLA 8 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926145918/https://www.wfla.com/weather/tracking\\-the\\-tropics/thousands\\-of\\-tampa\\-bay\\-area\\-residents\\-without\\-power\\-amid\\-hurricane\\-helene/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Wind gusts reached {{convert\\|64\\|mph\\|kph\\|abbr\\=on}} in [Fort Lauderdale](/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%2C_Florida \"Fort Lauderdale, Florida\") and {{convert\\|67\\|mph\\|kph\\|abbr\\=on}} in [Naples](/wiki/Naples%2C_Florida \"Naples, Florida\").{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Erdman \\|first1\\=Jonathan \\|last2\\=Dolce \\|first2\\=Chris \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene Nears Category 4 Florida Landfall \\|url\\=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2024\\-09\\-26\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-forecast\\-landfall\\-florida\\-southeast \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|website\\=The Weather Channel \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926131744/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2024\\-09\\-26\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-forecast\\-landfall\\-florida\\-southeast \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Storm surges in [Steinhatchee](/wiki/Steinhatchee%2C_Florida \"Steinhatchee, Florida\") reached {{convert\\|9\\.63\\|ft\\|m}}.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Nicholls \\|first1\\=Catherine \\|last2\\=Paddison \\|first2\\=Laura \\|last3\\=Salahieh \\|first3\\=Nouran \\|last4\\=Ebrahimji \\|first4\\=Alisha \\|last5\\=Zdanowicz \\|first5\\=Christina \\|last6\\=Chavez \\|first6\\=Nicole \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Live updates: Tropical Storm Helene plows through the Southeast after making landfall in Florida \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/weather/live\\-news/hurricane\\-helene\\-florida\\-georgia\\-09\\-27\\-24/index.html\\#cm1kg4kvg00003b6kj1m7ipkp \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927161855/https://www.cnn.com/weather/live\\-news/hurricane\\-helene\\-florida\\-georgia\\-09\\-27\\-24/index.html\\#cm1kg4kvg00003b6kj1m7ipkp \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Key West](/wiki/Key_West \"Key West\") experienced storm surge of {{Convert\\|1 to 3\\|ft\\|m}}.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Maugeri \\|first1\\=Steve \\|last2\\=Cone \\|first2\\=Allen \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|title\\=Florida Keys feeling Hurricane Helene effects \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/florida\\-keys\\-feeling\\-effects\\-of\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-several\\-hundred\\-miles\\-away/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=CBS News \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Storm surges reached {{Convert\\|7\\.18\\|ft\\|m}} in [Tampa](/wiki/Tampa%2C_Florida \"Tampa, Florida\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.abcactionnews.com/weather/hurricane/record\\-breaking\\-storm\\-surge\\-hits\\-most\\-of\\-tampa\\-bay\\-other\\-parts\\-of\\-florida \\|title\\=Record\\-breaking storm surge hits most of Tampa Bay, other parts of Florida \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930032716/https://www.abcactionnews.com/weather/hurricane/record\\-breaking\\-storm\\-surge\\-hits\\-most\\-of\\-tampa\\-bay\\-other\\-parts\\-of\\-florida \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|work\\=ABC Action News \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 }} About 1\\.3 million people lost power in the state.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Sundby \\|first1\\=Alex \\|last2\\=Dakss \\|first2\\=Brian \\|last3\\=Allen \\|first3\\=Jason \\|last4\\=Yeomans \\|first4\\=David \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene makes landfall in Florida's Big Bend as Category 4 storm; well over 2 million without power \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane\\-helene\\-path\\-florida/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=www.cbsnews.com \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927025100/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane\\-helene\\-path\\-florida/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [Stan Gober Memorial Bridge](/wiki/Stan_Gober_Memorial_Bridge \"Stan Gober Memorial Bridge\") shut down due to flooding, and all sporting events in [Collier County](/wiki/Collier_County%2C_Florida \"Collier County, Florida\") on September 27 were canceled.[Live coverage: Latest on cleanup, Tesla fire, Naples Pier, waste and debris collection](https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/2024/09/27/hurricane-helenes-impacts-felt-wide-and-far-around-florida/75403078007/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930031541/https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/2024/09/27/hurricane\\-helenes\\-impacts\\-felt\\-wide\\-and\\-far\\-around\\-florida/75403078007/ \\|date\\=September 30, 2024 }}, Naples News, September 27, 2024",
"",
"{{Most intense landfalling Florida hurricanes\\|align\\=right}}\nMultiple [Waffle Houses](/wiki/Waffle_House \"Waffle House\") in [Tallahassee](/wiki/Tallahassee%2C_Florida \"Tallahassee, Florida\") and one in [Crawfordville](/wiki/Crawfordville%2C_Florida \"Crawfordville, Florida\") shut down, raising the [Waffle House Index](/wiki/Waffle_House_Index \"Waffle House Index\") to red, indicating the possibility of severe damage to the restaurant.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Christensen \\|first\\=Caroline \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|title\\=Crawfordville Waffle House location closes as Helene barrels toward Big Bend \\|url\\=https://www.wctv.tv/2024/09/26/crawfordville\\-waffle\\-house\\-location\\-closes\\-helene\\-barrels\\-toward\\-big\\-bend/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=WCTV \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926202203/https://www.wctv.tv/2024/09/26/crawfordville\\-waffle\\-house\\-location\\-closes\\-helene\\-barrels\\-toward\\-big\\-bend/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Orlando International Airport](/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport \"Orlando International Airport\"), remaining open, saw 65 cancellations on September 26, and 92 cancellations occurred at [Miami International Airport](/wiki/Miami_International_Airport \"Miami International Airport\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Is Hurricane Helene aftermath slowing Florida travel? The latest on flights, airports \\|work\\=Miami Herald \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|url\\= https://amp.miamiherald.com/living/travel/article293137164\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Schneider \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|title\\=Orlando International Airport remains open despite impending storm \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\\-helene\\-tracker\\-maps\\-updates\\#00000192\\-3022\\-d436\\-a1d6\\-b16685760000 \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=AP News \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926235639/https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\\-helene\\-tracker\\-maps\\-updates\\#00000192\\-3022\\-d436\\-a1d6\\-b16685760000 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Central Florida Pipeline, which supplies fuel used for jet planes between Tampa and Orlando, was reported to be damaged as a result taking on saltwater during Helene.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene knocks out jet\\-fuel pipeline for Orlando International Airport \\|url\\=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2024/09/30/hurricane\\-helene\\-knocks\\-out\\-jet\\-fuel\\-pipeline\\-for\\-orlando\\-international\\-airport/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|website\\=Orlando Sentinel \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The pipeline is the only direct source of new jet fuel to Orlando International Airport; the airport is instead relying on trucking in fuel and reserves Several national parks experienced service disruptions due to the hurricane, with all services suspended at [Dry Tortugas National Park](/wiki/Dry_Tortugas_National_Park \"Dry Tortugas National Park\") due to storm surge.{{cite news \\|title\\=Conditions from Hurricane Helene vary at Florida National Parks \\|url\\=https://www.rvtravel.com/conditions\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-vary\\-florida\\-national\\-parks/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|publisher\\=RTravel \\|date\\=September 27, 2024}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The [Florida National Guard](/wiki/Florida_National_Guard \"Florida National Guard\") cleaning damage in [Keaton Beach, Florida](/wiki/Keaton_Beach%2C_Florida \"Keaton Beach, Florida\"), following Helene](/wiki/File:Florida_National_Guard_in_Keaton_Beach%2C_Florida_%28Hurricane_Helene%29.jpg \"Florida National Guard in Keaton Beach, Florida (Hurricane Helene).jpg\")\nSeventeen fatalities have been reported in Florida, including at least eleven in [Pinellas County](/wiki/Pinellas_County%2C_Florida \"Pinellas County, Florida\");{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kumar \\|first\\=Divya \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Saturday live updates: Helene death toll rises, communities recover \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/28/helene\\-death\\-toll\\-water\\-power\\-tampa\\-pinellas/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928163658/https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/28/helene\\-death\\-toll\\-water\\-power\\-tampa\\-pinellas/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Pinellas County death toll rises to 11 after Hurricane Helene: PCSO \\|url\\=https://www.fox13news.com/news/pinellas\\-county\\-death\\-toll\\-rises\\-11\\-after\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-pcso.amp \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|website\\=www.fox13news.com}} two in Tampa involving a car accident where a sign fell on a car on [I\\-4](/wiki/Interstate_4 \"Interstate 4\"), along with an elderly woman who drowned inside her house; and one in [Dixie County](/wiki/Dixie_County%2C_Florida \"Dixie County, Florida\") involving a tree falling on a home.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kumar \\|first\\=Divya \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Helene deaths in Tampa Bay now at 11 \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/28/hurricane\\-helene\\-death\\-toll\\-pinellas/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928141505/https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/28/hurricane\\-helene\\-death\\-toll\\-pinellas/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene downgraded to tropical storm; at least 7 dead, millions without power \\|url\\=https://abc30\\.com/post/hurricane\\-helene\\-downgraded\\-tropical\\-storm\\-3\\-dead/15362541/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=ABC 30 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927120655/https://abc30\\.com/post/hurricane\\-helene\\-downgraded\\-tropical\\-storm\\-3\\-dead/15362541/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene: Highway sign on top of car traveling on I\\-4 in Tampa, fatality reported \\|url\\=https://www.fox13news.com/news/hurricane\\-helene\\-highway\\-sign\\-top\\-car\\-traveling\\-i\\-4\\-tampa\\-fatality\\-reported \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=Fox 13 Tampa Bay \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927020904/https://www.fox13news.com/news/hurricane\\-helene\\-highway\\-sign\\-top\\-car\\-traveling\\-i\\-4\\-tampa\\-fatality\\-reported \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Of the deaths in Pinellas, ten have been drownings and one was caused by an electrical fire that started after water rushed into a home. The Taylor County Sheriff's Office posted to social media asking for those who did not evacuate to write their birthday and other important information on their bodies in permanent marker and to email the similar information and their location to them to help search and rescue teams.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Everett \\|first\\=Richard \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Florida sheriff asks residents who refused to evacuate to write information on body for identification after Helene landfall \\|url\\=https://www.wdhn.com/weather/hurricane\\-helene/florida\\-sheriff\\-asks\\-residents\\-who\\-refused\\-to\\-evacuate\\-to\\-write\\-information\\-on\\-body\\-for\\-identification\\-after\\-helene\\-landfall/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=WDHN ABC \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927125335/https://www.wdhn.com/weather/hurricane\\-helene/florida\\-sheriff\\-asks\\-residents\\-who\\-refused\\-to\\-evacuate\\-to\\-write\\-information\\-on\\-body\\-for\\-identification\\-after\\-helene\\-landfall/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Pasco County Sheriff's Office](/wiki/Pasco_County_Sheriff%27s_Office \"Pasco County Sheriff's Office\") rescued around 200 people in water emergencies.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Paul \\|first\\=Gabriella \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Pasco emergency officials 'prepare for body recovery' in wake of Helene's storm surge \\|url\\=https://www.wusf.org/weather/2024\\-09\\-27/pasco\\-emergency\\-body\\-recovery\\-wake\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-storm\\-surge \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=WUSF \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927135429/https://www.wusf.org/weather/2024\\-09\\-27/pasco\\-emergency\\-body\\-recovery\\-wake\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-storm\\-surge \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In [Citrus County](/wiki/Citrus_County%2C_Florida \"Citrus County, Florida\"), over 100 people and 50 pets were rescued after ten feet of storm surge hit the area.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Suter \\|first1\\=Ashley \\|last2\\=Rousseau \\|first2\\=Beth \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=More than 100 residents rescued in Citrus County amid 10 feet of floodwaters \\|url\\=https://www.wfla.com/news/local\\-news/citrus\\-county/more\\-than\\-100\\-residents\\-rescued\\-in\\-citrus\\-county\\-amid\\-10\\-feet\\-of\\-floodwaters/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=WFLA \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928031935/https://www.wfla.com/news/local\\-news/citrus\\-county/more\\-than\\-100\\-residents\\-rescued\\-in\\-citrus\\-county\\-amid\\-10\\-feet\\-of\\-floodwaters/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In total, over 1,000 people had to be rescued in the Tampa Bay area.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sullivan \\|first\\=Dan \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Tampa Bay saw more than 1,000 rescues during Hurricane Helene \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/27/hurricane\\-helene\\-tampa\\-bay\\-florida\\-rescues\\-flooding/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|website\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|language\\=en}}",
"Following the storm surge, multiple buildings in [Clearwater Beach](/wiki/Clearwater_Beach \"Clearwater Beach\") caught fire.{{Cite news \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=RAW VIDEO: Structure fires burn near each other in Clearwater Beach after Hurricane Helene \\|url\\=https://www.wtsp.com/video/weather/hurricane\\-helene\\-house\\-fire\\-clearwater\\-beach/67\\-01830b79\\-7f4f\\-4e51\\-b0a6\\-aa3d69693671 \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[WTSP]]}} According to [Taylor County](/wiki/Taylor_County%2C_Florida \"Taylor County, Florida\") sheriff Wayne Padgett, 90% of homes in [Keaton Beach](/wiki/Keaton_Beach%2C_Florida \"Keaton Beach, Florida\") were destroyed.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hoffmann \\|first\\=Matt \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\='All gone': Taylor County leaders estimate 90% of Keaton Beach homes destroyed \\|url\\=https://www.wctv.tv/2024/09/27/all\\-gone\\-taylor\\-county\\-leaders\\-estimate\\-90\\-keaton\\-beach\\-homes\\-destroyed/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|website\\=WCTV \\|language\\=en}} At least 24 businesses and 70 homes were also destroyed in [Gulfport](/wiki/Gulfport%2C_Florida \"Gulfport, Florida\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=DeGregory \\|first\\=Lane \\|date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|title\\=Gulfport, like so many Tampa Bay communities, picks up Helene's pieces \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/28/gulfport\\-like\\-so\\-many\\-tampa\\-bay\\-communities\\-picks\\-up\\-helenes\\-pieces/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|website\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929002626/https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2024/09/28/gulfport\\-like\\-so\\-many\\-tampa\\-bay\\-communities\\-picks\\-up\\-helenes\\-pieces/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In [Manatee County](/wiki/Manatee_County%2C_Florida \"Manatee County, Florida\"), 230,471 structures were affected, with residential damage estimated at $347\\.2 million, while commercial damage reached $6\\.3 million, for a combined total of $353\\.5 million.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Mendoza \\|first1\\=Jesse \\|last2\\=Szymanowska \\|first2\\=Gabriela \\|date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|title\\=Locals return to Anna Maria Island homes and businesses broken by Hurricane Helene \\|url\\=https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/local/2024/09/29/desantis\\-sets\\-aggressive\\-timeline\\-for\\-temporary\\-road\\-on\\-anna\\-maria\\-island\\-helene/75435467007/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Herald Tribune]] \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|last1\\=King\\|first1\\=Elizabeth\\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-05 \\|title\\=Helene damage estimates in Sarasota, Manatee surpass $1 billion \\|url\\=https://www.businessobserverfl.com/news/2024/oct/05/helene\\-damage\\-sarasota\\-manatee/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-06 \\|website\\=Business Observer \\|language\\=en}} In [Bradenton](/wiki/Bradenton%2C_Florida \"Bradenton, Florida\"), 194 homes and seven commercial buildings suffered major damage, with the damage estimated at $41 million total.{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|title\\=City of Bradenton releases its latest Helene damage totals \\|url\\=https://www.mysuncoast.com/2024/10/02/city\\-bradenton\\-releases\\-its\\-latest\\-helene\\-damage\\-totals/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2024 \\|website\\=ABC7 \\|language\\=en}} In total, across Manatee and [Sarasota County](/wiki/Sarasota_County%2C_Florida \"Sarasota County, Florida\"), the damage is estimated at $1\\.1 billion, with $755\\.7 million in Sarasota County, 3,137 buildings are also damaged or destroyed in the county.{{Cite web\\|first1\\=Elizabeth\\|last1\\=King\\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-05 \\|title\\=Helene damage estimates in Sarasota, Manatee surpass $1 billion \\|url\\=https://www.businessobserverfl.com/news/2024/oct/05/helene\\-damage\\-sarasota\\-manatee/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-06 \\|website\\=Business Observer \\|language\\=en}}",
"Despite not directly affecting [Volusia County](/wiki/Volusia_County%2C_Florida \"Volusia County, Florida\"), gale\\-force gusts downed several trees, with a peak of {{Convert abbreviated\\|53\\|mph\\|km/h}} in the county. More than 9,000 residents were without power as of September 27\\. In [Edgewater](/wiki/Edgewater%2C_Volusia_County%2C_Florida \"Edgewater, Volusia County, Florida\"), a carport blew over while a tree fell through the roof of a mobile home in the Sea Horse Mobile Home Park. A large tree fell into a duplex\\-style home through the roof in [Seminole County](/wiki/Seminole_County%2C_Florida \"Seminole County, Florida\"), affected only by the storm's outer bands.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Silver \\|first\\=Catherine \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\='This branch fell right beside me:' Helene sends tree through roof of Casselberry Home \\|url\\=https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2024/09/27/this\\-branch\\-fell\\-right\\-beside\\-me\\-helene\\-sends\\-tree\\-through\\-roof\\-of\\-casselberry\\-home/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|website\\=WKMG \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930033230/https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2024/09/27/this\\-branch\\-fell\\-right\\-beside\\-me\\-helene\\-sends\\-tree\\-through\\-roof\\-of\\-casselberry\\-home/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Seminole County saw 2,427 people without power, while neighboring [Orange County](/wiki/Orange_County%2C_Florida \"Orange County, Florida\") saw 4,476 customers without power. In [Apopka](/wiki/Apopka%2C_Florida \"Apopka, Florida\"), the outer bands tore the roof off of a home.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Roberts \\|first\\=Treasure \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Outer bands of Helene damage Orange County home, ripping off roof \\|url\\=https://www.clickorlando.com/weather/hurricane/2024/09/28/outer\\-bands\\-of\\-helene\\-damage\\-orange\\-county\\-home\\-ripping\\-off\\-roof/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|website\\=WKMG \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kremposky \\|first\\=Averi \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene's devastating impacts leave more than a million Floridians without power \\|url\\=https://www.wesh.com/article/helene\\-florida\\-power\\-outages/62401442 \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|website\\=WESH \\|language\\=en}}",
"Elsewhere, in [Flagler County](/wiki/Flagler_County%2C_Florida \"Flagler County, Florida\"), the highest gusts recorded were in [Marineland](/wiki/Marineland%2C_Florida \"Marineland, Florida\"), which had winds of {{Convert abbreviated\\|63\\|mph\\|km/h}}. Approximately 20,000 residents lost power from September 26 and 27\\. A tree fell through a roof at home in [Palm Coast](/wiki/Palm_Coast%2C_Florida \"Palm Coast, Florida\"), while in [Palm Beach](/wiki/Palm_Beach%2C_Florida \"Palm Beach, Florida\"), a \"small scarp\" received a local surge of {{Convert abbreviated\\|18\\|in\\|mm}}.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Carillo \\|first1\\=Brenno \\|title\\=Volusia\\-Flagler spared from worst of Hurricane Helene despite downed trees, power outages \\|url\\=https://www.news\\-journalonline.com/story/weather/2024/09/27/hurricane\\-helene\\-sends\\-tropical\\-force\\-winds\\-to\\-volusia\\-flagler/75410414007/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|work\\=Daytona Beach News\\-Journal Online \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930031544/https://www.news\\-journalonline.com/story/weather/2024/09/27/hurricane\\-helene\\-sends\\-tropical\\-force\\-winds\\-to\\-volusia\\-flagler/75410414007/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Georgia",
"{{main\\|Effects of Hurricane Helene in Georgia}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Radar loop showing Hurricane Helene over Georgia](/wiki/File:KJGX_Helene_Loop.gif \"KJGX Helene Loop.gif\")\nIn [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), the [National Weather Service](/wiki/National_Weather_Service \"National Weather Service\") in [Peachtree City](/wiki/Peachtree_City \"Peachtree City\") issued the city's first\\-ever [flash flood emergency](/wiki/Flash_flood_warning%23Emergency \"Flash flood warning#Emergency\") due to Atlanta having its heaviest 3\\-day rainfall totals in 104 years.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Yablonski \\|first\\=Steven \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|title\\=Helene continues deadly onslaught across Southeast, prompting first\\-ever Flash Flood Emergency in Atlanta \\|url\\=https://www.foxweather.com/weather\\-news/tracking\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-florida\\-landfall \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927050952/https://www.foxweather.com/weather\\-news/tracking\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-florida\\-landfall \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=Fox Weather \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Oberholtz \\|first1\\=Chris \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Watch: Fox Weather meteorologist rescues woman from rising floodwaters in Atlanta \\|url\\=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/fox\\-meteorologist\\-rescue\\-woman\\-floodwaters\\-atlanta \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[WAGA\\-TV]] \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927143421/https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/fox\\-meteorologist\\-rescue\\-woman\\-floodwaters\\-atlanta \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Rainfall totals over 48 hours in the city reached {{convert\\|11\\.12\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}}, the most the city has seen in 48 hours since recordkeeping began in 1878\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://amp.ledger\\-enquirer.com/news/weather\\-news/article293149019\\.html \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene sets Columbus weather record. A statistical look at the storm's impact \\|work\\=\\[\\[Columbus Ledger\\-Enquirer]] \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930032108/https://amp.ledger\\-enquirer.com/news/weather\\-news/article293149019\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} About 25 people had to be rescued from floods in Atlanta.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Oberholtz \\|first\\=Chris \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Watch: Fox Weather meteorologist rescues woman from rising floodwaters in Atlanta \\|url\\=https://www.foxweather.com/extreme\\-weather/fox\\-weather\\-bob\\-van\\-dillen\\-rescues\\-woman\\-flood\\-georgia \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|website\\=Fox Weather \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930041322/https://www.foxweather.com/extreme\\-weather/fox\\-weather\\-bob\\-van\\-dillen\\-rescues\\-woman\\-flood\\-georgia \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Localized urban flooding was also reported on multiple interstates like [I\\-285](/wiki/Interstate_285_%28Georgia%29 \"Interstate 285 (Georgia)\"), [I\\-85](/wiki/Interstate_85_in_Georgia \"Interstate 85 in Georgia\"), [I\\-75](/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Georgia \"Interstate 75 in Georgia\"){{cite news\\|last1\\=Saunders\\|first1\\=Patrick \\|title\\=Helene leaves 25 dead in Georgia, state of emergency declared in Atlanta \\|url\\= https://www.wabe.org/breaking\\-tropical\\-storm\\-helene\\-leaves\\-over\\-1\\-million\\-without\\-power\\-in\\-georgia\\-flash\\-flood\\-emergency\\-in\\-place\\-in\\-atlanta/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[WABE (FM)\\|WABE]] \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024}} and many other interstate systems encompassing Atlanta. More significant flooding occurred in [Buckhead](/wiki/Buckhead \"Buckhead\") due to overflowing of the [Peachtree Creek](/wiki/Peachtree_Creek \"Peachtree Creek\"), which flooded multiple surrounding apartment complexes. Other flooding occurred in areas around [Metro Atlanta](/wiki/Metro_Atlanta \"Metro Atlanta\").{{cite web \\|title\\= Water Rescue \\|url\\= https://www.facebook.com/share/p/PXJGABokhtR3x68J/?mibextid\\=WaXdOe \\|website\\= Facebook.com \\|publisher\\= Newnan Coweta Scanner Traffic \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024}} The [Chattahoochee River](/wiki/Chattahoochee_River \"Chattahoochee River\") overflowed its banks in multiple areas around [Fulton County, Georgia](/wiki/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia \"Fulton County, Georgia\") and in downstream counties which prompted a water rescue in [Coweta County](/wiki/Coweta_County \"Coweta County\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Tuman\\|first1\\=Lindsay \\|title\\=Helene forces residents of Peachtree Park Apartments out of homes \\|url\\=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/helene\\-forces\\-residents\\-peachtree\\-park\\-apartments\\-out\\-homes.amp \\|work\\=Fox5 Atlanta \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024}} Three tornadoes were spawned by Helene in the state,{{cite report \\|author\\=National Weather Service in Columbia, South Carolina \\|title\\=NWS Damage Survey Summary for Hurricane Helene (9/26\\-27/2024\\) Tornadoes \\|url\\=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil\\=PNSCAE\\&e\\=202410010002\\&bbb\\=CCA\\|publisher\\=National Weather Service\\|date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024}}{{cite report\\|author\\=National Weather Service in Jacksonville, Florida\\|title\\=NWS Damage Survey for 09/26/2024 Tornado Event\\|url\\=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil\\=PNSJAX\\&e\\=202409301958\\|publisher\\=National Weather Service \\|date\\=September 30, 2024\\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024}} including one that killed two people in [Wheeler County](/wiki/Wheeler_County%2C_Georgia \"Wheeler County, Georgia\") when it overturned their mobile home.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cawthon \\|first\\=Graham \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Officials: 2 dead in Southeast Georgia after winds pick up home, blow it into peanut field \\|url\\=https://www.wjcl.com/article/jeff\\-davis\\-county\\-georgia\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-death/62399438 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927120818/https://www.wjcl.com/article/jeff\\-davis\\-county\\-georgia\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-death/62399438 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|website\\=WJCL \\|language\\=en}} The Wheeler County tornado was rated an EF1, while the other two have been rated EF0\\.",
"[thumb\\|Damaged traffic signal in [Augusta](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Georgia \"Augusta, Georgia\") on September 30\\.](/wiki/File:Damaged_traffic_signals_in_Augusta%2C_Georgia_after_Hurricane_Helene.webp \"Damaged traffic signals in Augusta, Georgia after Hurricane Helene.webp\")\n[Rabun County](/wiki/Rabun_County%2C_Georgia \"Rabun County, Georgia\") officials ordered the evacuation of people living below a dam at [Lake Rabun](/wiki/Lake_Rabun \"Lake Rabun\") after officials were forced to open a third floodgate, inundating several roads and trapping people in their communities in the southern part of the county. Four homes were destroyed by falling trees in [White County](/wiki/White_County%2C_Georgia \"White County, Georgia\") and [Habersham County](/wiki/Habersham_County%2C_Georgia \"Habersham County, Georgia\"), but no injuries were reported.{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Wellmeier \\|first1\\=Brian \\|last2\\=Purcell \\|first2\\=Joy \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Clean up efforts in Northeast Georgia still underway \\|url\\=https://nowhabersham.com/northeast\\-georgia\\-spared\\-brunt\\-of\\-storm\\-as\\-helene\\-shifts\\-eastward/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|work\\=Now Habersham}} Rabun County's emergency management department said many roads were left \"impassable\" by the storm and that most residents were without power into September 27, urging them to stay home to allow rescue and cleanup personnel to work uninterrupted. The [Hiwassee River](/wiki/Hiwassee_River \"Hiwassee River\") in [Towns County](/wiki/Towns_County%2C_Georgia \"Towns County, Georgia\") crested at over {{convert\\|10\\|ft\\|m\\|spell\\=in}}, just {{convert\\|1\\|ft\\|m\\|spell\\=in}} below the record, and flooded pastures and parts of a campground, but campers were not reached.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kempner \\|first\\=Matt \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=North Georgia digs out from Helene as some floodwaters head south \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/news/georgia\\-news/mountainous\\-north\\-georgia\\-skirts\\-some\\-of\\-damage\\-seen\\-in\\-carolinas\\-tennessee/7H7IZ4OS6VGJDFPSEPR3IYDGHQ/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution]]}}",
"Over a million customers lost electric power in the state during Helene due to trees falling on power lines across the state and high wind speeds. There are over 400,000 people still without electricity as of September 29\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/more\\-than\\-1\\-million\\-georgians\\-without\\-power\\-after\\-tropical\\-storm\\-helene/BLVUNG5SJRAKFP6T3AMUJGI7PQ/?outputType\\=amp \\|title\\=More than 1 million Georgians without power after Tropical Storm Helene \\|work\\=\\[\\[WSB\\-TV]] \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928025533/https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/more\\-than\\-1\\-million\\-georgians\\-without\\-power\\-after\\-tropical\\-storm\\-helene/BLVUNG5SJRAKFP6T3AMUJGI7PQ/?outputType\\=amp \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Aaro \\|first\\=David \\|title\\=Helene aftermath: Flooding, power outages continue after deadly storm \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/news/atlanta\\-news/helene\\-aftermath\\-flooding\\-power\\-outages\\-continue\\-after\\-deadly\\-storm/2SXBQNB5RBBRTAXW7UPK3GNYTE/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|work\\=The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution \\|language\\=English \\|issn\\=1539\\-7459 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929224918/https://www.ajc.com/news/atlanta\\-news/helene\\-aftermath\\-flooding\\-power\\-outages\\-continue\\-after\\-deadly\\-storm/2SXBQNB5RBBRTAXW7UPK3GNYTE/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} At least 115 structures in [Valdosta](/wiki/Valdosta%2C_Georgia \"Valdosta, Georgia\") were heavily damaged.{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Faheid \\|first1\\=Dalia \\|last2\\=Watson \\|first2\\=Michelle \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Over 50 dead as Helene unleashes life\\-threatening flooding \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/28/weather/hurricane\\-helene\\-florida\\-georgia\\-carolinas/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928093340/https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/28/weather/hurricane\\-helene\\-florida\\-georgia\\-carolinas/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|work\\=CNN}} Preliminary damage estimates according to governor [Brian Kemp](/wiki/Brian_Kemp \"Brian Kemp\") is at US$417 million.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Homan \\|first\\=Maya \\|title\\=Total damage from Hurricane Helene reaches $417 million, expected to grow 'substantially' \\|url\\=https://www.onlineathens.com/story/news/state/2024/10/03/one\\-week\\-after\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-total\\-damage\\-surpasses\\-417\\-million/75498098007/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-04 \\|website\\=Online Athens \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The timber industry in the state sustained $1\\.28 billion in damage.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-11 \\|title\\=Georgia timber industry down $1 billion after Hurricane Helene damage \\|url\\=https://www.13wmaz.com/article/news/community/hurricane\\-helene\\-devastates\\-georgias\\-timber\\-industry\\-causing\\-over\\-1\\-billion\\-in\\-damages/93\\-dc888a4b\\-42f7\\-4635\\-9307\\-93c982d2867f \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-13 \\|website\\=WMAZ \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In total, agricultural damages reached $6\\.46 billion.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Williams \\|first\\=Dave \\|title\\=UGA early estimates set losses to Georgia farms due to Hurricane Helene at $6\\.46 billion \\|url\\=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/state/2024/10/11/georgia\\-farmers\\-lost\\-an\\-estimated\\-6\\-46\\-billion\\-due\\-to\\-hurricane\\-helene/75617469007/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-16 \\|website\\=The Augusta Chronicle \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Helene caused major damage to Georgia's poultry farms, causing damage or total destruction to 107 facilities.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Torrella \\|first\\=Kenny \\|date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|title\\=Helene just pummeled America's chicken farming capital \\|url\\=https://www.vox.com/future\\-perfect/374940/hurricane\\-helene\\-georgia\\-chicken\\-poultry\\-farms \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Vox Media\\|Vox]] \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Georgia and surrounding regions produce almost half of the 9 billion chickens consumed annually across the United States, and manure runoff from the damaged facilities raised alarms about the quality of streams and groundwater.",
"Injuries and deaths were reported throughout the state, including the two fatalities from the aforementioned tornado in Wheeler County. In total, 33 people died from the storm in the state.{{cite news \\|title\\=Georgia death toll from Hurricane Helene rises to 33, Gov. Kemp says \\|url\\=https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2024/10/03/watch\\-live\\-gov\\-kemp\\-gives\\-update\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-relief\\-efforts/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Atlanta News First \\|date\\=October 3, 2024}}\n{{clear}}",
"#### North Carolina",
"{{main\\|Effects of Hurricane Helene in North Carolina}}\n[thumb\\|Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard ([US\\-64](/wiki/U.S._Route_64_in_North_Carolina \"U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina\")) West in [Henderson County, North Carolina](/wiki/Henderson_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Henderson County, North Carolina\"), on September 27](/wiki/File:2024-09-27-us-64-henderson-county.jpg \"2024-09-27-us-64-henderson-county.jpg\")\nAt least 115 people were confirmed to have been killed by Helene in North Carolina, including at least 40 in [Buncombe County](/wiki/Buncombe_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Buncombe County, North Carolina\") alone,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Lankford \\|first\\=Ciara \\|date\\=October 8, 2024 \\|title\\=89 verified storm\\-related deaths in North Carolina following Helene: NCDHHS \\|url\\=https://www.qcnews.com/news/u\\-s/north\\-carolina/84\\-verified\\-storm\\-related\\-deaths\\-in\\-north\\-carolina\\-following\\-helene\\-ncdhhs/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2024 \\|website\\=Queen City News \\|language\\=en\\-US}} while about 200 more were left unaccounted for in the state.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Jervis \\|first1\\=Rick \\|last2\\=Cann \\|first2\\=Christopher \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene death toll may rise; at least 200 missing in NC: Friday updates \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/10/04/hurricane\\-helene\\-death\\-toll\\-aftermath\\-live\\-updates/75509868007/ \\|publisher\\=USA Today \\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2024}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|title\\=Helene live updates: At least 90 dead in storm; Trump expected to visit hard\\-hit Georgia city \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/live\\-blog/helene\\-deadly\\-storm\\-live\\-updates\\-rcna173203 \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|website\\=NBC News \\|language\\=en}} Two people, a 4\\-year\\-old girl in [Claremont](/wiki/Claremont%2C_North_Carolina \"Claremont, North Carolina\") and a 58\\-year\\-old man in [Gastonia](/wiki/Gastonia%2C_North_Carolina \"Gastonia, North Carolina\"), were killed in traffic collisions during rains caused by Helene.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Marusak \\|first\\=Joe \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|title\\=Girl, 4, killed in wreck during Hurricane Helene rains, NC State Highway Patrol says \\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/weather\\-news/article293094159\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928030051/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/weather\\-news/article293094159\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=The Charlotte Observer}} At least 879,000 customers in the state lost power.[Helene hammers NC with water and wind](https://carolinapublicpress.org/65628/helene-hammers-nc-with-water-and-wind/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930035306/https://carolinapublicpress.org/65628/helene\\-hammers\\-nc\\-with\\-water\\-and\\-wind/ \\|date\\=September 30, 2024 }}, Carolina Public Press, September 27, 2024 In [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\"), high winds from Helene caused a tree to fall onto a residence, killing one person and seriously injuring another.{{Cite tweet \\|number\\=1839614301729943964 \\|user\\=CharlotteFD \\|title\\=At approximately 5:11 a.m., Charlotte Fire responded to an emergency on the 4200 block of Brookway Drive, where a tree had fallen onto a home, trapping two people inside. One person was rescued and transported to a nearby hospital. Tragically, the other person was found deceased.}} In [Winston\\-Salem](/wiki/Winston-Salem%2C_North_Carolina \"Winston-Salem, North Carolina\"), heavy rains and high winds caused a large tree to fall on a gas station, damaging two vehicles.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wxii12\\.com/article/north\\-carolina\\-winston\\-salem\\-downtown\\-gas\\-station\\-awning\\-off\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-winds/62409054\\|title\\=Winston\\-Salem downtown gas station awning torn down during Helene's winds\\|first\\=DaVonté\\|last\\=McKenith\\|date\\=September 27, 2024\\|website\\=WXII}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://journalnow.com/news/local/weather/gallery\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-remnants\\-damage\\-winston\\-salem/collection\\_bc305526\\-7cf7\\-11ef\\-b57a\\-ffd2cebb3029\\.html\\|title\\=Gallery: Hurricane Helene remnants damage Winston\\-Salem\\|first\\=Walt \\|last\\=Unks\\|date\\=September 27, 2024\\|website\\=Winston\\-Salem Journal}} Residents living downstream of [Lake Lure](/wiki/Lake_Lure_%28North_Carolina%29 \"Lake Lure (North Carolina)\") were ordered to evacuate as its dam was overtopped by water and imminent failure was expected. Lake Lure Dam was later evaluated, and no imminent failure was expected, although erosion on both sides of the dam and compromise of the structural supports were reported.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Barker \\|first\\=Aaron \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=North Carolina dam failure imminent: People near Lake Lure urged to seek higher ground amid Helene's flooding \\|url\\=https://www.foxweather.com/weather\\-news/lake\\-lure\\-dam\\-emergency\\-north\\-carolina\\-flooding\\-helene \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=Fox Weather \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927170253/https://www.foxweather.com/weather\\-news/lake\\-lure\\-dam\\-emergency\\-north\\-carolina\\-flooding\\-helene \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=North Carolina dam overtopped is not expected to fail, officials say \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\\-helene\\-tracker\\-maps\\-updates\\#00000192\\-348e\\-d582\\-a1b7\\-36bf53220000 \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=AP News \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926235639/https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\\-helene\\-tracker\\-maps\\-updates\\#00000192\\-348e\\-d582\\-a1b7\\-36bf53220000 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} One woman in the town of [Lake Lure](/wiki/Lake_Lure%2C_North_Carolina \"Lake Lure, North Carolina\") was rescued with her dog after being stranded inside a collapsed house along a riverbank.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Quillin \\|first\\=Martha \\|date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|title\\='There's just nothing left.' Helene wipes out Chimney Rock's Main Street \\|url\\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\\-carolina/article293159444\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930033019/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\\-carolina/article293159444\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|work\\=The News and Observer}} Eight tornadoes were spawned by Helene in the state.{{cite web \\|author1\\=Various \\[\\[National Weather Service]] offices \\|title\\=Damage Assessment Toolkit \\|url\\=https://apps.dat.noaa.gov/stormdamage/damageviewer/ \\|website\\=DAT \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] \\|date\\=2024 \\|format\\=Interactive map and database}} This included a brief but intense low\\-end EF3 tornado that impacted the north side of [Rocky Mount](/wiki/Rocky_Mount%2C_North_Carolina \"Rocky Mount, North Carolina\"), damaging 14 buildings and injuring 15 people, including four critically.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Moore \\|first1\\=Mary Helen \\|last2\\=Wagner \\|first2\\=Adam \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=4 critically hurt after tornado associated with Helene hits Eastern NC city \\|url\\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/weather\\-news/article293142264\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=The News \\& Observer \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928030154/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/weather\\-news/article293142264\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Five of the other tornadoes were rated EF1, while the remaining two were rated EF0\\.",
"Areas in the [Black Mountains region](/wiki/Black_Mountains_%28North_Carolina%29 \"Black Mountains (North Carolina)\") in the western part of the state were particularly devastated. Residents of [Swannanoa](/wiki/Swannanoa%2C_North_Carolina \"Swannanoa, North Carolina\") also reported that no search and rescue operations had reached their location as of September 29, leaving several residents who had not prepared for the degree of flooding without food or drinkable water.{{Cite web \\|last\\=King \\|first\\=Kimberly \\|date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|title\\=Swannanoa community devastated by flood damage after Hurricane Helene \\|url\\=https://www.wlos.com/news/local/swannanoa\\-community\\-devastated\\-flood\\-damage\\-after\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-search\\-and\\-rescue\\-highway\\-70\\-deputies\\-buncombe\\-county \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|website\\=WLOS \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930043900/https://www.wlos.com/news/local/swannanoa\\-community\\-devastated\\-flood\\-damage\\-after\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-search\\-and\\-rescue\\-highway\\-70\\-deputies\\-buncombe\\-county \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Data from the National Weather Service indicated that over {{convert\\|19\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} of rain fell in areas upstream of [Chimney Rock](/wiki/Chimney_Rock%2C_North_Carolina \"Chimney Rock, North Carolina\"), leading to devastating floodwaters that destroyed half of the village, including half of the businesses on the southern side of the village near the [Broad River](/wiki/Broad_River_%28Carolinas%29 \"Broad River (Carolinas)\").{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Jackson \\|first1\\=Drew \\|last2\\=Marusak \\|first2\\=Joe \\|last3\\=Quillin \\|first3\\=Martha \\|last4\\=Oehrli \\|first4\\=Ryan \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Devastating Helene: 400 roads closed in Western NC, 200 people rescued from floods \\|url\\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\\-carolina/article293178834\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930032743/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\\-carolina/article293178834\\.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[The News \\& Observer]] \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The downtown of [Elkin](/wiki/Elkin%2C_North_Carolina \"Elkin, North Carolina\") was heavily damaged by floodwaters from the [Yadkin River](/wiki/Yadkin_River \"Yadkin River\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Harrison \\|first\\=Kitsey Burns \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Downtown Elkin nearly under water near Yadkin River \\|url\\=https://www.elkintribune.com/townnews/meteorology/downtown\\-elkin\\-nearly\\-under\\-water\\-near\\-yadkin\\-river/article\\_cf83d80a\\-7cde\\-11ef\\-89dd\\-af0b1c1d1d5c.html \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Tribune (Elkin, North Carolina)\\|Elkin Tribune]]}} The [Catawba River](/wiki/Catawba_River \"Catawba River\") flooded [Morganton](/wiki/Morganton%2C_North_Carolina \"Morganton, North Carolina\") and left thousands of residents without power.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Lunsford \\|first\\=Erica \\|date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|title\\=Morganton community sticking close after severe flooding from Helene \\|url\\=https://www.wbtv.com/2024/09/29/morganton\\-community\\-sticking\\-close\\-after\\-severe\\-flooding\\-helene/ \\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[WBTV]]}} The Oxford Dam, at Lake Hickory on the Catawba River, spilled over.{{Cite news \\|title\\=A county by county look at Helene's devastation in western NC \\|url\\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\\-carolina/article293248659\\.html \\|url\\-status\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930235836/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\\-carolina/article293248659\\.html?taid\\=66fb2673bd37650001ccb6b4\\&utm\\_campaign\\=trueanthem\\&utm\\_medium\\=social\\&utm\\_source\\=twitter \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The News \\& Observer]]}} More than 400 roads were closed in the western part of the state, and over 200 people had to be rescued from floods.",
"[thumb\\|Devastation in [Asheville, North Carolina](/wiki/Asheville%2C_North_Carolina \"Asheville, North Carolina\") – at the intersection of [Swannanoa River Road (NC\\-81\\)](/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_81 \"North Carolina Highway 81\") and Azalea Road – caused by Hurricane Helene](/wiki/File:Devastation_in_Asheville_after_Hurricane_Helene.jpg \"Devastation in Asheville after Hurricane Helene.jpg\")\nA curfew was issued for [Asheville](/wiki/Asheville%2C_North_Carolina \"Asheville, North Carolina\") due to the damage that occurred inside the city.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Raby \\|first\\=John \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Curfew issued in western North Carolina community hit hard by Helene \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\\-helene\\-tracker\\-maps\\-updates\\#00000192\\-3554\\-d0a0\\-a9d6\\-f77e37a90000 \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|publisher\\=AP News \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926235639/https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\\-helene\\-tracker\\-maps\\-updates\\#00000192\\-3554\\-d0a0\\-a9d6\\-f77e37a90000 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The city broke their record for two\\-day rainfall, recording {{convert\\|9\\.87\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} of rain.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://weather.com/safety/hurricane/news/2024\\-09\\-27\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-recap\\-surge\\-rainfall\\-flood\\-florida\\-southeast \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene Recap: Catastrophic Surge, Inland Flooding From Florida To The Appalachians \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929121659/https://weather.com/safety/hurricane/news/2024\\-09\\-27\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-recap\\-surge\\-rainfall\\-flood\\-florida\\-southeast \\|archive\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|work\\=The Weather Channel \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 }} There were sporadic reports of [looting](/wiki/Looting \"Looting\") with theft of non\\-essential items such as [sports apparel](/wiki/Sportswear_%28activewear%29 \"Sportswear (activewear)\") and [athletic shoes](/wiki/Athletic_shoes \"Athletic shoes\") during the height of the storm.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.wfmynews2\\.com/article/weather/severe\\-weather/hurricane\\-helene\\-buncombe\\-county\\-officials\\-give\\-updates\\-on\\-asheville\\-black\\-mountain/83\\-11e5ed34\\-a700\\-4fe9\\-9c9b\\-9f2c48f0f6bc\\|title\\=Helene aftermath: Buncombe officials give updates on Asheville, more\\|website\\=wfmynews2\\.com\\|first1\\=Jeremy \\|last1\\=Vernon \\|first2\\=Itinease \\|last2\\=McMiller \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930055917/https://www.wfmynews2\\.com/article/weather/severe\\-weather/hurricane\\-helene\\-buncombe\\-county\\-officials\\-give\\-updates\\-on\\-asheville\\-black\\-mountain/83\\-11e5ed34\\-a700\\-4fe9\\-9c9b\\-9f2c48f0f6bc \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|date\\=September 28, 2024\\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024\\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [French Broad River](/wiki/French_Broad_River \"French Broad River\") crested at {{convert\\|24\\.67\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}, and the Swannanoa River reached {{convert\\|26\\.1\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}, both higher than the all\\-time records set by the [Flood of 1916](/wiki/Floods_in_the_United_States_%281900%E2%80%931999%29%23Southeast_floods_%E2%80%93_July_1916 \"Floods in the United States (1900–1999)#Southeast floods – July 1916\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\\-carolina/article293178834\\.html\\|title\\=At least 10 people dead in Western NC from Helene, 200 rescued from floods\\|last1\\=Jackson\\|first1\\=Drew\\|last2\\=Marusak\\|first2\\=Joe\\|last3\\=Quillin\\|first3\\=Martha\\|last4\\=Oehrli\\|first4\\=Ryan\\|work\\=\\[\\[News and Observer]]\\|date\\=September 28, 2024}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Asheville residents see cars, home floating\\|last\\=Hofmann\\|first\\=Will\\|work\\=\\[\\[Asheville Citizen\\-Times]]\\|date\\=October 1, 2024\\|page\\=A3}} Almost the entirety of [Biltmore Village](/wiki/Biltmore_Village \"Biltmore Village\") and the [River Arts District](/wiki/River_Arts_District \"River Arts District\") were flooded, and the city was largely isolated due to loss of power and cell service.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Asheville's historic Biltmore Village submerged in water after Hurricane Helene \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/asheville\\-s\\-historic\\-biltmore\\-village\\-submerged\\-in\\-water\\-after\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-220337221801 \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|website\\=NBC News \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928005028/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/asheville\\-s\\-historic\\-biltmore\\-village\\-submerged\\-in\\-water\\-after\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-220337221801 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|first1\\=Erik \\|last1\\=Verduzco \\|first2\\=Travis \\|last2\\=Loller \\|first3\\=George IV \\|last3\\=Walker \\|publisher\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Asheville has been isolated after Helene wrecked roads and knocked out power and cell service \\|url\\=https://www.local10\\.com/news/2024/09/28/asheville\\-has\\-been\\-largely\\-cut\\-off\\-after\\-helene\\-wrecked\\-roads\\-and\\-knocked\\-out\\-power\\-and\\-cell\\-service/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|website\\=WPLG \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930035310/https://www.local10\\.com/news/2024/09/28/asheville\\-has\\-been\\-largely\\-cut\\-off\\-after\\-helene\\-wrecked\\-roads\\-and\\-knocked\\-out\\-power\\-and\\-cell\\-service/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Landslides around Asheville forced sections of [I\\-26](/wiki/Interstate_26_in_North_Carolina \"Interstate 26 in North Carolina\") and [I\\-40](/wiki/Interstate_40_in_North_Carolina \"Interstate 40 in North Carolina\") to close, and triggered a flash flood emergency for the location.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.axios.com/local/atlanta/2024/09/27/helene\\-flash\\-flood\\-emergency\\-hurricane\\-north\\-carolina\\-georgia \\|title\\=Tropical Storm Helene: 'Flash flood emergency' explained \\|work\\=Axios \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2024 }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Lyons \\|first\\=Pat \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Helene Live Updates: 20 Dead as Destruction Spreads Across Southeast \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/27/weather/hurricane\\-helene\\-florida \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=The New York Times \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927100311/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/27/weather/hurricane\\-helene\\-florida \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Access to Asheville was cut off from September 27–28 via I\\-26 to South Carolina.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/hurricane\\-helene\\-asheville\\-flooding\\-north\\-carolina\\-tennessee\\-078a298cdcaaf46749f3f6683a4e1057 \\|title\\=Asheville has been isolated after Helene wrecked roads and knocked out power and cell service \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930035355/https://apnews.com/article/hurricane\\-helene\\-asheville\\-flooding\\-north\\-carolina\\-tennessee\\-078a298cdcaaf46749f3f6683a4e1057 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|date\\=28 September 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2024 }} A curfew was also issued for [Boone](/wiki/Boone%2C_North_Carolina \"Boone, North Carolina\") after high winds and torrential rain caused flooding, sink holes, and power outages throughout [Watauga County](/wiki/Watauga_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Watauga County, North Carolina\").{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Lee \\|first1\\=Hank \\|last2\\=DeVayne \\|first2\\=Richard \\|last3\\=Pierre \\|first3\\=Jesse \\|date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|title\\=Long, challenging recovery ahead for Boone after Helene's devastation \\|url\\=https://www.wcnc.com/article/weather/weather\\-impact/boone\\-helene\\-recovery\\-flooding\\-power\\-outages\\-downed\\-trees/275\\-a4030e8a\\-ce38\\-4b2d\\-9ae3\\-b9f00073ca29 \\|website\\=\\[\\[WCNC\\-TV]]}}",
"[Appalachian State](/wiki/Appalachian_State_University \"Appalachian State University\")'s football game against [Liberty](/wiki/Liberty_University \"Liberty University\") was canceled due to flooding and was not rescheduled.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Backus \\|first\\=Will \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Appalachian State vs. Liberty canceled: Effects from Hurricane Helene nix nonconference clash in Week 5 \\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/college\\-football/news/appalachian\\-state\\-vs\\-liberty\\-canceled\\-effects\\-from\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-nix\\-nonconference\\-clash\\-in\\-week\\-5/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=CBS Sports \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928014625/https://www.cbssports.com/college\\-football/news/appalachian\\-state\\-vs\\-liberty\\-canceled\\-effects\\-from\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-nix\\-nonconference\\-clash\\-in\\-week\\-5/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} A mudslide and floodwaters from the [Pigeon River](/wiki/Pigeon_River_%28Tennessee%E2%80%93North_Carolina%29 \"Pigeon River (Tennessee–North Carolina)\") washed out a section of [I\\-40](/wiki/I-40 \"I-40\") at the North Carolina–Tennessee border, forcing another closure.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Raby \\|first\\=John \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=A mudslide and floodwaters wash out interstate at the North Carolina\\-Tennessee state line \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\\-helene\\-tracker\\-maps\\-updates\\#00000192\\-34ea\\-d436\\-a1d6\\-b5eee82e0000 \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=AP News \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926235639/https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\\-helene\\-tracker\\-maps\\-updates\\#00000192\\-34ea\\-d436\\-a1d6\\-b5eee82e0000 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Pigeon River rose to more than {{convert\\|25\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=off}} in [Canton](/wiki/Canton%2C_North_Carolina \"Canton, North Carolina\"), higher than during [Hurricane Frances](/wiki/Hurricane_Frances \"Hurricane Frances\") in 2004 and [Tropical Storm Fred](/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Fred_%282021%29 \"Tropical Storm Fred (2021)\") in 2021\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.themountaineer.com/news/complete\\-devastation\\-canton\\-ravaged\\-by\\-the\\-worst\\-flood\\-yet/article\\_dd39cc2e\\-7d61\\-11ef\\-b837\\-7394b404bbd0\\.html\\|title\\='Complete devastation': Canton ravaged by the worst flood yet\\|last\\=Johnson\\|first\\=Becky\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Mountaineer]]\\|date\\=September 28, 2024\\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024\\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930051118/https://www.themountaineer.com/news/complete\\-devastation\\-canton\\-ravaged\\-by\\-the\\-worst\\-flood\\-yet/article\\_dd39cc2e\\-7d61\\-11ef\\-b837\\-7394b404bbd0\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In [Busick](/wiki/Busick%2C_North_Carolina \"Busick, North Carolina\"), rainfall totals reached {{convert\\|30\\.78\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{Cite web \\|author\\=National Weather Service Greenville \\- Spartanburg\\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Here are the rainfall totals starting at 8 AM EDT Tuesday, September 24th through 8 AM Saturday, September 28th, following Hurricane Helene's departure. \\|url\\=https://x.com/NWSGSP/status/1840088090184167431 \\|website\\=\\[\\[X (Twitter)]] \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930044420/https://x.com/NWSGSP/status/1840088090184167431 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [University of North Carolina at Asheville](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Asheville \"University of North Carolina at Asheville\") canceled all classes through October 9, along with Appalachian State campuses of Boone and [Hickory](/wiki/Hickory%2C_North_Carolina \"Hickory, North Carolina\") through October 11, and [Western Carolina University](/wiki/Western_Carolina_University \"Western Carolina University\") through October 4\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Dean \\|first\\=Korie \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Some western NC universities to close doors for at least a week due to Helene rampage \\|url\\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\\-carolina/article293188409\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|website\\=The News \\& Observer \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928200042/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north\\-carolina/article293188409\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Warren Wilson College](/wiki/Warren_Wilson_College \"Warren Wilson College\") and [Blue Ridge Community College](/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Community_College_%28North_Carolina%29 \"Blue Ridge Community College (North Carolina)\") announced they would remain closed for at least a week.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Blake \\|first\\=Jessica \\|date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|title\\='Long and Difficult' Recovery Ahead in N.C. \\|url\\=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/students/safety/2024/10/01/north\\-carolina\\-colleges\\-slammed\\-hurricane\\-helene \\|website\\=Inside Higher Ed}} The [Asheville School](/wiki/Asheville_School \"Asheville School\"), a boarding school in Asheville, evacuated its students and announced the campus would remain closed until October 14\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.ashevilleschool.org/news/extended\\-campus\\-closure/\\|title\\= Head of School Announcements October 1, 2024: Extended Campus Closure\\|author\\= \\|date\\= October 1, 2024\\|website\\= \\[\\[Asheville School]]\\|access\\-date\\= October 1, 2024}} [Christ School](/wiki/Christ_School_%28North_Carolina%29 \"Christ School (North Carolina)\"), an all\\-boys Episcopal boarding school in [Arden](/wiki/Arden%2C_North_Carolina \"Arden, North Carolina\"), was not evacuated and the campus was left without power until October 9\\. Classes would resume six days later.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.christschool.org/article/message\\-dr\\-jenkins\\|title\\= A Message from Dr. Jenkins\\|author\\= \\|date\\= September 28, 2024\\|website\\= \\[\\[Christ School (North Carolina)\\|Christ School]]\\|access\\-date\\= October 1, 2024}}{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.christschool.org/article/power\\-back\\-classes\\-resume\\-october\\-15\\|title\\= Power Back On! Classes Resume October 15\\|author\\= \\|date\\= October 9, 2024\\|website\\= \\[\\[Christ School (North Carolina)\\|Christ School]]\\|access\\-date\\= October 9, 2024}}",
"The [North Carolina Department of Transportation](/wiki/North_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation \"North Carolina Department of Transportation\") (NCDOT) issued a statement on their website that all roads in western North Carolina should be considered closed.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Stradling \\|first\\=Richard \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=NCDOT says all roads in Western NC should be considered closed, even the big ones \\|url\\=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/weather\\-news/article293153234\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928070722/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/weather\\-news/article293153234\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|website\\=The News and Observer}} [Lees\\-McRae College](/wiki/Lees-McRae_College \"Lees-McRae College\") in [Banner Elk](/wiki/Banner_Elk%2C_North_Carolina \"Banner Elk, North Carolina\") evacuated their campus and as of September 29, all students were successfully evacuated with the assistance of the [North Carolina National Guard](/wiki/North_Carolina_National_Guard \"North Carolina National Guard\").",
"There were various non\\-specific online posts using antisemitic rhetoric and threatening violence against FEMA officials in the aftermath of the storm.{{cite news \\|last\\= Medina\\|first\\= Eduardo\\|date\\= 8 October 2024\\|title\\= Antisemitism and Threats Directed at Officials Over Storm Response\\|url\\= https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/08/us/north\\-carolina\\-floods\\-antisemitic\\-social\\-media.html\\|work\\= NY Times \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2024}}{{cite news \\|last1\\= Oremus \\|first1\\= Will\\|last2\\= Joselow\\|first2\\= Maxine \\|date\\= 8 October 2024\\|title\\= Officials face antisemitic attacks over Hurricane Helene response\\|url\\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/10/08/hurricane\\-helene\\-antisemitic\\-misinformation\\-x/\\|newspaper\\= Washington Post\\|location\\= \\|access\\-date\\=}} In one instance, federal aid workers briefly paused or relocated their work in [Rutherford County](/wiki/Rutherford_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Rutherford County, North Carolina\"), North Carolina, as a result.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sacks \\|first\\=Brianna \\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-14 \\|title\\=Hurricane recovery officials in N.C. relocated amid report of 'armed militia,' email shows \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/10/13/federal\\-officials\\-nc\\-temporarily\\-relocated\\-amid\\-report\\-armed\\-militia\\-email\\-shows/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-14 \\|newspaper\\=Washington Post \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=0190\\-8286}} A 44\\-year\\-old North Carolina man was later arrested and charged in the Rutherford County incident after he was found with a handgun and a rifle at a supermarket serving as a storm relief site.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Hughes \\|first1\\=Clyde \\|last2\\=Walsh \\|first2\\=Sheri \\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-14 \\|title\\=Suspect arrested after FEMA pauses Hurricane Helene work in North Carolina over threats \\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Top\\_News/US/2024/10/14/FEMA\\-threats\\-North\\-Carolina\\-Helene/6981728921477 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-14 \\|website\\=United Press International \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### South Carolina",
"[thumb\\|Uprooted and damaged trees on the campus of [Presbyterian College](/wiki/Presbyterian_College \"Presbyterian College\") in [Clinton, South Carolina](/wiki/Clinton%2C_South_Carolina \"Clinton, South Carolina\")](/wiki/File:Presbyterian_College_after_Hurricane_Helene%2C_September_2024.jpg \"Presbyterian College after Hurricane Helene, September 2024.jpg\")\nThirty\\-six people were killed in South Carolina,{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Sundby \\|first1\\=Alex \\|last2\\=Dakss \\|first2\\=Brian \\|last3\\=Yeomans \\|first3\\=David \\|last4\\=Hanson \\|first4\\=Tom \\|date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|title\\=Helene death toll tops 100 as Southeast digs out from storm's devastation \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane\\-helene\\-path\\-florida/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|work\\=CBS News}} including six in [Spartanburg County](/wiki/Spartanburg_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Spartanburg County, South Carolina\") and [Greenville County](/wiki/Greenville_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Greenville County, South Carolina\"), four in [Aiken County](/wiki/Aiken_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Aiken County, South Carolina\"), and [Anderson County](/wiki/Anderson_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Anderson County, South Carolina\"), three in [Laurens County](/wiki/Laurens_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Laurens County, South Carolina\"), two in [Newberry County](/wiki/Newberry_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Newberry County, South Carolina\"), one in [Chesterfield County](/wiki/Chesterfield_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Chesterfield County, South Carolina\"),{{Cite news \\|last\\=Benjamin \\|first\\=Terry II \\|date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene\\-related deaths reach 24 in South Carolina, with most in the Upstate \\|url\\=https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/local/2024/09/29/south\\-carolina\\-death\\-toll\\-grows\\-tanderson\\-co\\-woman\\-found\\-dead\\-after\\-she\\-was\\-swept\\-away\\-by\\-stormwater/75440400007/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240929211106/https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/local/2024/09/29/south\\-carolina\\-death\\-toll\\-grows\\-tanderson\\-co\\-woman\\-found\\-dead\\-after\\-she\\-was\\-swept\\-away\\-by\\-stormwater/75440400007/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|work\\=The Greenville News}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rainey \\|first\\=Zach \\|date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|title\\=Death toll in Upstate continues to rise from Helene \\|url\\=https://www.wyff4\\.com/article/south\\-carolina\\-helene\\-deaths/62414502 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929104733/https://www.wyff4\\.com/article/south\\-carolina\\-helene\\-deaths/62414502 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|website\\=WYFF \\|language\\=en}} three in [Saluda County](/wiki/Saluda_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Saluda County, South Carolina\"), and one in [Greenwood County](/wiki/Greenwood_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Greenwood County, South Carolina\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Collins \\|first\\=Jeffrey \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=At least 17 people have died in South Carolina \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\\-helene\\-tracker\\-maps\\-updates\\#00000192\\-34c9\\-d0a0\\-a9d6\\-f6ff9c1a0000 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926235639/https://apnews.com/live/hurricane\\-helene\\-tracker\\-maps\\-updates\\#00000192\\-34c9\\-d0a0\\-a9d6\\-f6ff9c1a0000 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=AP News}} Over 1\\.3 million customers were without power in South Carolina, the most of any state impacted by Helene, with several counties experiencing a near\\-complete loss of power.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.wistv.com/2024/09/27/hurricane\\-helene\\-causes\\-thousands\\-midlands\\-residents\\-lose\\-power/ \\|title\\=Over 100K Midlands residents lose power as Helene sweeps southeast \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930051027/https://www.wistv.com/2024/09/27/hurricane\\-helene\\-causes\\-thousands\\-midlands\\-residents\\-lose\\-power/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|work\\=WISTV \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 }} Wind gusts reached {{convert\\|72\\|mph\\|kph\\|abbr\\=on}} in [Aiken](/wiki/Aiken%2C_South_Carolina \"Aiken, South Carolina\") and [Anderson](/wiki/Anderson%2C_South_Carolina \"Anderson, South Carolina\"),[Multiple deaths, widespread power outages across SC reported in wake of Tropical Storm Helene](https://scdailygazette.com/2024/09/27/multiple-deaths-widespread-power-outages-across-sc-reported-in-wake-of-tropical-storm-helene/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927180206/https://scdailygazette.com/2024/09/27/multiple\\-deaths\\-widespread\\-power\\-outages\\-across\\-sc\\-reported\\-in\\-wake\\-of\\-tropical\\-storm\\-helene/ \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 }}, SC Daily Gazette, September 27, 2024 and {{convert\\|75\\|mph\\|kph\\|abbr\\=on}} in [Beaufort](/wiki/Beaufort%2C_South_Carolina \"Beaufort, South Carolina\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Helene damage report: SC officials report highest wind gust in Beaufort clocked 75 mph \\|url\\=https://www.yahoo.com/news/hurricane\\-helene\\-damage\\-report\\-hilton\\-124033311\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|agency\\=The Island Packet \\|publisher\\=Yahoo \\|date\\=September 27, 2024}} Rainfall totals in the state peaked at {{convert\\|21\\.66\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} in [Rocky Bottom](/wiki/Rocky_Bottom%2C_South_Carolina \"Rocky Bottom, South Carolina\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene: See the historic river level, rainfall, wind speed totals for the Upstate \\|url\\=https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/2024/09/28/what\\-were\\-the\\-top\\-as\\-the\\-rare\\-the\\-wind\\-speedhow\\-much\\-rain\\-did\\-hurricane\\-helenefell\\-in\\-the\\-upstate\\-sc/75430155007/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Greenville Online \\|date\\=September 28, 2024}} Helene spawned 21 weak tornadoes in the state; five of them were rated EF1, another was rated EFU, and the remaining 15 were rated EF0\\.",
"[Clemson University](/wiki/Clemson_University \"Clemson University\") faced major online backlash{{Cite web \\|last\\=cherrington@postandcourier.com \\|first\\=Caitlin Herrington \\|date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|title\\=Clemson blasted for holding football game in aftermath of Helene. University now cancels classes. \\|url\\=https://www.postandcourier.com/hurricanewire/clemson\\-stanford\\-helene\\-criticism\\-power\\-outages/article\\_b4d7d554\\-7e89\\-11ef\\-a276\\-f7f27bedfce5\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|website\\=Post and Courier \\|language\\=en}} after deciding to host its September 28 homecoming football game against [Stanford](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\"), bringing 80,295 fans to campus, most of whom were non\\-locals, at a time when the surrounding upstate, including the nearby city of [Clemson](/wiki/Clemson%2C_South_Carolina \"Clemson, South Carolina\") and town of [Central](/wiki/Central%2C_South_Carolina \"Central, South Carolina\"), were facing widespread power outages and gas shortages.{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Black \\|first1\\=Mitchell \\|last2\\=Mitchell \\|first2\\=Anna B. \\|last3\\=Boschult \\|first3\\=Christian \\|last4\\=White \\|first4\\=Abigail \\|last5\\=Simon \\|first5\\=Ben \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Gassing up after Helene: Upstate drivers wait up to an hour for a pump \\- if they could find one \\|url\\=https://www.postandcourier.com/hurricanewire/gas\\-fuel\\-shortage\\-helene\\-upstate\\-sc\\-long\\-lines/article\\_538e3422\\-7dc7\\-11ef\\-a941\\-73e1ef7efbe9\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Post and Courier]] \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Adams \\|first\\=Marsharia \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=South Carolina grapples with over a million power outages as Hurricane Helene hits \\|url\\=https://www.wach.com/news/local/south\\-carolina\\-grapples\\-with\\-over\\-a\\-million\\-power\\-outages\\-as\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-hits\\-dominion\\-duke\\-energy\\-outage\\-powerlines\\-blackout\\-source\\-lights \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|website\\=WACH \\|language\\=en}} Tailgaters put a heavy strain on already scarce supplies such as gas, hot food from the few local restaurants that remained open, and ice that residents needed to prevent their food from spoiling in the absence of power. Later, on September 28, Clemson University announced that it would be opening some of its powered facilities and offering free food, drinks, ice, charging stations, and showers to the community for members in need of respite following the storm. However, many criticized the university for not doing so sooner.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Clemson to open several facilities for the community on Sunday \\|url\\=https://news.clemson.edu/clemson\\-to\\-open\\-several\\-facilities\\-for\\-community\\-on\\-sunday/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|website\\=Clemson News \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Criticism continued when Clemson University announced that classes would be canceled on Monday, September 30, seemingly contradicting the earlier assertion that the area was recovered well enough to host a game.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Riddle \\|first\\=Lyn \\|date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|title\\=Outrage after Clemson holds football game but cancels classes following Helene damage in SC \\|url\\=https://www.thestate.com/news/state/south\\-carolina/article293260659\\.html \\|work\\=The State}}",
"In addition to Clemson, [Erskine College](/wiki/Erskine_College \"Erskine College\") was forced to postpone their football match against [University of West Alabama](/wiki/University_of_West_Alabama \"University of West Alabama\") and reschedule the matchup to November 16\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Ryan \\|title\\=West Alabama Postpones Saturday's Game Due To Hurricane Helene Impacts \\|url\\=https://patch.com/alabama/tuscaloosa/amp/31897550/west\\-alabama\\-postpones\\-saturdays\\-game\\-due\\-to\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-impacts \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Patch \\|date\\=September 30, 2024}}",
"45,000 chickens were lost in one South Carolina poultry facility, and the storm is expected to have a major impact on local agriculture; South Carolina is a major supplier of chicken nationally to the United States. Manure runoff from the damaged chicken facilities poses a potential risk to groundwater and streams.",
"#### Tennessee",
"Helicopter crews rescued 58 people, with units from the [Virginia State Police](/wiki/Virginia_State_Police \"Virginia State Police\") assisting, from [Unicoi County](/wiki/Unicoi_County%2C_Tennessee \"Unicoi County, Tennessee\") Hospital in [Erwin](/wiki/Erwin%2C_Tennessee \"Erwin, Tennessee\") after the hospital was almost submerged entirely.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=More than 50 people stranded on roof of Unicoi County Hospital \\|url\\=https://wcyb.com/news/local/patients\\-and\\-staff\\-stranded\\-on\\-roof\\-of\\-unicoi\\-county\\-hospital \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=WCYB \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927190701/https://wcyb.com/news/local/patients\\-and\\-staff\\-stranded\\-on\\-roof\\-of\\-unicoi\\-county\\-hospital \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Part of a set of bridges on [US 23/I\\-26](/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Tennessee \"U.S. Route 23 in Tennessee\")/[US 19W](/wiki/U.S._Route_19W \"U.S. Route 19W\") spanning the [Nolichucky River](/wiki/Nolichucky_River \"Nolichucky River\") in Erwin were completely washed away.{{cite news \\|last\\=Miller \\|first\\=Jim \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Interstates 26, 40 Shut By Flood Waters \\|url\\=https://wgrv.com/2024/09/28/interstates\\-26\\-40\\-shut\\-by\\-flood\\-waters/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[WGRV (AM)\\|WGRV]] \\|location\\=Greeneville, Tennessee \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929074914/https://wgrv.com/2024/09/28/interstates\\-26\\-40\\-shut\\-by\\-flood\\-waters/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|last\\=Lee \\|first\\=Murry \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=TDOT: I\\-26 closed in Unicoi County due to flooding \\|url\\=https://www.wjhl.com/news/local/tdot\\-state\\-routes\\-in\\-northeast\\-tennessee\\-closed\\-due\\-to\\-trees\\-flooding/ \\|work\\=WJHL\\-TV \\|location\\=Johnson City, Tennessee \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024}} The [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators \"Nashville Predators\") postponed a preseason game against the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning \"Tampa Bay Lightning\") to October 7 due to severe weather in the area.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Daugherty \\|first\\=Alex \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene forces postponement of Predators vs. Lightning game at Amalie Arena \\|url\\=https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/nhl/predators/2024/09/27/hurricane\\-helene\\-amalie\\-arena\\-predators\\-lightning\\-preseason\\-game\\-postponed/75311445007/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=The Tennessean}} [Nashville](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\") broke a daily rainfall record on September 27\\.[How much rain has Nashville received from Tropical Storm Helene? See rain totals for Middle Tennessee](https://www.tennessean.com/story/weather/2024/09/27/how-much-rain-has-nashville-middle-tennessee-received-from-helene/75411069007/), The Tennessean, September 27, 2024 In [Morristown](/wiki/Morristown%2C_Tennessee \"Morristown, Tennessee\"), several trees fell, causing power lines to be snapped throughout the city.{{cite news \\|title\\=Lakeway Area dealing with the remnants of Hurricane Helene \\|url\\=https://www.citizentribune.com/news/local/lakeway\\-area\\-dealing\\-with\\-the\\-remnants\\-of\\-hurricane\\-helene/article\\_7980d942\\-7ce5\\-11ef\\-a507\\-474d91332155\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|work\\=Citizen Tribune \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928030556/https://www.citizentribune.com/news/local/lakeway\\-area\\-dealing\\-with\\-the\\-remnants\\-of\\-hurricane\\-helene/article\\_7980d942\\-7ce5\\-11ef\\-a507\\-474d91332155\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Wind gusts in [Sparta](/wiki/Sparta%2C_Tennessee \"Sparta, Tennessee\") reached {{convert\\|44\\|mph\\|kph\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite news \\|title\\=Helene aftermath: Impacts, rainfall totals in Middle TN \\|url\\=https://www.wkrn.com/news/local\\-news/helene\\-aftermath\\-impacts\\-rainfall\\-totals\\-in\\-middle\\-tn/amp/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2024 \\|publisher\\=WKRN \\|date\\=September 29, 2024}} In [Newport](/wiki/Newport%2C_Tennessee \"Newport, Tennessee\"), the [Pigeon River](/wiki/Pigeon_River_%28Tennessee%E2%80%93North_Carolina%29 \"Pigeon River (Tennessee–North Carolina)\") rose to over three times the flood stage and set a new record at {{convert\\|26\\|ft\\|m}}, flooding portions of the town and nearby [I\\-40](/wiki/Interstate_40_in_Tennessee \"Interstate 40 in Tennessee\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/weather/2024/09/27/knoxville\\-weather\\-updates\\-wind\\-rain\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-slams\\-tennessee\\-live/75399934007/\\|title\\=Live updates: Stranded people at East Tennessee hospital rescued\\|first\\=Sarah\\|last\\=Riley\\|website\\=Knoxville News Sentinel\\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024\\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928183835/https://www.knoxnews.com/story/weather/2024/09/27/knoxville\\-weather\\-updates\\-wind\\-rain\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-slams\\-tennessee\\-live/75399934007/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} As of October 1, 2024, across northeastern Tennessee, 85 people were still missing.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/weather/live\\-news/hurricane\\-helene\\-damage\\-north\\-carolina\\-10\\-01\\-24?t\\=1727817913695 \\|title\\=Helene is second\\-deadliest mainland US hurricane in past 50 years \\|first1\\=Brandon \\|last1\\=Miller \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024 }}",
"Early on September 28, the [Tennessee Valley Authority](/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority \"Tennessee Valley Authority\") (TVA) utility company issued a Condition Red alert for the [Nolichucky Dam](/wiki/Nolichucky_Dam \"Nolichucky Dam\"), saying that a failure of the dam was imminent, and local authorities issued an evacuation order.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Failure Of Nolichucky Dam Imminent, Could Cause Life\\-Threatening Flooding, TVA Says \\|url\\=https://www.msn.com/en\\-us/weather/topstories/failure\\-of\\-nolichucky\\-dam\\-imminent\\-could\\-cause\\-life\\-threatening\\-flooding\\-tva\\-says/ar\\-AA1rm7aQ \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|website\\=www.msn.com \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930034206/https://www.msn.com/en\\-us/weather/topstories/failure\\-of\\-nolichucky\\-dam\\-imminent\\-could\\-cause\\-life\\-threatening\\-flooding\\-tva\\-says/ar\\-AA1rm7aQ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However, it was reported by late morning the same day that water levels along the [Nolichucky River](/wiki/Nolichucky_River \"Nolichucky River\") were lowering. The TVA was investigating the dam to figure out the next steps.{{Cite news \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Water Around Tennessee Dam Receding After Heavy Rain From Helene \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/28/weather/helene\\-tennessee\\-nolichucky\\-dam\\-evacuation.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930034207/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/28/weather/helene\\-tennessee\\-nolichucky\\-dam\\-evacuation.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} {{Convert\\|12\\|mi\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} northeast of the Nolichucky Dam, the Kinser Bridge, which is a part of [SR 107](/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_107 \"Tennessee State Route 107\"), usually {{convert\\|60\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} above the Nolichucky River, collapsed after floodwaters overran the bridge.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|title\\=Bridge collapses into river in Tennessee amid flooding from Helene \\|url\\=https://www.wcax.com/2024/09/28/bridge\\-collapses\\-into\\-river\\-tennessee\\-amid\\-flooding\\-helene/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|website\\=WCAX \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930034208/https://www.wcax.com/2024/09/28/bridge\\-collapses\\-into\\-river\\-tennessee\\-amid\\-flooding\\-helene/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} A total of five state\\-maintained bridges were destroyed.{{cite news \\|last\\=Torres \\|first\\=Madalyn \\|date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|title\\=TDOT: 14 Tennessee bridges closed, 5 destroyed from flooding \\|url\\=https://www.wbir.com/article/traffic/tdot\\-bridges\\-helene\\-flooding\\-closures/51\\-192edf45\\-4b80\\-4eb4\\-a5b0\\-92140304af01 \\|work\\=WBIR\\-TV \\|location\\=Knoxville \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20240930220618/https://www.wbir.com/article/traffic/tdot\\-bridges\\-helene\\-flooding\\-closures/51\\-192edf45\\-4b80\\-4eb4\\-a5b0\\-92140304af01 \\|archivedate\\=September 30, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024}} A [K\\-9](/wiki/Police_dog \"Police dog\") for the Erwin Police Department named Scotty was found dead on September 28 after going missing during flooding in the [Bumpus Cove](/wiki/Bumpus_Cove%2C_Tennessee \"Bumpus Cove, Tennessee\") community.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Little \\|first\\=Faith \\|date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|title\\=Erwin PD: K\\-9 Scotty found deceased following flood \\|url\\=https://www.wjhl.com/news/local/erwin\\-pd\\-k\\-9\\-scotty\\-found\\-deceased\\-following\\-flood/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[WJHL\\-TV]]}} Six employees who were trapped by flood waters at the Impact Plastics plant in Erwin were among the missing and dead, with one worker who survived and family members of the deceased saying workers were not told that they could leave until after flood waters had covered the road to the plant and it lost power. Impact Plastics released a statement expressing sympathy for the workers' deaths and said that employees had not been threatened with termination for leaving the plant.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-02 \\|title\\=11 workers at a Tennessee factory were swept away in Hurricane Helene flooding. Only 5 were rescued \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/hurricane\\-helene\\-tennessee\\-f7c4a460de588df7a4d5bc9efa756ecb \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-02 \\|website\\=AP News \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|title\\=Helene floodwaters trapped Tennessee plastics plant employees, and some are among the missing and dead \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/hurricane\\-tennessee\\-deaths\\-plastic\\-factory\\-rcna173351 \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|website\\=NBC News \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Levine \\|first\\=Sam \\|date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|title\\=Tennessee plastics factory staff killed in Hurricane Helene reportedly told not to evacuate \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/us\\-news/2024/oct/01/tennessee\\-plastics\\-factory\\-hurricane \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} The incident is under investigation by the [Tennessee Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Tennessee_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Tennessee Bureau of Investigation\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Morgan\\-Rumsey \\|first\\=Camruinn \\|date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|title\\=TBI investigating allegations against Impact Plastics, agency confirms\\|url\\=https://www.wvlt.tv/2024/10/02/tbi\\-investigating\\-allegations\\-against\\-impact\\-plastics\\-agency\\-confirms/\\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|work\\=WVLT 8}}",
"Following the storm, four state parks fully closed, with [Panther Creek State Park](/wiki/Panther_Creek_State_Park \"Panther Creek State Park\") experiencing trail closures and [Seven Islands State Birding Park](/wiki/Seven_Islands_State_Birding_Park \"Seven Islands State Birding Park\") having both trail and boat ramp closures.{{cite news \\|title\\=Impact of Hurricane Helene on Tennessee State Parks \\|url\\=https://tnstateparks.com/blog/impact\\-of\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-on\\-tennessee\\-state\\-parks \\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Tennessee State Parks \\|date\\=October 3, 2024}}",
"#### Virginia",
"One person was killed in [Craig County](/wiki/Craig_County%2C_Virginia \"Craig County, Virginia\") after a tree fell onto a building.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Tucker \\|first\\=Emma \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=1 person dies in Craig County, Virginia in storm\\-related tree fall, building collapse, gov says \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/weather/live\\-news/hurricane\\-helene\\-florida\\-georgia\\-09\\-27\\-24\\#cm1l7j5ei00003b6qifj1uo65 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927092454/https://www.cnn.com/weather/live\\-news/hurricane\\-helene\\-florida\\-georgia\\-09\\-27\\-24/\\#cm1l7j5ei00003b6qifj1uo65 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|website\\=CNN}} Another person was killed in [Tazewell County](/wiki/Tazewell_County%2C_Virginia \"Tazewell County, Virginia\") when a falling tree struck them as they were cleaning debris.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Jackson \\|first\\=Tynisha \\|date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|title\\=One person dead in Tazewell County after Hurricane Helene \\|url\\=https://www.wdbj7\\.com/2024/09/29/one\\-person\\-dead\\-tazewell\\-county\\-after\\-hurricane\\-helene/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[WDBJ]] \\|archive\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929120637/https://www.wdbj7\\.com/2024/09/29/one\\-person\\-dead\\-tazewell\\-county\\-after\\-hurricane\\-helene/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Rainfall reached {{convert\\|12\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} in the [Grayson Highlands](/wiki/Grayson_County%2C_Virginia \"Grayson County, Virginia\"),[One dead, five Va. communities under voluntary evacuation order from Tropical Depression Helene](https://virginiamercury.com/2024/09/27/one-dead-five-va-communities-under-voluntary-evacuation-order-from-tropical-depression-helene/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927215652/https://virginiamercury.com/2024/09/27/one\\-dead\\-five\\-va\\-communities\\-under\\-voluntary\\-evacuation\\-order\\-from\\-tropical\\-depression\\-helene/ \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 }}, VirginiaMercury, September 27, 2024 while [Galax](/wiki/Galax%2C_Virginia \"Galax, Virginia\") saw around {{cvt\\|8\\.6\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} of rain over a 72\\-hour period. In the [New River Valley](/wiki/New_River_Valley \"New River Valley\"), high waters from Helene were seen as far north as [Radford University](/wiki/Radford_University \"Radford University\"). [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus%2C_Virginia \"Damascus, Virginia\") saw flooding of {{cvt\\|19\\.5\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Paullin \\|first1\\=Charlie \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene deaths in Virginia up to 2, future rain prompts more concern \\|url\\=https://virginiamercury.com/2024/09/30/hurricane\\-helene\\-deaths\\-in\\-virginia\\-up\\-to\\-2\\-future\\-rain\\-prompts\\-more\\-concern/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Virginia Mercury \\|date\\=September 30, 2024}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Governor [Glenn Youngkin](/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin \"Glenn Youngkin\") surveying damage in Damascus after the storm](/wiki/File:Hurricane_Helene_Damage%2C_Damascus_-_9_28_24_%2854028180636%29.jpg \"Hurricane Helene Damage, Damascus - 9 28 24 (54028180636).jpg\")",
"Over 70 water rescue operations occurred in the state, with the [Virginia National Guard](/wiki/Virginia_National_Guard \"Virginia National Guard\") rappelling from helicopters and pulling people from cars. In [Albemarle County](/wiki/Albemarle_County%2C_Virginia \"Albemarle County, Virginia\"), one road was washed out. Elsewhere, [SR 670](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_670 \"Virginia State Route 670\") in [Madison County](/wiki/Madison_County%2C_Virginia \"Madison County, Virginia\") and [SR 637](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_637 \"Virginia State Route 637\") in [Greene County](/wiki/Greene_County%2C_Virginia \"Greene County, Virginia\") suffered heavy damage. [Claytor Lake](/wiki/Claytor_Lake \"Claytor Lake\") would suffer heavy pollution, with officials noting that their teams had found propane tanks and floating cars behind the dam. In [Pulaski County](/wiki/Pulaski_County%2C_Virginia \"Pulaski County, Virginia\"), initial estimates revealed that 45 homes were significantly impacted. At the same time, in [Giles County](/wiki/Giles_County%2C_Virginia \"Giles County, Virginia\"), more than 35 buildings were destroyed. Most of [US 21](/wiki/U.S._Route_21_in_Virginia \"U.S. Route 21 in Virginia\") along the mountainside outside of [Independence](/wiki/Independence%2C_Virginia \"Independence, Virginia\") in [Grayson County](/wiki/Grayson_County%2C_Virginia \"Grayson County, Virginia\") was destroyed, while [US 58](/wiki/U.S._Route_58 \"U.S. Route 58\") and [Virginia Creeper Trail](/wiki/Virginia_Creeper_Trail \"Virginia Creeper Trail\") were wiped out and will need to be rebuilt headed into Damascus. Access to [Taylors Valley](/wiki/Taylors_Valley%2C_Virginia \"Taylors Valley, Virginia\") in [Washington County](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Virginia \"Washington County, Virginia\") was cut off after the two bridges into the community were destroyed.{{Cite web \\|last\\=WCYB \\|date\\=2024\\-10\\-08 \\|title\\=Access restored to Taylors Valley community after Helene, VDOT says \\|url\\=https://wcyb.com/news/local/access\\-restored\\-to\\-taylors\\-valley\\-community\\-after\\-helene\\-vdot\\-says \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-13 \\|website\\=WCYB \\|language\\=en}} In the city of [Radford](/wiki/Radford%2C_Virginia \"Radford, Virginia\"), the [New River](/wiki/New_River%2C_Virginia \"New River, Virginia\") crested at {{cvt\\|31\\.03\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}, only being surpassed by a {{cvt\\|35\\.96\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} crest on August 14, 1940, due to the remnants of the [1940 South Carolina hurricane](/wiki/1940_South_Carolina_hurricane \"1940 South Carolina hurricane\"). An EF1 tornado caused minor damage in [Bedford County](/wiki/Bedford_County%2C_Virginia \"Bedford County, Virginia\"), while an EF2 tornado in [Pittsylvania County](/wiki/Pittsylvania_County%2C_Virginia \"Pittsylvania County, Virginia\") injured one person, damaged 30 structures, and destroyed a mobile home.{{cite news \\|title\\=Storm cleanup continues across Southwest Virginia, as magnitude of devastation becomes clearer \\|url\\=https://cardinalnews.org/2024/09/30/storm\\-cleanup\\-continues\\-across\\-swva\\-as\\-magnitude\\-of\\-devastation\\-becomes\\-clearer/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Cardinal News \\|date\\=September 30, 2024}} Another EF1 tornado blew down trees near [Keeling](/wiki/Keeling%2C_Virginia \"Keeling, Virginia\") as well. Power outages in the state affected 190,000 people.{{cite news \\|title\\=Long period of cleanup, recovery begins from Hurricane Helene's effects on SWVa \\|url\\=https://cardinalnews.org/2024/09/28/long\\-period\\-of\\-cleanup\\-recovery\\-begins\\-from\\-hurricane\\-helenes\\-effects\\-on\\-swva/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Cardinal News \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930034209/https://cardinalnews.org/2024/09/28/long\\-period\\-of\\-cleanup\\-recovery\\-begins\\-from\\-hurricane\\-helenes\\-effects\\-on\\-swva/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Following the storm, nine state parks and four preserves closed due to damage from Helene.{{cite news \\|title\\=Nine Virginia State Parks, four preserves see closures due to Helene damage \\|url\\=https://www.wric.com/news/virginia\\-news/nine\\-virginia\\-state\\-parks\\-four\\-preserves\\-see\\-closures\\-due\\-to\\-helene\\-damage/amp/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2024 \\|publisher\\=WRIC \\|date\\=October 1, 2024}} In addition, numerous trails were closed in [Shenandoah National Park](/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park \"Shenandoah National Park\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Multiple trails at Shenandoah National Park closed due to flooding, downed trees \\|url\\=https://www.wric.com/news/western\\-virginia/trails\\-shenandoah\\-closed\\-flooding/amp/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2024 \\|publisher\\=WRIC \\|date\\=September 30, 2024}} The entire [Blue Ridge Parkway](/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Parkway \"Blue Ridge Parkway\") was closed as well, though much of the Virginia segment of the highway re\\-opened on October 11\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Nearly 200 miles of Blue Ridge Parkway reopens as long\\-term work remains in North Carolina \\|url\\=https://fox59\\.com/news/national\\-world/nearly\\-200\\-miles\\-of\\-blue\\-ridge\\-parkway\\-reopens\\-as\\-long\\-term\\-work\\-remains\\-in\\-north\\-carolina/amp/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 14, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Fox59 \\|date\\=October 11, 2024}}",
"#### Elsewhere",
"[LaRue County, Kentucky](/wiki/LaRue_County%2C_Kentucky \"LaRue County, Kentucky\"), experienced up to {{convert\\|3\\.61\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} of rain.[Live updates: Louder Than Life cancels Friday show](https://www.courier-journal.com/story/weather/local/2024/09/27/hurricane-helene-louisville-weather-tropical-storm-helene/75406840007/), Courier Journal, September 27, 2024 A daily rainfall record was broken in [Lexington](/wiki/Lexington%2C_Kentucky \"Lexington, Kentucky\"). Wind gusts in [Morgan County](/wiki/Morgan_County%2C_Kentucky \"Morgan County, Kentucky\") exceeded {{convert\\|60\\|mph\\|kph\\|abbr\\=on}}. Across Kentucky, nearly 220,000 customers lost power.{{cite news \\|title\\=Weather updates: 200,000\\+ Kentucky homes without power as Hurricane Helene hits \\|url\\=https://amp.kentucky.com/news/local/article293131619\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Lexington Herald Leader \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930040840/https://amp.kentucky.com/news/local/article293131619\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In [Jessamine County](/wiki/Jessamine_County%2C_Kentucky \"Jessamine County, Kentucky\"), the steeple of [Edgewood Baptist Church](/wiki/Edgewood_Baptist_Church \"Edgewood Baptist Church\") was blown off.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Williams \\|first1\\=Alyssa \\|title\\=Church building loses historic steeple in storm \\|url\\=https://www.wkyt.com/2024/09/29/church\\-building\\-loses\\-historic\\-steeple\\-storm/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|publisher\\=WKYT \\|date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930044327/https://www.wkyt.com/2024/09/29/church\\-building\\-loses\\-historic\\-steeple\\-storm/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In Lexington alone, over 110,000 customers were without power.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Rickerby \\|first1\\=Maggie \\|title\\=Lexington residents are in the dark after Hurricane Helene \\|url\\=https://www.wkyt.com/2024/09/29/lexington\\-residents\\-are\\-dark\\-after\\-hurricane\\-helene/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|publisher\\=WKYT \\|date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 29, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929135154/https://www.wkyt.com/2024/09/29/lexington\\-residents\\-are\\-dark\\-after\\-hurricane\\-helene/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In West Virginia, heavy rainfall occurred. High water ran in [Bluefield](/wiki/Bluefield%2C_West_Virginia \"Bluefield, West Virginia\"), and trees blocked multiple roadways. Elsewhere in the state were fallen trees across parts of [Fayette County](/wiki/Fayette_County%2C_West_Virginia \"Fayette County, West Virginia\"). In [Mercer County](/wiki/Mercer_County%2C_West_Virginia \"Mercer County, West Virginia\"), more than 20,000 customers lost power due to Helene.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Eanes \\|first1\\=Brandon \\|title\\=PHOTOS: Tropical Storm Helene leaves damage across southern West Virginia \\|url\\=https://www.wvnstv.com/news/west\\-virginia\\-news/photos\\-tropical\\-storm\\-helene\\-leaves\\-damage\\-across\\-southern\\-west\\-virginia/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|publisher\\=WVNS TV (59 News) \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928015121/https://www.wvnstv.com/news/west\\-virginia\\-news/photos\\-tropical\\-storm\\-helene\\-leaves\\-damage\\-across\\-southern\\-west\\-virginia/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [Denver Broncos](/wiki/Denver_Broncos \"Denver Broncos\"), who were practicing at the Greenbrier Resort due to having two consecutive east coast road games, were forced to hold one of their practices in the indoor tennis courts due to the heavy rainfall.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-27 \\|title\\=Inside Broncos' unprecedented practice week at The Greenbrier Resort in West Virginia \\|url\\=https://www.denverpost.com/2024/09/27/broncos\\-practice\\-week\\-greenbrier\\-west\\-virginia/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-03 \\|website\\=The Denver Post \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-27 \\|title\\=Bronco notes: Practice served on indoor tennis courts \\|url\\=https://www.9news.com/article/sports/nfl/denver\\-broncos/mike\\-klis/bronco\\-notes\\-practice\\-tennis\\-courts/73\\-d467bf46\\-ecaa\\-4566\\-a01d\\-439780c58a00 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-03 \\|website\\=KUSA.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Helene's rains have been primarily beneficial, alleviating drought conditions which were in the state since August 2024\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Farrish \\|first1\\=Jessica \\|title\\=Experts say that recent rainfall will have little effect on drought conditions \\|url\\=https://www.wvnstv.com/news/experts\\-say\\-that\\-recent\\-rainfall\\-will\\-have\\-little\\-effect\\-on\\-drought\\-conditions/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|publisher\\=WVNS TV (59 News) \\|date\\=September 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928002908/https://www.wvnstv.com/news/experts\\-say\\-that\\-recent\\-rainfall\\-will\\-have\\-little\\-effect\\-on\\-drought\\-conditions/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In [Huntington](/wiki/Huntington%2C_West_Virginia \"Huntington, West Virginia\"), a wind gust of {{convert\\|70\\|mph\\|kph\\|abbr\\=on}} was recorded; which was the second highest wind gust ever recorded at that station. {{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.weather.gov/rlx/2024\\-September\\-27\\-Helene \\| title\\=The Remnants of Helene Bring High Wind and Heavy Rain on September 27, 2024 to the NWS Charleston, WV Forecast Area }}",
"In Illinois, Helene's remnants produced heavy rains and high winds, causing several thousand outages.{{cite news \\|title\\=Rain, wind impacting central Illinois as Helene leaves trail of destruction across U.S. \\|url\\=https://www.wandtv.com/news/rain\\-wind\\-impacting\\-central\\-illinois\\-as\\-helene\\-leaves\\-trail\\-of\\-destruction\\-across\\-u\\-s/article\\_97e1ff00\\-7d04\\-11ef\\-a3ca\\-234cc6862442\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|work\\=WAND\\-TV \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927220932/https://www.wandtv.com/news/rain\\-wind\\-impacting\\-central\\-illinois\\-as\\-helene\\-leaves\\-trail\\-of\\-destruction\\-across\\-u\\-s/article\\_97e1ff00\\-7d04\\-11ef\\-a3ca\\-234cc6862442\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The waves on [Lake Michigan](/wiki/Lake_Michigan \"Lake Michigan\") were as high as {{Convert\\|10\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite web \\|first11\\=Mary Kay \\|last1\\=Kleist \\|first2\\=David \\|last2\\=Yeomans \\|first3\\=Albert \\|last3\\=Ramon \\|title\\=Chicago feeling remnants of Helene, winds of up to 55 mph possible Friday evening \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/remnants\\-of\\-helene\\-beach\\-hazard\\-statement/ \\|website\\=CBS News \\|publisher\\=CBS \\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927230034/https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/remnants\\-of\\-helene\\-beach\\-hazard\\-statement/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Portions of [Southern Illinois](/wiki/Southern_Illinois \"Southern Illinois\") exceeded {{convert\\|6\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} of rain from the storm, which caused water levels on the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River \"Ohio River\") to jump by {{convert\\|15\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} following the storm. However, the rainfall in this region was largely beneficial due to drought conditions from a lack of rain earlier in the month.{{cite news \\|title\\=Fall begins with warm September in Illinois \\|url\\=https://www.effinghamdailynews.com/news/fall\\-begins\\-with\\-warm\\-september\\-in\\-illinois/article\\_05335cf4\\-8271\\-11ef\\-bad7\\-8b34e144460f.html \\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2024 \\|work\\=Effingham Daily News \\|date\\=October 4, 2024}} About 100,000 power outages occurred in [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana \"Indiana\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.indystar.com/story/weather/indianapolis/2024/09/28/how\\-much\\-rain\\-wind\\-and\\-damage\\-did\\-indiana\\-get\\-from\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-high\\-winds\\-power\\-outages/75427329007/ \\|title\\=Here's how much rain, wind and damage Indiana got from Hurricane Helene \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930051544/https://www.indystar.com/story/weather/indianapolis/2024/09/28/how\\-much\\-rain\\-wind\\-and\\-damage\\-did\\-indiana\\-get\\-from\\-hurricane\\-helene\\-high\\-winds\\-power\\-outages/75427329007/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} and winds gusted up to {{Convert\\|68\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite report \\|title\\=Damaging Winds from Remnants of Hurricane Helene \\|url\\=https://www.weather.gov/ind/sep272024helene \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Weather Service]] \\|date\\=September 28, 2024 \\|location\\=Indianapolis, Indiana \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024}} Rainfall in the state peaked at {{convert\\|4\\.89\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} in [Mt. Vernon](/wiki/Mt._Vernon%2C_Indiana \"Mt. Vernon, Indiana\"), with {{convert\\|2\\.02\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} of rain in [Downtown Indianapolis](/wiki/Downtown_Indianapolis \"Downtown Indianapolis\"); heavier rainfall totals occurred in the southern parts of the state.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Standridge \\|first1\\=Matt \\|title\\=How much rain from Helene has Indiana picked up so far? {{!}} Live Doppler 13 Weather Blog \\|url\\=https://www.wthr.com/article/weather/weather\\-blog/hurricane\\-helene\\-rain\\-rainfall\\-totals\\-indiana\\-saturday\\-friday\\-how\\-much\\-water\\-tracking/531\\-d37b903a\\-3a99\\-47e3\\-b21d\\-e562897a1413 \\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2024 \\|publisher\\=WTHR \\|date\\=September 29, 2024}} One person was killed due to a fallen tree near [Griffin](/wiki/Griffin%2C_Indiana \"Griffin, Indiana\").",
"Over 120,000 customers lost power in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/local/2024/09/27/tropical\\-storm\\-helene\\-columbus\\-heavy\\-wind\\-rain\\-power\\-outages\\-cancelations/75408701007/ \\|title\\=Power outages from Helene hit over 120,000 in Ohio, over 11,000 in Franklin County \\|first\\=Nathan \\|last\\=Hart \\|website\\=The Columbus Dispatch \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930041923/https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/local/2024/09/27/tropical\\-storm\\-helene\\-columbus\\-heavy\\-wind\\-rain\\-power\\-outages\\-cancelations/75408701007/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} An estimated 1,000 households have sustained damage in [Scioto County](/wiki/Scioto_County%2C_Ohio \"Scioto County, Ohio\") due to unexpected heavy rainfall, with {{convert\\|7\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} of rain falling within the span of a few hours. 400 damage reports have been filed as of September 30, 2024\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://signalcleveland.org/hurricane\\-helenes\\-aftermath\\-leads\\-to\\-unexpected\\-flooding\\-in\\-scioto\\-county/\\|title\\=Hurricane Helene's aftermath leads to unexpected flooding in Scioto County \\|first\\=Andrew\\|last\\=Tobias \\|website\\=Signal Cleveland\\|date\\=September 30, 2024\\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2024}} In the city of [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati \"Cincinnati\"), rainfall totals reached {{convert\\|2\\.05\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite news \\|title\\=How strong were winds from Helene leftovers Friday? See highest wind gust reports \\|url\\=https://www.wlwt.com/article/wind\\-gusts\\-cincinnati\\-how\\-strong\\-were\\-winds\\-helene\\-hurricane/62454484 \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|publisher\\=WLWT \\|date\\=September 27, 2024}} Wind gusts in the state reached {{convert\\|67\\|mph\\|kph\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite web \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|url\\=https://www.wcpo.com/weather/helene\\-impact\\-when\\-winds\\-will\\-be\\-highest\\-and\\-rain\\-the\\-heaviest \\|title\\=HELENE IMPACTS: High winds and heavy rain fading for most \\|publisher\\=WCPO \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927124016/https://www.wcpo.com/weather/helene\\-impact\\-when\\-winds\\-will\\-be\\-highest\\-and\\-rain\\-the\\-heaviest \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|url\\-status\\=deviated}}",
"In the state of [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\"), over 3,000 customers lost power.{{cite news \\|date\\=September 27, 2024 \\|title\\=Hurricane Helene leads to power outage for thousands in Alabama \\|work\\=Montgomery Advisor \\|url\\=https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/local/alabama/2024/09/27/thousands\\-in\\-alabama\\-without\\-power\\-after\\-hurricane\\-helene/75407705007/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024}} Isolated regions in [Geneva County](/wiki/Geneva_County%2C_Alabama \"Geneva County, Alabama\") and [Houston County](/wiki/Houston_County%2C_Alabama \"Houston County, Alabama\") experienced {{convert\\|6\\-8\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} of rain. However, a last\\-second shift to the east lessened impacts throughout the state.{{cite news \\|title\\=Helene's impacts lessened across Alabama as last minute 'wobble' takes the storm east \\|publisher\\=WDHN \\|url\\=https://www.wdhn.com/weather/helenes\\-impacts\\-lessened\\-across\\-alabama\\-as\\-last\\-minute\\-wobble\\-takes\\-the\\-storm\\-east/amp/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2024 \\|date\\=September 27, 2024}}\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
### Part 1: "The House that Xavier Built"
Several ambassadors arrive at the Jerusalem Habitat, responding to a telepathic message sent by Charles Xavier to recognize a new sovereign nation of [mutants](/wiki/Mutant_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Mutant (Marvel Comics)"), called [Krakoa](/wiki/Krakoa "Krakoa"). The ambassadors are met by the newly appointed Krakoan ambassador [Magneto](/wiki/Magneto_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Magneto (Marvel Comics)").
Near the sun, spacecraft approach the station known as "The Forge," home base of a human group called [Orchis](/wiki/Orchis_%28comics%29 "Orchis (comics)"). Orchis is the self\-proclaimed "last hope" for humanity, made up of various members of human organizations such as [A.I.M.](/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics "Advanced Idea Mechanics"), [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. "S.H.I.E.L.D."), [Hydra](/wiki/Hydra_%28comics%29 "Hydra (comics)"), [Alpha Flight](/wiki/Alpha_Flight "Alpha Flight"), and others, allied to prevent the extinction of [homo sapiens](/wiki/Humans "Humans") to [mutants](/wiki/Mutant_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Mutant (Marvel Comics)").
Meanwhile, a team made up of [Mystique](/wiki/Mystique_%28character%29 "Mystique (character)"), [Sabretooth](/wiki/Sabretooth_%28character%29 "Sabretooth (character)"), and [Toad](/wiki/Toad_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Toad (Marvel Comics)") infiltrate the base of [Damage Control](/wiki/Damage_Control_%28comics%29 "Damage Control (comics)") searching for information in the databases. While they get what they searched for, Sabertooth maims several guards in the chaos and is eventually captured by the [Fantastic Four](/wiki/Fantastic_Four "Fantastic Four").
### Part 2: "The Last Dream of Professor X"
In the past, Moira MacTaggert meets with Charles Xavier. In the present, Mystique gives the intel she stole to Professor X and Magneto. A hundred years into the future, the remnants of mutantkind on Earth war with the Man Machine Supremacy; the mutants Rasputin and Cardinal flee with intel stolen from the machines while their comrade Cylobel is captured and later killed by Nimrod and Omega Sentinel as the machines attempt to learn what intel the mutants stole. A thousand years into the future, a post\-human referred to as the Librarian and Nimrod (now reduced to a small flying unit) reminisce about mutantkind and the surprising end of their war with humanity and the machines.
### Part 3: "The Uncanny Life of Moira X"
In a [retcon](/wiki/Retroactive_continuity "Retroactive continuity") of [Moira MacTaggert](/wiki/Moira_MacTaggert "Moira MacTaggert"), it is revealed that Moira is also a mutant. Her gift allows her, on dying, to start over as a baby while retaining all of the memories of her past lives. In this way, the different histories of the X\-Men are seen to be timelines that she has lived through. She is told during one of her timelines by [Destiny](/wiki/Destiny_%28Irene_Adler%29 "Destiny (Irene Adler)") that she has 10, perhaps 11 timelines in total.
### Part 4: "We Are Together Now, You and I"
In the past, Professor X and Moira MacTaggert meet with Magneto and recruit him to their cause. In the present, Professor X and Magneto meet with Cyclops and order him to form a team to assault the Orchis Forge and destroy the Mother Mold. A hundred years into the future, it's revealed that the intel the mutants stole was an index machine to help them find the actual information they need, but retrieving said information will be a suicide mission; Apocalypse, the leader of the mutant remnants, vows to lead them in this mission. A thousand years into the future, the Librarian alongside his post\-human brethren await the arrival of the Phalanx, who have responded to post\-humanity's summons.
### Part 5: "This Is What You Do"
A hundred years into the future, the mutants carry out their mission, splitting into two teams. Rasputin's team attacks a human church to draw out Omega Sentinel and the rest of the machines, and everyone dies in the mutants' ensuing suicide attack. Meanwhile Apocalypse's team retrieves the information they're after (the date of Nimrod's creation) but are confronted by Nimrod himself; Apocalypse dies fighting Nimrod to ensure Wolverine's escape. Wolverine awakens Moira from stasis, imprints the intel into her, then kills her to reset the timeline, revealing this future to be Moira's tenth life.
### Part 6: "Once More unto the Breach"
Cyclops informs X and Magneto that he has assembled a team in order to attack the Mother Mold facility orbiting the Sun. After meeting, they embark on the mission.
### Part 7: "It Will Be Done"
On Krakoa, X and Magneto contact Marvel Girl to monitor the mission. Wolverine and Nightcrawler are successful in destroying the collars, but the ship is boarded by Orchis forces. The humans activate the Mother Mold, not knowing whether it will be sane or not. X tells them to do whatever it takes to stop it. Nightcrawler teleports Wolverine onto the collar before being instantly evaporated by the sun. Wolverine's healing factor allows him time to carve through it before he too is evaporated as the Mother Mold hurtles into the sun.
With the mission complete, Cyclops tries to locate Jean's pod, but Doctor Gregor executes him. The Sentinel drones arrive, intercept Jean's pod, and work to kill her. As his proteges have seemingly all died at the hands of humans once again, X cries and vows "no more".*House of X* \#4\. Marvel Comics.
### Part 8: "Something Sinister"
In the past, Professor X and Magneto meet with Mr. Sinister to elicit his help in building a database of mutant DNA. Several months before the Krakoan nation is established, Professor X arranges a meeting between Cypher and Krakoa, and gets the former to work on developing a unique language for mutantkind. A thousand years into the future, post\-humanity offers to be willingly assimilated by the Phalanx, and await to see if the Phalanx finds them acceptable.
### Part 9: "Society"
On Krakoa, X, [Magneto](/wiki/Magneto_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Magneto (Marvel Comics)"), [Storm](/wiki/Storm_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Storm (Marvel Comics)"), and Polaris assemble and are joined by five other mutants: [Eva Bell](/wiki/Tempus_%28comics%29 "Tempus (comics)"), [Proteus](/wiki/Proteus_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Proteus (Marvel Comics)"), [Hope Summers](/wiki/Hope_Summers_%28character%29 "Hope Summers (character)"), [Elixir](/wiki/Elixir_%28character%29 "Elixir (character)"), and [Egg](/wiki/Fabio_Medina "Fabio Medina"). [Magneto](/wiki/Magneto_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Magneto (Marvel Comics)") explains that the five mutants, collectively known as The Five, are able to revive deceased mutants. Storm brings The Five and the revived mutants out, proudly announcing that The Five has allowed the nation of Krakoa to defeat death. The revived mutants enter the crowd as Storm calls them the "Heroes of Krakoa".
### Part 10: "For the Children"
In the past, Professor X meets with Forge to discuss modifying Cerebro in order to create a backup for every mutant mind on the planet. Several months before the Krakoan nation is established, Professor X and Magneto recruit Emma to their cause. Professor X later uses Cerebro to invite every mutant \- hero or villain \- to Krakoa. Namor refuses Professor X's invitation. A thousand years into the future, the Phalanx agree to assimilate post\-humanity, with the Phalanx eventually merging with their masters, the godlike Dominion. However the assimilation of post\-humanity will destroy the Earth and kill every living thing on it.
### Part 11: "I Am Not Ashamed"
One month prior to the events of the series, Xavier uses Cerebro to offer Krakoa's miracle drugs to all of humanity.
### Part 12: "House of X"
A thousand years into the future, a conflicted Librarian confronts Wolverine and Moira in post\-humanity's mutant reservation. The Librarian reveals post\-humanity's plans for ascension and its consequences, as well as the truth of post\-humanity's role in the resolution of the human\-mutant\-machine war. Having learned what they needed to know, Wolverine kills the Librarian and then Moira to reset the timeline, revealing this future to be Moira's sixth life. In the past, the young Charles Xavier reels at the knowledge from Moira's mind; Moira swears to break the goodness out of Xavier for the cause and tells him to give up his dream. In the present, despite Moira's cynicism that mutantkind is destined for defeat, Professor X and Magneto vow that things will be different this time.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"### Part 1: \"The House that Xavier Built\"",
"Several ambassadors arrive at the Jerusalem Habitat, responding to a telepathic message sent by Charles Xavier to recognize a new sovereign nation of [mutants](/wiki/Mutant_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Mutant (Marvel Comics)\"), called [Krakoa](/wiki/Krakoa \"Krakoa\"). The ambassadors are met by the newly appointed Krakoan ambassador [Magneto](/wiki/Magneto_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Magneto (Marvel Comics)\").",
"Near the sun, spacecraft approach the station known as \"The Forge,\" home base of a human group called [Orchis](/wiki/Orchis_%28comics%29 \"Orchis (comics)\"). Orchis is the self\\-proclaimed \"last hope\" for humanity, made up of various members of human organizations such as [A.I.M.](/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics \"Advanced Idea Mechanics\"), [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. \"S.H.I.E.L.D.\"), [Hydra](/wiki/Hydra_%28comics%29 \"Hydra (comics)\"), [Alpha Flight](/wiki/Alpha_Flight \"Alpha Flight\"), and others, allied to prevent the extinction of [homo sapiens](/wiki/Humans \"Humans\") to [mutants](/wiki/Mutant_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Mutant (Marvel Comics)\").",
"Meanwhile, a team made up of [Mystique](/wiki/Mystique_%28character%29 \"Mystique (character)\"), [Sabretooth](/wiki/Sabretooth_%28character%29 \"Sabretooth (character)\"), and [Toad](/wiki/Toad_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Toad (Marvel Comics)\") infiltrate the base of [Damage Control](/wiki/Damage_Control_%28comics%29 \"Damage Control (comics)\") searching for information in the databases. While they get what they searched for, Sabertooth maims several guards in the chaos and is eventually captured by the [Fantastic Four](/wiki/Fantastic_Four \"Fantastic Four\").",
"### Part 2: \"The Last Dream of Professor X\"",
"In the past, Moira MacTaggert meets with Charles Xavier. In the present, Mystique gives the intel she stole to Professor X and Magneto. A hundred years into the future, the remnants of mutantkind on Earth war with the Man Machine Supremacy; the mutants Rasputin and Cardinal flee with intel stolen from the machines while their comrade Cylobel is captured and later killed by Nimrod and Omega Sentinel as the machines attempt to learn what intel the mutants stole. A thousand years into the future, a post\\-human referred to as the Librarian and Nimrod (now reduced to a small flying unit) reminisce about mutantkind and the surprising end of their war with humanity and the machines.",
"### Part 3: \"The Uncanny Life of Moira X\"",
"In a [retcon](/wiki/Retroactive_continuity \"Retroactive continuity\") of [Moira MacTaggert](/wiki/Moira_MacTaggert \"Moira MacTaggert\"), it is revealed that Moira is also a mutant. Her gift allows her, on dying, to start over as a baby while retaining all of the memories of her past lives. In this way, the different histories of the X\\-Men are seen to be timelines that she has lived through. She is told during one of her timelines by [Destiny](/wiki/Destiny_%28Irene_Adler%29 \"Destiny (Irene Adler)\") that she has 10, perhaps 11 timelines in total.",
"### Part 4: \"We Are Together Now, You and I\"",
"In the past, Professor X and Moira MacTaggert meet with Magneto and recruit him to their cause. In the present, Professor X and Magneto meet with Cyclops and order him to form a team to assault the Orchis Forge and destroy the Mother Mold. A hundred years into the future, it's revealed that the intel the mutants stole was an index machine to help them find the actual information they need, but retrieving said information will be a suicide mission; Apocalypse, the leader of the mutant remnants, vows to lead them in this mission. A thousand years into the future, the Librarian alongside his post\\-human brethren await the arrival of the Phalanx, who have responded to post\\-humanity's summons.",
"### Part 5: \"This Is What You Do\"",
"A hundred years into the future, the mutants carry out their mission, splitting into two teams. Rasputin's team attacks a human church to draw out Omega Sentinel and the rest of the machines, and everyone dies in the mutants' ensuing suicide attack. Meanwhile Apocalypse's team retrieves the information they're after (the date of Nimrod's creation) but are confronted by Nimrod himself; Apocalypse dies fighting Nimrod to ensure Wolverine's escape. Wolverine awakens Moira from stasis, imprints the intel into her, then kills her to reset the timeline, revealing this future to be Moira's tenth life.",
"### Part 6: \"Once More unto the Breach\"",
"Cyclops informs X and Magneto that he has assembled a team in order to attack the Mother Mold facility orbiting the Sun. After meeting, they embark on the mission.",
"### Part 7: \"It Will Be Done\"",
"On Krakoa, X and Magneto contact Marvel Girl to monitor the mission. Wolverine and Nightcrawler are successful in destroying the collars, but the ship is boarded by Orchis forces. The humans activate the Mother Mold, not knowing whether it will be sane or not. X tells them to do whatever it takes to stop it. Nightcrawler teleports Wolverine onto the collar before being instantly evaporated by the sun. Wolverine's healing factor allows him time to carve through it before he too is evaporated as the Mother Mold hurtles into the sun.",
"With the mission complete, Cyclops tries to locate Jean's pod, but Doctor Gregor executes him. The Sentinel drones arrive, intercept Jean's pod, and work to kill her. As his proteges have seemingly all died at the hands of humans once again, X cries and vows \"no more\".*House of X* \\#4\\. Marvel Comics.",
"### Part 8: \"Something Sinister\"",
"In the past, Professor X and Magneto meet with Mr. Sinister to elicit his help in building a database of mutant DNA. Several months before the Krakoan nation is established, Professor X arranges a meeting between Cypher and Krakoa, and gets the former to work on developing a unique language for mutantkind. A thousand years into the future, post\\-humanity offers to be willingly assimilated by the Phalanx, and await to see if the Phalanx finds them acceptable.",
"### Part 9: \"Society\"",
"On Krakoa, X, [Magneto](/wiki/Magneto_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Magneto (Marvel Comics)\"), [Storm](/wiki/Storm_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Storm (Marvel Comics)\"), and Polaris assemble and are joined by five other mutants: [Eva Bell](/wiki/Tempus_%28comics%29 \"Tempus (comics)\"), [Proteus](/wiki/Proteus_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Proteus (Marvel Comics)\"), [Hope Summers](/wiki/Hope_Summers_%28character%29 \"Hope Summers (character)\"), [Elixir](/wiki/Elixir_%28character%29 \"Elixir (character)\"), and [Egg](/wiki/Fabio_Medina \"Fabio Medina\"). [Magneto](/wiki/Magneto_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Magneto (Marvel Comics)\") explains that the five mutants, collectively known as The Five, are able to revive deceased mutants. Storm brings The Five and the revived mutants out, proudly announcing that The Five has allowed the nation of Krakoa to defeat death. The revived mutants enter the crowd as Storm calls them the \"Heroes of Krakoa\".",
"### Part 10: \"For the Children\"",
"In the past, Professor X meets with Forge to discuss modifying Cerebro in order to create a backup for every mutant mind on the planet. Several months before the Krakoan nation is established, Professor X and Magneto recruit Emma to their cause. Professor X later uses Cerebro to invite every mutant \\- hero or villain \\- to Krakoa. Namor refuses Professor X's invitation. A thousand years into the future, the Phalanx agree to assimilate post\\-humanity, with the Phalanx eventually merging with their masters, the godlike Dominion. However the assimilation of post\\-humanity will destroy the Earth and kill every living thing on it.",
"### Part 11: \"I Am Not Ashamed\"",
"One month prior to the events of the series, Xavier uses Cerebro to offer Krakoa's miracle drugs to all of humanity.",
"### Part 12: \"House of X\"",
"A thousand years into the future, a conflicted Librarian confronts Wolverine and Moira in post\\-humanity's mutant reservation. The Librarian reveals post\\-humanity's plans for ascension and its consequences, as well as the truth of post\\-humanity's role in the resolution of the human\\-mutant\\-machine war. Having learned what they needed to know, Wolverine kills the Librarian and then Moira to reset the timeline, revealing this future to be Moira's sixth life. In the past, the young Charles Xavier reels at the knowledge from Moira's mind; Moira swears to break the goodness out of Xavier for the cause and tells him to give up his dream. In the present, despite Moira's cynicism that mutantkind is destined for defeat, Professor X and Magneto vow that things will be different this time.",
""
] |
Titular Kings of Thessalonica, 1224–1331
----------------------------------------
### House of Aleramici (1224–1230\)
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Arms | Succession and Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
**[Demetrius](/wiki/Demetrius_of_Montferrat "Demetrius of Montferrat")**
of Montferrat
December 1224 – 1230
(previously ruling king 1207–1224\)
[frameless\|110x110px](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg "Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Thessalonica.svg")
Previously the ruling King of Thessalonica. Escaped into exile after losing Thessalonica, fleeing to the court of [Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor "Holy Roman Emperor") [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor") in Italy.
{{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=304}}
After Demetrius's death, the succession to the defunct kingdom was contested, with three separate, conflicting, lines of titular 'kings of Thessalonica' forming in the 13th century.{{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=316}} Demetrius's own preferred heir was Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, who he ceded his titles to.{{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=304}}
### Montferrat line (1230–1284\)
#### House of Hohenstaufen (1230–1239\)
{{See also\|Hohenstaufen}}
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Arms | Succession and Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [frameless\|139x139px](/wiki/File:Frederick_II_%28HRE%29.jpg "Frederick II (HRE).jpg") | **[Frederick](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor")**of Hohenstaufen | 1230 – 1239 | [frameless\|114x114px](/wiki/File:Attributed_Coat_of_Arms_of_Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Historia_della_Citt%C3%A0_e_Regno_di_Napoli%29.svg "Attributed Coat of Arms of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (Historia della Città e Regno di Napoli).svg") | Holy Roman Emperor ({{Reign}}1220–1250\). Demetrius lacked heirs of his own and ceded the title 'King of Thessalonica' to Frederick. The reason for Frederick's interest in the title is unclear; acquiring it might have been part of wider ambitions in the [Levant](/wiki/Levant "Levant"). | {{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=\|pp\=304, 309, 316}} |
#### House of Aleramici (1239–1284\)
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Arms | Succession and Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **[Boniface II](/wiki/Boniface_II%2C_Marquis_of_Montferrat "Boniface II, Marquis of Montferrat")**of Montferrat | 1239 – 12 June 1253 | [frameless\|110x110px](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg "Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Thessalonica.svg") | Marquis of Montferrat ({{Reign}}1225–1253\). Son of William VI of Montferrat and grandson of Boniface I. Granted the title by Frederick. | {{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=316}} |
| | **[William](/wiki/William_VII%2C_Marquis_of_Montferrat "William VII, Marquis of Montferrat")**of Montferrat | 12 June 1253 – 1284 | [frameless\|110x110px](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg "Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Thessalonica.svg") | Marquis of Montferrat ({{Reign}}1253–1292\). Son of Boniface II. | {{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=316}} |
William's daughter [Yolande](/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat "Irene of Montferrat") married the Byzantine emperor [Andronikos II Palaiologos](/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos "Andronikos II Palaiologos") ({{Reign}}1282–1328\) in 1284\. As her [dowry](/wiki/Dowry "Dowry"), William abandoned the title 'King of Thessalonica', with his titular claim to the city and region surrounding it returning to its actual owners, the Byzantine Empire.{{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=316}}
### Burgundian line (1266–1320/1321\)
In 1266, the titular Emperor of Constantinople, [Baldwin II](/wiki/Baldwin_II%2C_Latin_Emperor "Baldwin II, Latin Emperor"), sold the title 'King of Thessalonica' to [Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy](/wiki/Hugh_IV%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy "Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy"). Baldwin considered the rights of the Montferrat line of titular kings to be void as they had been granted the title by Frederick II, who was excommunicated and condemned as a heretic.{{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=316}}
#### House of Burgundy (1266–1320\)
{{See also\|House of Burgundy}}
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Arms | Succession and Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|[frameless\|102x102px](/wiki/File:Hugh_IV%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.jpg "Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy.jpg")
**[Hugh I](/wiki/Hugh_IV%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy "Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy")**
of Burgundy
1266 – 27/30 October 1272
[frameless\|119x119px](/wiki/File:Old_Arms_of_the_Dukes_of_Burgundy.svg "Old Arms of the Dukes of Burgundy.svg")
Duke of Burgundy ({{Reign}}1218–1272\). Sold the title 'King of Thessalonica' by Baldwin II, titular Emperor of Constantinople, in 1266\.
{{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=316}}
|[frameless\|100x100px](/wiki/File:Robert_II_of_Burgundy.jpg "Robert II of Burgundy.jpg")
**[Robert](/wiki/Robert_II%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy "Robert II, Duke of Burgundy")**
of Burgundy
27/30 October 1272 – 21 March 1306
[frameless\|119x119px](/wiki/File:Old_Arms_of_the_Dukes_of_Burgundy.svg "Old Arms of the Dukes of Burgundy.svg")
Duke of Burgundy ({{Reign}}1272–1306\). Son and heir of Hugh I.
{{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=316}}
|[frameless\|100x100px](/wiki/File:Hugo_V.jpg "Hugo V.jpg")
**[Hugh II](/wiki/Hugh_V%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy "Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy")**
of Burgundy
21 March 1306 – 1313
[frameless\|119x119px](/wiki/File:Old_Arms_of_the_Dukes_of_Burgundy.svg "Old Arms of the Dukes of Burgundy.svg")
Duke of Burgundy ({{Reign}}1306–1315\). Son and heir of Robert.
{{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=316}}
|[frameless\|101x101px](/wiki/File:Louis_of_Burgundy.jpg "Louis of Burgundy.jpg")
**[Louis I](/wiki/Louis_of_Burgundy "Louis of Burgundy")**
of Burgundy
1313 – 2 August 1316
[frameless\|110x110px](/wiki/File:Armoiries_Louis_de_Bourgogne.svg "Armoiries Louis de Bourgogne.svg")
Prince of Achaea ({{Reign}}1313–1316\). Son of Robert. Granted the title by his brother Hugh II in exchange for his own rights to Burgundy.
{{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=316}}
|[frameless\|108x108px](/wiki/File:Eudes4.jpg "Eudes4.jpg")
**[Odo](/wiki/Odo_IV%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy "Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy")**
of Burgundy
2 August 1316 – 14 April 1320
[frameless\|111x111px](/wiki/File:Armoiries_Eudes_Bourgogne-Nevers.svg "Armoiries Eudes Bourgogne-Nevers.svg")
Duke of Burgundy ({{Reign}}1315–1349\). Son of Robert. Inherited the title upon the death of his brother Louis I. Recorded as complaining to [Pope John XXII](/wiki/Pope_John_XXII "Pope John XXII") about the "usurpation" by the Angevins of the Principality of Achaea.
{{sfn\|Topping\|1975\|p\=115}}
#### House of Bourbon (1320–1320/1321\)
{{See also\|House of Bourbon}}
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Arms | Succession and Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
**[Louis II](/wiki/Louis_I%2C_Duke_of_Bourbon "Louis I, Duke of Bourbon")**
of Bourbon
14 April 1320 – 1320/1321
[frameless\|110x110px](/wiki/File:Blason_Louis_de_Clermont.svg "Blason Louis de Clermont.svg")
Count of [Clermont\-en\-Beauvaisis](/wiki/Clermont-en-Beauvaisis "Clermont-en-Beauvaisis") ({{Reign}}1317–1342\) and [Duke of Bourbon](/wiki/Duke_of_Bourbon "Duke of Bourbon") ({{Reign}}1327–1342\). Odo sold his claims to the titles 'King of Thessalonica' and 'Prince of Achaea' to Louis in 1320\.
{{sfn\|Topping\|1975\|p\=115}}
During Louis of Bourbon's purchase of the titles,{{sfn\|Topping\|1975\|p\=115}} [Philip of Taranto](/wiki/Philip_I%2C_Prince_of_Taranto "Philip I, Prince of Taranto"), Angevin pretender to the title,{{sfn\|Mariani\|2005}} intervened and offered the same sum to purchase them. Through his purchase of the titles, Philip acquired the Burgundian claim to the titles as well, ensuring that there was now only a single line of pretenders. Louis of Bourbon likely only agreed to selling the titles because of the 1321 engagement between Philip's [son of the same name](/wiki/Philip%2C_Despot_of_Romania "Philip, Despot of Romania") and Louis's daughter [Beatrice](/wiki/Beatrice_of_Bourbon%2C_Queen_of_Bohemia "Beatrice of Bourbon, Queen of Bohemia").{{sfn\|Topping\|1975\|p\=\|pp\=115–116}}
### Angevin line (1274–1331\)
In the 1267 [Treaty of Viterbo](/wiki/Treaty_of_Viterbo "Treaty of Viterbo"), signed by Baldwin II, [Charles I of Sicily](/wiki/Charles_I_of_Sicily "Charles I of Sicily"), and [William II Villehardouin](/wiki/William_II_Villehardouin "William II Villehardouin"), Prince of Achaea, it was agreed that Baldwin's sale of the title 'King of Thessalonica' to Hugh IV of Burgundy would only be considered valid if Hugh supported Baldwin (and his heir, [Philip of Courtenay](/wiki/Philip_of_Courtenay "Philip of Courtenay")) in recapturing Constantinople. If this were to not occur, it was agreed among the signatories that the title should be transferred to Charles I and his heirs.{{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=317}}
#### House of Anjou (1274–1331\)
{{See also\|Capetian House of Anjou}}
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Arms | Succession and Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **[Philip I](/wiki/Philip_of_Sicily "Philip of Sicily")**of Anjou | 1274 – 1277 | [frameless\|117x117px](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Anjou-Naples_dynasty_%28Capetians%29.svg "Coat of arms of the Anjou-Naples dynasty (Capetians).svg") | Son of Charles I of Sicily. Granted the title by Baldwin II in 1274, as per the agreement reached in the Treaty of Viterbo. | {{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=\|pp\=316–317}} |
| [frameless\|150x150px](/wiki/File:Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg "Palazzo Reale di Napoli - Carlo I d'Angiò.jpg") | **[Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou "Charles I of Anjou")**of Anjou | 1277 – 7 January 1285 | [frameless\|117x117px](/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Anjou_%28per_pale_Jerusalem_and_France_Ancient%29.svg "Coat of Arms of Charles I of Anjou (per pale Jerusalem and France Ancient).svg") | King of Sicily ({{Reign}}1266–1285\) and Prince of Achaea ({{Reign}}1278–1285\). Father of Philip of Anjou, inherited the title upon Philip's early death. | {{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=\|pp\=317–318}} |
| [frameless\|100x100px](/wiki/File:Charles_2_of_Naples.jpg "Charles 2 of Naples.jpg") | **[Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples "Charles II of Naples")**of Naples | 7 January 1285 – 5 May 1309 | [frameless\|117x117px](/wiki/File:Arms_of_Charles_II_dAnjou.svg "Arms of Charles II dAnjou.svg") | [King of Naples](/wiki/King_of_Naples "King of Naples") ({{Reign}}1285–1309\) and Prince of Achaea ({{Reign}}1285–1289\). Son of Charles I. | {{sfn\|Mariani\|2005}}{{Sfn\|Burkhardt\|2017\|p\=\|pp\=317–318}} |
| [frameless\|149x149px](/wiki/File:Filippo-dangio.jpg "Filippo-dangio.jpg") | **[Philip II](/wiki/Philip_I%2C_Prince_of_Taranto "Philip I, Prince of Taranto")**of Taranto | 5 May 1309 – 26 December 1331 | [frameless\|117x117px](/wiki/File:Arms_of_Robert_de_Tarente.svg "Arms of Robert de Tarente.svg") | [Prince of Taranto](/wiki/Prince_of_Taranto "Prince of Taranto") ({{Reign}}1294–1331\), Prince of Achaea ({{Reign}}1307–1313\) and titular Emperor of Constantinople ({{Reign}}1313–1331\). Younger son of Charles II and heir to his claims in Greece. Also bought the claims of the Burgundian line of claimants in 1320/1321\. Though he had heirs, who among other titles claimed the imperial one, Philip was the last person to claim the title 'King of Thessalonica'. | {{sfn\|Mariani\|2005}}{{sfn\|Topping\|1975\|p\=\|pp\=115–116}} |
|
[
"Titular Kings of Thessalonica, 1224–1331\n----------------------------------------",
"### House of Aleramici (1224–1230\\)",
"",
"| Portrait | Name | Reign | Arms | Succession and Notes | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|",
"**[Demetrius](/wiki/Demetrius_of_Montferrat \"Demetrius of Montferrat\")** \nof Montferrat",
"December 1224 – 1230 \n(previously ruling king 1207–1224\\)",
"[frameless\\|110x110px](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg \"Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Thessalonica.svg\")",
"Previously the ruling King of Thessalonica. Escaped into exile after losing Thessalonica, fleeing to the court of [Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Holy Roman Emperor\") [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor\") in Italy.",
"{{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=304}}",
"",
"After Demetrius's death, the succession to the defunct kingdom was contested, with three separate, conflicting, lines of titular 'kings of Thessalonica' forming in the 13th century.{{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=316}} Demetrius's own preferred heir was Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, who he ceded his titles to.{{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=304}}",
"### Montferrat line (1230–1284\\)",
"#### House of Hohenstaufen (1230–1239\\)",
"{{See also\\|Hohenstaufen}}",
"| Portrait | Name | Reign | Arms | Succession and Notes | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [frameless\\|139x139px](/wiki/File:Frederick_II_%28HRE%29.jpg \"Frederick II (HRE).jpg\") | **[Frederick](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor\")**of Hohenstaufen | 1230 – 1239 | [frameless\\|114x114px](/wiki/File:Attributed_Coat_of_Arms_of_Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Historia_della_Citt%C3%A0_e_Regno_di_Napoli%29.svg \"Attributed Coat of Arms of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (Historia della Città e Regno di Napoli).svg\") | Holy Roman Emperor ({{Reign}}1220–1250\\). Demetrius lacked heirs of his own and ceded the title 'King of Thessalonica' to Frederick. The reason for Frederick's interest in the title is unclear; acquiring it might have been part of wider ambitions in the [Levant](/wiki/Levant \"Levant\"). | {{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=\\|pp\\=304, 309, 316}} |",
"#### House of Aleramici (1239–1284\\)",
"",
"| Portrait | Name | Reign | Arms | Succession and Notes | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | **[Boniface II](/wiki/Boniface_II%2C_Marquis_of_Montferrat \"Boniface II, Marquis of Montferrat\")**of Montferrat | 1239 – 12 June 1253 | [frameless\\|110x110px](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg \"Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Thessalonica.svg\") | Marquis of Montferrat ({{Reign}}1225–1253\\). Son of William VI of Montferrat and grandson of Boniface I. Granted the title by Frederick. | {{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=316}} |\n| | **[William](/wiki/William_VII%2C_Marquis_of_Montferrat \"William VII, Marquis of Montferrat\")**of Montferrat | 12 June 1253 – 1284 | [frameless\\|110x110px](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg \"Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Thessalonica.svg\") | Marquis of Montferrat ({{Reign}}1253–1292\\). Son of Boniface II. | {{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=316}} |",
"William's daughter [Yolande](/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat \"Irene of Montferrat\") married the Byzantine emperor [Andronikos II Palaiologos](/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos \"Andronikos II Palaiologos\") ({{Reign}}1282–1328\\) in 1284\\. As her [dowry](/wiki/Dowry \"Dowry\"), William abandoned the title 'King of Thessalonica', with his titular claim to the city and region surrounding it returning to its actual owners, the Byzantine Empire.{{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=316}}",
"### Burgundian line (1266–1320/1321\\)",
"In 1266, the titular Emperor of Constantinople, [Baldwin II](/wiki/Baldwin_II%2C_Latin_Emperor \"Baldwin II, Latin Emperor\"), sold the title 'King of Thessalonica' to [Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy](/wiki/Hugh_IV%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy \"Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy\"). Baldwin considered the rights of the Montferrat line of titular kings to be void as they had been granted the title by Frederick II, who was excommunicated and condemned as a heretic.{{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=316}}",
"#### House of Burgundy (1266–1320\\)",
"{{See also\\|House of Burgundy}}",
"| Portrait | Name | Reign | Arms | Succession and Notes | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|[frameless\\|102x102px](/wiki/File:Hugh_IV%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.jpg \"Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy.jpg\")",
"**[Hugh I](/wiki/Hugh_IV%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy \"Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy\")** \nof Burgundy",
"1266 – 27/30 October 1272",
"[frameless\\|119x119px](/wiki/File:Old_Arms_of_the_Dukes_of_Burgundy.svg \"Old Arms of the Dukes of Burgundy.svg\")",
"Duke of Burgundy ({{Reign}}1218–1272\\). Sold the title 'King of Thessalonica' by Baldwin II, titular Emperor of Constantinople, in 1266\\.",
"{{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=316}}",
"|[frameless\\|100x100px](/wiki/File:Robert_II_of_Burgundy.jpg \"Robert II of Burgundy.jpg\")",
"**[Robert](/wiki/Robert_II%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy \"Robert II, Duke of Burgundy\")** \nof Burgundy",
"27/30 October 1272 – 21 March 1306",
"[frameless\\|119x119px](/wiki/File:Old_Arms_of_the_Dukes_of_Burgundy.svg \"Old Arms of the Dukes of Burgundy.svg\")",
"Duke of Burgundy ({{Reign}}1272–1306\\). Son and heir of Hugh I.",
"{{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=316}}",
"|[frameless\\|100x100px](/wiki/File:Hugo_V.jpg \"Hugo V.jpg\")",
"**[Hugh II](/wiki/Hugh_V%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy \"Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy\")** \nof Burgundy",
"21 March 1306 – 1313",
"[frameless\\|119x119px](/wiki/File:Old_Arms_of_the_Dukes_of_Burgundy.svg \"Old Arms of the Dukes of Burgundy.svg\")",
"Duke of Burgundy ({{Reign}}1306–1315\\). Son and heir of Robert.",
"{{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=316}}",
"|[frameless\\|101x101px](/wiki/File:Louis_of_Burgundy.jpg \"Louis of Burgundy.jpg\")",
"**[Louis I](/wiki/Louis_of_Burgundy \"Louis of Burgundy\")** \nof Burgundy",
"1313 – 2 August 1316",
"[frameless\\|110x110px](/wiki/File:Armoiries_Louis_de_Bourgogne.svg \"Armoiries Louis de Bourgogne.svg\")",
"Prince of Achaea ({{Reign}}1313–1316\\). Son of Robert. Granted the title by his brother Hugh II in exchange for his own rights to Burgundy.",
"{{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=316}}",
"|[frameless\\|108x108px](/wiki/File:Eudes4.jpg \"Eudes4.jpg\")",
"**[Odo](/wiki/Odo_IV%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy \"Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy\")** \nof Burgundy",
"2 August 1316 – 14 April 1320",
"[frameless\\|111x111px](/wiki/File:Armoiries_Eudes_Bourgogne-Nevers.svg \"Armoiries Eudes Bourgogne-Nevers.svg\")",
"Duke of Burgundy ({{Reign}}1315–1349\\). Son of Robert. Inherited the title upon the death of his brother Louis I. Recorded as complaining to [Pope John XXII](/wiki/Pope_John_XXII \"Pope John XXII\") about the \"usurpation\" by the Angevins of the Principality of Achaea.",
"{{sfn\\|Topping\\|1975\\|p\\=115}}",
"",
"",
"#### House of Bourbon (1320–1320/1321\\)",
"{{See also\\|House of Bourbon}}",
"| Portrait | Name | Reign | Arms | Succession and Notes | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|",
"**[Louis II](/wiki/Louis_I%2C_Duke_of_Bourbon \"Louis I, Duke of Bourbon\")** \nof Bourbon",
"14 April 1320 – 1320/1321",
"[frameless\\|110x110px](/wiki/File:Blason_Louis_de_Clermont.svg \"Blason Louis de Clermont.svg\")",
"Count of [Clermont\\-en\\-Beauvaisis](/wiki/Clermont-en-Beauvaisis \"Clermont-en-Beauvaisis\") ({{Reign}}1317–1342\\) and [Duke of Bourbon](/wiki/Duke_of_Bourbon \"Duke of Bourbon\") ({{Reign}}1327–1342\\). Odo sold his claims to the titles 'King of Thessalonica' and 'Prince of Achaea' to Louis in 1320\\.",
"{{sfn\\|Topping\\|1975\\|p\\=115}}",
"",
"During Louis of Bourbon's purchase of the titles,{{sfn\\|Topping\\|1975\\|p\\=115}} [Philip of Taranto](/wiki/Philip_I%2C_Prince_of_Taranto \"Philip I, Prince of Taranto\"), Angevin pretender to the title,{{sfn\\|Mariani\\|2005}} intervened and offered the same sum to purchase them. Through his purchase of the titles, Philip acquired the Burgundian claim to the titles as well, ensuring that there was now only a single line of pretenders. Louis of Bourbon likely only agreed to selling the titles because of the 1321 engagement between Philip's [son of the same name](/wiki/Philip%2C_Despot_of_Romania \"Philip, Despot of Romania\") and Louis's daughter [Beatrice](/wiki/Beatrice_of_Bourbon%2C_Queen_of_Bohemia \"Beatrice of Bourbon, Queen of Bohemia\").{{sfn\\|Topping\\|1975\\|p\\=\\|pp\\=115–116}}",
"### Angevin line (1274–1331\\)",
"In the 1267 [Treaty of Viterbo](/wiki/Treaty_of_Viterbo \"Treaty of Viterbo\"), signed by Baldwin II, [Charles I of Sicily](/wiki/Charles_I_of_Sicily \"Charles I of Sicily\"), and [William II Villehardouin](/wiki/William_II_Villehardouin \"William II Villehardouin\"), Prince of Achaea, it was agreed that Baldwin's sale of the title 'King of Thessalonica' to Hugh IV of Burgundy would only be considered valid if Hugh supported Baldwin (and his heir, [Philip of Courtenay](/wiki/Philip_of_Courtenay \"Philip of Courtenay\")) in recapturing Constantinople. If this were to not occur, it was agreed among the signatories that the title should be transferred to Charles I and his heirs.{{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=317}}",
"#### House of Anjou (1274–1331\\)",
"{{See also\\|Capetian House of Anjou}}",
"| Portrait | Name | Reign | Arms | Succession and Notes | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | **[Philip I](/wiki/Philip_of_Sicily \"Philip of Sicily\")**of Anjou | 1274 – 1277 | [frameless\\|117x117px](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Anjou-Naples_dynasty_%28Capetians%29.svg \"Coat of arms of the Anjou-Naples dynasty (Capetians).svg\") | Son of Charles I of Sicily. Granted the title by Baldwin II in 1274, as per the agreement reached in the Treaty of Viterbo. | {{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=\\|pp\\=316–317}} |\n| [frameless\\|150x150px](/wiki/File:Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg \"Palazzo Reale di Napoli - Carlo I d'Angiò.jpg\") | **[Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou \"Charles I of Anjou\")**of Anjou | 1277 – 7 January 1285 | [frameless\\|117x117px](/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Anjou_%28per_pale_Jerusalem_and_France_Ancient%29.svg \"Coat of Arms of Charles I of Anjou (per pale Jerusalem and France Ancient).svg\") | King of Sicily ({{Reign}}1266–1285\\) and Prince of Achaea ({{Reign}}1278–1285\\). Father of Philip of Anjou, inherited the title upon Philip's early death. | {{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=\\|pp\\=317–318}} |\n| [frameless\\|100x100px](/wiki/File:Charles_2_of_Naples.jpg \"Charles 2 of Naples.jpg\") | **[Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples \"Charles II of Naples\")**of Naples | 7 January 1285 – 5 May 1309 | [frameless\\|117x117px](/wiki/File:Arms_of_Charles_II_dAnjou.svg \"Arms of Charles II dAnjou.svg\") | [King of Naples](/wiki/King_of_Naples \"King of Naples\") ({{Reign}}1285–1309\\) and Prince of Achaea ({{Reign}}1285–1289\\). Son of Charles I. | {{sfn\\|Mariani\\|2005}}{{Sfn\\|Burkhardt\\|2017\\|p\\=\\|pp\\=317–318}} |\n| [frameless\\|149x149px](/wiki/File:Filippo-dangio.jpg \"Filippo-dangio.jpg\") | **[Philip II](/wiki/Philip_I%2C_Prince_of_Taranto \"Philip I, Prince of Taranto\")**of Taranto | 5 May 1309 – 26 December 1331 | [frameless\\|117x117px](/wiki/File:Arms_of_Robert_de_Tarente.svg \"Arms of Robert de Tarente.svg\") | [Prince of Taranto](/wiki/Prince_of_Taranto \"Prince of Taranto\") ({{Reign}}1294–1331\\), Prince of Achaea ({{Reign}}1307–1313\\) and titular Emperor of Constantinople ({{Reign}}1313–1331\\). Younger son of Charles II and heir to his claims in Greece. Also bought the claims of the Burgundian line of claimants in 1320/1321\\. Though he had heirs, who among other titles claimed the imperial one, Philip was the last person to claim the title 'King of Thessalonica'. | {{sfn\\|Mariani\\|2005}}{{sfn\\|Topping\\|1975\\|p\\=\\|pp\\=115–116}} |",
"",
""
] |
Transparent dataflow semantics of BMDFM
---------------------------------------
The BMDFM technology mainly uses dynamic scheduling to exploit parallelism of an application program, thus, BMDFM avoids mentioned disadvantages of the compile\-time methods.{{cite thesis \|url\=http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/?id\=601795 \|title\=BMDFM: A Hybrid Dataflow Runtime Parallelization Environment for Shared Memory Multiprocessors \|year\=2006 \|publisher\=Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany \|publication\-date\=February 25, 2006\|last1\=Pochayevets \|first1\=Oleksandr }}{{cite web \|url\=https://nbn\-resolving.org/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:91\-diss20060316\-1748151609 \|title\=urn:nbn:de:bvb:91\-diss20060316\-1748151609 \|publisher\=URN NBN Resolver for Germany and Switzerland \|publication\-date\=March 22, 2006}} BMDFM is a parallel programming environment for multi\-core SMP that provides:
* Conventional programming paradigm requiring no directives for parallel execution.
* Transparent (implicit) exploitation of parallelism in a natural and load balanced manner using all available multi\-core processors in the system automatically.
BMDFM combines the advantages of known architectural principles into a single hybrid architecture that is able to exploit [implicit parallelism](/wiki/Implicit_parallelism "Implicit parallelism") of the applications having negligible dynamic scheduling overhead and no bottlenecks. Mainly, the basic dataflow principle is used. The dataflow principle says: "An instruction or a function can be executed as soon as all its arguments are ready. A dataflow machine manages the tags for every piece of data at runtime. Data is marked with ready tag when data has been computed. Instructions with ready arguments get executed marking their result data ready".
The main feature of BMDFM is to provide a conventional programming paradigm at the top level, so\-called transparent dataflow semantics. A user understands BMDFM as a [virtual machine](/wiki/Virtual_machine "Virtual machine") (VM), which runs all statements of an application program in parallel, having all parallelizing and synchronizing mechanisms fully transparent. The statements of an application program are normal operators, of which any single threaded program might consist: they include variable assignments, conditional processing, loops, function calls, etc.
Suppose we have the code fragment shown below:
(setq a (foo0 i)) \# a \= foo0(i);
(setq b (foo1 (\+ i 1\))) \# b \= foo1(i\+1\);
(setq b (\+\+ b)) \# b\+\+;
(outf "a \= %d\\n" a) \# printf("a \= %d\\n", a);
(outf "b \= %d\\n" b) \# printf("b \= %d\\n", b);
The two first statements are independent, so a dataflow engine of BMDFM can run them on different processors or processor's cores. The two last statements can also run in parallel but only after "a" and "b" are computed. The dataflow engine recognizes dependencies automatically because of its ability to build a dataflow graph dynamically at runtime. Additionally, the dataflow engine correctly orders the output stream to output the results sequentially. Thus even after the out\-of\-order processing the results will appear in a natural way.
Suppose that above code fragment now is nested in a loop:
(for i 1 1 N (progn \# for (i \= 1; i \<\= N; i\+\+) {
```
(setq a (foo0 i)) # a = foo0(i);
(setq b (foo1 (+ i 1))) # b = foo1(i + 1);
(setq b (++ b)) # b++;
(outf "a = %d\n" a) # printf("a = %d\n", a);
(outf "b = %d\n" b) # printf("b = %d\n", b);
```
)) \# }
The dataflow engine of BMDFM will keep variables "a" and "b" under unique contexts for each iteration. Actually, these are different copies of the variables. A context variable exists until it is referenced by instruction consumers. Later non\-referenced contexts will be garbage collected at runtime. Therefore, the dataflow engine can exploit both local parallelism within the iteration and global parallelism as well running multiple iterations simultaneously.
|
[
"Transparent dataflow semantics of BMDFM\n---------------------------------------",
"The BMDFM technology mainly uses dynamic scheduling to exploit parallelism of an application program, thus, BMDFM avoids mentioned disadvantages of the compile\\-time methods.{{cite thesis \\|url\\=http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/?id\\=601795 \\|title\\=BMDFM: A Hybrid Dataflow Runtime Parallelization Environment for Shared Memory Multiprocessors \\|year\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany \\|publication\\-date\\=February 25, 2006\\|last1\\=Pochayevets \\|first1\\=Oleksandr }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://nbn\\-resolving.org/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:91\\-diss20060316\\-1748151609 \\|title\\=urn:nbn:de:bvb:91\\-diss20060316\\-1748151609 \\|publisher\\=URN NBN Resolver for Germany and Switzerland \\|publication\\-date\\=March 22, 2006}} BMDFM is a parallel programming environment for multi\\-core SMP that provides:\n* Conventional programming paradigm requiring no directives for parallel execution.\n* Transparent (implicit) exploitation of parallelism in a natural and load balanced manner using all available multi\\-core processors in the system automatically.",
"BMDFM combines the advantages of known architectural principles into a single hybrid architecture that is able to exploit [implicit parallelism](/wiki/Implicit_parallelism \"Implicit parallelism\") of the applications having negligible dynamic scheduling overhead and no bottlenecks. Mainly, the basic dataflow principle is used. The dataflow principle says: \"An instruction or a function can be executed as soon as all its arguments are ready. A dataflow machine manages the tags for every piece of data at runtime. Data is marked with ready tag when data has been computed. Instructions with ready arguments get executed marking their result data ready\".",
"The main feature of BMDFM is to provide a conventional programming paradigm at the top level, so\\-called transparent dataflow semantics. A user understands BMDFM as a [virtual machine](/wiki/Virtual_machine \"Virtual machine\") (VM), which runs all statements of an application program in parallel, having all parallelizing and synchronizing mechanisms fully transparent. The statements of an application program are normal operators, of which any single threaded program might consist: they include variable assignments, conditional processing, loops, function calls, etc.",
"Suppose we have the code fragment shown below:",
"",
"(setq a (foo0 i)) \\# a \\= foo0(i);\n(setq b (foo1 (\\+ i 1\\))) \\# b \\= foo1(i\\+1\\);\n(setq b (\\+\\+ b)) \\# b\\+\\+;\n(outf \"a \\= %d\\\\n\" a) \\# printf(\"a \\= %d\\\\n\", a);\n(outf \"b \\= %d\\\\n\" b) \\# printf(\"b \\= %d\\\\n\", b);",
"",
"The two first statements are independent, so a dataflow engine of BMDFM can run them on different processors or processor's cores. The two last statements can also run in parallel but only after \"a\" and \"b\" are computed. The dataflow engine recognizes dependencies automatically because of its ability to build a dataflow graph dynamically at runtime. Additionally, the dataflow engine correctly orders the output stream to output the results sequentially. Thus even after the out\\-of\\-order processing the results will appear in a natural way.",
"Suppose that above code fragment now is nested in a loop:",
"",
"(for i 1 1 N (progn \\# for (i \\= 1; i \\<\\= N; i\\+\\+) {",
"```\n (setq a (foo0 i)) # a = foo0(i);\n (setq b (foo1 (+ i 1))) # b = foo1(i + 1);\n (setq b (++ b)) # b++;\n (outf \"a = %d\\n\" a) # printf(\"a = %d\\n\", a);\n (outf \"b = %d\\n\" b) # printf(\"b = %d\\n\", b);",
"```\n)) \\# }",
"",
"The dataflow engine of BMDFM will keep variables \"a\" and \"b\" under unique contexts for each iteration. Actually, these are different copies of the variables. A context variable exists until it is referenced by instruction consumers. Later non\\-referenced contexts will be garbage collected at runtime. Therefore, the dataflow engine can exploit both local parallelism within the iteration and global parallelism as well running multiple iterations simultaneously.",
""
] |
Architecture
------------
[thumb\|Basic concept of BMDFM](/wiki/File:BMDFM_concept.jpg "BMDFM concept.jpg")
BMDFM is a convenient parallel programming environment and an efficient runtime engine for multi\-core SMP due to the MIMD unification of several architectural paradigms (von\-Neumann, SMP and dataflow):
* At first, it is a hybrid dataflow emulator running multithreadedly on commodity SMP. The SMP ensures MIMD while dataflow exploits implicit parallelism.
* At second, it is a hybrid multithreaded dataflow runtime engine controlled by a von\-Neumann front\-end VM. The dataflow runtime engine executes tagged\-token contextual parallel instructions (opposite to the restricted fork\-join paradigm) while the von\-Neumann front\-end VM initializes contexts and feeds the dataflow runtime engine with marshaled clusters of instructions.
* At third, it is a hybrid of static and dynamic parallelizing. The von\-Neumann front\-end VM tries statically to split an application into parallel marshaled clusters of instructions while the dataflow runtime engine complements the static parallelizing methods dynamically.
BMDFM is intended for use in a role of the parallel runtime engine (instead of conventional fork\-join runtime library) able to run irregular applications automatically in parallel. Due to the transparent dataflow semantics on top, BMDFM is a simple parallelization technique for application programmers and, at the same time, is a much better parallel programming and compiling technology for multi\-core SMP computers.
The basic concept of BMDFM relies on underlying commodity SMP hardware, which is available on the market. Normally, SMP vendors provide their own SMP Operating System (OS) with an SVR4/POSIX UNIX interface (Linux, HP\-UX, SunOS/Solaris, Tru64OSF1, IRIX, AIX, BSD, MacOS, etc.). On top of an SMP OS, the multithreaded dataflow runtime engine performs a software emulation of the dataflow machine. Such a virtual machine has interfaces to the virtual machine language and to C providing the transparent dataflow semantics for conventional programming.
BMDFM is built as a hybrid of several architectural principles:
* MIMD (Multiple Instruction Streams, Multiple Data Streams), which is sustained by commodity SMP.
* Implicit parallel execution is ensured by dataflow emulation.
* Von\-Neumann computational principle is good to implement the Front\-end Control Virtual Machine.
[thumb\|Architecture of BMDFM](/wiki/File:BMDFM_arch.jpg "BMDFM arch.jpg")
An application program (input sequential program) is processed in three stages: preliminary code reorganization (code reorganizer), static scheduling of the statements (static scheduler) and compiling/loading (compiler, loader). The output after the static scheduling stages is a multiple clusters flow that feeds the multithreaded engine via the interface designed in a way to avoid bottlenecks. The multiple clusters flow can be thought of as a compiled input program split into marshaled clusters, in which all addresses are resolved and extended with context information. Splitting into marshaled clusters allows loading them multithreadedly. Context information lets iterations be processed in parallel. Listener thread orders the output stream after the out\-of\-order processing.
The BMDFM dynamic scheduling subsystem is an efficient SMP emulator of the tagged\-token dataflow machine. The Shared Memory Pool is divided in three main parts: *[input/output](/wiki/Input/output "Input/output") ring buffer port* (IORBP), *data buffer* (DB), and *operation queue* (OQ). The *front\-end control [virtual machine](/wiki/Virtual_machine "Virtual machine")* schedules an input application program statically and puts clustered instructions and data of the input program into the IORBP. The ring buffer service processes (IORBP PROC) move data into the DB and instructions into the OQ. The operation queue service processes (OQ PROC) tag the instructions as ready for execution if the required operands' data is accessible. Execution processes (CPU PROC) execute instructions, which are tagged as ready and output computed data into the DB or to the IORBP. Additionally, IORBP PROC and OQ PROC are responsible for freeing memory after contexts have been processed. The context is a special unique identifier representing a copy of data within different iteration bodies accordingly to the tagged\-token dataflow architecture. This allows the dynamic scheduler to handle several iterations in parallel.
Running under an SMP OS, the processes will occupy all available real machine processors and processor cores. In order to allow several processes accessing the same data concurrently, the BMDFM dynamic scheduler locks objects in the shared memory pool via SVR4/POSIX semaphore operations. Locking policy provides multiple read\-only access and exclusive access for modification.
|
[
"Architecture\n------------",
"[thumb\\|Basic concept of BMDFM](/wiki/File:BMDFM_concept.jpg \"BMDFM concept.jpg\")",
"BMDFM is a convenient parallel programming environment and an efficient runtime engine for multi\\-core SMP due to the MIMD unification of several architectural paradigms (von\\-Neumann, SMP and dataflow):",
"* At first, it is a hybrid dataflow emulator running multithreadedly on commodity SMP. The SMP ensures MIMD while dataflow exploits implicit parallelism.\n* At second, it is a hybrid multithreaded dataflow runtime engine controlled by a von\\-Neumann front\\-end VM. The dataflow runtime engine executes tagged\\-token contextual parallel instructions (opposite to the restricted fork\\-join paradigm) while the von\\-Neumann front\\-end VM initializes contexts and feeds the dataflow runtime engine with marshaled clusters of instructions.\n* At third, it is a hybrid of static and dynamic parallelizing. The von\\-Neumann front\\-end VM tries statically to split an application into parallel marshaled clusters of instructions while the dataflow runtime engine complements the static parallelizing methods dynamically.",
"BMDFM is intended for use in a role of the parallel runtime engine (instead of conventional fork\\-join runtime library) able to run irregular applications automatically in parallel. Due to the transparent dataflow semantics on top, BMDFM is a simple parallelization technique for application programmers and, at the same time, is a much better parallel programming and compiling technology for multi\\-core SMP computers.",
"The basic concept of BMDFM relies on underlying commodity SMP hardware, which is available on the market. Normally, SMP vendors provide their own SMP Operating System (OS) with an SVR4/POSIX UNIX interface (Linux, HP\\-UX, SunOS/Solaris, Tru64OSF1, IRIX, AIX, BSD, MacOS, etc.). On top of an SMP OS, the multithreaded dataflow runtime engine performs a software emulation of the dataflow machine. Such a virtual machine has interfaces to the virtual machine language and to C providing the transparent dataflow semantics for conventional programming.",
"BMDFM is built as a hybrid of several architectural principles:",
"* MIMD (Multiple Instruction Streams, Multiple Data Streams), which is sustained by commodity SMP.\n* Implicit parallel execution is ensured by dataflow emulation.\n* Von\\-Neumann computational principle is good to implement the Front\\-end Control Virtual Machine.",
"[thumb\\|Architecture of BMDFM](/wiki/File:BMDFM_arch.jpg \"BMDFM arch.jpg\")",
"An application program (input sequential program) is processed in three stages: preliminary code reorganization (code reorganizer), static scheduling of the statements (static scheduler) and compiling/loading (compiler, loader). The output after the static scheduling stages is a multiple clusters flow that feeds the multithreaded engine via the interface designed in a way to avoid bottlenecks. The multiple clusters flow can be thought of as a compiled input program split into marshaled clusters, in which all addresses are resolved and extended with context information. Splitting into marshaled clusters allows loading them multithreadedly. Context information lets iterations be processed in parallel. Listener thread orders the output stream after the out\\-of\\-order processing.",
"The BMDFM dynamic scheduling subsystem is an efficient SMP emulator of the tagged\\-token dataflow machine. The Shared Memory Pool is divided in three main parts: *[input/output](/wiki/Input/output \"Input/output\") ring buffer port* (IORBP), *data buffer* (DB), and *operation queue* (OQ). The *front\\-end control [virtual machine](/wiki/Virtual_machine \"Virtual machine\")* schedules an input application program statically and puts clustered instructions and data of the input program into the IORBP. The ring buffer service processes (IORBP PROC) move data into the DB and instructions into the OQ. The operation queue service processes (OQ PROC) tag the instructions as ready for execution if the required operands' data is accessible. Execution processes (CPU PROC) execute instructions, which are tagged as ready and output computed data into the DB or to the IORBP. Additionally, IORBP PROC and OQ PROC are responsible for freeing memory after contexts have been processed. The context is a special unique identifier representing a copy of data within different iteration bodies accordingly to the tagged\\-token dataflow architecture. This allows the dynamic scheduler to handle several iterations in parallel.",
"Running under an SMP OS, the processes will occupy all available real machine processors and processor cores. In order to allow several processes accessing the same data concurrently, the BMDFM dynamic scheduler locks objects in the shared memory pool via SVR4/POSIX semaphore operations. Locking policy provides multiple read\\-only access and exclusive access for modification.",
""
] |
Mousavi's Prime Ministership
----------------------------
In August 1981, President [Mohammad\-Ali Rajai](/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Rajai "Mohammad-Ali Rajai") and Prime Minister [Mohammad\-Javad Bahonar](/wiki/Mohammad-Javad_Bahonar "Mohammad-Javad Bahonar") were assassinated in an explosion. Ali Khamenei was then elected as the third [president of Iran](/wiki/President_of_Iran "President of Iran") in the [October 1981 Iranian presidential election](/wiki/October_1981_Iranian_presidential_election "October 1981 Iranian presidential election"). He put forward [Ali Akbar Velayati](/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayati "Ali Akbar Velayati") as his prime minister, but the Iranian parliament did not give him the [vote of confidence](/wiki/Vote_of_confidence "Vote of confidence"), and he was defeated with a vote of 80 to 74\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/05/090521\_og\_ir88\_mosavi.shtml\|script\-title\=fa:زندگینامه نامزدها: میر حسین موسوی\|date\=21 May 2009\|work\=BBC Persian\|language\=Persian\|accessdate\=21 June 2009}} Subsequently, Ali Khamenei, though he had strong disagreements with Mousavi, as a compromise with the left\-leaning parliament, agreed to offer him, Mousavi, for the post of premier. On 28 October, the parliament approved Mousavi with a vote of 115 to 39\.Iran under the ayatollahs, by Dilip Hiro, p. 198 Mousavi became the 79th [prime minister of Iran](/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Iran "Prime minister of Iran") on 31 October 1981,{{cn\|date\=May 2023}} and remained the prime minister of Iran until 3 August 1989, for eight years.
The conflicts between Mousavi, who belonged to the left wing of the Islamic Republic, with Ali Khamenei (the current [leader of Iran](/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran "Supreme Leader of Iran")), who belonged to the right wing of the Islamic Republic, continued during their eight years of shared governance. However, an escalation in conflicts between the two led to Mousavi's resignation shortly after the end of the [Iran–Iraq War](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War") in 1988\. As the prime minister, Mousavi had the full backing of Ruhollah Khomeini, the supreme leader, and he refused to accept his resignation. Mousavi is remembered as leading a government that did not tolerate dissent.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/8103851\.stm\|title\=Profile: Mir Hossein Mousavi\|date\=16 June 2009\|work\=BBC\|accessdate\=21 June 2009}}
Mousavi's premiership coincided with the Iran–Iraq War. He guided the country through its war with Iraq, and earned popular acclaim for his stewardship of the national economy.[Mousavi, Hossein Biography](http://www.biography.com/articles/Mousavi-Hossein-460468?part=0) He pioneered a [bond](/wiki/Voucher "Voucher")\-based economy, which many believe was responsible for a fair distribution of [goods](/wiki/Good_%28economics%29 "Good (economics)") among the people throughout the Iran–Iraq War.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7e0997f4\-e40f\-11dd\-8274\-0000779fd2ac.html?nclick\_check\=1\|title\=Iran's ex\-PM seen as candidate\|date\=16 January 2009\|work\=FT}}
Many analysts praise his handling of [Iran's economy](/wiki/Economy_of_Iran "Economy of Iran"), his civil and economic leadership during the [Iran–Iraq War](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War"), and his efforts to end Iran's [international isolation](/wiki/International_isolation "International isolation").{{Cite web
\|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/03/090303\_mg\_mir\_hossain\_mosavi.shtml\|date\=3 March 2009\|work\=BBC Persian\|title\=Mir\-Hossein: Attempt to Exit 20\-year long Isolation? (میر حسین موسوی؛ تلاش برای خروج از انزوای ۲۰ ساله؟)}} Others remember him as being "unpredictable" and less able to navigate Iran's labyrinthine political system than were his rivals.{{cite news\| first\=Borzou\|last\=Daragah \|author2\=Ramin Mostaghim \|author3\=Kim Murphy \|title\=Mir\-Hossein Mousavi's unusual career arc \| date\=22 June 2009\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la\-fg\-iran\-mousavi22\-2009jun22,0,7316075\.story\|work\=The Los Angeles Times\|accessdate\=22 June 2009}} In 1986, Mousavi was not involved in the [Iran–Contra affair](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair "Iran–Contra affair") and secret negotiations and dealing with USA on helping them free the American hostages in Lebanon, in return for sale of the American weapons and spare\-parts that Iran's army badly needed for Iran–Iraq War.
Shortly after the end of Iran–Iraq War on 20 August 1988, Ruhollah Khomeini died, and Ali Khamenei was elected as the new [Supreme Leader](/wiki/Supreme_Leader "Supreme Leader") by the [Assembly of Experts](/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts "Assembly of Experts"). Following his death, Mousavi and his fellow left\-wingers lost their main source of support within the establishment.
During the parliament hearing on post\-war reconstruction plans, Mousavi had heated arguments with [Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani](/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani "Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani"), the speaker of [Iran's parliament](/wiki/Iran%27s_parliament "Iran's parliament") at the time, over Rafsanjani's suggestion that Iran accept the offer of western countries to help with post\-war reconstruction.
On 28 July 1989, the [constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran "Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran") was [amended](/wiki/1989_Iranian_constitutional_referendum "1989 Iranian constitutional referendum") and approved by Iranian voters in a [national referendum](/wiki/1989_Iranian_constitutional_referendum "1989 Iranian constitutional referendum") with a 97% yes vote. At this time, [Mehdi Karrubi](/wiki/Mehdi_Karrubi "Mehdi Karrubi") had been elected as the new speaker of the parliament, to whom the amended constitution was declared.{{cite web\|url\=https://www2\.irna.ir/occasion/12azar84/indexghanon.htm \|script\-title\=fa:تصویب قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی \|agency\=Islamic Republic News Agency \|language\=Persian \|accessdate\=21 June 2009 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414231346/http://www2\.irna.ir/occasion/12azar84/indexghanon.htm \|archivedate\=14 April 2009 }} According to one of the amendments, the prime minister's position was abolished.{{cn\|date\=May 2023}}
Hashemi Rafsanjani was also [elected](/wiki/1989_Iranian_presidential_election "1989 Iranian presidential election") as the fourth president of Iran on 28 July 1989 and became the president on 3 August 1989\. Mousavi's premiership, ended on the same date.{{cn\|date\=May 2023}} He was the 79th and the last [prime minister of Iran](/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Iran "Prime minister of Iran"), since the [constitutional revolution](/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution "Iranian Constitutional Revolution") in 1906\.
Mousavi was not invited to be a participant in the new [government](/wiki/Iranian_government "Iranian government") headed by Rafsanjani, and disappeared from the public sphere.
|
[
"Mousavi's Prime Ministership\n----------------------------",
"In August 1981, President [Mohammad\\-Ali Rajai](/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Rajai \"Mohammad-Ali Rajai\") and Prime Minister [Mohammad\\-Javad Bahonar](/wiki/Mohammad-Javad_Bahonar \"Mohammad-Javad Bahonar\") were assassinated in an explosion. Ali Khamenei was then elected as the third [president of Iran](/wiki/President_of_Iran \"President of Iran\") in the [October 1981 Iranian presidential election](/wiki/October_1981_Iranian_presidential_election \"October 1981 Iranian presidential election\"). He put forward [Ali Akbar Velayati](/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayati \"Ali Akbar Velayati\") as his prime minister, but the Iranian parliament did not give him the [vote of confidence](/wiki/Vote_of_confidence \"Vote of confidence\"), and he was defeated with a vote of 80 to 74\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/05/090521\\_og\\_ir88\\_mosavi.shtml\\|script\\-title\\=fa:زندگینامه نامزدها: میر حسین موسوی\\|date\\=21 May 2009\\|work\\=BBC Persian\\|language\\=Persian\\|accessdate\\=21 June 2009}} Subsequently, Ali Khamenei, though he had strong disagreements with Mousavi, as a compromise with the left\\-leaning parliament, agreed to offer him, Mousavi, for the post of premier. On 28 October, the parliament approved Mousavi with a vote of 115 to 39\\.Iran under the ayatollahs, by Dilip Hiro, p. 198 Mousavi became the 79th [prime minister of Iran](/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Iran \"Prime minister of Iran\") on 31 October 1981,{{cn\\|date\\=May 2023}} and remained the prime minister of Iran until 3 August 1989, for eight years.",
"The conflicts between Mousavi, who belonged to the left wing of the Islamic Republic, with Ali Khamenei (the current [leader of Iran](/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran \"Supreme Leader of Iran\")), who belonged to the right wing of the Islamic Republic, continued during their eight years of shared governance. However, an escalation in conflicts between the two led to Mousavi's resignation shortly after the end of the [Iran–Iraq War](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War \"Iran–Iraq War\") in 1988\\. As the prime minister, Mousavi had the full backing of Ruhollah Khomeini, the supreme leader, and he refused to accept his resignation. Mousavi is remembered as leading a government that did not tolerate dissent.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/8103851\\.stm\\|title\\=Profile: Mir Hossein Mousavi\\|date\\=16 June 2009\\|work\\=BBC\\|accessdate\\=21 June 2009}}",
"Mousavi's premiership coincided with the Iran–Iraq War. He guided the country through its war with Iraq, and earned popular acclaim for his stewardship of the national economy.[Mousavi, Hossein Biography](http://www.biography.com/articles/Mousavi-Hossein-460468?part=0) He pioneered a [bond](/wiki/Voucher \"Voucher\")\\-based economy, which many believe was responsible for a fair distribution of [goods](/wiki/Good_%28economics%29 \"Good (economics)\") among the people throughout the Iran–Iraq War.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7e0997f4\\-e40f\\-11dd\\-8274\\-0000779fd2ac.html?nclick\\_check\\=1\\|title\\=Iran's ex\\-PM seen as candidate\\|date\\=16 January 2009\\|work\\=FT}}",
"Many analysts praise his handling of [Iran's economy](/wiki/Economy_of_Iran \"Economy of Iran\"), his civil and economic leadership during the [Iran–Iraq War](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War \"Iran–Iraq War\"), and his efforts to end Iran's [international isolation](/wiki/International_isolation \"International isolation\").{{Cite web\n\\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/03/090303\\_mg\\_mir\\_hossain\\_mosavi.shtml\\|date\\=3 March 2009\\|work\\=BBC Persian\\|title\\=Mir\\-Hossein: Attempt to Exit 20\\-year long Isolation? (میر حسین موسوی؛ تلاش برای خروج از انزوای ۲۰ ساله؟)}} Others remember him as being \"unpredictable\" and less able to navigate Iran's labyrinthine political system than were his rivals.{{cite news\\| first\\=Borzou\\|last\\=Daragah \\|author2\\=Ramin Mostaghim \\|author3\\=Kim Murphy \\|title\\=Mir\\-Hossein Mousavi's unusual career arc \\| date\\=22 June 2009\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la\\-fg\\-iran\\-mousavi22\\-2009jun22,0,7316075\\.story\\|work\\=The Los Angeles Times\\|accessdate\\=22 June 2009}} In 1986, Mousavi was not involved in the [Iran–Contra affair](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair \"Iran–Contra affair\") and secret negotiations and dealing with USA on helping them free the American hostages in Lebanon, in return for sale of the American weapons and spare\\-parts that Iran's army badly needed for Iran–Iraq War.",
"Shortly after the end of Iran–Iraq War on 20 August 1988, Ruhollah Khomeini died, and Ali Khamenei was elected as the new [Supreme Leader](/wiki/Supreme_Leader \"Supreme Leader\") by the [Assembly of Experts](/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts \"Assembly of Experts\"). Following his death, Mousavi and his fellow left\\-wingers lost their main source of support within the establishment.",
"During the parliament hearing on post\\-war reconstruction plans, Mousavi had heated arguments with [Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani](/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani \"Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani\"), the speaker of [Iran's parliament](/wiki/Iran%27s_parliament \"Iran's parliament\") at the time, over Rafsanjani's suggestion that Iran accept the offer of western countries to help with post\\-war reconstruction.",
"On 28 July 1989, the [constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran \"Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran\") was [amended](/wiki/1989_Iranian_constitutional_referendum \"1989 Iranian constitutional referendum\") and approved by Iranian voters in a [national referendum](/wiki/1989_Iranian_constitutional_referendum \"1989 Iranian constitutional referendum\") with a 97% yes vote. At this time, [Mehdi Karrubi](/wiki/Mehdi_Karrubi \"Mehdi Karrubi\") had been elected as the new speaker of the parliament, to whom the amended constitution was declared.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www2\\.irna.ir/occasion/12azar84/indexghanon.htm \\|script\\-title\\=fa:تصویب قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی \\|agency\\=Islamic Republic News Agency \\|language\\=Persian \\|accessdate\\=21 June 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414231346/http://www2\\.irna.ir/occasion/12azar84/indexghanon.htm \\|archivedate\\=14 April 2009 }} According to one of the amendments, the prime minister's position was abolished.{{cn\\|date\\=May 2023}}",
"Hashemi Rafsanjani was also [elected](/wiki/1989_Iranian_presidential_election \"1989 Iranian presidential election\") as the fourth president of Iran on 28 July 1989 and became the president on 3 August 1989\\. Mousavi's premiership, ended on the same date.{{cn\\|date\\=May 2023}} He was the 79th and the last [prime minister of Iran](/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Iran \"Prime minister of Iran\"), since the [constitutional revolution](/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution \"Iranian Constitutional Revolution\") in 1906\\.",
"Mousavi was not invited to be a participant in the new [government](/wiki/Iranian_government \"Iranian government\") headed by Rafsanjani, and disappeared from the public sphere.",
""
] |
Features
--------
A four\-speed manual system transmission was standard. Options included [overdrive](/wiki/Overdrive_%28mechanics%29 "Overdrive (mechanics)") and a [Borg Warner](/wiki/Borg_Warner "Borg Warner") three\-speed automatic box, the most popular choice.{{cite book \|last\=Gloor \|first\=Roger \|title\=Alle Autos der 50er Jahre 1945 \- 1960\|edition\=1st\|year\=2007 \|publisher\=Motorbuch Verlag \|location\=Stuttgart \|isbn\=978\-3\-613\-02808\-1}}
Internally, an enlarged\-bore 3\.8 L (231 in³), {{convert\|220\|bhp\|1\|abbr\=on}} [DOHC](/wiki/DOHC "DOHC") [straight\-6](/wiki/Straight-6 "Straight-6") [XK engine](/wiki/Jaguar_XK_engine "Jaguar XK engine") replaced the previous 3\.4 L (210 in³) {{convert\|190\|bhp\|1\|abbr\=on}} XK unit. The B\-type head of the Mark VIII was retained, but with a chamber at the bottom of the combustion chamber to accommodate the enlarged bore. Twin HD6 1\.75" SU carburettors were fitted. A smaller electromagnetically controlled auxiliary carburettor was placed between the main pair of carburettors to act as a choke. It often proved troublesome in operation and many were converted to manual switching . Standard compression ratio was 8:1, but a higher performance 9:1 compression ratio was also available, as was a 7:1 compression ratio for export markets, such as Africa, where quality of petrol was sometimes a problem.
The Mark IX was the first production Jaguar to offer four\-wheel servo\-assisted Dunlop [disc brakes](/wiki/Disc_brake "Disc brake") and recirculating ball [power steering](/wiki/Power_steering "Power steering"), which were now standard equipment. The brake system included a vacuum reserve tank to preserve braking in the event that the engine stalled. Automatic transmission were fitted with a hill\-holding "anti\-creep" feature, where an electromagnetic valve maintained brake pressure at rest when the brake pedal was released to prevent the car from rolling back on an incline.
The power steering was driven by a Hobourn\-Eaton pump, operating at 600\-650 psi. It was attached to the back of the generator and allowed the steering to be geared up to 3\.5 turns [lock\-to\-lock](/wiki/Lock-to-lock "Lock-to-lock") as against the 4\.5 turns for the Mark VII and VIII models.
Unlike the early automatic Mark VII predecessor, (but like late mark VII and all Mark VIII) the Borg Warner DG automatic gearbox started in first gear and had a dash\-mounted switch to allow second gear to be held indefinitely. Once in third gear, a series of clutches engaged to allow direct drive rather than through the torque converter.
The torsion bar independent front suspension and leaf\-sprung rear live axle were retained from the Mk VIII, which, in turn, was first used in the 1949 Mark V.
Final drive was 4\.27:1, (4\.55:1 when overdrive was fitted).
The sunshine roof became a standard fitting for the UK market. The interior was luxurious, with extensive use of leather, burled walnut and deep pile carpet. A range of single and twin\-tone paint schemes was offered.
|
[
"Features\n--------",
"A four\\-speed manual system transmission was standard. Options included [overdrive](/wiki/Overdrive_%28mechanics%29 \"Overdrive (mechanics)\") and a [Borg Warner](/wiki/Borg_Warner \"Borg Warner\") three\\-speed automatic box, the most popular choice.{{cite book \\|last\\=Gloor \\|first\\=Roger \\|title\\=Alle Autos der 50er Jahre 1945 \\- 1960\\|edition\\=1st\\|year\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Motorbuch Verlag \\|location\\=Stuttgart \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-613\\-02808\\-1}}",
"Internally, an enlarged\\-bore 3\\.8 L (231 in³), {{convert\\|220\\|bhp\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} [DOHC](/wiki/DOHC \"DOHC\") [straight\\-6](/wiki/Straight-6 \"Straight-6\") [XK engine](/wiki/Jaguar_XK_engine \"Jaguar XK engine\") replaced the previous 3\\.4 L (210 in³) {{convert\\|190\\|bhp\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} XK unit. The B\\-type head of the Mark VIII was retained, but with a chamber at the bottom of the combustion chamber to accommodate the enlarged bore. Twin HD6 1\\.75\" SU carburettors were fitted. A smaller electromagnetically controlled auxiliary carburettor was placed between the main pair of carburettors to act as a choke. It often proved troublesome in operation and many were converted to manual switching . Standard compression ratio was 8:1, but a higher performance 9:1 compression ratio was also available, as was a 7:1 compression ratio for export markets, such as Africa, where quality of petrol was sometimes a problem.",
"The Mark IX was the first production Jaguar to offer four\\-wheel servo\\-assisted Dunlop [disc brakes](/wiki/Disc_brake \"Disc brake\") and recirculating ball [power steering](/wiki/Power_steering \"Power steering\"), which were now standard equipment. The brake system included a vacuum reserve tank to preserve braking in the event that the engine stalled. Automatic transmission were fitted with a hill\\-holding \"anti\\-creep\" feature, where an electromagnetic valve maintained brake pressure at rest when the brake pedal was released to prevent the car from rolling back on an incline.",
"The power steering was driven by a Hobourn\\-Eaton pump, operating at 600\\-650 psi. It was attached to the back of the generator and allowed the steering to be geared up to 3\\.5 turns [lock\\-to\\-lock](/wiki/Lock-to-lock \"Lock-to-lock\") as against the 4\\.5 turns for the Mark VII and VIII models.",
"Unlike the early automatic Mark VII predecessor, (but like late mark VII and all Mark VIII) the Borg Warner DG automatic gearbox started in first gear and had a dash\\-mounted switch to allow second gear to be held indefinitely. Once in third gear, a series of clutches engaged to allow direct drive rather than through the torque converter.",
"The torsion bar independent front suspension and leaf\\-sprung rear live axle were retained from the Mk VIII, which, in turn, was first used in the 1949 Mark V.",
"Final drive was 4\\.27:1, (4\\.55:1 when overdrive was fitted).",
"The sunshine roof became a standard fitting for the UK market. The interior was luxurious, with extensive use of leather, burled walnut and deep pile carpet. A range of single and twin\\-tone paint schemes was offered.",
""
] |
Reception and legacy
--------------------
Tilted Towers is known for being the most popular location in *Fortnite: Battle Royale* due to its abundance of loot attracting players, which subsequently led to it being the most dangerous location in the game; Ford James of [Red Bull](/wiki/Red_Bull "Red Bull") wrote that Tilted Towers was the worst location to land at in *Fortnite: Battle Royale*. Despite the criticism, Tilted Towers has been considered the most iconic location in *Fortnite: Battle Royale*; Austen Goslin of *[Polygon](/wiki/Polygon_%28website%29 "Polygon (website)")* described it as the "most important" location in the game's history, writing that no other location was able to reach the "cultural consciousness" of Tilted Towers. According to *[PCGamesN](/wiki/PCGamesN "PCGamesN")*, Salty Towers was the most popular location in Chapter 2 Season 5\.
Critics had generally negative opinions on Tilted Towers, mainly criticizing its popularity making gameplay difficult. Upon its introduction, [Cecilia D'Anastasio](/wiki/Cecilia_D%27Anastasio "Cecilia D'Anastasio") wrote in a *[Kotaku](/wiki/Kotaku "Kotaku")* article that Tilted Towers was "evil", and designed to make the average player hate themselves, attributing her thoughts to her own skill and experience with the game itself. Christian Donlan of *[Eurogamer](/wiki/Eurogamer "Eurogamer")* described landing at the location to be the equivalent of being put in a [meat grinder](/wiki/Meat_grinder "Meat grinder"), and criticized the location's popularity for making the gameplay of *Fortnite* "binary", viewing its popularity as being large enough to make the rest of the game's locations less interesting. He furthermore described the typical gameplay experience in the location to be repetitive as a result. Brett Makedonski of *[Destructoid](/wiki/Destructoid "Destructoid")* shared similar thoughts as Donlan, writing that the popularity of the location caused gameplay to be disrupted by making the rest of the map "feel underpopulated". Contrarily, Goslin of *Polygon* described Tilted Towers as a "unique kind of experience" and one of the most fun locations in the game. During Season X, Goslin praised the [wild\-western](/wiki/Wild_west "Wild west") version of the location, Tilted Town, describing fighting there to be a "great change of pace" due to the deactivation of the game's building mechanics.
When the location was at risk of being destroyed by the meteor, Donlan and Makedonski both wrote that the location deserved to be destroyed as a result of its problems, with Makedonski writing that if it were destroyed, that *Fortnite* would become a "[better\-balanced game](/wiki/Game_balance "Game balance")". Upon the location's destruction later that year by the volcanic eruption, James Davenport of *[PC Gamer](/wiki/PC_Gamer "PC Gamer")* criticized Epic's decision to remove the location, writing that the decision along with the return of the game's ["drum gun"](/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun "Thompson submachine gun") drastically upset the game's balance. He described the location's destruction as one of the most "devastating" events in *Fortnite: Battle Royale* history.
During Chapter 4, Phil Owen of *[GameSpot](/wiki/GameSpot "GameSpot")* compared Tilted Towers in Chapter 3 to a new location introduced in Chapter 4 known as Mega City. Owen criticized Tilted Towers gameplay in the "[Zero Build](/wiki/Fortnite_Battle_Royale%23Limited_time_and_competitive_modes "Fortnite Battle Royale#Limited time and competitive modes")" gamemode introduced in Chapter 3, which removed the game's building mechanics. He stated that the game was not designed for the gamemode due to its old design based around building, furthermore describing the location as "psychological torture". He viewed Mega City more positively in comparison, describing it as being a better\-designed location than Tilted Towers.
A song on *[Ninjawerks](/wiki/Ninjawerks "Ninjawerks")*, an album by *Fortnite* [streamer](/wiki/Streamer_%28video_gaming%29 "Streamer (video gaming)") [Ninja](/wiki/Ninja_%28gamer%29 "Ninja (gamer)") in collaboration with [Alesso](/wiki/Alesso "Alesso"), was named after Tilted Towers.
|
[
"Reception and legacy\n--------------------",
"Tilted Towers is known for being the most popular location in *Fortnite: Battle Royale* due to its abundance of loot attracting players, which subsequently led to it being the most dangerous location in the game; Ford James of [Red Bull](/wiki/Red_Bull \"Red Bull\") wrote that Tilted Towers was the worst location to land at in *Fortnite: Battle Royale*. Despite the criticism, Tilted Towers has been considered the most iconic location in *Fortnite: Battle Royale*; Austen Goslin of *[Polygon](/wiki/Polygon_%28website%29 \"Polygon (website)\")* described it as the \"most important\" location in the game's history, writing that no other location was able to reach the \"cultural consciousness\" of Tilted Towers. According to *[PCGamesN](/wiki/PCGamesN \"PCGamesN\")*, Salty Towers was the most popular location in Chapter 2 Season 5\\.",
"Critics had generally negative opinions on Tilted Towers, mainly criticizing its popularity making gameplay difficult. Upon its introduction, [Cecilia D'Anastasio](/wiki/Cecilia_D%27Anastasio \"Cecilia D'Anastasio\") wrote in a *[Kotaku](/wiki/Kotaku \"Kotaku\")* article that Tilted Towers was \"evil\", and designed to make the average player hate themselves, attributing her thoughts to her own skill and experience with the game itself. Christian Donlan of *[Eurogamer](/wiki/Eurogamer \"Eurogamer\")* described landing at the location to be the equivalent of being put in a [meat grinder](/wiki/Meat_grinder \"Meat grinder\"), and criticized the location's popularity for making the gameplay of *Fortnite* \"binary\", viewing its popularity as being large enough to make the rest of the game's locations less interesting. He furthermore described the typical gameplay experience in the location to be repetitive as a result. Brett Makedonski of *[Destructoid](/wiki/Destructoid \"Destructoid\")* shared similar thoughts as Donlan, writing that the popularity of the location caused gameplay to be disrupted by making the rest of the map \"feel underpopulated\". Contrarily, Goslin of *Polygon* described Tilted Towers as a \"unique kind of experience\" and one of the most fun locations in the game. During Season X, Goslin praised the [wild\\-western](/wiki/Wild_west \"Wild west\") version of the location, Tilted Town, describing fighting there to be a \"great change of pace\" due to the deactivation of the game's building mechanics.",
"When the location was at risk of being destroyed by the meteor, Donlan and Makedonski both wrote that the location deserved to be destroyed as a result of its problems, with Makedonski writing that if it were destroyed, that *Fortnite* would become a \"[better\\-balanced game](/wiki/Game_balance \"Game balance\")\". Upon the location's destruction later that year by the volcanic eruption, James Davenport of *[PC Gamer](/wiki/PC_Gamer \"PC Gamer\")* criticized Epic's decision to remove the location, writing that the decision along with the return of the game's [\"drum gun\"](/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun \"Thompson submachine gun\") drastically upset the game's balance. He described the location's destruction as one of the most \"devastating\" events in *Fortnite: Battle Royale* history.",
"During Chapter 4, Phil Owen of *[GameSpot](/wiki/GameSpot \"GameSpot\")* compared Tilted Towers in Chapter 3 to a new location introduced in Chapter 4 known as Mega City. Owen criticized Tilted Towers gameplay in the \"[Zero Build](/wiki/Fortnite_Battle_Royale%23Limited_time_and_competitive_modes \"Fortnite Battle Royale#Limited time and competitive modes\")\" gamemode introduced in Chapter 3, which removed the game's building mechanics. He stated that the game was not designed for the gamemode due to its old design based around building, furthermore describing the location as \"psychological torture\". He viewed Mega City more positively in comparison, describing it as being a better\\-designed location than Tilted Towers.",
"A song on *[Ninjawerks](/wiki/Ninjawerks \"Ninjawerks\")*, an album by *Fortnite* [streamer](/wiki/Streamer_%28video_gaming%29 \"Streamer (video gaming)\") [Ninja](/wiki/Ninja_%28gamer%29 \"Ninja (gamer)\") in collaboration with [Alesso](/wiki/Alesso \"Alesso\"), was named after Tilted Towers.",
""
] |
Plot
----
We3, a squad of three prototype "animal weapons", are part of a government project headed by Dr. Rosanne Berry and her superior Doctor Trendle. The group consists of a [dog](/wiki/Dog "Dog"), "Bandit" a.k.a. "1"; a [cat](/wiki/Cat "Cat"), "Tinker" a.k.a. "2"; and a [rabbit](/wiki/Rabbit "Rabbit"), "Pirate" a.k.a. "3", who were all kidnapped from a nearby city and encased in robotic [armor](/wiki/Armor "Armor"). They have also been given a limited ability to speak through skull implants. Their body armor fields numerous weapons, including mine laying devices, machine guns and razor claws.
After the group carries out another successful assignment of assassinating U.S. enemies, a senator makes a visit to the project's facility to see it, where he congratulates the project staff members, only for the General in charge of the project to decide afterwards to decommission We3 in favor of creating newer animal weapons. Berry, unwilling to end the lives of the three animals, instead has them break free. Feeling guilt over her part in what has been done to them, she hopes to be killed by them in the process of their escape; to her surprise, they leave her alive. She is taken into custody by the government while Trendle works closely with the General and the military to terminate We3\.
We3 escape into the wild and, confused by their new surroundings, decide to look for "HOME". They are later found and chased by the military, but they manage to kill the attacking soldiers thanks to their cybernetic enhancements. Trendle decides to send his cybernetic enhanced rats to attack We3, telling Berry that if the rats fail the military will use her to lure We3 back. While fighting the rats on a bridge, Pirate drops several landmines after spotting an oncoming train. The mines explode causing the train to derail and fall into the lake below. Bandit attempts to rescue the conductor, but Tinker points out that the man is already dead. Pirate is nowhere to be seen.
Bandit and Tinker manage to find Pirate, but Pirate is in a confrontation with a family who mistake Pirate for an alien. Pirate ends up getting shot in the head by the father, damaging his speech. Angered, Bandit and Tinker kill the father and the family's dog, but leave the boy alive. Realizing that the situation is getting far worse, the military send out We4, an enhanced English Mastiff, against the wishes of Berry.
We3 take refuge in a homeless man's domain and gain his sympathy. The homeless man encounters the military who have the police escort him from the area, while the man claims that he didn't see anything. Setting up around the area, the military unleash We4, who kills Pirate but is in turn damaged by one of Pirate's mines in the process. Berry is then sent by the military to calm Bandit and lead him into military sniper fire, but as the snipers prepare to take out Bandit, she instead tells him his real name and sacrifices herself by jumping in the way of the sniper bullets. Enraged, Bandit and Tinker both brutally attack We4 and all combatants end up breaking through a wall onto the highway, causing a car pile up. We4 begins to attack a police officer whom Bandit then rescues. At Trendle's insistence, the military terminate We4 from afar using a code word to trigger a bomb in We4's head.
Bandit and Tinker escape and, with painful effort, shed their armor, leaving it to explode and taking out some more soldiers on their trail. The homeless man manages to find them again and he removes the two's remaining cybernetic enhancements. Trendle then speaks out against the government's actions, and it is revealed that the now normal Bandit and Tinker have been taken into the care of the homeless man. As he compliments how well behaved the animals are, Trendle gives hundreds of dollars to the homeless man before walking up the steps of the courthouse to a crowd of reporters.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"We3, a squad of three prototype \"animal weapons\", are part of a government project headed by Dr. Rosanne Berry and her superior Doctor Trendle. The group consists of a [dog](/wiki/Dog \"Dog\"), \"Bandit\" a.k.a. \"1\"; a [cat](/wiki/Cat \"Cat\"), \"Tinker\" a.k.a. \"2\"; and a [rabbit](/wiki/Rabbit \"Rabbit\"), \"Pirate\" a.k.a. \"3\", who were all kidnapped from a nearby city and encased in robotic [armor](/wiki/Armor \"Armor\"). They have also been given a limited ability to speak through skull implants. Their body armor fields numerous weapons, including mine laying devices, machine guns and razor claws.",
"After the group carries out another successful assignment of assassinating U.S. enemies, a senator makes a visit to the project's facility to see it, where he congratulates the project staff members, only for the General in charge of the project to decide afterwards to decommission We3 in favor of creating newer animal weapons. Berry, unwilling to end the lives of the three animals, instead has them break free. Feeling guilt over her part in what has been done to them, she hopes to be killed by them in the process of their escape; to her surprise, they leave her alive. She is taken into custody by the government while Trendle works closely with the General and the military to terminate We3\\.",
"We3 escape into the wild and, confused by their new surroundings, decide to look for \"HOME\". They are later found and chased by the military, but they manage to kill the attacking soldiers thanks to their cybernetic enhancements. Trendle decides to send his cybernetic enhanced rats to attack We3, telling Berry that if the rats fail the military will use her to lure We3 back. While fighting the rats on a bridge, Pirate drops several landmines after spotting an oncoming train. The mines explode causing the train to derail and fall into the lake below. Bandit attempts to rescue the conductor, but Tinker points out that the man is already dead. Pirate is nowhere to be seen.",
"Bandit and Tinker manage to find Pirate, but Pirate is in a confrontation with a family who mistake Pirate for an alien. Pirate ends up getting shot in the head by the father, damaging his speech. Angered, Bandit and Tinker kill the father and the family's dog, but leave the boy alive. Realizing that the situation is getting far worse, the military send out We4, an enhanced English Mastiff, against the wishes of Berry.",
"We3 take refuge in a homeless man's domain and gain his sympathy. The homeless man encounters the military who have the police escort him from the area, while the man claims that he didn't see anything. Setting up around the area, the military unleash We4, who kills Pirate but is in turn damaged by one of Pirate's mines in the process. Berry is then sent by the military to calm Bandit and lead him into military sniper fire, but as the snipers prepare to take out Bandit, she instead tells him his real name and sacrifices herself by jumping in the way of the sniper bullets. Enraged, Bandit and Tinker both brutally attack We4 and all combatants end up breaking through a wall onto the highway, causing a car pile up. We4 begins to attack a police officer whom Bandit then rescues. At Trendle's insistence, the military terminate We4 from afar using a code word to trigger a bomb in We4's head.",
"Bandit and Tinker escape and, with painful effort, shed their armor, leaving it to explode and taking out some more soldiers on their trail. The homeless man manages to find them again and he removes the two's remaining cybernetic enhancements. Trendle then speaks out against the government's actions, and it is revealed that the now normal Bandit and Tinker have been taken into the care of the homeless man. As he compliments how well behaved the animals are, Trendle gives hundreds of dollars to the homeless man before walking up the steps of the courthouse to a crowd of reporters.",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
Mitchell was born in [Columbus, North Carolina](/wiki/Columbus%2C_North_Carolina "Columbus, North Carolina"), to an African\-American family, and moved as a young child with his parents to [Harlem](/wiki/Harlem "Harlem"), New York City. As a high school student, he began performing and writing theatrical sketches, and joined the [Rose McClendon](/wiki/Rose_McClendon "Rose McClendon") Players. He met performers such as [Ethel Waters](/wiki/Ethel_Waters "Ethel Waters") and George Wiltshire, and encountered [racial discrimination](/wiki/Racial_discrimination "Racial discrimination") at first hand in his everyday life. As a result, he resolved to work towards presenting positive images of blacks, and providing better work opportunities, in the theatre. He attended the [City College of New York](/wiki/City_College_of_New_York "City College of New York") and won a scholarship to attend [Talladega College](/wiki/Talladega_College "Talladega College") in [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama "Alabama"), where he wrote a paper which later became the basis of his 1967 book, *Black Drama: The Story of the American Negro in the Theatre*.["Loften Mitchell 1919–2001, Playwright"](https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/mitchell-loften-1919-2001), *Encyclopedia.com*. Retrieved December 2, 2019\. ["Loften Mitchell, a theatrical Icon"](https://aaregistry.org/story/loften-mitchell-a-theatrical-icon/), *AARegistry*. Retrieved December 2, 2019\. He married Helen Marsh in 1943; they had two sons, and later divorced.
After serving two years in the [U.S. Naval Reserve](/wiki/U.S._Naval_Reserve "U.S. Naval Reserve") in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), he returned to Harlem and set up a theatre group, the 115th Street People's Theatre, putting on his first play, *Blood in the Night*, in 1946\. He became a graduate student at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") between 1947 and 1951, studying [playwriting](/wiki/Playwriting "Playwriting"), while also working as an investigator for the Department of Welfare. His play *The Bancroft Dynasty* was produced for the People's Theatre in 1948\. The theatre group then developed into the Harlem Showcase Theatre, which presented Mitchell's *The Shame of the Nation* in 1952, based on a notorious rape case, followed by his plays *The Cellar* and *City Called Norfolk*.Bernard L. Peterson, Lena McPhatter Gore, [*The African American Theatre Directory, 1816\-1960: A Comprehensive Guide to Early Black Theatre Organizations, Companies, Theatres, and Performing Groups*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pH2npoewU5cC&q=Loften+Mitchell&pg=PA90), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997, p. 168\.Peterson and Gore, p. 91\.
From 1950 until 1962, Mitchell wrote for, and acted in, *The Later Years*, a radio program on New York station [WNYC](/wiki/WNYC "WNYC"). His 1957 play *A Land Beyond the River* was a fictionalised adaptation of the life of schoolteacher and [pastor](/wiki/Pastor "Pastor") [Joseph DeLaine](/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine "Joseph DeLaine"), whose lawsuit helped end segregation in [public schools](/wiki/State_school "State school") in the United States. The play had a long [off\-Broadway](/wiki/Off-Broadway "Off-Broadway") run and was later published as a book.Jones, Kenneth (May 24, 2001\), ["Loften Mitchell, Playwright During African\-American Theatre's Fervent Years, Dead at 82"](http://www.playbill.com/article/loften-mitchell-playwright-during-african-american-theatres-fervent-years-dead-at-82-com-96800), *[Playbill](/wiki/Playbill "Playbill")*. Retrieved December 2, 2019\. Mitchell won a [Guggenheim Fellowship](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship "Guggenheim Fellowship") in 1958\. In 1960, he released the three\-act play *Star of the Morning*, for which he wrote the script and music, and for which [Romare Bearden](/wiki/Romare_Bearden "Romare Bearden") and Clyde Fox wrote the lyrics.{{Cite book\|last\=Library of Congress. Copyright Office.\|url\=http://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyri31434libr\|title\=Catalog of Copyright Entries 1960 Dramas Jan\-Dec 3D Ser Vol 14 Pts 3\-4\|date\=1960\|publisher\=U.S. Govt. Print. Off.\|others\=United States Copyright Office\|language\=English}}{{Cite news\|last\=Gussow\|first\=Mel\|date\=2001\-05\-23\|title\=Loften Mitchell, 82, Dramatist and Writer on Black Theater (Published 2001\)\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/23/arts/loften\-mitchell\-82\-dramatist\-and\-writer\-on\-black\-theater.html\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-11\|issn\=0362\-4331}}
Mitchell also wrote *Tell Pharaoh*, in which the characters reflect on their African origins and experiences through slavery to the [civil rights movement](/wiki/Civil_rights_movement "Civil rights movement"); and, with [Irving Burgie](/wiki/Irving_Burgie "Irving Burgie"), wrote *Ballad for Bimshire*, an off\-Broadway [musical](/wiki/Musical_theatre "Musical theatre"). From 1971, Mitchell was a professor at the [State University of New York](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York "State University of New York") at [Binghamton](/wiki/Binghamton "Binghamton"). His novel, *The Stubborn Old Lady Who Resisted Change*, was published in 1973, and he edited *Voices of the Black Theatre* (1975\).
In 1976, Mitchell was nominated for a [Tony Award](/wiki/Tony_Award "Tony Award") for the revue *[Bubbling Brown Sugar](/wiki/Bubbling_Brown_Sugar "Bubbling Brown Sugar")*. It was staged in both New York and London, where it was nominated for a [Laurence Olivier Award](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award "Laurence Olivier Award"). His 1983 musical, *Miss Waters, To You*, was based on the life of actress and singer Ethel Waters.
Mitchell remarried in 1991, to Gloria Anderson. He died in [Queens](/wiki/Queens%2C_New_York "Queens, New York"), New York, on May 14, 2001, aged 82\.
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"Mitchell was born in [Columbus, North Carolina](/wiki/Columbus%2C_North_Carolina \"Columbus, North Carolina\"), to an African\\-American family, and moved as a young child with his parents to [Harlem](/wiki/Harlem \"Harlem\"), New York City. As a high school student, he began performing and writing theatrical sketches, and joined the [Rose McClendon](/wiki/Rose_McClendon \"Rose McClendon\") Players. He met performers such as [Ethel Waters](/wiki/Ethel_Waters \"Ethel Waters\") and George Wiltshire, and encountered [racial discrimination](/wiki/Racial_discrimination \"Racial discrimination\") at first hand in his everyday life. As a result, he resolved to work towards presenting positive images of blacks, and providing better work opportunities, in the theatre. He attended the [City College of New York](/wiki/City_College_of_New_York \"City College of New York\") and won a scholarship to attend [Talladega College](/wiki/Talladega_College \"Talladega College\") in [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\"), where he wrote a paper which later became the basis of his 1967 book, *Black Drama: The Story of the American Negro in the Theatre*.[\"Loften Mitchell 1919–2001, Playwright\"](https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/mitchell-loften-1919-2001), *Encyclopedia.com*. Retrieved December 2, 2019\\. [\"Loften Mitchell, a theatrical Icon\"](https://aaregistry.org/story/loften-mitchell-a-theatrical-icon/), *AARegistry*. Retrieved December 2, 2019\\. He married Helen Marsh in 1943; they had two sons, and later divorced.",
"After serving two years in the [U.S. Naval Reserve](/wiki/U.S._Naval_Reserve \"U.S. Naval Reserve\") in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), he returned to Harlem and set up a theatre group, the 115th Street People's Theatre, putting on his first play, *Blood in the Night*, in 1946\\. He became a graduate student at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\") between 1947 and 1951, studying [playwriting](/wiki/Playwriting \"Playwriting\"), while also working as an investigator for the Department of Welfare. His play *The Bancroft Dynasty* was produced for the People's Theatre in 1948\\. The theatre group then developed into the Harlem Showcase Theatre, which presented Mitchell's *The Shame of the Nation* in 1952, based on a notorious rape case, followed by his plays *The Cellar* and *City Called Norfolk*.Bernard L. Peterson, Lena McPhatter Gore, [*The African American Theatre Directory, 1816\\-1960: A Comprehensive Guide to Early Black Theatre Organizations, Companies, Theatres, and Performing Groups*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pH2npoewU5cC&q=Loften+Mitchell&pg=PA90), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997, p. 168\\.Peterson and Gore, p. 91\\.",
"From 1950 until 1962, Mitchell wrote for, and acted in, *The Later Years*, a radio program on New York station [WNYC](/wiki/WNYC \"WNYC\"). His 1957 play *A Land Beyond the River* was a fictionalised adaptation of the life of schoolteacher and [pastor](/wiki/Pastor \"Pastor\") [Joseph DeLaine](/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine \"Joseph DeLaine\"), whose lawsuit helped end segregation in [public schools](/wiki/State_school \"State school\") in the United States. The play had a long [off\\-Broadway](/wiki/Off-Broadway \"Off-Broadway\") run and was later published as a book.Jones, Kenneth (May 24, 2001\\), [\"Loften Mitchell, Playwright During African\\-American Theatre's Fervent Years, Dead at 82\"](http://www.playbill.com/article/loften-mitchell-playwright-during-african-american-theatres-fervent-years-dead-at-82-com-96800), *[Playbill](/wiki/Playbill \"Playbill\")*. Retrieved December 2, 2019\\. Mitchell won a [Guggenheim Fellowship](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship \"Guggenheim Fellowship\") in 1958\\. In 1960, he released the three\\-act play *Star of the Morning*, for which he wrote the script and music, and for which [Romare Bearden](/wiki/Romare_Bearden \"Romare Bearden\") and Clyde Fox wrote the lyrics.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Library of Congress. Copyright Office.\\|url\\=http://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyri31434libr\\|title\\=Catalog of Copyright Entries 1960 Dramas Jan\\-Dec 3D Ser Vol 14 Pts 3\\-4\\|date\\=1960\\|publisher\\=U.S. Govt. Print. Off.\\|others\\=United States Copyright Office\\|language\\=English}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=Gussow\\|first\\=Mel\\|date\\=2001\\-05\\-23\\|title\\=Loften Mitchell, 82, Dramatist and Writer on Black Theater (Published 2001\\)\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/23/arts/loften\\-mitchell\\-82\\-dramatist\\-and\\-writer\\-on\\-black\\-theater.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-11\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
"Mitchell also wrote *Tell Pharaoh*, in which the characters reflect on their African origins and experiences through slavery to the [civil rights movement](/wiki/Civil_rights_movement \"Civil rights movement\"); and, with [Irving Burgie](/wiki/Irving_Burgie \"Irving Burgie\"), wrote *Ballad for Bimshire*, an off\\-Broadway [musical](/wiki/Musical_theatre \"Musical theatre\"). From 1971, Mitchell was a professor at the [State University of New York](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York \"State University of New York\") at [Binghamton](/wiki/Binghamton \"Binghamton\"). His novel, *The Stubborn Old Lady Who Resisted Change*, was published in 1973, and he edited *Voices of the Black Theatre* (1975\\).",
"In 1976, Mitchell was nominated for a [Tony Award](/wiki/Tony_Award \"Tony Award\") for the revue *[Bubbling Brown Sugar](/wiki/Bubbling_Brown_Sugar \"Bubbling Brown Sugar\")*. It was staged in both New York and London, where it was nominated for a [Laurence Olivier Award](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award \"Laurence Olivier Award\"). His 1983 musical, *Miss Waters, To You*, was based on the life of actress and singer Ethel Waters.",
"Mitchell remarried in 1991, to Gloria Anderson. He died in [Queens](/wiki/Queens%2C_New_York \"Queens, New York\"), New York, on May 14, 2001, aged 82\\.",
""
] |
Life
----
Labuda was born in [Nowa Huta, Pomeranian Voivodeship](/wiki/Nowa_Huta%2C_Pomeranian_Voivodeship "Nowa Huta, Pomeranian Voivodeship"), [Kartuzy](/wiki/Gmina_Kartuzy "Gmina Kartuzy"), Poland (before 1918 Neuhütte/ Karthaus, [West Prussia](/wiki/West_Prussia "West Prussia") / [Prussian Partition of Poland](/wiki/Prussian_Partition "Prussian Partition"), Germany), into a [Kashubian](/wiki/Kashubians "Kashubians") family. He was the son of Stanislaw Labuda and Anastazja Baranowska. From 1950 he was a professor at [Poznań University](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University "Poznań University"); rector 1962–1965; from 1951 a member of the [Polish Academy of Learning](/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Learning "Polish Academy of Learning") (*PAU*); president 1989–1994; from 1964 member of the [Polish Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences "Polish Academy of Sciences") (*PAN*); vice\-president 1984–1989; from 1959 to 1961 director of the [Western Institute](/wiki/Western_Institute "Western Institute") (*Instytut Zachodni*) in [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 "Poznań") and a member of the [New York Academy of Sciences](/wiki/New_York_Academy_of_Sciences "New York Academy of Sciences"). He was buried in [Luzino](/wiki/Luzino "Luzino") \- [Kashubia](/wiki/Kashubia "Kashubia").
From 1958 onwards he edited the multi\-volume *[Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich](/wiki/S%C5%82ownik_Staro%C5%BCytno%C5%9Bci_S%C5%82owia%C5%84skich "Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich")* (*Dictionary of Slavonic Antiquities*) and published historical sources. Author of more than 30 books and close to 2000 scholarly publications.
Awarded the [Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Polonia_Restituta "Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta") (1996\) and the highest Polish distinction [Order of the White Eagle](/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_%28Poland%29 "Order of the White Eagle (Poland)") (2010; posthumously) .
Award of the Alfred Jurzykowski Foundation (USA, 1983\), [Herder Award](/wiki/Herder_Award "Herder Award") (Austria, 1991\). State of Poland awards (1949, 1951, 1970\).
Honorary Doctorates of [Gdańsk University](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University "Gdańsk University") (1986\), [Nicolas Copernicus University](/wiki/Nicolas_Copernicus_University "Nicolas Copernicus University") (1993\), [Jagiellonian University](/wiki/Jagiellonian_University "Jagiellonian University") (1995\), [Warsaw University](/wiki/Warsaw_University "Warsaw University") (1997\), [Wrocław University](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University "Wrocław University") (1999\) and [Szczecin University](/wiki/Szczecin_University "Szczecin University") (2003\).
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Labuda was born in [Nowa Huta, Pomeranian Voivodeship](/wiki/Nowa_Huta%2C_Pomeranian_Voivodeship \"Nowa Huta, Pomeranian Voivodeship\"), [Kartuzy](/wiki/Gmina_Kartuzy \"Gmina Kartuzy\"), Poland (before 1918 Neuhütte/ Karthaus, [West Prussia](/wiki/West_Prussia \"West Prussia\") / [Prussian Partition of Poland](/wiki/Prussian_Partition \"Prussian Partition\"), Germany), into a [Kashubian](/wiki/Kashubians \"Kashubians\") family. He was the son of Stanislaw Labuda and Anastazja Baranowska. From 1950 he was a professor at [Poznań University](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University \"Poznań University\"); rector 1962–1965; from 1951 a member of the [Polish Academy of Learning](/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Learning \"Polish Academy of Learning\") (*PAU*); president 1989–1994; from 1964 member of the [Polish Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences \"Polish Academy of Sciences\") (*PAN*); vice\\-president 1984–1989; from 1959 to 1961 director of the [Western Institute](/wiki/Western_Institute \"Western Institute\") (*Instytut Zachodni*) in [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 \"Poznań\") and a member of the [New York Academy of Sciences](/wiki/New_York_Academy_of_Sciences \"New York Academy of Sciences\"). He was buried in [Luzino](/wiki/Luzino \"Luzino\") \\- [Kashubia](/wiki/Kashubia \"Kashubia\").",
"From 1958 onwards he edited the multi\\-volume *[Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich](/wiki/S%C5%82ownik_Staro%C5%BCytno%C5%9Bci_S%C5%82owia%C5%84skich \"Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich\")* (*Dictionary of Slavonic Antiquities*) and published historical sources. Author of more than 30 books and close to 2000 scholarly publications.",
"Awarded the [Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Polonia_Restituta \"Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta\") (1996\\) and the highest Polish distinction [Order of the White Eagle](/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_%28Poland%29 \"Order of the White Eagle (Poland)\") (2010; posthumously) .",
"Award of the Alfred Jurzykowski Foundation (USA, 1983\\), [Herder Award](/wiki/Herder_Award \"Herder Award\") (Austria, 1991\\). State of Poland awards (1949, 1951, 1970\\).",
"Honorary Doctorates of [Gdańsk University](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University \"Gdańsk University\") (1986\\), [Nicolas Copernicus University](/wiki/Nicolas_Copernicus_University \"Nicolas Copernicus University\") (1993\\), [Jagiellonian University](/wiki/Jagiellonian_University \"Jagiellonian University\") (1995\\), [Warsaw University](/wiki/Warsaw_University \"Warsaw University\") (1997\\), [Wrocław University](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University \"Wrocław University\") (1999\\) and [Szczecin University](/wiki/Szczecin_University \"Szczecin University\") (2003\\).",
""
] |
Contents
--------
The Mampalli record is notable for containing two royal deeds by the chiefly family of [Venad](/wiki/Venad "Venad").
### (a) First deed (as an attipperu)
A meeting of Srivallavan Kotai, the chieftain (the utaiya) of Venad, with the committee of [Brahmin](/wiki/Brahmin "Brahmin") village elders of [Chengannur](/wiki/Chengannur "Chengannur") (Tiruchenkunrur Parutai Perumakkal) at Panainkavil palace, [Kollam](/wiki/Kollam "Kollam").
Srivallavan Kotai donated the sole proprietary rights of the deity (the pattaraka) of the Ayirur Temple, installed by Tirukkalaiyapuram Aditya Umayamma (Tirukkalaiyapurattu Atichan Umaiyammai), and the land assigned to the Ayirur deity (the landed property of the Ayirur Temple) to Tirukkalaiyapuram Aditya Umayamma.
### (b) Second deed (as a kizhitu)
Aditya Umayamma in turn donated what she received— the proprietary rights and the landed property of the Ayirur Temple — to Chengannur Temple as a subordinate property (kizhitu) with provision for the routine expenditure and the payment of protection fee (rakshabhoga) to the village assembly secretaries (potuvals).
The village assembly secretaries (potuvals) were to protect the Ayirur Temple and its property and receive 200 para (a unit of measure) of paddy per year as protection fee (rakshabhoga). Fine is prescribed — those who violated the agreement by obstructing cultivation or confiscating property in the kizhitu, and their accomplices, were to pay 200 kalanju (a unit of measure) of gold as fine.
### Witnesses to the transaction
The following witnesses are recorded:
* Murunkaiyur Tevan Pavittiran
* Itaiyamanam Cannaran Kandan
* Manalmukku Kantan Tomataran
* Punalur Iravi Parantavan
* Kutakottur Parantavan Kandan
Scribe \= Chattan Chataiyan, the secretary (potuval) of Chengannur.Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. 1907\-08 (1981 reprint). Mamballi Plates of Srivallavangodai', in *Epigraphica Indica,* Vol IX. pp. 234–39\. Calcutta. Govt of India.
|
[
"Contents\n--------",
"The Mampalli record is notable for containing two royal deeds by the chiefly family of [Venad](/wiki/Venad \"Venad\").",
"### (a) First deed (as an attipperu)",
"A meeting of Srivallavan Kotai, the chieftain (the utaiya) of Venad, with the committee of [Brahmin](/wiki/Brahmin \"Brahmin\") village elders of [Chengannur](/wiki/Chengannur \"Chengannur\") (Tiruchenkunrur Parutai Perumakkal) at Panainkavil palace, [Kollam](/wiki/Kollam \"Kollam\").",
"Srivallavan Kotai donated the sole proprietary rights of the deity (the pattaraka) of the Ayirur Temple, installed by Tirukkalaiyapuram Aditya Umayamma (Tirukkalaiyapurattu Atichan Umaiyammai), and the land assigned to the Ayirur deity (the landed property of the Ayirur Temple) to Tirukkalaiyapuram Aditya Umayamma.",
"### (b) Second deed (as a kizhitu)",
"Aditya Umayamma in turn donated what she received— the proprietary rights and the landed property of the Ayirur Temple — to Chengannur Temple as a subordinate property (kizhitu) with provision for the routine expenditure and the payment of protection fee (rakshabhoga) to the village assembly secretaries (potuvals).",
"The village assembly secretaries (potuvals) were to protect the Ayirur Temple and its property and receive 200 para (a unit of measure) of paddy per year as protection fee (rakshabhoga). Fine is prescribed — those who violated the agreement by obstructing cultivation or confiscating property in the kizhitu, and their accomplices, were to pay 200 kalanju (a unit of measure) of gold as fine.",
"### Witnesses to the transaction",
"The following witnesses are recorded:\n* Murunkaiyur Tevan Pavittiran\n* Itaiyamanam Cannaran Kandan\n* Manalmukku Kantan Tomataran\n* Punalur Iravi Parantavan\n* Kutakottur Parantavan Kandan",
"Scribe \\= Chattan Chataiyan, the secretary (potuval) of Chengannur.Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. 1907\\-08 (1981 reprint). Mamballi Plates of Srivallavangodai', in *Epigraphica Indica,* Vol IX. pp. 234–39\\. Calcutta. Govt of India.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{Main\|Lourdes apparitions}}
The sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes began with the [Marian apparitions](/wiki/Marian_apparitions "Marian apparitions") to [Bernadette Soubirous](/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous "Bernadette Soubirous") in 1858 in the town of [Lourdes](/wiki/Lourdes "Lourdes"). On 11 February 1858, a 14\-year\-old peasant girl, called Bernadette Soubirous, said she saw a "lady" while playing near the grotto of Massabielle (from *masse vieille*: "old mass") with her sister and a friend, on the left bank of the [Gave de Pau](/wiki/Gave_de_Pau "Gave de Pau") river.Ruth Harris, *Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age*, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 52\. The "lady" was standing on a rose bush in a [niche](/wiki/Niche_%28architecture%29 "Niche (architecture)") above the main cavity of the Massabielle grotto.
At the time of the apparitions, the grotto lay well outside town, on common ground which was used by the villagers variously for pasturing animals, collecting firewood, and as a garbage dump, and it had a reputation for being an unpleasant place.Ruth Harris, *Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age*, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 53\.
Bernadette told her sister not to tell their parents about the apparition, but she told them anyway and their parents forbid them to go to the grotto again. Bernadette ignored their orders and kept going to the grotto. From 11 February to 16 July 1858, Bernadette saw the same vision 18 times. The "lady" eventually introduced herself to Bernadette as the [Immaculate Conception](/wiki/Immaculate_Conception "Immaculate Conception"), which had been proclaimed as a dogma for the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary "Virgin Mary") by [Pope Pius IX](/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX "Pope Pius IX") in 1854\. This convinced local priest [Dominique Peyramale](/wiki/Dominique_Peyramale "Dominique Peyramale") that Bernadette saw an authentic apparition of the Virgin Mary.
During the apparitions, Bernadette was given instructions by the "lady", which were to prove central in the development of the sanctuary and its ceremonies. Bernadette was told to go and drink water from a spring which was to appear inside the grotto and wash herself with it. She was also told to go and tell the priests to build a chapel at the grotto site where people were to come in procession.
During the months after the apparitions, public interest in the apparitions grew, and curious visitors began to be replaced by pilgrims from increasingly far away, drawn by compelling stories of apparitions and miracles.
Local [priest](/wiki/Catholic_priest "Catholic priest") [Dominique Peyramale](/wiki/Dominique_Peyramale "Dominique Peyramale") and local bishop [Bertrand\-Sévère Laurence](/wiki/Bertrand-S%C3%A9v%C3%A8re_Laurence "Bertrand-Sévère Laurence") bought the grotto and the land around it from the town of Lourdes in 1861, three years after the apparitions. Immediately they set about modifying the area to make it more accessible to pilgrims, and started work to build the first of the churches, which is now known as the "Crypt".
In 1864, the French sculptor [Joseph\-Hugues Fabisch](/wiki/Joseph-Hugues_Fabisch "Joseph-Hugues Fabisch") was commissioned to create a statue of [Our Lady of Lourdes](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes "Our Lady of Lourdes") based on Bernadette's descriptions. Although it has become an iconic symbol of Our Lady of Lourdes, it depicts a figure which is not only older and taller than Bernadette's description, but also more in keeping with orthodox and traditional representations of the Virgin Mary. The statue rests in the niche where the Virgin appeared to Bernadette. The original wild rose bush was destroyed shortly after the apparitions by pilgrims seeking relics, but a newer one has been planted nearby.Oliver Todd, *The Lourdes Pilgrim*, Matthew James Publishing, 2003, p. 41\.
Due to French political upheaval resulting in an enforced separation of Church and State, the property and grounds of the sanctuary were confiscated from the Church and returned to the ownership of the town in 1910\. The then bishop, [François\-Xavier Schoepfer](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Schoepfer "François-Xavier Schoepfer"), contested this confiscation and was permitted to rent the area of the sanctuary from the town until the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") in 1914\.Ruth Harris, *Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age*, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 365\.
[thumb\|left\|The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes](/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Basilica.jpg "Our Lady of Lourdes Basilica.jpg")
Later, a visit to Lourdes by [Marshal Pétain](/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain "Philippe Pétain") in 1941 provided official recognition of the sanctuary. Church officials successfully petitioned Pétain to allow the Church to reclaim ownership of the sanctuary.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Main\\|Lourdes apparitions}}\nThe sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes began with the [Marian apparitions](/wiki/Marian_apparitions \"Marian apparitions\") to [Bernadette Soubirous](/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous \"Bernadette Soubirous\") in 1858 in the town of [Lourdes](/wiki/Lourdes \"Lourdes\"). On 11 February 1858, a 14\\-year\\-old peasant girl, called Bernadette Soubirous, said she saw a \"lady\" while playing near the grotto of Massabielle (from *masse vieille*: \"old mass\") with her sister and a friend, on the left bank of the [Gave de Pau](/wiki/Gave_de_Pau \"Gave de Pau\") river.Ruth Harris, *Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age*, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 52\\. The \"lady\" was standing on a rose bush in a [niche](/wiki/Niche_%28architecture%29 \"Niche (architecture)\") above the main cavity of the Massabielle grotto.",
"At the time of the apparitions, the grotto lay well outside town, on common ground which was used by the villagers variously for pasturing animals, collecting firewood, and as a garbage dump, and it had a reputation for being an unpleasant place.Ruth Harris, *Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age*, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 53\\.",
"Bernadette told her sister not to tell their parents about the apparition, but she told them anyway and their parents forbid them to go to the grotto again. Bernadette ignored their orders and kept going to the grotto. From 11 February to 16 July 1858, Bernadette saw the same vision 18 times. The \"lady\" eventually introduced herself to Bernadette as the [Immaculate Conception](/wiki/Immaculate_Conception \"Immaculate Conception\"), which had been proclaimed as a dogma for the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary \"Virgin Mary\") by [Pope Pius IX](/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX \"Pope Pius IX\") in 1854\\. This convinced local priest [Dominique Peyramale](/wiki/Dominique_Peyramale \"Dominique Peyramale\") that Bernadette saw an authentic apparition of the Virgin Mary.",
"During the apparitions, Bernadette was given instructions by the \"lady\", which were to prove central in the development of the sanctuary and its ceremonies. Bernadette was told to go and drink water from a spring which was to appear inside the grotto and wash herself with it. She was also told to go and tell the priests to build a chapel at the grotto site where people were to come in procession.",
"During the months after the apparitions, public interest in the apparitions grew, and curious visitors began to be replaced by pilgrims from increasingly far away, drawn by compelling stories of apparitions and miracles.",
"Local [priest](/wiki/Catholic_priest \"Catholic priest\") [Dominique Peyramale](/wiki/Dominique_Peyramale \"Dominique Peyramale\") and local bishop [Bertrand\\-Sévère Laurence](/wiki/Bertrand-S%C3%A9v%C3%A8re_Laurence \"Bertrand-Sévère Laurence\") bought the grotto and the land around it from the town of Lourdes in 1861, three years after the apparitions. Immediately they set about modifying the area to make it more accessible to pilgrims, and started work to build the first of the churches, which is now known as the \"Crypt\".",
"In 1864, the French sculptor [Joseph\\-Hugues Fabisch](/wiki/Joseph-Hugues_Fabisch \"Joseph-Hugues Fabisch\") was commissioned to create a statue of [Our Lady of Lourdes](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes \"Our Lady of Lourdes\") based on Bernadette's descriptions. Although it has become an iconic symbol of Our Lady of Lourdes, it depicts a figure which is not only older and taller than Bernadette's description, but also more in keeping with orthodox and traditional representations of the Virgin Mary. The statue rests in the niche where the Virgin appeared to Bernadette. The original wild rose bush was destroyed shortly after the apparitions by pilgrims seeking relics, but a newer one has been planted nearby.Oliver Todd, *The Lourdes Pilgrim*, Matthew James Publishing, 2003, p. 41\\.",
"Due to French political upheaval resulting in an enforced separation of Church and State, the property and grounds of the sanctuary were confiscated from the Church and returned to the ownership of the town in 1910\\. The then bishop, [François\\-Xavier Schoepfer](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Schoepfer \"François-Xavier Schoepfer\"), contested this confiscation and was permitted to rent the area of the sanctuary from the town until the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") in 1914\\.Ruth Harris, *Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age*, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 365\\.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes](/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Basilica.jpg \"Our Lady of Lourdes Basilica.jpg\")\nLater, a visit to Lourdes by [Marshal Pétain](/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain \"Philippe Pétain\") in 1941 provided official recognition of the sanctuary. Church officials successfully petitioned Pétain to allow the Church to reclaim ownership of the sanctuary.",
""
] |
Grotto area
-----------
The place where [Bernadette Soubirous](/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous "Bernadette Soubirous") is said to have seen the [Lourdes apparitions](/wiki/Lourdes_apparitions "Lourdes apparitions") is called the "grotto of Massabielle", which is the most famous place in the sanctuary. The [Lourdes water](/wiki/Lourdes_water "Lourdes water") flows from a spring located inside the cave. From 2014 to 2018, the surroundings of the grotto were modified to facilitate the passing of pilgrims through the various facilities around the grotto.{{cite web\|title\=Inauguration du Projet Grotte, Coeur de Lourdes – \[ Site d'informations en ligne, sur Lourdes et le Pays de Lourdes]\|url\=http://www.lourdes\-infos.com/65100lourdes/spip.php?article16762\|language\=fr\|date\=4 April 2018}} A new esplanade was built on the banks, taps providing water from the spring were moved away from the grotto while new fountains for pilgrims were created, baths were renovated and a new bridge was built. Chapel of lights were built on the right bank for pilgrims to light [candles](/wiki/Votive_candle "Votive candle").
### Grotto of Massabielle
[thumb\|The grotto of Massabielle](/wiki/File:Grotte_Massabielle.jpg "Grotte Massabielle.jpg")
In contrast to the grandness of Rosary Square and the three basilicas, the grotto at Massabielle where St Bernadette's visions took place is very simple and stark. The recess of the grotto itself is undecorated, although a plain stone altar and lectern have been placed there so that Mass can be celebrated. Above the main recess is the niche where the "lady" seen by [Bernadette Soubirous](/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous "Bernadette Soubirous") was standing during the apparitions and Fabisch's statue of [Our Lady of Lourdes](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes "Our Lady of Lourdes") now stands. A large [candelabra](/wiki/Candelabra "Candelabra") with 96 candles next to the altar is kept burning throughout the year. During the pilgrimage season, two pilgrimage Masses are usually celebrated each morning at the grotto.
The spring Bernadette that was discovered can be seen at the rear of the grotto, shielded by a glass cover. When Mass is not being celebrated, pilgrims can process through the grotto where it is traditional to touch the rocks directly under the statue; so many people have done this that the stones have become polished. Also at the rear of the grotto is a metal box into which written prayers or petitions may be deposited; they are collected daily and burnt.
Rows of benches allow visitors to sit and [pray](/wiki/Prayer "Prayer") or contemplate. Pilgrims are asked to remain silent while in the vicinity to create an atmosphere of devotion. One of the spots where Bernadette prayed to the Virgin is marked by a special paving slab.
Some of the rock walls around the grotto bear clear signs of deliberate alteration, presumably to improve access for pilgrims. It is therefore no longer clear what the original configuration of the grotto was.
At least one contemporary account describes a series of chambers behind the statue's niche, which can only be reached by climbing "like a lizard" through clefts in the rocks.Ruth Harris, *Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age*, Penguin Books, 1999\.
### Water taps and fountains
[Lourdes water](/wiki/Lourdes_water "Lourdes water") used to be available for pilgrims at water taps located near the grotto along the Massabielle rock. However, people in charge of the sanctuary thought it would be better to have two separate places for Lourdes water distribution, with one place available for drinking water and filling bottles and containers with water and another place intended for pilgrims to take water as a religious gesture, in the same way [Bernadette Soubirous](/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous "Bernadette Soubirous") did during the apparitions when she was told by the "lady" to drink water from the spring and wash herself with it. This is why new fountains were created for the "water gesture" on the western side of the grotto along the Massabielle rock, shaped to made it difficult to fill bottles and containers, with a low water flow. New water taps were built on the bank, intended to filling bottles and containers with Lourdes water, away from the grotto.
### Baths of water
In addition to washing their face at the fountains, pilgrims can immerse in baths filled with Lourdes water (called *piscines* in French, meaning "pools"). This is also meant to repeat a gesture made by Bernadette Soubirous during the apparitions as she washed herself with the water after she was told to do so by the "lady". The original baths were built in 1862 and the current baths in 1955\. They are located on the western side of the grotto along the Massabielle rock. Pilgrims are helped by volunteers for a full immersion into the bath. Each year about 350,000 pilgrims bathe.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lourdes\-france.org/index.php?goto\_centre\=ru\&contexte\=en\&id\=434\|title\=Lourdes}} It is not allowed to take pictures or videos.
### Chapels of light
[thumb\|Inside one of the chapels of light](/wiki/File:Candles_in_a_pavilion_near_Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Lourdes%2C_9_August_2019.jpg "Candles in a pavilion near Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes, 9 August 2019.jpg")
Lighting a [votive candle](/wiki/Votive_candle "Votive candle") is another religious gesture that [Bernadette Soubirous](/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous "Bernadette Soubirous") made during the apparitions and which is now part of the Lourdes pilgrimage. Pilgrims used to light candles near the grotto, along the Massabielle rock. Now they have to cross the [Gave de Pau](/wiki/Gave_de_Pau "Gave de Pau") river on a new bridge to reach the "chapels of light", where all candles are meant to be lighted. Around 800 tonnes of wax is burnt annually in devotional candles. Pilgrims can place candles of various sizes, some of them bring large candles from their respective parishes. The candle burners are tended by a staff of *feutiers*, attendants whose job is to ensure candles are burnt safely and evenly and to remove the trays of melted wax which collects under each burner. In July 2022, four candle chapels were damaged by a fire caused by candles and are currently closed.{{cite web\|url\=https://aleteia.org/2022/07/13/fire\-ravages\-chapels\-of\-light\-in\-lourdes/\|title\=Fire ravages Chapels of Light in Lourdes\|date\=13 July 2022}}
|
[
"Grotto area\n-----------",
"The place where [Bernadette Soubirous](/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous \"Bernadette Soubirous\") is said to have seen the [Lourdes apparitions](/wiki/Lourdes_apparitions \"Lourdes apparitions\") is called the \"grotto of Massabielle\", which is the most famous place in the sanctuary. The [Lourdes water](/wiki/Lourdes_water \"Lourdes water\") flows from a spring located inside the cave. From 2014 to 2018, the surroundings of the grotto were modified to facilitate the passing of pilgrims through the various facilities around the grotto.{{cite web\\|title\\=Inauguration du Projet Grotte, Coeur de Lourdes – \\[ Site d'informations en ligne, sur Lourdes et le Pays de Lourdes]\\|url\\=http://www.lourdes\\-infos.com/65100lourdes/spip.php?article16762\\|language\\=fr\\|date\\=4 April 2018}} A new esplanade was built on the banks, taps providing water from the spring were moved away from the grotto while new fountains for pilgrims were created, baths were renovated and a new bridge was built. Chapel of lights were built on the right bank for pilgrims to light [candles](/wiki/Votive_candle \"Votive candle\").",
"### Grotto of Massabielle",
"[thumb\\|The grotto of Massabielle](/wiki/File:Grotte_Massabielle.jpg \"Grotte Massabielle.jpg\")\nIn contrast to the grandness of Rosary Square and the three basilicas, the grotto at Massabielle where St Bernadette's visions took place is very simple and stark. The recess of the grotto itself is undecorated, although a plain stone altar and lectern have been placed there so that Mass can be celebrated. Above the main recess is the niche where the \"lady\" seen by [Bernadette Soubirous](/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous \"Bernadette Soubirous\") was standing during the apparitions and Fabisch's statue of [Our Lady of Lourdes](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes \"Our Lady of Lourdes\") now stands. A large [candelabra](/wiki/Candelabra \"Candelabra\") with 96 candles next to the altar is kept burning throughout the year. During the pilgrimage season, two pilgrimage Masses are usually celebrated each morning at the grotto.",
"The spring Bernadette that was discovered can be seen at the rear of the grotto, shielded by a glass cover. When Mass is not being celebrated, pilgrims can process through the grotto where it is traditional to touch the rocks directly under the statue; so many people have done this that the stones have become polished. Also at the rear of the grotto is a metal box into which written prayers or petitions may be deposited; they are collected daily and burnt.",
"Rows of benches allow visitors to sit and [pray](/wiki/Prayer \"Prayer\") or contemplate. Pilgrims are asked to remain silent while in the vicinity to create an atmosphere of devotion. One of the spots where Bernadette prayed to the Virgin is marked by a special paving slab.",
"Some of the rock walls around the grotto bear clear signs of deliberate alteration, presumably to improve access for pilgrims. It is therefore no longer clear what the original configuration of the grotto was.",
"At least one contemporary account describes a series of chambers behind the statue's niche, which can only be reached by climbing \"like a lizard\" through clefts in the rocks.Ruth Harris, *Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age*, Penguin Books, 1999\\.",
"### Water taps and fountains",
"[Lourdes water](/wiki/Lourdes_water \"Lourdes water\") used to be available for pilgrims at water taps located near the grotto along the Massabielle rock. However, people in charge of the sanctuary thought it would be better to have two separate places for Lourdes water distribution, with one place available for drinking water and filling bottles and containers with water and another place intended for pilgrims to take water as a religious gesture, in the same way [Bernadette Soubirous](/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous \"Bernadette Soubirous\") did during the apparitions when she was told by the \"lady\" to drink water from the spring and wash herself with it. This is why new fountains were created for the \"water gesture\" on the western side of the grotto along the Massabielle rock, shaped to made it difficult to fill bottles and containers, with a low water flow. New water taps were built on the bank, intended to filling bottles and containers with Lourdes water, away from the grotto.",
"### Baths of water",
"In addition to washing their face at the fountains, pilgrims can immerse in baths filled with Lourdes water (called *piscines* in French, meaning \"pools\"). This is also meant to repeat a gesture made by Bernadette Soubirous during the apparitions as she washed herself with the water after she was told to do so by the \"lady\". The original baths were built in 1862 and the current baths in 1955\\. They are located on the western side of the grotto along the Massabielle rock. Pilgrims are helped by volunteers for a full immersion into the bath. Each year about 350,000 pilgrims bathe.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lourdes\\-france.org/index.php?goto\\_centre\\=ru\\&contexte\\=en\\&id\\=434\\|title\\=Lourdes}} It is not allowed to take pictures or videos.",
"### Chapels of light",
"[thumb\\|Inside one of the chapels of light](/wiki/File:Candles_in_a_pavilion_near_Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Lourdes%2C_9_August_2019.jpg \"Candles in a pavilion near Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes, 9 August 2019.jpg\")\nLighting a [votive candle](/wiki/Votive_candle \"Votive candle\") is another religious gesture that [Bernadette Soubirous](/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous \"Bernadette Soubirous\") made during the apparitions and which is now part of the Lourdes pilgrimage. Pilgrims used to light candles near the grotto, along the Massabielle rock. Now they have to cross the [Gave de Pau](/wiki/Gave_de_Pau \"Gave de Pau\") river on a new bridge to reach the \"chapels of light\", where all candles are meant to be lighted. Around 800 tonnes of wax is burnt annually in devotional candles. Pilgrims can place candles of various sizes, some of them bring large candles from their respective parishes. The candle burners are tended by a staff of *feutiers*, attendants whose job is to ensure candles are burnt safely and evenly and to remove the trays of melted wax which collects under each burner. In July 2022, four candle chapels were damaged by a fire caused by candles and are currently closed.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://aleteia.org/2022/07/13/fire\\-ravages\\-chapels\\-of\\-light\\-in\\-lourdes/\\|title\\=Fire ravages Chapels of Light in Lourdes\\|date\\=13 July 2022}}",
""
] |
Additional religious sites
--------------------------
In addition to the three basilicas and the grotto area, the sanctuary has various [places of worship](/wiki/Place_of_worship "Place of worship") and places intended for the pilgrims.
### Church of St. Bernadette
The most recent of the major centres of worship is the Church of St. Bernadette, which was consecrated in 1988\. It was built opposite the grotto across the river, on the spot where Bernadette Soubirous stood during the 18th and final apparition on 16 July 1858\.
The Church of St. Bernadette is a [brutalist](/wiki/Brutalist "Brutalist") building with comparatively little adornment. It was designed to allow as much natural light as possible into the nave, and light\-coloured materials have been used, making it noticeably brighter than the Underground Basilica. It was designed by the architect [Jean\-Paul Felix](/wiki/Jean-Paul_Felix "Jean-Paul Felix").
It is also a more versatile building. The nave has provision for 5,000 seated worshippers and 350 wheelchairs, but partitions can be drawn to divide the nave into smaller sections. In addition, it includes the hemicycle, a large lecture room which may be used for worship, and an assortment of conference rooms and smaller rooms which may be used for devotional or non\-devotional activity.Oliver Todd, *The Lourdes Pilgrim*, Matthew James Publishing, 2003, p. 45\.
### Chapel of reconciliation
The chapel of reconciliation formerly occupied a site slightly more remote, at the entrance of the upper [stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross "Stations of the Cross"). It was moved several years ago into a more prominent position, into the building previously known as the Accueil Notre Dame, near the crowned statue and facing the esplanade.
The chapel of reconciliation is somewhat unusual in that no [Masses](/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church "Mass in the Catholic Church") or other services take place there; instead it is given over entirely to the [sacrament of reconciliation](/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)"). Priests from different countries observe a duty roster, which means that, at almost any time of day, pilgrims from Europe (and occasionally further away) can find a priest who will hear their confession in their own language.
### St. Joseph's Chapel
St. Joseph's Chapel, named in honor of Mary's husband [Saint Joseph](/wiki/Saint_Joseph "Saint Joseph"), is situated at the far end of the esplanade, near St. Michael's Gate. It is a modern, concrete church, mostly underground, with little natural light. It was also designed by [Pierre Vago](/wiki/Pierre_Vago "Pierre Vago"), and was consecrated on 1 May 1968\. It has provision for 450 seated worshipers and 80 wheelchairs.Oliver Todd, *The Lourdes Pilgrim*, Matthew James Publishing, 2003, p. 46\.
### Rosary Square
[thumb\|Looking out onto Rosary Square from the roof of the Rosary Basilica](/wiki/File:RosarySquare.jpg "RosarySquare.jpg")
The open space in front of the Rosary Basilica is known as "Rosary Square". The entrances to the Upper Basilica and its crypt, both of which are built on top of the Massabielle rock, are far above ground level. To facilitate access, two enormous ramps were constructed, which curve down either side of Rosary Square. The image of the entrance of the Rosary Basilica, flanked by the two ramps and surmounted by the spires of the Upper Basilica, has become one of the iconic symbols of Lourdes, and a stylised form of this image has been adopted by the sanctuary itself as its logo.
### Crown statue
The statue of the Crowned Virgin is a statue of [Our Lady of Lourdes](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes "Our Lady of Lourdes") very similar to the statue in the grotto of Massabielle. It has been known as the "crowned statue" after its [canonical coronation](/wiki/Canonical_coronation "Canonical coronation") on 3 July 1876 by [papal legate](/wiki/Nuncio "Nuncio") [Pier Francesco Meglia](/wiki/Pier_Francesco_Meglia "Pier Francesco Meglia"). The statue stands across Rosary Square from the Rosary Basilica and faces the entrance. This prominent statue is a familiar landmark and a traditional meeting point. The statue is 2\.5m high and cast in [bronze](/wiki/Bronze "Bronze"), painted white and blue in the traditional colours. Her rosary is of the [Birgittine](/wiki/Birgittine "Birgittine") style and incorporates six decades. Behind the Crowned Statue is the *Esplanade*, a large open walkway which is used for the processions.
### Prairie
Across the Gave from the grotto is a wide, open, uncluttered space covered with grass and known in French as the *prairie*, or in English, the meadow. In the corner of the *prairie* is the tent\-like chapel of adoration, consecrated in 1995 and given over entirely to [adoration](/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration "Eucharistic adoration") of the [Blessed Sacrament](/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament "Blessed Sacrament"). There is also an open\-air altar for outdoor ceremonies. In 2002 the Water Walk was introduced, across the Gave and slightly downstream from the grotto. It consists of a series of nine [stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross "Stations of the Cross") at which there is a small Lourdes water font.
### Calvary
The sanctuary include a [calvary](/wiki/Calvary_%28sanctuary%29 "Calvary (sanctuary)") built on the Espelugues hill, located south of the grotto and the basilicas. The Espelugues hill is separated from the central part of the sanctuary by the avenue Mgr Théas and the route de la Forêt. The Espelugues lands extending over the hill were acquired by the missionaries of Garaison, which were in charge of the sanctuary's administration. The first station was built in 1901, and the calvary was inaugurated in 1912\.
The [stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross "Stations of the Cross") feature a total of 115 characters which are slightly larger than average human size. The calvary extends on a course of around {{Convert\|1,500\|m\|ft\|sp\=us}}, starting close to the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception and climbing up to the 13th station then descending back to the basilicas and the grotto. It includes the fourteen traditional stations of the [passion of Christ](/wiki/Passion_of_Christ "Passion of Christ") and a fifteenth station, the [resurrection of Christ](/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ "Resurrection of Christ"), added in 1958\. To reach the first station, a stone staircase of 28 steps is reminiscent of the [Scala Sancta](/wiki/Scala_Sancta "Scala Sancta") in Rome, with some pilgrims also climbing it and on their knees.
|
[
"Additional religious sites\n--------------------------",
"In addition to the three basilicas and the grotto area, the sanctuary has various [places of worship](/wiki/Place_of_worship \"Place of worship\") and places intended for the pilgrims.",
"### Church of St. Bernadette",
"The most recent of the major centres of worship is the Church of St. Bernadette, which was consecrated in 1988\\. It was built opposite the grotto across the river, on the spot where Bernadette Soubirous stood during the 18th and final apparition on 16 July 1858\\.",
"The Church of St. Bernadette is a [brutalist](/wiki/Brutalist \"Brutalist\") building with comparatively little adornment. It was designed to allow as much natural light as possible into the nave, and light\\-coloured materials have been used, making it noticeably brighter than the Underground Basilica. It was designed by the architect [Jean\\-Paul Felix](/wiki/Jean-Paul_Felix \"Jean-Paul Felix\").",
"It is also a more versatile building. The nave has provision for 5,000 seated worshippers and 350 wheelchairs, but partitions can be drawn to divide the nave into smaller sections. In addition, it includes the hemicycle, a large lecture room which may be used for worship, and an assortment of conference rooms and smaller rooms which may be used for devotional or non\\-devotional activity.Oliver Todd, *The Lourdes Pilgrim*, Matthew James Publishing, 2003, p. 45\\.",
"### Chapel of reconciliation",
"The chapel of reconciliation formerly occupied a site slightly more remote, at the entrance of the upper [stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross \"Stations of the Cross\"). It was moved several years ago into a more prominent position, into the building previously known as the Accueil Notre Dame, near the crowned statue and facing the esplanade.",
"The chapel of reconciliation is somewhat unusual in that no [Masses](/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church \"Mass in the Catholic Church\") or other services take place there; instead it is given over entirely to the [sacrament of reconciliation](/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)\"). Priests from different countries observe a duty roster, which means that, at almost any time of day, pilgrims from Europe (and occasionally further away) can find a priest who will hear their confession in their own language.",
"### St. Joseph's Chapel",
"St. Joseph's Chapel, named in honor of Mary's husband [Saint Joseph](/wiki/Saint_Joseph \"Saint Joseph\"), is situated at the far end of the esplanade, near St. Michael's Gate. It is a modern, concrete church, mostly underground, with little natural light. It was also designed by [Pierre Vago](/wiki/Pierre_Vago \"Pierre Vago\"), and was consecrated on 1 May 1968\\. It has provision for 450 seated worshipers and 80 wheelchairs.Oliver Todd, *The Lourdes Pilgrim*, Matthew James Publishing, 2003, p. 46\\.",
"### Rosary Square",
"[thumb\\|Looking out onto Rosary Square from the roof of the Rosary Basilica](/wiki/File:RosarySquare.jpg \"RosarySquare.jpg\")\nThe open space in front of the Rosary Basilica is known as \"Rosary Square\". The entrances to the Upper Basilica and its crypt, both of which are built on top of the Massabielle rock, are far above ground level. To facilitate access, two enormous ramps were constructed, which curve down either side of Rosary Square. The image of the entrance of the Rosary Basilica, flanked by the two ramps and surmounted by the spires of the Upper Basilica, has become one of the iconic symbols of Lourdes, and a stylised form of this image has been adopted by the sanctuary itself as its logo.",
"### Crown statue",
"The statue of the Crowned Virgin is a statue of [Our Lady of Lourdes](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes \"Our Lady of Lourdes\") very similar to the statue in the grotto of Massabielle. It has been known as the \"crowned statue\" after its [canonical coronation](/wiki/Canonical_coronation \"Canonical coronation\") on 3 July 1876 by [papal legate](/wiki/Nuncio \"Nuncio\") [Pier Francesco Meglia](/wiki/Pier_Francesco_Meglia \"Pier Francesco Meglia\"). The statue stands across Rosary Square from the Rosary Basilica and faces the entrance. This prominent statue is a familiar landmark and a traditional meeting point. The statue is 2\\.5m high and cast in [bronze](/wiki/Bronze \"Bronze\"), painted white and blue in the traditional colours. Her rosary is of the [Birgittine](/wiki/Birgittine \"Birgittine\") style and incorporates six decades. Behind the Crowned Statue is the *Esplanade*, a large open walkway which is used for the processions.",
"### Prairie",
"Across the Gave from the grotto is a wide, open, uncluttered space covered with grass and known in French as the *prairie*, or in English, the meadow. In the corner of the *prairie* is the tent\\-like chapel of adoration, consecrated in 1995 and given over entirely to [adoration](/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration \"Eucharistic adoration\") of the [Blessed Sacrament](/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament \"Blessed Sacrament\"). There is also an open\\-air altar for outdoor ceremonies. In 2002 the Water Walk was introduced, across the Gave and slightly downstream from the grotto. It consists of a series of nine [stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross \"Stations of the Cross\") at which there is a small Lourdes water font.",
"### Calvary",
"The sanctuary include a [calvary](/wiki/Calvary_%28sanctuary%29 \"Calvary (sanctuary)\") built on the Espelugues hill, located south of the grotto and the basilicas. The Espelugues hill is separated from the central part of the sanctuary by the avenue Mgr Théas and the route de la Forêt. The Espelugues lands extending over the hill were acquired by the missionaries of Garaison, which were in charge of the sanctuary's administration. The first station was built in 1901, and the calvary was inaugurated in 1912\\.",
"The [stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross \"Stations of the Cross\") feature a total of 115 characters which are slightly larger than average human size. The calvary extends on a course of around {{Convert\\|1,500\\|m\\|ft\\|sp\\=us}}, starting close to the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception and climbing up to the 13th station then descending back to the basilicas and the grotto. It includes the fourteen traditional stations of the [passion of Christ](/wiki/Passion_of_Christ \"Passion of Christ\") and a fifteenth station, the [resurrection of Christ](/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ \"Resurrection of Christ\"), added in 1958\\. To reach the first station, a stone staircase of 28 steps is reminiscent of the [Scala Sancta](/wiki/Scala_Sancta \"Scala Sancta\") in Rome, with some pilgrims also climbing it and on their knees.",
""
] |
Accommodation
-------------
[thumb\|The Accueil Notre Dame](/wiki/File:Accueil_Notre_Dame.jpg "Accueil Notre Dame.jpg")
Across the river from the grotto and the churches is the Accueil Notre Dame, a modern facility built in 1996 to house sick pilgrims during their time in Lourdes.
The Accueil Notre Dame was built to replace two older residencies for pilgrims. The old Accueil Notre Dame stood opposite the Underground Basilica, and has been extensively remodelled, being divided into two buildings by removing a section. One building now contains the Chapel of Reconciliation, which used to be the refectory, and also houses the convent of the [Sisters of Charity of Nevers](/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Nevers "Sisters of Charity of Nevers"). The other section is now known as the Accueil John Paul II, and contains several chapels, the First Aid post and Dispensary, and the offices of the Hospitalité. The other was the Accueil St. Bernadette, which stood across the river from the old Accueil Notre Dame, and was demolished to make way for the new one.
Since Easter 1997 sick pilgrims from all over the world have been housed in the Accueil Notre Dame, an airy modern building. The Accueil is organised into two wings, each consisting of six storeys, with the Reception area on the ground floor and the Transit Lounge on the fifth. Each floor from one to four is named after a specific saint, with female saints honoured on one side and male ones on the other. Each floor has a central [refectory](/wiki/Refectory "Refectory") area where pilgrims congregate to eat.
The rooms, each with bathroom and shower, accommodate from one to six people. Each room has a window, with some fortunate ones having a view of the grotto, and storage cupboards and a table and chairs. Each room opens onto a communal area.
Linking the two sides is the Administration Area, with two panoramic lifts bringing visitors to each floor. The administration offices are on the sixth and seventh floors, and there are kitchens for each side.
Typically, pilgrims arrive at the Accueil Notre Dame in specially adapted buses, either from [Tarbes Airport](/wiki/Tarbes%E2%80%93Lourdes%E2%80%93Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es_Airport "Tarbes–Lourdes–Pyrénées Airport") or [Lourdes train station](/wiki/Lourdes_station "Lourdes station"), and will be welcomed in the transit lounge from where they are taken to their rooms.
Another residency, the Accueil Marie St. Frai, is located a short distance outside the sanctuary; it is similar in design and atmosphere to the Accueil Notre Dame.
|
[
"Accommodation\n-------------",
"[thumb\\|The Accueil Notre Dame](/wiki/File:Accueil_Notre_Dame.jpg \"Accueil Notre Dame.jpg\")",
"Across the river from the grotto and the churches is the Accueil Notre Dame, a modern facility built in 1996 to house sick pilgrims during their time in Lourdes.",
"The Accueil Notre Dame was built to replace two older residencies for pilgrims. The old Accueil Notre Dame stood opposite the Underground Basilica, and has been extensively remodelled, being divided into two buildings by removing a section. One building now contains the Chapel of Reconciliation, which used to be the refectory, and also houses the convent of the [Sisters of Charity of Nevers](/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Nevers \"Sisters of Charity of Nevers\"). The other section is now known as the Accueil John Paul II, and contains several chapels, the First Aid post and Dispensary, and the offices of the Hospitalité. The other was the Accueil St. Bernadette, which stood across the river from the old Accueil Notre Dame, and was demolished to make way for the new one.",
"Since Easter 1997 sick pilgrims from all over the world have been housed in the Accueil Notre Dame, an airy modern building. The Accueil is organised into two wings, each consisting of six storeys, with the Reception area on the ground floor and the Transit Lounge on the fifth. Each floor from one to four is named after a specific saint, with female saints honoured on one side and male ones on the other. Each floor has a central [refectory](/wiki/Refectory \"Refectory\") area where pilgrims congregate to eat.",
"The rooms, each with bathroom and shower, accommodate from one to six people. Each room has a window, with some fortunate ones having a view of the grotto, and storage cupboards and a table and chairs. Each room opens onto a communal area.",
"Linking the two sides is the Administration Area, with two panoramic lifts bringing visitors to each floor. The administration offices are on the sixth and seventh floors, and there are kitchens for each side.",
"Typically, pilgrims arrive at the Accueil Notre Dame in specially adapted buses, either from [Tarbes Airport](/wiki/Tarbes%E2%80%93Lourdes%E2%80%93Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es_Airport \"Tarbes–Lourdes–Pyrénées Airport\") or [Lourdes train station](/wiki/Lourdes_station \"Lourdes station\"), and will be welcomed in the transit lounge from where they are taken to their rooms.",
"Another residency, the Accueil Marie St. Frai, is located a short distance outside the sanctuary; it is similar in design and atmosphere to the Accueil Notre Dame.",
""
] |
History
-------
As a race of shapeshifters, physical appearance has little meaning for Martians, and the Greens and Whites are only separated by underlying psychological differences and philosophies, with the former being more peaceful and the latter more violent.{{cite comic \| Writer \= \[\[Joe Kelly (comics)\|Joe Kelly]] \| Penciller \= \[\[Doug Mahnke]] \| Inker \= Tom Nguyen \| Story \= ''Trial By Fire'' \| Title \= ''JLA'' \| Volume \= 1 \| Issue \= \#86 \| Date \= Late Nov 2003 \| Publisher \= \[\[DC Comics]] \| Page \= 17 \| Panel \= 4 \| ID \=}} In the current DC [continuity](/wiki/Continuity_%28fiction%29 "Continuity (fiction)"), their preferred form is that of angular, hairless humanoids with chalky white skin with bony, armor\-like ridges or plates.*JLA* series 2 \#1\-4, 33
It was eventually [retconned](/wiki/Retcon "Retcon") that the White Martians and Green Martians were part of the same race, known as "The Burning". This race used fire to reproduce asexually and were belligerent to all. The [Guardians of the Universe](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Universe "Guardians of the Universe"), fearing the ruthlessly and violently powerful Martians, split the Martian race into two species, gave them an instinctive fear of fire to prevent either from accessing their full potential, and altered their powers so neither could overcome the other. The timeframe for this genetic tampering was given as 20,000 years ago, contemporary with the early life of [Vandal Savage](/wiki/Vandal_Savage "Vandal Savage") on Earth, in *JLA* series 2 \#86\.
While the Green Martians were peaceful philosophers, the White Martians were savage warriors. A lengthy civil war between the two races ended when the few surviving White Martians were rounded up and exiled to the extra\-dimensional "Still Zone" (apparently distinct from Superman's [Phantom Zone](/wiki/Phantom_Zone "Phantom Zone"), in which they were later imprisoned again).As seen in *JLA* series 2 \#86\-89 (1997\).
### White Saturnians
{{See also\|Jemm}}
White Saturnians called *Koolars* are descended from an underclass of worker clones created by ancient White Martian explorers. Green Martians cloned [Jemm](/wiki/Jemm "Jemm")'s people, the original Red Saturnians, from themselves, and the White Martians cloned the original White Saturnians from their own cells. The Reds were treated as equals by their creators, but the whites were treated as slaves by their masters. The enslavement of the white clones led to the civil war on Mars.As seen in *Martian Manhunter* series 2 \#13\-16 (1999\).
### Hyperclan
The **Hyperclan** is a White Martian vanguard for an all\-out takeover of Earth who masquerade as alien [superheroes](/wiki/Superhero "Superhero") with the intent of displacing the JLA in the affections of the people of Earth.{{cite book \|last1\=Cowsill \|first1\=Alan \|last2\=Irvine \|first2\=Alex \|last3\=Manning \|first3\=Matthew K. \|last4\=McAvennie \|first4\=Michael \|last5\=Wallace \|first5\=Daniel \|title\=DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle \|date\=2019 \|publisher\=DK Publishing \|isbn\=978\-1\-4654\-8578\-6 \|page\=262}} The Hyperclan members are known as **Protex**, **Fluxus**, **A\-Mortal**, **Züm**, **Primaid**, **Tronix**, **Armek** and **Zenturion**, using the array of natural Martian powers to give each "hero" a seemingly different set of abilities; for example, Züm was a speedster, Armek was a massive armored figure with superhuman strength and could change color, and Fluxus was a shapeshifter. Their initial attack results in the destruction of the League's [satellite](/wiki/Satellite "Satellite") and the death of [Metamorpho](/wiki/Metamorpho "Metamorpho") and is preceded by a sickness that strikes all fire\-based heroes and villains, such as [Firehawk](/wiki/Firehawk_%28comics%29 "Firehawk (comics)") and [Doctor Phosphorus](/wiki/Doctor_Phosphorus "Doctor Phosphorus"), causing them to lose their powers. With the use of mind control and public relations, they nearly succeeded in brainwashing all of Earth into seeing the new Justice League as the villains, creating the illusion that the League were jealous of the Hyperclan's pro\-active efforts to eliminate villains and improve crop development in formerly barren areas. Despite the heroes scoring some victories in later confrontations, such as the [Flash](/wiki/Wally_West "Wally West") knocking out Züm with a punch at near\-lightspeed or [Green Lantern](/wiki/Kyle_Rayner "Kyle Rayner") taking out Armek by exploiting the fact that they thought his [ring](/wiki/Power_ring_%28weapon%29 "Power ring (weapon)") was still vulnerable to yellow, the Hyperclan eventually managed to capture all of the Justice League, keeping [Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman") tortured with a mental illusion of [green kryptonite](/wiki/Kryptonite "Kryptonite") while trapping Wonder Woman, Flash, Green Lantern and Aquaman in the 'Flower of Wrath', a device that would kill the heroes in hideous agony when it closed, with [Martian Manhunter](/wiki/Martian_Manhunter "Martian Manhunter") having apparently decided to betray the others out of recognition of the fact that he would never be accepted.
However, [Batman](/wiki/Batman "Batman") managed to evade capture after the Hyperclan shot down the [Batplane](/wiki/Batplane "Batplane") by taking advantage of their belief that he wasn't a threat because he was only human, deducing their true natures by their unwillingness to investigate his crashed and burning Batplane. Sneaking into the Hyperclan's base, Batman knocked out one and then later three Hyperclan members by trapping them in a ring of fire. Putting the pieces together about the Hyperclan's true nature, Superman eventually managed to throw off the Kryptonite illusion and free the rest of the League, aided by J'onzz, who had in reality realized the Hyperclan's true nature when their base was revealed, pretending to betray the League and then posing as Armek to infiltrate the Hyperclan. After Superman issued a public broadcast to the world that warned them of the threat and the Hyperclan's weakness, the invaders were captured, and each of them was telepathically brainwashed by J'onzz and [Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman "Aquaman") to believe themselves to be human. Given strong mental blocks to inhibit their powers, the Martians assumed normal Earth lives all over the globe, although they were kept under observation by the League.*JLA* \#1\-4 (1995\)
### Sabotage of Evolution
{{See also\|Metahuman}}
In *JLA* series 2 \#4, Hyperclan leader Protex tells Superman how his people first came to Earth "*long before there was human life*" \- and performed genetic experiments on terrestrial animals which crippled the evolutionary potential of the human race. The result: "*the creatures which could have been gods ended up just...humans*". The implication is that humans should have been, literally, a race of supermen, instead of such frail, limited creatures when compared to Martians. This was another reason for the war between the White and Green Martians, who were outraged by such biological vandalism. According to the storylines in *[Martian Manhunter](/wiki/Martian_Manhunter "Martian Manhunter")* (\#25 \- 27\) by [John Ostrander](/wiki/John_Ostrander "John Ostrander"), and *[Son of Vulcan](/wiki/Vulcan_%28DC_Comics%29 "Vulcan (DC Comics)")* (\#5\), the genetic potential for a future metagene was discovered in ancient human DNA by the White Martian race. The White Martians performed experiments on these primitive humans, changing the metagene. Due to their experimentations, they actually altered the destiny of the human race. Whereas before evolution would have eventually made mankind into a race of superhumans similar to the [Daxamites](/wiki/Daxam "Daxam") and [Kryptonians](/wiki/Kryptonian "Kryptonian"), or the Martians themselves, now only a select few humans would be able to develop [metahuman](/wiki/Metahuman "Metahuman") powers. As punishment for this, the group of renegades known as the **Hyperclan** was exiled to the *Still Zone*, a version of the [Phantom Zone](/wiki/Phantom_Zone "Phantom Zone").[http://www.monitorduty.com/mdarchives/2005/10/alan\_kistlers\_p\_1\.shtml](http://www.monitorduty.com/mdarchives/2005/10/alan_kistlers_p_1.shtml) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129025401/http://www.monitorduty.com/mdarchives/2005/10/alan\_kistlers\_p\_1\.shtml\|date\=November 29, 2005}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.dcuguide.com/History/History\_Beginning.php \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120729195456/http://www.dcuguide.com/History/History\_Beginning.php \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2012\-07\-29 \|title\=The Unofficial History of the DC Universe \|publisher\=Dcuguide.com \|access\-date\=2010\-10\-19}}
### The Bruce Wayne Martian
On subsequent occasions, the White Martians succeeded in breaking free of their psychological imprisonment. The first time, a single White Martian briefly believed itself to be Bruce Wayne due to the trauma of being caught in a flaming plane crash which erased the memory of its original human identity of a Wayne Enterprises employee; having been assigned a role as Wayne's secretary to keep a close eye on him, the Martian studied Wayne's schedule and assumed that he was Wayne. While the rest of the League kept an eye on the other Martians in case the renegade tried to 'wake them up', the Wayne Martian was defeated by a team consisting of Green Lantern, [Steel](/wiki/Steel_%28John_Henry_Irons%29 "Steel (John Henry Irons)"), [Big Barda](/wiki/Big_Barda "Big Barda"), [Orion](/wiki/Orion_%28character%29 "Orion (character)") and [Plastic Man](/wiki/Plastic_Man "Plastic Man") (selected because they didn't know Batman's identity and thus they wouldn't 'tip' the telepathic Martian off to the fact that he was a fake), Orion deliberately setting himself on fire to attack the Martian until Green Lantern threw a car onto the Martian to knock it out. The Martian programming was subsequently restored and the heroes made certain that the other Martians remained brainwashed, although Batman expressed some concern about their current strategy with the Martians.As seen in *JLA* series 2 \#33\.
### Terror Incognita
The whole race was later revived after the battle with the wish\-granting [Id](/wiki/Cathexis_%28comics%29 "Cathexis (comics)"); J'onn's wish was to be reunited with his human self — the League having been divided into their superhuman and civilian identities after a careless wish made by Superman — was subconsciously translated as a desire to cure his loneliness, and thus prompting Id, in its usual sense of irony, to awaken those on Earth most like J'onn. This time, the White Martians captured various human [psychics](/wiki/Psychic "Psychic") to work on means of expanding their own mental abilities while simultaneously constructing chemical processing towers which would fireproof Earth's atmosphere by binding all the free oxygen, making themselves completely invulnerable, and conveniently asphyxiating mankind into extinction. Although the towers were destroyed when J'onn escaped his imprisonment, the League were forced to trick the Martians into sending them to the [Phantom Zone](/wiki/Phantom_Zone "Phantom Zone") to come up with a plan of attack; the Zone was the one place Martian telepathy couldn't reach, allowing them to conceive a plan of attack and then return to Earth, J'onn placing a mental block on their minds that would stop them from remembering the plan \- and thus giving the White Martians a chance to learn about it \- until the moment came for them to take action. Released by the [Atom](/wiki/Atom_%28Ray_Palmer%29 "Atom (Ray Palmer)") (who had hidden inside Protex's head to use his own telepathy against him), the League faced the Martians in a climactic battle on the Moon. The plan required Superman, [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman "Wonder Woman"), and Green Lantern to move the Moon itself to expose the Martians to flame by dragging it into Earth's atmosphere, J'onn keeping the Martians occupied while Atom manipulated Protex's telepathy to make the other White Martians believe that their fellows were the League members, Earth's magicians working to negate the damage that would have otherwise been caused to Earth by the lunar gravity. Placed in this position, the Martians were forced to accept being banished into the Phantom Zone — a common punishment for DC's most dangerous super\-villains — or die on the Moon. J'onn was prepared to sacrifice his own life to defeat them, but was teleported out of danger at the last second by his teammates, Batman subsequently informing him that he was never alone, and that J'onn having considered himself such was the one thing that his teammates couldn't easily forgive.As seen in *JLA* series 2 \#55\-58 (2001\).
### Metavirus
The White Martians created a *metavirus*, a [metagene](/wiki/Metahuman "Metahuman") that could be passed between hosts via touch. This metavirus was responsible for the empowerment of the very first [Son of Vulcan](/wiki/Vulcan_%28DC_Comics%29 "Vulcan (DC Comics)"). The Sons of Vulcan passed the metavirus down in an unbroken line from then onwards, sworn to hunt and kill "the pale ones", i.e., the White Martians.As seen in *Son of Vulcan* series 2 \#4–5 August (2005\).
### White Martian Hybrids
{{Main\|Vulcan (DC Comics)}}
With the help of [Funky Flashman](/wiki/Funky_Flashman "Funky Flashman"), an [oviparous](/wiki/Oviparity "Oviparity") White Martian named A'monn A'mokk creates five human\-Martian hybrid children named **Sapling**, **Buster**, **Silhouette**, **Quaker** and **Blur**, using superhuman DNA from unrevealed sources. The five hybrids all have a latent fear of fire. Sapling resembled [Poison Ivy](/wiki/Poison_Ivy_%28comics%29 "Poison Ivy (comics)") in powers and costume, and Buster seemed like a cross between [Bizarro](/wiki/Bizarro "Bizarro") and [Solomon Grundy](/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_%28comics%29 "Solomon Grundy (comics)"). Silhouette seemed to be wearing a variant of [Nightshade's](/wiki/Nightshade_%28DC_Comics%29 "Nightshade (DC Comics)") old costume and had similar powers. Blur is an albino teenager wearing an altered form of the Reverse Flash's costume.As seen in *Son of Vulcan* series 2 \#3–6 (August 2005\).
### The Burning
[thumb\|*JLA* \#89: Fernus vs. Plastic Man, art by [Doug Mahnke](/wiki/Doug_Mahnke "Doug Mahnke").](/wiki/File:JLA_89_coverart.jpg "JLA 89 coverart.jpg")
When the Martian Manhunter overcame his fear of fire, he broke the ancient genetic block and released Fernus, a member of the [primeval](/wiki/wiktionary:Primeval "Primeval") Martian race. In the *[JLA](/wiki/Justice_League "Justice League")* story arc "Trial by Fire", an ancient Burning Martian entity called "Fernus" \- the manifestation of J'onn's racial memory of the Martians' original race identity \- took possession of [J'onn J'onzz](/wiki/Martian_Manhunter "Martian Manhunter") and exterminated as many members of the White Martian race as he could find. Fernus infiltrated the Phantom Zone by telepathically stealing Superman's access codes and travelling to the Fortress of Solitude before the League could open the Zone and try to question a White Martian about Fernus. Fernus is eventually defeated by [Plastic Man](/wiki/Plastic_Man "Plastic Man") in a last desperate confrontation.*JLA* series 2 \#84\-89 (1997\).
### Miss Martian
{{Main\|Miss Martian}}
Miss Martian, the White Martian known as M'gann M'orzz, is a member of the [Teen Titans](/wiki/Teen_Titans "Teen Titans") during the year between the events depicted in *[Infinite Crisis](/wiki/Infinite_Crisis "Infinite Crisis")* and the *[One Year Later](/wiki/One_Year_Later "One Year Later")* stories. She initially disguises herself as a Green Martian until being exposed by [Bombshell](/wiki/Bombshell_%28DC_Comics%29 "Bombshell (DC Comics)").
### Martian Manhunter miniseries
In this [miniseries](/wiki/Miniseries "Miniseries"), several beings that appeared to be Green Martians were found alive on Earth. They were eventually revealed to be White Martians, under mind control and disguised as Greens; a Green Martian named "Cay'An" had brainwashed them to believe they were Green Martians. All of the White Martians had been killed in one way or another before the series' end, except for a juvenile named Till'All. Till'All became friends with J'onn J'onzz, and was introduced to the Justice League at the end of the story.
### Brightest Day
In the *[Brightest Day](/wiki/Brightest_Day "Brightest Day")* storyline, Martian Manhunter states that there are no other White Martians,*Brightest Day* \#8 (August 2010\) although Till'All and Miss Martian are still in existence.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"As a race of shapeshifters, physical appearance has little meaning for Martians, and the Greens and Whites are only separated by underlying psychological differences and philosophies, with the former being more peaceful and the latter more violent.{{cite comic \\| Writer \\= \\[\\[Joe Kelly (comics)\\|Joe Kelly]] \\| Penciller \\= \\[\\[Doug Mahnke]] \\| Inker \\= Tom Nguyen \\| Story \\= ''Trial By Fire'' \\| Title \\= ''JLA'' \\| Volume \\= 1 \\| Issue \\= \\#86 \\| Date \\= Late Nov 2003 \\| Publisher \\= \\[\\[DC Comics]] \\| Page \\= 17 \\| Panel \\= 4 \\| ID \\=}} In the current DC [continuity](/wiki/Continuity_%28fiction%29 \"Continuity (fiction)\"), their preferred form is that of angular, hairless humanoids with chalky white skin with bony, armor\\-like ridges or plates.*JLA* series 2 \\#1\\-4, 33",
"It was eventually [retconned](/wiki/Retcon \"Retcon\") that the White Martians and Green Martians were part of the same race, known as \"The Burning\". This race used fire to reproduce asexually and were belligerent to all. The [Guardians of the Universe](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Universe \"Guardians of the Universe\"), fearing the ruthlessly and violently powerful Martians, split the Martian race into two species, gave them an instinctive fear of fire to prevent either from accessing their full potential, and altered their powers so neither could overcome the other. The timeframe for this genetic tampering was given as 20,000 years ago, contemporary with the early life of [Vandal Savage](/wiki/Vandal_Savage \"Vandal Savage\") on Earth, in *JLA* series 2 \\#86\\.",
"While the Green Martians were peaceful philosophers, the White Martians were savage warriors. A lengthy civil war between the two races ended when the few surviving White Martians were rounded up and exiled to the extra\\-dimensional \"Still Zone\" (apparently distinct from Superman's [Phantom Zone](/wiki/Phantom_Zone \"Phantom Zone\"), in which they were later imprisoned again).As seen in *JLA* series 2 \\#86\\-89 (1997\\).",
"### White Saturnians",
"{{See also\\|Jemm}}\nWhite Saturnians called *Koolars* are descended from an underclass of worker clones created by ancient White Martian explorers. Green Martians cloned [Jemm](/wiki/Jemm \"Jemm\")'s people, the original Red Saturnians, from themselves, and the White Martians cloned the original White Saturnians from their own cells. The Reds were treated as equals by their creators, but the whites were treated as slaves by their masters. The enslavement of the white clones led to the civil war on Mars.As seen in *Martian Manhunter* series 2 \\#13\\-16 (1999\\).",
"### Hyperclan",
"The **Hyperclan** is a White Martian vanguard for an all\\-out takeover of Earth who masquerade as alien [superheroes](/wiki/Superhero \"Superhero\") with the intent of displacing the JLA in the affections of the people of Earth.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Cowsill \\|first1\\=Alan \\|last2\\=Irvine \\|first2\\=Alex \\|last3\\=Manning \\|first3\\=Matthew K. \\|last4\\=McAvennie \\|first4\\=Michael \\|last5\\=Wallace \\|first5\\=Daniel \\|title\\=DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle \\|date\\=2019 \\|publisher\\=DK Publishing \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4654\\-8578\\-6 \\|page\\=262}} The Hyperclan members are known as **Protex**, **Fluxus**, **A\\-Mortal**, **Züm**, **Primaid**, **Tronix**, **Armek** and **Zenturion**, using the array of natural Martian powers to give each \"hero\" a seemingly different set of abilities; for example, Züm was a speedster, Armek was a massive armored figure with superhuman strength and could change color, and Fluxus was a shapeshifter. Their initial attack results in the destruction of the League's [satellite](/wiki/Satellite \"Satellite\") and the death of [Metamorpho](/wiki/Metamorpho \"Metamorpho\") and is preceded by a sickness that strikes all fire\\-based heroes and villains, such as [Firehawk](/wiki/Firehawk_%28comics%29 \"Firehawk (comics)\") and [Doctor Phosphorus](/wiki/Doctor_Phosphorus \"Doctor Phosphorus\"), causing them to lose their powers. With the use of mind control and public relations, they nearly succeeded in brainwashing all of Earth into seeing the new Justice League as the villains, creating the illusion that the League were jealous of the Hyperclan's pro\\-active efforts to eliminate villains and improve crop development in formerly barren areas. Despite the heroes scoring some victories in later confrontations, such as the [Flash](/wiki/Wally_West \"Wally West\") knocking out Züm with a punch at near\\-lightspeed or [Green Lantern](/wiki/Kyle_Rayner \"Kyle Rayner\") taking out Armek by exploiting the fact that they thought his [ring](/wiki/Power_ring_%28weapon%29 \"Power ring (weapon)\") was still vulnerable to yellow, the Hyperclan eventually managed to capture all of the Justice League, keeping [Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\") tortured with a mental illusion of [green kryptonite](/wiki/Kryptonite \"Kryptonite\") while trapping Wonder Woman, Flash, Green Lantern and Aquaman in the 'Flower of Wrath', a device that would kill the heroes in hideous agony when it closed, with [Martian Manhunter](/wiki/Martian_Manhunter \"Martian Manhunter\") having apparently decided to betray the others out of recognition of the fact that he would never be accepted.",
"However, [Batman](/wiki/Batman \"Batman\") managed to evade capture after the Hyperclan shot down the [Batplane](/wiki/Batplane \"Batplane\") by taking advantage of their belief that he wasn't a threat because he was only human, deducing their true natures by their unwillingness to investigate his crashed and burning Batplane. Sneaking into the Hyperclan's base, Batman knocked out one and then later three Hyperclan members by trapping them in a ring of fire. Putting the pieces together about the Hyperclan's true nature, Superman eventually managed to throw off the Kryptonite illusion and free the rest of the League, aided by J'onzz, who had in reality realized the Hyperclan's true nature when their base was revealed, pretending to betray the League and then posing as Armek to infiltrate the Hyperclan. After Superman issued a public broadcast to the world that warned them of the threat and the Hyperclan's weakness, the invaders were captured, and each of them was telepathically brainwashed by J'onzz and [Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman \"Aquaman\") to believe themselves to be human. Given strong mental blocks to inhibit their powers, the Martians assumed normal Earth lives all over the globe, although they were kept under observation by the League.*JLA* \\#1\\-4 (1995\\)",
"### Sabotage of Evolution",
"{{See also\\|Metahuman}}\nIn *JLA* series 2 \\#4, Hyperclan leader Protex tells Superman how his people first came to Earth \"*long before there was human life*\" \\- and performed genetic experiments on terrestrial animals which crippled the evolutionary potential of the human race. The result: \"*the creatures which could have been gods ended up just...humans*\". The implication is that humans should have been, literally, a race of supermen, instead of such frail, limited creatures when compared to Martians. This was another reason for the war between the White and Green Martians, who were outraged by such biological vandalism. According to the storylines in *[Martian Manhunter](/wiki/Martian_Manhunter \"Martian Manhunter\")* (\\#25 \\- 27\\) by [John Ostrander](/wiki/John_Ostrander \"John Ostrander\"), and *[Son of Vulcan](/wiki/Vulcan_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Vulcan (DC Comics)\")* (\\#5\\), the genetic potential for a future metagene was discovered in ancient human DNA by the White Martian race. The White Martians performed experiments on these primitive humans, changing the metagene. Due to their experimentations, they actually altered the destiny of the human race. Whereas before evolution would have eventually made mankind into a race of superhumans similar to the [Daxamites](/wiki/Daxam \"Daxam\") and [Kryptonians](/wiki/Kryptonian \"Kryptonian\"), or the Martians themselves, now only a select few humans would be able to develop [metahuman](/wiki/Metahuman \"Metahuman\") powers. As punishment for this, the group of renegades known as the **Hyperclan** was exiled to the *Still Zone*, a version of the [Phantom Zone](/wiki/Phantom_Zone \"Phantom Zone\").[http://www.monitorduty.com/mdarchives/2005/10/alan\\_kistlers\\_p\\_1\\.shtml](http://www.monitorduty.com/mdarchives/2005/10/alan_kistlers_p_1.shtml) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129025401/http://www.monitorduty.com/mdarchives/2005/10/alan\\_kistlers\\_p\\_1\\.shtml\\|date\\=November 29, 2005}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dcuguide.com/History/History\\_Beginning.php \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120729195456/http://www.dcuguide.com/History/History\\_Beginning.php \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-29 \\|title\\=The Unofficial History of the DC Universe \\|publisher\\=Dcuguide.com \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-19}}",
"### The Bruce Wayne Martian",
"On subsequent occasions, the White Martians succeeded in breaking free of their psychological imprisonment. The first time, a single White Martian briefly believed itself to be Bruce Wayne due to the trauma of being caught in a flaming plane crash which erased the memory of its original human identity of a Wayne Enterprises employee; having been assigned a role as Wayne's secretary to keep a close eye on him, the Martian studied Wayne's schedule and assumed that he was Wayne. While the rest of the League kept an eye on the other Martians in case the renegade tried to 'wake them up', the Wayne Martian was defeated by a team consisting of Green Lantern, [Steel](/wiki/Steel_%28John_Henry_Irons%29 \"Steel (John Henry Irons)\"), [Big Barda](/wiki/Big_Barda \"Big Barda\"), [Orion](/wiki/Orion_%28character%29 \"Orion (character)\") and [Plastic Man](/wiki/Plastic_Man \"Plastic Man\") (selected because they didn't know Batman's identity and thus they wouldn't 'tip' the telepathic Martian off to the fact that he was a fake), Orion deliberately setting himself on fire to attack the Martian until Green Lantern threw a car onto the Martian to knock it out. The Martian programming was subsequently restored and the heroes made certain that the other Martians remained brainwashed, although Batman expressed some concern about their current strategy with the Martians.As seen in *JLA* series 2 \\#33\\.",
"### Terror Incognita",
"The whole race was later revived after the battle with the wish\\-granting [Id](/wiki/Cathexis_%28comics%29 \"Cathexis (comics)\"); J'onn's wish was to be reunited with his human self — the League having been divided into their superhuman and civilian identities after a careless wish made by Superman — was subconsciously translated as a desire to cure his loneliness, and thus prompting Id, in its usual sense of irony, to awaken those on Earth most like J'onn. This time, the White Martians captured various human [psychics](/wiki/Psychic \"Psychic\") to work on means of expanding their own mental abilities while simultaneously constructing chemical processing towers which would fireproof Earth's atmosphere by binding all the free oxygen, making themselves completely invulnerable, and conveniently asphyxiating mankind into extinction. Although the towers were destroyed when J'onn escaped his imprisonment, the League were forced to trick the Martians into sending them to the [Phantom Zone](/wiki/Phantom_Zone \"Phantom Zone\") to come up with a plan of attack; the Zone was the one place Martian telepathy couldn't reach, allowing them to conceive a plan of attack and then return to Earth, J'onn placing a mental block on their minds that would stop them from remembering the plan \\- and thus giving the White Martians a chance to learn about it \\- until the moment came for them to take action. Released by the [Atom](/wiki/Atom_%28Ray_Palmer%29 \"Atom (Ray Palmer)\") (who had hidden inside Protex's head to use his own telepathy against him), the League faced the Martians in a climactic battle on the Moon. The plan required Superman, [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman \"Wonder Woman\"), and Green Lantern to move the Moon itself to expose the Martians to flame by dragging it into Earth's atmosphere, J'onn keeping the Martians occupied while Atom manipulated Protex's telepathy to make the other White Martians believe that their fellows were the League members, Earth's magicians working to negate the damage that would have otherwise been caused to Earth by the lunar gravity. Placed in this position, the Martians were forced to accept being banished into the Phantom Zone — a common punishment for DC's most dangerous super\\-villains — or die on the Moon. J'onn was prepared to sacrifice his own life to defeat them, but was teleported out of danger at the last second by his teammates, Batman subsequently informing him that he was never alone, and that J'onn having considered himself such was the one thing that his teammates couldn't easily forgive.As seen in *JLA* series 2 \\#55\\-58 (2001\\).",
"### Metavirus",
"The White Martians created a *metavirus*, a [metagene](/wiki/Metahuman \"Metahuman\") that could be passed between hosts via touch. This metavirus was responsible for the empowerment of the very first [Son of Vulcan](/wiki/Vulcan_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Vulcan (DC Comics)\"). The Sons of Vulcan passed the metavirus down in an unbroken line from then onwards, sworn to hunt and kill \"the pale ones\", i.e., the White Martians.As seen in *Son of Vulcan* series 2 \\#4–5 August (2005\\).",
"### White Martian Hybrids",
"{{Main\\|Vulcan (DC Comics)}}\nWith the help of [Funky Flashman](/wiki/Funky_Flashman \"Funky Flashman\"), an [oviparous](/wiki/Oviparity \"Oviparity\") White Martian named A'monn A'mokk creates five human\\-Martian hybrid children named **Sapling**, **Buster**, **Silhouette**, **Quaker** and **Blur**, using superhuman DNA from unrevealed sources. The five hybrids all have a latent fear of fire. Sapling resembled [Poison Ivy](/wiki/Poison_Ivy_%28comics%29 \"Poison Ivy (comics)\") in powers and costume, and Buster seemed like a cross between [Bizarro](/wiki/Bizarro \"Bizarro\") and [Solomon Grundy](/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_%28comics%29 \"Solomon Grundy (comics)\"). Silhouette seemed to be wearing a variant of [Nightshade's](/wiki/Nightshade_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Nightshade (DC Comics)\") old costume and had similar powers. Blur is an albino teenager wearing an altered form of the Reverse Flash's costume.As seen in *Son of Vulcan* series 2 \\#3–6 (August 2005\\).",
"### The Burning",
"[thumb\\|*JLA* \\#89: Fernus vs. Plastic Man, art by [Doug Mahnke](/wiki/Doug_Mahnke \"Doug Mahnke\").](/wiki/File:JLA_89_coverart.jpg \"JLA 89 coverart.jpg\")\nWhen the Martian Manhunter overcame his fear of fire, he broke the ancient genetic block and released Fernus, a member of the [primeval](/wiki/wiktionary:Primeval \"Primeval\") Martian race. In the *[JLA](/wiki/Justice_League \"Justice League\")* story arc \"Trial by Fire\", an ancient Burning Martian entity called \"Fernus\" \\- the manifestation of J'onn's racial memory of the Martians' original race identity \\- took possession of [J'onn J'onzz](/wiki/Martian_Manhunter \"Martian Manhunter\") and exterminated as many members of the White Martian race as he could find. Fernus infiltrated the Phantom Zone by telepathically stealing Superman's access codes and travelling to the Fortress of Solitude before the League could open the Zone and try to question a White Martian about Fernus. Fernus is eventually defeated by [Plastic Man](/wiki/Plastic_Man \"Plastic Man\") in a last desperate confrontation.*JLA* series 2 \\#84\\-89 (1997\\).",
"### Miss Martian",
"{{Main\\|Miss Martian}}\nMiss Martian, the White Martian known as M'gann M'orzz, is a member of the [Teen Titans](/wiki/Teen_Titans \"Teen Titans\") during the year between the events depicted in *[Infinite Crisis](/wiki/Infinite_Crisis \"Infinite Crisis\")* and the *[One Year Later](/wiki/One_Year_Later \"One Year Later\")* stories. She initially disguises herself as a Green Martian until being exposed by [Bombshell](/wiki/Bombshell_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Bombshell (DC Comics)\").",
"### Martian Manhunter miniseries",
"In this [miniseries](/wiki/Miniseries \"Miniseries\"), several beings that appeared to be Green Martians were found alive on Earth. They were eventually revealed to be White Martians, under mind control and disguised as Greens; a Green Martian named \"Cay'An\" had brainwashed them to believe they were Green Martians. All of the White Martians had been killed in one way or another before the series' end, except for a juvenile named Till'All. Till'All became friends with J'onn J'onzz, and was introduced to the Justice League at the end of the story.",
"### Brightest Day",
"In the *[Brightest Day](/wiki/Brightest_Day \"Brightest Day\")* storyline, Martian Manhunter states that there are no other White Martians,*Brightest Day* \\#8 (August 2010\\) although Till'All and Miss Martian are still in existence.",
""
] |
Career
------
Lange graduated from the [Wadleigh High School for Girls](/wiki/Wadleigh_High_School_for_Girls "Wadleigh High School for Girls"), New York City;Acker, Kerry Dorothea Lange, Infobase Publishing, 2004 by this time, even though she had never owned or operated a camera, she had already decided that she would become a photographer.{{Cite book\|url\=https://archive.org/details/photographsofdor0000lang\|title\=The photographs of Dorothea Lange\|last\=Dorothea.\|first\=Lange\|date\=1995\|publisher\=Hallmark Cards in association with H.N. Abrams, New York\|others\=Davis, Keith F., 1952–, Botkin, Kelle A.\|isbn\=0810963159\|location\=Kansas City, Missouri.\|oclc\=34699158\|url\-access\=registration}} Lange began her study of photography at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") under the tutelage of [Clarence H. White](/wiki/Clarence_H._White "Clarence H. White"), and later gained informal apprenticeships with several New York photography studios, including that of [Arnold Genthe](/wiki/Arnold_Genthe "Arnold Genthe").
In 1918, Lange left New York with a female friend intending to travel the world, but her plans were disrupted upon being robbed. She settled in San Francisco where she found work as a 'finisher' in a photographic supply shop.{{cite book\|last1\=Durden\|first1\=Mark\|title\=Dorothea Lange (55\)\|publisher\=Phaidon Press Limited\|location\=London N1 9PA\|isbn\=0\-7148\-4053\-X\|page\=126\|year\=2001}}{{Cite web \|date\=January 30, 2023 \|title\=Dorothea Lange · SFMOMA \|url\=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\_Lange/ \|access\-date\=February 3, 2024 \|archive\-date\=January 30, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130035944/https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\_Lange/ \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }} There, Lange became acquainted with other photographers and met an investor who backed her in establishing a successful portrait studio.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/picturing\_the\_century/text/port\_lange\_text.html \|title\=Dorothea Lange \|quote\=Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, Dorothea Lange (1895–1965\) announced her intention to become a photographer at age 18\. After apprenticing with a photographer in New York City, she moved to San Francisco and in 1919 established her own studio. \|publisher\=\[\[NARA]] \|access\-date\=June 29, 2008 \|archive\-date\=May 17, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517030910/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/picturing\_the\_century/text/port\_lange\_text.html \|url\-status\=live }} In 1920, she married the noted western painter [Maynard Dixon](/wiki/Maynard_Dixon "Maynard Dixon"), with whom she had two sons, Daniel, born in 1925, and John, born in 1930\.{{cite web \|last1\=Oliver \|first1\=Susan \|title\=Profile of Dorothea Lange \|url\=http://www.dorothea\-lange.org:80/Resources/AboutLange.htm \|website\=Dorothea Lange: Photographer of the People \|access\-date\=April 26, 2003 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031015232231/http://www.dorothea\-lange.org:80/Resources/AboutLange.htm \|archive\-date\=October 15, 2003 \|url\-status\=dead}} Lange's studio business supported her family for the next fifteen years. Lange's early studio work mostly involved shooting portrait photographs of the social elite in San Francisco.{{Cite journal\|last\=Stienhauer\|first\=Jillian\|date\=September 2012\|title\=Dorothea Lange\|journal\=Art \+ Auction\|volume\=36\|pages\=129}} But at the onset of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), she turned her lens from the studio to the street.
[thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|Lange in 1936 holding a [Graflex](/wiki/Graflex "Graflex") 4×5 camera atop a Ford [Model 40](/wiki/1932_Ford%231934_Model_40_Special_Speedster "1932 Ford#1934 Model 40 Special Speedster") in California, photographed by her assistant [Rondal Partridge](/wiki/Rondal_Partridge "Rondal Partridge").](/wiki/File:Dorothea_Lange_atop_automobile_in_California_%28restored%29.jpg "Dorothea Lange atop automobile in California (restored).jpg")
In the depths of the worldwide depression, in 1933, some fourteen million people in the U.S. were out of work; many were homeless, drifting aimlessly, often without enough food to eat. In the midwest and southwest, drought and dust storms added to the economic havoc. During the decade of the 1930s, some 300,000 men, women, and children migrated west to California, hoping to find work. Broadly, these migrant families were called by the opprobrium ["Okies" (as from Oklahoma)](/wiki/Okie "Okie") regardless of where they came from. They traveled in old, dilapidated cars or trucks, wandering from place to place to follow the crops. Lange began to photograph these luckless folk, leaving her studio to document their lives in the streets and roads of California. She roamed the byways with her camera, portraying the extent of the social and economic upheaval of the Depression. It is here that Lange found her purpose and direction as a photographer. She was no longer a portraitist; but neither was she a photojournalist. Instead, Lange became known as one of the first of a new kind, a "documentary" photographer.Perchick, Max. "'Dorothea Lange' the Greatest Documentary Photographer in the United States." Photographic Society of America 61\.6 (n.d.): June 1995\. Web.
Lange's photographic studies of the unemployed and homeless—starting with *White Angel Breadline (1933\)*, which depicted a lone man facing away from the crowd in front of a soup kitchen run by a widow known as the White AngelDurden, p. 3\.—captured the attention of local photographers and media, and eventually led to her employment with the federal [Resettlement Administration](/wiki/Resettlement_Administration "Resettlement Administration") (RA), later called the [Farm Security Administration](/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration "Farm Security Administration") (FSA).
Lange developed personal techniques of talking with her subjects while working, putting them at ease and enabling her to document pertinent remarks to accompany the photography. The titles and annotations often revealed personal information about her subjects.
### Resettlement Administration
[thumb\|Lange's iconic 1936 photograph of [Florence Owens Thompson](/wiki/Florence_Owens_Thompson "Florence Owens Thompson"), *[Migrant Mother](/wiki/Migrant_Mother "Migrant Mother")*](/wiki/File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg "Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg")
[thumb\|*"Broke, baby sick, and car trouble!"* (1937\)](/wiki/File:Broke%2C_baby_sick%2C_and_car_trouble%21_-_Dorothea_Langes_photo_of_a_Missouri_family_of_five_in_the_vicinity_of_Tracy%2C_California.jpg "Broke, baby sick, and car trouble! - Dorothea Langes photo of a Missouri family of five in the vicinity of Tracy, California.jpg")
Lange and Dixon divorced on October 28, 1935, and on December 6 she married economist [Paul Schuster Taylor](/wiki/Paul_Schuster_Taylor "Paul Schuster Taylor"), professor of economics at the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley"). For the next five years they traveled through the California coast and the midwest. Throughout their travels they documented rural poverty, in particular the exploitation of [sharecroppers](/wiki/Sharecropping "Sharecropping") and migrant laborers. Taylor interviewed subjects and gathered economic data while Lange produced photographs and accompanying data. They lived and worked from [Berkeley](/wiki/Berkeley%2C_California "Berkeley, California") for the rest of her life.
Working for the [Resettlement Administration](/wiki/Resettlement_Administration "Resettlement Administration") and [Farm Security Administration](/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration "Farm Security Administration"), Lange's images brought to public attention the plight of the poor and forgotten—particularly sharecroppers, displaced farm families, and migrant workers. Lange's work was distributed to newspapers across the country, and the poignant images became icons of the era.
One of Lange's most recognized works is *[Migrant Mother](/wiki/Migrant_Mother "Migrant Mother")*, published in 1936\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2006/04/30/stories/2006043000380500\.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017152413/https://hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2006/04/30/stories/2006043000380500\.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=October 17, 2007\|work\=\[\[The Hindu]]\|title\=Two women and a photograph}} The woman in the photograph is [Florence Owens Thompson](/wiki/Florence_Owens_Thompson "Florence Owens Thompson"). In 1960, Lange spoke about her experience taking the photograph:
{{Blockquote\|"I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother, as if drawn by a magnet. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to her, but I do remember she asked me no questions. I made five exposures, working closer and closer from the same direction. I did not ask her name or her history. She told me her age, that she was thirty\-two. She said that they had been living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields, and birds that the children killed. She had just sold the tires from her car to buy food. There she sat in that lean\-to tent with her children huddled around her, and seemed to know that my pictures might help her, and so she helped me. There was a sort of equality about it."{{cite news \|author\=Dorothea Lange \|title\=The Assignment I'll Never Forget \|work\=\[\[Popular Photography]] \|volume\=46 \|issue\=2 \|date\=June 1960 \|pages\=42–43, 126 \|url\=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/lklichfall13/files/2013/09/Lange.pdf \|access\-date\=March 18, 2021 \|archive\-date\=February 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226162538/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/lklichfall13/files/2013/09/Lange.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}\|author\=\|title\=\|source\=}}
Lange reported the conditions at the camp to the editor of a San Francisco newspaper, showing him her photographs.{{Cite web \|date\=January 30, 2023 \|title\=Dorothea Lange · SFMOMA \|url\=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\_Lange/ \|access\-date\=February 3, 2024 \|archive\-date\=January 30, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130035944/https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\_Lange/ \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }} The editor informed federal authorities and published an article that included some of the images. In response, the government rushed aid to the camp to prevent starvation.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/dorothea\-lange/watch\-full\-film\-dorothea\-lange\-grab\-a\-hunk\-of\-lightning/3260/\|title\=Dorothea Lange \~ Watch Full Film: Dorothea Lange: Grab a Hunk of Lightning\|work\=American Masters\|publisher\=PBS\|date\=August 30, 2014\|access\-date\=September 10, 2015\|archive\-date\=September 12, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912155040/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/dorothea\-lange/watch\-full\-film\-dorothea\-lange\-grab\-a\-hunk\-of\-lightning/3260/\|url\-status\=live}}
According to Thompson's son, while Lange got some details of the story wrong, the impact of the photograph came from an image that projected both the strengths and needs of migrant workers.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.newtimes\-slo.com/archives/cov\_stories\_2002/cov\_01172002\.html\#top \| title\=Photographic license \| first\=Geoffrey \| last\=Dunne \| work\=\[\[New Times Media\|New Times]] \| year\=2002 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20020602103656/https://www.newtimes\-slo.com/archives/cov\_stories\_2002/cov\_01172002\.html\#top \|archive\-date \= June 2, 2002}} Twenty\-two of Lange's photographs produced for the [FSA](/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration "Farm Security Administration") were included in John Steinbeck's *[The Harvest Gypsies](/wiki/The_Harvest_Gypsies "The Harvest Gypsies")* when it was first published in 1936 in *[The San Francisco News](/wiki/The_San_Francisco_News "The San Francisco News")*.{{Cite web \|date\=January 30, 2023 \|title\=Dorothea Lange · SFMOMA \|url\=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\_Lange/ \|access\-date\=February 3, 2024 \|archive\-date\=January 30, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130035944/https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\_Lange/ \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }} According to an essay by photographer [Martha Rosler](/wiki/Martha_Rosler "Martha Rosler"), *Migrant Mother* became the most reproduced photograph in the world.{{Cite book\|title\=Decoys and Disruptions: Selected Writings, 1975–2001\|url\=https://archive.org/details/decoysdisruption00rosl\|url\-access\=limited\|last\=Rosler\|first\=Martha\|author\-link\=Martha Rosler\|year\=2004\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/decoysdisruption0000rosl/page/n184?q\=%22most\+reproduced%22 184]\|publisher\=MIT Press \|isbn\=9780262182317}}
### Japanese American internment
[thumb\|Children at the Weill public school in San Francisco recite the [Pledge of Allegiance](/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance "Pledge of Allegiance") to the American flag in April 1942, prior to the internment of Japanese Americans](/wiki/File:JapaneseAmericansChildrenPledgingAllegiance1942-2.jpg "JapaneseAmericansChildrenPledgingAllegiance1942-2.jpg")
[thumb\|Grandfather and grandson at [Manzanar](/wiki/Manzanar "Manzanar") Relocation Center](/wiki/File:Manzanar_Relocation_Center%2C_Manzanar%2C_California._Grandfather_and_grandson_of_Japanese_ancestry_at_._._._-_NARA_-_537994.jpg "Manzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, California. Grandfather and grandson of Japanese ancestry at . . . - NARA - 537994.jpg")
In 1941, Lange became the first woman to be awarded a prestigious [Guggenheim Fellowship](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship "Guggenheim Fellowship") for in Photography.{{cite web\|title\=Dorothea Lange\|url\=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all\-fellows/dorothea\-lange/\|publisher\=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation\|access\-date\=August 26, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 28, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828063642/http://www.gf.org/fellows/all\-fellows/dorothea\-lange/\|url\-status\=live}} After the attack on [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor"), she gave up the fellowship in order to go on assignment for the [War Relocation Authority](/wiki/War_Relocation_Authority "War Relocation Authority") (WRA) to document the forced evacuation of [Japanese Americans](/wiki/Japanese_Americans "Japanese Americans") from the west coast of the US.{{cite web\|title\=Hayward, California, Two Children of the Mochida Family who, with Their Parents, Are Awaiting Evacuation\|date\=May 8, 1942\|url\=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2736\|publisher\=\[\[World Digital Library]]\|access\-date\=February 10, 2013\|archive\-date\=November 21, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121185319/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2736/\|url\-status\=live}} She covered the [internment of Japanese Americans](/wiki/Japanese_American_internment "Japanese American internment")[Civil Control Station, Registration for evacuation and processing. San Francisco, April 1942\. War Relocation Authority](https://freedomvoices.org/1langepx/wra531.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510085125/http://freedomvoices.org/1langepx/wra531\.htm \|date\=May 10, 2021 }}, Photograph By Dorothea Lange, From the National Archive and Records Administration taken for the War Relocation Authority courtesy of the Bancroft Library, U.C. Berkeley, California. Published in *Image and Imagination, Encounters with the Photography of Dorothea Lange*, Edited by Ben Clarke, Freedom Voices, San Francisco, 1997\. and their subsequent incarceration, traveling throughout urban and rural California to photograph families required to leave their houses and hometowns on orders of the government. Lange visited several temporary assembly centers as they opened, eventually fixing on [Manzanar](/wiki/Manzanar "Manzanar"), the first of the permanent internment camps (located in eastern California, some 300 miles from the coast).
Much of Lange's work focused on the waiting and anxiety caused by the forced collection and removal of people: piles of luggage waiting to be sorted; families waiting for transport, wearing identification tags; young\-to\-elderly individuals, stunned, not comprehending why they must leave their homes, or what their future held.{{cite web \|last\=Alinder \|first\=Jasmine \|url\=https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Dorothea\_Lange/ \|title\=Dorothea Lange \|publisher\=Densho Encyclopedia \|access\-date\=August 28, 2014 \|archive\-date\=August 14, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814082419/http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Dorothea\_Lange/ \|url\-status\=live }} (See [Exclusion, removal, detention](/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans%23Exclusion%2C_removal%2C_and_detention "Internment of Japanese Americans#Exclusion, removal, and detention").) To many observers, Lange's photography—including one photo of American school children pledging allegiance to the flag shortly before being removed from their homes and schools and sent to internment[Pledge of allegiance at Rafael Weill Elementary School a few weeks prior to evacuation](https://freedomvoices.org/1langepx/wra78.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510082434/http://freedomvoices.org/1langepx/wra78\.htm \|date\=May 10, 2021 }}, April 1942\. N.A.R.A.; 14GA\-78 From the National Archive and Records Administration taken for the War Relocation Authority courtesy of the Bancroft Library. Published in *Image and Imagination, Encounters with the Photography of Dorothea Lange*, Edited by Ben Clarke, Freedom Voices, San Francisco, 1997\.—is a haunting reminder of the travesty of incarcerating people who are not charged with committing a crime.Davidov, Judith Fryer. *Women's Camera Work*. 1998, p. 280
Sensitive to the implications of her images, authorities impounded most of Lange's photography of the internment process—these photos were not seen publicly during the war.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/arts/design/06lang.html\|title\=Photographs of an Episode That Lives in Infamy\|author\=Dinitia Smith \|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=November 6, 2006\|access\-date\=March 17, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802023344/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/arts/design/06lang.html\|archive\-date\=August 2, 2017\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/japanese\-internment\-75th\-anniversary\|title\=Correcting the Record on Dorothea Lange's Japanese Internment Photos\|author\=Kerri Lawrence\|publisher\=National Archives News\|date\=February 16, 2017\|access\-date\=September 3, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720022252/https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/japanese\-internment\-75th\-anniversary\|archive\-date\=July 20, 2017\|url\-status\=live}} Today her photography of the evacuations and internments is available in the [National Archives](/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration "National Archives and Records Administration") on the website of the Still Photographs Division and at the [Bancroft Library](/wiki/Bancroft_Library "Bancroft Library") of the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley").
### California School of Fine Arts and San Francisco Art Institute
In 1945, [Ansel Adams](/wiki/Ansel_Adams "Ansel Adams") invited Lange to teach at the first fine art photography department at the [California School of Fine Arts](/wiki/San_Francisco_Art_Institute "San Francisco Art Institute") (CSFA), now known as San Francisco Art Institute (SFAI).{{Cite web \|date\=January 30, 2023 \|title\=Dorothea Lange · SFMOMA \|url\=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\_Lange/ \|access\-date\=February 3, 2024 \|archive\-date\=January 30, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130035944/https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\_Lange/ \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }} [Imogen Cunningham](/wiki/Imogen_Cunningham "Imogen Cunningham") and [Minor White](/wiki/Minor_White "Minor White") also joined the faculty.{{cite web \|author\=Robert Mix \|url\=https://www.verlang.com/sfbay0004ref\_timeline\_05\.html \|title\=Vernacular Language North. SF Bay Area Timeline. ''Modernism (1930–1960\)'' \|publisher\=Verlang.com \|access\-date\=September 14, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524094806/https://www.verlang.com/sfbay0004ref\_timeline\_05\.html \|archive\-date\=May 24, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Lange graduated from the [Wadleigh High School for Girls](/wiki/Wadleigh_High_School_for_Girls \"Wadleigh High School for Girls\"), New York City;Acker, Kerry Dorothea Lange, Infobase Publishing, 2004 by this time, even though she had never owned or operated a camera, she had already decided that she would become a photographer.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/photographsofdor0000lang\\|title\\=The photographs of Dorothea Lange\\|last\\=Dorothea.\\|first\\=Lange\\|date\\=1995\\|publisher\\=Hallmark Cards in association with H.N. Abrams, New York\\|others\\=Davis, Keith F., 1952–, Botkin, Kelle A.\\|isbn\\=0810963159\\|location\\=Kansas City, Missouri.\\|oclc\\=34699158\\|url\\-access\\=registration}} Lange began her study of photography at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\") under the tutelage of [Clarence H. White](/wiki/Clarence_H._White \"Clarence H. White\"), and later gained informal apprenticeships with several New York photography studios, including that of [Arnold Genthe](/wiki/Arnold_Genthe \"Arnold Genthe\").",
"In 1918, Lange left New York with a female friend intending to travel the world, but her plans were disrupted upon being robbed. She settled in San Francisco where she found work as a 'finisher' in a photographic supply shop.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Durden\\|first1\\=Mark\\|title\\=Dorothea Lange (55\\)\\|publisher\\=Phaidon Press Limited\\|location\\=London N1 9PA\\|isbn\\=0\\-7148\\-4053\\-X\\|page\\=126\\|year\\=2001}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 30, 2023 \\|title\\=Dorothea Lange · SFMOMA \\|url\\=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\\_Lange/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130035944/https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\\_Lange/ \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }} There, Lange became acquainted with other photographers and met an investor who backed her in establishing a successful portrait studio.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/picturing\\_the\\_century/text/port\\_lange\\_text.html \\|title\\=Dorothea Lange \\|quote\\=Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, Dorothea Lange (1895–1965\\) announced her intention to become a photographer at age 18\\. After apprenticing with a photographer in New York City, she moved to San Francisco and in 1919 established her own studio. \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NARA]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 29, 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 17, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517030910/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/picturing\\_the\\_century/text/port\\_lange\\_text.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 1920, she married the noted western painter [Maynard Dixon](/wiki/Maynard_Dixon \"Maynard Dixon\"), with whom she had two sons, Daniel, born in 1925, and John, born in 1930\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Oliver \\|first1\\=Susan \\|title\\=Profile of Dorothea Lange \\|url\\=http://www.dorothea\\-lange.org:80/Resources/AboutLange.htm \\|website\\=Dorothea Lange: Photographer of the People \\|access\\-date\\=April 26, 2003 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031015232231/http://www.dorothea\\-lange.org:80/Resources/AboutLange.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2003 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Lange's studio business supported her family for the next fifteen years. Lange's early studio work mostly involved shooting portrait photographs of the social elite in San Francisco.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Stienhauer\\|first\\=Jillian\\|date\\=September 2012\\|title\\=Dorothea Lange\\|journal\\=Art \\+ Auction\\|volume\\=36\\|pages\\=129}} But at the onset of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"), she turned her lens from the studio to the street.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|Lange in 1936 holding a [Graflex](/wiki/Graflex \"Graflex\") 4×5 camera atop a Ford [Model 40](/wiki/1932_Ford%231934_Model_40_Special_Speedster \"1932 Ford#1934 Model 40 Special Speedster\") in California, photographed by her assistant [Rondal Partridge](/wiki/Rondal_Partridge \"Rondal Partridge\").](/wiki/File:Dorothea_Lange_atop_automobile_in_California_%28restored%29.jpg \"Dorothea Lange atop automobile in California (restored).jpg\")",
"In the depths of the worldwide depression, in 1933, some fourteen million people in the U.S. were out of work; many were homeless, drifting aimlessly, often without enough food to eat. In the midwest and southwest, drought and dust storms added to the economic havoc. During the decade of the 1930s, some 300,000 men, women, and children migrated west to California, hoping to find work. Broadly, these migrant families were called by the opprobrium [\"Okies\" (as from Oklahoma)](/wiki/Okie \"Okie\") regardless of where they came from. They traveled in old, dilapidated cars or trucks, wandering from place to place to follow the crops. Lange began to photograph these luckless folk, leaving her studio to document their lives in the streets and roads of California. She roamed the byways with her camera, portraying the extent of the social and economic upheaval of the Depression. It is here that Lange found her purpose and direction as a photographer. She was no longer a portraitist; but neither was she a photojournalist. Instead, Lange became known as one of the first of a new kind, a \"documentary\" photographer.Perchick, Max. \"'Dorothea Lange' the Greatest Documentary Photographer in the United States.\" Photographic Society of America 61\\.6 (n.d.): June 1995\\. Web.",
"Lange's photographic studies of the unemployed and homeless—starting with *White Angel Breadline (1933\\)*, which depicted a lone man facing away from the crowd in front of a soup kitchen run by a widow known as the White AngelDurden, p. 3\\.—captured the attention of local photographers and media, and eventually led to her employment with the federal [Resettlement Administration](/wiki/Resettlement_Administration \"Resettlement Administration\") (RA), later called the [Farm Security Administration](/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration \"Farm Security Administration\") (FSA).",
"Lange developed personal techniques of talking with her subjects while working, putting them at ease and enabling her to document pertinent remarks to accompany the photography. The titles and annotations often revealed personal information about her subjects.",
"### Resettlement Administration",
"[thumb\\|Lange's iconic 1936 photograph of [Florence Owens Thompson](/wiki/Florence_Owens_Thompson \"Florence Owens Thompson\"), *[Migrant Mother](/wiki/Migrant_Mother \"Migrant Mother\")*](/wiki/File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg \"Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|*\"Broke, baby sick, and car trouble!\"* (1937\\)](/wiki/File:Broke%2C_baby_sick%2C_and_car_trouble%21_-_Dorothea_Langes_photo_of_a_Missouri_family_of_five_in_the_vicinity_of_Tracy%2C_California.jpg \"Broke, baby sick, and car trouble! - Dorothea Langes photo of a Missouri family of five in the vicinity of Tracy, California.jpg\")",
"Lange and Dixon divorced on October 28, 1935, and on December 6 she married economist [Paul Schuster Taylor](/wiki/Paul_Schuster_Taylor \"Paul Schuster Taylor\"), professor of economics at the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\"). For the next five years they traveled through the California coast and the midwest. Throughout their travels they documented rural poverty, in particular the exploitation of [sharecroppers](/wiki/Sharecropping \"Sharecropping\") and migrant laborers. Taylor interviewed subjects and gathered economic data while Lange produced photographs and accompanying data. They lived and worked from [Berkeley](/wiki/Berkeley%2C_California \"Berkeley, California\") for the rest of her life.",
"Working for the [Resettlement Administration](/wiki/Resettlement_Administration \"Resettlement Administration\") and [Farm Security Administration](/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration \"Farm Security Administration\"), Lange's images brought to public attention the plight of the poor and forgotten—particularly sharecroppers, displaced farm families, and migrant workers. Lange's work was distributed to newspapers across the country, and the poignant images became icons of the era.",
"One of Lange's most recognized works is *[Migrant Mother](/wiki/Migrant_Mother \"Migrant Mother\")*, published in 1936\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2006/04/30/stories/2006043000380500\\.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017152413/https://hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2006/04/30/stories/2006043000380500\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=October 17, 2007\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]]\\|title\\=Two women and a photograph}} The woman in the photograph is [Florence Owens Thompson](/wiki/Florence_Owens_Thompson \"Florence Owens Thompson\"). In 1960, Lange spoke about her experience taking the photograph:",
"{{Blockquote\\|\"I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother, as if drawn by a magnet. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to her, but I do remember she asked me no questions. I made five exposures, working closer and closer from the same direction. I did not ask her name or her history. She told me her age, that she was thirty\\-two. She said that they had been living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields, and birds that the children killed. She had just sold the tires from her car to buy food. There she sat in that lean\\-to tent with her children huddled around her, and seemed to know that my pictures might help her, and so she helped me. There was a sort of equality about it.\"{{cite news \\|author\\=Dorothea Lange \\|title\\=The Assignment I'll Never Forget \\|work\\=\\[\\[Popular Photography]] \\|volume\\=46 \\|issue\\=2 \\|date\\=June 1960 \\|pages\\=42–43, 126 \\|url\\=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/lklichfall13/files/2013/09/Lange.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226162538/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/lklichfall13/files/2013/09/Lange.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\\|author\\=\\|title\\=\\|source\\=}}",
"Lange reported the conditions at the camp to the editor of a San Francisco newspaper, showing him her photographs.{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 30, 2023 \\|title\\=Dorothea Lange · SFMOMA \\|url\\=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\\_Lange/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130035944/https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\\_Lange/ \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }} The editor informed federal authorities and published an article that included some of the images. In response, the government rushed aid to the camp to prevent starvation.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/dorothea\\-lange/watch\\-full\\-film\\-dorothea\\-lange\\-grab\\-a\\-hunk\\-of\\-lightning/3260/\\|title\\=Dorothea Lange \\~ Watch Full Film: Dorothea Lange: Grab a Hunk of Lightning\\|work\\=American Masters\\|publisher\\=PBS\\|date\\=August 30, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=September 12, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912155040/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/dorothea\\-lange/watch\\-full\\-film\\-dorothea\\-lange\\-grab\\-a\\-hunk\\-of\\-lightning/3260/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"According to Thompson's son, while Lange got some details of the story wrong, the impact of the photograph came from an image that projected both the strengths and needs of migrant workers.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.newtimes\\-slo.com/archives/cov\\_stories\\_2002/cov\\_01172002\\.html\\#top \\| title\\=Photographic license \\| first\\=Geoffrey \\| last\\=Dunne \\| work\\=\\[\\[New Times Media\\|New Times]] \\| year\\=2002 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20020602103656/https://www.newtimes\\-slo.com/archives/cov\\_stories\\_2002/cov\\_01172002\\.html\\#top \\|archive\\-date \\= June 2, 2002}} Twenty\\-two of Lange's photographs produced for the [FSA](/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration \"Farm Security Administration\") were included in John Steinbeck's *[The Harvest Gypsies](/wiki/The_Harvest_Gypsies \"The Harvest Gypsies\")* when it was first published in 1936 in *[The San Francisco News](/wiki/The_San_Francisco_News \"The San Francisco News\")*.{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 30, 2023 \\|title\\=Dorothea Lange · SFMOMA \\|url\\=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\\_Lange/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130035944/https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\\_Lange/ \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }} According to an essay by photographer [Martha Rosler](/wiki/Martha_Rosler \"Martha Rosler\"), *Migrant Mother* became the most reproduced photograph in the world.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Decoys and Disruptions: Selected Writings, 1975–2001\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/decoysdisruption00rosl\\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|last\\=Rosler\\|first\\=Martha\\|author\\-link\\=Martha Rosler\\|year\\=2004\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/decoysdisruption0000rosl/page/n184?q\\=%22most\\+reproduced%22 184]\\|publisher\\=MIT Press \\|isbn\\=9780262182317}}",
"### Japanese American internment",
"[thumb\\|Children at the Weill public school in San Francisco recite the [Pledge of Allegiance](/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance \"Pledge of Allegiance\") to the American flag in April 1942, prior to the internment of Japanese Americans](/wiki/File:JapaneseAmericansChildrenPledgingAllegiance1942-2.jpg \"JapaneseAmericansChildrenPledgingAllegiance1942-2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Grandfather and grandson at [Manzanar](/wiki/Manzanar \"Manzanar\") Relocation Center](/wiki/File:Manzanar_Relocation_Center%2C_Manzanar%2C_California._Grandfather_and_grandson_of_Japanese_ancestry_at_._._._-_NARA_-_537994.jpg \"Manzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, California. Grandfather and grandson of Japanese ancestry at . . . - NARA - 537994.jpg\")\nIn 1941, Lange became the first woman to be awarded a prestigious [Guggenheim Fellowship](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship \"Guggenheim Fellowship\") for in Photography.{{cite web\\|title\\=Dorothea Lange\\|url\\=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all\\-fellows/dorothea\\-lange/\\|publisher\\=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation\\|access\\-date\\=August 26, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 28, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828063642/http://www.gf.org/fellows/all\\-fellows/dorothea\\-lange/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} After the attack on [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\"), she gave up the fellowship in order to go on assignment for the [War Relocation Authority](/wiki/War_Relocation_Authority \"War Relocation Authority\") (WRA) to document the forced evacuation of [Japanese Americans](/wiki/Japanese_Americans \"Japanese Americans\") from the west coast of the US.{{cite web\\|title\\=Hayward, California, Two Children of the Mochida Family who, with Their Parents, Are Awaiting Evacuation\\|date\\=May 8, 1942\\|url\\=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2736\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Digital Library]]\\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121185319/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2736/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She covered the [internment of Japanese Americans](/wiki/Japanese_American_internment \"Japanese American internment\")[Civil Control Station, Registration for evacuation and processing. San Francisco, April 1942\\. War Relocation Authority](https://freedomvoices.org/1langepx/wra531.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510085125/http://freedomvoices.org/1langepx/wra531\\.htm \\|date\\=May 10, 2021 }}, Photograph By Dorothea Lange, From the National Archive and Records Administration taken for the War Relocation Authority courtesy of the Bancroft Library, U.C. Berkeley, California. Published in *Image and Imagination, Encounters with the Photography of Dorothea Lange*, Edited by Ben Clarke, Freedom Voices, San Francisco, 1997\\. and their subsequent incarceration, traveling throughout urban and rural California to photograph families required to leave their houses and hometowns on orders of the government. Lange visited several temporary assembly centers as they opened, eventually fixing on [Manzanar](/wiki/Manzanar \"Manzanar\"), the first of the permanent internment camps (located in eastern California, some 300 miles from the coast).",
"Much of Lange's work focused on the waiting and anxiety caused by the forced collection and removal of people: piles of luggage waiting to be sorted; families waiting for transport, wearing identification tags; young\\-to\\-elderly individuals, stunned, not comprehending why they must leave their homes, or what their future held.{{cite web \\|last\\=Alinder \\|first\\=Jasmine \\|url\\=https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Dorothea\\_Lange/ \\|title\\=Dorothea Lange \\|publisher\\=Densho Encyclopedia \\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 14, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814082419/http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Dorothea\\_Lange/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} (See [Exclusion, removal, detention](/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans%23Exclusion%2C_removal%2C_and_detention \"Internment of Japanese Americans#Exclusion, removal, and detention\").) To many observers, Lange's photography—including one photo of American school children pledging allegiance to the flag shortly before being removed from their homes and schools and sent to internment[Pledge of allegiance at Rafael Weill Elementary School a few weeks prior to evacuation](https://freedomvoices.org/1langepx/wra78.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510082434/http://freedomvoices.org/1langepx/wra78\\.htm \\|date\\=May 10, 2021 }}, April 1942\\. N.A.R.A.; 14GA\\-78 From the National Archive and Records Administration taken for the War Relocation Authority courtesy of the Bancroft Library. Published in *Image and Imagination, Encounters with the Photography of Dorothea Lange*, Edited by Ben Clarke, Freedom Voices, San Francisco, 1997\\.—is a haunting reminder of the travesty of incarcerating people who are not charged with committing a crime.Davidov, Judith Fryer. *Women's Camera Work*. 1998, p. 280",
"Sensitive to the implications of her images, authorities impounded most of Lange's photography of the internment process—these photos were not seen publicly during the war.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/arts/design/06lang.html\\|title\\=Photographs of an Episode That Lives in Infamy\\|author\\=Dinitia Smith \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=November 6, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802023344/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/arts/design/06lang.html\\|archive\\-date\\=August 2, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/japanese\\-internment\\-75th\\-anniversary\\|title\\=Correcting the Record on Dorothea Lange's Japanese Internment Photos\\|author\\=Kerri Lawrence\\|publisher\\=National Archives News\\|date\\=February 16, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720022252/https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/japanese\\-internment\\-75th\\-anniversary\\|archive\\-date\\=July 20, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Today her photography of the evacuations and internments is available in the [National Archives](/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration \"National Archives and Records Administration\") on the website of the Still Photographs Division and at the [Bancroft Library](/wiki/Bancroft_Library \"Bancroft Library\") of the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\").",
"### California School of Fine Arts and San Francisco Art Institute",
"In 1945, [Ansel Adams](/wiki/Ansel_Adams \"Ansel Adams\") invited Lange to teach at the first fine art photography department at the [California School of Fine Arts](/wiki/San_Francisco_Art_Institute \"San Francisco Art Institute\") (CSFA), now known as San Francisco Art Institute (SFAI).{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 30, 2023 \\|title\\=Dorothea Lange · SFMOMA \\|url\\=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\\_Lange/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130035944/https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Dorothea\\_Lange/ \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }} [Imogen Cunningham](/wiki/Imogen_Cunningham \"Imogen Cunningham\") and [Minor White](/wiki/Minor_White \"Minor White\") also joined the faculty.{{cite web \\|author\\=Robert Mix \\|url\\=https://www.verlang.com/sfbay0004ref\\_timeline\\_05\\.html \\|title\\=Vernacular Language North. SF Bay Area Timeline. ''Modernism (1930–1960\\)'' \\|publisher\\=Verlang.com \\|access\\-date\\=September 14, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524094806/https://www.verlang.com/sfbay0004ref\\_timeline\\_05\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=May 24, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
""
] |
Politician
----------
### Municipal politics
Tarbuk was a member of the [Democratic Party of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia "Democratic Party of Serbia") (*Demokratska stranka Srbije*, DSS) for many years. He appeared on the DSS's [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list "Electoral list") for the Zemun municipal assembly in the [2004 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2004_Serbian_local_elections "2004 Serbian local elections"),*Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 48 Number 24 (8 September 2004\), p. 49\. He received the fourth list position. though he was not subsequently chosen for the party's assembly delegation.The DSS won seven mandates. See *Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 48 Number 21 (28 September 2004\), p. 3; *Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 48 Number 32 (11 November 2004\), pp. 3\-4\. (From 2000 to 2011, mandates in Serbian elections were awarded to sponsoring parties and coalitions rather than individual candidates, and it was common practice for the mandates to be awarded out of numerical order. Tarbuk's specific list position had no bearing on whether or not he received a mandate.)
The DSS contested the [2008 local elections](/wiki/2008_Serbian_local_elections "2008 Serbian local elections") in an alliance with [New Serbia](/wiki/New_Serbia_%28political_party%29 "New Serbia (political party)"). Tarbuk was included on the coalition's list in ZemunTarbuk had the fifty\-first position on the list. See *Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 52 Number 13 (30 April 2008\), pp. 14\. and was chosen as the city's deputy mayor when the DSS formed a [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government "Coalition government") with the far\-right [Serbian Radical Party](/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party "Serbian Radical Party") after the election.["Потписи на споразуму СРС и ДСС за Земун"](http://rtv.rs/sr_ci/politika/potpisi-na-sporazumu-srs-i-dss-za-zemun_63260.html), Radio Television of Vojvodina, 27 May 2008, accessed 5 July 2018\.["Кворум пред судијама"](http://www.novosti.rs/%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8/%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.491.html:226802-Kvorum-pred-sudijama), *Novosti*, 19 November 2008, accessed 5 July 2018\.[Н. Миковић, "Хаос у општини – Земун и даље радикалски"](http://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/63542/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81-%D1%83-%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD-%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8), *Politika*, 17 November 2008, accessed 5 July 2018\. When this government was dismissed in March 2009, he was appointed as the DSS representative on a new provisional administration pending new local elections – although his party, which opposed the transition, initially said it would boycott the proceedings.["Prinudna uprava juče preuzela Zemun u 06\.45"](http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/79474/Prinudna-uprava-juce-preuzela-Zemun-u-06-45), *Politika*, 17 March 2009, accessed 5 July 2018\.["Privremeno uz policiju"](http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:234702-Privremeno-uz-policiju), *Novosti*, 17 September 2009, accessed 5 July 2018\. He continued to work as assistant to the municipal government until 2015\.[DUŠKO TARBUK](http://www.otvoreniparlament.rs/poslanik/8018), Otvoreni Parlament, accessed 5 July 2018\.
Tarbuk again appeared on the DSS–New Serbia list in the [2009 Zemun local election](/wiki/2009_Zemun_local_election "2009 Zemun local election").Tarbuk had the forty\-ninth list position in 2009\. See *Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 53 Number 25 (27 May 2009\), p. 5\. The list elected four members, and he was not chosen for a mandate.*Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 53 Number 30 (11 June 2009\), p. 24; *Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 53 Number 38 (29 July 2009\), pp. 6\-7\.
Following a 2011 reform, mandates in Serbian elections were awarded to candidates on successful lists in numerical order. The DSS contested the [2013 Zemun local election](/wiki/2013_Zemun_local_election "2013 Zemun local election") in an alliance with [Dveri](/wiki/Dveri "Dveri"). Tarbuk received the fourth position on the list*Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 57 Number 19 (22 May 2013\), p. 2\. and was elected when the list won exactly four mandates.*Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 57 Number 26 (3 June 2013\), p. 3\. His term in the local assembly was brief; he resigned his mandate on 2 June 2013\.*Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 57 Number 35 (8 July 2013\), p. 2\.
In March 2014, it was reported that Tarbuk and fellow DSS organizer Petar Bojović became involved in a serious altercation with one another at a party function.["Blic: Potukli se funkcioneri DSS\-a"](https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2014&mm=03&dd=21&nav_category=206&nav_id=826579), B92, 21 March 2014, accessed 5 July 2018\. He subsequently left the DSS and joined the Progressive Party.
### Parliamentarian
Tarbuk received the fifty\-fifth position on the party's *[Aleksandar Vučić](/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87 "Aleksandar Vučić") — Serbia is winning* [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list "Electoral list") for the [2016 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2016_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2016 Serbian parliamentary election") and elected when the list won a landslide victory with 131 out of 250 mandates.[Избори за народне посланике 2016\. године » Изборне листе (АЛЕКСАНДАР ВУЧИЋ \- СРБИЈА ПОБЕЂУЈЕ)](http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2016-izborne-liste.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427083209/http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2016\-izborne\-liste.php \|date\=2018\-04\-27 }}, Republika Srbija \- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 17 February 2017\. During the 2016–20 parliament, he was a member of the assembly's environmental protection committee; a deputy member of the defence and internal affairs committee, the committee on [Kosovo\-Metohija](/wiki/Kosovo-Metohija "Kosovo-Metohija"), and the committee on finance, state budget, and control of public spending; and a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus "Belarus"), [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan"), [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia "Tunisia"), and the [United Arab Emirates](/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates").[DUSKO TARBUK](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/DUSKO_TARBUK.902.488.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 5 July 2018\.
He received the sixty\-seventh position on the Progressive Party's *[Aleksandar Vučić — For Our Children](/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87_%E2%80%94_For_Our_Children "Aleksandar Vučić — For Our Children")* list in the [2020 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2020_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2020 Serbian parliamentary election")["Ko je sve na listi SNS za republičke poslanike?"](https://www.danas.rs/politika/izbori-2020/ko-je-sve-na-listi-sns-za-republicke-poslanike/), *Danas*, 6 March 2020, accessed 30 June 2020\. and was elected to a second term when the list won a landslide majority with 188 mandates. He is now a full member of the finance committee, a member of the defence and internal affairs committee, a deputy member of the security services control committee, and a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria"), Belarus, [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"), [France](/wiki/France "France"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece"), [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia"), and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey").[DUSKO TARBUK](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/DUSKO_TARBUK.902.488.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 1 January 2021\.
|
[
"Politician\n----------",
"### Municipal politics",
"Tarbuk was a member of the [Democratic Party of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia \"Democratic Party of Serbia\") (*Demokratska stranka Srbije*, DSS) for many years. He appeared on the DSS's [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list \"Electoral list\") for the Zemun municipal assembly in the [2004 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2004_Serbian_local_elections \"2004 Serbian local elections\"),*Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 48 Number 24 (8 September 2004\\), p. 49\\. He received the fourth list position. though he was not subsequently chosen for the party's assembly delegation.The DSS won seven mandates. See *Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 48 Number 21 (28 September 2004\\), p. 3; *Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 48 Number 32 (11 November 2004\\), pp. 3\\-4\\. (From 2000 to 2011, mandates in Serbian elections were awarded to sponsoring parties and coalitions rather than individual candidates, and it was common practice for the mandates to be awarded out of numerical order. Tarbuk's specific list position had no bearing on whether or not he received a mandate.)",
"The DSS contested the [2008 local elections](/wiki/2008_Serbian_local_elections \"2008 Serbian local elections\") in an alliance with [New Serbia](/wiki/New_Serbia_%28political_party%29 \"New Serbia (political party)\"). Tarbuk was included on the coalition's list in ZemunTarbuk had the fifty\\-first position on the list. See *Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 52 Number 13 (30 April 2008\\), pp. 14\\. and was chosen as the city's deputy mayor when the DSS formed a [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government \"Coalition government\") with the far\\-right [Serbian Radical Party](/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party \"Serbian Radical Party\") after the election.[\"Потписи на споразуму СРС и ДСС за Земун\"](http://rtv.rs/sr_ci/politika/potpisi-na-sporazumu-srs-i-dss-za-zemun_63260.html), Radio Television of Vojvodina, 27 May 2008, accessed 5 July 2018\\.[\"Кворум пред судијама\"](http://www.novosti.rs/%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8/%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.491.html:226802-Kvorum-pred-sudijama), *Novosti*, 19 November 2008, accessed 5 July 2018\\.[Н. Миковић, \"Хаос у општини – Земун и даље радикалски\"](http://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/63542/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81-%D1%83-%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD-%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8), *Politika*, 17 November 2008, accessed 5 July 2018\\. When this government was dismissed in March 2009, he was appointed as the DSS representative on a new provisional administration pending new local elections – although his party, which opposed the transition, initially said it would boycott the proceedings.[\"Prinudna uprava juče preuzela Zemun u 06\\.45\"](http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/79474/Prinudna-uprava-juce-preuzela-Zemun-u-06-45), *Politika*, 17 March 2009, accessed 5 July 2018\\.[\"Privremeno uz policiju\"](http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:234702-Privremeno-uz-policiju), *Novosti*, 17 September 2009, accessed 5 July 2018\\. He continued to work as assistant to the municipal government until 2015\\.[DUŠKO TARBUK](http://www.otvoreniparlament.rs/poslanik/8018), Otvoreni Parlament, accessed 5 July 2018\\.",
"Tarbuk again appeared on the DSS–New Serbia list in the [2009 Zemun local election](/wiki/2009_Zemun_local_election \"2009 Zemun local election\").Tarbuk had the forty\\-ninth list position in 2009\\. See *Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 53 Number 25 (27 May 2009\\), p. 5\\. The list elected four members, and he was not chosen for a mandate.*Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 53 Number 30 (11 June 2009\\), p. 24; *Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 53 Number 38 (29 July 2009\\), pp. 6\\-7\\.",
"Following a 2011 reform, mandates in Serbian elections were awarded to candidates on successful lists in numerical order. The DSS contested the [2013 Zemun local election](/wiki/2013_Zemun_local_election \"2013 Zemun local election\") in an alliance with [Dveri](/wiki/Dveri \"Dveri\"). Tarbuk received the fourth position on the list*Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 57 Number 19 (22 May 2013\\), p. 2\\. and was elected when the list won exactly four mandates.*Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 57 Number 26 (3 June 2013\\), p. 3\\. His term in the local assembly was brief; he resigned his mandate on 2 June 2013\\.*Službeni List (Grada Beograda)*, Volume 57 Number 35 (8 July 2013\\), p. 2\\.",
"In March 2014, it was reported that Tarbuk and fellow DSS organizer Petar Bojović became involved in a serious altercation with one another at a party function.[\"Blic: Potukli se funkcioneri DSS\\-a\"](https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2014&mm=03&dd=21&nav_category=206&nav_id=826579), B92, 21 March 2014, accessed 5 July 2018\\. He subsequently left the DSS and joined the Progressive Party.",
"### Parliamentarian",
"Tarbuk received the fifty\\-fifth position on the party's *[Aleksandar Vučić](/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87 \"Aleksandar Vučić\") — Serbia is winning* [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list \"Electoral list\") for the [2016 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2016_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2016 Serbian parliamentary election\") and elected when the list won a landslide victory with 131 out of 250 mandates.[Избори за народне посланике 2016\\. године » Изборне листе (АЛЕКСАНДАР ВУЧИЋ \\- СРБИЈА ПОБЕЂУЈЕ)](http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2016-izborne-liste.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427083209/http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2016\\-izborne\\-liste.php \\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-27 }}, Republika Srbija \\- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 17 February 2017\\. During the 2016–20 parliament, he was a member of the assembly's environmental protection committee; a deputy member of the defence and internal affairs committee, the committee on [Kosovo\\-Metohija](/wiki/Kosovo-Metohija \"Kosovo-Metohija\"), and the committee on finance, state budget, and control of public spending; and a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\"), [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\"), [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia \"Tunisia\"), and the [United Arab Emirates](/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates \"United Arab Emirates\").[DUSKO TARBUK](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/DUSKO_TARBUK.902.488.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 5 July 2018\\.",
"He received the sixty\\-seventh position on the Progressive Party's *[Aleksandar Vučić — For Our Children](/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87_%E2%80%94_For_Our_Children \"Aleksandar Vučić — For Our Children\")* list in the [2020 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2020_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2020 Serbian parliamentary election\")[\"Ko je sve na listi SNS za republičke poslanike?\"](https://www.danas.rs/politika/izbori-2020/ko-je-sve-na-listi-sns-za-republicke-poslanike/), *Danas*, 6 March 2020, accessed 30 June 2020\\. and was elected to a second term when the list won a landslide majority with 188 mandates. He is now a full member of the finance committee, a member of the defence and internal affairs committee, a deputy member of the security services control committee, and a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"), Belarus, [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"), [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"), and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\").[DUSKO TARBUK](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/DUSKO_TARBUK.902.488.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 1 January 2021\\.",
""
] |
Life
----
Yang Xiu was a son of [Yang Biao](/wiki/Yang_Biao "Yang Biao") (楊彪) and a grandson of [Yang Ci](/wiki/Yang_Ci "Yang Ci") (楊賜). His mother, Lady Yuan (袁氏), was [Yuan Shu](/wiki/Yuan_Shu "Yuan Shu")'s sister.*Houhanshu*, vol.54
Sometime during the 200s, Yang Xiu was nominated as *[xiaolian](/wiki/Xiaolian "Xiaolian")* and became a Registrar (主簿) under Cao Cao, the [Imperial Chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_%28China%29 "Chancellor (China)"). He was said to have been skilled in both civil and military affairs and understood Cao Cao well. Because of this, Yang Xiu became an influential figure in the government.
Yang Xiu was a close friend of Cao Cao's son, [Cao Zhi](/wiki/Cao_Zhi "Cao Zhi"), and became involved in the succession struggle between Cao Zhi and his brother [Cao Pi](/wiki/Cao_Pi "Cao Pi"). Yang Xiu's close links with Cao Zhi caused him misfortune during Cao Zhi's occasional misbehaviour such as the incident in Ye city, where Cao Zhi drunkenly rode through the gate reserved for only the emperor. But the final blow was when Yang Xiu was discovered to have leaked the council's discussion agenda to Cao Zhi so that his friend could prepare beforehand and impress Cao Cao. Because of this and remembering his connection with Yuan Shu, Cao Cao had Yang Xiu executed.
However Cao Pi personally did not dislike Yang Xiu. Cao Pi's favourite sword was a gift from Yang Xiu and Cao Pi regularly kept the sword by his side. Later, after becoming the emperor, Cao Pi remembered that Yang Xiu once said that the sword originally belong to Wang Mao (王髦). A nostalgic Cao Pi then searched for Wang Mao's whereabouts and awarded Wang with food and clothes.Yi Zhongtian. Analysis of the Three Kingdoms. Vol. 2\. (Vietnamese translation). Publisher of People's Public Security, 2010\. Chapter 29: The truth of the notorious cases.
Yang Xiu's death was commonly related to the story of "chicken ribs", which was mentioned in Pei Songzhi's annotation of the *Sanguozhi*,(《九州春秋》曰：时王欲还，出令曰“鸡肋”，官属不知所谓。主簿杨脩便自严装，人惊问脩：“何以知之？”脩曰：“夫鸡肋，弃之如可惜，食之无所得，以比汉中，知王欲还也。”) *Jiuzhou Chunqiu* annotation in *Sanguozhi*, vol.01 and was popularized by the novel *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*. It was thought that the true reason for Xiu's death was not really because of his relationship with Cao Zhi, but because he correctly guessed Cao Cao's inner thoughts, which was taboo, and carelessly revealed these thoughts to other people, which was even more forbidden. People like Cao Cao always wanted to mystify themselves and have political secrets which could not be arbitrarily shared with anyone. Hence, subordinates like Yang Xiu were considered an imminent threat.Yi Zhongtian. Analysis of the Three Kingdoms. Vol. 2\. (Vietnamese translation). Publisher of People's Public Security, 2010\. Chapter 29: The truth of the notorious cases.
Prior to Yang Xiu's death, Cao Cao had written a letter to his father Yang Biao, reproaching him for his son's arrogance. After news of his execution, Yang Biao was struck by grief and self\-blame, becoming gray\-haired and thin. Upon hearing this, Cao Cao sent Yang Biao many gifts to compensate for the loss of his son.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Yang Xiu was a son of [Yang Biao](/wiki/Yang_Biao \"Yang Biao\") (楊彪) and a grandson of [Yang Ci](/wiki/Yang_Ci \"Yang Ci\") (楊賜). His mother, Lady Yuan (袁氏), was [Yuan Shu](/wiki/Yuan_Shu \"Yuan Shu\")'s sister.*Houhanshu*, vol.54",
"Sometime during the 200s, Yang Xiu was nominated as *[xiaolian](/wiki/Xiaolian \"Xiaolian\")* and became a Registrar (主簿) under Cao Cao, the [Imperial Chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_%28China%29 \"Chancellor (China)\"). He was said to have been skilled in both civil and military affairs and understood Cao Cao well. Because of this, Yang Xiu became an influential figure in the government.",
"Yang Xiu was a close friend of Cao Cao's son, [Cao Zhi](/wiki/Cao_Zhi \"Cao Zhi\"), and became involved in the succession struggle between Cao Zhi and his brother [Cao Pi](/wiki/Cao_Pi \"Cao Pi\"). Yang Xiu's close links with Cao Zhi caused him misfortune during Cao Zhi's occasional misbehaviour such as the incident in Ye city, where Cao Zhi drunkenly rode through the gate reserved for only the emperor. But the final blow was when Yang Xiu was discovered to have leaked the council's discussion agenda to Cao Zhi so that his friend could prepare beforehand and impress Cao Cao. Because of this and remembering his connection with Yuan Shu, Cao Cao had Yang Xiu executed.",
"However Cao Pi personally did not dislike Yang Xiu. Cao Pi's favourite sword was a gift from Yang Xiu and Cao Pi regularly kept the sword by his side. Later, after becoming the emperor, Cao Pi remembered that Yang Xiu once said that the sword originally belong to Wang Mao (王髦). A nostalgic Cao Pi then searched for Wang Mao's whereabouts and awarded Wang with food and clothes.Yi Zhongtian. Analysis of the Three Kingdoms. Vol. 2\\. (Vietnamese translation). Publisher of People's Public Security, 2010\\. Chapter 29: The truth of the notorious cases.",
"Yang Xiu's death was commonly related to the story of \"chicken ribs\", which was mentioned in Pei Songzhi's annotation of the *Sanguozhi*,(《九州春秋》曰：时王欲还，出令曰“鸡肋”，官属不知所谓。主簿杨脩便自严装，人惊问脩：“何以知之？”脩曰：“夫鸡肋，弃之如可惜，食之无所得，以比汉中，知王欲还也。”) *Jiuzhou Chunqiu* annotation in *Sanguozhi*, vol.01 and was popularized by the novel *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*. It was thought that the true reason for Xiu's death was not really because of his relationship with Cao Zhi, but because he correctly guessed Cao Cao's inner thoughts, which was taboo, and carelessly revealed these thoughts to other people, which was even more forbidden. People like Cao Cao always wanted to mystify themselves and have political secrets which could not be arbitrarily shared with anyone. Hence, subordinates like Yang Xiu were considered an imminent threat.Yi Zhongtian. Analysis of the Three Kingdoms. Vol. 2\\. (Vietnamese translation). Publisher of People's Public Security, 2010\\. Chapter 29: The truth of the notorious cases.",
"Prior to Yang Xiu's death, Cao Cao had written a letter to his father Yang Biao, reproaching him for his son's arrogance. After news of his execution, Yang Biao was struck by grief and self\\-blame, becoming gray\\-haired and thin. Upon hearing this, Cao Cao sent Yang Biao many gifts to compensate for the loss of his son.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Chandru, who has spent all his money lavishly, stays with Rakesh, his friend, who has tasted success in his business. Rakesh owns a vast estate and hundreds of cattle in a valley. Chandru is a fun\-loving, jovial chap who has fabricated stories of his success to his parents, grandparents, and relatives.
During a vacation, Colonel Rajasekar, his grandfather and grandmother arrive with their extended family to spend a couple of days at Chandru's farmhouse. Chandru successfully makes them believe that he is the real owner of the estate and that Rakesh is just his working partner. Rakesh, who is an orphan, is happy to meet a huge family and generously welcomes them. Colonel Rajasekar plans to get Chandru married to one of his granddaughters. Chandru is a bit confused about whom he should choose. To make matters complicated, he has been receiving gifts and messages from one of the granddaughters expressing her love for him. Meanwhile, a few days after they arrive at the estate, Bala, another granddaughter of Rajasekar arrives alone. She seems to be too upset and worried. But within a short period, she calms down and starts enjoying the vacation. During their stay, Chandru and Rakesh decide to discover the girl who had been teasing them with cryptic messages. Eventually, Rakesh falls in love with Bala.
In a conflict between Pandi and Colonel, Pandi exposes that Chandru is a fraud while Rakesh, his owner is the real landlord of the estate. Colonel enraged on hearing this news plans to arrange a marriage between Chandru and Bala. Bala snubs the proposal by declaring that she is in love with Rakesh. Her decision is strongly opposed by the family but eventually agrees as the Colonel approves. Rakesh, at the same time, is happy at heart knowing about Bala's love for him. But she shocks him by saying that she was just using his name to escape the marriage. She tells Rakesh that she is in love with Deva, a college lecturer who is about to be hanged soon over a public issue. Bala has taken a vow not to marry anyone other than Deva.
The night before the wedding, Bala requests Rakesh to take her to jail to meet Deva for one last time. Deva lies that he hates Bala and asks her to never see him again. Enraged, Bala tells Colonel that she doesn't want to marry anyone as she has lost faith in marriage which further disappoints her family.
In the end scene, we can see the family in the railway station showing that their vacation has ended. Bala runs back to Rakesh conveying that Bala loves Rakesh. The train departs slowly and a girl's hand reaches out of the coach window, holding the puppy which was sent as a gift to Chandru before. Chandru takes off running to find out who it is, but he catches only a cryptic message that teases him to follow and discover her identity.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Chandru, who has spent all his money lavishly, stays with Rakesh, his friend, who has tasted success in his business. Rakesh owns a vast estate and hundreds of cattle in a valley. Chandru is a fun\\-loving, jovial chap who has fabricated stories of his success to his parents, grandparents, and relatives.",
"During a vacation, Colonel Rajasekar, his grandfather and grandmother arrive with their extended family to spend a couple of days at Chandru's farmhouse. Chandru successfully makes them believe that he is the real owner of the estate and that Rakesh is just his working partner. Rakesh, who is an orphan, is happy to meet a huge family and generously welcomes them. Colonel Rajasekar plans to get Chandru married to one of his granddaughters. Chandru is a bit confused about whom he should choose. To make matters complicated, he has been receiving gifts and messages from one of the granddaughters expressing her love for him. Meanwhile, a few days after they arrive at the estate, Bala, another granddaughter of Rajasekar arrives alone. She seems to be too upset and worried. But within a short period, she calms down and starts enjoying the vacation. During their stay, Chandru and Rakesh decide to discover the girl who had been teasing them with cryptic messages. Eventually, Rakesh falls in love with Bala.",
"In a conflict between Pandi and Colonel, Pandi exposes that Chandru is a fraud while Rakesh, his owner is the real landlord of the estate. Colonel enraged on hearing this news plans to arrange a marriage between Chandru and Bala. Bala snubs the proposal by declaring that she is in love with Rakesh. Her decision is strongly opposed by the family but eventually agrees as the Colonel approves. Rakesh, at the same time, is happy at heart knowing about Bala's love for him. But she shocks him by saying that she was just using his name to escape the marriage. She tells Rakesh that she is in love with Deva, a college lecturer who is about to be hanged soon over a public issue. Bala has taken a vow not to marry anyone other than Deva.",
"The night before the wedding, Bala requests Rakesh to take her to jail to meet Deva for one last time. Deva lies that he hates Bala and asks her to never see him again. Enraged, Bala tells Colonel that she doesn't want to marry anyone as she has lost faith in marriage which further disappoints her family.",
"In the end scene, we can see the family in the railway station showing that their vacation has ended. Bala runs back to Rakesh conveying that Bala loves Rakesh. The train departs slowly and a girl's hand reaches out of the coach window, holding the puppy which was sent as a gift to Chandru before. Chandru takes off running to find out who it is, but he catches only a cryptic message that teases him to follow and discover her identity.",
""
] |
Career
------
Berwick began his career as a pediatrician at [Harvard Community Health Plan](/wiki/Harvard_Community_Health_Plan "Harvard Community Health Plan"); in 1983 he became the plan's first Vice President of Quality\-of\-Care Measurement.Feder, Barnaby J. ["Thomas Pyle, 67, innovator in 1980s health care plans"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/21/business/21pyle.html). *The New York Times*. July 21, 2007\. In that position, Berwick investigated quality control measures in other industries such as aeronautics and manufacturing, in order to consider their application in health care settings. From 1987 to 1991, Berwick was co\-founder and Co\-Principal Investigator for the National Demonstration Project on Quality Improvement in Health Care, designed to explore opportunities for quality improvement in health care. Based on this work, Berwick left Harvard Community Health Plan in 1989 and co\-founded the IHI (Institute for Healthcare Improvement).
Berwick is Clinical Professor of Pediatrics and Health Care Policy in the Department of Pediatrics at the [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School") and Professor of Health Policy and Management at the [Harvard School of Public Health](/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health "Harvard School of Public Health").["Report: hospital medication errors commonplace"](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5589633). *[Talk of the Nation](/wiki/Talk_of_the_Nation "Talk of the Nation")*, [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio "National Public Radio"). July 28, 2006\. Accessed July 25, 2009\. He is also a pediatrician, Adjunct Staff in the Department of Medicine at [Children's Hospital Boston](/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_Boston "Children's Hospital Boston"), and a Consultant in Pediatrics at [Massachusetts General Hospital](/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital "Massachusetts General Hospital").
### Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2010\-2011
On April 19, 2010, Berwick was nominated to be Administrator of the [Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services](/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Services "Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services"), which oversees the two federal programs.White House. ["President Obama Nominates Dr. Donald Berwick for Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services"](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-nominates-dr-donald-berwick-administrator-centers-medicare-and-medi) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216172533/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the\-press\-office/president\-obama\-nominates\-dr\-donald\-berwick\-administrator\-centers\-medicare\-and\-medi \|date\=February 16, 2017 }}. April 19, 2010\.
Berwick said, "20 percent to 30 percent of health spending is 'waste' that yields no benefit to patients, and that some of the needless spending is a result of onerous, archaic regulations enforced by his agency." Berwick's critics have cited his statements about the need for health care to redistribute resources from the rich to the poor and his favorable statements about the [British health service](/wiki/National_Health_Service_%28England%29 "National Health Service (England)"). They quote Berwick as saying, "The decision is not whether or not we will ration care—the decision is whether we will ration with our eyes open."["Rethinking Comparative Effectiveness Research"](http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/medimedia/bh_200906/index.php?startid=35#/40/OnePage) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125103357/http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/medimedia/bh\_200906/index.php?startid\=35\#/40/OnePage \|date\=November 25, 2009 }}. Interview with Donald Berwick. *Biotechnology Healthcare* June 2009{{cite journal\|title\=Rethinking Comparative Effectiveness Research\|date\=June 2009\|journal\=Biotechnology Healthcare\|volume\=6\|issue\=2\|pages\=35–38\|pmc\=2799075\|postscript\=. Interview of Donald Berwick.\|pmid\=22478764}}
Berwick said Republicans had "distorted" his meaning when he said, "My point is that someone, like your health insurance company, is going to limit what you can get. That's the way it's set up. The government, unlike many private health insurance plans, is working in the daylight. That's a strength."Robert Pear,["Health Official Takes Parting Shot at 'Waste{{'"}}](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/health/policy/parting-shot-at-waste-by-key-obama-health-official.html) *The New York Times*, December 3, 2011 For political reasons, the Obama administration didn't want Berwick to defend his past statements on the [British health service](/wiki/National_Health_Service_%28England%29 "National Health Service (England)"), spending caps and high\-technology care.
An editorial wrote that his policy ideas could cut health care costs.Editorial, ["Donald Berwick, a nominee well\-suited to trim the fat on health care"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/28/AR2010062804675.html), *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*, June 29, 2010\. Conservatives criticized Berwick, based on comments he made about health care being, by definition, redistribution of wealth, rationing care with "our eyes open" and complete lives system.["Obama's cynical recess appointment of Donald Berwick"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120128153203/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postpartisan/2010/07/obamas_cynical_recess_appointm.html), [Ruth Marcus](/wiki/Ruth_Marcus_%28journalist%29 "Ruth Marcus (journalist)"), *The Washington Post*, July 8, 2010
Berwick advocated cutting health costs by adopting some of the approaches of Great Britain's [National Health Services](/wiki/National_Health_Services "National Health Services") (NHS) and its [National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence "National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence") (NICE). NICE evaluates the costs and effectiveness of medical therapy that is covered by the NHS as guidance for local authorities to decide what to cover. [Mark McClellan](/wiki/Mark_McClellan "Mark McClellan"), who served in the Bush administration, also advocated adopting some of NICE's methods.["The Evidence Gap: British Balance Benefit vs. Cost of Latest Drugs"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/health/03nice.html), Gardiner Harris, *The New York Times*, December 2, 2008\.
Conservative critics claim, "NICE decides which healthcare people will get and which they won't."{{Cite web\|last\=Anderson\|first\=Jeffrey H.\|title\=Not NICE\|work\=\[\[The Weekly Standard]]\|date\=2010\-04\-29\|url\=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/not\-nice\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503011718/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/not\-nice\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=May 3, 2010\| access\-date\=2010\-06\-04}} Philip Klein in *[The American Spectator](/wiki/The_American_Spectator "The American Spectator")* dubbed him "Obama's Rationing Man".Klein, Philip. ["Obama's Rationing Man"](http://spectator.org/archives/2010/05/13/obamas-rationing-man) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516134231/http://spectator.org/archives/2010/05/13/obamas\-rationing\-man\|date\=May 16, 2010}} The chairman of NICE called these statements "outrageous lies".Gardiner Harris, ["Official Defends British Health Service Against 'Outrageous Lies{{'"}}](http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/british-official-defends-health-service-against-american-lies), *The New York Times*, August 21, 2009\.
Senator [John Kerry](/wiki/John_Kerry "John Kerry") defended Berwick against "phony assertions" and accused [Republicans](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") of trying "to crank up the attack machine and make his nomination a distorted referendum on reform".Milligan S. ["Kerry comes to defense of nominee to run Medicare, Medicaid programs"](http://www.boston.com/news/health/articles/2010/05/14/kerry_comes_to_defense_of_nominee_to_run_medicare_medicaid_programs), *The Boston Globe*. May 14, 2010\. Former Speaker [Newt Gingrich](/wiki/Newt_Gingrich "Newt Gingrich") has historically been a Republican supporter of Berwick, however, writing an op\-ed in *The Washington Post* in August 2000 praising Berwick's work.Newt Gingrich, ["High\-Tech Cure for Medical Mistakes"](http://www.aei.org/article/health/high-tech-cure-for-medical-mistakes). [American Enterprise Institute](/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute "American Enterprise Institute") August 2, 2000\.
Berwick was installed by [recess appointment](/wiki/Recess_appointment "Recess appointment") on July 7, 2010, before confirmation hearings were scheduled by the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)")\-controlled Senate committee.{{Cite news\|last\=Pear\|first\=Robert\|title\=Obama to Bypass Senate to Name Health Official\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=July 6, 2010 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/health/policy/07recess.html \|access\-date\=August 19, 2010}} Berwick could thus serve until the summer of 2011 without a Senate approval. The White House had talked up the possibility of a re\-nomination through the fall of 2010; on January 26, 2011, the President re\-nominated Berwick. On March 4, 2011, 42 U.S. Senators wrote the White House and asked for the nomination to be withdrawn. The signers of the letter were all Republicans.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2017}}
Berwick resigned his position at CMS on December 2, 2011\.{{Cite news \|last\=Pear \|first\=Robert \|title\=Obama's Pick to Head Medicare and Medicaid Resigns Post \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=November 23, 2011 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/24/health/policy/dr\-donald\-m\-berwick\-resigns\-as\-head\-of\-medicare\-and\-medicaid.html \|access\-date\=December 13, 2011}} In a speech on Wednesday, December 7, 2011, in Orlando, Florida, at a meeting of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, an organization he once led, the long\-time patient\-safety advocate gave an account of his time in government service and where he believes the future of healthcare is going.{{Cite web \|last\=Ahier \|first\=Brian \|title\=Remember the Patient \|publisher\=Healthcare, Technology, and Government 2\.0 \|date\=December 8, 2011 \|url\=http://ahier.blogspot.com/2011/12/remember\-patient.html \|access\-date\=December 13, 2011}}
### Work in the UK
Donald Berwick was the lead author of the *Berwick Report*, a seminal report into patient safety in England, following the [Stafford Hospital scandal](/wiki/Stafford_Hospital_scandal "Stafford Hospital scandal").[Berwick D, Bibby J, Bisognano M, Callaghan I, Dalton D, Dixon\-Woods M, et al. A promise to learn – a commitment to act. Improving the Safety of Patients in England: National Advisory Group on the Safety of Patients in England, 2013(August)](https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/226703/Berwick_Report.pdf)
Berwick was knighted in 2005 for his work creating new care models in five trusts in the UK’s National Health Service—acute care hospitals, multi\-specialty groups, accident emergency rooms, mental health, and nursing homes.[Single payer healthcare debate takes the stage in managed care](http://usa.thelancet.com/blog/2018-03-13-single-payer-healthcare-debate-takes-stage-managed-care-0), John Otrompke, *[The Lancet](/wiki/The_Lancet "The Lancet")*, 13 March 2018
### 2014 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
[thumb\|Don Berwick speaking at the [Rappaport Center for Law and Public Service](/wiki/Rappaport_Center_for_Law_and_Public_Service "Rappaport Center for Law and Public Service"), [Suffolk Law School](/wiki/Suffolk_Law_School "Suffolk Law School") on January 15, 2014](/wiki/File:DonBerwick_RappaportCenter_2014.jpg "DonBerwick RappaportCenter 2014.jpg")
{{main\|Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2014}}
On June 17, 2013, Berwick announced his run for the Massachusetts Governor's office. Berwick framed himself as progressive on major issues and said it was crucial that Massachusetts continue to focus on health care reform and the well\-being of children, topics he has focused on during his career. Berwick, who holds three degrees from Harvard, repeatedly emphasized his experience in helping health organizations deliver better care to consumers, an asset he said he would bring to being the state’s chief executive.{{cite news\|author\=Joshua Miller\|date\=June 18, 2013\|title\=Health leader Donald Berwick starts bid for governor\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/06/17/donald\-berwick\-former\-obama\-administration\-official\-kicks\-off\-bid\-for\-governor/BC7WaXd1eojBIgNSlMDX9L/story.html \|newspaper\=The Boston Globe}}
Some of Berwick's specific goals for the governorship included focusing on [job creation](/wiki/Job_creation "Job creation") and [economic development](/wiki/Economic_development "Economic development"), instituting [single\-payer healthcare](/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare "Single-payer healthcare") in Massachusetts, and ending [child poverty](/wiki/Child_poverty "Child poverty") in the state by the year 2024\.{{cite web\|title\=Let's end child poverty\|date\=March 24, 2014\|publisher\=Blue Mass Group\|url\=http://bluemassgroup.com/2014/03/don\-berwick\-we\-can\-end\-child\-poverty/}} Following the conviction of former probation commissioner John O'Brien on corruption charges, Berwick added that rooting out corruption would be another priority.{{cite news\|last1\=Miller\|first1\=Joshua\|title\=Don Berwick pitches liberal agenda to business audience\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/07/28/don\-berwick\-pitches\-liberal\-agenda\-business\-audience/ZXeXrFJT2WeOcHShgac6GL/story.html\|newspaper\=The Boston Globe\|access\-date\=July 29, 2014}}
Although Berwick was seen as the heir to the Massachusetts trend of electing political outsiders to high offices, like Governor [Deval Patrick](/wiki/Deval_Patrick "Deval Patrick") and Senator [Elizabeth Warren](/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren "Elizabeth Warren"), pundits raised concerns in the Summer of 2014 that Berwick had failed to gain the traction he needed to succeed in the primary.{{cite news\|last1\=Scharfenberg\|first1\=David\|title\=Role of political outsider reconsidered\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/08/01/berwick\-struggles\-get\-traction\-role\-outsider\-reconsidered/7uxxYD8nCLrPEMurdeWBkJ/story.html\|newspaper\=The Boston Globe\|access\-date\=August 2, 2014}} However, he outperformed nearly all projections and pollsters in the Democratic primary with 21% of the vote, which prompted the recognition of him being a "surprise" in the race.{{cite news\|last1\=Godlberg\|first1\=Cary\|title\=Surprise in Mass. Primary: 21 Percent for Single\-Payer Candidate Berwick\|url\=http://commonhealth.wbur.org/2014/09/single\-payer\-don\-berwick\|website\=www.wbur.org\|publisher\=WBUR\|access\-date\=September 11, 2014}}
Berwick conceded the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") nomination to [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") [Attorney General](/wiki/Attorney_General "Attorney General") [Martha Coakley](/wiki/Martha_Coakley "Martha Coakley") on September 9, 2014, who lost to Republican [Charlie Baker](/wiki/Charlie_Baker "Charlie Baker") at the general election.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Berwick began his career as a pediatrician at [Harvard Community Health Plan](/wiki/Harvard_Community_Health_Plan \"Harvard Community Health Plan\"); in 1983 he became the plan's first Vice President of Quality\\-of\\-Care Measurement.Feder, Barnaby J. [\"Thomas Pyle, 67, innovator in 1980s health care plans\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/21/business/21pyle.html). *The New York Times*. July 21, 2007\\. In that position, Berwick investigated quality control measures in other industries such as aeronautics and manufacturing, in order to consider their application in health care settings. From 1987 to 1991, Berwick was co\\-founder and Co\\-Principal Investigator for the National Demonstration Project on Quality Improvement in Health Care, designed to explore opportunities for quality improvement in health care. Based on this work, Berwick left Harvard Community Health Plan in 1989 and co\\-founded the IHI (Institute for Healthcare Improvement).",
"Berwick is Clinical Professor of Pediatrics and Health Care Policy in the Department of Pediatrics at the [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\") and Professor of Health Policy and Management at the [Harvard School of Public Health](/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health \"Harvard School of Public Health\").[\"Report: hospital medication errors commonplace\"](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5589633). *[Talk of the Nation](/wiki/Talk_of_the_Nation \"Talk of the Nation\")*, [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio \"National Public Radio\"). July 28, 2006\\. Accessed July 25, 2009\\. He is also a pediatrician, Adjunct Staff in the Department of Medicine at [Children's Hospital Boston](/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_Boston \"Children's Hospital Boston\"), and a Consultant in Pediatrics at [Massachusetts General Hospital](/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital \"Massachusetts General Hospital\").",
"### Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2010\\-2011",
"On April 19, 2010, Berwick was nominated to be Administrator of the [Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services](/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Services \"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services\"), which oversees the two federal programs.White House. [\"President Obama Nominates Dr. Donald Berwick for Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services\"](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-nominates-dr-donald-berwick-administrator-centers-medicare-and-medi) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216172533/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the\\-press\\-office/president\\-obama\\-nominates\\-dr\\-donald\\-berwick\\-administrator\\-centers\\-medicare\\-and\\-medi \\|date\\=February 16, 2017 }}. April 19, 2010\\.",
"Berwick said, \"20 percent to 30 percent of health spending is 'waste' that yields no benefit to patients, and that some of the needless spending is a result of onerous, archaic regulations enforced by his agency.\" Berwick's critics have cited his statements about the need for health care to redistribute resources from the rich to the poor and his favorable statements about the [British health service](/wiki/National_Health_Service_%28England%29 \"National Health Service (England)\"). They quote Berwick as saying, \"The decision is not whether or not we will ration care—the decision is whether we will ration with our eyes open.\"[\"Rethinking Comparative Effectiveness Research\"](http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/medimedia/bh_200906/index.php?startid=35#/40/OnePage) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125103357/http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/medimedia/bh\\_200906/index.php?startid\\=35\\#/40/OnePage \\|date\\=November 25, 2009 }}. Interview with Donald Berwick. *Biotechnology Healthcare* June 2009{{cite journal\\|title\\=Rethinking Comparative Effectiveness Research\\|date\\=June 2009\\|journal\\=Biotechnology Healthcare\\|volume\\=6\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=35–38\\|pmc\\=2799075\\|postscript\\=. Interview of Donald Berwick.\\|pmid\\=22478764}}",
"Berwick said Republicans had \"distorted\" his meaning when he said, \"My point is that someone, like your health insurance company, is going to limit what you can get. That's the way it's set up. The government, unlike many private health insurance plans, is working in the daylight. That's a strength.\"Robert Pear,[\"Health Official Takes Parting Shot at 'Waste{{'\"}}](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/health/policy/parting-shot-at-waste-by-key-obama-health-official.html) *The New York Times*, December 3, 2011 For political reasons, the Obama administration didn't want Berwick to defend his past statements on the [British health service](/wiki/National_Health_Service_%28England%29 \"National Health Service (England)\"), spending caps and high\\-technology care.",
"An editorial wrote that his policy ideas could cut health care costs.Editorial, [\"Donald Berwick, a nominee well\\-suited to trim the fat on health care\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/28/AR2010062804675.html), *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*, June 29, 2010\\. Conservatives criticized Berwick, based on comments he made about health care being, by definition, redistribution of wealth, rationing care with \"our eyes open\" and complete lives system.[\"Obama's cynical recess appointment of Donald Berwick\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120128153203/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postpartisan/2010/07/obamas_cynical_recess_appointm.html), [Ruth Marcus](/wiki/Ruth_Marcus_%28journalist%29 \"Ruth Marcus (journalist)\"), *The Washington Post*, July 8, 2010",
"Berwick advocated cutting health costs by adopting some of the approaches of Great Britain's [National Health Services](/wiki/National_Health_Services \"National Health Services\") (NHS) and its [National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence \"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence\") (NICE). NICE evaluates the costs and effectiveness of medical therapy that is covered by the NHS as guidance for local authorities to decide what to cover. [Mark McClellan](/wiki/Mark_McClellan \"Mark McClellan\"), who served in the Bush administration, also advocated adopting some of NICE's methods.[\"The Evidence Gap: British Balance Benefit vs. Cost of Latest Drugs\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/health/03nice.html), Gardiner Harris, *The New York Times*, December 2, 2008\\.",
"Conservative critics claim, \"NICE decides which healthcare people will get and which they won't.\"{{Cite web\\|last\\=Anderson\\|first\\=Jeffrey H.\\|title\\=Not NICE\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Weekly Standard]]\\|date\\=2010\\-04\\-29\\|url\\=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/not\\-nice\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503011718/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/not\\-nice\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=May 3, 2010\\| access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-04}} Philip Klein in *[The American Spectator](/wiki/The_American_Spectator \"The American Spectator\")* dubbed him \"Obama's Rationing Man\".Klein, Philip. [\"Obama's Rationing Man\"](http://spectator.org/archives/2010/05/13/obamas-rationing-man) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516134231/http://spectator.org/archives/2010/05/13/obamas\\-rationing\\-man\\|date\\=May 16, 2010}} The chairman of NICE called these statements \"outrageous lies\".Gardiner Harris, [\"Official Defends British Health Service Against 'Outrageous Lies{{'\"}}](http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/british-official-defends-health-service-against-american-lies), *The New York Times*, August 21, 2009\\.",
"Senator [John Kerry](/wiki/John_Kerry \"John Kerry\") defended Berwick against \"phony assertions\" and accused [Republicans](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") of trying \"to crank up the attack machine and make his nomination a distorted referendum on reform\".Milligan S. [\"Kerry comes to defense of nominee to run Medicare, Medicaid programs\"](http://www.boston.com/news/health/articles/2010/05/14/kerry_comes_to_defense_of_nominee_to_run_medicare_medicaid_programs), *The Boston Globe*. May 14, 2010\\. Former Speaker [Newt Gingrich](/wiki/Newt_Gingrich \"Newt Gingrich\") has historically been a Republican supporter of Berwick, however, writing an op\\-ed in *The Washington Post* in August 2000 praising Berwick's work.Newt Gingrich, [\"High\\-Tech Cure for Medical Mistakes\"](http://www.aei.org/article/health/high-tech-cure-for-medical-mistakes). [American Enterprise Institute](/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute \"American Enterprise Institute\") August 2, 2000\\.",
"Berwick was installed by [recess appointment](/wiki/Recess_appointment \"Recess appointment\") on July 7, 2010, before confirmation hearings were scheduled by the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\")\\-controlled Senate committee.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Pear\\|first\\=Robert\\|title\\=Obama to Bypass Senate to Name Health Official\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=July 6, 2010 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/health/policy/07recess.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 19, 2010}} Berwick could thus serve until the summer of 2011 without a Senate approval. The White House had talked up the possibility of a re\\-nomination through the fall of 2010; on January 26, 2011, the President re\\-nominated Berwick. On March 4, 2011, 42 U.S. Senators wrote the White House and asked for the nomination to be withdrawn. The signers of the letter were all Republicans.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2017}}",
"Berwick resigned his position at CMS on December 2, 2011\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Pear \\|first\\=Robert \\|title\\=Obama's Pick to Head Medicare and Medicaid Resigns Post \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=November 23, 2011 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/24/health/policy/dr\\-donald\\-m\\-berwick\\-resigns\\-as\\-head\\-of\\-medicare\\-and\\-medicaid.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2011}} In a speech on Wednesday, December 7, 2011, in Orlando, Florida, at a meeting of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, an organization he once led, the long\\-time patient\\-safety advocate gave an account of his time in government service and where he believes the future of healthcare is going.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ahier \\|first\\=Brian \\|title\\=Remember the Patient \\|publisher\\=Healthcare, Technology, and Government 2\\.0 \\|date\\=December 8, 2011 \\|url\\=http://ahier.blogspot.com/2011/12/remember\\-patient.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2011}}",
"### Work in the UK",
"Donald Berwick was the lead author of the *Berwick Report*, a seminal report into patient safety in England, following the [Stafford Hospital scandal](/wiki/Stafford_Hospital_scandal \"Stafford Hospital scandal\").[Berwick D, Bibby J, Bisognano M, Callaghan I, Dalton D, Dixon\\-Woods M, et al. A promise to learn – a commitment to act. Improving the Safety of Patients in England: National Advisory Group on the Safety of Patients in England, 2013(August)](https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/226703/Berwick_Report.pdf)",
"Berwick was knighted in 2005 for his work creating new care models in five trusts in the UK’s National Health Service—acute care hospitals, multi\\-specialty groups, accident emergency rooms, mental health, and nursing homes.[Single payer healthcare debate takes the stage in managed care](http://usa.thelancet.com/blog/2018-03-13-single-payer-healthcare-debate-takes-stage-managed-care-0), John Otrompke, *[The Lancet](/wiki/The_Lancet \"The Lancet\")*, 13 March 2018",
"### 2014 Massachusetts gubernatorial election",
"[thumb\\|Don Berwick speaking at the [Rappaport Center for Law and Public Service](/wiki/Rappaport_Center_for_Law_and_Public_Service \"Rappaport Center for Law and Public Service\"), [Suffolk Law School](/wiki/Suffolk_Law_School \"Suffolk Law School\") on January 15, 2014](/wiki/File:DonBerwick_RappaportCenter_2014.jpg \"DonBerwick RappaportCenter 2014.jpg\")\n{{main\\|Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2014}}\nOn June 17, 2013, Berwick announced his run for the Massachusetts Governor's office. Berwick framed himself as progressive on major issues and said it was crucial that Massachusetts continue to focus on health care reform and the well\\-being of children, topics he has focused on during his career. Berwick, who holds three degrees from Harvard, repeatedly emphasized his experience in helping health organizations deliver better care to consumers, an asset he said he would bring to being the state’s chief executive.{{cite news\\|author\\=Joshua Miller\\|date\\=June 18, 2013\\|title\\=Health leader Donald Berwick starts bid for governor\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/06/17/donald\\-berwick\\-former\\-obama\\-administration\\-official\\-kicks\\-off\\-bid\\-for\\-governor/BC7WaXd1eojBIgNSlMDX9L/story.html \\|newspaper\\=The Boston Globe}}",
"Some of Berwick's specific goals for the governorship included focusing on [job creation](/wiki/Job_creation \"Job creation\") and [economic development](/wiki/Economic_development \"Economic development\"), instituting [single\\-payer healthcare](/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare \"Single-payer healthcare\") in Massachusetts, and ending [child poverty](/wiki/Child_poverty \"Child poverty\") in the state by the year 2024\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Let's end child poverty\\|date\\=March 24, 2014\\|publisher\\=Blue Mass Group\\|url\\=http://bluemassgroup.com/2014/03/don\\-berwick\\-we\\-can\\-end\\-child\\-poverty/}} Following the conviction of former probation commissioner John O'Brien on corruption charges, Berwick added that rooting out corruption would be another priority.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Miller\\|first1\\=Joshua\\|title\\=Don Berwick pitches liberal agenda to business audience\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/07/28/don\\-berwick\\-pitches\\-liberal\\-agenda\\-business\\-audience/ZXeXrFJT2WeOcHShgac6GL/story.html\\|newspaper\\=The Boston Globe\\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2014}}",
"Although Berwick was seen as the heir to the Massachusetts trend of electing political outsiders to high offices, like Governor [Deval Patrick](/wiki/Deval_Patrick \"Deval Patrick\") and Senator [Elizabeth Warren](/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren \"Elizabeth Warren\"), pundits raised concerns in the Summer of 2014 that Berwick had failed to gain the traction he needed to succeed in the primary.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Scharfenberg\\|first1\\=David\\|title\\=Role of political outsider reconsidered\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/08/01/berwick\\-struggles\\-get\\-traction\\-role\\-outsider\\-reconsidered/7uxxYD8nCLrPEMurdeWBkJ/story.html\\|newspaper\\=The Boston Globe\\|access\\-date\\=August 2, 2014}} However, he outperformed nearly all projections and pollsters in the Democratic primary with 21% of the vote, which prompted the recognition of him being a \"surprise\" in the race.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Godlberg\\|first1\\=Cary\\|title\\=Surprise in Mass. Primary: 21 Percent for Single\\-Payer Candidate Berwick\\|url\\=http://commonhealth.wbur.org/2014/09/single\\-payer\\-don\\-berwick\\|website\\=www.wbur.org\\|publisher\\=WBUR\\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2014}}",
"Berwick conceded the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") nomination to [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") [Attorney General](/wiki/Attorney_General \"Attorney General\") [Martha Coakley](/wiki/Martha_Coakley \"Martha Coakley\") on September 9, 2014, who lost to Republican [Charlie Baker](/wiki/Charlie_Baker \"Charlie Baker\") at the general election.",
""
] |
### Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2010\-2011
On April 19, 2010, Berwick was nominated to be Administrator of the [Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services](/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Services "Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services"), which oversees the two federal programs.White House. ["President Obama Nominates Dr. Donald Berwick for Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services"](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-nominates-dr-donald-berwick-administrator-centers-medicare-and-medi) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216172533/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the\-press\-office/president\-obama\-nominates\-dr\-donald\-berwick\-administrator\-centers\-medicare\-and\-medi \|date\=February 16, 2017 }}. April 19, 2010\.
Berwick said, "20 percent to 30 percent of health spending is 'waste' that yields no benefit to patients, and that some of the needless spending is a result of onerous, archaic regulations enforced by his agency." Berwick's critics have cited his statements about the need for health care to redistribute resources from the rich to the poor and his favorable statements about the [British health service](/wiki/National_Health_Service_%28England%29 "National Health Service (England)"). They quote Berwick as saying, "The decision is not whether or not we will ration care—the decision is whether we will ration with our eyes open."["Rethinking Comparative Effectiveness Research"](http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/medimedia/bh_200906/index.php?startid=35#/40/OnePage) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125103357/http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/medimedia/bh\_200906/index.php?startid\=35\#/40/OnePage \|date\=November 25, 2009 }}. Interview with Donald Berwick. *Biotechnology Healthcare* June 2009{{cite journal\|title\=Rethinking Comparative Effectiveness Research\|date\=June 2009\|journal\=Biotechnology Healthcare\|volume\=6\|issue\=2\|pages\=35–38\|pmc\=2799075\|postscript\=. Interview of Donald Berwick.\|pmid\=22478764}}
Berwick said Republicans had "distorted" his meaning when he said, "My point is that someone, like your health insurance company, is going to limit what you can get. That's the way it's set up. The government, unlike many private health insurance plans, is working in the daylight. That's a strength."Robert Pear,["Health Official Takes Parting Shot at 'Waste{{'"}}](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/health/policy/parting-shot-at-waste-by-key-obama-health-official.html) *The New York Times*, December 3, 2011 For political reasons, the Obama administration didn't want Berwick to defend his past statements on the [British health service](/wiki/National_Health_Service_%28England%29 "National Health Service (England)"), spending caps and high\-technology care.
An editorial wrote that his policy ideas could cut health care costs.Editorial, ["Donald Berwick, a nominee well\-suited to trim the fat on health care"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/28/AR2010062804675.html), *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*, June 29, 2010\. Conservatives criticized Berwick, based on comments he made about health care being, by definition, redistribution of wealth, rationing care with "our eyes open" and complete lives system.["Obama's cynical recess appointment of Donald Berwick"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120128153203/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postpartisan/2010/07/obamas_cynical_recess_appointm.html), [Ruth Marcus](/wiki/Ruth_Marcus_%28journalist%29 "Ruth Marcus (journalist)"), *The Washington Post*, July 8, 2010
Berwick advocated cutting health costs by adopting some of the approaches of Great Britain's [National Health Services](/wiki/National_Health_Services "National Health Services") (NHS) and its [National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence "National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence") (NICE). NICE evaluates the costs and effectiveness of medical therapy that is covered by the NHS as guidance for local authorities to decide what to cover. [Mark McClellan](/wiki/Mark_McClellan "Mark McClellan"), who served in the Bush administration, also advocated adopting some of NICE's methods.["The Evidence Gap: British Balance Benefit vs. Cost of Latest Drugs"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/health/03nice.html), Gardiner Harris, *The New York Times*, December 2, 2008\.
Conservative critics claim, "NICE decides which healthcare people will get and which they won't."{{Cite web\|last\=Anderson\|first\=Jeffrey H.\|title\=Not NICE\|work\=\[\[The Weekly Standard]]\|date\=2010\-04\-29\|url\=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/not\-nice\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503011718/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/not\-nice\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=May 3, 2010\| access\-date\=2010\-06\-04}} Philip Klein in *[The American Spectator](/wiki/The_American_Spectator "The American Spectator")* dubbed him "Obama's Rationing Man".Klein, Philip. ["Obama's Rationing Man"](http://spectator.org/archives/2010/05/13/obamas-rationing-man) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516134231/http://spectator.org/archives/2010/05/13/obamas\-rationing\-man\|date\=May 16, 2010}} The chairman of NICE called these statements "outrageous lies".Gardiner Harris, ["Official Defends British Health Service Against 'Outrageous Lies{{'"}}](http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/british-official-defends-health-service-against-american-lies), *The New York Times*, August 21, 2009\.
Senator [John Kerry](/wiki/John_Kerry "John Kerry") defended Berwick against "phony assertions" and accused [Republicans](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") of trying "to crank up the attack machine and make his nomination a distorted referendum on reform".Milligan S. ["Kerry comes to defense of nominee to run Medicare, Medicaid programs"](http://www.boston.com/news/health/articles/2010/05/14/kerry_comes_to_defense_of_nominee_to_run_medicare_medicaid_programs), *The Boston Globe*. May 14, 2010\. Former Speaker [Newt Gingrich](/wiki/Newt_Gingrich "Newt Gingrich") has historically been a Republican supporter of Berwick, however, writing an op\-ed in *The Washington Post* in August 2000 praising Berwick's work.Newt Gingrich, ["High\-Tech Cure for Medical Mistakes"](http://www.aei.org/article/health/high-tech-cure-for-medical-mistakes). [American Enterprise Institute](/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute "American Enterprise Institute") August 2, 2000\.
Berwick was installed by [recess appointment](/wiki/Recess_appointment "Recess appointment") on July 7, 2010, before confirmation hearings were scheduled by the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)")\-controlled Senate committee.{{Cite news\|last\=Pear\|first\=Robert\|title\=Obama to Bypass Senate to Name Health Official\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=July 6, 2010 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/health/policy/07recess.html \|access\-date\=August 19, 2010}} Berwick could thus serve until the summer of 2011 without a Senate approval. The White House had talked up the possibility of a re\-nomination through the fall of 2010; on January 26, 2011, the President re\-nominated Berwick. On March 4, 2011, 42 U.S. Senators wrote the White House and asked for the nomination to be withdrawn. The signers of the letter were all Republicans.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2017}}
Berwick resigned his position at CMS on December 2, 2011\.{{Cite news \|last\=Pear \|first\=Robert \|title\=Obama's Pick to Head Medicare and Medicaid Resigns Post \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=November 23, 2011 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/24/health/policy/dr\-donald\-m\-berwick\-resigns\-as\-head\-of\-medicare\-and\-medicaid.html \|access\-date\=December 13, 2011}} In a speech on Wednesday, December 7, 2011, in Orlando, Florida, at a meeting of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, an organization he once led, the long\-time patient\-safety advocate gave an account of his time in government service and where he believes the future of healthcare is going.{{Cite web \|last\=Ahier \|first\=Brian \|title\=Remember the Patient \|publisher\=Healthcare, Technology, and Government 2\.0 \|date\=December 8, 2011 \|url\=http://ahier.blogspot.com/2011/12/remember\-patient.html \|access\-date\=December 13, 2011}}
|
[
"### Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2010\\-2011",
"On April 19, 2010, Berwick was nominated to be Administrator of the [Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services](/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Services \"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services\"), which oversees the two federal programs.White House. [\"President Obama Nominates Dr. Donald Berwick for Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services\"](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-nominates-dr-donald-berwick-administrator-centers-medicare-and-medi) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216172533/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the\\-press\\-office/president\\-obama\\-nominates\\-dr\\-donald\\-berwick\\-administrator\\-centers\\-medicare\\-and\\-medi \\|date\\=February 16, 2017 }}. April 19, 2010\\.",
"Berwick said, \"20 percent to 30 percent of health spending is 'waste' that yields no benefit to patients, and that some of the needless spending is a result of onerous, archaic regulations enforced by his agency.\" Berwick's critics have cited his statements about the need for health care to redistribute resources from the rich to the poor and his favorable statements about the [British health service](/wiki/National_Health_Service_%28England%29 \"National Health Service (England)\"). They quote Berwick as saying, \"The decision is not whether or not we will ration care—the decision is whether we will ration with our eyes open.\"[\"Rethinking Comparative Effectiveness Research\"](http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/medimedia/bh_200906/index.php?startid=35#/40/OnePage) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125103357/http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/medimedia/bh\\_200906/index.php?startid\\=35\\#/40/OnePage \\|date\\=November 25, 2009 }}. Interview with Donald Berwick. *Biotechnology Healthcare* June 2009{{cite journal\\|title\\=Rethinking Comparative Effectiveness Research\\|date\\=June 2009\\|journal\\=Biotechnology Healthcare\\|volume\\=6\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=35–38\\|pmc\\=2799075\\|postscript\\=. Interview of Donald Berwick.\\|pmid\\=22478764}}",
"Berwick said Republicans had \"distorted\" his meaning when he said, \"My point is that someone, like your health insurance company, is going to limit what you can get. That's the way it's set up. The government, unlike many private health insurance plans, is working in the daylight. That's a strength.\"Robert Pear,[\"Health Official Takes Parting Shot at 'Waste{{'\"}}](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/health/policy/parting-shot-at-waste-by-key-obama-health-official.html) *The New York Times*, December 3, 2011 For political reasons, the Obama administration didn't want Berwick to defend his past statements on the [British health service](/wiki/National_Health_Service_%28England%29 \"National Health Service (England)\"), spending caps and high\\-technology care.",
"An editorial wrote that his policy ideas could cut health care costs.Editorial, [\"Donald Berwick, a nominee well\\-suited to trim the fat on health care\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/28/AR2010062804675.html), *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*, June 29, 2010\\. Conservatives criticized Berwick, based on comments he made about health care being, by definition, redistribution of wealth, rationing care with \"our eyes open\" and complete lives system.[\"Obama's cynical recess appointment of Donald Berwick\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120128153203/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postpartisan/2010/07/obamas_cynical_recess_appointm.html), [Ruth Marcus](/wiki/Ruth_Marcus_%28journalist%29 \"Ruth Marcus (journalist)\"), *The Washington Post*, July 8, 2010",
"Berwick advocated cutting health costs by adopting some of the approaches of Great Britain's [National Health Services](/wiki/National_Health_Services \"National Health Services\") (NHS) and its [National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence \"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence\") (NICE). NICE evaluates the costs and effectiveness of medical therapy that is covered by the NHS as guidance for local authorities to decide what to cover. [Mark McClellan](/wiki/Mark_McClellan \"Mark McClellan\"), who served in the Bush administration, also advocated adopting some of NICE's methods.[\"The Evidence Gap: British Balance Benefit vs. Cost of Latest Drugs\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/health/03nice.html), Gardiner Harris, *The New York Times*, December 2, 2008\\.",
"Conservative critics claim, \"NICE decides which healthcare people will get and which they won't.\"{{Cite web\\|last\\=Anderson\\|first\\=Jeffrey H.\\|title\\=Not NICE\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Weekly Standard]]\\|date\\=2010\\-04\\-29\\|url\\=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/not\\-nice\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503011718/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/not\\-nice\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=May 3, 2010\\| access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-04}} Philip Klein in *[The American Spectator](/wiki/The_American_Spectator \"The American Spectator\")* dubbed him \"Obama's Rationing Man\".Klein, Philip. [\"Obama's Rationing Man\"](http://spectator.org/archives/2010/05/13/obamas-rationing-man) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516134231/http://spectator.org/archives/2010/05/13/obamas\\-rationing\\-man\\|date\\=May 16, 2010}} The chairman of NICE called these statements \"outrageous lies\".Gardiner Harris, [\"Official Defends British Health Service Against 'Outrageous Lies{{'\"}}](http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/british-official-defends-health-service-against-american-lies), *The New York Times*, August 21, 2009\\.",
"Senator [John Kerry](/wiki/John_Kerry \"John Kerry\") defended Berwick against \"phony assertions\" and accused [Republicans](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") of trying \"to crank up the attack machine and make his nomination a distorted referendum on reform\".Milligan S. [\"Kerry comes to defense of nominee to run Medicare, Medicaid programs\"](http://www.boston.com/news/health/articles/2010/05/14/kerry_comes_to_defense_of_nominee_to_run_medicare_medicaid_programs), *The Boston Globe*. May 14, 2010\\. Former Speaker [Newt Gingrich](/wiki/Newt_Gingrich \"Newt Gingrich\") has historically been a Republican supporter of Berwick, however, writing an op\\-ed in *The Washington Post* in August 2000 praising Berwick's work.Newt Gingrich, [\"High\\-Tech Cure for Medical Mistakes\"](http://www.aei.org/article/health/high-tech-cure-for-medical-mistakes). [American Enterprise Institute](/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute \"American Enterprise Institute\") August 2, 2000\\.",
"Berwick was installed by [recess appointment](/wiki/Recess_appointment \"Recess appointment\") on July 7, 2010, before confirmation hearings were scheduled by the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\")\\-controlled Senate committee.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Pear\\|first\\=Robert\\|title\\=Obama to Bypass Senate to Name Health Official\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=July 6, 2010 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/health/policy/07recess.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 19, 2010}} Berwick could thus serve until the summer of 2011 without a Senate approval. The White House had talked up the possibility of a re\\-nomination through the fall of 2010; on January 26, 2011, the President re\\-nominated Berwick. On March 4, 2011, 42 U.S. Senators wrote the White House and asked for the nomination to be withdrawn. The signers of the letter were all Republicans.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2017}}",
"Berwick resigned his position at CMS on December 2, 2011\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Pear \\|first\\=Robert \\|title\\=Obama's Pick to Head Medicare and Medicaid Resigns Post \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=November 23, 2011 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/24/health/policy/dr\\-donald\\-m\\-berwick\\-resigns\\-as\\-head\\-of\\-medicare\\-and\\-medicaid.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2011}} In a speech on Wednesday, December 7, 2011, in Orlando, Florida, at a meeting of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, an organization he once led, the long\\-time patient\\-safety advocate gave an account of his time in government service and where he believes the future of healthcare is going.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ahier \\|first\\=Brian \\|title\\=Remember the Patient \\|publisher\\=Healthcare, Technology, and Government 2\\.0 \\|date\\=December 8, 2011 \\|url\\=http://ahier.blogspot.com/2011/12/remember\\-patient.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2011}}",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Debut
Murray then turned professional in November 2001, winning his first fight at the National Boxing Arena in Dublin, in which Murray beat fellow debutant Paul McIlwaine on a card that included [Steve Collins](/wiki/Steve_Collins "Steve Collins") and [Eamonn Magee](/wiki/Eamonn_Magee "Eamonn Magee").
Both novices showed that they lacked but also showed their grit and determination in this scrappy and untidy bout. In the fourth round Murray cut McIlwaine badly over his left eye and the referee stopped the fight in the following round by the referee giving Murray a stoppage win in his first outing as a professional.{{cite web\|title\=Team Ireland report \|work\=Irish Boxing \|url\=http://www.irish\-boxing.com/teamireland.htm \|accessdate\=13 March 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019012815/http://www.irish\-boxing.com/teamireland.htm \|archivedate\=19 October 2006 }}
### Carlin fight
In February 2003, Murray faced [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_people "Welsh people") boxer Dafydd Carlin on the undercard of the [Neil Sinclair](/wiki/Neil_Sinclair "Neil Sinclair") and Jim Rock v [Takaloo](/wiki/Takaloo "Takaloo") bout.
The fight took place over four fiercely contested rounds at the [Odyssey Arena](/wiki/Odyssey_Arena "Odyssey Arena") in Belfast. Murray got off to a great start when he knocked Carlin to the canvas with a sweeping right hook in the first round and also dominated the second. Carlin came back strongly in the third round to trouble Murray. However, Murray knowing that with the knockdown in the first round Carlin would require a knockdown or knockout of his own to gain a draw or victory covered up in the final round to take the win by 38–36 on the scorecards.{{cite web\|author\=Tomas Rohan \|title\=Carlin targets British title \|work\=Irish Boxing \|url\=http://www.irish\-boxing.com/april03/22\_April\_2003\_Carlin.htm \|accessdate\=13 March 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427101803/http://www.irish\-boxing.com/april03/22\_April\_2003\_Carlin.htm \|archivedate\=27 April 2007 }}
### The Flurry beats Senior
Murray then travelled train and [spar](/wiki/Sparring "Sparring") at [Frank Maloney](/wiki/Frank_Maloney "Frank Maloney")'s *"Fight Factory Gym"* in London. Murray returned from his time in London enthused and his trainer, Jim Breen, was sure Murray was ready to step up a level. Murray was to return to the ring on 30 October 2007 to face unbeaten Scottish fighter Ronnie Nailen at the [Ulster Hall](/wiki/Ulster_Hall "Ulster Hall") in Belfast. However, Murray was forced to pull out of the fight due to injury and was replaced by Glenn McClarnon.{{cite web \| author\=Boxrec \| title\=2003\-10\-30 Ulster Hall, Belfast \| work\=Boxrec \| url\=http://www.boxrec.com/show\_display.php?show\_id\=350154 \| accessdate\=13 July 2007 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008235956/http://boxrec.com/show\_display.php?show\_id\=350154 \| archive\-date\=8 October 2012 \| url\-status\=live \| df\=dmy\-all }}Boxrec Fighter Page{{cite web\|author\=Chris Curry \|title\=Fright Night Will Rock The Ulster Hall \|work\=Eastside Boxing \|url\=http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p\=79\&more\=1 \|accessdate\=13 July 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000058/http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p\=79\&more\=1 \|archivedate\=27 September 2007 }}
Murray's trademark, which earned him the nickname *"the flurry"*, was his hand speed and solid punch. He displayed this speed in his first fight after a gap of over a year in his impressive win over [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham "Nottingham")'s Nigel Senior at the Burlington Hotel in Dublin on 30 May 2004\.
Murray began by attacking the head and body. Although Senior appeared to hold and cover Murray showed his speed and wasted few punches connecting flurries to the body. Senior was on the canvas in the second round though the referee, Emile Tiedt, adjudged it a slip. Senior was again on the canvas in the third but this time it was called as a low blow but Murray finally floored Senior legally in round four but Senior picked himself up once more to continue to the final bell and survive this one sided contest to finish which Murray won by 58 points to 56 points to extend his unbeaten run. After the fight Senior acknowledged that Murray was *"a good kid, awkward to fight and he's got fast hands"*.{{cite web\|author\=Tomas Rohan \|title\=""FightNight" at the Burlington" \|work\=Irish Boxing \|url\=http://www.irish\-boxing.com/june04/15\_June\_2004\_Burlington.htm \|accessdate\=13 July 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014021548/http://www.irish\-boxing.com/june04/15\_June\_2004\_Burlington.htm \|archivedate\=14 October 2007 }}
### Ceri Hall fight at the National Stadium
Murray's toughest contest of his career came on 19 February 2005, at the National Boxing Stadium in Dublin against Ceri Hall.
In what had become a familiar pattern Murray commanded the opening of the fight on workrate alone, throwing bunches of punches while Halls individual shots were heavier they were too infrequent.{{cite web\|title\=Barrett, Murray and Hyland win on undercard \|work\=Irish Boxing \|url\=http://www.irish\-boxing.com/february05/21\_February\_2005\_Undercard\_Report.htm \|accessdate\=13 July 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014021235/http://www.irish\-boxing.com/february05/21\_February\_2005\_Undercard\_Report.htm \|archivedate\=14 October 2007 }}
Murray maintained his busy pace using height and reach advantages in the second round when Hall suddenly caught Murray sending Murray to the floor, for the first time in his career, in a flash knockdown. Despite rising quickly, Murray appeared dazed but by the end of the round Murray had returned to his busy style. In the third round Murray, with blood streaming from his nose, appeared more respectful of Hall's power and Hall seemed to be dictating the pace and tempo of the fight.
At the end of the third round, Murray's trainer, John Breen instructed to increase the workrate, which he duly did, taking the fourth and fifth on sheer punch volume. In the sixth it was Murray's turn to floor Hall with a right, left combination, which even the tally in terms on knockdowns.
In the final two rounds both fights tired and in the eighth and final round referee David Ervine docked Hall a point for holding. At the end of the fight the Belfast ref scored the bout 77–75 in favour of Murray which again extended his unbeaten record.
### Irish title victory
On 14 May 2005, Murray was due to fight [Hartlepool](/wiki/Hartlepool "Hartlepool")'s Alan Temple for the vacant Irish [Light Welterweight](/wiki/Light_Welterweight "Light Welterweight") championship National Boxing Stadium in Dublin on the undercard of a [Bernard Dunne](/wiki/Bernard_Dunne "Bernard Dunne") fight. Murray had wanted to face London based [Galway](/wiki/Galway "Galway") Olympian, [Francie Barrett](/wiki/Francie_Barrett "Francie Barrett") but he stated *""I know Francie will want this title but unfortunately negotiations broke down this time....but I know he will not want anyone else to have it"*
In any event Murray faced another London based [Galwegian](/wiki/Galway "Galway") the former British Southern Area Lightweight title holder [Peter McDonagh](/wiki/Peter_McDonagh "Peter McDonagh") for the belt. Murray was a comparative novice in the professional ranks in comparison to McDonagh who was an experienced campaigner having already faced the likes of [Peter Buckley](/wiki/Peter_Buckley_%28boxer%29 "Peter Buckley (boxer)"), Chilli John and David Burke, whereas Murray had never been past eight rounds.{{cite web\|author\=Tomas Rohan \|title\=Macklin and Murray look to shine on Dunne undercard \|work\=Irish Boxing \|url\=http://www.irish\-boxing.com/may05/13\_May\_2005\_Dunne\_Undercard\_Preview.htm \|accessdate\=13 July 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011712/http://www.irish\-boxing.com/may05/13\_May\_2005\_Dunne\_Undercard\_Preview.htm \|archivedate\=27 September 2007 }}
In the opening rounds Murray dominated McDonagh with a higher workrate and McDonagh appeared content to counter punch. Through the middle round McDonagh began to stand firm against Murray's onslaught of flurries. Murray's high workrate left his defence open at times which McDonagh began to take advantage of.
Towards the latter rounds McDonagh appeared to fade and become ragged, however, Murray's fitness told as he was able to continue his marauding style, pushing forward and making his superior workrate count.
The tenth and final round highlight the desire that both men had to win an Irish title. A fresher looking Murray still seemed to gain the upper hand in the exchanges to finish the fight strongly. Belfast referee Sean Russell scored the fight 98–94 to give Murray the Irish national title.
Murray was then presented with the belt by former professional, [Sligonian](/wiki/Sligo "Sligo"), [Vinny Feeney](/wiki/Vinny_Feeney "Vinny Feeney") and then stated *"I knew my persistent and aggressive style would catch up with him eventually. He was tough though, he worked hard throughout and it was an eye opener for me and just what I needed at this stage in my career"*.{{cite web\|author\=Brendan Mooney \|title\=Unbeaten Dunne ready for classy Ukrainian \|work\=\[\[Irish Examiner]] \|url\=http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2005/04/26/story21480164\.asp \|accessdate\=13 July 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929150541/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2005/04/26/story21480164\.asp \|archivedate\=29 September 2007 }}{{cite web\| title\=The Celtic Warrior Returns To Action For Ireland Fight Night\| work\=BritishBoxing.net\| url\=http://www.britishboxing.net/news\_527\-The\-Celtic\-Warrior\-Returns\-To\-Action\-For\-Ireland\-Fight\-Night.html\| accessdate\=13 March 2007\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222717/http://www.britishboxing.net/news\_527\-The\-Celtic\-Warrior\-Returns\-To\-Action\-For\-Ireland\-Fight\-Night.html\| archive\-date\=27 September 2007\| url\-status\=dead\| df\=dmy\-all}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Debut",
"Murray then turned professional in November 2001, winning his first fight at the National Boxing Arena in Dublin, in which Murray beat fellow debutant Paul McIlwaine on a card that included [Steve Collins](/wiki/Steve_Collins \"Steve Collins\") and [Eamonn Magee](/wiki/Eamonn_Magee \"Eamonn Magee\").",
"Both novices showed that they lacked but also showed their grit and determination in this scrappy and untidy bout. In the fourth round Murray cut McIlwaine badly over his left eye and the referee stopped the fight in the following round by the referee giving Murray a stoppage win in his first outing as a professional.{{cite web\\|title\\=Team Ireland report \\|work\\=Irish Boxing \\|url\\=http://www.irish\\-boxing.com/teamireland.htm \\|accessdate\\=13 March 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019012815/http://www.irish\\-boxing.com/teamireland.htm \\|archivedate\\=19 October 2006 }}",
"### Carlin fight",
"In February 2003, Murray faced [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_people \"Welsh people\") boxer Dafydd Carlin on the undercard of the [Neil Sinclair](/wiki/Neil_Sinclair \"Neil Sinclair\") and Jim Rock v [Takaloo](/wiki/Takaloo \"Takaloo\") bout.",
"The fight took place over four fiercely contested rounds at the [Odyssey Arena](/wiki/Odyssey_Arena \"Odyssey Arena\") in Belfast. Murray got off to a great start when he knocked Carlin to the canvas with a sweeping right hook in the first round and also dominated the second. Carlin came back strongly in the third round to trouble Murray. However, Murray knowing that with the knockdown in the first round Carlin would require a knockdown or knockout of his own to gain a draw or victory covered up in the final round to take the win by 38–36 on the scorecards.{{cite web\\|author\\=Tomas Rohan \\|title\\=Carlin targets British title \\|work\\=Irish Boxing \\|url\\=http://www.irish\\-boxing.com/april03/22\\_April\\_2003\\_Carlin.htm \\|accessdate\\=13 March 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427101803/http://www.irish\\-boxing.com/april03/22\\_April\\_2003\\_Carlin.htm \\|archivedate\\=27 April 2007 }}",
"### The Flurry beats Senior",
"Murray then travelled train and [spar](/wiki/Sparring \"Sparring\") at [Frank Maloney](/wiki/Frank_Maloney \"Frank Maloney\")'s *\"Fight Factory Gym\"* in London. Murray returned from his time in London enthused and his trainer, Jim Breen, was sure Murray was ready to step up a level. Murray was to return to the ring on 30 October 2007 to face unbeaten Scottish fighter Ronnie Nailen at the [Ulster Hall](/wiki/Ulster_Hall \"Ulster Hall\") in Belfast. However, Murray was forced to pull out of the fight due to injury and was replaced by Glenn McClarnon.{{cite web \\| author\\=Boxrec \\| title\\=2003\\-10\\-30 Ulster Hall, Belfast \\| work\\=Boxrec \\| url\\=http://www.boxrec.com/show\\_display.php?show\\_id\\=350154 \\| accessdate\\=13 July 2007 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008235956/http://boxrec.com/show\\_display.php?show\\_id\\=350154 \\| archive\\-date\\=8 October 2012 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| df\\=dmy\\-all }}Boxrec Fighter Page{{cite web\\|author\\=Chris Curry \\|title\\=Fright Night Will Rock The Ulster Hall \\|work\\=Eastside Boxing \\|url\\=http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p\\=79\\&more\\=1 \\|accessdate\\=13 July 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000058/http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p\\=79\\&more\\=1 \\|archivedate\\=27 September 2007 }}",
"Murray's trademark, which earned him the nickname *\"the flurry\"*, was his hand speed and solid punch. He displayed this speed in his first fight after a gap of over a year in his impressive win over [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham \"Nottingham\")'s Nigel Senior at the Burlington Hotel in Dublin on 30 May 2004\\.",
"Murray began by attacking the head and body. Although Senior appeared to hold and cover Murray showed his speed and wasted few punches connecting flurries to the body. Senior was on the canvas in the second round though the referee, Emile Tiedt, adjudged it a slip. Senior was again on the canvas in the third but this time it was called as a low blow but Murray finally floored Senior legally in round four but Senior picked himself up once more to continue to the final bell and survive this one sided contest to finish which Murray won by 58 points to 56 points to extend his unbeaten run. After the fight Senior acknowledged that Murray was *\"a good kid, awkward to fight and he's got fast hands\"*.{{cite web\\|author\\=Tomas Rohan \\|title\\=\"\"FightNight\" at the Burlington\" \\|work\\=Irish Boxing \\|url\\=http://www.irish\\-boxing.com/june04/15\\_June\\_2004\\_Burlington.htm \\|accessdate\\=13 July 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014021548/http://www.irish\\-boxing.com/june04/15\\_June\\_2004\\_Burlington.htm \\|archivedate\\=14 October 2007 }}",
"### Ceri Hall fight at the National Stadium",
"Murray's toughest contest of his career came on 19 February 2005, at the National Boxing Stadium in Dublin against Ceri Hall.",
"In what had become a familiar pattern Murray commanded the opening of the fight on workrate alone, throwing bunches of punches while Halls individual shots were heavier they were too infrequent.{{cite web\\|title\\=Barrett, Murray and Hyland win on undercard \\|work\\=Irish Boxing \\|url\\=http://www.irish\\-boxing.com/february05/21\\_February\\_2005\\_Undercard\\_Report.htm \\|accessdate\\=13 July 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014021235/http://www.irish\\-boxing.com/february05/21\\_February\\_2005\\_Undercard\\_Report.htm \\|archivedate\\=14 October 2007 }}",
"Murray maintained his busy pace using height and reach advantages in the second round when Hall suddenly caught Murray sending Murray to the floor, for the first time in his career, in a flash knockdown. Despite rising quickly, Murray appeared dazed but by the end of the round Murray had returned to his busy style. In the third round Murray, with blood streaming from his nose, appeared more respectful of Hall's power and Hall seemed to be dictating the pace and tempo of the fight.",
"At the end of the third round, Murray's trainer, John Breen instructed to increase the workrate, which he duly did, taking the fourth and fifth on sheer punch volume. In the sixth it was Murray's turn to floor Hall with a right, left combination, which even the tally in terms on knockdowns.",
"In the final two rounds both fights tired and in the eighth and final round referee David Ervine docked Hall a point for holding. At the end of the fight the Belfast ref scored the bout 77–75 in favour of Murray which again extended his unbeaten record.",
"### Irish title victory",
"On 14 May 2005, Murray was due to fight [Hartlepool](/wiki/Hartlepool \"Hartlepool\")'s Alan Temple for the vacant Irish [Light Welterweight](/wiki/Light_Welterweight \"Light Welterweight\") championship National Boxing Stadium in Dublin on the undercard of a [Bernard Dunne](/wiki/Bernard_Dunne \"Bernard Dunne\") fight. Murray had wanted to face London based [Galway](/wiki/Galway \"Galway\") Olympian, [Francie Barrett](/wiki/Francie_Barrett \"Francie Barrett\") but he stated *\"\"I know Francie will want this title but unfortunately negotiations broke down this time....but I know he will not want anyone else to have it\"*",
"In any event Murray faced another London based [Galwegian](/wiki/Galway \"Galway\") the former British Southern Area Lightweight title holder [Peter McDonagh](/wiki/Peter_McDonagh \"Peter McDonagh\") for the belt. Murray was a comparative novice in the professional ranks in comparison to McDonagh who was an experienced campaigner having already faced the likes of [Peter Buckley](/wiki/Peter_Buckley_%28boxer%29 \"Peter Buckley (boxer)\"), Chilli John and David Burke, whereas Murray had never been past eight rounds.{{cite web\\|author\\=Tomas Rohan \\|title\\=Macklin and Murray look to shine on Dunne undercard \\|work\\=Irish Boxing \\|url\\=http://www.irish\\-boxing.com/may05/13\\_May\\_2005\\_Dunne\\_Undercard\\_Preview.htm \\|accessdate\\=13 July 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011712/http://www.irish\\-boxing.com/may05/13\\_May\\_2005\\_Dunne\\_Undercard\\_Preview.htm \\|archivedate\\=27 September 2007 }}",
"In the opening rounds Murray dominated McDonagh with a higher workrate and McDonagh appeared content to counter punch. Through the middle round McDonagh began to stand firm against Murray's onslaught of flurries. Murray's high workrate left his defence open at times which McDonagh began to take advantage of.",
"Towards the latter rounds McDonagh appeared to fade and become ragged, however, Murray's fitness told as he was able to continue his marauding style, pushing forward and making his superior workrate count.",
"The tenth and final round highlight the desire that both men had to win an Irish title. A fresher looking Murray still seemed to gain the upper hand in the exchanges to finish the fight strongly. Belfast referee Sean Russell scored the fight 98–94 to give Murray the Irish national title.",
"Murray was then presented with the belt by former professional, [Sligonian](/wiki/Sligo \"Sligo\"), [Vinny Feeney](/wiki/Vinny_Feeney \"Vinny Feeney\") and then stated *\"I knew my persistent and aggressive style would catch up with him eventually. He was tough though, he worked hard throughout and it was an eye opener for me and just what I needed at this stage in my career\"*.{{cite web\\|author\\=Brendan Mooney \\|title\\=Unbeaten Dunne ready for classy Ukrainian \\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish Examiner]] \\|url\\=http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2005/04/26/story21480164\\.asp \\|accessdate\\=13 July 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929150541/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2005/04/26/story21480164\\.asp \\|archivedate\\=29 September 2007 }}{{cite web\\| title\\=The Celtic Warrior Returns To Action For Ireland Fight Night\\| work\\=BritishBoxing.net\\| url\\=http://www.britishboxing.net/news\\_527\\-The\\-Celtic\\-Warrior\\-Returns\\-To\\-Action\\-For\\-Ireland\\-Fight\\-Night.html\\| accessdate\\=13 March 2007\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222717/http://www.britishboxing.net/news\\_527\\-The\\-Celtic\\-Warrior\\-Returns\\-To\\-Action\\-For\\-Ireland\\-Fight\\-Night.html\\| archive\\-date\\=27 September 2007\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
""
] |
Race
----
### Start and first hours
At 15:00 local time on 12 June, in front of 238,150 spectators, Rolex CEO Bruno Meier and triple Olympic skiing champion [Jean\-Claude Killy](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Killy "Jean-Claude Killy") waved the [French tricolour](/wiki/Flag_of_France "Flag of France") to start the race.{{cite web\|last\=Dufeu\|first\=Antoine\|title\=(Le Mans 2010\) Bruno Meier et Jean\-Claude Killy donneront le départ\|trans\-title\=(Le Mans 2010\) Bruno Meier and Jean\-Claude Killy will give the start\|url\=https://www.caradisiac.com/Le\-Mans\-2010\-Bruno\-Meier\-et\-Jean\-Claude\-Killy\-donneront\-le\-depart\-57208\.htm\|publisher\=Caradisiac\|language\=fr\|date\=1 June 2010\|accessdate\=25 September 2021\|archive\-date\=25 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925180636/https://www.caradisiac.com/Le\-Mans\-2010\-Bruno\-Meier\-et\-Jean\-Claude\-Killy\-donneront\-le\-depart\-57208\.htm\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|last\=Tassel\|first\=Pierre\|date\=14 June 2010\|title\=Le Mans: fréquentation en hausse\|trans\-title\=Le Mans: attendance on the rise\|url\=https://www.autohebdo.fr/breves/endurance/le\-mans\-frequentation\-en\-hausse.html\|access\-date\=27 January 2022\|website\=Auto Hebdo\|language\=fr\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095510/https://www.autohebdo.fr/breves/endurance/le\-mans\-frequentation\-en\-hausse.html\|url\-status\=live}} The ambient temperature for both days was predicted to be around {{convert\|20\|and\|23\|C\|F\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite web\|last1\=Tremayne\|first1\=Sam\|last2\=English\|first2\=Steven\|last3\=Hughes\|first3\=Emlyn\|last4\=Creighton\|first4\=Geoff\|title\=As it happened: The 78th Le Mans 24 Hours\|url\=http://live.autosport.com/commentary.php/id/234\|work\=Autosport\|date\=12 June 2010\|accessdate\=25 September 2021\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615154858/http://live.autosport.com/commentary.php/id/234\|archivedate\=15 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} During a [reconnaissance lap](/wiki/Parade_lap "Parade lap"), [Neel Jani](/wiki/Neel_Jani "Neel Jani")'s No. 80 [Flying Lizard Motorsports](/wiki/Flying_Lizard_Motorsports "Flying Lizard Motorsports") Porsche sustained a left\-rear [puncture](/wiki/Flat_tire "Flat tire") after going over a screw, overshooting the Dunlop Chicane, and mounting the [kerbs](/wiki/Curb "Curb");{{cite web\|last1\=Goodwin\|first1\=Graham\|last2\=Slinger\|first2\=Paul\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Pre\-Race and Hour 1\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2C1B1B2C\-1143\-FDC9\-356526EA744A3300\.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130641/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2C1B1B2C\-1143\-FDC9\-356526EA744A3300\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last\=Abumelsamid\|first\=Sam\|title\=Le Mans 2010: Early race report\|url\=https://www.autoblog.com/2010/06/12/le\-mans\-2010\-early\-race\-report/\|work\=Autoblog\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130645/https://www.autoblog.com/2010/06/12/le\-mans\-2010\-early\-race\-report/\|url\-status\=live}} the car's bodywork was undamaged. Lamy in the pole\-position No. 3 Peugeot kept the lead for the first few laps, with factory teammates Montagny and Gené trading second and third on the third lap. Lapierre's No. 4 Oreca Peugeot kept McNish's No. 7 Audi from passing him for fourth.{{cite web\|last\=English\|first\=Steven\|title\=Peugeots hold lead at start\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84356\|work\=Autosport\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185831/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84356\|archive\-date\=15 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} Mike Lewis retired the No. 19 Autocon Motorsports Lola after Arnage turn on lap one due to gearbox input shaft failure. [Julien Jousse](/wiki/Julien_Jousse "Julien Jousse")'s No. 73 LAA Corvette overtook Mutsch's No. 60 Matech Ford for third in LMGT1 as the class became a battle between Leinders' No. 70 Marc VDS Ford and [Peter Kox](/wiki/Peter_Kox "Peter Kox")'s No. 52 Young Driver AMR Aston Martin as [Patrick Long](/wiki/Patrick_Long "Patrick Long") progressed to third in LMGT2\.
[thumb\|left\|upright\|[Nigel Mansell](/wiki/Nigel_Mansell "Nigel Mansell") crashed the [Beechdean Motorsport](/wiki/Beechdean_Motorsport "Beechdean Motorsport") Ginetta Zytek in the race's first hour and had amnesia, [haematoma](/wiki/Hematoma "Hematoma") on his brain and a neck injury as a result.\|alt\=A head and shoulders photograph of Nigel Mansell wearing a black baseball cap with a red number 5 and the subject smiling at the camera](/wiki/File:Nigel_Mansell_2007_cropped.jpg "Nigel Mansell 2007 cropped.jpg")
[Nigel Mansell](/wiki/Nigel_Mansell "Nigel Mansell") crashed the No. 5 [Beechdean Motorsport](/wiki/Beechdean_Motorsport "Beechdean Motorsport") Ginetta Zytek at high speed into the barriers between Mulsanne and Indianapolis turns due to a slow left\-rear puncture that the team failed to detect because that part of the circuit was not covered by telemetry.{{cite web\|title\=Mansell team out after early crash\|url\=https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/mansell\-team\-out\-after\-early\-crash/2449837/?nrt\=102\|publisher\=Motorsport.com\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130644/https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/mansell\-team\-out\-after\-early\-crash/2449837/?nrt\=102\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Watkins\|first1\=Gary\|last2\=Anderson\|first2\=Ben\|last3\=Turner\|first3\=Kevin\|title\=Report – Le Mans 24H\|url\=https://porschecarshistory.com/wp\-content/old/lib/magazines/autosport/2010/6/AS17\.06\.10\.pdf\|journal\=Autosport\|pages\=40–53\|volume\=200\|number\=12\|date\=17 June 2010\|accessdate\=25 September 2021\|via\=Porsche Cars History\|archive\-date\=25 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925172431/https://porschecarshistory.com/wp\-content/old/lib/magazines/autosport/2010/6/AS17\.06\.10\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|last\=Parries\|first\=Maggy\|date\=13 June 2010\|title\=Slow Puncture Ends Beechdean Mansell Le Mans Dream\|url\=https://www.automobilsport.com/race\-categories\-\-24,81847,Slow\-Puncture\-Ends\-Beechdean\-Mansell\-Le\-Mans\-Dream,news.htm\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20220131083748/https://www.automobilsport.com/race\-categories\-\-24,81847,Slow\-Puncture\-Ends\-Beechdean\-Mansell\-Le\-Mans\-Dream,news.htm\|archive\-date\=31 January 2022\|access\-date\=31 January 2022\|url\-status\=usurped\|publisher\=AutoMobilSport.com}} [Safety cars](/wiki/Safety_car "Safety car") were deployed for 31 minutes to allow track marshals to repair the Armco barriers.{{cite news\|title\=Nigel Mansell suffers heavy crash at Le Mans\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/jun/12/le\-mans\-nigel\-mansell\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127101846/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/jun/12/le\-mans\-nigel\-mansell\|url\-status\=live}} A motionless Mansell remained in the car until doctors transported him by ambulance to the track's medical centre for check\-ups and then to the local hospital.{{cite web\|title\=Nigel Mansell crashes on Le Mans 24 Hour race debut\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/8736997\.stm\|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-date\=17 June 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617064123/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/8736997\.stm\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|title\=Magic keeps F1legend Mansell going after horror crash\|url\=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/magic\-keeps\-f1legend\-mansell\-going\-after\-horror\-crash/articleshow/53485642\.cms\|work\=\[\[Mumbai Mirror]]\|date\=1 August 2016\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130641/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/magic\-keeps\-f1legend\-mansell\-going\-after\-horror\-crash/articleshow/53485642\.cms?utm\_source\=contentofinterest\&utm\_medium\=text\&utm\_campaign\=cppst\|url\-status\=live}} The accident gave Mansell amnesia, [haematoma](/wiki/Hematoma "Hematoma") on his brain and a neck injury.{{cite news\|title\=Midlands\-born F1 ace Nigel Mansell reveals his 'magic' solution to recovery from a near fatal crash\|url\=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2015\-09\-20/midlands\-born\-f1\-ace\-nigel\-mansell\-reveals\-his\-magic\-solution\-to\-recovery\-from\-a\-near\-fatal\-crash\|publisher\=\[\[ITV News]]\|date\=20 September 2015\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130639/https://www.itv.com/news/central/2015\-09\-20/midlands\-born\-f1\-ace\-nigel\-mansell\-reveals\-his\-magic\-solution\-to\-recovery\-from\-a\-near\-fatal\-crash\|url\-status\=live}} When the safety cars were withdrawn, Mutsch passed Kox for the LMGT1 lead after both drivers made pit stops under safety car conditions.{{cite web\|last\=Strang\|first\=Simon\|title\=H1: \#3 Peugeot leads early running\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84360\|work\=Autosport\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185837/http://www.autosport.com:80/news/report.php/id/84360\|archive\-date\=15 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} The safety cars had divided the field at the front, leaving three factory Peugeots 57 seconds ahead of the three Audis. Kane's No. 42 Strakka and Brabham's No. 26 Highcroft entries battled for the LMP2 lead. Montagny had made a pit stop earlier than teammate Lamy but Montagny's stop was two seconds quicker than Lamy, moving the No. 2 Peugeot to first. [Soheil Ayari](/wiki/Soheil_Ayari "Soheil Ayari") attempted to lap [Jean\-François Yvon](/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Yvon "Jean-François Yvon")'s No. 24 OAK Pescarolo at Mulsanne turn, but the two cars collided and Ayari's No. 6 Oreca spun.{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 2\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2C7F2AB6\-1143\-FDC9\-3533E2E5B9FC0F60\.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095538/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2C7F2AB6\-1143\-FDC9\-3533E2E5B9FC0F60\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
[Dirk Müller](/wiki/Dirk_M%C3%BCller_%28racing_driver%29 "Dirk Müller (racing driver)") stopped the No. 79 BMW on the first Mulsanne Straight chicane before the second hour concluded to conduct an inspection after feeling a right\-rear problem. Müller discovered a right\-rear puncture and drove cautiously to the pit lane, where it was discovered that the BMW's underside was damaged by kerbstones when Müller stopped.{{cite web\|title\=After 2 hours – Peugeot gets the early jump\|url\=https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/after\-2\-hours\-peugeot\-gets\-the\-early\-jump/2449849/?nrt\=102\|publisher\=Motorsport.com\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130728/https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/after\-2\-hours\-peugeot\-gets\-the\-early\-jump/2449849/?nrt\=102\|url\-status\=live}} Not long after Leinders lost control of the second\-placed LMGT1 No. 70 Ford due to an underinflated left\-rear tyre from running on the same tyre compounds since the start and struck the tyre wall in the downhill Esses with the car's right\-rear.{{cite web\|last\=Atkins\|first\=Russell\|title\=Leinders: Maybe we should have changed tyres...\|url\=http://www.crash.net/le\+mans/news/160602/1/leinders\_maybe\_we\_should\_have\_changed\_tyres.html\|publisher\=Crash.net\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613231246/http://www.crash.net/le\+mans/news/160602/1/leinders\_maybe\_we\_should\_have\_changed\_tyres.html\|archive\-date\=13 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} Leinders returned to the pit lane to retire the heavily damaged car. The third hour saw Lamy enter the garage to retire the race\-leading No. 3 Peugeot because the lower front\-right [suspension](/wiki/Car_suspension "Car suspension") mounting point to the chassis was pulled out of the tub from mounting the kerbs too hard.{{cite web\|last\=English\|first\=Steven\|title\=Peugeot forced to retire \#3 car\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84366\|work\=Autosport\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185846/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84366\|archive\-date\=15 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 2010: Why the 908's broke\|url\=https://www.racecar\-engineering.com/news/le\-mans\-2010\-why\-the\-908s\-broke/\|work\=Racecar Engineering\|date\=July 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130643/https://www.racecar\-engineering.com/news/le\-mans\-2010\-why\-the\-908s\-broke/\|url\-status\=live}} The retirement promoted Oreca's No. 4 Peugeot to third and [Tom Kristensen](/wiki/Tom_Kristensen "Tom Kristensen")'s No. 7 Audi to fourth. Enge's No. 52 Young Driver AMR car had been lapping faster than [Xavier Maassen](/wiki/Xavier_Maassen "Xavier Maassen")'s No. 73 LAA car and overtook the Corvette for second in LMGT1\.{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 3\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2CB94F52\-1143\-FDC9\-35740B89990423F2\.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095529/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2CB94F52\-1143\-FDC9\-35740B89990423F2\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
Beretta's No. 64 Corvette and [Johnny O'Connell](/wiki/Johnny_O%27Connell "Johnny O'Connell")'s sister No. 63 car battled for the LMGT2 lead, with Bruni's No. 82 Risi Ferrari closing in on Beretta and O'Connell. Over the next four hours, Bruni and Beretta traded the lead several times because of the Risi Ferrari's superior ability to conserve fuel over the Corvette. At the start of the fourth hour, [Peter Dumbreck](/wiki/Peter_Dumbreck "Peter Dumbreck") lost control of the No. 85 [Spyker C8](/wiki/Spyker_C8 "Spyker C8") at Indianapolis corner and was collected by Frederic da Rocha's No. 38 Pegasus Racing Norma after going off the track again in the Porsche Curves.{{cite web\|title\=No. 3 Peugeot retires, No. 1 holds hour four lead\|url\=https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/no\-3\-peugeot\-retires\-no\-1\-holds\-hour\-four\-lead/2449917/?nrt\=102\|publisher\=Motorsport.com\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130646/https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/no\-3\-peugeot\-retires\-no\-1\-holds\-hour\-four\-lead/2449917/?nrt\=102\|url\-status\=live}} Da Rocha's car was thrown into the outside barrier and sustained irreparable damage to its rear end and transmission, forcing it to retire to the garage.{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 4\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2CECAE0A\-1143\-FDC9\-35C469E48ADF0678\.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095516/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2CECAE0A\-1143\-FDC9\-35C469E48ADF0678\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Pegasus Racing race report\|url\=https://us.motorsport.com/lemans/news/pegasus\-racing\-race\-report/2451592/\|publisher\=Motorsport.com\|date\=16 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130648/https://us.motorsport.com/lemans/news/pegasus\-racing\-race\-report/2451592/\|url\-status\=live}} During a pit stop cycle, Anthony Davidson was faster than his Peugeot teammate Sarrazin in the No. 2 car and moved the No. 1 entry into the overall race lead.{{cite web\|last\=Codling\|first\=Stuart\|title\=H4: \#1 Peugeot takes race lead\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84371\|work\=Autosport\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617061240/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84371\|archive\-date\=17 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} During a routine pit stop, [Romain Dumas](/wiki/Romain_Dumas "Romain Dumas")' No. 9 Audi hit a television camera operator working for [Speed](/wiki/Speed_%28TV_network%29 "Speed (TV network)"), removing the car's right\-front [side\-view mirror](/wiki/Side-view_mirror "Side-view mirror") and knocking the camera operator to the ground. The camera operator was stretchered out of the pit lane with a broken shoulder and a gashed leg.
### Evening to dawn
Kristensen, driving the fourth\-placed No. 7 Audi, was approaching a slow [Andy Priaulx](/wiki/Andy_Priaulx "Andy Priaulx") on the [racing line](/wiki/Racing_line "Racing line") because Priaulx's No. 79 BMW had a front\-left puncture in the high\-speed Porsche Curves.{{cite web\|title\=Kristensen hits barriers, more woes for Audi\|url\=https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/kristensen\-hits\-barriers\-more\-woes\-for\-audi/2449969/?nrt\=102\|publisher\=Motorsport.com\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130647/https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/kristensen\-hits\-barriers\-more\-woes\-for\-audi/2449969/?nrt\=102\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last\=Strang\|first\=Simon\|title\=Audi hits out at Priaulx over incident\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84375\|work\=Autosport\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615170611/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84375\|archive\-date\=15 June 2010}} Kristensen spun backwards into the tyre wall after Priaulx steered left in the first right\-hand corner to left him through.{{cite web\|title\=Lead Audi goes off the road\|url\=http://www.crash.net/le\+mans/news/160594/1/lead\_audi\_goes\_off\_the\_road.html\|publisher\=Crash\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613231433/http://www.crash.net/le\+mans/news/160594/1/lead\_audi\_goes\_off\_the\_road.html\|archive\-date\=13 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} Kristensen was recovered from the gravel, but the pit stop to replace the damaged rear bodywork cost the No. 7 Audi three laps and fell to seventh.{{cite journal\|last\=Smith\|first\=Damien\|title\=Audi gifted ninth Le Mans\|url\=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/august\-2010/28/audi\-gifted\-ninth\-le\-mans\|journal\=Motor Sport\|pages\=28–29\|date\=August 2010\|volume\=86\|issue\=8\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-date\=9 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509161107/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/august\-2010/28/audi\-gifted\-ninth\-le\-mans\|url\-status\=live}} Before the sixth hour ended, [Bryce Miller](/wiki/Bryce_Miller_%28racing_driver%29 "Bryce Miller (racing driver)") crashed the No. 92 JMW Motorsport Aston Martin at the Porsche Curves hard enough to force the car to retire, bringing out the safety cars for the second time to allow marshals to clean the track and extricate the stricken car.{{Cite web\|date\=June 2010\|title\=Cruel Lack at Le Mans\|url\=http://www.jmwmotorsport.com/2\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628175544/http://www.jmwmotorsport.com/2\.html\|archive\-date\=28 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|publisher\=JMW Motorsport}}{{Cite web\|date\=12 June 2010\|title\=Second Safety Car called\|url\=http://www.crash.net/le\+mans/news/160601/1/second\_safety\_car\_called.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613232458/http://www.crash.net/le\+mans/news/160601/1/second\_safety\_car\_called.html\|archive\-date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|publisher\=Crash}} During this slow period, Manuel Rodrigues damaged the No. 14 Kolles Audi's front\-left against the wall at the right\-hand kink before Indianapolis turn and drove to the garage for repairs to the front bodywork.{{Cite web\|last\=English\|first\=Steven\|date\=12 June 2010\|title\=H7: \#1 Peugeot pulls away\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84398\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185901/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84398\|archive\-date\=15 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|website\=Autosport}} On cold tyres, [Nick Leventis](/wiki/Nick_Leventis "Nick Leventis") spun the No. 42 Strakka HPD into the inside Dunlop Chicane gravel trap but was recovered by a tractor, losing the LMP2 lead temporarily to Werner's No. 26 Highcroft car when Leventis made a pit stop for checks.{{Cite web\|date\=12 June 2010\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 7\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2D93AFEB\-1143\-FDC9\-35664D2992E0756B.html\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095510/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2D93AFEB\-1143\-FDC9\-35664D2992E0756B.html\|url\-status\=live}}
When racing resumed, Rockenfeller's No. 9 Audi ran wide leaving the Porsche Curves, and his teammate Tréluyer's sister No. 8 entry overtook him for third into the Ford Chicane. Tréluyer damaged the No. 8 Audi's nose on the kerbing almost immediately, and the resulting pit stop moved the No. 9 car back ahead. The No. 1 Peugeot maintained first until Gené relinquished the lead the car had held for 59 consecutive laps;{{cite web\|title\=24 Heures du Mans: Race: Leader Sequence\|url\=http://www.lemans.org/iframes/24hdumans/2010/chronos/2010\_24\_Heures\_du\_Mans\_24\_Heures\_du\_Mans\_Race\_leader.pdf\|publisher\=Automobile Club de l'Ouest\|page\=1\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617103104if\_/http://www.lemans.org/iframes/24hdumans/2010/chronos/2010\_24\_Heures\_du\_Mans\_24\_Heures\_du\_Mans\_Race\_leader.pdf\|archive\-date\=17 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} the car was pushed into the garage with [alternator](/wiki/Alternator "Alternator") failure, necessitating a new alternator and electronic control unit. The stop lost the No. 1 Peugeot twelve minutes, and it fell four laps down in seventh.{{cite web\|last\=Mercier\|first\=Laurent\|title\=H\+10 : Peugeot Garde Les Commandes Mais Audi Suit...\|trans\-title\=H\+10: Peugeot Keeps the Controls but Audi Follows...\|url\=http://www.endurance\-info.com/version2/actualite\-endurance\-4644\.html\|publisher\=Endurance\-Info\|language\=fr\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617182559/http://www.endurance\-info.com/version2/actualite\-endurance\-4644\.html\|archive\-date\=17 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|last\=English\|first\=Steven\|title\=Alternator glitch delays lead Peugeot\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84403\|work\=Autosport\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185645/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84403\|archive\-date\=15 June 2010}} [Jaime Melo](/wiki/Jaime_Melo "Jaime Melo")'s No. 82 Risi Ferrari retired from the LMGT2 lead when the car was forced to the garage to unsuccessfully fix intermittent gear selection issues. This moved Gavin's No. 64 Corvette to the category lead, with teammate Magnussen in second place in the No. 63 car.{{cite web\|last\=Turner\|first\=Kevin\|title\=Risi Ferrari suffers gearbox blow\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84406\|work\=Autosport\|date\=12 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616075701/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84406\|archive\-date\=16 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} Strakka's No. 42 car maintained its lead in LMP2, but Brabham in the Highcroft entry was closing the gap to Watts, while Gene in the No. 1 Peugeot was gaining on McNish's fifth\-placed No. 7 Audi.
After colliding with the rear of Mutsch's No. 60 Matech Ford and pushing him wide to the inside under braking in the tenth hour, Yvon removed the No. 24 OAK Pescarolo's front\-left corner in a collision with the barriers at the Ford Chicane. Because marshals were needed to remove debris from the circuit, the safety cars were dispatched for the third time for nine minutes. Yvon returned to the garage for repairs to the No. 24 car. Mutsch also entered the pit lane for repairs, ceding the LMGT1 class lead to [Gabriele Gardel](/wiki/Gabriele_Gardel "Gabriele Gardel")'s No. 50 [Larbre Compétition](/wiki/Larbre_Comp%C3%A9tition "Larbre Compétition") Saleen.{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hours 10–12\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2E404A1B\-1143\-FDC9\-35759AE405C0A405\.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095510/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2E404A1B\-1143\-FDC9\-35759AE405C0A405\.html\|url\-status\=live}} When racing resumed, Davidson's No. 1 Peugeot collided with Alesi's slower No. 95 AF Corse Ferrari on the inside at the Dunlop Chicane and went into the gravel trap, but he recovered with marshal assistance after losing 90 seconds to Kristensen's No. 7 Audi and making a pit stop for new front bodywork. Due to a puncture on his No. 42 Highcroft car that sent him into the gravel, [Marino Franchitti](/wiki/Marino_Franchitti "Marino Franchitti") lost two and a half laps to Watts' No. 26 Strakka car but remained second in LMP2\.{{cite web\|last\=Strang\|first\=Simon\|title\=H11: Recovering \#1 Peugeot spins\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84416\|work\=Autosport\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616082357/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84416\|archive\-date\=16 June 2010}} Duval drove the second\-placed No. 4 Oreca Peugeot into the garage for 15 minutes due to repairable right\-hand side driveshaft failure and other technical issues, dropping the car to sixth overall.
Just before half distance, Sarrazin's No. 2 Peugeot led the race, followed by Dumas' No. 9 Audi and [André Lotterer](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lotterer "André Lotterer")'s sister No. 8 entry. Strakka's No. 42 car, driven by Leventis, maintained the LMP2 lead because his team outperformed Highcroft. Gardel's No. 50 Larbre Saleen led Jousse's No. 73 LAA Corvette by two laps in LMGT1, while Collard's No. 64 Corvette led his teammate García's No. 63 entry in LMGT2\.{{cite web\|last\=Codling\|first\=Stuart\|title\=H12: Audi closes in on lead Peugeot\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84417\|work\=Autosport\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617061308/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84417\|archive\-date\=17 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} [Nicolas Minassian](/wiki/Nicolas_Minassian "Nicolas Minassian") replaced Sarrazin in the race\-leading No. 2 Peugeot, extending the car's lead to a single lap over Lotterer's second\-placed No. 8 Audi after it suffered a right\-rear puncture on the out\-lap and a leaking airjack during a routine pit stop that lost him another 30 seconds.{{cite web\|last\=Codling\|first\=Stuart\|title\=H13: \#2 Peugeot stretches lead\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84419\|work\=Autosport\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617061314/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84419\|archive\-date\=17 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|last\=English\|first\=Steven\|title\=\#8 Audi frustrated by small delays\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84422\|work\=Autosport\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617061319/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84422\|archive\-date\=17 June 2010}} Rockenfeller, and later [Timo Bernhard](/wiki/Timo_Bernhard "Timo Bernhard") and teammate Lotterer, went faster around this point, while Minassian lapped faster to extend the No. 2 Peugeot's overall lead. The No. 60 Matech Ford GT, which was third in LMGT1, was retired after attempts to restart the engine with oil and water were unsuccessful. Enge's Young Driver car outpaced the No. 73 LAA Corvette for third in LMGT1\. Werner's Highcroft LMP2 car lost more ground to Strakka's class\-leading entry when it entered the pit lane to replace the rear wing section and another pit stop that was delayed by a faulty left\-front [wheel nut](/wiki/Lug_nut "Lug nut").{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hours 13–15\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2ED643DA\-1143\-FDC9\-3581F25821B102D1\.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095511/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2ED643DA\-1143\-FDC9\-3581F25821B102D1\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
### Morning to finish
[thumb\|The No. 2 Peugeot being retired from the overall lead with [connecting rod](/wiki/Connecting_rod "Connecting rod") failure.\|alt\=A photograph of a sports prototype racing car with flames coming out of its right\-rear corner](/wiki/File:Le-Mans-24-2010-02.jpg "Le-Mans-24-2010-02.jpg")
Erdos moved RML's No. 25 entry to third in LMP2 in the early morning; the No. 35 OAK Pescarolo was driven into the garage, and [Olivier Pla](/wiki/Olivier_Pla "Olivier Pla")'s No. 40 Quifel\-entered car went off the circuit at Arnage corner but recovered with marshal assistance. Some teams, including Beretta's No. 64 Corvette, swapped brake discs and callipers at this point in the race.{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 16\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2F808083\-1143\-FDC9\-356A17225A17678E.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095513/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2F808083\-1143\-FDC9\-356A17225A17678E.html\|url\-status\=live}} Due to [connecting rod](/wiki/Connecting_rod "Connecting rod") failure, smoke and fire began billowing from the right\-hand exhaust of Montagny's race\-leading No. 2 Peugeot at Tertre Rouge corner.{{cite web\|title\=Peugeot hopes go up in smoke, Audi leads\|url\=http://www.crash.net/le\+mans/news/160617/1/peugeot\_hopes\_go\_up\_in\_smoke\_audi\_leads.html\|publisher\=Crash\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613114735/http://www.crash.net/le\+mans/news/160617/1/peugeot\_hopes\_go\_up\_in\_smoke\_audi\_leads.html\|archive\-date\=13 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} The Peugeot was abandoned on the Mulsanne Straight because Montagny could not return to the pit lane, ceding the overall lead the car had held for 144 successive laps to Bernhard's No. 9 Audi.{{cite web\|last\=English\|first\=Steven\|title\=\#2 Peugeot retires from the lead\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84426\|work\=Autosport\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616074857/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84426\|archive\-date\=16 June 2010}} García retired the No. 63 Corvette from second in LMGT2 into Indianapolis corner with a sudden engine crank sensor failure.{{cite web\|last\=Broomhead\|first\=James\|title\=Corvette Racing Make The Wrong History at Le Mans\|url\=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2010/06/corvette\-racing\-make\-the\-wrong\-history\-at\-le\-mans/\|publisher\=The Checkered Flag\|date\=17 June 2010\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\|archive\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126183245/https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2010/06/corvette\-racing\-make\-the\-wrong\-history\-at\-le\-mans/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 17\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2FB3FA9D\-1143\-FDC9\-3526E2CD11A6C757\.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095512/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2FB3FA9D\-1143\-FDC9\-3526E2CD11A6C757\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Lieb's No. 77 Felbermayr\-Proton Porsche moved to second, and Vilander's No. 95 AF Corse Ferrari was now third in class.
Jousse retired the No. 73 LAA Corvette, which was second in LMGT1, off the track as it approached the Indianapolis corner due to a sudden transmission component failure.{{cite web\|title\=24 Heures du Mans 2010 : Troisième podium en cinq ans!\|trans\-title\=2010 24 Hours of Le Mans: Third podium in five years!\|url\=http://www.luc\-alphand.com/2010/06/16/24\-heures\-du\-mans\-2010\-troisieme\-podium\-en\-cinq\-ans/\|publisher\=Luc Alphand Adventures\|language\=fr\|date\=16 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714002041/http://www.luc\-alphand.com/2010/06/16/24\-heures\-du\-mans\-2010\-troisieme\-podium\-en\-cinq\-ans/\|archive\-date\=14 July 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} This moved [Christoffer Nygaard](/wiki/Christoffer_Nygaard "Christoffer Nygaard")'s No. 52 Young Driver AMR car and Policand's No. 72 LAA entry to second and third in class, respectively.{{cite web\|last\=Mercier\|first\=Laurent\|title\=H\+21: Audi Contrôle Mais Peugeot N'abdique Pas...\|trans\-title\=H\+21: Audi Controls but Peugeot Does Not Abdicate...\|url\=http://www.endurance\-info.com/version2/actualite\-endurance\-4646\.html\|publisher\=Endurance\-Info\|language\=fr\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617182626/http://www.endurance\-info.com/version2/actualite\-endurance\-4646\.html\|archive\-date\=17 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 18\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2FEAF5E8\-1143\-FDC9\-356217390D78EE14\.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095542/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=2FEAF5E8\-1143\-FDC9\-356217390D78EE14\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Davidson's No. 1 Peugeot caught Collard's LMGT2 class\-leading No. 64 Corvette off guard while Davidson was attempting to lap an unsighted Collard on the inside in the Porsche Curves. Collard spun backwards into the barrier, severely damaging the Corvette's rear. He was unhurt. Collard had difficulty returning to the garage for rear\-end repairs and component changes, which took 32 minutes. Davidson, however, was immediately able to return to the pit lane and repair the Peugeot.{{cite web\|title\=Pressure mounts in closing hours\|url\=https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/pressure\-mounts\-in\-closing\-hours/2450517/?nrt\=102\|publisher\=Motorsport.com\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126183235/https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/pressure\-mounts\-in\-closing\-hours/2450517/?nrt\=102\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last\=English\|first\=Steven\|title\=Davidson clashes with GT2 leader\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84430\|work\=Autosport\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616080012/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84430\|archive\-date\=16 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} The accident necessitated the race's fourth safety car intervention, which lasted nine minutes and allowed marshals to clear debris from the circuit and repair the damaged Armco barrier in the Porsche Curves.
After the restart, Lieb's No. 77 Felbermayr\-Proton Porsche had taken over the LMGT2 lead that the No. 64 Corvette had held for 141 consecutive laps, with Allan Simonsen's No. 89 Farnbacher Ferrari second in class. Franchitti kept the Highcroft LMP2 entry second in class until a water leak problem and a cooling system pressure fault forced him to enter the garage several times and drop down the class order. Roland Berville beached the No. 50 Saleen in the gravel near the pit lane entry, causing concern at Larbre Compétition. Mechanics removed gravel from under the car, but it maintained its LMGT1 lead over the Young Driver team by six laps.{{cite web\|last\=English\|first\=Steven\|title\=H19: \#9 Audi continues to lead\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84432\|work\=Autosport\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616105623/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84432\|archive\-date\=16 June 2010}}{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 19\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=30318698\-1143\-FDC9\-35ABF018DE71272B.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095512/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=30318698\-1143\-FDC9\-35ABF018DE71272B.html\|url\-status\=live}} Gavin retired the No. 64 Corvette on the Mulsanne corner exit with smoke billowing from the left\-hand exhaust, a lasting legacy of Collard's earlier collision with Davidson.{{cite web\|last\=Atkins\|first\=Russell\|title\=Gavin blasts Davidson for ending Corvette bid\|url\=http://www.crash.net/le\+mans/news/160619/1/gavin\_blasts\_davidson\_for\_ending\_corvette\_bid.html\|publisher\=Crash\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111037/http://www.crash.net/le\+mans/news/160619/1/gavin\_blasts\_davidson\_for\_ending\_corvette\_bid.html\|archive\-date\=13 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} [Giancarlo Fisichella](/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella "Giancarlo Fisichella") locked the front tyres on the No. 95 AF Corse Ferrari and entered the escape road at Indianapolis corner. The resulting pit stop to repair front\-end damage lost the Ferrari second in LMGT2 to Simonsen's No. 89 Farnbacher Ferrari.
Despite suffering a left\-rear puncture that required bodywork repairs, Leventis' No. 42 Strakka retained the LMP2 lead over [Guillaume Moreau](/wiki/Guillaume_Moreau "Guillaume Moreau")'s No. 35 OAK Pescarolo by five laps. Lotterer locked the No. 8 Audi's tyres at Arnage Corner and collided with the tyre wall, necessitating a pit stop for new front bodywork. After a brief battle, Wurz in the recovering No. 1 Peugeot passed Lotterer for second at the Michelin chicane before falling back behind the No. 8 Audi.{{cite web\|last\=Strang\|first\=Simon\|title\=H21: \#1 Peugeot pressuring Audis\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84437\|work\=Autosport\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616080017/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84437\|archive\-date\=16 June 2010}}
{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 21\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=309BEC35\-1143\-FDC9\-35A2A5052A6B0F5D.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095542/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=309BEC35\-1143\-FDC9\-35A2A5052A6B0F5D.html\|url\-status\=live}} Wurz had unlapped the lead Audi before retiring in the pit lane with white smoke billowing from the engine compartment's right\-hand side turn due to connecting rod failure.{{cite web\|last\=Strang\|first\=Simon\|title\=H22: Audi 1\-2\-3 after \#1 Peugeot exit\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84439\|work\=Autosport\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616102059/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84439\|archive\-date\=16 June 2010}}
{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 22\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=30C193AC\-1143\-FDC9\-35B78774735AF941\.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095512/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=30C193AC\-1143\-FDC9\-35B78774735AF941\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The No. 1 Peugeot's retirement moved Kristensen's No. 7 Audi to third overall and Lapierre's No. 4 Oreca Peugeot to fourth. Rockenfeller made an unscheduled pit stop in the race\-leading No. 9 Audi because he felt a vibration, which the team determined was caused by a wheel turned on the rim.{{cite web\|last\=Codling\|first\=Stuart\|title\=Rockenfeller happy despite tyre issue\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84440\|work\=Autosport\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616102104/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84440\|archive\-date\=16 June 2010}} Drive shaft failure forced Nygaard to enter the garage to allow mechanics to replace it, but the team dropped to third behind Policand's No. 72 Luc Alphand Aventures Corvette 15 minutes after he started the No. 52 Young Driver AMR car for its final stint.{{cite web\|title\=Young Driver AMR race report\|url\=https://us.motorsport.com/lemans/news/young\-driver\-amr\-race\-report/2450896/?nrt\=102\|publisher\=Motorsport.com\|date\=14 June 2010\|access\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-date\=28 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128081338/https://us.motorsport.com/lemans/news/young\-driver\-amr\-race\-report/2450896/?nrt\=102\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hours 23 and 24 – To The Finish\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=3101DF64\-1143\-FDC9\-35BA1EADC0AA0129\.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-date\=28 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128081344/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=3101DF64\-1143\-FDC9\-35BA1EADC0AA0129\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Duval relieved Lapierre in the No. 4 Oreca Peugeot and pulled within ten seconds of [Rinaldo Capello](/wiki/Rinaldo_Capello "Rinaldo Capello")'s third\-placed Audi when Duval retired with flames shooting out of his car's right\-hand underside into Indianapolis corner due to a major oil fire.{{cite web\|last\=Strang\|first\=Simon\|title\=H23: ORECA Peugeot retires as well\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84442\|work\=Autosport\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616080022/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84442\|archive\-date\=16 June 2010}}
[thumb\|left\|The No. 9 Audi leads the other two Audis in formation over the finish line to win the race\|alt\=Four racing cars being driven on a motor racing circuit with people to their left waving flags and applauding them in congratulations.](/wiki/File:Lemans-20100613-final.jpg "Lemans-20100613-final.jpg")
Bernhard, Dumas and Rockenfeller maintained the lead the No. 9 Audi had held for the final 133 laps. They achieved their first Le Mans victories and Audi's ninth since its first in 2000 in a record\-breaking 397 laps, covering {{convert\|5410\.713\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite web\|last\=Pass\|first\=Martyn\|title\=Audi Race Facts\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=480BFAEB\-1143\-FDC9\-35037A0E1DC31D04\.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|date\=2010\|access\-date\=29 August 2021\|archive\-date\=29 August 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829141729/https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/r/collect?v\=1\&aip\=1\&t\=dc\&\_r\=3\&tid\=UA\-15863514\-1\&cid\=1035040480\.1630246649\&jid\=1657572830\&\_v\=5\.7\.2\&z\=1156739378\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last\=English\|first\=Steven\|title\=Audi claims win as Peugeot crumbles\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84447\|work\=Autosport\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615074431/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84447\|archive\-date\=15 June 2010}} They finished one lap ahead of Fässler, Lotterer, and Tréluyer's sister No. 8 car in second, and Capello, Kristensen, and McNish's No. 7 car followed two laps later in third to complete an Audi podium sweep.{{cite web\|last\=Dagys\|first\=John\|title\=LM24: Shock 1\-2\-3 For Audi\|url\=http://auto\-racing.speedtv.com/article/lm24\-shock\-1\-2\-3\-for\-audi\|publisher\=Speed\|date\=13 June 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617141857/http://auto\-racing.speedtv.com/article/lm24\-shock\-1\-2\-3\-for\-audi\|archive\-date\=17 June 2010}} The No. 42 Strakka HPD car of Kane, Leventis, and Watts led the final 267 laps of LMP2 to win by six laps over the second\-placed No. 35 OAK Pescarolo and nine laps over the third\-placed No. 25 RML Lola car. Larbre Compétition held their four\-lap lead in LMGT1, and Berville's, [Julien Canal](/wiki/Julien_Canal "Julien Canal")'s and Gardel's No. 50 Saleen achieved the team's fifth class victory.{{cite web\|last\=Goodwin\|first\=Graham\|title\=Significant Happenings\|url\=http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=3180DD77\-1143\-FDC9\-35A4AB177AEE01C7\.html\|publisher\=DailySportsCar\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095544/http://archive2\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\=3180DD77\-1143\-FDC9\-35A4AB177AEE01C7\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last\=Mercier\|first\=Laurent\|title\=24h 2010 : Analyse De La Course En GT1\...\|trans\-title\=24h 2010: Analysis of the GT1 Race...\|url\=http://www.endurance\-info.com/version2/actualite\-endurance\-4653\.html\|publisher\=Endurance\-Info\|language\=fr\|date\=16 June 2010\|access\-date\=26 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619055544/http://www.endurance\-info.com/version2/actualite\-endurance\-4653\.html\|archive\-date\=19 June 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} The No. 72 LAA Corvette in second and the third\-placed No. 52 Young Driver AMR Aston Martin completed the class order and podium. Following the No. 64 Corvette's retirement, the No. 77 Felbermayr\-Proton Porsche won in LMGT2, earning Lieb and [Richard Lietz](/wiki/Richard_Lietz "Richard Lietz") their second category wins and [Wolf Henzler](/wiki/Wolf_Henzler "Wolf Henzler") his first. Team Farnbacher finished two laps behind the Porsche in second, and [BMS Scuderia Italia](/wiki/BMS_Scuderia_Italia "BMS Scuderia Italia") were another nine laps behind in third.
|
[
"Race\n----",
"### Start and first hours",
"At 15:00 local time on 12 June, in front of 238,150 spectators, Rolex CEO Bruno Meier and triple Olympic skiing champion [Jean\\-Claude Killy](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Killy \"Jean-Claude Killy\") waved the [French tricolour](/wiki/Flag_of_France \"Flag of France\") to start the race.{{cite web\\|last\\=Dufeu\\|first\\=Antoine\\|title\\=(Le Mans 2010\\) Bruno Meier et Jean\\-Claude Killy donneront le départ\\|trans\\-title\\=(Le Mans 2010\\) Bruno Meier and Jean\\-Claude Killy will give the start\\|url\\=https://www.caradisiac.com/Le\\-Mans\\-2010\\-Bruno\\-Meier\\-et\\-Jean\\-Claude\\-Killy\\-donneront\\-le\\-depart\\-57208\\.htm\\|publisher\\=Caradisiac\\|language\\=fr\\|date\\=1 June 2010\\|accessdate\\=25 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925180636/https://www.caradisiac.com/Le\\-Mans\\-2010\\-Bruno\\-Meier\\-et\\-Jean\\-Claude\\-Killy\\-donneront\\-le\\-depart\\-57208\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Tassel\\|first\\=Pierre\\|date\\=14 June 2010\\|title\\=Le Mans: fréquentation en hausse\\|trans\\-title\\=Le Mans: attendance on the rise\\|url\\=https://www.autohebdo.fr/breves/endurance/le\\-mans\\-frequentation\\-en\\-hausse.html\\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|website\\=Auto Hebdo\\|language\\=fr\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095510/https://www.autohebdo.fr/breves/endurance/le\\-mans\\-frequentation\\-en\\-hausse.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The ambient temperature for both days was predicted to be around {{convert\\|20\\|and\\|23\\|C\\|F\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Tremayne\\|first1\\=Sam\\|last2\\=English\\|first2\\=Steven\\|last3\\=Hughes\\|first3\\=Emlyn\\|last4\\=Creighton\\|first4\\=Geoff\\|title\\=As it happened: The 78th Le Mans 24 Hours\\|url\\=http://live.autosport.com/commentary.php/id/234\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|accessdate\\=25 September 2021\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615154858/http://live.autosport.com/commentary.php/id/234\\|archivedate\\=15 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} During a [reconnaissance lap](/wiki/Parade_lap \"Parade lap\"), [Neel Jani](/wiki/Neel_Jani \"Neel Jani\")'s No. 80 [Flying Lizard Motorsports](/wiki/Flying_Lizard_Motorsports \"Flying Lizard Motorsports\") Porsche sustained a left\\-rear [puncture](/wiki/Flat_tire \"Flat tire\") after going over a screw, overshooting the Dunlop Chicane, and mounting the [kerbs](/wiki/Curb \"Curb\");{{cite web\\|last1\\=Goodwin\\|first1\\=Graham\\|last2\\=Slinger\\|first2\\=Paul\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Pre\\-Race and Hour 1\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2C1B1B2C\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-356526EA744A3300\\.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130641/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2C1B1B2C\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-356526EA744A3300\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Abumelsamid\\|first\\=Sam\\|title\\=Le Mans 2010: Early race report\\|url\\=https://www.autoblog.com/2010/06/12/le\\-mans\\-2010\\-early\\-race\\-report/\\|work\\=Autoblog\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130645/https://www.autoblog.com/2010/06/12/le\\-mans\\-2010\\-early\\-race\\-report/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} the car's bodywork was undamaged. Lamy in the pole\\-position No. 3 Peugeot kept the lead for the first few laps, with factory teammates Montagny and Gené trading second and third on the third lap. Lapierre's No. 4 Oreca Peugeot kept McNish's No. 7 Audi from passing him for fourth.{{cite web\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Steven\\|title\\=Peugeots hold lead at start\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84356\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185831/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84356\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Mike Lewis retired the No. 19 Autocon Motorsports Lola after Arnage turn on lap one due to gearbox input shaft failure. [Julien Jousse](/wiki/Julien_Jousse \"Julien Jousse\")'s No. 73 LAA Corvette overtook Mutsch's No. 60 Matech Ford for third in LMGT1 as the class became a battle between Leinders' No. 70 Marc VDS Ford and [Peter Kox](/wiki/Peter_Kox \"Peter Kox\")'s No. 52 Young Driver AMR Aston Martin as [Patrick Long](/wiki/Patrick_Long \"Patrick Long\") progressed to third in LMGT2\\.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|[Nigel Mansell](/wiki/Nigel_Mansell \"Nigel Mansell\") crashed the [Beechdean Motorsport](/wiki/Beechdean_Motorsport \"Beechdean Motorsport\") Ginetta Zytek in the race's first hour and had amnesia, [haematoma](/wiki/Hematoma \"Hematoma\") on his brain and a neck injury as a result.\\|alt\\=A head and shoulders photograph of Nigel Mansell wearing a black baseball cap with a red number 5 and the subject smiling at the camera](/wiki/File:Nigel_Mansell_2007_cropped.jpg \"Nigel Mansell 2007 cropped.jpg\")",
"[Nigel Mansell](/wiki/Nigel_Mansell \"Nigel Mansell\") crashed the No. 5 [Beechdean Motorsport](/wiki/Beechdean_Motorsport \"Beechdean Motorsport\") Ginetta Zytek at high speed into the barriers between Mulsanne and Indianapolis turns due to a slow left\\-rear puncture that the team failed to detect because that part of the circuit was not covered by telemetry.{{cite web\\|title\\=Mansell team out after early crash\\|url\\=https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/mansell\\-team\\-out\\-after\\-early\\-crash/2449837/?nrt\\=102\\|publisher\\=Motorsport.com\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130644/https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/mansell\\-team\\-out\\-after\\-early\\-crash/2449837/?nrt\\=102\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Watkins\\|first1\\=Gary\\|last2\\=Anderson\\|first2\\=Ben\\|last3\\=Turner\\|first3\\=Kevin\\|title\\=Report – Le Mans 24H\\|url\\=https://porschecarshistory.com/wp\\-content/old/lib/magazines/autosport/2010/6/AS17\\.06\\.10\\.pdf\\|journal\\=Autosport\\|pages\\=40–53\\|volume\\=200\\|number\\=12\\|date\\=17 June 2010\\|accessdate\\=25 September 2021\\|via\\=Porsche Cars History\\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925172431/https://porschecarshistory.com/wp\\-content/old/lib/magazines/autosport/2010/6/AS17\\.06\\.10\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Parries\\|first\\=Maggy\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|title\\=Slow Puncture Ends Beechdean Mansell Le Mans Dream\\|url\\=https://www.automobilsport.com/race\\-categories\\-\\-24,81847,Slow\\-Puncture\\-Ends\\-Beechdean\\-Mansell\\-Le\\-Mans\\-Dream,news.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20220131083748/https://www.automobilsport.com/race\\-categories\\-\\-24,81847,Slow\\-Puncture\\-Ends\\-Beechdean\\-Mansell\\-Le\\-Mans\\-Dream,news.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2022\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2022\\|url\\-status\\=usurped\\|publisher\\=AutoMobilSport.com}} [Safety cars](/wiki/Safety_car \"Safety car\") were deployed for 31 minutes to allow track marshals to repair the Armco barriers.{{cite news\\|title\\=Nigel Mansell suffers heavy crash at Le Mans\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/jun/12/le\\-mans\\-nigel\\-mansell\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127101846/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/jun/12/le\\-mans\\-nigel\\-mansell\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A motionless Mansell remained in the car until doctors transported him by ambulance to the track's medical centre for check\\-ups and then to the local hospital.{{cite web\\|title\\=Nigel Mansell crashes on Le Mans 24 Hour race debut\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/8736997\\.stm\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617064123/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/8736997\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Magic keeps F1legend Mansell going after horror crash\\|url\\=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/magic\\-keeps\\-f1legend\\-mansell\\-going\\-after\\-horror\\-crash/articleshow/53485642\\.cms\\|work\\=\\[\\[Mumbai Mirror]]\\|date\\=1 August 2016\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130641/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/magic\\-keeps\\-f1legend\\-mansell\\-going\\-after\\-horror\\-crash/articleshow/53485642\\.cms?utm\\_source\\=contentofinterest\\&utm\\_medium\\=text\\&utm\\_campaign\\=cppst\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The accident gave Mansell amnesia, [haematoma](/wiki/Hematoma \"Hematoma\") on his brain and a neck injury.{{cite news\\|title\\=Midlands\\-born F1 ace Nigel Mansell reveals his 'magic' solution to recovery from a near fatal crash\\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2015\\-09\\-20/midlands\\-born\\-f1\\-ace\\-nigel\\-mansell\\-reveals\\-his\\-magic\\-solution\\-to\\-recovery\\-from\\-a\\-near\\-fatal\\-crash\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ITV News]]\\|date\\=20 September 2015\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130639/https://www.itv.com/news/central/2015\\-09\\-20/midlands\\-born\\-f1\\-ace\\-nigel\\-mansell\\-reveals\\-his\\-magic\\-solution\\-to\\-recovery\\-from\\-a\\-near\\-fatal\\-crash\\|url\\-status\\=live}} When the safety cars were withdrawn, Mutsch passed Kox for the LMGT1 lead after both drivers made pit stops under safety car conditions.{{cite web\\|last\\=Strang\\|first\\=Simon\\|title\\=H1: \\#3 Peugeot leads early running\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84360\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185837/http://www.autosport.com:80/news/report.php/id/84360\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The safety cars had divided the field at the front, leaving three factory Peugeots 57 seconds ahead of the three Audis. Kane's No. 42 Strakka and Brabham's No. 26 Highcroft entries battled for the LMP2 lead. Montagny had made a pit stop earlier than teammate Lamy but Montagny's stop was two seconds quicker than Lamy, moving the No. 2 Peugeot to first. [Soheil Ayari](/wiki/Soheil_Ayari \"Soheil Ayari\") attempted to lap [Jean\\-François Yvon](/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Yvon \"Jean-François Yvon\")'s No. 24 OAK Pescarolo at Mulsanne turn, but the two cars collided and Ayari's No. 6 Oreca spun.{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 2\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2C7F2AB6\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-3533E2E5B9FC0F60\\.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095538/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2C7F2AB6\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-3533E2E5B9FC0F60\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[Dirk Müller](/wiki/Dirk_M%C3%BCller_%28racing_driver%29 \"Dirk Müller (racing driver)\") stopped the No. 79 BMW on the first Mulsanne Straight chicane before the second hour concluded to conduct an inspection after feeling a right\\-rear problem. Müller discovered a right\\-rear puncture and drove cautiously to the pit lane, where it was discovered that the BMW's underside was damaged by kerbstones when Müller stopped.{{cite web\\|title\\=After 2 hours – Peugeot gets the early jump\\|url\\=https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/after\\-2\\-hours\\-peugeot\\-gets\\-the\\-early\\-jump/2449849/?nrt\\=102\\|publisher\\=Motorsport.com\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130728/https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/after\\-2\\-hours\\-peugeot\\-gets\\-the\\-early\\-jump/2449849/?nrt\\=102\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Not long after Leinders lost control of the second\\-placed LMGT1 No. 70 Ford due to an underinflated left\\-rear tyre from running on the same tyre compounds since the start and struck the tyre wall in the downhill Esses with the car's right\\-rear.{{cite web\\|last\\=Atkins\\|first\\=Russell\\|title\\=Leinders: Maybe we should have changed tyres...\\|url\\=http://www.crash.net/le\\+mans/news/160602/1/leinders\\_maybe\\_we\\_should\\_have\\_changed\\_tyres.html\\|publisher\\=Crash.net\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613231246/http://www.crash.net/le\\+mans/news/160602/1/leinders\\_maybe\\_we\\_should\\_have\\_changed\\_tyres.html\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Leinders returned to the pit lane to retire the heavily damaged car. The third hour saw Lamy enter the garage to retire the race\\-leading No. 3 Peugeot because the lower front\\-right [suspension](/wiki/Car_suspension \"Car suspension\") mounting point to the chassis was pulled out of the tub from mounting the kerbs too hard.{{cite web\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Steven\\|title\\=Peugeot forced to retire \\#3 car\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84366\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185846/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84366\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 2010: Why the 908's broke\\|url\\=https://www.racecar\\-engineering.com/news/le\\-mans\\-2010\\-why\\-the\\-908s\\-broke/\\|work\\=Racecar Engineering\\|date\\=July 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130643/https://www.racecar\\-engineering.com/news/le\\-mans\\-2010\\-why\\-the\\-908s\\-broke/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The retirement promoted Oreca's No. 4 Peugeot to third and [Tom Kristensen](/wiki/Tom_Kristensen \"Tom Kristensen\")'s No. 7 Audi to fourth. Enge's No. 52 Young Driver AMR car had been lapping faster than [Xavier Maassen](/wiki/Xavier_Maassen \"Xavier Maassen\")'s No. 73 LAA car and overtook the Corvette for second in LMGT1\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 3\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2CB94F52\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35740B89990423F2\\.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095529/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2CB94F52\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35740B89990423F2\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Beretta's No. 64 Corvette and [Johnny O'Connell](/wiki/Johnny_O%27Connell \"Johnny O'Connell\")'s sister No. 63 car battled for the LMGT2 lead, with Bruni's No. 82 Risi Ferrari closing in on Beretta and O'Connell. Over the next four hours, Bruni and Beretta traded the lead several times because of the Risi Ferrari's superior ability to conserve fuel over the Corvette. At the start of the fourth hour, [Peter Dumbreck](/wiki/Peter_Dumbreck \"Peter Dumbreck\") lost control of the No. 85 [Spyker C8](/wiki/Spyker_C8 \"Spyker C8\") at Indianapolis corner and was collected by Frederic da Rocha's No. 38 Pegasus Racing Norma after going off the track again in the Porsche Curves.{{cite web\\|title\\=No. 3 Peugeot retires, No. 1 holds hour four lead\\|url\\=https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/no\\-3\\-peugeot\\-retires\\-no\\-1\\-holds\\-hour\\-four\\-lead/2449917/?nrt\\=102\\|publisher\\=Motorsport.com\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130646/https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/no\\-3\\-peugeot\\-retires\\-no\\-1\\-holds\\-hour\\-four\\-lead/2449917/?nrt\\=102\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Da Rocha's car was thrown into the outside barrier and sustained irreparable damage to its rear end and transmission, forcing it to retire to the garage.{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 4\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2CECAE0A\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35C469E48ADF0678\\.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095516/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2CECAE0A\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35C469E48ADF0678\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Pegasus Racing race report\\|url\\=https://us.motorsport.com/lemans/news/pegasus\\-racing\\-race\\-report/2451592/\\|publisher\\=Motorsport.com\\|date\\=16 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130648/https://us.motorsport.com/lemans/news/pegasus\\-racing\\-race\\-report/2451592/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} During a pit stop cycle, Anthony Davidson was faster than his Peugeot teammate Sarrazin in the No. 2 car and moved the No. 1 entry into the overall race lead.{{cite web\\|last\\=Codling\\|first\\=Stuart\\|title\\=H4: \\#1 Peugeot takes race lead\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84371\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617061240/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84371\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} During a routine pit stop, [Romain Dumas](/wiki/Romain_Dumas \"Romain Dumas\")' No. 9 Audi hit a television camera operator working for [Speed](/wiki/Speed_%28TV_network%29 \"Speed (TV network)\"), removing the car's right\\-front [side\\-view mirror](/wiki/Side-view_mirror \"Side-view mirror\") and knocking the camera operator to the ground. The camera operator was stretchered out of the pit lane with a broken shoulder and a gashed leg.",
"### Evening to dawn",
"Kristensen, driving the fourth\\-placed No. 7 Audi, was approaching a slow [Andy Priaulx](/wiki/Andy_Priaulx \"Andy Priaulx\") on the [racing line](/wiki/Racing_line \"Racing line\") because Priaulx's No. 79 BMW had a front\\-left puncture in the high\\-speed Porsche Curves.{{cite web\\|title\\=Kristensen hits barriers, more woes for Audi\\|url\\=https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/kristensen\\-hits\\-barriers\\-more\\-woes\\-for\\-audi/2449969/?nrt\\=102\\|publisher\\=Motorsport.com\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125130647/https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/kristensen\\-hits\\-barriers\\-more\\-woes\\-for\\-audi/2449969/?nrt\\=102\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Strang\\|first\\=Simon\\|title\\=Audi hits out at Priaulx over incident\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84375\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615170611/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84375\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2010}} Kristensen spun backwards into the tyre wall after Priaulx steered left in the first right\\-hand corner to left him through.{{cite web\\|title\\=Lead Audi goes off the road\\|url\\=http://www.crash.net/le\\+mans/news/160594/1/lead\\_audi\\_goes\\_off\\_the\\_road.html\\|publisher\\=Crash\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613231433/http://www.crash.net/le\\+mans/news/160594/1/lead\\_audi\\_goes\\_off\\_the\\_road.html\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Kristensen was recovered from the gravel, but the pit stop to replace the damaged rear bodywork cost the No. 7 Audi three laps and fell to seventh.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Smith\\|first\\=Damien\\|title\\=Audi gifted ninth Le Mans\\|url\\=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/august\\-2010/28/audi\\-gifted\\-ninth\\-le\\-mans\\|journal\\=Motor Sport\\|pages\\=28–29\\|date\\=August 2010\\|volume\\=86\\|issue\\=8\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=9 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509161107/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/august\\-2010/28/audi\\-gifted\\-ninth\\-le\\-mans\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Before the sixth hour ended, [Bryce Miller](/wiki/Bryce_Miller_%28racing_driver%29 \"Bryce Miller (racing driver)\") crashed the No. 92 JMW Motorsport Aston Martin at the Porsche Curves hard enough to force the car to retire, bringing out the safety cars for the second time to allow marshals to clean the track and extricate the stricken car.{{Cite web\\|date\\=June 2010\\|title\\=Cruel Lack at Le Mans\\|url\\=http://www.jmwmotorsport.com/2\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628175544/http://www.jmwmotorsport.com/2\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|publisher\\=JMW Motorsport}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|title\\=Second Safety Car called\\|url\\=http://www.crash.net/le\\+mans/news/160601/1/second\\_safety\\_car\\_called.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613232458/http://www.crash.net/le\\+mans/news/160601/1/second\\_safety\\_car\\_called.html\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|publisher\\=Crash}} During this slow period, Manuel Rodrigues damaged the No. 14 Kolles Audi's front\\-left against the wall at the right\\-hand kink before Indianapolis turn and drove to the garage for repairs to the front bodywork.{{Cite web\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Steven\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|title\\=H7: \\#1 Peugeot pulls away\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84398\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185901/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84398\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|website\\=Autosport}} On cold tyres, [Nick Leventis](/wiki/Nick_Leventis \"Nick Leventis\") spun the No. 42 Strakka HPD into the inside Dunlop Chicane gravel trap but was recovered by a tractor, losing the LMP2 lead temporarily to Werner's No. 26 Highcroft car when Leventis made a pit stop for checks.{{Cite web\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 7\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2D93AFEB\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35664D2992E0756B.html\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095510/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2D93AFEB\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35664D2992E0756B.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"When racing resumed, Rockenfeller's No. 9 Audi ran wide leaving the Porsche Curves, and his teammate Tréluyer's sister No. 8 entry overtook him for third into the Ford Chicane. Tréluyer damaged the No. 8 Audi's nose on the kerbing almost immediately, and the resulting pit stop moved the No. 9 car back ahead. The No. 1 Peugeot maintained first until Gené relinquished the lead the car had held for 59 consecutive laps;{{cite web\\|title\\=24 Heures du Mans: Race: Leader Sequence\\|url\\=http://www.lemans.org/iframes/24hdumans/2010/chronos/2010\\_24\\_Heures\\_du\\_Mans\\_24\\_Heures\\_du\\_Mans\\_Race\\_leader.pdf\\|publisher\\=Automobile Club de l'Ouest\\|page\\=1\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617103104if\\_/http://www.lemans.org/iframes/24hdumans/2010/chronos/2010\\_24\\_Heures\\_du\\_Mans\\_24\\_Heures\\_du\\_Mans\\_Race\\_leader.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} the car was pushed into the garage with [alternator](/wiki/Alternator \"Alternator\") failure, necessitating a new alternator and electronic control unit. The stop lost the No. 1 Peugeot twelve minutes, and it fell four laps down in seventh.{{cite web\\|last\\=Mercier\\|first\\=Laurent\\|title\\=H\\+10 : Peugeot Garde Les Commandes Mais Audi Suit...\\|trans\\-title\\=H\\+10: Peugeot Keeps the Controls but Audi Follows...\\|url\\=http://www.endurance\\-info.com/version2/actualite\\-endurance\\-4644\\.html\\|publisher\\=Endurance\\-Info\\|language\\=fr\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617182559/http://www.endurance\\-info.com/version2/actualite\\-endurance\\-4644\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Steven\\|title\\=Alternator glitch delays lead Peugeot\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84403\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185645/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84403\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2010}} [Jaime Melo](/wiki/Jaime_Melo \"Jaime Melo\")'s No. 82 Risi Ferrari retired from the LMGT2 lead when the car was forced to the garage to unsuccessfully fix intermittent gear selection issues. This moved Gavin's No. 64 Corvette to the category lead, with teammate Magnussen in second place in the No. 63 car.{{cite web\\|last\\=Turner\\|first\\=Kevin\\|title\\=Risi Ferrari suffers gearbox blow\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84406\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=12 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616075701/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84406\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Strakka's No. 42 car maintained its lead in LMP2, but Brabham in the Highcroft entry was closing the gap to Watts, while Gene in the No. 1 Peugeot was gaining on McNish's fifth\\-placed No. 7 Audi.",
"After colliding with the rear of Mutsch's No. 60 Matech Ford and pushing him wide to the inside under braking in the tenth hour, Yvon removed the No. 24 OAK Pescarolo's front\\-left corner in a collision with the barriers at the Ford Chicane. Because marshals were needed to remove debris from the circuit, the safety cars were dispatched for the third time for nine minutes. Yvon returned to the garage for repairs to the No. 24 car. Mutsch also entered the pit lane for repairs, ceding the LMGT1 class lead to [Gabriele Gardel](/wiki/Gabriele_Gardel \"Gabriele Gardel\")'s No. 50 [Larbre Compétition](/wiki/Larbre_Comp%C3%A9tition \"Larbre Compétition\") Saleen.{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hours 10–12\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2E404A1B\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35759AE405C0A405\\.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095510/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2E404A1B\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35759AE405C0A405\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} When racing resumed, Davidson's No. 1 Peugeot collided with Alesi's slower No. 95 AF Corse Ferrari on the inside at the Dunlop Chicane and went into the gravel trap, but he recovered with marshal assistance after losing 90 seconds to Kristensen's No. 7 Audi and making a pit stop for new front bodywork. Due to a puncture on his No. 42 Highcroft car that sent him into the gravel, [Marino Franchitti](/wiki/Marino_Franchitti \"Marino Franchitti\") lost two and a half laps to Watts' No. 26 Strakka car but remained second in LMP2\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Strang\\|first\\=Simon\\|title\\=H11: Recovering \\#1 Peugeot spins\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84416\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616082357/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84416\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2010}} Duval drove the second\\-placed No. 4 Oreca Peugeot into the garage for 15 minutes due to repairable right\\-hand side driveshaft failure and other technical issues, dropping the car to sixth overall.",
"Just before half distance, Sarrazin's No. 2 Peugeot led the race, followed by Dumas' No. 9 Audi and [André Lotterer](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lotterer \"André Lotterer\")'s sister No. 8 entry. Strakka's No. 42 car, driven by Leventis, maintained the LMP2 lead because his team outperformed Highcroft. Gardel's No. 50 Larbre Saleen led Jousse's No. 73 LAA Corvette by two laps in LMGT1, while Collard's No. 64 Corvette led his teammate García's No. 63 entry in LMGT2\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Codling\\|first\\=Stuart\\|title\\=H12: Audi closes in on lead Peugeot\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84417\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617061308/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84417\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} [Nicolas Minassian](/wiki/Nicolas_Minassian \"Nicolas Minassian\") replaced Sarrazin in the race\\-leading No. 2 Peugeot, extending the car's lead to a single lap over Lotterer's second\\-placed No. 8 Audi after it suffered a right\\-rear puncture on the out\\-lap and a leaking airjack during a routine pit stop that lost him another 30 seconds.{{cite web\\|last\\=Codling\\|first\\=Stuart\\|title\\=H13: \\#2 Peugeot stretches lead\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84419\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617061314/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84419\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Steven\\|title\\=\\#8 Audi frustrated by small delays\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84422\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617061319/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84422\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2010}} Rockenfeller, and later [Timo Bernhard](/wiki/Timo_Bernhard \"Timo Bernhard\") and teammate Lotterer, went faster around this point, while Minassian lapped faster to extend the No. 2 Peugeot's overall lead. The No. 60 Matech Ford GT, which was third in LMGT1, was retired after attempts to restart the engine with oil and water were unsuccessful. Enge's Young Driver car outpaced the No. 73 LAA Corvette for third in LMGT1\\. Werner's Highcroft LMP2 car lost more ground to Strakka's class\\-leading entry when it entered the pit lane to replace the rear wing section and another pit stop that was delayed by a faulty left\\-front [wheel nut](/wiki/Lug_nut \"Lug nut\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hours 13–15\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2ED643DA\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-3581F25821B102D1\\.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095511/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2ED643DA\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-3581F25821B102D1\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Morning to finish",
"[thumb\\|The No. 2 Peugeot being retired from the overall lead with [connecting rod](/wiki/Connecting_rod \"Connecting rod\") failure.\\|alt\\=A photograph of a sports prototype racing car with flames coming out of its right\\-rear corner](/wiki/File:Le-Mans-24-2010-02.jpg \"Le-Mans-24-2010-02.jpg\")",
"Erdos moved RML's No. 25 entry to third in LMP2 in the early morning; the No. 35 OAK Pescarolo was driven into the garage, and [Olivier Pla](/wiki/Olivier_Pla \"Olivier Pla\")'s No. 40 Quifel\\-entered car went off the circuit at Arnage corner but recovered with marshal assistance. Some teams, including Beretta's No. 64 Corvette, swapped brake discs and callipers at this point in the race.{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 16\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2F808083\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-356A17225A17678E.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095513/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2F808083\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-356A17225A17678E.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Due to [connecting rod](/wiki/Connecting_rod \"Connecting rod\") failure, smoke and fire began billowing from the right\\-hand exhaust of Montagny's race\\-leading No. 2 Peugeot at Tertre Rouge corner.{{cite web\\|title\\=Peugeot hopes go up in smoke, Audi leads\\|url\\=http://www.crash.net/le\\+mans/news/160617/1/peugeot\\_hopes\\_go\\_up\\_in\\_smoke\\_audi\\_leads.html\\|publisher\\=Crash\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613114735/http://www.crash.net/le\\+mans/news/160617/1/peugeot\\_hopes\\_go\\_up\\_in\\_smoke\\_audi\\_leads.html\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The Peugeot was abandoned on the Mulsanne Straight because Montagny could not return to the pit lane, ceding the overall lead the car had held for 144 successive laps to Bernhard's No. 9 Audi.{{cite web\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Steven\\|title\\=\\#2 Peugeot retires from the lead\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84426\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616074857/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84426\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2010}} García retired the No. 63 Corvette from second in LMGT2 into Indianapolis corner with a sudden engine crank sensor failure.{{cite web\\|last\\=Broomhead\\|first\\=James\\|title\\=Corvette Racing Make The Wrong History at Le Mans\\|url\\=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2010/06/corvette\\-racing\\-make\\-the\\-wrong\\-history\\-at\\-le\\-mans/\\|publisher\\=The Checkered Flag\\|date\\=17 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126183245/https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2010/06/corvette\\-racing\\-make\\-the\\-wrong\\-history\\-at\\-le\\-mans/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 17\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2FB3FA9D\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-3526E2CD11A6C757\\.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095512/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2FB3FA9D\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-3526E2CD11A6C757\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Lieb's No. 77 Felbermayr\\-Proton Porsche moved to second, and Vilander's No. 95 AF Corse Ferrari was now third in class.",
"Jousse retired the No. 73 LAA Corvette, which was second in LMGT1, off the track as it approached the Indianapolis corner due to a sudden transmission component failure.{{cite web\\|title\\=24 Heures du Mans 2010 : Troisième podium en cinq ans!\\|trans\\-title\\=2010 24 Hours of Le Mans: Third podium in five years!\\|url\\=http://www.luc\\-alphand.com/2010/06/16/24\\-heures\\-du\\-mans\\-2010\\-troisieme\\-podium\\-en\\-cinq\\-ans/\\|publisher\\=Luc Alphand Adventures\\|language\\=fr\\|date\\=16 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714002041/http://www.luc\\-alphand.com/2010/06/16/24\\-heures\\-du\\-mans\\-2010\\-troisieme\\-podium\\-en\\-cinq\\-ans/\\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} This moved [Christoffer Nygaard](/wiki/Christoffer_Nygaard \"Christoffer Nygaard\")'s No. 52 Young Driver AMR car and Policand's No. 72 LAA entry to second and third in class, respectively.{{cite web\\|last\\=Mercier\\|first\\=Laurent\\|title\\=H\\+21: Audi Contrôle Mais Peugeot N'abdique Pas...\\|trans\\-title\\=H\\+21: Audi Controls but Peugeot Does Not Abdicate...\\|url\\=http://www.endurance\\-info.com/version2/actualite\\-endurance\\-4646\\.html\\|publisher\\=Endurance\\-Info\\|language\\=fr\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617182626/http://www.endurance\\-info.com/version2/actualite\\-endurance\\-4646\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 18\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2FEAF5E8\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-356217390D78EE14\\.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095542/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=2FEAF5E8\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-356217390D78EE14\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Davidson's No. 1 Peugeot caught Collard's LMGT2 class\\-leading No. 64 Corvette off guard while Davidson was attempting to lap an unsighted Collard on the inside in the Porsche Curves. Collard spun backwards into the barrier, severely damaging the Corvette's rear. He was unhurt. Collard had difficulty returning to the garage for rear\\-end repairs and component changes, which took 32 minutes. Davidson, however, was immediately able to return to the pit lane and repair the Peugeot.{{cite web\\|title\\=Pressure mounts in closing hours\\|url\\=https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/pressure\\-mounts\\-in\\-closing\\-hours/2450517/?nrt\\=102\\|publisher\\=Motorsport.com\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126183235/https://au.motorsport.com/lemans/news/pressure\\-mounts\\-in\\-closing\\-hours/2450517/?nrt\\=102\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Steven\\|title\\=Davidson clashes with GT2 leader\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84430\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616080012/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84430\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The accident necessitated the race's fourth safety car intervention, which lasted nine minutes and allowed marshals to clear debris from the circuit and repair the damaged Armco barrier in the Porsche Curves.",
"After the restart, Lieb's No. 77 Felbermayr\\-Proton Porsche had taken over the LMGT2 lead that the No. 64 Corvette had held for 141 consecutive laps, with Allan Simonsen's No. 89 Farnbacher Ferrari second in class. Franchitti kept the Highcroft LMP2 entry second in class until a water leak problem and a cooling system pressure fault forced him to enter the garage several times and drop down the class order. Roland Berville beached the No. 50 Saleen in the gravel near the pit lane entry, causing concern at Larbre Compétition. Mechanics removed gravel from under the car, but it maintained its LMGT1 lead over the Young Driver team by six laps.{{cite web\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Steven\\|title\\=H19: \\#9 Audi continues to lead\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84432\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616105623/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84432\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2010}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 19\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=30318698\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35ABF018DE71272B.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095512/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=30318698\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35ABF018DE71272B.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Gavin retired the No. 64 Corvette on the Mulsanne corner exit with smoke billowing from the left\\-hand exhaust, a lasting legacy of Collard's earlier collision with Davidson.{{cite web\\|last\\=Atkins\\|first\\=Russell\\|title\\=Gavin blasts Davidson for ending Corvette bid\\|url\\=http://www.crash.net/le\\+mans/news/160619/1/gavin\\_blasts\\_davidson\\_for\\_ending\\_corvette\\_bid.html\\|publisher\\=Crash\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111037/http://www.crash.net/le\\+mans/news/160619/1/gavin\\_blasts\\_davidson\\_for\\_ending\\_corvette\\_bid.html\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} [Giancarlo Fisichella](/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella \"Giancarlo Fisichella\") locked the front tyres on the No. 95 AF Corse Ferrari and entered the escape road at Indianapolis corner. The resulting pit stop to repair front\\-end damage lost the Ferrari second in LMGT2 to Simonsen's No. 89 Farnbacher Ferrari.",
"Despite suffering a left\\-rear puncture that required bodywork repairs, Leventis' No. 42 Strakka retained the LMP2 lead over [Guillaume Moreau](/wiki/Guillaume_Moreau \"Guillaume Moreau\")'s No. 35 OAK Pescarolo by five laps. Lotterer locked the No. 8 Audi's tyres at Arnage Corner and collided with the tyre wall, necessitating a pit stop for new front bodywork. After a brief battle, Wurz in the recovering No. 1 Peugeot passed Lotterer for second at the Michelin chicane before falling back behind the No. 8 Audi.{{cite web\\|last\\=Strang\\|first\\=Simon\\|title\\=H21: \\#1 Peugeot pressuring Audis\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84437\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616080017/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84437\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2010}} \n{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 21\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=309BEC35\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35A2A5052A6B0F5D.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095542/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=309BEC35\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35A2A5052A6B0F5D.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Wurz had unlapped the lead Audi before retiring in the pit lane with white smoke billowing from the engine compartment's right\\-hand side turn due to connecting rod failure.{{cite web\\|last\\=Strang\\|first\\=Simon\\|title\\=H22: Audi 1\\-2\\-3 after \\#1 Peugeot exit\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84439\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616102059/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84439\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2010}} \n{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hour 22\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=30C193AC\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35B78774735AF941\\.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095512/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=30C193AC\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35B78774735AF941\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The No. 1 Peugeot's retirement moved Kristensen's No. 7 Audi to third overall and Lapierre's No. 4 Oreca Peugeot to fourth. Rockenfeller made an unscheduled pit stop in the race\\-leading No. 9 Audi because he felt a vibration, which the team determined was caused by a wheel turned on the rim.{{cite web\\|last\\=Codling\\|first\\=Stuart\\|title\\=Rockenfeller happy despite tyre issue\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84440\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616102104/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84440\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2010}} Drive shaft failure forced Nygaard to enter the garage to allow mechanics to replace it, but the team dropped to third behind Policand's No. 72 Luc Alphand Aventures Corvette 15 minutes after he started the No. 52 Young Driver AMR car for its final stint.{{cite web\\|title\\=Young Driver AMR race report\\|url\\=https://us.motorsport.com/lemans/news/young\\-driver\\-amr\\-race\\-report/2450896/?nrt\\=102\\|publisher\\=Motorsport.com\\|date\\=14 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=28 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128081338/https://us.motorsport.com/lemans/news/young\\-driver\\-amr\\-race\\-report/2450896/?nrt\\=102\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Le Mans 24 Hours – Hours 23 and 24 – To The Finish\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=3101DF64\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35BA1EADC0AA0129\\.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=28 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128081344/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=3101DF64\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35BA1EADC0AA0129\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Duval relieved Lapierre in the No. 4 Oreca Peugeot and pulled within ten seconds of [Rinaldo Capello](/wiki/Rinaldo_Capello \"Rinaldo Capello\")'s third\\-placed Audi when Duval retired with flames shooting out of his car's right\\-hand underside into Indianapolis corner due to a major oil fire.{{cite web\\|last\\=Strang\\|first\\=Simon\\|title\\=H23: ORECA Peugeot retires as well\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84442\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616080022/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84442\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2010}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The No. 9 Audi leads the other two Audis in formation over the finish line to win the race\\|alt\\=Four racing cars being driven on a motor racing circuit with people to their left waving flags and applauding them in congratulations.](/wiki/File:Lemans-20100613-final.jpg \"Lemans-20100613-final.jpg\")",
"Bernhard, Dumas and Rockenfeller maintained the lead the No. 9 Audi had held for the final 133 laps. They achieved their first Le Mans victories and Audi's ninth since its first in 2000 in a record\\-breaking 397 laps, covering {{convert\\|5410\\.713\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite web\\|last\\=Pass\\|first\\=Martyn\\|title\\=Audi Race Facts\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=480BFAEB\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35037A0E1DC31D04\\.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|date\\=2010\\|access\\-date\\=29 August 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=29 August 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829141729/https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/r/collect?v\\=1\\&aip\\=1\\&t\\=dc\\&\\_r\\=3\\&tid\\=UA\\-15863514\\-1\\&cid\\=1035040480\\.1630246649\\&jid\\=1657572830\\&\\_v\\=5\\.7\\.2\\&z\\=1156739378\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Steven\\|title\\=Audi claims win as Peugeot crumbles\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84447\\|work\\=Autosport\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615074431/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84447\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2010}} They finished one lap ahead of Fässler, Lotterer, and Tréluyer's sister No. 8 car in second, and Capello, Kristensen, and McNish's No. 7 car followed two laps later in third to complete an Audi podium sweep.{{cite web\\|last\\=Dagys\\|first\\=John\\|title\\=LM24: Shock 1\\-2\\-3 For Audi\\|url\\=http://auto\\-racing.speedtv.com/article/lm24\\-shock\\-1\\-2\\-3\\-for\\-audi\\|publisher\\=Speed\\|date\\=13 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617141857/http://auto\\-racing.speedtv.com/article/lm24\\-shock\\-1\\-2\\-3\\-for\\-audi\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2010}} The No. 42 Strakka HPD car of Kane, Leventis, and Watts led the final 267 laps of LMP2 to win by six laps over the second\\-placed No. 35 OAK Pescarolo and nine laps over the third\\-placed No. 25 RML Lola car. Larbre Compétition held their four\\-lap lead in LMGT1, and Berville's, [Julien Canal](/wiki/Julien_Canal \"Julien Canal\")'s and Gardel's No. 50 Saleen achieved the team's fifth class victory.{{cite web\\|last\\=Goodwin\\|first\\=Graham\\|title\\=Significant Happenings\\|url\\=http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=3180DD77\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35A4AB177AEE01C7\\.html\\|publisher\\=DailySportsCar\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095544/http://archive2\\.dailysportscar.com/viewArticle.cfm@articleUID\\=3180DD77\\-1143\\-FDC9\\-35A4AB177AEE01C7\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Mercier\\|first\\=Laurent\\|title\\=24h 2010 : Analyse De La Course En GT1\\...\\|trans\\-title\\=24h 2010: Analysis of the GT1 Race...\\|url\\=http://www.endurance\\-info.com/version2/actualite\\-endurance\\-4653\\.html\\|publisher\\=Endurance\\-Info\\|language\\=fr\\|date\\=16 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619055544/http://www.endurance\\-info.com/version2/actualite\\-endurance\\-4653\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=19 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The No. 72 LAA Corvette in second and the third\\-placed No. 52 Young Driver AMR Aston Martin completed the class order and podium. Following the No. 64 Corvette's retirement, the No. 77 Felbermayr\\-Proton Porsche won in LMGT2, earning Lieb and [Richard Lietz](/wiki/Richard_Lietz \"Richard Lietz\") their second category wins and [Wolf Henzler](/wiki/Wolf_Henzler \"Wolf Henzler\") his first. Team Farnbacher finished two laps behind the Porsche in second, and [BMS Scuderia Italia](/wiki/BMS_Scuderia_Italia \"BMS Scuderia Italia\") were another nine laps behind in third.",
""
] |
Work in Canada
--------------
[thumb\|left\|alt\=Etching of a side of the building\|Etching by Maw of Montreal's [Sun Life Building](/wiki/Sun_Life_Building "Sun Life Building"), designed by Darling \& Pearson (1917 or 1924\)](/wiki/File:Sun_Life_Building_by_Samuel_Herbert_Maw_%28cropped%29.jpg "Sun Life Building by Samuel Herbert Maw (cropped).jpg")
Maw emigrated to [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario"), Canada in 1912, after a brief period working in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). He joined a leading architectural firm, [Darling \& Pearson](/wiki/Darling_and_Pearson "Darling and Pearson"), and drew [architectural delineations](/wiki/Architectural_delineation "Architectural delineation") of the firm's commissions at the request of [Frank Darling](/wiki/Frank_Darling_%28architect%29 "Frank Darling (architect)"). During that period, he also worked on his own architectural designs and submitted them in competitions.
Maw left Darling \& Pearson in 1918 to work in [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia "Halifax, Nova Scotia"), [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"). In 1923, he moved to [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec") to work in the office of [Philip J. Turner](/wiki/Philip_J._Turner "Philip J. Turner"), with whom he designed St. Phillip's Anglican Church in [Montreal West](/wiki/Montreal_West%2C_Quebec "Montreal West, Quebec"). In 1925, he began practicing alone.{{cite web \|title\=MAW Samuel Herbert (1881 \- 1952\) \|url\=https://oaa.on.ca/Assets/Common/Shared\_Documents/Awards/Honour%20Roll/MAW,%20Samuel%20Herbert.pdf \|website\=Ontario Association of Architects \|access\-date\=9 June 2024}} In 1926, he joined the firm [Ross \& Macdonald](/wiki/Ross_and_Macdonald "Ross and Macdonald"), where he likely served as a designer and delineator on the project of Toronto's [Royal York Hotel](/wiki/Fairmont_Royal_York "Fairmont Royal York"). After his time there, he returned to Toronto.
In 1929, Maw published a [pictorial map](/wiki/Pictorial_map "Pictorial map") of the [St. Lawrence Estuary](/wiki/St._Lawrence_Estuary "St. Lawrence Estuary"), from [Quebec City](/wiki/Quebec_City "Quebec City") to [Gaspesia](/wiki/Gaspesia "Gaspesia"), commissioned by the province of Quebec's tourism office. In 1932, he achieved further recognition as a cartographer when he published *The City of Quebec*, an intricate and colourful map of Quebec City which he had begun working on in 1926\. The map, which features detailed drawings of individual buildings and informative text on the history of the city, evokes the style of the *[Wonderground Map](/wiki/Wonderground_Map "Wonderground Map")* (1914\) of London by [MacDonald Gill](/wiki/MacDonald_Gill "MacDonald Gill"). It was reproduced thousands of times and sold to visitors of Quebec City for nearly three decades.
[thumb\|right\|alt\=Colour photo from the 1970s of a square Art Deco building \|The Toronto Stock Exchange in 1973, before becoming the [Design Exchange](/wiki/Design_Exchange "Design Exchange")](/wiki/File:Former_Toronto_Stocke_Exchange_%28cropped%29.jpg "Former Toronto Stocke Exchange (cropped).jpg")
In 1937, he collaborated as an associate architect with George \& Moorhouse on what was then the Toronto Stock Exchange, now known as the [Design Exchange](/wiki/Design_Exchange "Design Exchange"). It is considered a notable specimen of [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco "Art Deco") architecture in North America. Following the popularity of *The City of Quebec*, Maw was commissioned to draw *This Is Canada*, a booklet of maps of each [Canadian province](/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada "Provinces and territories of Canada") to commemorate the [1939 royal tour of Canada](/wiki/1939_royal_tour_of_Canada "1939 royal tour of Canada") by [King George VI](/wiki/George_VI "George VI") and [Queen Elizabeth](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother"), the first visit of North America by the reigning British monarch. The original folio was gifted to King George by Canadian prime minister [William Lyon Mackenzie King](/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King "William Lyon Mackenzie King").
[thumb\|left\|alt\=Colourful and intricate hand\-drawn map of Montreal, with drawings of individual buildings and informative text\|*La Cité de Montréal* (1942\)](/wiki/File:La_cit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al_-_Samuel_Herbert_Maw_%281942%29.jpg "La cité de Montréal - Samuel Herbert Maw (1942).jpg")
In 1940, Maw began teaching Architectural Rendering and Perspective at [McGill University](/wiki/McGill_University "McGill University") in Montreal. However, as [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") unfolded, he soon left Montreal for [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa"), where he worked for the [Department of National Defence](/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_%28Canada%29 "Department of National Defence (Canada)"), making use of his engineering background. In 1942, on the [tercentenary](/wiki/Tercentenary "Tercentenary") of Montreal, Maw published *La Cité de Montréal*, a map of Montreal in the same style as *The City of Quebec*. Its historical accuracy was ensured by notary, politician and historian [Victor Morin](/wiki/Victor_Morin "Victor Morin"). The original drawing was exhibited in the concourse of Montreal's [Windsor Station](/wiki/Windsor_Station_%28Montreal%29 "Windsor Station (Montreal)") for several months. In 1944, Maw published a map of Ottawa commissioned by the city itself. He died in Toronto on August 19, 1952, at the age of 70\.
|
[
"Work in Canada\n--------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=Etching of a side of the building\\|Etching by Maw of Montreal's [Sun Life Building](/wiki/Sun_Life_Building \"Sun Life Building\"), designed by Darling \\& Pearson (1917 or 1924\\)](/wiki/File:Sun_Life_Building_by_Samuel_Herbert_Maw_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Sun Life Building by Samuel Herbert Maw (cropped).jpg\")",
"Maw emigrated to [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\"), Canada in 1912, after a brief period working in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). He joined a leading architectural firm, [Darling \\& Pearson](/wiki/Darling_and_Pearson \"Darling and Pearson\"), and drew [architectural delineations](/wiki/Architectural_delineation \"Architectural delineation\") of the firm's commissions at the request of [Frank Darling](/wiki/Frank_Darling_%28architect%29 \"Frank Darling (architect)\"). During that period, he also worked on his own architectural designs and submitted them in competitions.",
"Maw left Darling \\& Pearson in 1918 to work in [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Halifax, Nova Scotia\"), [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"). In 1923, he moved to [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\") to work in the office of [Philip J. Turner](/wiki/Philip_J._Turner \"Philip J. Turner\"), with whom he designed St. Phillip's Anglican Church in [Montreal West](/wiki/Montreal_West%2C_Quebec \"Montreal West, Quebec\"). In 1925, he began practicing alone.{{cite web \\|title\\=MAW Samuel Herbert (1881 \\- 1952\\) \\|url\\=https://oaa.on.ca/Assets/Common/Shared\\_Documents/Awards/Honour%20Roll/MAW,%20Samuel%20Herbert.pdf \\|website\\=Ontario Association of Architects \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2024}} In 1926, he joined the firm [Ross \\& Macdonald](/wiki/Ross_and_Macdonald \"Ross and Macdonald\"), where he likely served as a designer and delineator on the project of Toronto's [Royal York Hotel](/wiki/Fairmont_Royal_York \"Fairmont Royal York\"). After his time there, he returned to Toronto.",
"In 1929, Maw published a [pictorial map](/wiki/Pictorial_map \"Pictorial map\") of the [St. Lawrence Estuary](/wiki/St._Lawrence_Estuary \"St. Lawrence Estuary\"), from [Quebec City](/wiki/Quebec_City \"Quebec City\") to [Gaspesia](/wiki/Gaspesia \"Gaspesia\"), commissioned by the province of Quebec's tourism office. In 1932, he achieved further recognition as a cartographer when he published *The City of Quebec*, an intricate and colourful map of Quebec City which he had begun working on in 1926\\. The map, which features detailed drawings of individual buildings and informative text on the history of the city, evokes the style of the *[Wonderground Map](/wiki/Wonderground_Map \"Wonderground Map\")* (1914\\) of London by [MacDonald Gill](/wiki/MacDonald_Gill \"MacDonald Gill\"). It was reproduced thousands of times and sold to visitors of Quebec City for nearly three decades.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|alt\\=Colour photo from the 1970s of a square Art Deco building \\|The Toronto Stock Exchange in 1973, before becoming the [Design Exchange](/wiki/Design_Exchange \"Design Exchange\")](/wiki/File:Former_Toronto_Stocke_Exchange_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Former Toronto Stocke Exchange (cropped).jpg\")",
"In 1937, he collaborated as an associate architect with George \\& Moorhouse on what was then the Toronto Stock Exchange, now known as the [Design Exchange](/wiki/Design_Exchange \"Design Exchange\"). It is considered a notable specimen of [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco \"Art Deco\") architecture in North America. Following the popularity of *The City of Quebec*, Maw was commissioned to draw *This Is Canada*, a booklet of maps of each [Canadian province](/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada \"Provinces and territories of Canada\") to commemorate the [1939 royal tour of Canada](/wiki/1939_royal_tour_of_Canada \"1939 royal tour of Canada\") by [King George VI](/wiki/George_VI \"George VI\") and [Queen Elizabeth](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother \"Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother\"), the first visit of North America by the reigning British monarch. The original folio was gifted to King George by Canadian prime minister [William Lyon Mackenzie King](/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King \"William Lyon Mackenzie King\").",
"[thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=Colourful and intricate hand\\-drawn map of Montreal, with drawings of individual buildings and informative text\\|*La Cité de Montréal* (1942\\)](/wiki/File:La_cit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al_-_Samuel_Herbert_Maw_%281942%29.jpg \"La cité de Montréal - Samuel Herbert Maw (1942).jpg\")",
"In 1940, Maw began teaching Architectural Rendering and Perspective at [McGill University](/wiki/McGill_University \"McGill University\") in Montreal. However, as [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") unfolded, he soon left Montreal for [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa \"Ottawa\"), where he worked for the [Department of National Defence](/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_%28Canada%29 \"Department of National Defence (Canada)\"), making use of his engineering background. In 1942, on the [tercentenary](/wiki/Tercentenary \"Tercentenary\") of Montreal, Maw published *La Cité de Montréal*, a map of Montreal in the same style as *The City of Quebec*. Its historical accuracy was ensured by notary, politician and historian [Victor Morin](/wiki/Victor_Morin \"Victor Morin\"). The original drawing was exhibited in the concourse of Montreal's [Windsor Station](/wiki/Windsor_Station_%28Montreal%29 \"Windsor Station (Montreal)\") for several months. In 1944, Maw published a map of Ottawa commissioned by the city itself. He died in Toronto on August 19, 1952, at the age of 70\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Heckman was born in Pennsylvania and graduated from [Minerva Seminary](/wiki/Minerva_Seminary "Minerva Seminary") in 1837\. He served in the volunteer army during the [Mexican War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War") becoming a [sergeant](/wiki/Sergeant "Sergeant") by the time he was mustered out of service in 1848\. Apart from the Civil War, Heckman spent most of his career as a [conductor](/wiki/Conductor_%28transportation%29 "Conductor (transportation)") for the [New Jersey Central Railroad](/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey "Central Railroad of New Jersey").
Immediately after the Civil War began, Heckman enlisted in the 1st Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment and was elected captain. Before seeing any action in that regiment he was appointed major of the 9th New Jersey Volunteer Regiment. On October 8, 1861 he became the regimental lieutenant colonel and joined [Ambrose Burnside](/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside "Ambrose Burnside")'s expedition to North Carolina. He fought at [Roanoke Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Roanoke_Island "Battle of Roanoke Island") and was promoted colonel just two days after the battle. He was wounded at the battles of [New Berne](/wiki/Battle_of_New_Berne "Battle of New Berne") and Young's Crossroads. On November 29, 1862 he was promoted to brigadier general of U.S. volunteers.Eicher p.292
When General Burnside left for Virginia, he left Union forces in North Carolina under the command of [John G. Foster](/wiki/John_G._Foster "John G. Foster"). In the winter of 1862, Foster led an expedition against the [Wilmington and Weldon Railroad](/wiki/Wilmington_and_Weldon_Railroad "Wilmington and Weldon Railroad") at [Goldsborough, NC](/wiki/Goldsborough%2C_NC "Goldsborough, NC"). General Heckman led a brigade in Foster's expedition at the battles of [Kinston](/wiki/Battle_of_Kinston "Battle of Kinston"), [White Hall](/wiki/Battle_of_White_Hall "Battle of White Hall") and [Goldsborough](/wiki/Battle_of_Goldsborough_Bridge "Battle of Goldsborough Bridge").
Throughout most of 1863 Heckman was in command of the District of [Beaufort](/wiki/Beaufort%2C_North_Carolina "Beaufort, North Carolina"), briefly commanding the Union defenses at New Bern. By the end of 1863 he was sent to Virginia to command the Union garrison at [Newport News, Virginia](/wiki/Newport_News%2C_Virginia "Newport News, Virginia"). He temporarily commanded [George W. Getty](/wiki/George_W._Getty "George W. Getty")'s division at the beginning of 1864\.
On April 28, 1864 Heckman was assigned to command the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, [XVIII Corps](/wiki/XVIII_Corps_%28ACW%29 "XVIII Corps (ACW)") in the [Army of the James](/wiki/Army_of_the_James "Army of the James"). He was wounded at the [battle of Port Walthall Junction](/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Walthall_Junction "Battle of Port Walthall Junction") and taken prisoner at the [battle of Proctor's Creek](/wiki/Battle_of_Proctor%27s_Creek "Battle of Proctor's Creek"). In September 1864 he was exchanged and, when he returned to duty, was assigned to command the 2nd Division in the XVIII Corps. Heckman led his division at the [battle of Chaffin's Farm](/wiki/Battle_of_Chaffin%27s_Farm "Battle of Chaffin's Farm") in support of General [George J. Stannard](/wiki/George_J._Stannard "George J. Stannard")'s main attack against [Fort Harrison](/wiki/Fort_Harrison "Fort Harrison"). When Heckman moved forward his troops veered off far to the north. Instead of coming directly to the aid of Stannard's division, Heckman's men launched a costly attack against Confederate trenches near Forts Gilmer and Johnson.Kennedy p.363 During the fighting in Fort Harrison, XVIII Corps commander [Edward O. C. Ord](/wiki/Edward_O._C._Ord "Edward O. C. Ord") was severely wounded and carried from the field. Heckman then assumed command of the corps. With this change in command at a crucial point the fighting ground to a halt and the Union forces constructed a defensive line. After an undistinguished show of leadership during the fighting on September 29, army commander [Benjamin F. Butler](/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_%28politician%29 "Benjamin Butler (politician)") decided to replace Heckman in command of the corps with his chief of staff, [Godfrey Weitzel](/wiki/Godfrey_Weitzel "Godfrey Weitzel"). Returning to command his division, Heckman helped repulse the Confederate attack the following day.
In December Heckman was transferred to command the 3rd Division in the newly created [XXV Corps](/wiki/XXV_Corps_%28ACW%29 "XXV Corps (ACW)"). Briefly from January to February in 1865 he was in command of the XXV Corps, but resigned from the army on May 25, 1865\. Heckman returned to work for the New Jersey Central Railroad as a conductor and railroad dispatcher following the war.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Heckman was born in Pennsylvania and graduated from [Minerva Seminary](/wiki/Minerva_Seminary \"Minerva Seminary\") in 1837\\. He served in the volunteer army during the [Mexican War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War \"Mexican–American War\") becoming a [sergeant](/wiki/Sergeant \"Sergeant\") by the time he was mustered out of service in 1848\\. Apart from the Civil War, Heckman spent most of his career as a [conductor](/wiki/Conductor_%28transportation%29 \"Conductor (transportation)\") for the [New Jersey Central Railroad](/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey \"Central Railroad of New Jersey\").",
"Immediately after the Civil War began, Heckman enlisted in the 1st Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment and was elected captain. Before seeing any action in that regiment he was appointed major of the 9th New Jersey Volunteer Regiment. On October 8, 1861 he became the regimental lieutenant colonel and joined [Ambrose Burnside](/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside \"Ambrose Burnside\")'s expedition to North Carolina. He fought at [Roanoke Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Roanoke_Island \"Battle of Roanoke Island\") and was promoted colonel just two days after the battle. He was wounded at the battles of [New Berne](/wiki/Battle_of_New_Berne \"Battle of New Berne\") and Young's Crossroads. On November 29, 1862 he was promoted to brigadier general of U.S. volunteers.Eicher p.292",
"When General Burnside left for Virginia, he left Union forces in North Carolina under the command of [John G. Foster](/wiki/John_G._Foster \"John G. Foster\"). In the winter of 1862, Foster led an expedition against the [Wilmington and Weldon Railroad](/wiki/Wilmington_and_Weldon_Railroad \"Wilmington and Weldon Railroad\") at [Goldsborough, NC](/wiki/Goldsborough%2C_NC \"Goldsborough, NC\"). General Heckman led a brigade in Foster's expedition at the battles of [Kinston](/wiki/Battle_of_Kinston \"Battle of Kinston\"), [White Hall](/wiki/Battle_of_White_Hall \"Battle of White Hall\") and [Goldsborough](/wiki/Battle_of_Goldsborough_Bridge \"Battle of Goldsborough Bridge\").",
"Throughout most of 1863 Heckman was in command of the District of [Beaufort](/wiki/Beaufort%2C_North_Carolina \"Beaufort, North Carolina\"), briefly commanding the Union defenses at New Bern. By the end of 1863 he was sent to Virginia to command the Union garrison at [Newport News, Virginia](/wiki/Newport_News%2C_Virginia \"Newport News, Virginia\"). He temporarily commanded [George W. Getty](/wiki/George_W._Getty \"George W. Getty\")'s division at the beginning of 1864\\.",
"On April 28, 1864 Heckman was assigned to command the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, [XVIII Corps](/wiki/XVIII_Corps_%28ACW%29 \"XVIII Corps (ACW)\") in the [Army of the James](/wiki/Army_of_the_James \"Army of the James\"). He was wounded at the [battle of Port Walthall Junction](/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Walthall_Junction \"Battle of Port Walthall Junction\") and taken prisoner at the [battle of Proctor's Creek](/wiki/Battle_of_Proctor%27s_Creek \"Battle of Proctor's Creek\"). In September 1864 he was exchanged and, when he returned to duty, was assigned to command the 2nd Division in the XVIII Corps. Heckman led his division at the [battle of Chaffin's Farm](/wiki/Battle_of_Chaffin%27s_Farm \"Battle of Chaffin's Farm\") in support of General [George J. Stannard](/wiki/George_J._Stannard \"George J. Stannard\")'s main attack against [Fort Harrison](/wiki/Fort_Harrison \"Fort Harrison\"). When Heckman moved forward his troops veered off far to the north. Instead of coming directly to the aid of Stannard's division, Heckman's men launched a costly attack against Confederate trenches near Forts Gilmer and Johnson.Kennedy p.363 During the fighting in Fort Harrison, XVIII Corps commander [Edward O. C. Ord](/wiki/Edward_O._C._Ord \"Edward O. C. Ord\") was severely wounded and carried from the field. Heckman then assumed command of the corps. With this change in command at a crucial point the fighting ground to a halt and the Union forces constructed a defensive line. After an undistinguished show of leadership during the fighting on September 29, army commander [Benjamin F. Butler](/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_%28politician%29 \"Benjamin Butler (politician)\") decided to replace Heckman in command of the corps with his chief of staff, [Godfrey Weitzel](/wiki/Godfrey_Weitzel \"Godfrey Weitzel\"). Returning to command his division, Heckman helped repulse the Confederate attack the following day.",
"In December Heckman was transferred to command the 3rd Division in the newly created [XXV Corps](/wiki/XXV_Corps_%28ACW%29 \"XXV Corps (ACW)\"). Briefly from January to February in 1865 he was in command of the XXV Corps, but resigned from the army on May 25, 1865\\. Heckman returned to work for the New Jersey Central Railroad as a conductor and railroad dispatcher following the war.",
""
] |
Early theatre pieces
--------------------
Initially, Edgar's career as a journalist developed alongside his attempts to write plays. In 1970, soon after moving to Bradford to take up his role with the *Argus*, he met [Chris Parr](/wiki/Chris_Parr "Chris Parr"), a Fellow in Theatre at [Bradford University](/wiki/Bradford_University "Bradford University"), who was able to commission aspiring playwrights and produce their works with the Bradford University Theatre Group, the company consisting of university students. While writing for his newspaper to expose a minor scandal in local politics in northern England, Edgar wrote a play for Parr dealing with the anti\-apartheid campaign directed against a tour of South African rugby players. Before the play was accepted, however, the tour was called off.
On the strength of this, Parr commissioned Edgar to write a play for two student actresses to perform at the [Edinburgh Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival "Edinburgh Festival"). The result was *Two Kinds of Angel*, a one\-act play that received its Bradford premiere in July 1970, was revived at the Basement Theatre in London and led to more commissions from Parr for the Bradford Theatre Group. *Two Kinds of Angel* is set in a flat where the squabbles of the two main characters are inter cut with flashbacks to the lives of their respective *alter egos*. Rosa is a student revolutionary who re\-enacts episodes from the life of [Rosa Luxemburg](/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg "Rosa Luxemburg"), while her flatmate Norma is a blond actress re\-enacting the life of [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe "Marilyn Monroe"). Edgar later described it as a "highly melodramatic piece" that relied on a series of "fairly obvious effects culled from watching the wrong sorts of plays at an impressionable age". "It wasn't very good", Edgar admits.[*New Statesman*](http://www.newstatesman.com/200509120035)\-Helen Chappell, 12 September 2005\. He re\-used the character of Rosa Luxemburg in his first full\-length work, *Bloody Rosa*, produced by students of Manchester University at the Edinburgh Festival in August 1971\. The play is set ostensibly in a university lecture theatre with a professor telling the story of Luxembourg's political journey, culminating with her violent death at the hand of the fascists in 1919\. Edgar added the dramatic twist that events were being regularly interrupted by the students to question the professor's version of events.
Further material followed in quick succession and by the end of 1971 Edgar had seen eight of his plays performed, including *A Truer Shade of Blue* (1970\),[Playwrights Database](http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsE/edgar-david.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224024857/http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsE/edgar\-david.html \|date\=24 December 2017}}\-Complete list a one\-act play in which two businessmen visit a [Soho](/wiki/Soho "Soho") strip club where they encounter a stripper/waitress whose story changes their perception of such entertainment; *Still Life: Man in Bed* (1971\), produced at the Pool Theatre, Edinburgh, and again at the Little Theatre, London in 1972 is a one\-act re\-working of the theme of [Ivan Goncharov](/wiki/Ivan_Goncharov "Ivan Goncharov")'s novel *[Oblomov](/wiki/Oblomov "Oblomov")* (1859\), in which the hero remains in bed for 79 days unable to cope with the decimalisation of currency; *Acid* (1971\), produced by Parr's Bradford University Theatre Group, then again at the Edinburgh Festival in 1971, is a one\-act play that has a copycat of the [Charles Manson](/wiki/Charles_Manson "Charles Manson") massacre take place after a 1970 pop festival on the Isle of Wight; *Tedderella* (1971\), produced at the Pool Theatre, Edinburgh, then again at the [Bush Theatre](/wiki/Bush_Theatre "Bush Theatre") in London in 1973, is a one\-act pantomime transposing political events in the life of British Prime Minister [Edward Heath](/wiki/Edward_Heath "Edward Heath") into a pantomime reminiscent of *[Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella "Cinderella")*. The ugly sisters, [Harold Wilson](/wiki/Harold_Wilson "Harold Wilson") and [Roy Jenkins](/wiki/Roy_Jenkins "Roy Jenkins"), won't let "Tedderella" (Heath) go to the [Common Market](/wiki/EEC "EEC") Ball when the [1970 general election](/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election "1970 United Kingdom general election") intervenes.
During this period Edgar continued to work as a full\-time journalist, and even found time to do some acting with Parr's group, in parts such as the title role in *Toad of Toad Hall* and [Flashman](/wiki/Harry_Flashman "Harry Flashman") in [Richard Crane](/wiki/Richard_Crane_%28playwright%29 "Richard Crane (playwright)")'s adaptation of *Tom Brown's Schooldays* (1971\). Edgar's acting also ran to playing God in [Howard Brenton](/wiki/Howard_Brenton "Howard Brenton")'s *Scott of the Antarctic* (1971\), a mock "cabaret on ice" in which Scott is confronted by the Devil on a motorbike with [Hells Angels](/wiki/Hells_Angels "Hells Angels") trying to stop his expedition to the [South Pole](/wiki/South_Pole "South Pole").[Scott of the Antarctic](http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsB/brenton-howard.html#4557) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905215436/http://www.doollee.com//PlaywrightsB/brenton\-howard.html\#4557 \|date\=5 September 2008 }}\-at the Playwrights Database This was staged as part of a series of events produced by Parr for which Edgar's main contribution was *The End*, presented as a Cold War Game in the great hall at Bradford University in March 1972\. On the stage, scenes in a nuclear [submarine](/wiki/Submarine "Submarine") were being played out while in the hall itself [Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament "Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament") marchers and various political figures including [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy"), [Hugh Gaitskell](/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell "Hugh Gaitskell") and [Bertrand Russell](/wiki/Bertrand_Russell "Bertrand Russell"), are spending the night in a school hall during their march to [Aldermaston](/wiki/Aldermaston "Aldermaston"). Meanwhile, computer monitors permitted the audience to contribute to the action and the ending varied each evening according to the decisions made by the spectators.
During the early 1970s, Bradford had what *The Guardian* called a "burgeoning fringe scene" which included theatre companies with names like the John Bull Puncture Repair Kit and The Welfare State. Edgar was co\-founder of such a group that took the name The General Will Theatre Company which specialised in a "crude and cartoonish" style of political commentary presented with generous dollops of music hall and burlesque for comedic effect. General Will took several of Edgar's works on tour including *The National Interest* (1971\), a series of sketches showing how the mythical concept of 'The National Interest' can be used to justify sacrifices by the many on behalf of the self\-interested few; *The Rupert Show* (1971\), a one\-act play set in a church during a service conducted by among others a vicar who also plays [Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman"), [Lord Longford](/wiki/Lord_Longford "Lord Longford") and [Judge Argyle](/wiki/Michael_Argyle_%28lawyer%29 "Michael Argyle (lawyer)"), the judge in the [*Oz* obscenity trial](/wiki/Oz_%28magazine%29%23UK_obscenity_trial_and_appeal "Oz (magazine)#UK obscenity trial and appeal"), which the title mocks; and *State of Emergency* (1972\), which toured with General Will and also appeared at the Edinburgh Festival and at the Royal Court Theatre Upstairs, all in 1972, was a one\-act documentary with songs about industrial resistance to the Conservative government. General Will came to a halt when the only gay member of the company took exception to the heterosexual slant of the material and went on strike in mid\-performance. They did, however, lead to Edgar's first foreign premiere.
Shortly after the [Bloody Sunday](/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_%281972%29 "Bloody Sunday (1972)") shootings in 1972, Edgar collaborated with six friends (Tony Bicat, [Brian Clark](/wiki/Brian_Clark_%28writer%29 "Brian Clark (writer)"), [Howard Brenton](/wiki/Howard_Brenton "Howard Brenton"), Francis Fuchs, [David Hare](/wiki/David_Hare_%28playwright%29 "David Hare (playwright)") and [Snoo Wilson](/wiki/Snoo_Wilson "Snoo Wilson")) who all, pretending to be on a walking holiday, booked an isolated country cottage for a week where they sat down and wrote a play together. They took what later came to be termed the "firing squad" approach to playwriting. In a firing squad one member of the party has a blank round; given that no member knows who this is, none of them need assume responsibility for the killing. Edgar and his friends tried to write in a style as similar to the others as possible so none of them need take responsibility for his contribution to the play. The result was *England's Ireland* (1972\), an episodic look at the history of the British in [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") with different episodes shown from different perspectives. This received its world premiere in 1972 at the hands of the Shoot Theatre Company at the Mickery Theatre, [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), and later the same year transferred to the Round House Theatre in London.[The Writers Guild](http://www.writersguild.org.uk/public/008_Featurearticl/142_WGGBFeatures.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207173309/http://writersguild.org.uk/public/008\_Featurearticl/142\_WGGBFeatures.html \|date\=7 February 2009}}\-Interviews David Edgar, 21 June 2007\.
By now, Edgar was receiving commissions from repertory theatres and small touring groups resulting in *Excuses Excuses* (1972\) for the Belgrade Theatre Studio, [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry "Coventry"), and later revived by OpenSpace Theatre, London, in 1973 and then revived as *Fired* (1975\) by Second City Theatre Company was a debate on the motives for arson committed in protest at redundancies at a local factory; *Rent or Caught in the Act* (1972\), at the Unity Theatre, London, was about housing conditions for the working classes (and this was also produced at a community centre in Battersea at the request of the Wandsworth Community Workshop led by the Tenants Union, as part of the campaign in 1971–72 against the Housing Finance Bill, eventually enacted as the Housing Finance Act 1972\); *Road to Hanoi* (1972\) produced on tour by Paradise Foundry Theatre Company, London, was a ten\-minute play written with Howard, Wandor and Snoo Wilson about [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope "Bob Hope")'s 1971 visit to [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi "Hanoi") to attempt to buy back American POWs; In 1972, Edgar decided to put the journalism to one side and took to being a playwright full\-time.
|
[
"Early theatre pieces\n--------------------",
"Initially, Edgar's career as a journalist developed alongside his attempts to write plays. In 1970, soon after moving to Bradford to take up his role with the *Argus*, he met [Chris Parr](/wiki/Chris_Parr \"Chris Parr\"), a Fellow in Theatre at [Bradford University](/wiki/Bradford_University \"Bradford University\"), who was able to commission aspiring playwrights and produce their works with the Bradford University Theatre Group, the company consisting of university students. While writing for his newspaper to expose a minor scandal in local politics in northern England, Edgar wrote a play for Parr dealing with the anti\\-apartheid campaign directed against a tour of South African rugby players. Before the play was accepted, however, the tour was called off.",
"On the strength of this, Parr commissioned Edgar to write a play for two student actresses to perform at the [Edinburgh Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival \"Edinburgh Festival\"). The result was *Two Kinds of Angel*, a one\\-act play that received its Bradford premiere in July 1970, was revived at the Basement Theatre in London and led to more commissions from Parr for the Bradford Theatre Group. *Two Kinds of Angel* is set in a flat where the squabbles of the two main characters are inter cut with flashbacks to the lives of their respective *alter egos*. Rosa is a student revolutionary who re\\-enacts episodes from the life of [Rosa Luxemburg](/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg \"Rosa Luxemburg\"), while her flatmate Norma is a blond actress re\\-enacting the life of [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe \"Marilyn Monroe\"). Edgar later described it as a \"highly melodramatic piece\" that relied on a series of \"fairly obvious effects culled from watching the wrong sorts of plays at an impressionable age\". \"It wasn't very good\", Edgar admits.[*New Statesman*](http://www.newstatesman.com/200509120035)\\-Helen Chappell, 12 September 2005\\. He re\\-used the character of Rosa Luxemburg in his first full\\-length work, *Bloody Rosa*, produced by students of Manchester University at the Edinburgh Festival in August 1971\\. The play is set ostensibly in a university lecture theatre with a professor telling the story of Luxembourg's political journey, culminating with her violent death at the hand of the fascists in 1919\\. Edgar added the dramatic twist that events were being regularly interrupted by the students to question the professor's version of events.",
"Further material followed in quick succession and by the end of 1971 Edgar had seen eight of his plays performed, including *A Truer Shade of Blue* (1970\\),[Playwrights Database](http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsE/edgar-david.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224024857/http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsE/edgar\\-david.html \\|date\\=24 December 2017}}\\-Complete list a one\\-act play in which two businessmen visit a [Soho](/wiki/Soho \"Soho\") strip club where they encounter a stripper/waitress whose story changes their perception of such entertainment; *Still Life: Man in Bed* (1971\\), produced at the Pool Theatre, Edinburgh, and again at the Little Theatre, London in 1972 is a one\\-act re\\-working of the theme of [Ivan Goncharov](/wiki/Ivan_Goncharov \"Ivan Goncharov\")'s novel *[Oblomov](/wiki/Oblomov \"Oblomov\")* (1859\\), in which the hero remains in bed for 79 days unable to cope with the decimalisation of currency; *Acid* (1971\\), produced by Parr's Bradford University Theatre Group, then again at the Edinburgh Festival in 1971, is a one\\-act play that has a copycat of the [Charles Manson](/wiki/Charles_Manson \"Charles Manson\") massacre take place after a 1970 pop festival on the Isle of Wight; *Tedderella* (1971\\), produced at the Pool Theatre, Edinburgh, then again at the [Bush Theatre](/wiki/Bush_Theatre \"Bush Theatre\") in London in 1973, is a one\\-act pantomime transposing political events in the life of British Prime Minister [Edward Heath](/wiki/Edward_Heath \"Edward Heath\") into a pantomime reminiscent of *[Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella \"Cinderella\")*. The ugly sisters, [Harold Wilson](/wiki/Harold_Wilson \"Harold Wilson\") and [Roy Jenkins](/wiki/Roy_Jenkins \"Roy Jenkins\"), won't let \"Tedderella\" (Heath) go to the [Common Market](/wiki/EEC \"EEC\") Ball when the [1970 general election](/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1970 United Kingdom general election\") intervenes.",
"During this period Edgar continued to work as a full\\-time journalist, and even found time to do some acting with Parr's group, in parts such as the title role in *Toad of Toad Hall* and [Flashman](/wiki/Harry_Flashman \"Harry Flashman\") in [Richard Crane](/wiki/Richard_Crane_%28playwright%29 \"Richard Crane (playwright)\")'s adaptation of *Tom Brown's Schooldays* (1971\\). Edgar's acting also ran to playing God in [Howard Brenton](/wiki/Howard_Brenton \"Howard Brenton\")'s *Scott of the Antarctic* (1971\\), a mock \"cabaret on ice\" in which Scott is confronted by the Devil on a motorbike with [Hells Angels](/wiki/Hells_Angels \"Hells Angels\") trying to stop his expedition to the [South Pole](/wiki/South_Pole \"South Pole\").[Scott of the Antarctic](http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsB/brenton-howard.html#4557) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905215436/http://www.doollee.com//PlaywrightsB/brenton\\-howard.html\\#4557 \\|date\\=5 September 2008 }}\\-at the Playwrights Database This was staged as part of a series of events produced by Parr for which Edgar's main contribution was *The End*, presented as a Cold War Game in the great hall at Bradford University in March 1972\\. On the stage, scenes in a nuclear [submarine](/wiki/Submarine \"Submarine\") were being played out while in the hall itself [Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament \"Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament\") marchers and various political figures including [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy \"John F. Kennedy\"), [Hugh Gaitskell](/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell \"Hugh Gaitskell\") and [Bertrand Russell](/wiki/Bertrand_Russell \"Bertrand Russell\"), are spending the night in a school hall during their march to [Aldermaston](/wiki/Aldermaston \"Aldermaston\"). Meanwhile, computer monitors permitted the audience to contribute to the action and the ending varied each evening according to the decisions made by the spectators.",
"During the early 1970s, Bradford had what *The Guardian* called a \"burgeoning fringe scene\" which included theatre companies with names like the John Bull Puncture Repair Kit and The Welfare State. Edgar was co\\-founder of such a group that took the name The General Will Theatre Company which specialised in a \"crude and cartoonish\" style of political commentary presented with generous dollops of music hall and burlesque for comedic effect. General Will took several of Edgar's works on tour including *The National Interest* (1971\\), a series of sketches showing how the mythical concept of 'The National Interest' can be used to justify sacrifices by the many on behalf of the self\\-interested few; *The Rupert Show* (1971\\), a one\\-act play set in a church during a service conducted by among others a vicar who also plays [Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\"), [Lord Longford](/wiki/Lord_Longford \"Lord Longford\") and [Judge Argyle](/wiki/Michael_Argyle_%28lawyer%29 \"Michael Argyle (lawyer)\"), the judge in the [*Oz* obscenity trial](/wiki/Oz_%28magazine%29%23UK_obscenity_trial_and_appeal \"Oz (magazine)#UK obscenity trial and appeal\"), which the title mocks; and *State of Emergency* (1972\\), which toured with General Will and also appeared at the Edinburgh Festival and at the Royal Court Theatre Upstairs, all in 1972, was a one\\-act documentary with songs about industrial resistance to the Conservative government. General Will came to a halt when the only gay member of the company took exception to the heterosexual slant of the material and went on strike in mid\\-performance. They did, however, lead to Edgar's first foreign premiere.",
"Shortly after the [Bloody Sunday](/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_%281972%29 \"Bloody Sunday (1972)\") shootings in 1972, Edgar collaborated with six friends (Tony Bicat, [Brian Clark](/wiki/Brian_Clark_%28writer%29 \"Brian Clark (writer)\"), [Howard Brenton](/wiki/Howard_Brenton \"Howard Brenton\"), Francis Fuchs, [David Hare](/wiki/David_Hare_%28playwright%29 \"David Hare (playwright)\") and [Snoo Wilson](/wiki/Snoo_Wilson \"Snoo Wilson\")) who all, pretending to be on a walking holiday, booked an isolated country cottage for a week where they sat down and wrote a play together. They took what later came to be termed the \"firing squad\" approach to playwriting. In a firing squad one member of the party has a blank round; given that no member knows who this is, none of them need assume responsibility for the killing. Edgar and his friends tried to write in a style as similar to the others as possible so none of them need take responsibility for his contribution to the play. The result was *England's Ireland* (1972\\), an episodic look at the history of the British in [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\") with different episodes shown from different perspectives. This received its world premiere in 1972 at the hands of the Shoot Theatre Company at the Mickery Theatre, [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"), and later the same year transferred to the Round House Theatre in London.[The Writers Guild](http://www.writersguild.org.uk/public/008_Featurearticl/142_WGGBFeatures.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207173309/http://writersguild.org.uk/public/008\\_Featurearticl/142\\_WGGBFeatures.html \\|date\\=7 February 2009}}\\-Interviews David Edgar, 21 June 2007\\.",
"By now, Edgar was receiving commissions from repertory theatres and small touring groups resulting in *Excuses Excuses* (1972\\) for the Belgrade Theatre Studio, [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry \"Coventry\"), and later revived by OpenSpace Theatre, London, in 1973 and then revived as *Fired* (1975\\) by Second City Theatre Company was a debate on the motives for arson committed in protest at redundancies at a local factory; *Rent or Caught in the Act* (1972\\), at the Unity Theatre, London, was about housing conditions for the working classes (and this was also produced at a community centre in Battersea at the request of the Wandsworth Community Workshop led by the Tenants Union, as part of the campaign in 1971–72 against the Housing Finance Bill, eventually enacted as the Housing Finance Act 1972\\); *Road to Hanoi* (1972\\) produced on tour by Paradise Foundry Theatre Company, London, was a ten\\-minute play written with Howard, Wandor and Snoo Wilson about [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope \"Bob Hope\")'s 1971 visit to [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi \"Hanoi\") to attempt to buy back American POWs; In 1972, Edgar decided to put the journalism to one side and took to being a playwright full\\-time.",
""
] |
Reception
---------
[thumb\|Impossible Whopper and packaging](/wiki/File:Burger_King_Impossible_Whopper_%2848609441113%29.jpg "Burger King Impossible Whopper (48609441113).jpg")
Customers' opinions vary on how similar the Impossible Whopper is to the regular Whopper; some say that it is almost identical, others think it is not even close. Some reviewers found the texture to be similar, while others found that the Impossible Whopper was dry or missing the crumbliness of beef.{{cite news \|last\=Figueroa IV\|first\=Daniel\|date\=August 14, 2019\|title\=We tried Burger King's meatless Impossible Whopper so you don't have to. \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/arts\-entertainment/food/2019/08/14/we\-tried\-burger\-kings\-meatless\-impossible\-whopper\-so\-you\-dont\-have\-to/ \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|work\=Tampa Bay Times \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=March 30, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330042356/https://www.tampabay.com/arts\-entertainment/food/2019/08/14/we\-tried\-burger\-kings\-meatless\-impossible\-whopper\-so\-you\-dont\-have\-to/ \|url\-status\=live }} Reviewers at Foodology found that they "really couldn't tell the difference at all".{{cite news \|title\=Burger King Canada: The Impossible Whopper Review \|url\=https://foodology.ca/burger\-king\-canada\-the\-impossible\-whopper\-review/ \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|work\=Foodology \|date\=6 May 2021}}
Megan Schaltegger of *[Delish](/wiki/Delish "Delish")* found that the burger tasted "nearly identical to an OG Whopper", saying that she double\-checked her receipt to make sure it really was not meat.{{cite news \|title\=We Tried Burger King's Impossible Whopper, And Now We're Campaigning To Keep It Around For Good \|url\=https://www.delish.com/food\-news/a28816817/burger\-king\-impossible\-whopper\-taste\-test\-review/ \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|work\=Delish \|date\=12 September 2019 \|archive\-date\=February 25, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225153752/https://www.delish.com/food\-news/a28816817/burger\-king\-impossible\-whopper\-taste\-test\-review/ \|url\-status\=live }} [Meat industry](/wiki/Meat_industry "Meat industry") lobbyist Eric Bohl likewise said "If I didn't know what I was eating, I would have no idea it was not beef." Zachary Fagenson of the *[Miami New Times](/wiki/Miami_New_Times "Miami New Times")* said the burger's taste and texture were very similar to the regular Whopper and praised Burger King for providing an environmentally\-friendly alternative to beef. Another positive review came from Antonio Villas\-Boas writing for *[Business Insider](/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*, who said that although the Impossible Whopper was not as good as the regular Whopper, it was better than most veggie burgers. Despite being a meat\-eater, Villas\-Boas continued buying the Impossible Whopper, saying that "reducing the amount of meat in my diet can only be a good thing".{{cite news \|last1\=Villas\-Boas \|first1\=Antonio \|title\=I'm a meat eater, and I tried the new Impossible Whopper from Burger King — here's my verdict \|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/burger\-king\-impossible\-whopper\-review\-2019\-8 \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|work\=Business Insider \|archive\-date\=May 23, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523154400/https://www.businessinsider.com/burger\-king\-impossible\-whopper\-review\-2019\-8 \|url\-status\=live }}
Writing for *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*, Tim Carman said that the Impossible Whopper patty is more flavorful than the traditional beef patty because "the bar is set extremely low".{{cite news \|last1\=Carman \|first1\=Tim \|title\=Burger King's Impossible Whopper tastes even better than the real thing \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2019/04/15/burger\-kings\-impossible\-whopper\-tastes\-even\-better\-than\-the\-real\-thing/ \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|newspaper\=Washington Post \|date\=28 October 2021 \|archive\-date\=November 27, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127114314/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2019/04/15/burger\-kings\-impossible\-whopper\-tastes\-even\-better\-than\-the\-real\-thing/ \|url\-status\=live }} He concluded: "The product is close enough to beef that your brain is willing to fill in the rest of the flavors, even if somewhere in the dark recesses of your cerebral cortex, you know it's all a lie." Adam Bible of *[Eat This, Not That](/wiki/Eat_This%2C_Not_That "Eat This, Not That")* wrote that the burger was "good, almost great". He was impressed by the burger's meatlike taste, but when he tried a regular Whopper alongside it, he found that the Impossible Whopper paled in comparison.{{cite news \|last1\=Bible \|first1\=Adam \|title\=Burger King's Impossible Whopper Is Good for a Plant\-Based Version, But It Won't Win Over All Carnivores \|url\=https://www.eatthis.com/burger\-king\-impossible\-whopper\-review/ \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|work\=Eat This Not That \|date\=14 August 2019 \|language\=en }} Similarly, the *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")*{{'s}} Christopher Spata said that eating the two versions together made the Impossible Whopper feel inadequate.
Alison Cook of the *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")* said that although the patty differed from the regular Whopper in taste and texture, this did not matter too much because of the burger's lavish condiments. She called the Impossible Whopper "a burgerlike experience" rather than a burger, and gave it a D\+ compared to the regular Whopper's C−. *[Thrillist](/wiki/Thrillist "Thrillist")*{{'s}} Adam Rothbarth likewise said that the condiments were the main source of flavor compared to the patty itself, which is something that, according to Tim Carman's Impossible Whopper review, is also true of the regular Whopper. Rothbarth found that the burger tasted very much like a regular Whopper but that "the question shouldn't be whether it tastes like a Whopper (it does), it should be whether it tastes good (not especially)." Rothbarth and *The Spoon*{{'s}} Chris Albrecht both said that Burger King's interpretation was not as good as other restaurants' versions of the [Impossible Burger](/wiki/Impossible_Burger "Impossible Burger").{{cite news \|title\=We Tried Burger King's Impossible Whopper to See How It Compares to the Meaty Original \|url\=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/burger\-king\-impossible\-whopper\-review \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|work\=Thrillist \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=June 2, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602141501/https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/burger\-king\-impossible\-whopper\-review \|url\-status\=live }} Nonetheless, Rothbarth expressed approval for Burger King's decision to introduce the Impossible Whopper.
Food blogger Matt Taylor said the burger "didn't taste exactly like meat, but fairly similar"; he concluded that it was not quite as good as a beef Whopper but that some consumers might not be able to tell the difference.{{cite web \|last1\=Taylor \|first1\=Matt \|title\=Impossible Whopper Review: Does Fake Meat Taste Good? \|url\=https://www.inthekitchenwithmatt.com/impossible\-whopper \|website\=In The Kitchen With Matt \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|date\=24 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=June 9, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609140838/https://www.inthekitchenwithmatt.com/impossible\-whopper \|url\-status\=live }} *The Spoon*{{'s}} Chris Albrecht said it was good but "definitely wouldn't fool a meat eater", concluding that he would order one again in the future for environmental reasons. Both Taylor and Albrecht commented that the patty's shape looked too perfect.{{cite news \|title\=I Tried Burger King's Impossible Whopper (and so Did a Lot of Other Customers) \|url\=https://thespoon.tech/i\-tried\-burger\-kings\-impossible\-whopper\-and\-so\-did\-a\-lot\-of\-other\-customers/ \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|work\=The Spoon \|date\=15 August 2019 \|archive\-date\=June 9, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609141616/https://thespoon.tech/i\-tried\-burger\-kings\-impossible\-whopper\-and\-so\-did\-a\-lot\-of\-other\-customers/ \|url\-status\=live }} Alison Cook of the *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")* similarly noted that the edge of the Impossible patty is straight whereas the beef patty's edge is irregular,{{cite news \|last1\=Cook \|first1\=Alison \|title\=Burger Friday: Impossible Whopper offers 'a burger\-like experience,' not much else, at Burger King \|url\=https://preview.houstonchronicle.com/dining/burger\-friday\-king\-impossible\-whopper\-review\-16302317 \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|work\=Preview {{!}} Houston Arts \& Entertainment Guide \|archive\-date\=June 9, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609151853/https://preview.houstonchronicle.com/dining/burger\-friday\-king\-impossible\-whopper\-review\-16302317 \|url\-status\=live }} and Zachary Fagenson of the *Miami New Times* said it was "a near\-perfect circle with right angles at its edges".
Two reviewers from *[The Diamondback](/wiki/The_Diamondback "The Diamondback")* called the Impossible Whopper bland.{{cite news \|title\=A life\-long vegetarian and a loyal carnivore review Burger King's Impossible Whopper \|url\=https://dbknews.com/2019/11/07/burger\-king\-impossible\-whopper\-vegetarian\-meat\-eater\-review/ \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|work\=The Diamondback \|date\=7 November 2019 \|archive\-date\=June 9, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609141210/https://dbknews.com/2019/11/07/burger\-king\-impossible\-whopper\-vegetarian\-meat\-eater\-review/ \|url\-status\=live }} One called it a "solid meatless option", while the other concluded that like the regular Whopper, it has the characteristic low quality of [fast food](/wiki/Fast_food "Fast food").
One reviewer from the *Tampa Bay Times* found the Impossible Whopper to be better than the regular Whopper, saying that the plant\-based burger tasted like beef, whereas the beef burger was too greasy and had a soggy bun.
|
[
"Reception\n---------",
"[thumb\\|Impossible Whopper and packaging](/wiki/File:Burger_King_Impossible_Whopper_%2848609441113%29.jpg \"Burger King Impossible Whopper (48609441113).jpg\")\nCustomers' opinions vary on how similar the Impossible Whopper is to the regular Whopper; some say that it is almost identical, others think it is not even close. Some reviewers found the texture to be similar, while others found that the Impossible Whopper was dry or missing the crumbliness of beef.{{cite news \\|last\\=Figueroa IV\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=August 14, 2019\\|title\\=We tried Burger King's meatless Impossible Whopper so you don't have to. \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/arts\\-entertainment/food/2019/08/14/we\\-tried\\-burger\\-kings\\-meatless\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-so\\-you\\-dont\\-have\\-to/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=March 30, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330042356/https://www.tampabay.com/arts\\-entertainment/food/2019/08/14/we\\-tried\\-burger\\-kings\\-meatless\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-so\\-you\\-dont\\-have\\-to/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Reviewers at Foodology found that they \"really couldn't tell the difference at all\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Burger King Canada: The Impossible Whopper Review \\|url\\=https://foodology.ca/burger\\-king\\-canada\\-the\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-review/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|work\\=Foodology \\|date\\=6 May 2021}}",
"Megan Schaltegger of *[Delish](/wiki/Delish \"Delish\")* found that the burger tasted \"nearly identical to an OG Whopper\", saying that she double\\-checked her receipt to make sure it really was not meat.{{cite news \\|title\\=We Tried Burger King's Impossible Whopper, And Now We're Campaigning To Keep It Around For Good \\|url\\=https://www.delish.com/food\\-news/a28816817/burger\\-king\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-taste\\-test\\-review/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|work\\=Delish \\|date\\=12 September 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 25, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225153752/https://www.delish.com/food\\-news/a28816817/burger\\-king\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-taste\\-test\\-review/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Meat industry](/wiki/Meat_industry \"Meat industry\") lobbyist Eric Bohl likewise said \"If I didn't know what I was eating, I would have no idea it was not beef.\" Zachary Fagenson of the *[Miami New Times](/wiki/Miami_New_Times \"Miami New Times\")* said the burger's taste and texture were very similar to the regular Whopper and praised Burger King for providing an environmentally\\-friendly alternative to beef. Another positive review came from Antonio Villas\\-Boas writing for *[Business Insider](/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")*, who said that although the Impossible Whopper was not as good as the regular Whopper, it was better than most veggie burgers. Despite being a meat\\-eater, Villas\\-Boas continued buying the Impossible Whopper, saying that \"reducing the amount of meat in my diet can only be a good thing\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Villas\\-Boas \\|first1\\=Antonio \\|title\\=I'm a meat eater, and I tried the new Impossible Whopper from Burger King — here's my verdict \\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/burger\\-king\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-review\\-2019\\-8 \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|work\\=Business Insider \\|archive\\-date\\=May 23, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523154400/https://www.businessinsider.com/burger\\-king\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-review\\-2019\\-8 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Writing for *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*, Tim Carman said that the Impossible Whopper patty is more flavorful than the traditional beef patty because \"the bar is set extremely low\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Carman \\|first1\\=Tim \\|title\\=Burger King's Impossible Whopper tastes even better than the real thing \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2019/04/15/burger\\-kings\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-tastes\\-even\\-better\\-than\\-the\\-real\\-thing/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|newspaper\\=Washington Post \\|date\\=28 October 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 27, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127114314/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2019/04/15/burger\\-kings\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-tastes\\-even\\-better\\-than\\-the\\-real\\-thing/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} He concluded: \"The product is close enough to beef that your brain is willing to fill in the rest of the flavors, even if somewhere in the dark recesses of your cerebral cortex, you know it's all a lie.\" Adam Bible of *[Eat This, Not That](/wiki/Eat_This%2C_Not_That \"Eat This, Not That\")* wrote that the burger was \"good, almost great\". He was impressed by the burger's meatlike taste, but when he tried a regular Whopper alongside it, he found that the Impossible Whopper paled in comparison.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Bible \\|first1\\=Adam \\|title\\=Burger King's Impossible Whopper Is Good for a Plant\\-Based Version, But It Won't Win Over All Carnivores \\|url\\=https://www.eatthis.com/burger\\-king\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-review/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|work\\=Eat This Not That \\|date\\=14 August 2019 \\|language\\=en }} Similarly, the *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")*{{'s}} Christopher Spata said that eating the two versions together made the Impossible Whopper feel inadequate.",
"Alison Cook of the *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle \"Houston Chronicle\")* said that although the patty differed from the regular Whopper in taste and texture, this did not matter too much because of the burger's lavish condiments. She called the Impossible Whopper \"a burgerlike experience\" rather than a burger, and gave it a D\\+ compared to the regular Whopper's C−. *[Thrillist](/wiki/Thrillist \"Thrillist\")*{{'s}} Adam Rothbarth likewise said that the condiments were the main source of flavor compared to the patty itself, which is something that, according to Tim Carman's Impossible Whopper review, is also true of the regular Whopper. Rothbarth found that the burger tasted very much like a regular Whopper but that \"the question shouldn't be whether it tastes like a Whopper (it does), it should be whether it tastes good (not especially).\" Rothbarth and *The Spoon*{{'s}} Chris Albrecht both said that Burger King's interpretation was not as good as other restaurants' versions of the [Impossible Burger](/wiki/Impossible_Burger \"Impossible Burger\").{{cite news \\|title\\=We Tried Burger King's Impossible Whopper to See How It Compares to the Meaty Original \\|url\\=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/burger\\-king\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-review \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|work\\=Thrillist \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=June 2, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602141501/https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/burger\\-king\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-review \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Nonetheless, Rothbarth expressed approval for Burger King's decision to introduce the Impossible Whopper.",
"Food blogger Matt Taylor said the burger \"didn't taste exactly like meat, but fairly similar\"; he concluded that it was not quite as good as a beef Whopper but that some consumers might not be able to tell the difference.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Taylor \\|first1\\=Matt \\|title\\=Impossible Whopper Review: Does Fake Meat Taste Good? \\|url\\=https://www.inthekitchenwithmatt.com/impossible\\-whopper \\|website\\=In The Kitchen With Matt \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|date\\=24 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 9, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609140838/https://www.inthekitchenwithmatt.com/impossible\\-whopper \\|url\\-status\\=live }} *The Spoon*{{'s}} Chris Albrecht said it was good but \"definitely wouldn't fool a meat eater\", concluding that he would order one again in the future for environmental reasons. Both Taylor and Albrecht commented that the patty's shape looked too perfect.{{cite news \\|title\\=I Tried Burger King's Impossible Whopper (and so Did a Lot of Other Customers) \\|url\\=https://thespoon.tech/i\\-tried\\-burger\\-kings\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-and\\-so\\-did\\-a\\-lot\\-of\\-other\\-customers/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|work\\=The Spoon \\|date\\=15 August 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 9, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609141616/https://thespoon.tech/i\\-tried\\-burger\\-kings\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-and\\-so\\-did\\-a\\-lot\\-of\\-other\\-customers/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Alison Cook of the *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle \"Houston Chronicle\")* similarly noted that the edge of the Impossible patty is straight whereas the beef patty's edge is irregular,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Cook \\|first1\\=Alison \\|title\\=Burger Friday: Impossible Whopper offers 'a burger\\-like experience,' not much else, at Burger King \\|url\\=https://preview.houstonchronicle.com/dining/burger\\-friday\\-king\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-review\\-16302317 \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|work\\=Preview {{!}} Houston Arts \\& Entertainment Guide \\|archive\\-date\\=June 9, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609151853/https://preview.houstonchronicle.com/dining/burger\\-friday\\-king\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-review\\-16302317 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and Zachary Fagenson of the *Miami New Times* said it was \"a near\\-perfect circle with right angles at its edges\".",
"Two reviewers from *[The Diamondback](/wiki/The_Diamondback \"The Diamondback\")* called the Impossible Whopper bland.{{cite news \\|title\\=A life\\-long vegetarian and a loyal carnivore review Burger King's Impossible Whopper \\|url\\=https://dbknews.com/2019/11/07/burger\\-king\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-vegetarian\\-meat\\-eater\\-review/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|work\\=The Diamondback \\|date\\=7 November 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 9, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609141210/https://dbknews.com/2019/11/07/burger\\-king\\-impossible\\-whopper\\-vegetarian\\-meat\\-eater\\-review/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} One called it a \"solid meatless option\", while the other concluded that like the regular Whopper, it has the characteristic low quality of [fast food](/wiki/Fast_food \"Fast food\").",
"One reviewer from the *Tampa Bay Times* found the Impossible Whopper to be better than the regular Whopper, saying that the plant\\-based burger tasted like beef, whereas the beef burger was too greasy and had a soggy bun.",
""
] |
Political career
----------------
Wall became involved in labour politics during the seventeen years she spent working for the *[Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star "Toronto Star")*, holding various positions in its ranks,(May 6, 2005\). "Carol Wall challenges Georgetti for CLC president", [Canada NewsWire](/wiki/Canada_NewsWire "Canada NewsWire"). where she became involved as an activist in the Southern Ontario Newspaper Guild (SONG). Starting out as a shop steward, she became the union's representative on various labour bodies. In 1995, she became a representative for the [Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada](/wiki/Communications%2C_Energy_and_Paperworkers_Union_of_Canada "Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada").
In 1998, she co\-chaired the Commonwealth Study Conference. She co\-authored the book *Education for Changing Unions*.
Wall was hired in 2000 as the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada's first director of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights "Human rights"), and she participated on their behalf in the [World Conference against Racism](/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism "World Conference against Racism") held in [Durban](/wiki/Durban "Durban"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") in 2001\. In 2002, she was elected vice president of the [Canadian Labour Congress](/wiki/Canadian_Labour_Congress "Canadian Labour Congress"), representing workers of colour. She also worked as a national negotiator for the [Public Service Alliance of Canada](/wiki/Public_Service_Alliance_of_Canada "Public Service Alliance of Canada").
Wall was a member of the Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, and served on the Women's Committee of the [Ontario Federation of Labour](/wiki/Ontario_Federation_of_Labour "Ontario Federation of Labour") and the CLC's Human Rights Committee. She also served as a member of several boards including the Pay Equity Advocacy and Legal Services Clinic, [York University](/wiki/York_University "York University")'s Centre for Research on Work and Society and the Chiropractic College of Ontario.
Wall ran for the presidency of the [Canadian Labour Congress](/wiki/Canadian_Labour_Congress "Canadian Labour Congress") in 2005, gaining 37% of the popular vote in spite of being blocked from many union caucuses and unions directing their members to vote against her, while running against incumbent [Ken Georgetti](/wiki/Ken_Georgetti "Ken Georgetti"). Her campaign was seen as part of a broader movement to set the Labour Congress back on a more strategic, inclusive member focused path.(May 9, 2005\). "'It's like we don't have a role anymore,' says CLC challenger: Challenge to Canadian Labour Congress president sparks debate on labour's role", [Canadian Press](/wiki/Canadian_Press "Canadian Press"). Reprinted in *[Sudbury Star](/wiki/Sudbury_Star "Sudbury Star")*, p. A7\.
|
[
"Political career\n----------------",
"Wall became involved in labour politics during the seventeen years she spent working for the *[Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star \"Toronto Star\")*, holding various positions in its ranks,(May 6, 2005\\). \"Carol Wall challenges Georgetti for CLC president\", [Canada NewsWire](/wiki/Canada_NewsWire \"Canada NewsWire\"). where she became involved as an activist in the Southern Ontario Newspaper Guild (SONG). Starting out as a shop steward, she became the union's representative on various labour bodies. In 1995, she became a representative for the [Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada](/wiki/Communications%2C_Energy_and_Paperworkers_Union_of_Canada \"Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada\").",
"In 1998, she co\\-chaired the Commonwealth Study Conference. She co\\-authored the book *Education for Changing Unions*.",
"Wall was hired in 2000 as the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada's first director of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\"), and she participated on their behalf in the [World Conference against Racism](/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism \"World Conference against Racism\") held in [Durban](/wiki/Durban \"Durban\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") in 2001\\. In 2002, she was elected vice president of the [Canadian Labour Congress](/wiki/Canadian_Labour_Congress \"Canadian Labour Congress\"), representing workers of colour. She also worked as a national negotiator for the [Public Service Alliance of Canada](/wiki/Public_Service_Alliance_of_Canada \"Public Service Alliance of Canada\").",
"Wall was a member of the Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, and served on the Women's Committee of the [Ontario Federation of Labour](/wiki/Ontario_Federation_of_Labour \"Ontario Federation of Labour\") and the CLC's Human Rights Committee. She also served as a member of several boards including the Pay Equity Advocacy and Legal Services Clinic, [York University](/wiki/York_University \"York University\")'s Centre for Research on Work and Society and the Chiropractic College of Ontario.",
"Wall ran for the presidency of the [Canadian Labour Congress](/wiki/Canadian_Labour_Congress \"Canadian Labour Congress\") in 2005, gaining 37% of the popular vote in spite of being blocked from many union caucuses and unions directing their members to vote against her, while running against incumbent [Ken Georgetti](/wiki/Ken_Georgetti \"Ken Georgetti\"). Her campaign was seen as part of a broader movement to set the Labour Congress back on a more strategic, inclusive member focused path.(May 9, 2005\\). \"'It's like we don't have a role anymore,' says CLC challenger: Challenge to Canadian Labour Congress president sparks debate on labour's role\", [Canadian Press](/wiki/Canadian_Press \"Canadian Press\"). Reprinted in *[Sudbury Star](/wiki/Sudbury_Star \"Sudbury Star\")*, p. A7\\.",
""
] |
Race description
----------------
[Monarchos](/wiki/Monarchos "Monarchos"), bumped by Point Given at the start and forced in on Jamaican Rum, was outrun for six furlongs. He raced five or six wide, commenced a sweeping run five abreast on the second turn to come out a bit further entering the stretch. Monarchos caught [Congaree](/wiki/Congaree_%28horse%29 "Congaree (horse)") approaching the final sixteenth and drew clear under steady left\-handed encouragement. Invisible Ink, unhurried to the far turn, moved up between foes approaching the stretch and angled outside the winner to secure room in the upper stretch. Invisible Ink couldn't menace Monarchos, but closed with good determination to wear down Congaree for a second. Congaree, in hand early while tracking the leaders four or five wide, accelerated to the front about the five\-sixteenths pole, and settled into the stretch with a clear advantage. Congaree showed the way into the final furlong but weakened gradually thereafter.
Thunder Blitz, bumped at the start when [Balto Star](/wiki/Balto_Star "Balto Star") came out, was outrun to the far turn while along the inside. He angled between rivals soon after while advancing, split foes approaching the final quarter, then improved position with a mild late run. Thunder Blitz returned bleeding from the mouth. [Point Given](/wiki/Point_Given "Point Given") broke to the inside bumping the winner, moved up steadily to gain a striking position five wide on the backstretch. Point Given made a threatening run on the second turn, but then flattened out when straightened for the drive.
Jamaican Rum, bumped at the start and squeezed back. Jamaican Rum was outrun for seven furlongs while racing well off the inside, leaned in while advancing six wide tightening it up on Dollar Bill at the three\-eighths pole, then closed some ground while not a threat. [A P Valentine](/wiki/A_P_Valentine "A P Valentine"), in behind rivals while unhurried into the backstretch, was checked when bumped by Talk Is Money at the half\-mile ground, steadied between foes and was shuffled back at the three\-eighths pole and rallied belatedly.
Express tour settled in a striking position while near the inside between foes on the backstretch, and made a menacing run after angling out slightly on the second turn. Express Tour then failed to sustain the needed momentum. Fifty Stars, outrun until the stretch while in behind rivals, angled out at the eighth pole but wasn't a factor. Startac failed to reach contention and was eight wide on the second turn and into the stretch. [Millennium Wind](/wiki/Millennium_Wind "Millennium Wind"), forwardly placed along the rail, was checked behind Songandaprayer, about the five\-sixteenths pole and failed to threaten thereafter.
Arctic Boy, squeezed a bit at the start, failed to threaten. Songandaprayer was hustled to the front along the rail soon after the start, and made the pace under pressure to the second turn, then tired from the effort. Balto Star forced the pace between rivals for seven furlongs and gave way. Dollar Bill, angled in behind horses soon after the start, eased out a bit on the backstretch, and was forced to take up sharply. Dollar Bill then lost his action at the three\-eighths pole when in tight quarters and was finished. Keats pressed the leaders three wide to the far turn and gave way thereafter. Talk is Money exchanged bumps with A P Valentine leaving the half\-mile ground, gave way soon after and was distanced before going a mile and eased through the stretch. A foul claim by the rider of Invisible Ink against the winner for alleged interference at the quarter\-mile ground was disallowed.
Monarchos finished 4 3/4 lengths in front of Invisible Ink, who was a nose ahead of Congaree. Thunder Blitz ran fourth.{{Cite web\|title\=Monarchos Wins Kentucky Derby!\|url\=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/193346/monarchos\-wins\-kentucky\-derby\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-29\|website\=www.bloodhorse.com\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019111610/https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/193346/monarchos\-wins\-kentucky\-derby \|archive\-date\=2017\-10\-19 }}
It was the second\-fastest winning time in the Kentucky Derby, and the first year time was extended to hundredths instead of fifths. The 1:59\.97 would have been equivalent to a 2:00\.0 time in previous years.
|
[
"Race description\n----------------",
"[Monarchos](/wiki/Monarchos \"Monarchos\"), bumped by Point Given at the start and forced in on Jamaican Rum, was outrun for six furlongs. He raced five or six wide, commenced a sweeping run five abreast on the second turn to come out a bit further entering the stretch. Monarchos caught [Congaree](/wiki/Congaree_%28horse%29 \"Congaree (horse)\") approaching the final sixteenth and drew clear under steady left\\-handed encouragement. Invisible Ink, unhurried to the far turn, moved up between foes approaching the stretch and angled outside the winner to secure room in the upper stretch. Invisible Ink couldn't menace Monarchos, but closed with good determination to wear down Congaree for a second. Congaree, in hand early while tracking the leaders four or five wide, accelerated to the front about the five\\-sixteenths pole, and settled into the stretch with a clear advantage. Congaree showed the way into the final furlong but weakened gradually thereafter.",
"Thunder Blitz, bumped at the start when [Balto Star](/wiki/Balto_Star \"Balto Star\") came out, was outrun to the far turn while along the inside. He angled between rivals soon after while advancing, split foes approaching the final quarter, then improved position with a mild late run. Thunder Blitz returned bleeding from the mouth. [Point Given](/wiki/Point_Given \"Point Given\") broke to the inside bumping the winner, moved up steadily to gain a striking position five wide on the backstretch. Point Given made a threatening run on the second turn, but then flattened out when straightened for the drive.",
"Jamaican Rum, bumped at the start and squeezed back. Jamaican Rum was outrun for seven furlongs while racing well off the inside, leaned in while advancing six wide tightening it up on Dollar Bill at the three\\-eighths pole, then closed some ground while not a threat. [A P Valentine](/wiki/A_P_Valentine \"A P Valentine\"), in behind rivals while unhurried into the backstretch, was checked when bumped by Talk Is Money at the half\\-mile ground, steadied between foes and was shuffled back at the three\\-eighths pole and rallied belatedly.",
"Express tour settled in a striking position while near the inside between foes on the backstretch, and made a menacing run after angling out slightly on the second turn. Express Tour then failed to sustain the needed momentum. Fifty Stars, outrun until the stretch while in behind rivals, angled out at the eighth pole but wasn't a factor. Startac failed to reach contention and was eight wide on the second turn and into the stretch. [Millennium Wind](/wiki/Millennium_Wind \"Millennium Wind\"), forwardly placed along the rail, was checked behind Songandaprayer, about the five\\-sixteenths pole and failed to threaten thereafter.",
"Arctic Boy, squeezed a bit at the start, failed to threaten. Songandaprayer was hustled to the front along the rail soon after the start, and made the pace under pressure to the second turn, then tired from the effort. Balto Star forced the pace between rivals for seven furlongs and gave way. Dollar Bill, angled in behind horses soon after the start, eased out a bit on the backstretch, and was forced to take up sharply. Dollar Bill then lost his action at the three\\-eighths pole when in tight quarters and was finished. Keats pressed the leaders three wide to the far turn and gave way thereafter. Talk is Money exchanged bumps with A P Valentine leaving the half\\-mile ground, gave way soon after and was distanced before going a mile and eased through the stretch. A foul claim by the rider of Invisible Ink against the winner for alleged interference at the quarter\\-mile ground was disallowed.",
"Monarchos finished 4 3/4 lengths in front of Invisible Ink, who was a nose ahead of Congaree. Thunder Blitz ran fourth.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Monarchos Wins Kentucky Derby!\\|url\\=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/193346/monarchos\\-wins\\-kentucky\\-derby\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-29\\|website\\=www.bloodhorse.com\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019111610/https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/193346/monarchos\\-wins\\-kentucky\\-derby \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-19 }}",
"It was the second\\-fastest winning time in the Kentucky Derby, and the first year time was extended to hundredths instead of fifths. The 1:59\\.97 would have been equivalent to a 2:00\\.0 time in previous years.",
""
] |
History
-------
The school was built by the Carmelite nuns in 1922 on a {{convert\|20\|acre\|ha\|0\|order\=flip\|adj\=on}} land. The nuns constructed a {{convert\|300\|ft\|m\|order\=flip\|adj\=on}} long single block of building at Ramanputhur, in the vicinity of Nagercoil Town and started the school.
The Carmel Higher Secondary School was established there with the help of the Carmelites by Bishop Aloysius Benziger of Quilon Diocese as an [English\-medium](/wiki/English_language "English language") middle school in 1922\. The building was solemnly blessed by Fr. Lucas, OCD, the Prior General of the Carmelites. It began with the preparatory class and first form under the management of Bernard Gonsalvez, and with Antony Pereira, B.A., as the first headmaster. In 1925 they were succeeded by Paul and Martin Fernandez. By then it was a full Middle School with 120 students and 6 teachers, of whom 40 were boarders.
[Aloysious Benzigar](/wiki/Alois_Benziger "Alois Benziger"), OCD, the [Catholic Bishop of Quilon](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quilon "Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon"), undertook to open an English school together with boarding quarters for the use of Catholics of the southern and Tamil\-speaking portion of the diocese. Benziger was a Swiss\-born Carmelite of the Belgian province who spent 1905 to 1931 at Carmel Hill, Trivandrum. He determined in 1919 to refound a Carmelite community in [Goa](/wiki/Goa "Goa") during the third centenary of their martyrdom, in 1938\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.carmelgoa.com/history.html\|title\=Welcome to Carmel Monastery, Margao, Goa\|last\=cosmic\|website\=www.carmelgoa.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-24}}
After the [Diocese of Kottar](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kottar "Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottar") was formed, in 1936 the first Bishop of Kottar, [Lawrence Pereira](/wiki/Lawrence_Pereira "Lawrence Pereira"), enlarged the school to the status of a [high school](/wiki/High_school "High school"). According to the regulations of the Directorate of School Education, the school was given permanent recognition as per the regulation No 1952/Z117 of 04\-12\-1934\.[Suny](http://sunyellowpages.in/listing/carmel-higher-secondary-school-nagercoil/){{Dead link\|date\=June 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
The appointment of Bishop Roche Agniswamy S.J, a Jesuit, in 1939 as Bishop of the Diocese was another occasion that strengthened the ties of the Diocese with the Jesuits.
From 1936 to 1946 the [Brothers of Charity](/wiki/Brothers_of_Charity "Brothers of Charity") from [England](/wiki/England "England") managed the school. From 1947 to 1950 the [Salesians of Don Bosco](/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco "Salesians of Don Bosco") took over but returned it to the Diocese of Kottar in 1950\. From June 1959 Jesuits from [Madurai](/wiki/Madurai "Madurai") province took charge and added the Higher Secondary School division. From June 1986 to June 1994 it reverted to the Salesians of Don Bosco. The Jesuits from Madurai Province returned in July 1994 and have managed the school since.Carmel Higher Secondary School Handbook 2010\-11
Today there is a statue of Jesus Christ in the entrance of the school, where the inauguration of the school was held. There was once a building, demolished to construct Machado Lab in 2000, situated in front of today’s canteen. It was the first ever building of Carmel Higher Secondary School, Nagercoil.
Poor{{weasel word\|date\=May 2021}} students are assisted by the waiving of school fees, a morning meal scheme, and works of charity in collaboration with the Carmel Alumni Association.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The school was built by the Carmelite nuns in 1922 on a {{convert\\|20\\|acre\\|ha\\|0\\|order\\=flip\\|adj\\=on}} land. The nuns constructed a {{convert\\|300\\|ft\\|m\\|order\\=flip\\|adj\\=on}} long single block of building at Ramanputhur, in the vicinity of Nagercoil Town and started the school.",
"The Carmel Higher Secondary School was established there with the help of the Carmelites by Bishop Aloysius Benziger of Quilon Diocese as an [English\\-medium](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") middle school in 1922\\. The building was solemnly blessed by Fr. Lucas, OCD, the Prior General of the Carmelites. It began with the preparatory class and first form under the management of Bernard Gonsalvez, and with Antony Pereira, B.A., as the first headmaster. In 1925 they were succeeded by Paul and Martin Fernandez. By then it was a full Middle School with 120 students and 6 teachers, of whom 40 were boarders.",
"[Aloysious Benzigar](/wiki/Alois_Benziger \"Alois Benziger\"), OCD, the [Catholic Bishop of Quilon](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quilon \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon\"), undertook to open an English school together with boarding quarters for the use of Catholics of the southern and Tamil\\-speaking portion of the diocese. Benziger was a Swiss\\-born Carmelite of the Belgian province who spent 1905 to 1931 at Carmel Hill, Trivandrum. He determined in 1919 to refound a Carmelite community in [Goa](/wiki/Goa \"Goa\") during the third centenary of their martyrdom, in 1938\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.carmelgoa.com/history.html\\|title\\=Welcome to Carmel Monastery, Margao, Goa\\|last\\=cosmic\\|website\\=www.carmelgoa.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-24}}",
"After the [Diocese of Kottar](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kottar \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottar\") was formed, in 1936 the first Bishop of Kottar, [Lawrence Pereira](/wiki/Lawrence_Pereira \"Lawrence Pereira\"), enlarged the school to the status of a [high school](/wiki/High_school \"High school\"). According to the regulations of the Directorate of School Education, the school was given permanent recognition as per the regulation No 1952/Z117 of 04\\-12\\-1934\\.[Suny](http://sunyellowpages.in/listing/carmel-higher-secondary-school-nagercoil/){{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"The appointment of Bishop Roche Agniswamy S.J, a Jesuit, in 1939 as Bishop of the Diocese was another occasion that strengthened the ties of the Diocese with the Jesuits.",
"From 1936 to 1946 the [Brothers of Charity](/wiki/Brothers_of_Charity \"Brothers of Charity\") from [England](/wiki/England \"England\") managed the school. From 1947 to 1950 the [Salesians of Don Bosco](/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco \"Salesians of Don Bosco\") took over but returned it to the Diocese of Kottar in 1950\\. From June 1959 Jesuits from [Madurai](/wiki/Madurai \"Madurai\") province took charge and added the Higher Secondary School division. From June 1986 to June 1994 it reverted to the Salesians of Don Bosco. The Jesuits from Madurai Province returned in July 1994 and have managed the school since.Carmel Higher Secondary School Handbook 2010\\-11",
"Today there is a statue of Jesus Christ in the entrance of the school, where the inauguration of the school was held. There was once a building, demolished to construct Machado Lab in 2000, situated in front of today’s canteen. It was the first ever building of Carmel Higher Secondary School, Nagercoil.",
"Poor{{weasel word\\|date\\=May 2021}} students are assisted by the waiving of school fees, a morning meal scheme, and works of charity in collaboration with the Carmel Alumni Association.",
""
] |
History
-------
Douglas Park founded the business in 1971 initially as a small, three\-coach operation. In 1977, the company diversified into the motor trade with their first [Datsun](/wiki/Datsun "Datsun") franchise in Hamilton, before adding a second a year later in [Strathaven](/wiki/Strathaven "Strathaven"). From this point on, the business began to grow in the motor trade and by 1986 were appointed agents for [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") and [BMW](/wiki/BMW "BMW"). In 1992, Park's Motor Group opened the [UK](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom")'s first multi\-franchise complex in [East Kilbride](/wiki/East_Kilbride "East Kilbride") which featured [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn "Citroën"), [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat_Automobiles "Fiat Automobiles"), [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda"), [Kia](/wiki/Kia_Motors "Kia Motors"), [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan"), [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") and [Suzuki](/wiki/Suzuki "Suzuki").
In 1998, investment in [Ayrshire](/wiki/Ayrshire "Ayrshire") led to the acquisition of seven more showrooms. Subsequently, in 2003, Park's Motor Group completed the development of Scotland's first P.A.G ([Premier Automotive Group](/wiki/Premier_Automotive_Group "Premier Automotive Group")) site which added [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo "Volvo"), [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars "Jaguar Cars") and [Land Rover](/wiki/Land_Rover "Land Rover") to a growing list of franchises.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.am\-online.com/news/dealer\-news/2016/10/11/parks\-of\-hamilton\-begins\-construction\-of\-ayr\-jlr\-showroom\|title\=Parks of Hamilton begins construction of Ayr JLR showroom\|website\=am\-online.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-04}}
In 2004, Park's Motor Group opened a [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") dealership in [Fife](/wiki/Fife "Fife"). In 2006, the company acquired Henry Bros [BMW](/wiki/BMW "BMW") businesses in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow") and [Hillington](/wiki/Hillington%2C_Scotland "Hillington, Scotland"), securing their position as [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland")'s largest BMW group. In 2009, Park's Motor Group became Scotland's only official [Overfinch](/wiki/Overfinch "Overfinch") distributor, which specialises in bespoke [Range Rovers](/wiki/Range_Rover "Range Rover").
In January 2011, Park's Motor Group extended its portfolio by opening [Saab](/wiki/Saab_Automobile "Saab Automobile"), in [Ayr](/wiki/Ayr "Ayr"). 2012 saw further expansion as their Renault [Irvine](/wiki/Irvine%2C_North_Ayrshire "Irvine, North Ayrshire") site was developed adding [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat_Automobiles "Fiat Automobiles"), [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan"), [Suzuki](/wiki/Suzuki "Suzuki"), and [Dacia](/wiki/Automobile_Dacia "Automobile Dacia") to the site as well as Honda.
To complement their BMW dealerships Park's Motor Group added Douglas Park [BMW Motorrad](/wiki/BMW_Motorrad "BMW Motorrad"), which specialises in the sale of new and used [motorcycles](/wiki/Motorcycle "Motorcycle") as well as an after\-sales operation. 2013 saw the opening of another Honda dealership in Ayr.
Business was strengthened once again with the addition of a second Citroën and Kia dealership in [Coatbridge](/wiki/Coatbridge "Coatbridge"), in 2014\. In the same year, they added another prestigious brand to their portfolio with the addition of [Maserati](/wiki/Maserati "Maserati").{{Cite web\|url\=http://cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/parks\-motor\-group\-opens\-maserati\-showroom/80603\|title\=Park's Motor Group opens Maserati showroom\|date\=2014\-03\-31\|website\=Car Dealer Magazine\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-04}}
In January 2015, Park's Motor Group opened [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren_Automotive "McLaren Automotive") [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow"), the first and only McLaren dealership in Scotland.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.am\-online.com/news/dealer\-news/2018/11/21/park\-s\-motor\-group\-s\-mclaren\-automotive\-franchise\-exceeding\-expectations\|title\=Park's Motor Group's McLaren Automotive franchise 'exceeding expectations'\|website\=am\-online.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-04}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-scotland\-scotland\-business\-27140641\|title\=McLaren plans first Scots dealership\|date\=2014\-04\-24\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-05\|language\=en\-GB}} McLaren Glasgow offers the entire range of new McLaren cars as well as pre\-owned models and service facilities. McLaren Glasgow was named the brand's European Retailer of the Year 2015, 2016 and 2018\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.am\-online.com/news/dealer\-news/2017/04/26/mclaren\-glasgow\-repeats\-mclaren\-european\-retailer\-of\-the\-year\-success\|title\=McLaren Glasgow repeats McLaren European Retailer of the Year success\|website\=am\-online.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-04}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.am\-online.com/news/dealer\-news/2019/03/21/mclaren\-glasgow\-named\-supercar\-brand\-s\-european\-retailer\-of\-the\-year\-2018\|title\=McLaren Glasgow named supercar brand's European Retailer of the Year 2018\|website\=am\-online.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-04}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.motortrader.com/motor\-trader\-news/automotive\-news/mclaren\-automotive\-names\-top\-european\-dealer\-13\-05\-2016\|title\=McLaren Automotive names top European dealer\|last\=Hutchinson\|first\=Curtis\|date\=2016\-05\-13\|website\=Motor Trader\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-05}} In 2018, Park's Motor Group opened its second McLaren dealership in [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds "Leeds").{{Cite web\|url\=https://bdaily.co.uk/articles/2018/11/14/mclaren\-supercar\-showroom\-to\-open\-next\-month\-in\-leeds\|title\=McLaren 'supercar' showroom to open next month in Leeds\|website\=Bdaily Business News\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-04}}
In January 2016, Park's Motor Group completed the acquisition of Macrae \& Dick.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/lifestyle/motoring/glee\-parks\-motor\-group\-expands\-7208918\|title\=Glee in the Park's: Motor Group expands by snapping up Macrae and Dick\|last\=Lanning\|first\=Phil\|date\=2016\-01\-19\|website\=dailyrecord\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-04}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.am\-online.com/news/acquisitions\-and\-deals/2016/01/20/park\-s\-motor\-group\-acquires\-macrae\-and\-dick\-to\-expand\-influence\-north\-of\-the\-border\|title\=Park's Motor Group acquires Macrae and Dick to expand influence north of the border\|website\=am\-online.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-04}} The acquisition led to the introduction of 12 new dealerships, including BMW and [MINI](/wiki/Mini "Mini") in [Stirling](/wiki/Stirling "Stirling"), [Land Rover](/wiki/Land_Rover "Land Rover") and [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars "Jaguar Cars") in [Inverness](/wiki/Inverness "Inverness") and Honda in both Inverness and [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen "Aberdeen"). As well as adding to their existing reputation, the takeover allowed for new partnerships to form with [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company"), [Mazda](/wiki/Mazda "Mazda") and [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota"), which are now represented in Inverness, [Elgin](/wiki/Elgin%2C_Scotland "Elgin, Scotland"), [Perth](/wiki/Perth%2C_Scotland "Perth, Scotland") and Stirling.
In March 2022, Park's Motor Group completed the acquisition of Border Motor Group.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.am\-online.com/news/acquisitions\-and\-deals/2022/03/02/park\-s\-motor\-group\-completes\-seven\-site\-borders\-motor\-group\-acquisition\|title\=Park's Motor Group completes Borders Motor Group acquisition }} The acquisition led to the introduction of 3 new dealerships, including Toyota, Lexus, Skoda and Hyundai in Carlisle, Dumfries and St. Boswells.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Douglas Park founded the business in 1971 initially as a small, three\\-coach operation. In 1977, the company diversified into the motor trade with their first [Datsun](/wiki/Datsun \"Datsun\") franchise in Hamilton, before adding a second a year later in [Strathaven](/wiki/Strathaven \"Strathaven\"). From this point on, the business began to grow in the motor trade and by 1986 were appointed agents for [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\") and [BMW](/wiki/BMW \"BMW\"). In 1992, Park's Motor Group opened the [UK](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\")'s first multi\\-franchise complex in [East Kilbride](/wiki/East_Kilbride \"East Kilbride\") which featured [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn \"Citroën\"), [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat_Automobiles \"Fiat Automobiles\"), [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\"), [Kia](/wiki/Kia_Motors \"Kia Motors\"), [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\"), [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") and [Suzuki](/wiki/Suzuki \"Suzuki\").",
"In 1998, investment in [Ayrshire](/wiki/Ayrshire \"Ayrshire\") led to the acquisition of seven more showrooms. Subsequently, in 2003, Park's Motor Group completed the development of Scotland's first P.A.G ([Premier Automotive Group](/wiki/Premier_Automotive_Group \"Premier Automotive Group\")) site which added [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo \"Volvo\"), [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars \"Jaguar Cars\") and [Land Rover](/wiki/Land_Rover \"Land Rover\") to a growing list of franchises.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.am\\-online.com/news/dealer\\-news/2016/10/11/parks\\-of\\-hamilton\\-begins\\-construction\\-of\\-ayr\\-jlr\\-showroom\\|title\\=Parks of Hamilton begins construction of Ayr JLR showroom\\|website\\=am\\-online.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-04}}",
"In 2004, Park's Motor Group opened a [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") dealership in [Fife](/wiki/Fife \"Fife\"). In 2006, the company acquired Henry Bros [BMW](/wiki/BMW \"BMW\") businesses in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") and [Hillington](/wiki/Hillington%2C_Scotland \"Hillington, Scotland\"), securing their position as [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\")'s largest BMW group. In 2009, Park's Motor Group became Scotland's only official [Overfinch](/wiki/Overfinch \"Overfinch\") distributor, which specialises in bespoke [Range Rovers](/wiki/Range_Rover \"Range Rover\").",
"In January 2011, Park's Motor Group extended its portfolio by opening [Saab](/wiki/Saab_Automobile \"Saab Automobile\"), in [Ayr](/wiki/Ayr \"Ayr\"). 2012 saw further expansion as their Renault [Irvine](/wiki/Irvine%2C_North_Ayrshire \"Irvine, North Ayrshire\") site was developed adding [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat_Automobiles \"Fiat Automobiles\"), [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\"), [Suzuki](/wiki/Suzuki \"Suzuki\"), and [Dacia](/wiki/Automobile_Dacia \"Automobile Dacia\") to the site as well as Honda.",
"To complement their BMW dealerships Park's Motor Group added Douglas Park [BMW Motorrad](/wiki/BMW_Motorrad \"BMW Motorrad\"), which specialises in the sale of new and used [motorcycles](/wiki/Motorcycle \"Motorcycle\") as well as an after\\-sales operation. 2013 saw the opening of another Honda dealership in Ayr.",
"Business was strengthened once again with the addition of a second Citroën and Kia dealership in [Coatbridge](/wiki/Coatbridge \"Coatbridge\"), in 2014\\. In the same year, they added another prestigious brand to their portfolio with the addition of [Maserati](/wiki/Maserati \"Maserati\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/parks\\-motor\\-group\\-opens\\-maserati\\-showroom/80603\\|title\\=Park's Motor Group opens Maserati showroom\\|date\\=2014\\-03\\-31\\|website\\=Car Dealer Magazine\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-04}}",
"In January 2015, Park's Motor Group opened [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren_Automotive \"McLaren Automotive\") [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), the first and only McLaren dealership in Scotland.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.am\\-online.com/news/dealer\\-news/2018/11/21/park\\-s\\-motor\\-group\\-s\\-mclaren\\-automotive\\-franchise\\-exceeding\\-expectations\\|title\\=Park's Motor Group's McLaren Automotive franchise 'exceeding expectations'\\|website\\=am\\-online.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-04}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-scotland\\-scotland\\-business\\-27140641\\|title\\=McLaren plans first Scots dealership\\|date\\=2014\\-04\\-24\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-05\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} McLaren Glasgow offers the entire range of new McLaren cars as well as pre\\-owned models and service facilities. McLaren Glasgow was named the brand's European Retailer of the Year 2015, 2016 and 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.am\\-online.com/news/dealer\\-news/2017/04/26/mclaren\\-glasgow\\-repeats\\-mclaren\\-european\\-retailer\\-of\\-the\\-year\\-success\\|title\\=McLaren Glasgow repeats McLaren European Retailer of the Year success\\|website\\=am\\-online.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-04}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.am\\-online.com/news/dealer\\-news/2019/03/21/mclaren\\-glasgow\\-named\\-supercar\\-brand\\-s\\-european\\-retailer\\-of\\-the\\-year\\-2018\\|title\\=McLaren Glasgow named supercar brand's European Retailer of the Year 2018\\|website\\=am\\-online.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-04}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.motortrader.com/motor\\-trader\\-news/automotive\\-news/mclaren\\-automotive\\-names\\-top\\-european\\-dealer\\-13\\-05\\-2016\\|title\\=McLaren Automotive names top European dealer\\|last\\=Hutchinson\\|first\\=Curtis\\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-13\\|website\\=Motor Trader\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-05}} In 2018, Park's Motor Group opened its second McLaren dealership in [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds \"Leeds\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://bdaily.co.uk/articles/2018/11/14/mclaren\\-supercar\\-showroom\\-to\\-open\\-next\\-month\\-in\\-leeds\\|title\\=McLaren 'supercar' showroom to open next month in Leeds\\|website\\=Bdaily Business News\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-04}}",
"In January 2016, Park's Motor Group completed the acquisition of Macrae \\& Dick.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/lifestyle/motoring/glee\\-parks\\-motor\\-group\\-expands\\-7208918\\|title\\=Glee in the Park's: Motor Group expands by snapping up Macrae and Dick\\|last\\=Lanning\\|first\\=Phil\\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-19\\|website\\=dailyrecord\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-04}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.am\\-online.com/news/acquisitions\\-and\\-deals/2016/01/20/park\\-s\\-motor\\-group\\-acquires\\-macrae\\-and\\-dick\\-to\\-expand\\-influence\\-north\\-of\\-the\\-border\\|title\\=Park's Motor Group acquires Macrae and Dick to expand influence north of the border\\|website\\=am\\-online.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-04}} The acquisition led to the introduction of 12 new dealerships, including BMW and [MINI](/wiki/Mini \"Mini\") in [Stirling](/wiki/Stirling \"Stirling\"), [Land Rover](/wiki/Land_Rover \"Land Rover\") and [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars \"Jaguar Cars\") in [Inverness](/wiki/Inverness \"Inverness\") and Honda in both Inverness and [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen \"Aberdeen\"). As well as adding to their existing reputation, the takeover allowed for new partnerships to form with [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\"), [Mazda](/wiki/Mazda \"Mazda\") and [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\"), which are now represented in Inverness, [Elgin](/wiki/Elgin%2C_Scotland \"Elgin, Scotland\"), [Perth](/wiki/Perth%2C_Scotland \"Perth, Scotland\") and Stirling.",
"In March 2022, Park's Motor Group completed the acquisition of Border Motor Group.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.am\\-online.com/news/acquisitions\\-and\\-deals/2022/03/02/park\\-s\\-motor\\-group\\-completes\\-seven\\-site\\-borders\\-motor\\-group\\-acquisition\\|title\\=Park's Motor Group completes Borders Motor Group acquisition }} The acquisition led to the introduction of 3 new dealerships, including Toyota, Lexus, Skoda and Hyundai in Carlisle, Dumfries and St. Boswells.",
""
] |
Detailed summary
----------------
### Preface
Zweig sets out to write his autobiography following the terrible events and upheavals experienced by his generation. He feels the need to bear witness to the next generation of what his age has gone through. He realizes that his past is "out of reach." Zweig makes it clear that his biography is based entirely on his memories.
### The world of security
Zweig looks back on pre\-war Austrian and especially Viennese society. "When I attempt to find a simple formula for the period in which I grew up, before the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), I hope that I convey its fullness by calling it the Golden Age of Security." Austria had a stable political system and a currency backed by gold, and everyone could see themselves comfortably into the future. Many inventions revolutionized lives: the telephone, electricity, and the car.
Originally from [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia "Moravia"), his father made his fortune by running a small weaving factory. The author's mother comes from a wealthy Italian banking family, born in [Ancona](/wiki/Ancona "Ancona"). His family represents the cosmopolitan "good Jewish bourgeoisie." Nevertheless, if the latter aspires to enrich themselves, this is not their purpose. The ultimate goal is to elevate oneself morally and spiritually. Also, it is the Jewish bourgeoisie that has primarily become a patron of Viennese culture. Vienna had become the city of culture, where culture was the primary concern. All Viennese had desirable tastes and were capable of making judgments of qualities. The artists, especially the theater actors, were Austria's only significant famous figures. Their concerns were trivialities given the events that followed, which were unthinkable.
### At school in the 19th century
His time in school was quite unpleasant. Sport had a minimal place, performed in a dusty gymnasium. Zweig bitterly criticizes the old way of impersonal, cold, and distant teaching.
In society, there was a certain distrust of young people. The author's father never hired young people, and the young tried to appear more mature, for example, by growing a beard. Respect for the elders was vital. Zweig even claims that the school's purpose was to discipline and calm the youth's ardor.
However, in the face of this pressure, the students harbored a deep hatred toward authority. A turning point took place when they reached the age of 14: school no longer satisfied them, and they became entranced by the art of which Vienna was the heart. All the pupils turned entirely to art: avid readers of literature and philosophy, listeners to concerts, spectators of plays, etc. The Viennese cafés played an essential role in the lives of these young students as a cultural center. Their passion gradually shifted away from the classics, and they became more interested in rising stars, especially young artists. A typical example of this interest is the case of [Rainer Maria Rilke](/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke "Rainer Maria Rilke"): a young poet prodigy whose precocity came late enough in his youth that most students could easily identify with him \- along with the precocious genius [Hugo von Hofmannsthal](/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal "Hugo von Hofmannsthal"), who had shown his gifts at an even earlier age \- as symbols of a whole movement of rising young artists.
During this time, the first mass movements affected Austria, starting with the socialist movement, then the [Christian Democratic Movement](/wiki/Christian_democracy "Christian democracy"), and finally, the German Reich's unification movement. In addition, the anti\-Semitic trend began to gain momentum, although it was still relatively moderate in its early stages.
### Eros Matutinus
In this chapter, Zweig relates the period of puberty, the transition to adulthood. Earlier European societies, where Christianity had a central role, condemned sexual impulses as diabolical. The late 19th century had abandoned these ideas but was left with no language to describe sexual impulses, which became unmentionable. They became a parallel world that could not be described, mostly prostitution. Venereal diseases were prevalent and horrifying. Young men abandoned the prudery of their elders as hypocritical.
According to Zweig, fashion contributed to this peculiar oppression by denying the female body and constraining it with corsets, distorting the female figure and breaking its grace. This concealment merely served to draw the thoughts to what was hidden. Young girls were guarded and occupied so that they could never think about sexuality.[thumb\|Stefan Zweig, circa 1900](/wiki/File:Stefan_Zweig_1900_cropped.jpg "Stefan Zweig 1900 cropped.jpg")
Zweig notes that the situation had dramatically improved for both women and men, and the generation after him was much more fortunate. Women were now much freer, and men were no longer forced to live their sexuality in the shadows.
### Universitas vitae
Zweig recounts his transition to university. At this time, the university was crowned with a particular glory inherited from ancient privileges linked to its creation in the Middle Ages. According to Zweig, the ideal student was a scarred brute, often alcoholic, student body member.
Zweig went to college for the sole purpose of earning a doctorate in any field — to satisfy his family's aspirations — not to learn; To paraphrase [Ralph Waldo Emerson](/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson "Ralph Waldo Emerson"), "good books replace the best universities." So he decides to study philosophy to give himself as much time as possible to discover other things. Therefore, this chapter is mainly devoted to what he did outside the university during his studies.
He began by collecting his first poems and looking for a publishing house to publish them. He enjoyed some success early on, to the point that [Max Reger](/wiki/Max_Reger "Max Reger") asked him for permission to set some of his poems to music. Later, he offered one of his works to the "[Neue Freie Presse](/wiki/Neue_Freie_Presse "Neue Freie Presse")" — the cultural pages of reference in Austria\-Hungary at that time — and had the honor of being published at only 19 years old. Finally, he meets [Theodor Herzl](/wiki/Theodor_Herzl "Theodor Herzl"), for whom he nourishes a deep admiration. Of Jewish origin, like him, Herzl, who attended the public impeachment of [Dreyfus](/wiki/Dreyfus_affair "Dreyfus affair") had published a text promoting the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine; the text was the object of intense criticism in Western Europe but was relatively well received in Eastern Europe.
He decides to continue his studies in Berlin to change the atmosphere, escape his young celebrity, and meet people beyond the circle of the Jewish bourgeoisie in Vienna. Berlin began to attract and seek new talent, embracing novelty. He meets people from all walks of life, including the poet Peter Hille and anthroposophy's founder [Rudolf Steiner](/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner "Rudolf Steiner"). He decides to translate poems and literary texts into his mother tongue to perfect his German.
[Émile Verhaeren](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Verhaeren "Émile Verhaeren") is the subject of a long digression. Zweig recounts his first meeting while visiting the studio of [Charles van der Stappen](/wiki/Charles_van_der_Stappen "Charles van der Stappen"). After speaking at length with him, he decides to make his work known by translating it, a task he observes as a duty and an opportunity to refine his literary talents.
After these many rich encounters, he presented his thesis in philosophy.
### Paris, the city of eternal youth
After finishing his studies, Zweig decides to go to Paris to discover the city. Zweig launches into a lengthy description of the Parisian atmosphere, of the state of mind of Parisians. Paris represents the city where people of all classes, from all walks of life, come together on an equal footing, the city where good humor and joviality reign.
He discovers the city through his friendships, especially with Léon Bazalgette, to whom he becomes as close as a brother. He admires Bazalgette's sense of service, magnanimity, and simplicity. However, Rilke undoubtedly impressed him the most, by the aura he radiated and for whom he had tremendous respect. Zweig recounts several anecdotes about him, taking it upon himself to paint a portrait of a young man — or somewhat of a genius — compassionate, reserved, refined, and striving to remain discreet and temperate.
His meeting with [Auguste Rodin](/wiki/Auguste_Rodin "Auguste Rodin") also deeply marks him. He says he received a great lesson in life: the great of this world are the best. He could then understand that creative genius requires total concentration, like Rodin. Rodin gives him a tour of his studio and his last still unfinished creation, then begins to retouch his creation in his presence, and ends up forgetting Zweig's presence altogether.
Zweig then leaves Paris for London to improve his spoken English. Unfortunately, before leaving for London, he has the misfortune of having his suitcase stolen; the thief is quickly found and arrested. Having pity and a certain sympathy for the thief, Zweig decides not to file a complaint, thus earning for himself the whole neighborhood's antipathy, leading to his leaving rather quickly.
Unfortunately, in London, he does not have the opportunity to meet many people and discover the city. He does, however, attend the very well\-organized private reading of poems by [William Butler Yeats](/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats "William Butler Yeats"). He also takes away, on the advice of his friend Archibald GB Russell, a portrait of "King John" by [William Blake](/wiki/William_Blake "William Blake"), which he never tired of admiring.
### Bypaths on the way to myself
Zweig remembers his many travels and says that he has tried never to settle permanently in one place. If he considered this way of doing things as a mistake during his life, with hindsight, he recognizes that it allowed him to let go more quickly and accept losses without difficulty. Therefore, his furniture was reduced to what was necessary, without luxury. The only valuables he carries with him are autographs and other writings from authors he admires.
Zweig nurtures an almost religious devotion to the writings that preceded great artists' masterpieces, notably [Johann Wolfgang von Goethe](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe"). His obsession is such that he boasts of having been able to meet Goethe's niece — on whom Goethe's gaze has lovingly rested.
He shares his participation in the Insel publishing house, whose deep respect and passion for works he admires. With this publishing house, he published his first dramas, notably Thersites. Zweig then recounts the strange twist of fate that has fallen on him and his creations. Four times, the performances that could have quickly propelled him to glory were stopped by the star actor or director's death. Zweig initially thought he was being chased by fate, but he recognizes afterward that it was only the fruit of chance and that, very often, chance takes on the appearance of destiny. The title of the chapter then takes on its meaning: it was by chance that he did not enter the golden books of literature for his talents as writers in versified dramas — things he would have liked — but for his novels. The detours of his life finally brought him back to his first vocation, that of a writer.
### Beyond Europe
In retrospect, Zweig recognizes the men who brought him back to reality as more critical to his life than those who turned it away for literature. This is particularly the case with [Walther Rathenau](/wiki/Walther_Rathenau "Walther Rathenau"), whom he deeply admires. He considers him one of the most innovative, most open, and polymath individuals. However, unfortunately, Rathenau only lacked a foundation, a global coherence he acquired when he had to save the German state — following the German defeat — with the ultimate aim of saving Europe.
He has a bad memory of India because he saw the evils of discrimination in the Indian caste system at work. However, through the meetings he has made, he says he has learned a lot; this trip helped to take a step back to appreciate Europe better. He meets Karl Haushofer, whom he regards with high esteem during his journey, although he is saddened by the recovery of his ideas by the Nazi regime.
He then traveled to the United States, which left him with a powerful impression, even though many of the characteristics that made America what it is today had not yet emerged. He is pleased to see how easy it is for any individual to find work and make a living without asking for his origin, papers, or anything else. As he walks the streets, displaying one of his books in a bookstore takes away his abandonment feeling. He ended his trip to America by contemplating the Panama Canal's technical prowess: a titanic project, costly — especially in human lives — started by the Europeans and completed by the Americans.
### Light and shadows over Europe
Zweig understands that it can be difficult for a generation to live through crises and catastrophes to conceive previous generations' optimism. They witnessed a rapid improvement in living conditions, a series of discoveries and innovations, and the liberation of mores and youth. Progress in transport had upset the maps; the air's conquest had questioned the meaning of borders. Widespread optimism gave everyone ever\-growing confidence, as it thwarted any attempt to seek peace — each believing that the other side valued peace more than anything else.
The artists and the new youth were devoted to the European cause and peace between nations, but no one took the gradually emerging threats seriously. Instead, all were content to remain in a generalized idealism.
Zweig strives to restore the prevailing atmosphere by recounting small events. The Redl affair represents the first event in which tensions were palpable. The next day, he ran into Bertha von Suttner, who foretold the turn of events:
When he went to the cinema in the small town of Tours, he was amazed to see that the hatred — displayed against Kaiser Wilhelm II — had already spread throughout France. However, he left despite everything, confident in Vienna, already considering what he intended to achieve in the coming months. Everyone collapses after the Sarajevo bombing.
### The first hours of the war of 1914
Notable episodes include the Austrian public's reaction to the assassination of [Archduke Franz Ferdinand](/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria") and his wife in Sarajevo in 1914, the departure from Austria by a train of the last Emperor [Charles I of Austria](/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria "Charles I of Austria") in 1918, the beginning of the [Salzburg festival](/wiki/Salzburg_festival "Salzburg festival") and the Austrian [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation "Hyperinflation") of 1921–22\.
According to Zweig, the summer of 1914 would have been unforgettable in its sweetness and beauty. The news of the death of Franz Ferdinand of Austria, although it hurt those who had just learned about it at the time, did not leave lasting traces. Franz Ferdinand was hardly appreciated, and Zweig himself found him cold, distant, unfriendly. The most controversial was his funeral: he had entered into a misalliance, and it was unacceptable that his wife and children could rest with the rest of the Hapsburgs.
The world never imagined that a war could break out. Zweig had visited a few days before declaring war with friends in Belgium. Even seeing the Belgian soldiers, Zweig was convinced that Belgium would not be attacked. Then ominous events multiplied until the outbreak of war with the declaration of war by Austria against Serbia.
The young soldiers went cheerfully to the front, to the crowd's cheers. National solidarity and brotherhood were at their peak. Compared to the abatement of 1939, this enthusiasm for war is explained by an idealization of war, possible by its great temporal distance, the heightened optimism of the century, and the almost blind confidence in governments' honesty. This enthusiasm quickly turned into a deep hatred towards the enemies of the fatherland.
Zweig does not participate in this widespread hatred, as he knows the now rival nations too well to hate them overnight. Physically unfit to go to the front, he committed his forces to work as a librarian within the military archives. He sees his whole country sinking in the apology of the opposing camp's deep and sincere hatred, like the poet Ernst Lissauer, author of the *Song of hatred against England*. Zweig, rejected by his friends who consider him almost a traitor to his nation, for his part, undertakes a personal war against this murderous passion.
### The Struggle for Intellectual Brotherhood
Zweig makes it his mission, rather than only not taking part in this hatred, to actively fight against this propaganda, less to convince than to spread his message simply. He succeeded in having an article published in the "Berliner Tageblatt," urging them to remain faithful to friendships beyond borders. Shortly after, he receives a letter from his friend [Romain Rolland](/wiki/Romain_Rolland "Romain Rolland"), and the two decide to promote reconciliation. They tried to organize a conference bringing together the great thinkers of all nations to encourage mutual understanding. They continued their commitment through their writings, comforting those in despair in this dark time.
Zweig then took the opportunity to observe the ravages of war with his own eyes on the Russian front. He sees the dramatic situation in which the soldiers find themselves; he considers the solidarity formed between the soldiers of the two camps who feel powerless in the face of the events they are going through. He is initially shocked to see that officers far from the front can walk almost carefree with young ladies several hours by train from the front. However, very quickly, he forgives them because the real culprits are those who, in his eyes, encourage the feeling of hatred towards the "enemy."
He decides to fight this propaganda by writing a drama, emphasizing Biblical themes, particularly Jewish wanderings and trials, praising the losers' destiny. He produced this work to free himself from society's censorship imposed on him.
### In the heart of Europe
He expected poor reception when published his drama "Jérémie" in October 1917\. However, to his surprise, his work was very well received, and he was offered to conduct its representation in Zurich. Therefore, he decides to leave for Switzerland, a rare neutral country in Europe's heart. He met two Austrians in Salzburg on his journey to Switzerland who would play a significant role once Austria had surrendered: Heinrich Lammasch and Ignaz Seipel. These two pacifists had planned and convinced the Emperor of Austria to negotiate a separate peace if the Germans refused to make peace.
When Zweig crosses the border, he is immediately relieved, and he feels relieved of a burden, happy to enter a country at peace. Once in Switzerland, he is pleased to find his friend [Rolland](/wiki/Romain_Rolland "Romain Rolland") and other French acquaintances and feels fraternally united. During his stay, it was the figure of the director of the anti\-militarist newspaper *Demain,* [Henri Guilbeaux](/wiki/Henri_Guilbeaux "Henri Guilbeaux") who marked him deeply because it was in him that he saw a historical law being verified: in intense periods, simple men could exceptionally become central figures of a current — here, that of the anti\-militarists during the First World War. Moreover, he has the opportunity to see many refugees who could not choose their camps, such as [James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce "James Joyce").
After the relative success of his play, he gradually realizes that Switzerland is not only a land of refuge but the theater of a game of espionage and counter\-espionage. During his stay, the German and Austrian defeat becomes more and more inevitable, and the world begins to rejoice in the chorus of a finally better and more human world.
### Homecoming to Austria
Once the German and Austrian defeat has been confirmed, Zweig decides to join his country in ruins, driven by a patriotic impulse: he gives himself the mission of helping his country accept its defeat. His return is the subject of a long preparation since winter is approaching, and the country is now in the greatest need. On his return, he attends the last Austrian Emperor's departure in the station, a milestone for an Austrian for whom the Emperor was the central Austrian figure.
Then begins the bitter observation of a generalized regression of life; everything of value has been stolen, such as leather, copper, and nickel. The trains are in such bad condition that the journey times are considerably extended. Once at home in Salzburg, in residence he bought during the war, he must face everyday life made difficult by shortages and cold — when his roof is ripped through and repairs made impossible by the scarcity. He watches helplessly the devaluation of the Austrian crown and inflation, the loss of quality of all products, paradoxical situations, the invasion of foreigners who profit from the depreciation of the Austrian currency, etc.
Paradoxically, theaters, concerts, and operas are active, and artistic and cultural life is in full swing: Zweig explains this by the general feeling that this could be the last performance. Also, the young generation rebels against the old authority and rejects everything at once: homosexuality becomes a sign of protest, young writers think outside the box, and painters abandon classicism for cubism and surrealism. Meanwhile, Zweig set himself the task of reconciling the European nations by taking care of the German side. First alongside Henri Barbusse, then alone on his side, after the communist radicalization of Barbusse's newspaper, Clarté.
### Into the world again
After surviving the three years after the war in Salzburg, Austria, he decided to travel with his wife to Italy once the situation improved sufficiently. Full of apprehension about the reception we reserve for an Austrian, he is surprised by the Italians' hospitality and thoughtfulness, telling himself that the masses had not changed profoundly because of the propaganda. He met his poet friend Giuseppe Antonio Borgese and his painter friend Alberto Stringa. Zweig admits to being, at that moment, still lulled by the illusion that the war is over, although he has the opportunity to hear young Italians singing Giovinezza.
He then goes to Germany. He has time to see his friend Rathenau, who is now Minister of Foreign Affairs, for the last time. He admires this man who knows fully that only time can heal the wounds left by war. After the assassination of Rathenau, Germany sank into hyperinflation, debauchery, and disorder. According to Zweig, this sad episode was decisive for the rise of the Nazi Party.
Zweig has the chance to experience unexpected success and to be translated into several languages. He reads a lot and hardly appreciates redundancies, heavy styles, etc., preferences that are found in his style: he says he writes in a fluid manner, such as the words come to mind. Zweig says he has carried out important synthesis work — notably with Marie\-Antoinette — and sees his capacity for conciseness as a defining element of his success. He knows the pleasure of seeing Maxim Gorky, whom he already admired at school, write the preface to one of his works.
While he recognizes that this success fills him with joy when he touches his works and works, he refuses to be the object of admiration for his appearance. He naively enjoys his fame at first on his travels, but it weighs on him. So he wishes he had started to write and publish under a pseudonym to enjoy his celebrity in all serenity.
### Sunset
Zweig says that before Hitler came to power, people had never traveled so much in Europe. He continues to travel at this time, particularly about his career and fame as a writer. However, despite his success, Zweig says he remains humble and does not change his habits: he continues to stroll with his friends in the streets, and he does not disdain going to the provinces to stay in small hotels.
If there is one trip that taught him a lot, it is the one to Russia. Russia had always been on his list, but he still did his best to remain politically neutral. Finally, he has the opportunity to officially go to Russia in an unbiased way: on the birthday of Leo Tolstoy, a great Russian writer. At first, fascinated by the authenticity of the inhabitants, their friendliness, and their warm welcome, by the profound simplicity of Tolstoy's tomb, he left with great caution. Following one of the parties, he realizes that someone has slipped him a letter in French, warning him of the propaganda of the Soviet regime. He begins to reflect on the intellectual stimulation that exile can promote.
Later, he had the opportunity to use his celebrity to ask a favor of Benito Mussolini, to spare the life of Giuseppe Germani. His wife had begged the writer to intervene, to put pressure on Mussolini by organizing an international protest. Instead, Zweig preferred to send a letter personally to Duce, and Mussolini granted his request.
Back in Salzburg, he was impressed by the cultural scope that the city had taken, which had become the artistic center of Europe. It thus has the opportunity to welcome the great names of literature and painting. Seeing these artists and writers allows him to complete his autographs and first drafts collection. Zweig looks back on this passion of which he boasts of his expertise and admits to seeking, above all, the secrets of the creation of masterpieces. However, unfortunately, with Hitler's rise to power, his collection gradually fell apart.
Before these tragic events, Zweig reveals to have wondered about his success, a success he had not ardently desired. A thought crossed him at this time, after having acquired a secure, enviable and — he believed — lasting position:
> *Wäre es nicht besser für mich — so träumte es in mir weiter — etwas anderes käme, etwas Neues, etwas das mich unruhiger, gespannter, das mich jünger machte, indem es mich herausforderte zu neuem und vielleicht noch gefährlicherem Kampf?*
— Zweig, Sonnenuntergang, {{Lang\|de\|Die Welt von Gestern}} (1942\)
> "Wouldn't it be better for me — so that thought continued within me — if something else happened, something new, something that troubles me, torments me, rejuvenates me, demanding of me a new and perhaps more dangerous fight?"
His rash wish, resulting from a "volatile thought" — in his words — came true, shattering everything, him, and what he had accomplished.
### Incipit Hitler
Zweig begins by stating a law: no witness to significant changes can recognize them at their beginnings. Even after his failed coup, Hitler was merely one agitator among many in this period shaken by coup attempts, and his name quickly faded into insignificance. However, organized gangs of young men in Nazi insignia were starting to cause trouble. It was unthinkable when Germany imagined that a man as uneducated as Hitler could come to power. However, he succeeded by promising everything to all parties; everyone thought they could use him.
Zweig admits that as a young man, he had not recognized the coming danger of the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism"), who started organizing and agitating in Austria in the 1920s. Zweig was a committed pacifist but hated politics and shunned political engagement. He shows some reluctance to analyze Nazism as a political ideology; he regards it as the rule of one particularly evil man, [Hitler](/wiki/Hitler "Hitler"). Nevertheless, Zweig was struck that the *[Berghof](/wiki/Berghof_%28residence%29 "Berghof (residence)")*, Hitler's mountain residence in [Berchtesgaden](/wiki/Berchtesgaden "Berchtesgaden"), an area of early Nazi activity, was just across the valley from his own house outside [Salzburg](/wiki/Salzburg "Salzburg"). Zweig believed strongly in [Europeanism](/wiki/Europeanism "Europeanism") against nationalism.
Zweig had told his publisher that his books would be banned as soon as the Reichstag was burnt down — something he had not believed possible. He then describes the progressive censorship that descended on his opera *Die schweigsame Frau,* even as he witnessed the artistic power of his co\-worker, the composer Richard Strauss. Due to Zweig's politically neutral writings and Strauss' unrivaled fame in Germany, it was impossible to censor the opera. After reading Zweig's libretto, Hitler himself exceptionally authorized the performance and attended it in person. However, after the Gestapo intercepted a letter from Strauss about his principles as President of the Reich Music Chamber, the opera was censored, and Strauss was forced to give up his position.
During these first troubles, Zweig went to France, then to England, where he undertook the biography of Marie Stuart, noting the need for an objective and accurate work. Once completed, he returned to Salzburg, where he realized the critical situation of his country: even with shootings breaking out daily in the streets, foreign newspapers were better informed than he was about the Austrian situation. He chooses to flee to London when the police forcibly search his residence, a previously unthinkable violation of civil liberties.
### The agony of peace
Zweig sets the tone for the last chapter with a quote from Shakespeare:
{{Poem quote\|text\=The sun of Rome is set. Our day is gone.
Clouds, dews, and dangers come; our deeds are done.}}
Like Gorky, Zweig's exile was not yet "real": he still had his passport to return home at any time. After the Munich peace agreement, Zweig suspected that negotiation with Hitler was pointless, as he would break every commitment at the right time. However, Zweig remained silent, knowing he could not influence England, having failed even in his own country.
During his stay, he attended a memorable debate between HG Wells and Bernard Shaw, of whom he gives a long and admiring description. He also saw his friend Sigmund Freud, who had managed to reach England. Delighted to speak with Freud one last time, an admirable scholar devoted to the cause of truth, Zweig attended his funeral shortly after. As Zweig prepared for his new marriage, Hitler declared war on Poland, making him an "enemy national," and the exile prepared his affairs to travel to an even further country.
At a PEN\-Club conference, he stopped in Vigo, Spain, then in the hands of General Franco, noting again with bitterness the young people swaggering in fascist uniforms. However, after moving to Argentina and seeing the Hispanic heritage still intact, he regained hope. He praises Brazil, his last host country, a land of immigrants looking to the future, and says he sees Europe's future.
He looks back to Austria's annexation. His friends had firmly believed that the neighboring countries would never accept such an event, but Zweig had already, in autumn 1937, said goodbye to his mother and the rest of his family. He then watched as his family and nation were lost to Nazi barbarism.
Zweig then develops an extended meditation on the tribulations that pursue all the Jews, despite the great cultural and religious variety of those designated as such. He ends his work by admitting to being defeated by hatred, even by its shadow, but with this consolation:
{{Text and translation
\| Aber jeder Schatten ist im letzten doch auch Kind des Lichts, und nur wer Helles und Dunkles, Krieg und Frieden, Aufstieg und Niedergang erfahren, nur der hat wahrhaft gelebt.
\| But every shadow is ultimately also the daughter of light, and only he who has known light and darkness, war and peace, rise and fall, only this one has truly lived.
\| Stefan Zweig, Die Agonie des Friedens, {{Lang\|de\|Die Welt von Gestern}}
}}
|
[
"Detailed summary\n----------------",
"### Preface",
"Zweig sets out to write his autobiography following the terrible events and upheavals experienced by his generation. He feels the need to bear witness to the next generation of what his age has gone through. He realizes that his past is \"out of reach.\" Zweig makes it clear that his biography is based entirely on his memories.",
"### The world of security",
"Zweig looks back on pre\\-war Austrian and especially Viennese society. \"When I attempt to find a simple formula for the period in which I grew up, before the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), I hope that I convey its fullness by calling it the Golden Age of Security.\" Austria had a stable political system and a currency backed by gold, and everyone could see themselves comfortably into the future. Many inventions revolutionized lives: the telephone, electricity, and the car.",
"Originally from [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia \"Moravia\"), his father made his fortune by running a small weaving factory. The author's mother comes from a wealthy Italian banking family, born in [Ancona](/wiki/Ancona \"Ancona\"). His family represents the cosmopolitan \"good Jewish bourgeoisie.\" Nevertheless, if the latter aspires to enrich themselves, this is not their purpose. The ultimate goal is to elevate oneself morally and spiritually. Also, it is the Jewish bourgeoisie that has primarily become a patron of Viennese culture. Vienna had become the city of culture, where culture was the primary concern. All Viennese had desirable tastes and were capable of making judgments of qualities. The artists, especially the theater actors, were Austria's only significant famous figures. Their concerns were trivialities given the events that followed, which were unthinkable.",
"### At school in the 19th century",
"His time in school was quite unpleasant. Sport had a minimal place, performed in a dusty gymnasium. Zweig bitterly criticizes the old way of impersonal, cold, and distant teaching.",
"In society, there was a certain distrust of young people. The author's father never hired young people, and the young tried to appear more mature, for example, by growing a beard. Respect for the elders was vital. Zweig even claims that the school's purpose was to discipline and calm the youth's ardor.",
"However, in the face of this pressure, the students harbored a deep hatred toward authority. A turning point took place when they reached the age of 14: school no longer satisfied them, and they became entranced by the art of which Vienna was the heart. All the pupils turned entirely to art: avid readers of literature and philosophy, listeners to concerts, spectators of plays, etc. The Viennese cafés played an essential role in the lives of these young students as a cultural center. Their passion gradually shifted away from the classics, and they became more interested in rising stars, especially young artists. A typical example of this interest is the case of [Rainer Maria Rilke](/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke \"Rainer Maria Rilke\"): a young poet prodigy whose precocity came late enough in his youth that most students could easily identify with him \\- along with the precocious genius [Hugo von Hofmannsthal](/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal \"Hugo von Hofmannsthal\"), who had shown his gifts at an even earlier age \\- as symbols of a whole movement of rising young artists.",
"During this time, the first mass movements affected Austria, starting with the socialist movement, then the [Christian Democratic Movement](/wiki/Christian_democracy \"Christian democracy\"), and finally, the German Reich's unification movement. In addition, the anti\\-Semitic trend began to gain momentum, although it was still relatively moderate in its early stages.",
"### Eros Matutinus",
"In this chapter, Zweig relates the period of puberty, the transition to adulthood. Earlier European societies, where Christianity had a central role, condemned sexual impulses as diabolical. The late 19th century had abandoned these ideas but was left with no language to describe sexual impulses, which became unmentionable. They became a parallel world that could not be described, mostly prostitution. Venereal diseases were prevalent and horrifying. Young men abandoned the prudery of their elders as hypocritical.",
"According to Zweig, fashion contributed to this peculiar oppression by denying the female body and constraining it with corsets, distorting the female figure and breaking its grace. This concealment merely served to draw the thoughts to what was hidden. Young girls were guarded and occupied so that they could never think about sexuality.[thumb\\|Stefan Zweig, circa 1900](/wiki/File:Stefan_Zweig_1900_cropped.jpg \"Stefan Zweig 1900 cropped.jpg\")\nZweig notes that the situation had dramatically improved for both women and men, and the generation after him was much more fortunate. Women were now much freer, and men were no longer forced to live their sexuality in the shadows.",
"### Universitas vitae",
"Zweig recounts his transition to university. At this time, the university was crowned with a particular glory inherited from ancient privileges linked to its creation in the Middle Ages. According to Zweig, the ideal student was a scarred brute, often alcoholic, student body member.",
"Zweig went to college for the sole purpose of earning a doctorate in any field — to satisfy his family's aspirations — not to learn; To paraphrase [Ralph Waldo Emerson](/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson \"Ralph Waldo Emerson\"), \"good books replace the best universities.\" So he decides to study philosophy to give himself as much time as possible to discover other things. Therefore, this chapter is mainly devoted to what he did outside the university during his studies.",
"He began by collecting his first poems and looking for a publishing house to publish them. He enjoyed some success early on, to the point that [Max Reger](/wiki/Max_Reger \"Max Reger\") asked him for permission to set some of his poems to music. Later, he offered one of his works to the \"[Neue Freie Presse](/wiki/Neue_Freie_Presse \"Neue Freie Presse\")\" — the cultural pages of reference in Austria\\-Hungary at that time — and had the honor of being published at only 19 years old. Finally, he meets [Theodor Herzl](/wiki/Theodor_Herzl \"Theodor Herzl\"), for whom he nourishes a deep admiration. Of Jewish origin, like him, Herzl, who attended the public impeachment of [Dreyfus](/wiki/Dreyfus_affair \"Dreyfus affair\") had published a text promoting the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine; the text was the object of intense criticism in Western Europe but was relatively well received in Eastern Europe.",
"He decides to continue his studies in Berlin to change the atmosphere, escape his young celebrity, and meet people beyond the circle of the Jewish bourgeoisie in Vienna. Berlin began to attract and seek new talent, embracing novelty. He meets people from all walks of life, including the poet Peter Hille and anthroposophy's founder [Rudolf Steiner](/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner \"Rudolf Steiner\"). He decides to translate poems and literary texts into his mother tongue to perfect his German.",
"[Émile Verhaeren](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Verhaeren \"Émile Verhaeren\") is the subject of a long digression. Zweig recounts his first meeting while visiting the studio of [Charles van der Stappen](/wiki/Charles_van_der_Stappen \"Charles van der Stappen\"). After speaking at length with him, he decides to make his work known by translating it, a task he observes as a duty and an opportunity to refine his literary talents.",
"After these many rich encounters, he presented his thesis in philosophy.",
"### Paris, the city of eternal youth",
"After finishing his studies, Zweig decides to go to Paris to discover the city. Zweig launches into a lengthy description of the Parisian atmosphere, of the state of mind of Parisians. Paris represents the city where people of all classes, from all walks of life, come together on an equal footing, the city where good humor and joviality reign.",
"He discovers the city through his friendships, especially with Léon Bazalgette, to whom he becomes as close as a brother. He admires Bazalgette's sense of service, magnanimity, and simplicity. However, Rilke undoubtedly impressed him the most, by the aura he radiated and for whom he had tremendous respect. Zweig recounts several anecdotes about him, taking it upon himself to paint a portrait of a young man — or somewhat of a genius — compassionate, reserved, refined, and striving to remain discreet and temperate.",
"His meeting with [Auguste Rodin](/wiki/Auguste_Rodin \"Auguste Rodin\") also deeply marks him. He says he received a great lesson in life: the great of this world are the best. He could then understand that creative genius requires total concentration, like Rodin. Rodin gives him a tour of his studio and his last still unfinished creation, then begins to retouch his creation in his presence, and ends up forgetting Zweig's presence altogether.",
"Zweig then leaves Paris for London to improve his spoken English. Unfortunately, before leaving for London, he has the misfortune of having his suitcase stolen; the thief is quickly found and arrested. Having pity and a certain sympathy for the thief, Zweig decides not to file a complaint, thus earning for himself the whole neighborhood's antipathy, leading to his leaving rather quickly.",
"Unfortunately, in London, he does not have the opportunity to meet many people and discover the city. He does, however, attend the very well\\-organized private reading of poems by [William Butler Yeats](/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats \"William Butler Yeats\"). He also takes away, on the advice of his friend Archibald GB Russell, a portrait of \"King John\" by [William Blake](/wiki/William_Blake \"William Blake\"), which he never tired of admiring.",
"### Bypaths on the way to myself",
"Zweig remembers his many travels and says that he has tried never to settle permanently in one place. If he considered this way of doing things as a mistake during his life, with hindsight, he recognizes that it allowed him to let go more quickly and accept losses without difficulty. Therefore, his furniture was reduced to what was necessary, without luxury. The only valuables he carries with him are autographs and other writings from authors he admires.",
"Zweig nurtures an almost religious devotion to the writings that preceded great artists' masterpieces, notably [Johann Wolfgang von Goethe](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe \"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\"). His obsession is such that he boasts of having been able to meet Goethe's niece — on whom Goethe's gaze has lovingly rested.",
"He shares his participation in the Insel publishing house, whose deep respect and passion for works he admires. With this publishing house, he published his first dramas, notably Thersites. Zweig then recounts the strange twist of fate that has fallen on him and his creations. Four times, the performances that could have quickly propelled him to glory were stopped by the star actor or director's death. Zweig initially thought he was being chased by fate, but he recognizes afterward that it was only the fruit of chance and that, very often, chance takes on the appearance of destiny. The title of the chapter then takes on its meaning: it was by chance that he did not enter the golden books of literature for his talents as writers in versified dramas — things he would have liked — but for his novels. The detours of his life finally brought him back to his first vocation, that of a writer.",
"### Beyond Europe",
"In retrospect, Zweig recognizes the men who brought him back to reality as more critical to his life than those who turned it away for literature. This is particularly the case with [Walther Rathenau](/wiki/Walther_Rathenau \"Walther Rathenau\"), whom he deeply admires. He considers him one of the most innovative, most open, and polymath individuals. However, unfortunately, Rathenau only lacked a foundation, a global coherence he acquired when he had to save the German state — following the German defeat — with the ultimate aim of saving Europe.",
"He has a bad memory of India because he saw the evils of discrimination in the Indian caste system at work. However, through the meetings he has made, he says he has learned a lot; this trip helped to take a step back to appreciate Europe better. He meets Karl Haushofer, whom he regards with high esteem during his journey, although he is saddened by the recovery of his ideas by the Nazi regime.",
"He then traveled to the United States, which left him with a powerful impression, even though many of the characteristics that made America what it is today had not yet emerged. He is pleased to see how easy it is for any individual to find work and make a living without asking for his origin, papers, or anything else. As he walks the streets, displaying one of his books in a bookstore takes away his abandonment feeling. He ended his trip to America by contemplating the Panama Canal's technical prowess: a titanic project, costly — especially in human lives — started by the Europeans and completed by the Americans.",
"### Light and shadows over Europe",
"Zweig understands that it can be difficult for a generation to live through crises and catastrophes to conceive previous generations' optimism. They witnessed a rapid improvement in living conditions, a series of discoveries and innovations, and the liberation of mores and youth. Progress in transport had upset the maps; the air's conquest had questioned the meaning of borders. Widespread optimism gave everyone ever\\-growing confidence, as it thwarted any attempt to seek peace — each believing that the other side valued peace more than anything else.",
"The artists and the new youth were devoted to the European cause and peace between nations, but no one took the gradually emerging threats seriously. Instead, all were content to remain in a generalized idealism.",
"Zweig strives to restore the prevailing atmosphere by recounting small events. The Redl affair represents the first event in which tensions were palpable. The next day, he ran into Bertha von Suttner, who foretold the turn of events:",
"When he went to the cinema in the small town of Tours, he was amazed to see that the hatred — displayed against Kaiser Wilhelm II — had already spread throughout France. However, he left despite everything, confident in Vienna, already considering what he intended to achieve in the coming months. Everyone collapses after the Sarajevo bombing.",
"### The first hours of the war of 1914",
"Notable episodes include the Austrian public's reaction to the assassination of [Archduke Franz Ferdinand](/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria \"Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria\") and his wife in Sarajevo in 1914, the departure from Austria by a train of the last Emperor [Charles I of Austria](/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria \"Charles I of Austria\") in 1918, the beginning of the [Salzburg festival](/wiki/Salzburg_festival \"Salzburg festival\") and the Austrian [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation \"Hyperinflation\") of 1921–22\\.",
"According to Zweig, the summer of 1914 would have been unforgettable in its sweetness and beauty. The news of the death of Franz Ferdinand of Austria, although it hurt those who had just learned about it at the time, did not leave lasting traces. Franz Ferdinand was hardly appreciated, and Zweig himself found him cold, distant, unfriendly. The most controversial was his funeral: he had entered into a misalliance, and it was unacceptable that his wife and children could rest with the rest of the Hapsburgs.",
"The world never imagined that a war could break out. Zweig had visited a few days before declaring war with friends in Belgium. Even seeing the Belgian soldiers, Zweig was convinced that Belgium would not be attacked. Then ominous events multiplied until the outbreak of war with the declaration of war by Austria against Serbia.",
"The young soldiers went cheerfully to the front, to the crowd's cheers. National solidarity and brotherhood were at their peak. Compared to the abatement of 1939, this enthusiasm for war is explained by an idealization of war, possible by its great temporal distance, the heightened optimism of the century, and the almost blind confidence in governments' honesty. This enthusiasm quickly turned into a deep hatred towards the enemies of the fatherland.",
"Zweig does not participate in this widespread hatred, as he knows the now rival nations too well to hate them overnight. Physically unfit to go to the front, he committed his forces to work as a librarian within the military archives. He sees his whole country sinking in the apology of the opposing camp's deep and sincere hatred, like the poet Ernst Lissauer, author of the *Song of hatred against England*. Zweig, rejected by his friends who consider him almost a traitor to his nation, for his part, undertakes a personal war against this murderous passion.",
"### The Struggle for Intellectual Brotherhood",
"Zweig makes it his mission, rather than only not taking part in this hatred, to actively fight against this propaganda, less to convince than to spread his message simply. He succeeded in having an article published in the \"Berliner Tageblatt,\" urging them to remain faithful to friendships beyond borders. Shortly after, he receives a letter from his friend [Romain Rolland](/wiki/Romain_Rolland \"Romain Rolland\"), and the two decide to promote reconciliation. They tried to organize a conference bringing together the great thinkers of all nations to encourage mutual understanding. They continued their commitment through their writings, comforting those in despair in this dark time.",
"Zweig then took the opportunity to observe the ravages of war with his own eyes on the Russian front. He sees the dramatic situation in which the soldiers find themselves; he considers the solidarity formed between the soldiers of the two camps who feel powerless in the face of the events they are going through. He is initially shocked to see that officers far from the front can walk almost carefree with young ladies several hours by train from the front. However, very quickly, he forgives them because the real culprits are those who, in his eyes, encourage the feeling of hatred towards the \"enemy.\"",
"He decides to fight this propaganda by writing a drama, emphasizing Biblical themes, particularly Jewish wanderings and trials, praising the losers' destiny. He produced this work to free himself from society's censorship imposed on him.",
"### In the heart of Europe",
"He expected poor reception when published his drama \"Jérémie\" in October 1917\\. However, to his surprise, his work was very well received, and he was offered to conduct its representation in Zurich. Therefore, he decides to leave for Switzerland, a rare neutral country in Europe's heart. He met two Austrians in Salzburg on his journey to Switzerland who would play a significant role once Austria had surrendered: Heinrich Lammasch and Ignaz Seipel. These two pacifists had planned and convinced the Emperor of Austria to negotiate a separate peace if the Germans refused to make peace.",
"When Zweig crosses the border, he is immediately relieved, and he feels relieved of a burden, happy to enter a country at peace. Once in Switzerland, he is pleased to find his friend [Rolland](/wiki/Romain_Rolland \"Romain Rolland\") and other French acquaintances and feels fraternally united. During his stay, it was the figure of the director of the anti\\-militarist newspaper *Demain,* [Henri Guilbeaux](/wiki/Henri_Guilbeaux \"Henri Guilbeaux\") who marked him deeply because it was in him that he saw a historical law being verified: in intense periods, simple men could exceptionally become central figures of a current — here, that of the anti\\-militarists during the First World War. Moreover, he has the opportunity to see many refugees who could not choose their camps, such as [James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce \"James Joyce\").",
"After the relative success of his play, he gradually realizes that Switzerland is not only a land of refuge but the theater of a game of espionage and counter\\-espionage. During his stay, the German and Austrian defeat becomes more and more inevitable, and the world begins to rejoice in the chorus of a finally better and more human world.",
"### Homecoming to Austria",
"Once the German and Austrian defeat has been confirmed, Zweig decides to join his country in ruins, driven by a patriotic impulse: he gives himself the mission of helping his country accept its defeat. His return is the subject of a long preparation since winter is approaching, and the country is now in the greatest need. On his return, he attends the last Austrian Emperor's departure in the station, a milestone for an Austrian for whom the Emperor was the central Austrian figure.",
"Then begins the bitter observation of a generalized regression of life; everything of value has been stolen, such as leather, copper, and nickel. The trains are in such bad condition that the journey times are considerably extended. Once at home in Salzburg, in residence he bought during the war, he must face everyday life made difficult by shortages and cold — when his roof is ripped through and repairs made impossible by the scarcity. He watches helplessly the devaluation of the Austrian crown and inflation, the loss of quality of all products, paradoxical situations, the invasion of foreigners who profit from the depreciation of the Austrian currency, etc.",
"Paradoxically, theaters, concerts, and operas are active, and artistic and cultural life is in full swing: Zweig explains this by the general feeling that this could be the last performance. Also, the young generation rebels against the old authority and rejects everything at once: homosexuality becomes a sign of protest, young writers think outside the box, and painters abandon classicism for cubism and surrealism. Meanwhile, Zweig set himself the task of reconciling the European nations by taking care of the German side. First alongside Henri Barbusse, then alone on his side, after the communist radicalization of Barbusse's newspaper, Clarté.",
"### Into the world again",
"After surviving the three years after the war in Salzburg, Austria, he decided to travel with his wife to Italy once the situation improved sufficiently. Full of apprehension about the reception we reserve for an Austrian, he is surprised by the Italians' hospitality and thoughtfulness, telling himself that the masses had not changed profoundly because of the propaganda. He met his poet friend Giuseppe Antonio Borgese and his painter friend Alberto Stringa. Zweig admits to being, at that moment, still lulled by the illusion that the war is over, although he has the opportunity to hear young Italians singing Giovinezza.",
"He then goes to Germany. He has time to see his friend Rathenau, who is now Minister of Foreign Affairs, for the last time. He admires this man who knows fully that only time can heal the wounds left by war. After the assassination of Rathenau, Germany sank into hyperinflation, debauchery, and disorder. According to Zweig, this sad episode was decisive for the rise of the Nazi Party.",
"Zweig has the chance to experience unexpected success and to be translated into several languages. He reads a lot and hardly appreciates redundancies, heavy styles, etc., preferences that are found in his style: he says he writes in a fluid manner, such as the words come to mind. Zweig says he has carried out important synthesis work — notably with Marie\\-Antoinette — and sees his capacity for conciseness as a defining element of his success. He knows the pleasure of seeing Maxim Gorky, whom he already admired at school, write the preface to one of his works.",
"While he recognizes that this success fills him with joy when he touches his works and works, he refuses to be the object of admiration for his appearance. He naively enjoys his fame at first on his travels, but it weighs on him. So he wishes he had started to write and publish under a pseudonym to enjoy his celebrity in all serenity.",
"### Sunset",
"Zweig says that before Hitler came to power, people had never traveled so much in Europe. He continues to travel at this time, particularly about his career and fame as a writer. However, despite his success, Zweig says he remains humble and does not change his habits: he continues to stroll with his friends in the streets, and he does not disdain going to the provinces to stay in small hotels.",
"If there is one trip that taught him a lot, it is the one to Russia. Russia had always been on his list, but he still did his best to remain politically neutral. Finally, he has the opportunity to officially go to Russia in an unbiased way: on the birthday of Leo Tolstoy, a great Russian writer. At first, fascinated by the authenticity of the inhabitants, their friendliness, and their warm welcome, by the profound simplicity of Tolstoy's tomb, he left with great caution. Following one of the parties, he realizes that someone has slipped him a letter in French, warning him of the propaganda of the Soviet regime. He begins to reflect on the intellectual stimulation that exile can promote.",
"Later, he had the opportunity to use his celebrity to ask a favor of Benito Mussolini, to spare the life of Giuseppe Germani. His wife had begged the writer to intervene, to put pressure on Mussolini by organizing an international protest. Instead, Zweig preferred to send a letter personally to Duce, and Mussolini granted his request.",
"Back in Salzburg, he was impressed by the cultural scope that the city had taken, which had become the artistic center of Europe. It thus has the opportunity to welcome the great names of literature and painting. Seeing these artists and writers allows him to complete his autographs and first drafts collection. Zweig looks back on this passion of which he boasts of his expertise and admits to seeking, above all, the secrets of the creation of masterpieces. However, unfortunately, with Hitler's rise to power, his collection gradually fell apart.",
"Before these tragic events, Zweig reveals to have wondered about his success, a success he had not ardently desired. A thought crossed him at this time, after having acquired a secure, enviable and — he believed — lasting position:\n> *Wäre es nicht besser für mich — so träumte es in mir weiter — etwas anderes käme, etwas Neues, etwas das mich unruhiger, gespannter, das mich jünger machte, indem es mich herausforderte zu neuem und vielleicht noch gefährlicherem Kampf?*",
"— Zweig, Sonnenuntergang, {{Lang\\|de\\|Die Welt von Gestern}} (1942\\)\n> \"Wouldn't it be better for me — so that thought continued within me — if something else happened, something new, something that troubles me, torments me, rejuvenates me, demanding of me a new and perhaps more dangerous fight?\"",
"His rash wish, resulting from a \"volatile thought\" — in his words — came true, shattering everything, him, and what he had accomplished.",
"### Incipit Hitler",
"Zweig begins by stating a law: no witness to significant changes can recognize them at their beginnings. Even after his failed coup, Hitler was merely one agitator among many in this period shaken by coup attempts, and his name quickly faded into insignificance. However, organized gangs of young men in Nazi insignia were starting to cause trouble. It was unthinkable when Germany imagined that a man as uneducated as Hitler could come to power. However, he succeeded by promising everything to all parties; everyone thought they could use him.",
"Zweig admits that as a young man, he had not recognized the coming danger of the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\"), who started organizing and agitating in Austria in the 1920s. Zweig was a committed pacifist but hated politics and shunned political engagement. He shows some reluctance to analyze Nazism as a political ideology; he regards it as the rule of one particularly evil man, [Hitler](/wiki/Hitler \"Hitler\"). Nevertheless, Zweig was struck that the *[Berghof](/wiki/Berghof_%28residence%29 \"Berghof (residence)\")*, Hitler's mountain residence in [Berchtesgaden](/wiki/Berchtesgaden \"Berchtesgaden\"), an area of early Nazi activity, was just across the valley from his own house outside [Salzburg](/wiki/Salzburg \"Salzburg\"). Zweig believed strongly in [Europeanism](/wiki/Europeanism \"Europeanism\") against nationalism.",
"Zweig had told his publisher that his books would be banned as soon as the Reichstag was burnt down — something he had not believed possible. He then describes the progressive censorship that descended on his opera *Die schweigsame Frau,* even as he witnessed the artistic power of his co\\-worker, the composer Richard Strauss. Due to Zweig's politically neutral writings and Strauss' unrivaled fame in Germany, it was impossible to censor the opera. After reading Zweig's libretto, Hitler himself exceptionally authorized the performance and attended it in person. However, after the Gestapo intercepted a letter from Strauss about his principles as President of the Reich Music Chamber, the opera was censored, and Strauss was forced to give up his position.",
"During these first troubles, Zweig went to France, then to England, where he undertook the biography of Marie Stuart, noting the need for an objective and accurate work. Once completed, he returned to Salzburg, where he realized the critical situation of his country: even with shootings breaking out daily in the streets, foreign newspapers were better informed than he was about the Austrian situation. He chooses to flee to London when the police forcibly search his residence, a previously unthinkable violation of civil liberties.",
"### The agony of peace",
"Zweig sets the tone for the last chapter with a quote from Shakespeare:",
"{{Poem quote\\|text\\=The sun of Rome is set. Our day is gone.\nClouds, dews, and dangers come; our deeds are done.}}",
"Like Gorky, Zweig's exile was not yet \"real\": he still had his passport to return home at any time. After the Munich peace agreement, Zweig suspected that negotiation with Hitler was pointless, as he would break every commitment at the right time. However, Zweig remained silent, knowing he could not influence England, having failed even in his own country.",
"During his stay, he attended a memorable debate between HG Wells and Bernard Shaw, of whom he gives a long and admiring description. He also saw his friend Sigmund Freud, who had managed to reach England. Delighted to speak with Freud one last time, an admirable scholar devoted to the cause of truth, Zweig attended his funeral shortly after. As Zweig prepared for his new marriage, Hitler declared war on Poland, making him an \"enemy national,\" and the exile prepared his affairs to travel to an even further country.",
"At a PEN\\-Club conference, he stopped in Vigo, Spain, then in the hands of General Franco, noting again with bitterness the young people swaggering in fascist uniforms. However, after moving to Argentina and seeing the Hispanic heritage still intact, he regained hope. He praises Brazil, his last host country, a land of immigrants looking to the future, and says he sees Europe's future.",
"He looks back to Austria's annexation. His friends had firmly believed that the neighboring countries would never accept such an event, but Zweig had already, in autumn 1937, said goodbye to his mother and the rest of his family. He then watched as his family and nation were lost to Nazi barbarism.",
"Zweig then develops an extended meditation on the tribulations that pursue all the Jews, despite the great cultural and religious variety of those designated as such. He ends his work by admitting to being defeated by hatred, even by its shadow, but with this consolation:",
"{{Text and translation\n\\| Aber jeder Schatten ist im letzten doch auch Kind des Lichts, und nur wer Helles und Dunkles, Krieg und Frieden, Aufstieg und Niedergang erfahren, nur der hat wahrhaft gelebt.\n\\| But every shadow is ultimately also the daughter of light, and only he who has known light and darkness, war and peace, rise and fall, only this one has truly lived.\n\\| Stefan Zweig, Die Agonie des Friedens, {{Lang\\|de\\|Die Welt von Gestern}}\n}}",
""
] |
### Paris, the city of eternal youth
After finishing his studies, Zweig decides to go to Paris to discover the city. Zweig launches into a lengthy description of the Parisian atmosphere, of the state of mind of Parisians. Paris represents the city where people of all classes, from all walks of life, come together on an equal footing, the city where good humor and joviality reign.
He discovers the city through his friendships, especially with Léon Bazalgette, to whom he becomes as close as a brother. He admires Bazalgette's sense of service, magnanimity, and simplicity. However, Rilke undoubtedly impressed him the most, by the aura he radiated and for whom he had tremendous respect. Zweig recounts several anecdotes about him, taking it upon himself to paint a portrait of a young man — or somewhat of a genius — compassionate, reserved, refined, and striving to remain discreet and temperate.
His meeting with [Auguste Rodin](/wiki/Auguste_Rodin "Auguste Rodin") also deeply marks him. He says he received a great lesson in life: the great of this world are the best. He could then understand that creative genius requires total concentration, like Rodin. Rodin gives him a tour of his studio and his last still unfinished creation, then begins to retouch his creation in his presence, and ends up forgetting Zweig's presence altogether.
Zweig then leaves Paris for London to improve his spoken English. Unfortunately, before leaving for London, he has the misfortune of having his suitcase stolen; the thief is quickly found and arrested. Having pity and a certain sympathy for the thief, Zweig decides not to file a complaint, thus earning for himself the whole neighborhood's antipathy, leading to his leaving rather quickly.
Unfortunately, in London, he does not have the opportunity to meet many people and discover the city. He does, however, attend the very well\-organized private reading of poems by [William Butler Yeats](/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats "William Butler Yeats"). He also takes away, on the advice of his friend Archibald GB Russell, a portrait of "King John" by [William Blake](/wiki/William_Blake "William Blake"), which he never tired of admiring.
|
[
"### Paris, the city of eternal youth",
"After finishing his studies, Zweig decides to go to Paris to discover the city. Zweig launches into a lengthy description of the Parisian atmosphere, of the state of mind of Parisians. Paris represents the city where people of all classes, from all walks of life, come together on an equal footing, the city where good humor and joviality reign.",
"He discovers the city through his friendships, especially with Léon Bazalgette, to whom he becomes as close as a brother. He admires Bazalgette's sense of service, magnanimity, and simplicity. However, Rilke undoubtedly impressed him the most, by the aura he radiated and for whom he had tremendous respect. Zweig recounts several anecdotes about him, taking it upon himself to paint a portrait of a young man — or somewhat of a genius — compassionate, reserved, refined, and striving to remain discreet and temperate.",
"His meeting with [Auguste Rodin](/wiki/Auguste_Rodin \"Auguste Rodin\") also deeply marks him. He says he received a great lesson in life: the great of this world are the best. He could then understand that creative genius requires total concentration, like Rodin. Rodin gives him a tour of his studio and his last still unfinished creation, then begins to retouch his creation in his presence, and ends up forgetting Zweig's presence altogether.",
"Zweig then leaves Paris for London to improve his spoken English. Unfortunately, before leaving for London, he has the misfortune of having his suitcase stolen; the thief is quickly found and arrested. Having pity and a certain sympathy for the thief, Zweig decides not to file a complaint, thus earning for himself the whole neighborhood's antipathy, leading to his leaving rather quickly.",
"Unfortunately, in London, he does not have the opportunity to meet many people and discover the city. He does, however, attend the very well\\-organized private reading of poems by [William Butler Yeats](/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats \"William Butler Yeats\"). He also takes away, on the advice of his friend Archibald GB Russell, a portrait of \"King John\" by [William Blake](/wiki/William_Blake \"William Blake\"), which he never tired of admiring.",
""
] |
### The first hours of the war of 1914
Notable episodes include the Austrian public's reaction to the assassination of [Archduke Franz Ferdinand](/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria") and his wife in Sarajevo in 1914, the departure from Austria by a train of the last Emperor [Charles I of Austria](/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria "Charles I of Austria") in 1918, the beginning of the [Salzburg festival](/wiki/Salzburg_festival "Salzburg festival") and the Austrian [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation "Hyperinflation") of 1921–22\.
According to Zweig, the summer of 1914 would have been unforgettable in its sweetness and beauty. The news of the death of Franz Ferdinand of Austria, although it hurt those who had just learned about it at the time, did not leave lasting traces. Franz Ferdinand was hardly appreciated, and Zweig himself found him cold, distant, unfriendly. The most controversial was his funeral: he had entered into a misalliance, and it was unacceptable that his wife and children could rest with the rest of the Hapsburgs.
The world never imagined that a war could break out. Zweig had visited a few days before declaring war with friends in Belgium. Even seeing the Belgian soldiers, Zweig was convinced that Belgium would not be attacked. Then ominous events multiplied until the outbreak of war with the declaration of war by Austria against Serbia.
The young soldiers went cheerfully to the front, to the crowd's cheers. National solidarity and brotherhood were at their peak. Compared to the abatement of 1939, this enthusiasm for war is explained by an idealization of war, possible by its great temporal distance, the heightened optimism of the century, and the almost blind confidence in governments' honesty. This enthusiasm quickly turned into a deep hatred towards the enemies of the fatherland.
Zweig does not participate in this widespread hatred, as he knows the now rival nations too well to hate them overnight. Physically unfit to go to the front, he committed his forces to work as a librarian within the military archives. He sees his whole country sinking in the apology of the opposing camp's deep and sincere hatred, like the poet Ernst Lissauer, author of the *Song of hatred against England*. Zweig, rejected by his friends who consider him almost a traitor to his nation, for his part, undertakes a personal war against this murderous passion.
|
[
"### The first hours of the war of 1914",
"Notable episodes include the Austrian public's reaction to the assassination of [Archduke Franz Ferdinand](/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria \"Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria\") and his wife in Sarajevo in 1914, the departure from Austria by a train of the last Emperor [Charles I of Austria](/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria \"Charles I of Austria\") in 1918, the beginning of the [Salzburg festival](/wiki/Salzburg_festival \"Salzburg festival\") and the Austrian [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation \"Hyperinflation\") of 1921–22\\.",
"According to Zweig, the summer of 1914 would have been unforgettable in its sweetness and beauty. The news of the death of Franz Ferdinand of Austria, although it hurt those who had just learned about it at the time, did not leave lasting traces. Franz Ferdinand was hardly appreciated, and Zweig himself found him cold, distant, unfriendly. The most controversial was his funeral: he had entered into a misalliance, and it was unacceptable that his wife and children could rest with the rest of the Hapsburgs.",
"The world never imagined that a war could break out. Zweig had visited a few days before declaring war with friends in Belgium. Even seeing the Belgian soldiers, Zweig was convinced that Belgium would not be attacked. Then ominous events multiplied until the outbreak of war with the declaration of war by Austria against Serbia.",
"The young soldiers went cheerfully to the front, to the crowd's cheers. National solidarity and brotherhood were at their peak. Compared to the abatement of 1939, this enthusiasm for war is explained by an idealization of war, possible by its great temporal distance, the heightened optimism of the century, and the almost blind confidence in governments' honesty. This enthusiasm quickly turned into a deep hatred towards the enemies of the fatherland.",
"Zweig does not participate in this widespread hatred, as he knows the now rival nations too well to hate them overnight. Physically unfit to go to the front, he committed his forces to work as a librarian within the military archives. He sees his whole country sinking in the apology of the opposing camp's deep and sincere hatred, like the poet Ernst Lissauer, author of the *Song of hatred against England*. Zweig, rejected by his friends who consider him almost a traitor to his nation, for his part, undertakes a personal war against this murderous passion.",
""
] |
### Sunset
Zweig says that before Hitler came to power, people had never traveled so much in Europe. He continues to travel at this time, particularly about his career and fame as a writer. However, despite his success, Zweig says he remains humble and does not change his habits: he continues to stroll with his friends in the streets, and he does not disdain going to the provinces to stay in small hotels.
If there is one trip that taught him a lot, it is the one to Russia. Russia had always been on his list, but he still did his best to remain politically neutral. Finally, he has the opportunity to officially go to Russia in an unbiased way: on the birthday of Leo Tolstoy, a great Russian writer. At first, fascinated by the authenticity of the inhabitants, their friendliness, and their warm welcome, by the profound simplicity of Tolstoy's tomb, he left with great caution. Following one of the parties, he realizes that someone has slipped him a letter in French, warning him of the propaganda of the Soviet regime. He begins to reflect on the intellectual stimulation that exile can promote.
Later, he had the opportunity to use his celebrity to ask a favor of Benito Mussolini, to spare the life of Giuseppe Germani. His wife had begged the writer to intervene, to put pressure on Mussolini by organizing an international protest. Instead, Zweig preferred to send a letter personally to Duce, and Mussolini granted his request.
Back in Salzburg, he was impressed by the cultural scope that the city had taken, which had become the artistic center of Europe. It thus has the opportunity to welcome the great names of literature and painting. Seeing these artists and writers allows him to complete his autographs and first drafts collection. Zweig looks back on this passion of which he boasts of his expertise and admits to seeking, above all, the secrets of the creation of masterpieces. However, unfortunately, with Hitler's rise to power, his collection gradually fell apart.
Before these tragic events, Zweig reveals to have wondered about his success, a success he had not ardently desired. A thought crossed him at this time, after having acquired a secure, enviable and — he believed — lasting position:
> *Wäre es nicht besser für mich — so träumte es in mir weiter — etwas anderes käme, etwas Neues, etwas das mich unruhiger, gespannter, das mich jünger machte, indem es mich herausforderte zu neuem und vielleicht noch gefährlicherem Kampf?*
— Zweig, Sonnenuntergang, {{Lang\|de\|Die Welt von Gestern}} (1942\)
> "Wouldn't it be better for me — so that thought continued within me — if something else happened, something new, something that troubles me, torments me, rejuvenates me, demanding of me a new and perhaps more dangerous fight?"
His rash wish, resulting from a "volatile thought" — in his words — came true, shattering everything, him, and what he had accomplished.
|
[
"### Sunset",
"Zweig says that before Hitler came to power, people had never traveled so much in Europe. He continues to travel at this time, particularly about his career and fame as a writer. However, despite his success, Zweig says he remains humble and does not change his habits: he continues to stroll with his friends in the streets, and he does not disdain going to the provinces to stay in small hotels.",
"If there is one trip that taught him a lot, it is the one to Russia. Russia had always been on his list, but he still did his best to remain politically neutral. Finally, he has the opportunity to officially go to Russia in an unbiased way: on the birthday of Leo Tolstoy, a great Russian writer. At first, fascinated by the authenticity of the inhabitants, their friendliness, and their warm welcome, by the profound simplicity of Tolstoy's tomb, he left with great caution. Following one of the parties, he realizes that someone has slipped him a letter in French, warning him of the propaganda of the Soviet regime. He begins to reflect on the intellectual stimulation that exile can promote.",
"Later, he had the opportunity to use his celebrity to ask a favor of Benito Mussolini, to spare the life of Giuseppe Germani. His wife had begged the writer to intervene, to put pressure on Mussolini by organizing an international protest. Instead, Zweig preferred to send a letter personally to Duce, and Mussolini granted his request.",
"Back in Salzburg, he was impressed by the cultural scope that the city had taken, which had become the artistic center of Europe. It thus has the opportunity to welcome the great names of literature and painting. Seeing these artists and writers allows him to complete his autographs and first drafts collection. Zweig looks back on this passion of which he boasts of his expertise and admits to seeking, above all, the secrets of the creation of masterpieces. However, unfortunately, with Hitler's rise to power, his collection gradually fell apart.",
"Before these tragic events, Zweig reveals to have wondered about his success, a success he had not ardently desired. A thought crossed him at this time, after having acquired a secure, enviable and — he believed — lasting position:\n> *Wäre es nicht besser für mich — so träumte es in mir weiter — etwas anderes käme, etwas Neues, etwas das mich unruhiger, gespannter, das mich jünger machte, indem es mich herausforderte zu neuem und vielleicht noch gefährlicherem Kampf?*",
"— Zweig, Sonnenuntergang, {{Lang\\|de\\|Die Welt von Gestern}} (1942\\)\n> \"Wouldn't it be better for me — so that thought continued within me — if something else happened, something new, something that troubles me, torments me, rejuvenates me, demanding of me a new and perhaps more dangerous fight?\"",
"His rash wish, resulting from a \"volatile thought\" — in his words — came true, shattering everything, him, and what he had accomplished.",
""
] |
Requirements
------------
A charitable remainder unitrust is a trust that meets both: (1\) The applicable rules under state law for a valid Charitable Trust; and (2\) the requirements outlined in Code Section {{USCSub2\|26\|664\|d\|2}}.{{USCSub\|26\|664\|d\|2}}.
### State Law Requirements
First, a CRUT is formed like any other kind of trust and must be valid under state law. Most states require CRUTs to be registered with the state. For example, California requires charitable trusts to be registered by filing a form [CT\-1](https://web.archive.org/web/20110812131535/http://ag.ca.gov/charities/forms/charitable/ct1-form.pdf) with the state attorney general. This is because the state attorney general represents the charitable interests involved with CRUT. However, California Govt. Code Section 12585(a) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231915/http://ag.ca.gov/charities/pdf/GovCodes12580\-12599\_1\.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231915/http://ag.ca.gov/charities/pdf/GovCodes12580-12599_1.pdf) provides that "A trustee is not required to register as long as the charitable interest in a trust is a future interest, but shall do so within 30 days after any charitable interest in a trust becomes a present interest."
### Income Tax Requirements
Code Section 664 imposes the following requirements on CRUTs:
#### Fixed percentage payment
The CRUT must distribute a fixed percentage annuity to the non\-charitable beneficiary. This percentage may not be less than 5 percent nor more than 50 percent of the net fair market value of the CRUT's assets.{{USCSub\|26\|664\|d\|1\|A}}. The CRUT's assets are valued annually, and the annuity amount is determined at that time.{{USCSub\|26\|664\|d\|2\|A}}. As may be seen, the amount of the annuity might vary from year to year, but the percentage always stays the same. For example, assume a 10% CRUT is established, and assume the value of its portfolio holdings in year 1 is $1 million. The annuity that year is $100,000\. Assuming the portfolio drops in value, and in year 2 is worth $900,000\. The annuity in year 2 will be reduced to $90,000 (10% of the value of the CRUT's assets).
The annuity must be distributed not less often than annually to one or more persons. The "person" may be an organization, however, it may not be a charity described in {{USCSub\|26\|170\|c}}. The CRUT is usually set up so that an annuity is paid to the settlor of the trust. In the case of [natural persons](/wiki/Natural_person "Natural person"), payments may be made only to those who are living at the time of the creation of the trust. The annuity is paid to that non\-charitable beneficiary for his or her lifetime, or for a fixed term of years (not to exceed 20 years).
#### No other payments
The CRUT may not distribute any of its assets to anyone other than the annuity recipient or the qualified charity beneficiary. The CRUT may not let any of its assets be used for the benefit of anyone other than the annuity recipient, the qualified charitable beneficiary, or a charitable organization as described in section 170(c). Code Section 664(d)(2\)(B).
#### Transfer remainder interest when termination of payments
Once the annuity period is over (i.e., at the death of the non\-charitable beneficiary, or the expiration of the term of years), the remainder of the CRUT principal is distributed to charity.{{USCSub\|26\|664\|d\|1\|C}} The charity must be an organization described in {{USCSub2\|26\|170\|c}}.
#### Portion of remainder interest in contributions to trusts
At least 10% of the statistical fair market value{{USC\|26\|7520}} of each contribution of property to the trust, must be a part of the remainder interest that will pass to charity once the annuity term expires.{{USCSub\|26\|664\|d\|1\|D}}
Treasury Regulations have imposed several other conditions relating to CRUTs:
#### NIMCRUTS
Treas. Reg. §1\.664\-3 authorizes CRUTs to be drafted so that the annuity can be the *lesser of:*
1\. The annuity percentage, multiplied by the fair market value of the CRUT's assets (i.e., the normal annuity amount); or
2\. The amount of the CRUT's "trust income" for the year.
This is known as a "net income CRUT", or NICRUT. For example, assume a 10% CRUT holds $1 million in assets. Assume the CRUT has only $70,000 of income that year. A NICRUT would distribute $70,000, because that is lesser than the ordinary $100,000 annuity.
Furthermore, Treas. Reg. §1\.664\-3(a)(1\)(i)(b)(2\) allows the CRUT to pay a "makeup amount", which means if the trust income is lower than the selected fixed percentage, the trustee can distribute a "make up amount" from the trust's income in subsequent years. This is known as a "net income/makeup CRUT", or "NIMCRUT". For example, assume the NICRUT above distributed $70,000, and had $130,000 of trust income the following year. Assume the NICRUT included the makeup provision (making it a NIMCRUT). The NIMCRUT would distribute the $130,000 to the annuity beneficiary.
The IRS has issued a series of sample CRUT forms since 1989, the latest series in 2005, known as [Revenue Procedures 2005\-52, 2005\-53, 2005\-54, 2005\-55, 2005\-56, 2005\-57, 2005\-58, and 2005\-59\.](https://www.irs.gov/irb/2005-34_IRB/ar02.html) It is not recommended, however, that these sample forms be used verbatim and without any additional supplemented provisions.
|
[
"Requirements\n------------",
"A charitable remainder unitrust is a trust that meets both: (1\\) The applicable rules under state law for a valid Charitable Trust; and (2\\) the requirements outlined in Code Section {{USCSub2\\|26\\|664\\|d\\|2}}.{{USCSub\\|26\\|664\\|d\\|2}}.",
"### State Law Requirements",
"First, a CRUT is formed like any other kind of trust and must be valid under state law. Most states require CRUTs to be registered with the state. For example, California requires charitable trusts to be registered by filing a form [CT\\-1](https://web.archive.org/web/20110812131535/http://ag.ca.gov/charities/forms/charitable/ct1-form.pdf) with the state attorney general. This is because the state attorney general represents the charitable interests involved with CRUT. However, California Govt. Code Section 12585(a) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231915/http://ag.ca.gov/charities/pdf/GovCodes12580\\-12599\\_1\\.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231915/http://ag.ca.gov/charities/pdf/GovCodes12580-12599_1.pdf) provides that \"A trustee is not required to register as long as the charitable interest in a trust is a future interest, but shall do so within 30 days after any charitable interest in a trust becomes a present interest.\"",
"### Income Tax Requirements",
"Code Section 664 imposes the following requirements on CRUTs:",
"#### Fixed percentage payment",
"The CRUT must distribute a fixed percentage annuity to the non\\-charitable beneficiary. This percentage may not be less than 5 percent nor more than 50 percent of the net fair market value of the CRUT's assets.{{USCSub\\|26\\|664\\|d\\|1\\|A}}. The CRUT's assets are valued annually, and the annuity amount is determined at that time.{{USCSub\\|26\\|664\\|d\\|2\\|A}}. As may be seen, the amount of the annuity might vary from year to year, but the percentage always stays the same. For example, assume a 10% CRUT is established, and assume the value of its portfolio holdings in year 1 is $1 million. The annuity that year is $100,000\\. Assuming the portfolio drops in value, and in year 2 is worth $900,000\\. The annuity in year 2 will be reduced to $90,000 (10% of the value of the CRUT's assets).",
"The annuity must be distributed not less often than annually to one or more persons. The \"person\" may be an organization, however, it may not be a charity described in {{USCSub\\|26\\|170\\|c}}. The CRUT is usually set up so that an annuity is paid to the settlor of the trust. In the case of [natural persons](/wiki/Natural_person \"Natural person\"), payments may be made only to those who are living at the time of the creation of the trust. The annuity is paid to that non\\-charitable beneficiary for his or her lifetime, or for a fixed term of years (not to exceed 20 years).",
"#### No other payments",
"The CRUT may not distribute any of its assets to anyone other than the annuity recipient or the qualified charity beneficiary. The CRUT may not let any of its assets be used for the benefit of anyone other than the annuity recipient, the qualified charitable beneficiary, or a charitable organization as described in section 170(c). Code Section 664(d)(2\\)(B).",
"#### Transfer remainder interest when termination of payments",
"Once the annuity period is over (i.e., at the death of the non\\-charitable beneficiary, or the expiration of the term of years), the remainder of the CRUT principal is distributed to charity.{{USCSub\\|26\\|664\\|d\\|1\\|C}} The charity must be an organization described in {{USCSub2\\|26\\|170\\|c}}.",
"#### Portion of remainder interest in contributions to trusts",
"At least 10% of the statistical fair market value{{USC\\|26\\|7520}} of each contribution of property to the trust, must be a part of the remainder interest that will pass to charity once the annuity term expires.{{USCSub\\|26\\|664\\|d\\|1\\|D}}",
"Treasury Regulations have imposed several other conditions relating to CRUTs:",
"#### NIMCRUTS",
"Treas. Reg. §1\\.664\\-3 authorizes CRUTs to be drafted so that the annuity can be the *lesser of:*",
"1\\. The annuity percentage, multiplied by the fair market value of the CRUT's assets (i.e., the normal annuity amount); or",
"2\\. The amount of the CRUT's \"trust income\" for the year.",
"This is known as a \"net income CRUT\", or NICRUT. For example, assume a 10% CRUT holds $1 million in assets. Assume the CRUT has only $70,000 of income that year. A NICRUT would distribute $70,000, because that is lesser than the ordinary $100,000 annuity.",
"Furthermore, Treas. Reg. §1\\.664\\-3(a)(1\\)(i)(b)(2\\) allows the CRUT to pay a \"makeup amount\", which means if the trust income is lower than the selected fixed percentage, the trustee can distribute a \"make up amount\" from the trust's income in subsequent years. This is known as a \"net income/makeup CRUT\", or \"NIMCRUT\". For example, assume the NICRUT above distributed $70,000, and had $130,000 of trust income the following year. Assume the NICRUT included the makeup provision (making it a NIMCRUT). The NIMCRUT would distribute the $130,000 to the annuity beneficiary.",
"The IRS has issued a series of sample CRUT forms since 1989, the latest series in 2005, known as [Revenue Procedures 2005\\-52, 2005\\-53, 2005\\-54, 2005\\-55, 2005\\-56, 2005\\-57, 2005\\-58, and 2005\\-59\\.](https://www.irs.gov/irb/2005-34_IRB/ar02.html) It is not recommended, however, that these sample forms be used verbatim and without any additional supplemented provisions.",
""
] |
### Income Tax Requirements
Code Section 664 imposes the following requirements on CRUTs:
#### Fixed percentage payment
The CRUT must distribute a fixed percentage annuity to the non\-charitable beneficiary. This percentage may not be less than 5 percent nor more than 50 percent of the net fair market value of the CRUT's assets.{{USCSub\|26\|664\|d\|1\|A}}. The CRUT's assets are valued annually, and the annuity amount is determined at that time.{{USCSub\|26\|664\|d\|2\|A}}. As may be seen, the amount of the annuity might vary from year to year, but the percentage always stays the same. For example, assume a 10% CRUT is established, and assume the value of its portfolio holdings in year 1 is $1 million. The annuity that year is $100,000\. Assuming the portfolio drops in value, and in year 2 is worth $900,000\. The annuity in year 2 will be reduced to $90,000 (10% of the value of the CRUT's assets).
The annuity must be distributed not less often than annually to one or more persons. The "person" may be an organization, however, it may not be a charity described in {{USCSub\|26\|170\|c}}. The CRUT is usually set up so that an annuity is paid to the settlor of the trust. In the case of [natural persons](/wiki/Natural_person "Natural person"), payments may be made only to those who are living at the time of the creation of the trust. The annuity is paid to that non\-charitable beneficiary for his or her lifetime, or for a fixed term of years (not to exceed 20 years).
#### No other payments
The CRUT may not distribute any of its assets to anyone other than the annuity recipient or the qualified charity beneficiary. The CRUT may not let any of its assets be used for the benefit of anyone other than the annuity recipient, the qualified charitable beneficiary, or a charitable organization as described in section 170(c). Code Section 664(d)(2\)(B).
#### Transfer remainder interest when termination of payments
Once the annuity period is over (i.e., at the death of the non\-charitable beneficiary, or the expiration of the term of years), the remainder of the CRUT principal is distributed to charity.{{USCSub\|26\|664\|d\|1\|C}} The charity must be an organization described in {{USCSub2\|26\|170\|c}}.
#### Portion of remainder interest in contributions to trusts
At least 10% of the statistical fair market value{{USC\|26\|7520}} of each contribution of property to the trust, must be a part of the remainder interest that will pass to charity once the annuity term expires.{{USCSub\|26\|664\|d\|1\|D}}
Treasury Regulations have imposed several other conditions relating to CRUTs:
#### NIMCRUTS
Treas. Reg. §1\.664\-3 authorizes CRUTs to be drafted so that the annuity can be the *lesser of:*
1\. The annuity percentage, multiplied by the fair market value of the CRUT's assets (i.e., the normal annuity amount); or
2\. The amount of the CRUT's "trust income" for the year.
This is known as a "net income CRUT", or NICRUT. For example, assume a 10% CRUT holds $1 million in assets. Assume the CRUT has only $70,000 of income that year. A NICRUT would distribute $70,000, because that is lesser than the ordinary $100,000 annuity.
Furthermore, Treas. Reg. §1\.664\-3(a)(1\)(i)(b)(2\) allows the CRUT to pay a "makeup amount", which means if the trust income is lower than the selected fixed percentage, the trustee can distribute a "make up amount" from the trust's income in subsequent years. This is known as a "net income/makeup CRUT", or "NIMCRUT". For example, assume the NICRUT above distributed $70,000, and had $130,000 of trust income the following year. Assume the NICRUT included the makeup provision (making it a NIMCRUT). The NIMCRUT would distribute the $130,000 to the annuity beneficiary.
The IRS has issued a series of sample CRUT forms since 1989, the latest series in 2005, known as [Revenue Procedures 2005\-52, 2005\-53, 2005\-54, 2005\-55, 2005\-56, 2005\-57, 2005\-58, and 2005\-59\.](https://www.irs.gov/irb/2005-34_IRB/ar02.html) It is not recommended, however, that these sample forms be used verbatim and without any additional supplemented provisions.
|
[
"### Income Tax Requirements",
"Code Section 664 imposes the following requirements on CRUTs:",
"#### Fixed percentage payment",
"The CRUT must distribute a fixed percentage annuity to the non\\-charitable beneficiary. This percentage may not be less than 5 percent nor more than 50 percent of the net fair market value of the CRUT's assets.{{USCSub\\|26\\|664\\|d\\|1\\|A}}. The CRUT's assets are valued annually, and the annuity amount is determined at that time.{{USCSub\\|26\\|664\\|d\\|2\\|A}}. As may be seen, the amount of the annuity might vary from year to year, but the percentage always stays the same. For example, assume a 10% CRUT is established, and assume the value of its portfolio holdings in year 1 is $1 million. The annuity that year is $100,000\\. Assuming the portfolio drops in value, and in year 2 is worth $900,000\\. The annuity in year 2 will be reduced to $90,000 (10% of the value of the CRUT's assets).",
"The annuity must be distributed not less often than annually to one or more persons. The \"person\" may be an organization, however, it may not be a charity described in {{USCSub\\|26\\|170\\|c}}. The CRUT is usually set up so that an annuity is paid to the settlor of the trust. In the case of [natural persons](/wiki/Natural_person \"Natural person\"), payments may be made only to those who are living at the time of the creation of the trust. The annuity is paid to that non\\-charitable beneficiary for his or her lifetime, or for a fixed term of years (not to exceed 20 years).",
"#### No other payments",
"The CRUT may not distribute any of its assets to anyone other than the annuity recipient or the qualified charity beneficiary. The CRUT may not let any of its assets be used for the benefit of anyone other than the annuity recipient, the qualified charitable beneficiary, or a charitable organization as described in section 170(c). Code Section 664(d)(2\\)(B).",
"#### Transfer remainder interest when termination of payments",
"Once the annuity period is over (i.e., at the death of the non\\-charitable beneficiary, or the expiration of the term of years), the remainder of the CRUT principal is distributed to charity.{{USCSub\\|26\\|664\\|d\\|1\\|C}} The charity must be an organization described in {{USCSub2\\|26\\|170\\|c}}.",
"#### Portion of remainder interest in contributions to trusts",
"At least 10% of the statistical fair market value{{USC\\|26\\|7520}} of each contribution of property to the trust, must be a part of the remainder interest that will pass to charity once the annuity term expires.{{USCSub\\|26\\|664\\|d\\|1\\|D}}",
"Treasury Regulations have imposed several other conditions relating to CRUTs:",
"#### NIMCRUTS",
"Treas. Reg. §1\\.664\\-3 authorizes CRUTs to be drafted so that the annuity can be the *lesser of:*",
"1\\. The annuity percentage, multiplied by the fair market value of the CRUT's assets (i.e., the normal annuity amount); or",
"2\\. The amount of the CRUT's \"trust income\" for the year.",
"This is known as a \"net income CRUT\", or NICRUT. For example, assume a 10% CRUT holds $1 million in assets. Assume the CRUT has only $70,000 of income that year. A NICRUT would distribute $70,000, because that is lesser than the ordinary $100,000 annuity.",
"Furthermore, Treas. Reg. §1\\.664\\-3(a)(1\\)(i)(b)(2\\) allows the CRUT to pay a \"makeup amount\", which means if the trust income is lower than the selected fixed percentage, the trustee can distribute a \"make up amount\" from the trust's income in subsequent years. This is known as a \"net income/makeup CRUT\", or \"NIMCRUT\". For example, assume the NICRUT above distributed $70,000, and had $130,000 of trust income the following year. Assume the NICRUT included the makeup provision (making it a NIMCRUT). The NIMCRUT would distribute the $130,000 to the annuity beneficiary.",
"The IRS has issued a series of sample CRUT forms since 1989, the latest series in 2005, known as [Revenue Procedures 2005\\-52, 2005\\-53, 2005\\-54, 2005\\-55, 2005\\-56, 2005\\-57, 2005\\-58, and 2005\\-59\\.](https://www.irs.gov/irb/2005-34_IRB/ar02.html) It is not recommended, however, that these sample forms be used verbatim and without any additional supplemented provisions.",
""
] |
Tax Planning
------------
CRUTs are used for a variety of reasons. Often, CRUTs can be used to save income, gift, and/or estate tax. Because the CRUT is a [tax\-exempt entity](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/search/display.html?terms=664&url=/uscode/html/uscode26/usc_sec_26_00000664----000-.html)[26 USCA 664(c)](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/search/display.html?terms=664&url=/uscode/html/uscode26/usc_sec_26_00000664----000-.html) a CRUT can be used to sell highly appreciated assets at greatly reduced tax consequences.
For example, assume an individual purchases publicly traded stock for $50,000\.00\. Assume that, over time, the stock appreciates in value to $1 million. If this individual taxpayer were to sell the stock, the taxpayer would have a $950,000\.00 capital gain for income tax purposes, and would be subject to a substantial capital gains tax (this example will assume a combined federal and state capital gains tax rate of 20%, or $190,000\.00 of capital gains tax).
One tax planning idea would be for this individual to contribute the stock to a CRUT prior to the sale of the stock. The CRUT would then sell the stock. Assuming no other activity in the CRUT account, the $190,000\.00 capital gains tax on the $950,000\.00 gain would be paid over the lifetime of the taxpayer (without the CRUT, the taxpayer would have to pay the $190,000\.00 all at once). The taxpayer would receive an annuity from the CRUT based on the full $1 million of sales proceeds, rather than an annuity (or income stream) based on the $810,000\.00 after\-tax proceeds.
One possible concern for the taxpayer in the above situation is the risk of death shortly after setting up the CRUT. In such instances, the CRUT proceeds would pay to charity before the taxpayer has received much benefit from the annuity. In addition, at the taxpayer’s death, the charity receives the assets that might have otherwise passed to children or other heirs. Because of this, tax planners often suggest that their clients purchase life insurance, to be held separately from the CRUT. Using life insurance mitigates the risk of early death.
For example, assume the same taxpayer above was to set up a CRUT and were to die quickly. In such instances, the balance of the CRUT would pay to charity. If this taxpayer purchased a $1 million life insurance policy, in the event of the taxpayer’s premature death, the taxpayer’s family would receive the $1 million life insurance proceeds and charity would receive the balance of the CRUT.
With proper planning, the life insurance proceeds received by the family would be free from all income tax and estate tax.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2012}}
A CRUT is a potentially attractive alternative to the purchase of an annuity. Quarterly or annual payments to the beneficiary behave like an annuity, but they have the additional advantage of the deduction from income at the time of the creation of the CRUT. The extent of this advantage depends on the current income of the person who creates the CRUT; if income is high, the tax advantage can be substantial.
|
[
"Tax Planning\n------------",
"CRUTs are used for a variety of reasons. Often, CRUTs can be used to save income, gift, and/or estate tax. Because the CRUT is a [tax\\-exempt entity](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/search/display.html?terms=664&url=/uscode/html/uscode26/usc_sec_26_00000664----000-.html)[26 USCA 664(c)](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/search/display.html?terms=664&url=/uscode/html/uscode26/usc_sec_26_00000664----000-.html) a CRUT can be used to sell highly appreciated assets at greatly reduced tax consequences.",
"For example, assume an individual purchases publicly traded stock for $50,000\\.00\\. Assume that, over time, the stock appreciates in value to $1 million. If this individual taxpayer were to sell the stock, the taxpayer would have a $950,000\\.00 capital gain for income tax purposes, and would be subject to a substantial capital gains tax (this example will assume a combined federal and state capital gains tax rate of 20%, or $190,000\\.00 of capital gains tax). \nOne tax planning idea would be for this individual to contribute the stock to a CRUT prior to the sale of the stock. The CRUT would then sell the stock. Assuming no other activity in the CRUT account, the $190,000\\.00 capital gains tax on the $950,000\\.00 gain would be paid over the lifetime of the taxpayer (without the CRUT, the taxpayer would have to pay the $190,000\\.00 all at once). The taxpayer would receive an annuity from the CRUT based on the full $1 million of sales proceeds, rather than an annuity (or income stream) based on the $810,000\\.00 after\\-tax proceeds.",
"One possible concern for the taxpayer in the above situation is the risk of death shortly after setting up the CRUT. In such instances, the CRUT proceeds would pay to charity before the taxpayer has received much benefit from the annuity. In addition, at the taxpayer’s death, the charity receives the assets that might have otherwise passed to children or other heirs. Because of this, tax planners often suggest that their clients purchase life insurance, to be held separately from the CRUT. Using life insurance mitigates the risk of early death.",
"For example, assume the same taxpayer above was to set up a CRUT and were to die quickly. In such instances, the balance of the CRUT would pay to charity. If this taxpayer purchased a $1 million life insurance policy, in the event of the taxpayer’s premature death, the taxpayer’s family would receive the $1 million life insurance proceeds and charity would receive the balance of the CRUT.",
"With proper planning, the life insurance proceeds received by the family would be free from all income tax and estate tax.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2012}}\nA CRUT is a potentially attractive alternative to the purchase of an annuity. Quarterly or annual payments to the beneficiary behave like an annuity, but they have the additional advantage of the deduction from income at the time of the creation of the CRUT. The extent of this advantage depends on the current income of the person who creates the CRUT; if income is high, the tax advantage can be substantial.",
""
] |
NFL coaching career
-------------------
### New York Giants
#### Offensive assistant and Super Bowl (2007–2010\)
After his time at Harvard, Ryan joined [Tom Coughlin](/wiki/Tom_Coughlin "Tom Coughlin")'s staff as an offensive quality control coach. In Ryan's first year with the Giants, the team secured the third Super Bowl victory in team history when the Giant's upset the unbeaten [2007 New England Patriots](/wiki/2007_New_England_Patriots_season "2007 New England Patriots season") 17–14 in [Super Bowl XLII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII "Super Bowl XLII"), earning his first Super Bowl Ring.
#### Wide receivers coach and second Super Bowl (2010–2011\)
In 2010, Ryan was promoted to Wide Receivers coach, a position he held for two seasons.
During his first stint as wide receiver's coach, Ryan is credited with the development of star players such as [Hakeem Nicks](/wiki/Hakeem_Nicks "Hakeem Nicks"), [Mario Manningham](/wiki/Mario_Manningham "Mario Manningham") and [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent_%28football%29 "Undrafted free agent (football)") [Victor Cruz](/wiki/Victor_Cruz_%28American_football%29 "Victor Cruz (American football)").
In 2011, the unit helped the Giants set a franchise record with 4,734 net passing yards en route to the team's second Super Bowl in four years when the Giants defeated the Patriots in [Super Bowl XLVI](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVI "Super Bowl XLVI").
#### Quarterbacks coach (2012–2014\)
In 2012, he was promoted to Giants' quarterback coach and was put in charge of [2002](/wiki/2002_NFL_draft "2002 NFL draft") [first overall](/wiki/List_of_first_overall_National_Football_League_draft_picks "List of first overall National Football League draft picks") pick [David Carr](/wiki/David_Carr_%28American_football%29 "David Carr (American football)") and two\-time [Super Bowl MVP](/wiki/Super_Bowl_Most_Valuable_Player_Award "Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award") and [2004](/wiki/2004_NFL_draft "2004 NFL draft") [first overall pick](/wiki/List_of_first_overall_National_Football_League_draft_picks "List of first overall National Football League draft picks"), [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning "Eli Manning").
In Ryan's first year as Quarterback coach, Giant's Quarterback [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning "Eli Manning") finished the season with 26 touchdown passes, 15 interceptions, and 3,948 passing yards and made the [2012 Pro Bowl](/wiki/2012_Pro_Bowl "2012 Pro Bowl").
#### Second stint as wide receivers coach (2014–2015\)
In 2014, Ryan was reassigned to coach the wide receivers when [Ben McAdoo](/wiki/Ben_McAdoo "Ben McAdoo") was named the offensive coordinator after [Kevin Gilbride](/wiki/Kevin_Gilbride "Kevin Gilbride")'s retirement.
The Giants drafted [Odell Beckham Jr](/wiki/Odell_Beckham_Jr. "Odell Beckham Jr.") twelfth overall in the 2014 out of [LSU](/wiki/Louisiana_State_University "Louisiana State University"). Ryan was instrumental in the rapid development of Beckham Jr., who shattered all franchise rookie records with 91 passes for 1,305 yards and 12 touchdowns (in just 12 games). Under Ryan's tutelage, Beckham was selected to the [2015 Pro Bowl](/wiki/2015_Pro_Bowl "2015 Pro Bowl"), the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press")' Offensive [Rookie of the Year](/wiki/Rookie_of_the_Year_%28award%29 "Rookie of the Year (award)") and was also awarded the 2014 [Pro Football Writers](/wiki/Pro_Football_Writers_Association "Pro Football Writers Association") NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award.
### Houston Texans (2016–2018\)
#### Wide receivers coach (2016\)
On January 15, 2016, Ryan was hired by the [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans "Houston Texans") as their wide receivers coach under head coach [Bill O'Brien](/wiki/Bill_O%27Brien_%28American_football%29 "Bill O'Brien (American football)").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.scout.com/nfl/texans/story/1632915\-sean\-ryan\-added\-as\-texans\-wr\-coach?hootPostID\=4527f9900f2c5c4ec396545e36ee7802\|title\=NFL Team News}}
#### Quarterbacks coach (2017–2018\)
On January 18, 2017, Ryan was promoted by the Texans to be their quarterbacks coach.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/\_/id/18502155/houston\-texans\-coach\-bill\-obrien\-call\-plays\-offense\-2017\|title\=Sources: O'Brien to direct Texans' offense in '17\|date\=January 18, 2017}}
### Detroit Lions (2019–2020\)
On January 29, 2019, Ryan was hired by the [Detroit Lions](/wiki/Detroit_Lions "Detroit Lions") to be their quarterbacks coach under head coach [Matt Patricia](/wiki/Matt_Patricia "Matt Patricia").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.detroitlions.com/news/lions\-hire\-sean\-ryan\-as\-quarterbacks\-coach\|title\=Lions hire Sean Ryan as quarterbacks coach}} He was the interim offensive play caller for the team's week 16 game in 2020 against the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers") due to interim [head coach](/wiki/Head_coach "Head coach") [Darrell Bevell](/wiki/Darrell_Bevell "Darrell Bevell") missing the game under [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") protocols.{{cite news \|author\=Lage, Larry \|title\=Lions' Darrell Bevell can't coach Saturday due to COVID\-19 protocols; 3 defensive coaches also out \|url\=https://madison.com/wsj/sports/football/professional/lions\-darrell\-bevell\-cant\-coach\-saturday\-due\-to\-covid\-19\-protocols\-3\-defensive\-coaches\-also/article\_8411b794\-376f\-5e0e\-b331\-b66828869230\.html \|website\=Madison.com \|date\=December 25, 2020 \|access\-date\=March 8, 2021}}
### Carolina Panthers (2021–2022\)
On January 20, 2021, Ryan was hired by the [Carolina Panthers](/wiki/Carolina_Panthers "Carolina Panthers") to be their quarterbacks coach under head coach [Matt Rhule](/wiki/Matt_Rhule "Matt Rhule"), replacing [Jake Peetz](/wiki/Jake_Peetz "Jake Peetz"), who left to become the offensive coordinator at [Louisiana State University (LSU)](/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football "LSU Tigers football").
|
[
"NFL coaching career\n-------------------",
"### New York Giants",
"#### Offensive assistant and Super Bowl (2007–2010\\)",
"After his time at Harvard, Ryan joined [Tom Coughlin](/wiki/Tom_Coughlin \"Tom Coughlin\")'s staff as an offensive quality control coach. In Ryan's first year with the Giants, the team secured the third Super Bowl victory in team history when the Giant's upset the unbeaten [2007 New England Patriots](/wiki/2007_New_England_Patriots_season \"2007 New England Patriots season\") 17–14 in [Super Bowl XLII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII \"Super Bowl XLII\"), earning his first Super Bowl Ring.",
"#### Wide receivers coach and second Super Bowl (2010–2011\\)",
"In 2010, Ryan was promoted to Wide Receivers coach, a position he held for two seasons.",
"During his first stint as wide receiver's coach, Ryan is credited with the development of star players such as [Hakeem Nicks](/wiki/Hakeem_Nicks \"Hakeem Nicks\"), [Mario Manningham](/wiki/Mario_Manningham \"Mario Manningham\") and [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent_%28football%29 \"Undrafted free agent (football)\") [Victor Cruz](/wiki/Victor_Cruz_%28American_football%29 \"Victor Cruz (American football)\").",
"In 2011, the unit helped the Giants set a franchise record with 4,734 net passing yards en route to the team's second Super Bowl in four years when the Giants defeated the Patriots in [Super Bowl XLVI](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVI \"Super Bowl XLVI\").",
"#### Quarterbacks coach (2012–2014\\)",
"In 2012, he was promoted to Giants' quarterback coach and was put in charge of [2002](/wiki/2002_NFL_draft \"2002 NFL draft\") [first overall](/wiki/List_of_first_overall_National_Football_League_draft_picks \"List of first overall National Football League draft picks\") pick [David Carr](/wiki/David_Carr_%28American_football%29 \"David Carr (American football)\") and two\\-time [Super Bowl MVP](/wiki/Super_Bowl_Most_Valuable_Player_Award \"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award\") and [2004](/wiki/2004_NFL_draft \"2004 NFL draft\") [first overall pick](/wiki/List_of_first_overall_National_Football_League_draft_picks \"List of first overall National Football League draft picks\"), [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning \"Eli Manning\").",
"In Ryan's first year as Quarterback coach, Giant's Quarterback [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning \"Eli Manning\") finished the season with 26 touchdown passes, 15 interceptions, and 3,948 passing yards and made the [2012 Pro Bowl](/wiki/2012_Pro_Bowl \"2012 Pro Bowl\").",
"#### Second stint as wide receivers coach (2014–2015\\)",
"In 2014, Ryan was reassigned to coach the wide receivers when [Ben McAdoo](/wiki/Ben_McAdoo \"Ben McAdoo\") was named the offensive coordinator after [Kevin Gilbride](/wiki/Kevin_Gilbride \"Kevin Gilbride\")'s retirement.",
"The Giants drafted [Odell Beckham Jr](/wiki/Odell_Beckham_Jr. \"Odell Beckham Jr.\") twelfth overall in the 2014 out of [LSU](/wiki/Louisiana_State_University \"Louisiana State University\"). Ryan was instrumental in the rapid development of Beckham Jr., who shattered all franchise rookie records with 91 passes for 1,305 yards and 12 touchdowns (in just 12 games). Under Ryan's tutelage, Beckham was selected to the [2015 Pro Bowl](/wiki/2015_Pro_Bowl \"2015 Pro Bowl\"), the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\")' Offensive [Rookie of the Year](/wiki/Rookie_of_the_Year_%28award%29 \"Rookie of the Year (award)\") and was also awarded the 2014 [Pro Football Writers](/wiki/Pro_Football_Writers_Association \"Pro Football Writers Association\") NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award.",
"### Houston Texans (2016–2018\\)",
"#### Wide receivers coach (2016\\)",
"On January 15, 2016, Ryan was hired by the [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans \"Houston Texans\") as their wide receivers coach under head coach [Bill O'Brien](/wiki/Bill_O%27Brien_%28American_football%29 \"Bill O'Brien (American football)\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.scout.com/nfl/texans/story/1632915\\-sean\\-ryan\\-added\\-as\\-texans\\-wr\\-coach?hootPostID\\=4527f9900f2c5c4ec396545e36ee7802\\|title\\=NFL Team News}}",
"#### Quarterbacks coach (2017–2018\\)",
"On January 18, 2017, Ryan was promoted by the Texans to be their quarterbacks coach.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/\\_/id/18502155/houston\\-texans\\-coach\\-bill\\-obrien\\-call\\-plays\\-offense\\-2017\\|title\\=Sources: O'Brien to direct Texans' offense in '17\\|date\\=January 18, 2017}}",
"### Detroit Lions (2019–2020\\)",
"On January 29, 2019, Ryan was hired by the [Detroit Lions](/wiki/Detroit_Lions \"Detroit Lions\") to be their quarterbacks coach under head coach [Matt Patricia](/wiki/Matt_Patricia \"Matt Patricia\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.detroitlions.com/news/lions\\-hire\\-sean\\-ryan\\-as\\-quarterbacks\\-coach\\|title\\=Lions hire Sean Ryan as quarterbacks coach}} He was the interim offensive play caller for the team's week 16 game in 2020 against the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\") due to interim [head coach](/wiki/Head_coach \"Head coach\") [Darrell Bevell](/wiki/Darrell_Bevell \"Darrell Bevell\") missing the game under [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") protocols.{{cite news \\|author\\=Lage, Larry \\|title\\=Lions' Darrell Bevell can't coach Saturday due to COVID\\-19 protocols; 3 defensive coaches also out \\|url\\=https://madison.com/wsj/sports/football/professional/lions\\-darrell\\-bevell\\-cant\\-coach\\-saturday\\-due\\-to\\-covid\\-19\\-protocols\\-3\\-defensive\\-coaches\\-also/article\\_8411b794\\-376f\\-5e0e\\-b331\\-b66828869230\\.html \\|website\\=Madison.com \\|date\\=December 25, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2021}}",
"### Carolina Panthers (2021–2022\\)",
"On January 20, 2021, Ryan was hired by the [Carolina Panthers](/wiki/Carolina_Panthers \"Carolina Panthers\") to be their quarterbacks coach under head coach [Matt Rhule](/wiki/Matt_Rhule \"Matt Rhule\"), replacing [Jake Peetz](/wiki/Jake_Peetz \"Jake Peetz\"), who left to become the offensive coordinator at [Louisiana State University (LSU)](/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football \"LSU Tigers football\").",
""
] |
### New York Giants
#### Offensive assistant and Super Bowl (2007–2010\)
After his time at Harvard, Ryan joined [Tom Coughlin](/wiki/Tom_Coughlin "Tom Coughlin")'s staff as an offensive quality control coach. In Ryan's first year with the Giants, the team secured the third Super Bowl victory in team history when the Giant's upset the unbeaten [2007 New England Patriots](/wiki/2007_New_England_Patriots_season "2007 New England Patriots season") 17–14 in [Super Bowl XLII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII "Super Bowl XLII"), earning his first Super Bowl Ring.
#### Wide receivers coach and second Super Bowl (2010–2011\)
In 2010, Ryan was promoted to Wide Receivers coach, a position he held for two seasons.
During his first stint as wide receiver's coach, Ryan is credited with the development of star players such as [Hakeem Nicks](/wiki/Hakeem_Nicks "Hakeem Nicks"), [Mario Manningham](/wiki/Mario_Manningham "Mario Manningham") and [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent_%28football%29 "Undrafted free agent (football)") [Victor Cruz](/wiki/Victor_Cruz_%28American_football%29 "Victor Cruz (American football)").
In 2011, the unit helped the Giants set a franchise record with 4,734 net passing yards en route to the team's second Super Bowl in four years when the Giants defeated the Patriots in [Super Bowl XLVI](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVI "Super Bowl XLVI").
#### Quarterbacks coach (2012–2014\)
In 2012, he was promoted to Giants' quarterback coach and was put in charge of [2002](/wiki/2002_NFL_draft "2002 NFL draft") [first overall](/wiki/List_of_first_overall_National_Football_League_draft_picks "List of first overall National Football League draft picks") pick [David Carr](/wiki/David_Carr_%28American_football%29 "David Carr (American football)") and two\-time [Super Bowl MVP](/wiki/Super_Bowl_Most_Valuable_Player_Award "Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award") and [2004](/wiki/2004_NFL_draft "2004 NFL draft") [first overall pick](/wiki/List_of_first_overall_National_Football_League_draft_picks "List of first overall National Football League draft picks"), [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning "Eli Manning").
In Ryan's first year as Quarterback coach, Giant's Quarterback [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning "Eli Manning") finished the season with 26 touchdown passes, 15 interceptions, and 3,948 passing yards and made the [2012 Pro Bowl](/wiki/2012_Pro_Bowl "2012 Pro Bowl").
#### Second stint as wide receivers coach (2014–2015\)
In 2014, Ryan was reassigned to coach the wide receivers when [Ben McAdoo](/wiki/Ben_McAdoo "Ben McAdoo") was named the offensive coordinator after [Kevin Gilbride](/wiki/Kevin_Gilbride "Kevin Gilbride")'s retirement.
The Giants drafted [Odell Beckham Jr](/wiki/Odell_Beckham_Jr. "Odell Beckham Jr.") twelfth overall in the 2014 out of [LSU](/wiki/Louisiana_State_University "Louisiana State University"). Ryan was instrumental in the rapid development of Beckham Jr., who shattered all franchise rookie records with 91 passes for 1,305 yards and 12 touchdowns (in just 12 games). Under Ryan's tutelage, Beckham was selected to the [2015 Pro Bowl](/wiki/2015_Pro_Bowl "2015 Pro Bowl"), the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press")' Offensive [Rookie of the Year](/wiki/Rookie_of_the_Year_%28award%29 "Rookie of the Year (award)") and was also awarded the 2014 [Pro Football Writers](/wiki/Pro_Football_Writers_Association "Pro Football Writers Association") NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award.
|
[
"### New York Giants",
"#### Offensive assistant and Super Bowl (2007–2010\\)",
"After his time at Harvard, Ryan joined [Tom Coughlin](/wiki/Tom_Coughlin \"Tom Coughlin\")'s staff as an offensive quality control coach. In Ryan's first year with the Giants, the team secured the third Super Bowl victory in team history when the Giant's upset the unbeaten [2007 New England Patriots](/wiki/2007_New_England_Patriots_season \"2007 New England Patriots season\") 17–14 in [Super Bowl XLII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII \"Super Bowl XLII\"), earning his first Super Bowl Ring.",
"#### Wide receivers coach and second Super Bowl (2010–2011\\)",
"In 2010, Ryan was promoted to Wide Receivers coach, a position he held for two seasons.",
"During his first stint as wide receiver's coach, Ryan is credited with the development of star players such as [Hakeem Nicks](/wiki/Hakeem_Nicks \"Hakeem Nicks\"), [Mario Manningham](/wiki/Mario_Manningham \"Mario Manningham\") and [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent_%28football%29 \"Undrafted free agent (football)\") [Victor Cruz](/wiki/Victor_Cruz_%28American_football%29 \"Victor Cruz (American football)\").",
"In 2011, the unit helped the Giants set a franchise record with 4,734 net passing yards en route to the team's second Super Bowl in four years when the Giants defeated the Patriots in [Super Bowl XLVI](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVI \"Super Bowl XLVI\").",
"#### Quarterbacks coach (2012–2014\\)",
"In 2012, he was promoted to Giants' quarterback coach and was put in charge of [2002](/wiki/2002_NFL_draft \"2002 NFL draft\") [first overall](/wiki/List_of_first_overall_National_Football_League_draft_picks \"List of first overall National Football League draft picks\") pick [David Carr](/wiki/David_Carr_%28American_football%29 \"David Carr (American football)\") and two\\-time [Super Bowl MVP](/wiki/Super_Bowl_Most_Valuable_Player_Award \"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award\") and [2004](/wiki/2004_NFL_draft \"2004 NFL draft\") [first overall pick](/wiki/List_of_first_overall_National_Football_League_draft_picks \"List of first overall National Football League draft picks\"), [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning \"Eli Manning\").",
"In Ryan's first year as Quarterback coach, Giant's Quarterback [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning \"Eli Manning\") finished the season with 26 touchdown passes, 15 interceptions, and 3,948 passing yards and made the [2012 Pro Bowl](/wiki/2012_Pro_Bowl \"2012 Pro Bowl\").",
"#### Second stint as wide receivers coach (2014–2015\\)",
"In 2014, Ryan was reassigned to coach the wide receivers when [Ben McAdoo](/wiki/Ben_McAdoo \"Ben McAdoo\") was named the offensive coordinator after [Kevin Gilbride](/wiki/Kevin_Gilbride \"Kevin Gilbride\")'s retirement.",
"The Giants drafted [Odell Beckham Jr](/wiki/Odell_Beckham_Jr. \"Odell Beckham Jr.\") twelfth overall in the 2014 out of [LSU](/wiki/Louisiana_State_University \"Louisiana State University\"). Ryan was instrumental in the rapid development of Beckham Jr., who shattered all franchise rookie records with 91 passes for 1,305 yards and 12 touchdowns (in just 12 games). Under Ryan's tutelage, Beckham was selected to the [2015 Pro Bowl](/wiki/2015_Pro_Bowl \"2015 Pro Bowl\"), the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\")' Offensive [Rookie of the Year](/wiki/Rookie_of_the_Year_%28award%29 \"Rookie of the Year (award)\") and was also awarded the 2014 [Pro Football Writers](/wiki/Pro_Football_Writers_Association \"Pro Football Writers Association\") NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Montgomery Players
The third oldest community theater in Maryland (The Vagabond Players enters their 99th continual season as of September 2014 and the Potomac Playmakers in Hagerstown began in 1926\), The Montgomery Players have been in existence since 1929, where they performed regularly in the [Chevy Chase, Maryland](/wiki/Chevy_Chase%2C_Maryland "Chevy Chase, Maryland") area at Leland Junior High and the Landon School.
In 1962 the group relocated to Inverness Playhouse in North Bethesda, Maryland, where they spent the next ten years performing there. In 1972 The Montgomery Players once again moved and took up residence at 1201 Quince Orchard Boulevard in Gaithersburg, Maryland in a newly renovated 305\-seat theater that they would call their own. This group, up through the merger in 1989, had produced 60 continuous seasons of community theater.
### The Kensington/Garrett Players
The Garrett Park Players organization originated in 1949\. In their early years they performed on rented stages in local schools and recreation centers throughout [Montgomery County, Maryland](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland "Montgomery County, Maryland"). In 1960 they merged with the Kensington Players (who had been performing for several years at Kensington Junior High School). This combined group was known as the Kensington/Garret Players (K\-G Players). In 1966 the group moved to a permanent residence at the Kensington Armory. When the State of Maryland closed down the Armory in 1974, the group moved to Quince Orchard Boulevard.
### The Merger
In the ensuing years, the Montgomery Players and the K\-G Players were both theaters whose attendance was in a slight decline. While sharing actors and technical personnel, they were not sharing in the same profits they once did. In May 1989, the Montgomery Players and the K\-G Players decided to join forces in a business accord, since the majority of their theater talent were shared by the two companies, they decided to join forces in hopes of turning a profit, and the Montgomery Playhouse was born in the space in which the Montgomery Players were occupying.
In December 1999, the Montgomery Playhouse was forced to move from its home in Gaithersburg, Maryland to a temporary facility at the Shady Grove Middle School in [Gaithersburg, Maryland](/wiki/Gaithersburg%2C_Maryland "Gaithersburg, Maryland"). The final production at their facility, ironically, was *Our Town*.
Eighteen months later, The Montgomery Playhouse made an accord with the Asbury Methodist Village to perform their main stage productions at their new facility, a 300\-seat theater. Soon after that, the City of Gaithersburg, recognizing the accomplishments by offering an additional venue to perform smaller, more intimate performance pieces at the newly renovated Gaithersburg Arts Barn, a 99\-seat theater. To this date, the Montgomery Playhouse performs at both venues.
### The Black Box New Play Festival
In November 1993, local actor and playwright Eric C. Peterson pitched an idea to the Montgomery Playhouse that it needed to foster and develop young, talented writers. As a member of [The Writers Center](/wiki/The_Writers_Center "The Writers Center") in Bethesda, MD, the idea was to foster a relationship between the two organizations to help local writers get their works seen. Unfortunately, the connection between The Writers Center and The Montgomery Playhouse never did achieve its full potential. However, from this meeting, the Black Box New Play Festival was born.
This short playA short\-play, or one\-act play, is a stage production of no greater length than one hour, but no less than fourteen minutes in length festival was designed to encourage writers to submit new work for stage presentation. The winners of this festival would represent The Montgomery Playhouse in regional and national competitions. The works of local and nationally notable writers, such as [John Morogiello](/wiki/John_Morogiello "John Morogiello") and [Mark Scharf](/wiki/Mark_Scharf "Mark Scharf") have been showcased in these festivals. The festival remains a summer staple to Montgomery Playhouse's bill of fare to this day, performing in the Arts Barn in the [Kentlands, Gaithersburg, Maryland](/wiki/Kentlands%2C_Gaithersburg%2C_Maryland "Kentlands, Gaithersburg, Maryland").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Montgomery Players",
"The third oldest community theater in Maryland (The Vagabond Players enters their 99th continual season as of September 2014 and the Potomac Playmakers in Hagerstown began in 1926\\), The Montgomery Players have been in existence since 1929, where they performed regularly in the [Chevy Chase, Maryland](/wiki/Chevy_Chase%2C_Maryland \"Chevy Chase, Maryland\") area at Leland Junior High and the Landon School.",
"In 1962 the group relocated to Inverness Playhouse in North Bethesda, Maryland, where they spent the next ten years performing there. In 1972 The Montgomery Players once again moved and took up residence at 1201 Quince Orchard Boulevard in Gaithersburg, Maryland in a newly renovated 305\\-seat theater that they would call their own. This group, up through the merger in 1989, had produced 60 continuous seasons of community theater.",
"### The Kensington/Garrett Players",
"The Garrett Park Players organization originated in 1949\\. In their early years they performed on rented stages in local schools and recreation centers throughout [Montgomery County, Maryland](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland \"Montgomery County, Maryland\"). In 1960 they merged with the Kensington Players (who had been performing for several years at Kensington Junior High School). This combined group was known as the Kensington/Garret Players (K\\-G Players). In 1966 the group moved to a permanent residence at the Kensington Armory. When the State of Maryland closed down the Armory in 1974, the group moved to Quince Orchard Boulevard.",
"### The Merger",
"In the ensuing years, the Montgomery Players and the K\\-G Players were both theaters whose attendance was in a slight decline. While sharing actors and technical personnel, they were not sharing in the same profits they once did. In May 1989, the Montgomery Players and the K\\-G Players decided to join forces in a business accord, since the majority of their theater talent were shared by the two companies, they decided to join forces in hopes of turning a profit, and the Montgomery Playhouse was born in the space in which the Montgomery Players were occupying.",
"In December 1999, the Montgomery Playhouse was forced to move from its home in Gaithersburg, Maryland to a temporary facility at the Shady Grove Middle School in [Gaithersburg, Maryland](/wiki/Gaithersburg%2C_Maryland \"Gaithersburg, Maryland\"). The final production at their facility, ironically, was *Our Town*.",
"Eighteen months later, The Montgomery Playhouse made an accord with the Asbury Methodist Village to perform their main stage productions at their new facility, a 300\\-seat theater. Soon after that, the City of Gaithersburg, recognizing the accomplishments by offering an additional venue to perform smaller, more intimate performance pieces at the newly renovated Gaithersburg Arts Barn, a 99\\-seat theater. To this date, the Montgomery Playhouse performs at both venues.",
"### The Black Box New Play Festival",
"In November 1993, local actor and playwright Eric C. Peterson pitched an idea to the Montgomery Playhouse that it needed to foster and develop young, talented writers. As a member of [The Writers Center](/wiki/The_Writers_Center \"The Writers Center\") in Bethesda, MD, the idea was to foster a relationship between the two organizations to help local writers get their works seen. Unfortunately, the connection between The Writers Center and The Montgomery Playhouse never did achieve its full potential. However, from this meeting, the Black Box New Play Festival was born.",
"This short playA short\\-play, or one\\-act play, is a stage production of no greater length than one hour, but no less than fourteen minutes in length festival was designed to encourage writers to submit new work for stage presentation. The winners of this festival would represent The Montgomery Playhouse in regional and national competitions. The works of local and nationally notable writers, such as [John Morogiello](/wiki/John_Morogiello \"John Morogiello\") and [Mark Scharf](/wiki/Mark_Scharf \"Mark Scharf\") have been showcased in these festivals. The festival remains a summer staple to Montgomery Playhouse's bill of fare to this day, performing in the Arts Barn in the [Kentlands, Gaithersburg, Maryland](/wiki/Kentlands%2C_Gaithersburg%2C_Maryland \"Kentlands, Gaithersburg, Maryland\").",
""
] |
Vicar general
-------------
[thumb\|Bust of Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg by [Hans Baur](/wiki/Hans_Baur_%28sculptor%29 "Hans Baur (sculptor)"), at the Wessenberghaus in Constance](/wiki/File:Konstanz_Wessenberghaus_Bueste.jpg "Konstanz Wessenberghaus Bueste.jpg")
A progressive churchman, Wessenberg set about abolishing everything he considered superfluous or superstitious about religious customs. In 1806 he did away with various holy days of obligation in the [cantons](/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland "Cantons of Switzerland") of [Aargau](/wiki/Aargau "Aargau") and [St. Gallen](/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen "Canton of St. Gallen"). He cooperated with the Napoleonic Swiss government at [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne") in the [suppression of monasteries](/wiki/Act_of_Mediation "Act of Mediation"). He gained support from the clergy, but in the [Swiss](/wiki/Swiss_Confederation_%28Napoleonic%29 "Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)") portion of the Diocese of Constance, Wessenberg's innovations aroused considerable disquiet.
When Wessenberg issued orders (1808\) in the case of mixed marriages to permit a male offspring to be brought up in his father's religion; a female offspring in that of her mother, he was called to account by [Fabrizio Sceberras Testaferrata](/wiki/Fabrizio_Sceberras_Testaferrata "Fabrizio Sceberras Testaferrata"), papal nuncio at Lucerne. Especially objectionable had been Wessenberg's many matrimonial and other dispensations, exceeding his competence. However, Wessenberg retorted that nothing had been done beyond the Bishop of Constance's rightful authority. Furthermore, he gave Testaferrata to understand that he did not recognise the [Apostolic Nunciature](/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature "Apostolic Nunciature").
As the authorised representative of Prince Primate Dalberg, Wessenberg attended the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna "Congress of Vienna") in 1814\-15\. He pushed for a reorganisation of the German church under the leadership of a primate, and for a concordat with the Holy See to cover all German states. Given the particular interests of the Roman Curia and various heads of state, his efforts came to nought. The heads of state wanted state bishops, each subject to their respective rulers. The Curia was not inclined to support primal leadership of a coalesced German church, resembling bygone imperial times.
Wessenberg's administration was noteworthy especially for his deep solicitude for better training and stricter discipline of the clergy, and his insisting on regular Sunday sermons in parish churches, plus religious instruction twice a week in state schools. Regular pastoral conferences for the continuing education of the clergy were at his instigation. He published various books of prayers and hymns for use in his diocese. Keen to strengthen parish life, he did not undermine traditional Baroque popular piety.A transformation of religious life in the Habsburg dominions from traditional baroque piety to a Reformed Catholicism was attempted (1750\-90\) by the autocracies of [Maria Theresa](/wiki/Maria_Theresa "Maria Theresa") and [Joseph II](/wiki/Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor"). See Pammer M. (1994\) Modeling Religion: Bureaucratic Reform and the Transformation of Popular Piety in the 18th Century. JSTOR **19** No. 4: 4\-25\. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20755898?read\-now\=1\&seq\=1\#page\_scan\_tab\_contents](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20755898?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents) He lent particular encouragement to pilgrimages, festivals, brotherhoods, and hearing [Mass](/wiki/Mass_%28liturgy%29 "Mass (liturgy)") at religious houses.
After disparate requests from [Swiss catholics](/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Switzerland "Catholic Church in Switzerland"), Wessenberg's reformist plans in that part of the diocese were halted by Pius VII. In a [Brief](/wiki/Papal_brief "Papal brief") of 21 October 1814, the Swiss cantons were severed from the Diocese of Constance. On 2 November of the same year the [Pope](/wiki/Pope "Pope") ordered Bishop Dalberg to depose Wessenberg from the office of vicar\-general without delay. At the beginning of 1815 Wessenberg was replaced temporarily as Vicar general by Canon von Roll. The reason was kept private and the Pope's order remained secret. In the summer of 1815 Dalberg asked the administration of [Baden](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden "Grand Duchy of Baden") to confirm Wessenberg as his [coadjutor bishop](/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop "Coadjutor bishop"), carrying with it the right of succession. Baden's government acceded to Dalberg's wish, but the coadjutorship was not recognised by [Rome](/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See").
That same year Wessenberg published anonymously a notorious anti\-papal treatise entitled *Die deutsche Kirche, Ein Vorschlag zu ihrer neuen Begründung und Einrichtung*. It is a plea for his scheme of a German National Church, and suggests detailed plans as to its organisation. On 17 February 1817, a week after Dalberg's death, the chapter of Constance elected Wessenberg as [Diocesan administrator](/wiki/Diocesan_administrator "Diocesan administrator") and Vicar capitular (a cleric chosen by a cathedral chapter to manage a bishopric during a vacancy.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10\.1093/oi/authority.20110803121804571\|title\=Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg\|website\=Oxford Reference}} However, in a Brief of 15 March 1817, his election was invalidated by Pius VII.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ebfr.de/erzdioezese\-freiburg/ueber\-das\-erzbistum/geschichte/ignaz\-heinrich\-von\-wessenberg/\|title\=Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg\|first\=Erzdiözese\|last\=Freiburg\|website\=Home}}
[thumb\|left\|Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg on his deathbed, painted by Gebhard Gagg, 1860](/wiki/File:Wessenberg_Totenbett_1860.jpg "Wessenberg Totenbett 1860.jpg")
In July Wessenberg travelled to Rome, planning to win the pope over. He hoped to return as primate of his projected German Church or, at least, as Bishop of Constance. He was kindly received by Cardinal [Ercole Consalvi](/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi "Ercole Consalvi"), the secretary of state, but was told that, before the pope would enter into any negotiations with him, he would have to resign as administrator. As had been required of [François Fénelon](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon "François Fénelon"),In 1697 Fénelon's *Explication des Maximes des Saints* had been published. It had aroused ire because it interpreted the *Articles d'Issy* in a way that seemed somewhat sympathetic to the [Quietist](/wiki/Quietism_%28Christian_contemplation%29 "Quietism (Christian contemplation)") viewpoint. The *Articles d'Issy* had been 34 headings condemning certain Quietist teachings. The document had been drawn up at [Issy](/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineaux "Issy-les-Moulineaux"), near Paris, by a commission set up under [Jacques\-Bénigne Bossuet](/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet") to examine [Jeanne Guyon's](/wiki/Jeanne_Guyon "Jeanne Guyon") works. Among those upset in 1697 was the king, [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV "Louis XIV"), removing Fénelon from his post as royal tutor and ordering him to remain within the confines of the [archdiocese of Cambrai](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai"). There had followed two years' pamphlet warfare. By 12 March 1699, the [Inquisition](/wiki/Inquisition "Inquisition") had formally condemned *Maximes des Saints*. [Pope Innocent XII](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII "Pope Innocent XII") had listed as unorthodox 23 specific propositions. Fénelon had immediately submitted to the pope's authority, setting aside his own opinion. Wessenberg would have to declare that he abjured all of what the pope disapproved. Refusing to submit, he left Rome and, sanctioned by the government of Baden, continued to act as administrator of Constance, in flagrant disobedience to the pope, until 1827\. In his [Bull](/wiki/Papal_bull "Papal bull") *Provida sollersque* of 16 August 1821, Pius VII suppressed the Diocese of Constance, distributing its episcopal care between the newly founded dioceses of [Rottenburg](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rottenburg-Stuttgart "Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart") and [Freiburg](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Freiburg "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg") (whose first archbishop, [Bernhard Boll](/wiki/Bernhard_Boll "Bernhard Boll"), was appointed in 1827\).
After his retirement in 1827 Wessenberg led a private life as a citizen of [Konstanz](/wiki/Konstanz "Konstanz"). Here he continued to give vent to his anti\-papal sentiments and to canvass his rationalistic views on religion and the Catholic Church, via various treatises, and frequent contributions to the anti\-religious review: *Freimüthige Blätter für Deutsche, in Beziehung auf Krieg, Politik und Staatswirthschaft* (i.e. Straightforward papers for Germans, relating to war, politics and political economy), published in Konstanz over the years 1830–44\.
Wessenberg died in Konstanz at age 85, and was buried in the left aisle of the [Konstanz Minster](/wiki/Konstanz_Minster "Konstanz Minster").
|
[
"Vicar general\n-------------",
"[thumb\\|Bust of Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg by [Hans Baur](/wiki/Hans_Baur_%28sculptor%29 \"Hans Baur (sculptor)\"), at the Wessenberghaus in Constance](/wiki/File:Konstanz_Wessenberghaus_Bueste.jpg \"Konstanz Wessenberghaus Bueste.jpg\")\nA progressive churchman, Wessenberg set about abolishing everything he considered superfluous or superstitious about religious customs. In 1806 he did away with various holy days of obligation in the [cantons](/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland \"Cantons of Switzerland\") of [Aargau](/wiki/Aargau \"Aargau\") and [St. Gallen](/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen \"Canton of St. Gallen\"). He cooperated with the Napoleonic Swiss government at [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne \"Lucerne\") in the [suppression of monasteries](/wiki/Act_of_Mediation \"Act of Mediation\"). He gained support from the clergy, but in the [Swiss](/wiki/Swiss_Confederation_%28Napoleonic%29 \"Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)\") portion of the Diocese of Constance, Wessenberg's innovations aroused considerable disquiet.",
"When Wessenberg issued orders (1808\\) in the case of mixed marriages to permit a male offspring to be brought up in his father's religion; a female offspring in that of her mother, he was called to account by [Fabrizio Sceberras Testaferrata](/wiki/Fabrizio_Sceberras_Testaferrata \"Fabrizio Sceberras Testaferrata\"), papal nuncio at Lucerne. Especially objectionable had been Wessenberg's many matrimonial and other dispensations, exceeding his competence. However, Wessenberg retorted that nothing had been done beyond the Bishop of Constance's rightful authority. Furthermore, he gave Testaferrata to understand that he did not recognise the [Apostolic Nunciature](/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature \"Apostolic Nunciature\").",
"As the authorised representative of Prince Primate Dalberg, Wessenberg attended the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna \"Congress of Vienna\") in 1814\\-15\\. He pushed for a reorganisation of the German church under the leadership of a primate, and for a concordat with the Holy See to cover all German states. Given the particular interests of the Roman Curia and various heads of state, his efforts came to nought. The heads of state wanted state bishops, each subject to their respective rulers. The Curia was not inclined to support primal leadership of a coalesced German church, resembling bygone imperial times.",
"Wessenberg's administration was noteworthy especially for his deep solicitude for better training and stricter discipline of the clergy, and his insisting on regular Sunday sermons in parish churches, plus religious instruction twice a week in state schools. Regular pastoral conferences for the continuing education of the clergy were at his instigation. He published various books of prayers and hymns for use in his diocese. Keen to strengthen parish life, he did not undermine traditional Baroque popular piety.A transformation of religious life in the Habsburg dominions from traditional baroque piety to a Reformed Catholicism was attempted (1750\\-90\\) by the autocracies of [Maria Theresa](/wiki/Maria_Theresa \"Maria Theresa\") and [Joseph II](/wiki/Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor\"). See Pammer M. (1994\\) Modeling Religion: Bureaucratic Reform and the Transformation of Popular Piety in the 18th Century. JSTOR **19** No. 4: 4\\-25\\. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20755898?read\\-now\\=1\\&seq\\=1\\#page\\_scan\\_tab\\_contents](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20755898?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents) He lent particular encouragement to pilgrimages, festivals, brotherhoods, and hearing [Mass](/wiki/Mass_%28liturgy%29 \"Mass (liturgy)\") at religious houses.",
"After disparate requests from [Swiss catholics](/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Switzerland \"Catholic Church in Switzerland\"), Wessenberg's reformist plans in that part of the diocese were halted by Pius VII. In a [Brief](/wiki/Papal_brief \"Papal brief\") of 21 October 1814, the Swiss cantons were severed from the Diocese of Constance. On 2 November of the same year the [Pope](/wiki/Pope \"Pope\") ordered Bishop Dalberg to depose Wessenberg from the office of vicar\\-general without delay. At the beginning of 1815 Wessenberg was replaced temporarily as Vicar general by Canon von Roll. The reason was kept private and the Pope's order remained secret. In the summer of 1815 Dalberg asked the administration of [Baden](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden \"Grand Duchy of Baden\") to confirm Wessenberg as his [coadjutor bishop](/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop \"Coadjutor bishop\"), carrying with it the right of succession. Baden's government acceded to Dalberg's wish, but the coadjutorship was not recognised by [Rome](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\").",
"That same year Wessenberg published anonymously a notorious anti\\-papal treatise entitled *Die deutsche Kirche, Ein Vorschlag zu ihrer neuen Begründung und Einrichtung*. It is a plea for his scheme of a German National Church, and suggests detailed plans as to its organisation. On 17 February 1817, a week after Dalberg's death, the chapter of Constance elected Wessenberg as [Diocesan administrator](/wiki/Diocesan_administrator \"Diocesan administrator\") and Vicar capitular (a cleric chosen by a cathedral chapter to manage a bishopric during a vacancy.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10\\.1093/oi/authority.20110803121804571\\|title\\=Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg\\|website\\=Oxford Reference}} However, in a Brief of 15 March 1817, his election was invalidated by Pius VII.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ebfr.de/erzdioezese\\-freiburg/ueber\\-das\\-erzbistum/geschichte/ignaz\\-heinrich\\-von\\-wessenberg/\\|title\\=Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg\\|first\\=Erzdiözese\\|last\\=Freiburg\\|website\\=Home}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg on his deathbed, painted by Gebhard Gagg, 1860](/wiki/File:Wessenberg_Totenbett_1860.jpg \"Wessenberg Totenbett 1860.jpg\")\nIn July Wessenberg travelled to Rome, planning to win the pope over. He hoped to return as primate of his projected German Church or, at least, as Bishop of Constance. He was kindly received by Cardinal [Ercole Consalvi](/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi \"Ercole Consalvi\"), the secretary of state, but was told that, before the pope would enter into any negotiations with him, he would have to resign as administrator. As had been required of [François Fénelon](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon \"François Fénelon\"),In 1697 Fénelon's *Explication des Maximes des Saints* had been published. It had aroused ire because it interpreted the *Articles d'Issy* in a way that seemed somewhat sympathetic to the [Quietist](/wiki/Quietism_%28Christian_contemplation%29 \"Quietism (Christian contemplation)\") viewpoint. The *Articles d'Issy* had been 34 headings condemning certain Quietist teachings. The document had been drawn up at [Issy](/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineaux \"Issy-les-Moulineaux\"), near Paris, by a commission set up under [Jacques\\-Bénigne Bossuet](/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet \"Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet\") to examine [Jeanne Guyon's](/wiki/Jeanne_Guyon \"Jeanne Guyon\") works. Among those upset in 1697 was the king, [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV \"Louis XIV\"), removing Fénelon from his post as royal tutor and ordering him to remain within the confines of the [archdiocese of Cambrai](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai\"). There had followed two years' pamphlet warfare. By 12 March 1699, the [Inquisition](/wiki/Inquisition \"Inquisition\") had formally condemned *Maximes des Saints*. [Pope Innocent XII](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII \"Pope Innocent XII\") had listed as unorthodox 23 specific propositions. Fénelon had immediately submitted to the pope's authority, setting aside his own opinion. Wessenberg would have to declare that he abjured all of what the pope disapproved. Refusing to submit, he left Rome and, sanctioned by the government of Baden, continued to act as administrator of Constance, in flagrant disobedience to the pope, until 1827\\. In his [Bull](/wiki/Papal_bull \"Papal bull\") *Provida sollersque* of 16 August 1821, Pius VII suppressed the Diocese of Constance, distributing its episcopal care between the newly founded dioceses of [Rottenburg](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rottenburg-Stuttgart \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart\") and [Freiburg](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Freiburg \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg\") (whose first archbishop, [Bernhard Boll](/wiki/Bernhard_Boll \"Bernhard Boll\"), was appointed in 1827\\).",
"After his retirement in 1827 Wessenberg led a private life as a citizen of [Konstanz](/wiki/Konstanz \"Konstanz\"). Here he continued to give vent to his anti\\-papal sentiments and to canvass his rationalistic views on religion and the Catholic Church, via various treatises, and frequent contributions to the anti\\-religious review: *Freimüthige Blätter für Deutsche, in Beziehung auf Krieg, Politik und Staatswirthschaft* (i.e. Straightforward papers for Germans, relating to war, politics and political economy), published in Konstanz over the years 1830–44\\.",
"Wessenberg died in Konstanz at age 85, and was buried in the left aisle of the [Konstanz Minster](/wiki/Konstanz_Minster \"Konstanz Minster\").",
""
] |
Notable works
-------------
He has published 19 books in Vietnam and 34 books abroad, including poetry collections, books of criticism and essays, and translated books. Poems of Mai Văn Phấn are translated into more than 40 languages.
NATIONALLY PUBLISHED BOOKS:
* “Giọt nắng” (“Drops of Sunlight”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Hải Phòng Writer's Association, 1992\);
* “Gọi xanh” (“Calling to the Blue”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 1995\);
* “Cầu nguyện ban mai” (“Prayers to Dawn”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Hải Phòng Publishing House, 1997\);
* “Nghi lễ nhận tên” (“Ritual of Naming”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Hải Phòng Publishing House, 1999\);
* “Người cùng thời” (“People of the Era” in Vietnamese, Hải Phòng Publishing House, 1999\);
* “Vách nước” (“Water Wall”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Hải Phòng Publishing House, 2003\);
* “Hôm sau” (“The Day After”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2009\);
* “và đột nhiên gió thổi” (“and Suddenly the Wind Blows”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Literature Publishing House, 2009\);
* “Bầu trời không mái che” (Vietnamese\-only version of “Firmament Without Roof Cover". Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2010\);
* “Thơ tuyển Mai Văn Phấn” (Mai Văn Phấn: Selected Poems \- Essays and the Interviews in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2011\);
* “hoa giấu mặt” (“hidden\-face Flower”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2012\);
* “Bầu trời không mái che / Firmament Without Roof Cover” (Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \- English. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2012\);
* “Vừa sinh ra ở đó” (“Just Born There”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2013\);
* “A Ciel Ouvert ("Firmament Without Roof Cover”. Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \- French. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2014\);
* “The Selected Poems of Mai Văn Phấn” in English (Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2015\);
* “thả” (“letting go”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2015\);
* “Không gian khác” (“Another Dimension”. Critiques \- Essays in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2016\);
* "Lặng yên cho nước chảy" ("Be Quiet for Water Flowing”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2018\);
* "Thời tái chế" (“Era of Junk”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2018\);
* “Nhịp điệu vẽ lối đi” (Rhythms Compose the Way). Critiques \- Essays in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2024\.
INTERNATIONALLY PUBLISHED BOOKS:
* “Firmament Without Roof Cover” (English version. Page Addie Press, 2012\);
* “Những hạt giống của đêm và ngày / Seeds of Night and Day” (Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \- English. Page Addie Press of United Kingdom, 2013\);
* “Những hạt giống của đêm và ngày / Seeds of Night and Day” (Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \- English. Page Addie Press of United Kingdom; Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2013\);
* “A Ciel Ouvert ("Firmament Without Roof Cover”. Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \- French. Page Addie Press of United Kingdom; Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2014\);
* “Buông tay cho trời rạng / Out of the Dark” (Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \- English. Page Addie Press of United Kingdom; Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2013\);
* “Ra vườn chùa xem cắt cỏ / Grass Cutting in a Temple Garden”(Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \- English. Page Addie Pressof United Kingdom Australia, 2014\);
* “Zanore në vesë / Vowels in The Dew” (Poetry book in Albanian. Botimet M\&B, Albania, 2014\);
* “บุษบาซ่อนหน้า / hidden face flower / hoa giấu mặt” (Poetry book in Thai, English and Vietnamese. Artist's House, Thailand, 2014\);
* “Yên Tử Dağının Çiçeği” (“The Flower of Mount Yên Tử”. Poetry book in Turkish. Şiirden Yayincilik, Turkey, 2015\);
* “आलाप प्रतिलाप” (“Echo of the Aalap”. Poetry book in Hindi. Publishing House of Kritya, India, 2016\);
* “Два крыла / Đôi cánh” (“Two Wings”. Bilingual Poetry book in Vietnamese \- Russian. “Нонпарелъ” \- Publishing House of Moscow, 2016\);
* "Варијације у кишнојноћи" ("Variations on a Rainy Night". Poetry book in Serbian. Publisher "Алма, Београд", Republic of Serbia, 2017\);
* “Echoes from the Spiral Galaxy” (Poetry book in English. Publisher Mundus Artium Press, USA, 2017\);
* “Höstens hastighet” (“The Pace of Autumn”. Poetry book in Swedish. Publisher "Tranan", Sweden, 2017\);
* “সত্যের সন্ধানে” (In Search of Truth. Poetry book in Bengali, India). Publisher: Underground Literature, Kolkata, 2018\);
* 대양의 쌍둥이 (“Born as Twins in an Ocean”. Poetry book in Korean with poet 고형렬 / Ko Hyung\-Ryul). Publisher: 시와 표현 (Poetry \& Expression) of S. Korea, 2018\);
* حيث تتسع السماء (“Where the Sky Is Spacious”. Poetry book in Arabic. Alfarasha Publishing House, Kuwait, 2019\);
* «Время утиля / Thời tái chế» (“Era of Junk”. Bilingual poetry book in Russian \- Vietnamese. Publishing House of Voronezh: Центр духовного возрождения Черноземного края, Russia, 2020\);
* «Ära des Mülls / Era of Junk” (“Era of Junk”. Bilingual poetry book in German \- English. Publishing House of Germany: Shaker Media, 2020\);
* “Қабоҳат даври” (“Age of Ignorance”. Poetry book in Uzbek. Publishing House of Uzbekistan: Янги аср авлоди, 2020;
* “Kapanahunan ng Basura” (“Era of Junk”). Poetry book in Filipino. Publishing House: University of the Philippines Institute of Creative Writing and The Freelipiniana Online Library, 2020;
* “재처리 시대” (“Era of Junk”). Poetry book in Korean. Publishing House: 이도훈 (Dohun), 2020;
* “और उड़ चला मन पांखी” (“And Flew Away Heart”). Poetry book in Hindi. Publishing House Notion Press, India, 2020;
* „НОВОГОДИШНО КАПЕЊЕ„ (“New Year Bath”) of Mai Văn Phấn with „ЗАЧУДЕН БАРУТ„ (“Buffled Gunpowder”) of Raed Anis Al\-Yishi. Poetry book in Macedonian. Publishing House: Center of Culture "Aco Karamanov" Radovish, 2020;
* “लाल आत्माएं” (“The Scarlet Spirits”). Poetry book in Hindi. Publishing House Hind Yugm, India, 2021;
* “Ойнинг туғилган куни” (“The Birthday of the Moon”). Poetry book in Uzbek. Publishing House of Uzbekistan: Arjumand Media, 2021;
* "Улетел на рассвете" ("Fly Away at Dawn"). Poetry book in Russian. Publishing House "Четыре" (Saint Petersburg), 2021;
* “Skrottid” (“Era of Junk”). Poetry book in Swedish. Publisher "Tranan", Sweden, 2022\);
* "Gün doğarkən" (“At Sunrise”. Poetry book in Azerbaijani. Publisher Bakı, Azerbaijan, 2022\);
* "Одлетео у свитање" ("Fly Away at Dawn"). Poetry book in Serbian. Publisher "Центар за културу Врачар", Republic of Serbia, 2024;
* “Esto dijo una cabra” ("The Goat's Words"). Poetry book "three lines" in Spanish. Publisher "La Garúa Poesía", Spain, 2024;
* “Esto dijo una cabra” ("The Goat's Words"). Anthology of poems in Spanish. Publisher BUAP (Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla), Mexico, 2024;
* "Where the Lava Flows". Poetry book in English. Publishing House: Independently published, India, 2024\.
TRANSLATED BOOKS:
* «Если в дороге ... дождь ... / Nếu trên đường… mưa…» ("If on the road… rain...). Bilingual poetry book in Russian \- Vietnamese by Svetlana Savitskaya, translated from Russian into Vietnamese by Mai Văn Phấn. Publishing House Academy N.E. Zhukovsky, Moscow, 2021\);
* «Назови имя Бога / Xưng danh Thiên Chúa» ("Say the Name of God"). Bilingual novel in Russian \- Vietnamese by Svetlana Savitskaya, translated from Russian into Vietnamese by Mai Văn Phấn. Publishing House Academy N.E. Zhukovsky, Мoscow, 2023;
* “Giải mã sự dịu dàng” (Puzzles of Tenderness). Poetry book in Vietnamese by Valentina Novković (Serbia), translated from Russian into Vietnamese by Mai Văn Phấn. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2024\).
AWARDS:
Mai Văn Phấn has won a number of Vietnamese and international literary awards, including:
• “Poetry contest” of Weekly Người Hà Nội in 1994;
• “Poetry contest” of Weekly Văn Nghệ 1995;
• “Literature” of celebrity culture Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm (Hải Phòng city) in 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995\.
• Recipient of the prestigious “Vietnam Writers' Association” Award in 2010;
• The Vietnam Writers' Association Award in 2010;
• The Cikada Literary Prize of Sweden in 2017;
• The Award of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2019;
• The Literary award from Association of Literary Translators of Montenegro in 2020;
• The Award Aco Karamanov of North Macedonia in 2020;
• 1st Prize in The International Creative Meeting and Festival “Together in the XXI Century” in Bulgaria 2020;
• The medal Alisher Navoi of the Union of Writers and Historians of Central Asia in 2021;
• Winner of Sahitto (Bangladesh) International Award for Literature 2021;
• The Award of Newspaper Kitob Dunyosi (Uzbekistan) in 2021;
• The Award of the International Slavic Literary Forum "Golden Knight" 2022;
• The Poetry Collection of Year Award of Boao International Poetry Award (China) in 2022 (for the Poetry Collection "Улетел на рассвете");
• The Award of the International Poetry Competition "My heart in the Mountains" named writer William Saroyan (Armenia) in 2022;
• The Frederick Turner prize of Mundus Artium Press (USA) for Poetry in 2023;
• The Award of the International Literary online Competition "To you, Nesvizh, I dedicate ..." (Belarus) in 2023;
• Five\-time times won the Golden Pen Literature Award of Russian Federation in 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023\.
December 2012, the English collection titled “Firmament without Roof Cover” became one of the 100 best\-selling poetry books of Amazon. June 2014, the three collections in Vietnamese and English titled “Ra vườn chùa xem cắt cỏ” (“Grass Cutting in a Temple Garden”) and “Những hạt giống của đêm và ngày / Seeds of Nights and Day” as well as his Vietnamese\-French collection titled “Bầu trời không mái che” (“A Ciel Ouvert/ Firmament without Roof Cover”) were among the top ten of the 100 best\-selling poetry collections from Asia on Amazon.
|
[
"Notable works\n-------------",
"He has published 19 books in Vietnam and 34 books abroad, including poetry collections, books of criticism and essays, and translated books. Poems of Mai Văn Phấn are translated into more than 40 languages.",
"NATIONALLY PUBLISHED BOOKS:\n* “Giọt nắng” (“Drops of Sunlight”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Hải Phòng Writer's Association, 1992\\);\n* “Gọi xanh” (“Calling to the Blue”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 1995\\);\n* “Cầu nguyện ban mai” (“Prayers to Dawn”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Hải Phòng Publishing House, 1997\\);\n* “Nghi lễ nhận tên” (“Ritual of Naming”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Hải Phòng Publishing House, 1999\\);\n* “Người cùng thời” (“People of the Era” in Vietnamese, Hải Phòng Publishing House, 1999\\);\n* “Vách nước” (“Water Wall”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Hải Phòng Publishing House, 2003\\);\n* “Hôm sau” (“The Day After”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2009\\);\n* “và đột nhiên gió thổi” (“and Suddenly the Wind Blows”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Literature Publishing House, 2009\\);\n* “Bầu trời không mái che” (Vietnamese\\-only version of “Firmament Without Roof Cover\". Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2010\\);\n* “Thơ tuyển Mai Văn Phấn” (Mai Văn Phấn: Selected Poems \\- Essays and the Interviews in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2011\\);\n* “hoa giấu mặt” (“hidden\\-face Flower”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2012\\);\n* “Bầu trời không mái che / Firmament Without Roof Cover” (Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \\- English. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2012\\);\n* “Vừa sinh ra ở đó” (“Just Born There”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2013\\);\n* “A Ciel Ouvert (\"Firmament Without Roof Cover”. Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \\- French. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2014\\);\n* “The Selected Poems of Mai Văn Phấn” in English (Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2015\\);\n* “thả” (“letting go”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2015\\);\n* “Không gian khác” (“Another Dimension”. Critiques \\- Essays in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2016\\);\n* \"Lặng yên cho nước chảy\" (\"Be Quiet for Water Flowing”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2018\\);\n* \"Thời tái chế\" (“Era of Junk”. Poetry book in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2018\\);\n* “Nhịp điệu vẽ lối đi” (Rhythms Compose the Way). Critiques \\- Essays in Vietnamese. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2024\\.",
"INTERNATIONALLY PUBLISHED BOOKS:\n* “Firmament Without Roof Cover” (English version. Page Addie Press, 2012\\);\n* “Những hạt giống của đêm và ngày / Seeds of Night and Day” (Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \\- English. Page Addie Press of United Kingdom, 2013\\);\n* “Những hạt giống của đêm và ngày / Seeds of Night and Day” (Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \\- English. Page Addie Press of United Kingdom; Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2013\\);\n* “A Ciel Ouvert (\"Firmament Without Roof Cover”. Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \\- French. Page Addie Press of United Kingdom; Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2014\\);\n* “Buông tay cho trời rạng / Out of the Dark” (Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \\- English. Page Addie Press of United Kingdom; Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2013\\);\n* “Ra vườn chùa xem cắt cỏ / Grass Cutting in a Temple Garden”(Bilingual poetry book in Vietnamese \\- English. Page Addie Pressof United Kingdom Australia, 2014\\);\n* “Zanore në vesë / Vowels in The Dew” (Poetry book in Albanian. Botimet M\\&B, Albania, 2014\\);\n* “บุษบาซ่อนหน้า / hidden face flower / hoa giấu mặt” (Poetry book in Thai, English and Vietnamese. Artist's House, Thailand, 2014\\);\n* “Yên Tử Dağının Çiçeği” (“The Flower of Mount Yên Tử”. Poetry book in Turkish. Şiirden Yayincilik, Turkey, 2015\\);\n* “आलाप प्रतिलाप” (“Echo of the Aalap”. Poetry book in Hindi. Publishing House of Kritya, India, 2016\\);\n* “Два крыла / Đôi cánh” (“Two Wings”. Bilingual Poetry book in Vietnamese \\- Russian. “Нонпарелъ” \\- Publishing House of Moscow, 2016\\);\n* \"Варијације у кишнојноћи\" (\"Variations on a Rainy Night\". Poetry book in Serbian. Publisher \"Алма, Београд\", Republic of Serbia, 2017\\);\n* “Echoes from the Spiral Galaxy” (Poetry book in English. Publisher Mundus Artium Press, USA, 2017\\);\n* “Höstens hastighet” (“The Pace of Autumn”. Poetry book in Swedish. Publisher \"Tranan\", Sweden, 2017\\);\n* “সত্যের সন্ধানে” (In Search of Truth. Poetry book in Bengali, India). Publisher: Underground Literature, Kolkata, 2018\\);\n* 대양의 쌍둥이 (“Born as Twins in an Ocean”. Poetry book in Korean with poet 고형렬 / Ko Hyung\\-Ryul). Publisher: 시와 표현 (Poetry \\& Expression) of S. Korea, 2018\\);\n* حيث تتسع السماء (“Where the Sky Is Spacious”. Poetry book in Arabic. Alfarasha Publishing House, Kuwait, 2019\\);\n* «Время утиля / Thời tái chế» (“Era of Junk”. Bilingual poetry book in Russian \\- Vietnamese. Publishing House of Voronezh: Центр духовного возрождения Черноземного края, Russia, 2020\\);\n* «Ära des Mülls / Era of Junk” (“Era of Junk”. Bilingual poetry book in German \\- English. Publishing House of Germany: Shaker Media, 2020\\);\n* “Қабоҳат даври” (“Age of Ignorance”. Poetry book in Uzbek. Publishing House of Uzbekistan: Янги аср авлоди, 2020;\n* “Kapanahunan ng Basura” (“Era of Junk”). Poetry book in Filipino. Publishing House: University of the Philippines Institute of Creative Writing and The Freelipiniana Online Library, 2020;\n* “재처리 시대” (“Era of Junk”). Poetry book in Korean. Publishing House: 이도훈 (Dohun), 2020;\n* “और उड़ चला मन पांखी” (“And Flew Away Heart”). Poetry book in Hindi. Publishing House Notion Press, India, 2020;\n* „НОВОГОДИШНО КАПЕЊЕ„ (“New Year Bath”) of Mai Văn Phấn with „ЗАЧУДЕН БАРУТ„ (“Buffled Gunpowder”) of Raed Anis Al\\-Yishi. Poetry book in Macedonian. Publishing House: Center of Culture \"Aco Karamanov\" Radovish, 2020;\n* “लाल आत्माएं” (“The Scarlet Spirits”). Poetry book in Hindi. Publishing House Hind Yugm, India, 2021;\n* “Ойнинг туғилган куни” (“The Birthday of the Moon”). Poetry book in Uzbek. Publishing House of Uzbekistan: Arjumand Media, 2021;\n* \"Улетел на рассвете\" (\"Fly Away at Dawn\"). Poetry book in Russian. Publishing House \"Четыре\" (Saint Petersburg), 2021;\n* “Skrottid” (“Era of Junk”). Poetry book in Swedish. Publisher \"Tranan\", Sweden, 2022\\);\n* \"Gün doğarkən\" (“At Sunrise”. Poetry book in Azerbaijani. Publisher Bakı, Azerbaijan, 2022\\);\n* \"Одлетео у свитање\" (\"Fly Away at Dawn\"). Poetry book in Serbian. Publisher \"Центар за културу Врачар\", Republic of Serbia, 2024;\n* “Esto dijo una cabra” (\"The Goat's Words\"). Poetry book \"three lines\" in Spanish. Publisher \"La Garúa Poesía\", Spain, 2024;\n* “Esto dijo una cabra” (\"The Goat's Words\"). Anthology of poems in Spanish. Publisher BUAP (Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla), Mexico, 2024;\n* \"Where the Lava Flows\". Poetry book in English. Publishing House: Independently published, India, 2024\\.",
"TRANSLATED BOOKS:\n* «Если в дороге ... дождь ... / Nếu trên đường… mưa…» (\"If on the road… rain...). Bilingual poetry book in Russian \\- Vietnamese by Svetlana Savitskaya, translated from Russian into Vietnamese by Mai Văn Phấn. Publishing House Academy N.E. Zhukovsky, Moscow, 2021\\);\n* «Назови имя Бога / Xưng danh Thiên Chúa» (\"Say the Name of God\"). Bilingual novel in Russian \\- Vietnamese by Svetlana Savitskaya, translated from Russian into Vietnamese by Mai Văn Phấn. Publishing House Academy N.E. Zhukovsky, Мoscow, 2023;\n* “Giải mã sự dịu dàng” (Puzzles of Tenderness). Poetry book in Vietnamese by Valentina Novković (Serbia), translated from Russian into Vietnamese by Mai Văn Phấn. Publishing House of The Vietnam Writer’s Association, 2024\\).",
"AWARDS:",
"Mai Văn Phấn has won a number of Vietnamese and international literary awards, including:",
"• “Poetry contest” of Weekly Người Hà Nội in 1994;",
"• “Poetry contest” of Weekly Văn Nghệ 1995;",
"• “Literature” of celebrity culture Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm (Hải Phòng city) in 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995\\.",
"• Recipient of the prestigious “Vietnam Writers' Association” Award in 2010;",
"• The Vietnam Writers' Association Award in 2010;",
"• The Cikada Literary Prize of Sweden in 2017;",
"• The Award of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2019;",
"• The Literary award from Association of Literary Translators of Montenegro in 2020;",
"• The Award Aco Karamanov of North Macedonia in 2020;",
"• 1st Prize in The International Creative Meeting and Festival “Together in the XXI Century” in Bulgaria 2020;",
"• The medal Alisher Navoi of the Union of Writers and Historians of Central Asia in 2021;",
"• Winner of Sahitto (Bangladesh) International Award for Literature 2021;",
"• The Award of Newspaper Kitob Dunyosi (Uzbekistan) in 2021;",
"• The Award of the International Slavic Literary Forum \"Golden Knight\" 2022;",
"• The Poetry Collection of Year Award of Boao International Poetry Award (China) in 2022 (for the Poetry Collection \"Улетел на рассвете\");",
"• The Award of the International Poetry Competition \"My heart in the Mountains\" named writer William Saroyan (Armenia) in 2022;",
"• The Frederick Turner prize of Mundus Artium Press (USA) for Poetry in 2023;",
"• The Award of the International Literary online Competition \"To you, Nesvizh, I dedicate ...\" (Belarus) in 2023;",
"• Five\\-time times won the Golden Pen Literature Award of Russian Federation in 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023\\.",
"December 2012, the English collection titled “Firmament without Roof Cover” became one of the 100 best\\-selling poetry books of Amazon. June 2014, the three collections in Vietnamese and English titled “Ra vườn chùa xem cắt cỏ” (“Grass Cutting in a Temple Garden”) and “Những hạt giống của đêm và ngày / Seeds of Nights and Day” as well as his Vietnamese\\-French collection titled “Bầu trời không mái che” (“A Ciel Ouvert/ Firmament without Roof Cover”) were among the top ten of the 100 best\\-selling poetry collections from Asia on Amazon.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early days
Stockport RFC — the “Clarets” — was founded 1884 by men associated with [Stockport Sunday School](/wiki/Stockport_Sunday_School "Stockport Sunday School"), the largest such school in the world at the time.
The Clarets first played on a field behind their HQ \- The Plough Inn, Shaw Heath and the first gate was 3sh 9d. \= 19p.
On January 12, 1889, they played a friendly against the Maori touring team, attracting around 4,000 spectator’s and came away with a 3\-3 draw, this was the 42nd game of the [1888/89 Maori tour](/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_New_Zealand_Native_football_team "1888–89 New Zealand Native football team") and a very respectable result as the Maoris beat [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team "Ireland national rugby union team"), [Wigan](/wiki/Wigan_Warriors "Wigan Warriors"), [St Helens](/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C. "St Helens R.F.C."), [Salford](/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils "Salford Red Devils"), [Swansea](/wiki/Swansea_RFC "Swansea RFC") and others quite convincingly.
They managed to attract top Lancs \& Yorks clubs to the Plough ground and such was the rise in popularity that they moved in with [Stockport Cricket Club](/wiki/Stockport_Cricket_Club "Stockport Cricket Club") at Cale Green in 1890, averaging crowds of 3,000\.
### Northern Union
Before the break with [Rugby Union](/wiki/Rugby_Union "Rugby Union"), Stockport, like many other clubs from Lancashire and Yorkshire, had suffered punishment by the [RFU](/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union "Rugby Football Union") for "[broken time](/wiki/History_of_Rugby_League%23The_schism_in_England "History of Rugby League#The schism in England")" payments. When the 22 clubs met at The [George Hotel, Huddersfield](/wiki/George_Hotel%2C_Huddersfield "George Hotel, Huddersfield"), the representative of Stockport had been unable to attend the meeting personally and so had telegraphed the meeting requesting the club's admission to the new organisation. This was duly accepted.
After the [Great Schism](/wiki/History_of_Rugby_League%23The_schism_in_England "History of Rugby League#The schism in England"){{cite book\|last\=J C Lindley with personal recollections by D W Armitage\|title\=100 Years of Rugby \- The History of Wakefield Trinity Football Club\|year\=1973\|publisher\=The Wakefield Trinity Centenary Committee\|pages\=34 and 35}} in 1895, Stockport were one of the founder members of the new league. In the first season [1895–96](/wiki/1895%E2%80%9396_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1895–96 Northern Rugby Football Union season") the league consisted of 22 clubs and Stockport finished in 17th position.
In the second season [1896–97](/wiki/1896%E2%80%9397_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season") the league was divided into Yorkshire and Lancashire, Stockport playing in the latter section, where they would stay for all but one of the remainder of their semi\-professional existence. They finished in 5th position out of 14 teams.
In the two following seasons, still in the Lancashire section, season [1897–98](/wiki/1897%E2%80%9398_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1897–98 Northern Rugby Football Union season") and [1898–99](/wiki/1898%E2%80%9399_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1898–99 Northern Rugby Football Union season") they finished in 11th position out of 14 teams.
In the fifth season, [1899–1900](/wiki/1899%E2%80%931900_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1899–1900 Northern Rugby Football Union season") they improved slightly finishing 9th out of 14 teams. This was also their most successful season in the Challenge Cup, they defeated Hunslet 2\-0, Tyldesley 5\-2 and Radcliffe 24\-3 before bowing out in the Quarter\-Finals losing 0\-3 to Widnes.
In [1900–01](/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1900–01 Northern Rugby Football Union season"), still in the Lancashire Senior League, Stockport dropped to 12th place out the 14 teams.
In [1901–02](/wiki/1901%E2%80%9302_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1901–02 Northern Rugby Football Union season") 14 clubs broke away to form the Northern Rugby League. Stockport were not among these, and as a result of this, interest and gates dwindled, so together with the remaining clubs and several additions from the lower county leagues, continued in the Lancashire Senior league, which became in effect division 2 (West). A slightly better season saw a mid\-table finish in 6th place out of the 13 clubs.
At the end of the [1901–02](/wiki/1901%E2%80%9302_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1901–02 Northern Rugby Football Union season") season, the County Leagues elected 18 teams to join the new Division 2 (7 from Lancashire and 10 from Yorkshire and new member [South Shields](/wiki/South_Shields_%28Rugby_League%29 "South Shields (Rugby League)")) with the existing second competition scrapped.{{cite book\|last\=J C Lindley with personal recollections by D W Armitage\|title\=100 Years of Rugby \- The History of Wakefield Trinity Football Club\|year\=1973\|publisher\=The Wakefield Trinity Centenary Committee\|pages\=37 and 38}}
In [1902–03](/wiki/1902%E2%80%9303_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1902–03 Northern Rugby Football Union season") Stockport were elected into the new 2nd Division losing many of their top pro players, In this, their eighth and last season among the semi\-professional clubs, Stockport finished 18th out of 18 clubs, bottom of the league with only 11 points, whereas Morecambe, the second bottom, had 20 points.
In May 1903, the town’s rugby and football clubs met and it was suggested that the rugby club should disband. Nothing was decided but the debate lingered and the Yorkshire Post of 16 July 1903 reported: “Certain conditions have been drawn up in connection with the proposed transfer of the ground to the Association club and it is understood they will be in all probability accepted. The opinion prevails that the Rugby Club will shortly disband.”
At a meeting on Saturday 15 August 1903, the end was confirmed and [Stockport County F.C](/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C "Stockport County F.C") took over liabilities that amounted to around £350 owing to a well\-known gentleman \[Mr Sykes] in the town. The rugby club, it was reported, had been sorely tried by the rapid strides made by the association game in Stockport and had fallen deeper into debt. The last Captain, Yorkshireman William Robinson, took a tobacconist’s shop on Castle street, Edgeley.
*"(Stockport) County gained admission to the Second Division of the Football League in 1900, and following this elevation \- and consequent requirement for a larger ground \- the club moved to its current home of Edgeley Park in 1902, which was then the home of Stockport Rugby League Club. The rugby club folded a few years later, leaving County as sole tenants."*{{cite web\|title\=About Stockport County\|url\=http://www.stockport.gov.uk/aboutstockport1/stockportcounty/aboutcounty\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213192316/http://www.stockport.gov.uk/aboutstockport1/stockportcounty/aboutcounty\|archivedate\=2010\-02\-13}}
### Stadium
Stockport RFC first played on a field behind their Headquarters \- The Plough Inn, Shaw Heath. The cost of entry to the first gate was 3sh 9d. \= 19p.
In 1890 they moved in with [Stockport Cricket Club](/wiki/Stockport_Cricket_Club "Stockport Cricket Club") at Beech road, Cale Green.
In 1891 they moved into the newly built [Edgeley Park](/wiki/Edgeley_Park "Edgeley Park"), the land the stadium was built on was donated to the club by the Sykes Family, Owner’s of [Sykes Bleaching Company](/wiki/Sykes_Bleaching_Company "Sykes Bleaching Company")
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early days",
"Stockport RFC — the “Clarets” — was founded 1884 by men associated with [Stockport Sunday School](/wiki/Stockport_Sunday_School \"Stockport Sunday School\"), the largest such school in the world at the time.",
"The Clarets first played on a field behind their HQ \\- The Plough Inn, Shaw Heath and the first gate was 3sh 9d. \\= 19p.",
"On January 12, 1889, they played a friendly against the Maori touring team, attracting around 4,000 spectator’s and came away with a 3\\-3 draw, this was the 42nd game of the [1888/89 Maori tour](/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_New_Zealand_Native_football_team \"1888–89 New Zealand Native football team\") and a very respectable result as the Maoris beat [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team \"Ireland national rugby union team\"), [Wigan](/wiki/Wigan_Warriors \"Wigan Warriors\"), [St Helens](/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C. \"St Helens R.F.C.\"), [Salford](/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils \"Salford Red Devils\"), [Swansea](/wiki/Swansea_RFC \"Swansea RFC\") and others quite convincingly.",
"They managed to attract top Lancs \\& Yorks clubs to the Plough ground and such was the rise in popularity that they moved in with [Stockport Cricket Club](/wiki/Stockport_Cricket_Club \"Stockport Cricket Club\") at Cale Green in 1890, averaging crowds of 3,000\\.",
"### Northern Union",
"Before the break with [Rugby Union](/wiki/Rugby_Union \"Rugby Union\"), Stockport, like many other clubs from Lancashire and Yorkshire, had suffered punishment by the [RFU](/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union \"Rugby Football Union\") for \"[broken time](/wiki/History_of_Rugby_League%23The_schism_in_England \"History of Rugby League#The schism in England\")\" payments. When the 22 clubs met at The [George Hotel, Huddersfield](/wiki/George_Hotel%2C_Huddersfield \"George Hotel, Huddersfield\"), the representative of Stockport had been unable to attend the meeting personally and so had telegraphed the meeting requesting the club's admission to the new organisation. This was duly accepted.",
"After the [Great Schism](/wiki/History_of_Rugby_League%23The_schism_in_England \"History of Rugby League#The schism in England\"){{cite book\\|last\\=J C Lindley with personal recollections by D W Armitage\\|title\\=100 Years of Rugby \\- The History of Wakefield Trinity Football Club\\|year\\=1973\\|publisher\\=The Wakefield Trinity Centenary Committee\\|pages\\=34 and 35}} in 1895, Stockport were one of the founder members of the new league. In the first season [1895–96](/wiki/1895%E2%80%9396_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1895–96 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") the league consisted of 22 clubs and Stockport finished in 17th position.",
"In the second season [1896–97](/wiki/1896%E2%80%9397_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") the league was divided into Yorkshire and Lancashire, Stockport playing in the latter section, where they would stay for all but one of the remainder of their semi\\-professional existence. They finished in 5th position out of 14 teams.",
"In the two following seasons, still in the Lancashire section, season [1897–98](/wiki/1897%E2%80%9398_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1897–98 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") and [1898–99](/wiki/1898%E2%80%9399_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1898–99 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") they finished in 11th position out of 14 teams.",
"In the fifth season, [1899–1900](/wiki/1899%E2%80%931900_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1899–1900 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") they improved slightly finishing 9th out of 14 teams. This was also their most successful season in the Challenge Cup, they defeated Hunslet 2\\-0, Tyldesley 5\\-2 and Radcliffe 24\\-3 before bowing out in the Quarter\\-Finals losing 0\\-3 to Widnes.",
"In [1900–01](/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1900–01 Northern Rugby Football Union season\"), still in the Lancashire Senior League, Stockport dropped to 12th place out the 14 teams.",
"In [1901–02](/wiki/1901%E2%80%9302_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1901–02 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") 14 clubs broke away to form the Northern Rugby League. Stockport were not among these, and as a result of this, interest and gates dwindled, so together with the remaining clubs and several additions from the lower county leagues, continued in the Lancashire Senior league, which became in effect division 2 (West). A slightly better season saw a mid\\-table finish in 6th place out of the 13 clubs.",
"At the end of the [1901–02](/wiki/1901%E2%80%9302_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1901–02 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") season, the County Leagues elected 18 teams to join the new Division 2 (7 from Lancashire and 10 from Yorkshire and new member [South Shields](/wiki/South_Shields_%28Rugby_League%29 \"South Shields (Rugby League)\")) with the existing second competition scrapped.{{cite book\\|last\\=J C Lindley with personal recollections by D W Armitage\\|title\\=100 Years of Rugby \\- The History of Wakefield Trinity Football Club\\|year\\=1973\\|publisher\\=The Wakefield Trinity Centenary Committee\\|pages\\=37 and 38}}",
"In [1902–03](/wiki/1902%E2%80%9303_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1902–03 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") Stockport were elected into the new 2nd Division losing many of their top pro players, In this, their eighth and last season among the semi\\-professional clubs, Stockport finished 18th out of 18 clubs, bottom of the league with only 11 points, whereas Morecambe, the second bottom, had 20 points.",
"In May 1903, the town’s rugby and football clubs met and it was suggested that the rugby club should disband. Nothing was decided but the debate lingered and the Yorkshire Post of 16 July 1903 reported: “Certain conditions have been drawn up in connection with the proposed transfer of the ground to the Association club and it is understood they will be in all probability accepted. The opinion prevails that the Rugby Club will shortly disband.”",
"At a meeting on Saturday 15 August 1903, the end was confirmed and [Stockport County F.C](/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C \"Stockport County F.C\") took over liabilities that amounted to around £350 owing to a well\\-known gentleman \\[Mr Sykes] in the town. The rugby club, it was reported, had been sorely tried by the rapid strides made by the association game in Stockport and had fallen deeper into debt. The last Captain, Yorkshireman William Robinson, took a tobacconist’s shop on Castle street, Edgeley.",
"*\"(Stockport) County gained admission to the Second Division of the Football League in 1900, and following this elevation \\- and consequent requirement for a larger ground \\- the club moved to its current home of Edgeley Park in 1902, which was then the home of Stockport Rugby League Club. The rugby club folded a few years later, leaving County as sole tenants.\"*{{cite web\\|title\\=About Stockport County\\|url\\=http://www.stockport.gov.uk/aboutstockport1/stockportcounty/aboutcounty\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213192316/http://www.stockport.gov.uk/aboutstockport1/stockportcounty/aboutcounty\\|archivedate\\=2010\\-02\\-13}}",
"### Stadium",
"Stockport RFC first played on a field behind their Headquarters \\- The Plough Inn, Shaw Heath. The cost of entry to the first gate was 3sh 9d. \\= 19p.",
"In 1890 they moved in with [Stockport Cricket Club](/wiki/Stockport_Cricket_Club \"Stockport Cricket Club\") at Beech road, Cale Green.",
"In 1891 they moved into the newly built [Edgeley Park](/wiki/Edgeley_Park \"Edgeley Park\"), the land the stadium was built on was donated to the club by the Sykes Family, Owner’s of [Sykes Bleaching Company](/wiki/Sykes_Bleaching_Company \"Sykes Bleaching Company\")",
""
] |
### Northern Union
Before the break with [Rugby Union](/wiki/Rugby_Union "Rugby Union"), Stockport, like many other clubs from Lancashire and Yorkshire, had suffered punishment by the [RFU](/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union "Rugby Football Union") for "[broken time](/wiki/History_of_Rugby_League%23The_schism_in_England "History of Rugby League#The schism in England")" payments. When the 22 clubs met at The [George Hotel, Huddersfield](/wiki/George_Hotel%2C_Huddersfield "George Hotel, Huddersfield"), the representative of Stockport had been unable to attend the meeting personally and so had telegraphed the meeting requesting the club's admission to the new organisation. This was duly accepted.
After the [Great Schism](/wiki/History_of_Rugby_League%23The_schism_in_England "History of Rugby League#The schism in England"){{cite book\|last\=J C Lindley with personal recollections by D W Armitage\|title\=100 Years of Rugby \- The History of Wakefield Trinity Football Club\|year\=1973\|publisher\=The Wakefield Trinity Centenary Committee\|pages\=34 and 35}} in 1895, Stockport were one of the founder members of the new league. In the first season [1895–96](/wiki/1895%E2%80%9396_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1895–96 Northern Rugby Football Union season") the league consisted of 22 clubs and Stockport finished in 17th position.
In the second season [1896–97](/wiki/1896%E2%80%9397_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season") the league was divided into Yorkshire and Lancashire, Stockport playing in the latter section, where they would stay for all but one of the remainder of their semi\-professional existence. They finished in 5th position out of 14 teams.
In the two following seasons, still in the Lancashire section, season [1897–98](/wiki/1897%E2%80%9398_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1897–98 Northern Rugby Football Union season") and [1898–99](/wiki/1898%E2%80%9399_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1898–99 Northern Rugby Football Union season") they finished in 11th position out of 14 teams.
In the fifth season, [1899–1900](/wiki/1899%E2%80%931900_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1899–1900 Northern Rugby Football Union season") they improved slightly finishing 9th out of 14 teams. This was also their most successful season in the Challenge Cup, they defeated Hunslet 2\-0, Tyldesley 5\-2 and Radcliffe 24\-3 before bowing out in the Quarter\-Finals losing 0\-3 to Widnes.
In [1900–01](/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1900–01 Northern Rugby Football Union season"), still in the Lancashire Senior League, Stockport dropped to 12th place out the 14 teams.
In [1901–02](/wiki/1901%E2%80%9302_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1901–02 Northern Rugby Football Union season") 14 clubs broke away to form the Northern Rugby League. Stockport were not among these, and as a result of this, interest and gates dwindled, so together with the remaining clubs and several additions from the lower county leagues, continued in the Lancashire Senior league, which became in effect division 2 (West). A slightly better season saw a mid\-table finish in 6th place out of the 13 clubs.
At the end of the [1901–02](/wiki/1901%E2%80%9302_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1901–02 Northern Rugby Football Union season") season, the County Leagues elected 18 teams to join the new Division 2 (7 from Lancashire and 10 from Yorkshire and new member [South Shields](/wiki/South_Shields_%28Rugby_League%29 "South Shields (Rugby League)")) with the existing second competition scrapped.{{cite book\|last\=J C Lindley with personal recollections by D W Armitage\|title\=100 Years of Rugby \- The History of Wakefield Trinity Football Club\|year\=1973\|publisher\=The Wakefield Trinity Centenary Committee\|pages\=37 and 38}}
In [1902–03](/wiki/1902%E2%80%9303_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season "1902–03 Northern Rugby Football Union season") Stockport were elected into the new 2nd Division losing many of their top pro players, In this, their eighth and last season among the semi\-professional clubs, Stockport finished 18th out of 18 clubs, bottom of the league with only 11 points, whereas Morecambe, the second bottom, had 20 points.
In May 1903, the town’s rugby and football clubs met and it was suggested that the rugby club should disband. Nothing was decided but the debate lingered and the Yorkshire Post of 16 July 1903 reported: “Certain conditions have been drawn up in connection with the proposed transfer of the ground to the Association club and it is understood they will be in all probability accepted. The opinion prevails that the Rugby Club will shortly disband.”
At a meeting on Saturday 15 August 1903, the end was confirmed and [Stockport County F.C](/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C "Stockport County F.C") took over liabilities that amounted to around £350 owing to a well\-known gentleman \[Mr Sykes] in the town. The rugby club, it was reported, had been sorely tried by the rapid strides made by the association game in Stockport and had fallen deeper into debt. The last Captain, Yorkshireman William Robinson, took a tobacconist’s shop on Castle street, Edgeley.
*"(Stockport) County gained admission to the Second Division of the Football League in 1900, and following this elevation \- and consequent requirement for a larger ground \- the club moved to its current home of Edgeley Park in 1902, which was then the home of Stockport Rugby League Club. The rugby club folded a few years later, leaving County as sole tenants."*{{cite web\|title\=About Stockport County\|url\=http://www.stockport.gov.uk/aboutstockport1/stockportcounty/aboutcounty\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213192316/http://www.stockport.gov.uk/aboutstockport1/stockportcounty/aboutcounty\|archivedate\=2010\-02\-13}}
|
[
"### Northern Union",
"Before the break with [Rugby Union](/wiki/Rugby_Union \"Rugby Union\"), Stockport, like many other clubs from Lancashire and Yorkshire, had suffered punishment by the [RFU](/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union \"Rugby Football Union\") for \"[broken time](/wiki/History_of_Rugby_League%23The_schism_in_England \"History of Rugby League#The schism in England\")\" payments. When the 22 clubs met at The [George Hotel, Huddersfield](/wiki/George_Hotel%2C_Huddersfield \"George Hotel, Huddersfield\"), the representative of Stockport had been unable to attend the meeting personally and so had telegraphed the meeting requesting the club's admission to the new organisation. This was duly accepted.",
"After the [Great Schism](/wiki/History_of_Rugby_League%23The_schism_in_England \"History of Rugby League#The schism in England\"){{cite book\\|last\\=J C Lindley with personal recollections by D W Armitage\\|title\\=100 Years of Rugby \\- The History of Wakefield Trinity Football Club\\|year\\=1973\\|publisher\\=The Wakefield Trinity Centenary Committee\\|pages\\=34 and 35}} in 1895, Stockport were one of the founder members of the new league. In the first season [1895–96](/wiki/1895%E2%80%9396_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1895–96 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") the league consisted of 22 clubs and Stockport finished in 17th position.",
"In the second season [1896–97](/wiki/1896%E2%80%9397_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") the league was divided into Yorkshire and Lancashire, Stockport playing in the latter section, where they would stay for all but one of the remainder of their semi\\-professional existence. They finished in 5th position out of 14 teams.",
"In the two following seasons, still in the Lancashire section, season [1897–98](/wiki/1897%E2%80%9398_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1897–98 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") and [1898–99](/wiki/1898%E2%80%9399_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1898–99 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") they finished in 11th position out of 14 teams.",
"In the fifth season, [1899–1900](/wiki/1899%E2%80%931900_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1899–1900 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") they improved slightly finishing 9th out of 14 teams. This was also their most successful season in the Challenge Cup, they defeated Hunslet 2\\-0, Tyldesley 5\\-2 and Radcliffe 24\\-3 before bowing out in the Quarter\\-Finals losing 0\\-3 to Widnes.",
"In [1900–01](/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1900–01 Northern Rugby Football Union season\"), still in the Lancashire Senior League, Stockport dropped to 12th place out the 14 teams.",
"In [1901–02](/wiki/1901%E2%80%9302_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1901–02 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") 14 clubs broke away to form the Northern Rugby League. Stockport were not among these, and as a result of this, interest and gates dwindled, so together with the remaining clubs and several additions from the lower county leagues, continued in the Lancashire Senior league, which became in effect division 2 (West). A slightly better season saw a mid\\-table finish in 6th place out of the 13 clubs.",
"At the end of the [1901–02](/wiki/1901%E2%80%9302_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1901–02 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") season, the County Leagues elected 18 teams to join the new Division 2 (7 from Lancashire and 10 from Yorkshire and new member [South Shields](/wiki/South_Shields_%28Rugby_League%29 \"South Shields (Rugby League)\")) with the existing second competition scrapped.{{cite book\\|last\\=J C Lindley with personal recollections by D W Armitage\\|title\\=100 Years of Rugby \\- The History of Wakefield Trinity Football Club\\|year\\=1973\\|publisher\\=The Wakefield Trinity Centenary Committee\\|pages\\=37 and 38}}",
"In [1902–03](/wiki/1902%E2%80%9303_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season \"1902–03 Northern Rugby Football Union season\") Stockport were elected into the new 2nd Division losing many of their top pro players, In this, their eighth and last season among the semi\\-professional clubs, Stockport finished 18th out of 18 clubs, bottom of the league with only 11 points, whereas Morecambe, the second bottom, had 20 points.",
"In May 1903, the town’s rugby and football clubs met and it was suggested that the rugby club should disband. Nothing was decided but the debate lingered and the Yorkshire Post of 16 July 1903 reported: “Certain conditions have been drawn up in connection with the proposed transfer of the ground to the Association club and it is understood they will be in all probability accepted. The opinion prevails that the Rugby Club will shortly disband.”",
"At a meeting on Saturday 15 August 1903, the end was confirmed and [Stockport County F.C](/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C \"Stockport County F.C\") took over liabilities that amounted to around £350 owing to a well\\-known gentleman \\[Mr Sykes] in the town. The rugby club, it was reported, had been sorely tried by the rapid strides made by the association game in Stockport and had fallen deeper into debt. The last Captain, Yorkshireman William Robinson, took a tobacconist’s shop on Castle street, Edgeley.",
"*\"(Stockport) County gained admission to the Second Division of the Football League in 1900, and following this elevation \\- and consequent requirement for a larger ground \\- the club moved to its current home of Edgeley Park in 1902, which was then the home of Stockport Rugby League Club. The rugby club folded a few years later, leaving County as sole tenants.\"*{{cite web\\|title\\=About Stockport County\\|url\\=http://www.stockport.gov.uk/aboutstockport1/stockportcounty/aboutcounty\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213192316/http://www.stockport.gov.uk/aboutstockport1/stockportcounty/aboutcounty\\|archivedate\\=2010\\-02\\-13}}",
""
] |
Career
------
### Radio
Brown's IQ of 165 led to two years of work as one of the young panelists on the radio series *[Quiz Kids](/wiki/Quiz_Kids "Quiz Kids")*. She specialized in literature and language.DeLong, Thomas A. (1996\). *Radio Stars: An Illustrated Biographical Dictionary of 953 Performers, 1920 through 1960*. McFarland \& Company, Inc. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-7864\-2834\-2}}. p. 43\. In her adult years, she had an interview program on the [Voice of America](/wiki/Voice_of_America "Voice of America").{{cite news\|title\=Another character star\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2500044/the\_postcrescent/\|agency\=The Post\-Crescent\|date\=August 30, 1970\|page\=111\|via \= \[\[Newspapers.com]]\|access\-date \= May 27, 2015}} {{Open access}}
She was heard on *[Lux Radio Theatre](/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre "Lux Radio Theatre")*, *[Skippy Hollywood Theatre](/wiki/Skippy_Hollywood_Theatre "Skippy Hollywood Theatre")*, *NBC University Theatre*, and *Theatre Guild on the Air*.
### Film
Brown was a junior member of the [National Board of Review](/wiki/National_Board_of_Review "National Board of Review"),{{cite news\|last1\=Wolf\|first1\=Tom\|title\=Youth Reviews Movies\|newspaper\=The Rhinelander Daily News \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3934347/the\_rhinelander\_daily\_news/\|agency\=The Rhinelander Daily News\|date\=April 3, 1941\|location\=Wisconsin, Rhinelander\|page\=4\|via \= \[\[Newspapers.com]]\|access\-date \= December 31, 2015}} {{Open access}} the critical panel serving the motion picture industry. [RKO Radio Pictures](/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures "RKO Radio Pictures") brought her family to Los Angeles, and Brown made her film debut (as Tessa Brind) in *[Youth Runs Wild](/wiki/Youth_Runs_Wild "Youth Runs Wild")* (1944\).{{cite journal\|title\=The Young Reviewers\|journal\=National Board of Review Magazine\|date\=December 1944\|volume\=19\|issue\=8\|page\=14\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/newmoviesnationa1920nati\#page/n121/mode/1up\|access\-date\=29 May 2015}} RKO changed her screen name to Vanessa Brown and assigned her to a series of ingenue roles over the next few years. In the late 1940s, she was featured in *[The Late George Apley](/wiki/The_Late_George_Apley_%28film%29 "The Late George Apley (film)")* (1947\), *[The Ghost and Mrs. Muir](/wiki/The_Ghost_and_Mrs._Muir "The Ghost and Mrs. Muir")* (1947\) as Mrs. Muir's grown daughter Anna, *[Big Jack](/wiki/Big_Jack_%28film%29 "Big Jack (film)")* (1949; [Wallace Beery](/wiki/Wallace_Beery "Wallace Beery")'s last movie), *[The Heiress](/wiki/The_Heiress "The Heiress")* (1949\) and other films. She was the eighth actress to play the role of [Jane](/wiki/Jane_Porter_%28Tarzan%29 "Jane Porter (Tarzan)"), appearing in *[Tarzan and the Slave Girl](/wiki/Tarzan_and_the_Slave_Girl "Tarzan and the Slave Girl")* (1950\) opposite [Lex Barker](/wiki/Lex_Barker "Lex Barker"), followed by a role in [Vincente Minnelli](/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli "Vincente Minnelli")'s *[The Bad and the Beautiful](/wiki/The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful "The Bad and the Beautiful")* (1952\). Her last film appearance was playing [Millie Perkins](/wiki/Millie_Perkins "Millie Perkins")'s sister in the horror film *[The Witch Who Came from the Sea](/wiki/The_Witch_Who_Came_from_the_Sea "The Witch Who Came from the Sea")* (1976\).
### Television
In the 1950s, Brown was a regular panelist on *I'll Buy That* on CBS.{{cite journal\|last1\=Chapman\|first1\=Philip\|title\=an exciting girl named Brown\|journal\=Radio and Television Mirror\|date\=November 1953\|volume\=40\|issue\=6\|pages\=57, 87–89\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/radiotvmir00macf\#page/n538/mode/1up\|access\-date\=29 May 2015}} She acted in live television dramas of the early 1950s, including *[Robert Montgomery Presents](/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_Presents "Robert Montgomery Presents")* and *[The Philco Television Playhouse](/wiki/The_Philco_Television_Playhouse "The Philco Television Playhouse")*, and she appeared on *[Pantomime Quiz](/wiki/Pantomime_Quiz "Pantomime Quiz")* and *[Leave It to the Girls](/wiki/Leave_It_to_the_Girls "Leave It to the Girls")*. She later appeared on the television series *[The Wonder Years](/wiki/The_Wonder_Years "The Wonder Years")* and *[Murder, She Wrote](/wiki/Murder%2C_She_Wrote "Murder, She Wrote")*. She played the title role on the television series Wagon Train S1E28 “The Sally Potter Story”, airing April 9, 1958, where her love interest was a young Martin Milner. She had a guest appearance on *[Perry Mason](/wiki/Perry_Mason_%281957_TV_series%29 "Perry Mason (1957 TV series)")* as Donna Kress in the episode "The Case of Paul Drake's Dilemma" (1959\).
### Stage
Back on Broadway, she originated the role of "The Girl" in *[The Seven Year Itch](/wiki/The_Seven_Year_Itch_%28play%29 "The Seven Year Itch (play)")*, the character portrayed by [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe "Marilyn Monroe") in the 1955 film version. She continued to do much television through the 1950s, and was one of the narrators of the [United World Federalists](/wiki/United_World_Federalists "United World Federalists") documentary *Eight Steps to Peace* (1957\), along with [Vincent Price](/wiki/Vincent_Price "Vincent Price") and [Robert Ryan](/wiki/Robert_Ryan "Robert Ryan").
Brown ventured into writing for the stage. She was the author of *Europa and the Bull*, based on the legend of [Europa](/wiki/Europa_%28mythology%29 "Europa (mythology)").{{cite news\|title\=Gorgeous (And Brainy) Vanessa Brown Is Making A Splash In Literary World\|newspaper\=Lubbock Avalanche\-Journal \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2500217/lubbock\_avalanchejournal/\|agency\=Lubbock Avalanche\-Journal\|date\=September 6, 1953\|page\=57\|via \= \[\[Newspapers.com]]\|access\-date \= May 27, 2015}} {{Open access}}
### Painting
In 1959, Brown was described in a newspaper article as "a promising artist whose oil paintings hang in the homes of top film colony personalities."{{cite news\|title\=Actress Becomes Promising Artist\|newspaper\=Independent \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2500322/independent/\|agency\=Independent\|date\=October 5, 1959\|page\=17\|via \= \[\[Newspapers.com]]\|access\-date \= May 27, 2015}} {{Open access}} She signed her paintings with her birth name, Smylla. A gallery in Beverly Hills, California held a one\-woman show of her work in 1958\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Radio",
"Brown's IQ of 165 led to two years of work as one of the young panelists on the radio series *[Quiz Kids](/wiki/Quiz_Kids \"Quiz Kids\")*. She specialized in literature and language.DeLong, Thomas A. (1996\\). *Radio Stars: An Illustrated Biographical Dictionary of 953 Performers, 1920 through 1960*. McFarland \\& Company, Inc. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-7864\\-2834\\-2}}. p. 43\\. In her adult years, she had an interview program on the [Voice of America](/wiki/Voice_of_America \"Voice of America\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Another character star\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2500044/the\\_postcrescent/\\|agency\\=The Post\\-Crescent\\|date\\=August 30, 1970\\|page\\=111\\|via \\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|access\\-date \\= May 27, 2015}} {{Open access}}",
"She was heard on *[Lux Radio Theatre](/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre \"Lux Radio Theatre\")*, *[Skippy Hollywood Theatre](/wiki/Skippy_Hollywood_Theatre \"Skippy Hollywood Theatre\")*, *NBC University Theatre*, and *Theatre Guild on the Air*.",
"### Film",
"Brown was a junior member of the [National Board of Review](/wiki/National_Board_of_Review \"National Board of Review\"),{{cite news\\|last1\\=Wolf\\|first1\\=Tom\\|title\\=Youth Reviews Movies\\|newspaper\\=The Rhinelander Daily News \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3934347/the\\_rhinelander\\_daily\\_news/\\|agency\\=The Rhinelander Daily News\\|date\\=April 3, 1941\\|location\\=Wisconsin, Rhinelander\\|page\\=4\\|via \\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|access\\-date \\= December 31, 2015}} {{Open access}} the critical panel serving the motion picture industry. [RKO Radio Pictures](/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures \"RKO Radio Pictures\") brought her family to Los Angeles, and Brown made her film debut (as Tessa Brind) in *[Youth Runs Wild](/wiki/Youth_Runs_Wild \"Youth Runs Wild\")* (1944\\).{{cite journal\\|title\\=The Young Reviewers\\|journal\\=National Board of Review Magazine\\|date\\=December 1944\\|volume\\=19\\|issue\\=8\\|page\\=14\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/newmoviesnationa1920nati\\#page/n121/mode/1up\\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2015}} RKO changed her screen name to Vanessa Brown and assigned her to a series of ingenue roles over the next few years. In the late 1940s, she was featured in *[The Late George Apley](/wiki/The_Late_George_Apley_%28film%29 \"The Late George Apley (film)\")* (1947\\), *[The Ghost and Mrs. Muir](/wiki/The_Ghost_and_Mrs._Muir \"The Ghost and Mrs. Muir\")* (1947\\) as Mrs. Muir's grown daughter Anna, *[Big Jack](/wiki/Big_Jack_%28film%29 \"Big Jack (film)\")* (1949; [Wallace Beery](/wiki/Wallace_Beery \"Wallace Beery\")'s last movie), *[The Heiress](/wiki/The_Heiress \"The Heiress\")* (1949\\) and other films. She was the eighth actress to play the role of [Jane](/wiki/Jane_Porter_%28Tarzan%29 \"Jane Porter (Tarzan)\"), appearing in *[Tarzan and the Slave Girl](/wiki/Tarzan_and_the_Slave_Girl \"Tarzan and the Slave Girl\")* (1950\\) opposite [Lex Barker](/wiki/Lex_Barker \"Lex Barker\"), followed by a role in [Vincente Minnelli](/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli \"Vincente Minnelli\")'s *[The Bad and the Beautiful](/wiki/The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful \"The Bad and the Beautiful\")* (1952\\). Her last film appearance was playing [Millie Perkins](/wiki/Millie_Perkins \"Millie Perkins\")'s sister in the horror film *[The Witch Who Came from the Sea](/wiki/The_Witch_Who_Came_from_the_Sea \"The Witch Who Came from the Sea\")* (1976\\).",
"### Television",
"In the 1950s, Brown was a regular panelist on *I'll Buy That* on CBS.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Chapman\\|first1\\=Philip\\|title\\=an exciting girl named Brown\\|journal\\=Radio and Television Mirror\\|date\\=November 1953\\|volume\\=40\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=57, 87–89\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/radiotvmir00macf\\#page/n538/mode/1up\\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2015}} She acted in live television dramas of the early 1950s, including *[Robert Montgomery Presents](/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_Presents \"Robert Montgomery Presents\")* and *[The Philco Television Playhouse](/wiki/The_Philco_Television_Playhouse \"The Philco Television Playhouse\")*, and she appeared on *[Pantomime Quiz](/wiki/Pantomime_Quiz \"Pantomime Quiz\")* and *[Leave It to the Girls](/wiki/Leave_It_to_the_Girls \"Leave It to the Girls\")*. She later appeared on the television series *[The Wonder Years](/wiki/The_Wonder_Years \"The Wonder Years\")* and *[Murder, She Wrote](/wiki/Murder%2C_She_Wrote \"Murder, She Wrote\")*. She played the title role on the television series Wagon Train S1E28 “The Sally Potter Story”, airing April 9, 1958, where her love interest was a young Martin Milner. She had a guest appearance on *[Perry Mason](/wiki/Perry_Mason_%281957_TV_series%29 \"Perry Mason (1957 TV series)\")* as Donna Kress in the episode \"The Case of Paul Drake's Dilemma\" (1959\\).",
"### Stage",
"Back on Broadway, she originated the role of \"The Girl\" in *[The Seven Year Itch](/wiki/The_Seven_Year_Itch_%28play%29 \"The Seven Year Itch (play)\")*, the character portrayed by [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe \"Marilyn Monroe\") in the 1955 film version. She continued to do much television through the 1950s, and was one of the narrators of the [United World Federalists](/wiki/United_World_Federalists \"United World Federalists\") documentary *Eight Steps to Peace* (1957\\), along with [Vincent Price](/wiki/Vincent_Price \"Vincent Price\") and [Robert Ryan](/wiki/Robert_Ryan \"Robert Ryan\").",
"Brown ventured into writing for the stage. She was the author of *Europa and the Bull*, based on the legend of [Europa](/wiki/Europa_%28mythology%29 \"Europa (mythology)\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Gorgeous (And Brainy) Vanessa Brown Is Making A Splash In Literary World\\|newspaper\\=Lubbock Avalanche\\-Journal \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2500217/lubbock\\_avalanchejournal/\\|agency\\=Lubbock Avalanche\\-Journal\\|date\\=September 6, 1953\\|page\\=57\\|via \\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|access\\-date \\= May 27, 2015}} {{Open access}}",
"### Painting",
"In 1959, Brown was described in a newspaper article as \"a promising artist whose oil paintings hang in the homes of top film colony personalities.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Actress Becomes Promising Artist\\|newspaper\\=Independent \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2500322/independent/\\|agency\\=Independent\\|date\\=October 5, 1959\\|page\\=17\\|via \\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|access\\-date \\= May 27, 2015}} {{Open access}} She signed her paintings with her birth name, Smylla. A gallery in Beverly Hills, California held a one\\-woman show of her work in 1958\\.",
""
] |
Photography career
------------------
{{more citations needed\|section\|date\=August 2022}}
In 1944, Avedon began working as an advertising photographer for a department store, but was quickly endorsed by Alexey Brodovitch, who was art director for the world\-renowned American fashion magazine *[Harper's Bazaar](/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar "Harper's Bazaar")*. [Lillian Bassman](/wiki/Lillian_Bassman "Lillian Bassman") also promoted Avedon's career at *Harper's*. In 1945, his photographs began appearing in *Junior Bazaar* and, a year later, in *Harper's Bazaar*.
In 1946, Avedon had set up his own studio and began providing images for magazines including *[Vogue](/wiki/Vogue_magazine "Vogue magazine")* and *[Life](/wiki/Life_%28magazine%29 "Life (magazine)")*. He became the chief photographer for *Harper's Bazaar*.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2015}} From 1950, he also contributed photographs to *[Look](/wiki/Look_%28American_magazine%29 "Look (American magazine)")* and *[Graphis](/wiki/Graphis_Inc. "Graphis Inc.")*. In 1952, he became staff editor/photographer for *Theatre Arts Magazine*. However, towards the end of the 1950s, he became dissatisfied with daylight photography and open air locations and so turned to studio photography, using strobe lighting.[Richard Avedon](http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=248) MoMA.org. Accessed August 1, 2022\.
When [Diana Vreeland](/wiki/Diana_Vreeland "Diana Vreeland") left *Harper's Bazaar* for *Vogue* in 1962, Avedon joined her as a staff photographer.William Ahearn (October 1, 2004\), [Richard Avedon, Portrait and Fashion Photographer, Dies at 81](https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awMw7Mm5VJ6g&refer=us) *[Bloomberg](/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. "Bloomberg L.P.")*. He proceeded to become the lead photographer at *Vogue* and photographed most of the covers from 1973 until [Anna Wintour](/wiki/Anna_Wintour "Anna Wintour") became editor in chief in late 1988\.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2022}}
Among his fashion advertisement series are the recurring assignments for [Gianni Versace](/wiki/Gianni_Versace "Gianni Versace"), beginning with the spring/summer campaign 1980\. He also photographed the [Calvin Klein](/wiki/Calvin_Klein "Calvin Klein") Jeans campaign featuring a fifteen\-year\-old [Brooke Shields](/wiki/Brooke_Shields "Brooke Shields"), as well as directing her in the accompanying television commercials. Avedon first worked with Shields in 1974 for a [Colgate](/wiki/Colgate_%28toothpaste%29 "Colgate (toothpaste)") toothpaste ad. He shot her for Versace, 12 American *Vogue* covers and [Revlon](/wiki/Revlon "Revlon")'s Most Unforgettable Women campaign.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2015}}
In the February 9, 1981, issue of *Newsweek*, Avedon said that "Brooke is a lightning rod. She focuses the inarticulate rage people feel about the decline in contemporary morality and destruction of innocence in the world." On working with Avedon, Shields told *[Interview](/wiki/Interview_%28magazine%29 "Interview (magazine)")* magazine in May 1992, "When Dick walks into the room, a lot of people are intimidated. But when he works, he's so acutely creative, so sensitive. And he doesn't like it if anyone else is around or speaking. There is a mutual vulnerability, and a moment of fusion when he clicks the shutter. You either get it or you don't".
In addition to his continuing fashion work, by the 1960s Avedon was making studio portraits of civil rights workers, politicians, and cultural dissidents of various stripes in an America fissured by discord and violence.[Holland Cotter](/wiki/Holland_Cotter "Holland Cotter") (July 5, 2012\), [Richard Avedon: ‘Murals \& Portraits’](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/06/arts/design/richard-avedon-murals-portraits.html) *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")*. He branched out into photographing patients of mental hospitals, the [Civil Rights Movement](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement "Civil Rights Movement") in 1963, protesters of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"), and later the fall of the [Berlin Wall](/wiki/Berlin_Wall "Berlin Wall").
A personal book called *Nothing Personal* with a text by his high school classmate [James Baldwin](/wiki/James_Baldwin "James Baldwin"), appeared in 1964\. It includes photographs documenting the civil rights movement, cultural figures and an extended collection of pictures of people in a mental asylum; together with Baldwin's searing text, it makes a striking commentary on America in 1964\.
During this period, Avedon also created two well known sets of portraits of [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles"). The first, taken in mid to late 1967, consisted of five psychedelic portraits of the group — four heavily [solarized](/wiki/Solarisation "Solarisation") individual color portraits, and a black\-and\-white group portrait taken with a Rolleiflex camera and a normal [Planar lens](/wiki/Zeiss_Planar "Zeiss Planar"). The next year, he photographed the much more restrained portraits that were included with *[The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles_%28album%29 "The Beatles (album)")* LP in 1968\. Among the many other rock bands photographed by Avedon, in 1973, he shot [Electric Light Orchestra](/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra "Electric Light Orchestra") with all the members exposing their bellybuttons for recording *[On the Third Day](/wiki/On_the_Third_Day "On the Third Day")*.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-07\-28\|title\=ACHOF Interview with designer and illustrator John Kehe\|url\=https://albumcoverhalloffame.wordpress.com/2020/07/28/achof\-interview\-with\-designer\-and\-illustrator\-john\-kehe/\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-09\|website\=Album Cover Hall of Fame.com\|language\=en}}
Avedon was always interested in how portraiture captures the personality and soul of its subject. As his reputation as a photographer became more well known, he photographed many public figures in his studio with a large\-format 8×10 [view camera](/wiki/View_camera "View camera"). His subjects include [Buster Keaton](/wiki/Buster_Keaton "Buster Keaton"), [Marian Anderson](/wiki/Marian_Anderson "Marian Anderson"), [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe "Marilyn Monroe"), [Ezra Pound](/wiki/Ezra_Pound "Ezra Pound"), [Isak Dinesen](/wiki/Isak_Dinesen "Isak Dinesen"), [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower"), [Andy Warhol](/wiki/Andy_Warhol "Andy Warhol"), and the [Chicago Seven](/wiki/Chicago_Seven "Chicago Seven").{{cite book\|title\=Diane Arbus: A Chronology\|year\=2011\|publisher\=Aperture Foundation\|location\=New York\|isbn\=978\-1\-59711\-179\-9\|pages\=147\|url\=http://www.aperture.org/books/books\-new/arbus\-chronology.html\|author1\=Elizabeth Sussman\|author2\=Doon Arbus\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-14\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517073023/http://www.aperture.org/books/books\-new/arbus\-chronology.html\|archive\-date\=2012\-05\-17\|url\-status\=dead}}
By eliminating the use of soft lights and props, Avedon was able to focus on the inner worlds of his subjects evoking emotions and reactions.{{cite news\|last\=Rourke\|first\=Mary\|title\=Photographer Richard Avedon Dies\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/la\-100104avedon\_lat,0,2855512\.story\|access\-date\=March 22, 2013\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times}} He would at times evoke reactions from his portrait subjects by guiding them into uncomfortable areas of discussion or asking them psychologically probing questions. Through these means he would produce images revealing aspects of his subject's character and personality that were not typically captured by others.{{cite web\|last\=Whitney\|first\=Helen\|title\=Richard Avedon: Darkness and Light\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0291446/\|work\=\[\[American Masters]]\|publisher \= PBS}}
Avedon's mural groupings featured emblematic figures: Andy Warhol with the players and stars of [The Factory](/wiki/The_Factory "The Factory"); The [Chicago Seven](/wiki/Chicago_Seven "Chicago Seven"), political radicals charged with conspiracy to incite riot at the [1968 Democratic National Convention](/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity "1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity"); the [Beat](/wiki/Beat_Generation "Beat Generation") poet [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg "Allen Ginsberg") and his extended family; and the Mission Council, a group of military and government officials who governed the United States' participation in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War").[Richard Avedon: Murals \& Portraits, May 4 – July 6, 2012](http://www.gagosian.com/exhibitions/richard-avedon--may-04-2012), Gagosian.com. Accessed August 1, 2022\.
In 1982, Avedon produced a playfully inventive series of advertisements for fashion label [Christian Dior](/wiki/Christian_Dior "Christian Dior"), based on the idea of film stills. Featuring director [Andre Gregory](/wiki/Andre_Gregory "Andre Gregory"), photographer Vincent Vallarino and model/actress [Kelly Le Brock](/wiki/Kelly_Le_Brock "Kelly Le Brock"), the color photographs purported to show the wild antics of a fictional "Dior family" living [ménage à trois](/wiki/M%C3%A9nage_%C3%A0_trois "Ménage à trois") while wearing elegant fashions.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/11/business/advertising\-phase\-3\-of\-wild\-dior\-antics.html\|title\=Advertising; Phase 3 Of Wild Dior Antics\|date\=11 July 1983\|work\=The New York Times}}
Avedon became the first staff photographer for *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")* in 1992,Women's Wear Daily, October 2004\. where his post\-apocalyptic, wild fashion fable “In Memory of the Late Mr. and Mrs. Comfort,” featuring model [Nadja Auermann](/wiki/Nadja_Auermann "Nadja Auermann") and a skeleton, was published in 1995\. Other pictures for the magazine, ranging from the first publication, in 1994, of previously unpublished photos of Marilyn Monroe to a resonant rendering of [Christopher Reeve](/wiki/Christopher_Reeve "Christopher Reeve") in his wheelchair and nude photographs of [Charlize Theron](/wiki/Charlize_Theron "Charlize Theron") in 2004, were topics of wide discussion.
### *In the American West*
[left\|thumb\|The cover of Avedon's book *In the American West* (1985\)](/wiki/File:AvedonInTheAmericanWest.jpg "AvedonInTheAmericanWest.jpg")
Serious heart inflammations hindered Avedon's health in 1974\. The troubling time inspired him to create a compelling collection from a new perspective. In 1979, he was commissioned by Mitchell A. Wilder (1913–1979\), the director of the [Amon Carter Museum](/wiki/Amon_Carter_Museum "Amon Carter Museum") in Fort Worth, Texas, to complete the “Western Project.”{{cite journal\|last\=Turner\-Yamamoto\|first\=Judith\|title\=In Avedon's American West\|journal\=World and I Journal\|date\=May 2006\|url\=http://www.worldandijournal.com/subscribers/feature\_detail.asp?num\=24997\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Dead link\|date\=September 2024}}
Wilder envisioned the project to portray Avedon's take on the American West. It became a turning point in Avedon's career when he focused on everyday working class subjects such as miners soiled in their work clothes, housewives, farmers and drifters on larger\-than\-life prints, instead of the more traditional options of focusing upon public figures or the openness and grandeur of the West.{{cite journal\|last\=Pénichon\|first\=Sylvie\|title\=The Making of the American West\|journal\=The American Institute for Conservation of Historic \& Artistic Works\|year\=2008\|volume\=47\|series\=3\|page\=175}} The project lasted five years concluding with an exhibition and a catalogue. It allowed Avedon and his crew to photograph 762 people and expose approximately 17,000 sheets of 8×10 [Kodak Tri\-X](/wiki/Kodak_Tri-X "Kodak Tri-X") Pan film.{{cite journal\|last\=Dubiel\|first\=Richard\|title\=Existential Approach to Art and Value\|journal\=National Art Education Association\|year\=1989\|volume\=42\|series\=3\|page\=19\|jstor\=3193139}} The collection identified a story within his subjects of their innermost self, a connection Avedon admits would not have happened if his new sense of mortality through severe heart conditions and aging hadn't occurred. Avedon visited and traveled through state fair rodeos, carnivals, coal mines, oil fields, slaughter houses and prisons to find subjects.
In 1994, Avedon revisited his subjects who would later speak about *In the American West* aftermath and its direct effects. Billy Mudd, a trucker, spent long periods of time on his own away from his family. He was a depressed, disconnected and lonely man before Avedon offered him the chance to be photographed. When he saw his portrait for the first time, Mudd saw that Avedon revealed something about him that allowed him to recognize the need for change in his life. The portrait transformed Mudd, and led him to quit his job and return to his family.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2022}}
Helen Whitney's 1996 *[American Masters](/wiki/American_Masters "American Masters")* documentary episode, *Avedon: Darkness and Light,* depicts an aging Avedon identifying *In the American West* as his best body of work.
During the production period Avedon encountered problems with size availability for quality printing paper. While he experimented with [platinum printing](/wiki/Platinum_print "Platinum print") he eventually settled on Portriga Rapid, a double\-weight, fiber\-based [gelatin silver](/wiki/Gelatin_silver "Gelatin silver") paper manufactured by [Agfa\-Gevaert](/wiki/Agfa-Gevaert "Agfa-Gevaert"). Each print required meticulous work, with an average of thirty to forty manipulations. Two exhibition sets of *In the American West* were printed as artist proofs, one set to remain at the Carter after the exhibition there, and the other, property of the artist, to travel to the subsequent six venues. Overall, the printing took nine months, consuming about {{convert\|68000\|sqft}} of paper.
While *In the American West* is one of the Avedon's most notable works, it has often been criticized for falsifying the West through [voyeuristic](/wiki/Voyeurism "Voyeurism") themes and for exploiting his subjects. Avedon's book was actually controversial when it was first released. Some people found it unconventional and unexpected for a book about the West, but it ended up becoming an iconic image that challenged traditional perceptions of the region. Critics question why a photographer from the East who traditionally focuses on models or public figures would go out West to capture the working class members who represent hardship and suffering. They argue that Avedon's intentions are to influence and evoke condescending emotions from the viewer such as pity.
|
[
"Photography career\n------------------",
"{{more citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=August 2022}}\nIn 1944, Avedon began working as an advertising photographer for a department store, but was quickly endorsed by Alexey Brodovitch, who was art director for the world\\-renowned American fashion magazine *[Harper's Bazaar](/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar \"Harper's Bazaar\")*. [Lillian Bassman](/wiki/Lillian_Bassman \"Lillian Bassman\") also promoted Avedon's career at *Harper's*. In 1945, his photographs began appearing in *Junior Bazaar* and, a year later, in *Harper's Bazaar*.",
"In 1946, Avedon had set up his own studio and began providing images for magazines including *[Vogue](/wiki/Vogue_magazine \"Vogue magazine\")* and *[Life](/wiki/Life_%28magazine%29 \"Life (magazine)\")*. He became the chief photographer for *Harper's Bazaar*.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2015}} From 1950, he also contributed photographs to *[Look](/wiki/Look_%28American_magazine%29 \"Look (American magazine)\")* and *[Graphis](/wiki/Graphis_Inc. \"Graphis Inc.\")*. In 1952, he became staff editor/photographer for *Theatre Arts Magazine*. However, towards the end of the 1950s, he became dissatisfied with daylight photography and open air locations and so turned to studio photography, using strobe lighting.[Richard Avedon](http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=248) MoMA.org. Accessed August 1, 2022\\.",
"When [Diana Vreeland](/wiki/Diana_Vreeland \"Diana Vreeland\") left *Harper's Bazaar* for *Vogue* in 1962, Avedon joined her as a staff photographer.William Ahearn (October 1, 2004\\), [Richard Avedon, Portrait and Fashion Photographer, Dies at 81](https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awMw7Mm5VJ6g&refer=us) *[Bloomberg](/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. \"Bloomberg L.P.\")*. He proceeded to become the lead photographer at *Vogue* and photographed most of the covers from 1973 until [Anna Wintour](/wiki/Anna_Wintour \"Anna Wintour\") became editor in chief in late 1988\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2022}}",
"Among his fashion advertisement series are the recurring assignments for [Gianni Versace](/wiki/Gianni_Versace \"Gianni Versace\"), beginning with the spring/summer campaign 1980\\. He also photographed the [Calvin Klein](/wiki/Calvin_Klein \"Calvin Klein\") Jeans campaign featuring a fifteen\\-year\\-old [Brooke Shields](/wiki/Brooke_Shields \"Brooke Shields\"), as well as directing her in the accompanying television commercials. Avedon first worked with Shields in 1974 for a [Colgate](/wiki/Colgate_%28toothpaste%29 \"Colgate (toothpaste)\") toothpaste ad. He shot her for Versace, 12 American *Vogue* covers and [Revlon](/wiki/Revlon \"Revlon\")'s Most Unforgettable Women campaign.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2015}}",
"In the February 9, 1981, issue of *Newsweek*, Avedon said that \"Brooke is a lightning rod. She focuses the inarticulate rage people feel about the decline in contemporary morality and destruction of innocence in the world.\" On working with Avedon, Shields told *[Interview](/wiki/Interview_%28magazine%29 \"Interview (magazine)\")* magazine in May 1992, \"When Dick walks into the room, a lot of people are intimidated. But when he works, he's so acutely creative, so sensitive. And he doesn't like it if anyone else is around or speaking. There is a mutual vulnerability, and a moment of fusion when he clicks the shutter. You either get it or you don't\".",
"In addition to his continuing fashion work, by the 1960s Avedon was making studio portraits of civil rights workers, politicians, and cultural dissidents of various stripes in an America fissured by discord and violence.[Holland Cotter](/wiki/Holland_Cotter \"Holland Cotter\") (July 5, 2012\\), [Richard Avedon: ‘Murals \\& Portraits’](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/06/arts/design/richard-avedon-murals-portraits.html) *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*. He branched out into photographing patients of mental hospitals, the [Civil Rights Movement](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement \"Civil Rights Movement\") in 1963, protesters of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"), and later the fall of the [Berlin Wall](/wiki/Berlin_Wall \"Berlin Wall\").",
"A personal book called *Nothing Personal* with a text by his high school classmate [James Baldwin](/wiki/James_Baldwin \"James Baldwin\"), appeared in 1964\\. It includes photographs documenting the civil rights movement, cultural figures and an extended collection of pictures of people in a mental asylum; together with Baldwin's searing text, it makes a striking commentary on America in 1964\\.",
"During this period, Avedon also created two well known sets of portraits of [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\"). The first, taken in mid to late 1967, consisted of five psychedelic portraits of the group — four heavily [solarized](/wiki/Solarisation \"Solarisation\") individual color portraits, and a black\\-and\\-white group portrait taken with a Rolleiflex camera and a normal [Planar lens](/wiki/Zeiss_Planar \"Zeiss Planar\"). The next year, he photographed the much more restrained portraits that were included with *[The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles_%28album%29 \"The Beatles (album)\")* LP in 1968\\. Among the many other rock bands photographed by Avedon, in 1973, he shot [Electric Light Orchestra](/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra \"Electric Light Orchestra\") with all the members exposing their bellybuttons for recording *[On the Third Day](/wiki/On_the_Third_Day \"On the Third Day\")*.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-07\\-28\\|title\\=ACHOF Interview with designer and illustrator John Kehe\\|url\\=https://albumcoverhalloffame.wordpress.com/2020/07/28/achof\\-interview\\-with\\-designer\\-and\\-illustrator\\-john\\-kehe/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-09\\|website\\=Album Cover Hall of Fame.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"Avedon was always interested in how portraiture captures the personality and soul of its subject. As his reputation as a photographer became more well known, he photographed many public figures in his studio with a large\\-format 8×10 [view camera](/wiki/View_camera \"View camera\"). His subjects include [Buster Keaton](/wiki/Buster_Keaton \"Buster Keaton\"), [Marian Anderson](/wiki/Marian_Anderson \"Marian Anderson\"), [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe \"Marilyn Monroe\"), [Ezra Pound](/wiki/Ezra_Pound \"Ezra Pound\"), [Isak Dinesen](/wiki/Isak_Dinesen \"Isak Dinesen\"), [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\"), [Andy Warhol](/wiki/Andy_Warhol \"Andy Warhol\"), and the [Chicago Seven](/wiki/Chicago_Seven \"Chicago Seven\").{{cite book\\|title\\=Diane Arbus: A Chronology\\|year\\=2011\\|publisher\\=Aperture Foundation\\|location\\=New York\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59711\\-179\\-9\\|pages\\=147\\|url\\=http://www.aperture.org/books/books\\-new/arbus\\-chronology.html\\|author1\\=Elizabeth Sussman\\|author2\\=Doon Arbus\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-14\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517073023/http://www.aperture.org/books/books\\-new/arbus\\-chronology.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-17\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"By eliminating the use of soft lights and props, Avedon was able to focus on the inner worlds of his subjects evoking emotions and reactions.{{cite news\\|last\\=Rourke\\|first\\=Mary\\|title\\=Photographer Richard Avedon Dies\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/la\\-100104avedon\\_lat,0,2855512\\.story\\|access\\-date\\=March 22, 2013\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times}} He would at times evoke reactions from his portrait subjects by guiding them into uncomfortable areas of discussion or asking them psychologically probing questions. Through these means he would produce images revealing aspects of his subject's character and personality that were not typically captured by others.{{cite web\\|last\\=Whitney\\|first\\=Helen\\|title\\=Richard Avedon: Darkness and Light\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0291446/\\|work\\=\\[\\[American Masters]]\\|publisher \\= PBS}}",
"Avedon's mural groupings featured emblematic figures: Andy Warhol with the players and stars of [The Factory](/wiki/The_Factory \"The Factory\"); The [Chicago Seven](/wiki/Chicago_Seven \"Chicago Seven\"), political radicals charged with conspiracy to incite riot at the [1968 Democratic National Convention](/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity \"1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity\"); the [Beat](/wiki/Beat_Generation \"Beat Generation\") poet [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg \"Allen Ginsberg\") and his extended family; and the Mission Council, a group of military and government officials who governed the United States' participation in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\").[Richard Avedon: Murals \\& Portraits, May 4 – July 6, 2012](http://www.gagosian.com/exhibitions/richard-avedon--may-04-2012), Gagosian.com. Accessed August 1, 2022\\.",
"In 1982, Avedon produced a playfully inventive series of advertisements for fashion label [Christian Dior](/wiki/Christian_Dior \"Christian Dior\"), based on the idea of film stills. Featuring director [Andre Gregory](/wiki/Andre_Gregory \"Andre Gregory\"), photographer Vincent Vallarino and model/actress [Kelly Le Brock](/wiki/Kelly_Le_Brock \"Kelly Le Brock\"), the color photographs purported to show the wild antics of a fictional \"Dior family\" living [ménage à trois](/wiki/M%C3%A9nage_%C3%A0_trois \"Ménage à trois\") while wearing elegant fashions.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/11/business/advertising\\-phase\\-3\\-of\\-wild\\-dior\\-antics.html\\|title\\=Advertising; Phase 3 Of Wild Dior Antics\\|date\\=11 July 1983\\|work\\=The New York Times}}",
"Avedon became the first staff photographer for *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")* in 1992,Women's Wear Daily, October 2004\\. where his post\\-apocalyptic, wild fashion fable “In Memory of the Late Mr. and Mrs. Comfort,” featuring model [Nadja Auermann](/wiki/Nadja_Auermann \"Nadja Auermann\") and a skeleton, was published in 1995\\. Other pictures for the magazine, ranging from the first publication, in 1994, of previously unpublished photos of Marilyn Monroe to a resonant rendering of [Christopher Reeve](/wiki/Christopher_Reeve \"Christopher Reeve\") in his wheelchair and nude photographs of [Charlize Theron](/wiki/Charlize_Theron \"Charlize Theron\") in 2004, were topics of wide discussion.",
"### *In the American West*",
"[left\\|thumb\\|The cover of Avedon's book *In the American West* (1985\\)](/wiki/File:AvedonInTheAmericanWest.jpg \"AvedonInTheAmericanWest.jpg\")",
"Serious heart inflammations hindered Avedon's health in 1974\\. The troubling time inspired him to create a compelling collection from a new perspective. In 1979, he was commissioned by Mitchell A. Wilder (1913–1979\\), the director of the [Amon Carter Museum](/wiki/Amon_Carter_Museum \"Amon Carter Museum\") in Fort Worth, Texas, to complete the “Western Project.”{{cite journal\\|last\\=Turner\\-Yamamoto\\|first\\=Judith\\|title\\=In Avedon's American West\\|journal\\=World and I Journal\\|date\\=May 2006\\|url\\=http://www.worldandijournal.com/subscribers/feature\\_detail.asp?num\\=24997\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2024}}",
"Wilder envisioned the project to portray Avedon's take on the American West. It became a turning point in Avedon's career when he focused on everyday working class subjects such as miners soiled in their work clothes, housewives, farmers and drifters on larger\\-than\\-life prints, instead of the more traditional options of focusing upon public figures or the openness and grandeur of the West.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Pénichon\\|first\\=Sylvie\\|title\\=The Making of the American West\\|journal\\=The American Institute for Conservation of Historic \\& Artistic Works\\|year\\=2008\\|volume\\=47\\|series\\=3\\|page\\=175}} The project lasted five years concluding with an exhibition and a catalogue. It allowed Avedon and his crew to photograph 762 people and expose approximately 17,000 sheets of 8×10 [Kodak Tri\\-X](/wiki/Kodak_Tri-X \"Kodak Tri-X\") Pan film.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Dubiel\\|first\\=Richard\\|title\\=Existential Approach to Art and Value\\|journal\\=National Art Education Association\\|year\\=1989\\|volume\\=42\\|series\\=3\\|page\\=19\\|jstor\\=3193139}} The collection identified a story within his subjects of their innermost self, a connection Avedon admits would not have happened if his new sense of mortality through severe heart conditions and aging hadn't occurred. Avedon visited and traveled through state fair rodeos, carnivals, coal mines, oil fields, slaughter houses and prisons to find subjects.",
"In 1994, Avedon revisited his subjects who would later speak about *In the American West* aftermath and its direct effects. Billy Mudd, a trucker, spent long periods of time on his own away from his family. He was a depressed, disconnected and lonely man before Avedon offered him the chance to be photographed. When he saw his portrait for the first time, Mudd saw that Avedon revealed something about him that allowed him to recognize the need for change in his life. The portrait transformed Mudd, and led him to quit his job and return to his family.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2022}}",
"Helen Whitney's 1996 *[American Masters](/wiki/American_Masters \"American Masters\")* documentary episode, *Avedon: Darkness and Light,* depicts an aging Avedon identifying *In the American West* as his best body of work.",
"During the production period Avedon encountered problems with size availability for quality printing paper. While he experimented with [platinum printing](/wiki/Platinum_print \"Platinum print\") he eventually settled on Portriga Rapid, a double\\-weight, fiber\\-based [gelatin silver](/wiki/Gelatin_silver \"Gelatin silver\") paper manufactured by [Agfa\\-Gevaert](/wiki/Agfa-Gevaert \"Agfa-Gevaert\"). Each print required meticulous work, with an average of thirty to forty manipulations. Two exhibition sets of *In the American West* were printed as artist proofs, one set to remain at the Carter after the exhibition there, and the other, property of the artist, to travel to the subsequent six venues. Overall, the printing took nine months, consuming about {{convert\\|68000\\|sqft}} of paper.",
"While *In the American West* is one of the Avedon's most notable works, it has often been criticized for falsifying the West through [voyeuristic](/wiki/Voyeurism \"Voyeurism\") themes and for exploiting his subjects. Avedon's book was actually controversial when it was first released. Some people found it unconventional and unexpected for a book about the West, but it ended up becoming an iconic image that challenged traditional perceptions of the region. Critics question why a photographer from the East who traditionally focuses on models or public figures would go out West to capture the working class members who represent hardship and suffering. They argue that Avedon's intentions are to influence and evoke condescending emotions from the viewer such as pity.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In May 1996, several commercial expeditions at the base camp of [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") prepare to climb to the summit. [Rob Hall](/wiki/Rob_Hall "Rob Hall"), who popularized commercial Everest missions, leads [Adventure Consultants](/wiki/Adventure_Consultants "Adventure Consultants"); [Scott Fischer](/wiki/Scott_Fischer "Scott Fischer") is the chief guide for its rival, [Mountain Madness](/wiki/Mountain_Madness "Mountain Madness"). Rob's clients include [Beck Weathers](/wiki/Beck_Weathers "Beck Weathers"), an experienced climber; Doug Hansen, a former mailman pursuing his dream; climbing veteran [Yasuko Namba](/wiki/Yasuko_Namba "Yasuko Namba"), who hopes to complete her final [Seven Summits](/wiki/Seven_Summits "Seven Summits") ascent; and [*Outside*](/wiki/Outside_%28magazine%29 "Outside (magazine)") magazine journalist [Jon Krakauer](/wiki/Jon_Krakauer "Jon Krakauer"). Helen Wilton manages Rob's base camp. A month earlier in [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), Rob says goodbye to his pregnant wife, Jan, and promises that he will be home for the birth. At the base camp, Rob receives a fax from her, informing him that their unborn baby is a girl. He wants to name her Sarah, but Jan disagrees.
Worried about climbers overcrowding, Rob persuades Scott to cooperate to reduce delays. On the summit attempt, Rob's group departs from Camp IV before dawn, planning to complete the ascent and begin descending by 2:00 PM., the latest safe time to ensure return before nightfall. The group is delayed by over an hour after discovering that guide ropes are not installed on the upper reaches of the climb. Beck has eyesight problems and stops. Rob tells him to return to base camp if his condition does not improve in a half\-hour. Scott hurries down to camp to help another climber but plans to re\-ascend, and Rob warns him about overexertion.
Rob reaches the summit on time and is joined by other climbers including Yasuko, who jubilantly plants her Japanese flag. Descending, Rob encounters Doug struggling to ascend just above the [Hillary Step](/wiki/Hillary_Step "Hillary Step") and orders him to descend. Doug insists on continuing, saying that he will not get the chance again. Rob reluctantly agrees and they reach the summit two hours later, well past the safe return time. Doug is exhausted and suffering from [altitude sickness](/wiki/Altitude_sickness "Altitude sickness"). With them is Scott, exhausted and ill from [high\-altitude pulmonary edema](/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema "High-altitude pulmonary edema"). As Rob helps Doug descend, a blizzard strikes while Doug's oxygen tank is empty, causing him to suffer [hypoxia](/wiki/Hypoxia_%28medical%29 "Hypoxia (medical)"). No extra bottles are stored on the route as Rob asked and he radios Helen to send more oxygen. Doug, left briefly by Rob, semi\-consciously detaches himself from the guide rope and walks unsteadily along the narrow path, then silently topples to his death.
Scott's condition worsens. He tells his fellow climbers to continue descending without him. He lies down and later dies. Descending climbers reach Beck, whose vision remains impaired, but they all become lost as the blizzard obliterates the trail. Three climbers go for help, leaving Beck and Yasuko. Guide [Andy 'Harold' Harris](/wiki/Andy_Harris_%28mountain_guide%29 "Andy Harris (mountain guide)") reaches Rob with spare oxygen, but the cylinder aperture is frozen shut. They huddle together in the storm. While Rob sleeps, Andy begins to have hallucinations. He then [strips off his outer clothing](/wiki/Paradoxical_undressing "Paradoxical undressing") and slides to his death. In the morning, Rob radios Helen that Doug and Andy are gone and that his extremities are frozen. Helen calls Jan, hoping that Rob will respond to her voice. Jan tells Rob that he must start moving. Rob tells her that he is cold but otherwise comfortable, and asks her to name their baby Sarah, dying soon afterward.
Returning climbers tell the camp that Beck and Yasuko are stranded. The weather, however, makes a rescue impossible. Helen calls Beck's wife, Peach, and informs her of the situation. In the morning, Beck miraculously awakens, sees that Yasuko is dead, and stumbles down to camp alone, severely frostbitten and in need of medical help. Peach calls the American Embassy and organizes a helicopter rescue. Nepal Army pilot Lt. Col. Madan Khatri Chhetri flies a high\-altitude mission to take Beck to the hospital. Meanwhile, one of Scott's guides, [Anatoli Boukreev](/wiki/Anatoli_Boukreev "Anatoli Boukreev"), finds his body and moves it off the trail. Returning home, Helen has an emotional reunion with Jan, who later gives birth and names her daughter Sarah. Beck returns to his family, heavily bandaged. Closing titles reveal that he eventually lost both hands and nose to frostbite and that Rob's body remains on Everest.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In May 1996, several commercial expeditions at the base camp of [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest \"Mount Everest\") prepare to climb to the summit. [Rob Hall](/wiki/Rob_Hall \"Rob Hall\"), who popularized commercial Everest missions, leads [Adventure Consultants](/wiki/Adventure_Consultants \"Adventure Consultants\"); [Scott Fischer](/wiki/Scott_Fischer \"Scott Fischer\") is the chief guide for its rival, [Mountain Madness](/wiki/Mountain_Madness \"Mountain Madness\"). Rob's clients include [Beck Weathers](/wiki/Beck_Weathers \"Beck Weathers\"), an experienced climber; Doug Hansen, a former mailman pursuing his dream; climbing veteran [Yasuko Namba](/wiki/Yasuko_Namba \"Yasuko Namba\"), who hopes to complete her final [Seven Summits](/wiki/Seven_Summits \"Seven Summits\") ascent; and [*Outside*](/wiki/Outside_%28magazine%29 \"Outside (magazine)\") magazine journalist [Jon Krakauer](/wiki/Jon_Krakauer \"Jon Krakauer\"). Helen Wilton manages Rob's base camp. A month earlier in [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), Rob says goodbye to his pregnant wife, Jan, and promises that he will be home for the birth. At the base camp, Rob receives a fax from her, informing him that their unborn baby is a girl. He wants to name her Sarah, but Jan disagrees.",
"Worried about climbers overcrowding, Rob persuades Scott to cooperate to reduce delays. On the summit attempt, Rob's group departs from Camp IV before dawn, planning to complete the ascent and begin descending by 2:00 PM., the latest safe time to ensure return before nightfall. The group is delayed by over an hour after discovering that guide ropes are not installed on the upper reaches of the climb. Beck has eyesight problems and stops. Rob tells him to return to base camp if his condition does not improve in a half\\-hour. Scott hurries down to camp to help another climber but plans to re\\-ascend, and Rob warns him about overexertion.",
"Rob reaches the summit on time and is joined by other climbers including Yasuko, who jubilantly plants her Japanese flag. Descending, Rob encounters Doug struggling to ascend just above the [Hillary Step](/wiki/Hillary_Step \"Hillary Step\") and orders him to descend. Doug insists on continuing, saying that he will not get the chance again. Rob reluctantly agrees and they reach the summit two hours later, well past the safe return time. Doug is exhausted and suffering from [altitude sickness](/wiki/Altitude_sickness \"Altitude sickness\"). With them is Scott, exhausted and ill from [high\\-altitude pulmonary edema](/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema \"High-altitude pulmonary edema\"). As Rob helps Doug descend, a blizzard strikes while Doug's oxygen tank is empty, causing him to suffer [hypoxia](/wiki/Hypoxia_%28medical%29 \"Hypoxia (medical)\"). No extra bottles are stored on the route as Rob asked and he radios Helen to send more oxygen. Doug, left briefly by Rob, semi\\-consciously detaches himself from the guide rope and walks unsteadily along the narrow path, then silently topples to his death.",
"Scott's condition worsens. He tells his fellow climbers to continue descending without him. He lies down and later dies. Descending climbers reach Beck, whose vision remains impaired, but they all become lost as the blizzard obliterates the trail. Three climbers go for help, leaving Beck and Yasuko. Guide [Andy 'Harold' Harris](/wiki/Andy_Harris_%28mountain_guide%29 \"Andy Harris (mountain guide)\") reaches Rob with spare oxygen, but the cylinder aperture is frozen shut. They huddle together in the storm. While Rob sleeps, Andy begins to have hallucinations. He then [strips off his outer clothing](/wiki/Paradoxical_undressing \"Paradoxical undressing\") and slides to his death. In the morning, Rob radios Helen that Doug and Andy are gone and that his extremities are frozen. Helen calls Jan, hoping that Rob will respond to her voice. Jan tells Rob that he must start moving. Rob tells her that he is cold but otherwise comfortable, and asks her to name their baby Sarah, dying soon afterward.",
"Returning climbers tell the camp that Beck and Yasuko are stranded. The weather, however, makes a rescue impossible. Helen calls Beck's wife, Peach, and informs her of the situation. In the morning, Beck miraculously awakens, sees that Yasuko is dead, and stumbles down to camp alone, severely frostbitten and in need of medical help. Peach calls the American Embassy and organizes a helicopter rescue. Nepal Army pilot Lt. Col. Madan Khatri Chhetri flies a high\\-altitude mission to take Beck to the hospital. Meanwhile, one of Scott's guides, [Anatoli Boukreev](/wiki/Anatoli_Boukreev \"Anatoli Boukreev\"), finds his body and moves it off the trail. Returning home, Helen has an emotional reunion with Jan, who later gives birth and names her daughter Sarah. Beck returns to his family, heavily bandaged. Closing titles reveal that he eventually lost both hands and nose to frostbite and that Rob's body remains on Everest.",
""
] |
Career
------
She studied at the San José Academy of [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico"). In 1970, she moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") where she received a [Masters of Education](/wiki/Master_of_Education "Master of Education") at [State University of New York (SUNY)](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York "State University of New York"). In 2002, she graduated with a degree in [journalism](/wiki/Journalism "Journalism") at the [Saint](/wiki/Saint "Saint") [Judas Thaddeus](/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle "Jude the Apostle") Federal University of [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") (1999\-2002\){{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimnonline.org/WIMNsVoicesBlog/?author\=49\&profile\|title\=WIMN’s Voices\|access\-date\=25 July 2016\|publisher\=Women in Media \& News}} and in 2005{{Cite web\|url\=https://escribanas.wordpress.com/2012/02/10/mi\-pifia\-androcentrica\-doctoral\-por\-maria\-suarez\-toro/\|title\=Mi pifia androcéntrica doctoral por María Suárez Toro\|access\-date\=25 July 2016\|date\=10 February 2012\|language\=es}} received a [doctorate](/wiki/Doctorate "Doctorate") of [Education](/wiki/Education "Education") at [La Salle University](/wiki/Universidad_La_Salle "Universidad La Salle") of [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica") with a [dissertation](/wiki/Thesis "Thesis") published under the title *Women: Metamorphosis of the Butterfly Effect (2008\)*{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.radiofeminista.net/agosto08/notas/book\_maria.htm\|title\=FIRE coverage of book presentation \- Women, Metamorphosis of the butterfly effect\|access\-date\=25 July 2016}} in which she made visible the stories of women who "have been challenging and transforming traditional ways of thinking and analysis from the sciences, art, humans rights, and politics". In 2005, a [musical theatre](/wiki/Musical_theatre "Musical theatre") production that she co\-produced debuted.
### Literacy educator
Engaged in the process of [Central American](/wiki/Central_America "Central America") [literacy](/wiki/Literacy "Literacy") in the 1970s and 1980s, she worked as an [educator](/wiki/Educator "Educator") in [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador "El Salvador"), [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica"), [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua "Nicaragua"), and [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras "Honduras"). She is the coauthor of several [publications](/wiki/Publication "Publication") including the manual *Toward a* *Methodology of Women's Rights Education* in 1995 for The Decade of Human Rights Education. In 1988, she produced and authored *Women's Adult Literacy Book* for women working in the [banana](/wiki/Banana "Banana") production center in [Golfito](/wiki/Golfito "Golfito"), [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica"), which was published by the [University of Costa Rica](/wiki/University_of_Costa_Rica "University of Costa Rica") and the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations")' Fund for the Development of Women (Fondo de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas para la Mujer \- UNIFEM). Also, she coauthored two volumes titled *Vencimos* (*We Overcame*), which were about [adult literacy](/wiki/Adult_literacy "Adult literacy") in [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua "Nicaragua") in 1980\.{{Cite book\|author\=Andrés Ricardo Novoa\|title\=Diagnóstico de los esquemas institucionales para comunicación y transferencia de tecnología agropecuaria en el Istmo Centroamericano\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=cMoOAQAAIAAJ\|access\-date\=25 July 2016\|date\=1 January 1984\|edition\=Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE\|isbn\=9789977951188\|language\=es}} In 1993, she published *Guin \- Children of the War in El Salvador*, which was about the situation of children in the war zones of [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador "El Salvador").
### Journalist and communication
In 1991, she co\-founded the Feminist International Radio Endeavor (FIRE) which was a [radio](/wiki/Radio_station "Radio station") pioneer in using the [internet](/wiki/Internet "Internet") to distribute content which defended that [women's rights](/wiki/Women%27s_rights "Women's rights") are [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights "Human rights").{{Refn\|group\=n.\|Started as a radio broadcast, and then moved to internet streaming in 1998\.{{Cite web\|title\=María Suárez. Usando Internet como transmisor de potencia\|url\=http://knowhow.joseserralde.org/node/6\|publisher\=KnowHow\|date\=2006\|access\-date\=25 July 2016\|language\=es}}}} It was especially useful to spread the voices of women, ideas, activities, and movements.{{Cite book\|title\=Giving Voice to Invisible Women in Developing Countries: Rhetorical Criticism of "FIRE" as Model of a Successful Women's Community Radio\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=GHP6VflK9O4C\|access\-date\=25 July 2016\|date\=1 January 2007\|publisher\=ProQuest\|isbn\=9780549216759}}
> "When I was hired to produce and launch FIRE, it was the first time in my life that I was given a job for who I am and not only what I have done. I mean, I was hired because I am a women, Latin\-American, because I am bilingual and because I am a feminist. That is quite a combination for a Puerto Rican that has lived and worked in Puerto Rico, the United States, and Central America". \- María Suárez Toro{{cite web\|title\=Notícias\|url\=http://www.fire.or.cr/noticias\-todas/27\-radio\-internacional\-feminista/iquienes\-somos/46\-maria\-suarez\-toro.html\|publisher\=Radio Internacional Feminista\|access\-date\=25 July 2016\|language\=es\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816000423/http://www.fire.or.cr/noticias\-todas/27\-radio\-internacional\-feminista/iquienes\-somos/46\-maria\-suarez\-toro.html\|archive\-date\=16 August 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}
As the co\-director of FIRE, Suárez covered numerous international events, including [UN](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") conferences on various topics (women, environment, [racism](/wiki/Racism "Racism"), etc.) taking place, since 1992, in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo "Cairo"), [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), and [Durbam](/wiki/Durban "Durban"), as well as many other national and international events.
In 1998, she began work as an [Associate Professor](/wiki/Associate_professor "Associate professor") of [Communication](/wiki/Communication "Communication") at the [University of Denver](/wiki/University_of_Denver "University of Denver"), and, from 1995 to 2000, at the Institute for Further Education of Journalists (FOJO) in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden").
Since 2000, she has been [editor](/wiki/Editing "Editing") of the [biannual](/wiki/Biannual "Biannual") magazine Voices on FIRE, published by FIRE, which has had its articles republished in international magazines such as [People](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 "People (magazine)") and the [Planet](/wiki/Planet_%28magazine%29 "Planet (magazine)"), Women in Action, Women and the Heath Network in [Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile"), TAMWA in [Tanzania](/wiki/Tanzania "Tanzania"), the Health Journal of [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), the Brecha in [Central America](/wiki/Central_America "Central America") by CODEHUCA, etc.
In 2006, she joined the [Mesoamerican](/wiki/Mesoamerica "Mesoamerica") [feminist](/wiki/Feminism "Feminism") network "Petateras."{{Cite web\|url\=http://redsemlac.net/noticias/2009/090824sl4\.htm\|title\=Honduras: Observatorio Feminista demanda urgente intervención de relatoras de derechos de las mujeres\|access\-date\=25 July 2016\|author\=Sara Lovera\|date\=8 August 2009\|website\=redsemlac.net\|language\=es}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.petateras.org/acciones\-petateras/acciones/acciones\-2012\.html?start\=30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212062411/http://petateras.org/acciones\-petateras/acciones/acciones\-2012\.html?start\=30 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=12 February 2013 \|title\=Las Petateras \- Acciones 2012 \|access\-date\=25 July 2016 \|website\=www.petateras.org \|language\=es \|df\= }}
In 2007, she worked closely with Ailyn Morera Ugalde to produce the [musical theatre](/wiki/Musical_theatre "Musical theatre") piece "The Labyrinth of the Butterflies" based on her doctoral thesis.
In April 2011, she retired from FIRE and began work as a [correspondent](/wiki/Correspondent "Correspondent") in [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti"), [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico"), and [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica") for SEMIac. In January 2012, she founded the Community Institute for Women in Development and Communication.
### Activism for ocean sustainability
She is also involved in activism for [sustainability](/wiki/Sustainability "Sustainability") and the [environment](/wiki/Natural_environment "Natural environment"). In 2001, she published the book *Is this Beautiful Country for Sale?,* which is about the controversial extraction of [crude oil](/wiki/Crude_oil "Crude oil") on the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean") Coast of [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica") and the popular democratic movement organized to stop it. In 2011, she joined the administrative committee of the Association of Southern Caribbean Fisherman of [Limón](/wiki/Lim%C3%B3n "Limón"). In 2013, she joined Southern Caribbean Forum, which was created to protect the rights of people of [African descent](/wiki/African_descent "African descent") in [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica").
Since 2015 she has been the co\-founder and co\-coordinator of the Community Center Diving Ambassadors of the South Caribbean Sea, which wants to protect [marine ecosystems](/wiki/Marine_ecosystem "Marine ecosystem"), the life and culture of responsible [fishing](/wiki/Fishing "Fishing"), and the legacy of the relationship of people with the sea in the [Southern Caribbean](/wiki/Southern_Caribbean "Southern Caribbean"). One focus of this research is the contribution of [African descent](/wiki/African_descent "African descent") through [archeological](/wiki/Archeological "Archeological") [diving](/wiki/Underwater_diving "Underwater diving").{{Cite web\|url\=http://escuelabuceocaribesur.blogspot.com.es/2016/07/quince\-duncan\-evidencias\-de\-aportes\-de.html\|title\=Quince Duncan: "Evidencias de aportes de la población afro descendiente están en el fondo de mar Caribe Sur"\|access\-date\=25 July 2016\|website\=Centro de buceo Embajadores y embajadoras del mar\|language\=es}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"She studied at the San José Academy of [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\"). In 1970, she moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") where she received a [Masters of Education](/wiki/Master_of_Education \"Master of Education\") at [State University of New York (SUNY)](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York \"State University of New York\"). In 2002, she graduated with a degree in [journalism](/wiki/Journalism \"Journalism\") at the [Saint](/wiki/Saint \"Saint\") [Judas Thaddeus](/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle \"Jude the Apostle\") Federal University of [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\") (1999\\-2002\\){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimnonline.org/WIMNsVoicesBlog/?author\\=49\\&profile\\|title\\=WIMN’s Voices\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016\\|publisher\\=Women in Media \\& News}} and in 2005{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://escribanas.wordpress.com/2012/02/10/mi\\-pifia\\-androcentrica\\-doctoral\\-por\\-maria\\-suarez\\-toro/\\|title\\=Mi pifia androcéntrica doctoral por María Suárez Toro\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016\\|date\\=10 February 2012\\|language\\=es}} received a [doctorate](/wiki/Doctorate \"Doctorate\") of [Education](/wiki/Education \"Education\") at [La Salle University](/wiki/Universidad_La_Salle \"Universidad La Salle\") of [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\") with a [dissertation](/wiki/Thesis \"Thesis\") published under the title *Women: Metamorphosis of the Butterfly Effect (2008\\)*{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.radiofeminista.net/agosto08/notas/book\\_maria.htm\\|title\\=FIRE coverage of book presentation \\- Women, Metamorphosis of the butterfly effect\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016}} in which she made visible the stories of women who \"have been challenging and transforming traditional ways of thinking and analysis from the sciences, art, humans rights, and politics\". In 2005, a [musical theatre](/wiki/Musical_theatre \"Musical theatre\") production that she co\\-produced debuted.",
"### Literacy educator",
"Engaged in the process of [Central American](/wiki/Central_America \"Central America\") [literacy](/wiki/Literacy \"Literacy\") in the 1970s and 1980s, she worked as an [educator](/wiki/Educator \"Educator\") in [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador \"El Salvador\"), [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\"), [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua \"Nicaragua\"), and [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras \"Honduras\"). She is the coauthor of several [publications](/wiki/Publication \"Publication\") including the manual *Toward a* *Methodology of Women's Rights Education* in 1995 for The Decade of Human Rights Education. In 1988, she produced and authored *Women's Adult Literacy Book* for women working in the [banana](/wiki/Banana \"Banana\") production center in [Golfito](/wiki/Golfito \"Golfito\"), [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\"), which was published by the [University of Costa Rica](/wiki/University_of_Costa_Rica \"University of Costa Rica\") and the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\")' Fund for the Development of Women (Fondo de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas para la Mujer \\- UNIFEM). Also, she coauthored two volumes titled *Vencimos* (*We Overcame*), which were about [adult literacy](/wiki/Adult_literacy \"Adult literacy\") in [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua \"Nicaragua\") in 1980\\.{{Cite book\\|author\\=Andrés Ricardo Novoa\\|title\\=Diagnóstico de los esquemas institucionales para comunicación y transferencia de tecnología agropecuaria en el Istmo Centroamericano\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=cMoOAQAAIAAJ\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016\\|date\\=1 January 1984\\|edition\\=Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE\\|isbn\\=9789977951188\\|language\\=es}} In 1993, she published *Guin \\- Children of the War in El Salvador*, which was about the situation of children in the war zones of [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador \"El Salvador\").",
"### Journalist and communication",
"In 1991, she co\\-founded the Feminist International Radio Endeavor (FIRE) which was a [radio](/wiki/Radio_station \"Radio station\") pioneer in using the [internet](/wiki/Internet \"Internet\") to distribute content which defended that [women's rights](/wiki/Women%27s_rights \"Women's rights\") are [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\").{{Refn\\|group\\=n.\\|Started as a radio broadcast, and then moved to internet streaming in 1998\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=María Suárez. Usando Internet como transmisor de potencia\\|url\\=http://knowhow.joseserralde.org/node/6\\|publisher\\=KnowHow\\|date\\=2006\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016\\|language\\=es}}}} It was especially useful to spread the voices of women, ideas, activities, and movements.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Giving Voice to Invisible Women in Developing Countries: Rhetorical Criticism of \"FIRE\" as Model of a Successful Women's Community Radio\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=GHP6VflK9O4C\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016\\|date\\=1 January 2007\\|publisher\\=ProQuest\\|isbn\\=9780549216759}}",
"",
"> \"When I was hired to produce and launch FIRE, it was the first time in my life that I was given a job for who I am and not only what I have done. I mean, I was hired because I am a women, Latin\\-American, because I am bilingual and because I am a feminist. That is quite a combination for a Puerto Rican that has lived and worked in Puerto Rico, the United States, and Central America\". \\- María Suárez Toro{{cite web\\|title\\=Notícias\\|url\\=http://www.fire.or.cr/noticias\\-todas/27\\-radio\\-internacional\\-feminista/iquienes\\-somos/46\\-maria\\-suarez\\-toro.html\\|publisher\\=Radio Internacional Feminista\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016\\|language\\=es\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816000423/http://www.fire.or.cr/noticias\\-todas/27\\-radio\\-internacional\\-feminista/iquienes\\-somos/46\\-maria\\-suarez\\-toro.html\\|archive\\-date\\=16 August 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"As the co\\-director of FIRE, Suárez covered numerous international events, including [UN](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") conferences on various topics (women, environment, [racism](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\"), etc.) taking place, since 1992, in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"), [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\"), [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\"), and [Durbam](/wiki/Durban \"Durban\"), as well as many other national and international events.",
"In 1998, she began work as an [Associate Professor](/wiki/Associate_professor \"Associate professor\") of [Communication](/wiki/Communication \"Communication\") at the [University of Denver](/wiki/University_of_Denver \"University of Denver\"), and, from 1995 to 2000, at the Institute for Further Education of Journalists (FOJO) in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\").",
"Since 2000, she has been [editor](/wiki/Editing \"Editing\") of the [biannual](/wiki/Biannual \"Biannual\") magazine Voices on FIRE, published by FIRE, which has had its articles republished in international magazines such as [People](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 \"People (magazine)\") and the [Planet](/wiki/Planet_%28magazine%29 \"Planet (magazine)\"), Women in Action, Women and the Heath Network in [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"), TAMWA in [Tanzania](/wiki/Tanzania \"Tanzania\"), the Health Journal of [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), the Brecha in [Central America](/wiki/Central_America \"Central America\") by CODEHUCA, etc.",
"In 2006, she joined the [Mesoamerican](/wiki/Mesoamerica \"Mesoamerica\") [feminist](/wiki/Feminism \"Feminism\") network \"Petateras.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://redsemlac.net/noticias/2009/090824sl4\\.htm\\|title\\=Honduras: Observatorio Feminista demanda urgente intervención de relatoras de derechos de las mujeres\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016\\|author\\=Sara Lovera\\|date\\=8 August 2009\\|website\\=redsemlac.net\\|language\\=es}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.petateras.org/acciones\\-petateras/acciones/acciones\\-2012\\.html?start\\=30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212062411/http://petateras.org/acciones\\-petateras/acciones/acciones\\-2012\\.html?start\\=30 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=12 February 2013 \\|title\\=Las Petateras \\- Acciones 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016 \\|website\\=www.petateras.org \\|language\\=es \\|df\\= }}",
"In 2007, she worked closely with Ailyn Morera Ugalde to produce the [musical theatre](/wiki/Musical_theatre \"Musical theatre\") piece \"The Labyrinth of the Butterflies\" based on her doctoral thesis.",
"In April 2011, she retired from FIRE and began work as a [correspondent](/wiki/Correspondent \"Correspondent\") in [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti \"Haiti\"), [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\"), and [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\") for SEMIac. In January 2012, she founded the Community Institute for Women in Development and Communication.",
"### Activism for ocean sustainability",
"She is also involved in activism for [sustainability](/wiki/Sustainability \"Sustainability\") and the [environment](/wiki/Natural_environment \"Natural environment\"). In 2001, she published the book *Is this Beautiful Country for Sale?,* which is about the controversial extraction of [crude oil](/wiki/Crude_oil \"Crude oil\") on the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\") Coast of [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\") and the popular democratic movement organized to stop it. In 2011, she joined the administrative committee of the Association of Southern Caribbean Fisherman of [Limón](/wiki/Lim%C3%B3n \"Limón\"). In 2013, she joined Southern Caribbean Forum, which was created to protect the rights of people of [African descent](/wiki/African_descent \"African descent\") in [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\").",
"Since 2015 she has been the co\\-founder and co\\-coordinator of the Community Center Diving Ambassadors of the South Caribbean Sea, which wants to protect [marine ecosystems](/wiki/Marine_ecosystem \"Marine ecosystem\"), the life and culture of responsible [fishing](/wiki/Fishing \"Fishing\"), and the legacy of the relationship of people with the sea in the [Southern Caribbean](/wiki/Southern_Caribbean \"Southern Caribbean\"). One focus of this research is the contribution of [African descent](/wiki/African_descent \"African descent\") through [archeological](/wiki/Archeological \"Archeological\") [diving](/wiki/Underwater_diving \"Underwater diving\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://escuelabuceocaribesur.blogspot.com.es/2016/07/quince\\-duncan\\-evidencias\\-de\\-aportes\\-de.html\\|title\\=Quince Duncan: \"Evidencias de aportes de la población afro descendiente están en el fondo de mar Caribe Sur\"\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016\\|website\\=Centro de buceo Embajadores y embajadoras del mar\\|language\\=es}}",
""
] |
### Journalist and communication
In 1991, she co\-founded the Feminist International Radio Endeavor (FIRE) which was a [radio](/wiki/Radio_station "Radio station") pioneer in using the [internet](/wiki/Internet "Internet") to distribute content which defended that [women's rights](/wiki/Women%27s_rights "Women's rights") are [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights "Human rights").{{Refn\|group\=n.\|Started as a radio broadcast, and then moved to internet streaming in 1998\.{{Cite web\|title\=María Suárez. Usando Internet como transmisor de potencia\|url\=http://knowhow.joseserralde.org/node/6\|publisher\=KnowHow\|date\=2006\|access\-date\=25 July 2016\|language\=es}}}} It was especially useful to spread the voices of women, ideas, activities, and movements.{{Cite book\|title\=Giving Voice to Invisible Women in Developing Countries: Rhetorical Criticism of "FIRE" as Model of a Successful Women's Community Radio\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=GHP6VflK9O4C\|access\-date\=25 July 2016\|date\=1 January 2007\|publisher\=ProQuest\|isbn\=9780549216759}}
> "When I was hired to produce and launch FIRE, it was the first time in my life that I was given a job for who I am and not only what I have done. I mean, I was hired because I am a women, Latin\-American, because I am bilingual and because I am a feminist. That is quite a combination for a Puerto Rican that has lived and worked in Puerto Rico, the United States, and Central America". \- María Suárez Toro{{cite web\|title\=Notícias\|url\=http://www.fire.or.cr/noticias\-todas/27\-radio\-internacional\-feminista/iquienes\-somos/46\-maria\-suarez\-toro.html\|publisher\=Radio Internacional Feminista\|access\-date\=25 July 2016\|language\=es\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816000423/http://www.fire.or.cr/noticias\-todas/27\-radio\-internacional\-feminista/iquienes\-somos/46\-maria\-suarez\-toro.html\|archive\-date\=16 August 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}
As the co\-director of FIRE, Suárez covered numerous international events, including [UN](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") conferences on various topics (women, environment, [racism](/wiki/Racism "Racism"), etc.) taking place, since 1992, in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo "Cairo"), [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), and [Durbam](/wiki/Durban "Durban"), as well as many other national and international events.
In 1998, she began work as an [Associate Professor](/wiki/Associate_professor "Associate professor") of [Communication](/wiki/Communication "Communication") at the [University of Denver](/wiki/University_of_Denver "University of Denver"), and, from 1995 to 2000, at the Institute for Further Education of Journalists (FOJO) in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden").
Since 2000, she has been [editor](/wiki/Editing "Editing") of the [biannual](/wiki/Biannual "Biannual") magazine Voices on FIRE, published by FIRE, which has had its articles republished in international magazines such as [People](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 "People (magazine)") and the [Planet](/wiki/Planet_%28magazine%29 "Planet (magazine)"), Women in Action, Women and the Heath Network in [Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile"), TAMWA in [Tanzania](/wiki/Tanzania "Tanzania"), the Health Journal of [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), the Brecha in [Central America](/wiki/Central_America "Central America") by CODEHUCA, etc.
In 2006, she joined the [Mesoamerican](/wiki/Mesoamerica "Mesoamerica") [feminist](/wiki/Feminism "Feminism") network "Petateras."{{Cite web\|url\=http://redsemlac.net/noticias/2009/090824sl4\.htm\|title\=Honduras: Observatorio Feminista demanda urgente intervención de relatoras de derechos de las mujeres\|access\-date\=25 July 2016\|author\=Sara Lovera\|date\=8 August 2009\|website\=redsemlac.net\|language\=es}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.petateras.org/acciones\-petateras/acciones/acciones\-2012\.html?start\=30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212062411/http://petateras.org/acciones\-petateras/acciones/acciones\-2012\.html?start\=30 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=12 February 2013 \|title\=Las Petateras \- Acciones 2012 \|access\-date\=25 July 2016 \|website\=www.petateras.org \|language\=es \|df\= }}
In 2007, she worked closely with Ailyn Morera Ugalde to produce the [musical theatre](/wiki/Musical_theatre "Musical theatre") piece "The Labyrinth of the Butterflies" based on her doctoral thesis.
In April 2011, she retired from FIRE and began work as a [correspondent](/wiki/Correspondent "Correspondent") in [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti"), [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico"), and [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica") for SEMIac. In January 2012, she founded the Community Institute for Women in Development and Communication.
|
[
"### Journalist and communication",
"In 1991, she co\\-founded the Feminist International Radio Endeavor (FIRE) which was a [radio](/wiki/Radio_station \"Radio station\") pioneer in using the [internet](/wiki/Internet \"Internet\") to distribute content which defended that [women's rights](/wiki/Women%27s_rights \"Women's rights\") are [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\").{{Refn\\|group\\=n.\\|Started as a radio broadcast, and then moved to internet streaming in 1998\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=María Suárez. Usando Internet como transmisor de potencia\\|url\\=http://knowhow.joseserralde.org/node/6\\|publisher\\=KnowHow\\|date\\=2006\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016\\|language\\=es}}}} It was especially useful to spread the voices of women, ideas, activities, and movements.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Giving Voice to Invisible Women in Developing Countries: Rhetorical Criticism of \"FIRE\" as Model of a Successful Women's Community Radio\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=GHP6VflK9O4C\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016\\|date\\=1 January 2007\\|publisher\\=ProQuest\\|isbn\\=9780549216759}}",
"",
"> \"When I was hired to produce and launch FIRE, it was the first time in my life that I was given a job for who I am and not only what I have done. I mean, I was hired because I am a women, Latin\\-American, because I am bilingual and because I am a feminist. That is quite a combination for a Puerto Rican that has lived and worked in Puerto Rico, the United States, and Central America\". \\- María Suárez Toro{{cite web\\|title\\=Notícias\\|url\\=http://www.fire.or.cr/noticias\\-todas/27\\-radio\\-internacional\\-feminista/iquienes\\-somos/46\\-maria\\-suarez\\-toro.html\\|publisher\\=Radio Internacional Feminista\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016\\|language\\=es\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816000423/http://www.fire.or.cr/noticias\\-todas/27\\-radio\\-internacional\\-feminista/iquienes\\-somos/46\\-maria\\-suarez\\-toro.html\\|archive\\-date\\=16 August 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"As the co\\-director of FIRE, Suárez covered numerous international events, including [UN](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") conferences on various topics (women, environment, [racism](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\"), etc.) taking place, since 1992, in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"), [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\"), [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\"), and [Durbam](/wiki/Durban \"Durban\"), as well as many other national and international events.",
"In 1998, she began work as an [Associate Professor](/wiki/Associate_professor \"Associate professor\") of [Communication](/wiki/Communication \"Communication\") at the [University of Denver](/wiki/University_of_Denver \"University of Denver\"), and, from 1995 to 2000, at the Institute for Further Education of Journalists (FOJO) in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\").",
"Since 2000, she has been [editor](/wiki/Editing \"Editing\") of the [biannual](/wiki/Biannual \"Biannual\") magazine Voices on FIRE, published by FIRE, which has had its articles republished in international magazines such as [People](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 \"People (magazine)\") and the [Planet](/wiki/Planet_%28magazine%29 \"Planet (magazine)\"), Women in Action, Women and the Heath Network in [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"), TAMWA in [Tanzania](/wiki/Tanzania \"Tanzania\"), the Health Journal of [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), the Brecha in [Central America](/wiki/Central_America \"Central America\") by CODEHUCA, etc.",
"In 2006, she joined the [Mesoamerican](/wiki/Mesoamerica \"Mesoamerica\") [feminist](/wiki/Feminism \"Feminism\") network \"Petateras.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://redsemlac.net/noticias/2009/090824sl4\\.htm\\|title\\=Honduras: Observatorio Feminista demanda urgente intervención de relatoras de derechos de las mujeres\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016\\|author\\=Sara Lovera\\|date\\=8 August 2009\\|website\\=redsemlac.net\\|language\\=es}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.petateras.org/acciones\\-petateras/acciones/acciones\\-2012\\.html?start\\=30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212062411/http://petateras.org/acciones\\-petateras/acciones/acciones\\-2012\\.html?start\\=30 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=12 February 2013 \\|title\\=Las Petateras \\- Acciones 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2016 \\|website\\=www.petateras.org \\|language\\=es \\|df\\= }}",
"In 2007, she worked closely with Ailyn Morera Ugalde to produce the [musical theatre](/wiki/Musical_theatre \"Musical theatre\") piece \"The Labyrinth of the Butterflies\" based on her doctoral thesis.",
"In April 2011, she retired from FIRE and began work as a [correspondent](/wiki/Correspondent \"Correspondent\") in [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti \"Haiti\"), [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\"), and [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\") for SEMIac. In January 2012, she founded the Community Institute for Women in Development and Communication.",
""
] |
History
-------
The club was established in 1861 through the merger of Kings College and Marischal College shinty clubs.{{Cite web\|date\=2016\-01\-15\|title\=University's historic shinty exhibits go on display at Hampden's football museum\|url\=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/8606/\|url\-status\=live\|website\=University of Aberdeen\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301075618/https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/8606/ \|archive\-date\=1 March 2021 }} In 2005, the club had its best season ever, winning the National Intermediate Indoor six\-a\-side competition in Perth, the North Division 2 Title and the Sutherland Cup, only the fourth time the club had won the trophy.
By 2006, the club was still predominantly made up of Highland exiles, although there are increasing numbers of newcomers taking up the game as they study at Aberdeen University.
In 2007, the club finished at bottom of North Division One, although they failed to play a game against [Caberfeidh](/wiki/Caberfeidh "Caberfeidh"), which resulted in the docking of two points which would have placed them a point ahead of [Inverness Shinty Club](/wiki/Inverness_Shinty_Club "Inverness Shinty Club").
In 2008, the club applied for entry into North Division Three and were successful, allowing the club to compete at a higher level of shinty. They eliminated Skye Camanachd from the Strathdearn Cup on May 31, 2008\.
In 2010, the club finished level in points with Lochaber Camanachd's reserves at the top of [North Division Three](/wiki/Shinty_league_system "Shinty league system"). A playoff ensued at Castle Leod, [Strathpeffer](/wiki/Strathpeffer "Strathpeffer"). Lochaber defeated the University 3–2 with a goal in the final minute.
In 2011, the club won the third division, finishing undefeated. They also lost to Kingussie (eventual winners) in the Sutherland cup quarter finals. The Sutherland cup final was held at the Aberdeen University in celebration of its 150th season.{{Cite web\|date\=2011\-02\-15\|title\=King's College to host historic shinty cup final\|url\=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/3939/\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-14\|website\=University of Aberdeen\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702013939/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/3939/ \|archive\-date\=2 July 2014 }} The club welcomed [Alex Salmond](/wiki/Alex_Salmond "Alex Salmond") MSP, [First Minister of Scotland](/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland "First Minister of Scotland") as patron.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.shinty.com/news/first\-minister\-accepts\-aberdeen\-university\-shinty\-club\-patron\-role/ \|title\=First Minister accepts Aberdeen Uni Shinty Club Patron Role « Shinty \|access\-date\=9 December 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612113134/http://www.shinty.com/news/first\-minister\-accepts\-aberdeen\-university\-shinty\-club\-patron\-role/ \|archive\-date\=12 June 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }}{{Cite web\|date\=2011\-12\-01\|title\=Salmond agrees to become patron\|url\=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the\-press\-and\-journal\-aberdeen\-and\-aberdeenshire/20111201/284094908317449\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-14\|website\=The Press and Journal\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173758/https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the\-press\-and\-journal\-aberdeen\-and\-aberdeenshire/20111201/284094908317449 \|archive\-date\=29 October 2021 }}
The club finished bottom of [North Division Two](/wiki/North_Division_Two_%28shinty%29 "North Division Two (shinty)") in 2014, but was saved from relegation by league reconstruction. They won the reconstructed North Two in 2016, finishing undefeated with over 100 goals scored.
There was also an Aberdeen Camanachd side in existence through the 1960s and 1970 founded by [Peter English](/wiki/Peter_English "Peter English"), which drew on the large Highland community living in the area for working in [North Sea oil](/wiki/North_Sea_oil "North Sea oil").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The club was established in 1861 through the merger of Kings College and Marischal College shinty clubs.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-15\\|title\\=University's historic shinty exhibits go on display at Hampden's football museum\\|url\\=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/8606/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|website\\=University of Aberdeen\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301075618/https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/8606/ \\|archive\\-date\\=1 March 2021 }} In 2005, the club had its best season ever, winning the National Intermediate Indoor six\\-a\\-side competition in Perth, the North Division 2 Title and the Sutherland Cup, only the fourth time the club had won the trophy.",
"By 2006, the club was still predominantly made up of Highland exiles, although there are increasing numbers of newcomers taking up the game as they study at Aberdeen University.",
"In 2007, the club finished at bottom of North Division One, although they failed to play a game against [Caberfeidh](/wiki/Caberfeidh \"Caberfeidh\"), which resulted in the docking of two points which would have placed them a point ahead of [Inverness Shinty Club](/wiki/Inverness_Shinty_Club \"Inverness Shinty Club\").",
"In 2008, the club applied for entry into North Division Three and were successful, allowing the club to compete at a higher level of shinty. They eliminated Skye Camanachd from the Strathdearn Cup on May 31, 2008\\.",
"In 2010, the club finished level in points with Lochaber Camanachd's reserves at the top of [North Division Three](/wiki/Shinty_league_system \"Shinty league system\"). A playoff ensued at Castle Leod, [Strathpeffer](/wiki/Strathpeffer \"Strathpeffer\"). Lochaber defeated the University 3–2 with a goal in the final minute.",
"In 2011, the club won the third division, finishing undefeated. They also lost to Kingussie (eventual winners) in the Sutherland cup quarter finals. The Sutherland cup final was held at the Aberdeen University in celebration of its 150th season.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2011\\-02\\-15\\|title\\=King's College to host historic shinty cup final\\|url\\=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/3939/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-14\\|website\\=University of Aberdeen\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702013939/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/3939/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2 July 2014 }} The club welcomed [Alex Salmond](/wiki/Alex_Salmond \"Alex Salmond\") MSP, [First Minister of Scotland](/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland \"First Minister of Scotland\") as patron.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.shinty.com/news/first\\-minister\\-accepts\\-aberdeen\\-university\\-shinty\\-club\\-patron\\-role/ \\|title\\=First Minister accepts Aberdeen Uni Shinty Club Patron Role « Shinty \\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612113134/http://www.shinty.com/news/first\\-minister\\-accepts\\-aberdeen\\-university\\-shinty\\-club\\-patron\\-role/ \\|archive\\-date\\=12 June 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2011\\-12\\-01\\|title\\=Salmond agrees to become patron\\|url\\=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the\\-press\\-and\\-journal\\-aberdeen\\-and\\-aberdeenshire/20111201/284094908317449\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-14\\|website\\=The Press and Journal\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173758/https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the\\-press\\-and\\-journal\\-aberdeen\\-and\\-aberdeenshire/20111201/284094908317449 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2021 }}",
"The club finished bottom of [North Division Two](/wiki/North_Division_Two_%28shinty%29 \"North Division Two (shinty)\") in 2014, but was saved from relegation by league reconstruction. They won the reconstructed North Two in 2016, finishing undefeated with over 100 goals scored.",
"There was also an Aberdeen Camanachd side in existence through the 1960s and 1970 founded by [Peter English](/wiki/Peter_English \"Peter English\"), which drew on the large Highland community living in the area for working in [North Sea oil](/wiki/North_Sea_oil \"North Sea oil\").",
""
] |
Plot
----
On the last day of school, the students of East High look forward to summer vacation ("[What Time Is It?](/wiki/What_Time_Is_It%3F_%28song%29 "What Time Is It? (song)")"). Wildcats captain Troy Bolton, still dating Gabriella Montez following their lead roles in the school's winter musical,{{efn\|As seen in ''\[\[High School Musical]]''}} is desperately looking for a summer job to help pay for college.
Sharpay Evans, still bitter about the musical and hoping to get Troy for herself, directs Mr. Fulton, the manager of her family's [country club](/wiki/Country_club "Country club") Lava Springs, to hire him. Troy accepts on the condition that the club hires Gabriella and their other friends as well. Sharpay's enjoyment of the country club ("[Fabulous](/wiki/Fabulous_%28High_School_Musical_song%29 "Fabulous (High School Musical song)")") is cut short upon learning that Gabriella is working as one of the lifeguards. Unable to get her fired, she orders Fulton to drive the Wildcats out by making the work miserable. Troy rebuilds their confidence and convinces them that they can persevere ("Work This Out"). Later that day, Troy and Gabriella picnic on the golf course. A jealous Sharpay has the sprinklers turned on, but fails to ruin their romantic moment.
Troy and Gabriella's composer friend Kelsi Nielsen writes a song called "[You Are the Music in Me](/wiki/You_Are_the_Music_in_Me "You Are the Music in Me")" for them to sing at the club's upcoming talent show. Sharpay, hoping to get Troy to sing with her, arranges for him to be her father's [caddy](/wiki/Caddy_%28golf%29 "Caddy (golf)") and eat dinner with their family, forcing him to be late to a date with Gabriella.{{efn\|Cut from the original broadcast but included in DVD and streaming releases is a scene in which Sharpay holds Troy up further by forcing him to watch her demonstrate the song "Humuhumunukunukuapua'a"}} Troy feels uncomfortable about being served by his friends, but his father and basketball coach advises him to make the most of the opportunities he's being given, as they may lead to an [athletic scholarship](/wiki/Athletic_scholarship "Athletic scholarship").
Troy is further promoted, granted access to the club's facilities, and given the chance to play with the [University of Albuquerque](/wiki/University_of_Albuquerque "University of Albuquerque") basketball team, and reluctantly accepts Sharpay's invitation to sing in the talent show. Gabriella's best friend Taylor warns her that Troy may not be able to resist the temptation of his dream future. Meanwhile, Sharpay's brother and singing partner Ryan becomes upset when Sharpay cuts him out of the act, and Gabriella invites him to a staff baseball game, where he persuades the Wildcats to take part in the talent show ("[I Don't Dance](/wiki/I_Don%27t_Dance_%28High_School_Musical_song%29 "I Don't Dance (High School Musical song)")").
Meanwhile, Sharpay forces Kelsi to re\-arrange "You Are the Music in Me" into an up\-tempo number which she and Troy rehearse. Seeing the staff members rehearse their number, she orders Fulton to ban all junior staff members from the talent show. Gabriella confronts Sharpay about her manipulation, quits, and leaves Troy ("[Gotta Go My Own Way](/wiki/Gotta_Go_My_Own_Way "Gotta Go My Own Way")").
The other Wildcats are furious with Troy for his callous treatment and he resolves to make things right ("[Bet on It](/wiki/Bet_on_It "Bet on It")"). Troy gets his old job back, barring him from singing in the talent show unless Sharpay lifts the restriction, which she reluctantly does. Ryan gives Troy a new song to learn moments before the show, "[Everyday](/wiki/Everyday_%28High_School_Musical_song%29 "Everyday (High School Musical song)")" which he sings with Gabriella as the Wildcats join them onstage. Sharpay presents Ryan with the award for the talent show. The Wildcats go to the golf course to enjoy the fireworks ("You Are the Music In Me (Reprise)"), Troy and Gabriella finally successfully kiss, and everyone at Lava Springs celebrates the end of summer with a pool party the next day ("All for One").
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"On the last day of school, the students of East High look forward to summer vacation (\"[What Time Is It?](/wiki/What_Time_Is_It%3F_%28song%29 \"What Time Is It? (song)\")\"). Wildcats captain Troy Bolton, still dating Gabriella Montez following their lead roles in the school's winter musical,{{efn\\|As seen in ''\\[\\[High School Musical]]''}} is desperately looking for a summer job to help pay for college.",
"Sharpay Evans, still bitter about the musical and hoping to get Troy for herself, directs Mr. Fulton, the manager of her family's [country club](/wiki/Country_club \"Country club\") Lava Springs, to hire him. Troy accepts on the condition that the club hires Gabriella and their other friends as well. Sharpay's enjoyment of the country club (\"[Fabulous](/wiki/Fabulous_%28High_School_Musical_song%29 \"Fabulous (High School Musical song)\")\") is cut short upon learning that Gabriella is working as one of the lifeguards. Unable to get her fired, she orders Fulton to drive the Wildcats out by making the work miserable. Troy rebuilds their confidence and convinces them that they can persevere (\"Work This Out\"). Later that day, Troy and Gabriella picnic on the golf course. A jealous Sharpay has the sprinklers turned on, but fails to ruin their romantic moment.",
"Troy and Gabriella's composer friend Kelsi Nielsen writes a song called \"[You Are the Music in Me](/wiki/You_Are_the_Music_in_Me \"You Are the Music in Me\")\" for them to sing at the club's upcoming talent show. Sharpay, hoping to get Troy to sing with her, arranges for him to be her father's [caddy](/wiki/Caddy_%28golf%29 \"Caddy (golf)\") and eat dinner with their family, forcing him to be late to a date with Gabriella.{{efn\\|Cut from the original broadcast but included in DVD and streaming releases is a scene in which Sharpay holds Troy up further by forcing him to watch her demonstrate the song \"Humuhumunukunukuapua'a\"}} Troy feels uncomfortable about being served by his friends, but his father and basketball coach advises him to make the most of the opportunities he's being given, as they may lead to an [athletic scholarship](/wiki/Athletic_scholarship \"Athletic scholarship\").",
"Troy is further promoted, granted access to the club's facilities, and given the chance to play with the [University of Albuquerque](/wiki/University_of_Albuquerque \"University of Albuquerque\") basketball team, and reluctantly accepts Sharpay's invitation to sing in the talent show. Gabriella's best friend Taylor warns her that Troy may not be able to resist the temptation of his dream future. Meanwhile, Sharpay's brother and singing partner Ryan becomes upset when Sharpay cuts him out of the act, and Gabriella invites him to a staff baseball game, where he persuades the Wildcats to take part in the talent show (\"[I Don't Dance](/wiki/I_Don%27t_Dance_%28High_School_Musical_song%29 \"I Don't Dance (High School Musical song)\")\").",
"Meanwhile, Sharpay forces Kelsi to re\\-arrange \"You Are the Music in Me\" into an up\\-tempo number which she and Troy rehearse. Seeing the staff members rehearse their number, she orders Fulton to ban all junior staff members from the talent show. Gabriella confronts Sharpay about her manipulation, quits, and leaves Troy (\"[Gotta Go My Own Way](/wiki/Gotta_Go_My_Own_Way \"Gotta Go My Own Way\")\").",
"The other Wildcats are furious with Troy for his callous treatment and he resolves to make things right (\"[Bet on It](/wiki/Bet_on_It \"Bet on It\")\"). Troy gets his old job back, barring him from singing in the talent show unless Sharpay lifts the restriction, which she reluctantly does. Ryan gives Troy a new song to learn moments before the show, \"[Everyday](/wiki/Everyday_%28High_School_Musical_song%29 \"Everyday (High School Musical song)\")\" which he sings with Gabriella as the Wildcats join them onstage. Sharpay presents Ryan with the award for the talent show. The Wildcats go to the golf course to enjoy the fireworks (\"You Are the Music In Me (Reprise)\"), Troy and Gabriella finally successfully kiss, and everyone at Lava Springs celebrates the end of summer with a pool party the next day (\"All for One\").",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
Diedrick was drafted by the [Edmonton Eskimos](/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos "Edmonton Eskimos") in the third round, 24th overall, in the [2002 CFL Draft](/wiki/2002_CFL_Draft "2002 CFL Draft"), but returned to school for his senior year.{{Cite news\|url\=http://cfl.ca/CFLNews0204/25\_cfl2\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021020053128/http://cfl.ca/CFLNews0204/25\_cfl2\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=October 20, 2002\|title\=2002 Canadian College Draft \- The picks are in\|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Football League]]\|date\=April 25, 2002\|access\-date\=February 20, 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=https://3downnation.com/2023/06/24/long\-time\-alouettes\-fullback\-former\-nebraska\-star\-dahrran\-diedrick\-passes\-away\-at\-44/ \|title\=Long\-time Alouettes' fullback, former Nebraska star Dahrran Diedrick passes away at 44 \|publisher\=3DownNation \|date\=June 24, 2023}}
### NFL
Following the conclusion of his college career, Diedrick was signed by the [San Diego Chargers](/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers "San Diego Chargers") after going [undrafted](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent "Undrafted free agent") in the [2003 NFL draft](/wiki/2003_NFL_draft "2003 NFL draft"). He was also a member of the [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers "Green Bay Packers") and [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins "Washington Redskins"), the latter of which he played his only NFL regular season game with in [2004](/wiki/2004_Washington_Redskins_season "2004 Washington Redskins season").
### Edmonton Eskimos
Diedrick signed with Edmonton on September 11, 2005\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cfl.ca/2005/09/11/eskimos\_sign\_diedrick/ \|title\=Eskimos sign Diedrick \|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Football League]] \|date\=September 11, 2005}} He joined the team as a non\-import player, and was expected to be the CFL's next great Canadian [running back](/wiki/Running_back "Running back").{{cite news\|first\=Vicki\|last\=Hall\|title\=Eskimos release Diedrick\|date\=July 18, 2006\|newspaper\=Edmonton Journal\|pages\=\[https://www.newspapers.com/article/edmonton\-journal/127112610/ D1], \[https://www.newspapers.com/article/edmonton\-journal/127112645/ D5]\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/edmonton\-journal/127112610/\|access\-date\=June 26, 2023\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} He played in seven games, where he had ten carries for 31 yards as a backup to starter [Troy Davis](/wiki/Troy_Davis_%28running_back%29 "Troy Davis (running back)"). He also had eight punt returns for 159 yards, and one blocked punt. He won his first [Grey Cup](/wiki/Grey_Cup "Grey Cup") championship following the Eskimos' victory over the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes "Montreal Alouettes") in the [93rd Grey Cup](/wiki/93rd_Grey_Cup "93rd Grey Cup") game.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerd/died00400\.html \|title\=Dahrran Diedrick \|publisher\=profootballarchives.com \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023 \|archive\-date\=March 25, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325065850/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerd/died00400\.html \|url\-status\=live }} In 2006, he dressed in three games, but was released on July 17, 2006\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cfl.ca/2006/07/17/eskimos\_release\_dahrran\_diedrick/ \|title\=Eskimos release Dahrran Diedrick \|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Football League]] \|date\=July 17, 2006}}
### Montreal Alouettes
On July 24, 2006, Diedrick signed with the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes "Montreal Alouettes").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cfl.ca/2006/07/24/diedrick\_joins\_alouettes/ \|title\=Diedrick joins Alouettes \|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Football League]] \|date\=July 24, 2006}} He played as a running back, [fullback](/wiki/Fullback_%28gridiron_football%29 "Fullback (gridiron football)"), and on special teams. He recorded his highest single\-season rushing total in 2008 when he had 42 carries for 263 yards. He later won his second career [Grey Cup](/wiki/Grey_Cup "Grey Cup") championship in the [2009](/wiki/97th_Grey_Cup "97th Grey Cup") victory over the [Saskatchewan Roughriders](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders "Saskatchewan Roughriders").
Diedrick scored his first career touchdown on an improbable play against the [Toronto Argonauts](/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts "Toronto Argonauts") on October 29, 2010, when Alouettes kicker [Damon Duval](/wiki/Damon_Duval "Damon Duval") missed a potentially game\-winning [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28gridiron_football%29 "Field goal (gridiron football)") which was kicked back and forth out of the [end zone](/wiki/End_zone "End zone") until it was eventually [fumbled](/wiki/Fumble "Fumble") and recovered by Diedrick for the game\-winning touchdown.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/football/cfl/als\-argos\-finale/ \|title\=Wild final play gives Als win over Argos \|publisher\=\[\[Sportsnet]] \|date\=October 30, 2010}} He capped off the [2010 season](/wiki/2010_Montreal_Alouettes_season "2010 Montreal Alouettes season") by winning his third Grey Cup following the [98th Grey Cup](/wiki/98th_Grey_Cup "98th Grey Cup") game. In [2011](/wiki/2011_Montreal_Alouettes_season "2011 Montreal Alouettes season"), Diedrick was featured more in short\-yardage situations and scored the first six rushing touchdowns of his career, while also recording 49 carries for 196 yards.
### Hamilton Tiger\-Cats
On July 1, 2013, Diedrick was traded to the [Hamilton Tiger\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats "Hamilton Tiger-Cats") in exchange for a fourth\-round pick in the [2014 CFL Draft](/wiki/2014_CFL_Draft "2014 CFL Draft").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/ticats\-pick\-up\-veteran\-dahrran\-diedrick\-from\-alouettes\-1\.1413983 \|title\=Ticats pick up veteran Dahrran Diedrick from Alouettes \|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|date\=July 1, 2013}} He played in nine games for the Tiger\-Cats where he had one catch for ten yards and three special teams tackles.
### Montreal Alouettes (second stint)
Diedrick re\-signed with the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes "Montreal Alouettes") on July 15, 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thescore.com/cfl/news/538040 \|title\=Alouettes sign Diedrick and Crompton \|publisher\=The Score \|date\=July 15, 2014}} He played in four games that year, but his professional football career came to an end during the [2014 season](/wiki/2014_Montreal_Alouettes_season "2014 Montreal Alouettes season") when he was diagnosed with [hepatosplenic gamma\-delta T\-cell lymphoma](/wiki/Hepatosplenic_T-cell_lymphoma "Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma"). He had played in 130 career games where he had 179 carries for 872 yards and six touchdowns along with 49 special teams tackles.
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"Diedrick was drafted by the [Edmonton Eskimos](/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos \"Edmonton Eskimos\") in the third round, 24th overall, in the [2002 CFL Draft](/wiki/2002_CFL_Draft \"2002 CFL Draft\"), but returned to school for his senior year.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://cfl.ca/CFLNews0204/25\\_cfl2\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021020053128/http://cfl.ca/CFLNews0204/25\\_cfl2\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=October 20, 2002\\|title\\=2002 Canadian College Draft \\- The picks are in\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Football League]]\\|date\\=April 25, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://3downnation.com/2023/06/24/long\\-time\\-alouettes\\-fullback\\-former\\-nebraska\\-star\\-dahrran\\-diedrick\\-passes\\-away\\-at\\-44/ \\|title\\=Long\\-time Alouettes' fullback, former Nebraska star Dahrran Diedrick passes away at 44 \\|publisher\\=3DownNation \\|date\\=June 24, 2023}}",
"### NFL",
"Following the conclusion of his college career, Diedrick was signed by the [San Diego Chargers](/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers \"San Diego Chargers\") after going [undrafted](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent \"Undrafted free agent\") in the [2003 NFL draft](/wiki/2003_NFL_draft \"2003 NFL draft\"). He was also a member of the [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers \"Green Bay Packers\") and [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins \"Washington Redskins\"), the latter of which he played his only NFL regular season game with in [2004](/wiki/2004_Washington_Redskins_season \"2004 Washington Redskins season\").",
"### Edmonton Eskimos",
"Diedrick signed with Edmonton on September 11, 2005\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cfl.ca/2005/09/11/eskimos\\_sign\\_diedrick/ \\|title\\=Eskimos sign Diedrick \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Football League]] \\|date\\=September 11, 2005}} He joined the team as a non\\-import player, and was expected to be the CFL's next great Canadian [running back](/wiki/Running_back \"Running back\").{{cite news\\|first\\=Vicki\\|last\\=Hall\\|title\\=Eskimos release Diedrick\\|date\\=July 18, 2006\\|newspaper\\=Edmonton Journal\\|pages\\=\\[https://www.newspapers.com/article/edmonton\\-journal/127112610/ D1], \\[https://www.newspapers.com/article/edmonton\\-journal/127112645/ D5]\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/edmonton\\-journal/127112610/\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2023\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} He played in seven games, where he had ten carries for 31 yards as a backup to starter [Troy Davis](/wiki/Troy_Davis_%28running_back%29 \"Troy Davis (running back)\"). He also had eight punt returns for 159 yards, and one blocked punt. He won his first [Grey Cup](/wiki/Grey_Cup \"Grey Cup\") championship following the Eskimos' victory over the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes \"Montreal Alouettes\") in the [93rd Grey Cup](/wiki/93rd_Grey_Cup \"93rd Grey Cup\") game.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerd/died00400\\.html \\|title\\=Dahrran Diedrick \\|publisher\\=profootballarchives.com \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 25, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325065850/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerd/died00400\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2006, he dressed in three games, but was released on July 17, 2006\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cfl.ca/2006/07/17/eskimos\\_release\\_dahrran\\_diedrick/ \\|title\\=Eskimos release Dahrran Diedrick \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Football League]] \\|date\\=July 17, 2006}}",
"### Montreal Alouettes",
"On July 24, 2006, Diedrick signed with the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes \"Montreal Alouettes\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cfl.ca/2006/07/24/diedrick\\_joins\\_alouettes/ \\|title\\=Diedrick joins Alouettes \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Football League]] \\|date\\=July 24, 2006}} He played as a running back, [fullback](/wiki/Fullback_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Fullback (gridiron football)\"), and on special teams. He recorded his highest single\\-season rushing total in 2008 when he had 42 carries for 263 yards. He later won his second career [Grey Cup](/wiki/Grey_Cup \"Grey Cup\") championship in the [2009](/wiki/97th_Grey_Cup \"97th Grey Cup\") victory over the [Saskatchewan Roughriders](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders \"Saskatchewan Roughriders\").",
"Diedrick scored his first career touchdown on an improbable play against the [Toronto Argonauts](/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts \"Toronto Argonauts\") on October 29, 2010, when Alouettes kicker [Damon Duval](/wiki/Damon_Duval \"Damon Duval\") missed a potentially game\\-winning [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Field goal (gridiron football)\") which was kicked back and forth out of the [end zone](/wiki/End_zone \"End zone\") until it was eventually [fumbled](/wiki/Fumble \"Fumble\") and recovered by Diedrick for the game\\-winning touchdown.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/football/cfl/als\\-argos\\-finale/ \\|title\\=Wild final play gives Als win over Argos \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sportsnet]] \\|date\\=October 30, 2010}} He capped off the [2010 season](/wiki/2010_Montreal_Alouettes_season \"2010 Montreal Alouettes season\") by winning his third Grey Cup following the [98th Grey Cup](/wiki/98th_Grey_Cup \"98th Grey Cup\") game. In [2011](/wiki/2011_Montreal_Alouettes_season \"2011 Montreal Alouettes season\"), Diedrick was featured more in short\\-yardage situations and scored the first six rushing touchdowns of his career, while also recording 49 carries for 196 yards.",
"### Hamilton Tiger\\-Cats",
"On July 1, 2013, Diedrick was traded to the [Hamilton Tiger\\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats \"Hamilton Tiger-Cats\") in exchange for a fourth\\-round pick in the [2014 CFL Draft](/wiki/2014_CFL_Draft \"2014 CFL Draft\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/ticats\\-pick\\-up\\-veteran\\-dahrran\\-diedrick\\-from\\-alouettes\\-1\\.1413983 \\|title\\=Ticats pick up veteran Dahrran Diedrick from Alouettes \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] \\|date\\=July 1, 2013}} He played in nine games for the Tiger\\-Cats where he had one catch for ten yards and three special teams tackles.",
"### Montreal Alouettes (second stint)",
"Diedrick re\\-signed with the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes \"Montreal Alouettes\") on July 15, 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thescore.com/cfl/news/538040 \\|title\\=Alouettes sign Diedrick and Crompton \\|publisher\\=The Score \\|date\\=July 15, 2014}} He played in four games that year, but his professional football career came to an end during the [2014 season](/wiki/2014_Montreal_Alouettes_season \"2014 Montreal Alouettes season\") when he was diagnosed with [hepatosplenic gamma\\-delta T\\-cell lymphoma](/wiki/Hepatosplenic_T-cell_lymphoma \"Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma\"). He had played in 130 career games where he had 179 carries for 872 yards and six touchdowns along with 49 special teams tackles.",
""
] |
History
-------
Founded in 1849, Airdrie Academy exists today in its third incarnation. The Academy moved to its current site on South Commonhead Avenue in 1941\. When it was built in the midst of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the new building cost a little over £100,000 at the time. It was first located on Cairnhill Road in a building that housed Alexandra Primary School. The original building has since been demolished to make way for housing.
[thumb\|right\|Former building](/wiki/File:Airdrie_Academy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_222492.jpg "Airdrie Academy - geograph.org.uk - 222492.jpg")
### Grammar school
From its inception, Airdrie Academy was the senior secondary school in Airdrie: pupils who did not pass an exam on leaving primary school would go to the now defunct Airdrie High.
### Comprehensive
This system changed in the late 1960s when it became a full six\-year comprehensive, nearly tripling the school roll to 1800\. To cope with the increase the South Commonhead Avenue site's existing 'A\-Block' was expanded into a larger campus with specific buildings for Science and Technology and a fourth 'House Block' with six dining halls and three floors of modern classrooms.
Though enhanced and expanded over the years, the building fell into disrepair with students having to be taught in [portable buildings](/wiki/Portable_buildings "Portable buildings") during the early 2000s whilst [asbestos](/wiki/Asbestos "Asbestos") was removed from the Science Block. After 60 years of service, the building was reaching the end of its serviceable life and North Lanarkshire Council began exploring alternatives.
In December 1988 there was a [meningitis](/wiki/Meningitis "Meningitis") outbreak, resulting in the death of a 40\-year\-old teacher.
### New building
[thumb\|left\|Aerial view of the modern campus, 2017](/wiki/File:Airdrie_Academy_from_the_air_%28geograph_5625958%29.jpg "Airdrie Academy from the air (geograph 5625958).jpg")
Vigorous lobbying from the school's pupils, teaching staff and the local MSP stopped the school from merging with Caldervale High in a proposed super\-campus with over 2000 pupils. Instead, parents and pupils were invited to select a design for a new Airdrie Academy to be built on the playing fields of its current site. The selected design \- similar to most other new schools in the county \- was completed in October 2006 and is considerably smaller. The new building cost £26 million.
Over the remaining academic year, the old buildings were demolished and the land prepared for new sports fields. During this time one wing of the old A\-Block was set on fire by vandals. Demolition moved on and in January 2007 the 'Dome' part of the old building was pulled down.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=wtvy64v2604 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/wtvy64v2604 \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-13 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Airdrie Academy Assembly Hall Demolition 1\|accessdate\=2008\-08\-28}}{{cbignore}}.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=mQ9QBxTM6jk \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/mQ9QBxTM6jk \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-13 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Airdrie Academy Assembly Hall Demolition 2\|accessdate\=2008\-08\-28}}{{cbignore}}.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Founded in 1849, Airdrie Academy exists today in its third incarnation. The Academy moved to its current site on South Commonhead Avenue in 1941\\. When it was built in the midst of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the new building cost a little over £100,000 at the time. It was first located on Cairnhill Road in a building that housed Alexandra Primary School. The original building has since been demolished to make way for housing.\n[thumb\\|right\\|Former building](/wiki/File:Airdrie_Academy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_222492.jpg \"Airdrie Academy - geograph.org.uk - 222492.jpg\")",
"### Grammar school",
"From its inception, Airdrie Academy was the senior secondary school in Airdrie: pupils who did not pass an exam on leaving primary school would go to the now defunct Airdrie High.",
"### Comprehensive",
"This system changed in the late 1960s when it became a full six\\-year comprehensive, nearly tripling the school roll to 1800\\. To cope with the increase the South Commonhead Avenue site's existing 'A\\-Block' was expanded into a larger campus with specific buildings for Science and Technology and a fourth 'House Block' with six dining halls and three floors of modern classrooms.",
"Though enhanced and expanded over the years, the building fell into disrepair with students having to be taught in [portable buildings](/wiki/Portable_buildings \"Portable buildings\") during the early 2000s whilst [asbestos](/wiki/Asbestos \"Asbestos\") was removed from the Science Block. After 60 years of service, the building was reaching the end of its serviceable life and North Lanarkshire Council began exploring alternatives.",
"In December 1988 there was a [meningitis](/wiki/Meningitis \"Meningitis\") outbreak, resulting in the death of a 40\\-year\\-old teacher.",
"### New building",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Aerial view of the modern campus, 2017](/wiki/File:Airdrie_Academy_from_the_air_%28geograph_5625958%29.jpg \"Airdrie Academy from the air (geograph 5625958).jpg\")\nVigorous lobbying from the school's pupils, teaching staff and the local MSP stopped the school from merging with Caldervale High in a proposed super\\-campus with over 2000 pupils. Instead, parents and pupils were invited to select a design for a new Airdrie Academy to be built on the playing fields of its current site. The selected design \\- similar to most other new schools in the county \\- was completed in October 2006 and is considerably smaller. The new building cost £26 million.",
"Over the remaining academic year, the old buildings were demolished and the land prepared for new sports fields. During this time one wing of the old A\\-Block was set on fire by vandals. Demolition moved on and in January 2007 the 'Dome' part of the old building was pulled down.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=wtvy64v2604 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/wtvy64v2604 \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Airdrie Academy Assembly Hall Demolition 1\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-08\\-28}}{{cbignore}}.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=mQ9QBxTM6jk \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/mQ9QBxTM6jk \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Airdrie Academy Assembly Hall Demolition 2\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-08\\-28}}{{cbignore}}.",
""
] |
W212 facelift (2013–2016\)
--------------------------
{{multiple image
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\| image1 \= Mercedes\-Benz E 220 CDI Elegance (W 212, Facelift) – Frontansicht (1\), 30\. August 2014, Düsseldorf.jpg
\| image2 \= Mercedes\-Benz E 220 CDI Elegance (W 212, Facelift) – Heckansicht, 30\. August 2014, Düsseldorf.jpg
\| caption2 \= Mercedes\-Benz E 220 CDI Elegance (W212, facelift)
\| image3 \= Mercedes\-Benz E 250 CDI 4MATIC T\-Modell Avantgarde Sport\-Paket AMG (S 212, Facelift) – Heckansicht, 28\. Juli 2013, Münster.jpg
\| caption3 \= Mercedes\-Benz E 250 CDI 4MATIC Avantgarde
\| footer\_background \=
\| footer\_align \= center
\| footer \=
}}
### Development and launch
The fourth generation E\-Class (W212\) facelift was unveiled to media in December 2012 ahead of its public debut at the [2013 North American International Auto Show](/wiki/North_American_International_Auto_Show%232013 "North American International Auto Show#2013"), it was made available for sale in early/mid 2013 as the 2014 [model year](/wiki/Model_year "Model year").{{cite web \| url \= http://paultan.org/2012/12/17/video\-w212\-mercedes\-benz\-e\-class\-facelift\-in\-motion/ \| title \= VIDEO: W212 Mercedes\-Benz E\-Class facelift in motion \| work \= Paul Tan's Automotive News \| date \= 2012\-12\-17 \| access\-date \= 1 March 2015 \| archive\-date \= 1 March 2015 \| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20150301191720/http://paultan.org/2012/12/17/video\-w212\-mercedes\-benz\-e\-class\-facelift\-in\-motion/ \| url\-status \= live }}{{cite web \| url \= http://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/road\-tests/9621561/Upgraded\-E\-still\-the\-hub\-of\-the\-Mercedes\-world \| title \= Upgraded E still the hub of the Mercedes world \| work \= Stuff \| date \= 18 January 2014 \| access\-date \= 1 March 2015 \| archive\-date \= 1 March 2015 \| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20150301191701/http://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/road\-tests/9621561/Upgraded\-E\-still\-the\-hub\-of\-the\-Mercedes\-world \| url\-status \= live }} Compared to typically subtle Mercedes\-Benz minor model updates, the changes to the W212 were relatively extensive.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.nada.com/b2b/NADAOutlook/UsedCarTruckBlog/tabid/96/entryid/297/2014\-Mercedes\-Benz\-E\-Class\-Don\-t\-call\-it\-a\-Facelift.aspx \| title \= 2014 Mercedes\-Benz E Class: Don't call it a Facelift \| work \= NADA \| access\-date \= 31 March 2015 \| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20150413210544/http://www.nada.com/b2b/NADAOutlook/UsedCarTruckBlog/tabid/96/entryid/297/2014\-Mercedes\-Benz\-E\-Class\-Don\-t\-call\-it\-a\-Facelift.aspx \| archive\-date \= 13 April 2015 \| url\-status \= dead }} With the sales the E\-Class had lost to [SUVs](/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle "Sport utility vehicle") and [crossovers](/wiki/Crossover_%28automobile%29 "Crossover (automobile)") in Europe and America more than compensated for by demand in emerging markets,{{cite web \| url \= https://www.germancarforum.com/threads/mercedes\-benz\-e\-class\-w212\-facelift.47815/page\-29 \| title \=Mercedes\-Benz E\-Class (W212\) Facelift\| work \=germancarforum\| date \=13 December 2012}} it received the "most significant model revision" Mercedes\-Benz had ever undertaken,{{cite web \| url \= http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/e\-class/62622/mercedes\-e\-class\-facelift\-prices \| title \= Mercedes E\-Class facelift prices \| work \= Auto Express \| access\-date \= 31 March 2015 \| archive\-date \= 13 April 2015 \| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20150413210847/http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/e\-class/62622/mercedes\-e\-class\-facelift\-prices \| url\-status \= dead }} reported close to €1 billion into the development of the mid\-cycle refresh. The amount of new features on the facelifted model is about the same that's expected from the release of an entirely new model.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.autoevolution.com/news/mercedes\-benz\-e\-350\-w212\-facelift\-gets\-reviewed\-by\-edmund\-s\-68614\.html \| title \= Mercedes\-Benz E 350 W212 Facelift Gets Reviewed by Edmund's \| author \= Alex Oagana \| work \= autoevolution \| date \= 2013\-10\-09 \| access\-date \= 17 March 2015 \| archive\-date \= 23 December 2014 \| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20141223182610/http://www.autoevolution.com/news/mercedes\-benz\-e\-350\-w212\-facelift\-gets\-reviewed\-by\-edmund\-s\-68614\.html \| url\-status \= live }} The facelift brings significant styling changes, improved engines, more standard equipment and several extra hi\-tech features.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.worldcarfans.com/112121351626/official\-2014\-mercedes\-benz\-e\-class\-facelift\-revealed \| title \= OFFICIAL: 2014 Mercedes\-Benz E\-Class facelift revealed \| work \= Worldcarfans}}{{cite web \| url \= http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car\-news/first\-official\-pictures/mercedes\-benz/mercedes\-e\-class\-facelift\-2013\-first\-official\-pictures/ \| title \= Mercedes E\-class facelift (2013\): first official pictures \| work \= CAR Magazine}}
Depending on the market, the 2014 E\-Class is available in the following versions. The lineup starts with the E 200 that has a turbocharged 2\.0\-liter producing {{convert\|181\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on}} or {{convert\|208\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on}} in the E 250\. The more frugal E 200 CDI has a four\-cylinder, 2\.1\-liter turbodiesel unit with {{convert\|134\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on}}. The same engine powers the E 220 CDI where it's tuned to output {{convert\|168\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on}}, while in the E 250 CDI it churns {{convert\|201\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on}}. There are also BlueTec versions of the E 250, E 300 Hybrid and E 350\. The regular E 350 gets a V6 3\.5\-liter engine generating {{convert\|302\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on}}, while the E 400 Hybrid has the same V6 engine but with an electric motor developing an additional {{convert\|27\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on}}. The E 550 makes use of a 4\.7\-liter turbo charged V8 engine developing {{convert\|402\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on}}.
### Styling
The front was completely restyled, giving it a more aggressive look compared to the pre\-facelift model in response to the newer [BMW 5 Series](/wiki/BMW_5_Series_%28F10%29 "BMW 5 Series (F10)") and [Audi A6](/wiki/Audi_A6%23C7_%28Typ_4G%2C_2011%E2%80%932018%29 "Audi A6#C7 (Typ 4G, 2011–2018)"). The twin headlamp design was replaced with a singular front light (marking the end of Mercedes's dual headlamps use), while the light elements within the headlamps helped to retain the "four\-eyed" appearance. Low beam and [daytime running lamps](/wiki/Daytime_running_lamps "Daytime running lamps") both came with partial LED as standard, while full LED technology was available as an option for the first time.{{cite web \| url \= http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0\-921\-658781\-1\-1609210\-1\-0\-1\-0\-0\-0\-0\-854934\-0\-1\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\.html \| title \= Mercedes\-Benz continues to extend its leadership in LED lighting systems: Leading the way with better light \- Daimler Global Media Site \> Brands \& Products \> Mercedes\-Benz Cars \> Mercedes\-Benz Passenger Cars \> Special Topics \| date \= 4 July 2013 \| publisher \= daimler.com}} The hood, with new flowing lines, and the front bumper, which was made sharper with bigger air intakes, were also completely redesigned.
In the rear, the LED taillights were given horizontal design, while Sport models featured exposed dual exhaust pipes. The doors and front fenders were re\-shaped, eliminating the wheel arch bulge and replacing it with a more traditional character line in the sheet metal. The lower side crease line (which replaced the pre\-facelift model's side chrome trim) extends from the rear door all the way to the front fender, hence all the side panels except for the rear quarter panel was also restyled.
The facelift could be ordered with two distinct design variants: Sport and Luxury, which featured two different front\-end designs for each line.{{cite AV media \| url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=wO7ljRl6\-WI \| title \= 2014 Mercedes\-Benz E\-Class W212 facelift Walk Around \| date \= 20 November 2013 \| publisher \= YouTube}} The Luxury version came with the classic saloon grille with 3\-louver look and star on the hood. The Sport version featured the sports grille with integrated star, also a first time option, forming a visual link to the high performance sports car models.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.postcrescent.com/story/money/cars/2015/08/19/2015\-mercedes\-benz\-e\-class\-is\-extensively\-refined/31907357/ \| title \= 2015 Mercedes\-Benz E\-Class is extensively refined \| date \= 19 August 2015 \| work \= Post\-Crescent Media}} Sport models receive a more confident front design, using the AMG styling package that features larger air intakes and a distinct aluminum trim line along the entire lower rim of the front bumper.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.eurocarnews.com/218/0/2493/0/2014\-mercedes\-benz\-e\-class\-sedan\-wagon.html \| title \= 2014 Mercedes\-Benz E\-Class Sedan \& Wagon \| author \= Mercedes\-Benz USA}}
[thumb\|left\|The interior of the mid\-cycle refresh had been minimally restyled.](/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_E_350_BlueTEC_T-Modell_Avantgarde_%28S_212%2C_Facelift%29_%E2%80%93_Innenraum%2C_13._April_2013%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg "Mercedes-Benz E 350 BlueTEC T-Modell Avantgarde (S 212, Facelift) – Innenraum, 13. April 2013, Düsseldorf.jpg")
The car's interior cabin was subtly revised, with the new 3\-tube instrument cluster, trapezoidal head\-unit display, air vents design and a new analogue clock in the center console between the two central vents, like the [CLS\-Class (C218\)](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_CLS-Class_%28C218%29 "Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class (C218)"). A new feature was the two\-part trim which stretched across the entire dashboard, available in a wood or aluminium look, irrespective of the equipment line. There was also a redesigned centre console without a selector lever (saloons had already done away with the selector lever as part of the launch of the W212\), as well as a new multi\-function steering wheel with DIRECT SELECT lever and shift paddles in conjunction with the automatic transmission. If the driver had shifted up or down manually, after a set period of time the transmission would independently switch back to automatic mode to save fuel.
### Equipment
Three different suspension configurations could be ordered. The comfort\-biased setup used the base DIRECT CONTROL suspension with selective damping system. The sporty DIRECT CONTROL suspension with selective damping system was lowered by 15mm. The AIRMATIC air suspension featured electronically controlled damping. The Estate model received an air suspension with self\-leveling as standard on the rear axle. All E\-Classes were to be fitted with an electromechanical Direct\-Steer system as standard.
For infotainment, the E\-Class was equipped with the [COMAND](/wiki/COMAND "COMAND") system featuring AM/FM/WB radio, indash DVD/CD player, in\-dash memory card slot, and [Bluetooth](/wiki/Bluetooth "Bluetooth") interface for hands\-free calling. Standard equipment also included a central controller with a 7\-inch, high\-resolution display and a color display in the instrument cluster. Optional features included: Rearview camera, COMAND navigation, [SiriusXM](/wiki/SiriusXM "SiriusXM") satellite radio, [Harman/Kardon](/wiki/Harman/Kardon "Harman/Kardon") Logic 7 surround sound, power rear window sunshade, heated front seats, active ventilated front seats and garage\-door opener and [KEYLESS\-GO](/wiki/Remote_keyless_system "Remote keyless system").
The E\-Class benefited from new safety features derived from the 2014 [S\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_%28W222%29 "Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)"), including the stereo multi\-purpose camera which enabled the car to detect oncoming or crossing traffic, pedestrians and traffic signs up to 50 metres away.{{cite web \| url \=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/e\-class/62159/mercedes\-e\-class\-coupe\-and\-cabriolet\-facelif \| title \=Mercedes E\-Class Coupe and Cabriolet facelift \| author \=Auto Express}}
[thumb\|right\|Full\-[LED headlamps](/wiki/LED_headlamp "LED headlamp") with [Intelligent Light System](/wiki/Intelligent_Light_System "Intelligent Light System") and [Adaptive Highbeam Assist PLUS](/wiki/Adaptive_Highbeam_Assist_PLUS "Adaptive Highbeam Assist PLUS") on the 2014 E\-Class.](/wiki/File:2014_Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_LED_Headlight.jpg "2014 Mercedes-Benz E-Class LED Headlight.jpg")
Mercedes' Intelligent Drive technology equipped the 2014 E\-Class with up to eleven new or enhanced driving assistance features. Among these were Attention Assist (giving the driver greater control over sensitivity levels), standard Collision Prevention Assist, Distronic Plus adaptive cruise control with Steering Assist, Active Lane Keeping Assist, Brake Assist Plus, and Cross Traffic Assist.{{cite web \| url \=https://www.autotrader.com/car\-reviews/2013\-vs\-2014\-mercedes\-benz\-e\-class\-209053 \| title \=2013 vs. 2014 Mercedes\-Benz E\-Class \| author \=Autotrader}}
The Intelligent Light System with Adaptive Highbeam Assist PLUS used radar and stereo cameras to detect oncoming cars and operated on high beam while blanking out a section of light around them. The same system also identified pedestrians and could flash light specifically on them.{{cite news \| url \=https://www.irishtimes.com/life\-and\-style/motors/the\-e\-class\-gets\-a\-facelift\-from\-bonnet\-to\-boot\-1\.1251872 \| title \=The E\-class gets a facelift from bonnet to boot \| author \=The Irish Times\| newspaper \=\[\[The Irish Times]] }}
Other optional safety technologies included PRE\-SAFE Brake, PRE\-SAFE PLUS, PRE\-SAFE Impulse, Active Parking Assist, Active Blind Spot Assist, Traffic Sign Assist and a 360\-degree camera.
|
[
"W212 facelift (2013–2016\\)\n--------------------------",
"{{multiple image\n \\| total\\_width \\= 250\n \\| align \\= right\n \\| direction \\= vertical\n \\| caption\\_align \\= center\n \\| image1 \\= Mercedes\\-Benz E 220 CDI Elegance (W 212, Facelift) – Frontansicht (1\\), 30\\. August 2014, Düsseldorf.jpg\n \\| image2 \\= Mercedes\\-Benz E 220 CDI Elegance (W 212, Facelift) – Heckansicht, 30\\. August 2014, Düsseldorf.jpg\n \\| caption2 \\= Mercedes\\-Benz E 220 CDI Elegance (W212, facelift)\n \\| image3 \\= Mercedes\\-Benz E 250 CDI 4MATIC T\\-Modell Avantgarde Sport\\-Paket AMG (S 212, Facelift) – Heckansicht, 28\\. Juli 2013, Münster.jpg\n \\| caption3 \\= Mercedes\\-Benz E 250 CDI 4MATIC Avantgarde\n \\| footer\\_background \\= \n \\| footer\\_align \\= center\n \\| footer \\= \n}}",
"### Development and launch",
"The fourth generation E\\-Class (W212\\) facelift was unveiled to media in December 2012 ahead of its public debut at the [2013 North American International Auto Show](/wiki/North_American_International_Auto_Show%232013 \"North American International Auto Show#2013\"), it was made available for sale in early/mid 2013 as the 2014 [model year](/wiki/Model_year \"Model year\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://paultan.org/2012/12/17/video\\-w212\\-mercedes\\-benz\\-e\\-class\\-facelift\\-in\\-motion/ \\| title \\= VIDEO: W212 Mercedes\\-Benz E\\-Class facelift in motion \\| work \\= Paul Tan's Automotive News \\| date \\= 2012\\-12\\-17 \\| access\\-date \\= 1 March 2015 \\| archive\\-date \\= 1 March 2015 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20150301191720/http://paultan.org/2012/12/17/video\\-w212\\-mercedes\\-benz\\-e\\-class\\-facelift\\-in\\-motion/ \\| url\\-status \\= live }}{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/road\\-tests/9621561/Upgraded\\-E\\-still\\-the\\-hub\\-of\\-the\\-Mercedes\\-world \\| title \\= Upgraded E still the hub of the Mercedes world \\| work \\= Stuff \\| date \\= 18 January 2014 \\| access\\-date \\= 1 March 2015 \\| archive\\-date \\= 1 March 2015 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20150301191701/http://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/road\\-tests/9621561/Upgraded\\-E\\-still\\-the\\-hub\\-of\\-the\\-Mercedes\\-world \\| url\\-status \\= live }} Compared to typically subtle Mercedes\\-Benz minor model updates, the changes to the W212 were relatively extensive.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.nada.com/b2b/NADAOutlook/UsedCarTruckBlog/tabid/96/entryid/297/2014\\-Mercedes\\-Benz\\-E\\-Class\\-Don\\-t\\-call\\-it\\-a\\-Facelift.aspx \\| title \\= 2014 Mercedes\\-Benz E Class: Don't call it a Facelift \\| work \\= NADA \\| access\\-date \\= 31 March 2015 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20150413210544/http://www.nada.com/b2b/NADAOutlook/UsedCarTruckBlog/tabid/96/entryid/297/2014\\-Mercedes\\-Benz\\-E\\-Class\\-Don\\-t\\-call\\-it\\-a\\-Facelift.aspx \\| archive\\-date \\= 13 April 2015 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} With the sales the E\\-Class had lost to [SUVs](/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle \"Sport utility vehicle\") and [crossovers](/wiki/Crossover_%28automobile%29 \"Crossover (automobile)\") in Europe and America more than compensated for by demand in emerging markets,{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.germancarforum.com/threads/mercedes\\-benz\\-e\\-class\\-w212\\-facelift.47815/page\\-29 \\| title \\=Mercedes\\-Benz E\\-Class (W212\\) Facelift\\| work \\=germancarforum\\| date \\=13 December 2012}} it received the \"most significant model revision\" Mercedes\\-Benz had ever undertaken,{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/e\\-class/62622/mercedes\\-e\\-class\\-facelift\\-prices \\| title \\= Mercedes E\\-Class facelift prices \\| work \\= Auto Express \\| access\\-date \\= 31 March 2015 \\| archive\\-date \\= 13 April 2015 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20150413210847/http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/e\\-class/62622/mercedes\\-e\\-class\\-facelift\\-prices \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} reported close to €1 billion into the development of the mid\\-cycle refresh. The amount of new features on the facelifted model is about the same that's expected from the release of an entirely new model.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.autoevolution.com/news/mercedes\\-benz\\-e\\-350\\-w212\\-facelift\\-gets\\-reviewed\\-by\\-edmund\\-s\\-68614\\.html \\| title \\= Mercedes\\-Benz E 350 W212 Facelift Gets Reviewed by Edmund's \\| author \\= Alex Oagana \\| work \\= autoevolution \\| date \\= 2013\\-10\\-09 \\| access\\-date \\= 17 March 2015 \\| archive\\-date \\= 23 December 2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20141223182610/http://www.autoevolution.com/news/mercedes\\-benz\\-e\\-350\\-w212\\-facelift\\-gets\\-reviewed\\-by\\-edmund\\-s\\-68614\\.html \\| url\\-status \\= live }} The facelift brings significant styling changes, improved engines, more standard equipment and several extra hi\\-tech features.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.worldcarfans.com/112121351626/official\\-2014\\-mercedes\\-benz\\-e\\-class\\-facelift\\-revealed \\| title \\= OFFICIAL: 2014 Mercedes\\-Benz E\\-Class facelift revealed \\| work \\= Worldcarfans}}{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car\\-news/first\\-official\\-pictures/mercedes\\-benz/mercedes\\-e\\-class\\-facelift\\-2013\\-first\\-official\\-pictures/ \\| title \\= Mercedes E\\-class facelift (2013\\): first official pictures \\| work \\= CAR Magazine}}",
"Depending on the market, the 2014 E\\-Class is available in the following versions. The lineup starts with the E 200 that has a turbocharged 2\\.0\\-liter producing {{convert\\|181\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}} or {{convert\\|208\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}} in the E 250\\. The more frugal E 200 CDI has a four\\-cylinder, 2\\.1\\-liter turbodiesel unit with {{convert\\|134\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}}. The same engine powers the E 220 CDI where it's tuned to output {{convert\\|168\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}}, while in the E 250 CDI it churns {{convert\\|201\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}}. There are also BlueTec versions of the E 250, E 300 Hybrid and E 350\\. The regular E 350 gets a V6 3\\.5\\-liter engine generating {{convert\\|302\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}}, while the E 400 Hybrid has the same V6 engine but with an electric motor developing an additional {{convert\\|27\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}}. The E 550 makes use of a 4\\.7\\-liter turbo charged V8 engine developing {{convert\\|402\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
"### Styling",
"The front was completely restyled, giving it a more aggressive look compared to the pre\\-facelift model in response to the newer [BMW 5 Series](/wiki/BMW_5_Series_%28F10%29 \"BMW 5 Series (F10)\") and [Audi A6](/wiki/Audi_A6%23C7_%28Typ_4G%2C_2011%E2%80%932018%29 \"Audi A6#C7 (Typ 4G, 2011–2018)\"). The twin headlamp design was replaced with a singular front light (marking the end of Mercedes's dual headlamps use), while the light elements within the headlamps helped to retain the \"four\\-eyed\" appearance. Low beam and [daytime running lamps](/wiki/Daytime_running_lamps \"Daytime running lamps\") both came with partial LED as standard, while full LED technology was available as an option for the first time.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0\\-921\\-658781\\-1\\-1609210\\-1\\-0\\-1\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-854934\\-0\\-1\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\.html \\| title \\= Mercedes\\-Benz continues to extend its leadership in LED lighting systems: Leading the way with better light \\- Daimler Global Media Site \\> Brands \\& Products \\> Mercedes\\-Benz Cars \\> Mercedes\\-Benz Passenger Cars \\> Special Topics \\| date \\= 4 July 2013 \\| publisher \\= daimler.com}} The hood, with new flowing lines, and the front bumper, which was made sharper with bigger air intakes, were also completely redesigned.",
"In the rear, the LED taillights were given horizontal design, while Sport models featured exposed dual exhaust pipes. The doors and front fenders were re\\-shaped, eliminating the wheel arch bulge and replacing it with a more traditional character line in the sheet metal. The lower side crease line (which replaced the pre\\-facelift model's side chrome trim) extends from the rear door all the way to the front fender, hence all the side panels except for the rear quarter panel was also restyled.",
"The facelift could be ordered with two distinct design variants: Sport and Luxury, which featured two different front\\-end designs for each line.{{cite AV media \\| url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=wO7ljRl6\\-WI \\| title \\= 2014 Mercedes\\-Benz E\\-Class W212 facelift Walk Around \\| date \\= 20 November 2013 \\| publisher \\= YouTube}} The Luxury version came with the classic saloon grille with 3\\-louver look and star on the hood. The Sport version featured the sports grille with integrated star, also a first time option, forming a visual link to the high performance sports car models.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.postcrescent.com/story/money/cars/2015/08/19/2015\\-mercedes\\-benz\\-e\\-class\\-is\\-extensively\\-refined/31907357/ \\| title \\= 2015 Mercedes\\-Benz E\\-Class is extensively refined \\| date \\= 19 August 2015 \\| work \\= Post\\-Crescent Media}} Sport models receive a more confident front design, using the AMG styling package that features larger air intakes and a distinct aluminum trim line along the entire lower rim of the front bumper.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.eurocarnews.com/218/0/2493/0/2014\\-mercedes\\-benz\\-e\\-class\\-sedan\\-wagon.html \\| title \\= 2014 Mercedes\\-Benz E\\-Class Sedan \\& Wagon \\| author \\= Mercedes\\-Benz USA}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The interior of the mid\\-cycle refresh had been minimally restyled.](/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_E_350_BlueTEC_T-Modell_Avantgarde_%28S_212%2C_Facelift%29_%E2%80%93_Innenraum%2C_13._April_2013%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg \"Mercedes-Benz E 350 BlueTEC T-Modell Avantgarde (S 212, Facelift) – Innenraum, 13. April 2013, Düsseldorf.jpg\")",
"The car's interior cabin was subtly revised, with the new 3\\-tube instrument cluster, trapezoidal head\\-unit display, air vents design and a new analogue clock in the center console between the two central vents, like the [CLS\\-Class (C218\\)](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_CLS-Class_%28C218%29 \"Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class (C218)\"). A new feature was the two\\-part trim which stretched across the entire dashboard, available in a wood or aluminium look, irrespective of the equipment line. There was also a redesigned centre console without a selector lever (saloons had already done away with the selector lever as part of the launch of the W212\\), as well as a new multi\\-function steering wheel with DIRECT SELECT lever and shift paddles in conjunction with the automatic transmission. If the driver had shifted up or down manually, after a set period of time the transmission would independently switch back to automatic mode to save fuel.",
"### Equipment",
"Three different suspension configurations could be ordered. The comfort\\-biased setup used the base DIRECT CONTROL suspension with selective damping system. The sporty DIRECT CONTROL suspension with selective damping system was lowered by 15mm. The AIRMATIC air suspension featured electronically controlled damping. The Estate model received an air suspension with self\\-leveling as standard on the rear axle. All E\\-Classes were to be fitted with an electromechanical Direct\\-Steer system as standard.",
"For infotainment, the E\\-Class was equipped with the [COMAND](/wiki/COMAND \"COMAND\") system featuring AM/FM/WB radio, indash DVD/CD player, in\\-dash memory card slot, and [Bluetooth](/wiki/Bluetooth \"Bluetooth\") interface for hands\\-free calling. Standard equipment also included a central controller with a 7\\-inch, high\\-resolution display and a color display in the instrument cluster. Optional features included: Rearview camera, COMAND navigation, [SiriusXM](/wiki/SiriusXM \"SiriusXM\") satellite radio, [Harman/Kardon](/wiki/Harman/Kardon \"Harman/Kardon\") Logic 7 surround sound, power rear window sunshade, heated front seats, active ventilated front seats and garage\\-door opener and [KEYLESS\\-GO](/wiki/Remote_keyless_system \"Remote keyless system\").",
"The E\\-Class benefited from new safety features derived from the 2014 [S\\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_%28W222%29 \"Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)\"), including the stereo multi\\-purpose camera which enabled the car to detect oncoming or crossing traffic, pedestrians and traffic signs up to 50 metres away.{{cite web \\| url \\=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/e\\-class/62159/mercedes\\-e\\-class\\-coupe\\-and\\-cabriolet\\-facelif \\| title \\=Mercedes E\\-Class Coupe and Cabriolet facelift \\| author \\=Auto Express}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Full\\-[LED headlamps](/wiki/LED_headlamp \"LED headlamp\") with [Intelligent Light System](/wiki/Intelligent_Light_System \"Intelligent Light System\") and [Adaptive Highbeam Assist PLUS](/wiki/Adaptive_Highbeam_Assist_PLUS \"Adaptive Highbeam Assist PLUS\") on the 2014 E\\-Class.](/wiki/File:2014_Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_LED_Headlight.jpg \"2014 Mercedes-Benz E-Class LED Headlight.jpg\")\nMercedes' Intelligent Drive technology equipped the 2014 E\\-Class with up to eleven new or enhanced driving assistance features. Among these were Attention Assist (giving the driver greater control over sensitivity levels), standard Collision Prevention Assist, Distronic Plus adaptive cruise control with Steering Assist, Active Lane Keeping Assist, Brake Assist Plus, and Cross Traffic Assist.{{cite web \\| url \\=https://www.autotrader.com/car\\-reviews/2013\\-vs\\-2014\\-mercedes\\-benz\\-e\\-class\\-209053 \\| title \\=2013 vs. 2014 Mercedes\\-Benz E\\-Class \\| author \\=Autotrader}}",
"The Intelligent Light System with Adaptive Highbeam Assist PLUS used radar and stereo cameras to detect oncoming cars and operated on high beam while blanking out a section of light around them. The same system also identified pedestrians and could flash light specifically on them.{{cite news \\| url \\=https://www.irishtimes.com/life\\-and\\-style/motors/the\\-e\\-class\\-gets\\-a\\-facelift\\-from\\-bonnet\\-to\\-boot\\-1\\.1251872 \\| title \\=The E\\-class gets a facelift from bonnet to boot \\| author \\=The Irish Times\\| newspaper \\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]] }}",
"Other optional safety technologies included PRE\\-SAFE Brake, PRE\\-SAFE PLUS, PRE\\-SAFE Impulse, Active Parking Assist, Active Blind Spot Assist, Traffic Sign Assist and a 360\\-degree camera.",
""
] |
Readings
--------
In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parashah is divided into seven readings, or {{Script/Hebrew\|עליות}}, *[aliyot](/wiki/Aliyah_%28Torah%29 "Aliyah (Torah)")*.See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor, *The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Vayikra/Leviticus* ([Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"): [Mesorah Publications](/wiki/ArtScroll "ArtScroll"), 2008\), pages 174–86\.
### First reading—Leviticus 25:1–13
In the first reading, on [Mount Sinai](/wiki/Mount_Sinai "Mount Sinai"), [God](/wiki/God_in_Judaism "God in Judaism") told [Moses](/wiki/Moses "Moses") to tell the [Israelites](/wiki/Israelite "Israelite") the law of the Sabbatical year for the land.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:1–2\|HE}}. The people could work the fields for six years, but in the seventh year, the land was to have a Sabbath of complete rest during which the people were not to sow their fields, prune their vineyards, or reap the aftergrowth.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:3–5\|HE}}. They could, however, eat whatever the land produced on its own.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:6–7\|HE}}. The people were further to hallow the 50th year, the [Jubilee](/wiki/Jubilee_%28Biblical%29 "Jubilee (Biblical)") year, and to proclaim release for all with a blast on the horn.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:8–10\|HE}}. Each Israelite was to return to his family and his ancestral land holding.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:10\|HE}}.
### Second reading—Leviticus 25:14–18
In the second reading, in selling or buying property, the people were to charge only for the remaining number of crop years until the jubilee, when the land would be returned to its ancestral holder.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:14–17\|HE}}.
[250px\|thumb\|left\|Land near the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea "Dead Sea")](/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Sunrise.jpg "Dead Sea Sunrise.jpg")
### Third reading—Leviticus 25:19–24
In the third reading, God promised to bless the people in the sixth year, so that the land would yield a crop sufficient for three years.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:20–22\|HE}}. God prohibited selling the land beyond reclaim, for God owned the land, and the people were but strangers living with God.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:23\|HE}}.
[250px\|thumb\|right\|Land in [Judea](/wiki/Judea "Judea")](/wiki/File:Judea.jpg "Judea.jpg")
### Fourth reading—Leviticus 25:25–28
In the fourth reading, if one fell into straits and had to sell land, his nearest relative was to redeem what was sold.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:25\|HE}}. If one had no one to redeem, but prospered and acquired enough wealth, he could refund the pro rata share of the sales price for the remaining years until the jubilee, and return to his holding.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:26–27\|HE}}.
### Fifth reading—Leviticus 25:29–38
In the fifth reading, if one sold a house in a [walled](/wiki/Wall "Wall") city, one could redeem it for a year, and thereafter the house would pass to the purchaser beyond reclaim and not be released in the jubilee.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:29–30\|HE}}. But houses in villages without encircling walls were treated as open country subject to redemption and release through the jubilee.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:31\|HE}}. [Levites](/wiki/Levite "Levite") were to have a permanent right of redemption for houses and property in the cities of the Levites.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:32–33\|HE}}. The unenclosed land about their cities could not be sold.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:34\|HE}}. If a kinsman fell into straits and came under one's authority by virtue of his [debts](/wiki/Debt "Debt"), one was to let him live by one's side as a kinsman and not exact from him interest.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:35–36\|HE}}. Israelites were not to lend money to countrymen at interest.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:37\|HE}}.
### Sixth reading—Leviticus 25:39–46
In the sixth reading, if the kinsman continued in straits and had to give himself over to a creditor for debt, the creditor was not to subject him to the treatment of a [slave](/wiki/Slavery "Slavery"), but to treat him as a hired or bound laborer until the jubilee year, at which time he was to be freed to go back to his family and ancestral holding.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:39–42\|HE}}. Israelites were not to rule over such debtor Israelites ruthlessly.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:43\|HE}}. Israelites could, however, buy and own as inheritable property slaves from other nations.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:44–46\|HE}}.
### Seventh reading—Leviticus 25:47–26:2
In the seventh reading, if an Israelite fell into straits and came under a resident alien's authority by virtue of his debts, the Israelite debtor was to have the right of redemption.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:47–48\|HE}}. A relative was to redeem him or, if he prospered, he could redeem himself by paying the pro rata share of the sales price for the remaining years until the jubilee.{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|25:48–52\|HE}}.
### Readings according to the triennial cycle
Jews who read the Torah according to the [triennial cycle](/wiki/Triennial_cycle "Triennial cycle") of Torah reading read the parashah according to a different schedule.See, e.g., Richard Eisenberg, ["A Complete Triennial Cycle for Reading the Torah,"](https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/19861990/eisenberg_triennial.pdf) *Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement: 1986–1990* ([New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"): The [Rabbinical Assembly](/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly "Rabbinical Assembly"), 2001\), pages 383–418\.
|
[
"Readings\n--------",
"In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parashah is divided into seven readings, or {{Script/Hebrew\\|עליות}}, *[aliyot](/wiki/Aliyah_%28Torah%29 \"Aliyah (Torah)\")*.See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor, *The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Vayikra/Leviticus* ([Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"): [Mesorah Publications](/wiki/ArtScroll \"ArtScroll\"), 2008\\), pages 174–86\\.",
"### First reading—Leviticus 25:1–13",
"In the first reading, on [Mount Sinai](/wiki/Mount_Sinai \"Mount Sinai\"), [God](/wiki/God_in_Judaism \"God in Judaism\") told [Moses](/wiki/Moses \"Moses\") to tell the [Israelites](/wiki/Israelite \"Israelite\") the law of the Sabbatical year for the land.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:1–2\\|HE}}. The people could work the fields for six years, but in the seventh year, the land was to have a Sabbath of complete rest during which the people were not to sow their fields, prune their vineyards, or reap the aftergrowth.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:3–5\\|HE}}. They could, however, eat whatever the land produced on its own.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:6–7\\|HE}}. The people were further to hallow the 50th year, the [Jubilee](/wiki/Jubilee_%28Biblical%29 \"Jubilee (Biblical)\") year, and to proclaim release for all with a blast on the horn.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:8–10\\|HE}}. Each Israelite was to return to his family and his ancestral land holding.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:10\\|HE}}.",
"### Second reading—Leviticus 25:14–18",
"In the second reading, in selling or buying property, the people were to charge only for the remaining number of crop years until the jubilee, when the land would be returned to its ancestral holder.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:14–17\\|HE}}.",
"[250px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Land near the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea \"Dead Sea\")](/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Sunrise.jpg \"Dead Sea Sunrise.jpg\")",
"### Third reading—Leviticus 25:19–24",
"In the third reading, God promised to bless the people in the sixth year, so that the land would yield a crop sufficient for three years.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:20–22\\|HE}}. God prohibited selling the land beyond reclaim, for God owned the land, and the people were but strangers living with God.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:23\\|HE}}.",
"[250px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Land in [Judea](/wiki/Judea \"Judea\")](/wiki/File:Judea.jpg \"Judea.jpg\")",
"### Fourth reading—Leviticus 25:25–28",
"In the fourth reading, if one fell into straits and had to sell land, his nearest relative was to redeem what was sold.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:25\\|HE}}. If one had no one to redeem, but prospered and acquired enough wealth, he could refund the pro rata share of the sales price for the remaining years until the jubilee, and return to his holding.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:26–27\\|HE}}.",
"### Fifth reading—Leviticus 25:29–38",
"In the fifth reading, if one sold a house in a [walled](/wiki/Wall \"Wall\") city, one could redeem it for a year, and thereafter the house would pass to the purchaser beyond reclaim and not be released in the jubilee.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:29–30\\|HE}}. But houses in villages without encircling walls were treated as open country subject to redemption and release through the jubilee.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:31\\|HE}}. [Levites](/wiki/Levite \"Levite\") were to have a permanent right of redemption for houses and property in the cities of the Levites.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:32–33\\|HE}}. The unenclosed land about their cities could not be sold.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:34\\|HE}}. If a kinsman fell into straits and came under one's authority by virtue of his [debts](/wiki/Debt \"Debt\"), one was to let him live by one's side as a kinsman and not exact from him interest.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:35–36\\|HE}}. Israelites were not to lend money to countrymen at interest.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:37\\|HE}}.",
"### Sixth reading—Leviticus 25:39–46",
"In the sixth reading, if the kinsman continued in straits and had to give himself over to a creditor for debt, the creditor was not to subject him to the treatment of a [slave](/wiki/Slavery \"Slavery\"), but to treat him as a hired or bound laborer until the jubilee year, at which time he was to be freed to go back to his family and ancestral holding.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:39–42\\|HE}}. Israelites were not to rule over such debtor Israelites ruthlessly.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:43\\|HE}}. Israelites could, however, buy and own as inheritable property slaves from other nations.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:44–46\\|HE}}.",
"### Seventh reading—Leviticus 25:47–26:2",
"In the seventh reading, if an Israelite fell into straits and came under a resident alien's authority by virtue of his debts, the Israelite debtor was to have the right of redemption.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:47–48\\|HE}}. A relative was to redeem him or, if he prospered, he could redeem himself by paying the pro rata share of the sales price for the remaining years until the jubilee.{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:48–52\\|HE}}.",
"### Readings according to the triennial cycle",
"Jews who read the Torah according to the [triennial cycle](/wiki/Triennial_cycle \"Triennial cycle\") of Torah reading read the parashah according to a different schedule.See, e.g., Richard Eisenberg, [\"A Complete Triennial Cycle for Reading the Torah,\"](https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/19861990/eisenberg_triennial.pdf) *Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement: 1986–1990* ([New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"): The [Rabbinical Assembly](/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly \"Rabbinical Assembly\"), 2001\\), pages 383–418\\.",
""
] |
In inner\-biblical interpretation
---------------------------------
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources:For more on inner\-Biblical interpretation, see, e.g., Benjamin D. Sommer, "Inner\-biblical Interpretation," in [Adele Berlin](/wiki/Adele_Berlin "Adele Berlin") and [Marc Zvi Brettler](/wiki/Marc_Zvi_Brettler "Marc Zvi Brettler"), editors, *The Jewish Study Bible: Second Edition* (New York: [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"), 2014\), pages 1835–41\.
[thumb\|right\|200px\|[Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur](/wiki/Jews_Praying_in_the_Synagogue_on_Yom_Kippur "Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur") (1878 painting by [Maurycy Gottlieb](/wiki/Maurycy_Gottlieb "Maurycy Gottlieb"))](/wiki/File:Gottlieb-Jews_Praying_in_the_Synagogue_on_Yom_Kippur.jpg "Gottlieb-Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur.jpg")
### Leviticus chapter 25
#### Yom Kippur
Leviticus 25:8–10 refers to the Festival of [Yom Kippur](/wiki/Yom_Kippur "Yom Kippur"). In the [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Tanakh "Tanakh"), Yom Kippur is called:
* the Day of Atonement ({{Script/Hebrew\|יוֹם הַכִּפֻּרִים}}, *Yom HaKippurim*){{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|23:27\|HE}} and {{Bibleverse\-nb\|\|Leviticus\|25:9\|HE}}. or a Day of Atonement ({{Script/Hebrew\|יוֹם כִּפֻּרִים}}, *Yom Kippurim*);{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|23:28\|HE}}.
* a Sabbath of solemn rest ({{Script/Hebrew\|שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן}}, *Shabbat Shabbaton*);{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|16:31\|HE}} and {{Bibleverse\-nb\|\|Leviticus\|23:32\|HE}}. and
* a holy convocation ({{Script/Hebrew\|מִקְרָא\-קֹדֶשׁ}}, *mikrah kodesh*).{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|23:27\|HE}} and {{Bibleverse\-lb\|\|Numbers\|29:7\|HE}}.
Much as Yom Kippur, on the 10th of the month of [Tishrei](/wiki/Tishrei "Tishrei"), precedes the Festival of Sukkot, on the 15th of the month of Tishrei, [Exodus](/wiki/Book_of_Exodus "Book of Exodus") 12:3–6 speaks of a period starting on the 10th of the month of [Nisan](/wiki/Nisan "Nisan") preparatory to the Festival of Passover, on the 15th of the month of Nisan.
[left\|thumb\|300px\|Day of Atonement (painting circa 1900 by [Isidor Kaufmann](/wiki/Isidor_Kaufmann "Isidor Kaufmann"))](/wiki/File:Kaufmann_Day_of_Atonement.jpg "Kaufmann Day of Atonement.jpg")
Leviticus 16:29–34 and 23:26–32 and Numbers 29:7–11 present similar injunctions to observe Yom Kippur. Leviticus 16:29 and 23:27 and Numbers 29:7 set the Holy Day on the tenth day of the seventh month (Tishrei). Leviticus 16:29 and 23:27 and Numbers 29:7 instruct that "you shall afflict your souls." Leviticus 23:32 makes clear that a full day is intended: "you shall afflict your souls; in the ninth day of the month at evening, from evening to evening." And Leviticus 23:29 threatens that whoever "shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from his people." Leviticus 16:29 and 23:28 and Numbers 29:7 command that you "shall do no manner of work." Similarly, Leviticus 16:31 and 23:32 call it a "Sabbath of solemn rest." And in Leviticus 23:30, God threatens that whoever "does any manner of work in that same day, that soul will I destroy from among his people." Leviticus 16:30, 16:32–34, and 23:27–28, and Numbers 29:11 describe the purpose of the day to make atonement for the people. Similarly, Leviticus 16:30 speaks of the purpose "to cleanse you from all your sins," and Leviticus 16:33 speaks of making atonement for the most holy place, the tent of meeting, the altar; and the priests. Leviticus 16:29 instructs that the commandment applies both to "the home\-born" and to "the stranger who sojourns among you." Leviticus 16:3–25 and 23:27 and Numbers 29:8–11 command offerings to God. And Leviticus 16:31 and 23:31 institute the observance as "a statute forever."
Leviticus 16:3–28 sets out detailed procedures for the priest's atonement ritual during the time of the [Temple](/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem "Temple in Jerusalem").
Leviticus 25:8–10 instructs that after seven Sabbatical years, on the [Jubilee year](/wiki/Jubilee_%28Biblical%29 "Jubilee (Biblical)"), on the day of atonement, the Israelites were to proclaim liberty throughout the land with the blast of the horn and return all people to their possessions and to their families.
In [Isaiah](/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah "Book of Isaiah") 57:14–58:14, the [Haftarah](/wiki/Haftarah "Haftarah") for Yom Kippur morning, God describes "the fast that I have chosen \[on] the day for a man to afflict his soul." Isaiah 58:3–5 makes clear that "to afflict the soul" was understood as fasting. But Isaiah 58:6–10 goes on to impress that "to afflict the soul," God also seeks acts of social justice: "to loose the fetters of wickedness, to undo the bands of the yoke," "to let the oppressed go free," "to give your bread to the hungry, and . . . bring the poor that are cast out to your house," and "when you see the naked, that you cover him."
#### The Duty To Redeem
[Tamara Cohn Eskenazi](/wiki/Tamara_Cohn_Eskenazi "Tamara Cohn Eskenazi") wrote that Biblical laws required Israelites to act as redeemers for relatives in four situations: (1\) redemption of land in Leviticus 25:25–34, (2\) redemption of persons from slavery, especially in Leviticus 25:47–50, (3\) redemption of objects dedicated to the sanctuary in Leviticus 27:9–28, and (4\) avenging the blood of a murdered relative in Numbers 35\.[Tamara Cohn Eskenazi](/wiki/Tamara_Cohn_Eskenazi "Tamara Cohn Eskenazi") and [Tikva Frymer\-Kensky](/wiki/Tikva_Frymer-Kensky "Tikva Frymer-Kensky"), *The JPS Bible Commentary: Ruth* ([Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"): [Jewish Publication Society](/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society "Jewish Publication Society"), 2011\), page liv.
#### Naboth
In 1 Kings 21:2, [Naboth the Jezreelite](/wiki/Naboth "Naboth") refused to sell his [vineyard](/wiki/Vineyard "Vineyard") to [King Ahab](/wiki/King_Ahab "King Ahab") because the land is an inheritance subject to the rule in Leviticus 25:23\.Robert Jamieson, [Andrew R. Fausset](/wiki/Andrew_Robert_Fausset "Andrew Robert Fausset"), and [David Brown](/wiki/David_Brown_%28Free_Church_of_Scotland%29 "David Brown (Free Church of Scotland)"), *A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments* ([Peabody, Massachusetts](/wiki/Peabody%2C_Massachusetts "Peabody, Massachusetts"): [Hendrickson Publishers](/wiki/Hendrickson_Publishers "Hendrickson Publishers"), 1997\), volume 1, page 362 ([commentary on 1 Kings 21](http://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/1_kings/21.htm)).
### Leviticus chapter 26
Leviticus 26:1 directs the Israelites not to rear up a pillar ({{Script/Hebrew\|מַצֵּבָה}}, *matzeivah*). Exodus 23:24 directed the Israelites to break in pieces the [Canaanites](/wiki/Canaan "Canaan")' pillars ({{Script/Hebrew\|מַצֵּבֹתֵיהֶם}}, *matzeivoteihem*). And [Deuteronomy](/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy "Book of Deuteronomy") 16:22 prohibits setting up a pillar ({{Script/Hebrew\|מַצֵּבָה}}, *matzeivah*), "which the Lord your God hates." But before these commandments were issued, in [Genesis](/wiki/Book_of_Genesis "Book of Genesis") 28:18, [Jacob](/wiki/Jacob "Jacob") took the stone on which he had slept, set it up as a pillar ({{Script/Hebrew\|מַצֵּבָה}}, *matzeivah*), and poured oil on the top of it.
[thumb\|right\|250px\|A Damascus Document Scroll found at Qumran](/wiki/File:The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg "The Damascus Document Scroll.jpg")
|
[
"In inner\\-biblical interpretation\n---------------------------------",
"The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources:For more on inner\\-Biblical interpretation, see, e.g., Benjamin D. Sommer, \"Inner\\-biblical Interpretation,\" in [Adele Berlin](/wiki/Adele_Berlin \"Adele Berlin\") and [Marc Zvi Brettler](/wiki/Marc_Zvi_Brettler \"Marc Zvi Brettler\"), editors, *The Jewish Study Bible: Second Edition* (New York: [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"), 2014\\), pages 1835–41\\.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|[Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur](/wiki/Jews_Praying_in_the_Synagogue_on_Yom_Kippur \"Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur\") (1878 painting by [Maurycy Gottlieb](/wiki/Maurycy_Gottlieb \"Maurycy Gottlieb\"))](/wiki/File:Gottlieb-Jews_Praying_in_the_Synagogue_on_Yom_Kippur.jpg \"Gottlieb-Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur.jpg\")",
"### Leviticus chapter 25",
"#### Yom Kippur",
"Leviticus 25:8–10 refers to the Festival of [Yom Kippur](/wiki/Yom_Kippur \"Yom Kippur\"). In the [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Tanakh \"Tanakh\"), Yom Kippur is called:\n* the Day of Atonement ({{Script/Hebrew\\|יוֹם הַכִּפֻּרִים}}, *Yom HaKippurim*){{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|23:27\\|HE}} and {{Bibleverse\\-nb\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:9\\|HE}}. or a Day of Atonement ({{Script/Hebrew\\|יוֹם כִּפֻּרִים}}, *Yom Kippurim*);{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|23:28\\|HE}}.\n* a Sabbath of solemn rest ({{Script/Hebrew\\|שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן}}, *Shabbat Shabbaton*);{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|16:31\\|HE}} and {{Bibleverse\\-nb\\|\\|Leviticus\\|23:32\\|HE}}. and\n* a holy convocation ({{Script/Hebrew\\|מִקְרָא\\-קֹדֶשׁ}}, *mikrah kodesh*).{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|23:27\\|HE}} and {{Bibleverse\\-lb\\|\\|Numbers\\|29:7\\|HE}}.",
"Much as Yom Kippur, on the 10th of the month of [Tishrei](/wiki/Tishrei \"Tishrei\"), precedes the Festival of Sukkot, on the 15th of the month of Tishrei, [Exodus](/wiki/Book_of_Exodus \"Book of Exodus\") 12:3–6 speaks of a period starting on the 10th of the month of [Nisan](/wiki/Nisan \"Nisan\") preparatory to the Festival of Passover, on the 15th of the month of Nisan.",
"[left\\|thumb\\|300px\\|Day of Atonement (painting circa 1900 by [Isidor Kaufmann](/wiki/Isidor_Kaufmann \"Isidor Kaufmann\"))](/wiki/File:Kaufmann_Day_of_Atonement.jpg \"Kaufmann Day of Atonement.jpg\")\nLeviticus 16:29–34 and 23:26–32 and Numbers 29:7–11 present similar injunctions to observe Yom Kippur. Leviticus 16:29 and 23:27 and Numbers 29:7 set the Holy Day on the tenth day of the seventh month (Tishrei). Leviticus 16:29 and 23:27 and Numbers 29:7 instruct that \"you shall afflict your souls.\" Leviticus 23:32 makes clear that a full day is intended: \"you shall afflict your souls; in the ninth day of the month at evening, from evening to evening.\" And Leviticus 23:29 threatens that whoever \"shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from his people.\" Leviticus 16:29 and 23:28 and Numbers 29:7 command that you \"shall do no manner of work.\" Similarly, Leviticus 16:31 and 23:32 call it a \"Sabbath of solemn rest.\" And in Leviticus 23:30, God threatens that whoever \"does any manner of work in that same day, that soul will I destroy from among his people.\" Leviticus 16:30, 16:32–34, and 23:27–28, and Numbers 29:11 describe the purpose of the day to make atonement for the people. Similarly, Leviticus 16:30 speaks of the purpose \"to cleanse you from all your sins,\" and Leviticus 16:33 speaks of making atonement for the most holy place, the tent of meeting, the altar; and the priests. Leviticus 16:29 instructs that the commandment applies both to \"the home\\-born\" and to \"the stranger who sojourns among you.\" Leviticus 16:3–25 and 23:27 and Numbers 29:8–11 command offerings to God. And Leviticus 16:31 and 23:31 institute the observance as \"a statute forever.\"",
"Leviticus 16:3–28 sets out detailed procedures for the priest's atonement ritual during the time of the [Temple](/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem \"Temple in Jerusalem\").",
"Leviticus 25:8–10 instructs that after seven Sabbatical years, on the [Jubilee year](/wiki/Jubilee_%28Biblical%29 \"Jubilee (Biblical)\"), on the day of atonement, the Israelites were to proclaim liberty throughout the land with the blast of the horn and return all people to their possessions and to their families.",
"In [Isaiah](/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah \"Book of Isaiah\") 57:14–58:14, the [Haftarah](/wiki/Haftarah \"Haftarah\") for Yom Kippur morning, God describes \"the fast that I have chosen \\[on] the day for a man to afflict his soul.\" Isaiah 58:3–5 makes clear that \"to afflict the soul\" was understood as fasting. But Isaiah 58:6–10 goes on to impress that \"to afflict the soul,\" God also seeks acts of social justice: \"to loose the fetters of wickedness, to undo the bands of the yoke,\" \"to let the oppressed go free,\" \"to give your bread to the hungry, and . . . bring the poor that are cast out to your house,\" and \"when you see the naked, that you cover him.\"",
"#### The Duty To Redeem",
"[Tamara Cohn Eskenazi](/wiki/Tamara_Cohn_Eskenazi \"Tamara Cohn Eskenazi\") wrote that Biblical laws required Israelites to act as redeemers for relatives in four situations: (1\\) redemption of land in Leviticus 25:25–34, (2\\) redemption of persons from slavery, especially in Leviticus 25:47–50, (3\\) redemption of objects dedicated to the sanctuary in Leviticus 27:9–28, and (4\\) avenging the blood of a murdered relative in Numbers 35\\.[Tamara Cohn Eskenazi](/wiki/Tamara_Cohn_Eskenazi \"Tamara Cohn Eskenazi\") and [Tikva Frymer\\-Kensky](/wiki/Tikva_Frymer-Kensky \"Tikva Frymer-Kensky\"), *The JPS Bible Commentary: Ruth* ([Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"): [Jewish Publication Society](/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society \"Jewish Publication Society\"), 2011\\), page liv.",
"#### Naboth",
"In 1 Kings 21:2, [Naboth the Jezreelite](/wiki/Naboth \"Naboth\") refused to sell his [vineyard](/wiki/Vineyard \"Vineyard\") to [King Ahab](/wiki/King_Ahab \"King Ahab\") because the land is an inheritance subject to the rule in Leviticus 25:23\\.Robert Jamieson, [Andrew R. Fausset](/wiki/Andrew_Robert_Fausset \"Andrew Robert Fausset\"), and [David Brown](/wiki/David_Brown_%28Free_Church_of_Scotland%29 \"David Brown (Free Church of Scotland)\"), *A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments* ([Peabody, Massachusetts](/wiki/Peabody%2C_Massachusetts \"Peabody, Massachusetts\"): [Hendrickson Publishers](/wiki/Hendrickson_Publishers \"Hendrickson Publishers\"), 1997\\), volume 1, page 362 ([commentary on 1 Kings 21](http://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/1_kings/21.htm)).",
"### Leviticus chapter 26",
"Leviticus 26:1 directs the Israelites not to rear up a pillar ({{Script/Hebrew\\|מַצֵּבָה}}, *matzeivah*). Exodus 23:24 directed the Israelites to break in pieces the [Canaanites](/wiki/Canaan \"Canaan\")' pillars ({{Script/Hebrew\\|מַצֵּבֹתֵיהֶם}}, *matzeivoteihem*). And [Deuteronomy](/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy \"Book of Deuteronomy\") 16:22 prohibits setting up a pillar ({{Script/Hebrew\\|מַצֵּבָה}}, *matzeivah*), \"which the Lord your God hates.\" But before these commandments were issued, in [Genesis](/wiki/Book_of_Genesis \"Book of Genesis\") 28:18, [Jacob](/wiki/Jacob \"Jacob\") took the stone on which he had slept, set it up as a pillar ({{Script/Hebrew\\|מַצֵּבָה}}, *matzeivah*), and poured oil on the top of it.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|A Damascus Document Scroll found at Qumran](/wiki/File:The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg \"The Damascus Document Scroll.jpg\")",
""
] |
### Leviticus chapter 25
#### Yom Kippur
Leviticus 25:8–10 refers to the Festival of [Yom Kippur](/wiki/Yom_Kippur "Yom Kippur"). In the [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Tanakh "Tanakh"), Yom Kippur is called:
* the Day of Atonement ({{Script/Hebrew\|יוֹם הַכִּפֻּרִים}}, *Yom HaKippurim*){{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|23:27\|HE}} and {{Bibleverse\-nb\|\|Leviticus\|25:9\|HE}}. or a Day of Atonement ({{Script/Hebrew\|יוֹם כִּפֻּרִים}}, *Yom Kippurim*);{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|23:28\|HE}}.
* a Sabbath of solemn rest ({{Script/Hebrew\|שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן}}, *Shabbat Shabbaton*);{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|16:31\|HE}} and {{Bibleverse\-nb\|\|Leviticus\|23:32\|HE}}. and
* a holy convocation ({{Script/Hebrew\|מִקְרָא\-קֹדֶשׁ}}, *mikrah kodesh*).{{Bibleverse\|\|Leviticus\|23:27\|HE}} and {{Bibleverse\-lb\|\|Numbers\|29:7\|HE}}.
Much as Yom Kippur, on the 10th of the month of [Tishrei](/wiki/Tishrei "Tishrei"), precedes the Festival of Sukkot, on the 15th of the month of Tishrei, [Exodus](/wiki/Book_of_Exodus "Book of Exodus") 12:3–6 speaks of a period starting on the 10th of the month of [Nisan](/wiki/Nisan "Nisan") preparatory to the Festival of Passover, on the 15th of the month of Nisan.
[left\|thumb\|300px\|Day of Atonement (painting circa 1900 by [Isidor Kaufmann](/wiki/Isidor_Kaufmann "Isidor Kaufmann"))](/wiki/File:Kaufmann_Day_of_Atonement.jpg "Kaufmann Day of Atonement.jpg")
Leviticus 16:29–34 and 23:26–32 and Numbers 29:7–11 present similar injunctions to observe Yom Kippur. Leviticus 16:29 and 23:27 and Numbers 29:7 set the Holy Day on the tenth day of the seventh month (Tishrei). Leviticus 16:29 and 23:27 and Numbers 29:7 instruct that "you shall afflict your souls." Leviticus 23:32 makes clear that a full day is intended: "you shall afflict your souls; in the ninth day of the month at evening, from evening to evening." And Leviticus 23:29 threatens that whoever "shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from his people." Leviticus 16:29 and 23:28 and Numbers 29:7 command that you "shall do no manner of work." Similarly, Leviticus 16:31 and 23:32 call it a "Sabbath of solemn rest." And in Leviticus 23:30, God threatens that whoever "does any manner of work in that same day, that soul will I destroy from among his people." Leviticus 16:30, 16:32–34, and 23:27–28, and Numbers 29:11 describe the purpose of the day to make atonement for the people. Similarly, Leviticus 16:30 speaks of the purpose "to cleanse you from all your sins," and Leviticus 16:33 speaks of making atonement for the most holy place, the tent of meeting, the altar; and the priests. Leviticus 16:29 instructs that the commandment applies both to "the home\-born" and to "the stranger who sojourns among you." Leviticus 16:3–25 and 23:27 and Numbers 29:8–11 command offerings to God. And Leviticus 16:31 and 23:31 institute the observance as "a statute forever."
Leviticus 16:3–28 sets out detailed procedures for the priest's atonement ritual during the time of the [Temple](/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem "Temple in Jerusalem").
Leviticus 25:8–10 instructs that after seven Sabbatical years, on the [Jubilee year](/wiki/Jubilee_%28Biblical%29 "Jubilee (Biblical)"), on the day of atonement, the Israelites were to proclaim liberty throughout the land with the blast of the horn and return all people to their possessions and to their families.
In [Isaiah](/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah "Book of Isaiah") 57:14–58:14, the [Haftarah](/wiki/Haftarah "Haftarah") for Yom Kippur morning, God describes "the fast that I have chosen \[on] the day for a man to afflict his soul." Isaiah 58:3–5 makes clear that "to afflict the soul" was understood as fasting. But Isaiah 58:6–10 goes on to impress that "to afflict the soul," God also seeks acts of social justice: "to loose the fetters of wickedness, to undo the bands of the yoke," "to let the oppressed go free," "to give your bread to the hungry, and . . . bring the poor that are cast out to your house," and "when you see the naked, that you cover him."
#### The Duty To Redeem
[Tamara Cohn Eskenazi](/wiki/Tamara_Cohn_Eskenazi "Tamara Cohn Eskenazi") wrote that Biblical laws required Israelites to act as redeemers for relatives in four situations: (1\) redemption of land in Leviticus 25:25–34, (2\) redemption of persons from slavery, especially in Leviticus 25:47–50, (3\) redemption of objects dedicated to the sanctuary in Leviticus 27:9–28, and (4\) avenging the blood of a murdered relative in Numbers 35\.[Tamara Cohn Eskenazi](/wiki/Tamara_Cohn_Eskenazi "Tamara Cohn Eskenazi") and [Tikva Frymer\-Kensky](/wiki/Tikva_Frymer-Kensky "Tikva Frymer-Kensky"), *The JPS Bible Commentary: Ruth* ([Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"): [Jewish Publication Society](/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society "Jewish Publication Society"), 2011\), page liv.
#### Naboth
In 1 Kings 21:2, [Naboth the Jezreelite](/wiki/Naboth "Naboth") refused to sell his [vineyard](/wiki/Vineyard "Vineyard") to [King Ahab](/wiki/King_Ahab "King Ahab") because the land is an inheritance subject to the rule in Leviticus 25:23\.Robert Jamieson, [Andrew R. Fausset](/wiki/Andrew_Robert_Fausset "Andrew Robert Fausset"), and [David Brown](/wiki/David_Brown_%28Free_Church_of_Scotland%29 "David Brown (Free Church of Scotland)"), *A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments* ([Peabody, Massachusetts](/wiki/Peabody%2C_Massachusetts "Peabody, Massachusetts"): [Hendrickson Publishers](/wiki/Hendrickson_Publishers "Hendrickson Publishers"), 1997\), volume 1, page 362 ([commentary on 1 Kings 21](http://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/1_kings/21.htm)).
|
[
"### Leviticus chapter 25",
"#### Yom Kippur",
"Leviticus 25:8–10 refers to the Festival of [Yom Kippur](/wiki/Yom_Kippur \"Yom Kippur\"). In the [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Tanakh \"Tanakh\"), Yom Kippur is called:\n* the Day of Atonement ({{Script/Hebrew\\|יוֹם הַכִּפֻּרִים}}, *Yom HaKippurim*){{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|23:27\\|HE}} and {{Bibleverse\\-nb\\|\\|Leviticus\\|25:9\\|HE}}. or a Day of Atonement ({{Script/Hebrew\\|יוֹם כִּפֻּרִים}}, *Yom Kippurim*);{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|23:28\\|HE}}.\n* a Sabbath of solemn rest ({{Script/Hebrew\\|שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן}}, *Shabbat Shabbaton*);{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|16:31\\|HE}} and {{Bibleverse\\-nb\\|\\|Leviticus\\|23:32\\|HE}}. and\n* a holy convocation ({{Script/Hebrew\\|מִקְרָא\\-קֹדֶשׁ}}, *mikrah kodesh*).{{Bibleverse\\|\\|Leviticus\\|23:27\\|HE}} and {{Bibleverse\\-lb\\|\\|Numbers\\|29:7\\|HE}}.",
"Much as Yom Kippur, on the 10th of the month of [Tishrei](/wiki/Tishrei \"Tishrei\"), precedes the Festival of Sukkot, on the 15th of the month of Tishrei, [Exodus](/wiki/Book_of_Exodus \"Book of Exodus\") 12:3–6 speaks of a period starting on the 10th of the month of [Nisan](/wiki/Nisan \"Nisan\") preparatory to the Festival of Passover, on the 15th of the month of Nisan.",
"[left\\|thumb\\|300px\\|Day of Atonement (painting circa 1900 by [Isidor Kaufmann](/wiki/Isidor_Kaufmann \"Isidor Kaufmann\"))](/wiki/File:Kaufmann_Day_of_Atonement.jpg \"Kaufmann Day of Atonement.jpg\")\nLeviticus 16:29–34 and 23:26–32 and Numbers 29:7–11 present similar injunctions to observe Yom Kippur. Leviticus 16:29 and 23:27 and Numbers 29:7 set the Holy Day on the tenth day of the seventh month (Tishrei). Leviticus 16:29 and 23:27 and Numbers 29:7 instruct that \"you shall afflict your souls.\" Leviticus 23:32 makes clear that a full day is intended: \"you shall afflict your souls; in the ninth day of the month at evening, from evening to evening.\" And Leviticus 23:29 threatens that whoever \"shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from his people.\" Leviticus 16:29 and 23:28 and Numbers 29:7 command that you \"shall do no manner of work.\" Similarly, Leviticus 16:31 and 23:32 call it a \"Sabbath of solemn rest.\" And in Leviticus 23:30, God threatens that whoever \"does any manner of work in that same day, that soul will I destroy from among his people.\" Leviticus 16:30, 16:32–34, and 23:27–28, and Numbers 29:11 describe the purpose of the day to make atonement for the people. Similarly, Leviticus 16:30 speaks of the purpose \"to cleanse you from all your sins,\" and Leviticus 16:33 speaks of making atonement for the most holy place, the tent of meeting, the altar; and the priests. Leviticus 16:29 instructs that the commandment applies both to \"the home\\-born\" and to \"the stranger who sojourns among you.\" Leviticus 16:3–25 and 23:27 and Numbers 29:8–11 command offerings to God. And Leviticus 16:31 and 23:31 institute the observance as \"a statute forever.\"",
"Leviticus 16:3–28 sets out detailed procedures for the priest's atonement ritual during the time of the [Temple](/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem \"Temple in Jerusalem\").",
"Leviticus 25:8–10 instructs that after seven Sabbatical years, on the [Jubilee year](/wiki/Jubilee_%28Biblical%29 \"Jubilee (Biblical)\"), on the day of atonement, the Israelites were to proclaim liberty throughout the land with the blast of the horn and return all people to their possessions and to their families.",
"In [Isaiah](/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah \"Book of Isaiah\") 57:14–58:14, the [Haftarah](/wiki/Haftarah \"Haftarah\") for Yom Kippur morning, God describes \"the fast that I have chosen \\[on] the day for a man to afflict his soul.\" Isaiah 58:3–5 makes clear that \"to afflict the soul\" was understood as fasting. But Isaiah 58:6–10 goes on to impress that \"to afflict the soul,\" God also seeks acts of social justice: \"to loose the fetters of wickedness, to undo the bands of the yoke,\" \"to let the oppressed go free,\" \"to give your bread to the hungry, and . . . bring the poor that are cast out to your house,\" and \"when you see the naked, that you cover him.\"",
"#### The Duty To Redeem",
"[Tamara Cohn Eskenazi](/wiki/Tamara_Cohn_Eskenazi \"Tamara Cohn Eskenazi\") wrote that Biblical laws required Israelites to act as redeemers for relatives in four situations: (1\\) redemption of land in Leviticus 25:25–34, (2\\) redemption of persons from slavery, especially in Leviticus 25:47–50, (3\\) redemption of objects dedicated to the sanctuary in Leviticus 27:9–28, and (4\\) avenging the blood of a murdered relative in Numbers 35\\.[Tamara Cohn Eskenazi](/wiki/Tamara_Cohn_Eskenazi \"Tamara Cohn Eskenazi\") and [Tikva Frymer\\-Kensky](/wiki/Tikva_Frymer-Kensky \"Tikva Frymer-Kensky\"), *The JPS Bible Commentary: Ruth* ([Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"): [Jewish Publication Society](/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society \"Jewish Publication Society\"), 2011\\), page liv.",
"#### Naboth",
"In 1 Kings 21:2, [Naboth the Jezreelite](/wiki/Naboth \"Naboth\") refused to sell his [vineyard](/wiki/Vineyard \"Vineyard\") to [King Ahab](/wiki/King_Ahab \"King Ahab\") because the land is an inheritance subject to the rule in Leviticus 25:23\\.Robert Jamieson, [Andrew R. Fausset](/wiki/Andrew_Robert_Fausset \"Andrew Robert Fausset\"), and [David Brown](/wiki/David_Brown_%28Free_Church_of_Scotland%29 \"David Brown (Free Church of Scotland)\"), *A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments* ([Peabody, Massachusetts](/wiki/Peabody%2C_Massachusetts \"Peabody, Massachusetts\"): [Hendrickson Publishers](/wiki/Hendrickson_Publishers \"Hendrickson Publishers\"), 1997\\), volume 1, page 362 ([commentary on 1 Kings 21](http://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/1_kings/21.htm)).",
""
] |
In classical rabbinic interpretation
------------------------------------
The parashah is discussed in these [rabbinic](/wiki/Rabbi "Rabbi") sources from the era of the [Mishnah](/wiki/Mishnah "Mishnah") and the [Talmud](/wiki/Talmud "Talmud"):For more on classical rabbinic interpretation, see, e.g., [Yaakov Elman](/wiki/Yaakov_Elman "Yaakov Elman"), "Classical Rabbinic Interpretation," in Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, editors, *Jewish Study Bible: Second Edition*, pages 1859–78\.
### Leviticus chapter 25
#### Leviticus 25:1–34—a Sabbatical year for the land
Tractate [Sheviit](/wiki/Shevi%27it_%28Talmud%29 "Shevi'it (Talmud)") in the Mishnah, [Tosefta](/wiki/Tosefta "Tosefta"), and [Jerusalem Talmud](/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud "Jerusalem Talmud") interpreted the laws of the Sabbatical year in Exodus 23:10–11, Leviticus 25:1–34, and Deuteronomy 15:1–18 and 31:10–13\.[Mishnah Sheviit 1:1–10:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.1); Tosefta Sheviit 1:1–8:11; [Jerusalem Talmud Sheviit 1a–87b](https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sheviit).
The Mishnah asked until when a field with [trees](/wiki/Tree "Tree") could be [plowed](/wiki/Plough "Plough") in the sixth year. The [House of Shammai](/wiki/House_of_Shammai "House of Shammai") said as long as such work would benefit [fruit](/wiki/Fruit "Fruit") that would ripen in the sixth year. But the [House of Hillel](/wiki/House_of_Hillel "House of Hillel") said until [Shavuot](/wiki/Shavuot "Shavuot"). The Mishnah observed that in reality, the views of two schools approximate each other.[Mishnah Sheviit 1:1](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit). The Mishnah taught that one could plow a [grain](/wiki/Food_grain "Food grain")\-field in the sixth year until the moisture had dried up in the soil (that it, after Passover, when rains in the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel "Land of Israel") cease) or as long as people still plowed in order to plant [cucumbers](/wiki/Cucumber "Cucumber") and [gourds](/wiki/Gourd "Gourd") (which need a great deal of moisture). [Rabbi Simeon](/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai "Simeon bar Yochai") objected that if that were the rule, then we would place the law in the hands of each person to decide. But the Mishnah concluded that the prescribed period in the case of a grain\-field was until Passover, and in the case of a field with trees, until Shavuot.[Mishnah Sheviit 2:1](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.2). But [Rabban Gamaliel](/wiki/Gamaliel_III "Gamaliel III") and his court ordained that working the land was permitted until the New Year that began the seventh year.Tosefta Sheviit 1:1\. [Rabbi Joḥanan](/wiki/Yochanan_bar_Nafcha "Yochanan bar Nafcha") said that Rabban Gamaliel and his court reached their conclusion on Biblical authority, noting the common use of the term "Sabbath" ({{Script/Hebrew\|שַׁבַּת}}, *Shabbat*) in both the description of the weekly Sabbath in Exodus 31:15 and the Sabbath\-year in Leviticus 25:4\. Thus, just as in the case of the Sabbath Day, work is forbidden on the day itself, but allowed on the day before and the day after, so likewise in the Sabbath Year, tillage is forbidden during the year itself, but allowed in the year before and the year after.[Babylonian Talmud Moed Katan 4a](https://www.sefaria.org/Moed_Katan.4a).
The Mishnah taught that we encourage the work of non\-Jews in the Sabbatical year, but not that of Jews. And we inquire after the non\-Jews’ wellbeing for the sake of peace.[Mishnah Sheviit 5:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.5.9).
Rabbi Isaac taught that the words of [Psalm](/wiki/Psalms "Psalms") 103:20, "mighty in strength that fulfill His word," speak of those who observe the Sabbatical year. Rabbi Isaac said that we often find that a person fulfills a precept for a day, a week, or a month, but it is remarkable to find one who does so for an entire year. Rabbi Isaac asked whether one could find a mightier person than one who sees one's field untilled, see one's vineyard untilled, and yet pays one's taxes and does not complain. And Rabbi Isaac noted that Psalm 103:20 uses the words "that fulfill His *word* ({{Script/Hebrew\|דְבָר}}, *devar*)," and Deuteronomy 15:2 says regarding observance of the Sabbatical year, "And this is the *manner* ({{Script/Hebrew\|דְּבַר}}, *devar*) of the release," and argued that "*dabar*" means the observance of the Sabbatical year in both places.[Leviticus Rabbah](/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah "Leviticus Rabbah") 1:1\.
The Mishnah taught that the fines for rape, seduction, the husband who falsely accused his bride of not having been a virgin (as in Deuteronomy 22:19\), and any judicial court matter are not canceled by the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:2](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.2).
[125px\|thumb\|left\|Hillel (detail from the [Knesset Menorah](/wiki/Knesset_Menorah "Knesset Menorah") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"))](/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Hilel.JPG "Knesset Menorah P5200009 Hilel.JPG")
The Mishnah told that when [Hillel the Elder](/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder "Hillel the Elder") observed that the nation withheld from lending to each other and were transgressing Deuteronomy 15:9, "Beware lest there be in your mind a base thought," he instituted the [prozbul](/wiki/Prozbul "Prozbul"), a court exemption from the Sabbatical year cancellation of a loan. The Mishnah taught that any loan made with a prozbul is not canceled by the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:3](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.3). The Mishnah recounted that a prozbul would provide: "I turn over to you, so\-and\-so, judges of such and such a place, that any debt that I may have outstanding, I shall collect it whenever I desire." And the judges or witnesses would sign below.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:4](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.4).
The Mishnah employed the prohibition of Leviticus 25:4 to imagine how one could with one action violate up to nine separate commandments. One could (1\) plow with an ox and a donkey yoked together (in violation of Deuteronomy 22:10\) (2 and 3\) that are two animals dedicated to the sanctuary, (4\) plowing mixed seeds sown in a vineyard (in violation of Deuteronomy 22:9\), (5\) during a Sabbatical year (in violation of Leviticus 25:4\), (6\) on a Festival\-day (in violation of, for example, Leviticus 23:7\), (7\) when the plower is a priest (in violation of Leviticus 21:1\) and (8\) a [Nazirite](/wiki/Nazirite "Nazirite") (in violation of Numbers 6:6\) plowing in a contaminated place. [Chananya ben Chachinai](/wiki/Hanina_ben_Hakinai "Hanina ben Hakinai") said that the plower also may have been wearing a garment of wool and linen (in violation of Leviticus 19:19 and Deuteronomy 22:11\). They said to him that this would not be in the same category as the other violations. He replied that neither is the Nazirite in the same category as the other violations.[Mishnah Makkot 3:9](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Makkot/Chapter_3/9 "Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Makkot/Chapter 3/9"); [Babylonian Talmud Makkot 21b](https://www.sefaria.org/Makkot.21b).
The Gemara implied that the sin of Moses in striking the rock at [Meribah](/wiki/Meribah "Meribah") compared favorably to the sin of [David](/wiki/David "David"). The Gemara reported that Moses and David were two good leaders of Israel. Moses begged God that his sin be recorded, as it is in Numbers 20:12, 20:23–24, and 27:13–14, and Deuteronomy 32:51\. David, however, begged that his sin be blotted out, as Psalm 32:1 says, "Happy is he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is pardoned." The Gemara compared the cases of Moses and David to the cases of two women whom the court sentenced to be lashed. One had committed an indecent act, while the other had eaten unripe figs of the seventh year in violation of Leviticus 25:6\. The woman who had eaten unripe figs begged the court to make known for what offense she was being flogged, lest people say that she was being punished for the same sin as the other woman. The court thus made known her sin, and the Torah repeatedly records the sin of Moses.[Babylonian Talmud Yoma 86b](https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.86b).
The latter parts of tractate [Arakhin](/wiki/Arakhin "Arakhin") in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the jubilee year in Leviticus 25:8–34\.[Mishnah Arakhin 7:1–9:8](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Arakhin.7); Tosefta Arakhin 5:1–19; [Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 24a–34a](https://www.sefaria.org/Arakhin.24a).
The Mishnah taught that the jubilee year had the same ritual as [Rosh Hashanah](/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah "Rosh Hashanah") for blowing the shofar and for blessings. But [Rabbi Judah](/wiki/Judah_ben_Ilai "Judah ben Ilai") said that on Rosh Hashanah, the blast was made with a ram's horn shofar, while on jubilee the blast was made with an antelope's (or some say a goat's) horn shofar.[Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 3:5](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Rosh_Hashanah.3.5); [Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 26b](https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.26b).
The Mishnah taught that exile resulted from (among other things) transgressing the commandment (in Leviticus 25:3–5 and Exodus 23:10–11\) to observe a Sabbatical year for the land.[Mishnah Avot 5:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.5.9). And pestilence resulted from (among other things) violation of the laws governing the produce of the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Avot 5:8](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Avot/Chapter_5/8 "Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Avot/Chapter 5/8").
A [Midrash](/wiki/Midrash "Midrash") interpreted the words "it shall be a jubilee *unto you*" in Leviticus 25:10 to teach that God gave the year of release and the jubilee to the Israelites alone, and not to other nations. And similarly, the Midrash interpreted the words "To give *you* the land of Canaan" in Leviticus 25:38 to teach that God gave the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel "Land of Israel") to the Israelites alone.[Exodus Rabbah](/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah "Exodus Rabbah") 15:23\.
Chapter 4 of Tractate [Bava Metzia](/wiki/Bava_Metzia "Bava Metzia") in the Mishnah, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud, and chapter 3 of the tractate in the Tosefta interpreted the law of fraud in Leviticus 25:14\.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:1–12](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:13–29; [Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 12a–16b](https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Bava_Metzia.4); [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 44a–60b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.44a.8). The Mishnah defined as fraud overcharging by one\-sixth of the purchase price. And the Mishnah taught that a person defrauded had until that person had time to show the purchase to a merchant or a kinsman to retract the sale.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:3](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.3); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:15; Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 14a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 49b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.49b). The Mishnah taught that the law of fraud applied to both the buyer and the seller, both the ordinary person and the merchant. Rabbi Judah said that the law of fraud did not apply to the merchant. The Mishnah taught that the one who was defrauded had the upper hand: The person defrauded could demand from the other the money paid or the amount by which that person was defrauded.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:4](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.4); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 14b; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 51a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.51a). The Mishnah taught that one who stole something worth even a *perutah* (the minimum amount of significant value) from a fellow and swore falsely about it had to go after the victim even as far as [Media](/wiki/Media_%28region%29 "Media (region)") to return it.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:7](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.7); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 15b; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 55a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.55a). The Mishnah taught that just as the laws of fraud applied to buying and selling, so too did they apply to the spoken word.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.10); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:25; Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 16a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b). The Mishnah taught that one could not ask how much an object costs if one did not wish to buy it.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.10); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 16a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b).
At a feast, [Rabbi](/wiki/Judah_haNasi "Judah haNasi") served his disciples tender and tough cuts of [beef tongue](/wiki/Beef_tongue "Beef tongue"). When his disciples chose the tender over the tough, Rabbi instructed them so to let their tongues be tender to one another. Rabbi taught that this was the meaning of Leviticus 25:14 when Moses admonished: "And if you sell anything . . . you shall not wrong one another."Leviticus Rabbah 33:1\. Similarly, a Midrash concluded that these words of Leviticus 25:14 taught that anyone who wrongs a neighbor with words will be punished according to Scripture.Leviticus Rabbah 33:5\.
In a [Baraita](/wiki/Baraita "Baraita"), the [Rabbis](/wiki/Rabbi "Rabbi") interpreted the words "you shall not wrong one another" in Leviticus 25:17 to prohibit verbal wrongs, as Leviticus 25:14 had already addressed monetary wrongs. The Baraita cited as examples of verbal wrongs: (1\) reminding penitents of their former deeds, (2\) reminding converts' children of their ancestors' deeds, (3\) questioning the propriety of converts' coming to study Torah, (4\) speaking to those visited by suffering as [Job's](/wiki/Job_%28Biblical_figure%29 "Job (Biblical figure)") companions spoke to him in [Job](/wiki/Book_of_Job "Book of Job") 4:6–7, and (5\) directing donkey drivers seeking grain to a person whom one knows has never sold grain. The Gemara said that Scripture uses the words "and you shall fear your God" (as in Leviticus 25:17\) concerning cases where intent matters, cases that are known only to the heart. Rabbi Joḥanan said on the authority of Rabbi [Simeon ben Yoḥai](/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai "Shimon bar Yochai") that verbal wrongs are more heinous than monetary wrongs, because of verbal wrongs it is written (in Leviticus 25:17\), "and you shall fear your God," but not of monetary wrongs (in Leviticus 25:14\). Rabbi Eleazar said that verbal wrongs affect the victim's person, while monetary wrongs affect only the victim's money. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said that while restoration is possible in cases of monetary wrongs, it is not in cases of verbal wrongs. And a [Tanna](/wiki/Tannaim "Tannaim") taught before Rav Naḥman bar Isaac that one who publicly makes a neighbor blanch from shame is as one who sheds blood. Whereupon Rav Naḥman remarked how he had seen the blood rush from a person's face upon such shaming.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b.7).
Reading the words of Leviticus 25:17, "And you shall not mistreat each man his colleague ({{Script/Hebrew\|עֲמִיתוֹ}}, *amito*)," Rav Ḥinnana, son of Rav Idi, taught that the word {{Script/Hebrew\|עֲמִיתוֹ}}, *amito*, is interpreted as a contraction of {{Script/Hebrew\|עִם אִתּוֹ}}, *im ito*, meaning: "One who is with him. " Thus one must not mistreat one who is with one in observance of Torah and commandments.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 59a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.59a).
The Gemara taught that the Torah three times prohibits verbally mistreating a convert—in Exodus 22:20, "And you shall neither mistreat a convert"; in Leviticus 19:33, "And when a convert lives in your land, you shall not mistreat him"; and in Leviticus 25:17, "And you shall not mistreat, each man his colleague." And the Torah similarly three times prohibits oppressing the convert—in Exodus 22:20, "And you shall neither mistreat a convert, nor oppress him"; in Exodus 23:9, "And you shall not oppress a convert"; and in Exodus 22:24, "And you shall not be to him like a creditor." Reading Exodus 22:20, "And you shall not mistreat a convert nor oppress him, because you were strangers in the land of Egypt," a Baraita reported that Rabbi Nathan taught that one should not mention in another a defect that one has oneself. Thus, since the Jewish people were themselves strangers, they should not demean a convert because he is a stranger in their midst. And this explains the adage that one who has a person hanged in the family does not say to another member of the household: Hang a fish for me, as the mention of hanging is demeaning for that family.
Expanding on Leviticus 25:23, in which God says that "the land is Mine," Rabbi Elazar of Bartotha said that you and all that is yours is Gods; and thus 1 Chronicles 29:14 says with regards to David: "for everything comes from You, and from Your own hand have we given you."[Mishnah Avot 3:7](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.3.7).
Rabbi Phinehas in the name of Rabbi Reuben interpreted the words "If your brother grows poor . . . then shall his kinsman . . . redeem" in Leviticus 25:25 to exhort Israel to acts of charity. Rabbi Phinehas taught that God will reward with life anyone who gives a coin to a poor person, for the donor could be giving not just a coin, but life. Rabbi Phinehas explained that if a loaf costs ten coins, and a poor person has but nine, then the gift of a single coin allows the poor person to buy the loaf, eat, and become refreshed. Thus, Rabbi Phinehas taught, when illness strikes the donor, and the donor's soul presses to leave the donor's body, God will return the gift of life.Leviticus Rabbah 34:2\. Similarly, [Rav Naḥman](/wiki/Rav_Nachman "Rav Nachman") taught that Leviticus 25:25 exhorts Israel to acts of charity, because fortune revolves like a wheel in the world, sometimes leaving one poor and sometimes well off.Leviticus Rabbah 34:3\. And similarly, Rabbi Tanḥum son of Rabbi [Ḥiyya](/wiki/Rabbi_Hiyya "Rabbi Hiyya") taught that Leviticus 25:25 exhorts Israel to acts of charity, because God made the poor as well as the rich, so that they might benefit each other; the rich one benefiting the poor one with charity, and the poor one benefiting the rich one by affording the rich one the opportunity to do good. Bearing this in mind, when Rabbi Tanhum's mother went to buy him a pound of meat, she would buy him two pounds, one for him and one for the poor.Leviticus Rabbah 34:5\.
The Gemara employed Leviticus 25:29 to deduce that the term {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, (literally "days") sometimes means "a year," and [Rab Hisda](/wiki/Rav_Chisda "Rav Chisda") thus interpreted the word {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, in Genesis 24:55 to mean "a year." Genesis 24:55 says, "And her brother and her mother said: ‘Let the maiden abide with us {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, at the least ten." The Gemara reasoned that if {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, in Genesis 24:55 means "days" and thus to imply "two days" (as the plural implies more than one), then Genesis 24:55 would report [Rebekah](/wiki/Rebekah "Rebekah")'s brother and mother suggesting that she stay first two days, and then when [Eliezer](/wiki/Eliezer "Eliezer") said that that was too long, nonsensically suggesting ten days. The Gemara thus deduced that {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, must mean "a year" in Genesis 24:55, as Leviticus 25:29 implies when it says, "if a man sells a house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold; for a full year ({{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*) shall he have the right of redemption." Thus Genesis 24:55 might mean, "Let the maiden abide with us a year, or at the least ten months." The Gemara then suggested that {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, might mean "a month," as Numbers 11:20 suggests when it uses the phrase "a month of days ({{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*)." The Gemara concluded, however, that {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, means "a month" only when the term "month" is specifically mentioned, but otherwise means either "days" (at least two) or "a year."[Babylonian Talmud Ketubot 57b](https://www.sefaria.org/Ketubot.57b).
#### Leviticus 25:35–55—limits on debt servitude
The [Sifra](/wiki/Sifra "Sifra") read the words of Leviticus 25:35, "You shall support him," to teach that one should not let one's brother who grows poor to fall down. The Sifra compared financial strains to a load on a donkey. While the donkey is still standing in place, a single person can take hold of it and lead it. But if the donkey falls to the ground, five people cannot pick it up again.[Sifra Behar, Parashah 5 (275:5:1\)](https://www.sefaria.org/Sifra%2C_Behar%2C_Section_5.1).
In the words, "Take no interest or increase, but fear your God," in Leviticus 25:36, "interest" ({{Script/Hebrew\|נֶשֶׁךְ}}, *neshech*) literally means "bite." A Midrash played on this meaning, teaching not to take interest from the poor person, not to bite the poor person as the serpent—cunning to do evil—bit [Adam](/wiki/Adam_%28Bible%29 "Adam (Bible)"). The Midrash taught that one who exacts interest from an Israelite thus has no fear of God.Exodus Rabbah 31:13\.
[Rav Naḥman bar Isaac](/wiki/Rav_Nachman_bar_Yitzchak "Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak") (explaining the position of Rabbi Eleazar) interpreted the words "that your brother may live with you" in Leviticus 25:36 to teach that one who has exacted interest should return it to the borrower, so that the borrower could survive economically.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 61b–62a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.61b).
A Baraita considered the case where two people were traveling on a journey, and one had a container of water; if both drank, they would both die, but if only one drank, then that one might reach civilization and survive. Ben Patura taught that it is better that both should drink and die, rather than that only one should drink and see the other die. But [Rabbi Akiva](/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva "Rabbi Akiva") interpreted the words "that your brother may live *with you*" in Leviticus 25:36 to teach that concern for one's own life takes precedence over concern for another's.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 62a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.62a).
Part of chapter 1 of Tractate [Kiddushin](/wiki/Nashim "Nashim") in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Hebrew servant in Exodus 21:2–11 and 21:26–27; Leviticus 25:39–55; and Deuteronomy 15:12–18\.[Mishnah Kiddushin 1:2](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nashim/Tractate_Kiddushin/Chapter_1/2 "Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nashim/Tractate Kiddushin/Chapter 1/2"); Tosefta Kiddushin 1:5–6; Jerusalem Talmud Kiddushin 5b–11b (1:2\); [Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 14b–22b](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.14b).
[Abaye](/wiki/Abaye "Abaye") said that because the law (in Leviticus 25:39–43 and elsewhere) required the master to treat a Hebrew slave well—and as an equal in food, drink, and sleeping accommodations—it was said that buying a Hebrew slave was like buying a master.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 20a](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.20a). The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that the words of Deuteronomy 15:16 regarding the Hebrew servant, "he fares well *with you*," indicate that the Hebrew servant had to be "with"—that is, equal to—the master in food and drink. Thus, the master could not eat white bread and have the servant eat black bread. The master could not drink old wine and have the servant drink new wine. The master could not sleep on a feather bed and have the servant sleep on straw. Hence, they said that buying a Hebrew servant was like buying a master. Similarly, Rabbi Simeon deduced from the words of Leviticus 25:41, "Then he shall go out from you, he and his children *with him*," that the master was liable to provide for the servant's children until the servant went out. And Rabbi Simeon deduced from the words of Exodus 21:3, "If he is married, then his wife shall go out *with him*," that the master was responsible to provide for the servant's wife, as well.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 22a](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22a).
The Sifra read Leviticus 25:42, “For they are My servants,” to imply that God's deed of servitude came first, and therefore, Israelites may serve others only as God permits. And the Sifra read Leviticus 25:42, "whom I took out of the land of Egypt" to imply that God took the Israelites out on the condition that they not be sold as slaves are sold.[Sifra Parashat Behar, Parashah 6 (257:1:1–2\)](https://www.sefaria.org/Sifra%2C_Behar%2C_Section_6.1).
Rabbi Joḥanan read Leviticus 25:42, "They shall not be sold as bondsmen," to prohibit abduction. The Gemara asked where Scripture formally prohibited abduction (as Deuteronomy 22:7 and Exodus 21:16 state only the punishment). [Rabbi Josiah](/wiki/Rabbi_Josiah "Rabbi Josiah") said that Exodus 20:13, "You shalt not steal," did so. Rabbi Joḥanan said that Leviticus 25:42, “They shall not be sold as bondsmen,” did so. The Gemara harmonized the two teachings by interpreting Rabbi Josiah to state the prohibition for stealing (including abduction) and Rabbi Joḥanan to state the prohibition for selling the kidnapped person.[Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 86a](https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.86a).
[thumb\|right\|125px\|Joḥanan ben Zakai (detail from the Knesset Menorah in Jerusalem)](/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_Jochanan_ben_Sakkai.jpg "Knesset Menorah Jochanan ben Sakkai.jpg")
Rabbi Levi interpreted Leviticus 25:55 to teach that God claimed Israel as God's own possession when God said, "To Me the children of Israel are servants."Exodus Rabbah 30:1; see also Exodus Rabbah 33:5\.
Reading Exodus 21:6, regarding the Hebrew servant who chose not to go free and whose master brought him to the doorpost and bore his ear through with an awl, Rabban [Joḥanan ben Zakkai](/wiki/Johanan_ben_Zakkai "Johanan ben Zakkai") explained that God singled out the ear from all the parts of the body because the servant had heard God's Voice on Mount Sinai proclaiming in Leviticus 25:55, "For to me the children of Israel are servants, they are my servants," and not servants of servants, and yet the servant acquired a master for himself when he might have been free. And Rabbi Simeon bar Rabbi explained that God singled out the doorpost from all other parts of the house because the doorpost was witness in Egypt when God passed over the lintel and the doorposts (as reported in Exodus 12\) and proclaimed (in the words of Leviticus 25:55\), "For to me the children of Israel are servants, they are my servants," and not servants of servants, and so God brought them forth from bondage to freedom, yet this servant acquired a master for himself.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 22b](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22b).
|
[
"In classical rabbinic interpretation\n------------------------------------",
"The parashah is discussed in these [rabbinic](/wiki/Rabbi \"Rabbi\") sources from the era of the [Mishnah](/wiki/Mishnah \"Mishnah\") and the [Talmud](/wiki/Talmud \"Talmud\"):For more on classical rabbinic interpretation, see, e.g., [Yaakov Elman](/wiki/Yaakov_Elman \"Yaakov Elman\"), \"Classical Rabbinic Interpretation,\" in Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, editors, *Jewish Study Bible: Second Edition*, pages 1859–78\\.",
"### Leviticus chapter 25",
"#### Leviticus 25:1–34—a Sabbatical year for the land",
"Tractate [Sheviit](/wiki/Shevi%27it_%28Talmud%29 \"Shevi'it (Talmud)\") in the Mishnah, [Tosefta](/wiki/Tosefta \"Tosefta\"), and [Jerusalem Talmud](/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud \"Jerusalem Talmud\") interpreted the laws of the Sabbatical year in Exodus 23:10–11, Leviticus 25:1–34, and Deuteronomy 15:1–18 and 31:10–13\\.[Mishnah Sheviit 1:1–10:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.1); Tosefta Sheviit 1:1–8:11; [Jerusalem Talmud Sheviit 1a–87b](https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sheviit).",
"The Mishnah asked until when a field with [trees](/wiki/Tree \"Tree\") could be [plowed](/wiki/Plough \"Plough\") in the sixth year. The [House of Shammai](/wiki/House_of_Shammai \"House of Shammai\") said as long as such work would benefit [fruit](/wiki/Fruit \"Fruit\") that would ripen in the sixth year. But the [House of Hillel](/wiki/House_of_Hillel \"House of Hillel\") said until [Shavuot](/wiki/Shavuot \"Shavuot\"). The Mishnah observed that in reality, the views of two schools approximate each other.[Mishnah Sheviit 1:1](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit). The Mishnah taught that one could plow a [grain](/wiki/Food_grain \"Food grain\")\\-field in the sixth year until the moisture had dried up in the soil (that it, after Passover, when rains in the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel \"Land of Israel\") cease) or as long as people still plowed in order to plant [cucumbers](/wiki/Cucumber \"Cucumber\") and [gourds](/wiki/Gourd \"Gourd\") (which need a great deal of moisture). [Rabbi Simeon](/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai \"Simeon bar Yochai\") objected that if that were the rule, then we would place the law in the hands of each person to decide. But the Mishnah concluded that the prescribed period in the case of a grain\\-field was until Passover, and in the case of a field with trees, until Shavuot.[Mishnah Sheviit 2:1](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.2). But [Rabban Gamaliel](/wiki/Gamaliel_III \"Gamaliel III\") and his court ordained that working the land was permitted until the New Year that began the seventh year.Tosefta Sheviit 1:1\\. [Rabbi Joḥanan](/wiki/Yochanan_bar_Nafcha \"Yochanan bar Nafcha\") said that Rabban Gamaliel and his court reached their conclusion on Biblical authority, noting the common use of the term \"Sabbath\" ({{Script/Hebrew\\|שַׁבַּת}}, *Shabbat*) in both the description of the weekly Sabbath in Exodus 31:15 and the Sabbath\\-year in Leviticus 25:4\\. Thus, just as in the case of the Sabbath Day, work is forbidden on the day itself, but allowed on the day before and the day after, so likewise in the Sabbath Year, tillage is forbidden during the year itself, but allowed in the year before and the year after.[Babylonian Talmud Moed Katan 4a](https://www.sefaria.org/Moed_Katan.4a).",
"The Mishnah taught that we encourage the work of non\\-Jews in the Sabbatical year, but not that of Jews. And we inquire after the non\\-Jews’ wellbeing for the sake of peace.[Mishnah Sheviit 5:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.5.9).",
"Rabbi Isaac taught that the words of [Psalm](/wiki/Psalms \"Psalms\") 103:20, \"mighty in strength that fulfill His word,\" speak of those who observe the Sabbatical year. Rabbi Isaac said that we often find that a person fulfills a precept for a day, a week, or a month, but it is remarkable to find one who does so for an entire year. Rabbi Isaac asked whether one could find a mightier person than one who sees one's field untilled, see one's vineyard untilled, and yet pays one's taxes and does not complain. And Rabbi Isaac noted that Psalm 103:20 uses the words \"that fulfill His *word* ({{Script/Hebrew\\|דְבָר}}, *devar*),\" and Deuteronomy 15:2 says regarding observance of the Sabbatical year, \"And this is the *manner* ({{Script/Hebrew\\|דְּבַר}}, *devar*) of the release,\" and argued that \"*dabar*\" means the observance of the Sabbatical year in both places.[Leviticus Rabbah](/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah \"Leviticus Rabbah\") 1:1\\.",
"The Mishnah taught that the fines for rape, seduction, the husband who falsely accused his bride of not having been a virgin (as in Deuteronomy 22:19\\), and any judicial court matter are not canceled by the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:2](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.2).",
"[125px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Hillel (detail from the [Knesset Menorah](/wiki/Knesset_Menorah \"Knesset Menorah\") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"))](/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Hilel.JPG \"Knesset Menorah P5200009 Hilel.JPG\")\nThe Mishnah told that when [Hillel the Elder](/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder \"Hillel the Elder\") observed that the nation withheld from lending to each other and were transgressing Deuteronomy 15:9, \"Beware lest there be in your mind a base thought,\" he instituted the [prozbul](/wiki/Prozbul \"Prozbul\"), a court exemption from the Sabbatical year cancellation of a loan. The Mishnah taught that any loan made with a prozbul is not canceled by the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:3](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.3). The Mishnah recounted that a prozbul would provide: \"I turn over to you, so\\-and\\-so, judges of such and such a place, that any debt that I may have outstanding, I shall collect it whenever I desire.\" And the judges or witnesses would sign below.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:4](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.4).",
"The Mishnah employed the prohibition of Leviticus 25:4 to imagine how one could with one action violate up to nine separate commandments. One could (1\\) plow with an ox and a donkey yoked together (in violation of Deuteronomy 22:10\\) (2 and 3\\) that are two animals dedicated to the sanctuary, (4\\) plowing mixed seeds sown in a vineyard (in violation of Deuteronomy 22:9\\), (5\\) during a Sabbatical year (in violation of Leviticus 25:4\\), (6\\) on a Festival\\-day (in violation of, for example, Leviticus 23:7\\), (7\\) when the plower is a priest (in violation of Leviticus 21:1\\) and (8\\) a [Nazirite](/wiki/Nazirite \"Nazirite\") (in violation of Numbers 6:6\\) plowing in a contaminated place. [Chananya ben Chachinai](/wiki/Hanina_ben_Hakinai \"Hanina ben Hakinai\") said that the plower also may have been wearing a garment of wool and linen (in violation of Leviticus 19:19 and Deuteronomy 22:11\\). They said to him that this would not be in the same category as the other violations. He replied that neither is the Nazirite in the same category as the other violations.[Mishnah Makkot 3:9](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Makkot/Chapter_3/9 \"Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Makkot/Chapter 3/9\"); [Babylonian Talmud Makkot 21b](https://www.sefaria.org/Makkot.21b).",
"The Gemara implied that the sin of Moses in striking the rock at [Meribah](/wiki/Meribah \"Meribah\") compared favorably to the sin of [David](/wiki/David \"David\"). The Gemara reported that Moses and David were two good leaders of Israel. Moses begged God that his sin be recorded, as it is in Numbers 20:12, 20:23–24, and 27:13–14, and Deuteronomy 32:51\\. David, however, begged that his sin be blotted out, as Psalm 32:1 says, \"Happy is he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is pardoned.\" The Gemara compared the cases of Moses and David to the cases of two women whom the court sentenced to be lashed. One had committed an indecent act, while the other had eaten unripe figs of the seventh year in violation of Leviticus 25:6\\. The woman who had eaten unripe figs begged the court to make known for what offense she was being flogged, lest people say that she was being punished for the same sin as the other woman. The court thus made known her sin, and the Torah repeatedly records the sin of Moses.[Babylonian Talmud Yoma 86b](https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.86b).",
"The latter parts of tractate [Arakhin](/wiki/Arakhin \"Arakhin\") in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the jubilee year in Leviticus 25:8–34\\.[Mishnah Arakhin 7:1–9:8](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Arakhin.7); Tosefta Arakhin 5:1–19; [Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 24a–34a](https://www.sefaria.org/Arakhin.24a).",
"The Mishnah taught that the jubilee year had the same ritual as [Rosh Hashanah](/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah \"Rosh Hashanah\") for blowing the shofar and for blessings. But [Rabbi Judah](/wiki/Judah_ben_Ilai \"Judah ben Ilai\") said that on Rosh Hashanah, the blast was made with a ram's horn shofar, while on jubilee the blast was made with an antelope's (or some say a goat's) horn shofar.[Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 3:5](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Rosh_Hashanah.3.5); [Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 26b](https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.26b).",
"The Mishnah taught that exile resulted from (among other things) transgressing the commandment (in Leviticus 25:3–5 and Exodus 23:10–11\\) to observe a Sabbatical year for the land.[Mishnah Avot 5:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.5.9). And pestilence resulted from (among other things) violation of the laws governing the produce of the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Avot 5:8](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Avot/Chapter_5/8 \"Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Avot/Chapter 5/8\").",
"A [Midrash](/wiki/Midrash \"Midrash\") interpreted the words \"it shall be a jubilee *unto you*\" in Leviticus 25:10 to teach that God gave the year of release and the jubilee to the Israelites alone, and not to other nations. And similarly, the Midrash interpreted the words \"To give *you* the land of Canaan\" in Leviticus 25:38 to teach that God gave the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel \"Land of Israel\") to the Israelites alone.[Exodus Rabbah](/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah \"Exodus Rabbah\") 15:23\\.",
"Chapter 4 of Tractate [Bava Metzia](/wiki/Bava_Metzia \"Bava Metzia\") in the Mishnah, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud, and chapter 3 of the tractate in the Tosefta interpreted the law of fraud in Leviticus 25:14\\.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:1–12](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:13–29; [Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 12a–16b](https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Bava_Metzia.4); [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 44a–60b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.44a.8). The Mishnah defined as fraud overcharging by one\\-sixth of the purchase price. And the Mishnah taught that a person defrauded had until that person had time to show the purchase to a merchant or a kinsman to retract the sale.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:3](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.3); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:15; Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 14a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 49b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.49b). The Mishnah taught that the law of fraud applied to both the buyer and the seller, both the ordinary person and the merchant. Rabbi Judah said that the law of fraud did not apply to the merchant. The Mishnah taught that the one who was defrauded had the upper hand: The person defrauded could demand from the other the money paid or the amount by which that person was defrauded.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:4](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.4); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 14b; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 51a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.51a). The Mishnah taught that one who stole something worth even a *perutah* (the minimum amount of significant value) from a fellow and swore falsely about it had to go after the victim even as far as [Media](/wiki/Media_%28region%29 \"Media (region)\") to return it.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:7](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.7); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 15b; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 55a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.55a). The Mishnah taught that just as the laws of fraud applied to buying and selling, so too did they apply to the spoken word.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.10); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:25; Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 16a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b). The Mishnah taught that one could not ask how much an object costs if one did not wish to buy it.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.10); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 16a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b).",
"At a feast, [Rabbi](/wiki/Judah_haNasi \"Judah haNasi\") served his disciples tender and tough cuts of [beef tongue](/wiki/Beef_tongue \"Beef tongue\"). When his disciples chose the tender over the tough, Rabbi instructed them so to let their tongues be tender to one another. Rabbi taught that this was the meaning of Leviticus 25:14 when Moses admonished: \"And if you sell anything . . . you shall not wrong one another.\"Leviticus Rabbah 33:1\\. Similarly, a Midrash concluded that these words of Leviticus 25:14 taught that anyone who wrongs a neighbor with words will be punished according to Scripture.Leviticus Rabbah 33:5\\.",
"In a [Baraita](/wiki/Baraita \"Baraita\"), the [Rabbis](/wiki/Rabbi \"Rabbi\") interpreted the words \"you shall not wrong one another\" in Leviticus 25:17 to prohibit verbal wrongs, as Leviticus 25:14 had already addressed monetary wrongs. The Baraita cited as examples of verbal wrongs: (1\\) reminding penitents of their former deeds, (2\\) reminding converts' children of their ancestors' deeds, (3\\) questioning the propriety of converts' coming to study Torah, (4\\) speaking to those visited by suffering as [Job's](/wiki/Job_%28Biblical_figure%29 \"Job (Biblical figure)\") companions spoke to him in [Job](/wiki/Book_of_Job \"Book of Job\") 4:6–7, and (5\\) directing donkey drivers seeking grain to a person whom one knows has never sold grain. The Gemara said that Scripture uses the words \"and you shall fear your God\" (as in Leviticus 25:17\\) concerning cases where intent matters, cases that are known only to the heart. Rabbi Joḥanan said on the authority of Rabbi [Simeon ben Yoḥai](/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai \"Shimon bar Yochai\") that verbal wrongs are more heinous than monetary wrongs, because of verbal wrongs it is written (in Leviticus 25:17\\), \"and you shall fear your God,\" but not of monetary wrongs (in Leviticus 25:14\\). Rabbi Eleazar said that verbal wrongs affect the victim's person, while monetary wrongs affect only the victim's money. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said that while restoration is possible in cases of monetary wrongs, it is not in cases of verbal wrongs. And a [Tanna](/wiki/Tannaim \"Tannaim\") taught before Rav Naḥman bar Isaac that one who publicly makes a neighbor blanch from shame is as one who sheds blood. Whereupon Rav Naḥman remarked how he had seen the blood rush from a person's face upon such shaming.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b.7).",
"Reading the words of Leviticus 25:17, \"And you shall not mistreat each man his colleague ({{Script/Hebrew\\|עֲמִיתוֹ}}, *amito*),\" Rav Ḥinnana, son of Rav Idi, taught that the word {{Script/Hebrew\\|עֲמִיתוֹ}}, *amito*, is interpreted as a contraction of {{Script/Hebrew\\|עִם אִתּוֹ}}, *im ito*, meaning: \"One who is with him. \" Thus one must not mistreat one who is with one in observance of Torah and commandments.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 59a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.59a).",
"The Gemara taught that the Torah three times prohibits verbally mistreating a convert—in Exodus 22:20, \"And you shall neither mistreat a convert\"; in Leviticus 19:33, \"And when a convert lives in your land, you shall not mistreat him\"; and in Leviticus 25:17, \"And you shall not mistreat, each man his colleague.\" And the Torah similarly three times prohibits oppressing the convert—in Exodus 22:20, \"And you shall neither mistreat a convert, nor oppress him\"; in Exodus 23:9, \"And you shall not oppress a convert\"; and in Exodus 22:24, \"And you shall not be to him like a creditor.\" Reading Exodus 22:20, \"And you shall not mistreat a convert nor oppress him, because you were strangers in the land of Egypt,\" a Baraita reported that Rabbi Nathan taught that one should not mention in another a defect that one has oneself. Thus, since the Jewish people were themselves strangers, they should not demean a convert because he is a stranger in their midst. And this explains the adage that one who has a person hanged in the family does not say to another member of the household: Hang a fish for me, as the mention of hanging is demeaning for that family.",
"Expanding on Leviticus 25:23, in which God says that \"the land is Mine,\" Rabbi Elazar of Bartotha said that you and all that is yours is Gods; and thus 1 Chronicles 29:14 says with regards to David: \"for everything comes from You, and from Your own hand have we given you.\"[Mishnah Avot 3:7](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.3.7).",
"Rabbi Phinehas in the name of Rabbi Reuben interpreted the words \"If your brother grows poor . . . then shall his kinsman . . . redeem\" in Leviticus 25:25 to exhort Israel to acts of charity. Rabbi Phinehas taught that God will reward with life anyone who gives a coin to a poor person, for the donor could be giving not just a coin, but life. Rabbi Phinehas explained that if a loaf costs ten coins, and a poor person has but nine, then the gift of a single coin allows the poor person to buy the loaf, eat, and become refreshed. Thus, Rabbi Phinehas taught, when illness strikes the donor, and the donor's soul presses to leave the donor's body, God will return the gift of life.Leviticus Rabbah 34:2\\. Similarly, [Rav Naḥman](/wiki/Rav_Nachman \"Rav Nachman\") taught that Leviticus 25:25 exhorts Israel to acts of charity, because fortune revolves like a wheel in the world, sometimes leaving one poor and sometimes well off.Leviticus Rabbah 34:3\\. And similarly, Rabbi Tanḥum son of Rabbi [Ḥiyya](/wiki/Rabbi_Hiyya \"Rabbi Hiyya\") taught that Leviticus 25:25 exhorts Israel to acts of charity, because God made the poor as well as the rich, so that they might benefit each other; the rich one benefiting the poor one with charity, and the poor one benefiting the rich one by affording the rich one the opportunity to do good. Bearing this in mind, when Rabbi Tanhum's mother went to buy him a pound of meat, she would buy him two pounds, one for him and one for the poor.Leviticus Rabbah 34:5\\.",
"The Gemara employed Leviticus 25:29 to deduce that the term {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, (literally \"days\") sometimes means \"a year,\" and [Rab Hisda](/wiki/Rav_Chisda \"Rav Chisda\") thus interpreted the word {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, in Genesis 24:55 to mean \"a year.\" Genesis 24:55 says, \"And her brother and her mother said: ‘Let the maiden abide with us {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, at the least ten.\" The Gemara reasoned that if {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, in Genesis 24:55 means \"days\" and thus to imply \"two days\" (as the plural implies more than one), then Genesis 24:55 would report [Rebekah](/wiki/Rebekah \"Rebekah\")'s brother and mother suggesting that she stay first two days, and then when [Eliezer](/wiki/Eliezer \"Eliezer\") said that that was too long, nonsensically suggesting ten days. The Gemara thus deduced that {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, must mean \"a year\" in Genesis 24:55, as Leviticus 25:29 implies when it says, \"if a man sells a house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold; for a full year ({{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*) shall he have the right of redemption.\" Thus Genesis 24:55 might mean, \"Let the maiden abide with us a year, or at the least ten months.\" The Gemara then suggested that {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, might mean \"a month,\" as Numbers 11:20 suggests when it uses the phrase \"a month of days ({{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*).\" The Gemara concluded, however, that {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, means \"a month\" only when the term \"month\" is specifically mentioned, but otherwise means either \"days\" (at least two) or \"a year.\"[Babylonian Talmud Ketubot 57b](https://www.sefaria.org/Ketubot.57b).",
"#### Leviticus 25:35–55—limits on debt servitude",
"The [Sifra](/wiki/Sifra \"Sifra\") read the words of Leviticus 25:35, \"You shall support him,\" to teach that one should not let one's brother who grows poor to fall down. The Sifra compared financial strains to a load on a donkey. While the donkey is still standing in place, a single person can take hold of it and lead it. But if the donkey falls to the ground, five people cannot pick it up again.[Sifra Behar, Parashah 5 (275:5:1\\)](https://www.sefaria.org/Sifra%2C_Behar%2C_Section_5.1).",
"In the words, \"Take no interest or increase, but fear your God,\" in Leviticus 25:36, \"interest\" ({{Script/Hebrew\\|נֶשֶׁךְ}}, *neshech*) literally means \"bite.\" A Midrash played on this meaning, teaching not to take interest from the poor person, not to bite the poor person as the serpent—cunning to do evil—bit [Adam](/wiki/Adam_%28Bible%29 \"Adam (Bible)\"). The Midrash taught that one who exacts interest from an Israelite thus has no fear of God.Exodus Rabbah 31:13\\.",
"[Rav Naḥman bar Isaac](/wiki/Rav_Nachman_bar_Yitzchak \"Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak\") (explaining the position of Rabbi Eleazar) interpreted the words \"that your brother may live with you\" in Leviticus 25:36 to teach that one who has exacted interest should return it to the borrower, so that the borrower could survive economically.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 61b–62a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.61b).",
"A Baraita considered the case where two people were traveling on a journey, and one had a container of water; if both drank, they would both die, but if only one drank, then that one might reach civilization and survive. Ben Patura taught that it is better that both should drink and die, rather than that only one should drink and see the other die. But [Rabbi Akiva](/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva \"Rabbi Akiva\") interpreted the words \"that your brother may live *with you*\" in Leviticus 25:36 to teach that concern for one's own life takes precedence over concern for another's.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 62a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.62a).",
"Part of chapter 1 of Tractate [Kiddushin](/wiki/Nashim \"Nashim\") in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Hebrew servant in Exodus 21:2–11 and 21:26–27; Leviticus 25:39–55; and Deuteronomy 15:12–18\\.[Mishnah Kiddushin 1:2](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nashim/Tractate_Kiddushin/Chapter_1/2 \"Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nashim/Tractate Kiddushin/Chapter 1/2\"); Tosefta Kiddushin 1:5–6; Jerusalem Talmud Kiddushin 5b–11b (1:2\\); [Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 14b–22b](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.14b).",
"[Abaye](/wiki/Abaye \"Abaye\") said that because the law (in Leviticus 25:39–43 and elsewhere) required the master to treat a Hebrew slave well—and as an equal in food, drink, and sleeping accommodations—it was said that buying a Hebrew slave was like buying a master.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 20a](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.20a). The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that the words of Deuteronomy 15:16 regarding the Hebrew servant, \"he fares well *with you*,\" indicate that the Hebrew servant had to be \"with\"—that is, equal to—the master in food and drink. Thus, the master could not eat white bread and have the servant eat black bread. The master could not drink old wine and have the servant drink new wine. The master could not sleep on a feather bed and have the servant sleep on straw. Hence, they said that buying a Hebrew servant was like buying a master. Similarly, Rabbi Simeon deduced from the words of Leviticus 25:41, \"Then he shall go out from you, he and his children *with him*,\" that the master was liable to provide for the servant's children until the servant went out. And Rabbi Simeon deduced from the words of Exodus 21:3, \"If he is married, then his wife shall go out *with him*,\" that the master was responsible to provide for the servant's wife, as well.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 22a](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22a).",
"The Sifra read Leviticus 25:42, “For they are My servants,” to imply that God's deed of servitude came first, and therefore, Israelites may serve others only as God permits. And the Sifra read Leviticus 25:42, \"whom I took out of the land of Egypt\" to imply that God took the Israelites out on the condition that they not be sold as slaves are sold.[Sifra Parashat Behar, Parashah 6 (257:1:1–2\\)](https://www.sefaria.org/Sifra%2C_Behar%2C_Section_6.1).",
"Rabbi Joḥanan read Leviticus 25:42, \"They shall not be sold as bondsmen,\" to prohibit abduction. The Gemara asked where Scripture formally prohibited abduction (as Deuteronomy 22:7 and Exodus 21:16 state only the punishment). [Rabbi Josiah](/wiki/Rabbi_Josiah \"Rabbi Josiah\") said that Exodus 20:13, \"You shalt not steal,\" did so. Rabbi Joḥanan said that Leviticus 25:42, “They shall not be sold as bondsmen,” did so. The Gemara harmonized the two teachings by interpreting Rabbi Josiah to state the prohibition for stealing (including abduction) and Rabbi Joḥanan to state the prohibition for selling the kidnapped person.[Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 86a](https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.86a).",
"[thumb\\|right\\|125px\\|Joḥanan ben Zakai (detail from the Knesset Menorah in Jerusalem)](/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_Jochanan_ben_Sakkai.jpg \"Knesset Menorah Jochanan ben Sakkai.jpg\")",
"Rabbi Levi interpreted Leviticus 25:55 to teach that God claimed Israel as God's own possession when God said, \"To Me the children of Israel are servants.\"Exodus Rabbah 30:1; see also Exodus Rabbah 33:5\\.",
"Reading Exodus 21:6, regarding the Hebrew servant who chose not to go free and whose master brought him to the doorpost and bore his ear through with an awl, Rabban [Joḥanan ben Zakkai](/wiki/Johanan_ben_Zakkai \"Johanan ben Zakkai\") explained that God singled out the ear from all the parts of the body because the servant had heard God's Voice on Mount Sinai proclaiming in Leviticus 25:55, \"For to me the children of Israel are servants, they are my servants,\" and not servants of servants, and yet the servant acquired a master for himself when he might have been free. And Rabbi Simeon bar Rabbi explained that God singled out the doorpost from all other parts of the house because the doorpost was witness in Egypt when God passed over the lintel and the doorposts (as reported in Exodus 12\\) and proclaimed (in the words of Leviticus 25:55\\), \"For to me the children of Israel are servants, they are my servants,\" and not servants of servants, and so God brought them forth from bondage to freedom, yet this servant acquired a master for himself.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 22b](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22b).",
""
] |
### Leviticus chapter 25
#### Leviticus 25:1–34—a Sabbatical year for the land
Tractate [Sheviit](/wiki/Shevi%27it_%28Talmud%29 "Shevi'it (Talmud)") in the Mishnah, [Tosefta](/wiki/Tosefta "Tosefta"), and [Jerusalem Talmud](/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud "Jerusalem Talmud") interpreted the laws of the Sabbatical year in Exodus 23:10–11, Leviticus 25:1–34, and Deuteronomy 15:1–18 and 31:10–13\.[Mishnah Sheviit 1:1–10:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.1); Tosefta Sheviit 1:1–8:11; [Jerusalem Talmud Sheviit 1a–87b](https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sheviit).
The Mishnah asked until when a field with [trees](/wiki/Tree "Tree") could be [plowed](/wiki/Plough "Plough") in the sixth year. The [House of Shammai](/wiki/House_of_Shammai "House of Shammai") said as long as such work would benefit [fruit](/wiki/Fruit "Fruit") that would ripen in the sixth year. But the [House of Hillel](/wiki/House_of_Hillel "House of Hillel") said until [Shavuot](/wiki/Shavuot "Shavuot"). The Mishnah observed that in reality, the views of two schools approximate each other.[Mishnah Sheviit 1:1](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit). The Mishnah taught that one could plow a [grain](/wiki/Food_grain "Food grain")\-field in the sixth year until the moisture had dried up in the soil (that it, after Passover, when rains in the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel "Land of Israel") cease) or as long as people still plowed in order to plant [cucumbers](/wiki/Cucumber "Cucumber") and [gourds](/wiki/Gourd "Gourd") (which need a great deal of moisture). [Rabbi Simeon](/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai "Simeon bar Yochai") objected that if that were the rule, then we would place the law in the hands of each person to decide. But the Mishnah concluded that the prescribed period in the case of a grain\-field was until Passover, and in the case of a field with trees, until Shavuot.[Mishnah Sheviit 2:1](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.2). But [Rabban Gamaliel](/wiki/Gamaliel_III "Gamaliel III") and his court ordained that working the land was permitted until the New Year that began the seventh year.Tosefta Sheviit 1:1\. [Rabbi Joḥanan](/wiki/Yochanan_bar_Nafcha "Yochanan bar Nafcha") said that Rabban Gamaliel and his court reached their conclusion on Biblical authority, noting the common use of the term "Sabbath" ({{Script/Hebrew\|שַׁבַּת}}, *Shabbat*) in both the description of the weekly Sabbath in Exodus 31:15 and the Sabbath\-year in Leviticus 25:4\. Thus, just as in the case of the Sabbath Day, work is forbidden on the day itself, but allowed on the day before and the day after, so likewise in the Sabbath Year, tillage is forbidden during the year itself, but allowed in the year before and the year after.[Babylonian Talmud Moed Katan 4a](https://www.sefaria.org/Moed_Katan.4a).
The Mishnah taught that we encourage the work of non\-Jews in the Sabbatical year, but not that of Jews. And we inquire after the non\-Jews’ wellbeing for the sake of peace.[Mishnah Sheviit 5:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.5.9).
Rabbi Isaac taught that the words of [Psalm](/wiki/Psalms "Psalms") 103:20, "mighty in strength that fulfill His word," speak of those who observe the Sabbatical year. Rabbi Isaac said that we often find that a person fulfills a precept for a day, a week, or a month, but it is remarkable to find one who does so for an entire year. Rabbi Isaac asked whether one could find a mightier person than one who sees one's field untilled, see one's vineyard untilled, and yet pays one's taxes and does not complain. And Rabbi Isaac noted that Psalm 103:20 uses the words "that fulfill His *word* ({{Script/Hebrew\|דְבָר}}, *devar*)," and Deuteronomy 15:2 says regarding observance of the Sabbatical year, "And this is the *manner* ({{Script/Hebrew\|דְּבַר}}, *devar*) of the release," and argued that "*dabar*" means the observance of the Sabbatical year in both places.[Leviticus Rabbah](/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah "Leviticus Rabbah") 1:1\.
The Mishnah taught that the fines for rape, seduction, the husband who falsely accused his bride of not having been a virgin (as in Deuteronomy 22:19\), and any judicial court matter are not canceled by the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:2](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.2).
[125px\|thumb\|left\|Hillel (detail from the [Knesset Menorah](/wiki/Knesset_Menorah "Knesset Menorah") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"))](/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Hilel.JPG "Knesset Menorah P5200009 Hilel.JPG")
The Mishnah told that when [Hillel the Elder](/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder "Hillel the Elder") observed that the nation withheld from lending to each other and were transgressing Deuteronomy 15:9, "Beware lest there be in your mind a base thought," he instituted the [prozbul](/wiki/Prozbul "Prozbul"), a court exemption from the Sabbatical year cancellation of a loan. The Mishnah taught that any loan made with a prozbul is not canceled by the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:3](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.3). The Mishnah recounted that a prozbul would provide: "I turn over to you, so\-and\-so, judges of such and such a place, that any debt that I may have outstanding, I shall collect it whenever I desire." And the judges or witnesses would sign below.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:4](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.4).
The Mishnah employed the prohibition of Leviticus 25:4 to imagine how one could with one action violate up to nine separate commandments. One could (1\) plow with an ox and a donkey yoked together (in violation of Deuteronomy 22:10\) (2 and 3\) that are two animals dedicated to the sanctuary, (4\) plowing mixed seeds sown in a vineyard (in violation of Deuteronomy 22:9\), (5\) during a Sabbatical year (in violation of Leviticus 25:4\), (6\) on a Festival\-day (in violation of, for example, Leviticus 23:7\), (7\) when the plower is a priest (in violation of Leviticus 21:1\) and (8\) a [Nazirite](/wiki/Nazirite "Nazirite") (in violation of Numbers 6:6\) plowing in a contaminated place. [Chananya ben Chachinai](/wiki/Hanina_ben_Hakinai "Hanina ben Hakinai") said that the plower also may have been wearing a garment of wool and linen (in violation of Leviticus 19:19 and Deuteronomy 22:11\). They said to him that this would not be in the same category as the other violations. He replied that neither is the Nazirite in the same category as the other violations.[Mishnah Makkot 3:9](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Makkot/Chapter_3/9 "Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Makkot/Chapter 3/9"); [Babylonian Talmud Makkot 21b](https://www.sefaria.org/Makkot.21b).
The Gemara implied that the sin of Moses in striking the rock at [Meribah](/wiki/Meribah "Meribah") compared favorably to the sin of [David](/wiki/David "David"). The Gemara reported that Moses and David were two good leaders of Israel. Moses begged God that his sin be recorded, as it is in Numbers 20:12, 20:23–24, and 27:13–14, and Deuteronomy 32:51\. David, however, begged that his sin be blotted out, as Psalm 32:1 says, "Happy is he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is pardoned." The Gemara compared the cases of Moses and David to the cases of two women whom the court sentenced to be lashed. One had committed an indecent act, while the other had eaten unripe figs of the seventh year in violation of Leviticus 25:6\. The woman who had eaten unripe figs begged the court to make known for what offense she was being flogged, lest people say that she was being punished for the same sin as the other woman. The court thus made known her sin, and the Torah repeatedly records the sin of Moses.[Babylonian Talmud Yoma 86b](https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.86b).
The latter parts of tractate [Arakhin](/wiki/Arakhin "Arakhin") in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the jubilee year in Leviticus 25:8–34\.[Mishnah Arakhin 7:1–9:8](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Arakhin.7); Tosefta Arakhin 5:1–19; [Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 24a–34a](https://www.sefaria.org/Arakhin.24a).
The Mishnah taught that the jubilee year had the same ritual as [Rosh Hashanah](/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah "Rosh Hashanah") for blowing the shofar and for blessings. But [Rabbi Judah](/wiki/Judah_ben_Ilai "Judah ben Ilai") said that on Rosh Hashanah, the blast was made with a ram's horn shofar, while on jubilee the blast was made with an antelope's (or some say a goat's) horn shofar.[Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 3:5](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Rosh_Hashanah.3.5); [Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 26b](https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.26b).
The Mishnah taught that exile resulted from (among other things) transgressing the commandment (in Leviticus 25:3–5 and Exodus 23:10–11\) to observe a Sabbatical year for the land.[Mishnah Avot 5:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.5.9). And pestilence resulted from (among other things) violation of the laws governing the produce of the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Avot 5:8](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Avot/Chapter_5/8 "Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Avot/Chapter 5/8").
A [Midrash](/wiki/Midrash "Midrash") interpreted the words "it shall be a jubilee *unto you*" in Leviticus 25:10 to teach that God gave the year of release and the jubilee to the Israelites alone, and not to other nations. And similarly, the Midrash interpreted the words "To give *you* the land of Canaan" in Leviticus 25:38 to teach that God gave the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel "Land of Israel") to the Israelites alone.[Exodus Rabbah](/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah "Exodus Rabbah") 15:23\.
Chapter 4 of Tractate [Bava Metzia](/wiki/Bava_Metzia "Bava Metzia") in the Mishnah, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud, and chapter 3 of the tractate in the Tosefta interpreted the law of fraud in Leviticus 25:14\.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:1–12](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:13–29; [Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 12a–16b](https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Bava_Metzia.4); [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 44a–60b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.44a.8). The Mishnah defined as fraud overcharging by one\-sixth of the purchase price. And the Mishnah taught that a person defrauded had until that person had time to show the purchase to a merchant or a kinsman to retract the sale.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:3](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.3); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:15; Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 14a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 49b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.49b). The Mishnah taught that the law of fraud applied to both the buyer and the seller, both the ordinary person and the merchant. Rabbi Judah said that the law of fraud did not apply to the merchant. The Mishnah taught that the one who was defrauded had the upper hand: The person defrauded could demand from the other the money paid or the amount by which that person was defrauded.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:4](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.4); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 14b; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 51a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.51a). The Mishnah taught that one who stole something worth even a *perutah* (the minimum amount of significant value) from a fellow and swore falsely about it had to go after the victim even as far as [Media](/wiki/Media_%28region%29 "Media (region)") to return it.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:7](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.7); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 15b; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 55a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.55a). The Mishnah taught that just as the laws of fraud applied to buying and selling, so too did they apply to the spoken word.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.10); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:25; Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 16a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b). The Mishnah taught that one could not ask how much an object costs if one did not wish to buy it.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.10); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 16a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b).
At a feast, [Rabbi](/wiki/Judah_haNasi "Judah haNasi") served his disciples tender and tough cuts of [beef tongue](/wiki/Beef_tongue "Beef tongue"). When his disciples chose the tender over the tough, Rabbi instructed them so to let their tongues be tender to one another. Rabbi taught that this was the meaning of Leviticus 25:14 when Moses admonished: "And if you sell anything . . . you shall not wrong one another."Leviticus Rabbah 33:1\. Similarly, a Midrash concluded that these words of Leviticus 25:14 taught that anyone who wrongs a neighbor with words will be punished according to Scripture.Leviticus Rabbah 33:5\.
In a [Baraita](/wiki/Baraita "Baraita"), the [Rabbis](/wiki/Rabbi "Rabbi") interpreted the words "you shall not wrong one another" in Leviticus 25:17 to prohibit verbal wrongs, as Leviticus 25:14 had already addressed monetary wrongs. The Baraita cited as examples of verbal wrongs: (1\) reminding penitents of their former deeds, (2\) reminding converts' children of their ancestors' deeds, (3\) questioning the propriety of converts' coming to study Torah, (4\) speaking to those visited by suffering as [Job's](/wiki/Job_%28Biblical_figure%29 "Job (Biblical figure)") companions spoke to him in [Job](/wiki/Book_of_Job "Book of Job") 4:6–7, and (5\) directing donkey drivers seeking grain to a person whom one knows has never sold grain. The Gemara said that Scripture uses the words "and you shall fear your God" (as in Leviticus 25:17\) concerning cases where intent matters, cases that are known only to the heart. Rabbi Joḥanan said on the authority of Rabbi [Simeon ben Yoḥai](/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai "Shimon bar Yochai") that verbal wrongs are more heinous than monetary wrongs, because of verbal wrongs it is written (in Leviticus 25:17\), "and you shall fear your God," but not of monetary wrongs (in Leviticus 25:14\). Rabbi Eleazar said that verbal wrongs affect the victim's person, while monetary wrongs affect only the victim's money. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said that while restoration is possible in cases of monetary wrongs, it is not in cases of verbal wrongs. And a [Tanna](/wiki/Tannaim "Tannaim") taught before Rav Naḥman bar Isaac that one who publicly makes a neighbor blanch from shame is as one who sheds blood. Whereupon Rav Naḥman remarked how he had seen the blood rush from a person's face upon such shaming.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b.7).
Reading the words of Leviticus 25:17, "And you shall not mistreat each man his colleague ({{Script/Hebrew\|עֲמִיתוֹ}}, *amito*)," Rav Ḥinnana, son of Rav Idi, taught that the word {{Script/Hebrew\|עֲמִיתוֹ}}, *amito*, is interpreted as a contraction of {{Script/Hebrew\|עִם אִתּוֹ}}, *im ito*, meaning: "One who is with him. " Thus one must not mistreat one who is with one in observance of Torah and commandments.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 59a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.59a).
The Gemara taught that the Torah three times prohibits verbally mistreating a convert—in Exodus 22:20, "And you shall neither mistreat a convert"; in Leviticus 19:33, "And when a convert lives in your land, you shall not mistreat him"; and in Leviticus 25:17, "And you shall not mistreat, each man his colleague." And the Torah similarly three times prohibits oppressing the convert—in Exodus 22:20, "And you shall neither mistreat a convert, nor oppress him"; in Exodus 23:9, "And you shall not oppress a convert"; and in Exodus 22:24, "And you shall not be to him like a creditor." Reading Exodus 22:20, "And you shall not mistreat a convert nor oppress him, because you were strangers in the land of Egypt," a Baraita reported that Rabbi Nathan taught that one should not mention in another a defect that one has oneself. Thus, since the Jewish people were themselves strangers, they should not demean a convert because he is a stranger in their midst. And this explains the adage that one who has a person hanged in the family does not say to another member of the household: Hang a fish for me, as the mention of hanging is demeaning for that family.
Expanding on Leviticus 25:23, in which God says that "the land is Mine," Rabbi Elazar of Bartotha said that you and all that is yours is Gods; and thus 1 Chronicles 29:14 says with regards to David: "for everything comes from You, and from Your own hand have we given you."[Mishnah Avot 3:7](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.3.7).
Rabbi Phinehas in the name of Rabbi Reuben interpreted the words "If your brother grows poor . . . then shall his kinsman . . . redeem" in Leviticus 25:25 to exhort Israel to acts of charity. Rabbi Phinehas taught that God will reward with life anyone who gives a coin to a poor person, for the donor could be giving not just a coin, but life. Rabbi Phinehas explained that if a loaf costs ten coins, and a poor person has but nine, then the gift of a single coin allows the poor person to buy the loaf, eat, and become refreshed. Thus, Rabbi Phinehas taught, when illness strikes the donor, and the donor's soul presses to leave the donor's body, God will return the gift of life.Leviticus Rabbah 34:2\. Similarly, [Rav Naḥman](/wiki/Rav_Nachman "Rav Nachman") taught that Leviticus 25:25 exhorts Israel to acts of charity, because fortune revolves like a wheel in the world, sometimes leaving one poor and sometimes well off.Leviticus Rabbah 34:3\. And similarly, Rabbi Tanḥum son of Rabbi [Ḥiyya](/wiki/Rabbi_Hiyya "Rabbi Hiyya") taught that Leviticus 25:25 exhorts Israel to acts of charity, because God made the poor as well as the rich, so that they might benefit each other; the rich one benefiting the poor one with charity, and the poor one benefiting the rich one by affording the rich one the opportunity to do good. Bearing this in mind, when Rabbi Tanhum's mother went to buy him a pound of meat, she would buy him two pounds, one for him and one for the poor.Leviticus Rabbah 34:5\.
The Gemara employed Leviticus 25:29 to deduce that the term {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, (literally "days") sometimes means "a year," and [Rab Hisda](/wiki/Rav_Chisda "Rav Chisda") thus interpreted the word {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, in Genesis 24:55 to mean "a year." Genesis 24:55 says, "And her brother and her mother said: ‘Let the maiden abide with us {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, at the least ten." The Gemara reasoned that if {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, in Genesis 24:55 means "days" and thus to imply "two days" (as the plural implies more than one), then Genesis 24:55 would report [Rebekah](/wiki/Rebekah "Rebekah")'s brother and mother suggesting that she stay first two days, and then when [Eliezer](/wiki/Eliezer "Eliezer") said that that was too long, nonsensically suggesting ten days. The Gemara thus deduced that {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, must mean "a year" in Genesis 24:55, as Leviticus 25:29 implies when it says, "if a man sells a house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold; for a full year ({{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*) shall he have the right of redemption." Thus Genesis 24:55 might mean, "Let the maiden abide with us a year, or at the least ten months." The Gemara then suggested that {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, might mean "a month," as Numbers 11:20 suggests when it uses the phrase "a month of days ({{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*)." The Gemara concluded, however, that {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, means "a month" only when the term "month" is specifically mentioned, but otherwise means either "days" (at least two) or "a year."[Babylonian Talmud Ketubot 57b](https://www.sefaria.org/Ketubot.57b).
#### Leviticus 25:35–55—limits on debt servitude
The [Sifra](/wiki/Sifra "Sifra") read the words of Leviticus 25:35, "You shall support him," to teach that one should not let one's brother who grows poor to fall down. The Sifra compared financial strains to a load on a donkey. While the donkey is still standing in place, a single person can take hold of it and lead it. But if the donkey falls to the ground, five people cannot pick it up again.[Sifra Behar, Parashah 5 (275:5:1\)](https://www.sefaria.org/Sifra%2C_Behar%2C_Section_5.1).
In the words, "Take no interest or increase, but fear your God," in Leviticus 25:36, "interest" ({{Script/Hebrew\|נֶשֶׁךְ}}, *neshech*) literally means "bite." A Midrash played on this meaning, teaching not to take interest from the poor person, not to bite the poor person as the serpent—cunning to do evil—bit [Adam](/wiki/Adam_%28Bible%29 "Adam (Bible)"). The Midrash taught that one who exacts interest from an Israelite thus has no fear of God.Exodus Rabbah 31:13\.
[Rav Naḥman bar Isaac](/wiki/Rav_Nachman_bar_Yitzchak "Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak") (explaining the position of Rabbi Eleazar) interpreted the words "that your brother may live with you" in Leviticus 25:36 to teach that one who has exacted interest should return it to the borrower, so that the borrower could survive economically.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 61b–62a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.61b).
A Baraita considered the case where two people were traveling on a journey, and one had a container of water; if both drank, they would both die, but if only one drank, then that one might reach civilization and survive. Ben Patura taught that it is better that both should drink and die, rather than that only one should drink and see the other die. But [Rabbi Akiva](/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva "Rabbi Akiva") interpreted the words "that your brother may live *with you*" in Leviticus 25:36 to teach that concern for one's own life takes precedence over concern for another's.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 62a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.62a).
Part of chapter 1 of Tractate [Kiddushin](/wiki/Nashim "Nashim") in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Hebrew servant in Exodus 21:2–11 and 21:26–27; Leviticus 25:39–55; and Deuteronomy 15:12–18\.[Mishnah Kiddushin 1:2](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nashim/Tractate_Kiddushin/Chapter_1/2 "Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nashim/Tractate Kiddushin/Chapter 1/2"); Tosefta Kiddushin 1:5–6; Jerusalem Talmud Kiddushin 5b–11b (1:2\); [Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 14b–22b](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.14b).
[Abaye](/wiki/Abaye "Abaye") said that because the law (in Leviticus 25:39–43 and elsewhere) required the master to treat a Hebrew slave well—and as an equal in food, drink, and sleeping accommodations—it was said that buying a Hebrew slave was like buying a master.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 20a](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.20a). The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that the words of Deuteronomy 15:16 regarding the Hebrew servant, "he fares well *with you*," indicate that the Hebrew servant had to be "with"—that is, equal to—the master in food and drink. Thus, the master could not eat white bread and have the servant eat black bread. The master could not drink old wine and have the servant drink new wine. The master could not sleep on a feather bed and have the servant sleep on straw. Hence, they said that buying a Hebrew servant was like buying a master. Similarly, Rabbi Simeon deduced from the words of Leviticus 25:41, "Then he shall go out from you, he and his children *with him*," that the master was liable to provide for the servant's children until the servant went out. And Rabbi Simeon deduced from the words of Exodus 21:3, "If he is married, then his wife shall go out *with him*," that the master was responsible to provide for the servant's wife, as well.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 22a](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22a).
The Sifra read Leviticus 25:42, “For they are My servants,” to imply that God's deed of servitude came first, and therefore, Israelites may serve others only as God permits. And the Sifra read Leviticus 25:42, "whom I took out of the land of Egypt" to imply that God took the Israelites out on the condition that they not be sold as slaves are sold.[Sifra Parashat Behar, Parashah 6 (257:1:1–2\)](https://www.sefaria.org/Sifra%2C_Behar%2C_Section_6.1).
Rabbi Joḥanan read Leviticus 25:42, "They shall not be sold as bondsmen," to prohibit abduction. The Gemara asked where Scripture formally prohibited abduction (as Deuteronomy 22:7 and Exodus 21:16 state only the punishment). [Rabbi Josiah](/wiki/Rabbi_Josiah "Rabbi Josiah") said that Exodus 20:13, "You shalt not steal," did so. Rabbi Joḥanan said that Leviticus 25:42, “They shall not be sold as bondsmen,” did so. The Gemara harmonized the two teachings by interpreting Rabbi Josiah to state the prohibition for stealing (including abduction) and Rabbi Joḥanan to state the prohibition for selling the kidnapped person.[Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 86a](https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.86a).
[thumb\|right\|125px\|Joḥanan ben Zakai (detail from the Knesset Menorah in Jerusalem)](/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_Jochanan_ben_Sakkai.jpg "Knesset Menorah Jochanan ben Sakkai.jpg")
Rabbi Levi interpreted Leviticus 25:55 to teach that God claimed Israel as God's own possession when God said, "To Me the children of Israel are servants."Exodus Rabbah 30:1; see also Exodus Rabbah 33:5\.
Reading Exodus 21:6, regarding the Hebrew servant who chose not to go free and whose master brought him to the doorpost and bore his ear through with an awl, Rabban [Joḥanan ben Zakkai](/wiki/Johanan_ben_Zakkai "Johanan ben Zakkai") explained that God singled out the ear from all the parts of the body because the servant had heard God's Voice on Mount Sinai proclaiming in Leviticus 25:55, "For to me the children of Israel are servants, they are my servants," and not servants of servants, and yet the servant acquired a master for himself when he might have been free. And Rabbi Simeon bar Rabbi explained that God singled out the doorpost from all other parts of the house because the doorpost was witness in Egypt when God passed over the lintel and the doorposts (as reported in Exodus 12\) and proclaimed (in the words of Leviticus 25:55\), "For to me the children of Israel are servants, they are my servants," and not servants of servants, and so God brought them forth from bondage to freedom, yet this servant acquired a master for himself.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 22b](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22b).
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[
"### Leviticus chapter 25",
"#### Leviticus 25:1–34—a Sabbatical year for the land",
"Tractate [Sheviit](/wiki/Shevi%27it_%28Talmud%29 \"Shevi'it (Talmud)\") in the Mishnah, [Tosefta](/wiki/Tosefta \"Tosefta\"), and [Jerusalem Talmud](/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud \"Jerusalem Talmud\") interpreted the laws of the Sabbatical year in Exodus 23:10–11, Leviticus 25:1–34, and Deuteronomy 15:1–18 and 31:10–13\\.[Mishnah Sheviit 1:1–10:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.1); Tosefta Sheviit 1:1–8:11; [Jerusalem Talmud Sheviit 1a–87b](https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sheviit).",
"The Mishnah asked until when a field with [trees](/wiki/Tree \"Tree\") could be [plowed](/wiki/Plough \"Plough\") in the sixth year. The [House of Shammai](/wiki/House_of_Shammai \"House of Shammai\") said as long as such work would benefit [fruit](/wiki/Fruit \"Fruit\") that would ripen in the sixth year. But the [House of Hillel](/wiki/House_of_Hillel \"House of Hillel\") said until [Shavuot](/wiki/Shavuot \"Shavuot\"). The Mishnah observed that in reality, the views of two schools approximate each other.[Mishnah Sheviit 1:1](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit). The Mishnah taught that one could plow a [grain](/wiki/Food_grain \"Food grain\")\\-field in the sixth year until the moisture had dried up in the soil (that it, after Passover, when rains in the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel \"Land of Israel\") cease) or as long as people still plowed in order to plant [cucumbers](/wiki/Cucumber \"Cucumber\") and [gourds](/wiki/Gourd \"Gourd\") (which need a great deal of moisture). [Rabbi Simeon](/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai \"Simeon bar Yochai\") objected that if that were the rule, then we would place the law in the hands of each person to decide. But the Mishnah concluded that the prescribed period in the case of a grain\\-field was until Passover, and in the case of a field with trees, until Shavuot.[Mishnah Sheviit 2:1](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.2). But [Rabban Gamaliel](/wiki/Gamaliel_III \"Gamaliel III\") and his court ordained that working the land was permitted until the New Year that began the seventh year.Tosefta Sheviit 1:1\\. [Rabbi Joḥanan](/wiki/Yochanan_bar_Nafcha \"Yochanan bar Nafcha\") said that Rabban Gamaliel and his court reached their conclusion on Biblical authority, noting the common use of the term \"Sabbath\" ({{Script/Hebrew\\|שַׁבַּת}}, *Shabbat*) in both the description of the weekly Sabbath in Exodus 31:15 and the Sabbath\\-year in Leviticus 25:4\\. Thus, just as in the case of the Sabbath Day, work is forbidden on the day itself, but allowed on the day before and the day after, so likewise in the Sabbath Year, tillage is forbidden during the year itself, but allowed in the year before and the year after.[Babylonian Talmud Moed Katan 4a](https://www.sefaria.org/Moed_Katan.4a).",
"The Mishnah taught that we encourage the work of non\\-Jews in the Sabbatical year, but not that of Jews. And we inquire after the non\\-Jews’ wellbeing for the sake of peace.[Mishnah Sheviit 5:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.5.9).",
"Rabbi Isaac taught that the words of [Psalm](/wiki/Psalms \"Psalms\") 103:20, \"mighty in strength that fulfill His word,\" speak of those who observe the Sabbatical year. Rabbi Isaac said that we often find that a person fulfills a precept for a day, a week, or a month, but it is remarkable to find one who does so for an entire year. Rabbi Isaac asked whether one could find a mightier person than one who sees one's field untilled, see one's vineyard untilled, and yet pays one's taxes and does not complain. And Rabbi Isaac noted that Psalm 103:20 uses the words \"that fulfill His *word* ({{Script/Hebrew\\|דְבָר}}, *devar*),\" and Deuteronomy 15:2 says regarding observance of the Sabbatical year, \"And this is the *manner* ({{Script/Hebrew\\|דְּבַר}}, *devar*) of the release,\" and argued that \"*dabar*\" means the observance of the Sabbatical year in both places.[Leviticus Rabbah](/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah \"Leviticus Rabbah\") 1:1\\.",
"The Mishnah taught that the fines for rape, seduction, the husband who falsely accused his bride of not having been a virgin (as in Deuteronomy 22:19\\), and any judicial court matter are not canceled by the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:2](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.2).",
"[125px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Hillel (detail from the [Knesset Menorah](/wiki/Knesset_Menorah \"Knesset Menorah\") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"))](/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Hilel.JPG \"Knesset Menorah P5200009 Hilel.JPG\")\nThe Mishnah told that when [Hillel the Elder](/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder \"Hillel the Elder\") observed that the nation withheld from lending to each other and were transgressing Deuteronomy 15:9, \"Beware lest there be in your mind a base thought,\" he instituted the [prozbul](/wiki/Prozbul \"Prozbul\"), a court exemption from the Sabbatical year cancellation of a loan. The Mishnah taught that any loan made with a prozbul is not canceled by the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:3](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.3). The Mishnah recounted that a prozbul would provide: \"I turn over to you, so\\-and\\-so, judges of such and such a place, that any debt that I may have outstanding, I shall collect it whenever I desire.\" And the judges or witnesses would sign below.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:4](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.4).",
"The Mishnah employed the prohibition of Leviticus 25:4 to imagine how one could with one action violate up to nine separate commandments. One could (1\\) plow with an ox and a donkey yoked together (in violation of Deuteronomy 22:10\\) (2 and 3\\) that are two animals dedicated to the sanctuary, (4\\) plowing mixed seeds sown in a vineyard (in violation of Deuteronomy 22:9\\), (5\\) during a Sabbatical year (in violation of Leviticus 25:4\\), (6\\) on a Festival\\-day (in violation of, for example, Leviticus 23:7\\), (7\\) when the plower is a priest (in violation of Leviticus 21:1\\) and (8\\) a [Nazirite](/wiki/Nazirite \"Nazirite\") (in violation of Numbers 6:6\\) plowing in a contaminated place. [Chananya ben Chachinai](/wiki/Hanina_ben_Hakinai \"Hanina ben Hakinai\") said that the plower also may have been wearing a garment of wool and linen (in violation of Leviticus 19:19 and Deuteronomy 22:11\\). They said to him that this would not be in the same category as the other violations. He replied that neither is the Nazirite in the same category as the other violations.[Mishnah Makkot 3:9](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Makkot/Chapter_3/9 \"Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Makkot/Chapter 3/9\"); [Babylonian Talmud Makkot 21b](https://www.sefaria.org/Makkot.21b).",
"The Gemara implied that the sin of Moses in striking the rock at [Meribah](/wiki/Meribah \"Meribah\") compared favorably to the sin of [David](/wiki/David \"David\"). The Gemara reported that Moses and David were two good leaders of Israel. Moses begged God that his sin be recorded, as it is in Numbers 20:12, 20:23–24, and 27:13–14, and Deuteronomy 32:51\\. David, however, begged that his sin be blotted out, as Psalm 32:1 says, \"Happy is he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is pardoned.\" The Gemara compared the cases of Moses and David to the cases of two women whom the court sentenced to be lashed. One had committed an indecent act, while the other had eaten unripe figs of the seventh year in violation of Leviticus 25:6\\. The woman who had eaten unripe figs begged the court to make known for what offense she was being flogged, lest people say that she was being punished for the same sin as the other woman. The court thus made known her sin, and the Torah repeatedly records the sin of Moses.[Babylonian Talmud Yoma 86b](https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.86b).",
"The latter parts of tractate [Arakhin](/wiki/Arakhin \"Arakhin\") in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the jubilee year in Leviticus 25:8–34\\.[Mishnah Arakhin 7:1–9:8](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Arakhin.7); Tosefta Arakhin 5:1–19; [Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 24a–34a](https://www.sefaria.org/Arakhin.24a).",
"The Mishnah taught that the jubilee year had the same ritual as [Rosh Hashanah](/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah \"Rosh Hashanah\") for blowing the shofar and for blessings. But [Rabbi Judah](/wiki/Judah_ben_Ilai \"Judah ben Ilai\") said that on Rosh Hashanah, the blast was made with a ram's horn shofar, while on jubilee the blast was made with an antelope's (or some say a goat's) horn shofar.[Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 3:5](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Rosh_Hashanah.3.5); [Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 26b](https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.26b).",
"The Mishnah taught that exile resulted from (among other things) transgressing the commandment (in Leviticus 25:3–5 and Exodus 23:10–11\\) to observe a Sabbatical year for the land.[Mishnah Avot 5:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.5.9). And pestilence resulted from (among other things) violation of the laws governing the produce of the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Avot 5:8](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Avot/Chapter_5/8 \"Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Avot/Chapter 5/8\").",
"A [Midrash](/wiki/Midrash \"Midrash\") interpreted the words \"it shall be a jubilee *unto you*\" in Leviticus 25:10 to teach that God gave the year of release and the jubilee to the Israelites alone, and not to other nations. And similarly, the Midrash interpreted the words \"To give *you* the land of Canaan\" in Leviticus 25:38 to teach that God gave the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel \"Land of Israel\") to the Israelites alone.[Exodus Rabbah](/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah \"Exodus Rabbah\") 15:23\\.",
"Chapter 4 of Tractate [Bava Metzia](/wiki/Bava_Metzia \"Bava Metzia\") in the Mishnah, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud, and chapter 3 of the tractate in the Tosefta interpreted the law of fraud in Leviticus 25:14\\.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:1–12](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:13–29; [Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 12a–16b](https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Bava_Metzia.4); [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 44a–60b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.44a.8). The Mishnah defined as fraud overcharging by one\\-sixth of the purchase price. And the Mishnah taught that a person defrauded had until that person had time to show the purchase to a merchant or a kinsman to retract the sale.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:3](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.3); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:15; Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 14a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 49b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.49b). The Mishnah taught that the law of fraud applied to both the buyer and the seller, both the ordinary person and the merchant. Rabbi Judah said that the law of fraud did not apply to the merchant. The Mishnah taught that the one who was defrauded had the upper hand: The person defrauded could demand from the other the money paid or the amount by which that person was defrauded.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:4](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.4); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 14b; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 51a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.51a). The Mishnah taught that one who stole something worth even a *perutah* (the minimum amount of significant value) from a fellow and swore falsely about it had to go after the victim even as far as [Media](/wiki/Media_%28region%29 \"Media (region)\") to return it.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:7](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.7); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 15b; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 55a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.55a). The Mishnah taught that just as the laws of fraud applied to buying and selling, so too did they apply to the spoken word.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.10); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:25; Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 16a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b). The Mishnah taught that one could not ask how much an object costs if one did not wish to buy it.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.10); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 16a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b).",
"At a feast, [Rabbi](/wiki/Judah_haNasi \"Judah haNasi\") served his disciples tender and tough cuts of [beef tongue](/wiki/Beef_tongue \"Beef tongue\"). When his disciples chose the tender over the tough, Rabbi instructed them so to let their tongues be tender to one another. Rabbi taught that this was the meaning of Leviticus 25:14 when Moses admonished: \"And if you sell anything . . . you shall not wrong one another.\"Leviticus Rabbah 33:1\\. Similarly, a Midrash concluded that these words of Leviticus 25:14 taught that anyone who wrongs a neighbor with words will be punished according to Scripture.Leviticus Rabbah 33:5\\.",
"In a [Baraita](/wiki/Baraita \"Baraita\"), the [Rabbis](/wiki/Rabbi \"Rabbi\") interpreted the words \"you shall not wrong one another\" in Leviticus 25:17 to prohibit verbal wrongs, as Leviticus 25:14 had already addressed monetary wrongs. The Baraita cited as examples of verbal wrongs: (1\\) reminding penitents of their former deeds, (2\\) reminding converts' children of their ancestors' deeds, (3\\) questioning the propriety of converts' coming to study Torah, (4\\) speaking to those visited by suffering as [Job's](/wiki/Job_%28Biblical_figure%29 \"Job (Biblical figure)\") companions spoke to him in [Job](/wiki/Book_of_Job \"Book of Job\") 4:6–7, and (5\\) directing donkey drivers seeking grain to a person whom one knows has never sold grain. The Gemara said that Scripture uses the words \"and you shall fear your God\" (as in Leviticus 25:17\\) concerning cases where intent matters, cases that are known only to the heart. Rabbi Joḥanan said on the authority of Rabbi [Simeon ben Yoḥai](/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai \"Shimon bar Yochai\") that verbal wrongs are more heinous than monetary wrongs, because of verbal wrongs it is written (in Leviticus 25:17\\), \"and you shall fear your God,\" but not of monetary wrongs (in Leviticus 25:14\\). Rabbi Eleazar said that verbal wrongs affect the victim's person, while monetary wrongs affect only the victim's money. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said that while restoration is possible in cases of monetary wrongs, it is not in cases of verbal wrongs. And a [Tanna](/wiki/Tannaim \"Tannaim\") taught before Rav Naḥman bar Isaac that one who publicly makes a neighbor blanch from shame is as one who sheds blood. Whereupon Rav Naḥman remarked how he had seen the blood rush from a person's face upon such shaming.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b.7).",
"Reading the words of Leviticus 25:17, \"And you shall not mistreat each man his colleague ({{Script/Hebrew\\|עֲמִיתוֹ}}, *amito*),\" Rav Ḥinnana, son of Rav Idi, taught that the word {{Script/Hebrew\\|עֲמִיתוֹ}}, *amito*, is interpreted as a contraction of {{Script/Hebrew\\|עִם אִתּוֹ}}, *im ito*, meaning: \"One who is with him. \" Thus one must not mistreat one who is with one in observance of Torah and commandments.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 59a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.59a).",
"The Gemara taught that the Torah three times prohibits verbally mistreating a convert—in Exodus 22:20, \"And you shall neither mistreat a convert\"; in Leviticus 19:33, \"And when a convert lives in your land, you shall not mistreat him\"; and in Leviticus 25:17, \"And you shall not mistreat, each man his colleague.\" And the Torah similarly three times prohibits oppressing the convert—in Exodus 22:20, \"And you shall neither mistreat a convert, nor oppress him\"; in Exodus 23:9, \"And you shall not oppress a convert\"; and in Exodus 22:24, \"And you shall not be to him like a creditor.\" Reading Exodus 22:20, \"And you shall not mistreat a convert nor oppress him, because you were strangers in the land of Egypt,\" a Baraita reported that Rabbi Nathan taught that one should not mention in another a defect that one has oneself. Thus, since the Jewish people were themselves strangers, they should not demean a convert because he is a stranger in their midst. And this explains the adage that one who has a person hanged in the family does not say to another member of the household: Hang a fish for me, as the mention of hanging is demeaning for that family.",
"Expanding on Leviticus 25:23, in which God says that \"the land is Mine,\" Rabbi Elazar of Bartotha said that you and all that is yours is Gods; and thus 1 Chronicles 29:14 says with regards to David: \"for everything comes from You, and from Your own hand have we given you.\"[Mishnah Avot 3:7](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.3.7).",
"Rabbi Phinehas in the name of Rabbi Reuben interpreted the words \"If your brother grows poor . . . then shall his kinsman . . . redeem\" in Leviticus 25:25 to exhort Israel to acts of charity. Rabbi Phinehas taught that God will reward with life anyone who gives a coin to a poor person, for the donor could be giving not just a coin, but life. Rabbi Phinehas explained that if a loaf costs ten coins, and a poor person has but nine, then the gift of a single coin allows the poor person to buy the loaf, eat, and become refreshed. Thus, Rabbi Phinehas taught, when illness strikes the donor, and the donor's soul presses to leave the donor's body, God will return the gift of life.Leviticus Rabbah 34:2\\. Similarly, [Rav Naḥman](/wiki/Rav_Nachman \"Rav Nachman\") taught that Leviticus 25:25 exhorts Israel to acts of charity, because fortune revolves like a wheel in the world, sometimes leaving one poor and sometimes well off.Leviticus Rabbah 34:3\\. And similarly, Rabbi Tanḥum son of Rabbi [Ḥiyya](/wiki/Rabbi_Hiyya \"Rabbi Hiyya\") taught that Leviticus 25:25 exhorts Israel to acts of charity, because God made the poor as well as the rich, so that they might benefit each other; the rich one benefiting the poor one with charity, and the poor one benefiting the rich one by affording the rich one the opportunity to do good. Bearing this in mind, when Rabbi Tanhum's mother went to buy him a pound of meat, she would buy him two pounds, one for him and one for the poor.Leviticus Rabbah 34:5\\.",
"The Gemara employed Leviticus 25:29 to deduce that the term {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, (literally \"days\") sometimes means \"a year,\" and [Rab Hisda](/wiki/Rav_Chisda \"Rav Chisda\") thus interpreted the word {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, in Genesis 24:55 to mean \"a year.\" Genesis 24:55 says, \"And her brother and her mother said: ‘Let the maiden abide with us {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, at the least ten.\" The Gemara reasoned that if {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, in Genesis 24:55 means \"days\" and thus to imply \"two days\" (as the plural implies more than one), then Genesis 24:55 would report [Rebekah](/wiki/Rebekah \"Rebekah\")'s brother and mother suggesting that she stay first two days, and then when [Eliezer](/wiki/Eliezer \"Eliezer\") said that that was too long, nonsensically suggesting ten days. The Gemara thus deduced that {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, must mean \"a year\" in Genesis 24:55, as Leviticus 25:29 implies when it says, \"if a man sells a house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold; for a full year ({{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*) shall he have the right of redemption.\" Thus Genesis 24:55 might mean, \"Let the maiden abide with us a year, or at the least ten months.\" The Gemara then suggested that {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, might mean \"a month,\" as Numbers 11:20 suggests when it uses the phrase \"a month of days ({{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*).\" The Gemara concluded, however, that {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, means \"a month\" only when the term \"month\" is specifically mentioned, but otherwise means either \"days\" (at least two) or \"a year.\"[Babylonian Talmud Ketubot 57b](https://www.sefaria.org/Ketubot.57b).",
"#### Leviticus 25:35–55—limits on debt servitude",
"The [Sifra](/wiki/Sifra \"Sifra\") read the words of Leviticus 25:35, \"You shall support him,\" to teach that one should not let one's brother who grows poor to fall down. The Sifra compared financial strains to a load on a donkey. While the donkey is still standing in place, a single person can take hold of it and lead it. But if the donkey falls to the ground, five people cannot pick it up again.[Sifra Behar, Parashah 5 (275:5:1\\)](https://www.sefaria.org/Sifra%2C_Behar%2C_Section_5.1).",
"In the words, \"Take no interest or increase, but fear your God,\" in Leviticus 25:36, \"interest\" ({{Script/Hebrew\\|נֶשֶׁךְ}}, *neshech*) literally means \"bite.\" A Midrash played on this meaning, teaching not to take interest from the poor person, not to bite the poor person as the serpent—cunning to do evil—bit [Adam](/wiki/Adam_%28Bible%29 \"Adam (Bible)\"). The Midrash taught that one who exacts interest from an Israelite thus has no fear of God.Exodus Rabbah 31:13\\.",
"[Rav Naḥman bar Isaac](/wiki/Rav_Nachman_bar_Yitzchak \"Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak\") (explaining the position of Rabbi Eleazar) interpreted the words \"that your brother may live with you\" in Leviticus 25:36 to teach that one who has exacted interest should return it to the borrower, so that the borrower could survive economically.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 61b–62a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.61b).",
"A Baraita considered the case where two people were traveling on a journey, and one had a container of water; if both drank, they would both die, but if only one drank, then that one might reach civilization and survive. Ben Patura taught that it is better that both should drink and die, rather than that only one should drink and see the other die. But [Rabbi Akiva](/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva \"Rabbi Akiva\") interpreted the words \"that your brother may live *with you*\" in Leviticus 25:36 to teach that concern for one's own life takes precedence over concern for another's.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 62a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.62a).",
"Part of chapter 1 of Tractate [Kiddushin](/wiki/Nashim \"Nashim\") in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Hebrew servant in Exodus 21:2–11 and 21:26–27; Leviticus 25:39–55; and Deuteronomy 15:12–18\\.[Mishnah Kiddushin 1:2](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nashim/Tractate_Kiddushin/Chapter_1/2 \"Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nashim/Tractate Kiddushin/Chapter 1/2\"); Tosefta Kiddushin 1:5–6; Jerusalem Talmud Kiddushin 5b–11b (1:2\\); [Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 14b–22b](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.14b).",
"[Abaye](/wiki/Abaye \"Abaye\") said that because the law (in Leviticus 25:39–43 and elsewhere) required the master to treat a Hebrew slave well—and as an equal in food, drink, and sleeping accommodations—it was said that buying a Hebrew slave was like buying a master.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 20a](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.20a). The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that the words of Deuteronomy 15:16 regarding the Hebrew servant, \"he fares well *with you*,\" indicate that the Hebrew servant had to be \"with\"—that is, equal to—the master in food and drink. Thus, the master could not eat white bread and have the servant eat black bread. The master could not drink old wine and have the servant drink new wine. The master could not sleep on a feather bed and have the servant sleep on straw. Hence, they said that buying a Hebrew servant was like buying a master. Similarly, Rabbi Simeon deduced from the words of Leviticus 25:41, \"Then he shall go out from you, he and his children *with him*,\" that the master was liable to provide for the servant's children until the servant went out. And Rabbi Simeon deduced from the words of Exodus 21:3, \"If he is married, then his wife shall go out *with him*,\" that the master was responsible to provide for the servant's wife, as well.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 22a](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22a).",
"The Sifra read Leviticus 25:42, “For they are My servants,” to imply that God's deed of servitude came first, and therefore, Israelites may serve others only as God permits. And the Sifra read Leviticus 25:42, \"whom I took out of the land of Egypt\" to imply that God took the Israelites out on the condition that they not be sold as slaves are sold.[Sifra Parashat Behar, Parashah 6 (257:1:1–2\\)](https://www.sefaria.org/Sifra%2C_Behar%2C_Section_6.1).",
"Rabbi Joḥanan read Leviticus 25:42, \"They shall not be sold as bondsmen,\" to prohibit abduction. The Gemara asked where Scripture formally prohibited abduction (as Deuteronomy 22:7 and Exodus 21:16 state only the punishment). [Rabbi Josiah](/wiki/Rabbi_Josiah \"Rabbi Josiah\") said that Exodus 20:13, \"You shalt not steal,\" did so. Rabbi Joḥanan said that Leviticus 25:42, “They shall not be sold as bondsmen,” did so. The Gemara harmonized the two teachings by interpreting Rabbi Josiah to state the prohibition for stealing (including abduction) and Rabbi Joḥanan to state the prohibition for selling the kidnapped person.[Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 86a](https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.86a).",
"[thumb\\|right\\|125px\\|Joḥanan ben Zakai (detail from the Knesset Menorah in Jerusalem)](/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_Jochanan_ben_Sakkai.jpg \"Knesset Menorah Jochanan ben Sakkai.jpg\")",
"Rabbi Levi interpreted Leviticus 25:55 to teach that God claimed Israel as God's own possession when God said, \"To Me the children of Israel are servants.\"Exodus Rabbah 30:1; see also Exodus Rabbah 33:5\\.",
"Reading Exodus 21:6, regarding the Hebrew servant who chose not to go free and whose master brought him to the doorpost and bore his ear through with an awl, Rabban [Joḥanan ben Zakkai](/wiki/Johanan_ben_Zakkai \"Johanan ben Zakkai\") explained that God singled out the ear from all the parts of the body because the servant had heard God's Voice on Mount Sinai proclaiming in Leviticus 25:55, \"For to me the children of Israel are servants, they are my servants,\" and not servants of servants, and yet the servant acquired a master for himself when he might have been free. And Rabbi Simeon bar Rabbi explained that God singled out the doorpost from all other parts of the house because the doorpost was witness in Egypt when God passed over the lintel and the doorposts (as reported in Exodus 12\\) and proclaimed (in the words of Leviticus 25:55\\), \"For to me the children of Israel are servants, they are my servants,\" and not servants of servants, and so God brought them forth from bondage to freedom, yet this servant acquired a master for himself.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 22b](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22b).",
""
] |
#### Leviticus 25:1–34—a Sabbatical year for the land
Tractate [Sheviit](/wiki/Shevi%27it_%28Talmud%29 "Shevi'it (Talmud)") in the Mishnah, [Tosefta](/wiki/Tosefta "Tosefta"), and [Jerusalem Talmud](/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud "Jerusalem Talmud") interpreted the laws of the Sabbatical year in Exodus 23:10–11, Leviticus 25:1–34, and Deuteronomy 15:1–18 and 31:10–13\.[Mishnah Sheviit 1:1–10:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.1); Tosefta Sheviit 1:1–8:11; [Jerusalem Talmud Sheviit 1a–87b](https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sheviit).
The Mishnah asked until when a field with [trees](/wiki/Tree "Tree") could be [plowed](/wiki/Plough "Plough") in the sixth year. The [House of Shammai](/wiki/House_of_Shammai "House of Shammai") said as long as such work would benefit [fruit](/wiki/Fruit "Fruit") that would ripen in the sixth year. But the [House of Hillel](/wiki/House_of_Hillel "House of Hillel") said until [Shavuot](/wiki/Shavuot "Shavuot"). The Mishnah observed that in reality, the views of two schools approximate each other.[Mishnah Sheviit 1:1](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit). The Mishnah taught that one could plow a [grain](/wiki/Food_grain "Food grain")\-field in the sixth year until the moisture had dried up in the soil (that it, after Passover, when rains in the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel "Land of Israel") cease) or as long as people still plowed in order to plant [cucumbers](/wiki/Cucumber "Cucumber") and [gourds](/wiki/Gourd "Gourd") (which need a great deal of moisture). [Rabbi Simeon](/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai "Simeon bar Yochai") objected that if that were the rule, then we would place the law in the hands of each person to decide. But the Mishnah concluded that the prescribed period in the case of a grain\-field was until Passover, and in the case of a field with trees, until Shavuot.[Mishnah Sheviit 2:1](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.2). But [Rabban Gamaliel](/wiki/Gamaliel_III "Gamaliel III") and his court ordained that working the land was permitted until the New Year that began the seventh year.Tosefta Sheviit 1:1\. [Rabbi Joḥanan](/wiki/Yochanan_bar_Nafcha "Yochanan bar Nafcha") said that Rabban Gamaliel and his court reached their conclusion on Biblical authority, noting the common use of the term "Sabbath" ({{Script/Hebrew\|שַׁבַּת}}, *Shabbat*) in both the description of the weekly Sabbath in Exodus 31:15 and the Sabbath\-year in Leviticus 25:4\. Thus, just as in the case of the Sabbath Day, work is forbidden on the day itself, but allowed on the day before and the day after, so likewise in the Sabbath Year, tillage is forbidden during the year itself, but allowed in the year before and the year after.[Babylonian Talmud Moed Katan 4a](https://www.sefaria.org/Moed_Katan.4a).
The Mishnah taught that we encourage the work of non\-Jews in the Sabbatical year, but not that of Jews. And we inquire after the non\-Jews’ wellbeing for the sake of peace.[Mishnah Sheviit 5:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.5.9).
Rabbi Isaac taught that the words of [Psalm](/wiki/Psalms "Psalms") 103:20, "mighty in strength that fulfill His word," speak of those who observe the Sabbatical year. Rabbi Isaac said that we often find that a person fulfills a precept for a day, a week, or a month, but it is remarkable to find one who does so for an entire year. Rabbi Isaac asked whether one could find a mightier person than one who sees one's field untilled, see one's vineyard untilled, and yet pays one's taxes and does not complain. And Rabbi Isaac noted that Psalm 103:20 uses the words "that fulfill His *word* ({{Script/Hebrew\|דְבָר}}, *devar*)," and Deuteronomy 15:2 says regarding observance of the Sabbatical year, "And this is the *manner* ({{Script/Hebrew\|דְּבַר}}, *devar*) of the release," and argued that "*dabar*" means the observance of the Sabbatical year in both places.[Leviticus Rabbah](/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah "Leviticus Rabbah") 1:1\.
The Mishnah taught that the fines for rape, seduction, the husband who falsely accused his bride of not having been a virgin (as in Deuteronomy 22:19\), and any judicial court matter are not canceled by the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:2](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.2).
[125px\|thumb\|left\|Hillel (detail from the [Knesset Menorah](/wiki/Knesset_Menorah "Knesset Menorah") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"))](/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Hilel.JPG "Knesset Menorah P5200009 Hilel.JPG")
The Mishnah told that when [Hillel the Elder](/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder "Hillel the Elder") observed that the nation withheld from lending to each other and were transgressing Deuteronomy 15:9, "Beware lest there be in your mind a base thought," he instituted the [prozbul](/wiki/Prozbul "Prozbul"), a court exemption from the Sabbatical year cancellation of a loan. The Mishnah taught that any loan made with a prozbul is not canceled by the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:3](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.3). The Mishnah recounted that a prozbul would provide: "I turn over to you, so\-and\-so, judges of such and such a place, that any debt that I may have outstanding, I shall collect it whenever I desire." And the judges or witnesses would sign below.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:4](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.4).
The Mishnah employed the prohibition of Leviticus 25:4 to imagine how one could with one action violate up to nine separate commandments. One could (1\) plow with an ox and a donkey yoked together (in violation of Deuteronomy 22:10\) (2 and 3\) that are two animals dedicated to the sanctuary, (4\) plowing mixed seeds sown in a vineyard (in violation of Deuteronomy 22:9\), (5\) during a Sabbatical year (in violation of Leviticus 25:4\), (6\) on a Festival\-day (in violation of, for example, Leviticus 23:7\), (7\) when the plower is a priest (in violation of Leviticus 21:1\) and (8\) a [Nazirite](/wiki/Nazirite "Nazirite") (in violation of Numbers 6:6\) plowing in a contaminated place. [Chananya ben Chachinai](/wiki/Hanina_ben_Hakinai "Hanina ben Hakinai") said that the plower also may have been wearing a garment of wool and linen (in violation of Leviticus 19:19 and Deuteronomy 22:11\). They said to him that this would not be in the same category as the other violations. He replied that neither is the Nazirite in the same category as the other violations.[Mishnah Makkot 3:9](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Makkot/Chapter_3/9 "Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Makkot/Chapter 3/9"); [Babylonian Talmud Makkot 21b](https://www.sefaria.org/Makkot.21b).
The Gemara implied that the sin of Moses in striking the rock at [Meribah](/wiki/Meribah "Meribah") compared favorably to the sin of [David](/wiki/David "David"). The Gemara reported that Moses and David were two good leaders of Israel. Moses begged God that his sin be recorded, as it is in Numbers 20:12, 20:23–24, and 27:13–14, and Deuteronomy 32:51\. David, however, begged that his sin be blotted out, as Psalm 32:1 says, "Happy is he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is pardoned." The Gemara compared the cases of Moses and David to the cases of two women whom the court sentenced to be lashed. One had committed an indecent act, while the other had eaten unripe figs of the seventh year in violation of Leviticus 25:6\. The woman who had eaten unripe figs begged the court to make known for what offense she was being flogged, lest people say that she was being punished for the same sin as the other woman. The court thus made known her sin, and the Torah repeatedly records the sin of Moses.[Babylonian Talmud Yoma 86b](https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.86b).
The latter parts of tractate [Arakhin](/wiki/Arakhin "Arakhin") in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the jubilee year in Leviticus 25:8–34\.[Mishnah Arakhin 7:1–9:8](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Arakhin.7); Tosefta Arakhin 5:1–19; [Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 24a–34a](https://www.sefaria.org/Arakhin.24a).
The Mishnah taught that the jubilee year had the same ritual as [Rosh Hashanah](/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah "Rosh Hashanah") for blowing the shofar and for blessings. But [Rabbi Judah](/wiki/Judah_ben_Ilai "Judah ben Ilai") said that on Rosh Hashanah, the blast was made with a ram's horn shofar, while on jubilee the blast was made with an antelope's (or some say a goat's) horn shofar.[Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 3:5](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Rosh_Hashanah.3.5); [Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 26b](https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.26b).
The Mishnah taught that exile resulted from (among other things) transgressing the commandment (in Leviticus 25:3–5 and Exodus 23:10–11\) to observe a Sabbatical year for the land.[Mishnah Avot 5:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.5.9). And pestilence resulted from (among other things) violation of the laws governing the produce of the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Avot 5:8](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Avot/Chapter_5/8 "Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Avot/Chapter 5/8").
A [Midrash](/wiki/Midrash "Midrash") interpreted the words "it shall be a jubilee *unto you*" in Leviticus 25:10 to teach that God gave the year of release and the jubilee to the Israelites alone, and not to other nations. And similarly, the Midrash interpreted the words "To give *you* the land of Canaan" in Leviticus 25:38 to teach that God gave the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel "Land of Israel") to the Israelites alone.[Exodus Rabbah](/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah "Exodus Rabbah") 15:23\.
Chapter 4 of Tractate [Bava Metzia](/wiki/Bava_Metzia "Bava Metzia") in the Mishnah, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud, and chapter 3 of the tractate in the Tosefta interpreted the law of fraud in Leviticus 25:14\.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:1–12](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:13–29; [Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 12a–16b](https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Bava_Metzia.4); [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 44a–60b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.44a.8). The Mishnah defined as fraud overcharging by one\-sixth of the purchase price. And the Mishnah taught that a person defrauded had until that person had time to show the purchase to a merchant or a kinsman to retract the sale.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:3](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.3); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:15; Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 14a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 49b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.49b). The Mishnah taught that the law of fraud applied to both the buyer and the seller, both the ordinary person and the merchant. Rabbi Judah said that the law of fraud did not apply to the merchant. The Mishnah taught that the one who was defrauded had the upper hand: The person defrauded could demand from the other the money paid or the amount by which that person was defrauded.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:4](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.4); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 14b; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 51a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.51a). The Mishnah taught that one who stole something worth even a *perutah* (the minimum amount of significant value) from a fellow and swore falsely about it had to go after the victim even as far as [Media](/wiki/Media_%28region%29 "Media (region)") to return it.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:7](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.7); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 15b; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 55a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.55a). The Mishnah taught that just as the laws of fraud applied to buying and selling, so too did they apply to the spoken word.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.10); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:25; Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 16a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b). The Mishnah taught that one could not ask how much an object costs if one did not wish to buy it.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.10); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 16a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b).
At a feast, [Rabbi](/wiki/Judah_haNasi "Judah haNasi") served his disciples tender and tough cuts of [beef tongue](/wiki/Beef_tongue "Beef tongue"). When his disciples chose the tender over the tough, Rabbi instructed them so to let their tongues be tender to one another. Rabbi taught that this was the meaning of Leviticus 25:14 when Moses admonished: "And if you sell anything . . . you shall not wrong one another."Leviticus Rabbah 33:1\. Similarly, a Midrash concluded that these words of Leviticus 25:14 taught that anyone who wrongs a neighbor with words will be punished according to Scripture.Leviticus Rabbah 33:5\.
In a [Baraita](/wiki/Baraita "Baraita"), the [Rabbis](/wiki/Rabbi "Rabbi") interpreted the words "you shall not wrong one another" in Leviticus 25:17 to prohibit verbal wrongs, as Leviticus 25:14 had already addressed monetary wrongs. The Baraita cited as examples of verbal wrongs: (1\) reminding penitents of their former deeds, (2\) reminding converts' children of their ancestors' deeds, (3\) questioning the propriety of converts' coming to study Torah, (4\) speaking to those visited by suffering as [Job's](/wiki/Job_%28Biblical_figure%29 "Job (Biblical figure)") companions spoke to him in [Job](/wiki/Book_of_Job "Book of Job") 4:6–7, and (5\) directing donkey drivers seeking grain to a person whom one knows has never sold grain. The Gemara said that Scripture uses the words "and you shall fear your God" (as in Leviticus 25:17\) concerning cases where intent matters, cases that are known only to the heart. Rabbi Joḥanan said on the authority of Rabbi [Simeon ben Yoḥai](/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai "Shimon bar Yochai") that verbal wrongs are more heinous than monetary wrongs, because of verbal wrongs it is written (in Leviticus 25:17\), "and you shall fear your God," but not of monetary wrongs (in Leviticus 25:14\). Rabbi Eleazar said that verbal wrongs affect the victim's person, while monetary wrongs affect only the victim's money. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said that while restoration is possible in cases of monetary wrongs, it is not in cases of verbal wrongs. And a [Tanna](/wiki/Tannaim "Tannaim") taught before Rav Naḥman bar Isaac that one who publicly makes a neighbor blanch from shame is as one who sheds blood. Whereupon Rav Naḥman remarked how he had seen the blood rush from a person's face upon such shaming.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b.7).
Reading the words of Leviticus 25:17, "And you shall not mistreat each man his colleague ({{Script/Hebrew\|עֲמִיתוֹ}}, *amito*)," Rav Ḥinnana, son of Rav Idi, taught that the word {{Script/Hebrew\|עֲמִיתוֹ}}, *amito*, is interpreted as a contraction of {{Script/Hebrew\|עִם אִתּוֹ}}, *im ito*, meaning: "One who is with him. " Thus one must not mistreat one who is with one in observance of Torah and commandments.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 59a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.59a).
The Gemara taught that the Torah three times prohibits verbally mistreating a convert—in Exodus 22:20, "And you shall neither mistreat a convert"; in Leviticus 19:33, "And when a convert lives in your land, you shall not mistreat him"; and in Leviticus 25:17, "And you shall not mistreat, each man his colleague." And the Torah similarly three times prohibits oppressing the convert—in Exodus 22:20, "And you shall neither mistreat a convert, nor oppress him"; in Exodus 23:9, "And you shall not oppress a convert"; and in Exodus 22:24, "And you shall not be to him like a creditor." Reading Exodus 22:20, "And you shall not mistreat a convert nor oppress him, because you were strangers in the land of Egypt," a Baraita reported that Rabbi Nathan taught that one should not mention in another a defect that one has oneself. Thus, since the Jewish people were themselves strangers, they should not demean a convert because he is a stranger in their midst. And this explains the adage that one who has a person hanged in the family does not say to another member of the household: Hang a fish for me, as the mention of hanging is demeaning for that family.
Expanding on Leviticus 25:23, in which God says that "the land is Mine," Rabbi Elazar of Bartotha said that you and all that is yours is Gods; and thus 1 Chronicles 29:14 says with regards to David: "for everything comes from You, and from Your own hand have we given you."[Mishnah Avot 3:7](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.3.7).
Rabbi Phinehas in the name of Rabbi Reuben interpreted the words "If your brother grows poor . . . then shall his kinsman . . . redeem" in Leviticus 25:25 to exhort Israel to acts of charity. Rabbi Phinehas taught that God will reward with life anyone who gives a coin to a poor person, for the donor could be giving not just a coin, but life. Rabbi Phinehas explained that if a loaf costs ten coins, and a poor person has but nine, then the gift of a single coin allows the poor person to buy the loaf, eat, and become refreshed. Thus, Rabbi Phinehas taught, when illness strikes the donor, and the donor's soul presses to leave the donor's body, God will return the gift of life.Leviticus Rabbah 34:2\. Similarly, [Rav Naḥman](/wiki/Rav_Nachman "Rav Nachman") taught that Leviticus 25:25 exhorts Israel to acts of charity, because fortune revolves like a wheel in the world, sometimes leaving one poor and sometimes well off.Leviticus Rabbah 34:3\. And similarly, Rabbi Tanḥum son of Rabbi [Ḥiyya](/wiki/Rabbi_Hiyya "Rabbi Hiyya") taught that Leviticus 25:25 exhorts Israel to acts of charity, because God made the poor as well as the rich, so that they might benefit each other; the rich one benefiting the poor one with charity, and the poor one benefiting the rich one by affording the rich one the opportunity to do good. Bearing this in mind, when Rabbi Tanhum's mother went to buy him a pound of meat, she would buy him two pounds, one for him and one for the poor.Leviticus Rabbah 34:5\.
The Gemara employed Leviticus 25:29 to deduce that the term {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, (literally "days") sometimes means "a year," and [Rab Hisda](/wiki/Rav_Chisda "Rav Chisda") thus interpreted the word {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, in Genesis 24:55 to mean "a year." Genesis 24:55 says, "And her brother and her mother said: ‘Let the maiden abide with us {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, at the least ten." The Gemara reasoned that if {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, in Genesis 24:55 means "days" and thus to imply "two days" (as the plural implies more than one), then Genesis 24:55 would report [Rebekah](/wiki/Rebekah "Rebekah")'s brother and mother suggesting that she stay first two days, and then when [Eliezer](/wiki/Eliezer "Eliezer") said that that was too long, nonsensically suggesting ten days. The Gemara thus deduced that {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, must mean "a year" in Genesis 24:55, as Leviticus 25:29 implies when it says, "if a man sells a house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold; for a full year ({{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*) shall he have the right of redemption." Thus Genesis 24:55 might mean, "Let the maiden abide with us a year, or at the least ten months." The Gemara then suggested that {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, might mean "a month," as Numbers 11:20 suggests when it uses the phrase "a month of days ({{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*)." The Gemara concluded, however, that {{Script/Hebrew\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, means "a month" only when the term "month" is specifically mentioned, but otherwise means either "days" (at least two) or "a year."[Babylonian Talmud Ketubot 57b](https://www.sefaria.org/Ketubot.57b).
|
[
"#### Leviticus 25:1–34—a Sabbatical year for the land",
"Tractate [Sheviit](/wiki/Shevi%27it_%28Talmud%29 \"Shevi'it (Talmud)\") in the Mishnah, [Tosefta](/wiki/Tosefta \"Tosefta\"), and [Jerusalem Talmud](/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud \"Jerusalem Talmud\") interpreted the laws of the Sabbatical year in Exodus 23:10–11, Leviticus 25:1–34, and Deuteronomy 15:1–18 and 31:10–13\\.[Mishnah Sheviit 1:1–10:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.1); Tosefta Sheviit 1:1–8:11; [Jerusalem Talmud Sheviit 1a–87b](https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sheviit).",
"The Mishnah asked until when a field with [trees](/wiki/Tree \"Tree\") could be [plowed](/wiki/Plough \"Plough\") in the sixth year. The [House of Shammai](/wiki/House_of_Shammai \"House of Shammai\") said as long as such work would benefit [fruit](/wiki/Fruit \"Fruit\") that would ripen in the sixth year. But the [House of Hillel](/wiki/House_of_Hillel \"House of Hillel\") said until [Shavuot](/wiki/Shavuot \"Shavuot\"). The Mishnah observed that in reality, the views of two schools approximate each other.[Mishnah Sheviit 1:1](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit). The Mishnah taught that one could plow a [grain](/wiki/Food_grain \"Food grain\")\\-field in the sixth year until the moisture had dried up in the soil (that it, after Passover, when rains in the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel \"Land of Israel\") cease) or as long as people still plowed in order to plant [cucumbers](/wiki/Cucumber \"Cucumber\") and [gourds](/wiki/Gourd \"Gourd\") (which need a great deal of moisture). [Rabbi Simeon](/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai \"Simeon bar Yochai\") objected that if that were the rule, then we would place the law in the hands of each person to decide. But the Mishnah concluded that the prescribed period in the case of a grain\\-field was until Passover, and in the case of a field with trees, until Shavuot.[Mishnah Sheviit 2:1](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.2). But [Rabban Gamaliel](/wiki/Gamaliel_III \"Gamaliel III\") and his court ordained that working the land was permitted until the New Year that began the seventh year.Tosefta Sheviit 1:1\\. [Rabbi Joḥanan](/wiki/Yochanan_bar_Nafcha \"Yochanan bar Nafcha\") said that Rabban Gamaliel and his court reached their conclusion on Biblical authority, noting the common use of the term \"Sabbath\" ({{Script/Hebrew\\|שַׁבַּת}}, *Shabbat*) in both the description of the weekly Sabbath in Exodus 31:15 and the Sabbath\\-year in Leviticus 25:4\\. Thus, just as in the case of the Sabbath Day, work is forbidden on the day itself, but allowed on the day before and the day after, so likewise in the Sabbath Year, tillage is forbidden during the year itself, but allowed in the year before and the year after.[Babylonian Talmud Moed Katan 4a](https://www.sefaria.org/Moed_Katan.4a).",
"The Mishnah taught that we encourage the work of non\\-Jews in the Sabbatical year, but not that of Jews. And we inquire after the non\\-Jews’ wellbeing for the sake of peace.[Mishnah Sheviit 5:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.5.9).",
"Rabbi Isaac taught that the words of [Psalm](/wiki/Psalms \"Psalms\") 103:20, \"mighty in strength that fulfill His word,\" speak of those who observe the Sabbatical year. Rabbi Isaac said that we often find that a person fulfills a precept for a day, a week, or a month, but it is remarkable to find one who does so for an entire year. Rabbi Isaac asked whether one could find a mightier person than one who sees one's field untilled, see one's vineyard untilled, and yet pays one's taxes and does not complain. And Rabbi Isaac noted that Psalm 103:20 uses the words \"that fulfill His *word* ({{Script/Hebrew\\|דְבָר}}, *devar*),\" and Deuteronomy 15:2 says regarding observance of the Sabbatical year, \"And this is the *manner* ({{Script/Hebrew\\|דְּבַר}}, *devar*) of the release,\" and argued that \"*dabar*\" means the observance of the Sabbatical year in both places.[Leviticus Rabbah](/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah \"Leviticus Rabbah\") 1:1\\.",
"The Mishnah taught that the fines for rape, seduction, the husband who falsely accused his bride of not having been a virgin (as in Deuteronomy 22:19\\), and any judicial court matter are not canceled by the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:2](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.2).",
"[125px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Hillel (detail from the [Knesset Menorah](/wiki/Knesset_Menorah \"Knesset Menorah\") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"))](/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Hilel.JPG \"Knesset Menorah P5200009 Hilel.JPG\")\nThe Mishnah told that when [Hillel the Elder](/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder \"Hillel the Elder\") observed that the nation withheld from lending to each other and were transgressing Deuteronomy 15:9, \"Beware lest there be in your mind a base thought,\" he instituted the [prozbul](/wiki/Prozbul \"Prozbul\"), a court exemption from the Sabbatical year cancellation of a loan. The Mishnah taught that any loan made with a prozbul is not canceled by the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:3](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.3). The Mishnah recounted that a prozbul would provide: \"I turn over to you, so\\-and\\-so, judges of such and such a place, that any debt that I may have outstanding, I shall collect it whenever I desire.\" And the judges or witnesses would sign below.[Mishnah Sheviit 10:4](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sheviit.10.4).",
"The Mishnah employed the prohibition of Leviticus 25:4 to imagine how one could with one action violate up to nine separate commandments. One could (1\\) plow with an ox and a donkey yoked together (in violation of Deuteronomy 22:10\\) (2 and 3\\) that are two animals dedicated to the sanctuary, (4\\) plowing mixed seeds sown in a vineyard (in violation of Deuteronomy 22:9\\), (5\\) during a Sabbatical year (in violation of Leviticus 25:4\\), (6\\) on a Festival\\-day (in violation of, for example, Leviticus 23:7\\), (7\\) when the plower is a priest (in violation of Leviticus 21:1\\) and (8\\) a [Nazirite](/wiki/Nazirite \"Nazirite\") (in violation of Numbers 6:6\\) plowing in a contaminated place. [Chananya ben Chachinai](/wiki/Hanina_ben_Hakinai \"Hanina ben Hakinai\") said that the plower also may have been wearing a garment of wool and linen (in violation of Leviticus 19:19 and Deuteronomy 22:11\\). They said to him that this would not be in the same category as the other violations. He replied that neither is the Nazirite in the same category as the other violations.[Mishnah Makkot 3:9](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Makkot/Chapter_3/9 \"Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Makkot/Chapter 3/9\"); [Babylonian Talmud Makkot 21b](https://www.sefaria.org/Makkot.21b).",
"The Gemara implied that the sin of Moses in striking the rock at [Meribah](/wiki/Meribah \"Meribah\") compared favorably to the sin of [David](/wiki/David \"David\"). The Gemara reported that Moses and David were two good leaders of Israel. Moses begged God that his sin be recorded, as it is in Numbers 20:12, 20:23–24, and 27:13–14, and Deuteronomy 32:51\\. David, however, begged that his sin be blotted out, as Psalm 32:1 says, \"Happy is he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is pardoned.\" The Gemara compared the cases of Moses and David to the cases of two women whom the court sentenced to be lashed. One had committed an indecent act, while the other had eaten unripe figs of the seventh year in violation of Leviticus 25:6\\. The woman who had eaten unripe figs begged the court to make known for what offense she was being flogged, lest people say that she was being punished for the same sin as the other woman. The court thus made known her sin, and the Torah repeatedly records the sin of Moses.[Babylonian Talmud Yoma 86b](https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.86b).",
"The latter parts of tractate [Arakhin](/wiki/Arakhin \"Arakhin\") in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the jubilee year in Leviticus 25:8–34\\.[Mishnah Arakhin 7:1–9:8](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Arakhin.7); Tosefta Arakhin 5:1–19; [Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 24a–34a](https://www.sefaria.org/Arakhin.24a).",
"The Mishnah taught that the jubilee year had the same ritual as [Rosh Hashanah](/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah \"Rosh Hashanah\") for blowing the shofar and for blessings. But [Rabbi Judah](/wiki/Judah_ben_Ilai \"Judah ben Ilai\") said that on Rosh Hashanah, the blast was made with a ram's horn shofar, while on jubilee the blast was made with an antelope's (or some say a goat's) horn shofar.[Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 3:5](http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Rosh_Hashanah.3.5); [Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 26b](https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.26b).",
"The Mishnah taught that exile resulted from (among other things) transgressing the commandment (in Leviticus 25:3–5 and Exodus 23:10–11\\) to observe a Sabbatical year for the land.[Mishnah Avot 5:9](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.5.9). And pestilence resulted from (among other things) violation of the laws governing the produce of the Sabbatical year.[Mishnah Avot 5:8](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Avot/Chapter_5/8 \"Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Avot/Chapter 5/8\").",
"A [Midrash](/wiki/Midrash \"Midrash\") interpreted the words \"it shall be a jubilee *unto you*\" in Leviticus 25:10 to teach that God gave the year of release and the jubilee to the Israelites alone, and not to other nations. And similarly, the Midrash interpreted the words \"To give *you* the land of Canaan\" in Leviticus 25:38 to teach that God gave the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel \"Land of Israel\") to the Israelites alone.[Exodus Rabbah](/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah \"Exodus Rabbah\") 15:23\\.",
"Chapter 4 of Tractate [Bava Metzia](/wiki/Bava_Metzia \"Bava Metzia\") in the Mishnah, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud, and chapter 3 of the tractate in the Tosefta interpreted the law of fraud in Leviticus 25:14\\.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:1–12](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:13–29; [Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 12a–16b](https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Bava_Metzia.4); [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 44a–60b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.44a.8). The Mishnah defined as fraud overcharging by one\\-sixth of the purchase price. And the Mishnah taught that a person defrauded had until that person had time to show the purchase to a merchant or a kinsman to retract the sale.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:3](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.3); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:15; Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 14a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 49b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.49b). The Mishnah taught that the law of fraud applied to both the buyer and the seller, both the ordinary person and the merchant. Rabbi Judah said that the law of fraud did not apply to the merchant. The Mishnah taught that the one who was defrauded had the upper hand: The person defrauded could demand from the other the money paid or the amount by which that person was defrauded.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:4](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.4); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 14b; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 51a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.51a). The Mishnah taught that one who stole something worth even a *perutah* (the minimum amount of significant value) from a fellow and swore falsely about it had to go after the victim even as far as [Media](/wiki/Media_%28region%29 \"Media (region)\") to return it.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:7](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.7); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 15b; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 55a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.55a). The Mishnah taught that just as the laws of fraud applied to buying and selling, so too did they apply to the spoken word.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.10); Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:25; Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 16a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b). The Mishnah taught that one could not ask how much an object costs if one did not wish to buy it.[Mishnah Bava Metzia 4:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Metzia.4.10); Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia 16a; [Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b).",
"At a feast, [Rabbi](/wiki/Judah_haNasi \"Judah haNasi\") served his disciples tender and tough cuts of [beef tongue](/wiki/Beef_tongue \"Beef tongue\"). When his disciples chose the tender over the tough, Rabbi instructed them so to let their tongues be tender to one another. Rabbi taught that this was the meaning of Leviticus 25:14 when Moses admonished: \"And if you sell anything . . . you shall not wrong one another.\"Leviticus Rabbah 33:1\\. Similarly, a Midrash concluded that these words of Leviticus 25:14 taught that anyone who wrongs a neighbor with words will be punished according to Scripture.Leviticus Rabbah 33:5\\.",
"In a [Baraita](/wiki/Baraita \"Baraita\"), the [Rabbis](/wiki/Rabbi \"Rabbi\") interpreted the words \"you shall not wrong one another\" in Leviticus 25:17 to prohibit verbal wrongs, as Leviticus 25:14 had already addressed monetary wrongs. The Baraita cited as examples of verbal wrongs: (1\\) reminding penitents of their former deeds, (2\\) reminding converts' children of their ancestors' deeds, (3\\) questioning the propriety of converts' coming to study Torah, (4\\) speaking to those visited by suffering as [Job's](/wiki/Job_%28Biblical_figure%29 \"Job (Biblical figure)\") companions spoke to him in [Job](/wiki/Book_of_Job \"Book of Job\") 4:6–7, and (5\\) directing donkey drivers seeking grain to a person whom one knows has never sold grain. The Gemara said that Scripture uses the words \"and you shall fear your God\" (as in Leviticus 25:17\\) concerning cases where intent matters, cases that are known only to the heart. Rabbi Joḥanan said on the authority of Rabbi [Simeon ben Yoḥai](/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai \"Shimon bar Yochai\") that verbal wrongs are more heinous than monetary wrongs, because of verbal wrongs it is written (in Leviticus 25:17\\), \"and you shall fear your God,\" but not of monetary wrongs (in Leviticus 25:14\\). Rabbi Eleazar said that verbal wrongs affect the victim's person, while monetary wrongs affect only the victim's money. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said that while restoration is possible in cases of monetary wrongs, it is not in cases of verbal wrongs. And a [Tanna](/wiki/Tannaim \"Tannaim\") taught before Rav Naḥman bar Isaac that one who publicly makes a neighbor blanch from shame is as one who sheds blood. Whereupon Rav Naḥman remarked how he had seen the blood rush from a person's face upon such shaming.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 58b](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.58b.7).",
"Reading the words of Leviticus 25:17, \"And you shall not mistreat each man his colleague ({{Script/Hebrew\\|עֲמִיתוֹ}}, *amito*),\" Rav Ḥinnana, son of Rav Idi, taught that the word {{Script/Hebrew\\|עֲמִיתוֹ}}, *amito*, is interpreted as a contraction of {{Script/Hebrew\\|עִם אִתּוֹ}}, *im ito*, meaning: \"One who is with him. \" Thus one must not mistreat one who is with one in observance of Torah and commandments.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 59a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.59a).",
"The Gemara taught that the Torah three times prohibits verbally mistreating a convert—in Exodus 22:20, \"And you shall neither mistreat a convert\"; in Leviticus 19:33, \"And when a convert lives in your land, you shall not mistreat him\"; and in Leviticus 25:17, \"And you shall not mistreat, each man his colleague.\" And the Torah similarly three times prohibits oppressing the convert—in Exodus 22:20, \"And you shall neither mistreat a convert, nor oppress him\"; in Exodus 23:9, \"And you shall not oppress a convert\"; and in Exodus 22:24, \"And you shall not be to him like a creditor.\" Reading Exodus 22:20, \"And you shall not mistreat a convert nor oppress him, because you were strangers in the land of Egypt,\" a Baraita reported that Rabbi Nathan taught that one should not mention in another a defect that one has oneself. Thus, since the Jewish people were themselves strangers, they should not demean a convert because he is a stranger in their midst. And this explains the adage that one who has a person hanged in the family does not say to another member of the household: Hang a fish for me, as the mention of hanging is demeaning for that family.",
"Expanding on Leviticus 25:23, in which God says that \"the land is Mine,\" Rabbi Elazar of Bartotha said that you and all that is yours is Gods; and thus 1 Chronicles 29:14 says with regards to David: \"for everything comes from You, and from Your own hand have we given you.\"[Mishnah Avot 3:7](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.3.7).",
"Rabbi Phinehas in the name of Rabbi Reuben interpreted the words \"If your brother grows poor . . . then shall his kinsman . . . redeem\" in Leviticus 25:25 to exhort Israel to acts of charity. Rabbi Phinehas taught that God will reward with life anyone who gives a coin to a poor person, for the donor could be giving not just a coin, but life. Rabbi Phinehas explained that if a loaf costs ten coins, and a poor person has but nine, then the gift of a single coin allows the poor person to buy the loaf, eat, and become refreshed. Thus, Rabbi Phinehas taught, when illness strikes the donor, and the donor's soul presses to leave the donor's body, God will return the gift of life.Leviticus Rabbah 34:2\\. Similarly, [Rav Naḥman](/wiki/Rav_Nachman \"Rav Nachman\") taught that Leviticus 25:25 exhorts Israel to acts of charity, because fortune revolves like a wheel in the world, sometimes leaving one poor and sometimes well off.Leviticus Rabbah 34:3\\. And similarly, Rabbi Tanḥum son of Rabbi [Ḥiyya](/wiki/Rabbi_Hiyya \"Rabbi Hiyya\") taught that Leviticus 25:25 exhorts Israel to acts of charity, because God made the poor as well as the rich, so that they might benefit each other; the rich one benefiting the poor one with charity, and the poor one benefiting the rich one by affording the rich one the opportunity to do good. Bearing this in mind, when Rabbi Tanhum's mother went to buy him a pound of meat, she would buy him two pounds, one for him and one for the poor.Leviticus Rabbah 34:5\\.",
"The Gemara employed Leviticus 25:29 to deduce that the term {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, (literally \"days\") sometimes means \"a year,\" and [Rab Hisda](/wiki/Rav_Chisda \"Rav Chisda\") thus interpreted the word {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, in Genesis 24:55 to mean \"a year.\" Genesis 24:55 says, \"And her brother and her mother said: ‘Let the maiden abide with us {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, at the least ten.\" The Gemara reasoned that if {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, in Genesis 24:55 means \"days\" and thus to imply \"two days\" (as the plural implies more than one), then Genesis 24:55 would report [Rebekah](/wiki/Rebekah \"Rebekah\")'s brother and mother suggesting that she stay first two days, and then when [Eliezer](/wiki/Eliezer \"Eliezer\") said that that was too long, nonsensically suggesting ten days. The Gemara thus deduced that {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, must mean \"a year\" in Genesis 24:55, as Leviticus 25:29 implies when it says, \"if a man sells a house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold; for a full year ({{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*) shall he have the right of redemption.\" Thus Genesis 24:55 might mean, \"Let the maiden abide with us a year, or at the least ten months.\" The Gemara then suggested that {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, might mean \"a month,\" as Numbers 11:20 suggests when it uses the phrase \"a month of days ({{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*).\" The Gemara concluded, however, that {{Script/Hebrew\\|יָמִים}}, *yamim*, means \"a month\" only when the term \"month\" is specifically mentioned, but otherwise means either \"days\" (at least two) or \"a year.\"[Babylonian Talmud Ketubot 57b](https://www.sefaria.org/Ketubot.57b).",
""
] |
#### Leviticus 25:35–55—limits on debt servitude
The [Sifra](/wiki/Sifra "Sifra") read the words of Leviticus 25:35, "You shall support him," to teach that one should not let one's brother who grows poor to fall down. The Sifra compared financial strains to a load on a donkey. While the donkey is still standing in place, a single person can take hold of it and lead it. But if the donkey falls to the ground, five people cannot pick it up again.[Sifra Behar, Parashah 5 (275:5:1\)](https://www.sefaria.org/Sifra%2C_Behar%2C_Section_5.1).
In the words, "Take no interest or increase, but fear your God," in Leviticus 25:36, "interest" ({{Script/Hebrew\|נֶשֶׁךְ}}, *neshech*) literally means "bite." A Midrash played on this meaning, teaching not to take interest from the poor person, not to bite the poor person as the serpent—cunning to do evil—bit [Adam](/wiki/Adam_%28Bible%29 "Adam (Bible)"). The Midrash taught that one who exacts interest from an Israelite thus has no fear of God.Exodus Rabbah 31:13\.
[Rav Naḥman bar Isaac](/wiki/Rav_Nachman_bar_Yitzchak "Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak") (explaining the position of Rabbi Eleazar) interpreted the words "that your brother may live with you" in Leviticus 25:36 to teach that one who has exacted interest should return it to the borrower, so that the borrower could survive economically.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 61b–62a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.61b).
A Baraita considered the case where two people were traveling on a journey, and one had a container of water; if both drank, they would both die, but if only one drank, then that one might reach civilization and survive. Ben Patura taught that it is better that both should drink and die, rather than that only one should drink and see the other die. But [Rabbi Akiva](/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva "Rabbi Akiva") interpreted the words "that your brother may live *with you*" in Leviticus 25:36 to teach that concern for one's own life takes precedence over concern for another's.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 62a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.62a).
Part of chapter 1 of Tractate [Kiddushin](/wiki/Nashim "Nashim") in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Hebrew servant in Exodus 21:2–11 and 21:26–27; Leviticus 25:39–55; and Deuteronomy 15:12–18\.[Mishnah Kiddushin 1:2](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nashim/Tractate_Kiddushin/Chapter_1/2 "Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nashim/Tractate Kiddushin/Chapter 1/2"); Tosefta Kiddushin 1:5–6; Jerusalem Talmud Kiddushin 5b–11b (1:2\); [Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 14b–22b](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.14b).
[Abaye](/wiki/Abaye "Abaye") said that because the law (in Leviticus 25:39–43 and elsewhere) required the master to treat a Hebrew slave well—and as an equal in food, drink, and sleeping accommodations—it was said that buying a Hebrew slave was like buying a master.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 20a](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.20a). The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that the words of Deuteronomy 15:16 regarding the Hebrew servant, "he fares well *with you*," indicate that the Hebrew servant had to be "with"—that is, equal to—the master in food and drink. Thus, the master could not eat white bread and have the servant eat black bread. The master could not drink old wine and have the servant drink new wine. The master could not sleep on a feather bed and have the servant sleep on straw. Hence, they said that buying a Hebrew servant was like buying a master. Similarly, Rabbi Simeon deduced from the words of Leviticus 25:41, "Then he shall go out from you, he and his children *with him*," that the master was liable to provide for the servant's children until the servant went out. And Rabbi Simeon deduced from the words of Exodus 21:3, "If he is married, then his wife shall go out *with him*," that the master was responsible to provide for the servant's wife, as well.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 22a](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22a).
The Sifra read Leviticus 25:42, “For they are My servants,” to imply that God's deed of servitude came first, and therefore, Israelites may serve others only as God permits. And the Sifra read Leviticus 25:42, "whom I took out of the land of Egypt" to imply that God took the Israelites out on the condition that they not be sold as slaves are sold.[Sifra Parashat Behar, Parashah 6 (257:1:1–2\)](https://www.sefaria.org/Sifra%2C_Behar%2C_Section_6.1).
Rabbi Joḥanan read Leviticus 25:42, "They shall not be sold as bondsmen," to prohibit abduction. The Gemara asked where Scripture formally prohibited abduction (as Deuteronomy 22:7 and Exodus 21:16 state only the punishment). [Rabbi Josiah](/wiki/Rabbi_Josiah "Rabbi Josiah") said that Exodus 20:13, "You shalt not steal," did so. Rabbi Joḥanan said that Leviticus 25:42, “They shall not be sold as bondsmen,” did so. The Gemara harmonized the two teachings by interpreting Rabbi Josiah to state the prohibition for stealing (including abduction) and Rabbi Joḥanan to state the prohibition for selling the kidnapped person.[Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 86a](https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.86a).
[thumb\|right\|125px\|Joḥanan ben Zakai (detail from the Knesset Menorah in Jerusalem)](/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_Jochanan_ben_Sakkai.jpg "Knesset Menorah Jochanan ben Sakkai.jpg")
Rabbi Levi interpreted Leviticus 25:55 to teach that God claimed Israel as God's own possession when God said, "To Me the children of Israel are servants."Exodus Rabbah 30:1; see also Exodus Rabbah 33:5\.
Reading Exodus 21:6, regarding the Hebrew servant who chose not to go free and whose master brought him to the doorpost and bore his ear through with an awl, Rabban [Joḥanan ben Zakkai](/wiki/Johanan_ben_Zakkai "Johanan ben Zakkai") explained that God singled out the ear from all the parts of the body because the servant had heard God's Voice on Mount Sinai proclaiming in Leviticus 25:55, "For to me the children of Israel are servants, they are my servants," and not servants of servants, and yet the servant acquired a master for himself when he might have been free. And Rabbi Simeon bar Rabbi explained that God singled out the doorpost from all other parts of the house because the doorpost was witness in Egypt when God passed over the lintel and the doorposts (as reported in Exodus 12\) and proclaimed (in the words of Leviticus 25:55\), "For to me the children of Israel are servants, they are my servants," and not servants of servants, and so God brought them forth from bondage to freedom, yet this servant acquired a master for himself.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 22b](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22b).
|
[
"#### Leviticus 25:35–55—limits on debt servitude",
"The [Sifra](/wiki/Sifra \"Sifra\") read the words of Leviticus 25:35, \"You shall support him,\" to teach that one should not let one's brother who grows poor to fall down. The Sifra compared financial strains to a load on a donkey. While the donkey is still standing in place, a single person can take hold of it and lead it. But if the donkey falls to the ground, five people cannot pick it up again.[Sifra Behar, Parashah 5 (275:5:1\\)](https://www.sefaria.org/Sifra%2C_Behar%2C_Section_5.1).",
"In the words, \"Take no interest or increase, but fear your God,\" in Leviticus 25:36, \"interest\" ({{Script/Hebrew\\|נֶשֶׁךְ}}, *neshech*) literally means \"bite.\" A Midrash played on this meaning, teaching not to take interest from the poor person, not to bite the poor person as the serpent—cunning to do evil—bit [Adam](/wiki/Adam_%28Bible%29 \"Adam (Bible)\"). The Midrash taught that one who exacts interest from an Israelite thus has no fear of God.Exodus Rabbah 31:13\\.",
"[Rav Naḥman bar Isaac](/wiki/Rav_Nachman_bar_Yitzchak \"Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak\") (explaining the position of Rabbi Eleazar) interpreted the words \"that your brother may live with you\" in Leviticus 25:36 to teach that one who has exacted interest should return it to the borrower, so that the borrower could survive economically.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 61b–62a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.61b).",
"A Baraita considered the case where two people were traveling on a journey, and one had a container of water; if both drank, they would both die, but if only one drank, then that one might reach civilization and survive. Ben Patura taught that it is better that both should drink and die, rather than that only one should drink and see the other die. But [Rabbi Akiva](/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva \"Rabbi Akiva\") interpreted the words \"that your brother may live *with you*\" in Leviticus 25:36 to teach that concern for one's own life takes precedence over concern for another's.[Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 62a](https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.62a).",
"Part of chapter 1 of Tractate [Kiddushin](/wiki/Nashim \"Nashim\") in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Hebrew servant in Exodus 21:2–11 and 21:26–27; Leviticus 25:39–55; and Deuteronomy 15:12–18\\.[Mishnah Kiddushin 1:2](/wiki/s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nashim/Tractate_Kiddushin/Chapter_1/2 \"Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nashim/Tractate Kiddushin/Chapter 1/2\"); Tosefta Kiddushin 1:5–6; Jerusalem Talmud Kiddushin 5b–11b (1:2\\); [Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 14b–22b](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.14b).",
"[Abaye](/wiki/Abaye \"Abaye\") said that because the law (in Leviticus 25:39–43 and elsewhere) required the master to treat a Hebrew slave well—and as an equal in food, drink, and sleeping accommodations—it was said that buying a Hebrew slave was like buying a master.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 20a](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.20a). The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that the words of Deuteronomy 15:16 regarding the Hebrew servant, \"he fares well *with you*,\" indicate that the Hebrew servant had to be \"with\"—that is, equal to—the master in food and drink. Thus, the master could not eat white bread and have the servant eat black bread. The master could not drink old wine and have the servant drink new wine. The master could not sleep on a feather bed and have the servant sleep on straw. Hence, they said that buying a Hebrew servant was like buying a master. Similarly, Rabbi Simeon deduced from the words of Leviticus 25:41, \"Then he shall go out from you, he and his children *with him*,\" that the master was liable to provide for the servant's children until the servant went out. And Rabbi Simeon deduced from the words of Exodus 21:3, \"If he is married, then his wife shall go out *with him*,\" that the master was responsible to provide for the servant's wife, as well.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 22a](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22a).",
"The Sifra read Leviticus 25:42, “For they are My servants,” to imply that God's deed of servitude came first, and therefore, Israelites may serve others only as God permits. And the Sifra read Leviticus 25:42, \"whom I took out of the land of Egypt\" to imply that God took the Israelites out on the condition that they not be sold as slaves are sold.[Sifra Parashat Behar, Parashah 6 (257:1:1–2\\)](https://www.sefaria.org/Sifra%2C_Behar%2C_Section_6.1).",
"Rabbi Joḥanan read Leviticus 25:42, \"They shall not be sold as bondsmen,\" to prohibit abduction. The Gemara asked where Scripture formally prohibited abduction (as Deuteronomy 22:7 and Exodus 21:16 state only the punishment). [Rabbi Josiah](/wiki/Rabbi_Josiah \"Rabbi Josiah\") said that Exodus 20:13, \"You shalt not steal,\" did so. Rabbi Joḥanan said that Leviticus 25:42, “They shall not be sold as bondsmen,” did so. The Gemara harmonized the two teachings by interpreting Rabbi Josiah to state the prohibition for stealing (including abduction) and Rabbi Joḥanan to state the prohibition for selling the kidnapped person.[Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 86a](https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.86a).",
"[thumb\\|right\\|125px\\|Joḥanan ben Zakai (detail from the Knesset Menorah in Jerusalem)](/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_Jochanan_ben_Sakkai.jpg \"Knesset Menorah Jochanan ben Sakkai.jpg\")",
"Rabbi Levi interpreted Leviticus 25:55 to teach that God claimed Israel as God's own possession when God said, \"To Me the children of Israel are servants.\"Exodus Rabbah 30:1; see also Exodus Rabbah 33:5\\.",
"Reading Exodus 21:6, regarding the Hebrew servant who chose not to go free and whose master brought him to the doorpost and bore his ear through with an awl, Rabban [Joḥanan ben Zakkai](/wiki/Johanan_ben_Zakkai \"Johanan ben Zakkai\") explained that God singled out the ear from all the parts of the body because the servant had heard God's Voice on Mount Sinai proclaiming in Leviticus 25:55, \"For to me the children of Israel are servants, they are my servants,\" and not servants of servants, and yet the servant acquired a master for himself when he might have been free. And Rabbi Simeon bar Rabbi explained that God singled out the doorpost from all other parts of the house because the doorpost was witness in Egypt when God passed over the lintel and the doorposts (as reported in Exodus 12\\) and proclaimed (in the words of Leviticus 25:55\\), \"For to me the children of Israel are servants, they are my servants,\" and not servants of servants, and so God brought them forth from bondage to freedom, yet this servant acquired a master for himself.[Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 22b](https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22b).",
""
] |
Film acting career
------------------
Morais made his film acting debut in 2007's *[From Now On](/wiki/From_Now_On_%28film%29 "From Now On (film)")* (winner of the [Audience Award](/wiki/Audience_Award "Audience Award") at [Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_International_Film_Festival "Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival")), directed by [Locarno Film Festival](/wiki/Locarno_Film_Festival "Locarno Film Festival") alumna [Catarina Ruivo](/wiki/Catarina_Ruivo "Catarina Ruivo").
Edgar has appeared in multiple projects since including the [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") series *[CTRL](/wiki/Ctrl_%28web_series%29 "Ctrl (web series)")*, directed by Robert Kirbyson, in [Q'orianka Kilcher](/wiki/Q%27orianka_Kilcher "Q'orianka Kilcher")'s directional debut short\-film, *[Saudade](/wiki/Saudade "Saudade")*, in *[Chasing Eagle Rock](/wiki/Chasing_Eagle_Rock "Chasing Eagle Rock")* directed by [Erick Avari](/wiki/Erick_Avari "Erick Avari"), alongside [Beth Behrs](/wiki/Beth_Behrs "Beth Behrs") and [Michael Welch](/wiki/Michael_Welch_%28actor%29 "Michael Welch (actor)"), in *The Monogamy Experiment* directed by [Amy Rider](/wiki/Amy_Rider "Amy Rider") alongside [Shailene Woodley](/wiki/Shailene_Woodley "Shailene Woodley") and in *Oh Gallow Lay* directed by Julian Wayser which premiered at the [Venice Film Festival](/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival "Venice Film Festival") in 2015 in the Horizons section.
Edgar Morais can also be seen in *[Marfa Girl 2](/wiki/Marfa_Girl_2 "Marfa Girl 2")*, directed by [Larry Clark](/wiki/Larry_Clark "Larry Clark"), 2022's *Restos do Vento* (*Remains of the Wind*) directed by [Tiago Guedes](/wiki/Tiago_Guedes "Tiago Guedes") ([Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival "Cannes Film Festival") official selection) and in 2023's *Lovely, Dark and Deep* directed by Teresa Sutherland ([Fantasia Film Festival](/wiki/Fantasia_International_Film_Festival "Fantasia International Film Festival")).
In 2023 Edgar Morais starred in *[A Cup of Coffee and New Shoes On](/wiki/A_Cup_of_Coffee_and_New_Shoes_On "A Cup of Coffee and New Shoes On")* which had its world premiere in competition at [Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival](/wiki/Tallinn_Black_Nights_Film_Festival "Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival") and went on to screen at many festivals worldwide including 2023's [Gothenburg Film Festival](/wiki/Gothenburg_Film_Festival "Gothenburg Film Festival") and [Thessaloniki Film Festival](/wiki/Thessaloniki_Film_Festival "Thessaloniki Film Festival") where it won the [Fischer Audience Award](https://www.filmfestival.gr/en/all-news-en/28686-the-awards-of-the-64th-thessaloniki-international-film-festival).
Morais portrayed the controversial British artist [Simeon Solomon](/wiki/Simeon_Solomon "Simeon Solomon") in 2024's *The Worst Man In London* directed by Rodrigo Areias and produced by [Paulo Branco](/wiki/Paulo_Branco "Paulo Branco") which screened as an official selection in the Big Screen Competition at 2024 [International Film Festival Rotterdam](/wiki/International_Film_Festival_Rotterdam "International Film Festival Rotterdam") with a cast that also includes Albano Jerónimo, [Edward Ashley](/wiki/Edward_Ashley_%28English_actor%29 "Edward Ashley (English actor)"), [Simon Paisley Day](/wiki/Simon_Paisley_Day "Simon Paisley Day"), [Scott Coffey](/wiki/Scott_Coffey "Scott Coffey") and [Carmen Chaplin](/wiki/Carmen_Chaplin "Carmen Chaplin").
His upcoming acting projects include [Victoria Mahoney](/wiki/Victoria_Mahoney "Victoria Mahoney")'s *Chalk* alongside [Shiloh Fernandez](/wiki/Shiloh_Fernandez "Shiloh Fernandez") and [Mirrah Folks](/wiki/Mirrah_Foulkes "Mirrah Foulkes") and João Salgado's *Super Past Car*.
|
[
"Film acting career\n------------------",
"Morais made his film acting debut in 2007's *[From Now On](/wiki/From_Now_On_%28film%29 \"From Now On (film)\")* (winner of the [Audience Award](/wiki/Audience_Award \"Audience Award\") at [Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_International_Film_Festival \"Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival\")), directed by [Locarno Film Festival](/wiki/Locarno_Film_Festival \"Locarno Film Festival\") alumna [Catarina Ruivo](/wiki/Catarina_Ruivo \"Catarina Ruivo\").",
"Edgar has appeared in multiple projects since including the [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") series *[CTRL](/wiki/Ctrl_%28web_series%29 \"Ctrl (web series)\")*, directed by Robert Kirbyson, in [Q'orianka Kilcher](/wiki/Q%27orianka_Kilcher \"Q'orianka Kilcher\")'s directional debut short\\-film, *[Saudade](/wiki/Saudade \"Saudade\")*, in *[Chasing Eagle Rock](/wiki/Chasing_Eagle_Rock \"Chasing Eagle Rock\")* directed by [Erick Avari](/wiki/Erick_Avari \"Erick Avari\"), alongside [Beth Behrs](/wiki/Beth_Behrs \"Beth Behrs\") and [Michael Welch](/wiki/Michael_Welch_%28actor%29 \"Michael Welch (actor)\"), in *The Monogamy Experiment* directed by [Amy Rider](/wiki/Amy_Rider \"Amy Rider\") alongside [Shailene Woodley](/wiki/Shailene_Woodley \"Shailene Woodley\") and in *Oh Gallow Lay* directed by Julian Wayser which premiered at the [Venice Film Festival](/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival \"Venice Film Festival\") in 2015 in the Horizons section.",
"Edgar Morais can also be seen in *[Marfa Girl 2](/wiki/Marfa_Girl_2 \"Marfa Girl 2\")*, directed by [Larry Clark](/wiki/Larry_Clark \"Larry Clark\"), 2022's *Restos do Vento* (*Remains of the Wind*) directed by [Tiago Guedes](/wiki/Tiago_Guedes \"Tiago Guedes\") ([Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival \"Cannes Film Festival\") official selection) and in 2023's *Lovely, Dark and Deep* directed by Teresa Sutherland ([Fantasia Film Festival](/wiki/Fantasia_International_Film_Festival \"Fantasia International Film Festival\")).",
"In 2023 Edgar Morais starred in *[A Cup of Coffee and New Shoes On](/wiki/A_Cup_of_Coffee_and_New_Shoes_On \"A Cup of Coffee and New Shoes On\")* which had its world premiere in competition at [Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival](/wiki/Tallinn_Black_Nights_Film_Festival \"Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival\") and went on to screen at many festivals worldwide including 2023's [Gothenburg Film Festival](/wiki/Gothenburg_Film_Festival \"Gothenburg Film Festival\") and [Thessaloniki Film Festival](/wiki/Thessaloniki_Film_Festival \"Thessaloniki Film Festival\") where it won the [Fischer Audience Award](https://www.filmfestival.gr/en/all-news-en/28686-the-awards-of-the-64th-thessaloniki-international-film-festival).",
"Morais portrayed the controversial British artist [Simeon Solomon](/wiki/Simeon_Solomon \"Simeon Solomon\") in 2024's *The Worst Man In London* directed by Rodrigo Areias and produced by [Paulo Branco](/wiki/Paulo_Branco \"Paulo Branco\") which screened as an official selection in the Big Screen Competition at 2024 [International Film Festival Rotterdam](/wiki/International_Film_Festival_Rotterdam \"International Film Festival Rotterdam\") with a cast that also includes Albano Jerónimo, [Edward Ashley](/wiki/Edward_Ashley_%28English_actor%29 \"Edward Ashley (English actor)\"), [Simon Paisley Day](/wiki/Simon_Paisley_Day \"Simon Paisley Day\"), [Scott Coffey](/wiki/Scott_Coffey \"Scott Coffey\") and [Carmen Chaplin](/wiki/Carmen_Chaplin \"Carmen Chaplin\").",
"His upcoming acting projects include [Victoria Mahoney](/wiki/Victoria_Mahoney \"Victoria Mahoney\")'s *Chalk* alongside [Shiloh Fernandez](/wiki/Shiloh_Fernandez \"Shiloh Fernandez\") and [Mirrah Folks](/wiki/Mirrah_Foulkes \"Mirrah Foulkes\") and João Salgado's *Super Past Car*.",
""
] |
Organization
------------
12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment was originally organized as a group of Volunteer Companies raised from the militia regiments of southern Arkansas, immediately following the fall of [Little Rock, Arkansas](/wiki/Little_Rock%2C_Arkansas "Little Rock, Arkansas"), to Union forces in September 1863\. Governor [Harris Flanagin](/wiki/Harris_Flanagin "Harris Flanagin") began organizing a new force of state troops issuing a proclamation on August 10, 1863, just a month before the capitol fell, announcing that he had been authorized to raise new regiments of state troops and that by special agreement these new units could not be transferred out of the state by Confederate authorities.
After the fall of Little Rock, recruiting was far more difficult than it had been in the first years of the war. The constant transfer of Arkansas troops into the eastern theater of the war, across the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River") from their homes, was a major objection by the remaining population of men eligible for military service. With Federal forces now occupying the state capitol, the Confederate state government had no way of enforcing conscription laws in the counties behind the Union lines, except during raids by Generals [Sterling Price](/wiki/Sterling_Price "Sterling Price") and [Joseph O. Shelby](/wiki/Joseph_O._Shelby "Joseph O. Shelby") in 1864\. The remaining Confederate regiments were plagued by desertions.
On September 16, 1863, in the immediate aftermath of the fall of the state capitol, Governor Flanagin issued General Order No. 6 from Arkadelphia, which called into service the militia regiments of the counties of Clark, Hempstead, Sevier, Pike, Polk, Montgomery, La Fayette, Ouachita, Union, and Columbia in order to resist the Federal army. The Governor's order directed the regiments to march to [Arkadelphia, Arkansas](/wiki/Arkadelphia%2C_Arkansas "Arkadelphia, Arkansas"), at the earliest possible day. Companies were to be mounted and commanders were to compel persons evading the call to come to the rendezvous. The intent was to form companies of twelve\-month mounted volunteers. Only six physicians, one druggist, millers to supply the wants of the country, clerks, sheriffs, postmasters, and persons in the employ of the Confederate States were exempted from the order.
In describing this call in a letter to General [Theophilus H. Holmes](/wiki/Theophilus_H._Holmes "Theophilus H. Holmes") dated October 18, 1863, from Washington, Arkansas, the new Confederate state capitol, Flanagin stated that he issued the order calling out the militia, as an experiment, expecting to get volunteers. The order succeeded so well as to get companies organized in the counties where the call for the militia was enforced which resulted in seven companies being collected under the call. Flanagin also stated that "the troops raised by the State are more than double all the troops raised by volunteering, or by the conscript law, within the past few months".
### 2nd Battalion, Arkansas State Troops
John Crowell Wright, lieutenant colonel of the [26th Arkansas Infantry Regiment](/wiki/26th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment "26th Arkansas Infantry Regiment"), resigned from that regiment to take command of a newly organized battalion of cavalry. On December 17, 1863, the 2nd Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, was organized with seven companies from southern Arkansas.Gerdes, Edward G.: "Wright’s 12th Arkansas Cavalry, CSA", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, <http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wrigndx.html>
There is one extant muster roll for the Field and Staff, covering the period January 1 to February 29, 1864, when the regiment was stationed at Cut Off, Drew County, Arkansas. The other regimental officers were Lieutenant Colonel James W. Bowie, Major George M. Wright, Surgeon John H. Saunders, Assistant Quartermaster Algernon S. Crute and Sergeant\-Major Howell Johnson. The unit was composed of the following volunteer companies raised from southern Arkansas:
* Company A – This company enlisted at Camden, Arkansas, on December 10, 1863, composed mostly of men from Bradley County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: "My Company was organized at Camden, Arkansas, on the 10th day of Dec. 1863, and have been in the direction of the Arkansas river ever since. /s/ JNO. T. KIRK, Capt. Comdg. Co."Gerdes, Edward G.: "Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company A.", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\-a.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-a.html)
* Company B – This company enlisted at Monticello, Arkansas, on October 15, 1863, composed mostly of men from Drew County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: "Company organized at Monticello, Arks, Oct. the Fifteenth, 1863\. Have been scouting and picketing ever since. /s/ W. P. BURKS, Capt. Co. B."Gerdes, Edward G.: "Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company B.", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\-b.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-b.html)
* Company C – This company enlisted in Drew County, Arkansas, on November 3, 1863, composed mostly of men from Drew County, Arkansas. The muster roll was signed by Capt. John W. Messenger.Gerdes, Edward G.: "Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company C.", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\-c.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-c.html)
* Company D – This company enlisted at Camden, Arkansas, on December 7, 1863, composed mostly of men from Calhoun County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: "This Company was organized at Camden, Dec. the 7th, 1863\. Have been engaged in Picketting, Scouting, Drilling and Marching. Have been in no engagements up to this time. Marched from Camden to Princeton, then to Warren, then to Monticello and back to Warren and then to Monticello. We are near Monticello now. /s/ E. T. HARRIS, 1st Lt. Comdg. Co."Gerdes, Edward G.: "Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company D.", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\-d.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-d.html)
* Company F – This company enlisted at Lake Village, Arkansas, on November 10, 1863, composed mostly of men from Chicot County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: "This Company is composed of parts of several commands now East of the Mississippi river and of men that were subject to conscription West of the same. It was raised by James W. Bowie, and was organized and mustered into the service on the 10th day of November 1863, at which they and other Companies was formed into a battalion, Col. J. C. Wright Comdg, and now belong to Col. J. C. Wrights Reg't. Our duty has Principally been of an outpost nature, picketing, scouting, \&c. Has been in no engagements up to this time. /s/ BELFIELD W. MATHIS."Gerdes, Edward G.: "Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company F.", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\-f.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-f.html)
* Company G – This company enlisted in Ashley County, Arkansas, on December 14, 1863, composed mostly of men from Ashley County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: "Feb. 27, 1864, moved from Camp Lauther, Drew County, Arks, to Cut Off, Drew County, Arks. Men furnished for various scouts and important Picket Posts. /s/ CHARLES A. HARRIS, Capt. Comdg. Company G."Gerdes, Edward G.: "Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company G.", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\-g.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-g.html)
* Company H – This company enlisted in Ashley County, Arkansas, on December 19, 1863, composed mostly of men from Ashley County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: "This Company is composed of paroled Soldiers, some who belong to commands east of the Mississippi river, and the remainder are those subject to conscription. Since the organization of the Company we have been engaged most of the time in Picketing, Scouting, \&c. The Company marched from Ashley County, Arks, to Monticello and from there to this camp. /s/ J. R. SMITH, Capt. Comdg. Co."Gerdes, Edward G.: "Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company H.", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\-h.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-h.html)
* Company I – This company enlisted at Warren, Arkansas, on December 21, 1863, composed mostly of men from Saline County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: "This Company has been engaged in scouting, picketing, \&c. Made up with men coming from east of the Miss. River, some conscripts, some Paroled, \&c. March from Saline County, Ark., to Monticello and thence to this place. /s/ L. F. JONES, Capt. Comdg."Gerdes, Edward G.: "Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company I.", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\-i.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-i.html)
* Company K – This company was organized in Arkansas County, Arkansas, on January 11, 1864, and enrolled in Confederate service at Camden, Arkansas, on January 14, 1864, composed mostly of men from Arkansas and Jefferson Counties, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: "This Company is composed of men from within the enemy's lines. There has never been an election for 2d lieutenant because my men were not all yet reported, but were left at home subject to my order. They have since been ordered to report. /s/ MOSES EMBREE, Capt. Comdg. Compy."Gerdes, Edward G.: "Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company K.", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\-k.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-k.html)
There is one extant muster roll for each company covering the period January 1–February 29, 1864, when the regiment was stationed at Cut Off, Drew County, Arkansas.
### 12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment
By mid\-January, 1864, three additional companies had been attached to Wright's battalion, and, on February 15, 1864, the battalion was officially enrolled in Confederate service as the 12th (Wright's) Regiment Arkansas Cavalry. The regiment was assigned to Colonel William A. Crawford's Brigade of Brigadier\-General [James F. Fagan](/wiki/James_F._Fagan "James F. Fagan")'s Cavalry Division in Major\-General Price's Cavalry Corps of the Confederate Army of the Trans\-Mississippi Department. The other units assigned to the brigade were the [1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Crawford's)](/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Cavalry_Regiment_%28Crawford%27s%29 "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Crawford's)"), [Poe's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion](/wiki/Poe%27s_Arkansas_Cavalry_Battalion "Poe's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion") and [McMurtrey's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion](/wiki/McMurtrey%27s_Arkansas_Cavalry_Battalion "McMurtrey's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion").
|
[
"Organization\n------------",
"12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment was originally organized as a group of Volunteer Companies raised from the militia regiments of southern Arkansas, immediately following the fall of [Little Rock, Arkansas](/wiki/Little_Rock%2C_Arkansas \"Little Rock, Arkansas\"), to Union forces in September 1863\\. Governor [Harris Flanagin](/wiki/Harris_Flanagin \"Harris Flanagin\") began organizing a new force of state troops issuing a proclamation on August 10, 1863, just a month before the capitol fell, announcing that he had been authorized to raise new regiments of state troops and that by special agreement these new units could not be transferred out of the state by Confederate authorities.",
"After the fall of Little Rock, recruiting was far more difficult than it had been in the first years of the war. The constant transfer of Arkansas troops into the eastern theater of the war, across the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\") from their homes, was a major objection by the remaining population of men eligible for military service. With Federal forces now occupying the state capitol, the Confederate state government had no way of enforcing conscription laws in the counties behind the Union lines, except during raids by Generals [Sterling Price](/wiki/Sterling_Price \"Sterling Price\") and [Joseph O. Shelby](/wiki/Joseph_O._Shelby \"Joseph O. Shelby\") in 1864\\. The remaining Confederate regiments were plagued by desertions.",
"On September 16, 1863, in the immediate aftermath of the fall of the state capitol, Governor Flanagin issued General Order No. 6 from Arkadelphia, which called into service the militia regiments of the counties of Clark, Hempstead, Sevier, Pike, Polk, Montgomery, La Fayette, Ouachita, Union, and Columbia in order to resist the Federal army. The Governor's order directed the regiments to march to [Arkadelphia, Arkansas](/wiki/Arkadelphia%2C_Arkansas \"Arkadelphia, Arkansas\"), at the earliest possible day. Companies were to be mounted and commanders were to compel persons evading the call to come to the rendezvous. The intent was to form companies of twelve\\-month mounted volunteers. Only six physicians, one druggist, millers to supply the wants of the country, clerks, sheriffs, postmasters, and persons in the employ of the Confederate States were exempted from the order.",
"In describing this call in a letter to General [Theophilus H. Holmes](/wiki/Theophilus_H._Holmes \"Theophilus H. Holmes\") dated October 18, 1863, from Washington, Arkansas, the new Confederate state capitol, Flanagin stated that he issued the order calling out the militia, as an experiment, expecting to get volunteers. The order succeeded so well as to get companies organized in the counties where the call for the militia was enforced which resulted in seven companies being collected under the call. Flanagin also stated that \"the troops raised by the State are more than double all the troops raised by volunteering, or by the conscript law, within the past few months\".",
"### 2nd Battalion, Arkansas State Troops",
"John Crowell Wright, lieutenant colonel of the [26th Arkansas Infantry Regiment](/wiki/26th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment \"26th Arkansas Infantry Regiment\"), resigned from that regiment to take command of a newly organized battalion of cavalry. On December 17, 1863, the 2nd Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, was organized with seven companies from southern Arkansas.Gerdes, Edward G.: \"Wright’s 12th Arkansas Cavalry, CSA\", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, <http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wrigndx.html>\nThere is one extant muster roll for the Field and Staff, covering the period January 1 to February 29, 1864, when the regiment was stationed at Cut Off, Drew County, Arkansas. The other regimental officers were Lieutenant Colonel James W. Bowie, Major George M. Wright, Surgeon John H. Saunders, Assistant Quartermaster Algernon S. Crute and Sergeant\\-Major Howell Johnson. The unit was composed of the following volunteer companies raised from southern Arkansas:",
"* Company A – This company enlisted at Camden, Arkansas, on December 10, 1863, composed mostly of men from Bradley County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: \"My Company was organized at Camden, Arkansas, on the 10th day of Dec. 1863, and have been in the direction of the Arkansas river ever since. /s/ JNO. T. KIRK, Capt. Comdg. Co.\"Gerdes, Edward G.: \"Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company A.\", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\\-a.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-a.html)\n* Company B – This company enlisted at Monticello, Arkansas, on October 15, 1863, composed mostly of men from Drew County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: \"Company organized at Monticello, Arks, Oct. the Fifteenth, 1863\\. Have been scouting and picketing ever since. /s/ W. P. BURKS, Capt. Co. B.\"Gerdes, Edward G.: \"Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company B.\", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\\-b.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-b.html)\n* Company C – This company enlisted in Drew County, Arkansas, on November 3, 1863, composed mostly of men from Drew County, Arkansas. The muster roll was signed by Capt. John W. Messenger.Gerdes, Edward G.: \"Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company C.\", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\\-c.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-c.html)\n* Company D – This company enlisted at Camden, Arkansas, on December 7, 1863, composed mostly of men from Calhoun County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: \"This Company was organized at Camden, Dec. the 7th, 1863\\. Have been engaged in Picketting, Scouting, Drilling and Marching. Have been in no engagements up to this time. Marched from Camden to Princeton, then to Warren, then to Monticello and back to Warren and then to Monticello. We are near Monticello now. /s/ E. T. HARRIS, 1st Lt. Comdg. Co.\"Gerdes, Edward G.: \"Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company D.\", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\\-d.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-d.html)\n* Company F – This company enlisted at Lake Village, Arkansas, on November 10, 1863, composed mostly of men from Chicot County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: \"This Company is composed of parts of several commands now East of the Mississippi river and of men that were subject to conscription West of the same. It was raised by James W. Bowie, and was organized and mustered into the service on the 10th day of November 1863, at which they and other Companies was formed into a battalion, Col. J. C. Wright Comdg, and now belong to Col. J. C. Wrights Reg't. Our duty has Principally been of an outpost nature, picketing, scouting, \\&c. Has been in no engagements up to this time. /s/ BELFIELD W. MATHIS.\"Gerdes, Edward G.: \"Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company F.\", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\\-f.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-f.html)\n* Company G – This company enlisted in Ashley County, Arkansas, on December 14, 1863, composed mostly of men from Ashley County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: \"Feb. 27, 1864, moved from Camp Lauther, Drew County, Arks, to Cut Off, Drew County, Arks. Men furnished for various scouts and important Picket Posts. /s/ CHARLES A. HARRIS, Capt. Comdg. Company G.\"Gerdes, Edward G.: \"Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company G.\", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\\-g.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-g.html)\n* Company H – This company enlisted in Ashley County, Arkansas, on December 19, 1863, composed mostly of men from Ashley County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: \"This Company is composed of paroled Soldiers, some who belong to commands east of the Mississippi river, and the remainder are those subject to conscription. Since the organization of the Company we have been engaged most of the time in Picketing, Scouting, \\&c. The Company marched from Ashley County, Arks, to Monticello and from there to this camp. /s/ J. R. SMITH, Capt. Comdg. Co.\"Gerdes, Edward G.: \"Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company H.\", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\\-h.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-h.html)\n* Company I – This company enlisted at Warren, Arkansas, on December 21, 1863, composed mostly of men from Saline County, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: \"This Company has been engaged in scouting, picketing, \\&c. Made up with men coming from east of the Miss. River, some conscripts, some Paroled, \\&c. March from Saline County, Ark., to Monticello and thence to this place. /s/ L. F. JONES, Capt. Comdg.\"Gerdes, Edward G.: \"Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company I.\", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\\-i.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-i.html)\n* Company K – This company was organized in Arkansas County, Arkansas, on January 11, 1864, and enrolled in Confederate service at Camden, Arkansas, on January 14, 1864, composed mostly of men from Arkansas and Jefferson Counties, Arkansas. The following endorsement accompanied the muster roll: \"This Company is composed of men from within the enemy's lines. There has never been an election for 2d lieutenant because my men were not all yet reported, but were left at home subject to my order. They have since been ordered to report. /s/ MOSES EMBREE, Capt. Comdg. Compy.\"Gerdes, Edward G.: \"Wright's 12th Arkansas Cavalry, Company K.\", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 7 November 2011, [http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright\\-k.html](http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/wright-k.html)",
"There is one extant muster roll for each company covering the period January 1–February 29, 1864, when the regiment was stationed at Cut Off, Drew County, Arkansas.",
"### 12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment",
"By mid\\-January, 1864, three additional companies had been attached to Wright's battalion, and, on February 15, 1864, the battalion was officially enrolled in Confederate service as the 12th (Wright's) Regiment Arkansas Cavalry. The regiment was assigned to Colonel William A. Crawford's Brigade of Brigadier\\-General [James F. Fagan](/wiki/James_F._Fagan \"James F. Fagan\")'s Cavalry Division in Major\\-General Price's Cavalry Corps of the Confederate Army of the Trans\\-Mississippi Department. The other units assigned to the brigade were the [1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Crawford's)](/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Cavalry_Regiment_%28Crawford%27s%29 \"1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Crawford's)\"), [Poe's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion](/wiki/Poe%27s_Arkansas_Cavalry_Battalion \"Poe's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion\") and [McMurtrey's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion](/wiki/McMurtrey%27s_Arkansas_Cavalry_Battalion \"McMurtrey's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion\").",
""
] |
Geography
---------
[thumb\|right\|300px\|Panoramic view of the Philae Temple from south, at its current location on [Agilkia Island](/wiki/Agilkia_Island "Agilkia Island")](/wiki/File:Philae_temple.jpg "Philae temple.jpg")
{{hiero\|pꜣ jꜣ rk(ḳ){{cite book \|last1\=Wallis Budge \|first1\=E. A. \|title\=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II \|date\=1920 \|publisher\=\[\[John Murray (publishing house)\|John Murray]] \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/951 951] \|url\=https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft}}{{cite book \|last1\=Gauthier \|first1\=Henri \|title\=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 1 \|date\=1925 \|page\=30 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1925\_1/page/n21}}\|pA\-iAt:r\-k:t\*niwt '''or''' p:y\-iAt:r\-q:niwt\|era\=default\|align\=right}}
Philae is mentioned by numerous ancient writers, including [Strabo](/wiki/Strabo "Strabo"),i. p. 40, xvii. pp. 803, 818, 820 [Diodorus Siculus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus "Diodorus Siculus"),i. 22 [Ptolemy](/wiki/Ptolemy "Ptolemy"),iv. 5\. § 74 [Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger "Seneca the Younger"),*Quaest. Nat.* iv. 1 [Pliny the Elder](/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder "Pliny the Elder").v. 9\. s. 10 It was, as the plural name indicates, the appellation of two small islands situated in latitude [24° north](/wiki/24th_parallel_north "24th parallel north"), just above the First Cataract near [Aswan](/wiki/Aswan "Aswan") (Egyptian *Swenet* "Trade;" {{lang\-grc\|Συήνη}}). Groskurd*Strab.* vol. iii. p. 399 computes the distance between these islands and Aswan at about {{convert\|100\|km\|abbr\=on}}.
Despite being the smaller island, Philae proper was, from the numerous and picturesque ruins formerly there, the more interesting of the two. Before the inundation, it was not more than {{convert\|380\|m}} long and about {{convert\|120\|m}} broad. It is composed of [syenite](/wiki/Syenite "Syenite"): its sides are steep and on their summits a lofty wall was built encompassing the island.
Since Philae was said to be one of the burying\-places of [Osiris](/wiki/Osiris "Osiris"), it was held in high reverence both by the Egyptians to the north and the [Nubians](/wiki/Nubians "Nubians") (often referred to as "Ethiopians" in Greek) to the south. It was deemed profane for any but priests to dwell there and was accordingly sequestered and denominated "the Unapproachable" ({{lang\-grc\|ἄβατος}}).{{cite book\|author\=Plutarch\|author\-link\=Plutarch\|title\=Moralia\|editor\-first\=Gregorius N.\|editor\-last\=Bernardakis\|place\=Leipzig\|publisher\=Teubner\|year\=1889\|volume\=2\|chapter\=De Iside et Osiride 359b\|chapter\-url\=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008\.01\.0238%3Astephpage%3D359b\|title\-link\=Moralia}} {{cite book\|author\=Diodorus\|author\-link\=Diodorus Siculus\|title\=Bibliotheca Historica\|volume\=1\-2\|editor1\-first\=Immanuel\|editor1\-last\=Bekker\|editor1\-link\=August Immanuel Bekker\|editor2\-first\=Ludwig\|editor2\-last\=Dindorf\|editor2\-link\=Karl Wilhelm Dindorf\#Ludwig Dindorf\|editor3\-first\=Friedrich\|editor3\-last\=Vogel\|publisher\=In aedibus \[\[Bibliotheca Teubneriana\|B. G. Teubneri]]\|place\=Leipzig\|year\=1888\|chapter\=I.22\.6\|chapter\-url\=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008\.01\.0540%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D22%3Asection%3D6\|title\-link\=Bibliotheca Historica}}{{LSJ\|a)/batos\|ἄβατος\|ref}}. It was reported too that neither birds flew over it nor fish approached its shores.Senec. Quaest. Nat. iv. 2\. These indeed were the traditions of a remote period; since in the time of the [Ptolemaic Kingdom](/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom "Ptolemaic Kingdom"), Philae was so much resorted to, partly by pilgrims to the tomb of Osiris, partly by persons on secular errands, that the priests petitioned [Ptolemy VIII Physcon](/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon "Ptolemy VIII Physcon") (170–117 BC) to prohibit public functionaries at least from coming there and living at their expense.
In the nineteenth century, [William John Bankes](/wiki/William_John_Bankes "William John Bankes") took the [Philae obelisk](/wiki/Philae_obelisk "Philae obelisk") on which this petition was engraved to [England](/wiki/England "England"). When its [Egyptian hieroglyphs](/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs "Egyptian hieroglyphs") were compared with those of the [Rosetta Stone](/wiki/Rosetta_Stone "Rosetta Stone"), it threw great light upon the Egyptian consonantal alphabet.
The islands of Philae were not, however, merely sacerdotal abodes; they were the centres of commerce also between [Meroë](/wiki/Mero%C3%AB "Meroë") and [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Egypt "Memphis, Egypt"). For the rapids of the cataracts were at most seasons impracticable, and the commodities exchanged between Egypt and Nubia were reciprocally landed and re\-embarked at Syene and Philae.
The neighbouring [granite](/wiki/Granite "Granite") quarries also attracted a numerous population of miners and stonemasons; and, for the convenience of this traffic, a gallery or road was formed in the rocks along the east bank of the Nile, portions of which are still extant.
Philae also was remarkable for the singular effects of light and shade resulting from its position near the [Tropic of Cancer](/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer "Tropic of Cancer"). As the sun approached its northern limit the shadows from the projecting cornices and moldings of the temples sink lower and lower down the plain surfaces of the walls, until, the sun having reached its highest altitude, the vertical walls are overspread with dark shadows, forming a striking contrast with the fierce light which illuminates all surrounding objects.Ritter, *Erdkunde*, vol. i. p. 680, seq.
|
[
"Geography\n---------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|Panoramic view of the Philae Temple from south, at its current location on [Agilkia Island](/wiki/Agilkia_Island \"Agilkia Island\")](/wiki/File:Philae_temple.jpg \"Philae temple.jpg\")\n{{hiero\\|pꜣ jꜣ rk(ḳ){{cite book \\|last1\\=Wallis Budge \\|first1\\=E. A. \\|title\\=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II \\|date\\=1920 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[John Murray (publishing house)\\|John Murray]] \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/951 951] \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Gauthier \\|first1\\=Henri \\|title\\=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 1 \\|date\\=1925 \\|page\\=30 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1925\\_1/page/n21}}\\|pA\\-iAt:r\\-k:t\\*niwt '''or''' p:y\\-iAt:r\\-q:niwt\\|era\\=default\\|align\\=right}}\nPhilae is mentioned by numerous ancient writers, including [Strabo](/wiki/Strabo \"Strabo\"),i. p. 40, xvii. pp. 803, 818, 820 [Diodorus Siculus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus \"Diodorus Siculus\"),i. 22 [Ptolemy](/wiki/Ptolemy \"Ptolemy\"),iv. 5\\. § 74 [Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger \"Seneca the Younger\"),*Quaest. Nat.* iv. 1 [Pliny the Elder](/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder \"Pliny the Elder\").v. 9\\. s. 10 It was, as the plural name indicates, the appellation of two small islands situated in latitude [24° north](/wiki/24th_parallel_north \"24th parallel north\"), just above the First Cataract near [Aswan](/wiki/Aswan \"Aswan\") (Egyptian *Swenet* \"Trade;\" {{lang\\-grc\\|Συήνη}}). Groskurd*Strab.* vol. iii. p. 399 computes the distance between these islands and Aswan at about {{convert\\|100\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
"Despite being the smaller island, Philae proper was, from the numerous and picturesque ruins formerly there, the more interesting of the two. Before the inundation, it was not more than {{convert\\|380\\|m}} long and about {{convert\\|120\\|m}} broad. It is composed of [syenite](/wiki/Syenite \"Syenite\"): its sides are steep and on their summits a lofty wall was built encompassing the island.",
"Since Philae was said to be one of the burying\\-places of [Osiris](/wiki/Osiris \"Osiris\"), it was held in high reverence both by the Egyptians to the north and the [Nubians](/wiki/Nubians \"Nubians\") (often referred to as \"Ethiopians\" in Greek) to the south. It was deemed profane for any but priests to dwell there and was accordingly sequestered and denominated \"the Unapproachable\" ({{lang\\-grc\\|ἄβατος}}).{{cite book\\|author\\=Plutarch\\|author\\-link\\=Plutarch\\|title\\=Moralia\\|editor\\-first\\=Gregorius N.\\|editor\\-last\\=Bernardakis\\|place\\=Leipzig\\|publisher\\=Teubner\\|year\\=1889\\|volume\\=2\\|chapter\\=De Iside et Osiride 359b\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\\=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008\\.01\\.0238%3Astephpage%3D359b\\|title\\-link\\=Moralia}} {{cite book\\|author\\=Diodorus\\|author\\-link\\=Diodorus Siculus\\|title\\=Bibliotheca Historica\\|volume\\=1\\-2\\|editor1\\-first\\=Immanuel\\|editor1\\-last\\=Bekker\\|editor1\\-link\\=August Immanuel Bekker\\|editor2\\-first\\=Ludwig\\|editor2\\-last\\=Dindorf\\|editor2\\-link\\=Karl Wilhelm Dindorf\\#Ludwig Dindorf\\|editor3\\-first\\=Friedrich\\|editor3\\-last\\=Vogel\\|publisher\\=In aedibus \\[\\[Bibliotheca Teubneriana\\|B. G. Teubneri]]\\|place\\=Leipzig\\|year\\=1888\\|chapter\\=I.22\\.6\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\\=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008\\.01\\.0540%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D22%3Asection%3D6\\|title\\-link\\=Bibliotheca Historica}}{{LSJ\\|a)/batos\\|ἄβατος\\|ref}}. It was reported too that neither birds flew over it nor fish approached its shores.Senec. Quaest. Nat. iv. 2\\. These indeed were the traditions of a remote period; since in the time of the [Ptolemaic Kingdom](/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom \"Ptolemaic Kingdom\"), Philae was so much resorted to, partly by pilgrims to the tomb of Osiris, partly by persons on secular errands, that the priests petitioned [Ptolemy VIII Physcon](/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon \"Ptolemy VIII Physcon\") (170–117 BC) to prohibit public functionaries at least from coming there and living at their expense.",
"In the nineteenth century, [William John Bankes](/wiki/William_John_Bankes \"William John Bankes\") took the [Philae obelisk](/wiki/Philae_obelisk \"Philae obelisk\") on which this petition was engraved to [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). When its [Egyptian hieroglyphs](/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs \"Egyptian hieroglyphs\") were compared with those of the [Rosetta Stone](/wiki/Rosetta_Stone \"Rosetta Stone\"), it threw great light upon the Egyptian consonantal alphabet.",
"The islands of Philae were not, however, merely sacerdotal abodes; they were the centres of commerce also between [Meroë](/wiki/Mero%C3%AB \"Meroë\") and [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Egypt \"Memphis, Egypt\"). For the rapids of the cataracts were at most seasons impracticable, and the commodities exchanged between Egypt and Nubia were reciprocally landed and re\\-embarked at Syene and Philae.",
"The neighbouring [granite](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\") quarries also attracted a numerous population of miners and stonemasons; and, for the convenience of this traffic, a gallery or road was formed in the rocks along the east bank of the Nile, portions of which are still extant.",
"Philae also was remarkable for the singular effects of light and shade resulting from its position near the [Tropic of Cancer](/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer \"Tropic of Cancer\"). As the sun approached its northern limit the shadows from the projecting cornices and moldings of the temples sink lower and lower down the plain surfaces of the walls, until, the sun having reached its highest altitude, the vertical walls are overspread with dark shadows, forming a striking contrast with the fierce light which illuminates all surrounding objects.Ritter, *Erdkunde*, vol. i. p. 680, seq.",
""
] |
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