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Construction ------------ {{Unreferenced section\\|date\=January 2023}} The most conspicuous feature of both islands was their architectural wealth. Monuments of various eras, extending from the Pharaohs to the Caesars, occupy nearly their whole area. The principal structures, however, lay at the south end of the smaller island. The most ancient was a temple for [Isis](/wiki/Isis "Isis"), built in the reign of [Nectanebo I](/wiki/Nectanebo_I "Nectanebo I") during 380–362 BC, which was approached from the river through a double [colonnade](/wiki/Colonnade "Colonnade"). Nekhtnebef was his [ancient Egyptian royal titulary](/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary "Ancient Egyptian royal titulary") and he became the founding pharaoh of the [Thirtieth](/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt "Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt") and last native dynasty when he deposed and killed [Nepherites II](/wiki/Nepherites_II "Nepherites II"). For the most part, the other ruins date from the Ptolemaic Kingdom, more especially with the reigns of [Ptolemy II Philadelphus](/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus "Ptolemy II Philadelphus"), [Ptolemy V Epiphanes](/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes "Ptolemy V Epiphanes"), and [Ptolemy VI Philometor](/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor "Ptolemy VI Philometor") (282–145 BC), with many traces of [Roman](/wiki/Egypt_%28Roman_province%29 "Egypt (Roman province)") work in Philae dedicated to [Ammon](/wiki/Amun "Amun")\-[Osiris](/wiki/Osiris "Osiris"). In front of the propyla were two colossal [lions](/wiki/Lion "Lion") in granite, behind which stood a pair of [obelisks](/wiki/Obelisk "Obelisk"), each {{convert\\|13\\|m}} high. The propyla were pyramidal in form and colossal in dimensions. One stood between the [dromos](/wiki/wikt:Dromos "Dromos") and [pronaos](/wiki/Portico%23Pronaos "Portico#Pronaos"), another between the pronaos and the [portico](/wiki/Portico "Portico"), while a smaller one led into the sekos or [adyton](/wiki/Adyton "Adyton"). At each corner of the adytum stood a monolithic shrine, the cage of a sacred hawk. Of these shrines one is now in the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre "Louvre"), the other in the Museum at [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence"). Beyond the entrance into the principal court are small temples, one of which, dedicated to Isis, Hathor, and a wide range of deities related to [midwifery](/wiki/Midwifery "Midwifery"), is covered with sculptures representing the birth of Ptolemy Philometor, under the figure of the god [Horus](/wiki/Horus "Horus"). The story of [Osiris](/wiki/Osiris "Osiris") is everywhere represented on the walls of this temple, and two of its inner chambers are particularly rich in symbolic imagery. Upon the two great propyla are Greek inscriptions intersected and partially destroyed by Egyptian figures cut across them. The monuments in both islands indeed attested, beyond any others in the Nile valley, the survival of pure Egyptian art centuries after the last of the Pharaohs had ceased to reign. Great pains have been taken to mutilate the sculptures of this temple. The work of deletion is attributable, in the first instance, to the zeal of the [early Christians](/wiki/Early_Christianity "Early Christianity"), and afterward, to the policy of the [Iconoclasts](/wiki/Iconoclasm "Iconoclasm"), who curried favour for themselves with the [Byzantine court](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") by the destruction of {{linktext\\|heathen}} images as well as Christian ones.{{Citation needed\\|date\=June 2011}} Images/icons of Horus are often less mutilated than the other carvings. In some wall scenes, every figure and hieroglyphic text except that of Horus and his winged solar\-disk representation has been meticulously scratched out by early Christians. This is presumably because the early Christians had some degree of respect for Horus or the legend of Horus \- it may be because they saw parallels between the stories of Jesus and Horus (see [Jesus in comparative mythology\#Iconography](/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology%23Iconography "Jesus in comparative mythology#Iconography") and [\#Dying\-and\-rising god archetype](/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology%23Dying-and-rising_god_archetype "Jesus in comparative mythology#Dying-and-rising god archetype")). The soil of Philae had been prepared carefully for the reception of its buildings–being leveled where it was uneven, and supported by masonry where it was crumbling or insecure. For example, the western wall of the Great Temple, and the corresponding wall of the dromos, were supported by very strong foundations, built below the pre\-inundation level of the water, and rested on the granite which in this region forms the bed of the Nile. Here and there steps were hewn out from the wall to facilitate the communication between the temple and the river. At the southern extremity of the dromos of the Great Temple was a smaller temple, apparently dedicated to [Hathor](/wiki/Hathor "Hathor"); at least the few columns that remained of it are surmounted with the head of that goddess. Its portico consisted of twelve columns, four in front and three deep. Their [capitals](/wiki/Capital_%28architecture%29 "Capital (architecture)") represented various forms and combinations of the [palm branch](/wiki/Palm_branch_%28symbol%29 "Palm branch (symbol)"), the [doum palm](/wiki/Hyphaene_thebaica "Hyphaene thebaica") branch, and the [lotus flower](/wiki/Nymphaea_caerulea "Nymphaea caerulea"). These, as well as the sculptures on the columns, the ceilings, and the walls were painted with the most vivid colors, which, owing to the dryness of the climate, have lost little of their original brilliance.	[ "Construction\n------------", "{{Unreferenced section\\\|date\\=January 2023}}\nThe most conspicuous feature of both islands was their architectural wealth. Monuments of various eras, extending from the Pharaohs to the Caesars, occupy nearly their whole area. The principal structures, however, lay at the south end of the smaller island.", "The most ancient was a temple for [Isis](/wiki/Isis \"Isis\"), built in the reign of [Nectanebo I](/wiki/Nectanebo_I \"Nectanebo I\") during 380–362 BC, which was approached from the river through a double [colonnade](/wiki/Colonnade \"Colonnade\"). Nekhtnebef was his [ancient Egyptian royal titulary](/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary \"Ancient Egyptian royal titulary\") and he became the founding pharaoh of the [Thirtieth](/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt \"Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt\") and last native dynasty when he deposed and killed [Nepherites II](/wiki/Nepherites_II \"Nepherites II\").", "For the most part, the other ruins date from the Ptolemaic Kingdom, more especially with the reigns of [Ptolemy II Philadelphus](/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus \"Ptolemy II Philadelphus\"), [Ptolemy V Epiphanes](/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes \"Ptolemy V Epiphanes\"), and [Ptolemy VI Philometor](/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor \"Ptolemy VI Philometor\") (282–145 BC), with many traces of [Roman](/wiki/Egypt_%28Roman_province%29 \"Egypt (Roman province)\") work in Philae dedicated to [Ammon](/wiki/Amun \"Amun\")\\-[Osiris](/wiki/Osiris \"Osiris\").", "In front of the propyla were two colossal [lions](/wiki/Lion \"Lion\") in granite, behind which stood a pair of [obelisks](/wiki/Obelisk \"Obelisk\"), each {{convert\\\|13\\\|m}} high. The propyla were pyramidal in form and colossal in dimensions. One stood between the [dromos](/wiki/wikt:Dromos \"Dromos\") and [pronaos](/wiki/Portico%23Pronaos \"Portico#Pronaos\"), another between the pronaos and the [portico](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\"), while a smaller one led into the sekos or [adyton](/wiki/Adyton \"Adyton\"). At each corner of the adytum stood a monolithic shrine, the cage of a sacred hawk. Of these shrines one is now in the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre \"Louvre\"), the other in the Museum at [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\").", "Beyond the entrance into the principal court are small temples, one of which, dedicated to Isis, Hathor, and a wide range of deities related to [midwifery](/wiki/Midwifery \"Midwifery\"), is covered with sculptures representing the birth of Ptolemy Philometor, under the figure of the god [Horus](/wiki/Horus \"Horus\"). The story of [Osiris](/wiki/Osiris \"Osiris\") is everywhere represented on the walls of this temple, and two of its inner chambers are particularly rich in symbolic imagery. Upon the two great propyla are Greek inscriptions intersected and partially destroyed by Egyptian figures cut across them.", "The monuments in both islands indeed attested, beyond any others in the Nile valley, the survival of pure Egyptian art centuries after the last of the Pharaohs had ceased to reign. Great pains have been taken to mutilate the sculptures of this temple. The work of deletion is attributable, in the first instance, to the zeal of the [early Christians](/wiki/Early_Christianity \"Early Christianity\"), and afterward, to the policy of the [Iconoclasts](/wiki/Iconoclasm \"Iconoclasm\"), who curried favour for themselves with the [Byzantine court](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") by the destruction of {{linktext\\\|heathen}} images as well as Christian ones.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=June 2011}} Images/icons of Horus are often less mutilated than the other carvings. In some wall scenes, every figure and hieroglyphic text except that of Horus and his winged solar\\-disk representation has been meticulously scratched out by early Christians. This is presumably because the early Christians had some degree of respect for Horus or the legend of Horus \\- it may be because they saw parallels between the stories of Jesus and Horus (see [Jesus in comparative mythology\\#Iconography](/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology%23Iconography \"Jesus in comparative mythology#Iconography\") and [\\#Dying\\-and\\-rising god archetype](/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology%23Dying-and-rising_god_archetype \"Jesus in comparative mythology#Dying-and-rising god archetype\")).", "The soil of Philae had been prepared carefully for the reception of its buildings–being leveled where it was uneven, and supported by masonry where it was crumbling or insecure. For example, the western wall of the Great Temple, and the corresponding wall of the dromos, were supported by very strong foundations, built below the pre\\-inundation level of the water, and rested on the granite which in this region forms the bed of the Nile. Here and there steps were hewn out from the wall to facilitate the communication between the temple and the river.", "At the southern extremity of the dromos of the Great Temple was a smaller temple, apparently dedicated to [Hathor](/wiki/Hathor \"Hathor\"); at least the few columns that remained of it are surmounted with the head of that goddess. Its portico consisted of twelve columns, four in front and three deep. Their [capitals](/wiki/Capital_%28architecture%29 \"Capital (architecture)\") represented various forms and combinations of the [palm branch](/wiki/Palm_branch_%28symbol%29 \"Palm branch (symbol)\"), the [doum palm](/wiki/Hyphaene_thebaica \"Hyphaene thebaica\") branch, and the [lotus flower](/wiki/Nymphaea_caerulea \"Nymphaea caerulea\"). These, as well as the sculptures on the columns, the ceilings, and the walls were painted with the most vivid colors, which, owing to the dryness of the climate, have lost little of their original brilliance.", "" ]
History ------- ### Pharaonic era [thumbnail\\|right\\|A sphinx in Philae](/wiki/File:S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9610.jpg "S10.08 Philae, image 9610.jpg") The ancient Egyptian name of the smaller island meant "boundary". As their southern frontier, the [pharaohs](/wiki/Pharaoh "Pharaoh") of Egypt kept there a strong garrison, and it was also a barracks for Greek and [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") soldiers in their turn. The first religious building on Philae was likely a shrine built by Pharaoh [Taharqa](/wiki/Taharqa "Taharqa") of the [25th Dynasty](/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt "Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt"), which was probably dedicated to [Amun](/wiki/Amun "Amun").{{cite book\\|editor\-last\=Frankfurter\\|editor\-first\=David\\|section\=Island of the Extremity: Space, Language, and Power in the Pilgrimage Traditions of Philae\\|last\=Rutherford\\|first\=Ian\\|title\=Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt\\|publisher\=Brill\\|location\=Boston\\|year\=1998\\|pages\=229–256}}{{cite encyclopedia\\|last\=Lloyd\\|first\=Alan B.\\|title\=Philae\\|editor\-last\=Redford\\|editor\-first\=Donald\\|encyclopedia\=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt\\|volume\=3\\|pages\=40–44\\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\\|location\=Oxford\\|year\=2001\\|isbn\=0\-19\-513823\-6}} However this structure is only known from a few blocks reused in later buildings, which Gerhard Haeny suspects may have been brought over for reuse from structures elsewhere.{{cite journal\\|url\=http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/085/18/\\|last\=Haeny\\|first\=Gerhard\\|title\=A Short Architectural History of Philae\\|journal\=\[\[Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale]]\\|year\=1985\\|volume\=85\\|pages\=197–233\\|via\=\[http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/ BIFAO en ligne]}} The oldest temple to have undoubtedly stood on the island, as well as the first evidence of Isis\-worship there, was a small kiosk built by [Psamtik II](/wiki/Psamtik_II "Psamtik II") of the [26th Dynasty](/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt "Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt").{{cite book\\|last\=Arnold\\|first\=Dieter\\|title\=Temples of the Last Pharaohs\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/isbn\_9780195126334\\|url\-access\=registration\\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\\|location\=Oxford\\|year\=1999\\|isbn\=0\-19\-512633\-5}}{{rp\\|76–77}} This was followed by contributions from [Amasis II](/wiki/Amasis_II "Amasis II") (26th Dynasty) and [Nectanebo I](/wiki/Nectanebo_I "Nectanebo I") ([30th Dynasty](/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt "Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt")).{{rp\\|88,119–122}} Of these early buildings, only two elements built by Nectanebo I survive– a kiosk that was originally the vestibule of the old Isis temple, and a gateway which was later incorporated into the first pylon of the current temple.{{rp\\|119–122}} ### Ptolemaic era More than two thirds of Philae's surviving structures were built in the Ptolemaic era, during which the island became a prominent site of pilgrimage not only for Egyptians and Nubians but for pilgrims from as far as [Anatolia](/wiki/Anatolia "Anatolia"), [Crete](/wiki/Crete "Crete"), and the Greek mainland. In this way, Philae gradually overtook Elephantine as the most important sanctuary in southern Egypt.Pfeiffer, Stefan: Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus. Münster: Lit, 2015, p. 53\. Some of these pilgrims marked their presence with inscriptions on the temple walls, including votive inscriptions known as proskynemata, as well as other types. Among these are inscriptions left by three Romans (maybe ambassadors) at the first pylon in the summer of 116 BC, which represent the oldest known [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") inscriptions in Egypt.{{cite book\\|last\=Pfeiffer\\| first\=Stefan\\|title\=Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus\\|series\=Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie\\|volume\=9\\|publisher\=Lit\\|location\=Münster\\|year\=2015\\|language\=German\\|pages\=154–156}} Along with the various contributions of Ptolemaic rulers, Philae also received additions from the Nubian king [Arqamani](/wiki/Arqamani "Arqamani"), who contributed to the Temple of Arensnuphis and the [mammisi](/wiki/Mammisi "Mammisi"), and his successor [Adikhalamani](/wiki/Adikhalamani "Adikhalamani"), whose name has been found on a [stela](/wiki/Stela "Stela") on the island.{{rp\\|179}}{{cite book\\|last\=Hölbl\\|first\=Günther\\|title\=A History of the Ptolemaic Empire\\|publisher\=Routledge\\|location\=New York\\|year\=2001\\|isbn\=0\-415\-23489\-1}}{{rp\\|161–162,173}} Some experts have interpreted these additions as signs of collaboration between the Nubian and Ptolemaic governments, but others consider them to represent a period of Nubian occupation of the region, likely enabled by the revolt of [Hugronaphor](/wiki/Hugronaphor "Hugronaphor") in Upper Egypt.{{rp\\|161–162}} The [cartouches](/wiki/Cartouche "Cartouche") of Arqamani were later erased by Ptolemy V, while the stela of Adikhalamani was eventually reused as filling under the floor of the pronaos.{{rp\\|179}}{{rp\\|157,162,173}} ### Roman era {{Wide image\\|The Meroitic ("Ethiopian") chamber of the temple of Philae.jpg\\|1400px\\|A relief from the so\-called "Meroitic chamber" at Philae, showing in two processions a Kushite diplomatic mission sent by King \[\[Talakhidamani]], perhaps around 260 or later, around 300Josefine Kuckertz (2021\), \[http://digital2\.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark\=21198/zz002kp3mv "Meroe and Egypt"], in Wolfram Grajetzki, \[\[Solange Ashby]] and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), ''UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology'', Los Angeles.\\|38%\\|right}} The [Roman era](/wiki/Egypt_%28Roman_province%29 "Egypt (Roman province)") saw an overall decline in pilgrimage to Philae, especially from Mediterranean regions, as evidenced by the reduced number of inscriptions. Nevertheless, it remained an important sacred site, especially for Nubians, who continued to visit both as individual pilgrims and in official delegations from their government in Meroë. Several Roman emperors made artistic and architectural contributions to Philae. While most of the architectural additions date to the [Julio\-Claudian dynasty](/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty "Julio-Claudian dynasty"), the island continued to receive contributions to its temples up to the time of [Caracalla](/wiki/Caracalla "Caracalla") as well as a triple arch built by [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian "Diocletian").{{cite book\\|last\=Bagnall\\|first\=Roger S.\\|author\-link\=Roger S. Bagnall\\|title\=Egypt in Late Antiquity\\|publisher\=Princeton University Press\\|location\=Princeton\\|year\=1993\\|pages\=262–263\\|isbn\=0\-691\-06986\-7}} In AD 298, Diocletian ceded Roman territory south of the First Cataract as part of an agreement made with the neighboring [Nobades](/wiki/Nobatia "Nobatia"), withdrawing the border to about the area of Philae itself.{{cite journal\\| last\=Dijkstra\\|first\=Jitse H.F.\\|title\=A Cult of Isis at Philae after Justinian? Reconsidering 'P. Cair. Masp.' I 67004\\|journal\=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik\\|year\=2004\\|volume\=146\\|pages\=137–154\\|jstor\=20191757}} The Kushite king [Yesebokheamani](/wiki/Yesebokheamani "Yesebokheamani") made a pilgrimage to Philae in this period and may have taken over the Roman hegemony. During the Roman era, Philae was the site of the [last known inscription](/wiki/Graffito_of_Esmet-Akhom "Graffito of Esmet-Akhom") in [Egyptian hieroglyphs](/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs "Egyptian hieroglyphs"), written in AD 394, and the last known Demotic inscription, written in 452\.{{cite book\\|last\=Moawad\\|first\=Samuel\\|section\=Christianity on Philae\\| editor1\-last\=Gabra\\|editor1\-first\=Gawdat\\|editor1\-link\=Gawdat Gabra\\|editor2\-last\=Takla\\|editor2\-first\=Hany N.\\|title\=Christianity and Monasticism in Aswan and Nubia\\|series\=Christianity and Monasticism in Egypt\\|publisher\=American University in Cairo Press\\|location\=Cairo\\|year\=2013\\|pages\=27–38\\|isbn\=978\-977\-416\-561\-0}}{{cite book \\|last1\=Aldred \\|first1\=Cyril \\|author\-link\=Cyril Aldred \\|year\=1998 \\|orig\-year\=1961 \\|editor1\-last\=Dodson \\|editor1\-first\=Aidan \\|title\=The Egyptians \\|edition\=3rd Revised \\|location\=London, UK \\|publisher\=Thames \& Hudson \\|publication\-date\=1998 \\|page\=14 \\|isbn\=9780500280362 }} #### Christianization [thumb\\|Christian altar in the first hypostyle hall at Philae temple complex](/wiki/File:Philae_copt_altar.JPG "Philae copt altar.JPG") Christianity seems to have been present at Philae by the fourth century, at which point it coexisted with traditional Egyptian religion. According to the Coptic [hagiography](/wiki/Hagiography "Hagiography") Life of Aaron, the first bishop of Philae was Macedonius (attested in the early fourth century), who is said to have killed the sacred falcon kept on the island, though modern experts question the historicity of this account. By the mid fifth century, a petition from Bishop Appion of Syene to co\-emperors [Theodosius II](/wiki/Theodosius_II "Theodosius II") and [Valentinian III](/wiki/Valentinian_III "Valentinian III") indicates the presence of multiple churches on the island functioning alongside the pagan temples. Traditional worship at Philae appears to have survived into at least the fifth century, despite the [anti\-pagan discrimination](/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_early_Byzantine_Empire "Persecution of pagans in the early Byzantine Empire") at times. In fact, the fifth\-century historian [Priscus](/wiki/Priscus "Priscus") mentions a treaty between the Roman commander Maximinus and the Blemmyes and Nobades in 452, which amongst other things ensured access to the [cult image](/wiki/Cult_image "Cult image") of Isis. According to the sixth\-century historian [Procopius](/wiki/Procopius "Procopius"), the temple was closed down officially in AD 537 by the local commander [Narses](/wiki/Narses "Narses") the Persarmenian in accordance with an order of Byzantine emperor [Justinian I](/wiki/Justinian_I "Justinian I").[Procopius](/wiki/Procopius "Procopius") Bell. Pers. 1\.19\.37 This event is conventionally considered to mark the end of [ancient Egyptian religion](/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion "Ancient Egyptian religion").{{cite AV media \\| people\=Joann Fletcher \\| year\=2016 \\| title\=The amazing history of Egypt \\| medium\=podcast \\| url\=http://www.historyextra.com/podcast/history\-Egypt\-Joann\-Fletcher \\| access\-date\=17 Jan 2016 \\| format\=MP3 \\| time\=53:46 \\| publisher\=BBC History Magazine }} However, its importance has recently come into question, following a major study by Jitse Dijkstra who argues that organised paganism at Philae ended in the fifth century, based on the fact that the last inscriptional evidence of an active pagan priesthood there dates to the 450s. Nevertheless, some adherence to traditional religion seems to have survived into the sixth century, based on a petition from [Dioscorus of Aphrodito](/wiki/Dioscorus_of_Aphrodito "Dioscorus of Aphrodito") to the governor of the [Thebaid](/wiki/Thebaid "Thebaid") dated to 567\. The letter warns of an unnamed man (the text calls him "eater of raw meat") who, in addition to plundering houses and stealing tax revenue, is alleged to have restored paganism at "the sanctuaries", possibly referring to the temples at Philae. Philae retained significance as a Christian centre even after its closure as a pagan site. Five of its temples were converted into churches (including the Temple of Isis, which was dedicated to [Saint Stephen](/wiki/Saint_Stephen "Saint Stephen")), and two purpose\-built churches were constructed on the north side of the island.{{cite thesis\\|last1\=Foertmeyer \\|first1\=Victoria Ann \\|type\=PhD\\|title\=Tourism in Graeco\-Roman Egypt \\|date\=1989 \\|publisher\=Princeton University\\|page\=34}} ### 1800s The island of Philae attracted much attention in the 19th century. In the 1820s, [Joseph Bonomi the Younger](/wiki/Joseph_Bonomi_the_Younger "Joseph Bonomi the Younger"), a British [Egyptologist](/wiki/Egyptologist "Egyptologist") and museum [curator](/wiki/Curator "Curator") visited the island. So did [Amelia Edwards](/wiki/Amelia_Edwards "Amelia Edwards"), a British [novelist](/wiki/Novelist "Novelist") in 1873–1874\. {{blockquote\\|The approach by water is quite the most beautiful. Seen from the level of a small boat, the island, with its palms, its colonnades, its pylons, seems to rise out of the river like a mirage. Piled rocks frame it on either side, and the purple mountains close up the distance. As the boat glides nearer between glistening boulders, those sculptured towers rise higher and even higher against the sky. They show no sign of ruin or age. All looks solid, stately, perfect. One forgets for the moment that anything is changed. If a sound of antique chanting were to be borne along the quiet air–if a procession of white\-robed priests bearing aloft the veiled ark of the God, were to come sweeping round between the palms and pylons–we should not think it strange.\\|sign\=Amelia B. Edwards\\|source\=A thousand miles up the Nile / by Amelia B. Edwards, 1831–1892, p. 207\.}} These visits are only a small sample of the great interest that [Victorian\-era](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era") Britain had for Egypt. Soon, [tourism](/wiki/Tourism "Tourism") to Philae became common. ### 1900s #### Aswan Low Dam [thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Philae flooded by the [Aswan Low Dam](/wiki/Aswan_Low_Dam "Aswan Low Dam") in 1906](/wiki/File:Philae_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg "Philae (1906) - TIMEA.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|Kiosk of Emperor Trajan on Phylae Island before relocation](/wiki/File:Kioske_of_Phylae_on_the_Flood.jpg "Kioske of Phylae on the Flood.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|The temple of Philae by [Théodore Frère](/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Fr%C3%A8re "Théodore Frère")](/wiki/file:The_temple_of_Philae.jpg "The temple of Philae.jpg") In 1902, the [Aswan Low Dam](/wiki/Aswan_Low_Dam "Aswan Low Dam") was completed on the Nile River by the [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"). This threatened to submerge many ancient landmarks, including the temple complex of Philae. However, the British prioritized the advancement of Modern Egypt at the expense of the complex.{{Cite journal \\|last\=Andersen \\|first\=Casper \\|date\=2011\-04\-19 \\|title\=The Philae Controversy—Muscular Modernization and Paternalistic Preservation in Aswan and London \\|url\=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10\.1080/02757206\.2011\.558580 \\|journal\=History and Anthropology \\|language\=en \\|volume\=22 \\|issue\=2 \\|pages\=203–220 \\|doi\=10\.1080/02757206\.2011\.558580 \\|issn\=0275\-7206}} The height of the dam was raised twice, from 1907 to 1912 and from 1929 to 1934, and the island of Philae was nearly always flooded. In fact, the only times that the complex was not underwater was when the [dam](/wiki/Dam "Dam")'s [sluices](/wiki/Sluice "Sluice") were open from July to October. It was proposed that the temples be relocated, piece by piece, to nearby islands, such as [Bigeh](/wiki/Bigeh "Bigeh") or [Elephantine](/wiki/Elephantine "Elephantine"). However, the temples' [foundations](/wiki/Foundation_%28architecture%29 "Foundation (architecture)") and other [architectural](/wiki/Architecture "Architecture") supporting structures were strengthened instead. Although the buildings were physically secure, the island's attractive [vegetation](/wiki/Vegetation "Vegetation") and the colors of the temples' [reliefs](/wiki/Relief "Relief") were washed away. Also, the bricks of the Philae temples soon became encrusted with [silt](/wiki/Silt "Silt") and other debris carried by the Nile. #### Rescue project The temples had been practically intact since the ancient days, but with each inundation the situation worsened and in the 1960s the island was submerged up to a third of the buildings all year round. In 1960 [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") started a project to try to save the buildings on the island from the destructive effect of the ever\-increasing waters of the [Nile](/wiki/Nile "Nile"). First, building three dams and creating a separate lake with lower water levels was considered.{{cite web \\|url\=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000663/066319eb.pdf \\|title\=Report on the safeguarding of the Philae monuments \\|author\= \\|date\=November 1960 \\|access\-date\=2014\-10\-25}} First of all, a large [coffer dam](/wiki/Coffer_dam "Coffer dam") was built, constructed of two rows of steel plates between which a {{convert\\|1\\|e6m3\\|lk\=on\\|abbr\=off}} of sand was tipped. Any water that seeped through was pumped away. {{external media \\| float \= left \\| width \= 20em \\| image1 \= \[https://web.archive.org/web/20160314081244/https://www.lessingimages.com/viewimage.asp?i\=08011859\+\&cr\=24\&cl\=1 large image with watermarks]) \\| image2 \= \[https://web.archive.org/web/20161021002726/https://www.panoramio.com/photo/51201612 Another view of the remnants] }} Next the monuments were cleaned and measured, by using [photogrammetry](/wiki/Photogrammetry "Photogrammetry"), a method that enables the exact reconstruction of the original size of the building blocks that were used by the ancients. Then every building was dismantled into about 40,000 units from 2 to 25 tons, and then transported to the nearby [Island of Agilkia](/wiki/Agilkia_Island "Agilkia Island"), situated on higher ground some {{convert\\|500\\|m\\|ft}} away. The transfer itself took place between 1977 and 1980\.{{citation needed\\|date\=July 2020}} {{clear left}}	[ "History\n-------", "### Pharaonic era", "[thumbnail\\\|right\\\|A sphinx in Philae](/wiki/File:S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9610.jpg \"S10.08 Philae, image 9610.jpg\")\nThe ancient Egyptian name of the smaller island meant \"boundary\". As their southern frontier, the [pharaohs](/wiki/Pharaoh \"Pharaoh\") of Egypt kept there a strong garrison, and it was also a barracks for Greek and [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") soldiers in their turn.", "The first religious building on Philae was likely a shrine built by Pharaoh [Taharqa](/wiki/Taharqa \"Taharqa\") of the [25th Dynasty](/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt \"Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt\"), which was probably dedicated to [Amun](/wiki/Amun \"Amun\").{{cite book\\\|editor\\-last\\=Frankfurter\\\|editor\\-first\\=David\\\|section\\=Island of the Extremity: Space, Language, and Power in the Pilgrimage Traditions of Philae\\\|last\\=Rutherford\\\|first\\=Ian\\\|title\\=Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt\\\|publisher\\=Brill\\\|location\\=Boston\\\|year\\=1998\\\|pages\\=229–256}}{{cite encyclopedia\\\|last\\=Lloyd\\\|first\\=Alan B.\\\|title\\=Philae\\\|editor\\-last\\=Redford\\\|editor\\-first\\=Donald\\\|encyclopedia\\=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt\\\|volume\\=3\\\|pages\\=40–44\\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\\|location\\=Oxford\\\|year\\=2001\\\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-513823\\-6}} However this structure is only known from a few blocks reused in later buildings, which Gerhard Haeny suspects may have been brought over for reuse from structures elsewhere.{{cite journal\\\|url\\=http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/085/18/\\\|last\\=Haeny\\\|first\\=Gerhard\\\|title\\=A Short Architectural History of Philae\\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale]]\\\|year\\=1985\\\|volume\\=85\\\|pages\\=197–233\\\|via\\=\\[http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/ BIFAO en ligne]}}", "The oldest temple to have undoubtedly stood on the island, as well as the first evidence of Isis\\-worship there, was a small kiosk built by [Psamtik II](/wiki/Psamtik_II \"Psamtik II\") of the [26th Dynasty](/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt \"Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt\").{{cite book\\\|last\\=Arnold\\\|first\\=Dieter\\\|title\\=Temples of the Last Pharaohs\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/isbn\\_9780195126334\\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\\|location\\=Oxford\\\|year\\=1999\\\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-512633\\-5}}{{rp\\\|76–77}} This was followed by contributions from [Amasis II](/wiki/Amasis_II \"Amasis II\") (26th Dynasty) and [Nectanebo I](/wiki/Nectanebo_I \"Nectanebo I\") ([30th Dynasty](/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt \"Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt\")).{{rp\\\|88,119–122}} Of these early buildings, only two elements built by Nectanebo I survive– a kiosk that was originally the vestibule of the old Isis temple, and a gateway which was later incorporated into the first pylon of the current temple.{{rp\\\|119–122}}", "### Ptolemaic era", "More than two thirds of Philae's surviving structures were built in the Ptolemaic era, during which the island became a prominent site of pilgrimage not only for Egyptians and Nubians but for pilgrims from as far as [Anatolia](/wiki/Anatolia \"Anatolia\"), [Crete](/wiki/Crete \"Crete\"), and the Greek mainland. In this way, Philae gradually overtook Elephantine as the most important sanctuary in southern Egypt.Pfeiffer, Stefan: Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus. Münster: Lit, 2015, p. 53\\. Some of these pilgrims marked their presence with inscriptions on the temple walls, including votive inscriptions known as proskynemata, as well as other types. Among these are inscriptions left by three Romans (maybe ambassadors) at the first pylon in the summer of 116 BC, which represent the oldest known [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") inscriptions in Egypt.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Pfeiffer\\\| first\\=Stefan\\\|title\\=Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus\\\|series\\=Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie\\\|volume\\=9\\\|publisher\\=Lit\\\|location\\=Münster\\\|year\\=2015\\\|language\\=German\\\|pages\\=154–156}}", "Along with the various contributions of Ptolemaic rulers, Philae also received additions from the Nubian king [Arqamani](/wiki/Arqamani \"Arqamani\"), who contributed to the Temple of Arensnuphis and the [mammisi](/wiki/Mammisi \"Mammisi\"), and his successor [Adikhalamani](/wiki/Adikhalamani \"Adikhalamani\"), whose name has been found on a [stela](/wiki/Stela \"Stela\") on the island.{{rp\\\|179}}{{cite book\\\|last\\=Hölbl\\\|first\\=Günther\\\|title\\=A History of the Ptolemaic Empire\\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\\|location\\=New York\\\|year\\=2001\\\|isbn\\=0\\-415\\-23489\\-1}}{{rp\\\|161–162,173}} Some experts have interpreted these additions as signs of collaboration between the Nubian and Ptolemaic governments, but others consider them to represent a period of Nubian occupation of the region, likely enabled by the revolt of [Hugronaphor](/wiki/Hugronaphor \"Hugronaphor\") in Upper Egypt.{{rp\\\|161–162}} The [cartouches](/wiki/Cartouche \"Cartouche\") of Arqamani were later erased by Ptolemy V, while the stela of Adikhalamani was eventually reused as filling under the floor of the pronaos.{{rp\\\|179}}{{rp\\\|157,162,173}}", "### Roman era", "{{Wide image\\\|The Meroitic (\"Ethiopian\") chamber of the temple of Philae.jpg\\\|1400px\\\|A relief from the so\\-called \"Meroitic chamber\" at Philae, showing in two processions a Kushite diplomatic mission sent by King \\[\\[Talakhidamani]], perhaps around 260 or later, around 300Josefine Kuckertz (2021\\), \\[http://digital2\\.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark\\=21198/zz002kp3mv \"Meroe and Egypt\"], in Wolfram Grajetzki, \\[\\[Solange Ashby]] and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), ''UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology'', Los Angeles.\\\|38%\\\|right}}", "The [Roman era](/wiki/Egypt_%28Roman_province%29 \"Egypt (Roman province)\") saw an overall decline in pilgrimage to Philae, especially from Mediterranean regions, as evidenced by the reduced number of inscriptions. Nevertheless, it remained an important sacred site, especially for Nubians, who continued to visit both as individual pilgrims and in official delegations from their government in Meroë.", "Several Roman emperors made artistic and architectural contributions to Philae. While most of the architectural additions date to the [Julio\\-Claudian dynasty](/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty \"Julio-Claudian dynasty\"), the island continued to receive contributions to its temples up to the time of [Caracalla](/wiki/Caracalla \"Caracalla\") as well as a triple arch built by [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian \"Diocletian\").{{cite book\\\|last\\=Bagnall\\\|first\\=Roger S.\\\|author\\-link\\=Roger S. Bagnall\\\|title\\=Egypt in Late Antiquity\\\|publisher\\=Princeton University Press\\\|location\\=Princeton\\\|year\\=1993\\\|pages\\=262–263\\\|isbn\\=0\\-691\\-06986\\-7}} In AD 298, Diocletian ceded Roman territory south of the First Cataract as part of an agreement made with the neighboring [Nobades](/wiki/Nobatia \"Nobatia\"), withdrawing the border to about the area of Philae itself.{{cite journal\\\| last\\=Dijkstra\\\|first\\=Jitse H.F.\\\|title\\=A Cult of Isis at Philae after Justinian? Reconsidering 'P. Cair. Masp.' I 67004\\\|journal\\=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik\\\|year\\=2004\\\|volume\\=146\\\|pages\\=137–154\\\|jstor\\=20191757}} The Kushite king [Yesebokheamani](/wiki/Yesebokheamani \"Yesebokheamani\") made a pilgrimage to Philae in this period and may have taken over the Roman hegemony.", "During the Roman era, Philae was the site of the [last known inscription](/wiki/Graffito_of_Esmet-Akhom \"Graffito of Esmet-Akhom\") in [Egyptian hieroglyphs](/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs \"Egyptian hieroglyphs\"), written in AD 394, and the last known Demotic inscription, written in 452\\.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Moawad\\\|first\\=Samuel\\\|section\\=Christianity on Philae\\\| editor1\\-last\\=Gabra\\\|editor1\\-first\\=Gawdat\\\|editor1\\-link\\=Gawdat Gabra\\\|editor2\\-last\\=Takla\\\|editor2\\-first\\=Hany N.\\\|title\\=Christianity and Monasticism in Aswan and Nubia\\\|series\\=Christianity and Monasticism in Egypt\\\|publisher\\=American University in Cairo Press\\\|location\\=Cairo\\\|year\\=2013\\\|pages\\=27–38\\\|isbn\\=978\\-977\\-416\\-561\\-0}}{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Aldred\n\\\|first1\\=Cyril \n\\\|author\\-link\\=Cyril Aldred\n\\\|year\\=1998\n\\\|orig\\-year\\=1961\n\\\|editor1\\-last\\=Dodson\n\\\|editor1\\-first\\=Aidan\n\\\|title\\=The Egyptians\n\\\|edition\\=3rd Revised\n\\\|location\\=London, UK\n\\\|publisher\\=Thames \\& Hudson\n\\\|publication\\-date\\=1998\n\\\|page\\=14\n\\\|isbn\\=9780500280362\n}}", "#### Christianization", "[thumb\\\|Christian altar in the first hypostyle hall at Philae temple complex](/wiki/File:Philae_copt_altar.JPG \"Philae copt altar.JPG\")\nChristianity seems to have been present at Philae by the fourth century, at which point it coexisted with traditional Egyptian religion. According to the Coptic [hagiography](/wiki/Hagiography \"Hagiography\") Life of Aaron, the first bishop of Philae was Macedonius (attested in the early fourth century), who is said to have killed the sacred falcon kept on the island, though modern experts question the historicity of this account. By the mid fifth century, a petition from Bishop Appion of Syene to co\\-emperors [Theodosius II](/wiki/Theodosius_II \"Theodosius II\") and [Valentinian III](/wiki/Valentinian_III \"Valentinian III\") indicates the presence of multiple churches on the island functioning alongside the pagan temples.", "Traditional worship at Philae appears to have survived into at least the fifth century, despite the [anti\\-pagan discrimination](/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_early_Byzantine_Empire \"Persecution of pagans in the early Byzantine Empire\") at times. In fact, the fifth\\-century historian [Priscus](/wiki/Priscus \"Priscus\") mentions a treaty between the Roman commander Maximinus and the Blemmyes and Nobades in 452, which amongst other things ensured access to the [cult image](/wiki/Cult_image \"Cult image\") of Isis.", "According to the sixth\\-century historian [Procopius](/wiki/Procopius \"Procopius\"), the temple was closed down officially in AD 537 by the local commander [Narses](/wiki/Narses \"Narses\") the Persarmenian in accordance with an order of Byzantine emperor [Justinian I](/wiki/Justinian_I \"Justinian I\").[Procopius](/wiki/Procopius \"Procopius\") Bell. Pers. 1\\.19\\.37 This event is conventionally considered to mark the end of [ancient Egyptian religion](/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion \"Ancient Egyptian religion\").{{cite AV media\n \\\| people\\=Joann Fletcher\n \\\| year\\=2016\n \\\| title\\=The amazing history of Egypt\n \\\| medium\\=podcast\n \\\| url\\=http://www.historyextra.com/podcast/history\\-Egypt\\-Joann\\-Fletcher\n \\\| access\\-date\\=17 Jan 2016\n \\\| format\\=MP3\n \\\| time\\=53:46\n \\\| publisher\\=BBC History Magazine\n}} However, its importance has recently come into question, following a major study by Jitse Dijkstra who argues that organised paganism at Philae ended in the fifth century, based on the fact that the last inscriptional evidence of an active pagan priesthood there dates to the 450s. Nevertheless, some adherence to traditional religion seems to have survived into the sixth century, based on a petition from [Dioscorus of Aphrodito](/wiki/Dioscorus_of_Aphrodito \"Dioscorus of Aphrodito\") to the governor of the [Thebaid](/wiki/Thebaid \"Thebaid\") dated to 567\\. The letter warns of an unnamed man (the text calls him \"eater of raw meat\") who, in addition to plundering houses and stealing tax revenue, is alleged to have restored paganism at \"the sanctuaries\", possibly referring to the temples at Philae.", "Philae retained significance as a Christian centre even after its closure as a pagan site. Five of its temples were converted into churches (including the Temple of Isis, which was dedicated to [Saint Stephen](/wiki/Saint_Stephen \"Saint Stephen\")), and two purpose\\-built churches were constructed on the north side of the island.{{cite thesis\\\|last1\\=Foertmeyer \\\|first1\\=Victoria Ann \\\|type\\=PhD\\\|title\\=Tourism in Graeco\\-Roman Egypt \\\|date\\=1989 \\\|publisher\\=Princeton University\\\|page\\=34}}", "### 1800s", "The island of Philae attracted much attention in the 19th century. In the 1820s, [Joseph Bonomi the Younger](/wiki/Joseph_Bonomi_the_Younger \"Joseph Bonomi the Younger\"), a British [Egyptologist](/wiki/Egyptologist \"Egyptologist\") and museum [curator](/wiki/Curator \"Curator\") visited the island. So did [Amelia Edwards](/wiki/Amelia_Edwards \"Amelia Edwards\"), a British [novelist](/wiki/Novelist \"Novelist\") in 1873–1874\\.\n{{blockquote\\\|The approach by water is quite the most beautiful. Seen from the level of a small boat, the island, with its palms, its colonnades, its pylons, seems to rise out of the river like a mirage. Piled rocks frame it on either side, and the purple mountains close up the distance. As the boat glides nearer between glistening boulders, those sculptured towers rise higher and even higher against the sky. They show no sign of ruin or age. All looks solid, stately, perfect. One forgets for the moment that anything is changed. If a sound of antique chanting were to be borne along the quiet air–if a procession of white\\-robed priests bearing aloft the veiled ark of the God, were to come sweeping round between the palms and pylons–we should not think it strange.\\\|sign\\=Amelia B. Edwards\\\|source\\=A thousand miles up the Nile / by Amelia B. Edwards, 1831–1892, p. 207\\.}}", "These visits are only a small sample of the great interest that [Victorian\\-era](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\") Britain had for Egypt. Soon, [tourism](/wiki/Tourism \"Tourism\") to Philae became common.", "### 1900s", "#### Aswan Low Dam", "[thumb\\\|300px\\\|right\\\|Philae flooded by the [Aswan Low Dam](/wiki/Aswan_Low_Dam \"Aswan Low Dam\") in 1906](/wiki/File:Philae_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg \"Philae (1906) - TIMEA.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|Kiosk of Emperor Trajan on Phylae Island before relocation](/wiki/File:Kioske_of_Phylae_on_the_Flood.jpg \"Kioske of Phylae on the Flood.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|The temple of Philae by [Théodore Frère](/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Fr%C3%A8re \"Théodore Frère\")](/wiki/file:The_temple_of_Philae.jpg \"The temple of Philae.jpg\") \nIn 1902, the [Aswan Low Dam](/wiki/Aswan_Low_Dam \"Aswan Low Dam\") was completed on the Nile River by the [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"). This threatened to submerge many ancient landmarks, including the temple complex of Philae. However, the British prioritized the advancement of Modern Egypt at the expense of the complex.{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Andersen \\\|first\\=Casper \\\|date\\=2011\\-04\\-19 \\\|title\\=The Philae Controversy—Muscular Modernization and Paternalistic Preservation in Aswan and London \\\|url\\=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10\\.1080/02757206\\.2011\\.558580 \\\|journal\\=History and Anthropology \\\|language\\=en \\\|volume\\=22 \\\|issue\\=2 \\\|pages\\=203–220 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/02757206\\.2011\\.558580 \\\|issn\\=0275\\-7206}} The height of the dam was raised twice, from 1907 to 1912 and from 1929 to 1934, and the island of Philae was nearly always flooded. In fact, the only times that the complex was not underwater was when the [dam](/wiki/Dam \"Dam\")'s [sluices](/wiki/Sluice \"Sluice\") were open from July to October.", "It was proposed that the temples be relocated, piece by piece, to nearby islands, such as [Bigeh](/wiki/Bigeh \"Bigeh\") or [Elephantine](/wiki/Elephantine \"Elephantine\"). However, the temples' [foundations](/wiki/Foundation_%28architecture%29 \"Foundation (architecture)\") and other [architectural](/wiki/Architecture \"Architecture\") supporting structures were strengthened instead. Although the buildings were physically secure, the island's attractive [vegetation](/wiki/Vegetation \"Vegetation\") and the colors of the temples' [reliefs](/wiki/Relief \"Relief\") were washed away. Also, the bricks of the Philae temples soon became encrusted with [silt](/wiki/Silt \"Silt\") and other debris carried by the Nile.", "#### Rescue project", "The temples had been practically intact since the ancient days, but with each inundation the situation worsened and in the 1960s the island was submerged up to a third of the buildings all year round.", "In 1960 [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\") started a project to try to save the buildings on the island from the destructive effect of the ever\\-increasing waters of the [Nile](/wiki/Nile \"Nile\"). First, building three dams and creating a separate lake with lower water levels was considered.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000663/066319eb.pdf \\\|title\\=Report on the safeguarding of the Philae monuments \\\|author\\= \\\|date\\=November 1960 \\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-10\\-25}}", "First of all, a large [coffer dam](/wiki/Coffer_dam \"Coffer dam\") was built, constructed of two rows of steel plates between which a {{convert\\\|1\\\|e6m3\\\|lk\\=on\\\|abbr\\=off}} of sand was tipped. Any water that seeped through was pumped away.", "{{external media\n\\\| float \\= left\n\\\| width \\= 20em\n\\\| image1 \\= \\[https://web.archive.org/web/20160314081244/https://www.lessingimages.com/viewimage.asp?i\\=08011859\\+\\&cr\\=24\\&cl\\=1 large image with watermarks])\n\\\| image2 \\= \\[https://web.archive.org/web/20161021002726/https://www.panoramio.com/photo/51201612 Another view of the remnants]\n}}\nNext the monuments were cleaned and measured, by using [photogrammetry](/wiki/Photogrammetry \"Photogrammetry\"), a method that enables the exact reconstruction of the original size of the building blocks that were used by the ancients. Then every building was dismantled into about 40,000 units from 2 to 25 tons, and then transported to the nearby [Island of Agilkia](/wiki/Agilkia_Island \"Agilkia Island\"), situated on higher ground some {{convert\\\|500\\\|m\\\|ft}} away. The transfer itself took place between 1977 and 1980\\.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=July 2020}} {{clear left}}", "" ]
Plot ---- In 1961, scientist Dr. Paul Armstrong ([Larry Blamire](/wiki/Larry_Blamire "Larry Blamire")) and his wife Betty ([Fay Masterson](/wiki/Fay_Masterson "Fay Masterson")) drive into the mountains. Dr. Armstrong is searching for a [meteorite](/wiki/Meteorite "Meteorite") that has fallen in the nearby woods, suspected to contain the rare element [atmosphereum](/wiki/Fictional_elements%2C_isotopes_and_atomic_particles "Fictional elements, isotopes and atomic particles"). Another scientist in the area, Dr. Roger Fleming ([Brian Howe](/wiki/Brian_Howe_%28actor%29 "Brian Howe (actor)")) questions Ranger Brad (Dan Conroy) about Cadavra Cave, a site rumored to contain a "Lost Skeleton". That evening, both the Armstrongs and Dr. Fleming observe another falling meteor. A short time later a farmer (Robert Deveau), encountered by the Armstrongs on their way to the cabin, is mutilated by a mysterious beast. The second meteorite is actually a spaceship carrying two aliens. Kro\-Bar ([Andrew Parks](/wiki/Andrew_Parks "Andrew Parks")) and Lattis (Susan McConnell) are from the planet Marva and are now stranded on [Earth](/wiki/Earth "Earth"), in need of the element atmosphereum to repair their powerless ship. The ship's pet [mutant](/wiki/Mutant "Mutant") ([Darren Reed](/wiki/Darren_Reed "Darren Reed")) escapes from its cage while they are distracted. The next day, Dr. Roger Fleming finds Cadavra Cave and locates the Lost Skeleton. The Skeleton commands Fleming to bring atmosphereum to [resurrect](/wiki/Resurrection "Resurrection") him. Meanwhile, Dr. Armstrong and Betty venture into the woods, discovering the meteorite just outside Cadavra Cave. Dr. Fleming overhears them and plots to steal the meteorite from the pair. Kro\-Bar and Lattis also journey into the woods, locating the cabin with the meteorite. Using a device called the "transmutatron," they disguise themselves as "Earth people" and clumsily manage to talk their way into the cabin, having been mistaken for the property owners. Not long after they arrive, Dr. Fleming discovers the aliens' transmutatron, left outside the cabin since it would ruin their disguise. He uses it to create an ally for himself, the alluring Animala (Jennifer Blaire), created from four different animals. After briefly teaching Animala the basics of human interaction, he leads her to the cabin and convinces the Armstrongs to invite him inside. Soon it becomes clear to Lattis and Kro\-Bar (calling themselves "Turgaso" and "Bammin" on Earth in an effort to pass as earth humans) that Fleming knows their secret. They soon cooperate in stealing the meteorite, after Betty is psychically attacked by the Skeleton and Dr. Armstrong is entranced by Animala's dancing. The evil scientist tricks the pair, however, and the Skeleton uses his [mind powers](/wiki/Psychokinesis "Psychokinesis") to freeze the aliens in their tracks once Dr. Fleming has the meteorite. Dr. Fleming and Animala soon use the atmosphereum to resurrect the Skeleton. Meanwhile, Betty, waiting for Dr. Armstrong to come back, encounters the Mutant, who appears to fall in love with her, but she is terrified and faints. While Fleming and Animala are resurrecting the skeleton, Armstrong arrives and encounters the unfrozen aliens. They also find Betty, who has realized that the mutant has some sort of feelings for her. After bonding over a meal, the four head off to try to obtain the meteorite before it can be used to resurrect the skeleton, but they are attacked by the Mutant. Dr. Armstrong is injured in the fight, but realizes that the monster does not want to harm Betty. Armstrong and his wife return to the cabin to recover, while the aliens try to stop Fleming on their own. However, they are captured by the skeleton's mind powers, and forced to dance by his psychic powers. The Skeleton uses his mental powers to force Lattis into becoming his bride, much to Kro\-Bar's chagrin. The Skeleton mocks everyone, including Fleming, but keeps them in line with his [telepathy](/wiki/Telepathy "Telepathy"). When Armstrong sees what is going on, he comes up with a plan to get Betty to lure the Mutant to the wedding to disrupt it. After getting the Mutant to follow them, Armstrong and Betty attack Fleming and Animala. During the fight, the Skeleton kills Fleming after the latter is beaten by Armstrong. The Mutant then arrives at the wedding and attacks the Skeleton, whose powers do not affect beings with as simple minds as the Mutant. They instead fight until the Skeleton is thrown over a cliff, smashing apart on impact. The mutant then succumbs to its injuries and dies. Animala is turned back into the animals she originally was via the transmutatron. The alien and human couples spout traditional [homilies](/wiki/Homily "Homily") about different species working together in harmony, then go to retrieve the atmosphereum.	[ "Plot\n----", "In 1961, scientist Dr. Paul Armstrong ([Larry Blamire](/wiki/Larry_Blamire \"Larry Blamire\")) and his wife Betty ([Fay Masterson](/wiki/Fay_Masterson \"Fay Masterson\")) drive into the mountains. Dr. Armstrong is searching for a [meteorite](/wiki/Meteorite \"Meteorite\") that has fallen in the nearby woods, suspected to contain the rare element [atmosphereum](/wiki/Fictional_elements%2C_isotopes_and_atomic_particles \"Fictional elements, isotopes and atomic particles\"). Another scientist in the area, Dr. Roger Fleming ([Brian Howe](/wiki/Brian_Howe_%28actor%29 \"Brian Howe (actor)\")) questions Ranger Brad (Dan Conroy) about Cadavra Cave, a site rumored to contain a \"Lost Skeleton\".", "That evening, both the Armstrongs and Dr. Fleming observe another falling meteor. A short time later a farmer (Robert Deveau), encountered by the Armstrongs on their way to the cabin, is mutilated by a mysterious beast. The second meteorite is actually a spaceship carrying two aliens. Kro\\-Bar ([Andrew Parks](/wiki/Andrew_Parks \"Andrew Parks\")) and Lattis (Susan McConnell) are from the planet Marva and are now stranded on [Earth](/wiki/Earth \"Earth\"), in need of the element atmosphereum to repair their powerless ship. The ship's pet [mutant](/wiki/Mutant \"Mutant\") ([Darren Reed](/wiki/Darren_Reed \"Darren Reed\")) escapes from its cage while they are distracted.", "The next day, Dr. Roger Fleming finds Cadavra Cave and locates the Lost Skeleton. The Skeleton commands Fleming to bring atmosphereum to [resurrect](/wiki/Resurrection \"Resurrection\") him. Meanwhile, Dr. Armstrong and Betty venture into the woods, discovering the meteorite just outside Cadavra Cave. Dr. Fleming overhears them and plots to steal the meteorite from the pair. Kro\\-Bar and Lattis also journey into the woods, locating the cabin with the meteorite. Using a device called the \"transmutatron,\" they disguise themselves as \"Earth people\" and clumsily manage to talk their way into the cabin, having been mistaken for the property owners. Not long after they arrive, Dr. Fleming discovers the aliens' transmutatron, left outside the cabin since it would ruin their disguise. He uses it to create an ally for himself, the alluring Animala (Jennifer Blaire), created from four different animals. After briefly teaching Animala the basics of human interaction, he leads her to the cabin and convinces the Armstrongs to invite him inside.", "Soon it becomes clear to Lattis and Kro\\-Bar (calling themselves \"Turgaso\" and \"Bammin\" on Earth in an effort to pass as earth humans) that Fleming knows their secret. They soon cooperate in stealing the meteorite, after Betty is psychically attacked by the Skeleton and Dr. Armstrong is entranced by Animala's dancing. The evil scientist tricks the pair, however, and the Skeleton uses his [mind powers](/wiki/Psychokinesis \"Psychokinesis\") to freeze the aliens in their tracks once Dr. Fleming has the meteorite. Dr. Fleming and Animala soon use the atmosphereum to resurrect the Skeleton. Meanwhile, Betty, waiting for Dr. Armstrong to come back, encounters the Mutant, who appears to fall in love with her, but she is terrified and faints.", "While Fleming and Animala are resurrecting the skeleton, Armstrong arrives and encounters the unfrozen aliens. They also find Betty, who has realized that the mutant has some sort of feelings for her. After bonding over a meal, the four head off to try to obtain the meteorite before it can be used to resurrect the skeleton, but they are attacked by the Mutant. Dr. Armstrong is injured in the fight, but realizes that the monster does not want to harm Betty. Armstrong and his wife return to the cabin to recover, while the aliens try to stop Fleming on their own. However, they are captured by the skeleton's mind powers, and forced to dance by his psychic powers.", "The Skeleton uses his mental powers to force Lattis into becoming his bride, much to Kro\\-Bar's chagrin. The Skeleton mocks everyone, including Fleming, but keeps them in line with his [telepathy](/wiki/Telepathy \"Telepathy\"). When Armstrong sees what is going on, he comes up with a plan to get Betty to lure the Mutant to the wedding to disrupt it. After getting the Mutant to follow them, Armstrong and Betty attack Fleming and Animala. During the fight, the Skeleton kills Fleming after the latter is beaten by Armstrong. The Mutant then arrives at the wedding and attacks the Skeleton, whose powers do not affect beings with as simple minds as the Mutant. They instead fight until the Skeleton is thrown over a cliff, smashing apart on impact. The mutant then succumbs to its injuries and dies. Animala is turned back into the animals she originally was via the transmutatron. The alien and human couples spout traditional [homilies](/wiki/Homily \"Homily\") about different species working together in harmony, then go to retrieve the atmosphereum.", "" ]
Classification -------------- Children have two types of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights "Human rights") under [international human rights law](/wiki/International_human_rights_law "International human rights law"). They have the same fundamental general human rights as adults, although some human rights, such as the right to marry, are dormant until they are of age, Secondly, they have special human rights that are necessary to protect them during their minority.UNICEF, [Convention on the Rights of the Child](http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_protecting.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306162541/https://www.unicef.org/crc/index\_protecting.html \\|date\=2019\-03\-06 }}, 29 November 2005\. General rights operative in childhood include the right to security of the person, to freedom from inhuman, cruel, or degrading treatment, and the right to special protection during childhood.{{cite web \\|author\= \\| title\=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights \\| url\=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3ae6b3aa0\.pdf \\| date\= 16 December 1966 \\| accessdate\=16 October 2015 }} Particular human rights of children include, among other rights, the right to life, the right to a name, the right to express his views in matters concerning the child, the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, the [right to health care](/wiki/Right_to_health_care "Right to health care"), the right to protection from economic and [sexual exploitation](/wiki/Sexual_exploitation "Sexual exploitation"), and the right to education. Children's rights are defined in numerous ways, including a wide spectrum of [civil, political](/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights "Civil and political rights"), [economic, social and cultural rights](/wiki/Economic%2C_social_and_cultural_rights "Economic, social and cultural rights"). Rights tend to be of two general types: those advocating for children as [autonomous persons](/wiki/Autonomy "Autonomy") under the law and those placing a claim on society for protection from harms perpetrated on children because of their dependency. These have been labeled as the right of [empowerment](/wiki/Empowerment "Empowerment") and as the right to protection. United Nations educational guides for children classify the rights outlined in the [Convention on the Rights of the Child](/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child "Convention on the Rights of the Child") as the "3 Ps": Provision, Protection, and Participation.{{cite book \\|author\=Young\-Bruehl, Elisabeth \\|date\=2012 \\|title\=Childism: Confronting Prejudice Against Children \\|location\=New Haven, Connecticut \\|publisher\=Yale University Press \\|isbn\=978\-0\-300\-17311\-6 \\|page\=10}} They may be elaborated as follows: * Provision: Children have the [right to an adequate standard of living](/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living "Right to an adequate standard of living"), [health care](/wiki/Health_care "Health care"), [education](/wiki/Education "Education") and services, and to [play](/wiki/Play_%28activity%29 "Play (activity)") and [recreation](/wiki/Recreation "Recreation"). These include a [balanced diet](/wiki/Balanced_diet "Balanced diet"), a warm bed to sleep in, and access to [schooling](/wiki/Schooling "Schooling"). * Protection: Children have the right to protection from [abuse](/wiki/Child_abuse "Child abuse"), neglect, exploitation and discrimination. This includes the right to safe places for children to play; constructive child rearing behavior, and acknowledgment of the [evolving capacities](/wiki/Evolving_capacities "Evolving capacities") of children. * Participation: Children have the right to [participate in communities](/wiki/Children%27s_participation "Children's participation") and have [programs and services](/wiki/Youth_program "Youth program") for themselves. This includes children's involvement in libraries and community programs, [youth voice](/wiki/Youth_voice "Youth voice") activities, and involving children as decision\-makers.(1997\) "Children's rights in the Canadian context", Interchange. 8(1–2\). Springer. In a similar fashion, the [Child Rights International Network](/wiki/Child_Rights_International_Network "Child Rights International Network") (CRIN) categorizes rights into two groups:{{cite news\\|title\="A\-Z of Children's Rights"\\|work\=\[\[Child Rights International Network]]\\|url\=http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID\=13423\\|url\-status\=dead}}Freeman, M. (2000\) "The Future of Children's Rights," Children \& Society. 14(4\) p 277\-93\. * Economic, social and cultural rights, related to the conditions necessary to meet basic human needs such as food, shelter, education, health care, and gainful employment. Included are rights to education, adequate housing, food, water, the highest attainable standard of [health](/wiki/Health "Health"), the [right to work](/wiki/Right_to_work "Right to work") and rights at work, as well as the [cultural rights](/wiki/Cultural_rights "Cultural rights") of minorities and indigenous peoples. * Environmental, cultural and developmental rights, which are sometimes called "[third generation rights](/wiki/Third_generation_rights "Third generation rights")", and including the right to live in safe and healthy environments and that groups of people have the right to cultural, political, and economic development. [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") openly advocates four particular children's rights, including the end to [juvenile incarceration](/wiki/Youth_detention_center "Youth detention center") without [parole](/wiki/Parole "Parole"), an end to the recruitment of [military use of children](/wiki/Children_in_the_military "Children in the military"), ending the [death penalty](/wiki/Death_penalty "Death penalty") for people under 21, and raising awareness of [human rights in the classroom](/wiki/Children%27s_rights_education "Children's rights education"). [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch"), an international advocacy organization, includes [child labour](/wiki/Child_labour "Child labour"), [juvenile justice](/wiki/Juvenile_justice "Juvenile justice"), [orphans](/wiki/Orphan "Orphan") and abandoned children, [refugees](/wiki/Refugee "Refugee"), [street children](/wiki/Street_children "Street children") and [corporal punishment](/wiki/Corporal_punishment "Corporal punishment"). Scholarly study generally focuses children's rights by identifying individual rights. The following rights "allow children to grow up healthy and free":{{according to whom\\|date\=January 2016}}Calkins, C.F. (1972\) "Reviewed Work: Children's Rights: Toward the Liberation of the Child by Paul Adams", Peabody Journal of Education. 49(4\). p. 327\. * [Freedom of speech](/wiki/Freedom_of_speech "Freedom of speech") * [Freedom of thought](/wiki/Freedom_of_thought "Freedom of thought") * [Freedom from fear](/wiki/Freedom_from_fear "Freedom from fear") * [Freedom of choice](/wiki/Freedom_of_choice "Freedom of choice") and the [right to make decisions](/wiki/Decision-making "Decision-making") * [Ownership over one's body](/wiki/Bodily_integrity "Bodily integrity") ### Physical rights {{See\\|Bodily integrity}} According to CRIN:{{cite news\\|title\=Bodily autonomy\\|work\=\[\[Child Rights International Network]]\\|url\=https://home.crin.org/issues/bodily\-autonomy/\\|access\-date\=13 October 2024}} > Everyone, including children, has the right to make decisions about their own body and to be protected from any harm or interference against their body without their consent. This right is summed up by the principle of bodily autonomy and integrity. Children’s enjoyment of their bodily autonomy and integrity is significantly more restricted compared to adults’, largely because paternalism and assumptions about their presumed immaturity and lack of capacity based on their young age has meant that decisions are made for them, even ones that are not in their best interests or directly violate their human rights. Exacerbating the problem beyond a child’s age are forms of discrimination based on their sex, gender identity, race, ethnicity, disability and socioeconomic status, which means that certain groups of children will face an even greater risk of violations of their bodily autonomy and integrity. In 2013, a report by the Committee on Social Affairs, Health, and Sustainable Development of the [Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe](/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe "Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe") identified several areas the Committee was concerned about, including procedures such as "[female genital mutilation](/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation "Female genital mutilation"), the [circumcision of young boys for religious reasons](/wiki/Circumcision_controversies "Circumcision controversies"), [early childhood medical interventions in the case of intersex children](/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions "Intersex medical interventions") and the submission to or coercion of children into [piercings](/wiki/Body_piercing "Body piercing"), [tattoos](/wiki/Tattoo "Tattoo") or [plastic surgery](/wiki/Plastic_surgery "Plastic surgery")".Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development. [Children's Right to Physical Integrity](http://www.assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2013/Eintegritychildren2013.pdf), Doc. 13297\. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 6 September 2013\. The same year, the Assembly adopted a [non\-binding resolution](/wiki/Non-binding_resolution "Non-binding resolution") that calls on [its 46 member\-states](/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe "Member states of the Council of Europe") to take numerous actions to promote the physical integrity of children.Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. [Children's Right to Physical Integrity](http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20174&lang=en), Resolution 1952\., Adopted at Strasbourg, Tuesday, 1 October 2013\. Article 19 of the [Convention on the Rights of the Child](/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child "Convention on the Rights of the Child") enjoins parties to "take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation".UN (2012\). 11\. [Convention on the Rights of the Child](http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src\=treaty\&mtdsg\_no\=iv\-11\&chapter\=4⟨\=en \\|date\=2014\-02\-11 }}. United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 1 May 2012\. The [Committee on the Rights of the Child](/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child "Committee on the Rights of the Child") interprets article 19 as prohibiting corporal punishment, commenting on the "obligation of all States Party to move quickly to prohibit and eliminate all corporal punishment."UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2006\) "General Comment No. 8:" par. 3\. The [United Nations Human Rights Committee](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee "United Nations Human Rights Committee") has also interpreted Article 7 of the [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights](/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights") prohibiting "cruel, [inhuman or degrading treatment](/wiki/Inhuman_or_degrading_treatment "Inhuman or degrading treatment") or punishment" to extend to children, including [corporal punishment of children](/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home "Corporal punishment in the home").UN Human Rights Committee (1992\) ["General Comment No. 20".](http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/hrcom20.htm) HRI/GEN/1/Rev.4\.: p. 108 In 1993, Newell argued that "...pressure for protection of children's physical integrity should be an integral part of pressure for all children's rights."{{cite journal \\| author\=Newell P \\| title\=The child's right to physical integrity \\| journal\=Int'l J Child RTS \\| date\=1993 \\| volume\=1 \\| issue\= \\| pages\=101–104 \\| url\=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle\=hein.journals/intjchrb1÷\=16\&id\=\&page\= \\| doi\= 10\.1163/157181893X00368\\| pmid\= \\| pmc\= }} #### Medical ethics {{See\\|Medical ethics}} In 1997, the Committee on [Bioethics](/wiki/Bioethics "Bioethics") of the [American Academy of Pediatrics](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics "American Academy of Pediatrics") (AAP), citing the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, asserts that "every child should have the opportunity to grow and develop free from preventable illness or injury."{{cite journal \\| author\=Committee on Bioethics \\| title\=Religious objections to medical care. \\| journal\=Pediatrics \\| date\=1997 \\| volume\=99 \\| issue\= 2\\| pages\=279–281 \\| url\=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/99/2/279\.full.pdf \\| doi\=10\.1542/peds.99\.2\.279 \\| pmid\=9024462 \\| pmc\= \\| doi\-access\=free }} reaffirmed May 2009\. In 2024, in the [American Journal of Bioethics](/wiki/American_Journal_of_Bioethics "American Journal of Bioethics"), the Brussels collaboration on Bodily integrity (BCBI), an international collaborative network "with interdisciplinary or experiential expertise in [child genital cutting practices](/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation "Genital modification and mutilation")", says: > Being entirely reliant on adult caretakers to make decisions on their behalf, infants and newborns do not yet have “bodily autonomy” in any meaningful sense; they cannot set or maintain almost any boundaries with respect to their physical embodiment (Godwin 2020\) {{cite journal\\|last1\=Abdulcadir\\|first1\=Jasmine\\|last2\=Adler\\|first2\=Peter W.\\|last3\=Almonte\\|first3\=Melanie T.\\|last4\=Anderson\\|first4\=Frank W. J.\\|last5\=Arguedas\-Ramírez\\|first5\=Gabriela\\|last6\=Aulisio\\|first6\=Mark P.\\|last7\=Bader\\|first7\=Dina\\|last8\=Balashinsky\\|first8\=David\\|last9\=Baratz\\|first9\=Arlene B.\\|last10\=Bariş\\|first10\=Maide\\|last11\=Bauer\\|first11\=Greta\\|last12\=Behrensen\\|first12\=Maren\\|last13\=Ben\-Yami\\|first13\=Hanoch\\|last14\=Boddy\\|first14\=Janice\\|last15\=Bootwala\\|first15\=Yasmin\\|last16\=Bowman\-Smart\\|first16\=Hilary\\|last17\=Bruce\\|first17\=Lori\\|last18\=Buckler\\|first18\=Max\\|last19\=Cabral Grinspan\\|first19\=Mauro\\|last20\=Cannoot\\|first20\=Pieter\\|last21\=Carpenter\\|first21\=Morgan\\|last22\=Catto\\|first22\=Marie\-Xavière\\|last23\=Catalán\\|first23\=Moisés\\|last24\=Chambers\\|first24\=Clare\\|last25\=Chapin\\|first25\=Georganne\\|last26\=Chegwidden\\|first26\=James\\|last27\=Christian Ghattas\\|first27\=Dan\\|last28\=Clough\\|first28\=Sharyn\\|last29\=Conroy\\|first29\=Ronán M.\\|last30\=Dabbagh\\|first30\=Hossein\\|last31\=Dalke\\|first31\=Katharine B.\\|last32\=Dallière\\|first32\=Sophie\\|last33\=Danon\\|first33\=Limor Meoded\\|last34\=Davis\\|first34\=Dena S.\\|last35\=Davis\\|first35\=Georgiann\\|last36\=Dawson\\|first36\=Angela J.\\|last37\=DeLaet\\|first37\=Debra L.\\|last38\=Dranseika\\|first38\=Vilius\\|last39\=DuBoff\\|first39\=Max\\|last40\=Dwyer\\|first40\=James G.\\|last41\=Earp\\|first41\=Brian D.\\|last42\=Esho\\|first42\=Tammary\\|last43\=Essén\\|first43\=Birgitta\\|last44\=Fahmy\\|first44\=Mohamed A. Baky\\|last45\=Feder\\|first45\=Ellen K.\\|last46\=Ferreira\\|first46\=Nuno\\|last47\=Fillod\\|first47\=Odile\\|last48\=Florquin\\|first48\=Stéphanie\\|last49\=Foldès\\|first49\=Pierre\\|last50\=Fox\\|first50\=Marie\\|last51\=Frisch\\|first51\=Morten\\|last52\=Fusaschi\\|first52\=Michela\\|last53\=Garland\\|first53\=Fae\\|last54\=Geisheker\\|first54\=John\\|last55\=Gheaus\\|first55\=Anca\\|last56\=Giménez Barbat\\|first56\=Teresa\\|last57\=Levin Freifrau von Gleichen\\|first57\=Tobe\\|last58\=Godwin\\|first58\=Samantha\\|last59\=Goldman\\|first59\=Ronald\\|last60\=Gonzalez\-Polledo\\|first60\=E. J.\\|last61\=Goodman\\|first61\=Jenny\\|last62\=Gradilla\\|first62\=Alexandro José\\|last63\=Gruenbaum\\|first63\=Ellen\\|last64\=Gwaambuka\\|first64\=Tatenda\\|last65\=Hatem\-Gantzer\\|first65\=Ghada\\|last66\=Hakim\\|first66\=M.\\|last67\=Hammond\\|first67\=Tim\\|last68\=Hannikainen\\|first68\=Ivar R.\\|last69\=van der Have\\|first69\=Miriam\\|last70\=Herbenick\\|first70\=Debby\\|last71\=Higashi\\|first71\=Yuko\\|last72\=Hill\\|first72\=B. Jessie\\|last73\=Johansen\\|first73\=R. Elise B.\\|last74\=Johari\\|first74\=Aarefa\\|last75\=Johnson\-Agbakwu\\|first75\=Crista\\|last76\=Johnson\\|first76\=Matthew T.\\|last77\=Kimani\\|first77\=Samue\\|last78\=Komba\\|first78\=Eva\\|last79\=Kolak\\|first79\=Julia\\|last80\=Koukoui\\|first80\=Sophia\\|last81\=Kraus\\|first81\=Cynthia\\|last82\=Latham\\|first82\=Stephen R.\\|last83\=Laurent\\|first83\=Bo\\|last84\=Learner\\|first84\=Hazel\\|last85\=Lempert\\|first85\=Antony\\|last86\=Lenta\\|first86\=Patrick\\|last87\=Lesslar\\|first87\=Olivia\\|last88\=Lewis\\|first88\=Jonathan\\|last89\=Liao\\|first89\=Lih\-Mei\\|last90\=Lorshbough\\|first90\=Erika\\|last91\=Lurenbaum\\|first91\=Jean\-Christophe\\|last92\=MacDonald\\|first92\=Noni E.\\|last93\=McAllister\\|first93\=Ryan\\|last94\=Meddings\\|first94\=Jonathan\\|last95\=Merli\\|first95\=Claudia\\|last96\=Mertens\\|first96\=Mayli\\|last97\=Milos\\|first97\=Marilyn\\|last98\=Mishori\\|first98\=Ranit\\|last99\=Monro\\|first99\=Surya\\|last100\=Moss\\|first100\=Lisa Braver\\|last101\=Munzer\\|first101\=Stephen R.\\|last102\=Nazri\\|first102\=Hannah M.\\|last103\=Ncayiyana\\|first103\=Daniel\\|last104\=Neiders\\|first104\=Ivars\\|last105\=Ngosso\\|first105\=Londé\\|last106\=Nguena\\|first106\=Marianne\\|last107\=van Niekerk\\|first107\=Anton A.\\|last108\=Nobis\\|first108\=Nathan\\|last109\=Oduor\\|first109\=Alphonce Odhiambo\\|last110\=O’Neill\\|first110\=Sarah\\|last111\=Ottenheimer\\|first111\=Deborah\\|last112\=Paalanen\\|first112\=Panda\\|last113\=Palacios\-González\\|first113\=César\\|last114\=Qing\\|first114\=Xin\\|last115\=Radcliffe Richards\\|first115\=Janet\\|last116\=Ramus\\|first116\=Franck\\|last117\=Rashid Khan\\|first117\=Abdul\\|last118\=Ray\\|first118\=Saarrah\\|last119\=Reis\\|first119\=Elizabeth\\|last120\=Reis\-Dennis\\|first120\=Samuel\\|last121\=Remennick\\|first121\=Larissa\\|last122\=Richard\\|first122\=Fabienne\\|last123\=Roen\\|first123\=Katrina\\|last124\=Rubashkyn\\|first124\=Eliana\\|last125\=Sarajlic\\|first125\=Eldar\\|last126\=Sardi\\|first126\=Lauren\\|last127\=Schuklenk\\|first127\=Udo\\|last128\=Shahvisi\\|first128\=Arianne\\|last129\=Shaw\\|first129\=David\\|last130\=Sinden\\|first130\=Guy\\|last131\=Sidler\\|first131\=Daniel\\|last132\=Skitka\\|first132\=Linda\\|last133\=Somerville\\|first133\=Margaret A.\\|last134\=Sterckx\\|first134\=Sigrid\\|last135\=Svoboda\\|first135\=J. Steven\\|last136\=Taher\\|first136\=Mariya\\|last137\=Tangwa\\|first137\=Godfrey B.\\|last138\=Thomson\\|first138\=Michael\\|last139\=Townsend\\|first139\=Kate Goldie\\|last140\=Travis\\|first140\=Mitchell\\|last141\=Van Howe\\|first141\=Robert S.\\|last142\=Vash\-Margita\\|first142\=Alla\\|last143\=Verhagen\\|first143\=Emmanuelle\\|last144\=Vilponen\\|first144\=Tiina\\|last145\=Villani\\|first145\=Michela\\|last146\=Viloria\\|first146\=Hida\\|last147\=Vintiadis\\|first147\=Elly\\|last148\=Virgili\\|first148\=Tommaso\\|last149\=Vissandjée\\|first149\=Bilkis\\|last150\=Ungar\-Sargon\\|first150\=Eliyahu\\|last151\=Wahlberg\\|first151\=Anna\\|last152\=Wald\\|first152\=Rebecca\\|last153\=Walsh\\|first153\=Reubs J.\\|last154\=Weisenberg\\|first154\=Desmond\\|last155\=Wenger\\|first155\=Hannah\\|last156\=Wisdom\\|first156\=Travis\\|last157\=Zelayandia\\|first157\=Ernesto\\|last158\=Ziemińska\\|first158\=Renata\\|last159\=Zieselman\\|first159\=Kimberly\\|last160\=Ziyada\\|first160\=Mai Mahgoub\\|date\=17 July 2024\\|title\=Genital Modifications in Prepubescent Minors: When May Clinicians Ethically Proceed?\\|url\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10\.1080/15265161\.2024\.2353823\\|journal\=The American Journal of Bioethics\\|volume\=\\|issue\=\\|pages\=50\\|doi\=10\.1080/15265161\.2024\.2353823\\|access\-date\=22 September 2024}}{{rp\\|p\=14}}{{rp\\|p\=42}} ##### Practices {{Main\\|Child abuse\\|Genital modification and mutilation\\|Virginity test\\|Compulsory sterilization\\|Child marriage\\|Corporal punishment in the home}} According to CRIN: > Practices that amount to violations of children’s bodily autonomy and integrity have long been conducted by adults without considering children’s independent human rights. Many amount to forms of violence against children, with some being based on tradition, culture, religion or superstition, such as virginity testing on girls, female genital mutilation, circumcision of boys, child marriage and corporal punishment. Others are conducted because of flawed or discriminatory laws and policies, such as sexual maturity exams on migrant and refugee children to determine their age, ‘corrective’ surgeries on intersex children to ‘normalise’ their genitalia, and forced or coerced sterilisation of children with disabilities to stop them from ever having children of their own. But it also includes situations not readily recognised directly as violence, such as exposure to harmful chemicals, but which nonetheless can inflict significant harm. In its 2024 American Journal of Bioethics statement, the BCBI also objects to nonvoluntary clitoral reduction surgeries on children with [congenital adrenal hyperplasia](/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia"), "cosmetic" [hypospadias](/wiki/Hypospadias "Hypospadias") surgeries, medically unnecessary [removal of internal gonads](/wiki/Gonadectomy "Gonadectomy"), and nontherapeutic, [nonreligious penile circumcision of newborns](/wiki/Circumcision_controversies "Circumcision controversies"){{rp\\|p\=24}} ### Intersex rights [thumb\\|alt\=Extract from a book\\|The standard medical model was [medical falsification](/wiki/Medical_records "Medical records") for intersex children, from textbook 1963\.](/wiki/File:Licence_to_Lie.jpg "Licence to Lie.jpg") {{main article\\|Intersex human rights\\|Intersex genital mutilation}} Intersex children are children born or develop, atypical [sexual traits](/wiki/Secondary_sex_characteristic "Secondary sex characteristic"). Historically intersex children have been the subject of involuntary surgical assignment and later [hormone replacement therapy](/wiki/Hormone_therapy "Hormone therapy") to a binary [sex](/wiki/Biological_sex "Biological sex")/[gender](/wiki/Gender "Gender"), which was often concealed from patients; in the US, this system was known as the [optimum gender of rearing model](/wiki/Optimum_gender_of_rearing_model "Optimum gender of rearing model"), which organizations such as the [ISNA](/wiki/Intersex_Society_of_North_America "Intersex Society of North America") heavily criticized.{{cite web\\|title\=''Progress and Politics in the intersex rights movement, Feminist theory in action''\\|url\=http://www.aisia.org/wp\-content/uploads/2016/11/Dreger\_\_Herndon\_2009\.pdf\\|author1\=Alice D. Dreger \\|author2\=April M. Herndon }}{{Cite web\\|url\=https://isna.org/faq/history/\\|title\=What's the history behind the intersex rights movement? \\| Intersex Society of North America\\|website\=isna.org}} Intersex children often face high levels of [mental stress](/wiki/Mental_stress "Mental stress"), and [stigmatization](/wiki/Stigmatization "Stigmatization"), as well as [isolation](/wiki/Social_isolation "Social isolation") for having atypical bodies, or undergoing medical procedures.{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.thetrevorproject.org/wp\-content/uploads/2021/12/Intersex\-Youth\-Mental\-Health\-Report.pdf \\| title \= The Mental Health and Well\-being of LGBTQ Youth who are Intersex \\| work \= \[\[The Trevor Project]] \\| date \= 2021}} [The World Health Organization](/wiki/The_World_Health_Organization "The World Health Organization") standard of care for intersex children is to delay all surgery until the child is old enough to participate in [informed consent](/wiki/Informed_consent "Informed consent"), unless emergency surgery is needed.[FACT SHEET Intersex](https://www.unfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/UNFE-Intersex.pdf){{Cite book\\| publisher \= World Health Organization\\| isbn \= 9789241564984\\| last \= \[\[World Health Organization]]\\| title \= Sexual health, human rights and the law\\| location \= Geneva\\| date \= 2015}} Intersex people are likewise more likely to develop [gender dysphoria](/wiki/Gender_dysphoria "Gender dysphoria") then the general population. Organizations such as [InterACT](/wiki/InterACT "InterACT") and [intersex civil society groups](/wiki/Intersex_civil_society_organizations "Intersex civil society organizations") exist to support and advocate for intersex youth, and stop involuntary unnecessary [medicalization](/wiki/Medicalization "Medicalization") and shame surrounding intersex subjects.{{Cite journal\\|url\=https://journals.healio.com/doi/10\.3928/19382359\-20210816\-01\\|title\=Clinician Advocacy and Intersex Health: A History of Intersex Health Care and the Role of the Clinician Advocate Past, Present, and Future\\|first1\=Gnendy\\|last1\=Indig\\|first2\=Mariana\\|last2\=Serrano\\|first3\=Katharine B.\\|last3\=Dalke\\|first4\=Nwadiogo I.\\|last4\=Ejiogu\\|first5\=Frances\\|last5\=Grimstad\\|date\=September 13, 2021\\|journal\=Pediatric Annals\\|volume\=50\\|issue\=9\\|pages\=e359–e365 \\|via\=CrossRef\\|doi\=10\.3928/19382359\-20210816\-01\\|pmid\=34542337 \\|s2cid\=237572670 }} ### Other issues Other issues affecting children's rights include the [military use of children](/wiki/Military_use_of_children "Military use of children"), [sale of children](/wiki/Sale_of_children "Sale of children"), [child prostitution](/wiki/Child_prostitution "Child prostitution") and [child pornography](/wiki/Child_pornography "Child pornography"). ### Difference between children's rights and youth rights {{Main\\|Youth rights}} In the majority of jurisdictions, for instance, children are not allowed to vote, to marry, to buy alcohol, to have sex, or to engage in paid employment.["Children's Rights"](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-children/), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2/23/08\. Within the youth rights movement, it is believed that the key difference between children's rights and youth rights is that children's rights supporters generally advocate the establishment and enforcement of protection for children and youths, while youth rights (a far smaller movement) generally advocates the expansion of freedom for children and/or youths and of rights such as [suffrage](/wiki/Suffrage "Suffrage"). ### Parents' rights and responsibilities [Parents' rights](/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement "Parents' rights movement") and [Right to family life](/wiki/Right_to_family_life "Right to family life") are connected with [Parental responsibilities](/wiki/Parental_responsibility_%28access_and_custody%29 "Parental responsibility (access and custody)"). Parents are given sufficient powers to fulfill their duties to the child. [Parents](/wiki/Parent "Parent") affect the lives of children in a unique way, and as such their role in children's rights has to be distinguished in a particular way. Particular issues in the child\-parent relationship include [child neglect](/wiki/Child_neglect "Child neglect"), [child abuse](/wiki/Child_abuse "Child abuse"), [freedom of choice](/wiki/Freedom_of_choice "Freedom of choice"), [corporal punishment](/wiki/Corporal_punishment "Corporal punishment") and [child custody](/wiki/Child_custody "Child custody").Brownlie, J. and Anderson, S. (2006\) "'Beyond Anti\-Smacking': Rethinking parent–child relations," Childhood. 13(4\) p 479\-498\.Cutting, E. (1999\) "Giving Parents a Voice: A Children's Rights Issue," Rightlines. 2 {{ERIC\\|ED428855}}. There have been theories offered that provide parents with rights\-based practices that resolve the tension between "commonsense parenting" and children's rights.Brennan, S. and Noggle, R. (1997\) "The Moral Status of Children: Children's Rights, Parent's Rights, and Family Justice," Social Theory and Practice. 23\. The issue is particularly relevant in legal proceedings that affect the potential [emancipation of minors](/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors "Emancipation of minors"), and in cases where children sue their parents.Kaslow, FW (1990\) Children who sue parents: A new form of family homicide? Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 16(2\) p 151–163\. A child's rights to a relationship with both their parents is increasingly recognized as an important factor for determining the [best interests of the child](/wiki/Best_interests "Best interests") in [divorce](/wiki/Divorce "Divorce") and [child custody](/wiki/Child_custody "Child custody") proceedings. Some governments have enacted laws creating a rebuttable [presumption](/wiki/Presumption "Presumption") that [shared parenting](/wiki/Shared_parenting "Shared parenting") is in the best interests of children.["What is equal shared parenting?"](http://www.fact.on.ca/) Fathers Are Capable Too: Parenting Association. Retrieved 2/24/08\. #### Limitations of parental powers Parents do not have absolute power over their children. Parents are subject to [criminal laws](/wiki/Criminal_laws "Criminal laws") [against abandonment](/wiki/Child_abandonment "Child abandonment"), abuse, and neglect of children. [International human rights law](/wiki/International_human_rights_law "International human rights law") provides that [manifestation of one's religion](/wiki/Freedom_of_religion "Freedom of religion") may be limited in the interests of [public safety](/wiki/Public_security "Public security"), for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.[European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms](http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm) as amended by Protocols No. 11 and No. 14. Adopted at Rome, 4 XL 1950\. Courts have placed other limits on parental powers and acts. The [Supreme Court of the United States](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States"), in the case of [Prince v. Massachusetts](/wiki/Prince_v._Massachusetts "Prince v. Massachusetts"), ruled that a parent's religion does not permit a child to be placed at risk.[Prince v. Massachusetts](https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0321_0158_ZO.html), 321 U.S. 158 (1944\). The [Lords of Appeal in Ordinary](/wiki/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary "Lords of Appeal in Ordinary") ruled, in the case of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority and another, that parents' rights diminish with the increasing age and competency of the child, but do not vanish completely until the child reaches majority. Parents' rights are connected to the parent's duties to the child. In the absence of duty, no parents' rights exists.[Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority](http://healthlaw.swan.ac.uk/resource_files/sexual%20health/gillick.PDF) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050503175113/http://healthlaw.swan.ac.uk/resource\_files/sexual%20health/gillick.PDF \\|date\=2005\-05\-03 }} \[1985] 1 AC 112, \[1985] 3 All ER 402, \[1985] 3 WLR 830, \[1986] 1 FLR 224, \[1986] Crim LR 113, 2 BMLR 11\.Peter W. Adler. [Is circumcision legal?](http://rjolpi.richmond.edu/archive/Adler_Formatted.pdf) 16(3\) Richmond J. L. \& Pub. Int 439\-86 (2013\). The [Supreme Court of Canada](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada "Supreme Court of Canada") ruled, in the case of [E (Mrs) v Eve](/wiki/E_%28Mrs%29_v_Eve "E (Mrs) v Eve"), that parents may not grant surrogate consent for non\-therapeutic sterilization.[E. (Mrs.) v. Eve](http://scc-csc.lexum.com/decisia-scc-csc/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/170/index.do), \[1986] 2 S.C.R. 388 The Supreme Court of Canada has ruled, in the case of B. (R.) v. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto:[B. (R.) v. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto](http://scc-csc.lexum.com/decisia-scc-csc/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1220/index.do). \[1995] 1 S.C.R. > While children undeniably benefit from the Charter, most notably in its protection of their rights to life and to the security of their person, they are unable to assert these rights, and our society accordingly presumes that parents will exercise their freedom of choice in a manner that does not offend the rights of their children. Adler (2013\) argues that parents are not empowered to grant surrogate consent for non\-therapeutic circumcision of children.	[ "Classification\n--------------", "Children have two types of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\") under [international human rights law](/wiki/International_human_rights_law \"International human rights law\"). They have the same fundamental general human rights as adults, although some human rights, such as the right to marry, are dormant until they are of age, Secondly, they have special human rights that are necessary to protect them during their minority.UNICEF, [Convention on the Rights of the Child](http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_protecting.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306162541/https://www.unicef.org/crc/index\\_protecting.html \\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-06 }}, 29 November 2005\\. General rights operative in childhood include the right to security of the person, to freedom from inhuman, cruel, or degrading treatment, and the right to special protection during childhood.{{cite web \\\|author\\= \\\| title\\=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights \\\| url\\=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3ae6b3aa0\\.pdf \\\| date\\= 16 December 1966 \\\| accessdate\\=16 October 2015 }} Particular human rights of children include, among other rights, the right to life, the right to a name, the right to express his views in matters concerning the child, the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, the [right to health care](/wiki/Right_to_health_care \"Right to health care\"), the right to protection from economic and [sexual exploitation](/wiki/Sexual_exploitation \"Sexual exploitation\"), and the right to education.", "Children's rights are defined in numerous ways, including a wide spectrum of [civil, political](/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights \"Civil and political rights\"), [economic, social and cultural rights](/wiki/Economic%2C_social_and_cultural_rights \"Economic, social and cultural rights\"). Rights tend to be of two general types: those advocating for children as [autonomous persons](/wiki/Autonomy \"Autonomy\") under the law and those placing a claim on society for protection from harms perpetrated on children because of their dependency. These have been labeled as the right of [empowerment](/wiki/Empowerment \"Empowerment\") and as the right to protection.", "United Nations educational guides for children classify the rights outlined in the [Convention on the Rights of the Child](/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child \"Convention on the Rights of the Child\") as the \"3 Ps\": Provision, Protection, and Participation.{{cite book \\\|author\\=Young\\-Bruehl, Elisabeth \\\|date\\=2012 \\\|title\\=Childism: Confronting Prejudice Against Children \\\|location\\=New Haven, Connecticut \\\|publisher\\=Yale University Press \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-300\\-17311\\-6 \\\|page\\=10}} They may be elaborated as follows:", "* Provision: Children have the [right to an adequate standard of living](/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living \"Right to an adequate standard of living\"), [health care](/wiki/Health_care \"Health care\"), [education](/wiki/Education \"Education\") and services, and to [play](/wiki/Play_%28activity%29 \"Play (activity)\") and [recreation](/wiki/Recreation \"Recreation\"). These include a [balanced diet](/wiki/Balanced_diet \"Balanced diet\"), a warm bed to sleep in, and access to [schooling](/wiki/Schooling \"Schooling\").\n* Protection: Children have the right to protection from [abuse](/wiki/Child_abuse \"Child abuse\"), neglect, exploitation and discrimination. This includes the right to safe places for children to play; constructive child rearing behavior, and acknowledgment of the [evolving capacities](/wiki/Evolving_capacities \"Evolving capacities\") of children.\n* Participation: Children have the right to [participate in communities](/wiki/Children%27s_participation \"Children's participation\") and have [programs and services](/wiki/Youth_program \"Youth program\") for themselves. This includes children's involvement in libraries and community programs, [youth voice](/wiki/Youth_voice \"Youth voice\") activities, and involving children as decision\\-makers.(1997\\) \"Children's rights in the Canadian context\", Interchange. 8(1–2\\). Springer.", "In a similar fashion, the [Child Rights International Network](/wiki/Child_Rights_International_Network \"Child Rights International Network\") (CRIN) categorizes rights into two groups:{{cite news\\\|title\\=\"A\\-Z of Children's Rights\"\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Child Rights International Network]]\\\|url\\=http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID\\=13423\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}Freeman, M. (2000\\) \"The Future of Children's Rights,\" Children \\& Society. 14(4\\) p 277\\-93\\.\n* Economic, social and cultural rights, related to the conditions necessary to meet basic human needs such as food, shelter, education, health care, and gainful employment. Included are rights to education, adequate housing, food, water, the highest attainable standard of [health](/wiki/Health \"Health\"), the [right to work](/wiki/Right_to_work \"Right to work\") and rights at work, as well as the [cultural rights](/wiki/Cultural_rights \"Cultural rights\") of minorities and indigenous peoples.\n* Environmental, cultural and developmental rights, which are sometimes called \"[third generation rights](/wiki/Third_generation_rights \"Third generation rights\")\", and including the right to live in safe and healthy environments and that groups of people have the right to cultural, political, and economic development.", "[Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\") openly advocates four particular children's rights, including the end to [juvenile incarceration](/wiki/Youth_detention_center \"Youth detention center\") without [parole](/wiki/Parole \"Parole\"), an end to the recruitment of [military use of children](/wiki/Children_in_the_military \"Children in the military\"), ending the [death penalty](/wiki/Death_penalty \"Death penalty\") for people under 21, and raising awareness of [human rights in the classroom](/wiki/Children%27s_rights_education \"Children's rights education\"). [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\"), an international advocacy organization, includes [child labour](/wiki/Child_labour \"Child labour\"), [juvenile justice](/wiki/Juvenile_justice \"Juvenile justice\"), [orphans](/wiki/Orphan \"Orphan\") and abandoned children, [refugees](/wiki/Refugee \"Refugee\"), [street children](/wiki/Street_children \"Street children\") and [corporal punishment](/wiki/Corporal_punishment \"Corporal punishment\").", "Scholarly study generally focuses children's rights by identifying individual rights. The following rights \"allow children to grow up healthy and free\":{{according to whom\\\|date\\=January 2016}}Calkins, C.F. (1972\\) \"Reviewed Work: Children's Rights: Toward the Liberation of the Child by Paul Adams\", Peabody Journal of Education. 49(4\\). p. 327\\.\n* [Freedom of speech](/wiki/Freedom_of_speech \"Freedom of speech\")\n* [Freedom of thought](/wiki/Freedom_of_thought \"Freedom of thought\")\n* [Freedom from fear](/wiki/Freedom_from_fear \"Freedom from fear\")\n* [Freedom of choice](/wiki/Freedom_of_choice \"Freedom of choice\") and the [right to make decisions](/wiki/Decision-making \"Decision-making\")\n* [Ownership over one's body](/wiki/Bodily_integrity \"Bodily integrity\")", "### Physical rights", "{{See\\\|Bodily integrity}}", "According to CRIN:{{cite news\\\|title\\=Bodily autonomy\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Child Rights International Network]]\\\|url\\=https://home.crin.org/issues/bodily\\-autonomy/\\\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2024}}", "> Everyone, including children, has the right to make decisions about their own body and to be protected from any harm or interference against their body without their consent. This right is summed up by the principle of bodily autonomy and integrity.", "", "Children’s enjoyment of their bodily autonomy and integrity is significantly more restricted compared to adults’, largely because paternalism and assumptions about their presumed immaturity and lack of capacity based on their young age has meant that decisions are made for them, even ones that are not in their best interests or directly violate their human rights.\nExacerbating the problem beyond a child’s age are forms of discrimination based on their sex, gender identity, race, ethnicity, disability and socioeconomic status, which means that certain groups of children will face an even greater risk of violations of their bodily autonomy and integrity.", "In 2013, a report by the Committee on Social Affairs, Health, and Sustainable Development of the [Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe](/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe \"Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe\") identified several areas the Committee was concerned about, including procedures such as \"[female genital mutilation](/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation \"Female genital mutilation\"), the [circumcision of young boys for religious reasons](/wiki/Circumcision_controversies \"Circumcision controversies\"), [early childhood medical interventions in the case of intersex children](/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions \"Intersex medical interventions\") and the submission to or coercion of children into [piercings](/wiki/Body_piercing \"Body piercing\"), [tattoos](/wiki/Tattoo \"Tattoo\") or [plastic surgery](/wiki/Plastic_surgery \"Plastic surgery\")\".Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development. [Children's Right to Physical Integrity](http://www.assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2013/Eintegritychildren2013.pdf), Doc. 13297\\. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 6 September 2013\\. The same year, the Assembly adopted a [non\\-binding resolution](/wiki/Non-binding_resolution \"Non-binding resolution\") that calls on [its 46 member\\-states](/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe \"Member states of the Council of Europe\") to take numerous actions to promote the physical integrity of children.Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. [Children's Right to Physical Integrity](http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20174&lang=en), Resolution 1952\\., Adopted at Strasbourg, Tuesday, 1 October 2013\\.", "Article 19 of the [Convention on the Rights of the Child](/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child \"Convention on the Rights of the Child\") enjoins parties to \"take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation\".UN (2012\\). 11\\. [Convention on the Rights of the Child](http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src\\=treaty\\&mtdsg\\_no\\=iv\\-11\\&chapter\\=4⟨\\=en \\\|date\\=2014\\-02\\-11 }}. United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 1 May 2012\\. The [Committee on the Rights of the Child](/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child \"Committee on the Rights of the Child\") interprets article 19 as prohibiting corporal punishment, commenting on the \"obligation of all States Party to move quickly to prohibit and eliminate all corporal punishment.\"UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2006\\) \"General Comment No. 8:\" par. 3\\. The [United Nations Human Rights Committee](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee \"United Nations Human Rights Committee\") has also interpreted Article 7 of the [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights](/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights \"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights\") prohibiting \"cruel, [inhuman or degrading treatment](/wiki/Inhuman_or_degrading_treatment \"Inhuman or degrading treatment\") or punishment\" to extend to children, including [corporal punishment of children](/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home \"Corporal punishment in the home\").UN Human Rights Committee (1992\\) [\"General Comment No. 20\".](http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/hrcom20.htm) HRI/GEN/1/Rev.4\\.: p. 108", "In 1993, Newell argued that \"...pressure for protection of children's physical integrity should be an integral part of pressure for all children's rights.\"{{cite journal \\\|\nauthor\\=Newell P \\\| title\\=The child's right to physical integrity \\\| journal\\=Int'l J Child RTS \\\| date\\=1993 \\\| volume\\=1 \\\| issue\\= \\\| pages\\=101–104 \\\| url\\=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle\\=hein.journals/intjchrb1÷\\=16\\&id\\=\\&page\\= \\\| doi\\= 10\\.1163/157181893X00368\\\| pmid\\= \\\| pmc\\= }}", "#### Medical ethics", "{{See\\\|Medical ethics}}", "In 1997, the Committee on [Bioethics](/wiki/Bioethics \"Bioethics\") of the [American Academy of Pediatrics](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics \"American Academy of Pediatrics\") (AAP), citing the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, asserts that \"every child should have the opportunity to grow and develop free from preventable illness or injury.\"{{cite journal \\\| author\\=Committee on Bioethics \\\| title\\=Religious objections to medical care. \\\| journal\\=Pediatrics \\\| date\\=1997 \\\| volume\\=99 \\\| issue\\= 2\\\| pages\\=279–281 \\\| url\\=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/99/2/279\\.full.pdf \\\| doi\\=10\\.1542/peds.99\\.2\\.279 \\\| pmid\\=9024462 \\\| pmc\\= \\\| doi\\-access\\=free }} reaffirmed May 2009\\.", "In 2024, in the [American Journal of Bioethics](/wiki/American_Journal_of_Bioethics \"American Journal of Bioethics\"), the Brussels collaboration on Bodily integrity (BCBI), an international collaborative network \"with interdisciplinary or experiential expertise in [child genital cutting practices](/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation \"Genital modification and mutilation\")\", says:\n> Being entirely reliant on adult caretakers to make decisions on their behalf, infants and newborns do not yet have “bodily autonomy” in any meaningful sense; they cannot set or maintain almost any boundaries with respect to their physical embodiment (Godwin 2020\\)", "{{cite journal\\\|last1\\=Abdulcadir\\\|first1\\=Jasmine\\\|last2\\=Adler\\\|first2\\=Peter W.\\\|last3\\=Almonte\\\|first3\\=Melanie T.\\\|last4\\=Anderson\\\|first4\\=Frank W. J.\\\|last5\\=Arguedas\\-Ramírez\\\|first5\\=Gabriela\\\|last6\\=Aulisio\\\|first6\\=Mark P.\\\|last7\\=Bader\\\|first7\\=Dina\\\|last8\\=Balashinsky\\\|first8\\=David\\\|last9\\=Baratz\\\|first9\\=Arlene B.\\\|last10\\=Bariş\\\|first10\\=Maide\\\|last11\\=Bauer\\\|first11\\=Greta\\\|last12\\=Behrensen\\\|first12\\=Maren\\\|last13\\=Ben\\-Yami\\\|first13\\=Hanoch\\\|last14\\=Boddy\\\|first14\\=Janice\\\|last15\\=Bootwala\\\|first15\\=Yasmin\\\|last16\\=Bowman\\-Smart\\\|first16\\=Hilary\\\|last17\\=Bruce\\\|first17\\=Lori\\\|last18\\=Buckler\\\|first18\\=Max\\\|last19\\=Cabral Grinspan\\\|first19\\=Mauro\\\|last20\\=Cannoot\\\|first20\\=Pieter\\\|last21\\=Carpenter\\\|first21\\=Morgan\\\|last22\\=Catto\\\|first22\\=Marie\\-Xavière\\\|last23\\=Catalán\\\|first23\\=Moisés\\\|last24\\=Chambers\\\|first24\\=Clare\\\|last25\\=Chapin\\\|first25\\=Georganne\\\|last26\\=Chegwidden\\\|first26\\=James\\\|last27\\=Christian Ghattas\\\|first27\\=Dan\\\|last28\\=Clough\\\|first28\\=Sharyn\\\|last29\\=Conroy\\\|first29\\=Ronán M.\\\|last30\\=Dabbagh\\\|first30\\=Hossein\\\|last31\\=Dalke\\\|first31\\=Katharine B.\\\|last32\\=Dallière\\\|first32\\=Sophie\\\|last33\\=Danon\\\|first33\\=Limor Meoded\\\|last34\\=Davis\\\|first34\\=Dena S.\\\|last35\\=Davis\\\|first35\\=Georgiann\\\|last36\\=Dawson\\\|first36\\=Angela J.\\\|last37\\=DeLaet\\\|first37\\=Debra L.\\\|last38\\=Dranseika\\\|first38\\=Vilius\\\|last39\\=DuBoff\\\|first39\\=Max\\\|last40\\=Dwyer\\\|first40\\=James G.\\\|last41\\=Earp\\\|first41\\=Brian D.\\\|last42\\=Esho\\\|first42\\=Tammary\\\|last43\\=Essén\\\|first43\\=Birgitta\\\|last44\\=Fahmy\\\|first44\\=Mohamed A. Baky\\\|last45\\=Feder\\\|first45\\=Ellen K.\\\|last46\\=Ferreira\\\|first46\\=Nuno\\\|last47\\=Fillod\\\|first47\\=Odile\\\|last48\\=Florquin\\\|first48\\=Stéphanie\\\|last49\\=Foldès\\\|first49\\=Pierre\\\|last50\\=Fox\\\|first50\\=Marie\\\|last51\\=Frisch\\\|first51\\=Morten\\\|last52\\=Fusaschi\\\|first52\\=Michela\\\|last53\\=Garland\\\|first53\\=Fae\\\|last54\\=Geisheker\\\|first54\\=John\\\|last55\\=Gheaus\\\|first55\\=Anca\\\|last56\\=Giménez Barbat\\\|first56\\=Teresa\\\|last57\\=Levin Freifrau von Gleichen\\\|first57\\=Tobe\\\|last58\\=Godwin\\\|first58\\=Samantha\\\|last59\\=Goldman\\\|first59\\=Ronald\\\|last60\\=Gonzalez\\-Polledo\\\|first60\\=E. J.\\\|last61\\=Goodman\\\|first61\\=Jenny\\\|last62\\=Gradilla\\\|first62\\=Alexandro José\\\|last63\\=Gruenbaum\\\|first63\\=Ellen\\\|last64\\=Gwaambuka\\\|first64\\=Tatenda\\\|last65\\=Hatem\\-Gantzer\\\|first65\\=Ghada\\\|last66\\=Hakim\\\|first66\\=M.\\\|last67\\=Hammond\\\|first67\\=Tim\\\|last68\\=Hannikainen\\\|first68\\=Ivar R.\\\|last69\\=van der Have\\\|first69\\=Miriam\\\|last70\\=Herbenick\\\|first70\\=Debby\\\|last71\\=Higashi\\\|first71\\=Yuko\\\|last72\\=Hill\\\|first72\\=B. Jessie\\\|last73\\=Johansen\\\|first73\\=R. Elise B.\\\|last74\\=Johari\\\|first74\\=Aarefa\\\|last75\\=Johnson\\-Agbakwu\\\|first75\\=Crista\\\|last76\\=Johnson\\\|first76\\=Matthew T.\\\|last77\\=Kimani\\\|first77\\=Samue\\\|last78\\=Komba\\\|first78\\=Eva\\\|last79\\=Kolak\\\|first79\\=Julia\\\|last80\\=Koukoui\\\|first80\\=Sophia\\\|last81\\=Kraus\\\|first81\\=Cynthia\\\|last82\\=Latham\\\|first82\\=Stephen R.\\\|last83\\=Laurent\\\|first83\\=Bo\\\|last84\\=Learner\\\|first84\\=Hazel\\\|last85\\=Lempert\\\|first85\\=Antony\\\|last86\\=Lenta\\\|first86\\=Patrick\\\|last87\\=Lesslar\\\|first87\\=Olivia\\\|last88\\=Lewis\\\|first88\\=Jonathan\\\|last89\\=Liao\\\|first89\\=Lih\\-Mei\\\|last90\\=Lorshbough\\\|first90\\=Erika\\\|last91\\=Lurenbaum\\\|first91\\=Jean\\-Christophe\\\|last92\\=MacDonald\\\|first92\\=Noni E.\\\|last93\\=McAllister\\\|first93\\=Ryan\\\|last94\\=Meddings\\\|first94\\=Jonathan\\\|last95\\=Merli\\\|first95\\=Claudia\\\|last96\\=Mertens\\\|first96\\=Mayli\\\|last97\\=Milos\\\|first97\\=Marilyn\\\|last98\\=Mishori\\\|first98\\=Ranit\\\|last99\\=Monro\\\|first99\\=Surya\\\|last100\\=Moss\\\|first100\\=Lisa Braver\\\|last101\\=Munzer\\\|first101\\=Stephen R.\\\|last102\\=Nazri\\\|first102\\=Hannah M.\\\|last103\\=Ncayiyana\\\|first103\\=Daniel\\\|last104\\=Neiders\\\|first104\\=Ivars\\\|last105\\=Ngosso\\\|first105\\=Londé\\\|last106\\=Nguena\\\|first106\\=Marianne\\\|last107\\=van Niekerk\\\|first107\\=Anton A.\\\|last108\\=Nobis\\\|first108\\=Nathan\\\|last109\\=Oduor\\\|first109\\=Alphonce Odhiambo\\\|last110\\=O’Neill\\\|first110\\=Sarah\\\|last111\\=Ottenheimer\\\|first111\\=Deborah\\\|last112\\=Paalanen\\\|first112\\=Panda\\\|last113\\=Palacios\\-González\\\|first113\\=César\\\|last114\\=Qing\\\|first114\\=Xin\\\|last115\\=Radcliffe Richards\\\|first115\\=Janet\\\|last116\\=Ramus\\\|first116\\=Franck\\\|last117\\=Rashid Khan\\\|first117\\=Abdul\\\|last118\\=Ray\\\|first118\\=Saarrah\\\|last119\\=Reis\\\|first119\\=Elizabeth\\\|last120\\=Reis\\-Dennis\\\|first120\\=Samuel\\\|last121\\=Remennick\\\|first121\\=Larissa\\\|last122\\=Richard\\\|first122\\=Fabienne\\\|last123\\=Roen\\\|first123\\=Katrina\\\|last124\\=Rubashkyn\\\|first124\\=Eliana\\\|last125\\=Sarajlic\\\|first125\\=Eldar\\\|last126\\=Sardi\\\|first126\\=Lauren\\\|last127\\=Schuklenk\\\|first127\\=Udo\\\|last128\\=Shahvisi\\\|first128\\=Arianne\\\|last129\\=Shaw\\\|first129\\=David\\\|last130\\=Sinden\\\|first130\\=Guy\\\|last131\\=Sidler\\\|first131\\=Daniel\\\|last132\\=Skitka\\\|first132\\=Linda\\\|last133\\=Somerville\\\|first133\\=Margaret A.\\\|last134\\=Sterckx\\\|first134\\=Sigrid\\\|last135\\=Svoboda\\\|first135\\=J. Steven\\\|last136\\=Taher\\\|first136\\=Mariya\\\|last137\\=Tangwa\\\|first137\\=Godfrey B.\\\|last138\\=Thomson\\\|first138\\=Michael\\\|last139\\=Townsend\\\|first139\\=Kate Goldie\\\|last140\\=Travis\\\|first140\\=Mitchell\\\|last141\\=Van Howe\\\|first141\\=Robert S.\\\|last142\\=Vash\\-Margita\\\|first142\\=Alla\\\|last143\\=Verhagen\\\|first143\\=Emmanuelle\\\|last144\\=Vilponen\\\|first144\\=Tiina\\\|last145\\=Villani\\\|first145\\=Michela\\\|last146\\=Viloria\\\|first146\\=Hida\\\|last147\\=Vintiadis\\\|first147\\=Elly\\\|last148\\=Virgili\\\|first148\\=Tommaso\\\|last149\\=Vissandjée\\\|first149\\=Bilkis\\\|last150\\=Ungar\\-Sargon\\\|first150\\=Eliyahu\\\|last151\\=Wahlberg\\\|first151\\=Anna\\\|last152\\=Wald\\\|first152\\=Rebecca\\\|last153\\=Walsh\\\|first153\\=Reubs J.\\\|last154\\=Weisenberg\\\|first154\\=Desmond\\\|last155\\=Wenger\\\|first155\\=Hannah\\\|last156\\=Wisdom\\\|first156\\=Travis\\\|last157\\=Zelayandia\\\|first157\\=Ernesto\\\|last158\\=Ziemińska\\\|first158\\=Renata\\\|last159\\=Zieselman\\\|first159\\=Kimberly\\\|last160\\=Ziyada\\\|first160\\=Mai Mahgoub\\\|date\\=17 July 2024\\\|title\\=Genital Modifications in Prepubescent Minors: When May Clinicians Ethically Proceed?\\\|url\\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10\\.1080/15265161\\.2024\\.2353823\\\|journal\\=The American Journal of Bioethics\\\|volume\\=\\\|issue\\=\\\|pages\\=50\\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/15265161\\.2024\\.2353823\\\|access\\-date\\=22 September 2024}}{{rp\\\|p\\=14}}{{rp\\\|p\\=42}}", "##### Practices", "{{Main\\\|Child abuse\\\|Genital modification and mutilation\\\|Virginity test\\\|Compulsory sterilization\\\|Child marriage\\\|Corporal punishment in the home}}", "According to CRIN:", "> Practices that amount to violations of children’s bodily autonomy and integrity have long been conducted by adults without considering children’s independent human rights. Many amount to forms of violence against children, with some being based on tradition, culture, religion or superstition, such as virginity testing on girls, female genital mutilation, circumcision of boys, child marriage and corporal punishment. Others are conducted because of flawed or discriminatory laws and policies, such as sexual maturity exams on migrant and refugee children to determine their age, ‘corrective’ surgeries on intersex children to ‘normalise’ their genitalia, and forced or coerced sterilisation of children with disabilities to stop them from ever having children of their own. But it also includes situations not readily recognised directly as violence, such as exposure to harmful chemicals, but which nonetheless can inflict significant harm.", "", "In its 2024 American Journal of Bioethics statement, the BCBI also objects to nonvoluntary clitoral reduction surgeries on children with [congenital adrenal hyperplasia](/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia \"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia\"), \"cosmetic\" [hypospadias](/wiki/Hypospadias \"Hypospadias\") surgeries, medically unnecessary [removal of internal gonads](/wiki/Gonadectomy \"Gonadectomy\"), and nontherapeutic, [nonreligious penile circumcision of newborns](/wiki/Circumcision_controversies \"Circumcision controversies\"){{rp\\\|p\\=24}}", "### Intersex rights", "[thumb\\\|alt\\=Extract from a book\\\|The standard medical model was [medical falsification](/wiki/Medical_records \"Medical records\") for intersex children, from textbook 1963\\.](/wiki/File:Licence_to_Lie.jpg \"Licence to Lie.jpg\")\n{{main article\\\|Intersex human rights\\\|Intersex genital mutilation}}", "Intersex children are children born or develop, atypical [sexual traits](/wiki/Secondary_sex_characteristic \"Secondary sex characteristic\"). Historically intersex children have been the subject of involuntary surgical assignment and later [hormone replacement therapy](/wiki/Hormone_therapy \"Hormone therapy\") to a binary [sex](/wiki/Biological_sex \"Biological sex\")/[gender](/wiki/Gender \"Gender\"), which was often concealed from patients; in the US, this system was known as the [optimum gender of rearing model](/wiki/Optimum_gender_of_rearing_model \"Optimum gender of rearing model\"), which organizations such as the [ISNA](/wiki/Intersex_Society_of_North_America \"Intersex Society of North America\") heavily criticized.{{cite web\\\|title\\=''Progress and Politics in the intersex rights movement, Feminist theory in action''\\\|url\\=http://www.aisia.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2016/11/Dreger\\_\\_Herndon\\_2009\\.pdf\\\|author1\\=Alice D. Dreger \\\|author2\\=April M. Herndon }}{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://isna.org/faq/history/\\\|title\\=What's the history behind the intersex rights movement? \\\| Intersex Society of North America\\\|website\\=isna.org}} Intersex children often face high levels of [mental stress](/wiki/Mental_stress \"Mental stress\"), and [stigmatization](/wiki/Stigmatization \"Stigmatization\"), as well as [isolation](/wiki/Social_isolation \"Social isolation\") for having atypical bodies, or undergoing medical procedures.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.thetrevorproject.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2021/12/Intersex\\-Youth\\-Mental\\-Health\\-Report.pdf \\\| title \\= The Mental Health and Well\\-being of LGBTQ Youth who are Intersex \\\| work \\= \\[\\[The Trevor Project]] \\\| date \\= 2021}}", "[The World Health Organization](/wiki/The_World_Health_Organization \"The World Health Organization\") standard of care for intersex children is to delay all surgery until the child is old enough to participate in [informed consent](/wiki/Informed_consent \"Informed consent\"), unless emergency surgery is needed.[FACT SHEET Intersex](https://www.unfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/UNFE-Intersex.pdf){{Cite book\\\| publisher \\= World Health Organization\\\| isbn \\= 9789241564984\\\| last \\= \\[\\[World Health Organization]]\\\| title \\= Sexual health, human rights and the law\\\| location \\= Geneva\\\| date \\= 2015}} Intersex people are likewise more likely to develop [gender dysphoria](/wiki/Gender_dysphoria \"Gender dysphoria\") then the general population. Organizations such as [InterACT](/wiki/InterACT \"InterACT\") and [intersex civil society groups](/wiki/Intersex_civil_society_organizations \"Intersex civil society organizations\") exist to support and advocate for intersex youth, and stop involuntary unnecessary [medicalization](/wiki/Medicalization \"Medicalization\") and shame surrounding intersex subjects.{{Cite journal\\\|url\\=https://journals.healio.com/doi/10\\.3928/19382359\\-20210816\\-01\\\|title\\=Clinician Advocacy and Intersex Health: A History of Intersex Health Care and the Role of the Clinician Advocate Past, Present, and Future\\\|first1\\=Gnendy\\\|last1\\=Indig\\\|first2\\=Mariana\\\|last2\\=Serrano\\\|first3\\=Katharine B.\\\|last3\\=Dalke\\\|first4\\=Nwadiogo I.\\\|last4\\=Ejiogu\\\|first5\\=Frances\\\|last5\\=Grimstad\\\|date\\=September 13, 2021\\\|journal\\=Pediatric Annals\\\|volume\\=50\\\|issue\\=9\\\|pages\\=e359–e365 \\\|via\\=CrossRef\\\|doi\\=10\\.3928/19382359\\-20210816\\-01\\\|pmid\\=34542337 \\\|s2cid\\=237572670 }}", "### Other issues", "Other issues affecting children's rights include the [military use of children](/wiki/Military_use_of_children \"Military use of children\"), [sale of children](/wiki/Sale_of_children \"Sale of children\"), [child prostitution](/wiki/Child_prostitution \"Child prostitution\") and [child pornography](/wiki/Child_pornography \"Child pornography\").", "### Difference between children's rights and youth rights", "{{Main\\\|Youth rights}}", "In the majority of jurisdictions, for instance, children are not allowed to vote, to marry, to buy alcohol, to have sex, or to engage in paid employment.[\"Children's Rights\"](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-children/), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2/23/08\\. Within the youth rights movement, it is believed that the key difference between children's rights and youth rights is that children's rights supporters generally advocate the establishment and enforcement of protection for children and youths, while youth rights (a far smaller movement) generally advocates the expansion of freedom for children and/or youths and of rights such as [suffrage](/wiki/Suffrage \"Suffrage\").", "### Parents' rights and responsibilities", "[Parents' rights](/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement \"Parents' rights movement\") and [Right to family life](/wiki/Right_to_family_life \"Right to family life\") are connected with [Parental responsibilities](/wiki/Parental_responsibility_%28access_and_custody%29 \"Parental responsibility (access and custody)\"). Parents are given sufficient powers to fulfill their duties to the child.", "[Parents](/wiki/Parent \"Parent\") affect the lives of children in a unique way, and as such their role in children's rights has to be distinguished in a particular way. Particular issues in the child\\-parent relationship include [child neglect](/wiki/Child_neglect \"Child neglect\"), [child abuse](/wiki/Child_abuse \"Child abuse\"), [freedom of choice](/wiki/Freedom_of_choice \"Freedom of choice\"), [corporal punishment](/wiki/Corporal_punishment \"Corporal punishment\") and [child custody](/wiki/Child_custody \"Child custody\").Brownlie, J. and Anderson, S. (2006\\) \"'Beyond Anti\\-Smacking': Rethinking parent–child relations,\" Childhood. 13(4\\) p 479\\-498\\.Cutting, E. (1999\\) \"Giving Parents a Voice: A Children's Rights Issue,\" Rightlines. 2 {{ERIC\\\|ED428855}}. There have been theories offered that provide parents with rights\\-based practices that resolve the tension between \"commonsense parenting\" and children's rights.Brennan, S. and Noggle, R. (1997\\) \"The Moral Status of Children: Children's Rights, Parent's Rights, and Family Justice,\" Social Theory and Practice. 23\\. The issue is particularly relevant in legal proceedings that affect the potential [emancipation of minors](/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors \"Emancipation of minors\"), and in cases where children sue their parents.Kaslow, FW (1990\\) Children who sue parents: A new form of family homicide? Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 16(2\\) p 151–163\\.", "A child's rights to a relationship with both their parents is increasingly recognized as an important factor for determining the [best interests of the child](/wiki/Best_interests \"Best interests\") in [divorce](/wiki/Divorce \"Divorce\") and [child custody](/wiki/Child_custody \"Child custody\") proceedings. Some governments have enacted laws creating a rebuttable [presumption](/wiki/Presumption \"Presumption\") that [shared parenting](/wiki/Shared_parenting \"Shared parenting\") is in the best interests of children.[\"What is equal shared parenting?\"](http://www.fact.on.ca/) Fathers Are Capable Too: Parenting Association. Retrieved 2/24/08\\.", "#### Limitations of parental powers", "Parents do not have absolute power over their children. Parents are subject to [criminal laws](/wiki/Criminal_laws \"Criminal laws\") [against abandonment](/wiki/Child_abandonment \"Child abandonment\"), abuse, and neglect of children. [International human rights law](/wiki/International_human_rights_law \"International human rights law\") provides that [manifestation of one's religion](/wiki/Freedom_of_religion \"Freedom of religion\") may be limited in the interests of [public safety](/wiki/Public_security \"Public security\"), for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.[European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms](http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm) as amended by Protocols No. 11 and No. 14. Adopted at Rome, 4 XL 1950\\.", "Courts have placed other limits on parental powers and acts. The [Supreme Court of the United States](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\"), in the case of [Prince v. Massachusetts](/wiki/Prince_v._Massachusetts \"Prince v. Massachusetts\"), ruled that a parent's religion does not permit a child to be placed at risk.[Prince v. Massachusetts](https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0321_0158_ZO.html), 321 U.S. 158 (1944\\). The [Lords of Appeal in Ordinary](/wiki/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary \"Lords of Appeal in Ordinary\") ruled, in the case of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority and another, that parents' rights diminish with the increasing age and competency of the child, but do not vanish completely until the child reaches majority. Parents' rights are connected to the parent's duties to the child. In the absence of duty, no parents' rights exists.[Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority](http://healthlaw.swan.ac.uk/resource_files/sexual%20health/gillick.PDF) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050503175113/http://healthlaw.swan.ac.uk/resource\\_files/sexual%20health/gillick.PDF \\\|date\\=2005\\-05\\-03 }} \\[1985] 1 AC 112, \\[1985] 3 All ER 402, \\[1985] 3 WLR 830, \\[1986] 1 FLR 224, \\[1986] Crim LR 113, 2 BMLR 11\\.Peter W. Adler. [Is circumcision legal?](http://rjolpi.richmond.edu/archive/Adler_Formatted.pdf) 16(3\\) Richmond J. L. \\& Pub. Int 439\\-86 (2013\\).\nThe [Supreme Court of Canada](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada \"Supreme Court of Canada\") ruled, in the case of [E (Mrs) v Eve](/wiki/E_%28Mrs%29_v_Eve \"E (Mrs) v Eve\"), that parents may not grant surrogate consent for non\\-therapeutic sterilization.[E. (Mrs.) v. Eve](http://scc-csc.lexum.com/decisia-scc-csc/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/170/index.do), \\[1986] 2 S.C.R. 388 The Supreme Court of Canada has ruled, in the case of B. (R.) v. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto:[B. (R.) v. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto](http://scc-csc.lexum.com/decisia-scc-csc/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1220/index.do). \\[1995] 1 S.C.R.", "> While children undeniably benefit from the Charter, most notably in its protection of their rights to life and to the security of their person, they are unable to assert these rights, and our society accordingly presumes that parents will exercise their freedom of choice in a manner that does not offend the rights of their children.", "", "Adler (2013\\) argues that parents are not empowered to grant surrogate consent for non\\-therapeutic circumcision of children.", "" ]
Career ------ Son of the late Mexican host [Paco Stanley](/wiki/Paco_Stanley "Paco Stanley"). Since childhood he loved acting, so he acted in various plays. He studied acting at [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa "Televisa") with [Patricia Reyes Spindola](/wiki/Patricia_Reyes_Sp%C3%ADndola "Patricia Reyes Spíndola"). Among some of the videos that can be highlighted are: La trajinera del terror and Urban Tribes. He makes his acting debut in theater with the play "I can't" alongside figures like Denisse Padilla "La Mapacha", Lorena Enríquez and Claudia Cañedo. Then, he participates in the children's play [Pinocchio](/wiki/Pinocchio_%28play%29 "Pinocchio (play)"). In 2008, he participated in what would be his first participation on television, in the Central de abasto series, in which he participated together with [Azela Robinson](/wiki/Azela_Robinson "Azela Robinson"), [Odemaris Ruiz](/wiki/Odemaris_Ruiz "Odemaris Ruiz"), \& Fabián, among others. In 2009, he participated in the soap opera [Camaleones](/wiki/Camaleones "Camaleones"), where he played Rolando Rincón. He shared credits with [Belinda](/wiki/Belinda_Peregr%C3%ADn "Belinda Peregrín"), [Alfonso Herrera](/wiki/Alfonso_Herrera "Alfonso Herrera"), [Edith González](/wiki/Edith_Gonz%C3%A1lez "Edith González"), \& [Guillermo García Cantú](/wiki/Guillermo_Garc%C3%ADa_Cant%C3%BA "Guillermo García Cantú"), among others. In 2010, he participated in [Soy tu dueña](/wiki/Soy_tu_due%C3%B1a "Soy tu dueña"), where he played Timoteo. He shared credits with [Lucero](/wiki/Lucero_%28entertainer%29 "Lucero (entertainer)"), [Fernando Colunga](/wiki/Fernando_Colunga "Fernando Colunga"), [Gaby Spanic](/wiki/Gabriela_Spanic "Gabriela Spanic"), \& [Sergio Goyri](/wiki/Sergio_Goyri "Sergio Goyri"), among others. In 2012, he participated in [A refuge for love](/wiki/Un_refugio_para_el_amor "Un refugio para el amor") playing Aldo San Emeterio Fuentes\-Gil. He shared credits with [Zuria Vega](/wiki/Zuria_Vega "Zuria Vega"), [Gabriel Soto](/wiki/Gabriel_Soto "Gabriel Soto"), [Laura Flores](/wiki/Laura_Flores "Laura Flores"), [Jessica Coch](/wiki/Jessica_Coch "Jessica Coch"), \& [Frances Ondiviela](/wiki/Frances_Ondiviela "Frances Ondiviela"), among others. He is also a presenter of the [Hoy program](/wiki/Hoy_%28TV_program%29 "Hoy (TV program)"), along with [Galilea Montijo](/wiki/Galilea_Montijo "Galilea Montijo"), [Andrea Legarreta](/wiki/Andrea_Legarreta "Andrea Legarreta"), [Raúl Araiza Herrera](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Araiza "Raúl Araiza"), \& [Alessandra Rosaldo](/wiki/Alessandra_Rosaldo "Alessandra Rosaldo"), among others. In 2013, he participated in [Porque el amor manda](/wiki/Porque_el_amor_manda "Porque el amor manda"), playing Melquíades Quijano. He shared credits with [Blanca Soto](/wiki/Blanca_Soto "Blanca Soto"), [Fernando Colunga](/wiki/Fernando_Colunga "Fernando Colunga"), [Carmen Salinas](/wiki/Carmen_Salinas "Carmen Salinas"), [Claudia Álvarez](/wiki/Claudia_%C3%81lvarez "Claudia Álvarez"), \& [Luis Couturier](/wiki/Luis_Couturier "Luis Couturier"), among others. He is currently the presenter of the program Amor\-didas together with [Silvia Olmedo](/wiki/Silvia_Olmedo "Silvia Olmedo"). In addition to hosting the Hoy program, he hosts the show ¡Cuéntamelo ya, al fin!, along with [Roxana Castellanos](/wiki/Roxana_Castellanos "Roxana Castellanos") and Cynthia Urías. Between 2014 and 2015 he was one of the co\-hosts of the successful program [Sábado gigante](/wiki/S%C3%A1bado_Gigante "Sábado Gigante"), together with the renowned Chilean animator [Mario Kreutzberger](/wiki/Don_Francisco_%28television_host%29 "Don Francisco (television host)"), better known as Don Francisco, as well as [Javier Romero](/wiki/Javier_Romero "Javier Romero"), [Alejandra Espinoza](/wiki/Alejandra_Espinoza "Alejandra Espinoza"), [Aleyda Ortíz](/wiki/Aleyda_Ortiz "Aleyda Ortiz"), \& Rosina Grosso, among others. In 2015 he participated in [Amor de barrio](/wiki/Amor_de_barrio "Amor de barrio"), playing Gabriel Madrigal. He shared credits with [Renata Notni](/wiki/Renata_Notni "Renata Notni"), [Mane de la Parra](/wiki/Man%C3%A9_de_la_Parra "Mané de la Parra"), [Ale García](/wiki/Alejandra_Garc%C3%ADa_%28actress%29 "Alejandra García (actress)"), [Pedro Moreno](/wiki/Pedro_Moreno_%28actor%29 "Pedro Moreno (actor)"), [Julieta Rosen](/wiki/Julieta_Rosen "Julieta Rosen"), \& [Marisol del Olmo](/wiki/Marisol_del_Olmo "Marisol del Olmo"), among others.	[ "Career\n------", "Son of the late Mexican host [Paco Stanley](/wiki/Paco_Stanley \"Paco Stanley\"). Since childhood he loved acting, so he acted in various plays. He studied acting at [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa \"Televisa\") with [Patricia Reyes Spindola](/wiki/Patricia_Reyes_Sp%C3%ADndola \"Patricia Reyes Spíndola\").", "Among some of the videos that can be highlighted are: La trajinera del terror and Urban Tribes. He makes his acting debut in theater with the play \"I can't\" alongside figures like Denisse Padilla \"La Mapacha\", Lorena Enríquez and Claudia Cañedo.", "Then, he participates in the children's play [Pinocchio](/wiki/Pinocchio_%28play%29 \"Pinocchio (play)\"). In 2008, he participated in what would be his first participation on television, in the Central de abasto series, in which he participated together with [Azela Robinson](/wiki/Azela_Robinson \"Azela Robinson\"), [Odemaris Ruiz](/wiki/Odemaris_Ruiz \"Odemaris Ruiz\"), \\& Fabián, among others.", "In 2009, he participated in the soap opera [Camaleones](/wiki/Camaleones \"Camaleones\"), where he played Rolando Rincón. He shared credits with [Belinda](/wiki/Belinda_Peregr%C3%ADn \"Belinda Peregrín\"), [Alfonso Herrera](/wiki/Alfonso_Herrera \"Alfonso Herrera\"), [Edith González](/wiki/Edith_Gonz%C3%A1lez \"Edith González\"), \\& [Guillermo García Cantú](/wiki/Guillermo_Garc%C3%ADa_Cant%C3%BA \"Guillermo García Cantú\"), among others.", "In 2010, he participated in [Soy tu dueña](/wiki/Soy_tu_due%C3%B1a \"Soy tu dueña\"), where he played Timoteo. He shared credits with [Lucero](/wiki/Lucero_%28entertainer%29 \"Lucero (entertainer)\"), [Fernando Colunga](/wiki/Fernando_Colunga \"Fernando Colunga\"), [Gaby Spanic](/wiki/Gabriela_Spanic \"Gabriela Spanic\"), \\& [Sergio Goyri](/wiki/Sergio_Goyri \"Sergio Goyri\"), among others.", "In 2012, he participated in [A refuge for love](/wiki/Un_refugio_para_el_amor \"Un refugio para el amor\") playing Aldo San Emeterio Fuentes\\-Gil. He shared credits with [Zuria Vega](/wiki/Zuria_Vega \"Zuria Vega\"), [Gabriel Soto](/wiki/Gabriel_Soto \"Gabriel Soto\"), [Laura Flores](/wiki/Laura_Flores \"Laura Flores\"), [Jessica Coch](/wiki/Jessica_Coch \"Jessica Coch\"), \\& [Frances Ondiviela](/wiki/Frances_Ondiviela \"Frances Ondiviela\"), among others. He is also a presenter of the [Hoy program](/wiki/Hoy_%28TV_program%29 \"Hoy (TV program)\"), along with [Galilea Montijo](/wiki/Galilea_Montijo \"Galilea Montijo\"), [Andrea Legarreta](/wiki/Andrea_Legarreta \"Andrea Legarreta\"), [Raúl Araiza Herrera](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Araiza \"Raúl Araiza\"), \\& [Alessandra Rosaldo](/wiki/Alessandra_Rosaldo \"Alessandra Rosaldo\"), among others.", "In 2013, he participated in [Porque el amor manda](/wiki/Porque_el_amor_manda \"Porque el amor manda\"), playing Melquíades Quijano. He shared credits with [Blanca Soto](/wiki/Blanca_Soto \"Blanca Soto\"), [Fernando Colunga](/wiki/Fernando_Colunga \"Fernando Colunga\"), [Carmen Salinas](/wiki/Carmen_Salinas \"Carmen Salinas\"), [Claudia Álvarez](/wiki/Claudia_%C3%81lvarez \"Claudia Álvarez\"), \\& [Luis Couturier](/wiki/Luis_Couturier \"Luis Couturier\"), among others.", "He is currently the presenter of the program Amor\\-didas together with [Silvia Olmedo](/wiki/Silvia_Olmedo \"Silvia Olmedo\"). In addition to hosting the Hoy program, he hosts the show ¡Cuéntamelo ya, al fin!, along with [Roxana Castellanos](/wiki/Roxana_Castellanos \"Roxana Castellanos\") and Cynthia Urías.", "Between 2014 and 2015 he was one of the co\\-hosts of the successful program [Sábado gigante](/wiki/S%C3%A1bado_Gigante \"Sábado Gigante\"), together with the renowned Chilean animator [Mario Kreutzberger](/wiki/Don_Francisco_%28television_host%29 \"Don Francisco (television host)\"), better known as Don Francisco, as well as [Javier Romero](/wiki/Javier_Romero \"Javier Romero\"), [Alejandra Espinoza](/wiki/Alejandra_Espinoza \"Alejandra Espinoza\"), [Aleyda Ortíz](/wiki/Aleyda_Ortiz \"Aleyda Ortiz\"), \\& Rosina Grosso, among others.", "In 2015 he participated in [Amor de barrio](/wiki/Amor_de_barrio \"Amor de barrio\"), playing Gabriel Madrigal. He shared credits with [Renata Notni](/wiki/Renata_Notni \"Renata Notni\"), [Mane de la Parra](/wiki/Man%C3%A9_de_la_Parra \"Mané de la Parra\"), [Ale García](/wiki/Alejandra_Garc%C3%ADa_%28actress%29 \"Alejandra García (actress)\"), [Pedro Moreno](/wiki/Pedro_Moreno_%28actor%29 \"Pedro Moreno (actor)\"), [Julieta Rosen](/wiki/Julieta_Rosen \"Julieta Rosen\"), \\& [Marisol del Olmo](/wiki/Marisol_del_Olmo \"Marisol del Olmo\"), among others.", "" ]
Description ----------- The film documents the events following the arrests of Misskelley, Echols and Baldwin for the murders of Christopher Byers, Michael Moore and Stevie Branch, whose naked and [hogtied](/wiki/Hogtied "Hogtied") bodies were discovered in a ditch in Brandon Mississippi Robinhood. Filmmakers [Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky](/wiki/Joe_Berlinger_and_Bruce_Sinofsky "Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky") interviewed numerous people connected with the case, including the parents of the victims, the parents of the accused, members of the West Memphis Police Department (WMPD) and all the defendants involved in the trial. Berlinger and Sinofsky are not filmed themselves, and the dialogue is provided by the interviewee, rather than using a "Q \& A" format. The film starts with an introduction to the case, before moving on to the arrests of the three teenagers. Much of the community, including the detectives and the victims' parents, believe the murders were committed by the teenagers as part of a [Satanic ritual](/wiki/Black_Mass "Black Mass"). During the trial, Damien Echols is asked about his familiarity with [Aleister Crowley](/wiki/Aleister_Crowley "Aleister Crowley")'s belief system. Echols also states that he likes reading books by [Anton LaVey](/wiki/Anton_LaVey "Anton LaVey") and [Stephen King](/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King"). The community is shown to be [politically conservative](/wiki/Politically_conservative "Politically conservative") and strongly [Evangelical Christian](/wiki/Evangelical_Christian "Evangelical Christian"). Because Misskelley had provided police with a confession, his trial is separated from that of Damien and Jason, and is covered in the first half of the film. ### Trials coverage The first trial to be covered in the film is that of Misskelley, a trial which was severed from those of Echols and Baldwin since it was Misskelley who confessed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that there is a strong possibility that the confession was [coerced](/wiki/Coerce "Coerce"). Interviews are conducted with Misskelley himself, his family and friends, and his attorney Dan Stidham. Misskelley is sentenced to life in prison. Part two of the film documents the trials of Echols and Baldwin. Like the coverage of Misskelley's trial, there are interviews with both defendants, their attorneys and their families. The families of the victims also share their views. During the course of filming, [John Mark Byers](/wiki/John_Mark_Byers "John Mark Byers"), the stepfather of one of the victims (Christopher Byers), gave the filmmakers a knife which had blood in the hinge. The filmmakers turned the knife over to police, who examined it; the [DNA](/wiki/DNA "DNA") was similar to that of Mark Byers and Christopher, but the evidence was nonetheless inconclusive since the DNA evidence produced was fragmented and could not provide concrete links.	[ "Description\n-----------", "The film documents the events following the arrests of Misskelley, Echols and Baldwin for the murders of Christopher Byers, Michael Moore and Stevie Branch, whose naked and [hogtied](/wiki/Hogtied \"Hogtied\") bodies were discovered in a ditch in Brandon Mississippi Robinhood.", "Filmmakers [Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky](/wiki/Joe_Berlinger_and_Bruce_Sinofsky \"Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky\") interviewed numerous people connected with the case, including the parents of the victims, the parents of the accused, members of the West Memphis Police Department (WMPD) and all the defendants involved in the trial. Berlinger and Sinofsky are not filmed themselves, and the dialogue is provided by the interviewee, rather than using a \"Q \\& A\" format.", "The film starts with an introduction to the case, before moving on to the arrests of the three teenagers. Much of the community, including the detectives and the victims' parents, believe the murders were committed by the teenagers as part of a [Satanic ritual](/wiki/Black_Mass \"Black Mass\"). During the trial, Damien Echols is asked about his familiarity with [Aleister Crowley](/wiki/Aleister_Crowley \"Aleister Crowley\")'s belief system. Echols also states that he likes reading books by [Anton LaVey](/wiki/Anton_LaVey \"Anton LaVey\") and [Stephen King](/wiki/Stephen_King \"Stephen King\").", "The community is shown to be [politically conservative](/wiki/Politically_conservative \"Politically conservative\") and strongly [Evangelical Christian](/wiki/Evangelical_Christian \"Evangelical Christian\"). Because Misskelley had provided police with a confession, his trial is separated from that of Damien and Jason, and is covered in the first half of the film.", "### Trials coverage", "The first trial to be covered in the film is that of Misskelley, a trial which was severed from those of Echols and Baldwin since it was Misskelley who confessed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that there is a strong possibility that the confession was [coerced](/wiki/Coerce \"Coerce\"). Interviews are conducted with Misskelley himself, his family and friends, and his attorney Dan Stidham. Misskelley is sentenced to life in prison.", "Part two of the film documents the trials of Echols and Baldwin. Like the coverage of Misskelley's trial, there are interviews with both defendants, their attorneys and their families. The families of the victims also share their views.", "During the course of filming, [John Mark Byers](/wiki/John_Mark_Byers \"John Mark Byers\"), the stepfather of one of the victims (Christopher Byers), gave the filmmakers a knife which had blood in the hinge. The filmmakers turned the knife over to police, who examined it; the [DNA](/wiki/DNA \"DNA\") was similar to that of Mark Byers and Christopher, but the evidence was nonetheless inconclusive since the DNA evidence produced was fragmented and could not provide concrete links.", "" ]
History ------- ### Origin and early years [Jim Dunnigan](/wiki/Jim_Dunnigan "Jim Dunnigan") had been introduced to [Avalon Hill](/wiki/Avalon_Hill "Avalon Hill") wargames while serving in the [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army "U.S. Army") in Korea. Upon his return to civilian life in 1964, Dunnigan began to contribute articles to Avalon Hill's house publication [The General](/wiki/The_General_%28magazine%29 "The General (magazine)") and independent wargaming magazine [Strategy \& Tactics](/wiki/Strategy_%26_Tactics "Strategy & Tactics"). In one of his contributions to The General, Dunnigan criticized what he saw as a lack of historical accuracy in Avalon Hill's 1965 release, Battle of the Bulge. Thomas Shaw, at the time in charge of Avalon Hill, asked Dunnigan to design and submit his own wargame.{{cite book \\| last \=Lowood \\| first \=Henry \\| title \=Zones of Control: Perspectives on Wargaming \\| editor\-last1 \=Harrigan \\| editor\-first1\=Pat \\| editor\-last2\=Kirschenbaum \\| editor\-first2\=Matthew G. \\| contribution \= War Engines \\| publisher \=MIT Press \\| date \=2016 \\| pages \=90 \\| isbn \=9780262033992}} The result was [Jutland](/wiki/Jutland_%28board_game%29 "Jutland (board game)"), published by Avalon Hill in 1967\. Two years later, after designing [1914](/wiki/1914_%28game%29 "1914 (game)") for Avalon Hill, Dunnigan struck out on his own after concluding there must be a "more effective way to publish games." He quickly gathered a staff of like\-minded designers, including Al Nofi and [Redmond A. Simonsen](/wiki/Redmond_A._Simonsen "Redmond A. Simonsen"). Dunnigan acquired [Strategy \& Tactics](/wiki/Strategy_%26_Tactics "Strategy & Tactics"), which had been in financial trouble, from its founder Christopher Wagner. Dunnigan founded Simulations Publications in 1969 with Redmond Simenson as co\-founder to keep Strategy \& Tactics in publication.{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.blackgate.com/2017/12/04/simulations\-publications\-inc\-the\-tsr\-incursion/ \\| title\=Simulations Publications Inc: The TSR Incursion – Black Gate \\| date\=4 December 2017 }} However, SPI quickly proved that it was primarily a game publisher rather than a magazine publisher; not only did it start to publish a variety of wargames, but each issue of Strategy \& Tactics included a complete wargame, comprising a map, rule book and a sheet of die\-cut counters. In SPI's first two or three years, it embarked upon an expensive advertising campaign, including — but not limited to — full page advertisements in [Scientific American](/wiki/Scientific_American "Scientific American") magazine. New subscribers received free copies of its most successful game, Napoleon At Waterloo, an "easy to play" pocket\-sized game with a foldout map and 78 pieces punched from card stock. This advertising campaign led to a much larger subscriber base and SPI came to be seen as a serious competitor to Avalon Hill, the company that had founded the board wargaming hobby. While S\&T had started as a wargaming '[fanzine](/wiki/Fanzine "Fanzine")', under SPI it became more of a military history magazine that included a wargame. So in 1972, SPI started [Moves](/wiki/Moves_%28magazine%29 "Moves (magazine)") as a [house organ](/wiki/House_organ "House organ") that talked about current and future SPI games, including a fair amount of information on SPI's game design process. In 1974, SPI started to ship some of their wargames games to J.D. Bardsley in the UK, who acted as a sales representative using the name SP/UK. Bardsley sold the games either via mail order or face to face at games conventions.{{cite web \\| url \=https://www.spigames.net/SIMPUBS.htm \\| title \= SPI Games Printed in the UK: SPI UK \- SPI Games printed in England \\| website \=spigames.net \\| access\-date \=2021\-11\-27}} Sales increased rapidly, and by March 1976, SP/UK had sold 25,000 units. To handle the increased sales, SPI formed a formal British subsidiary, Simpubs Ltd. in June 1976\. Simpubs immediately created the bi\-monthly periodical [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix_%28wargaming_magazine%29 "Phoenix (wargaming magazine)") with J.D. Bardsley as managing editor. ### Commercial success and growth Like many new wargame companies in the early '70s, early SPI games left a lot to be desired physically. A typical early game came in an envelope with only a one\-color map and one large folded sheet for the rules. However, SPI quickly set about improving the physical quality of the components with better printing and boxes under the guidance of Art Director [Redmond A. Simonsen](/wiki/Redmond_A._Simonsen "Redmond A. Simonsen"). In 1973, they introduced a flat plastic box that was molded to be a counter storage tray with a clear cover. The actual cover of the game was a printed sheet that backed the clear plastic. This allowed SPI to produce the boxes in bulk, as they were identical for each game, the printed sheet provided the cover and could be printed with all the other components of the game. This system became the hallmark of SPI games, and was later emulated by [Simulations Canada](/wiki/Simulations_Canada "Simulations Canada"), whose early games utilized a smaller storage tray, with the cover of the rules booklet doubling as the cover sheet. SPI used a unique feedback system, polling the readers of S\&T as to which games they would be interested in seeing (and buying). This market research gave SPI a greater likelihood of developing successful games. Although starting with small to medium size wargames, SPI found an insatiable market, with subscribers clamoring for an ever\-wider range of wargames, including historical simulations that were daunting in their scope and complexity, such as [War in the East](/wiki/War_in_the_East "War in the East"), [War in the Pacific](/wiki/War_in_the_Pacific_%28game%29 "War in the Pacific (game)"), [The Next War](/wiki/The_Next_War_%28board_game%29 "The Next War (board game)"), [Terrible Swift Sword](/wiki/Terrible_Swift_Sword_%28game%29 "Terrible Swift Sword (game)") and [Campaign for North Africa](/wiki/The_Campaign_for_North_Africa "The Campaign for North Africa"), each with several maps, thousands of counters and multiple rule books. Campaign for North Africa was an ultra\-detailed and virtually unplayable game, covering the entire [North African campaign](/wiki/North_African_Campaign "North African Campaign") down to the level of individual fighter pilot ratings and supply trucks. At the other end of the spectrum, SPI created a new series of smaller games called 'folio' games, often created in groups of four and sold both individually and together as a "Quadrigame". Each of the four component games included two rules booklets, one with rules common to all four games, and the other with rules exclusive to the individual game; the component games would each cover a different battle from the same war, era, or genre. The scale of the games ranged from the strategic to the operational and down to the tactical level. Three of the more popular games were tactical: [Sniper!](/wiki/Sniper%21_%28board_game%29 "Sniper! (board game)"), [FireFight](/wiki/FireFight "FireFight") and [Air War](/wiki/Air_War_%28game%29 "Air War (game)"), all of which were later reprinted by TSR. SPI started out publishing games on historical subjects, but soon started producing games that were more hypothetical (e.g. [World War III](/wiki/World_War_III_%28boardgame%29 "World War III (boardgame)"), [Invasion: America](/wiki/Invasion_America_%28board_wargame%29 "Invasion America (board wargame)")), and a little later, also tackled [fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy "Fantasy") and [science fiction](/wiki/Science_fiction "Science fiction") subjects, such as [Starforce: Alpha Centauri](/wiki/Starforce:Alpha_Centauri "Alpha Centauri") and [War of the Ring](/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_%28SPI_game%29 "War of the Ring (SPI game)") (a [Lord of the Rings](/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings "The Lord of the Rings") game), eventually starting a new magazine, [Ares](/wiki/Ares_%28magazine%29 "Ares (magazine)") which, like S\&T, included a new science fiction or fantasy game in each issue. At this time, the company also attempted to tap into the growing popularity of [role\-playing games](/wiki/Role-playing_game "Role-playing game"), with [DragonQuest](/wiki/DragonQuest "DragonQuest") and [Universe](/wiki/Universe_%28role-playing_game%29 "Universe (role-playing game)"), responses to [Dungeons \& Dragons](/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons "Dungeons & Dragons") and [Traveller](/wiki/Traveller_%28role-playing_game%29 "Traveller (role-playing game)") respectively; the term "Adventure Gaming" also replaced "Wargaming" in company advertising. ### Demise and asset acquisition by TSR In an attempt to expand its customer base, SPI entered into a much\-publicized arrangement with [Lorimar Productions](/wiki/Lorimar_Productions "Lorimar Productions") to produce the [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas_%28role-playing_game%29 "Dallas (role-playing game)") role\-playing game based on the soap opera [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas_%281978_TV_series%29 "Dallas (1978 TV series)") in 1980\. The game proved to be an infamous failure, and Simonsen later remarked that the 80,000 copies printed were 79,999 too many.{{cite web \\| url\=https://grognard.com/zines/so/so43\.txt \\| title\=Why Did SPI Die? \\| author\=Simonsen, Redmond \\| authorlink\=Redmond A. Simonsen}} SPI had shopped for venture capital providers to take advantage of the perceived expansion of the gaming market in the late 1970s. When the expansion did not deliver the expected higher profits, only higher sales, the money needed to be returned. First efforts led to discussions with Avalon Hill to merge with or acquire SPI, but that did not materialize, partially due to the increasing losses in cash for SPI thanks to the increases in costs from inflation and the decreases in revenue. AH did purchase five of SPI's titles, which helped with operational costs. However, more money was needed. SPI negotiated a promissory note loan (at the time mentioned as $225,000 but here listed as $400,000 from [TSR](/wiki/TSR%2C_Inc. "TSR, Inc.") (the publishers of [Dungeons \& Dragons](/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons "Dungeons & Dragons")). The note was guaranteed by SPI's assets. SPI used the cash to pay their venture capitalists, and were broke but happy. However, less than two weeks later, TSR called in the note. SPI, with no cash available and no options to get the cash, were forced to give over their inventory stock to TSR in early 1982, and were effectively out of business. TSR originally claimed they acquired SPI, but as that would mean they also would be responsible for their debts, quickly changed that statement. Thus, SPI's assets—but not its debts and liabilities—were acquired by TSR in 1983\. TSR refused to honor SPI subscriptions and used the "assets, not liabilities" agreement to ignore SPI's debts. This policy alienated many of TSR's potential customers.{{citation needed\\|date\=March 2021}} ### Aftermath In an effort to make money from the SPI intellectual properties that they now owned, TSR released several titles that were ready for publication but had been stranded by a lack of money for printing, such as [Battle Over Britain](/wiki/Battle_Over_Britain "Battle Over Britain") and [Richard Berg](/wiki/Richard_Berg "Richard Berg")'s latest contribution to the Great Battles of the American Civil War series, [A Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam](/wiki/A_Gleam_of_Bayonets:The_Battle_of_Antietam "The Battle of Antietam"). TSR also reboxed and republished several popular SPI titles from the mid\-1970s under the TSR logo, including [Air War](/wiki/Air_War_%28game%29 "Air War (game)"), [Blue \& Gray: Four American Civil War Battles](/wiki/Blue_%26_Gray:Four_American_Civil_War_Battles "Four American Civil War Battles"), and [Napoleon's Last Battles](/wiki/Napoleon%27s_Last_Battles "Napoleon's Last Battles"). But TSR halted all current SPI game development, and most SPI game designers resigned and moved to rival company Avalon Hill, lured by the formation of a subsidiary specifically for them called [Victory Games](/wiki/Victory_Games_%28Avalon_Hill%29 "Victory Games (Avalon Hill)"). TSR soon learned that one reason for SPI's demise was the collapse of the wargame market in the early 1980s. As a result, rather than becoming a major player in the wargame market, TSR published fewer and fewer wargames. Eventually TSR discontinued all the SPI magazines except for Strategy \& Tactics. In 1987, TSR sold the rights to S\&T to [3W](/wiki/3W_%28company%29 "3W (company)"). [Decision Games](/wiki/Decision_Games "Decision Games"), a California company founded in 1988, now has the rights to most of the SPI backlist.	[ "History\n-------", "### Origin and early years", "[Jim Dunnigan](/wiki/Jim_Dunnigan \"Jim Dunnigan\") had been introduced to [Avalon Hill](/wiki/Avalon_Hill \"Avalon Hill\") wargames while serving in the [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army \"U.S. Army\") in Korea. Upon his return to civilian life in 1964, Dunnigan began to contribute articles to Avalon Hill's house publication [The General](/wiki/The_General_%28magazine%29 \"The General (magazine)\") and independent wargaming magazine [Strategy \\& Tactics](/wiki/Strategy_%26_Tactics \"Strategy & Tactics\"). In one of his contributions to The General, Dunnigan criticized what he saw as a lack of historical accuracy in Avalon Hill's 1965 release, Battle of the Bulge. Thomas Shaw, at the time in charge of Avalon Hill, asked Dunnigan to design and submit his own wargame.{{cite book \\\| last \\=Lowood \\\| first \\=Henry \\\| title \\=Zones of Control: Perspectives on Wargaming \\\| editor\\-last1 \\=Harrigan \\\| editor\\-first1\\=Pat \\\| editor\\-last2\\=Kirschenbaum \\\| editor\\-first2\\=Matthew G. \\\| contribution \\= War Engines \\\| publisher \\=MIT Press \\\| date \\=2016 \\\| pages \\=90 \\\| isbn \\=9780262033992}} The result was [Jutland](/wiki/Jutland_%28board_game%29 \"Jutland (board game)\"), published by Avalon Hill in 1967\\. Two years later, after designing [1914](/wiki/1914_%28game%29 \"1914 (game)\") for Avalon Hill, Dunnigan struck out on his own after concluding there must be a \"more effective way to publish games.\" He quickly gathered a staff of like\\-minded designers, including Al Nofi and [Redmond A. Simonsen](/wiki/Redmond_A._Simonsen \"Redmond A. Simonsen\"). Dunnigan acquired [Strategy \\& Tactics](/wiki/Strategy_%26_Tactics \"Strategy & Tactics\"), which had been in financial trouble, from its founder Christopher Wagner. Dunnigan founded Simulations Publications in 1969 with Redmond Simenson as co\\-founder to keep Strategy \\& Tactics in publication.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.blackgate.com/2017/12/04/simulations\\-publications\\-inc\\-the\\-tsr\\-incursion/ \\\| title\\=Simulations Publications Inc: The TSR Incursion – Black Gate \\\| date\\=4 December 2017 }} However, SPI quickly proved that it was primarily a game publisher rather than a magazine publisher; not only did it start to publish a variety of wargames, but each issue of Strategy \\& Tactics included a complete wargame, comprising a map, rule book and a sheet of die\\-cut counters.", "In SPI's first two or three years, it embarked upon an expensive advertising campaign, including — but not limited to — full page advertisements in [Scientific American](/wiki/Scientific_American \"Scientific American\") magazine. New subscribers received free copies of its most successful game, Napoleon At Waterloo, an \"easy to play\" pocket\\-sized game with a foldout map and 78 pieces punched from card stock. This advertising campaign led to a much larger subscriber base and SPI came to be seen as a serious competitor to Avalon Hill, the company that had founded the board wargaming hobby.", "While S\\&T had started as a wargaming '[fanzine](/wiki/Fanzine \"Fanzine\")', under SPI it became more of a military history magazine that included a wargame. So in 1972, SPI started [Moves](/wiki/Moves_%28magazine%29 \"Moves (magazine)\") as a [house organ](/wiki/House_organ \"House organ\") that talked about current and future SPI games, including a fair amount of information on SPI's game design process.", "In 1974, SPI started to ship some of their wargames games to J.D. Bardsley in the UK, who acted as a sales representative using the name SP/UK. Bardsley sold the games either via mail order or face to face at games conventions.{{cite web \\\| url \\=https://www.spigames.net/SIMPUBS.htm \\\| title \\= SPI Games Printed in the UK: SPI UK \\- SPI Games printed in England \\\| website \\=spigames.net \\\| access\\-date \\=2021\\-11\\-27}} Sales increased rapidly, and by March 1976, SP/UK had sold 25,000 units. To handle the increased sales, SPI formed a formal British subsidiary, Simpubs Ltd. in June 1976\\. Simpubs immediately created the bi\\-monthly periodical [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix_%28wargaming_magazine%29 \"Phoenix (wargaming magazine)\") with J.D. Bardsley as managing editor.", "### Commercial success and growth", "Like many new wargame companies in the early '70s, early SPI games left a lot to be desired physically. A typical early game came in an envelope with only a one\\-color map and one large folded sheet for the rules. However, SPI quickly set about improving the physical quality of the components with better printing and boxes under the guidance of Art Director [Redmond A. Simonsen](/wiki/Redmond_A._Simonsen \"Redmond A. Simonsen\"). In 1973, they introduced a flat plastic box that was molded to be a counter storage tray with a clear cover. The actual cover of the game was a printed sheet that backed the clear plastic. This allowed SPI to produce the boxes in bulk, as they were identical for each game, the printed sheet provided the cover and could be printed with all the other components of the game. This system became the hallmark of SPI games, and was later emulated by [Simulations Canada](/wiki/Simulations_Canada \"Simulations Canada\"), whose early games utilized a smaller storage tray, with the cover of the rules booklet doubling as the cover sheet.", "SPI used a unique feedback system, polling the readers of S\\&T as to which games they would be interested in seeing (and buying). This market research gave SPI a greater likelihood of developing successful games.", "Although starting with small to medium size wargames, SPI found an insatiable market, with subscribers clamoring for an ever\\-wider range of wargames, including historical simulations that were daunting in their scope and complexity, such as [War in the East](/wiki/War_in_the_East \"War in the East\"), [War in the Pacific](/wiki/War_in_the_Pacific_%28game%29 \"War in the Pacific (game)\"), [The Next War](/wiki/The_Next_War_%28board_game%29 \"The Next War (board game)\"), [Terrible Swift Sword](/wiki/Terrible_Swift_Sword_%28game%29 \"Terrible Swift Sword (game)\") and [Campaign for North Africa](/wiki/The_Campaign_for_North_Africa \"The Campaign for North Africa\"), each with several maps, thousands of counters and multiple rule books. Campaign for North Africa was an ultra\\-detailed and virtually unplayable game, covering the entire [North African campaign](/wiki/North_African_Campaign \"North African Campaign\") down to the level of individual fighter pilot ratings and supply trucks. At the other end of the spectrum, SPI created a new series of smaller games called 'folio' games, often created in groups of four and sold both individually and together as a \"Quadrigame\". Each of the four component games included two rules booklets, one with rules common to all four games, and the other with rules exclusive to the individual game; the component games would each cover a different battle from the same war, era, or genre.", "The scale of the games ranged from the strategic to the operational and down to the tactical level. Three of the more popular games were tactical: [Sniper!](/wiki/Sniper%21_%28board_game%29 \"Sniper! (board game)\"), [FireFight](/wiki/FireFight \"FireFight\") and [Air War](/wiki/Air_War_%28game%29 \"Air War (game)\"), all of which were later reprinted by TSR.", "SPI started out publishing games on historical subjects, but soon started producing games that were more hypothetical (e.g. [World War III](/wiki/World_War_III_%28boardgame%29 \"World War III (boardgame)\"), [Invasion: America](/wiki/Invasion_America_%28board_wargame%29 \"Invasion America (board wargame)\")), and a little later, also tackled [fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy \"Fantasy\") and [science fiction](/wiki/Science_fiction \"Science fiction\") subjects, such as [Starforce: Alpha Centauri](/wiki/Starforce:Alpha_Centauri \"Alpha Centauri\") and [War of the Ring](/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_%28SPI_game%29 \"War of the Ring (SPI game)\") (a [Lord of the Rings](/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings \"The Lord of the Rings\") game), eventually starting a new magazine, [Ares](/wiki/Ares_%28magazine%29 \"Ares (magazine)\") which, like S\\&T, included a new science fiction or fantasy game in each issue. At this time, the company also attempted to tap into the growing popularity of [role\\-playing games](/wiki/Role-playing_game \"Role-playing game\"), with [DragonQuest](/wiki/DragonQuest \"DragonQuest\") and [Universe](/wiki/Universe_%28role-playing_game%29 \"Universe (role-playing game)\"), responses to [Dungeons \\& Dragons](/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons \"Dungeons & Dragons\") and [Traveller](/wiki/Traveller_%28role-playing_game%29 \"Traveller (role-playing game)\") respectively; the term \"Adventure Gaming\" also replaced \"Wargaming\" in company advertising.", "### Demise and asset acquisition by TSR", "In an attempt to expand its customer base, SPI entered into a much\\-publicized arrangement with [Lorimar Productions](/wiki/Lorimar_Productions \"Lorimar Productions\") to produce the [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas_%28role-playing_game%29 \"Dallas (role-playing game)\") role\\-playing game based on the soap opera [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas_%281978_TV_series%29 \"Dallas (1978 TV series)\") in 1980\\. The game proved to be an infamous failure, and Simonsen later remarked that the 80,000 copies printed were 79,999 too many.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://grognard.com/zines/so/so43\\.txt \\\| title\\=Why Did SPI Die? \\\| author\\=Simonsen, Redmond \\\| authorlink\\=Redmond A. Simonsen}}", "SPI had shopped for venture capital providers to take advantage of the perceived expansion of the gaming market in the late 1970s. When the expansion did not deliver the expected higher profits, only higher sales, the money needed to be returned. First efforts led to discussions with Avalon Hill to merge with or acquire SPI, but that did not materialize, partially due to the increasing losses in cash for SPI thanks to the increases in costs from inflation and the decreases in revenue. AH did purchase five of SPI's titles, which helped with operational costs. However, more money was needed.", "SPI negotiated a promissory note loan (at the time mentioned as $225,000 but here listed as $400,000 from [TSR](/wiki/TSR%2C_Inc. \"TSR, Inc.\") (the publishers of [Dungeons \\& Dragons](/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons \"Dungeons & Dragons\")). The note was guaranteed by SPI's assets. SPI used the cash to pay their venture capitalists, and were broke but happy. However, less than two weeks later, TSR called in the note. SPI, with no cash available and no options to get the cash, were forced to give over their inventory stock to TSR in early 1982, and were effectively out of business. TSR originally claimed they acquired SPI, but as that would mean they also would be responsible for their debts, quickly changed that statement. Thus, SPI's assets—but not its debts and liabilities—were acquired by TSR in 1983\\. TSR refused to honor SPI subscriptions and used the \"assets, not liabilities\" agreement to ignore SPI's debts. This policy alienated many of TSR's potential customers.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=March 2021}}", "### Aftermath", "In an effort to make money from the SPI intellectual properties that they now owned, TSR released several titles that were ready for publication but had been stranded by a lack of money for printing, such as [Battle Over Britain](/wiki/Battle_Over_Britain \"Battle Over Britain\") and [Richard Berg](/wiki/Richard_Berg \"Richard Berg\")'s latest contribution to the Great Battles of the American Civil War series, [A Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam](/wiki/A_Gleam_of_Bayonets:The_Battle_of_Antietam \"The Battle of Antietam\"). TSR also reboxed and republished several popular SPI titles from the mid\\-1970s under the TSR logo, including [Air War](/wiki/Air_War_%28game%29 \"Air War (game)\"), [Blue \\& Gray: Four American Civil War Battles](/wiki/Blue_%26_Gray:Four_American_Civil_War_Battles \"Four American Civil War Battles\"), and [Napoleon's Last Battles](/wiki/Napoleon%27s_Last_Battles \"Napoleon's Last Battles\"). But TSR halted all current SPI game development, and most SPI game designers resigned and moved to rival company Avalon Hill, lured by the formation of a subsidiary specifically for them called [Victory Games](/wiki/Victory_Games_%28Avalon_Hill%29 \"Victory Games (Avalon Hill)\").", "TSR soon learned that one reason for SPI's demise was the collapse of the wargame market in the early 1980s. As a result, rather than becoming a major player in the wargame market, TSR published fewer and fewer wargames. Eventually TSR discontinued all the SPI magazines except for Strategy \\& Tactics. In 1987, TSR sold the rights to S\\&T to [3W](/wiki/3W_%28company%29 \"3W (company)\").", "[Decision Games](/wiki/Decision_Games \"Decision Games\"), a California company founded in 1988, now has the rights to most of the SPI backlist.", "" ]
### Commercial success and growth Like many new wargame companies in the early '70s, early SPI games left a lot to be desired physically. A typical early game came in an envelope with only a one\-color map and one large folded sheet for the rules. However, SPI quickly set about improving the physical quality of the components with better printing and boxes under the guidance of Art Director [Redmond A. Simonsen](/wiki/Redmond_A._Simonsen "Redmond A. Simonsen"). In 1973, they introduced a flat plastic box that was molded to be a counter storage tray with a clear cover. The actual cover of the game was a printed sheet that backed the clear plastic. This allowed SPI to produce the boxes in bulk, as they were identical for each game, the printed sheet provided the cover and could be printed with all the other components of the game. This system became the hallmark of SPI games, and was later emulated by [Simulations Canada](/wiki/Simulations_Canada "Simulations Canada"), whose early games utilized a smaller storage tray, with the cover of the rules booklet doubling as the cover sheet. SPI used a unique feedback system, polling the readers of S\&T as to which games they would be interested in seeing (and buying). This market research gave SPI a greater likelihood of developing successful games. Although starting with small to medium size wargames, SPI found an insatiable market, with subscribers clamoring for an ever\-wider range of wargames, including historical simulations that were daunting in their scope and complexity, such as [War in the East](/wiki/War_in_the_East "War in the East"), [War in the Pacific](/wiki/War_in_the_Pacific_%28game%29 "War in the Pacific (game)"), [The Next War](/wiki/The_Next_War_%28board_game%29 "The Next War (board game)"), [Terrible Swift Sword](/wiki/Terrible_Swift_Sword_%28game%29 "Terrible Swift Sword (game)") and [Campaign for North Africa](/wiki/The_Campaign_for_North_Africa "The Campaign for North Africa"), each with several maps, thousands of counters and multiple rule books. Campaign for North Africa was an ultra\-detailed and virtually unplayable game, covering the entire [North African campaign](/wiki/North_African_Campaign "North African Campaign") down to the level of individual fighter pilot ratings and supply trucks. At the other end of the spectrum, SPI created a new series of smaller games called 'folio' games, often created in groups of four and sold both individually and together as a "Quadrigame". Each of the four component games included two rules booklets, one with rules common to all four games, and the other with rules exclusive to the individual game; the component games would each cover a different battle from the same war, era, or genre. The scale of the games ranged from the strategic to the operational and down to the tactical level. Three of the more popular games were tactical: [Sniper!](/wiki/Sniper%21_%28board_game%29 "Sniper! (board game)"), [FireFight](/wiki/FireFight "FireFight") and [Air War](/wiki/Air_War_%28game%29 "Air War (game)"), all of which were later reprinted by TSR. SPI started out publishing games on historical subjects, but soon started producing games that were more hypothetical (e.g. [World War III](/wiki/World_War_III_%28boardgame%29 "World War III (boardgame)"), [Invasion: America](/wiki/Invasion_America_%28board_wargame%29 "Invasion America (board wargame)")), and a little later, also tackled [fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy "Fantasy") and [science fiction](/wiki/Science_fiction "Science fiction") subjects, such as [Starforce: Alpha Centauri](/wiki/Starforce:Alpha_Centauri "Alpha Centauri") and [War of the Ring](/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_%28SPI_game%29 "War of the Ring (SPI game)") (a [Lord of the Rings](/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings "The Lord of the Rings") game), eventually starting a new magazine, [Ares](/wiki/Ares_%28magazine%29 "Ares (magazine)") which, like S\&T, included a new science fiction or fantasy game in each issue. At this time, the company also attempted to tap into the growing popularity of [role\-playing games](/wiki/Role-playing_game "Role-playing game"), with [DragonQuest](/wiki/DragonQuest "DragonQuest") and [Universe](/wiki/Universe_%28role-playing_game%29 "Universe (role-playing game)"), responses to [Dungeons \& Dragons](/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons "Dungeons & Dragons") and [Traveller](/wiki/Traveller_%28role-playing_game%29 "Traveller (role-playing game)") respectively; the term "Adventure Gaming" also replaced "Wargaming" in company advertising.	[ "### Commercial success and growth", "Like many new wargame companies in the early '70s, early SPI games left a lot to be desired physically. A typical early game came in an envelope with only a one\\-color map and one large folded sheet for the rules. However, SPI quickly set about improving the physical quality of the components with better printing and boxes under the guidance of Art Director [Redmond A. Simonsen](/wiki/Redmond_A._Simonsen \"Redmond A. Simonsen\"). In 1973, they introduced a flat plastic box that was molded to be a counter storage tray with a clear cover. The actual cover of the game was a printed sheet that backed the clear plastic. This allowed SPI to produce the boxes in bulk, as they were identical for each game, the printed sheet provided the cover and could be printed with all the other components of the game. This system became the hallmark of SPI games, and was later emulated by [Simulations Canada](/wiki/Simulations_Canada \"Simulations Canada\"), whose early games utilized a smaller storage tray, with the cover of the rules booklet doubling as the cover sheet.", "SPI used a unique feedback system, polling the readers of S\\&T as to which games they would be interested in seeing (and buying). This market research gave SPI a greater likelihood of developing successful games.", "Although starting with small to medium size wargames, SPI found an insatiable market, with subscribers clamoring for an ever\\-wider range of wargames, including historical simulations that were daunting in their scope and complexity, such as [War in the East](/wiki/War_in_the_East \"War in the East\"), [War in the Pacific](/wiki/War_in_the_Pacific_%28game%29 \"War in the Pacific (game)\"), [The Next War](/wiki/The_Next_War_%28board_game%29 \"The Next War (board game)\"), [Terrible Swift Sword](/wiki/Terrible_Swift_Sword_%28game%29 \"Terrible Swift Sword (game)\") and [Campaign for North Africa](/wiki/The_Campaign_for_North_Africa \"The Campaign for North Africa\"), each with several maps, thousands of counters and multiple rule books. Campaign for North Africa was an ultra\\-detailed and virtually unplayable game, covering the entire [North African campaign](/wiki/North_African_Campaign \"North African Campaign\") down to the level of individual fighter pilot ratings and supply trucks. At the other end of the spectrum, SPI created a new series of smaller games called 'folio' games, often created in groups of four and sold both individually and together as a \"Quadrigame\". Each of the four component games included two rules booklets, one with rules common to all four games, and the other with rules exclusive to the individual game; the component games would each cover a different battle from the same war, era, or genre.", "The scale of the games ranged from the strategic to the operational and down to the tactical level. Three of the more popular games were tactical: [Sniper!](/wiki/Sniper%21_%28board_game%29 \"Sniper! (board game)\"), [FireFight](/wiki/FireFight \"FireFight\") and [Air War](/wiki/Air_War_%28game%29 \"Air War (game)\"), all of which were later reprinted by TSR.", "SPI started out publishing games on historical subjects, but soon started producing games that were more hypothetical (e.g. [World War III](/wiki/World_War_III_%28boardgame%29 \"World War III (boardgame)\"), [Invasion: America](/wiki/Invasion_America_%28board_wargame%29 \"Invasion America (board wargame)\")), and a little later, also tackled [fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy \"Fantasy\") and [science fiction](/wiki/Science_fiction \"Science fiction\") subjects, such as [Starforce: Alpha Centauri](/wiki/Starforce:Alpha_Centauri \"Alpha Centauri\") and [War of the Ring](/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_%28SPI_game%29 \"War of the Ring (SPI game)\") (a [Lord of the Rings](/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings \"The Lord of the Rings\") game), eventually starting a new magazine, [Ares](/wiki/Ares_%28magazine%29 \"Ares (magazine)\") which, like S\\&T, included a new science fiction or fantasy game in each issue. At this time, the company also attempted to tap into the growing popularity of [role\\-playing games](/wiki/Role-playing_game \"Role-playing game\"), with [DragonQuest](/wiki/DragonQuest \"DragonQuest\") and [Universe](/wiki/Universe_%28role-playing_game%29 \"Universe (role-playing game)\"), responses to [Dungeons \\& Dragons](/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons \"Dungeons & Dragons\") and [Traveller](/wiki/Traveller_%28role-playing_game%29 \"Traveller (role-playing game)\") respectively; the term \"Adventure Gaming\" also replaced \"Wargaming\" in company advertising.", "" ]
Public transit -------------- [thumb\\|left\\|Metropolitan entrance to [Square\-Victoria\-OACI station](/wiki/Square-Victoria-OACI_%28Montreal_Metro%29 "Square-Victoria-OACI (Montreal Metro)") by [Hector Guimard](/wiki/Hector_Guimard "Hector Guimard").](/wiki/Image:GuimardMon.JPG "GuimardMon.JPG") [Greater Montreal](/wiki/Greater_Montreal "Greater Montreal") is served by a number of public transit providers. ### Société de transport de Montréal {{Main\\|Société de transport de Montréal}} The [STM](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_transport_de_Montr%C3%A9al "Société de transport de Montréal") serves the Island of Montreal as well as islands of [Bizard](/wiki/Ile_Bizard "Ile Bizard"), [des Soeurs](/wiki/Ile_des_Soeurs "Ile des Soeurs"), [Notre Dame](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Notre-Dame "Île Notre-Dame"), and [Sainte\-Helene](/wiki/Ile_Sainte-Helene "Ile Sainte-Helene"). The bus network consists of 165 daytime and 20 night\-time service routes. STM also provides [paratransit](/wiki/Paratransit "Paratransit") and limited wheelchair\-accessible buses.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.stcum.qc.ca/English/en\-bref/thebusnetwork.pdf\\|title\=The Bus Network: All Over Montreal\\|year\=2004\\|publisher\=\[\[Société de transport de Montréal]]\\|pages\=4\\|access\-date\=2008\-08\-03}} #### Metro {{Main\\|Montreal Metro}} The Montreal Metro, a subway system, was inaugurated in 1966 and today has 68 stations spread out along its four lines.[Plan du métro de Montréal](http://stm.info/metro/mapmetro.htm) All but five stations are on the Island of Montreal and in STM's territory. Each station was designed by different architects with individual themes and features original artwork, and the trains themselves run on rubber tires, making the system quieter than most.{{cite news\\|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=9A02EEDE1638F931A15752C1A967948260\&sec\=travel\&spon\=\&pagewanted\=2\\|title\=WHAT'S DOING IN MONTREAL\\|last\=Giniger\\|first\=Henry\\|date\=November 22, 1981\\|work\=\[\[New York Times]]\\|pages\=2\\|access\-date\=2008\-08\-03}} The project was initiated by Montreal Mayor [Jean Drapeau](/wiki/Jean_Drapeau "Jean Drapeau"), who would later bring the Summer Olympic Games to Montreal in 1976\. The Metro system has long had a station on the [South Shore](/wiki/South_Shore_%28Montreal%29 "South Shore (Montreal)") in the city of [Longueuil](/wiki/Longueuil%2C_Quebec "Longueuil, Quebec"), and in 2007, extended to the city of [Laval](/wiki/Laval%2C_Quebec "Laval, Quebec"), north of Montreal with 3 new stations.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id\=ef3062c1\-6e97\-4995\-95c5\-f2dcad97c21c\&k\=89113\\|title\=Premier cuts ribbon on Metro extension to Laval\\|date\=April 26, 2007\\|format\=PDF\\|publisher\=\[\[Montreal Gazette]]\\|access\-date\=2008\-08\-03\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202184427/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id\=ef3062c1\-6e97\-4995\-95c5\-f2dcad97c21c\&k\=89113\\|archive\-date\=December 2, 2008}} Since Sunday, February 7, 2016, the new Azur metro cars are accessible to the users, one of the many features of these new cars is that they can accommodate up to 8% more passengers than the current models who have been running since inauguration of the metro.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.stm.info/en/about/major\_projects/azur\-metro\\|title\=New AZUR métro cars\\|website\=stm.info\\|access\-date\=20 April 2018}} The city of Montreal has announced plans to convert its entire fleet of buses over to [all\-electric](/wiki/Electric_bus "Electric bus") by 2025\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/24/montreals\-bus\-fleet\-of\-1\-300\-plus\-going\-all\-electric\-by\-2025/\\|title\=Car News, Reviews, \& Pricing for Environmentally\-Friendly Vehicles \- Autoblog Green\\|website\=Autoblog\\|access\-date\=20 April 2018}} ### Société de transport de Laval {{Main\\|Société de transport de Laval}} The city of Laval, on neighboring [Île Jésus](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_J%C3%A9sus "Île Jésus"), is served by the Société de transport de Laval (STL). The STL runs 40 routes, many of which connect to one of the three Laval Metro stations or to the RTM train station at [Sainte\-Dorothée](/wiki/Sainte-Doroth%C3%A9e_station "Sainte-Dorothée station"). Other bus routes connect to Metro stations on the Island of Montreal, including [Côte\-Vertu](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Vertu_%28Montreal_Metro%29 "Côte-Vertu (Montreal Metro)") and [Henri\-Bourassa](/wiki/Henri-Bourassa_%28Montreal_Metro%29 "Henri-Bourassa (Montreal Metro)"). ### Réseau de transport de Longueuil {{Main\\|Réseau de transport de Longueuil}} Service to the densest part of Montreal's [South Shore](/wiki/South_Shore_%28Montreal%29 "South Shore (Montreal)") is provided by the Réseau de transport de Longueuil (RTL). RTL's numerous routes serve the [Terminus Centre\-Ville](/wiki/Terminus_Centre-Ville "Terminus Centre-Ville"), the [Longueuil Metro station](/wiki/Longueuil%E2%80%93Universit%C3%A9-de-Sherbrooke_%28Montreal_Metro%29 "Longueuil–Université-de-Sherbrooke (Montreal Metro)"), and several Exo train stations. ### Exo {{Main\\|Exo (public transit)}} Exo provides commuter bus (as well as commuter rail) services to suburbs not served by the RTL or STL, via direct/express or feeder routes. In 2017, the Exo network carried more than 190,000 commuters daily. ### Ferry services, summertime only {{Main\\|Old Port of Montreal–Longueuil Ferry}} From late spring to early autumn, pedestrian/cyclist ferry service links the [Old Port of Montreal](/wiki/Old_Port_of_Montreal "Old Port of Montreal"), [Saint Helen's Island](/wiki/Saint_Helen%27s_Island "Saint Helen's Island"), and the South Shore communities at [Longueuil](/wiki/Longueuil "Longueuil"), a distance of {{convert\\|5\.5\\|km\\|mi}}. Mid\-July 2016, a proposal was suggested by a competing riverboat operator at establishing summertime weekday rush\-hour pedestrian ferry service between the downstream, northeastern, outermost borough of [Rivière\-des\-Prairies\-Pointe\-aux\-Trembles](/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-des-Prairies-Pointe-aux-Trembles "Rivière-des-Prairies-Pointe-aux-Trembles") and the Old Port, an approximate distance of {{convert\\|21\\|km\\|mi}}. The city permanently adopted summertime sailings as of May 2019, and expanded service to seven days and six evenings per week. Having customarily trialed at 30 knots (approximately 34½ miles or 55½ kilometres per hour), implementation of the service has consequently seen its speediness reduced by at least one quarter; nonetheless, with its service even doubled during weekday peak hours it provides the valley with its swiftest sailings, and it even outpaces road traffic between its two docks. Other scheduled Island of Montreal services: * [Lachine](/wiki/Lachine%2C_Quebec "Lachine, Quebec") \- Île Saint\-Bernard ([Châteauguay](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauguay "Châteauguay")) * Mercier ([Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal")) \- [Île Charron](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Charron "Île Charron") ([Longueuil](/wiki/Longueuil "Longueuil")) * [Pointe\-aux\-Trembles](/wiki/Pointe-aux-Trembles "Pointe-aux-Trembles") \> [Varennes](/wiki/Varennes%2C_Quebec "Varennes, Quebec") (south shore) \> [Repentigny](/wiki/Repentigny%2C_Quebec "Repentigny, Quebec") (north shore) \> [Pointe\-aux\-Trembles](/wiki/Pointe-aux-Trembles "Pointe-aux-Trembles")—a one\-way circuitous trio of journeys that total 1½ hours' sailing time (roughly ½ hour each one). Further nearby scheduled St Lawrence River services include: * [Boucherville](/wiki/Boucherville "Boucherville") \- Île Grosbois * Île à Pinard \- [Île Sainte\-Marguerite](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marguerite "Île Sainte-Marguerite")—entirely within Quebec's Boucherville Islands Park * [Lavaltrie](/wiki/Lavaltrie "Lavaltrie") \- [Contrecœur](/wiki/Contrec%C5%93ur "Contrecœur") * [Les Coteaux](/wiki/Les_Coteaux%2C_Quebec "Les Coteaux, Quebec") \- [Salaberry\-de\-Valleyfield](/wiki/Salaberry-de-Valleyfield "Salaberry-de-Valleyfield") * [Longueuil](/wiki/Longueuil "Longueuil") \- [Île Charron](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Charron "Île Charron") * Notre\-Dame\-de\-L'Île\-Perrot \- [Beauharnois](/wiki/Beauharnois%2C_Quebec "Beauharnois, Quebec") * Notre\-Dame\-de\-L'Île\-Perrot \- [Pointe\-des\-Cascades](/wiki/Pointe-des-Cascades "Pointe-des-Cascades") ### Réseau express métropolitain {{Main\\|Réseau express métropolitain}} On 22 April 2016 the forthcoming automated [rapid transit](/wiki/Rapid_transit "Rapid transit") system, the [Réseau express métropolitain](/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_express_m%C3%A9tropolitain "Réseau express métropolitain"), was unveiled. Groundbreaking occurred 12 April 2018, and construction of the {{Convert\\|67\\|km\\|mi\\|adj\=mid\\|\-long}} network – consisting of three branches, 26 stations, and the conversion of the region's busiest commuter railway – commenced the following month. The first phase for five stations was opened on July 31, 2023{{cite news \\|last\=Nerestant \\|first\=Antoni \\|date\=July 31, 2023 \\|title\=Stuck railway switch on Montreal's new REM to blame for bumpy start to 1st official day \\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/rem\-rush\-hour\-public\-transit\-1\.6922816 \\|work\=CBC News \\|access\-date\=July 31, 2023}}{{cite news \\|date\=July 28, 2023 \\|title\=Réseau express métropolitain Phase 1 opens to Montrealers \\|url\=https://cib\-bic.ca/en/medias/articles/reseau\-express\-metropolitain\-phase\-1/ \\|work\=CIB BIC \\|access\-date\=July 31, 2023}} which will follow by the next two phases in 2024, becoming the fourth largest automated rapid transit network after the [Dubai Metro](/wiki/Dubai_Metro "Dubai Metro"), the [Singapore Mass Rapid Transit](/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_%28Singapore%29 "Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)"), and the [Vancouver SkyTrain](/wiki/SkyTrain_%28Vancouver%29 "SkyTrain (Vancouver)"). Most of it will be financed by pension fund manager [Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec](/wiki/Caisse_de_d%C3%A9p%C3%B4t_et_placement_du_Qu%C3%A9bec "Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec").{{cite web\\|url\=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\-news/public\-transit\-update\-for\-montreals\-west\-island\-south\-shore\\|title\=Electric light\-rail train network to span Montreal by 2020\\|date\=April 23, 2016\\|access\-date\=January 27, 2019\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123224452/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\-news/public\-transit\-update\-for\-montreals\-west\-island\-south\-shore\\|archive\-date\=November 23, 2018\\|url\-status\=live}} ### Statistics The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Montreal, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 87 min. 29\.% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 17% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7\.7 km, while 17% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.{{cite web\\|url\=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit\_Insights\_Public\_Transit\_Index\_Canada\_Montreal\_QC\-342\\|title\=Montreal Public Transportation Statistics\\|publisher\=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit\\|access\-date\=June 19, 2017}} [50x50px](/wiki/File:CC-BY_icon.svg "CC-BY icon.svg") Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [Creative Commons Attribution 4\.0 International License](/wiki/creativecommons:By/4.0/ "By/4.0/"). {{clear}}	[ "Public transit\n--------------", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Metropolitan entrance to [Square\\-Victoria\\-OACI station](/wiki/Square-Victoria-OACI_%28Montreal_Metro%29 \"Square-Victoria-OACI (Montreal Metro)\") by [Hector Guimard](/wiki/Hector_Guimard \"Hector Guimard\").](/wiki/Image:GuimardMon.JPG \"GuimardMon.JPG\")", "[Greater Montreal](/wiki/Greater_Montreal \"Greater Montreal\") is served by a number of public transit providers.", "### Société de transport de Montréal", "{{Main\\\|Société de transport de Montréal}}", "The [STM](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_transport_de_Montr%C3%A9al \"Société de transport de Montréal\") serves the Island of Montreal as well as islands of [Bizard](/wiki/Ile_Bizard \"Ile Bizard\"), [des Soeurs](/wiki/Ile_des_Soeurs \"Ile des Soeurs\"), [Notre Dame](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Notre-Dame \"Île Notre-Dame\"), and [Sainte\\-Helene](/wiki/Ile_Sainte-Helene \"Ile Sainte-Helene\"). The bus network consists of 165 daytime and 20 night\\-time service routes. STM also provides [paratransit](/wiki/Paratransit \"Paratransit\") and limited wheelchair\\-accessible buses.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.stcum.qc.ca/English/en\\-bref/thebusnetwork.pdf\\\|title\\=The Bus Network: All Over Montreal\\\|year\\=2004\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Société de transport de Montréal]]\\\|pages\\=4\\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-08\\-03}}", "#### Metro", "{{Main\\\|Montreal Metro}}", "The Montreal Metro, a subway system, was inaugurated in 1966 and today has 68 stations spread out along its four lines.[Plan du métro de Montréal](http://stm.info/metro/mapmetro.htm) All but five stations are on the Island of Montreal and in STM's territory. Each station was designed by different architects with individual themes and features original artwork, and the trains themselves run on rubber tires, making the system quieter than most.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=9A02EEDE1638F931A15752C1A967948260\\&sec\\=travel\\&spon\\=\\&pagewanted\\=2\\\|title\\=WHAT'S DOING IN MONTREAL\\\|last\\=Giniger\\\|first\\=Henry\\\|date\\=November 22, 1981\\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]\\\|pages\\=2\\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-08\\-03}} The project was initiated by Montreal Mayor [Jean Drapeau](/wiki/Jean_Drapeau \"Jean Drapeau\"), who would later bring the Summer Olympic Games to Montreal in 1976\\. The Metro system has long had a station on the [South Shore](/wiki/South_Shore_%28Montreal%29 \"South Shore (Montreal)\") in the city of [Longueuil](/wiki/Longueuil%2C_Quebec \"Longueuil, Quebec\"), and in 2007, extended to the city of [Laval](/wiki/Laval%2C_Quebec \"Laval, Quebec\"), north of Montreal with 3 new stations.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id\\=ef3062c1\\-6e97\\-4995\\-95c5\\-f2dcad97c21c\\&k\\=89113\\\|title\\=Premier cuts ribbon on Metro extension to Laval\\\|date\\=April 26, 2007\\\|format\\=PDF\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Montreal Gazette]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-08\\-03\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202184427/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id\\=ef3062c1\\-6e97\\-4995\\-95c5\\-f2dcad97c21c\\&k\\=89113\\\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2008}}", "Since Sunday, February 7, 2016, the new Azur metro cars are accessible to the users, one of the many features of these new cars is that they can accommodate up to 8% more passengers than the current models who have been running since inauguration of the metro.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.stm.info/en/about/major\\_projects/azur\\-metro\\\|title\\=New AZUR métro cars\\\|website\\=stm.info\\\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2018}}", "The city of Montreal has announced plans to convert its entire fleet of buses over to [all\\-electric](/wiki/Electric_bus \"Electric bus\") by 2025\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/24/montreals\\-bus\\-fleet\\-of\\-1\\-300\\-plus\\-going\\-all\\-electric\\-by\\-2025/\\\|title\\=Car News, Reviews, \\& Pricing for Environmentally\\-Friendly Vehicles \\- Autoblog Green\\\|website\\=Autoblog\\\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2018}}", "### Société de transport de Laval", "{{Main\\\|Société de transport de Laval}}", "The city of Laval, on neighboring [Île Jésus](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_J%C3%A9sus \"Île Jésus\"), is served by the Société de transport de Laval (STL). The STL runs 40 routes, many of which connect to one of the three Laval Metro stations or to the RTM train station at [Sainte\\-Dorothée](/wiki/Sainte-Doroth%C3%A9e_station \"Sainte-Dorothée station\"). Other bus routes connect to Metro stations on the Island of Montreal, including [Côte\\-Vertu](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Vertu_%28Montreal_Metro%29 \"Côte-Vertu (Montreal Metro)\") and [Henri\\-Bourassa](/wiki/Henri-Bourassa_%28Montreal_Metro%29 \"Henri-Bourassa (Montreal Metro)\").", "### Réseau de transport de Longueuil", "{{Main\\\|Réseau de transport de Longueuil}}", "Service to the densest part of Montreal's [South Shore](/wiki/South_Shore_%28Montreal%29 \"South Shore (Montreal)\") is provided by the Réseau de transport de Longueuil (RTL). RTL's numerous routes serve the [Terminus Centre\\-Ville](/wiki/Terminus_Centre-Ville \"Terminus Centre-Ville\"), the [Longueuil Metro station](/wiki/Longueuil%E2%80%93Universit%C3%A9-de-Sherbrooke_%28Montreal_Metro%29 \"Longueuil–Université-de-Sherbrooke (Montreal Metro)\"), and several Exo train stations.", "### Exo", "{{Main\\\|Exo (public transit)}}", "Exo provides commuter bus (as well as commuter rail) services to suburbs not served by the RTL or STL, via direct/express or feeder routes. In 2017, the Exo network carried more than 190,000 commuters daily.", "### Ferry services, summertime only", "{{Main\\\|Old Port of Montreal–Longueuil Ferry}}", "From late spring to early autumn, pedestrian/cyclist ferry service links the [Old Port of Montreal](/wiki/Old_Port_of_Montreal \"Old Port of Montreal\"), [Saint Helen's Island](/wiki/Saint_Helen%27s_Island \"Saint Helen's Island\"), and the South Shore communities at [Longueuil](/wiki/Longueuil \"Longueuil\"), a distance of {{convert\\\|5\\.5\\\|km\\\|mi}}.", "Mid\\-July 2016, a proposal was suggested by a competing riverboat operator at establishing summertime weekday rush\\-hour pedestrian ferry service between the downstream, northeastern, outermost borough of [Rivière\\-des\\-Prairies\\-Pointe\\-aux\\-Trembles](/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-des-Prairies-Pointe-aux-Trembles \"Rivière-des-Prairies-Pointe-aux-Trembles\") and the Old Port, an approximate distance of {{convert\\\|21\\\|km\\\|mi}}. The city permanently adopted summertime sailings as of May 2019, and expanded service to seven days and six evenings per week. Having customarily trialed at 30 knots (approximately 34½ miles or 55½ kilometres per hour), implementation of the service has consequently seen its speediness reduced by at least one quarter; nonetheless, with its service even doubled during weekday peak hours it provides the valley with its swiftest sailings, and it even outpaces road traffic between its two docks.", "Other scheduled Island of Montreal services:", "* [Lachine](/wiki/Lachine%2C_Quebec \"Lachine, Quebec\") \\- Île Saint\\-Bernard ([Châteauguay](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauguay \"Châteauguay\"))\n* Mercier ([Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\")) \\- [Île Charron](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Charron \"Île Charron\") ([Longueuil](/wiki/Longueuil \"Longueuil\"))\n* [Pointe\\-aux\\-Trembles](/wiki/Pointe-aux-Trembles \"Pointe-aux-Trembles\") \\> [Varennes](/wiki/Varennes%2C_Quebec \"Varennes, Quebec\") (south shore) \\> [Repentigny](/wiki/Repentigny%2C_Quebec \"Repentigny, Quebec\") (north shore) \\> [Pointe\\-aux\\-Trembles](/wiki/Pointe-aux-Trembles \"Pointe-aux-Trembles\")—a one\\-way circuitous trio of journeys that total 1½ hours' sailing time (roughly ½ hour each one).", "Further nearby scheduled St Lawrence River services include:", "* [Boucherville](/wiki/Boucherville \"Boucherville\") \\- Île Grosbois\n* Île à Pinard \\- [Île Sainte\\-Marguerite](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marguerite \"Île Sainte-Marguerite\")—entirely within Quebec's Boucherville Islands Park\n* [Lavaltrie](/wiki/Lavaltrie \"Lavaltrie\") \\- [Contrecœur](/wiki/Contrec%C5%93ur \"Contrecœur\")\n* [Les Coteaux](/wiki/Les_Coteaux%2C_Quebec \"Les Coteaux, Quebec\") \\- [Salaberry\\-de\\-Valleyfield](/wiki/Salaberry-de-Valleyfield \"Salaberry-de-Valleyfield\")\n* [Longueuil](/wiki/Longueuil \"Longueuil\") \\- [Île Charron](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Charron \"Île Charron\")\n* Notre\\-Dame\\-de\\-L'Île\\-Perrot \\- [Beauharnois](/wiki/Beauharnois%2C_Quebec \"Beauharnois, Quebec\")\n* Notre\\-Dame\\-de\\-L'Île\\-Perrot \\- [Pointe\\-des\\-Cascades](/wiki/Pointe-des-Cascades \"Pointe-des-Cascades\")", "### Réseau express métropolitain", "{{Main\\\|Réseau express métropolitain}}", "On 22 April 2016 the forthcoming automated [rapid transit](/wiki/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\") system, the [Réseau express métropolitain](/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_express_m%C3%A9tropolitain \"Réseau express métropolitain\"), was unveiled. Groundbreaking occurred 12 April 2018, and construction of the {{Convert\\\|67\\\|km\\\|mi\\\|adj\\=mid\\\|\\-long}} network – consisting of three branches, 26 stations, and the conversion of the region's busiest commuter railway – commenced the following month. The first phase for five stations was opened on July 31, 2023{{cite news \\\|last\\=Nerestant \\\|first\\=Antoni \\\|date\\=July 31, 2023 \\\|title\\=Stuck railway switch on Montreal's new REM to blame for bumpy start to 1st official day \\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/rem\\-rush\\-hour\\-public\\-transit\\-1\\.6922816 \\\|work\\=CBC News \\\|access\\-date\\=July 31, 2023}}{{cite news \\\|date\\=July 28, 2023 \\\|title\\=Réseau express métropolitain Phase 1 opens to Montrealers \\\|url\\=https://cib\\-bic.ca/en/medias/articles/reseau\\-express\\-metropolitain\\-phase\\-1/ \\\|work\\=CIB BIC \\\|access\\-date\\=July 31, 2023}} which will follow by the next two phases in 2024, becoming the fourth largest automated rapid transit network after the [Dubai Metro](/wiki/Dubai_Metro \"Dubai Metro\"), the [Singapore Mass Rapid Transit](/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_%28Singapore%29 \"Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)\"), and the [Vancouver SkyTrain](/wiki/SkyTrain_%28Vancouver%29 \"SkyTrain (Vancouver)\"). Most of it will be financed by pension fund manager [Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec](/wiki/Caisse_de_d%C3%A9p%C3%B4t_et_placement_du_Qu%C3%A9bec \"Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\\-news/public\\-transit\\-update\\-for\\-montreals\\-west\\-island\\-south\\-shore\\\|title\\=Electric light\\-rail train network to span Montreal by 2020\\\|date\\=April 23, 2016\\\|access\\-date\\=January 27, 2019\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123224452/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\\-news/public\\-transit\\-update\\-for\\-montreals\\-west\\-island\\-south\\-shore\\\|archive\\-date\\=November 23, 2018\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Statistics", "The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Montreal, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 87 min. 29\\.% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 17% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7\\.7 km, while 17% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit\\_Insights\\_Public\\_Transit\\_Index\\_Canada\\_Montreal\\_QC\\-342\\\|title\\=Montreal Public Transportation Statistics\\\|publisher\\=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit\\\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2017}} [50x50px](/wiki/File:CC-BY_icon.svg \"CC-BY icon.svg\") Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [Creative Commons Attribution 4\\.0 International License](/wiki/creativecommons:By/4.0/ \"By/4.0/\").", "{{clear}}", "" ]
Road network ------------ {{See also\\|List of bridges in Montreal\\|List of crossings of the Rivière des Prairies}} [thumb\\|[Jacques Cartier Bridge](/wiki/Jacques_Cartier_Bridge "Jacques Cartier Bridge").](/wiki/File:Jacques_Cartier_Bridge.jpg "Jacques Cartier Bridge.jpg") Like many major cities, Montreal has a problem with [vehicular](/wiki/Vehicular "Vehicular") traffic congestion, especially from off\-island [suburbs](/wiki/Suburbs "Suburbs") such as [Laval](/wiki/Laval%2C_Quebec "Laval, Quebec") on [Île Jésus](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_J%C3%A9sus "Île Jésus"), and [Longueuil](/wiki/Longueuil%2C_Quebec "Longueuil, Quebec") on the south shore. The width of the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River "Saint Lawrence River") has made the construction of fixed links to the south shore expensive and difficult. There are only four road [bridges](/wiki/Bridge "Bridge") along with one road [tunnel](/wiki/Tunnel "Tunnel"), two [railway](/wiki/Railway "Railway") bridges, and a [Metro](/wiki/Rapid_transit "Rapid transit") line. The far narrower [Rivière des Prairies](/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_des_Prairies "Rivière des Prairies"), separating Montreal from Laval, is spanned by eight road bridges (six to [Laval](/wiki/Laval%2C_Quebec "Laval, Quebec") and two directly to the [north shore](/wiki/North_Shore_%28Laval%29 "North Shore (Laval)")). On the [Island of Montréal](/wiki/Island_of_Montr%C3%A9al "Island of Montréal") motorists are forbidden from turning right while facing a red traffic signal, a move permitted elsewhere in the [Province of Quebec](/wiki/Province_of_Quebec "Province of Quebec"). ### Limited\-access highways (autoroutes) [thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Map of the major highways in Montreal](/wiki/File:Autoroutes_Montr%C3%A9al.svg "Autoroutes Montréal.svg") The island of Montreal is a hub for the [Québec autoroute system](/wiki/Autoroutes_of_Quebec "Autoroutes of Quebec"), and is served by Québec autoroutes [A\-10](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_10 "Quebec Autoroute 10") (known as the Bonaventure Expressway on the island of Montreal), [A\-15](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_15 "Quebec Autoroute 15") (aka the Decarie Expressway south of the A\-40 and the Laurentian autoroute to the north of it), [A\-13](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_13 "Quebec Autoroute 13") (aka autoroute Chomedey), [A\-20](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_20 "Quebec Autoroute 20"), [A\-25](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_25 "Quebec Autoroute 25"), [A\-40](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_40 "Quebec Autoroute 40") (part of the [Trans\-Canada Highway](/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway "Trans-Canada Highway") system, and known as "The Metropolitan" or simply "The Met" in its elevated mid\-town section), [A\-520](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_520 "Quebec Autoroute 520"), and [R\-136](/wiki/Quebec_Route_136_%28Montreal%29 "Quebec Route 136 (Montreal)") (aka the Ville\-Marie autoroute). Many of these autoroutes are frequently congested at [rush hour](/wiki/Rush_hour "Rush hour").{{Citation needed\\|date\=May 2008}} However, in recent years, the government has acknowledged this problem and is working on long\-term solutions to alleviate the congestion. One such example is the extension of [Quebec Autoroute 30](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_30 "Quebec Autoroute 30") on Montreal's [south shore](/wiki/South_Shore_%28Montreal%29 "South Shore (Montreal)"), which will serve as a [bypass](/wiki/Bypass_%28road%29 "Bypass (road)").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.autoroute30\.qc.ca/en/a30\-objectifs.asp\\|title\=The completion of Autoroute 30\\|date\=August 1, 2008\\|work\=Objectives\\|publisher\=\[\[Transports Québec]]\\|access\-date\=2008\-08\-03\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316051744/http://autoroute30\.qc.ca/en/a30\-objectifs.asp\\|archive\-date\=March 16, 2008}} Today's existing highways have been planned in the 1960s as part of a grid like transport system. ### Street grid system Since Montreal is on an [island](/wiki/Island_of_Montreal "Island of Montreal"), the directions used in the city plan do not precisely correspond with [compass](/wiki/Compass "Compass") directions, as they are oriented to the geography of the island. North and south are defined on an axis roughly [perpendicular](/wiki/Perpendicular "Perpendicular") to the St. Lawrence River and the Rivière des Prairies: North is towards the Rivière des Prairies, and south is towards the St. Lawrence. East ([downstream](/wiki/wikt:Downstream "Downstream")) and west ([upstream](/wiki/Source_%28river_or_stream%29 "Source (river or stream)")) directions are defined as roughly [parallel](/wiki/Parallel_%28geometry%29 "Parallel (geometry)") to the St. Lawrence River and the Rivière des Prairies, despite the fact that both rivers flow from the southwest to the northeast. [Saint Lawrence Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Boulevard "Saint Lawrence Boulevard"), also known as "The Main," divides Montreal into east and west sectors. Streets that cut across Saint Laurent Boulevard undergo a name change, in that [Est](/wiki/East "East") or [Ouest](/wiki/West "West") are appended to their names. Streets that do not cross the Main do not generally contain a [cardinal direction](/wiki/Cardinal_direction "Cardinal direction") at the end of their names.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/montreal/0018020014\.html\\|title\=Montreal: Getting to Know : Orientation\\|publisher\=\[\[Frommers]]\\|access\-date\=2008\-08\-03}} Address numbering begins at one at Saint Lawrence Boulevard. The numbers increase as you move away from the boulevard. On north–south streets, house numbers begin at the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River "Saint Lawrence River") and the [Lachine Canal](/wiki/Lachine_Canal "Lachine Canal") and increase to the north. Odd numbers are on the east or north sides of the street, with even numbers on the west or south sides. Numbered streets generally run north and south, and the street numbers increase to the east. Moreover, the addresses are on a [grid\-axis system](/wiki/Grid_plan "Grid plan"), as in many [North American](/wiki/North_America "North America") cities. Streets generally retain their grid position throughout their course, even if they are slightly [diagonal](/wiki/Diagonal "Diagonal"). For example: * [Sherbrooke Street](/wiki/Sherbrooke_Street "Sherbrooke Street"), which runs "east–west" is 3400 (north of the Saint Lawrence), so a house on the northeast corner of Sherbrooke St. would theoretically be numbered 3401, and on the northwest 3400\. * [Saint Hubert Street](/wiki/Saint_Hubert_Street "Saint Hubert Street"), which runs "north–south" is 800 East, so a house on the northeast corner of St\-Hubert St, would be 801 (or 801 East if the street crosses [Saint Lawrence Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Boulevard "Saint Lawrence Boulevard")), and a house on the southeast corner would be 800 East. * [Peel Street](/wiki/Peel_Street%2C_Montreal "Peel Street, Montreal"), which runs "north–south" is 1100 West, so a house on the northwest corner of Peel St, would be 1101 (or 1101 West if the street crosses [Saint Lawrence Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Boulevard "Saint Lawrence Boulevard")), and a house on the southwest corner would be 1100 West. [thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Ville\-Marie Expressway, near [Old Montreal](/wiki/Old_Montreal "Old Montreal")](/wiki/Image:Autoroute_Ville-Marie.jpg "Autoroute Ville-Marie.jpg") An anomaly is that zero is the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River "Saint Lawrence River") and the [Lachine Canal](/wiki/Lachine_Canal "Lachine Canal"), so address numbers south of the canal begin at zero at the river, then increase toward the canal, and the canal resets the address grid back to zero. Charlevoix Street crosses the canal, and Atwater Avenue formerly also did (the portion to the south has now been renamed Thomas Keefer Street); as a result, addresses south of the canal on these two streets have a [leading 0 (zero)](/wiki/Leading_zero "Leading zero") before the number to avoid repeating the same addresses that are used to the north. Therefore, 01000 Charlevoix Street is south of the canal, one block over from 1000 Hibernia; and 400 Charlevoix is north of it, one block over from 400 Lévis. Other grid axes: * North\-south streets, east side: St\-Denis 400, Atateken/Christophe\-Colomb 1100, Papineau 1800, De Lorimier 2100, Pie\-IX Blvd 4100, Honoré\-Beaugrand 8000, St\-Jean\-Baptiste Blvd 12000, Rousselière 14000\. * North\-south streets, west side: St\-Urbain 100, Park Avenue 300, Peel 1100, Atwater 3000, Décarie 5300, Cavendish 6500, Dollard 8800, Des Sources 11800, St\-Charles 17000\. * East\-west streets: Notre\-Dame 500, René\-Lévesque Blvd 1150, Sainte\-Catherine 1400, De Maisonneuve 2000, Sherbrooke 3400, Mont\-Royal Avenue 4500, St\-Joseph Blvd 5000, Beaubien 6500, Jean\-Talon 7200, Jarry 8100, Henri\-Bourassa 10700, De Salaberry 12000\. Gouin Blvd, which follows the shore of Rivière des Prairies, is too [crooked](/wiki/wikt:Crook "Crook") to have a constant grid [reference](/wiki/Reference "Reference"). The grid\-axis system was introduced by the City of Montreal in the mid\-1920s, but was not generally adopted by [neighboring](/wiki/Neighboring "Neighboring") [towns](/wiki/Town "Town"). Most on\-island suburbs or [boroughs](/wiki/Borough "Borough") merged recently on the west side of the island still have separate numbering systems, though most streets that start in the 9 original boroughs continue the Montreal numbering beyond its old borders. The highest address in Montreal is 23000 Gouin Boulevard West in the borough of [Pierrefonds](/wiki/Pierrefonds-Roxboro "Pierrefonds-Roxboro"), beyond which begins the separate system of [Senneville](/wiki/Senneville "Senneville"). ### Street naming Most streets in Montreal do not change name throughout their course, respecting their grid axis. Streets such as [Saint Laurent Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Laurent_Boulevard "Saint Laurent Boulevard"), [Papineau Ave.](/wiki/Papineau_Avenue "Papineau Avenue"), De Lorimier Ave. and [Pie\-IX Blvd.](/wiki/Pie-IX_Boulevard "Pie-IX Boulevard") have a foot in both rivers{{clarify\\|date\=August 2023}}, and some street names are used for more than one section of street, despite gaps or interruptions. There are a few notable exceptions which continue for historical reasons. A few north–south streets which begin in [Old Montreal](/wiki/Old_Montreal "Old Montreal") change name at [Saint Antoine Street](/wiki/Saint_Antoine_Street "Saint Antoine Street") (formerly Craig Street), site of the former city wall (Saint\-Pierre → Bleury → [Park Avenue](/wiki/Park_Avenue%2C_Montreal "Park Avenue, Montreal"), Bonsecours → [Saint\-Denis](/wiki/Saint_Denis_Street "Saint Denis Street")). Only one street changes name many times: [McGill Street](/wiki/McGill_Street_%28Montreal%29 "McGill Street (Montreal)") → [Square\-Victoria Street](/wiki/Victoria_Square%2C_Montreal "Victoria Square, Montreal") → Beaver Hall Hill → Frère\-André Place → Phillips Place → Phillips Square → Aylmer St. According to the rules of the [Commission de toponymie du Québec](http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/), the [French\-language](/wiki/French-language "French-language") form of street names is the only official one, and is to be used in all languages: e.g. [chemin de la Côte\-des\-Neiges](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges_Road "Côte-des-Neiges Road"); [rue Sainte\-Catherine](/wiki/Saint_Catherine_Street "Saint Catherine Street"); côte du Beaver Hall. Most English speakers, however, use English generic equivalents such as "street" or "road", as do English\-language media such as the [Montreal Gazette](/wiki/Montreal_Gazette "Montreal Gazette"). Officially [bilingual](/wiki/Bilingual "Bilingual") boroughs have the right to use such names in official contexts, such as on street signs. In the past, a number of streets had both English and French names, such as "avenue du Parc" and "[Park Avenue](/wiki/Park_Avenue%2C_Montreal "Park Avenue, Montreal")"; "rue de la Montagne" and "[Mountain Street](/wiki/Mountain_Street "Mountain Street")"; "rue Saint\-Jacques" and "[Saint James Street](/wiki/Saint_Jacques_Street "Saint Jacques Street")". Some of these names are still in common [colloquial](/wiki/Colloquial "Colloquial") use in English, and are perpetuated by the tourism industry. Many streets incorporate an English specific name into French, such as "[chemin Queen Mary](/wiki/Queen_Mary_Road_%28Montreal%29 "Queen Mary Road (Montreal)")", "[rue University](/wiki/University_Street "University Street")", "[avenue McGill College](/wiki/McGill_College_Avenue "McGill College Avenue")". There are also a few cases where two names are official, such as "chemin du Bord\-du\-Lac/Lakeshore Road". In English, the pre\-Francization names are still commonly used, thus, although only the French is 'official', in English one often hears names such as Park Avenue, [Mountain Street](/wiki/Mountain_Street "Mountain Street"), Saint Lawrence Boulevard, [Pine Avenue](/wiki/Pine_Avenue "Pine Avenue"), Saint John's Boulevard etc. Canada Post accepts the French specific with English generic, as in "de la Montagne Street" or "du Parc Avenue", although many such forms are never used in speaking. Another anomaly that typifies this kind of mixed [heritage](/wiki/Cultural_heritage "Cultural heritage") and history is [René Lévesque Boulevard](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque_Boulevard "René Lévesque Boulevard"). Once called "Dorchester Boulevard" in its entirety, this long east–west street was renamed for Quebec former [nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist "Nationalist") Prime Minister [René Lévesque](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque "René Lévesque"), except for sections that run through the very [Anglophone](/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecker "English-speaking Quebecker") city of [Westmount](/wiki/Westmount "Westmount") and the separate independent city of [Montreal East](/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Est%2C_Quebec "Montréal-Est, Quebec"). However, the entire street is still sometimes referred to as "Dorchester." It is useful to note that, in Montreal as in other cities, the generic is usually omitted in either language, so one would simply talk of Park (or Du Parc), Mountain (or De la Montagne), Saint Lawrence (or Saint Laurent), University, McGill College, Doctor Penfield, or Fairmount. This is mainly because a specific is almost never given to two streets. If [duplication](/wiki/wiktionary:Duplication "Duplication") exists, they are always in different boroughs or towns and are retained for historical reasons. For example, Montreal's present 19 boroughs have 6 streets named "Victoria" (2 streets, 2 avenues, one court, and one square), and 9 more in on\- or off\-island suburbs. In recent years Montreal and most of its suburbs have dispensed entirely with such generic and linguistically fraught terms on their street signage. In some heavily Anglophone suburbs, including Westmount and [Beaconsfield](/wiki/Beaconsfield%2C_Quebec "Beaconsfield, Quebec"), the street signs now list the specific alone, e.g., "Claremont" instead of "Avenue Claremont" or "Claremont Avenue". [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead%2C_Quebec "Hampstead, Quebec") is an unusual case: its signs are bilingual, and most streets in the town are designated as "rue" (street) in French but also "Road" in English.{{cite web\\|url\=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\-news/squeaky\-wheels\-in\-hampstead\-all\-roads\-lead\-to\-rues\\|title\=Squeaky Wheels: In Hampstead, all roads lead to rues\\|website\=\[\[Montreal Gazette]]\\|access\-date\=30 August 2022}} \| \+ List of streets \| North–south \| East–west \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [Armand\-Bombardier Boulevard](/wiki/Armand-Bombardier_Boulevard "Armand-Bombardier Boulevard") [Atateken Street](/wiki/Atateken_Street "Atateken Street") [Atwater Avenue](/wiki/Atwater_Avenue "Atwater Avenue") [Beaudry Street](/wiki/Beaudry_Street "Beaudry Street") [Berri Street](/wiki/Berri_Street "Berri Street") [Bishop Street](/wiki/Bishop_Street "Bishop Street") [Cavendish Boulevard](/wiki/Cavendish_Boulevard "Cavendish Boulevard") [Champlain Street](/wiki/Champlain_Street "Champlain Street") [Clark Street](/wiki/Clark_Street_%28Montreal%29 "Clark Street (Montreal)") [Côte\-des\-Neiges Road](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges_Road "Côte-des-Neiges Road") [Crescent Street](/wiki/Crescent_Street "Crescent Street") [D'Iberville Street](/wiki/D%27Iberville_Street "D'Iberville Street") [Décarie Boulevard](/wiki/D%C3%A9carie_Boulevard "Décarie Boulevard") [De L'Acadie Boulevard](/wiki/De_L%27Acadie_Boulevard "De L'Acadie Boulevard") [De L'Assomption Boulevard](/wiki/De_L%27Assomption_Boulevard "De L'Assomption Boulevard") [De Lorimier Avenue](/wiki/De_Lorimier_Avenue "De Lorimier Avenue") [Drummond Street](/wiki/Drummond_Street%2C_Montreal "Drummond Street, Montreal") [Guy Street](/wiki/Guy_Street "Guy Street") [Honoré Beaugrand Street](/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Beaugrand_Street "Honoré Beaugrand Street") [Lacordaire Boulevard](/wiki/Lacordaire_Boulevard "Lacordaire Boulevard") [Langelier Boulevard](/wiki/Langelier_Boulevard "Langelier Boulevard") [Louis\-Hippolyte\-Lafontaine Boulevard](/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte-Lafontaine_Boulevard "Louis-Hippolyte-Lafontaine Boulevard") [MacKay Street](/wiki/MacKay_Street "MacKay Street") [Mansfield Street](/wiki/Mansfield_Street%2C_Montreal "Mansfield Street, Montreal") [McGill College Avenue](/wiki/McGill_College_Avenue "McGill College Avenue") [McGill Street](/wiki/McGill_Street_%28Montreal%29 "McGill Street (Montreal)") [Metcalfe Street](/wiki/Metcalfe_Street_%28Montreal%29 "Metcalfe Street (Montreal)") [Montcalm Street](/wiki/Montcalm_Street "Montcalm Street") [Mountain Street](/wiki/Mountain_Street "Mountain Street") [Panet Street](/wiki/Panet_Street "Panet Street") [Papineau Avenue](/wiki/Papineau_Avenue "Papineau Avenue") [Park Avenue](/wiki/Park_Avenue%2C_Montreal "Park Avenue, Montreal") [Peel Street](/wiki/Peel_Street%2C_Montreal "Peel Street, Montreal") [Pie\-IX Boulevard](/wiki/Pie-IX_Boulevard "Pie-IX Boulevard") [Plessis Street](/wiki/Plessis_Street "Plessis Street") [Saint Andre Street](/wiki/Saint_Andre_Street "Saint Andre Street") [Saint Denis Street](/wiki/Saint_Denis_Street "Saint Denis Street") [Saint Hubert Street](/wiki/Saint_Hubert_Street "Saint Hubert Street") [Saint\-Michel Boulevard](/wiki/Saint-Michel_Boulevard_%28Montreal%29 "Saint-Michel Boulevard (Montreal)") [Saint Timothee Street](/wiki/Saint_Timothee_Street "Saint Timothee Street") [Saint Urbain Street](/wiki/Saint_Urbain_Street "Saint Urbain Street") [Sanguinet Street](/wiki/Sanguinet_Street "Sanguinet Street") [Stanley Street](/wiki/Stanley_Street%2C_Montreal "Stanley Street, Montreal") [Des Sources Boulevard](/wiki/Des_Sources_Boulevard "Des Sources Boulevard") [University Street](/wiki/University_Street "University Street") [Victoria Avenue](/wiki/Victoria_Avenue_%28Montreal_and_Westmount%29 "Victoria Avenue (Montreal and Westmount)") [Visitation Street](/wiki/Visitation_Street "Visitation Street") [Wolfe Street](/wiki/Wolfe_Street%2C_Montreal "Wolfe Street, Montreal") [Beaubien Street](/wiki/Beaubien_Street "Beaubien Street") [Bélanger Street](/wiki/B%C3%A9langer_Street "Bélanger Street") [Côte\-Vertu Boulevard](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Vertu_Boulevard "Côte-Vertu Boulevard") [Crémazie Boulevard](/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mazie_Boulevard "Crémazie Boulevard") [Côte\-de\-Liesse Road](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-de-Liesse_Road "Côte-de-Liesse Road") [Côte\-Sainte\-Catherine Road](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Sainte-Catherine_Road "Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road") [Côte\-St\-Luc Road](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-St-Luc_Road "Côte-St-Luc Road") [The Boulevard](/wiki/The_Boulevard%2C_Montreal "The Boulevard, Montreal") [De la Commune Street](/wiki/De_la_Commune_Street "De la Commune Street") [De la Gauchetière Street](/wiki/De_la_Gaucheti%C3%A8re_Street "De la Gauchetière Street") [De la Vérendrye Boulevard](/wiki/De_la_V%C3%A9rendrye_Boulevard "De la Vérendrye Boulevard") [De Maisonneuve Boulevard](/wiki/De_Maisonneuve_Boulevard "De Maisonneuve Boulevard") [Doctor Penfield Avenue](/wiki/Doctor_Penfield_Avenue "Doctor Penfield Avenue") [Duluth Avenue](/wiki/Duluth_Avenue "Duluth Avenue") [Édouard\-Montpetit Boulevard](/wiki/%C3%89douard-Montpetit_Boulevard "Édouard-Montpetit Boulevard") [Fleury Street](/wiki/Fleury_Street "Fleury Street") [Gouin Boulevard](/wiki/Gouin_Boulevard "Gouin Boulevard") [Henri Bourassa Boulevard](/wiki/Henri_Bourassa_Boulevard "Henri Bourassa Boulevard") [Hochelaga Street](/wiki/Hochelaga_Street "Hochelaga Street") [Hymus Boulevard](/wiki/Hymus_Boulevard "Hymus Boulevard") Jarry Street [Jean Talon Street](/wiki/Jean_Talon_Street "Jean Talon Street") [Lakeshore Road](/wiki/Lakeshore_Road_%28Montreal%29 "Lakeshore Road (Montreal)") [Laurier Avenue](/wiki/Laurier_Avenue_%28Montreal%29 "Laurier Avenue (Montreal)") [Masson Street](/wiki/Masson_Street "Masson Street") [Monkland Avenue](/wiki/Monkland_Avenue_%28Montreal%29 "Monkland Avenue (Montreal)") [Mount Royal Avenue](/wiki/Mount_Royal_Avenue "Mount Royal Avenue") [Newman Boulevard](/wiki/Newman_Boulevard "Newman Boulevard") [Notre\-Dame Street](/wiki/Notre-Dame_Street "Notre-Dame Street") [Ontario Street](/wiki/Ontario_Street_%28Montreal%29 "Ontario Street (Montreal)") [President Kennedy Avenue](/wiki/President_Kennedy_Avenue "President Kennedy Avenue") [Pine Avenue](/wiki/Pine_Avenue "Pine Avenue") [Prince Arthur Street](/wiki/Prince_Arthur_Street "Prince Arthur Street") [Queen Mary Road](/wiki/Queen_Mary_Road_%28Montreal%29 "Queen Mary Road (Montreal)") Rachel Street [René Lévesque Boulevard](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque_Boulevard "René Lévesque Boulevard") [Saint Antoine Street](/wiki/Saint_Antoine_Street "Saint Antoine Street") [Saint Catherine Street](/wiki/Saint_Catherine_Street "Saint Catherine Street") [Saint Jacques Street](/wiki/Saint_Jacques_Street "Saint Jacques Street") [Saint Joseph Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Joseph_Boulevard "Saint Joseph Boulevard") [Saint Patrick Street](/wiki/Saint_Patrick_Street "Saint Patrick Street") [Rue Saint\-Paul](/wiki/Rue_Saint-Paul_%28Montreal%29 "Rue Saint-Paul (Montreal)") [Saint Zotique Street](/wiki/Saint_Zotique_Street "Saint Zotique Street") Sauvé Street [Sherbrooke Street](/wiki/Sherbrooke_Street "Sherbrooke Street") [Somerled Avenue](/wiki/Somerled_Avenue "Somerled Avenue") [Van Horne Avenue](/wiki/Van_Horne_Avenue "Van Horne Avenue") [Verdun Street](/wiki/Verdun_Street "Verdun Street") [Victoria Avenue](/wiki/Victoria_Avenue_%28Lachine%29 "Victoria Avenue (Lachine)") [Viger Avenue](/wiki/Viger_Avenue "Viger Avenue") [Wellington Street](/wiki/Wellington_Street%2C_Montreal "Wellington Street, Montreal") \|	[ "Road network\n------------", "{{See also\\\|List of bridges in Montreal\\\|List of crossings of the Rivière des Prairies}}\n[thumb\\\|[Jacques Cartier Bridge](/wiki/Jacques_Cartier_Bridge \"Jacques Cartier Bridge\").](/wiki/File:Jacques_Cartier_Bridge.jpg \"Jacques Cartier Bridge.jpg\")\nLike many major cities, Montreal has a problem with [vehicular](/wiki/Vehicular \"Vehicular\") traffic congestion, especially from off\\-island [suburbs](/wiki/Suburbs \"Suburbs\") such as [Laval](/wiki/Laval%2C_Quebec \"Laval, Quebec\") on [Île Jésus](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_J%C3%A9sus \"Île Jésus\"), and [Longueuil](/wiki/Longueuil%2C_Quebec \"Longueuil, Quebec\") on the south shore. The width of the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River \"Saint Lawrence River\") has made the construction of fixed links to the south shore expensive and difficult. There are only four road [bridges](/wiki/Bridge \"Bridge\") along with one road [tunnel](/wiki/Tunnel \"Tunnel\"), two [railway](/wiki/Railway \"Railway\") bridges, and a [Metro](/wiki/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\") line. The far narrower [Rivière des Prairies](/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_des_Prairies \"Rivière des Prairies\"), separating Montreal from Laval, is spanned by eight road bridges (six to [Laval](/wiki/Laval%2C_Quebec \"Laval, Quebec\") and two directly to the [north shore](/wiki/North_Shore_%28Laval%29 \"North Shore (Laval)\")).", "On the [Island of Montréal](/wiki/Island_of_Montr%C3%A9al \"Island of Montréal\") motorists are forbidden from turning right while facing a red traffic signal, a move permitted elsewhere in the [Province of Quebec](/wiki/Province_of_Quebec \"Province of Quebec\").", "### Limited\\-access highways (autoroutes)", "[thumb\\\|300px\\\|right\\\|Map of the major highways in Montreal](/wiki/File:Autoroutes_Montr%C3%A9al.svg \"Autoroutes Montréal.svg\")\nThe island of Montreal is a hub for the [Québec autoroute system](/wiki/Autoroutes_of_Quebec \"Autoroutes of Quebec\"), and is served by Québec autoroutes [A\\-10](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_10 \"Quebec Autoroute 10\") (known as the Bonaventure Expressway on the island of Montreal), [A\\-15](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_15 \"Quebec Autoroute 15\") (aka the Decarie Expressway south of the A\\-40 and the Laurentian autoroute to the north of it), [A\\-13](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_13 \"Quebec Autoroute 13\") (aka autoroute Chomedey), [A\\-20](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_20 \"Quebec Autoroute 20\"), [A\\-25](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_25 \"Quebec Autoroute 25\"), [A\\-40](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_40 \"Quebec Autoroute 40\") (part of the [Trans\\-Canada Highway](/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway \"Trans-Canada Highway\") system, and known as \"The Metropolitan\" or simply \"The Met\" in its elevated mid\\-town section), [A\\-520](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_520 \"Quebec Autoroute 520\"), and [R\\-136](/wiki/Quebec_Route_136_%28Montreal%29 \"Quebec Route 136 (Montreal)\") (aka the Ville\\-Marie autoroute). Many of these autoroutes are frequently congested at [rush hour](/wiki/Rush_hour \"Rush hour\").{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=May 2008}} However, in recent years, the government has acknowledged this problem and is working on long\\-term solutions to alleviate the congestion. One such example is the extension of [Quebec Autoroute 30](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_30 \"Quebec Autoroute 30\") on Montreal's [south shore](/wiki/South_Shore_%28Montreal%29 \"South Shore (Montreal)\"), which will serve as a [bypass](/wiki/Bypass_%28road%29 \"Bypass (road)\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.autoroute30\\.qc.ca/en/a30\\-objectifs.asp\\\|title\\=The completion of Autoroute 30\\\|date\\=August 1, 2008\\\|work\\=Objectives\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Transports Québec]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-08\\-03\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316051744/http://autoroute30\\.qc.ca/en/a30\\-objectifs.asp\\\|archive\\-date\\=March 16, 2008}} Today's existing highways have been planned in the 1960s as part of a grid like transport system.", "### Street grid system", "Since Montreal is on an [island](/wiki/Island_of_Montreal \"Island of Montreal\"), the directions used in the city plan do not precisely correspond with [compass](/wiki/Compass \"Compass\") directions, as they are oriented to the geography of the island. North and south are defined on an axis roughly [perpendicular](/wiki/Perpendicular \"Perpendicular\") to the St. Lawrence River and the Rivière des Prairies: North is towards the Rivière des Prairies, and south is towards the St. Lawrence. East ([downstream](/wiki/wikt:Downstream \"Downstream\")) and west ([upstream](/wiki/Source_%28river_or_stream%29 \"Source (river or stream)\")) directions are defined as roughly [parallel](/wiki/Parallel_%28geometry%29 \"Parallel (geometry)\") to the St. Lawrence River and the Rivière des Prairies, despite the fact that both rivers flow from the southwest to the northeast.", "[Saint Lawrence Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Boulevard \"Saint Lawrence Boulevard\"), also known as \"The Main,\" divides Montreal into east and west sectors. Streets that cut across Saint Laurent Boulevard undergo a name change, in that [Est](/wiki/East \"East\") or [Ouest](/wiki/West \"West\") are appended to their names. Streets that do not cross the Main do not generally contain a [cardinal direction](/wiki/Cardinal_direction \"Cardinal direction\") at the end of their names.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/montreal/0018020014\\.html\\\|title\\=Montreal: Getting to Know : Orientation\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Frommers]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-08\\-03}} Address numbering begins at one at Saint Lawrence Boulevard. The numbers increase as you move away from the boulevard. On north–south streets, house numbers begin at the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River \"Saint Lawrence River\") and the [Lachine Canal](/wiki/Lachine_Canal \"Lachine Canal\") and increase to the north. Odd numbers are on the east or north sides of the street, with even numbers on the west or south sides. Numbered streets generally run north and south, and the street numbers increase to the east.", "Moreover, the addresses are on a [grid\\-axis system](/wiki/Grid_plan \"Grid plan\"), as in many [North American](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") cities. Streets generally retain their grid position throughout their course, even if they are slightly [diagonal](/wiki/Diagonal \"Diagonal\"). For example:\n* [Sherbrooke Street](/wiki/Sherbrooke_Street \"Sherbrooke Street\"), which runs \"east–west\" is 3400 (north of the Saint Lawrence), so a house on the northeast corner of Sherbrooke St. would theoretically be numbered 3401, and on the northwest 3400\\.\n* [Saint Hubert Street](/wiki/Saint_Hubert_Street \"Saint Hubert Street\"), which runs \"north–south\" is 800 East, so a house on the northeast corner of St\\-Hubert St, would be 801 (or 801 East if the street crosses [Saint Lawrence Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Boulevard \"Saint Lawrence Boulevard\")), and a house on the southeast corner would be 800 East.\n* [Peel Street](/wiki/Peel_Street%2C_Montreal \"Peel Street, Montreal\"), which runs \"north–south\" is 1100 West, so a house on the northwest corner of Peel St, would be 1101 (or 1101 West if the street crosses [Saint Lawrence Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Boulevard \"Saint Lawrence Boulevard\")), and a house on the southwest corner would be 1100 West.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|250px\\\|Ville\\-Marie Expressway, near [Old Montreal](/wiki/Old_Montreal \"Old Montreal\")](/wiki/Image:Autoroute_Ville-Marie.jpg \"Autoroute Ville-Marie.jpg\")", "An anomaly is that zero is the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River \"Saint Lawrence River\") and the [Lachine Canal](/wiki/Lachine_Canal \"Lachine Canal\"), so address numbers south of the canal begin at zero at the river, then increase toward the canal, and the canal resets the address grid back to zero. Charlevoix Street crosses the canal, and Atwater Avenue formerly also did (the portion to the south has now been renamed Thomas Keefer Street); as a result, addresses south of the canal on these two streets have a [leading 0 (zero)](/wiki/Leading_zero \"Leading zero\") before the number to avoid repeating the same addresses that are used to the north. Therefore, 01000 Charlevoix Street is south of the canal, one block over from 1000 Hibernia; and 400 Charlevoix is north of it, one block over from 400 Lévis.", "Other grid axes:\n* North\\-south streets, east side: St\\-Denis 400, Atateken/Christophe\\-Colomb 1100, Papineau 1800, De Lorimier 2100, Pie\\-IX Blvd 4100, Honoré\\-Beaugrand 8000, St\\-Jean\\-Baptiste Blvd 12000, Rousselière 14000\\.\n* North\\-south streets, west side: St\\-Urbain 100, Park Avenue 300, Peel 1100, Atwater 3000, Décarie 5300, Cavendish 6500, Dollard 8800, Des Sources 11800, St\\-Charles 17000\\.\n* East\\-west streets: Notre\\-Dame 500, René\\-Lévesque Blvd 1150, Sainte\\-Catherine 1400, De Maisonneuve 2000, Sherbrooke 3400, Mont\\-Royal Avenue 4500, St\\-Joseph Blvd 5000, Beaubien 6500, Jean\\-Talon 7200, Jarry 8100, Henri\\-Bourassa 10700, De Salaberry 12000\\. Gouin Blvd, which follows the shore of Rivière des Prairies, is too [crooked](/wiki/wikt:Crook \"Crook\") to have a constant grid [reference](/wiki/Reference \"Reference\").", "The grid\\-axis system was introduced by the City of Montreal in the mid\\-1920s, but was not generally adopted by [neighboring](/wiki/Neighboring \"Neighboring\") [towns](/wiki/Town \"Town\"). Most on\\-island suburbs or [boroughs](/wiki/Borough \"Borough\") merged recently on the west side of the island still have separate numbering systems, though most streets that start in the 9 original boroughs continue the Montreal numbering beyond its old borders. The highest address in Montreal is 23000 Gouin Boulevard West in the borough of [Pierrefonds](/wiki/Pierrefonds-Roxboro \"Pierrefonds-Roxboro\"), beyond which begins the separate system of [Senneville](/wiki/Senneville \"Senneville\").", "### Street naming", "Most streets in Montreal do not change name throughout their course, respecting their grid axis. Streets such as [Saint Laurent Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Laurent_Boulevard \"Saint Laurent Boulevard\"), [Papineau Ave.](/wiki/Papineau_Avenue \"Papineau Avenue\"), De Lorimier Ave. and [Pie\\-IX Blvd.](/wiki/Pie-IX_Boulevard \"Pie-IX Boulevard\") have a foot in both rivers{{clarify\\\|date\\=August 2023}}, and some street names are used for more than one section of street, despite gaps or interruptions.", "There are a few notable exceptions which continue for historical reasons. A few north–south streets which begin in [Old Montreal](/wiki/Old_Montreal \"Old Montreal\") change name at [Saint Antoine Street](/wiki/Saint_Antoine_Street \"Saint Antoine Street\") (formerly Craig Street), site of the former city wall (Saint\\-Pierre → Bleury → [Park Avenue](/wiki/Park_Avenue%2C_Montreal \"Park Avenue, Montreal\"), Bonsecours → [Saint\\-Denis](/wiki/Saint_Denis_Street \"Saint Denis Street\")). Only one street changes name many times: [McGill Street](/wiki/McGill_Street_%28Montreal%29 \"McGill Street (Montreal)\") → [Square\\-Victoria Street](/wiki/Victoria_Square%2C_Montreal \"Victoria Square, Montreal\") → Beaver Hall Hill → Frère\\-André Place → Phillips Place → Phillips Square → Aylmer St.", "According to the rules of the [Commission de toponymie du Québec](http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/), the [French\\-language](/wiki/French-language \"French-language\") form of street names is the only official one, and is to be used in all languages: e.g. [chemin de la Côte\\-des\\-Neiges](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges_Road \"Côte-des-Neiges Road\"); [rue Sainte\\-Catherine](/wiki/Saint_Catherine_Street \"Saint Catherine Street\"); côte du Beaver Hall. Most English speakers, however, use English generic equivalents such as \"street\" or \"road\", as do English\\-language media such as the [Montreal Gazette](/wiki/Montreal_Gazette \"Montreal Gazette\"). Officially [bilingual](/wiki/Bilingual \"Bilingual\") boroughs have the right to use such names in official contexts, such as on street signs. In the past, a number of streets had both English and French names, such as \"avenue du Parc\" and \"[Park Avenue](/wiki/Park_Avenue%2C_Montreal \"Park Avenue, Montreal\")\"; \"rue de la Montagne\" and \"[Mountain Street](/wiki/Mountain_Street \"Mountain Street\")\"; \"rue Saint\\-Jacques\" and \"[Saint James Street](/wiki/Saint_Jacques_Street \"Saint Jacques Street\")\". Some of these names are still in common [colloquial](/wiki/Colloquial \"Colloquial\") use in English, and are perpetuated by the tourism industry. Many streets incorporate an English specific name into French, such as \"[chemin Queen Mary](/wiki/Queen_Mary_Road_%28Montreal%29 \"Queen Mary Road (Montreal)\")\", \"[rue University](/wiki/University_Street \"University Street\")\", \"[avenue McGill College](/wiki/McGill_College_Avenue \"McGill College Avenue\")\". There are also a few cases where two names are official, such as \"chemin du Bord\\-du\\-Lac/Lakeshore Road\".", "In English, the pre\\-Francization names are still commonly used, thus, although only the French is 'official', in English one often hears names such as Park Avenue, [Mountain Street](/wiki/Mountain_Street \"Mountain Street\"), Saint Lawrence Boulevard, [Pine Avenue](/wiki/Pine_Avenue \"Pine Avenue\"), Saint John's Boulevard etc. Canada Post accepts the French specific with English generic, as in \"de la Montagne Street\" or \"du Parc Avenue\", although many such forms are never used in speaking. Another anomaly that typifies this kind of mixed [heritage](/wiki/Cultural_heritage \"Cultural heritage\") and history is [René Lévesque Boulevard](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque_Boulevard \"René Lévesque Boulevard\"). Once called \"Dorchester Boulevard\" in its entirety, this long east–west street was renamed for Quebec former [nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist \"Nationalist\") Prime Minister [René Lévesque](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque \"René Lévesque\"), except for sections that run through the very [Anglophone](/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecker \"English-speaking Quebecker\") city of [Westmount](/wiki/Westmount \"Westmount\") and the separate independent city of [Montreal East](/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Est%2C_Quebec \"Montréal-Est, Quebec\"). However, the entire street is still sometimes referred to as \"Dorchester.\"", "It is useful to note that, in Montreal as in other cities, the generic is usually omitted in either language, so one would simply talk of Park (or Du Parc), Mountain (or De la Montagne), Saint Lawrence (or Saint Laurent), University, McGill College, Doctor Penfield, or Fairmount. This is mainly because a specific is almost never given to two streets. If [duplication](/wiki/wiktionary:Duplication \"Duplication\") exists, they are always in different boroughs or towns and are retained for historical reasons. For example, Montreal's present 19 boroughs have 6 streets named \"Victoria\" (2 streets, 2 avenues, one court, and one square), and 9 more in on\\- or off\\-island suburbs.", "In recent years Montreal and most of its suburbs have dispensed entirely with such generic and linguistically fraught terms on their street signage. In some heavily Anglophone suburbs, including Westmount and [Beaconsfield](/wiki/Beaconsfield%2C_Quebec \"Beaconsfield, Quebec\"), the street signs now list the specific alone, e.g., \"Claremont\" instead of \"Avenue Claremont\" or \"Claremont Avenue\". [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead%2C_Quebec \"Hampstead, Quebec\") is an unusual case: its signs are bilingual, and most streets in the town are designated as \"rue\" (street) in French but also \"Road\" in English.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\\-news/squeaky\\-wheels\\-in\\-hampstead\\-all\\-roads\\-lead\\-to\\-rues\\\|title\\=Squeaky Wheels: In Hampstead, all roads lead to rues\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Montreal Gazette]]\\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2022}}", "\| \\+ List of streets \| North–south \| East–west \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\|\n[Armand\\-Bombardier Boulevard](/wiki/Armand-Bombardier_Boulevard \"Armand-Bombardier Boulevard\")\n[Atateken Street](/wiki/Atateken_Street \"Atateken Street\")\n[Atwater Avenue](/wiki/Atwater_Avenue \"Atwater Avenue\")\n[Beaudry Street](/wiki/Beaudry_Street \"Beaudry Street\")\n[Berri Street](/wiki/Berri_Street \"Berri Street\")\n[Bishop Street](/wiki/Bishop_Street \"Bishop Street\")\n[Cavendish Boulevard](/wiki/Cavendish_Boulevard \"Cavendish Boulevard\")\n[Champlain Street](/wiki/Champlain_Street \"Champlain Street\")\n[Clark Street](/wiki/Clark_Street_%28Montreal%29 \"Clark Street (Montreal)\")\n[Côte\\-des\\-Neiges Road](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges_Road \"Côte-des-Neiges Road\")\n[Crescent Street](/wiki/Crescent_Street \"Crescent Street\")\n[D'Iberville Street](/wiki/D%27Iberville_Street \"D'Iberville Street\")\n[Décarie Boulevard](/wiki/D%C3%A9carie_Boulevard \"Décarie Boulevard\")\n[De L'Acadie Boulevard](/wiki/De_L%27Acadie_Boulevard \"De L'Acadie Boulevard\")\n[De L'Assomption Boulevard](/wiki/De_L%27Assomption_Boulevard \"De L'Assomption Boulevard\")\n[De Lorimier Avenue](/wiki/De_Lorimier_Avenue \"De Lorimier Avenue\")\n[Drummond Street](/wiki/Drummond_Street%2C_Montreal \"Drummond Street, Montreal\")\n[Guy Street](/wiki/Guy_Street \"Guy Street\")\n[Honoré Beaugrand Street](/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Beaugrand_Street \"Honoré Beaugrand Street\")\n[Lacordaire Boulevard](/wiki/Lacordaire_Boulevard \"Lacordaire Boulevard\")\n[Langelier Boulevard](/wiki/Langelier_Boulevard \"Langelier Boulevard\")\n[Louis\\-Hippolyte\\-Lafontaine Boulevard](/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte-Lafontaine_Boulevard \"Louis-Hippolyte-Lafontaine Boulevard\")\n[MacKay Street](/wiki/MacKay_Street \"MacKay Street\")\n[Mansfield Street](/wiki/Mansfield_Street%2C_Montreal \"Mansfield Street, Montreal\")\n[McGill College Avenue](/wiki/McGill_College_Avenue \"McGill College Avenue\")\n[McGill Street](/wiki/McGill_Street_%28Montreal%29 \"McGill Street (Montreal)\")\n[Metcalfe Street](/wiki/Metcalfe_Street_%28Montreal%29 \"Metcalfe Street (Montreal)\")\n[Montcalm Street](/wiki/Montcalm_Street \"Montcalm Street\")\n[Mountain Street](/wiki/Mountain_Street \"Mountain Street\")\n[Panet Street](/wiki/Panet_Street \"Panet Street\")\n[Papineau Avenue](/wiki/Papineau_Avenue \"Papineau Avenue\")\n[Park Avenue](/wiki/Park_Avenue%2C_Montreal \"Park Avenue, Montreal\")\n[Peel Street](/wiki/Peel_Street%2C_Montreal \"Peel Street, Montreal\")\n[Pie\\-IX Boulevard](/wiki/Pie-IX_Boulevard \"Pie-IX Boulevard\")\n[Plessis Street](/wiki/Plessis_Street \"Plessis Street\")\n[Saint Andre Street](/wiki/Saint_Andre_Street \"Saint Andre Street\")\n[Saint Denis Street](/wiki/Saint_Denis_Street \"Saint Denis Street\")\n[Saint Hubert Street](/wiki/Saint_Hubert_Street \"Saint Hubert Street\")\n[Saint\\-Michel Boulevard](/wiki/Saint-Michel_Boulevard_%28Montreal%29 \"Saint-Michel Boulevard (Montreal)\")\n[Saint Timothee Street](/wiki/Saint_Timothee_Street \"Saint Timothee Street\")\n[Saint Urbain Street](/wiki/Saint_Urbain_Street \"Saint Urbain Street\")\n[Sanguinet Street](/wiki/Sanguinet_Street \"Sanguinet Street\")\n[Stanley Street](/wiki/Stanley_Street%2C_Montreal \"Stanley Street, Montreal\")\n[Des Sources Boulevard](/wiki/Des_Sources_Boulevard \"Des Sources Boulevard\")\n[University Street](/wiki/University_Street \"University Street\")\n[Victoria Avenue](/wiki/Victoria_Avenue_%28Montreal_and_Westmount%29 \"Victoria Avenue (Montreal and Westmount)\")\n[Visitation Street](/wiki/Visitation_Street \"Visitation Street\")\n[Wolfe Street](/wiki/Wolfe_Street%2C_Montreal \"Wolfe Street, Montreal\")", "[Beaubien Street](/wiki/Beaubien_Street \"Beaubien Street\") [Bélanger Street](/wiki/B%C3%A9langer_Street \"Bélanger Street\") [Côte\\-Vertu Boulevard](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Vertu_Boulevard \"Côte-Vertu Boulevard\") [Crémazie Boulevard](/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mazie_Boulevard \"Crémazie Boulevard\") [Côte\\-de\\-Liesse Road](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-de-Liesse_Road \"Côte-de-Liesse Road\") [Côte\\-Sainte\\-Catherine Road](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Sainte-Catherine_Road \"Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road\") [Côte\\-St\\-Luc Road](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-St-Luc_Road \"Côte-St-Luc Road\") [The Boulevard](/wiki/The_Boulevard%2C_Montreal \"The Boulevard, Montreal\") [De la Commune Street](/wiki/De_la_Commune_Street \"De la Commune Street\") [De la Gauchetière Street](/wiki/De_la_Gaucheti%C3%A8re_Street \"De la Gauchetière Street\") [De la Vérendrye Boulevard](/wiki/De_la_V%C3%A9rendrye_Boulevard \"De la Vérendrye Boulevard\") [De Maisonneuve Boulevard](/wiki/De_Maisonneuve_Boulevard \"De Maisonneuve Boulevard\") [Doctor Penfield Avenue](/wiki/Doctor_Penfield_Avenue \"Doctor Penfield Avenue\") [Duluth Avenue](/wiki/Duluth_Avenue \"Duluth Avenue\") [Édouard\\-Montpetit Boulevard](/wiki/%C3%89douard-Montpetit_Boulevard \"Édouard-Montpetit Boulevard\") [Fleury Street](/wiki/Fleury_Street \"Fleury Street\") [Gouin Boulevard](/wiki/Gouin_Boulevard \"Gouin Boulevard\") [Henri Bourassa Boulevard](/wiki/Henri_Bourassa_Boulevard \"Henri Bourassa Boulevard\") [Hochelaga Street](/wiki/Hochelaga_Street \"Hochelaga Street\") [Hymus Boulevard](/wiki/Hymus_Boulevard \"Hymus Boulevard\") Jarry Street [Jean Talon Street](/wiki/Jean_Talon_Street \"Jean Talon Street\") [Lakeshore Road](/wiki/Lakeshore_Road_%28Montreal%29 \"Lakeshore Road (Montreal)\") [Laurier Avenue](/wiki/Laurier_Avenue_%28Montreal%29 \"Laurier Avenue (Montreal)\") [Masson Street](/wiki/Masson_Street \"Masson Street\") [Monkland Avenue](/wiki/Monkland_Avenue_%28Montreal%29 \"Monkland Avenue (Montreal)\") [Mount Royal Avenue](/wiki/Mount_Royal_Avenue \"Mount Royal Avenue\") [Newman Boulevard](/wiki/Newman_Boulevard \"Newman Boulevard\") [Notre\\-Dame Street](/wiki/Notre-Dame_Street \"Notre-Dame Street\") [Ontario Street](/wiki/Ontario_Street_%28Montreal%29 \"Ontario Street (Montreal)\") [President Kennedy Avenue](/wiki/President_Kennedy_Avenue \"President Kennedy Avenue\") [Pine Avenue](/wiki/Pine_Avenue \"Pine Avenue\") [Prince Arthur Street](/wiki/Prince_Arthur_Street \"Prince Arthur Street\") [Queen Mary Road](/wiki/Queen_Mary_Road_%28Montreal%29 \"Queen Mary Road (Montreal)\") Rachel Street [René Lévesque Boulevard](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque_Boulevard \"René Lévesque Boulevard\") [Saint Antoine Street](/wiki/Saint_Antoine_Street \"Saint Antoine Street\") [Saint Catherine Street](/wiki/Saint_Catherine_Street \"Saint Catherine Street\") [Saint Jacques Street](/wiki/Saint_Jacques_Street \"Saint Jacques Street\") [Saint Joseph Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Joseph_Boulevard \"Saint Joseph Boulevard\") [Saint Patrick Street](/wiki/Saint_Patrick_Street \"Saint Patrick Street\") [Rue Saint\\-Paul](/wiki/Rue_Saint-Paul_%28Montreal%29 \"Rue Saint-Paul (Montreal)\") [Saint Zotique Street](/wiki/Saint_Zotique_Street \"Saint Zotique Street\") Sauvé Street [Sherbrooke Street](/wiki/Sherbrooke_Street \"Sherbrooke Street\") [Somerled Avenue](/wiki/Somerled_Avenue \"Somerled Avenue\") [Van Horne Avenue](/wiki/Van_Horne_Avenue \"Van Horne Avenue\") [Verdun Street](/wiki/Verdun_Street \"Verdun Street\") [Victoria Avenue](/wiki/Victoria_Avenue_%28Lachine%29 \"Victoria Avenue (Lachine)\") [Viger Avenue](/wiki/Viger_Avenue \"Viger Avenue\") [Wellington Street](/wiki/Wellington_Street%2C_Montreal \"Wellington Street, Montreal\") \|", "", "" ]
### Street grid system Since Montreal is on an [island](/wiki/Island_of_Montreal "Island of Montreal"), the directions used in the city plan do not precisely correspond with [compass](/wiki/Compass "Compass") directions, as they are oriented to the geography of the island. North and south are defined on an axis roughly [perpendicular](/wiki/Perpendicular "Perpendicular") to the St. Lawrence River and the Rivière des Prairies: North is towards the Rivière des Prairies, and south is towards the St. Lawrence. East ([downstream](/wiki/wikt:Downstream "Downstream")) and west ([upstream](/wiki/Source_%28river_or_stream%29 "Source (river or stream)")) directions are defined as roughly [parallel](/wiki/Parallel_%28geometry%29 "Parallel (geometry)") to the St. Lawrence River and the Rivière des Prairies, despite the fact that both rivers flow from the southwest to the northeast. [Saint Lawrence Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Boulevard "Saint Lawrence Boulevard"), also known as "The Main," divides Montreal into east and west sectors. Streets that cut across Saint Laurent Boulevard undergo a name change, in that [Est](/wiki/East "East") or [Ouest](/wiki/West "West") are appended to their names. Streets that do not cross the Main do not generally contain a [cardinal direction](/wiki/Cardinal_direction "Cardinal direction") at the end of their names.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/montreal/0018020014\.html\\|title\=Montreal: Getting to Know : Orientation\\|publisher\=\[\[Frommers]]\\|access\-date\=2008\-08\-03}} Address numbering begins at one at Saint Lawrence Boulevard. The numbers increase as you move away from the boulevard. On north–south streets, house numbers begin at the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River "Saint Lawrence River") and the [Lachine Canal](/wiki/Lachine_Canal "Lachine Canal") and increase to the north. Odd numbers are on the east or north sides of the street, with even numbers on the west or south sides. Numbered streets generally run north and south, and the street numbers increase to the east. Moreover, the addresses are on a [grid\-axis system](/wiki/Grid_plan "Grid plan"), as in many [North American](/wiki/North_America "North America") cities. Streets generally retain their grid position throughout their course, even if they are slightly [diagonal](/wiki/Diagonal "Diagonal"). For example: * [Sherbrooke Street](/wiki/Sherbrooke_Street "Sherbrooke Street"), which runs "east–west" is 3400 (north of the Saint Lawrence), so a house on the northeast corner of Sherbrooke St. would theoretically be numbered 3401, and on the northwest 3400\. * [Saint Hubert Street](/wiki/Saint_Hubert_Street "Saint Hubert Street"), which runs "north–south" is 800 East, so a house on the northeast corner of St\-Hubert St, would be 801 (or 801 East if the street crosses [Saint Lawrence Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Boulevard "Saint Lawrence Boulevard")), and a house on the southeast corner would be 800 East. * [Peel Street](/wiki/Peel_Street%2C_Montreal "Peel Street, Montreal"), which runs "north–south" is 1100 West, so a house on the northwest corner of Peel St, would be 1101 (or 1101 West if the street crosses [Saint Lawrence Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Boulevard "Saint Lawrence Boulevard")), and a house on the southwest corner would be 1100 West. [thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Ville\-Marie Expressway, near [Old Montreal](/wiki/Old_Montreal "Old Montreal")](/wiki/Image:Autoroute_Ville-Marie.jpg "Autoroute Ville-Marie.jpg") An anomaly is that zero is the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River "Saint Lawrence River") and the [Lachine Canal](/wiki/Lachine_Canal "Lachine Canal"), so address numbers south of the canal begin at zero at the river, then increase toward the canal, and the canal resets the address grid back to zero. Charlevoix Street crosses the canal, and Atwater Avenue formerly also did (the portion to the south has now been renamed Thomas Keefer Street); as a result, addresses south of the canal on these two streets have a [leading 0 (zero)](/wiki/Leading_zero "Leading zero") before the number to avoid repeating the same addresses that are used to the north. Therefore, 01000 Charlevoix Street is south of the canal, one block over from 1000 Hibernia; and 400 Charlevoix is north of it, one block over from 400 Lévis. Other grid axes: * North\-south streets, east side: St\-Denis 400, Atateken/Christophe\-Colomb 1100, Papineau 1800, De Lorimier 2100, Pie\-IX Blvd 4100, Honoré\-Beaugrand 8000, St\-Jean\-Baptiste Blvd 12000, Rousselière 14000\. * North\-south streets, west side: St\-Urbain 100, Park Avenue 300, Peel 1100, Atwater 3000, Décarie 5300, Cavendish 6500, Dollard 8800, Des Sources 11800, St\-Charles 17000\. * East\-west streets: Notre\-Dame 500, René\-Lévesque Blvd 1150, Sainte\-Catherine 1400, De Maisonneuve 2000, Sherbrooke 3400, Mont\-Royal Avenue 4500, St\-Joseph Blvd 5000, Beaubien 6500, Jean\-Talon 7200, Jarry 8100, Henri\-Bourassa 10700, De Salaberry 12000\. Gouin Blvd, which follows the shore of Rivière des Prairies, is too [crooked](/wiki/wikt:Crook "Crook") to have a constant grid [reference](/wiki/Reference "Reference"). The grid\-axis system was introduced by the City of Montreal in the mid\-1920s, but was not generally adopted by [neighboring](/wiki/Neighboring "Neighboring") [towns](/wiki/Town "Town"). Most on\-island suburbs or [boroughs](/wiki/Borough "Borough") merged recently on the west side of the island still have separate numbering systems, though most streets that start in the 9 original boroughs continue the Montreal numbering beyond its old borders. The highest address in Montreal is 23000 Gouin Boulevard West in the borough of [Pierrefonds](/wiki/Pierrefonds-Roxboro "Pierrefonds-Roxboro"), beyond which begins the separate system of [Senneville](/wiki/Senneville "Senneville").	[ "### Street grid system", "Since Montreal is on an [island](/wiki/Island_of_Montreal \"Island of Montreal\"), the directions used in the city plan do not precisely correspond with [compass](/wiki/Compass \"Compass\") directions, as they are oriented to the geography of the island. North and south are defined on an axis roughly [perpendicular](/wiki/Perpendicular \"Perpendicular\") to the St. Lawrence River and the Rivière des Prairies: North is towards the Rivière des Prairies, and south is towards the St. Lawrence. East ([downstream](/wiki/wikt:Downstream \"Downstream\")) and west ([upstream](/wiki/Source_%28river_or_stream%29 \"Source (river or stream)\")) directions are defined as roughly [parallel](/wiki/Parallel_%28geometry%29 \"Parallel (geometry)\") to the St. Lawrence River and the Rivière des Prairies, despite the fact that both rivers flow from the southwest to the northeast.", "[Saint Lawrence Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Boulevard \"Saint Lawrence Boulevard\"), also known as \"The Main,\" divides Montreal into east and west sectors. Streets that cut across Saint Laurent Boulevard undergo a name change, in that [Est](/wiki/East \"East\") or [Ouest](/wiki/West \"West\") are appended to their names. Streets that do not cross the Main do not generally contain a [cardinal direction](/wiki/Cardinal_direction \"Cardinal direction\") at the end of their names.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/montreal/0018020014\\.html\\\|title\\=Montreal: Getting to Know : Orientation\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Frommers]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-08\\-03}} Address numbering begins at one at Saint Lawrence Boulevard. The numbers increase as you move away from the boulevard. On north–south streets, house numbers begin at the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River \"Saint Lawrence River\") and the [Lachine Canal](/wiki/Lachine_Canal \"Lachine Canal\") and increase to the north. Odd numbers are on the east or north sides of the street, with even numbers on the west or south sides. Numbered streets generally run north and south, and the street numbers increase to the east.", "Moreover, the addresses are on a [grid\\-axis system](/wiki/Grid_plan \"Grid plan\"), as in many [North American](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") cities. Streets generally retain their grid position throughout their course, even if they are slightly [diagonal](/wiki/Diagonal \"Diagonal\"). For example:\n* [Sherbrooke Street](/wiki/Sherbrooke_Street \"Sherbrooke Street\"), which runs \"east–west\" is 3400 (north of the Saint Lawrence), so a house on the northeast corner of Sherbrooke St. would theoretically be numbered 3401, and on the northwest 3400\\.\n* [Saint Hubert Street](/wiki/Saint_Hubert_Street \"Saint Hubert Street\"), which runs \"north–south\" is 800 East, so a house on the northeast corner of St\\-Hubert St, would be 801 (or 801 East if the street crosses [Saint Lawrence Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Boulevard \"Saint Lawrence Boulevard\")), and a house on the southeast corner would be 800 East.\n* [Peel Street](/wiki/Peel_Street%2C_Montreal \"Peel Street, Montreal\"), which runs \"north–south\" is 1100 West, so a house on the northwest corner of Peel St, would be 1101 (or 1101 West if the street crosses [Saint Lawrence Boulevard](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Boulevard \"Saint Lawrence Boulevard\")), and a house on the southwest corner would be 1100 West.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|250px\\\|Ville\\-Marie Expressway, near [Old Montreal](/wiki/Old_Montreal \"Old Montreal\")](/wiki/Image:Autoroute_Ville-Marie.jpg \"Autoroute Ville-Marie.jpg\")", "An anomaly is that zero is the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River \"Saint Lawrence River\") and the [Lachine Canal](/wiki/Lachine_Canal \"Lachine Canal\"), so address numbers south of the canal begin at zero at the river, then increase toward the canal, and the canal resets the address grid back to zero. Charlevoix Street crosses the canal, and Atwater Avenue formerly also did (the portion to the south has now been renamed Thomas Keefer Street); as a result, addresses south of the canal on these two streets have a [leading 0 (zero)](/wiki/Leading_zero \"Leading zero\") before the number to avoid repeating the same addresses that are used to the north. Therefore, 01000 Charlevoix Street is south of the canal, one block over from 1000 Hibernia; and 400 Charlevoix is north of it, one block over from 400 Lévis.", "Other grid axes:\n* North\\-south streets, east side: St\\-Denis 400, Atateken/Christophe\\-Colomb 1100, Papineau 1800, De Lorimier 2100, Pie\\-IX Blvd 4100, Honoré\\-Beaugrand 8000, St\\-Jean\\-Baptiste Blvd 12000, Rousselière 14000\\.\n* North\\-south streets, west side: St\\-Urbain 100, Park Avenue 300, Peel 1100, Atwater 3000, Décarie 5300, Cavendish 6500, Dollard 8800, Des Sources 11800, St\\-Charles 17000\\.\n* East\\-west streets: Notre\\-Dame 500, René\\-Lévesque Blvd 1150, Sainte\\-Catherine 1400, De Maisonneuve 2000, Sherbrooke 3400, Mont\\-Royal Avenue 4500, St\\-Joseph Blvd 5000, Beaubien 6500, Jean\\-Talon 7200, Jarry 8100, Henri\\-Bourassa 10700, De Salaberry 12000\\. Gouin Blvd, which follows the shore of Rivière des Prairies, is too [crooked](/wiki/wikt:Crook \"Crook\") to have a constant grid [reference](/wiki/Reference \"Reference\").", "The grid\\-axis system was introduced by the City of Montreal in the mid\\-1920s, but was not generally adopted by [neighboring](/wiki/Neighboring \"Neighboring\") [towns](/wiki/Town \"Town\"). Most on\\-island suburbs or [boroughs](/wiki/Borough \"Borough\") merged recently on the west side of the island still have separate numbering systems, though most streets that start in the 9 original boroughs continue the Montreal numbering beyond its old borders. The highest address in Montreal is 23000 Gouin Boulevard West in the borough of [Pierrefonds](/wiki/Pierrefonds-Roxboro \"Pierrefonds-Roxboro\"), beyond which begins the separate system of [Senneville](/wiki/Senneville \"Senneville\").", "" ]
Cycling ------- {{update\-section\\|date\=December 2023}} [thumb\\|right\\|Tour la Nuit riders approach the [Olympic Stadium](/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_%28Montreal%29 "Olympic Stadium (Montreal)"), 2019](/wiki/File:Tour_la_Nuit_Montreal_2019_approaching_Olympic_Stadium.jpg "Tour la Nuit Montreal 2019 approaching Olympic Stadium.jpg") The Copenhagenize Index ranked Montreal in the world's top 20 cycling\-friendly cities from 2011 to 2019\.{{Cite web \\|title\=2019 Copenhagenize Index \- Copenhagenize \\|url\=https://copenhagenizeindex.eu/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09 \\|website\=copenhagenizeindex.eu}} In 2015, a study reported Montreal as the city with the highest rate of cyclists, the most separated cycling lanes, and fewest cycling crashes in Canada.{{Cite web \\|last\= \\|first\= \\|title\=Cycle Cities \\|url\=https://www.pembina.org/pub/cycle\-cities \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09 \\|website\=Pembina Institute \\|language\=en}} The city is also known for its shared cycling services, such as the [BIXI network](/wiki/BIXI_Montr%C3%A9al "BIXI Montréal"), and cycling events including Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal and the annual mass group rides Tour de l'île and Tour la Nuit. ### History Cycling in Montreal began in the mid\-1800s, with the establishment of several riding schools and the first Canadian cycling club, Montreal Bicycle Club, in 1878\.Montreal Bicycle Club. (2020\). Online: <http://www.montrealbicycleclub.com/> Accessed 9 May 2020\. ``` Following the invention of the safety bicycle around 1890, the worldwide bicycle craze swept Montreal, introducing more people to cycling and leading to the creation of more clubs and better cycling networks. ``` In the 1970s, the second bike boom occurred in North America. Accordingly, the activist group Le Monde à Bicyclette demanded the establishment of bicycle lanes and a bike\-friendly bridge across the Saint Lawrence River.{{Cite news \\|last\=Walker \\|first\=Peter \\|date\=2015\-06\-17 \\|title\=People power: the secret to Montreal's success as a bike\-friendly city \\|language\=en\-GB \\|work\=The Guardian \\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jun/17/people\-power\-montreal\-north\-america\-cycle\-city \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09 \\|issn\=0261\-3077}} The city introduced its first bicycle lanes in 1985 and a bike\-friendly bridge in 1990\.Reid, C. (2017\). Bike boom: the unexpected resurgence of cycling . Washington, DC: Island Also in 1985, Vélo Québec launched the cycle parade Tour de L'île. The parade has since attracted thousands of cyclists annually and is slated to continue as of 2020\. In 2013, an average of 116,000 bicycle trips were made each day on the Island of Montreal, an increase of 57% from 2008\.Vélo Québec. (2016\). Cycling in Québec in 2015 . Online: [http://www.veloquebec.info/en/Publications/Cycling\-in\-Quebec](http://www.veloquebec.info/en/Publications/Cycling-in-Quebec) Accessed 10 May 2020\. ``` Montreal's cycling network had more than doubled in size over the past 25 years, increasing in density and accessibility to people from different backgrounds. ``` Houde, M., Apparicio, P., \& Séguin, A.\-M. (2018\). A ride for whom: Has cycling network expansion reduced inequities in accessibility in Montreal, Canada? Journal of Transport Geography , 68 , 9–21\. {{doi\\|10\.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018\.02\.005}} ### Montreal's bikeway network Montreal was the first Canadian city to install on\-street [cycling infrastructure](/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure "Cycling infrastructure").Blackett, M. (2013, July 11\). Exploring evolution of bike infrastructure in Toronto and Montreal. Spacing . Online: [http://spacing.ca/national/2013/07/11/exporing\-evolution\-of\-bike\-infrastructure\-in\-toronto\-and\-montreal/](http://spacing.ca/national/2013/07/11/exporing-evolution-of-bike-infrastructure-in-toronto-and-montreal/) Accessed 9 May 2020\. In 2017, Montreal had 850 kilometres of bikeway, with an average addition of 50 kilometres of new bikeway annually.Ville de Montréal. (2017\). Montreal, City of cyclists \- cycling master plan: safety, efficiency, audacity. 1\-36\. Online: <https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/page/transports_fr/media/documents/plan_cadre_velo_ang_final_lr.pdf> Accessed 9 May 2020\. ``` There are four main types of bikeways: exclusive bike paths, bike lanes, designated shared roadways, and on-street paths. Exclusive bike paths, accounting for 37% of the network, are isolated from traffic, often by concrete barriers. ``` These lanes are installed primarily on wide avenues, and often consist of lower height traffic signs and special bike signals to protect cyclists from vehicular traffic.{{Cite web \\|date\=2011\-12\-14 \\|title\=Bicycle Signal Heads \\|url\=https://nacto.org/publication/urban\-bikeway\-design\-guide/bicycle\-signals/bicycle\-signal\-heads/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09 \\|website\=National Association of City Transportation Officials \\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\=There are new rules for cyclists, drivers in Quebec. Do you know what they are? \- Montreal {{!}} Globalnews.ca \\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/4217664/new\-rules\-cyclists\-drivers\-quebec/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09 \\|website\=Global News \\|language\=en\-US}} Bike lanes, accounting for the second\-largest share of the total network, are integrated within the roadway but are separated from traffic by small barriers and are at least 1 meter apart from vehicle lanes to ensure rider safety.Société de l'assurance automobile du québec (SAAQ). (2020\). Signs and signals and bicycle infrastructure. SAAQ. Online: [https://saaq.gouv.qc.ca/en/road\-safety/modes\-transportation/bicycle/signs\-signals\-bike](https://saaq.gouv.qc.ca/en/road-safety/modes-transportation/bicycle/signs-signals-bike) ways/ Accessed 9 May 2020\. ``` Designated shared roadways, accounting for 24% of the total bikeway network, are often found on narrow streets. ``` Designated shared roadways have no reserved bicycle lane, but priority is given to cyclists and speed is limited to less than 30 kilometres per hour to ensure rider safety. On\-street paths (paved shoulders) are unique from separated bike lanes, as there is no buffer distance between vehicular traffic and riders. ### Cross\-river cycling The Jacques Cartier Bridge bike path connects the Island of Montreal with the South Shore of the Saint\-Lawrence River. However, the winter closure of the bike path between November and March has caused inconvenience for commuting cyclists. Beginning in ate 2019, operators of the bridge announced a pilot project with 25 daily participants to test the feasibility of opening the path to the public throughout the winter.{{Cite web \\|title\=The Jacques Cartier Bridge bike path will be open all winter — but only for 25 cyclists \\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/winter\-bike\-path\-jacques\-cartier\-bridge\-1\.5351695 \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09}} ### Shared bicycle services [right\\|thumb\\|A BIXI station at boulevard René\-Lévesque and rue Beaudry.](/wiki/File:Bixi_Rene-Levesque_Beaudry.JPG "Bixi Rene-Levesque Beaudry.JPG") Montreal has one of the most innovative [bicycle\-sharing systems](/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system "Bicycle-sharing system") in the world (Austen, 2015\). In 2009, the city launched the [BIXI network](/wiki/BIXI_Montr%C3%A9al "BIXI Montréal") with 3,000 bicycles and 300 stations, one of the first docked cycling\-sharing systems in North America.Faghih\-Imani, A., Eluru, N., El\-Geneidy, A. M., Rabbat, M., \& Haq, U. (2014\). How land\-use and urban form impact bicycle flows: Evidence from the bicycle\-sharing system (BIXI) in Montreal. Journal of Transport Geography , 41 , 306–314\. {{doi\\|10\.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014\.01\.013}} As of 2020, 610 BIXI stations have been installed across 17 boroughs and 3 cities (Westmount, the Town of Mount Royal, and Laval), with 7,270 regular bikes and 160 electric bikes. An additional 1,000 e\-bicycles will be added to the network throughout summer 2020\.{{Cite web \\|last\=Montréal \\|first\=BIXI \\|title\=BIXI Available for Essential Travel as of April 15, 6 a.m. \\|url\=https://www.newswire.ca/news\-releases/bixi\-available\-for\-essential\-travel\-as\-of\-april\-15\-6\-a\-m\-\-823353010\.html \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09 \\|website\=www.newswire.ca \\|language\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\=BIXI Montreal launches fleet of electric bikes \- Montreal {{!}} Globalnews.ca \\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/5816238/bixi\-montreal\-launches\-electric\-bikes/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09 \\|website\=Global News \\|language\=en\-US}} The unlocking fee is $0\.50 and $0\.10 per minute, and yearly memberships cost $99{{Cite web \\|title\=BIXI: Prices and Membership of City Bikes \\|url\=https://bixi.com/en/pricing/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09 \\|website\=BIXI Montréal \\|language\=en\-US}} In total, over 44 million BIXI trips have been made in the city since the network's inception. In 2019, Uber launched a pilot project of its dockless “JUMP” electrical bicycles in Montreal, the first of its kind in Canada.{{Cite web \\|title\=Uber’s bright red electric bikes roll onto Montreal's streets \\|url\=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\-news/ubers\-jump\-electric\-bikes\-hit\-streets\-of\-montreal \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09}} JUMP bicycles can be dropped off anywhere there is a bicycle rack, are unlocked using Uber's smartphone application, and cost 30 cents per minute of usage.{{Cite web \\|title\=Les vélos de JUMP là pour rester \\|url\=https://www.24heures.ca/2020/02/19/les\-velos\-de\-jump\-la\-pour\-rester \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09}} In 2019, there were approximately 1,000 JUMP bicycles in the city. Usage patterns of JUMP bicycles differed from BIXIs in 2019, with an estimated 28,000 trips in July 2019, compared to over 1\.1 million BIXI trips in the same month.{{Cite web \\|title\=Regina schools cancel Kids to Work day \\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/regina\-schools\-cancel\-kids\-to\-work\-day\-1\.523381 \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09}} Despite the ban on other forms of shared e\-scooters in summer 2020, JUMP bicycles are slated to return to Montreal's streets this year, but the city will charge a higher cost to Uber to obtain operating permits.Montreal pulls the plug on e\-scooters on its territory. (2020, February 20\). Montreal Gazette . Online: [https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\-news/montreal\-pulls\-the\-plug\-on\-e\-scooters\-onits\-territory/](https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/montreal-pulls-the-plug-on-e-scooters-onits-territory/) Accessed 9 May 2020\. [Time Magazine](/wiki/Time_Magazine "Time Magazine") named the bike rental system \#19 in Time's Top 50 Inventions of 2008\.{{cite magazine\\| url\=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1852747\_1854195\_1854146,00\.html \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102044546/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1852747\_1854195\_1854146,00\.html \\| url\-status\=dead \\| archive\-date\=November 2, 2008 \\| magazine\=Time \\| date\=2008\-10\-29 \\| access\-date\=2010\-05\-26 \\| title\=Best Inventions Of 2008}} Bike rentals are also available at the [Old Port of Montreal](/wiki/Old_Port_of_Montreal "Old Port of Montreal"), as well as [quadricycles](/wiki/Quadracycle "Quadracycle"), [inline skates](/wiki/Inline_skates "Inline skates"), [children trailers](/wiki/Bicycle_trailer "Bicycle trailer"), and [Segways](/wiki/Segway_PT "Segway PT"). The system was created to offer an attractive and easy\-to\-use option that complements existing public transportation networks for those seeking an urban alternative to traditional fuel\-powered vehicles.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.statdemtl.qc.ca/index.php?page\_id\=11⟨\=fr \\|title\=Accueil \- Stationnement de Montréal \\|website\=www.statdemtl.qc.ca \\|access\-date\=20 April 2018}} ### Réseau Express Vélo (REV) {{main\\|Réseau Express Vélo}} [right\\|thumb\\|Cyclists on the REV in 2021 at the corner of Saint\-Denis and Bellechasse.](/wiki/File:1_Million_de_gens_sur_le_REV_Saint-Denis_et_Bellechasse.jpg "1 Million de gens sur le REV Saint-Denis et Bellechasse.jpg") On May 27, 2019, Mayor Valérie Plante announced the Réseau Express Vélo (REV). The initiative will bring 184 kilometres of new, protected bike routes to the streets of Montreal; see Figure 2 for the proposed network.{{Cite web \\|last\=Montréal \\|first\=Ville de \\|title\=Le REV : un réseau express vélo \\|url\=https://montreal.ca/articles/le\-rev\-un\-reseau\-express\-velo\-4666 \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09 \\|website\=montreal.ca \\|language\=fr}} The plans boast elevated bikeways, priority traffic lights, and concrete borders separating cyclists from automobiles for improved safety.{{Cite web \\|title\=Réseau Express Vélo: cinq "autoroutes" cyclables d’ici 2021 \\|url\=https://www.24heures.ca/2019/05/27/le\-reseau\-express\-velo\-en\-chantier \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09}} This network will ensure that 44% of Montrealers live within 500 metres of new bicycle infrastructure (Jadah, 2019\). The transitional period will feature the “installation of a physical separation barrier, securing of intersections and synchronization of lights, visual signature and signage for cyclists” while long\-term permanent construction continues simultaneously. No timeline for the project's final completion has been announced. #### Community response to REV Local activists have questioned Mayor Plante's commitment to prioritizing cycling infrastructure, asserting that “there is no sense of urgency”, per Daniel Lambert of the Montreal Bike Coalition.{{Cite web \\|title\=Projet Montréal says quality makes up for slower bike path construction \\|url\=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\-news/projet\-montreal\-insists\-it\-is\-building\-a\-better\-bike\-network \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09}} Community groups say that the $15 million allocated for funding in 2019 is “nowhere near what the city should be investing to respond to the climate crisis and meet its own goals to get significant numbers of Montrealers out of their cars and onto bicycles”. Further, intense criticisms of the 26 kilometres of new bikeways in 2019\-2020 have arisen in comparison to the average of 46 kilometres of bikeways per year implemented between 2008 and 2017\.{{Cite web \\|title\=Montreal is moving too slowly on express cycling network, advocates say \\|url\=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\-news/montreal\-is\-moving\-too\-slowly\-on\-express\-cycling\-network\-advocates\-say \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09}} Marianne Giguère, the city's associate executive committee member responsible for active transit, has stated that this decision is evidence of a shifted focus towards “security and finding ways to separate bikes from traffic”.{{Cite web \\|title\=Montreal’s bike path network gets more money, more kilometres \\|url\=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\-news/cycling\-network\-will\-projet\-montreals\-bike\-highways\-materialize \\|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09}} The city continues to work with activist groups to promote bike safety and improve infrastructure.	[ "Cycling\n-------", "{{update\\-section\\\|date\\=December 2023}}\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Tour la Nuit riders approach the [Olympic Stadium](/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_%28Montreal%29 \"Olympic Stadium (Montreal)\"), 2019](/wiki/File:Tour_la_Nuit_Montreal_2019_approaching_Olympic_Stadium.jpg \"Tour la Nuit Montreal 2019 approaching Olympic Stadium.jpg\") \nThe Copenhagenize Index ranked Montreal in the world's top 20 cycling\\-friendly cities from 2011 to 2019\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=2019 Copenhagenize Index \\- Copenhagenize \\\|url\\=https://copenhagenizeindex.eu/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09 \\\|website\\=copenhagenizeindex.eu}} In 2015, a study reported Montreal as the city with the highest rate of cyclists, the most separated cycling lanes, and fewest cycling crashes in Canada.{{Cite web \\\|last\\= \\\|first\\= \\\|title\\=Cycle Cities \\\|url\\=https://www.pembina.org/pub/cycle\\-cities \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09 \\\|website\\=Pembina Institute \\\|language\\=en}} The city is also known for its shared cycling services, such as the [BIXI network](/wiki/BIXI_Montr%C3%A9al \"BIXI Montréal\"), and cycling events including Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal and the annual mass group rides Tour de l'île and Tour la Nuit.", "### History", "Cycling in Montreal began in the mid\\-1800s, with the establishment of several riding schools and the first Canadian cycling club, Montreal Bicycle Club, in 1878\\.Montreal Bicycle Club. (2020\\). Online: <http://www.montrealbicycleclub.com/> Accessed 9", "May 2020\\.\n```\nFollowing the invention of the safety bicycle around 1890, the worldwide bicycle craze swept Montreal, introducing more people to cycling and leading to the creation of more clubs and better cycling networks.", "```", "In the 1970s, the second bike boom occurred in North America. Accordingly, the activist group Le Monde à Bicyclette demanded the establishment of bicycle lanes and a bike\\-friendly bridge across the Saint Lawrence River.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Walker \\\|first\\=Peter \\\|date\\=2015\\-06\\-17 \\\|title\\=People power: the secret to Montreal's success as a bike\\-friendly city \\\|language\\=en\\-GB \\\|work\\=The Guardian \\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jun/17/people\\-power\\-montreal\\-north\\-america\\-cycle\\-city \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09 \\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} The city introduced its first bicycle lanes in 1985 and a bike\\-friendly bridge in 1990\\.Reid, C. (2017\\). Bike boom: the unexpected resurgence of cycling . Washington, DC: Island Also in 1985, Vélo Québec launched the cycle parade Tour de L'île. The parade has since attracted thousands of cyclists annually and is slated to continue as of 2020\\.", "In 2013, an average of 116,000 bicycle trips were made each day on the Island of Montreal, an increase of 57% from 2008\\.Vélo Québec. (2016\\). Cycling in Québec in 2015 . Online:", "[http://www.veloquebec.info/en/Publications/Cycling\\-in\\-Quebec](http://www.veloquebec.info/en/Publications/Cycling-in-Quebec) Accessed 10 May\n2020\\.\n```\nMontreal's cycling network had more than doubled in size over the past 25 years, increasing in density and accessibility to people from different backgrounds.\n```", "Houde, M., Apparicio, P., \\& Séguin, A.\\-M. (2018\\). A ride for whom: Has cycling network expansion reduced inequities in accessibility in Montreal, Canada? Journal of Transport Geography , 68 , 9–21\\. {{doi\\\|10\\.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018\\.02\\.005}}", "### Montreal's bikeway network", "Montreal was the first Canadian city to install on\\-street [cycling infrastructure](/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure \"Cycling infrastructure\").Blackett, M. (2013, July 11\\). Exploring evolution of bike infrastructure in Toronto and Montreal. Spacing . Online: [http://spacing.ca/national/2013/07/11/exporing\\-evolution\\-of\\-bike\\-infrastructure\\-in\\-toronto\\-and\\-montreal/](http://spacing.ca/national/2013/07/11/exporing-evolution-of-bike-infrastructure-in-toronto-and-montreal/) Accessed 9 May 2020\\. In 2017, Montreal had 850 kilometres of bikeway, with an average addition of 50 kilometres of new bikeway annually.Ville de Montréal. (2017\\). Montreal, City of cyclists \\- cycling master plan: safety, efficiency, audacity. 1\\-36\\. Online:", "<https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/page/transports_fr/media/documents/plan_cadre_velo_ang_final_lr.pdf> Accessed 9 May 2020\\.\n```\nThere are four main types of bikeways: exclusive bike paths, bike lanes, designated shared roadways, and on-street paths. Exclusive bike paths, accounting for 37% of the network, are isolated from traffic, often by concrete barriers.\n```", "These lanes are installed primarily on wide avenues, and often consist of lower height traffic signs and special bike signals to protect cyclists from vehicular traffic.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2011\\-12\\-14 \\\|title\\=Bicycle Signal Heads \\\|url\\=https://nacto.org/publication/urban\\-bikeway\\-design\\-guide/bicycle\\-signals/bicycle\\-signal\\-heads/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09 \\\|website\\=National Association of City Transportation Officials \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=There are new rules for cyclists, drivers in Quebec. Do you know what they are? \\- Montreal {{!}} Globalnews.ca \\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/4217664/new\\-rules\\-cyclists\\-drivers\\-quebec/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09 \\\|website\\=Global News \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Bike lanes, accounting for the second\\-largest share of the total network, are integrated within the roadway but are separated from traffic by small barriers and are at least 1 meter apart from vehicle lanes to ensure rider safety.Société de l'assurance automobile du québec (SAAQ). (2020\\). Signs and signals and bicycle infrastructure. SAAQ. Online:", "[https://saaq.gouv.qc.ca/en/road\\-safety/modes\\-transportation/bicycle/signs\\-signals\\-bike](https://saaq.gouv.qc.ca/en/road-safety/modes-transportation/bicycle/signs-signals-bike) ways/ Accessed 9 May 2020\\.\n```\nDesignated shared roadways, accounting for 24% of the total bikeway network, are often found on narrow streets.\n```", "Designated shared roadways have no reserved bicycle lane, but priority is given to cyclists and speed is limited to less than 30 kilometres per hour to ensure rider safety. On\\-street paths (paved shoulders) are unique from separated bike lanes, as there is no buffer distance between vehicular traffic and riders.", "### Cross\\-river cycling", "The Jacques Cartier Bridge bike path connects the Island of Montreal with the South Shore of the Saint\\-Lawrence River. However, the winter closure of the bike path between November and March has caused inconvenience for commuting cyclists. Beginning in ate 2019, operators of the bridge announced a pilot project with 25 daily participants to test the feasibility of opening the path to the public throughout the winter.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=The Jacques Cartier Bridge bike path will be open all winter — but only for 25 cyclists \\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/winter\\-bike\\-path\\-jacques\\-cartier\\-bridge\\-1\\.5351695 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09}}", "### Shared bicycle services", "[right\\\|thumb\\\|A BIXI station at boulevard René\\-Lévesque and rue Beaudry.](/wiki/File:Bixi_Rene-Levesque_Beaudry.JPG \"Bixi Rene-Levesque Beaudry.JPG\")\nMontreal has one of the most innovative [bicycle\\-sharing systems](/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system \"Bicycle-sharing system\") in the world (Austen, 2015\\). In 2009, the city launched the [BIXI network](/wiki/BIXI_Montr%C3%A9al \"BIXI Montréal\") with 3,000 bicycles and 300 stations, one of the first docked cycling\\-sharing systems in North America.Faghih\\-Imani, A., Eluru, N., El\\-Geneidy, A. M., Rabbat, M., \\& Haq, U. (2014\\). How land\\-use and urban form impact bicycle flows: Evidence from the bicycle\\-sharing system (BIXI) in Montreal. Journal of Transport Geography , 41 , 306–314\\. {{doi\\\|10\\.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014\\.01\\.013}} As of 2020, 610 BIXI stations have been installed across 17 boroughs and 3 cities (Westmount, the Town of Mount Royal, and Laval), with 7,270 regular bikes and 160 electric bikes. An additional 1,000 e\\-bicycles will be added to the network throughout summer 2020\\.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Montréal \\\|first\\=BIXI \\\|title\\=BIXI Available for Essential Travel as of April 15, 6 a.m. \\\|url\\=https://www.newswire.ca/news\\-releases/bixi\\-available\\-for\\-essential\\-travel\\-as\\-of\\-april\\-15\\-6\\-a\\-m\\-\\-823353010\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09 \\\|website\\=www.newswire.ca \\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=BIXI Montreal launches fleet of electric bikes \\- Montreal {{!}} Globalnews.ca \\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/5816238/bixi\\-montreal\\-launches\\-electric\\-bikes/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09 \\\|website\\=Global News \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The unlocking fee is $0\\.50 and $0\\.10 per minute, and yearly memberships cost $99{{Cite web \\\|title\\=BIXI: Prices and Membership of City Bikes \\\|url\\=https://bixi.com/en/pricing/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09 \\\|website\\=BIXI Montréal \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} In total, over 44 million BIXI trips have been made in the city since the network's inception.", "In 2019, Uber launched a pilot project of its dockless “JUMP” electrical bicycles in Montreal, the first of its kind in Canada.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Uber’s bright red electric bikes roll onto Montreal's streets \\\|url\\=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\\-news/ubers\\-jump\\-electric\\-bikes\\-hit\\-streets\\-of\\-montreal \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09}} JUMP bicycles can be dropped off anywhere there is a bicycle rack, are unlocked using Uber's smartphone application, and cost 30 cents per minute of usage.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Les vélos de JUMP là pour rester \\\|url\\=https://www.24heures.ca/2020/02/19/les\\-velos\\-de\\-jump\\-la\\-pour\\-rester \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09}} In 2019, there were approximately 1,000 JUMP bicycles in the city. Usage patterns of JUMP bicycles differed from BIXIs in 2019, with an estimated 28,000 trips in July 2019, compared to over 1\\.1 million BIXI trips in the same month.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Regina schools cancel Kids to Work day \\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/regina\\-schools\\-cancel\\-kids\\-to\\-work\\-day\\-1\\.523381 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09}} Despite the ban on other forms of shared e\\-scooters in summer 2020, JUMP bicycles are slated to return to Montreal's streets this year, but the city will charge a higher cost to Uber to obtain operating permits.Montreal pulls the plug on e\\-scooters on its territory. (2020, February 20\\). Montreal Gazette . Online:", "[https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\\-news/montreal\\-pulls\\-the\\-plug\\-on\\-e\\-scooters\\-onits\\-territory/](https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/montreal-pulls-the-plug-on-e-scooters-onits-territory/) Accessed 9 May 2020\\.", "[Time Magazine](/wiki/Time_Magazine \"Time Magazine\") named the bike rental system \\#19 in Time's Top 50 Inventions of 2008\\.{{cite magazine\\\| url\\=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1852747\\_1854195\\_1854146,00\\.html \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102044546/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1852747\\_1854195\\_1854146,00\\.html \\\| url\\-status\\=dead \\\| archive\\-date\\=November 2, 2008 \\\| magazine\\=Time \\\| date\\=2008\\-10\\-29 \\\| access\\-date\\=2010\\-05\\-26 \\\| title\\=Best Inventions Of 2008}} Bike rentals are also available at the [Old Port of Montreal](/wiki/Old_Port_of_Montreal \"Old Port of Montreal\"), as well as [quadricycles](/wiki/Quadracycle \"Quadracycle\"), [inline skates](/wiki/Inline_skates \"Inline skates\"), [children trailers](/wiki/Bicycle_trailer \"Bicycle trailer\"), and [Segways](/wiki/Segway_PT \"Segway PT\"). The system was created to offer an attractive and easy\\-to\\-use option that complements existing public transportation networks for those seeking an urban alternative to traditional fuel\\-powered vehicles.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.statdemtl.qc.ca/index.php?page\\_id\\=11⟨\\=fr \\\|title\\=Accueil \\- Stationnement de Montréal \\\|website\\=www.statdemtl.qc.ca \\\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2018}}", "### Réseau Express Vélo (REV)", "{{main\\\|Réseau Express Vélo}}\n[right\\\|thumb\\\|Cyclists on the REV in 2021 at the corner of Saint\\-Denis and Bellechasse.](/wiki/File:1_Million_de_gens_sur_le_REV_Saint-Denis_et_Bellechasse.jpg \"1 Million de gens sur le REV Saint-Denis et Bellechasse.jpg\")", "On May 27, 2019, Mayor Valérie Plante announced the Réseau Express Vélo (REV). The initiative will bring 184 kilometres of new, protected bike routes to the streets of Montreal; see Figure 2 for the proposed network.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Montréal \\\|first\\=Ville de \\\|title\\=Le REV : un réseau express vélo \\\|url\\=https://montreal.ca/articles/le\\-rev\\-un\\-reseau\\-express\\-velo\\-4666 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09 \\\|website\\=montreal.ca \\\|language\\=fr}} The plans boast elevated bikeways, priority traffic lights, and concrete borders separating cyclists from automobiles for improved safety.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Réseau Express Vélo: cinq \"autoroutes\" cyclables d’ici 2021 \\\|url\\=https://www.24heures.ca/2019/05/27/le\\-reseau\\-express\\-velo\\-en\\-chantier \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09}} This network will ensure that 44% of Montrealers live within 500 metres of new bicycle infrastructure (Jadah, 2019\\). The transitional period will feature the “installation of a physical separation barrier, securing of intersections and synchronization of lights, visual signature and signage for cyclists” while long\\-term permanent construction continues simultaneously. No timeline for the project's final completion has been announced.", "#### Community response to REV", "Local activists have questioned Mayor Plante's commitment to prioritizing cycling infrastructure, asserting that “there is no sense of urgency”, per Daniel Lambert of the Montreal Bike Coalition.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Projet Montréal says quality makes up for slower bike path construction \\\|url\\=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\\-news/projet\\-montreal\\-insists\\-it\\-is\\-building\\-a\\-better\\-bike\\-network \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09}} Community groups say that the $15 million allocated for funding in 2019 is “nowhere near what the city should be investing to respond to the climate crisis and meet its own goals to get significant numbers of Montrealers out of their cars and onto bicycles”. Further, intense criticisms of the 26 kilometres of new bikeways in 2019\\-2020 have arisen in comparison to the average of 46 kilometres of bikeways per year implemented between 2008 and 2017\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Montreal is moving too slowly on express cycling network, advocates say \\\|url\\=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\\-news/montreal\\-is\\-moving\\-too\\-slowly\\-on\\-express\\-cycling\\-network\\-advocates\\-say \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09}} Marianne Giguère, the city's associate executive committee member responsible for active transit, has stated that this decision is evidence of a shifted focus towards “security and finding ways to separate bikes from traffic”.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Montreal’s bike path network gets more money, more kilometres \\\|url\\=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local\\-news/cycling\\-network\\-will\\-projet\\-montreals\\-bike\\-highways\\-materialize \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09}} The city continues to work with activist groups to promote bike safety and improve infrastructure.", "" ]
Life ---- Since the time of his birth, Wenceslaus III Adam was placed under the guardianship of his grandfather [Casimir II, Duke of Cieszyn](/wiki/Casimir_II%2C_Duke_of_Cieszyn "Casimir II, Duke of Cieszyn") as his only heir,An older unnamed son of Wenceslaus II, born ca. 1520\. died either shortly after his birth or soon after his father. until his death four\-year later, in 1528\. In his will, Duke Casimir II left his Duchy to his grandson under the regency of his mother Anna and the Bohemian magnate [Jan](/wiki/John_III_of_Pernstein "John III of Pernstein"), Baron of [Pernštejn](/wiki/Pern%C5%A1tejn "Pernštejn") and Count of [Kłodzko](/wiki/K%C5%82odzko "Kłodzko"), called "The Rich". During his minority, the young Duke spent much time at the Imperial court in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), where he was educated. Despite this, Wenceslaus III Adam adopted the new Evangelical faith, and followed this religion until his death. At the time of his mother's death in 1539, Wenceslaus III Adam was already fifteen\-years\-old, and, according to the House of Piast customs, he was since them considered an adult and able to rule by himself. Despite this, Jan of Pernštejn remained as a regent and held the effective government until 9 May 1545, when he finally renounced to the regency only in exchange of the lands of [Místek](/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek "Frýdek-Místek") and [Friedland](/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdlant_nad_Ostravic%C3%AD "Frýdlant nad Ostravicí") as a pledge. Under the rule of Wenceslaus III Adam, Cieszyn economy was stabilized and even developed, despite the fact that during the period of regency were lost the [Upper Silesia](/wiki/Upper_Silesia "Upper Silesia") lands gained during the reign of Casimir II and the Duchy of [Opava](/wiki/Opava "Opava"). In 1548 his former regent Jan of Pernštejn died, leaving Mistek and Friedland to his sons Jaroslav, Vratislav and Vojtěch. However, soon after Wenceslaus III pledged this land to Jan of Czechowic. One of the most important events of Wenceslaus III Adam's rule was the introduction of the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation") in his domains. Various historians deemed it began in the Duchy at the beginning of his rule, but real consequences of Reformation can be seen not until 1540\.Panic 2002, 27\. Most visible sign of the Reformation was the closure of [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscan "Franciscan") (polish Bernardyni) and [Dominican](/wiki/Dominican_Order "Dominican Order") convents in Cieszyn and later also [Benedictine](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict "Order of Saint Benedict") convent in [Orlová](/wiki/Orlov%C3%A1 "Orlová"). Population of the Duchy also shifted to Protestantism. Both duke's wives also supported [Protestantism](/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism") in the duchy. Part of the goods obtained from the Catholic religious orders were transferred to the city hospital in Cieszyn, where he treated the poor. As a young prince Wenceslaus III Adam was educated in the medical science, dealing with the care of patients, which gained special significance during the epidemic of 1570\. On 24 June 1573 Wenceslas III Adam issued the called "Land Ordinance of the Duchy of Cieszyn" (Zřízení zemské Knížecství Těšínského) which represented a set of regulations over all the inhabitants of the Duchy. This law, initially taken with great caution, was finally accepted by his subjects. In foreign policy, despite his conversion to [Lutheranism](/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism"), Wenceslaus III Adam based his career in the faithful service to the [House of Habsburg](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg "House of Habsburg") in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"). He was present, among others in [Bratislava](/wiki/Bratislava "Bratislava") at the coronation of [Maximilian II](/wiki/Maximilian_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor") as [King of Hungary](/wiki/King_of_Hungary "King of Hungary") in 1563 and in the funerals of [Ferdinand I](/wiki/Ferdinand_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor") in 1565 in Vienna. In 1573 he ordered the building of expensive defensive fortifications near [Mosty u Jablunkova](/wiki/Mosty_u_Jablunkova "Mosty u Jablunkova") to secure the Duchy against eventual [Turkish](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") attack. In the same year, Wenceslaus III Adam was a candidate to the Polish throne after the extinction of the [Jagiellonian dynasty](/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty "Jagiellonian dynasty"), but without success. Another big problem for the Duke was the prodigality of his oldest son, Frederick Casimir, who was named ruler over [Fryštát](/wiki/Fry%C5%A1t%C3%A1t "Fryštát") and [Skoczów](/wiki/Skocz%C3%B3w "Skoczów") in 1560, and five years later, he also received [Bielsko](/wiki/Bielsko "Bielsko"). Frederick Casimir's debts are so high that, when he suddenly died in 1571, Wenceslaus III Adam had to sell this lands to other Piast Dukes. Wenceslaus III Adam died victim of an [apoplexy](/wiki/Apoplexy "Apoplexy") attack, after a long and debilitating disease on 4 November 1579\. He was buried in the former Dominican church in Cieszyn.	[ "Life\n----", "Since the time of his birth, Wenceslaus III Adam was placed under the guardianship of his grandfather [Casimir II, Duke of Cieszyn](/wiki/Casimir_II%2C_Duke_of_Cieszyn \"Casimir II, Duke of Cieszyn\") as his only heir,An older unnamed son of Wenceslaus II, born ca. 1520\\. died either shortly after his birth or soon after his father. until his death four\\-year later, in 1528\\. In his will, Duke Casimir II left his Duchy to his grandson under the regency of his mother Anna and the Bohemian magnate [Jan](/wiki/John_III_of_Pernstein \"John III of Pernstein\"), Baron of [Pernštejn](/wiki/Pern%C5%A1tejn \"Pernštejn\") and Count of [Kłodzko](/wiki/K%C5%82odzko \"Kłodzko\"), called \"The Rich\".", "During his minority, the young Duke spent much time at the Imperial court in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), where he was educated. Despite this, Wenceslaus III Adam adopted the new Evangelical faith, and followed this religion until his death.", "At the time of his mother's death in 1539, Wenceslaus III Adam was already fifteen\\-years\\-old, and, according to the House of Piast customs, he was since them considered an adult and able to rule by himself. Despite this, Jan of Pernštejn remained as a regent and held the effective government until 9 May 1545, when he finally renounced to the regency only in exchange of the lands of [Místek](/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek \"Frýdek-Místek\") and [Friedland](/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdlant_nad_Ostravic%C3%AD \"Frýdlant nad Ostravicí\") as a pledge.", "Under the rule of Wenceslaus III Adam, Cieszyn economy was stabilized and even developed, despite the fact that during the period of regency were lost the [Upper Silesia](/wiki/Upper_Silesia \"Upper Silesia\") lands gained during the reign of Casimir II and the Duchy of [Opava](/wiki/Opava \"Opava\").", "In 1548 his former regent Jan of Pernštejn died, leaving Mistek and Friedland to his sons Jaroslav, Vratislav and Vojtěch. However, soon after Wenceslaus III pledged this land to Jan of Czechowic.", "One of the most important events of Wenceslaus III Adam's rule was the introduction of the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\") in his domains. Various historians deemed it began in the Duchy at the beginning of his rule, but real consequences of Reformation can be seen not until 1540\\.Panic 2002, 27\\. Most visible sign of the Reformation was the closure of [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscan \"Franciscan\") (polish Bernardyni) and [Dominican](/wiki/Dominican_Order \"Dominican Order\") convents in Cieszyn and later also [Benedictine](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict \"Order of Saint Benedict\") convent in [Orlová](/wiki/Orlov%C3%A1 \"Orlová\"). Population of the Duchy also shifted to Protestantism. Both duke's wives also supported [Protestantism](/wiki/Protestantism \"Protestantism\") in the duchy.", "Part of the goods obtained from the Catholic religious orders were transferred to the city hospital in Cieszyn, where he treated the poor. As a young prince Wenceslaus III Adam was educated in the medical science, dealing with the care of patients, which gained special significance during the epidemic of 1570\\.", "On 24 June 1573 Wenceslas III Adam issued the called \"Land Ordinance of the Duchy of Cieszyn\" (Zřízení zemské Knížecství Těšínského) which represented a set of regulations over all the inhabitants of the Duchy. This law, initially taken with great caution, was finally accepted by his subjects.", "In foreign policy, despite his conversion to [Lutheranism](/wiki/Lutheranism \"Lutheranism\"), Wenceslaus III Adam based his career in the faithful service to the [House of Habsburg](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg \"House of Habsburg\") in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"). He was present, among others in [Bratislava](/wiki/Bratislava \"Bratislava\") at the coronation of [Maximilian II](/wiki/Maximilian_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor\") as [King of Hungary](/wiki/King_of_Hungary \"King of Hungary\") in 1563 and in the funerals of [Ferdinand I](/wiki/Ferdinand_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor\") in 1565 in Vienna.", "In 1573 he ordered the building of expensive defensive fortifications near [Mosty u Jablunkova](/wiki/Mosty_u_Jablunkova \"Mosty u Jablunkova\") to secure the Duchy against eventual [Turkish](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") attack. In the same year, Wenceslaus III Adam was a candidate to the Polish throne after the extinction of the [Jagiellonian dynasty](/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty \"Jagiellonian dynasty\"), but without success.", "Another big problem for the Duke was the prodigality of his oldest son, Frederick Casimir, who was named ruler over [Fryštát](/wiki/Fry%C5%A1t%C3%A1t \"Fryštát\") and [Skoczów](/wiki/Skocz%C3%B3w \"Skoczów\") in 1560, and five years later, he also received [Bielsko](/wiki/Bielsko \"Bielsko\"). Frederick Casimir's debts are so high that, when he suddenly died in 1571, Wenceslaus III Adam had to sell this lands to other Piast Dukes.", "Wenceslaus III Adam died victim of an [apoplexy](/wiki/Apoplexy \"Apoplexy\") attack, after a long and debilitating disease on 4 November 1579\\. He was buried in the former Dominican church in Cieszyn.", "" ]
Life and career --------------- She studied arts at [Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala](/wiki/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala "Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala") and attended the first Cultural Studies lectures organized by FLACSO (Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences, 2011\) She works as an independent curator since 2000 and founded several art projects such as La Curandería and Los Tres Tiempos, art essays editorial (2014\) From 2003 to 2006, Cazali was director of the Spanish Cultural Center in Guatemala where she started projects like the photography festival Foto 30 and the editorial project Colección Pensamiento,a compilation of interviews with Guatemalan intellectuals on contemporary thought, supported by the Spanish Cultural Centre in Guatemala. Among her notable projects are La Curandería, Colloquia, Octubreazul and Proyecto Laica. She was a member of the first curatorial team of the Bienal de Arte Paiz, which in 2014 has had 19 editions, but prior to 2008 was not a curated event.{{cite web\\|title\=Contests \& Awards: Rosina Cazali\\|url\=http://www.artnexus.com/Notice\_View.aspx?DocumentID\=21811\\|website\=ArtNexus\\|publisher\=ArtNexus\\|accessdate\=9 March 2015}} Between 2003 and 2005, she curated several exhibitions on contemporary art in Guatemala and Central América. One of them was Outsiders, an important look over indigenous contemporary art in Guatemala. In 2007, she was invited by Fundación TEOR/éTica of Costa Rica to participate in Estrecho Dudoso (Doubtful Strait), a large\-scale visual arts event celebrated at several institutional venues and public spaces of San José, Costa Rica. For this event, she curated a monographic exhibition of Margarita Azurdia, a fundamental Guatemalan artist from the 1960s. She also participated as a guest curator for Guatemala in different international biennials and as an independent curator for several exhibitions in Guatemala and Latin America. Some of these include Móvil, an exhibition and performance by Guatemalan artist Regina José Galindo at the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) and UNAM’s independence bi\-centenary celebration project: The Ghost of Liberty, México 2010\. She curated Mirando al Sur, an itinerant show about migration in Central America and México exhibited in Miami, México, the Dominican Republic, Central America and the Pontevedra Biennale in Galicia, Spain, in 2010\. With Laura Terré, she co\-curated the exhibition Peso y Levedad, Photography in Contemporary Latin America, for the Instituto Cervantes de Madrid, within the activities of PHOTO España, 2011\. In the same year, she curated with Emiliano Valdés the exhibition El proyecto inconcluso, a panoramic exhibition on contemporary painting in Central America. She has participated in theoretical events such as: Temas Centrales, organized by Teorética in San José, Costa Rica in 2000 and 2012; Curatorial Practice and Criticism in Latin America, by Bard College’s Center for Curatorial Studies, New York, March 2011; IV Diálogos Iberoamericanos/POST Issues, Valencia, Spain 2001; No title, International Symposium on Latin American Art in Global Context, the University of Austin, Texas, March 2006; ARCO’s debate forums, Madrid, Spain 2006; Contemporary Art in Guatemala. A Comparative Lecture, New Mexico University, Alburquerque, September 2008; Contemporary Art in Guatemala, 3 type events at the seminar Tras Signos en Rotación, organized by the project Ojo Atómica and Anti\-Museo, Spanish Cultural Center in México, 2009;La vida nuda, preliminary encounter at Kasell Documenta in México City and Cairo; Between the museum and practice: Reconsidering Latin American Art in the XXI Century, Museum of Latin American Art, MOLAA, Long Beach, California, in collaboration with the Getty Research Institute, Lima, Perú 2011; Foro Latinoamericano de Fotografía de São Paulo, Brasil, 2013; Daegu Photography Biennial and Symposium, Seul, Korea. 2014\. She participated as a photography reviewer for Photo\-España’s portfolio review events in Madrid, São Paulo, Managua and Cartagena/Colombia. In recognition of her work, she was invited to participate in the project 9 Curators, organized by Gerardo Mosquera and the Spanish Cultural Centers in Argentina and Chile. Cazali is the author of countless essays about contemporary art in Guatemala. In 2010, she published the essay A Brief History of Dissociation, about the work of the Guatemalan artist Luis González Palma. This essay was included in the Latin American Photorgraphers’ Library, part of the Photo Bolsillo collection of the editorial house La Fábrica, Spain. She was invited as a speaker to discuss performance art and video art in Guatemala at the event Performing Localities, organized by the Royal College of Art, London, 2009\. She was part of the Orientation Trip 2010, which took place in Istanbul, Lagos, and Bamako and was realized by the Mondrian Foundation and the Prince Claus Foundation. In 2011 she was invited to teach a workshop entitled Inmonumental, a review, and deconstruction of the symbols and discourses of the monuments as part of the contemporary art project Demolition/Construction, in Córdoba, Argentina. In March 2012, she was invited by ICI, Independent Curators International, to be part of the Curator’s Perspective, an itinerant public discussion series that features international curators who distill current happenings in contemporary art, and their views on recent developments in the art world; the New Museum of Art, New York. In 2010, she received the John Simon Guggehnheim Grant to conduct research on contemporary art in Guatemala. She works and resides in Guatemala City, Guatemala. In 2014 she received from Fundación ArsTeorética, San José Costa Rica, a grant for research on Grupo Imaginaria, a collective of artists from the 1980s in Guatemala. Between December 2008 and March 2010, the Migraciones: Mirando al Sur exhibit traveled through Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Mexico, United States of America, and Costa Rica—showing at the Spanish Cultural Centers of each country. This group exhibit included 12 Central American contemporary artists, including Adán Vallencillo, Lucía Madriz, and Patricia Belli.{{cite journal\\|title\=Migraciones: Mirando al Sur\\|journal\=Art Nexus\\|date\=March–May 2010\\|issue\=9 no76\\|pages\=124–125}}{{cite web\\|title\=MIGRACIONES: MIRANDO AL SUR Arte Centro Cultural Español Miami\\|url\=http://es.artealdia.com/International/Contenidos/Resenas/Migraciones\_Mirando\_al\_Sur\\|website\=Arte Al Dia\\|publisher\=Arte Al Dia\\|accessdate\=9 March 2015}} In 2014, she coordinated El día que nos hicimos contemporáneos, a theoretical symposium with emphasis in Central American thought and discussions centered in a reflection about contemporary art in the isthmus and its development. The symposium also was the frame for the exhibition with the same name, in celebration of the XX Anniversary of the Museo de Arte y Diseño Contemporáneo, in San José, Costa Rica.	[ "Life and career\n---------------", "She studied arts at [Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala](/wiki/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala \"Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala\") and attended the first Cultural Studies lectures organized by FLACSO (Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences, 2011\\)", "She works as an independent curator since 2000 and founded several art projects such as La Curandería and Los Tres Tiempos, art essays editorial (2014\\)", "From 2003 to 2006, Cazali was director of the Spanish Cultural Center in Guatemala where she started projects like the photography festival Foto 30 and the editorial project Colección Pensamiento,a compilation of interviews with Guatemalan intellectuals on contemporary thought, supported by the Spanish Cultural Centre in Guatemala.", "Among her notable projects are La Curandería, Colloquia, Octubreazul and Proyecto Laica. She was a member of the first curatorial team of the Bienal de Arte Paiz, which in 2014 has had 19 editions, but prior to 2008 was not a curated event.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Contests \\& Awards: Rosina Cazali\\\|url\\=http://www.artnexus.com/Notice\\_View.aspx?DocumentID\\=21811\\\|website\\=ArtNexus\\\|publisher\\=ArtNexus\\\|accessdate\\=9 March 2015}}", "Between 2003 and 2005, she curated several exhibitions on contemporary art in Guatemala and Central América. One of them was Outsiders, an important look over indigenous contemporary art in Guatemala.", "In 2007, she was invited by Fundación TEOR/éTica of Costa Rica to participate in Estrecho Dudoso (Doubtful Strait), a large\\-scale visual arts event celebrated at several institutional venues and public spaces of San José, Costa Rica. For this event, she curated a monographic exhibition of Margarita Azurdia, a fundamental Guatemalan artist from the 1960s.", "She also participated as a guest curator for Guatemala in different international biennials and as an independent curator for several exhibitions in Guatemala and Latin America. Some of these include Móvil, an exhibition and performance by Guatemalan artist Regina José Galindo at the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) and UNAM’s independence bi\\-centenary celebration project: The Ghost of Liberty, México 2010\\.", "She curated Mirando al Sur, an itinerant show about migration in Central America and México exhibited in Miami, México, the Dominican Republic, Central America and the Pontevedra Biennale in Galicia, Spain, in 2010\\.", "With Laura Terré, she co\\-curated the exhibition Peso y Levedad, Photography in Contemporary Latin America, for the Instituto Cervantes de Madrid, within the activities of PHOTO España, 2011\\.", "In the same year, she curated with Emiliano Valdés the exhibition El proyecto inconcluso, a panoramic exhibition on contemporary painting in Central America.", "She has participated in theoretical events such as: Temas Centrales, organized by Teorética in San José, Costa Rica in 2000 and 2012; Curatorial Practice and Criticism in Latin America, by Bard College’s Center for Curatorial Studies, New York, March 2011; IV Diálogos Iberoamericanos/POST Issues, Valencia, Spain 2001; No title, International Symposium on Latin American Art in Global Context, the University of Austin, Texas, March 2006; ARCO’s debate forums, Madrid, Spain 2006; Contemporary Art in Guatemala. A Comparative Lecture, New Mexico University, Alburquerque, September 2008; Contemporary Art in Guatemala, 3 type events at the seminar Tras Signos en Rotación, organized by the project Ojo Atómica and Anti\\-Museo, Spanish Cultural Center in México, 2009;La vida nuda, preliminary encounter at Kasell Documenta in México City and Cairo; Between the museum and practice: Reconsidering Latin American Art in the XXI Century, Museum of Latin American Art, MOLAA, Long Beach, California, in collaboration with the Getty Research Institute, Lima, Perú 2011; Foro Latinoamericano de Fotografía de São Paulo, Brasil, 2013; Daegu Photography Biennial and Symposium, Seul, Korea. 2014\\.", "She participated as a photography reviewer for Photo\\-España’s portfolio review events in Madrid, São Paulo, Managua and Cartagena/Colombia.", "In recognition of her work, she was invited to participate in the project 9 Curators, organized by Gerardo Mosquera and the Spanish Cultural Centers in Argentina and Chile.", "Cazali is the author of countless essays about contemporary art in Guatemala. In 2010, she published the essay A Brief History of Dissociation, about the work of the Guatemalan artist Luis González Palma. This essay was included in the Latin American Photorgraphers’ Library, part of the Photo Bolsillo collection of the editorial house La Fábrica, Spain.", "She was invited as a speaker to discuss performance art and video art in Guatemala at the event Performing Localities, organized by the Royal College of Art, London, 2009\\.", "She was part of the Orientation Trip 2010, which took place in Istanbul, Lagos, and Bamako and was realized by the Mondrian Foundation and the Prince Claus Foundation. In 2011 she was invited to teach a workshop entitled Inmonumental, a review, and deconstruction of the symbols and discourses of the monuments as part of the contemporary art project Demolition/Construction, in Córdoba, Argentina. In March 2012, she was invited by ICI, Independent Curators International, to be part of the Curator’s Perspective, an itinerant public discussion series that features international curators who distill current happenings in contemporary art, and their views on recent developments in the art world; the New Museum of Art, New York. In 2010, she received the John Simon Guggehnheim Grant to conduct research on contemporary art in Guatemala. She works and resides in Guatemala City, Guatemala. In 2014 she received from Fundación ArsTeorética, San José Costa Rica, a grant for research on Grupo Imaginaria, a collective of artists from the 1980s in Guatemala.", "Between December 2008 and March 2010, the Migraciones: Mirando al Sur exhibit traveled through Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Mexico, United States of America, and Costa Rica—showing at the Spanish Cultural Centers of each country. This group exhibit included 12 Central American contemporary artists, including Adán Vallencillo, Lucía Madriz, and Patricia Belli.{{cite journal\\\|title\\=Migraciones: Mirando al Sur\\\|journal\\=Art Nexus\\\|date\\=March–May 2010\\\|issue\\=9 no76\\\|pages\\=124–125}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=MIGRACIONES: MIRANDO AL SUR Arte Centro Cultural Español Miami\\\|url\\=http://es.artealdia.com/International/Contenidos/Resenas/Migraciones\\_Mirando\\_al\\_Sur\\\|website\\=Arte Al Dia\\\|publisher\\=Arte Al Dia\\\|accessdate\\=9 March 2015}}", "In 2014, she coordinated El día que nos hicimos contemporáneos, a theoretical symposium with emphasis in Central American thought and discussions centered in a reflection about contemporary art in the isthmus and its development. The symposium also was the frame for the exhibition with the same name, in celebration of the XX Anniversary of the Museo de Arte y Diseño Contemporáneo, in San José, Costa Rica.", "" ]
History ------- ### 17th–19th centuries [thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|Map showing all ground in Boston occupied by buildings in 1880\. Columbia Point is in the center near bottom with two roads going out to the pumping station and calf pasture. From [U.S. Census Bureau](/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau "U.S. Census Bureau").](/wiki/File:Boston_ground_1880.jpg "Boston ground 1880.jpg") In Dorchester, Columbia Point was the landing place for [Puritan](/wiki/Puritan "Puritan") settlers in the early 1600s. The Native Americans called it "Mattaponnock".["Calf Pasture Pumping Station"](http://www.dorchesteratheneum.org/page.php?id=584) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927181427/http://www.dorchesteratheneum.org/page.php?id\=584 \\|date\=2011\-09\-27 }}, Dorchester Atheneum The community was, in the 17th and 18th centuries, and through to the mid\-19th century, a calf pasture: a place where nearby Dorchester residents took their calves for grazing. It was largely an uninhabited marshland on the Dorchester peninsula. Its size was originally {{convert\\|14\\|acre\\|ha\\|abbr\=off}}. Many landfills, subsequent to that time, have enlarged the land size to {{convert\\|350\\|acre\\|ha}} in the 20th century. In 1845, the [Old Colony Railroad](/wiki/Old_Colony_Railroad "Old Colony Railroad") ran through the area and connected Boston and [Plymouth, Massachusetts](/wiki/Plymouth%2C_Massachusetts "Plymouth, Massachusetts"). The station was originally called Crescent Avenue or Crescent Avenue DepotWhiting, E., [Map of Dorchester Massachusetts in 1850](http://maps.bpl.org/details_11129/?srch_query=dorchester&srch_fields=all&srch_style=exact&srch_fa=save) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202033533/http://maps.bpl.org/details\_11129/?srch\_query\=dorchester\&srch\_fields\=all\&srch\_style\=exact\&srch\_fa\=save \\|date\=2008\-12\-02 }} \- [Boston Public Library](/wiki/Boston_Public_Library "Boston Public Library") Map Collection. The maps shows the Crescent Avenue Depot of the Old Colony Railroad Line. as an Old Colony Railroad station, then called Columbia until December 1, 1982, and then again changed to [JFK/UMass](/wiki/JFK/UMass_%28MBTA_station%29 "JFK/UMass (MBTA station)"). It is an [MBTA](/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority") rail line station for both the subway and commuter rail line. In the 1880s, the calf pasture was used as a Boston sewer line and pumping station, known as the [Calf Pasture Pumping Station Complex](/wiki/Calf_Pasture_Pumping_Station_Complex "Calf Pasture Pumping Station Complex"). This large pumping station still stands and in its time was a model for treating sewage and helping to promote cleaner and healthier urban living conditions. It pumped waste to a remote treatment facility on [Moon Island](/wiki/Moon_Island_%28Massachusetts%29 "Moon Island (Massachusetts)") in [Boston Harbor](/wiki/Port_of_Boston "Port of Boston"), and served as a model for other systems worldwide. This system remained in active use and was the Boston Sewer system's headworks, handling all of the city's sewage, until 1968 when a new treatment facility was built on [Deer Island](/wiki/Deer_Island_%28Massachusetts%29 "Deer Island (Massachusetts)"). The pumping station is also architecturally significant as a [Richardsonian](/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson "Henry Hobson Richardson") [Romanesque](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture "Romanesque architecture") designed by the then Boston city architect, [George Clough](/wiki/George_Albert_Clough "George Albert Clough"). It is also the only remaining 19th century building on Columbia Point and is in the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places"). ### 1900s–50s [thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Columbia Point housing from Carson Beach. The photo depicts a 1977 racial conflict between residents of Columbia Point and [South Boston](/wiki/South_Boston%2C_Boston "South Boston, Boston") for the use of Carson Beach and the L Street bath house.](/wiki/File:Columbia_Point_from_Carson_Beach.jpg "Columbia Point from Carson Beach.jpg") Land\-filling had caused the creation of Columbus Park on the peninsula and what was then called “Day Boulevard”, now Morrissey Boulevard, by 1934\. There was a huge trash dump on the peninsula which turned into more landfill for other use. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), small barracks were built on this landfill for some prisoners of war. After the war, these were re\-used for the Columbia Point Veterans Village. Also, in 1950, [Boston College High School](/wiki/Boston_College_High_School "Boston College High School") relocated from the [South End](/wiki/South_End%2C_Boston "South End, Boston") of Boston to its present home on Morrissey Boulevard. More landfill on the north shore of the peninsula had been created to build the Columbia Point Development housing projects which were the largest in Boston and New England and built by the [Boston Housing Authority](/wiki/Boston_Housing_Authority "Boston Housing Authority"). The area was now known as Columbia Point. The Columbia Point Development was completed in 1954 and had 1,500 apartments in 27 nearly identical three\- and seven\-story buildings.Schubert, Michael F.; Thresher, Alison, ["Lessons from the Field: Three Case Studies of Mixed Income Housing Development"](http://uic.edu/cuppa/gci/publications/workingpaperseries/pdfs/Lessons%20from%20the%20Field.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605013646/http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/gci/publications/workingpaperseries/pdfs/Lessons%20from%20the%20Field.pdf \\|date\=2010\-06\-05 }}, Great Cities Institute, College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs, [University of Illinois at Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago "University of Illinois at Chicago"), April 1996, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation[Rybczynski, Witold](/wiki/Witold_Rybczynski "Witold Rybczynski"), ["Looking Back at the Success of Harbor Point : Harbor Point was failed public housing—until it was rebuilt as the nation's first mixed\-income community. Twenty\-five years later, what can we learn from this visionary project?"](http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/looking-back-at-the-success-of-harbor-point_o), [Architect](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects%23Magazine "American Institute of Architects#Magazine") magazine, The Journal of the [American Institute of Architects](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects "American Institute of Architects"), August 16, 2013 When the Columbia Point public housing project opened in 1953, its initial demographics reflected that of the city's population: white tenants made up more than 90 percent of the population while black families made up approximately 7 percent. All reports at the time indicated that racial and ethnic tensions were minimal, that there were high levels of [social trust](/wiki/Social_capital "Social capital") within the neighborhood, and by 1955, had a long waiting list of families wanting to become new tenants.{{sfn\\|Feldberg\\|2015\\|p\=87}} Other infrastructure was added, including public schools. The [MBTA](/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority") rapid transit stop was called Columbia, later to be known as the [JFK/UMass](/wiki/JFK/UMass_%28MBTA_station%29 "JFK/UMass (MBTA station)") stop on the [Red Line](/wiki/Red_Line_%28MBTA%29 "Red Line (MBTA)"). ### 1960s In the 1960s, there was a movement of community residents from the Columbia Point housing projects to get the city dump, which was located on the peninsula, permanently closed. They were able to get attorney [F. Lee Bailey](/wiki/F._Lee_Bailey "F. Lee Bailey") interested and to represent them. Eventually, the city dump closed in 1962 and the private dump, called Mile Road Dump, was ordered closed in February 1963 by the [Massachusetts Supreme Court](/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court "Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court").Cf. Roessner, Jane, A Decent Place to Live, Chapters 8 ("Columbia Point in the Spotlight"), p.56, and Chapter 13 ("Planning for Columbia Point"), p.107\. Under the tenure of [Boston Mayor](/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston "Mayor of Boston") [John F. Collins](/wiki/John_F._Collins "John F. Collins") (1960–1968\), the [Boston Housing Authority](/wiki/Boston_Housing_Authority "Boston Housing Authority") [segregated](/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States "Housing segregation in the United States") the [public housing developments](/wiki/Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States "Subsidized housing in the United States") in the city of Boston by moving black families into the development at Columbia Point while reserving developments in [South Boston](/wiki/South_Boston "South Boston") (such as [West Broadway Housing Development](/wiki/D_Street_Projects "D Street Projects")) for white families who started refusing assignment to the Columbia Point project by the early 1960s.{{sfn\\|Feldberg\\|2015\\|p\=89}}{{cite book\\|last\=Rothstein\\|first\=Richard\\|author\-link\=Richard Rothstein\\|title\=The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America\\|title\-link\=The Color of Law\\|year\=2017\\|place\=New York\\|publisher\=\[\[Boni \& Liveright\\|Liveright Publishing Corporation]]\\|page\=25\\|isbn\=978\-1631494536}} In 1965, the first [community health center](/wiki/Community_health_center "Community health center") in the United States was built on Columbia Point, the Columbia Point Community Health Center, and was founded by two Tufts University medical doctors, [Jack Geiger](/wiki/H._Jack_Geiger "H. Jack Geiger") and Count Gibson.[Delta Health Center Records, 1966\-1987](http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/d/Delta_Health_Center.html) in the [Southern Historical Collection](/wiki/Southern_Historical_Collection "Southern Historical Collection") at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[Sargent Shriver](/wiki/Sargent_Shriver "Sargent Shriver"), ["Remarks of Mr. Shriver at Comprehensive Health Services Press Conference. June 1, 1967"](http://www.sargentshriver.com/medium_file/file/2047/1967_-_COMPREHENSIVE_HEALTH_SERVICES_PRESS_CONFERENCE.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206221840/http://www.sargentshriver.com/medium\_file/file/2047/1967\_\-\_COMPREHENSIVE\_HEALTH\_SERVICES\_PRESS\_CONFERENCE.pdf \\|date\=February 6, 2009 }}. Cf. p.5: "Grantee: Tufts University School Of Medicine, Medford, Massachusetts; Operating Institution: Tufts University School of Medicine\-Department of Preventive Medicine; Project Director: Count Gibson, M.D., H. Jack Geiger, M.D., Professors of Preventative Medicine, Tufts University; Location: Columbia Point, Boston, Mass. and Bolivar County, Mississippi; Items of Special Interest: One of the original demonstration programs to contrast a model of a northern urban center with a southern rural one; Amount: $1,168,099, $138,888, $281,685, $3,417,630; Date Approved: 6/24/65, 8/65, 3/30/66, 1/15/67" Geiger had previously studied the first community health centers and the principles of Community Oriented Primary Care with Sidney Kark Brown, Theodore M., and Fee, Elizabeth, ["VOICES FROM THE PAST: Sidney Kark and John Cassel : Social Medicine Pioneers and South African Emigrés"](http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/92/11/1744), American Journal of Public Health, November 2002, Vol 92, No. 11, 1744\-1745 and colleagues while serving as a medical student in rural [Natal](/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal "KwaZulu-Natal"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa").[Dr. Jack Geiger's biography page at George Washington University, School of Public Health and Health Services](http://www.gwumc.edu/sphhs/departments/healthpolicy/ggprogram/geiger.cfm) {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517205602/http://www.gwumc.edu/sphhs/departments/healthpolicy/ggprogram/geiger.cfm \\|date\=May 17, 2012 }}[Dr. Count Gibson's biography at George Washington University, School of Public Health and Health Services](http://www.gwumc.edu/sphhs/departments/healthpolicy/ggprogram/gibson.cfm) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214195021/http://www.gwumc.edu/sphhs/departments/healthpolicy/ggprogram/gibson.cfm \\|date\=2012\-02\-14 }}Cf. Roessner, p.80 The health center was funded by the federal government's [Office of Economic Opportunity](/wiki/Office_of_Economic_Opportunity "Office of Economic Opportunity") (OEO) and was needed to serve the community living in the Columbia Point Public Housing Projects which was on the isolated peninsula far away from Boston City Hospital. The center still stands and is in use today as the Geiger\-Gibson Community Health Center on Mount Vernon Street.["1965 Columbia Point Health Center"](http://www.bostoninnovation.org/pdf/1965_Columbia_PHC_mini_case_10.12.05.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112225907/http://www.bostoninnovation.org/pdf/1965\_Columbia\_PHC\_mini\_case\_10\.12\.05\.pdf \\|date\=2016\-01\-12 }} \- Boston History and Innovation CollaborativeKong, Dolores, "25 Years of Intensive Caring", The Boston Globe. October 28, 1990, Metro Section, 29\. In 2012, due to shifting demographics, Geiger\-Gibson Community Health Center reduced its primary care hours and focus, moving its primary care patients to the Neponset Health Center in the [Neponset](/wiki/Neponset%2C_Massachusetts "Neponset, Massachusetts") neighborhood of Dorchester.Dumcius, Gintautas, ["Geiger Gibson easing off its practice of primary care"](http://www.dotnews.com/2012/geiger-gibson-easing-its-practice-primary-care), Dorchester Reporter, Jun. 7, 2012Sheehan, Daniel, ["Health Community Offers Final Salutes to Dr. Geiger"](https://www.dotnews.com/2021/health-community-offers-final-salutes-dr-geiger), Dorchester Reporter, January 7, 2021\. In 1967, the [Boston Redevelopment Authority](/wiki/Boston_Planning_and_Development_Agency "Boston Planning and Development Agency") (BRA) published a study, titled An Urban Campus by the Sea, which proposed locating the [University of Massachusetts Boston](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston "University of Massachusetts Boston") campus permanently at the former Columbia Point landfill.{{Cite web\\|title\=Campus by the Sea :: UMass Boston Historic Documents\\|publisher\=University of Massachusetts Boston\\|url\=http://openarchives.umb.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15774coll22/id/38\\|access\-date\=August 5, 2017}}{{sfn\\|Feldberg\\|2015\\|p\=77}}{{sfn\\|Feldberg\\|2015\\|p\=87}} In December 1968, the [University of Massachusetts](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts "University of Massachusetts") Board of Trustees voted 12 to 4 to accept the Columbia Point proposal from the BRA.{{sfn\\|Feldberg\\|2015\\|p\=82}} The initial reactions of the residents of Columbia Point and [Savin Hill](/wiki/Savin_Hill "Savin Hill") were mixed. A coalition of 26 community organizations in Columbia Point and [Dorchester](/wiki/Dorchester%2C_Boston "Dorchester, Boston") formed the "Dorchester Tenants Action Council" (DTAC) to prevent an influx of students into the public housing project on Mount Vernon Street.{{sfn\\|Feldberg\\|2015\\|p\=87}} As construction for the Columbia Point campus began, DTAC demanded the creation of a joint task force to address their housing concerns, while some within DTAC called for the university to construct dormitories as part of the Columbia Point proposal; legislation for doing so was proposed within the [Massachusetts House of Representatives](/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives "Massachusetts House of Representatives") but failed to pass.{{sfn\\|Feldberg\\|2015\\|p\=92}} In addition to DTAC, the Columbia Point Community Development Council also asked that a number of construction jobs be reserved for residents of the projects,{{sfn\\|Feldberg\\|2015\\|p\=91}} including "set asides" for non\-[union](/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States "Labor unions in the United States") minority workers that would later become a source of friction between the community groups and the university against the construction management firm, McKee\-Berger\-Mansueto (MBM) overseeing the project, its subcontractors, and the construction unions.{{sfn\\|Feldberg\\|2015\\|p\=99}} ### 1970s–80s [thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Library "John F. Kennedy Library") on the Columbia Point peninsula](/wiki/File:JFK_library_Stitch_Crop.jpg "JFK library Stitch Crop.jpg") In 1974, the [University of Massachusetts Boston](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston "University of Massachusetts Boston") campus was opened on the tip of Columbia Point, and called the Harbor Campus. In 1977, after an unsuccessful bid to have the John F. Kennedy Library in [Cambridge, Massachusetts](/wiki/Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts") close to [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"), ground was broken at the tip of Columbia Point for the [John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Library "John F. Kennedy Library"), designed by the architect [I. M. Pei](/wiki/I._M._Pei "I. M. Pei"), and dedicated on October 20, 1979\. The Columbia Point Housing Projects fell into disrepair and became quite dangerous. By the mid\-1970s the Boston Housing Authority was under community, political, and legal pressure and orders to renovate and cure the living conditions at the site.Boston Housing Authority, ["Preliminary Plan for the Columbia Point Development"](https://archive.org/details/preliminaryplanf00bost), July 6, 1976["ARMANDO PEREZ \& others vs. BOSTON HOUSING AUTHORITY"](http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/379/379mass703.html), Massachusetts SJC, 1975/1979, 379 Mass. 703 By the time the UMass Boston campus opened in 1974, only 75 percent of the units in the Columbia Point housing project were occupied, and the BHA now thought of the complex as "housing of last resort."{{sfn\\|Feldberg\\|2015\\|p\=89}} In 1986, construction began for the new Harbor Point Apartments complex to replace the original Columbia Point public housing project, and was completed in 1990\. By the 1980s, only 300 families were living in the housing development, in part, because the [Boston Housing Authority](/wiki/Boston_Housing_Authority "Boston Housing Authority") had allowed the buildings to deteriorate and be occupied by [squatters](/wiki/Squatting "Squatting"), and the public housing project had drawn comparisons to the [Pruitt–Igoe](/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoe "Pruitt–Igoe") Apartments in [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis") and the [Cabrini–Green Homes](/wiki/Cabrini%E2%80%93Green_Homes "Cabrini–Green Homes") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago").{{sfn\\|Feldberg\\|2015\\|p\=119}} As a consequence, the Boston city government leased the development on a 99\-year contract to a private developer composed of a tenant\-run community task force and the Corcoran\-Mullins\-Jennison Corporation that was supported by the university.{{sfn\\|Feldberg\\|2015\\|pp\=119–121}} The [housing development](/wiki/Housing_estate "Housing estate") is now billed as luxury apartments.{{cite web\\|title\=Harbor Point on the Bay\\|url\=https://www.harborpointonthebay.com\\|access\-date\=April 27, 2021}} Lacking the federal, state, and local government investment required to renovate Columbia Point while maintaining the deep affordability attached to public housing, the Boston Housing Authority and City of Boston made the decision to turn the property over to a private company to redevelop the area into a luxury, market\-rate apartment complex with a portion of the units set aside as subsidized privately owned units. In 1984, the firm Corcoran\-Mullins\-Jennison was given control of the management, planning, demolition and renovation for the Columbia Point Housing Projects. A 99\-year lease from the city of Boston was granted to and co\-owned by the (Harbor Point Apartments, L.P.) Harbor Point Community Task Force (tenants' elected board) and a partnership of developers led by Corcoran\-Mullins\-Jennison Corporation.["Boston War Zone Becomes Public Housing Dream"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE1DB103BF930A15752C1A967958260), [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"), November 23, 1991 Construction on the new Harbor Point development began in 1986\. During a recession in 1988 with a slump in the housing market, deficits and expensive loans ($175 million in state and federal loans), the Harbor Point development came close to bankruptcy. [Chevron Corporation](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation "Chevron Corporation") rescued the redevelopment by investing $34 million, with Chevron taking advantage of $38 million in corporate tax credits and depreciation established by Congress in 1986 encouraging private investment in low\-income housing.Atlantic Capital Corporation, ["Harbor Point"](http://www.atlanticap.com/realestate/harborpoint.asp) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707182739/http://www.atlanticap.com/realestate/harborpoint.asp \\|date\=2011\-07\-07 }} and ["Track Record"](http://www.atlanticap.com/realestate/trackrecord.asp) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707183308/http://www.atlanticap.com/realestate/trackrecord.asp \\|date\=2011\-07\-07 }} The renovations to the newly mixed\-income complex, renamed Harbor Point Apartments, were completed in 1990 with 1200 apartments: 800 market\-rate and 400 subsidized (compared to the previous 1,500 units public housing units).Swindells, Katherine, [On the Wrong Side of the Highway](https://bunewsservice.com/on-the-wrong-side-of-the-highway-harbor-points-fight-for-dorchester-students/), Boston University News Service, January 10, 2020 It has received praise for its planning and revitalization from the [Urban Land Institute](/wiki/Urban_Land_Institute "Urban Land Institute"), the [FIABCI](/wiki/FIABCI "FIABCI") award, a gold medal with the [Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence](/wiki/Rudy_Bruner_Award_for_Urban_Excellence "Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence") in 1993,["Rudy Bruner Award 1993: Harbor Point"](http://www.rudybruneraward.org/?s=harbor+point), The Bruner Foundation, 1993["Case Study: Harbor Point"](http://www.brunerfoundation.org/rba/pdfs/1993/02_harborpoint.pdf), Rudy Bruner Foundation, 1993["The 1993 Gold Medal Rudy Bruner Award for Harbor Point Redevelopment"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022324/http://libweb.lib.buffalo.edu/bruner/year/project.asp?searchby=year&entry=334), Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence, Digital Archive, SUNY University at Buffalo Libraries. (archived 2011\) and was used as a model for the federal [HUD](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development "United States Department of Housing and Urban Development") [HOPE VI](/wiki/HOPE_VI "HOPE VI") public housing demolition and redevelopment program begun in 1992\.Cf. Roessner, p.293\. "The HOPE VI housing program, inspired in part by the success of Harbor Point, was created by legislation passed by Congress in 1992\."Thebaud, Angie; Haffner, Jeanne; Guerra, Erick, ["{{Sic\\|hide\=y\\|Privately\\|\-}}Funded Public Housing Redevelopment: A Study of the Transformation of Columbia Point (Boston, MA)"](http://i2ud.org/harborpoint/) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908010922/http://i2ud.org/harborpoint/ \\|date\=2012\-09\-08 }}, [Institute for International Urban Development](/wiki/Institute_for_International_Urban_Development "Institute for International Urban Development") (I2UD), Cambridge, MA, September 2008 Two Boston architects were instrumental in the redesign of Columbia Point Housing Projects into the new and upscale Harbor Point Apartments: [Joan E. Goody](/wiki/Joan_E._Goody "Joan E. Goody") and Samuel "Sy" Mintz. Goody was interested in putting townhouses on the property whereas Mintz worked on re\-vitalizing and re\-making the existing buildings and their footprints.["Architect who helped transform Harbor Point looks to do the same for Bunker Hill project \- but this time as a volunteer"](https://www.universalhub.com/2017/architect-who-helped-transform-harbor-point-looks), Universal Hub / Charlestown Patriot\-Bridge, Fri, 03/10/2017 ### 2000s [thumb\\|250px\\|left\\|View of Old Harbor at Columbia Point.](/wiki/File:Harbouratcolumbiapt.JPG "Harbouratcolumbiapt.JPG") In 2008, plans and proposals were unveiled and presented to public community hearings by the Corcoran\-Jennison Company to redevelop the {{convert\\|30\\|acre\\|ha\\|adj\=on}} [Bayside Exposition Center](/wiki/Bayside_Expo_Center "Bayside Expo Center") site on the Columbia Point peninsula into a mixed use village of storefronts and residences, called "Bayside on the Point".Stidman, Pete, ["Sketches outline new\-deal for Columbia Point"](http://www.dotnews.com/new%20deal%20for%20columbia%20pt.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213143128/http://www.dotnews.com/new%20deal%20for%20columbia%20pt.html \\|date\=2012\-02\-13 }}, Dorchester Reporter, August 14, 2008Stidman, Pete, ["Bayside developers go public with site plans"](http://www.dotnews.com/bayside%20developers.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213143149/http://www.dotnews.com/bayside%20developers.html \\|date\=2012\-02\-13 }}, Dorchester Reporter, July 17, 2008[Bayside on the Point website](http://www.baysideonthepoint.com/) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517002910/http://baysideonthepoint.com/ \\|date\=2014\-05\-17 }}Stidman, Pete, ["Next great neighborhood' planned for Morrissey site"](http://www.dotnews.com/Next%20great%20neighborhood.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213143208/http://www.dotnews.com/Next%20great%20neighborhood.html \\|date\=2012\-02\-13 }}, Dorchester Reporter, November 13, 2008 There were serious problems with the ongoing development plans, since the [Massachusetts Water Resources Authority](/wiki/Massachusetts_Water_Resources_Authority "Massachusetts Water Resources Authority") had planned to build a sewage odor control facility just adjacent to the development site.Dumcius, Gintautas, ["Odor control facility raises new questions on Columbia Point"](http://www.dotnews.com/odorcontrol.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213143407/http://www.dotnews.com/odorcontrol.html \\|date\=2012\-02\-13 }}, Dorchester Reporter, February 21, 2008Stidman, Pete, ["Odor facility clouds future of Bayside project"](http://www.dotnews.com/Odor%20facility.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213143423/http://www.dotnews.com/Odor%20facility.html \\|date\=2012\-02\-13 }}, Dorchester Reporter, November 20, 2008 However, in 2009, the Bayside Expo Center property was lost in a foreclosure on Corcoran\-Jennison to a Florida\-based real estate firm, LNR/CMAT, who bought it. Soon after, the University of Massachusetts Boston bought the property from them to build future campus facilities.Forry, Ed, ["UMass\-Boston seeks to buy Bayside Expo; Motley says no plans for dorms"](http://www.dotnews.com/2009/umass-boston-seeks-buy-bayside-expo), The Dorchester Reporter, December 16, 2009Anderson, Hil, ["Boston’s Bayside Expo Site Sold to University"](http://www.tradeshowexecutive.com/TheVault_subframe_main.asp?id=846) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717083252/http://www.tradeshowexecutive.com/TheVault\_subframe\_main.asp?id\=846 \\|date\=2011\-07\-17 }}, Trade Show Executive News, December 18, 2009\. In February 2010, The University of Massachusetts Boston in conjunction with the University of Massachusetts Building Authority formally signed the purchase papers and bought the Bayside Expo property for $18\.7 million. In 2010, the university plans to break ground and start building a new science laboratory and other facilities.Forry, Ed, ["UMass signs agreement to buy Bayside Expo for $18\.7M"](http://www.dotnews.com/2010/umass-bayside-agree-sale), The Dorchester Reporter, February 18, 2010[UMass Boston Acquires Former Bayside Property : 20\-acre Site Will Support Campus Construction of Academic Buildings"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085831/http://www.umb.edu/news/entry/umass_boston_acquires_former_bayside_property/), University of Massachusetts Boston, Office of Communications, May 20, 2010 (archived 2011\) In late 2012, a developer, Synergy Investments, announced plans to put up a residential building at 25 Morrissey Blvd. right next to the JFK/UMass train stop, on an abandoned lot, to further develop the foot of the Columbia Point peninsula.Ailworth, Erin, ["Developer plans $60m housing complex near JFK T stop"](https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2012/10/03/developer-proposes-million-apartment-complex-near-jfk-stop/EA7V86uuKUZMPSGTki7RpJ/story.html?camp=newsletter), The Boston Globe, October 03, 2012Forry, Bill, ["Editorial: A welcome wave of development"](http://www.dotnews.com/columns/2012/editorial-welcome-wave-development), Dorchester Reporter, October 11, 2012 Also, in 2012, developer Corcoran\-Jennison Companies announced plans to build another residential building on Mt. Vernon Street on the site of the office complex next to the former Bayside Expo.Dumcius, Gintautas, ["New building, streetscape eyed for Mt. Vernon St."](http://www.dotnews.com/2012/new-building-streetscape-eyed-mt-vernon-st), Dorchester Reporter, August 23, 2012 In 2014, the [Boston Redevelopment Authority](/wiki/Boston_Redevelopment_Authority "Boston Redevelopment Authority") began a study on redeveloping the main road on Columbia Point, Mount Vernon Street, in conjunction with the Master Plan for the peninsula.["Mount Vernon Street Design"](http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/planning/planning-initiatives/mt-vernon-street-design), Boston Redevelopment Authority, 2014 On March 30, 2015 the [Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate](/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate "Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate") was dedicated by [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"), with [Vice President](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") in attendance.{{cite web \\|url\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/03/30/president\-obama\-helps\-dedicate\-new\-edward\-m\-kennedy\-institute \\|title\=President Obama Helps Dedicate the New Edward M. Kennedy Institute \\|last\=Evans \\|first\=Chris \\|date\=2015\-03\-30 \\|via\=\[\[NARA\\|National Archives]] \\|work\=\[\[whitehouse.gov]] \\|access\-date\=2016\-07\-01}} The Institute has been open to the public since March 31, 2015\.{{cite news \\|last\=Khalid \\|first\=Asma \\|date\=2015\-03\-30 \\|title\=Edward M. Kennedy Institute Opens With A Lofty Goal: Restoring Respect For Congress \\|url\=http://www.wbur.org/news/2015/03/30/kennedy\-institute\-senate\-opens \\|location\=Boston \\|access\-date\=2016\-07\-01}} In 2018, discussions opened up as to what to do with the two Boston Public schools on Columbia Point: Dever Elementary School, which was in receivership, and the McCormack Middle School. There were plans for a high school to be placed there.Smith, Jennifer, ["City\-owned parcel on the Point eyed for redevelopment"](https://www.dotnews.com/2018/city-owned-parcel-point-eyed-redevelopment), The Dorchester Reporter, December 6, 2018 In Fall 2018, UMASS/Boston opened up two new high\-rise student dormitory buildings on the campus next to the Athletic Complex. These were the first on\-campus dormitories built at UMASS/Boston. In 2019, The Bayside Expo site now leveled and owned by UMASS/Boston is leased out for 99 years for development to Accordia Partners for $235 million. In October 2018, [Boston Mayor](/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston "Mayor of Boston") [Marty Walsh](/wiki/Marty_Walsh "Marty Walsh") announced a comprehensive [climate change adaptation](/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation "Climate change adaptation") proposal to protect the [Boston Harbor](/wiki/Boston_Harbor "Boston Harbor") coastline from [coastal flooding](/wiki/Coastal_flooding "Coastal flooding"),{{cite news\\|last\=Gellerman\\|first\=Bruce\\|date\=October 17, 2018\\|title\=Walsh Outlines Plan To Protect Boston Harbor From Flooding\\|publisher\=WBUR\\|url\=https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/10/17/walsh\-resilient\-boston\-harbor\\|access\-date\=March 9, 2022}} and in October 2020, the Walsh administration released a 174\-page climate change adaptation report for the Boston Harbor coastline in Dorchester with a section on Columbia Point and [Morrissey Boulevard](/wiki/Morrissey_Boulevard "Morrissey Boulevard").{{cite news\\|last\=Forry\\|first\=Bill\\|date\=November 5, 2020\\|title\=Operation Resiliency: Safeguards for Dot 'Shoreway' put at up to $215m\\|work\=Dorchester Reporter\\|url\=https://www.dotnews.com/2020/operation\-resiliency\-safeguards\-dot\-shoreway\-put\-215m\\|access\-date\=March 9, 2022}}{{cite report\\|title\=Coastal Resilience Solutions for Dorchester: Final Report\\|year\=2020\\|pages\=86–113\\|website\=boston.gov\\|url\=https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/file/2020/10/Climate%20Ready%20Dorchester\-Final%20Report%20%28Spreads%20for%20web%29\.pdf\\|access\-date\=March 16, 2022}} In March 2022, the [Boston Planning \& Development Agency](/wiki/Boston_Planning_%26_Development_Agency "Boston Planning & Development Agency") (BPDA) approved a proposal by the Dorchester [Boys \& Girls Club](/wiki/Boys_%26_Girls_Clubs_of_America "Boys & Girls Clubs of America") and the [Martin Richard Foundation](/wiki/Martin_Richard_Foundation "Martin Richard Foundation") to construct a 3\-[story](/wiki/Storey "Storey") [field house](/wiki/Field_house "Field house") on Mount Vernon Street.{{cite news\\|last\=Smith\\|first\=Jennifer\\|date\=March 14, 2022\\|title\=BPDA gives hearty thumbs up to 'Fieldhouse' project on Point\\|work\=Dorchester Reporter\\|url\=https://www.dotnews.com/2022/bpda\-gives\-hearty\-thumbs\-fieldhouse\-project\-point\\|access\-date\=March 20, 2022}} In July 2022, [Boston Mayor](/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston "Mayor of Boston") [Michelle Wu](/wiki/Michelle_Wu "Michelle Wu") vetoed a $5 million amendment for the field house proposal that had been approved by the [Boston City Council](/wiki/Boston_City_Council "Boston City Council") for the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") aid package the city received under the [American Rescue Plan Act of 2021](/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021 "American Rescue Plan Act of 2021") despite supporting the proposal itself.{{cite news\\|last\=Dumcius\\|first\=Gintautas\\|date\=July 25, 2022\\|title\=Wu signs pandemic package, vetoes Baker's Dorchester Fieldhouse amendment\\|work\=Dorchester Reporter\\|url\=https://www.dotnews.com/2022/wu\-signs\-pandemic\-package\-vetoes\-baker\-s\-dorchester\-fieldhouse\\|access\-date\=August 29, 2023}} In August 2022, [Massachusetts Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts "Governor of Massachusetts") [Charlie Baker](/wiki/Charlie_Baker "Charlie Baker") signed into law an instrastructure spending bill that included a $1 million appropriation for the field house proposal.{{cite news\\|last\=Dumcius\\|first\=Gintautas\\|date\=August 10, 2022\\|title\=Fieldhouse project lands $1m from state infrastructure bill\\|work\=Dorchester Reporter\\|url\=https://www.dotnews.com/2022/fieldhouse\-project\-lands\-1m\-state\-infrastructure\-bill\\|access\-date\=August 29, 2023}} In October 2022, the Boston Zoning Board of Appeals approved the field house proposal.{{cite news\\|title\=Martin Richard field house approved on Mt. Vernon Street\\|date\=October 25, 2022\\|work\=Dorchester Reporter\\|url\=https://www.dotnews.com/2022/martin\-richard\-field\-house\-approved\-mt\-vernon\-street\\|access\-date\=August 29, 2023}}	[ "History\n-------", "### 17th–19th centuries", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|250px\\\|Map showing all ground in Boston occupied by buildings in 1880\\. Columbia Point is in the center near bottom with two roads going out to the pumping station and calf pasture. From [U.S. Census Bureau](/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau \"U.S. Census Bureau\").](/wiki/File:Boston_ground_1880.jpg \"Boston ground 1880.jpg\")\nIn Dorchester, Columbia Point was the landing place for [Puritan](/wiki/Puritan \"Puritan\") settlers in the early 1600s. The Native Americans called it \"Mattaponnock\".[\"Calf Pasture Pumping Station\"](http://www.dorchesteratheneum.org/page.php?id=584) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927181427/http://www.dorchesteratheneum.org/page.php?id\\=584 \\\|date\\=2011\\-09\\-27 }}, Dorchester Atheneum", "The community was, in the 17th and 18th centuries, and through to the mid\\-19th century, a calf pasture: a place where nearby Dorchester residents took their calves for grazing. It was largely an uninhabited marshland on the Dorchester peninsula. Its size was originally {{convert\\\|14\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|abbr\\=off}}. Many landfills, subsequent to that time, have enlarged the land size to {{convert\\\|350\\\|acre\\\|ha}} in the 20th century.", "In 1845, the [Old Colony Railroad](/wiki/Old_Colony_Railroad \"Old Colony Railroad\") ran through the area and connected Boston and [Plymouth, Massachusetts](/wiki/Plymouth%2C_Massachusetts \"Plymouth, Massachusetts\"). The station was originally called Crescent Avenue or Crescent Avenue DepotWhiting, E.,\n[Map of Dorchester Massachusetts in 1850](http://maps.bpl.org/details_11129/?srch_query=dorchester&srch_fields=all&srch_style=exact&srch_fa=save) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202033533/http://maps.bpl.org/details\\_11129/?srch\\_query\\=dorchester\\&srch\\_fields\\=all\\&srch\\_style\\=exact\\&srch\\_fa\\=save \\\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-02 }} \\- [Boston Public Library](/wiki/Boston_Public_Library \"Boston Public Library\") Map Collection. The maps shows the Crescent Avenue Depot of the Old Colony Railroad Line. as an Old Colony Railroad station, then called Columbia until December 1, 1982, and then again changed to [JFK/UMass](/wiki/JFK/UMass_%28MBTA_station%29 \"JFK/UMass (MBTA station)\"). It is an [MBTA](/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority \"Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority\") rail line station for both the subway and commuter rail line.", "In the 1880s, the calf pasture was used as a Boston sewer line and pumping station, known as the [Calf Pasture Pumping Station Complex](/wiki/Calf_Pasture_Pumping_Station_Complex \"Calf Pasture Pumping Station Complex\"). This large pumping station still stands and in its time was a model for treating sewage and helping to promote cleaner and healthier urban living conditions. It pumped waste to a remote treatment facility on [Moon Island](/wiki/Moon_Island_%28Massachusetts%29 \"Moon Island (Massachusetts)\") in [Boston Harbor](/wiki/Port_of_Boston \"Port of Boston\"), and served as a model for other systems worldwide. This system remained in active use and was the Boston Sewer system's headworks, handling all of the city's sewage, until 1968 when a new treatment facility was built on [Deer Island](/wiki/Deer_Island_%28Massachusetts%29 \"Deer Island (Massachusetts)\"). The pumping station is also architecturally significant as a [Richardsonian](/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson \"Henry Hobson Richardson\") [Romanesque](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture \"Romanesque architecture\") designed by the then Boston city architect, [George Clough](/wiki/George_Albert_Clough \"George Albert Clough\"). It is also the only remaining 19th century building on Columbia Point and is in the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\").", "### 1900s–50s", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|250px\\\|Columbia Point housing from Carson Beach. The photo depicts a 1977 racial conflict between residents of Columbia Point and [South Boston](/wiki/South_Boston%2C_Boston \"South Boston, Boston\") for the use of Carson Beach and the L Street bath house.](/wiki/File:Columbia_Point_from_Carson_Beach.jpg \"Columbia Point from Carson Beach.jpg\")", "Land\\-filling had caused the creation of Columbus Park on the peninsula and what was then called “Day Boulevard”, now Morrissey Boulevard, by 1934\\. There was a huge trash dump on the peninsula which turned into more landfill for other use.", "During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), small barracks were built on this landfill for some prisoners of war. After the war, these were re\\-used for the Columbia Point Veterans Village. Also, in 1950, [Boston College High School](/wiki/Boston_College_High_School \"Boston College High School\") relocated from the [South End](/wiki/South_End%2C_Boston \"South End, Boston\") of Boston to its present home on Morrissey Boulevard.", "More landfill on the north shore of the peninsula had been created to build the Columbia Point Development housing projects which were the largest in Boston and New England and built by the [Boston Housing Authority](/wiki/Boston_Housing_Authority \"Boston Housing Authority\"). The area was now known as Columbia Point. The Columbia Point Development was completed in 1954 and had 1,500 apartments in 27 nearly identical three\\- and seven\\-story buildings.Schubert, Michael F.; Thresher, Alison, [\"Lessons from the Field: Three Case Studies of Mixed Income Housing Development\"](http://uic.edu/cuppa/gci/publications/workingpaperseries/pdfs/Lessons%20from%20the%20Field.pdf) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605013646/http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/gci/publications/workingpaperseries/pdfs/Lessons%20from%20the%20Field.pdf \\\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-05 }}, Great Cities Institute, College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs, [University of Illinois at Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago \"University of Illinois at Chicago\"), April 1996, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation[Rybczynski, Witold](/wiki/Witold_Rybczynski \"Witold Rybczynski\"), [\"Looking Back at the Success of Harbor Point : Harbor Point was failed public housing—until it was rebuilt as the nation's first mixed\\-income community. Twenty\\-five years later, what can we learn from this visionary project?\"](http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/looking-back-at-the-success-of-harbor-point_o), [Architect](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects%23Magazine \"American Institute of Architects#Magazine\") magazine, The Journal of the [American Institute of Architects](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects \"American Institute of Architects\"), August 16, 2013 When the Columbia Point public housing project opened in 1953, its initial demographics reflected that of the city's population: white tenants made up more than 90 percent of the population while black families made up approximately 7 percent. All reports at the time indicated that racial and ethnic tensions were minimal, that there were high levels of [social trust](/wiki/Social_capital \"Social capital\") within the neighborhood, and by 1955, had a long waiting list of families wanting to become new tenants.{{sfn\\\|Feldberg\\\|2015\\\|p\\=87}} Other infrastructure was added, including public schools. The [MBTA](/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority \"Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority\") rapid transit stop was called Columbia, later to be known as the [JFK/UMass](/wiki/JFK/UMass_%28MBTA_station%29 \"JFK/UMass (MBTA station)\") stop on the [Red Line](/wiki/Red_Line_%28MBTA%29 \"Red Line (MBTA)\").", "### 1960s", "In the 1960s, there was a movement of community residents from the Columbia Point housing projects to get the city dump, which was located on the peninsula, permanently closed. They were able to get attorney [F. Lee Bailey](/wiki/F._Lee_Bailey \"F. Lee Bailey\") interested and to represent them. Eventually, the city dump closed in 1962 and the private dump, called Mile Road Dump, was ordered closed in February 1963 by the [Massachusetts Supreme Court](/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court \"Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court\").Cf. Roessner, Jane, A Decent Place to Live, Chapters 8 (\"Columbia Point in the Spotlight\"), p.56, and Chapter 13 (\"Planning for Columbia Point\"), p.107\\. Under the tenure of [Boston Mayor](/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston \"Mayor of Boston\") [John F. Collins](/wiki/John_F._Collins \"John F. Collins\") (1960–1968\\), the [Boston Housing Authority](/wiki/Boston_Housing_Authority \"Boston Housing Authority\") [segregated](/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States \"Housing segregation in the United States\") the [public housing developments](/wiki/Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States \"Subsidized housing in the United States\") in the city of Boston by moving black families into the development at Columbia Point while reserving developments in [South Boston](/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\") (such as [West Broadway Housing Development](/wiki/D_Street_Projects \"D Street Projects\")) for white families who started refusing assignment to the Columbia Point project by the early 1960s.{{sfn\\\|Feldberg\\\|2015\\\|p\\=89}}{{cite book\\\|last\\=Rothstein\\\|first\\=Richard\\\|author\\-link\\=Richard Rothstein\\\|title\\=The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America\\\|title\\-link\\=The Color of Law\\\|year\\=2017\\\|place\\=New York\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Boni \\& Liveright\\\|Liveright Publishing Corporation]]\\\|page\\=25\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1631494536}}", "In 1965, the first [community health center](/wiki/Community_health_center \"Community health center\") in the United States was built on Columbia Point, the Columbia Point Community Health Center, and was founded by two Tufts University medical doctors, [Jack Geiger](/wiki/H._Jack_Geiger \"H. Jack Geiger\") and Count Gibson.[Delta Health Center Records, 1966\\-1987](http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/d/Delta_Health_Center.html) in the [Southern Historical Collection](/wiki/Southern_Historical_Collection \"Southern Historical Collection\") at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[Sargent Shriver](/wiki/Sargent_Shriver \"Sargent Shriver\"), [\"Remarks of Mr. Shriver at Comprehensive Health Services Press Conference. June 1, 1967\"](http://www.sargentshriver.com/medium_file/file/2047/1967_-_COMPREHENSIVE_HEALTH_SERVICES_PRESS_CONFERENCE.pdf) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206221840/http://www.sargentshriver.com/medium\\_file/file/2047/1967\\_\\-\\_COMPREHENSIVE\\_HEALTH\\_SERVICES\\_PRESS\\_CONFERENCE.pdf \\\|date\\=February 6, 2009 }}. Cf. p.5: \"Grantee: Tufts University School Of Medicine, Medford, Massachusetts; Operating Institution: Tufts University School of Medicine\\-Department of Preventive Medicine; Project Director: Count Gibson, M.D., H. Jack Geiger, M.D., Professors of Preventative Medicine, Tufts University; Location: Columbia Point, Boston, Mass. and Bolivar County, Mississippi; Items of Special Interest: One of the original demonstration programs to contrast a model of a northern urban center with a southern rural one; Amount: $1,168,099, $138,888, $281,685, $3,417,630; Date Approved: 6/24/65, 8/65, 3/30/66, 1/15/67\" Geiger had previously studied the first community health centers and the principles of Community Oriented Primary Care with Sidney Kark Brown, Theodore M., and Fee, Elizabeth,\n[\"VOICES FROM THE PAST: Sidney Kark and John Cassel : Social Medicine Pioneers and South African Emigrés\"](http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/92/11/1744), American Journal of Public Health, November 2002, Vol 92, No. 11, 1744\\-1745 and colleagues while serving as a medical student in rural [Natal](/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal \"KwaZulu-Natal\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\").[Dr. Jack Geiger's biography page at George Washington University, School of Public Health and Health Services](http://www.gwumc.edu/sphhs/departments/healthpolicy/ggprogram/geiger.cfm) {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517205602/http://www.gwumc.edu/sphhs/departments/healthpolicy/ggprogram/geiger.cfm \\\|date\\=May 17, 2012 }}[Dr. Count Gibson's biography at George Washington University, School of Public Health and Health Services](http://www.gwumc.edu/sphhs/departments/healthpolicy/ggprogram/gibson.cfm) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214195021/http://www.gwumc.edu/sphhs/departments/healthpolicy/ggprogram/gibson.cfm \\\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-14 }}Cf. Roessner, p.80 The health center was funded by the federal government's [Office of Economic Opportunity](/wiki/Office_of_Economic_Opportunity \"Office of Economic Opportunity\") (OEO) and was needed to serve the community living in the Columbia Point Public Housing Projects which was on the isolated peninsula far away from Boston City Hospital. The center still stands and is in use today as the Geiger\\-Gibson Community Health Center on Mount Vernon Street.[\"1965 Columbia Point Health Center\"](http://www.bostoninnovation.org/pdf/1965_Columbia_PHC_mini_case_10.12.05.pdf) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112225907/http://www.bostoninnovation.org/pdf/1965\\_Columbia\\_PHC\\_mini\\_case\\_10\\.12\\.05\\.pdf \\\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-12 }} \\- Boston History and Innovation CollaborativeKong, Dolores, \"25 Years of Intensive Caring\", The Boston Globe. October 28, 1990, Metro Section, 29\\. In 2012, due to shifting demographics, Geiger\\-Gibson Community Health Center reduced its primary care hours and focus, moving its primary care patients to the Neponset Health Center in the [Neponset](/wiki/Neponset%2C_Massachusetts \"Neponset, Massachusetts\") neighborhood of Dorchester.Dumcius, Gintautas, [\"Geiger Gibson easing off its practice of primary care\"](http://www.dotnews.com/2012/geiger-gibson-easing-its-practice-primary-care), Dorchester Reporter, Jun. 7, 2012Sheehan, Daniel, [\"Health Community Offers Final Salutes to Dr. Geiger\"](https://www.dotnews.com/2021/health-community-offers-final-salutes-dr-geiger), Dorchester Reporter, January 7, 2021\\.", "In 1967, the [Boston Redevelopment Authority](/wiki/Boston_Planning_and_Development_Agency \"Boston Planning and Development Agency\") (BRA) published a study, titled An Urban Campus by the Sea, which proposed locating the [University of Massachusetts Boston](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston \"University of Massachusetts Boston\") campus permanently at the former Columbia Point landfill.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Campus by the Sea :: UMass Boston Historic Documents\\\|publisher\\=University of Massachusetts Boston\\\|url\\=http://openarchives.umb.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15774coll22/id/38\\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2017}}{{sfn\\\|Feldberg\\\|2015\\\|p\\=77}}{{sfn\\\|Feldberg\\\|2015\\\|p\\=87}} In December 1968, the [University of Massachusetts](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts \"University of Massachusetts\") Board of Trustees voted 12 to 4 to accept the Columbia Point proposal from the BRA.{{sfn\\\|Feldberg\\\|2015\\\|p\\=82}} The initial reactions of the residents of Columbia Point and [Savin Hill](/wiki/Savin_Hill \"Savin Hill\") were mixed. A coalition of 26 community organizations in Columbia Point and [Dorchester](/wiki/Dorchester%2C_Boston \"Dorchester, Boston\") formed the \"Dorchester Tenants Action Council\" (DTAC) to prevent an influx of students into the public housing project on Mount Vernon Street.{{sfn\\\|Feldberg\\\|2015\\\|p\\=87}} As construction for the Columbia Point campus began, DTAC demanded the creation of a joint task force to address their housing concerns, while some within DTAC called for the university to construct dormitories as part of the Columbia Point proposal; legislation for doing so was proposed within the [Massachusetts House of Representatives](/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives \"Massachusetts House of Representatives\") but failed to pass.{{sfn\\\|Feldberg\\\|2015\\\|p\\=92}} In addition to DTAC, the Columbia Point Community Development Council also asked that a number of construction jobs be reserved for residents of the projects,{{sfn\\\|Feldberg\\\|2015\\\|p\\=91}} including \"set asides\" for non\\-[union](/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States \"Labor unions in the United States\") minority workers that would later become a source of friction between the community groups and the university against the construction management firm, McKee\\-Berger\\-Mansueto (MBM) overseeing the project, its subcontractors, and the construction unions.{{sfn\\\|Feldberg\\\|2015\\\|p\\=99}}", "### 1970s–80s", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|250px\\\|[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Library \"John F. Kennedy Library\") on the Columbia Point peninsula](/wiki/File:JFK_library_Stitch_Crop.jpg \"JFK library Stitch Crop.jpg\")", "In 1974, the [University of Massachusetts Boston](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston \"University of Massachusetts Boston\") campus was opened on the tip of Columbia Point, and called the Harbor Campus.", "In 1977, after an unsuccessful bid to have the John F. Kennedy Library in [Cambridge, Massachusetts](/wiki/Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\") close to [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"), ground was broken at the tip of Columbia Point for the [John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Library \"John F. Kennedy Library\"), designed by the architect [I. M. Pei](/wiki/I._M._Pei \"I. M. Pei\"), and dedicated on October 20, 1979\\.", "The Columbia Point Housing Projects fell into disrepair and became quite dangerous. By the mid\\-1970s the Boston Housing Authority was under community, political, and legal pressure and orders to renovate and cure the living conditions at the site.Boston Housing Authority, [\"Preliminary Plan for the Columbia Point Development\"](https://archive.org/details/preliminaryplanf00bost), July 6, 1976[\"ARMANDO PEREZ \\& others vs. BOSTON HOUSING AUTHORITY\"](http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/379/379mass703.html), Massachusetts SJC, 1975/1979, 379 Mass. 703 By the time the UMass Boston campus opened in 1974, only 75 percent of the units in the Columbia Point housing project were occupied, and the BHA now thought of the complex as \"housing of last resort.\"{{sfn\\\|Feldberg\\\|2015\\\|p\\=89}} In 1986, construction began for the new Harbor Point Apartments complex to replace the original Columbia Point public housing project, and was completed in 1990\\. By the 1980s, only 300 families were living in the housing development, in part, because the [Boston Housing Authority](/wiki/Boston_Housing_Authority \"Boston Housing Authority\") had allowed the buildings to deteriorate and be occupied by [squatters](/wiki/Squatting \"Squatting\"), and the public housing project had drawn comparisons to the [Pruitt–Igoe](/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoe \"Pruitt–Igoe\") Apartments in [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\") and the [Cabrini–Green Homes](/wiki/Cabrini%E2%80%93Green_Homes \"Cabrini–Green Homes\") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\").{{sfn\\\|Feldberg\\\|2015\\\|p\\=119}} As a consequence, the Boston city government leased the development on a 99\\-year contract to a private developer composed of a tenant\\-run community task force and the Corcoran\\-Mullins\\-Jennison Corporation that was supported by the university.{{sfn\\\|Feldberg\\\|2015\\\|pp\\=119–121}} The [housing development](/wiki/Housing_estate \"Housing estate\") is now billed as luxury apartments.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Harbor Point on the Bay\\\|url\\=https://www.harborpointonthebay.com\\\|access\\-date\\=April 27, 2021}}", "Lacking the federal, state, and local government investment required to renovate Columbia Point while maintaining the deep affordability attached to public housing, the Boston Housing Authority and City of Boston made the decision to turn the property over to a private company to redevelop the area into a luxury, market\\-rate apartment complex with a portion of the units set aside as subsidized privately owned units. In 1984, the firm Corcoran\\-Mullins\\-Jennison was given control of the management, planning, demolition and renovation for the Columbia Point Housing Projects. A 99\\-year lease from the city of Boston was granted to and co\\-owned by the (Harbor Point Apartments, L.P.) Harbor Point Community Task Force (tenants' elected board) and a partnership of developers led by Corcoran\\-Mullins\\-Jennison Corporation.[\"Boston War Zone Becomes Public Housing Dream\"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE1DB103BF930A15752C1A967958260), [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"), November 23, 1991 Construction on the new Harbor Point development began in 1986\\. During a recession in 1988 with a slump in the housing market, deficits and expensive loans ($175 million in state and federal loans), the Harbor Point development came close to bankruptcy. [Chevron Corporation](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation \"Chevron Corporation\") rescued the redevelopment by investing $34 million, with Chevron taking advantage of $38 million in corporate tax credits and depreciation established by Congress in 1986 encouraging private investment in low\\-income housing.Atlantic Capital Corporation, [\"Harbor Point\"](http://www.atlanticap.com/realestate/harborpoint.asp) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707182739/http://www.atlanticap.com/realestate/harborpoint.asp \\\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-07 }} and [\"Track Record\"](http://www.atlanticap.com/realestate/trackrecord.asp) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707183308/http://www.atlanticap.com/realestate/trackrecord.asp \\\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-07 }} The renovations to the newly mixed\\-income complex, renamed Harbor Point Apartments, were completed in 1990 with 1200 apartments: 800 market\\-rate and 400 subsidized (compared to the previous 1,500 units public housing units).Swindells, Katherine, [On the Wrong Side of the Highway](https://bunewsservice.com/on-the-wrong-side-of-the-highway-harbor-points-fight-for-dorchester-students/), Boston University News Service, January 10, 2020 It has received praise for its planning and revitalization from the [Urban Land Institute](/wiki/Urban_Land_Institute \"Urban Land Institute\"), the [FIABCI](/wiki/FIABCI \"FIABCI\") award, a gold medal with the [Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence](/wiki/Rudy_Bruner_Award_for_Urban_Excellence \"Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence\") in 1993,[\"Rudy Bruner Award 1993: Harbor Point\"](http://www.rudybruneraward.org/?s=harbor+point), The Bruner Foundation, 1993[\"Case Study: Harbor Point\"](http://www.brunerfoundation.org/rba/pdfs/1993/02_harborpoint.pdf), Rudy Bruner Foundation, 1993[\"The 1993 Gold Medal Rudy Bruner Award for Harbor Point Redevelopment\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022324/http://libweb.lib.buffalo.edu/bruner/year/project.asp?searchby=year&entry=334), Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence, Digital Archive, SUNY University at Buffalo Libraries. (archived 2011\\) and was used as a model for the federal [HUD](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development \"United States Department of Housing and Urban Development\") [HOPE VI](/wiki/HOPE_VI \"HOPE VI\") public housing demolition and redevelopment program begun in 1992\\.Cf. Roessner, p.293\\. \"The HOPE VI housing program, inspired in part by the success of Harbor Point, was created by legislation passed by Congress in 1992\\.\"Thebaud, Angie; Haffner, Jeanne; Guerra, Erick, [\"{{Sic\\\|hide\\=y\\\|Privately\\\|\\-}}Funded Public Housing Redevelopment: A Study of the Transformation of Columbia Point (Boston, MA)\"](http://i2ud.org/harborpoint/) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908010922/http://i2ud.org/harborpoint/ \\\|date\\=2012\\-09\\-08 }}, [Institute for International Urban Development](/wiki/Institute_for_International_Urban_Development \"Institute for International Urban Development\") (I2UD), Cambridge, MA, September 2008", "Two Boston architects were instrumental in the redesign of Columbia Point Housing Projects into the new and upscale Harbor Point Apartments: [Joan E. Goody](/wiki/Joan_E._Goody \"Joan E. Goody\") and Samuel \"Sy\" Mintz. Goody was interested in putting townhouses on the property whereas Mintz worked on re\\-vitalizing and re\\-making the existing buildings and their footprints.[\"Architect who helped transform Harbor Point looks to do the same for Bunker Hill project \\- but this time as a volunteer\"](https://www.universalhub.com/2017/architect-who-helped-transform-harbor-point-looks), Universal Hub / Charlestown Patriot\\-Bridge, Fri, 03/10/2017", "### 2000s", "[thumb\\\|250px\\\|left\\\|View of Old Harbor at Columbia Point.](/wiki/File:Harbouratcolumbiapt.JPG \"Harbouratcolumbiapt.JPG\")\nIn 2008, plans and proposals were unveiled and presented to public community hearings by the Corcoran\\-Jennison Company to redevelop the {{convert\\\|30\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|adj\\=on}} [Bayside Exposition Center](/wiki/Bayside_Expo_Center \"Bayside Expo Center\") site on the Columbia Point peninsula into a mixed use village of storefronts and residences, called \"Bayside on the Point\".Stidman, Pete, [\"Sketches outline new\\-deal for Columbia Point\"](http://www.dotnews.com/new%20deal%20for%20columbia%20pt.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213143128/http://www.dotnews.com/new%20deal%20for%20columbia%20pt.html \\\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-13 }}, Dorchester Reporter, August 14, 2008Stidman, Pete, [\"Bayside developers go public with site plans\"](http://www.dotnews.com/bayside%20developers.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213143149/http://www.dotnews.com/bayside%20developers.html \\\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-13 }}, Dorchester Reporter, July 17, 2008[Bayside on the Point website](http://www.baysideonthepoint.com/) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517002910/http://baysideonthepoint.com/ \\\|date\\=2014\\-05\\-17 }}Stidman, Pete, [\"Next great neighborhood' planned for Morrissey site\"](http://www.dotnews.com/Next%20great%20neighborhood.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213143208/http://www.dotnews.com/Next%20great%20neighborhood.html \\\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-13 }}, Dorchester Reporter, November 13, 2008 There were serious problems with the ongoing development plans, since the [Massachusetts Water Resources Authority](/wiki/Massachusetts_Water_Resources_Authority \"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority\") had planned to build a sewage odor control facility just adjacent to the development site.Dumcius, Gintautas, [\"Odor control facility raises new questions on Columbia Point\"](http://www.dotnews.com/odorcontrol.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213143407/http://www.dotnews.com/odorcontrol.html \\\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-13 }}, Dorchester Reporter, February 21, 2008Stidman, Pete, [\"Odor facility clouds future of Bayside project\"](http://www.dotnews.com/Odor%20facility.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213143423/http://www.dotnews.com/Odor%20facility.html \\\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-13 }}, Dorchester Reporter, November 20, 2008", "However, in 2009, the Bayside Expo Center property was lost in a foreclosure on Corcoran\\-Jennison to a Florida\\-based real estate firm, LNR/CMAT, who bought it. Soon after, the University of Massachusetts Boston bought the property from them to build future campus facilities.Forry, Ed, [\"UMass\\-Boston seeks to buy Bayside Expo; Motley says no plans for dorms\"](http://www.dotnews.com/2009/umass-boston-seeks-buy-bayside-expo), The Dorchester Reporter, December 16, 2009Anderson, Hil, [\"Boston’s Bayside Expo Site Sold to University\"](http://www.tradeshowexecutive.com/TheVault_subframe_main.asp?id=846) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717083252/http://www.tradeshowexecutive.com/TheVault\\_subframe\\_main.asp?id\\=846 \\\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-17 }}, Trade Show Executive News, December 18, 2009\\. In February 2010, The University of Massachusetts Boston in conjunction with the University of Massachusetts Building Authority formally signed the purchase papers and bought the Bayside Expo property for $18\\.7 million. In 2010, the university plans to break ground and start building a new science laboratory and other facilities.Forry, Ed, [\"UMass signs agreement to buy Bayside Expo for $18\\.7M\"](http://www.dotnews.com/2010/umass-bayside-agree-sale), The Dorchester Reporter, February 18, 2010[UMass Boston Acquires Former Bayside Property : 20\\-acre Site Will Support Campus Construction of Academic Buildings\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085831/http://www.umb.edu/news/entry/umass_boston_acquires_former_bayside_property/), University of Massachusetts Boston, Office of Communications, May 20, 2010 (archived 2011\\)", "In late 2012, a developer, Synergy Investments, announced plans to put up a residential building at 25 Morrissey Blvd. right next to the JFK/UMass train stop, on an abandoned lot, to further develop the foot of the Columbia Point peninsula.Ailworth, Erin, [\"Developer plans $60m housing complex near JFK T stop\"](https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2012/10/03/developer-proposes-million-apartment-complex-near-jfk-stop/EA7V86uuKUZMPSGTki7RpJ/story.html?camp=newsletter), The Boston Globe, October 03, 2012Forry, Bill, [\"Editorial: A welcome wave of development\"](http://www.dotnews.com/columns/2012/editorial-welcome-wave-development), Dorchester Reporter, October 11, 2012 Also, in 2012, developer Corcoran\\-Jennison Companies announced plans to build another residential building on Mt. Vernon Street on the site of the office complex next to the former Bayside Expo.Dumcius, Gintautas, [\"New building, streetscape eyed for Mt. Vernon St.\"](http://www.dotnews.com/2012/new-building-streetscape-eyed-mt-vernon-st), Dorchester Reporter, August 23, 2012", "In 2014, the [Boston Redevelopment Authority](/wiki/Boston_Redevelopment_Authority \"Boston Redevelopment Authority\") began a study on redeveloping the main road on Columbia Point, Mount Vernon Street, in conjunction with the Master Plan for the peninsula.[\"Mount Vernon Street Design\"](http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/planning/planning-initiatives/mt-vernon-street-design), Boston Redevelopment Authority, 2014", "On March 30, 2015 the [Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate](/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate \"Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate\") was dedicated by [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\"), with [Vice President](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States \"Vice President of the United States\") [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\") in attendance.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/03/30/president\\-obama\\-helps\\-dedicate\\-new\\-edward\\-m\\-kennedy\\-institute \\\|title\\=President Obama Helps Dedicate the New Edward M. Kennedy Institute \\\|last\\=Evans \\\|first\\=Chris \\\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-30 \\\|via\\=\\[\\[NARA\\\|National Archives]] \\\|work\\=\\[\\[whitehouse.gov]] \\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-01}} The Institute has been open to the public since March 31, 2015\\.{{cite news \\\|last\\=Khalid \\\|first\\=Asma \\\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-30 \\\|title\\=Edward M. Kennedy Institute Opens With A Lofty Goal: Restoring Respect For Congress \\\|url\\=http://www.wbur.org/news/2015/03/30/kennedy\\-institute\\-senate\\-opens \\\|location\\=Boston \\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-01}}", "In 2018, discussions opened up as to what to do with the two Boston Public schools on Columbia Point: Dever Elementary School, which was in receivership, and the McCormack Middle School. There were plans for a high school to be placed there.Smith, Jennifer, [\"City\\-owned parcel on the Point eyed for redevelopment\"](https://www.dotnews.com/2018/city-owned-parcel-point-eyed-redevelopment), The Dorchester Reporter, December 6, 2018", "In Fall 2018, UMASS/Boston opened up two new high\\-rise student dormitory buildings on the campus next to the Athletic Complex. These were the first on\\-campus dormitories built at UMASS/Boston.", "In 2019, The Bayside Expo site now leveled and owned by UMASS/Boston is leased out for 99 years for development to Accordia Partners for $235 million.", "In October 2018, [Boston Mayor](/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston \"Mayor of Boston\") [Marty Walsh](/wiki/Marty_Walsh \"Marty Walsh\") announced a comprehensive [climate change adaptation](/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation \"Climate change adaptation\") proposal to protect the [Boston Harbor](/wiki/Boston_Harbor \"Boston Harbor\") coastline from [coastal flooding](/wiki/Coastal_flooding \"Coastal flooding\"),{{cite news\\\|last\\=Gellerman\\\|first\\=Bruce\\\|date\\=October 17, 2018\\\|title\\=Walsh Outlines Plan To Protect Boston Harbor From Flooding\\\|publisher\\=WBUR\\\|url\\=https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/10/17/walsh\\-resilient\\-boston\\-harbor\\\|access\\-date\\=March 9, 2022}} and in October 2020, the Walsh administration released a 174\\-page climate change adaptation report for the Boston Harbor coastline in Dorchester with a section on Columbia Point and [Morrissey Boulevard](/wiki/Morrissey_Boulevard \"Morrissey Boulevard\").{{cite news\\\|last\\=Forry\\\|first\\=Bill\\\|date\\=November 5, 2020\\\|title\\=Operation Resiliency: Safeguards for Dot 'Shoreway' put at up to $215m\\\|work\\=Dorchester Reporter\\\|url\\=https://www.dotnews.com/2020/operation\\-resiliency\\-safeguards\\-dot\\-shoreway\\-put\\-215m\\\|access\\-date\\=March 9, 2022}}{{cite report\\\|title\\=Coastal Resilience Solutions for Dorchester: Final Report\\\|year\\=2020\\\|pages\\=86–113\\\|website\\=boston.gov\\\|url\\=https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/file/2020/10/Climate%20Ready%20Dorchester\\-Final%20Report%20%28Spreads%20for%20web%29\\.pdf\\\|access\\-date\\=March 16, 2022}} In March 2022, the [Boston Planning \\& Development Agency](/wiki/Boston_Planning_%26_Development_Agency \"Boston Planning & Development Agency\") (BPDA) approved a proposal by the Dorchester [Boys \\& Girls Club](/wiki/Boys_%26_Girls_Clubs_of_America \"Boys & Girls Clubs of America\") and the [Martin Richard Foundation](/wiki/Martin_Richard_Foundation \"Martin Richard Foundation\") to construct a 3\\-[story](/wiki/Storey \"Storey\") [field house](/wiki/Field_house \"Field house\") on Mount Vernon Street.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Smith\\\|first\\=Jennifer\\\|date\\=March 14, 2022\\\|title\\=BPDA gives hearty thumbs up to 'Fieldhouse' project on Point\\\|work\\=Dorchester Reporter\\\|url\\=https://www.dotnews.com/2022/bpda\\-gives\\-hearty\\-thumbs\\-fieldhouse\\-project\\-point\\\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2022}} In July 2022, [Boston Mayor](/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston \"Mayor of Boston\") [Michelle Wu](/wiki/Michelle_Wu \"Michelle Wu\") vetoed a $5 million amendment for the field house proposal that had been approved by the [Boston City Council](/wiki/Boston_City_Council \"Boston City Council\") for the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") aid package the city received under the [American Rescue Plan Act of 2021](/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021 \"American Rescue Plan Act of 2021\") despite supporting the proposal itself.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Dumcius\\\|first\\=Gintautas\\\|date\\=July 25, 2022\\\|title\\=Wu signs pandemic package, vetoes Baker's Dorchester Fieldhouse amendment\\\|work\\=Dorchester Reporter\\\|url\\=https://www.dotnews.com/2022/wu\\-signs\\-pandemic\\-package\\-vetoes\\-baker\\-s\\-dorchester\\-fieldhouse\\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2023}} In August 2022, [Massachusetts Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts \"Governor of Massachusetts\") [Charlie Baker](/wiki/Charlie_Baker \"Charlie Baker\") signed into law an instrastructure spending bill that included a $1 million appropriation for the field house proposal.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Dumcius\\\|first\\=Gintautas\\\|date\\=August 10, 2022\\\|title\\=Fieldhouse project lands $1m from state infrastructure bill\\\|work\\=Dorchester Reporter\\\|url\\=https://www.dotnews.com/2022/fieldhouse\\-project\\-lands\\-1m\\-state\\-infrastructure\\-bill\\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2023}} In October 2022, the Boston Zoning Board of Appeals approved the field house proposal.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Martin Richard field house approved on Mt. Vernon Street\\\|date\\=October 25, 2022\\\|work\\=Dorchester Reporter\\\|url\\=https://www.dotnews.com/2022/martin\\-richard\\-field\\-house\\-approved\\-mt\\-vernon\\-street\\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2023}}", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \\|1960\= 590 \\|1970\= 520 \\|1980\= 836 \\|1990\= 743 \\|2000\= 825 \\|2010\= 693 \\|2020\= 667 \\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\=Census.gov\\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015\\|df\=mdy\-all}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\\|title\=U.S. Census website\\|url\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\-date\=2012\-07\-08}} of 2010, there were 693 people, 278 households, and 199 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\\|402\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 328 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|190\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\.12% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.43% [Black](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._Census%29 "Black (U.S. Census)") or [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.58% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.14% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.72% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.15% of the population. There were 278 households, of which 34\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 12\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28\.4% were non\-families. 24\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.41 and the average family size was 2\.85\. The median age in the city was 39 years. 25\.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\.3% were from 25 to 44; 24\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 17\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\.9% male and 51\.1% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 825 people, 302 households, and 224 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|479\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\=us\\|adj\=off}}. There were 325 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|188\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\=us\\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\.91% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.12% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.48% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.48% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.36% of the population. There were 302 households, out of which 36\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 9\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25\.5% were non\-families. 22\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.60 and the average family size was 3\.03\. In the city the population was spread out, with 28\.7% under the age of 18, 6\.7% from 18 to 24, 25\.2% from 25 to 44, 21\.9% from 45 to 64, and 17\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 89\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82\.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $34,107, and the median income for a family was $38,750\. Males had a median income of $40,909 versus $18,250 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $15,085\. About 11\.3% of families and 13\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 13\.4% of those under age 18 and 21\.4% of those age 65 or over.	[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\\|1960\\= 590\n\\\|1970\\= 520\n\\\|1980\\= 836\n\\\|1990\\= 743\n\\\|2000\\= 825\n\\\|2010\\= 693\n\\\|2020\\= 667\n\\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015\\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-08}} of 2010, there were 693 people, 278 households, and 199 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\\|402\\.9\\\|PD/sqmi\\\|PD/km2\\\|1}}. There were 328 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\\|190\\.7\\\|/sqmi\\\|/km2\\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.12% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.43% [Black](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Black (U.S. Census)\") or [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.58% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.14% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.72% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.15% of the population.", "There were 278 households, of which 34\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 12\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28\\.4% were non\\-families. 24\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.41 and the average family size was 2\\.85\\.", "The median age in the city was 39 years. 25\\.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\\.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\\.3% were from 25 to 44; 24\\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 17\\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\\.9% male and 51\\.1% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 825 people, 302 households, and 224 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\\|479\\.0\\\|PD/sqmi\\\|PD/km2\\\|sp\\=us\\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 325 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\\|188\\.7\\\|/sqmi\\\|/km2\\\|sp\\=us\\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.91% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.12% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.48% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.48% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.36% of the population.", "There were 302 households, out of which 36\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 9\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25\\.5% were non\\-families. 22\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.60 and the average family size was 3\\.03\\.", "In the city the population was spread out, with 28\\.7% under the age of 18, 6\\.7% from 18 to 24, 25\\.2% from 25 to 44, 21\\.9% from 45 to 64, and 17\\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 89\\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82\\.6 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $34,107, and the median income for a family was $38,750\\. Males had a median income of $40,909 versus $18,250 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $15,085\\. About 11\\.3% of families and 13\\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 13\\.4% of those under age 18 and 21\\.4% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
History ------- In addition to the study of fielded weapons used in Vietnam, a new Department of Defense leadership team began major reforms when the new Richard M. Nixon administration began in 1969\. Deputy Secretary of Defense David Packard, the esteemed entrepreneur who favored the "fly\-before\-buy" approach, and Undersecretary of the Air Force John L. McLucas, who dealt with operational problems with the F\-111 and C\-5 transport, took the lead in defining a new emphasis on OT\&E. Several government committees, commissions, and agencies studied how to implement acquisition reform, including the benefits of independent operational test and evaluation. Participants in all of these studies, along with an increasing number of Senators and Congressmen, concluded that the developing and using commands had become less impartial about the capabilities of, and need for, their major acquisition programs. In July 1970, a Presidential Blue Ribbon Defense Panel recommended the creation of an OT\&E organization in each service, independent from the developer and user, and reporting directly to the chief of each service. Deputy Secretary Packard quickly started to implement the Panel's recommendations. By November 1971, Congress showed its support for OT\&E by requiring that the services submit OT\&E results before procuring new systems. Congress expected the independent operational test agency in each service to test and evaluate a system relative to two questions: Is the system operationally effective? and Is the system operationally suitable?. Operational effectiveness addresses how well a system performed the mission for which it was designed. Operational suitability, on the other hand, examined if a system could be maintained, kept available, and was reliable in the operational environment. Some members of the Air Staff, unfavorably recalling the contributions of the Air Proving Ground Command, attempted to find alternatives to creating a new, independent OT\&E organization. They contended that internal changes were the first step. Air Force leadership also adopted a new dichotomy in which developing commands would typically conduct developmental test and evaluation while the using commands would usually conduct operational test and evaluation. Senior Air Force leadership believed these changes could bring to the Air Force the balance and independence Congress and the Department of Defense favored for each service. In 1973, [John L. McLucas](/wiki/John_L._McLucas "John L. McLucas") became Secretary of the Air Force, and General [George S. Brown](/wiki/George_S._Brown "George S. Brown") became the new Chief of Staff of the Air Force. In September 1973, General Brown ordered the Air Staff to plan for a new independent OT\&E agency. On 11 December 1973, a directive from Headquarters Air Force established the Air Force Test and Evaluation Center at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, effective 1 January 1974\. The Center achieved initial operational capability in April 1974 and full operational capability by October 1974\. ### AFTEC's Early Years AFTEC's charter largely addressed the criticisms of OT\&E and the Blue Panel's recommendations. For example, as a Separate Operating Agency, the Center reported directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force as a means of ensuring independence from the developing and using commands. AFTEC test teams would consist of specialists who would operate and maintain the systems after deployment. The Center would provide the results of its evaluations to the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff in support of key decision points in the acquisition process. And, AFTEC would conduct impartial tests under conditions as close to those encountered in the field. At the same time, the Air Force also took steps to avoid creating another APGC. AFTEC would be a small management headquarters with approximately 200 personnel, and AFTEC would never own any of the systems it tested. The charter and subsequent events showed the Air Force's reluctance to turn all OT\&E over to the new Center. Although AFTEC declared full operational capability in October 1974, by the end of its first year, the Center had responsibility to test only 32 OT\&E programs, while the major commands continued to conduct OT\&E on their programs of interest. AFTEC was limited to monitoring OT\&E of smaller acquisition programs at the major commands. Another obstacle arose because AFTEC was such a small organization that it had to rely heavily on the major commands to provide personnel for test teams and funds for OT\&E. In October 1976, Major General Howard W. Leaf assumed command of AFTEC, and gradually implemented changes that enhanced AFTEC's role in OT\&E conducted at the major commands. Major General Leaf, promoted to Lieutenant General and reassigned as inspector general of the Air Force, departed AFTEC in May 1980\. By that time, he had helped find solutions to AFTEC's budgeting process, forged closer relationships with the major commands, and had established three levels of AFTEC effort for monitoring major command OT\&E programs. Like his predecessors and successors as AFTEC commander, Major General Leaf sought to involve OT\&E testers as early as possible in programs identified for OT\&E to help ensure system readiness for test and that tests reflected the needs of users of the new systems. Early OT\&E also played a role in ensuring the "fix\-before\-buy" approach had a chance to save resources by finding problems before production, thereby avoiding costly modifications to fielded systems. As a whole, Major General Leaf's time as AFTEC commander stabilized the new organization and made it a more active participant in Air Force OT\&E. From AFTEC to Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center AFTEC's increasing contributions to Air Force OT\&E led the Center to create detachments and operating locations dedicated to conducting AFTEC's OT\&E mission. While AFTEC headquarters remained at Kirtland AFB, detachments activated at numerous locations, including Kapaun, Germany, Eglin AFB, Florida, Edwards AFB, California, and Nellis AFB, Nevada. Detachments tended to support relatively broad categories of test—fighter aircraft, large aircraft, and munitions, for example. Operating locations, smaller than the detachments and located throughout the United States, tended to focus on individual systems. On 4 April 1983, the Center was redesignated the Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center. This title more accurately described its unique mission of evaluating the operational effectiveness and operational suitability of new systems. It also clearly delineated its role as the Air Force's operational test agency. Congress, with an increased interest in understanding the operational effectiveness and operational suitability of major Department of Defense acquisition programs, directed the creation of a new position, Director, Operational Test and Evaluation, in the Office of the Secretary of Defense in September 1983\. Congress required that the Director, Directorate of Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT\&E) would report directly, without intervening review or approval, to the Secretary of Defense and to Congress. One of the requirements Congress levied on DOT\&E was to create, maintain, and update a list of major Department of Defense acquisition programs, and to prepare an annual report to Congress, informing that body about the progress of programs with high interest and visibility in Congress. ### End of the Cold War Brings More Change Unrest in Europe in 1989 brought the fall of the Berlin Wall in November of that year, and ultimately the demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. The United States began to dramatically reduce the size of its armed services shortly thereafter. Chief of Staff of the Air Force General Merrill A. McPeak announced the consolidation of several Air Force major commands and personnel reductions as part of the overall Department of Defense reductions. As part of these reductions and reorganization, the Air Force changed its Direct Reporting Units (DRUs) and Separate Operating Agencies (SOAs) to field operating agencies and assigned them to appropriate functional chiefs at Headquarters U.S. Air Force. Because of AFOTEC's charter as an independent test agency that reported directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, the Center became one of only three Direct Reporting Units in the Air Force on 5 February 1991\. Several proposals to consolidate Air Force OT\&E at AFOTEC also circulated during broad area reviews associated with reorganizing the Air Force. The U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, for example, addressed the feasibility of expanding AFOTEC's role and scope of responsibility for the entire test and evaluation process, from the initial statement of need to the last major upgrade of a system. A Department of Defense Inspector General report used a different perspective and criticized the Air Force for not having a single operational test agency. In September 1991, Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Donald B. Rice and General McPeak created a new office in the Air Staff, the Director of Test and Evaluation. Retired Lieutenant General Howard W. Leaf became the first Director of Test and Evaluation in October 1991, and two months later, proposed consolidating OT\&E at AFOTEC. As part of the Air Force reorganization and drawdown, General McPeak directed that the Center not only continue its lead role in multi\-service OT\&E, but also the consolidation of all initial and qualification OT\&E and select follow\-on OT\&E at AFOTEC by 1 June 1992\. By design, this meant General McPeak limited the type and scope of testing the major commands could perform in the future. Overnight, the number of AFOTEC\-conducted tests rose first from 47 to 186, and ultimately to more than 200\. General McPeak also announced that AFOTEC would receive additional personnel to ensure it could meet its newly expanded mission. The Center's mission grew again on 1 October 1997 when AFOTEC absorbed the personnel and workload of the [Defense Evaluation Support Activity](/wiki/Defense_Evaluation_Support_Activity "Defense Evaluation Support Activity") (DESA). DESA, which had experience with rapid test, was heavily involved in testing advanced concept technology demonstrations, which sought out innovative applications for emerging technologies to create prototype systems for examination by operational units. While "fly\-before\-buy" has repeatedly proven its worth in thorough testing of systems and avoidance of later problems, the Air Force even in the twenty\-first century remains severely hampered by a "buy\-fly\-fix" approach. Literally billions of dollars have been spent in making weapons systems operational after they have entered squadron service. For example, the [Rockwell B\-1B Lancer](/wiki/Rockwell_B-1B_Lancer "Rockwell B-1B Lancer") suffered repeated such problems. When declared operational, apart from nuclear weapons, the only conventional weapon the B\-1 could use were free\-fall bombs. ### Twenty\-first century In 2020\-2021, with the creation of the [United States Space Force](/wiki/United_States_Space_Force "United States Space Force") and its provisional STAR Delta, AFOTEC's Detachment 4 at [Peterson Air Force Base](/wiki/Peterson_Air_Force_Base "Peterson Air Force Base"), Colorado, was transferred to the USSF. Detachment 4 had conducted operational testing and evaluation of space, cyberspace, information technology, missile, and missile defense systems. Some of the major systems tested by Detachment 4 included the Global Positioning System, Space Based Infrared System, Advanced Extremely High Frequency Satellite Communications, Space Based Space Surveillance, Cobra Judy Replacement, Defense Integrated Military human resources System, and the Integrated Strategic Planning and Analysis Network. In addition, Detachment 4 was part of the Ballistic Missile Defense System Operational Test Agency Combined Test Force, participating in the testing and exercise events that evaluate components and spirals of the overall Ballistic Missile Defense System.	[ "History\n-------", "In addition to the study of fielded weapons used in Vietnam, a new Department of Defense leadership team began major reforms when the new Richard M. Nixon administration began in 1969\\. Deputy Secretary of Defense David Packard, the esteemed entrepreneur who favored the \"fly\\-before\\-buy\" approach, and Undersecretary of the Air Force John L. McLucas, who dealt with operational problems with the F\\-111 and C\\-5 transport, took the lead in defining a new emphasis on OT\\&E.", "Several government committees, commissions, and agencies studied how to implement acquisition reform, including the benefits of independent operational test and evaluation. Participants in all of these studies, along with an increasing number of Senators and Congressmen, concluded that the developing and using commands had become less impartial about the capabilities of, and need for, their major acquisition programs.", "In July 1970, a Presidential Blue Ribbon Defense Panel recommended the creation of an OT\\&E organization in each service, independent from the developer and user, and reporting directly to the chief of each service. Deputy Secretary Packard quickly started to implement the Panel's recommendations. By November 1971, Congress showed its support for OT\\&E by requiring that the services submit OT\\&E results before procuring new systems.", "Congress expected the independent operational test agency in each service to test and evaluate a system relative to two questions: Is the system operationally effective? and Is the system operationally suitable?. Operational effectiveness addresses how well a system performed the mission for which it was designed. Operational suitability, on the other hand, examined if a system could be maintained, kept available, and was reliable in the operational environment.", "Some members of the Air Staff, unfavorably recalling the contributions of the Air Proving Ground Command, attempted to find alternatives to creating a new, independent OT\\&E organization. They contended that internal changes were the first step. Air Force leadership also adopted a new dichotomy in which developing commands would typically conduct developmental test and evaluation while the using commands would usually conduct operational test and evaluation. Senior Air Force leadership believed these changes could bring to the Air Force the balance and independence Congress and the Department of Defense favored for each service.", "In 1973, [John L. McLucas](/wiki/John_L._McLucas \"John L. McLucas\") became Secretary of the Air Force, and General [George S. Brown](/wiki/George_S._Brown \"George S. Brown\") became the new Chief of Staff of the Air Force. In September 1973, General Brown ordered the Air Staff to plan for a new independent OT\\&E agency. On 11 December 1973, a directive from Headquarters Air Force established the Air Force Test and Evaluation Center at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, effective 1 January 1974\\. The Center achieved initial operational capability in April 1974 and full operational capability by October 1974\\.", "### AFTEC's Early Years", "AFTEC's charter largely addressed the criticisms of OT\\&E and the Blue Panel's recommendations. For example, as a Separate Operating Agency, the Center reported directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force as a means of ensuring independence from the developing and using commands. AFTEC test teams would consist of specialists who would operate and maintain the systems after deployment. The Center would provide the results of its evaluations to the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff in support of key decision points in the acquisition process. And, AFTEC would conduct impartial tests under conditions as close to those encountered in the field.", "At the same time, the Air Force also took steps to avoid creating another APGC. AFTEC would be a small management headquarters with approximately 200 personnel, and AFTEC would never own any of the systems it tested. The charter and subsequent events showed the Air Force's reluctance to turn all OT\\&E over to the new Center. Although AFTEC declared full operational capability in October 1974, by the end of its first year, the Center had responsibility to test only 32 OT\\&E programs, while the major commands continued to conduct OT\\&E on their programs of interest. AFTEC was limited to monitoring OT\\&E of smaller acquisition programs at the major commands. Another obstacle arose because AFTEC was such a small organization that it had to rely heavily on the major commands to provide personnel for test teams and funds for OT\\&E.", "In October 1976, Major General Howard W. Leaf assumed command of AFTEC, and gradually implemented changes that enhanced AFTEC's role in OT\\&E conducted at the major commands. Major General Leaf, promoted to Lieutenant General and reassigned as inspector general of the Air Force, departed AFTEC in May 1980\\. By that time, he had helped find solutions to AFTEC's budgeting process, forged closer relationships with the major commands, and had established three levels of AFTEC effort for monitoring major command OT\\&E programs. Like his predecessors and successors as AFTEC commander, Major General Leaf sought to involve OT\\&E testers as early as possible in programs identified for OT\\&E to help ensure system readiness for test and that tests reflected the needs of users of the new systems. Early OT\\&E also played a role in ensuring the \"fix\\-before\\-buy\" approach had a chance to save resources by finding problems before production, thereby avoiding costly modifications to fielded systems. As a whole, Major General Leaf's time as AFTEC commander stabilized the new organization and made it a more active participant in Air Force OT\\&E.", "From AFTEC to Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center", "AFTEC's increasing contributions to Air Force OT\\&E led the Center to create detachments and operating locations dedicated to conducting AFTEC's OT\\&E mission. While AFTEC headquarters remained at Kirtland AFB, detachments activated at numerous locations, including Kapaun, Germany, Eglin AFB, Florida, Edwards AFB, California, and Nellis AFB, Nevada. Detachments tended to support relatively broad categories of test—fighter aircraft, large aircraft, and munitions, for example. Operating locations, smaller than the detachments and located throughout the United States, tended to focus on individual systems.", "On 4 April 1983, the Center was redesignated the Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center. This title more accurately described its unique mission of evaluating the operational effectiveness and operational suitability of new systems.\nIt also clearly delineated its role as the Air Force's operational test agency.", "Congress, with an increased interest in understanding the operational effectiveness and operational suitability of major Department of Defense acquisition programs, directed the creation of a new position, Director, Operational Test and Evaluation, in the Office of the Secretary of Defense in September 1983\\. Congress required that the Director, Directorate of Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT\\&E) would report directly, without intervening review or approval, to the Secretary of Defense and to Congress. One of the requirements Congress levied on DOT\\&E was to create, maintain, and update a list of major Department of Defense acquisition programs, and to prepare an annual report to Congress, informing that body about the progress of programs with high interest and\nvisibility in Congress.", "### End of the Cold War Brings More Change", "Unrest in Europe in 1989 brought the fall of the Berlin Wall in November of that year, and ultimately the demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. The United States began to dramatically reduce the size of its armed services shortly thereafter. Chief of Staff of the Air Force General Merrill A. McPeak announced the consolidation of several Air Force major commands and personnel reductions as part of the overall Department of Defense reductions.", "As part of these reductions and reorganization, the Air Force changed its Direct Reporting Units (DRUs) and Separate Operating Agencies (SOAs) to field operating agencies and assigned them to appropriate functional chiefs at Headquarters U.S. Air Force. Because of AFOTEC's charter as an independent test agency that reported directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, the Center became one of only three Direct Reporting Units in the Air Force on 5 February 1991\\.", "Several proposals to consolidate Air Force OT\\&E at AFOTEC also circulated during broad area reviews associated with reorganizing the Air Force. The U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, for example, addressed the feasibility of expanding AFOTEC's role and scope of responsibility for the entire test and evaluation process, from the initial statement of need to the last major upgrade of a system. A Department of Defense Inspector General report used a different perspective and criticized the Air Force for not having a single operational test agency.", "In September 1991, Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Donald B. Rice and General McPeak created a new office in the Air Staff, the Director of Test and Evaluation. Retired Lieutenant General Howard W. Leaf became the first Director of Test and Evaluation in October 1991, and two months later, proposed consolidating OT\\&E at AFOTEC. As part of the Air Force reorganization and drawdown, General McPeak directed that the Center not only continue its lead role in multi\\-service OT\\&E, but also the consolidation of all initial and qualification OT\\&E and select follow\\-on OT\\&E at AFOTEC by 1 June 1992\\. By design, this meant General McPeak limited the type and scope of testing the major commands could perform in the future. Overnight, the number of AFOTEC\\-conducted tests rose first from 47 to 186, and ultimately to more than 200\\. General McPeak also announced that AFOTEC would receive additional personnel to ensure it could meet its newly expanded mission.", "The Center's mission grew again on 1 October 1997 when AFOTEC absorbed the personnel and workload of the [Defense Evaluation Support Activity](/wiki/Defense_Evaluation_Support_Activity \"Defense Evaluation Support Activity\") (DESA). DESA, which had experience with rapid test, was heavily involved in testing advanced concept technology demonstrations, which sought out innovative applications for emerging technologies to create prototype systems for examination by operational units.", "While \"fly\\-before\\-buy\" has repeatedly proven its worth in thorough testing of systems and avoidance of later problems, the Air Force even in the twenty\\-first century remains severely hampered by a \"buy\\-fly\\-fix\" approach. Literally billions of dollars have been spent in making weapons systems operational after they have entered squadron service. For example, the [Rockwell B\\-1B Lancer](/wiki/Rockwell_B-1B_Lancer \"Rockwell B-1B Lancer\") suffered repeated such problems. When declared operational, apart from nuclear weapons, the only conventional weapon the B\\-1 could use were free\\-fall bombs.", "### Twenty\\-first century", "In 2020\\-2021, with the creation of the [United States Space Force](/wiki/United_States_Space_Force \"United States Space Force\") and its provisional STAR Delta, AFOTEC's Detachment 4 at\n[Peterson Air Force Base](/wiki/Peterson_Air_Force_Base \"Peterson Air Force Base\"), Colorado, was transferred to the USSF. Detachment 4 had conducted operational testing and evaluation of space, cyberspace, information technology, missile, and missile defense systems. Some of the major systems tested by Detachment 4 included the Global Positioning System, Space Based Infrared System, Advanced Extremely High Frequency Satellite Communications, Space Based Space Surveillance, Cobra Judy Replacement, Defense Integrated Military human resources System, and the Integrated Strategic Planning and Analysis Network. In addition, Detachment 4 was part of the Ballistic Missile Defense System Operational Test Agency Combined Test Force, participating in the testing and exercise events that evaluate components and spirals of the overall Ballistic Missile Defense System.", "" ]
### AFTEC's Early Years AFTEC's charter largely addressed the criticisms of OT\&E and the Blue Panel's recommendations. For example, as a Separate Operating Agency, the Center reported directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force as a means of ensuring independence from the developing and using commands. AFTEC test teams would consist of specialists who would operate and maintain the systems after deployment. The Center would provide the results of its evaluations to the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff in support of key decision points in the acquisition process. And, AFTEC would conduct impartial tests under conditions as close to those encountered in the field. At the same time, the Air Force also took steps to avoid creating another APGC. AFTEC would be a small management headquarters with approximately 200 personnel, and AFTEC would never own any of the systems it tested. The charter and subsequent events showed the Air Force's reluctance to turn all OT\&E over to the new Center. Although AFTEC declared full operational capability in October 1974, by the end of its first year, the Center had responsibility to test only 32 OT\&E programs, while the major commands continued to conduct OT\&E on their programs of interest. AFTEC was limited to monitoring OT\&E of smaller acquisition programs at the major commands. Another obstacle arose because AFTEC was such a small organization that it had to rely heavily on the major commands to provide personnel for test teams and funds for OT\&E. In October 1976, Major General Howard W. Leaf assumed command of AFTEC, and gradually implemented changes that enhanced AFTEC's role in OT\&E conducted at the major commands. Major General Leaf, promoted to Lieutenant General and reassigned as inspector general of the Air Force, departed AFTEC in May 1980\. By that time, he had helped find solutions to AFTEC's budgeting process, forged closer relationships with the major commands, and had established three levels of AFTEC effort for monitoring major command OT\&E programs. Like his predecessors and successors as AFTEC commander, Major General Leaf sought to involve OT\&E testers as early as possible in programs identified for OT\&E to help ensure system readiness for test and that tests reflected the needs of users of the new systems. Early OT\&E also played a role in ensuring the "fix\-before\-buy" approach had a chance to save resources by finding problems before production, thereby avoiding costly modifications to fielded systems. As a whole, Major General Leaf's time as AFTEC commander stabilized the new organization and made it a more active participant in Air Force OT\&E. From AFTEC to Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center AFTEC's increasing contributions to Air Force OT\&E led the Center to create detachments and operating locations dedicated to conducting AFTEC's OT\&E mission. While AFTEC headquarters remained at Kirtland AFB, detachments activated at numerous locations, including Kapaun, Germany, Eglin AFB, Florida, Edwards AFB, California, and Nellis AFB, Nevada. Detachments tended to support relatively broad categories of test—fighter aircraft, large aircraft, and munitions, for example. Operating locations, smaller than the detachments and located throughout the United States, tended to focus on individual systems. On 4 April 1983, the Center was redesignated the Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center. This title more accurately described its unique mission of evaluating the operational effectiveness and operational suitability of new systems. It also clearly delineated its role as the Air Force's operational test agency. Congress, with an increased interest in understanding the operational effectiveness and operational suitability of major Department of Defense acquisition programs, directed the creation of a new position, Director, Operational Test and Evaluation, in the Office of the Secretary of Defense in September 1983\. Congress required that the Director, Directorate of Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT\&E) would report directly, without intervening review or approval, to the Secretary of Defense and to Congress. One of the requirements Congress levied on DOT\&E was to create, maintain, and update a list of major Department of Defense acquisition programs, and to prepare an annual report to Congress, informing that body about the progress of programs with high interest and visibility in Congress.	[ "### AFTEC's Early Years", "AFTEC's charter largely addressed the criticisms of OT\\&E and the Blue Panel's recommendations. For example, as a Separate Operating Agency, the Center reported directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force as a means of ensuring independence from the developing and using commands. AFTEC test teams would consist of specialists who would operate and maintain the systems after deployment. The Center would provide the results of its evaluations to the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff in support of key decision points in the acquisition process. And, AFTEC would conduct impartial tests under conditions as close to those encountered in the field.", "At the same time, the Air Force also took steps to avoid creating another APGC. AFTEC would be a small management headquarters with approximately 200 personnel, and AFTEC would never own any of the systems it tested. The charter and subsequent events showed the Air Force's reluctance to turn all OT\\&E over to the new Center. Although AFTEC declared full operational capability in October 1974, by the end of its first year, the Center had responsibility to test only 32 OT\\&E programs, while the major commands continued to conduct OT\\&E on their programs of interest. AFTEC was limited to monitoring OT\\&E of smaller acquisition programs at the major commands. Another obstacle arose because AFTEC was such a small organization that it had to rely heavily on the major commands to provide personnel for test teams and funds for OT\\&E.", "In October 1976, Major General Howard W. Leaf assumed command of AFTEC, and gradually implemented changes that enhanced AFTEC's role in OT\\&E conducted at the major commands. Major General Leaf, promoted to Lieutenant General and reassigned as inspector general of the Air Force, departed AFTEC in May 1980\\. By that time, he had helped find solutions to AFTEC's budgeting process, forged closer relationships with the major commands, and had established three levels of AFTEC effort for monitoring major command OT\\&E programs. Like his predecessors and successors as AFTEC commander, Major General Leaf sought to involve OT\\&E testers as early as possible in programs identified for OT\\&E to help ensure system readiness for test and that tests reflected the needs of users of the new systems. Early OT\\&E also played a role in ensuring the \"fix\\-before\\-buy\" approach had a chance to save resources by finding problems before production, thereby avoiding costly modifications to fielded systems. As a whole, Major General Leaf's time as AFTEC commander stabilized the new organization and made it a more active participant in Air Force OT\\&E.", "From AFTEC to Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center", "AFTEC's increasing contributions to Air Force OT\\&E led the Center to create detachments and operating locations dedicated to conducting AFTEC's OT\\&E mission. While AFTEC headquarters remained at Kirtland AFB, detachments activated at numerous locations, including Kapaun, Germany, Eglin AFB, Florida, Edwards AFB, California, and Nellis AFB, Nevada. Detachments tended to support relatively broad categories of test—fighter aircraft, large aircraft, and munitions, for example. Operating locations, smaller than the detachments and located throughout the United States, tended to focus on individual systems.", "On 4 April 1983, the Center was redesignated the Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center. This title more accurately described its unique mission of evaluating the operational effectiveness and operational suitability of new systems.\nIt also clearly delineated its role as the Air Force's operational test agency.", "Congress, with an increased interest in understanding the operational effectiveness and operational suitability of major Department of Defense acquisition programs, directed the creation of a new position, Director, Operational Test and Evaluation, in the Office of the Secretary of Defense in September 1983\\. Congress required that the Director, Directorate of Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT\\&E) would report directly, without intervening review or approval, to the Secretary of Defense and to Congress. One of the requirements Congress levied on DOT\\&E was to create, maintain, and update a list of major Department of Defense acquisition programs, and to prepare an annual report to Congress, informing that body about the progress of programs with high interest and\nvisibility in Congress.", "" ]
### End of the Cold War Brings More Change Unrest in Europe in 1989 brought the fall of the Berlin Wall in November of that year, and ultimately the demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. The United States began to dramatically reduce the size of its armed services shortly thereafter. Chief of Staff of the Air Force General Merrill A. McPeak announced the consolidation of several Air Force major commands and personnel reductions as part of the overall Department of Defense reductions. As part of these reductions and reorganization, the Air Force changed its Direct Reporting Units (DRUs) and Separate Operating Agencies (SOAs) to field operating agencies and assigned them to appropriate functional chiefs at Headquarters U.S. Air Force. Because of AFOTEC's charter as an independent test agency that reported directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, the Center became one of only three Direct Reporting Units in the Air Force on 5 February 1991\. Several proposals to consolidate Air Force OT\&E at AFOTEC also circulated during broad area reviews associated with reorganizing the Air Force. The U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, for example, addressed the feasibility of expanding AFOTEC's role and scope of responsibility for the entire test and evaluation process, from the initial statement of need to the last major upgrade of a system. A Department of Defense Inspector General report used a different perspective and criticized the Air Force for not having a single operational test agency. In September 1991, Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Donald B. Rice and General McPeak created a new office in the Air Staff, the Director of Test and Evaluation. Retired Lieutenant General Howard W. Leaf became the first Director of Test and Evaluation in October 1991, and two months later, proposed consolidating OT\&E at AFOTEC. As part of the Air Force reorganization and drawdown, General McPeak directed that the Center not only continue its lead role in multi\-service OT\&E, but also the consolidation of all initial and qualification OT\&E and select follow\-on OT\&E at AFOTEC by 1 June 1992\. By design, this meant General McPeak limited the type and scope of testing the major commands could perform in the future. Overnight, the number of AFOTEC\-conducted tests rose first from 47 to 186, and ultimately to more than 200\. General McPeak also announced that AFOTEC would receive additional personnel to ensure it could meet its newly expanded mission. The Center's mission grew again on 1 October 1997 when AFOTEC absorbed the personnel and workload of the [Defense Evaluation Support Activity](/wiki/Defense_Evaluation_Support_Activity "Defense Evaluation Support Activity") (DESA). DESA, which had experience with rapid test, was heavily involved in testing advanced concept technology demonstrations, which sought out innovative applications for emerging technologies to create prototype systems for examination by operational units. While "fly\-before\-buy" has repeatedly proven its worth in thorough testing of systems and avoidance of later problems, the Air Force even in the twenty\-first century remains severely hampered by a "buy\-fly\-fix" approach. Literally billions of dollars have been spent in making weapons systems operational after they have entered squadron service. For example, the [Rockwell B\-1B Lancer](/wiki/Rockwell_B-1B_Lancer "Rockwell B-1B Lancer") suffered repeated such problems. When declared operational, apart from nuclear weapons, the only conventional weapon the B\-1 could use were free\-fall bombs.	[ "### End of the Cold War Brings More Change", "Unrest in Europe in 1989 brought the fall of the Berlin Wall in November of that year, and ultimately the demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. The United States began to dramatically reduce the size of its armed services shortly thereafter. Chief of Staff of the Air Force General Merrill A. McPeak announced the consolidation of several Air Force major commands and personnel reductions as part of the overall Department of Defense reductions.", "As part of these reductions and reorganization, the Air Force changed its Direct Reporting Units (DRUs) and Separate Operating Agencies (SOAs) to field operating agencies and assigned them to appropriate functional chiefs at Headquarters U.S. Air Force. Because of AFOTEC's charter as an independent test agency that reported directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, the Center became one of only three Direct Reporting Units in the Air Force on 5 February 1991\\.", "Several proposals to consolidate Air Force OT\\&E at AFOTEC also circulated during broad area reviews associated with reorganizing the Air Force. The U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, for example, addressed the feasibility of expanding AFOTEC's role and scope of responsibility for the entire test and evaluation process, from the initial statement of need to the last major upgrade of a system. A Department of Defense Inspector General report used a different perspective and criticized the Air Force for not having a single operational test agency.", "In September 1991, Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Donald B. Rice and General McPeak created a new office in the Air Staff, the Director of Test and Evaluation. Retired Lieutenant General Howard W. Leaf became the first Director of Test and Evaluation in October 1991, and two months later, proposed consolidating OT\\&E at AFOTEC. As part of the Air Force reorganization and drawdown, General McPeak directed that the Center not only continue its lead role in multi\\-service OT\\&E, but also the consolidation of all initial and qualification OT\\&E and select follow\\-on OT\\&E at AFOTEC by 1 June 1992\\. By design, this meant General McPeak limited the type and scope of testing the major commands could perform in the future. Overnight, the number of AFOTEC\\-conducted tests rose first from 47 to 186, and ultimately to more than 200\\. General McPeak also announced that AFOTEC would receive additional personnel to ensure it could meet its newly expanded mission.", "The Center's mission grew again on 1 October 1997 when AFOTEC absorbed the personnel and workload of the [Defense Evaluation Support Activity](/wiki/Defense_Evaluation_Support_Activity \"Defense Evaluation Support Activity\") (DESA). DESA, which had experience with rapid test, was heavily involved in testing advanced concept technology demonstrations, which sought out innovative applications for emerging technologies to create prototype systems for examination by operational units.", "While \"fly\\-before\\-buy\" has repeatedly proven its worth in thorough testing of systems and avoidance of later problems, the Air Force even in the twenty\\-first century remains severely hampered by a \"buy\\-fly\\-fix\" approach. Literally billions of dollars have been spent in making weapons systems operational after they have entered squadron service. For example, the [Rockwell B\\-1B Lancer](/wiki/Rockwell_B-1B_Lancer \"Rockwell B-1B Lancer\") suffered repeated such problems. When declared operational, apart from nuclear weapons, the only conventional weapon the B\\-1 could use were free\\-fall bombs.", "" ]
Emblem ------ The Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center emblem was approved 25 September 1974 and was based upon the description of roles and missions of the Air Force at that time. Emblem history The emblem features four blue and gold "deltoids." Each of the deltoids has a symbolic meaning, representing four fundamental military objectives of the United States that include: to deter aggression; to resolve conflicts on favorable terms, to achieve national objectives, and to promote a secure international environment Element Significance The four blue and gold deltoids are symbolic of fundamental tasks of the Air Force acting as an instrument of national policy. The blue\-gold deltoid color scheme divides the four fundamental tasks into eight equal segments which signify major operational tasks assigned to the Air Force: 1. strategic air warfare; 2. counter air; 3. air interdiction; 4. close air support; 5. aerospace defense; 6. air reconnaissance; 7. electronic warfare; 8. airlift. The ultramarine blue segments represent the sky (near earth) which is the primary environment for Air Force operations. The golden yellow segments represent the sun (directionally depicted rising from the east and setting in the west as indicated by the deltoids) and the excellence required of Center personnel. White contrails, which trail the deltoids, signify the test and evaluation process that follows concept formulation, validation, and full\-scale development of systems and equipment. The red scales portray AFOTEC's impartial and independent assessment of a system's value when weighed against the fundamental military tasks and Air Force roles and missions. Heraldic Description: Light blue, issuing from base four contrails palewise argent terminating below four deltoids ascending, one in dexter flank, two in chief and one in sinister flank, the dexter two or and azure, and the sinister two of the like and or; surmounting the vapor trails a pair of scales gules, all within a diminished bordure gold.	[ "Emblem\n------", "The Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center emblem was approved 25 September 1974 and was based upon the description of roles and missions of the Air Force at that time.", "Emblem history", "The emblem features four blue and gold \"deltoids.\" Each of the deltoids has a symbolic meaning, representing four fundamental military objectives of the United States that include: to deter aggression; to resolve conflicts on favorable terms, to achieve national objectives, and to promote a secure international environment", "Element Significance", "The four blue and gold deltoids are symbolic of fundamental tasks of the Air Force acting as an instrument of national policy. \nThe blue\\-gold deltoid color scheme divides the four fundamental tasks into eight equal segments which signify major operational tasks assigned to the Air Force: \n1. strategic air warfare;\n2. counter air;\n3. air interdiction;\n4. close air support;\n5. aerospace defense;\n6. air reconnaissance;\n7. electronic warfare;\n8. airlift.", "The ultramarine blue segments represent the sky (near earth) which is the primary environment for Air Force operations. The golden yellow segments represent the sun (directionally depicted rising from the east and setting in the west as indicated by the deltoids) and the excellence required of Center personnel.", "White contrails, which trail the deltoids, signify the test and evaluation process that follows concept formulation, validation, and full\\-scale development of systems and equipment.", "The red scales portray AFOTEC's impartial and independent assessment of a system's value when weighed against the fundamental military tasks and Air Force roles and missions.", "Heraldic Description: Light blue, issuing from base four contrails palewise argent terminating below four deltoids ascending, one in dexter flank, two in chief and one in sinister flank, the dexter two or and azure, and the sinister two of the like and or; surmounting the vapor trails a pair of scales gules, all within a diminished bordure gold.", "" ]
History ------- ### 2002–2006: Launch After the [2000 U.S. presidential election](/wiki/2000_U.S._presidential_election "2000 U.S. presidential election"), Gore and Hyatt wanted to start a conventional cable news network. The plan evolved into making a viewer\-generated channel aimed at an audience demographic age 18–34\. On May 4, 2004, INdTV Holdings, a company co\-founded by Gore and Hyatt in 2002,{{cite web \\|url\= http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId\=40401079 \\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080310015946/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId\=40401079 \\|url\-status\= dead \\|archive\-date\= March 10, 2008 \\|title\=Company Overview of Current Media, LLC \\|work\=\[\[Bloomberg Businessweek]] \\|access\-date\= January 5, 2013}} purchased Canada\-based cable news channel [NewsWorld International](/wiki/NewsWorld_International "NewsWorld International") (NWI) from [NBCUniversal](/wiki/NBCUniversal "NBCUniversal") for the express purpose of launching their new network with the space on some [digital cable](/wiki/Digital_cable "Digital cable") lineups (and [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV "DirecTV")) that NWI had. The new network would not have political leanings, Gore said, but would serve as an "independent voice" for a target audience of people between 18 and 34 "who want to learn about the world in a voice they recognize and a view they recognize as their own." Other reports said that Gore hoped that the channel would help change the tide of "consolidation and conglomeratization" of the media by leading the change to "democratization." The news network was said to be a combination between [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN"), [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV"), and [blipverts](/wiki/Blipverts_%28Max_Headroom%29 "Blipverts (Max Headroom)"). In the summer of 2004, Gore and Hyatt announced their new network, named INdTV, with a series of public recruitment events. The first of these events was held at the Bambuddha Lounge in San Francisco's [Tenderloin](/wiki/Tenderloin%2C_San_Francisco "Tenderloin, San Francisco"), on August 25, 2004\. On April 4, 2005, the former vice president with business partner Hyatt announced that they had changed the name of the network from "INdTV" to "Current TV". The new television network launched in the United States at midnight [EDT](/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time "Eastern Daylight Time") on the morning of August 1, 2005\. The first person heard on the channel was [Conor Knighton](/wiki/Conor_Knighton "Conor Knighton"), a staple during the early years of the channel introducing the channel with the show Google Current. ### 2006–2008: Expansion and Yahoo! partnership On September 20, 2006, Current TV started a short\-lived partnership with [Yahoo!](/wiki/Yahoo%21 "Yahoo!") to supply topic\-specific "channels" to the Yahoo Video website. Called the Yahoo! Current Network, the first four channels, "Current Buzz", "Current Traveler", "Current Action" (about action sports), and "Current Driver" quickly became the most popular videos on the Yahoo Video web site. There were Yahoo branded segments on Current TV, similar to the Google Current segments. Additional web channels were planned. However, on December 6, 2006, Yahoo and Current TV announced the end of their relationship.Shields, Mike (December 5, 2006\). ["Yahoo and Current TV Cut Ties"](http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/news/interactive/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003468568) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212124555/http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/news/interactive/article\_display.jsp?vnu\_content\_id\=1003468568 \\|date\=2006\-12\-12 }}. MediaWeek.com [Madeline Smithberg](/wiki/Madeline_Smithberg "Madeline Smithberg") co\-creator of [The Daily Show](/wiki/The_Daily_Show "The Daily Show"), was the Executive Producer for this project. On October 6, 2006, a deal was announced with [BSkyB](/wiki/BSkyB "BSkyB") to create a localized UK and Ireland version of Current TV for its [Sky](/wiki/Sky_%28UK_and_Ireland%29 "Sky (UK and Ireland)") satellite service.{{cite web \\|url\=http://i.current.com/pdf/BSkyB\_Oct2006\.pdf \\|title\=CURRENT to LAUNCH TV CHANNEL on SKY DIGITAL in UK and IRELAND \\|publisher\=Current TV \\|date\=2006\-10\-06 \\|access\-date\=2012\-03\-10 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202200844/http://i.current.com/pdf/BSkyB\_Oct2006\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2008\-12\-02 \\|url\-status\=dead }} This version went live on March 12, 2007, on Sky channel 229 (later moving to 183\) and Virgin Media channel 155\.{{cite web \\|url\=http://paidcontent.org/article/419\-gores\-current\-tv\-launches\-in\-uk\-eyes\-further\-roll\-outs/ \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120714131737/http://paidcontent.org/article/419\-gores\-current\-tv\-launches\-in\-uk\-eyes\-further\-roll\-outs/ \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=July 14, 2012 \\|title\=Gore's Current TV Launches In UK, Eyes Further Roll\-outs \\|publisher\=paidContent \\|date\=2007\-03\-12 \\|access\-date\=2012\-03\-10 }} The first documentary aired on the launch was 'Tracking William, a Night With a Paparazzo' from director [Daniel Florencio](/wiki/Daniel_Florencio "Daniel Florencio"), a prolific contributor of the channel.{{Cite web\\|title\=Tracking William: A Night with a Paparazzo (2007\)\\|url\=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie\-guide/b\-arvue9/tracking\-william\-a\-night\-with\-a\-paparazzo/\\|access\-date\=2022\-02\-20\\|website\=Radio Times\\|language\=en\\|archive\-date\=2022\-02\-20\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220174258/https://www.radiotimes.com/movie\-guide/b\-arvue9/tracking\-william\-a\-night\-with\-a\-paparazzo/\\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2007, Current TV started [video\-on\-demand](/wiki/Video_on_demand "Video on demand") service on Virgin Media. Current TV was also added to the Freewire IPTV network on channel 178\. The channel closed on March 11, 2012, following BSkyB's withdrawal of support and a failed rescue attempt from Current TV.{{cite web \\|url\=http://current.com/shows/upstream/93612707\_statement\-current\-uk\-due\-to\-close\-in\-march.htm \\|title\=Statement: Current UK due to close in March \\|publisher\=Current TV \\|date\=2012\-01\-12 \\|access\-date\=2012\-03\-10 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311205415/http://current.com/shows/upstream/93612707\_statement\-current\-uk\-due\-to\-close\-in\-march.htm \\|archive\-date\=2012\-03\-11 \\|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web\\| url\=http://www.c21media.net/archives/76732 \\|title\=Current staff seek work as rescue fails \\|publisher\=C21Media \\|date\=2012\-02\-15 \\|access\-date\=2012\-03\-12}} On January 31, 2007, Current TV launched on [Dish Network](/wiki/Dish_Network "Dish Network"). [thumb\\|Former Current TV Control Room](/wiki/File:CurrentNew.jpg "CurrentNew.jpg") On September 16, 2007, Current TV won an Emmy award for Best Interactive Television Service at the [59th Primetime Emmy Awards](/wiki/59th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards "59th Primetime Emmy Awards"). This was the first year in which this Emmy was presented during the primetime broadcast. The award was presented by [Masi Oka](/wiki/Masi_Oka "Masi Oka") of [Heroes](/wiki/Heroes_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Heroes (U.S. TV series)") fame and [MySpace](/wiki/MySpace "MySpace") founder [Tom Anderson](/wiki/Tom_Anderson "Tom Anderson") (through their own computers), and Al Gore and Joel Hyatt accepted the award on their behalf.["Al Gore joins Emmy parade"](https://www.variety.com/VR1117971953.html). [Variety.com](/wiki/Variety.com "Variety.com"). September 13, 2007\. On February 8, 2008, it was announced that the network would also be available on the Italian [Sky Italia](/wiki/Sky_Italia "Sky Italia") satellite digital platform on channel 130\. According to the official website, broadcasts started on May 8, 2008\.["Scopri di più su Current TV"](http://current.com/it.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427070901/http://current.com/it.htm \\|date\=2008\-04\-27 }} {{in lang\\|it}} On June 6, 2008, it was announced that the network would also be available on the Italian [3](/wiki/3_Italy "3 Italy") [DVB\-H](/wiki/DVB-H "DVB-H") mobile operator, free of charge.["3 Italia: gratis Rai, Mediaset e Current"](http://www.lastampa.it/_web/cmstp/tmplrubriche/tecnologia/grubrica.asp?ID_blog=30&ID_articolo=4631&ID_sezione=&sezione=) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183243/http://www.lastampa.it/\_web/cmstp/tmplrubriche/tecnologia/grubrica.asp?ID\_blog\=30\&ID\_articolo\=4631\&ID\_sezione\=\&sezione\= \\|date\=2009\-02\-23 }} {{in lang\\|it}} [La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa "La Stampa"). April 6, 2008\. The channel closed on July 31, 2011, following failed distribution renegotiations with Sky Italia.{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/may/25/current\-tv\-rupert\-murdoch \\|title\=Current TV chief claims Murdoch's Sky Italia broke commitment \\|newspaper\=The Guardian \\|date\=2011\-05\-25 \\|access\-date\= 2012\-03\-10 \\|location\=London \\|first\=Dan \\|last\=Sabbagh}} Current TV partnered with [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") for the 2008 Presidential and Vice\-Presidential debates, allowing viewers who watched the Current TV version of the debates to post live on Twitter and have their opinions shown on screen, live. ### 2009–2010: Financial troubles and IPO plans On January 28, 2009, Current Media Inc. announced that it intended to launch an [initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") on the [NASDAQ](/wiki/NASDAQ "NASDAQ") to raise US$100 million. However, it announced in early April that it was scrapping the plan due to "current market conditions" and that no securities had been sold, and all activity regarding the proposed IPO had been discontinued.{{cite news \\|author\=Maisie McCabe \\|url\= http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/898262/Al\-Gores\-Current\-Media\-abandons\-plans\-NYSE\-listing/ \\|title\=Al Gore's Current Media abandons plans for NYSE listing \\|work\= MediaWeek \\|date\=14 April 2009 \\|access\-date\= 22 September 2011}} [thumb\\|Current TV Booth in San Mateo at [Maker Faire](/wiki/Maker_Faire "Maker Faire") 2008](/wiki/File:Maker_Faire_2008_San_Mateo_218.JPG "Maker Faire 2008 San Mateo 218.JPG") In June 2009, Current TV received approval from the [Canadian Radio\-television and Telecommunications Commission](/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission "Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission") to establish a Canadian version of the channel, which would be a joint venture of Current TV and the CBC, with the CBC taking 80 percent ownership. The channel would be required to feature at least 35% [Canadian content](/wiki/Canadian_content "Canadian content"). The new service was planned to begin in Fall 2009, pending approval by the Treasury Board,{{cite news \\|author\=Staff writers \\|title\=Current TV Receives CRTC Approval \\|url\=http://www.broadcastermagazine.com/issues/ISArticle.asp?aid\=1000330494 \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120723150458/http://www.broadcastermagazine.com/issues/ISArticle.asp?aid\=1000330494 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=23 July 2012 \\|work\=Broadcaster \\|date\=11 June 2009 \\|access\-date\=2 September 2011 }} but those plans were put on hold later that year.{{cite news \\|author\=Staff writers \\|url\= https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/current\-tv\-s\-plans\-to\-enter\-canada\-on\-hold\-1\.826455 \\|work\=CBC News \\|title\= Current TV's plans to enter Canada on hold \\|date\= December 22, 2009 \\|access\-date\= 22 September 2011}} In July 2009, Current TV made a series of changes due to financial reasons and the failed IPO. CEO Joel Hyatt resigned to a new vice president position and was replaced by Mark Rosenthal, the former COO and president of [MTV Networks](/wiki/MTV_Networks "MTV Networks"), with a plan to reform Current TV to more traditional programing. Lisa Derrick of [The Huffington Post](/wiki/The_Huffington_Post "The Huffington Post") predicted that Current TV would undergo a transformation similar to MTV's transformation during Mark Rosenthal's 1990s tenure at MTV, from MTV's multi\-minute music video format to longer 30 minute/1 hour [reality television](/wiki/Reality_television "Reality television") programing. Ultimately its assorted pod format{{Clarify\\|date\=January 2015}} was discontinued in lieu of traditional 30\-minute block programing. Some elements of the pod format survived inside the themed 30\-minute programing. In July 2009, 80 in\-house staff were laid off, about 25% of Current's staff, and plans were announced to air licensed TV series and films and other content that was not produced by Current in\-house or by the VC2 system. Andrew Wallenstein of [The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter "The Hollywood Reporter") predicted Current would make its targeted demographic a decade older from early 20s to early 30s, and add more less\-serious entertainment programing to its then mostly news and reality/documentary format.{{cite news \\|author\= Lisa Derrick \\|title\=Al Gore's Current TV Lays Off 80 Staff, Changes Direction \\|url\= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa\-derrick/al\-gores\-current\-tv\-lays\_b\_355248\.html \\|work\=The Huffington Post \\|date\=November 12, 2009 \\|access\-date\= 22 September 2011}}{{cite news \\|author\=Andrew Wallenstein \\|url\= https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65O0HA20100625?pageNumber\=2 \\|work\=The Hollywood Reporter \\|agency\=Reuters \\|title\=New troubles at Al Gore's Current TV \\|date\=June 25, 2010 \\|access\-date\= 22 September 2011}} In late 2009, after the announcement of the Comcast\-NBC merger, [Comcast Corporation](/wiki/Comcast_Corporation "Comcast Corporation") submitted a filing to the [US Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/US_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "US Securities and Exchange Commission") that revealed it owned a ten percent stake of Current Media LLC.["How Cable Programming Is 'Chosen' – The Implications for Comcast\-NBC"](http://www.stopbigmedia.com/blog/2010/01/how-cable-programming-is-chosen-the-implications-for-comcast-nbc/) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114215049/http://www.stopbigmedia.com/blog/2010/01/how\-cable\-programming\-is\-chosen\-the\-implications\-for\-comcast\-nbc/ \\|date\=2010\-01\-14 }}. StopBigMedia.com, 2010\-01\-11\. Retrieved on 2010\-11\-08\. Current received three Emmy nominations in the news and documentary category in 2009\. In mid\-2010, Current's Vanguard journalism program's piece, Oxycontin Express, received a Peabody Award, a first for both [Mariana van Zeller](/wiki/Mariana_van_Zeller "Mariana van Zeller"), the journalist behind the story, and Current TV. Current also received a Headliner award.{{cite web \\|title\= 2008 National Headliner Award Winners \\|url\=http://www.headlinerawards.org/Winners2008Broadcast.html \\|publisher\=National Headliner Awards \\|date\=4 May 2009 \\|access\-date\=22 September 2011 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120820081904/http://www.headlinerawards.org/Winners2008Broadcast.html \\|archive\-date\= 20 August 2012 }} Around this time, a report by [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters") on the network's ongoing problems suggested that it could have blossomed into something akin to [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube")'s video\-sharing platform, [MSNBC](/wiki/MSNBC "MSNBC")'s role as a left\-leaning news outlet, or even the [Oprah Winfrey Network](/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey_Network_%28U.S._TV_channel%29 "Oprah Winfrey Network (U.S. TV channel)"). "In retrospect", the report concluded, "what's distinctive about Current's troubles was that Gore's vision had so much potential. It's uncanny how close he was to capitalizing on several key trends that transformed the media world, only to watch others do so." ### 2009: North Korea incident {{Main\\|2009 imprisonment of US journalists by North Korea}} {{Wikinews\\|North Korean military detains two American journalists}} On March 17, 2009, the [North Korean](/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea") military [detained two American journalists](/wiki/2009_imprisonment_of_US_journalists_by_North_Korea "2009 imprisonment of US journalists by North Korea"), [Euna Lee](/wiki/Euna_Lee "Euna Lee") and [Laura Ling](/wiki/Laura_Ling "Laura Ling"), working for Current TV, after they allegedly crossed into North Korea from China."[Laura Ling, Euna Lee Detained in North Korea](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/22/laura-ling-euna-lee-detai_n_177725.html)". Huffingtonpost.com. 2009\-03\-22\. Retrieved on 2010\-11\-08\. On March 30, 2009, North Korean state media reported that preparations were under way for indictments and a trial, saying, "The illegal entry of US reporters into the DPRK \[Democratic People's Republic of Korea] and their suspected hostile acts have been confirmed by evidence and their statements."[US reporters face N Korea trial](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7973241.stm). bbc.co.uk; BBC, March 31, 2009\. The two faced trial on June 4\.{{cite news \\|url\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia\-pacific/8049238\.stm \\|title\=N Korea to try reporters in June \\|work\=BBC News \\|date\= 2009\-05\-14 \\|access\-date\= 2009\-05\-18}} On June 8, Reuters reported that the two reporters were found guilty of illegal entry and committing "hostile acts against the [DPRK](/wiki/DPRK "DPRK")" and subsequently sentenced to twelve years of hard labor.{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5570NT20090608 \\|title\=North Korea sentences U.S. journalists to 12 years \\|work\= reuters.com \\|agency\=Reuters \\|first\=Jon \\|last\=Herskovitz \\|date\=June 8, 2009}} On August 4, [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News") reported that Lee and Ling were pardoned amidst a visit by former U.S. president [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") to North Korea.{{cite news \\|url\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia\-pacific/8184583\.stm \\|work\=BBC News \\|title\= North Korea pardons US reporters \\|date\= August 4, 2009 \\|access\-date\= April 30, 2010}} ### 2011 major format changes [150px\\|thumb\\|Current TV logo 2005–2011](/wiki/File:Current_TV.svg "Current TV.svg") Beginning early in 2011, Current TV started implementing major changes in programming and personnel, beginning with the hiring of [Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Keith_Olbermann "Keith Olbermann"). To signify these changes, Current unveiled new imaging and a new logo in May 2011, designed by branding firm [Wolff Olins](/wiki/Wolff_Olins "Wolff Olins"). On February 8, 2011, [Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Keith_Olbermann "Keith Olbermann") announced that he had been hired to host a new primetime show on Current TV and was named Chief News Officer with an equity stake in the network. In April 2011, Olbermann announced that his nightly program would retain the same title from his time at [MSNBC](/wiki/MSNBC "MSNBC"). On June 20, 2011, [Countdown with Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Countdown_with_Keith_Olbermann "Countdown with Keith Olbermann") relaunched on Current TV. The program aired Mondays through Fridays at 8 p.m. Eastern Time and was based out of New York City. Olbermann stated on [The Colbert Report](/wiki/The_Colbert_Report "The Colbert Report") that Current TV was planning to make a nightly news segment consisting of his show and others that would launch later on Current TV. In August 2011, Current announced that it had hired former CNN Bureau Chief and SVP of Programming [David Bohrman](/wiki/David_Bohrman "David Bohrman") as the network's new president. Bohrman later announced that after filling out its prime\-time lineup, Current would also gradually begin shifting towards "a full daytime, morning schedule of news, information, analysis, conversation, context – all based on the events of the day" from an independent, progressive perspective. On September 15, 2011, Current also announced that it had hired Shelley Lewis, former CNN and PBS executive producer, as executive vice president of programming. On September 20, 2011, the network announced that [Cenk Uygur](/wiki/Cenk_Uygur "Cenk Uygur") of the internet\-based TYT Network would be launching a TV edition of the internet news program [The Young Turks](/wiki/The_Young_Turks "The Young Turks") in the fourth quarter of 2011\. The program was broadcast from Los Angeles and aired weekdays at 7 p.m. Eastern Time. The program premiered on December 5, 2011\. On September 21, 2011, network president [David Bohrman](/wiki/David_Bohrman "David Bohrman") named Jason Odell as executive vice president of technology. Odell had an extensive career at both [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") and [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"), and was most recently known for creating (along with David Bohrman) and implementing CNN's "holographic" technology during election coverage. On October 12, 2011, the network announced that it had hired former [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan") governor [Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm "Jennifer Granholm") to host her own weekday prime\-time program [The War Room with Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/The_War_Room_with_Jennifer_Granholm "The War Room with Jennifer Granholm"). The program launched on January 30, 2012, at 9 p.m. Eastern Time. ### 2012 major format changes On March 5, 2012, Current announced an upcoming weekday morning block of programming with TV\-friendly simulcasts of [The Stephanie Miller Show](/wiki/The_Stephanie_Miller_Show "The Stephanie Miller Show") (under the name Talking Liberally: The Stephanie Miller Show) and [The Bill Press Show](/wiki/Bill_Press "Bill Press") (under the name Full Court Press: The Bill Press Show).{{cite web\\|url \= https://www.deadline.com/2012/03/current\-tv\-to\-enter\-am\-news\-competition\-with\-radios\-bill\-press\-and\-stephanie\-miller/\\|title \= Current TV To Enter AM News Competition With Radio's Bill Press And Stephanie Miller\\|date \= March 5, 2012 \\|author \= David Lieberman \\|publisher\= Deadline New York}} This was interpreted by [Mediaite](/wiki/Mediaite "Mediaite")'s Political Editor and White House Correspondent Tommy Christopher as an attempt to compete against MSNBC's [Morning Joe](/wiki/Morning_Joe "Morning Joe") (which aired from 6{{nbsp}}am to 9{{nbsp}}am).{{cite web \\|url\= http://www.mediaite.com/tv/current\-tv\-announces\-morning\-block\-with\-bill\-press\-and\-stephanie\-miller/ \\|title\= Current TV Announces Morning Block With Bill Press And Stephanie Miller \\|author\= Tommy Christopher \\|orig\-year\= 8:13 am \\|date\= March 5, 2012 \\|publisher\= Mediaite}} This morning block moved to [Free Speech TV](/wiki/Free_Speech_TV "Free Speech TV") after Current TV folded and became Al Jazeera America. On March 30, 2012, Current announced that [Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Keith_Olbermann "Keith Olbermann") had been fired and would no longer host a show on their network. A statement released by network founders Al Gore and Joel Hyatt explained how the network's "values are no longer reflected" in Current's relationship with Olbermann, and that former [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") Governor [Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer "Eliot Spitzer") would begin hosting Viewpoint effective immediately in the time slot previously occupied by Olbermann.{{cite magazine \\|url\= https://www.deadline.com/2012/03/keith\-olbermann\-out\-at\-current\-relationship\-no\-longer\-reflected\-values\-network\-says/ \\|title\= Keith Olbermann Out at Current Relationship No Longer Reflected Values Network Says \\|date\= March 30, 2012 \\|orig\-year\= 5:14pm EST \\|author\= David Lieberman \\|magazine\= Deadline Hollywood}} On April 18, 2012, Current announced that [California Lt. Governor](/wiki/Lt._Governor_of_California "Lt. Governor of California") [Gavin Newsom](/wiki/Gavin_Newsom "Gavin Newsom") would host a show titled [The Gavin Newsom Show](/wiki/The_Gavin_Newsom_Show "The Gavin Newsom Show"), while concurrently serving as lieutenant governor.{{cite news \\|url\= http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/18/current\-tv\-to\-hire\-gavin\-newsom\-california\-lt\-governor/ \\|title\=Current TV to Hire Gavin Newsom, California's Lieutenant Governor \\|date\= April 18, 2012 \\|first\=Brian \\|last\= Stelter \\|newspaper\= New York Times}} In June 2012, it was formally announced{{cite news \\|url\= http://www.inquisitr.com/252898/joy\-behar\-to\-host\-show\-on\-al\-gores\-current\-tv/ \\|title\=Joy Behar to Host Show on Al Gore's Current TV \\|work\=The Inquisitr \\|access\-date\=28 July 2012}} that [Joy Behar](/wiki/Joy_Behar "Joy Behar") would be getting another talk show, [Joy Behar: Say Anything!](/wiki/Joy_Behar:Say_Anything%21 "Say Anything!"), premiering September 4, 2012"['Joy Behar: Say Anything' to premiere Sept. 4](http://current.com/blog/93858032_joy-behar-say-anything-to-premiere-sept-4.htm)". {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113113043/http://current.com/blog/93858032\_joy\-behar\-say\-anything\-to\-premiere\-sept\-4\.htm \\|date\=2012\-11\-13 }}. on the Current TV network. Its content was expected to be in line with her previous [HLN](/wiki/HLN_%28TV_channel%29 "HLN (TV channel)") series The Joy Behar Show.{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/joy\-behar\-joins\-current\-tv\-335772 \\|title\= Joy Behar Joins Current TV \\|work\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\|access\-date\=28 July 2012 \\| first\=Marisa \\|last\=Guthrie \\|date\=June 11, 2012}} Before the new show's launch, Behar began acting as fill\-in host for [Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer "Eliot Spitzer")'s Current TV talk show, [Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Viewpoint_with_Eliot_Spitzer "Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer"), starting on July 18, 2012\.{{cite news \\|url\= http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2012/06/al\-gore\-announces\-new\-joy\-behar\-show/1\#.UBSZrGGe5n8 \\|title\=Al Gore announces new Joy Behar show \\|work\=USA Today \\|access\-date\=28 July 2012 \\|date\=June 11, 2012}} ### 2013: Acquisition by Al Jazeera {{see also\\|Al Jazeera America}} On January 2, 2013, [Al Jazeera Media Network](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network "Al Jazeera Media Network") announced that it had purchased Current Media, LLC and would be closing down the Current TV channel while launching and integrating the remains of Current into a new American news channel titled [Al Jazeera America](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_America "Al Jazeera America") using its distribution network.{{cite news \\|url\= https://money.cnn.com/2013/01/03/news/al\-jazeera\-current/ \\|title\=Al Jazeera buys Current TV, will launch new channel \\|last\=Charles \\|first\=Riley \\|date\=3 January 2013 \\|work\=\[\[CNNMoney]] \\|access\-date\=3 January 2013}}{{cite web \\|url\= http://www.aljazeerausannouncement.com/ \\|title\=AL JAZEERA TO START NEW U.S.\-BASED NEWS CHANNEL \\|date\=2 January 2013 \\|publisher\=\[\[Al Jazeera Media Network\\|Al Jazeera]] \\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130104032347/http://www.aljazeerausannouncement.com/ \\|archive\-date\= 4 January 2013 \\|access\-date\=3 January 2013 \\|url\-status\=dead }} Prior to the sale, it was believed that Al Gore and Joel Hyatt each owned approximately twenty percent of Current Media, [business magnate](/wiki/Business_magnate "Business magnate") [Ronald Burkle](/wiki/Ronald_Burkle "Ronald Burkle") owned about twenty\-five percent, and [Comcast](/wiki/Comcast "Comcast") and [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV "DirecTV") each owned more than five percent. The terms of the deal were undisclosed.{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-aljazeera\-current\-idUSBRE90200D20130103 \\|title\=Al Jazeera buys Gore's Current TV, terms undisclosed \\|author\= Sue Zeidler and Liana B. Baker \\|date\=3 January 2013 \\|work\=Reuters\\|access\-date\=3 January 2013}} According to [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes") and [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"), the purchase was about US$500 million.{{cite web \\|url\= http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/01/20131474537707502\.html \\|title\=Welcome to America, Al Jazeera \\|author\=Rory O'Connor \\|date\= January 4, 2013 \\|publisher\=\[\[Al Jazeera English\\|Al Jazeera]] \\|access\-date\= January 4, 2013}} The purchase by Al Jazeera occurred after an attempt by [TheBlaze](/wiki/TheBlaze "TheBlaze") to purchase the media company was rejected in 2012\.{{cite news \\|title\=Glenn Beck Tried to Buy Current TV But Was Rejected \\|author\=Adam Clark Estes \\|url\= https://www.google.com/gwt/x?noimg\=1\&u\=http%3a%2f%2fnews.yahoo.com%2fglenn\-beck\-tried\-buy\-current\-tv\-rejected\-032853589\-\-finance.html\&wsc\=tb\&ct\=pg1\&whp\=30 \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Atlantic\#The Wire\\|The Atlantic Wire]] \\|date\=2 January 2013 \\|access\-date\=7 January 2013}}{{cite news \\|title\= Glenn Beck Tried to Purchase Current TV \\|url\= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/03/glenn\-beck\-purchase\-current\-tv\-report\_n\_2402273\.html \\|newspaper\=Huffington Post \\|date\=3 January 2013 \\|access\-date\=7 January 2013 \\|first\=Rebecca \\|last\=Shapiro}} Immediately after the announcement, [Time Warner Cable](/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable "Time Warner Cable") and [Bright House Networks](/wiki/Bright_House_Networks "Bright House Networks"), which both broadcast Current TV to nine million American homes, announced they would be dropping the channel,{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2013/01/02/current\-tv\-near\-sale\-to\-al\-jazeera\-likely\-500\-million\-deal\-for\-al\-gore\-and\-co/ \\|title\= Current TV Sold To Al Jazeera; Possible $400 Million Deal For Al Gore and Co. \[UPDATED] \\|author\=Jeff Bercovici \\|date\=January 2, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[Forbes]] \\|access\-date\= January 3, 2013}} but said they would consider airing Al Jazeera America.{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/03/time\-warner\-cable\-al\-jazeera\-america\_n\_2404879\.html \\|title\=Time Warner Cable Will Consider Carrying Al Jazeera's U.S. Network \\|author\= Michael Calderone \\|date\=January 3, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[Huffington Post]] \\|access\-date\= January 3, 2013}} It was previously reported in April 2012 that Time Warner and Bright House were considering to drop the channel due to low ratings. Al Jazeera America still replaced Current TV on [Comcast](/wiki/Comcast "Comcast"), Dish Network, [Verizon](/wiki/Verizon_Fios "Verizon Fios") and [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV "DirecTV"). [AT\&T](/wiki/AT%26T "AT&T") dropped Current TV the morning before it changed to Al Jazeera America prompting a lawsuit for breach of contract from [Al Jazeera Media Network](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network "Al Jazeera Media Network"). Time Warner and Bright House later added Al Jazeera America on December 6, 2013, after a new deal was signed 2 months earlier. AT\&T would add the channel on June 27, 2014\. Defending his decision, Current TV chairman [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore") wrote: "I am incredibly proud of what Current has been able to accomplish. But broadcast media is a business, and being an independent content producer in a time of increasing consolidation is a challenge."{{cite news \\|url\= http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/03/gore\-went\-to\-bat\-for\-al\-jazeera\-and\-himself/ \\|title\=Gore Went to Bat for Al Jazeera, and Himself \\|author\=Brian Stelter \\|date\=January 3, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \\|access\-date\=January 4, 2013}} In a news release, Al Jazeera Director General Ahmed bin Jassim Al Thani said, "By acquiring Current TV, Al Jazeera will significantly expand our existing distribution footprint in the U.S., as well as increase our newsgathering and reporting efforts in America \[...] We look forward to working together with our new cable and satellite partners to serve our new audiences across the U.S." The Al Jazeera network also expected to increase its U.S.\-based staff to a total of more than 300 employees and retain most of Current's staff. In addition to ending the Current TV channel, Al Jazeera announced it was scrapping the channel's programming lineup, as well as its brand. On January 2, Cenk Uygur, host of the weekday [Young Turks with Cenk Uygur](/wiki/The_Young_Turks "The Young Turks"), stated at the time that the Current TV show would continue for at least three months and that he was open to staying with the new network.{{cite web \\|url\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=yfJcyDmZHu0 \\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/yfJcyDmZHu0 \\|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-22 \\|url\-status\=live\\|title\= TYT is Independent, Not Owned by Current or Al Jazeera \\|date\=January 2, 2013 \\|work\=The Young Turks \\|access\-date\= January 6, 2013}}{{cbignore}} Later, after the end of Current, in a [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times") interview, Uygur remarked about the loss of the television show that he felt "relieved" that he could move on and focus on his web show and site and that he "was exhausted from doing the two shows at once;" also that "The future is overwhelmingly online" and he was excited to turn his energies there. It was also mentioned that after the acquisition of Current, he had brief talks with Al Jazeera America about whether there would be a place for him and the show, but both sides agreed that Uygur, known for political rants, would not fit well with the company's plans to build a news source with a more neutral tone.{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la\-et\-ct\-young\-turks\-cenk\-uygur\-20130813,0,7754856\.story \\|work\=Los Angeles Times \\|first\=Ryan \\|last\=Faughnder \\|title\='The Young Turks' host Cenk Uygur bets on Web after Current TV \\|date\= August 15, 2013}} That same day, [Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm "Jennifer Granholm"), host of [The War Room with Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/The_War_Room_with_Jennifer_Granholm "The War Room with Jennifer Granholm"), announced that she would leave the channel as a result of the acquisition,{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.freep.com/article/20130104/NEWS15/301040098/Former\-Michigan\-Gov\-Jennifer\-Granholm\-leave\-her\-show\-Current\-TV \\|title\= Former Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm to leave her show on Current TV \\|author\=Paul Egan \\|date\=January 4, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[Detroit Free Press]] \\|access\-date\= January 6, 2013}} as did [Gavin Newsom](/wiki/Gavin_Newsom "Gavin Newsom"), host of [The Gavin Newsom Show](/wiki/The_Gavin_Newsom_Show "The Gavin Newsom Show"), who was reported to have planned on leaving the network earlier.{{cite web \\|url\=http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2013/01/california\-lt\-gov\-gavin\-newsoms\-cable\-tv\-show\-going\-off\-air.html \\|title\=California Lt. Gov. Gavin Newsom's cable TV show going off air \\|author\=David Siders \\|date\=January 2, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[The Sacramento Bee]] \\|access\-date\=January 6, 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106094251/http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2013/01/california\-lt\-gov\-gavin\-newsoms\-cable\-tv\-show\-going\-off\-air.html \\|archive\-date\=January 6, 2013 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|df\=mdy\-all }} On Sunday, January 6, [Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer "Eliot Spitzer") announced that he had left the network and his weekday show [Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Viewpoint_with_Eliot_Spitzer "Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer").{{cite news \\|url\= http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/06/eliot\-spitzer\-end\-his\-show\-on\-current\-tv/ \\|title\=Eliot Spitzer Ends His Show on Current TV \\|author\=Brian Stelter \\|date\=January 6, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \\|access\-date\= January 6, 2013}} It was announced in an article in Politico at the time of the purchase that Bill Press didn't expect to continue his show with Al Jazeera once the change officially took place. Press also didn't expect Stephanie Miller to continue her show on Al Jazeera. Press said he would look for TV coverage to replace Current but expected having trouble finding a replacement.{{cite web\\|last\=Weinger\\|first\=Mackenzie\\|title\=Bill Press on the future of Current TV hosts\\|url\=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/bill\-press\-on\-the\-future\-of\-current\-tv\-86201\.html\\|publisher\=Politico\\|access\-date\=23 January 2013}} On August 1, 2013, Press announced that his show's simulcast would move to [Free Speech TV](/wiki/Free_Speech_TV "Free Speech TV") on September 3, 2013\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.billpressshow.com/2013/08/01/the\-bill\-press\-show\-joins\-free\-speech\-tv/\\|title\=The Bill Press Show Joins Free Speech TV!\\|work\=billpressshow.com\\|access\-date\=12 April 2015\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412095451/http://www.billpressshow.com/2013/08/01/the\-bill\-press\-show\-joins\-free\-speech\-tv/\\|archive\-date\=12 April 2015\\|url\-status\=dead\\|df\=dmy\-all}} [Stephanie Miller](/wiki/Stephanie_Miller "Stephanie Miller") announced later after a hiatus from television syndaication that her show would also move to Free Speech TV in January 2014\. In a January 22, 2014 article in Politico Al Jazeera spokesman Stan Collender said the network's launch would be pushed back to within six months, and would create "multiple hundreds of new jobs" and new bureaus around the country. They announced the hiring of 105 total jobs for the new network, with 98 in New York and seven in Washington, D.C.{{cite web\\|last\=Byers\\|first\=Dylan\\|title\=Al Jazeera America is hiring\\|url\=http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/01/al\-jazeera\-america\-is\-hiring\-154919\.html\\|publisher\=Politico\\|date\=January 22, 2013\\|access\-date\=January 23, 2013}} On July 3, 2013 [Ali Velshi](/wiki/Ali_Velshi "Ali Velshi") announced on his Twitter account that the network would replace Current on August 20, 2013\.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/03/al\-jazeera\-america\-launch\_n\_3541573\.html\\|title\=Al Jazeera America To Launch August 20\\|work\=Huffington Post\\|date\=July 3, 2013\\|access\-date\=July 5, 2013\\|first\=Katherine\\|last\=Fung}} The last live show on Current was [Viewpoint](/wiki/Viewpoint_%28talk_show%29 "Viewpoint (talk show)") with [John Fugelsang](/wiki/John_Fugelsang "John Fugelsang"), ending on August 15, 2013\.{{citation needed\\|date\=April 2021}} [Al Jazeera America](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_America "Al Jazeera America") launched and replaced Current on August 20, 2013, at 3:00pm [EDT](/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time "Eastern Daylight Time"). On August 16, 2014, Al Gore launched a lawsuit against Al Jazeera Media Network claiming a residual payment of $65 million of the sale proceeds held in an escrow account, due in 2014, remained unpaid.{{cite news\\|title\=Al Gore alleges breach of contract in Al Jazeera lawsuit\\|url\=http://www.bostonstar.com/index.php/sid/224813153\\|date\=16 August 2014\\|access\-date\=16 August 2014\\|publisher\=Boston Star}} In September [Al Jazeera Media Network](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network "Al Jazeera Media Network") launched a lawsuit against [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore").{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/09/19/al\-jazeera\-america\-sues\-former\-vp\-gore\-in\-current\-tv\-case.html\\|title\=Al Jazeera sues former VP Gore over Current TV\\|first\=CNBC com\\|last\=staff\\|date\=19 September 2014\\|website\=CNBC\\|access\-date\=31 May 2017}} Al Jazeera America shut down on April 12, 2016, citing the "economic landscape and the highly competitive nature of the American media market" as reasons to shut down the channel. After use by three networks since 1994, the channel space folded after Al Jazeera failed to sell it to another network.	[ "History\n-------", "### 2002–2006: Launch", "After the [2000 U.S. presidential election](/wiki/2000_U.S._presidential_election \"2000 U.S. presidential election\"), Gore and Hyatt wanted to start a conventional cable news network. The plan evolved into making a viewer\\-generated channel aimed at an audience demographic age 18–34\\.", "On May 4, 2004, INdTV Holdings, a company co\\-founded by Gore and Hyatt in 2002,{{cite web \\\|url\\= http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId\\=40401079 \\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080310015946/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId\\=40401079 \\\|url\\-status\\= dead \\\|archive\\-date\\= March 10, 2008 \\\|title\\=Company Overview of Current Media, LLC \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg Businessweek]] \\\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2013}} purchased Canada\\-based cable news channel [NewsWorld International](/wiki/NewsWorld_International \"NewsWorld International\") (NWI) from [NBCUniversal](/wiki/NBCUniversal \"NBCUniversal\") for the express purpose of launching their new network with the space on some [digital cable](/wiki/Digital_cable \"Digital cable\") lineups (and [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV \"DirecTV\")) that NWI had. The new network would not have political leanings, Gore said, but would serve as an \"independent voice\" for a target audience of people between 18 and 34 \"who want to learn about the world in a voice they recognize and a view they recognize as their own.\" Other reports said that Gore hoped that the channel would help change the tide of \"consolidation and conglomeratization\" of the media by leading the change to \"democratization.\" The news network was said to be a combination between [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\"), [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\"), and [blipverts](/wiki/Blipverts_%28Max_Headroom%29 \"Blipverts (Max Headroom)\"). In the summer of 2004, Gore and Hyatt announced their new network, named INdTV, with a series of public recruitment events. The first of these events was held at the Bambuddha Lounge in San Francisco's [Tenderloin](/wiki/Tenderloin%2C_San_Francisco \"Tenderloin, San Francisco\"), on August 25, 2004\\.", "On April 4, 2005, the former vice president with business partner Hyatt announced that they had changed the name of the network from \"INdTV\" to \"Current TV\". The new television network launched in the United States at midnight [EDT](/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time \"Eastern Daylight Time\") on the morning of August 1, 2005\\. The first person heard on the channel was [Conor Knighton](/wiki/Conor_Knighton \"Conor Knighton\"), a staple during the early years of the channel introducing the channel with the show Google Current.", "### 2006–2008: Expansion and Yahoo! partnership", "On September 20, 2006, Current TV started a short\\-lived partnership with [Yahoo!](/wiki/Yahoo%21 \"Yahoo!\") to supply topic\\-specific \"channels\" to the Yahoo Video website. Called the Yahoo! Current Network, the first four channels, \"Current Buzz\", \"Current Traveler\", \"Current Action\" (about action sports), and \"Current Driver\" quickly became the most popular videos on the Yahoo Video web site. There were Yahoo branded segments on Current TV, similar to the Google Current segments. Additional web channels were planned. However, on December 6, 2006, Yahoo and Current TV announced the end of their relationship.Shields, Mike (December 5, 2006\\). [\"Yahoo and Current TV Cut Ties\"](http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/news/interactive/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003468568) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212124555/http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/news/interactive/article\\_display.jsp?vnu\\_content\\_id\\=1003468568 \\\|date\\=2006\\-12\\-12 }}. MediaWeek.com [Madeline Smithberg](/wiki/Madeline_Smithberg \"Madeline Smithberg\") co\\-creator of [The Daily Show](/wiki/The_Daily_Show \"The Daily Show\"), was the Executive Producer for this project.", "On October 6, 2006, a deal was announced with [BSkyB](/wiki/BSkyB \"BSkyB\") to create a localized UK and Ireland version of Current TV for its [Sky](/wiki/Sky_%28UK_and_Ireland%29 \"Sky (UK and Ireland)\") satellite service.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://i.current.com/pdf/BSkyB\\_Oct2006\\.pdf \\\|title\\=CURRENT to LAUNCH TV CHANNEL on SKY DIGITAL in UK and IRELAND \\\|publisher\\=Current TV \\\|date\\=2006\\-10\\-06 \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-10 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202200844/http://i.current.com/pdf/BSkyB\\_Oct2006\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-02 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} This version went live on March 12, 2007, on Sky channel 229 (later moving to 183\\) and Virgin Media channel 155\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://paidcontent.org/article/419\\-gores\\-current\\-tv\\-launches\\-in\\-uk\\-eyes\\-further\\-roll\\-outs/ \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120714131737/http://paidcontent.org/article/419\\-gores\\-current\\-tv\\-launches\\-in\\-uk\\-eyes\\-further\\-roll\\-outs/ \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 14, 2012 \\\|title\\=Gore's Current TV Launches In UK, Eyes Further Roll\\-outs \\\|publisher\\=paidContent \\\|date\\=2007\\-03\\-12 \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-10 }} The first documentary aired on the launch was 'Tracking William, a Night With a Paparazzo' from director [Daniel Florencio](/wiki/Daniel_Florencio \"Daniel Florencio\"), a prolific contributor of the channel.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Tracking William: A Night with a Paparazzo (2007\\)\\\|url\\=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie\\-guide/b\\-arvue9/tracking\\-william\\-a\\-night\\-with\\-a\\-paparazzo/\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-20\\\|website\\=Radio Times\\\|language\\=en\\\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-20\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220174258/https://www.radiotimes.com/movie\\-guide/b\\-arvue9/tracking\\-william\\-a\\-night\\-with\\-a\\-paparazzo/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2007, Current TV started [video\\-on\\-demand](/wiki/Video_on_demand \"Video on demand\") service on Virgin Media. Current TV was also added to the Freewire IPTV network on channel 178\\. The channel closed on March 11, 2012, following BSkyB's withdrawal of support and a failed rescue attempt from Current TV.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://current.com/shows/upstream/93612707\\_statement\\-current\\-uk\\-due\\-to\\-close\\-in\\-march.htm \\\|title\\=Statement: Current UK due to close in March \\\|publisher\\=Current TV \\\|date\\=2012\\-01\\-12 \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-10 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311205415/http://current.com/shows/upstream/93612707\\_statement\\-current\\-uk\\-due\\-to\\-close\\-in\\-march.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-11 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web\\\| url\\=http://www.c21media.net/archives/76732 \\\|title\\=Current staff seek work as rescue fails \\\|publisher\\=C21Media \\\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-15 \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-12}}", "On January 31, 2007, Current TV launched on [Dish Network](/wiki/Dish_Network \"Dish Network\").\n[thumb\\\|Former Current TV Control Room](/wiki/File:CurrentNew.jpg \"CurrentNew.jpg\")\nOn September 16, 2007, Current TV won an Emmy award for Best Interactive Television Service at the [59th Primetime Emmy Awards](/wiki/59th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards \"59th Primetime Emmy Awards\"). This was the first year in which this Emmy was presented during the primetime broadcast. The award was presented by [Masi Oka](/wiki/Masi_Oka \"Masi Oka\") of [Heroes](/wiki/Heroes_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Heroes (U.S. TV series)\") fame and [MySpace](/wiki/MySpace \"MySpace\") founder [Tom Anderson](/wiki/Tom_Anderson \"Tom Anderson\") (through their own computers), and Al Gore and Joel Hyatt accepted the award on their behalf.[\"Al Gore joins Emmy parade\"](https://www.variety.com/VR1117971953.html). [Variety.com](/wiki/Variety.com \"Variety.com\"). September 13, 2007\\.", "On February 8, 2008, it was announced that the network would also be available on the Italian [Sky Italia](/wiki/Sky_Italia \"Sky Italia\") satellite digital platform on channel 130\\. According to the official website, broadcasts started on May 8, 2008\\.[\"Scopri di più su Current TV\"](http://current.com/it.htm) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427070901/http://current.com/it.htm \\\|date\\=2008\\-04\\-27 }} {{in lang\\\|it}} On June 6, 2008, it was announced that the network would also be available on the Italian [3](/wiki/3_Italy \"3 Italy\") [DVB\\-H](/wiki/DVB-H \"DVB-H\") mobile operator, free of charge.[\"3 Italia: gratis Rai, Mediaset e Current\"](http://www.lastampa.it/_web/cmstp/tmplrubriche/tecnologia/grubrica.asp?ID_blog=30&ID_articolo=4631&ID_sezione=&sezione=) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183243/http://www.lastampa.it/\\_web/cmstp/tmplrubriche/tecnologia/grubrica.asp?ID\\_blog\\=30\\&ID\\_articolo\\=4631\\&ID\\_sezione\\=\\&sezione\\= \\\|date\\=2009\\-02\\-23 }} {{in lang\\\|it}} [La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa \"La Stampa\"). April 6, 2008\\. The channel closed on July 31, 2011, following failed distribution renegotiations with Sky Italia.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/may/25/current\\-tv\\-rupert\\-murdoch \\\|title\\=Current TV chief claims Murdoch's Sky Italia broke commitment \\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\\|date\\=2011\\-05\\-25 \\\|access\\-date\\= 2012\\-03\\-10 \\\|location\\=London \\\|first\\=Dan \\\|last\\=Sabbagh}}", "Current TV partnered with [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") for the 2008 Presidential and Vice\\-Presidential debates, allowing viewers who watched the Current TV version of the debates to post live on Twitter and have their opinions shown on screen, live.", "### 2009–2010: Financial troubles and IPO plans", "On January 28, 2009, Current Media Inc. announced that it intended to launch an [initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\") on the [NASDAQ](/wiki/NASDAQ \"NASDAQ\") to raise US$100 million. However, it announced in early April that it was scrapping the plan due to \"current market conditions\" and that no securities had been sold, and all activity regarding the proposed IPO had been discontinued.{{cite news \\\|author\\=Maisie McCabe \\\|url\\= http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/898262/Al\\-Gores\\-Current\\-Media\\-abandons\\-plans\\-NYSE\\-listing/ \\\|title\\=Al Gore's Current Media abandons plans for NYSE listing \\\|work\\= MediaWeek \\\|date\\=14 April 2009 \\\|access\\-date\\= 22 September 2011}}", "[thumb\\\|Current TV Booth in San Mateo at [Maker Faire](/wiki/Maker_Faire \"Maker Faire\") 2008](/wiki/File:Maker_Faire_2008_San_Mateo_218.JPG \"Maker Faire 2008 San Mateo 218.JPG\")\nIn June 2009, Current TV received approval from the [Canadian Radio\\-television and Telecommunications Commission](/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission \"Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission\") to establish a Canadian version of the channel, which would be a joint venture of Current TV and the CBC, with the CBC taking 80 percent ownership. The channel would be required to feature at least 35% [Canadian content](/wiki/Canadian_content \"Canadian content\"). The new service was planned to begin in Fall 2009, pending approval by the Treasury Board,{{cite news \\\|author\\=Staff writers \\\|title\\=Current TV Receives CRTC Approval \\\|url\\=http://www.broadcastermagazine.com/issues/ISArticle.asp?aid\\=1000330494 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120723150458/http://www.broadcastermagazine.com/issues/ISArticle.asp?aid\\=1000330494 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=23 July 2012 \\\|work\\=Broadcaster \\\|date\\=11 June 2009 \\\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2011 }} but those plans were put on hold later that year.{{cite news \\\|author\\=Staff writers \\\|url\\= https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/current\\-tv\\-s\\-plans\\-to\\-enter\\-canada\\-on\\-hold\\-1\\.826455 \\\|work\\=CBC News \\\|title\\= Current TV's plans to enter Canada on hold \\\|date\\= December 22, 2009 \\\|access\\-date\\= 22 September 2011}}", "In July 2009, Current TV made a series of changes due to financial reasons and the failed IPO. CEO Joel Hyatt resigned to a new vice president position and was replaced by Mark Rosenthal, the former COO and president of [MTV Networks](/wiki/MTV_Networks \"MTV Networks\"), with a plan to reform Current TV to more traditional programing. Lisa Derrick of [The Huffington Post](/wiki/The_Huffington_Post \"The Huffington Post\") predicted that Current TV would undergo a transformation similar to MTV's transformation during Mark Rosenthal's 1990s tenure at MTV, from MTV's multi\\-minute music video format to longer 30 minute/1 hour [reality television](/wiki/Reality_television \"Reality television\") programing. Ultimately its assorted pod format{{Clarify\\\|date\\=January 2015}} was discontinued in lieu of traditional 30\\-minute block programing. Some elements of the pod format survived inside the themed 30\\-minute programing. In July 2009, 80 in\\-house staff were laid off, about 25% of Current's staff, and plans were announced to air licensed TV series and films and other content that was not produced by Current in\\-house or by the VC2 system. Andrew Wallenstein of [The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter \"The Hollywood Reporter\") predicted Current would make its targeted demographic a decade older from early 20s to early 30s, and add more less\\-serious entertainment programing to its then mostly news and reality/documentary format.{{cite news \\\|author\\= Lisa Derrick \\\|title\\=Al Gore's Current TV Lays Off 80 Staff, Changes Direction \\\|url\\= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa\\-derrick/al\\-gores\\-current\\-tv\\-lays\\_b\\_355248\\.html \\\|work\\=The Huffington Post \\\|date\\=November 12, 2009 \\\|access\\-date\\= 22 September 2011}}{{cite news \\\|author\\=Andrew Wallenstein \\\|url\\= https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65O0HA20100625?pageNumber\\=2 \\\|work\\=The Hollywood Reporter \\\|agency\\=Reuters \\\|title\\=New troubles at Al Gore's Current TV \\\|date\\=June 25, 2010 \\\|access\\-date\\= 22 September 2011}}", "In late 2009, after the announcement of the Comcast\\-NBC merger, [Comcast Corporation](/wiki/Comcast_Corporation \"Comcast Corporation\") submitted a filing to the [US Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/US_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"US Securities and Exchange Commission\") that revealed it owned a ten percent stake of Current Media LLC.[\"How Cable Programming Is 'Chosen' – The Implications for Comcast\\-NBC\"](http://www.stopbigmedia.com/blog/2010/01/how-cable-programming-is-chosen-the-implications-for-comcast-nbc/) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114215049/http://www.stopbigmedia.com/blog/2010/01/how\\-cable\\-programming\\-is\\-chosen\\-the\\-implications\\-for\\-comcast\\-nbc/ \\\|date\\=2010\\-01\\-14 }}. StopBigMedia.com, 2010\\-01\\-11\\. Retrieved on 2010\\-11\\-08\\. Current received three Emmy nominations in the news and documentary category in 2009\\.", "In mid\\-2010, Current's Vanguard journalism program's piece, Oxycontin Express, received a Peabody Award, a first for both [Mariana van Zeller](/wiki/Mariana_van_Zeller \"Mariana van Zeller\"), the journalist behind the story, and Current TV. Current also received a Headliner award.{{cite web \\\|title\\= 2008 National Headliner Award Winners \\\|url\\=http://www.headlinerawards.org/Winners2008Broadcast.html \\\|publisher\\=National Headliner Awards \\\|date\\=4 May 2009 \\\|access\\-date\\=22 September 2011 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120820081904/http://www.headlinerawards.org/Winners2008Broadcast.html \\\|archive\\-date\\= 20 August 2012 }} Around this time, a report by [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\") on the network's ongoing problems suggested that it could have blossomed into something akin to [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\")'s video\\-sharing platform, [MSNBC](/wiki/MSNBC \"MSNBC\")'s role as a left\\-leaning news outlet, or even the [Oprah Winfrey Network](/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey_Network_%28U.S._TV_channel%29 \"Oprah Winfrey Network (U.S. TV channel)\"). \"In retrospect\", the report concluded, \"what's distinctive about Current's troubles was that Gore's vision had so much potential. It's uncanny how close he was to capitalizing on several key trends that transformed the media world, only to watch others do so.\"", "### 2009: North Korea incident", "{{Main\\\|2009 imprisonment of US journalists by North Korea}}\n{{Wikinews\\\|North Korean military detains two American journalists}}\nOn March 17, 2009, the [North Korean](/wiki/North_Korea \"North Korea\") military [detained two American journalists](/wiki/2009_imprisonment_of_US_journalists_by_North_Korea \"2009 imprisonment of US journalists by North Korea\"), [Euna Lee](/wiki/Euna_Lee \"Euna Lee\") and [Laura Ling](/wiki/Laura_Ling \"Laura Ling\"), working for Current TV, after they allegedly crossed into North Korea from China.\"[Laura Ling, Euna Lee Detained in North Korea](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/22/laura-ling-euna-lee-detai_n_177725.html)\". Huffingtonpost.com. 2009\\-03\\-22\\. Retrieved on 2010\\-11\\-08\\. On March 30, 2009, North Korean state media reported that preparations were under way for indictments and a trial, saying, \"The illegal entry of US reporters into the DPRK \\[Democratic People's Republic of Korea] and their suspected hostile acts have been confirmed by evidence and their statements.\"[US reporters face N Korea trial](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7973241.stm). bbc.co.uk; BBC, March 31, 2009\\. The two faced trial on June 4\\.{{cite news \\\|url\\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia\\-pacific/8049238\\.stm \\\|title\\=N Korea to try reporters in June \\\|work\\=BBC News \\\|date\\= 2009\\-05\\-14 \\\|access\\-date\\= 2009\\-05\\-18}} On June 8, Reuters reported that the two reporters were found guilty of illegal entry and committing \"hostile acts against the [DPRK](/wiki/DPRK \"DPRK\")\" and subsequently sentenced to twelve years of hard labor.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5570NT20090608 \\\|title\\=North Korea sentences U.S. journalists to 12 years \\\|work\\= reuters.com \\\|agency\\=Reuters \\\|first\\=Jon \\\|last\\=Herskovitz \\\|date\\=June 8, 2009}} On August 4, [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\") reported that Lee and Ling were pardoned amidst a visit by former U.S. president [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\") to North Korea.{{cite news \\\|url\\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia\\-pacific/8184583\\.stm \\\|work\\=BBC News \\\|title\\= North Korea pardons US reporters \\\|date\\= August 4, 2009 \\\|access\\-date\\= April 30, 2010}}", "### 2011 major format changes", "[150px\\\|thumb\\\|Current TV logo 2005–2011](/wiki/File:Current_TV.svg \"Current TV.svg\")\nBeginning early in 2011, Current TV started implementing major changes in programming and personnel, beginning with the hiring of [Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Keith_Olbermann \"Keith Olbermann\"). To signify these changes, Current unveiled new imaging and a new logo in May 2011, designed by branding firm [Wolff Olins](/wiki/Wolff_Olins \"Wolff Olins\").", "On February 8, 2011, [Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Keith_Olbermann \"Keith Olbermann\") announced that he had been hired to host a new primetime show on Current TV and was named Chief News Officer with an equity stake in the network. In April 2011, Olbermann announced that his nightly program would retain the same title from his time at [MSNBC](/wiki/MSNBC \"MSNBC\"). On June 20, 2011, [Countdown with Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Countdown_with_Keith_Olbermann \"Countdown with Keith Olbermann\") relaunched on Current TV. The program aired Mondays through Fridays at 8 p.m. Eastern Time and was based out of New York City. Olbermann stated on [The Colbert Report](/wiki/The_Colbert_Report \"The Colbert Report\") that Current TV was planning to make a nightly news segment consisting of his show and others that would launch later on Current TV.", "In August 2011, Current announced that it had hired former CNN Bureau Chief and SVP of Programming [David Bohrman](/wiki/David_Bohrman \"David Bohrman\") as the network's new president. Bohrman later announced that after filling out its prime\\-time lineup, Current would also gradually begin shifting towards \"a full daytime, morning schedule of news, information, analysis, conversation, context – all based on the events of the day\" from an independent, progressive perspective.", "On September 15, 2011, Current also announced that it had hired Shelley Lewis, former CNN and PBS executive producer, as executive vice president of programming.", "On September 20, 2011, the network announced that [Cenk Uygur](/wiki/Cenk_Uygur \"Cenk Uygur\") of the internet\\-based TYT Network would be launching a TV edition of the internet news program [The Young Turks](/wiki/The_Young_Turks \"The Young Turks\") in the fourth quarter of 2011\\. The program was broadcast from Los Angeles and aired weekdays at 7 p.m. Eastern Time. The program premiered on December 5, 2011\\.", "On September 21, 2011, network president [David Bohrman](/wiki/David_Bohrman \"David Bohrman\") named Jason Odell as executive vice president of technology. Odell had an extensive career at both [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") and [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"), and was most recently known for creating (along with David Bohrman) and implementing CNN's \"holographic\" technology during election coverage.", "On October 12, 2011, the network announced that it had hired former [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\") governor [Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm \"Jennifer Granholm\") to host her own weekday prime\\-time program [The War Room with Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/The_War_Room_with_Jennifer_Granholm \"The War Room with Jennifer Granholm\"). The program launched on January 30, 2012, at 9 p.m. Eastern Time.", "### 2012 major format changes", "On March 5, 2012, Current announced an upcoming weekday morning block of programming with TV\\-friendly simulcasts of [The Stephanie Miller Show](/wiki/The_Stephanie_Miller_Show \"The Stephanie Miller Show\") (under the name Talking Liberally: The Stephanie Miller Show) and [The Bill Press Show](/wiki/Bill_Press \"Bill Press\") (under the name Full Court Press: The Bill Press Show).{{cite web\\\|url \\= https://www.deadline.com/2012/03/current\\-tv\\-to\\-enter\\-am\\-news\\-competition\\-with\\-radios\\-bill\\-press\\-and\\-stephanie\\-miller/\\\|title \\= Current TV To Enter AM News Competition With Radio's Bill Press And Stephanie Miller\\\|date \\= March 5, 2012 \\\|author \\= David Lieberman \\\|publisher\\= Deadline New York}} This was interpreted by [Mediaite](/wiki/Mediaite \"Mediaite\")'s Political Editor and White House Correspondent Tommy Christopher as an attempt to compete against MSNBC's [Morning Joe](/wiki/Morning_Joe \"Morning Joe\") (which aired from 6{{nbsp}}am to 9{{nbsp}}am).{{cite web \\\|url\\= http://www.mediaite.com/tv/current\\-tv\\-announces\\-morning\\-block\\-with\\-bill\\-press\\-and\\-stephanie\\-miller/ \\\|title\\= Current TV Announces Morning Block With Bill Press And Stephanie Miller \\\|author\\= Tommy Christopher \\\|orig\\-year\\= 8:13 am \\\|date\\= March 5, 2012 \\\|publisher\\= Mediaite}} This morning block moved to [Free Speech TV](/wiki/Free_Speech_TV \"Free Speech TV\") after Current TV folded and became Al Jazeera America.", "On March 30, 2012, Current announced that [Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Keith_Olbermann \"Keith Olbermann\") had been fired and would no longer host a show on their network. A statement released by network founders Al Gore and Joel Hyatt explained how the network's \"values are no longer reflected\" in Current's relationship with Olbermann, and that former [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") Governor [Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer \"Eliot Spitzer\") would begin hosting Viewpoint effective immediately in the time slot previously occupied by Olbermann.{{cite magazine \\\|url\\= https://www.deadline.com/2012/03/keith\\-olbermann\\-out\\-at\\-current\\-relationship\\-no\\-longer\\-reflected\\-values\\-network\\-says/ \\\|title\\= Keith Olbermann Out at Current Relationship No Longer Reflected Values Network Says \\\|date\\= March 30, 2012 \\\|orig\\-year\\= 5:14pm EST \\\|author\\= David Lieberman \\\|magazine\\= Deadline Hollywood}}", "On April 18, 2012, Current announced that [California Lt. Governor](/wiki/Lt._Governor_of_California \"Lt. Governor of California\") [Gavin Newsom](/wiki/Gavin_Newsom \"Gavin Newsom\") would host a show titled [The Gavin Newsom Show](/wiki/The_Gavin_Newsom_Show \"The Gavin Newsom Show\"), while concurrently serving as lieutenant governor.{{cite news \\\|url\\= http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/18/current\\-tv\\-to\\-hire\\-gavin\\-newsom\\-california\\-lt\\-governor/ \\\|title\\=Current TV to Hire Gavin Newsom, California's Lieutenant Governor \\\|date\\= April 18, 2012 \\\|first\\=Brian \\\|last\\= Stelter \\\|newspaper\\= New York Times}}", "In June 2012, it was formally announced{{cite news \\\|url\\= http://www.inquisitr.com/252898/joy\\-behar\\-to\\-host\\-show\\-on\\-al\\-gores\\-current\\-tv/ \\\|title\\=Joy Behar to Host Show on Al Gore's Current TV \\\|work\\=The Inquisitr \\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2012}} that [Joy Behar](/wiki/Joy_Behar \"Joy Behar\") would be getting another talk show, [Joy Behar: Say Anything!](/wiki/Joy_Behar:Say_Anything%21 \"Say Anything!\"), premiering September 4, 2012\"['Joy Behar: Say Anything' to premiere Sept. 4](http://current.com/blog/93858032_joy-behar-say-anything-to-premiere-sept-4.htm)\". {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113113043/http://current.com/blog/93858032\\_joy\\-behar\\-say\\-anything\\-to\\-premiere\\-sept\\-4\\.htm \\\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-13 }}. on the Current TV network. Its content was expected to be in line with her previous [HLN](/wiki/HLN_%28TV_channel%29 \"HLN (TV channel)\") series The Joy Behar Show.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/joy\\-behar\\-joins\\-current\\-tv\\-335772 \\\|title\\= Joy Behar Joins Current TV \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2012 \\\| first\\=Marisa \\\|last\\=Guthrie \\\|date\\=June 11, 2012}} Before the new show's launch, Behar began acting as fill\\-in host for [Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer \"Eliot Spitzer\")'s Current TV talk show, [Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Viewpoint_with_Eliot_Spitzer \"Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer\"), starting on July 18, 2012\\.{{cite news \\\|url\\= http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2012/06/al\\-gore\\-announces\\-new\\-joy\\-behar\\-show/1\\#.UBSZrGGe5n8 \\\|title\\=Al Gore announces new Joy Behar show \\\|work\\=USA Today \\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2012 \\\|date\\=June 11, 2012}}", "### 2013: Acquisition by Al Jazeera", "{{see also\\\|Al Jazeera America}}\nOn January 2, 2013, [Al Jazeera Media Network](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network \"Al Jazeera Media Network\") announced that it had purchased Current Media, LLC and would be closing down the Current TV channel while launching and integrating the remains of Current into a new American news channel titled [Al Jazeera America](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_America \"Al Jazeera America\") using its distribution network.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://money.cnn.com/2013/01/03/news/al\\-jazeera\\-current/ \\\|title\\=Al Jazeera buys Current TV, will launch new channel \\\|last\\=Charles \\\|first\\=Riley \\\|date\\=3 January 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[CNNMoney]] \\\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2013}}{{cite web \\\|url\\= http://www.aljazeerausannouncement.com/ \\\|title\\=AL JAZEERA TO START NEW U.S.\\-BASED NEWS CHANNEL \\\|date\\=2 January 2013 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera Media Network\\\|Al Jazeera]] \\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130104032347/http://www.aljazeerausannouncement.com/ \\\|archive\\-date\\= 4 January 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2013 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Prior to the sale, it was believed that Al Gore and Joel Hyatt each owned approximately twenty percent of Current Media, [business magnate](/wiki/Business_magnate \"Business magnate\") [Ronald Burkle](/wiki/Ronald_Burkle \"Ronald Burkle\") owned about twenty\\-five percent, and [Comcast](/wiki/Comcast \"Comcast\") and [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV \"DirecTV\") each owned more than five percent. The terms of the deal were undisclosed.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-aljazeera\\-current\\-idUSBRE90200D20130103 \\\|title\\=Al Jazeera buys Gore's Current TV, terms undisclosed \\\|author\\= Sue Zeidler and Liana B. Baker \\\|date\\=3 January 2013 \\\|work\\=Reuters\\\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2013}} According to [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\") and [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"), the purchase was about US$500 million.{{cite web \\\|url\\= http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/01/20131474537707502\\.html \\\|title\\=Welcome to America, Al Jazeera \\\|author\\=Rory O'Connor \\\|date\\= January 4, 2013 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera English\\\|Al Jazeera]] \\\|access\\-date\\= January 4, 2013}} The purchase by Al Jazeera occurred after an attempt by [TheBlaze](/wiki/TheBlaze \"TheBlaze\") to purchase the media company was rejected in 2012\\.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Glenn Beck Tried to Buy Current TV But Was Rejected \\\|author\\=Adam Clark Estes \\\|url\\= https://www.google.com/gwt/x?noimg\\=1\\&u\\=http%3a%2f%2fnews.yahoo.com%2fglenn\\-beck\\-tried\\-buy\\-current\\-tv\\-rejected\\-032853589\\-\\-finance.html\\&wsc\\=tb\\&ct\\=pg1\\&whp\\=30 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Atlantic\\#The Wire\\\|The Atlantic Wire]] \\\|date\\=2 January 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2013}}{{cite news \\\|title\\= Glenn Beck Tried to Purchase Current TV \\\|url\\= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/03/glenn\\-beck\\-purchase\\-current\\-tv\\-report\\_n\\_2402273\\.html \\\|newspaper\\=Huffington Post \\\|date\\=3 January 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2013 \\\|first\\=Rebecca \\\|last\\=Shapiro}}", "Immediately after the announcement, [Time Warner Cable](/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable \"Time Warner Cable\") and [Bright House Networks](/wiki/Bright_House_Networks \"Bright House Networks\"), which both broadcast Current TV to nine million American homes, announced they would be dropping the channel,{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2013/01/02/current\\-tv\\-near\\-sale\\-to\\-al\\-jazeera\\-likely\\-500\\-million\\-deal\\-for\\-al\\-gore\\-and\\-co/ \\\|title\\= Current TV Sold To Al Jazeera; Possible $400 Million Deal For Al Gore and Co. \\[UPDATED] \\\|author\\=Jeff Bercovici \\\|date\\=January 2, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Forbes]] \\\|access\\-date\\= January 3, 2013}} but said they would consider airing Al Jazeera America.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/03/time\\-warner\\-cable\\-al\\-jazeera\\-america\\_n\\_2404879\\.html \\\|title\\=Time Warner Cable Will Consider Carrying Al Jazeera's U.S. Network \\\|author\\= Michael Calderone \\\|date\\=January 3, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Huffington Post]] \\\|access\\-date\\= January 3, 2013}} It was previously reported in April 2012 that Time Warner and Bright House were considering to drop the channel due to low ratings. Al Jazeera America still replaced Current TV on [Comcast](/wiki/Comcast \"Comcast\"), Dish Network, [Verizon](/wiki/Verizon_Fios \"Verizon Fios\") and [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV \"DirecTV\"). [AT\\&T](/wiki/AT%26T \"AT&T\") dropped Current TV the morning before it changed to Al Jazeera America prompting a lawsuit for breach of contract from [Al Jazeera Media Network](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network \"Al Jazeera Media Network\"). Time Warner and Bright House later added Al Jazeera America on December 6, 2013, after a new deal was signed 2 months earlier. AT\\&T would add the channel on June 27, 2014\\.", "Defending his decision, Current TV chairman [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore \"Al Gore\") wrote: \"I am incredibly proud of what Current has been able to accomplish. But broadcast media is a business, and being an independent content producer in a time of increasing consolidation is a challenge.\"{{cite news \\\|url\\= http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/03/gore\\-went\\-to\\-bat\\-for\\-al\\-jazeera\\-and\\-himself/ \\\|title\\=Gore Went to Bat for Al Jazeera, and Himself \\\|author\\=Brian Stelter \\\|date\\=January 3, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2013}} In a news release, Al Jazeera Director General Ahmed bin Jassim Al Thani said,\n \"By acquiring Current TV, Al Jazeera will significantly expand our existing distribution footprint in the U.S., as well as increase our newsgathering and reporting efforts in America \\[...] We look forward to working together with our new cable and satellite partners to serve our new audiences across the U.S.\"\nThe Al Jazeera network also expected to increase its U.S.\\-based staff to a total of more than 300 employees and retain most of Current's staff.", "In addition to ending the Current TV channel, Al Jazeera announced it was scrapping the channel's programming lineup, as well as its brand. On January 2, Cenk Uygur, host of the weekday [Young Turks with Cenk Uygur](/wiki/The_Young_Turks \"The Young Turks\"), stated at the time that the Current TV show would continue for at least three months and that he was open to staying with the new network.{{cite web \\\|url\\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=yfJcyDmZHu0 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/yfJcyDmZHu0 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-22 \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|title\\= TYT is Independent, Not Owned by Current or Al Jazeera \\\|date\\=January 2, 2013 \\\|work\\=The Young Turks \\\|access\\-date\\= January 6, 2013}}{{cbignore}} Later, after the end of Current, in a [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\") interview, Uygur remarked about the loss of the television show that he felt \"relieved\" that he could move on and focus on his web show and site and that he \"was exhausted from doing the two shows at once;\" also that \"The future is overwhelmingly online\" and he was excited to turn his energies there. It was also mentioned that after the acquisition of Current, he had brief talks with Al Jazeera America about whether there would be a place for him and the show, but both sides agreed that Uygur, known for political rants, would not fit well with the company's plans to build a news source with a more neutral tone.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la\\-et\\-ct\\-young\\-turks\\-cenk\\-uygur\\-20130813,0,7754856\\.story \\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\\|first\\=Ryan \\\|last\\=Faughnder \\\|title\\='The Young Turks' host Cenk Uygur bets on Web after Current TV \\\|date\\= August 15, 2013}}", "That same day, [Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm \"Jennifer Granholm\"), host of [The War Room with Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/The_War_Room_with_Jennifer_Granholm \"The War Room with Jennifer Granholm\"), announced that she would leave the channel as a result of the acquisition,{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.freep.com/article/20130104/NEWS15/301040098/Former\\-Michigan\\-Gov\\-Jennifer\\-Granholm\\-leave\\-her\\-show\\-Current\\-TV \\\|title\\= Former Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm to leave her show on Current TV \\\|author\\=Paul Egan \\\|date\\=January 4, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Detroit Free Press]] \\\|access\\-date\\= January 6, 2013}} as did [Gavin Newsom](/wiki/Gavin_Newsom \"Gavin Newsom\"), host of [The Gavin Newsom Show](/wiki/The_Gavin_Newsom_Show \"The Gavin Newsom Show\"), who was reported to have planned on leaving the network earlier.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2013/01/california\\-lt\\-gov\\-gavin\\-newsoms\\-cable\\-tv\\-show\\-going\\-off\\-air.html \\\|title\\=California Lt. Gov. Gavin Newsom's cable TV show going off air \\\|author\\=David Siders \\\|date\\=January 2, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Sacramento Bee]] \\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106094251/http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2013/01/california\\-lt\\-gov\\-gavin\\-newsoms\\-cable\\-tv\\-show\\-going\\-off\\-air.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2013 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} On Sunday, January 6, [Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer \"Eliot Spitzer\") announced that he had left the network and his weekday show [Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Viewpoint_with_Eliot_Spitzer \"Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer\").{{cite news \\\|url\\= http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/06/eliot\\-spitzer\\-end\\-his\\-show\\-on\\-current\\-tv/ \\\|title\\=Eliot Spitzer Ends His Show on Current TV \\\|author\\=Brian Stelter \\\|date\\=January 6, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\\|access\\-date\\= January 6, 2013}}", "It was announced in an article in Politico at the time of the purchase that Bill Press didn't expect to continue his show with Al Jazeera once the change officially took place. Press also didn't expect Stephanie Miller to continue her show on Al Jazeera. Press said he would look for TV coverage to replace Current but expected having trouble finding a replacement.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Weinger\\\|first\\=Mackenzie\\\|title\\=Bill Press on the future of Current TV hosts\\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/bill\\-press\\-on\\-the\\-future\\-of\\-current\\-tv\\-86201\\.html\\\|publisher\\=Politico\\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2013}} On August 1, 2013, Press announced that his show's simulcast would move to [Free Speech TV](/wiki/Free_Speech_TV \"Free Speech TV\") on September 3, 2013\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.billpressshow.com/2013/08/01/the\\-bill\\-press\\-show\\-joins\\-free\\-speech\\-tv/\\\|title\\=The Bill Press Show Joins Free Speech TV!\\\|work\\=billpressshow.com\\\|access\\-date\\=12 April 2015\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412095451/http://www.billpressshow.com/2013/08/01/the\\-bill\\-press\\-show\\-joins\\-free\\-speech\\-tv/\\\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2015\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} [Stephanie Miller](/wiki/Stephanie_Miller \"Stephanie Miller\") announced later after a hiatus from television syndaication that her show would also move to Free Speech TV in January 2014\\.", "In a January 22, 2014 article in Politico Al Jazeera spokesman Stan Collender said the network's launch would be pushed back to within six months, and would create \"multiple hundreds of new jobs\" and new bureaus around the country. They announced the hiring of 105 total jobs for the new network, with 98 in New York and seven in Washington, D.C.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Byers\\\|first\\=Dylan\\\|title\\=Al Jazeera America is hiring\\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/01/al\\-jazeera\\-america\\-is\\-hiring\\-154919\\.html\\\|publisher\\=Politico\\\|date\\=January 22, 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2013}} On July 3, 2013 [Ali Velshi](/wiki/Ali_Velshi \"Ali Velshi\") announced on his Twitter account that the network would replace Current on August 20, 2013\\.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/03/al\\-jazeera\\-america\\-launch\\_n\\_3541573\\.html\\\|title\\=Al Jazeera America To Launch August 20\\\|work\\=Huffington Post\\\|date\\=July 3, 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2013\\\|first\\=Katherine\\\|last\\=Fung}}", "The last live show on Current was [Viewpoint](/wiki/Viewpoint_%28talk_show%29 \"Viewpoint (talk show)\") with [John Fugelsang](/wiki/John_Fugelsang \"John Fugelsang\"), ending on August 15, 2013\\.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=April 2021}} [Al Jazeera America](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_America \"Al Jazeera America\") launched and replaced Current on August 20, 2013, at 3:00pm [EDT](/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time \"Eastern Daylight Time\").", "On August 16, 2014, Al Gore launched a lawsuit against Al Jazeera Media Network claiming a residual payment of $65 million of the sale proceeds held in an escrow account, due in 2014, remained unpaid.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Al Gore alleges breach of contract in Al Jazeera lawsuit\\\|url\\=http://www.bostonstar.com/index.php/sid/224813153\\\|date\\=16 August 2014\\\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2014\\\|publisher\\=Boston Star}} In September [Al Jazeera Media Network](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network \"Al Jazeera Media Network\") launched a lawsuit against [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore \"Al Gore\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/09/19/al\\-jazeera\\-america\\-sues\\-former\\-vp\\-gore\\-in\\-current\\-tv\\-case.html\\\|title\\=Al Jazeera sues former VP Gore over Current TV\\\|first\\=CNBC com\\\|last\\=staff\\\|date\\=19 September 2014\\\|website\\=CNBC\\\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2017}}", "Al Jazeera America shut down on April 12, 2016, citing the \"economic landscape and the highly competitive nature of the American media market\" as reasons to shut down the channel. After use by three networks since 1994, the channel space folded after Al Jazeera failed to sell it to another network.", "" ]
### 2011 major format changes [150px\\|thumb\\|Current TV logo 2005–2011](/wiki/File:Current_TV.svg "Current TV.svg") Beginning early in 2011, Current TV started implementing major changes in programming and personnel, beginning with the hiring of [Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Keith_Olbermann "Keith Olbermann"). To signify these changes, Current unveiled new imaging and a new logo in May 2011, designed by branding firm [Wolff Olins](/wiki/Wolff_Olins "Wolff Olins"). On February 8, 2011, [Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Keith_Olbermann "Keith Olbermann") announced that he had been hired to host a new primetime show on Current TV and was named Chief News Officer with an equity stake in the network. In April 2011, Olbermann announced that his nightly program would retain the same title from his time at [MSNBC](/wiki/MSNBC "MSNBC"). On June 20, 2011, [Countdown with Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Countdown_with_Keith_Olbermann "Countdown with Keith Olbermann") relaunched on Current TV. The program aired Mondays through Fridays at 8 p.m. Eastern Time and was based out of New York City. Olbermann stated on [The Colbert Report](/wiki/The_Colbert_Report "The Colbert Report") that Current TV was planning to make a nightly news segment consisting of his show and others that would launch later on Current TV. In August 2011, Current announced that it had hired former CNN Bureau Chief and SVP of Programming [David Bohrman](/wiki/David_Bohrman "David Bohrman") as the network's new president. Bohrman later announced that after filling out its prime\-time lineup, Current would also gradually begin shifting towards "a full daytime, morning schedule of news, information, analysis, conversation, context – all based on the events of the day" from an independent, progressive perspective. On September 15, 2011, Current also announced that it had hired Shelley Lewis, former CNN and PBS executive producer, as executive vice president of programming. On September 20, 2011, the network announced that [Cenk Uygur](/wiki/Cenk_Uygur "Cenk Uygur") of the internet\-based TYT Network would be launching a TV edition of the internet news program [The Young Turks](/wiki/The_Young_Turks "The Young Turks") in the fourth quarter of 2011\. The program was broadcast from Los Angeles and aired weekdays at 7 p.m. Eastern Time. The program premiered on December 5, 2011\. On September 21, 2011, network president [David Bohrman](/wiki/David_Bohrman "David Bohrman") named Jason Odell as executive vice president of technology. Odell had an extensive career at both [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") and [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"), and was most recently known for creating (along with David Bohrman) and implementing CNN's "holographic" technology during election coverage. On October 12, 2011, the network announced that it had hired former [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan") governor [Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm "Jennifer Granholm") to host her own weekday prime\-time program [The War Room with Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/The_War_Room_with_Jennifer_Granholm "The War Room with Jennifer Granholm"). The program launched on January 30, 2012, at 9 p.m. Eastern Time.	[ "### 2011 major format changes", "[150px\\\|thumb\\\|Current TV logo 2005–2011](/wiki/File:Current_TV.svg \"Current TV.svg\")\nBeginning early in 2011, Current TV started implementing major changes in programming and personnel, beginning with the hiring of [Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Keith_Olbermann \"Keith Olbermann\"). To signify these changes, Current unveiled new imaging and a new logo in May 2011, designed by branding firm [Wolff Olins](/wiki/Wolff_Olins \"Wolff Olins\").", "On February 8, 2011, [Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Keith_Olbermann \"Keith Olbermann\") announced that he had been hired to host a new primetime show on Current TV and was named Chief News Officer with an equity stake in the network. In April 2011, Olbermann announced that his nightly program would retain the same title from his time at [MSNBC](/wiki/MSNBC \"MSNBC\"). On June 20, 2011, [Countdown with Keith Olbermann](/wiki/Countdown_with_Keith_Olbermann \"Countdown with Keith Olbermann\") relaunched on Current TV. The program aired Mondays through Fridays at 8 p.m. Eastern Time and was based out of New York City. Olbermann stated on [The Colbert Report](/wiki/The_Colbert_Report \"The Colbert Report\") that Current TV was planning to make a nightly news segment consisting of his show and others that would launch later on Current TV.", "In August 2011, Current announced that it had hired former CNN Bureau Chief and SVP of Programming [David Bohrman](/wiki/David_Bohrman \"David Bohrman\") as the network's new president. Bohrman later announced that after filling out its prime\\-time lineup, Current would also gradually begin shifting towards \"a full daytime, morning schedule of news, information, analysis, conversation, context – all based on the events of the day\" from an independent, progressive perspective.", "On September 15, 2011, Current also announced that it had hired Shelley Lewis, former CNN and PBS executive producer, as executive vice president of programming.", "On September 20, 2011, the network announced that [Cenk Uygur](/wiki/Cenk_Uygur \"Cenk Uygur\") of the internet\\-based TYT Network would be launching a TV edition of the internet news program [The Young Turks](/wiki/The_Young_Turks \"The Young Turks\") in the fourth quarter of 2011\\. The program was broadcast from Los Angeles and aired weekdays at 7 p.m. Eastern Time. The program premiered on December 5, 2011\\.", "On September 21, 2011, network president [David Bohrman](/wiki/David_Bohrman \"David Bohrman\") named Jason Odell as executive vice president of technology. Odell had an extensive career at both [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") and [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"), and was most recently known for creating (along with David Bohrman) and implementing CNN's \"holographic\" technology during election coverage.", "On October 12, 2011, the network announced that it had hired former [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\") governor [Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm \"Jennifer Granholm\") to host her own weekday prime\\-time program [The War Room with Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/The_War_Room_with_Jennifer_Granholm \"The War Room with Jennifer Granholm\"). The program launched on January 30, 2012, at 9 p.m. Eastern Time.", "" ]
### 2013: Acquisition by Al Jazeera {{see also\\|Al Jazeera America}} On January 2, 2013, [Al Jazeera Media Network](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network "Al Jazeera Media Network") announced that it had purchased Current Media, LLC and would be closing down the Current TV channel while launching and integrating the remains of Current into a new American news channel titled [Al Jazeera America](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_America "Al Jazeera America") using its distribution network.{{cite news \\|url\= https://money.cnn.com/2013/01/03/news/al\-jazeera\-current/ \\|title\=Al Jazeera buys Current TV, will launch new channel \\|last\=Charles \\|first\=Riley \\|date\=3 January 2013 \\|work\=\[\[CNNMoney]] \\|access\-date\=3 January 2013}}{{cite web \\|url\= http://www.aljazeerausannouncement.com/ \\|title\=AL JAZEERA TO START NEW U.S.\-BASED NEWS CHANNEL \\|date\=2 January 2013 \\|publisher\=\[\[Al Jazeera Media Network\\|Al Jazeera]] \\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130104032347/http://www.aljazeerausannouncement.com/ \\|archive\-date\= 4 January 2013 \\|access\-date\=3 January 2013 \\|url\-status\=dead }} Prior to the sale, it was believed that Al Gore and Joel Hyatt each owned approximately twenty percent of Current Media, [business magnate](/wiki/Business_magnate "Business magnate") [Ronald Burkle](/wiki/Ronald_Burkle "Ronald Burkle") owned about twenty\-five percent, and [Comcast](/wiki/Comcast "Comcast") and [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV "DirecTV") each owned more than five percent. The terms of the deal were undisclosed.{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-aljazeera\-current\-idUSBRE90200D20130103 \\|title\=Al Jazeera buys Gore's Current TV, terms undisclosed \\|author\= Sue Zeidler and Liana B. Baker \\|date\=3 January 2013 \\|work\=Reuters\\|access\-date\=3 January 2013}} According to [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes") and [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"), the purchase was about US$500 million.{{cite web \\|url\= http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/01/20131474537707502\.html \\|title\=Welcome to America, Al Jazeera \\|author\=Rory O'Connor \\|date\= January 4, 2013 \\|publisher\=\[\[Al Jazeera English\\|Al Jazeera]] \\|access\-date\= January 4, 2013}} The purchase by Al Jazeera occurred after an attempt by [TheBlaze](/wiki/TheBlaze "TheBlaze") to purchase the media company was rejected in 2012\.{{cite news \\|title\=Glenn Beck Tried to Buy Current TV But Was Rejected \\|author\=Adam Clark Estes \\|url\= https://www.google.com/gwt/x?noimg\=1\&u\=http%3a%2f%2fnews.yahoo.com%2fglenn\-beck\-tried\-buy\-current\-tv\-rejected\-032853589\-\-finance.html\&wsc\=tb\&ct\=pg1\&whp\=30 \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Atlantic\#The Wire\\|The Atlantic Wire]] \\|date\=2 January 2013 \\|access\-date\=7 January 2013}}{{cite news \\|title\= Glenn Beck Tried to Purchase Current TV \\|url\= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/03/glenn\-beck\-purchase\-current\-tv\-report\_n\_2402273\.html \\|newspaper\=Huffington Post \\|date\=3 January 2013 \\|access\-date\=7 January 2013 \\|first\=Rebecca \\|last\=Shapiro}} Immediately after the announcement, [Time Warner Cable](/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable "Time Warner Cable") and [Bright House Networks](/wiki/Bright_House_Networks "Bright House Networks"), which both broadcast Current TV to nine million American homes, announced they would be dropping the channel,{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2013/01/02/current\-tv\-near\-sale\-to\-al\-jazeera\-likely\-500\-million\-deal\-for\-al\-gore\-and\-co/ \\|title\= Current TV Sold To Al Jazeera; Possible $400 Million Deal For Al Gore and Co. \[UPDATED] \\|author\=Jeff Bercovici \\|date\=January 2, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[Forbes]] \\|access\-date\= January 3, 2013}} but said they would consider airing Al Jazeera America.{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/03/time\-warner\-cable\-al\-jazeera\-america\_n\_2404879\.html \\|title\=Time Warner Cable Will Consider Carrying Al Jazeera's U.S. Network \\|author\= Michael Calderone \\|date\=January 3, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[Huffington Post]] \\|access\-date\= January 3, 2013}} It was previously reported in April 2012 that Time Warner and Bright House were considering to drop the channel due to low ratings. Al Jazeera America still replaced Current TV on [Comcast](/wiki/Comcast "Comcast"), Dish Network, [Verizon](/wiki/Verizon_Fios "Verizon Fios") and [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV "DirecTV"). [AT\&T](/wiki/AT%26T "AT&T") dropped Current TV the morning before it changed to Al Jazeera America prompting a lawsuit for breach of contract from [Al Jazeera Media Network](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network "Al Jazeera Media Network"). Time Warner and Bright House later added Al Jazeera America on December 6, 2013, after a new deal was signed 2 months earlier. AT\&T would add the channel on June 27, 2014\. Defending his decision, Current TV chairman [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore") wrote: "I am incredibly proud of what Current has been able to accomplish. But broadcast media is a business, and being an independent content producer in a time of increasing consolidation is a challenge."{{cite news \\|url\= http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/03/gore\-went\-to\-bat\-for\-al\-jazeera\-and\-himself/ \\|title\=Gore Went to Bat for Al Jazeera, and Himself \\|author\=Brian Stelter \\|date\=January 3, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \\|access\-date\=January 4, 2013}} In a news release, Al Jazeera Director General Ahmed bin Jassim Al Thani said, "By acquiring Current TV, Al Jazeera will significantly expand our existing distribution footprint in the U.S., as well as increase our newsgathering and reporting efforts in America \[...] We look forward to working together with our new cable and satellite partners to serve our new audiences across the U.S." The Al Jazeera network also expected to increase its U.S.\-based staff to a total of more than 300 employees and retain most of Current's staff. In addition to ending the Current TV channel, Al Jazeera announced it was scrapping the channel's programming lineup, as well as its brand. On January 2, Cenk Uygur, host of the weekday [Young Turks with Cenk Uygur](/wiki/The_Young_Turks "The Young Turks"), stated at the time that the Current TV show would continue for at least three months and that he was open to staying with the new network.{{cite web \\|url\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=yfJcyDmZHu0 \\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/yfJcyDmZHu0 \\|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-22 \\|url\-status\=live\\|title\= TYT is Independent, Not Owned by Current or Al Jazeera \\|date\=January 2, 2013 \\|work\=The Young Turks \\|access\-date\= January 6, 2013}}{{cbignore}} Later, after the end of Current, in a [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times") interview, Uygur remarked about the loss of the television show that he felt "relieved" that he could move on and focus on his web show and site and that he "was exhausted from doing the two shows at once;" also that "The future is overwhelmingly online" and he was excited to turn his energies there. It was also mentioned that after the acquisition of Current, he had brief talks with Al Jazeera America about whether there would be a place for him and the show, but both sides agreed that Uygur, known for political rants, would not fit well with the company's plans to build a news source with a more neutral tone.{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la\-et\-ct\-young\-turks\-cenk\-uygur\-20130813,0,7754856\.story \\|work\=Los Angeles Times \\|first\=Ryan \\|last\=Faughnder \\|title\='The Young Turks' host Cenk Uygur bets on Web after Current TV \\|date\= August 15, 2013}} That same day, [Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm "Jennifer Granholm"), host of [The War Room with Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/The_War_Room_with_Jennifer_Granholm "The War Room with Jennifer Granholm"), announced that she would leave the channel as a result of the acquisition,{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.freep.com/article/20130104/NEWS15/301040098/Former\-Michigan\-Gov\-Jennifer\-Granholm\-leave\-her\-show\-Current\-TV \\|title\= Former Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm to leave her show on Current TV \\|author\=Paul Egan \\|date\=January 4, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[Detroit Free Press]] \\|access\-date\= January 6, 2013}} as did [Gavin Newsom](/wiki/Gavin_Newsom "Gavin Newsom"), host of [The Gavin Newsom Show](/wiki/The_Gavin_Newsom_Show "The Gavin Newsom Show"), who was reported to have planned on leaving the network earlier.{{cite web \\|url\=http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2013/01/california\-lt\-gov\-gavin\-newsoms\-cable\-tv\-show\-going\-off\-air.html \\|title\=California Lt. Gov. Gavin Newsom's cable TV show going off air \\|author\=David Siders \\|date\=January 2, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[The Sacramento Bee]] \\|access\-date\=January 6, 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106094251/http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2013/01/california\-lt\-gov\-gavin\-newsoms\-cable\-tv\-show\-going\-off\-air.html \\|archive\-date\=January 6, 2013 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|df\=mdy\-all }} On Sunday, January 6, [Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer "Eliot Spitzer") announced that he had left the network and his weekday show [Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Viewpoint_with_Eliot_Spitzer "Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer").{{cite news \\|url\= http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/06/eliot\-spitzer\-end\-his\-show\-on\-current\-tv/ \\|title\=Eliot Spitzer Ends His Show on Current TV \\|author\=Brian Stelter \\|date\=January 6, 2013 \\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \\|access\-date\= January 6, 2013}} It was announced in an article in Politico at the time of the purchase that Bill Press didn't expect to continue his show with Al Jazeera once the change officially took place. Press also didn't expect Stephanie Miller to continue her show on Al Jazeera. Press said he would look for TV coverage to replace Current but expected having trouble finding a replacement.{{cite web\\|last\=Weinger\\|first\=Mackenzie\\|title\=Bill Press on the future of Current TV hosts\\|url\=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/bill\-press\-on\-the\-future\-of\-current\-tv\-86201\.html\\|publisher\=Politico\\|access\-date\=23 January 2013}} On August 1, 2013, Press announced that his show's simulcast would move to [Free Speech TV](/wiki/Free_Speech_TV "Free Speech TV") on September 3, 2013\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.billpressshow.com/2013/08/01/the\-bill\-press\-show\-joins\-free\-speech\-tv/\\|title\=The Bill Press Show Joins Free Speech TV!\\|work\=billpressshow.com\\|access\-date\=12 April 2015\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412095451/http://www.billpressshow.com/2013/08/01/the\-bill\-press\-show\-joins\-free\-speech\-tv/\\|archive\-date\=12 April 2015\\|url\-status\=dead\\|df\=dmy\-all}} [Stephanie Miller](/wiki/Stephanie_Miller "Stephanie Miller") announced later after a hiatus from television syndaication that her show would also move to Free Speech TV in January 2014\. In a January 22, 2014 article in Politico Al Jazeera spokesman Stan Collender said the network's launch would be pushed back to within six months, and would create "multiple hundreds of new jobs" and new bureaus around the country. They announced the hiring of 105 total jobs for the new network, with 98 in New York and seven in Washington, D.C.{{cite web\\|last\=Byers\\|first\=Dylan\\|title\=Al Jazeera America is hiring\\|url\=http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/01/al\-jazeera\-america\-is\-hiring\-154919\.html\\|publisher\=Politico\\|date\=January 22, 2013\\|access\-date\=January 23, 2013}} On July 3, 2013 [Ali Velshi](/wiki/Ali_Velshi "Ali Velshi") announced on his Twitter account that the network would replace Current on August 20, 2013\.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/03/al\-jazeera\-america\-launch\_n\_3541573\.html\\|title\=Al Jazeera America To Launch August 20\\|work\=Huffington Post\\|date\=July 3, 2013\\|access\-date\=July 5, 2013\\|first\=Katherine\\|last\=Fung}} The last live show on Current was [Viewpoint](/wiki/Viewpoint_%28talk_show%29 "Viewpoint (talk show)") with [John Fugelsang](/wiki/John_Fugelsang "John Fugelsang"), ending on August 15, 2013\.{{citation needed\\|date\=April 2021}} [Al Jazeera America](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_America "Al Jazeera America") launched and replaced Current on August 20, 2013, at 3:00pm [EDT](/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time "Eastern Daylight Time"). On August 16, 2014, Al Gore launched a lawsuit against Al Jazeera Media Network claiming a residual payment of $65 million of the sale proceeds held in an escrow account, due in 2014, remained unpaid.{{cite news\\|title\=Al Gore alleges breach of contract in Al Jazeera lawsuit\\|url\=http://www.bostonstar.com/index.php/sid/224813153\\|date\=16 August 2014\\|access\-date\=16 August 2014\\|publisher\=Boston Star}} In September [Al Jazeera Media Network](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network "Al Jazeera Media Network") launched a lawsuit against [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore").{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/09/19/al\-jazeera\-america\-sues\-former\-vp\-gore\-in\-current\-tv\-case.html\\|title\=Al Jazeera sues former VP Gore over Current TV\\|first\=CNBC com\\|last\=staff\\|date\=19 September 2014\\|website\=CNBC\\|access\-date\=31 May 2017}} Al Jazeera America shut down on April 12, 2016, citing the "economic landscape and the highly competitive nature of the American media market" as reasons to shut down the channel. After use by three networks since 1994, the channel space folded after Al Jazeera failed to sell it to another network.	[ "### 2013: Acquisition by Al Jazeera", "{{see also\\\|Al Jazeera America}}\nOn January 2, 2013, [Al Jazeera Media Network](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network \"Al Jazeera Media Network\") announced that it had purchased Current Media, LLC and would be closing down the Current TV channel while launching and integrating the remains of Current into a new American news channel titled [Al Jazeera America](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_America \"Al Jazeera America\") using its distribution network.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://money.cnn.com/2013/01/03/news/al\\-jazeera\\-current/ \\\|title\\=Al Jazeera buys Current TV, will launch new channel \\\|last\\=Charles \\\|first\\=Riley \\\|date\\=3 January 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[CNNMoney]] \\\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2013}}{{cite web \\\|url\\= http://www.aljazeerausannouncement.com/ \\\|title\\=AL JAZEERA TO START NEW U.S.\\-BASED NEWS CHANNEL \\\|date\\=2 January 2013 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera Media Network\\\|Al Jazeera]] \\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130104032347/http://www.aljazeerausannouncement.com/ \\\|archive\\-date\\= 4 January 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2013 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Prior to the sale, it was believed that Al Gore and Joel Hyatt each owned approximately twenty percent of Current Media, [business magnate](/wiki/Business_magnate \"Business magnate\") [Ronald Burkle](/wiki/Ronald_Burkle \"Ronald Burkle\") owned about twenty\\-five percent, and [Comcast](/wiki/Comcast \"Comcast\") and [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV \"DirecTV\") each owned more than five percent. The terms of the deal were undisclosed.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-aljazeera\\-current\\-idUSBRE90200D20130103 \\\|title\\=Al Jazeera buys Gore's Current TV, terms undisclosed \\\|author\\= Sue Zeidler and Liana B. Baker \\\|date\\=3 January 2013 \\\|work\\=Reuters\\\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2013}} According to [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\") and [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"), the purchase was about US$500 million.{{cite web \\\|url\\= http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/01/20131474537707502\\.html \\\|title\\=Welcome to America, Al Jazeera \\\|author\\=Rory O'Connor \\\|date\\= January 4, 2013 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera English\\\|Al Jazeera]] \\\|access\\-date\\= January 4, 2013}} The purchase by Al Jazeera occurred after an attempt by [TheBlaze](/wiki/TheBlaze \"TheBlaze\") to purchase the media company was rejected in 2012\\.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Glenn Beck Tried to Buy Current TV But Was Rejected \\\|author\\=Adam Clark Estes \\\|url\\= https://www.google.com/gwt/x?noimg\\=1\\&u\\=http%3a%2f%2fnews.yahoo.com%2fglenn\\-beck\\-tried\\-buy\\-current\\-tv\\-rejected\\-032853589\\-\\-finance.html\\&wsc\\=tb\\&ct\\=pg1\\&whp\\=30 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Atlantic\\#The Wire\\\|The Atlantic Wire]] \\\|date\\=2 January 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2013}}{{cite news \\\|title\\= Glenn Beck Tried to Purchase Current TV \\\|url\\= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/03/glenn\\-beck\\-purchase\\-current\\-tv\\-report\\_n\\_2402273\\.html \\\|newspaper\\=Huffington Post \\\|date\\=3 January 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2013 \\\|first\\=Rebecca \\\|last\\=Shapiro}}", "Immediately after the announcement, [Time Warner Cable](/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable \"Time Warner Cable\") and [Bright House Networks](/wiki/Bright_House_Networks \"Bright House Networks\"), which both broadcast Current TV to nine million American homes, announced they would be dropping the channel,{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2013/01/02/current\\-tv\\-near\\-sale\\-to\\-al\\-jazeera\\-likely\\-500\\-million\\-deal\\-for\\-al\\-gore\\-and\\-co/ \\\|title\\= Current TV Sold To Al Jazeera; Possible $400 Million Deal For Al Gore and Co. \\[UPDATED] \\\|author\\=Jeff Bercovici \\\|date\\=January 2, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Forbes]] \\\|access\\-date\\= January 3, 2013}} but said they would consider airing Al Jazeera America.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/03/time\\-warner\\-cable\\-al\\-jazeera\\-america\\_n\\_2404879\\.html \\\|title\\=Time Warner Cable Will Consider Carrying Al Jazeera's U.S. Network \\\|author\\= Michael Calderone \\\|date\\=January 3, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Huffington Post]] \\\|access\\-date\\= January 3, 2013}} It was previously reported in April 2012 that Time Warner and Bright House were considering to drop the channel due to low ratings. Al Jazeera America still replaced Current TV on [Comcast](/wiki/Comcast \"Comcast\"), Dish Network, [Verizon](/wiki/Verizon_Fios \"Verizon Fios\") and [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV \"DirecTV\"). [AT\\&T](/wiki/AT%26T \"AT&T\") dropped Current TV the morning before it changed to Al Jazeera America prompting a lawsuit for breach of contract from [Al Jazeera Media Network](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network \"Al Jazeera Media Network\"). Time Warner and Bright House later added Al Jazeera America on December 6, 2013, after a new deal was signed 2 months earlier. AT\\&T would add the channel on June 27, 2014\\.", "Defending his decision, Current TV chairman [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore \"Al Gore\") wrote: \"I am incredibly proud of what Current has been able to accomplish. But broadcast media is a business, and being an independent content producer in a time of increasing consolidation is a challenge.\"{{cite news \\\|url\\= http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/03/gore\\-went\\-to\\-bat\\-for\\-al\\-jazeera\\-and\\-himself/ \\\|title\\=Gore Went to Bat for Al Jazeera, and Himself \\\|author\\=Brian Stelter \\\|date\\=January 3, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2013}} In a news release, Al Jazeera Director General Ahmed bin Jassim Al Thani said,\n \"By acquiring Current TV, Al Jazeera will significantly expand our existing distribution footprint in the U.S., as well as increase our newsgathering and reporting efforts in America \\[...] We look forward to working together with our new cable and satellite partners to serve our new audiences across the U.S.\"\nThe Al Jazeera network also expected to increase its U.S.\\-based staff to a total of more than 300 employees and retain most of Current's staff.", "In addition to ending the Current TV channel, Al Jazeera announced it was scrapping the channel's programming lineup, as well as its brand. On January 2, Cenk Uygur, host of the weekday [Young Turks with Cenk Uygur](/wiki/The_Young_Turks \"The Young Turks\"), stated at the time that the Current TV show would continue for at least three months and that he was open to staying with the new network.{{cite web \\\|url\\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=yfJcyDmZHu0 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/yfJcyDmZHu0 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-22 \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|title\\= TYT is Independent, Not Owned by Current or Al Jazeera \\\|date\\=January 2, 2013 \\\|work\\=The Young Turks \\\|access\\-date\\= January 6, 2013}}{{cbignore}} Later, after the end of Current, in a [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\") interview, Uygur remarked about the loss of the television show that he felt \"relieved\" that he could move on and focus on his web show and site and that he \"was exhausted from doing the two shows at once;\" also that \"The future is overwhelmingly online\" and he was excited to turn his energies there. It was also mentioned that after the acquisition of Current, he had brief talks with Al Jazeera America about whether there would be a place for him and the show, but both sides agreed that Uygur, known for political rants, would not fit well with the company's plans to build a news source with a more neutral tone.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la\\-et\\-ct\\-young\\-turks\\-cenk\\-uygur\\-20130813,0,7754856\\.story \\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\\|first\\=Ryan \\\|last\\=Faughnder \\\|title\\='The Young Turks' host Cenk Uygur bets on Web after Current TV \\\|date\\= August 15, 2013}}", "That same day, [Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm \"Jennifer Granholm\"), host of [The War Room with Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/The_War_Room_with_Jennifer_Granholm \"The War Room with Jennifer Granholm\"), announced that she would leave the channel as a result of the acquisition,{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.freep.com/article/20130104/NEWS15/301040098/Former\\-Michigan\\-Gov\\-Jennifer\\-Granholm\\-leave\\-her\\-show\\-Current\\-TV \\\|title\\= Former Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm to leave her show on Current TV \\\|author\\=Paul Egan \\\|date\\=January 4, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Detroit Free Press]] \\\|access\\-date\\= January 6, 2013}} as did [Gavin Newsom](/wiki/Gavin_Newsom \"Gavin Newsom\"), host of [The Gavin Newsom Show](/wiki/The_Gavin_Newsom_Show \"The Gavin Newsom Show\"), who was reported to have planned on leaving the network earlier.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2013/01/california\\-lt\\-gov\\-gavin\\-newsoms\\-cable\\-tv\\-show\\-going\\-off\\-air.html \\\|title\\=California Lt. Gov. Gavin Newsom's cable TV show going off air \\\|author\\=David Siders \\\|date\\=January 2, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Sacramento Bee]] \\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106094251/http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2013/01/california\\-lt\\-gov\\-gavin\\-newsoms\\-cable\\-tv\\-show\\-going\\-off\\-air.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2013 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} On Sunday, January 6, [Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer \"Eliot Spitzer\") announced that he had left the network and his weekday show [Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer](/wiki/Viewpoint_with_Eliot_Spitzer \"Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer\").{{cite news \\\|url\\= http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/06/eliot\\-spitzer\\-end\\-his\\-show\\-on\\-current\\-tv/ \\\|title\\=Eliot Spitzer Ends His Show on Current TV \\\|author\\=Brian Stelter \\\|date\\=January 6, 2013 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\\|access\\-date\\= January 6, 2013}}", "It was announced in an article in Politico at the time of the purchase that Bill Press didn't expect to continue his show with Al Jazeera once the change officially took place. Press also didn't expect Stephanie Miller to continue her show on Al Jazeera. Press said he would look for TV coverage to replace Current but expected having trouble finding a replacement.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Weinger\\\|first\\=Mackenzie\\\|title\\=Bill Press on the future of Current TV hosts\\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/bill\\-press\\-on\\-the\\-future\\-of\\-current\\-tv\\-86201\\.html\\\|publisher\\=Politico\\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2013}} On August 1, 2013, Press announced that his show's simulcast would move to [Free Speech TV](/wiki/Free_Speech_TV \"Free Speech TV\") on September 3, 2013\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.billpressshow.com/2013/08/01/the\\-bill\\-press\\-show\\-joins\\-free\\-speech\\-tv/\\\|title\\=The Bill Press Show Joins Free Speech TV!\\\|work\\=billpressshow.com\\\|access\\-date\\=12 April 2015\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412095451/http://www.billpressshow.com/2013/08/01/the\\-bill\\-press\\-show\\-joins\\-free\\-speech\\-tv/\\\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2015\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} [Stephanie Miller](/wiki/Stephanie_Miller \"Stephanie Miller\") announced later after a hiatus from television syndaication that her show would also move to Free Speech TV in January 2014\\.", "In a January 22, 2014 article in Politico Al Jazeera spokesman Stan Collender said the network's launch would be pushed back to within six months, and would create \"multiple hundreds of new jobs\" and new bureaus around the country. They announced the hiring of 105 total jobs for the new network, with 98 in New York and seven in Washington, D.C.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Byers\\\|first\\=Dylan\\\|title\\=Al Jazeera America is hiring\\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/01/al\\-jazeera\\-america\\-is\\-hiring\\-154919\\.html\\\|publisher\\=Politico\\\|date\\=January 22, 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2013}} On July 3, 2013 [Ali Velshi](/wiki/Ali_Velshi \"Ali Velshi\") announced on his Twitter account that the network would replace Current on August 20, 2013\\.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/03/al\\-jazeera\\-america\\-launch\\_n\\_3541573\\.html\\\|title\\=Al Jazeera America To Launch August 20\\\|work\\=Huffington Post\\\|date\\=July 3, 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2013\\\|first\\=Katherine\\\|last\\=Fung}}", "The last live show on Current was [Viewpoint](/wiki/Viewpoint_%28talk_show%29 \"Viewpoint (talk show)\") with [John Fugelsang](/wiki/John_Fugelsang \"John Fugelsang\"), ending on August 15, 2013\\.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=April 2021}} [Al Jazeera America](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_America \"Al Jazeera America\") launched and replaced Current on August 20, 2013, at 3:00pm [EDT](/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time \"Eastern Daylight Time\").", "On August 16, 2014, Al Gore launched a lawsuit against Al Jazeera Media Network claiming a residual payment of $65 million of the sale proceeds held in an escrow account, due in 2014, remained unpaid.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Al Gore alleges breach of contract in Al Jazeera lawsuit\\\|url\\=http://www.bostonstar.com/index.php/sid/224813153\\\|date\\=16 August 2014\\\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2014\\\|publisher\\=Boston Star}} In September [Al Jazeera Media Network](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network \"Al Jazeera Media Network\") launched a lawsuit against [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore \"Al Gore\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/09/19/al\\-jazeera\\-america\\-sues\\-former\\-vp\\-gore\\-in\\-current\\-tv\\-case.html\\\|title\\=Al Jazeera sues former VP Gore over Current TV\\\|first\\=CNBC com\\\|last\\=staff\\\|date\\=19 September 2014\\\|website\\=CNBC\\\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2017}}", "Al Jazeera America shut down on April 12, 2016, citing the \"economic landscape and the highly competitive nature of the American media market\" as reasons to shut down the channel. After use by three networks since 1994, the channel space folded after Al Jazeera failed to sell it to another network.", "" ]
Political career ---------------- Kato was first elected to the [National Diet](/wiki/National_Diet "National Diet") in 1972 as a member of the [Liberal Democratic Party](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_%28Japan%29 "Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)") (LDP), representing his native Yamagata and represented that area continuously until 2012, except for a 19\-month period following his resignation due to a scandal in April 2002\. Kato was aligned with the Kōchikai (then called Ōhira) faction of the LDP, which produced three Japanese Prime Ministers; [Masayoshi Ōhira](/wiki/Masayoshi_%C5%8Chira "Masayoshi Ōhira"), [Zenkō Suzuki](/wiki/Zenko_Suzuki "Zenko Suzuki"), and [Kiichi Miyazawa](/wiki/Kiichi_Miyazawa "Kiichi Miyazawa"). The power of this faction provided Kato ample opportunity for promotion, and he served in several Cabinet Positions through the 1980s and early 1990s. From 1984 to 1986, he was [Director General of the Japan Defense Agency](/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_%28Japan%29%23Minister_of_State%2C_Head_or_Director_General_of_the_Japan_Defense_Agency "Minister of Defense (Japan)#Minister of State, Head or Director General of the Japan Defense Agency"). In 1992, he was elected Secretary\-General of the LDP, a time when the traditional dominance of the party was being challenged. ### YKK and the 2000 leadership challenge Always seen as something of a maverick, Kato formed a relationship with two other young LDP reformers, [Taku Yamasaki](/wiki/Taku_Yamasaki "Taku Yamasaki") and [Junichiro Koizumi](/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi "Junichiro Koizumi"), during the [Kaifu](/wiki/Toshiki_Kaifu "Toshiki Kaifu") administration. The three together became known as "YKK" after the initials of their last names. Originally the trio had agreed to sway their factions towards the new generation of LDP leaders, and marginalize the old guard within the Diet. With the election of Miyazawa (then leader of Kato's own faction) in 1991, YKK gained greater prestige and power within the party. From the Miyazawa era onwards, YKK represented the power base of the anti\-mainstream faction in the LDP. All three leaders made repeated tilts at the party leadership in the 1990s, but were unsuccessful. In 1998, Kato assumed leadership of the Kochikai faction, taking over from Miyazawa. In May 2000, upon the sudden illness and death of Prime Minister [Keizō Obuchi](/wiki/Keiz%C5%8D_Obuchi "Keizō Obuchi"), Kato did not make a challenge for leadership of the LDP, believing that internal strife would not be healthy for a party in mourning. By November, however, displeased with the slow pace of reform and poor public image of the [Mori](/wiki/Yoshir%C5%8D_Mori "Yoshirō Mori") administration, Kato made his move. After consulting with the opposition parties, Kato realized that with support of his and Yamasaki's factions, a [vote of no\-confidence](/wiki/Vote_of_no-confidence "Vote of no-confidence") against Mori would pass in the Diet. Initial public reaction to Kato's announcement of this vote was good, with Mori's approval ratings diving to 30%. Unfortunately for Kato, the LDP Secretary\-General at this time, [Hiromu Nonaka](/wiki/Hiromu_Nonaka "Hiromu Nonaka"), was a strong supporter of Mori. Nonaka launched a harsh round of party discipline, threatening to expel any LDP members that voted against Mori, and his threats had the desired effect: Kato's support dried up even within his own faction. Kato and his remaining supporters abstained from the no\-confidence vote as a face\-saving measure, knowing that he could not win. However, the damage had been done with Kato and Yamasaki left to bear the full brunt of public humiliation. The aftermath of Kato's rebellion was disastrous as a large segment of his faction split off, weakening his influence in the Diet. Public opinion that had initially supported ousting Mori now blamed Kato for his failure. The opposition parties were frustrated with his unwillingness to break from the LDP. Both Kato and Yamasaki had been considered candidates for Prime Minister, but with the loss of prestige resulting from the Mori affair, they had lost their chance. With Nonaka's resignation shortly after Kato's rebellion, the path was clear for someone to replace Mori. Junichiro Koizumi, the only member of YKK undamaged by the events of November 2001, finally gained control of the LDP. While Kato and Yamasaki had failed, the reformist, anti\-mainstream ideals of YKK had finally moved to the forefront of Japanese politics, providing validation for Kato and his views. ### Kato and Ichirō Ozawa Kato had a sometimes difficult relationship with fellow LDP reformer [Ichirō Ozawa](/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Ozawa "Ichirō Ozawa"), a strong advocate for reform within the mainstream Tanaka/Takeshita faction. In 1993, Ozawa chose to split from the party and form the [Japan Renewal Party](/wiki/Japan_Renewal_Party "Japan Renewal Party"), rather than continue within the LDP. This was seen as a serious betrayal by many, including Kato. When Kato was in a similar position in 2000, he chose party loyalty, despite his chances of considerable influence in the opposition had he crossed over. When the LDP was considering a merger with Ozawa's [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28Japan%2C_1998%29 "Liberal Party (Japan, 1998)") in the late 90s, Kato was strongly opposed to bringing Ozawa back to the LDP fold. Kato and Ozawa are often portrayed as [archenemies](/wiki/Archenemy "Archenemy"), despite their very similar views on economic and political reform (in foreign policy Kato is somewhat less hawkish than Ozawa, advocating a more cautious international role for Japan). ### Scandals Kato was involved in several scandals in Japanese politics during his political career. He was implicated in the [Recruit scandal](/wiki/Recruit_scandal "Recruit scandal") in the late 1980s, tarnishing his reputation for several years. In 2002, he was the centre of a major scandal involving [tax evasion](/wiki/Tax_evasion "Tax evasion"), [bribery](/wiki/Bribery "Bribery") and misuse of political funds. His secretary Saburo Sato had been charging a "Kato Consumption Tax" to companies wanting access to Kato while seeking public contracts. Sato had also failed to declare ¥100 million in taxes. While Kato denied any knowledge of the affair, few believed that such widespread corruption could have occurred in his office without his approval. It was later revealed that he had been using funds earmarked for political use to pay the rent on his [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo") apartment. Faced with this evidence, he soon acquiesced to demands for his resignation. In November 2003, Kato made his return to the Diet as an [independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician"), having retreated from politics long enough for the scandal to die down, and rejoined the LDP as a high\-ranking member. ### House fire On 15 August 2006, Kato's adjoining house and office in Tsuruoka burned to the ground on the 61st anniversary of the [surrender of Japan](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan "Surrender of Japan") in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). The attack was confirmed as [arson](/wiki/Arson "Arson") and the lead suspect was expected to be charged some time in September 2006 [http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/rightwing\-nationalist\-tide\-threatens\-japan\-warns\-politicalveteran/2006/08/29/1156816899270\.html](http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/rightwing-nationalist-tide-threatens-japan-warns-politicalveteran/2006/08/29/1156816899270.html). Reportedly the suspect was affiliated with a far\-right organization and set fire to Kato's house for making remarks critical of then\-Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi visiting the [Yasukuni Shrine](/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine "Yasukuni Shrine"). ### Retirement Kato retired from political office after losing his seat for Yamagata 3rd district at the [December 2012 general election](/wiki/2012_Japanese_general_election "2012 Japanese general election") to Juichi Abe, an independent and mayor of [Sakata](/wiki/Sakata%2C_Yamagata "Sakata, Yamagata").	[ "Political career\n----------------", "Kato was first elected to the [National Diet](/wiki/National_Diet \"National Diet\") in 1972 as a member of the [Liberal Democratic Party](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_%28Japan%29 \"Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)\") (LDP), representing his native Yamagata and represented that area continuously until 2012, except for a 19\\-month period following his resignation due to a scandal in April 2002\\. Kato was aligned with the Kōchikai (then called Ōhira) faction of the LDP, which produced three Japanese Prime Ministers; [Masayoshi Ōhira](/wiki/Masayoshi_%C5%8Chira \"Masayoshi Ōhira\"), [Zenkō Suzuki](/wiki/Zenko_Suzuki \"Zenko Suzuki\"), and [Kiichi Miyazawa](/wiki/Kiichi_Miyazawa \"Kiichi Miyazawa\"). The power of this faction provided Kato ample opportunity for promotion, and he served in several Cabinet Positions through the 1980s and early 1990s. From 1984 to 1986, he was [Director General of the Japan Defense Agency](/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_%28Japan%29%23Minister_of_State%2C_Head_or_Director_General_of_the_Japan_Defense_Agency \"Minister of Defense (Japan)#Minister of State, Head or Director General of the Japan Defense Agency\"). In 1992, he was elected Secretary\\-General of the LDP, a time when the traditional dominance of the party was being challenged.", "### YKK and the 2000 leadership challenge", "Always seen as something of a maverick, Kato formed a relationship with two other young LDP reformers, [Taku Yamasaki](/wiki/Taku_Yamasaki \"Taku Yamasaki\") and [Junichiro Koizumi](/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi \"Junichiro Koizumi\"), during the [Kaifu](/wiki/Toshiki_Kaifu \"Toshiki Kaifu\") administration. The three together became known as \"YKK\" after the initials of their last names. Originally the trio had agreed to sway their factions towards the new generation of LDP leaders, and marginalize the old guard within the Diet. With the election of Miyazawa (then leader of Kato's own faction) in 1991, YKK gained greater prestige and power within the party. From the Miyazawa era onwards, YKK represented the power base of the anti\\-mainstream faction in the LDP. All three leaders made repeated tilts at the party leadership in the 1990s, but were unsuccessful. In 1998, Kato assumed leadership of the Kochikai faction, taking over from Miyazawa.", "In May 2000, upon the sudden illness and death of Prime Minister [Keizō Obuchi](/wiki/Keiz%C5%8D_Obuchi \"Keizō Obuchi\"), Kato did not make a challenge for leadership of the LDP, believing that internal strife would not be healthy for a party in mourning. By November, however, displeased with the slow pace of reform and poor public image of the [Mori](/wiki/Yoshir%C5%8D_Mori \"Yoshirō Mori\") administration, Kato made his move. After consulting with the opposition parties, Kato realized that with support of his and Yamasaki's factions, a [vote of no\\-confidence](/wiki/Vote_of_no-confidence \"Vote of no-confidence\") against Mori would pass in the Diet. Initial public reaction to Kato's announcement of this vote was good, with Mori's approval ratings diving to 30%. Unfortunately for Kato, the LDP Secretary\\-General at this time, [Hiromu Nonaka](/wiki/Hiromu_Nonaka \"Hiromu Nonaka\"), was a strong supporter of Mori. Nonaka launched a harsh round of party discipline, threatening to expel any LDP members that voted against Mori, and his threats had the desired effect: Kato's support dried up even within his own faction. Kato and his remaining supporters abstained from the no\\-confidence vote as a face\\-saving measure, knowing that he could not win. However, the damage had been done with Kato and Yamasaki left to bear the full brunt of public humiliation. The aftermath of Kato's rebellion was disastrous as a large segment of his faction split off, weakening his influence in the Diet. Public opinion that had initially supported ousting Mori now blamed Kato for his failure. The opposition parties were frustrated with his unwillingness to break from the LDP. Both Kato and Yamasaki had been considered candidates for Prime Minister, but with the loss of prestige resulting from the Mori affair, they had lost their chance. With Nonaka's resignation shortly after Kato's rebellion, the path was clear for someone to replace Mori. Junichiro Koizumi, the only member of YKK undamaged by the events of November 2001, finally gained control of the LDP. While Kato and Yamasaki had failed, the reformist, anti\\-mainstream ideals of YKK had finally moved to the forefront of Japanese politics, providing validation for Kato and his views.", "### Kato and Ichirō Ozawa", "Kato had a sometimes difficult relationship with fellow LDP reformer [Ichirō Ozawa](/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Ozawa \"Ichirō Ozawa\"), a strong advocate for reform within the mainstream Tanaka/Takeshita faction. In 1993, Ozawa chose to split from the party and form the [Japan Renewal Party](/wiki/Japan_Renewal_Party \"Japan Renewal Party\"), rather than continue within the LDP. This was seen as a serious betrayal by many, including Kato. When Kato was in a similar position in 2000, he chose party loyalty, despite his chances of considerable influence in the opposition had he crossed over. When the LDP was considering a merger with Ozawa's [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28Japan%2C_1998%29 \"Liberal Party (Japan, 1998)\") in the late 90s, Kato was strongly opposed to bringing Ozawa back to the LDP fold. Kato and Ozawa are often portrayed as [archenemies](/wiki/Archenemy \"Archenemy\"), despite their very similar views on economic and political reform (in foreign policy Kato is somewhat less hawkish than Ozawa, advocating a more cautious international role for Japan).", "### Scandals", "Kato was involved in several scandals in Japanese politics during his political career. He was implicated in the [Recruit scandal](/wiki/Recruit_scandal \"Recruit scandal\") in the late 1980s, tarnishing his reputation for several years. In 2002, he was the centre of a major scandal involving [tax evasion](/wiki/Tax_evasion \"Tax evasion\"), [bribery](/wiki/Bribery \"Bribery\") and misuse of political funds. His secretary Saburo Sato had been charging a \"Kato Consumption Tax\" to companies wanting access to Kato while seeking public contracts. Sato had also failed to declare ¥100 million in taxes. While Kato denied any knowledge of the affair, few believed that such widespread corruption could have occurred in his office without his approval. It was later revealed that he had been using funds earmarked for political use to pay the rent on his [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\") apartment. Faced with this evidence, he soon acquiesced to demands for his resignation. In November 2003, Kato made his return to the Diet as an [independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\"), having retreated from politics long enough for the scandal to die down, and rejoined the LDP as a high\\-ranking member.", "### House fire", "On 15 August 2006, Kato's adjoining house and office in Tsuruoka burned to the ground on the 61st anniversary of the [surrender of Japan](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan \"Surrender of Japan\") in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). The attack was confirmed as [arson](/wiki/Arson \"Arson\") and the lead suspect was expected to be charged some time in September 2006 [http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/rightwing\\-nationalist\\-tide\\-threatens\\-japan\\-warns\\-politicalveteran/2006/08/29/1156816899270\\.html](http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/rightwing-nationalist-tide-threatens-japan-warns-politicalveteran/2006/08/29/1156816899270.html). Reportedly the suspect was affiliated with a far\\-right organization and set fire to Kato's house for making remarks critical of then\\-Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi visiting the [Yasukuni Shrine](/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine \"Yasukuni Shrine\").", "### Retirement", "Kato retired from political office after losing his seat for Yamagata 3rd district at the [December 2012 general election](/wiki/2012_Japanese_general_election \"2012 Japanese general election\") to Juichi Abe, an independent and mayor of [Sakata](/wiki/Sakata%2C_Yamagata \"Sakata, Yamagata\").", "" ]
Haras du Gazon -------------- Herman Duryea also owned a large estate in [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee") where he bred [dogs](/wiki/Dog "Dog") and [gamecocks](/wiki/Gamecock "Gamecock"). In 1902 he began breeding race horses and soon became one of the leading [Thoroughbred](/wiki/Thoroughbred "Thoroughbred") racing owners in the United States. However, when many [states](/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state") began passing anti\-betting legislation that ended most racing, Duryea moved his breeding and racing operations to Haras du Gazon in [Bazoches\-au\-Houlme](/wiki/Bazoches-au-Houlme "Bazoches-au-Houlme"), [Orne](/wiki/Orne "Orne"), [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy "Normandy"), [France](/wiki/France "France") acquired from [Maurice Ephrussi](/wiki/Maurice_Ephrussi "Maurice Ephrussi"). Among Duryea's horses were [Sweeper II](/wiki/Sweeper_%28horse%29 "Sweeper (horse)") who won the [English](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [2,000 Guineas](/wiki/2%2C000_Guineas_Stakes "2,000 Guineas Stakes") in 1912 and [Durbar](/wiki/Durbar_%28horse%29 "Durbar (horse)") who won the 1914 [Epsom Derby](/wiki/Epsom_Derby "Epsom Derby"). He also owned the American\-born mare, [Frizette](/wiki/Frizette "Frizette") (1905\-1929\) purchased from friend [James R. Keene](/wiki/James_R._Keene "James R. Keene") and [Payne Whitney](/wiki/Payne_Whitney "Payne Whitney"). Frizette, a granddaughter of [Hindoo](/wiki/Hindoo_%28horse%29 "Hindoo (horse)"), was one of the most important foundation matrons of the twentieth century whose offspring includes [Seattle Slew](/wiki/Seattle_Slew "Seattle Slew") and [Mr. Prospector](/wiki/Mr._Prospector "Mr. Prospector"). The annual [Frizette Stakes](/wiki/Frizette_Stakes "Frizette Stakes") at [Belmont Park](/wiki/Belmont_Park "Belmont Park") is named in her honor. One of the other very important fillies to race under Duryea's colors was the champion, [Tanya](/wiki/Tanya_%28horse%29 "Tanya (horse)"). Foaled in 1902 by [William Collins Whitney](/wiki/William_Collins_Whitney "William Collins Whitney"), she was leased along with several other horses to race for Duryea in 1904 as a 2\-year\-old and won the [Hopeful Stakes](/wiki/Hopeful_Stakes_%28United_States%29 "Hopeful Stakes (United States)"), the [National Stallion Stakes](/wiki/National_Stallion_Stakes "National Stallion Stakes"), and the [Spinaway Stakes](/wiki/Spinaway_Stakes "Spinaway Stakes"). Unfortunately for Herman Duryea, she was purchased that fall by Whitney's son, [Harry Payne Whitney](/wiki/Harry_Payne_Whitney "Harry Payne Whitney"), for she is best known for her win the following spring in the [Belmont Stakes](/wiki/Belmont_Stakes "Belmont Stakes"). After Herman Duryea died in 1916 his widow maintained some of the French breeding farm's [stallions](/wiki/Stallion_%28horse%29 "Stallion (horse)") but much of the operation would eventually be sold to [Marcel Boussac](/wiki/Marcel_Boussac "Marcel Boussac"). Mr. Duryea was the benefactor of the Navesink Public Library and Monmouth Players community theater, both located in [Navesink, New Jersey](/wiki/Navesink%2C_New_Jersey "Navesink, New Jersey"). ### Funeral Train for Pet Dog "THE only case we know of in which a special train was hired for a dog's funeral; occurred on Saturday, October 24th, 1914, less than three months after the World War began. The dog was Betty 2nd, a [Pomeranian](/wiki/Pomeranian_%28dog%29 "Pomeranian (dog)") belonging to Herman B.Duryea. millionaire manufacturer. Betty died on the Duryea estate at Westbury, Long Island N. Y., at the age of about two and a half years. She was valued at $5,000\. The grief\-stricken Mr. Duryea chartered a special train from the Long Island Railroad, had his own luxurious private car attached to it, and in this car he placed the deceased canine her long silken hair washed and combed and brushed with the utmost care, the body being enclosed in a satin\-lined coffin, hermetically sealed. Then, as the engine bell: tolled a requiem for the departed Pomeranian, the funeral cortege got slowly under way, and soon thereafter was speeding westward toward New York City, through New York City, and on down southward to Hickory Valley, Tenn., on the Illinois Central tracks.. Arriving at Hickory Valley, where Mr. Duryea had an estate near the Shiloh National Military Park, the casket was solemnly interred in a grave adjoining that of another dog which had died some time before." {{citation needed\\|date\=July 2019}}	[ "Haras du Gazon\n--------------", "Herman Duryea also owned a large estate in [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\") where he bred [dogs](/wiki/Dog \"Dog\") and [gamecocks](/wiki/Gamecock \"Gamecock\"). In 1902 he began breeding race horses and soon became one of the leading [Thoroughbred](/wiki/Thoroughbred \"Thoroughbred\") racing owners in the United States. However, when many [states](/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\") began passing anti\\-betting legislation that ended most racing, Duryea moved his breeding and racing operations to Haras du Gazon in [Bazoches\\-au\\-Houlme](/wiki/Bazoches-au-Houlme \"Bazoches-au-Houlme\"), [Orne](/wiki/Orne \"Orne\"), [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy \"Normandy\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\") acquired from [Maurice Ephrussi](/wiki/Maurice_Ephrussi \"Maurice Ephrussi\").", "Among Duryea's horses were [Sweeper II](/wiki/Sweeper_%28horse%29 \"Sweeper (horse)\") who won the [English](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") [2,000 Guineas](/wiki/2%2C000_Guineas_Stakes \"2,000 Guineas Stakes\") in 1912 and [Durbar](/wiki/Durbar_%28horse%29 \"Durbar (horse)\") who won the 1914 [Epsom Derby](/wiki/Epsom_Derby \"Epsom Derby\"). He also owned the American\\-born mare, [Frizette](/wiki/Frizette \"Frizette\") (1905\\-1929\\) purchased from friend [James R. Keene](/wiki/James_R._Keene \"James R. Keene\") and [Payne Whitney](/wiki/Payne_Whitney \"Payne Whitney\"). Frizette, a granddaughter of [Hindoo](/wiki/Hindoo_%28horse%29 \"Hindoo (horse)\"), was one of the most important foundation matrons of the twentieth century whose offspring includes [Seattle Slew](/wiki/Seattle_Slew \"Seattle Slew\") and [Mr. Prospector](/wiki/Mr._Prospector \"Mr. Prospector\"). The annual [Frizette Stakes](/wiki/Frizette_Stakes \"Frizette Stakes\") at [Belmont Park](/wiki/Belmont_Park \"Belmont Park\") is named in her honor.", "One of the other very important fillies to race under Duryea's colors was the champion, [Tanya](/wiki/Tanya_%28horse%29 \"Tanya (horse)\"). Foaled in 1902 by [William Collins Whitney](/wiki/William_Collins_Whitney \"William Collins Whitney\"), she was leased along with several other horses to race for Duryea in 1904 as a 2\\-year\\-old and won the [Hopeful Stakes](/wiki/Hopeful_Stakes_%28United_States%29 \"Hopeful Stakes (United States)\"), the [National Stallion Stakes](/wiki/National_Stallion_Stakes \"National Stallion Stakes\"), and the [Spinaway Stakes](/wiki/Spinaway_Stakes \"Spinaway Stakes\"). Unfortunately for Herman Duryea, she was purchased that fall by Whitney's son, [Harry Payne Whitney](/wiki/Harry_Payne_Whitney \"Harry Payne Whitney\"), for she is best known for her win the following spring in the [Belmont Stakes](/wiki/Belmont_Stakes \"Belmont Stakes\").", "After Herman Duryea died in 1916 his widow maintained some of the French breeding farm's [stallions](/wiki/Stallion_%28horse%29 \"Stallion (horse)\") but much of the operation would eventually be sold to [Marcel Boussac](/wiki/Marcel_Boussac \"Marcel Boussac\").", "Mr. Duryea was the benefactor of the Navesink Public Library and Monmouth Players community theater, both located in [Navesink, New Jersey](/wiki/Navesink%2C_New_Jersey \"Navesink, New Jersey\").", "### Funeral Train for Pet Dog", "\"THE only case we know of in which a special train was hired for a dog's funeral; occurred on Saturday, October 24th, 1914, less than three months after the World War began. The dog was Betty 2nd, a [Pomeranian](/wiki/Pomeranian_%28dog%29 \"Pomeranian (dog)\") belonging to Herman B.Duryea. millionaire manufacturer. Betty died on the Duryea estate at Westbury, Long Island N. Y., at the age of about two and a half years. She was valued at $5,000\\. The grief\\-stricken Mr. Duryea chartered a special train from the Long Island Railroad, had his own luxurious private car attached to it, and in this car he placed the deceased canine her long silken hair washed and combed and brushed with the utmost care, the body being enclosed in a satin\\-lined coffin, hermetically sealed. Then, as the engine bell: tolled a requiem for the departed Pomeranian, the funeral cortege got slowly under way, and soon thereafter was speeding westward toward New York City, through New York City, and on down southward to Hickory Valley, Tenn., on the Illinois Central tracks.. Arriving at Hickory Valley, where Mr. Duryea had an estate near the Shiloh National Military Park, the casket was solemnly interred in a grave adjoining that of another dog which had died some time before.\" {{citation needed\\\|date\\=July 2019}}", "" ]
Government service ------------------ {{Expand section\\|with\=his time as Agriculture Secretary and MinDA chairman\\|small\=no\\|date\=November 2021}} Piñol first entered government service in 1978 as a public relations officer of the [National Grains Authority](/wiki/National_Food_Authority_%28Philippines%29 "National Food Authority (Philippines)").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.ndbcnews.com.ph/news/features\-pi\-ol\-best\-fits\-as\-an\-agriculturist\\|title\=Piñol best fits as an agriculturist\\|publisher\=\[\[Notre Dame Broadcasting Corporation]]\\|access\-date\=June 24, 2016\\|archive\-date\=March 7, 2019\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173739/http://www.ndbcnews.com.ph/news/features\-pi\-ol\-best\-fits\-as\-an\-agriculturist\\|url\-status\=dead}} In the same year, he became an editor for the [Philippine News Agency](/wiki/Philippine_News_Agency "Philippine News Agency") where he worked for 4 years. His career in media also includes serving as senior copy editor and sports columnist for [Tempo](/wiki/Manila_Bulletin "Manila Bulletin"). He was also a writer for [Interior Secretary](/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government "Secretary of the Interior and Local Government") Rafael Alunan III and President [Fidel Ramos](/wiki/Fidel_Ramos "Fidel Ramos") prior to becoming mayor of M'lang. ### Political career Piñol was first elected into public office in 1995 when he ran for mayor as a substitute to his father, former Cotabato Provincial Board member Bernardo Piñol Sr., in their hometown of [M'lang](/wiki/M%27lang%2C_Cotabato "M'lang, Cotabato"), [Cotabato](/wiki/Cotabato "Cotabato"). In 1998, he was elected as Cotabato's provincial governor, a position he held for three consecutive terms. During his term as governor, he supported several agriculture programs such as the [Malitubog](/wiki/Malitubog_River "Malitubog River")–[Maradugao](/wiki/Maradugao_River "Maradugao River") irrigation and bottom\-up planning for the province's rubber, oil palm, banana, and coconut industries.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in\-depth/133357\-manny\-pinol\-rodrigo\-duterte\-agriculture\-secretary \\|title\=Duterte's agri secretary: Cotabato's Manny Piñol \\|author\=Gavilan, J. \\|work\=Rappler\\|date\=May 17, 2016 \\|access\-date\=June 24, 2016}} Barred from seeking another term in 2007, Piñol ran as vice governor of Cotabato and won with his former vice governor Jesus Sacdalan becoming the new governor. He is credited with having reduced the province's poverty incidence from 41\.6% in 2000 to 25\.6% in 2009\. He was also known for his opposition to the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MOA\-AD) between the government under President [Gloria Arroyo](/wiki/Gloria_Arroyo "Gloria Arroyo") and the [Moro Islamic Liberation Front](/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front "Moro Islamic Liberation Front"). During the [2010 gubernatorial elections](/wiki/2010_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections "2010 Philippine gubernatorial elections"), Piñol was again a candidate for governor of Cotabato but eventually lost to [Emmylou Taliño\-Mendoza](/wiki/Emmylou_Tali%C3%B1o-Mendoza "Emmylou Taliño-Mendoza"). In the [2013 elections](/wiki/2013_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections "2013 Philippine gubernatorial elections"), he again ran for the same position and lost again to the reelectionist governor. In June 2017, Piñol took oath as a member of the ruling party [PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban "PDP–Laban").{{cite news\\|url\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/903030/pinol\-is\-3rd\-duterte\-cabinet\-exec\-to\-join\-pdp\-laban\\|title\=Piñol is 3rd Duterte Cabinet exec to join PDP–Laban\\|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\\|last\=Ager\\|first\=Maila\\|date\=June 6, 2017\\|access\-date\=June 7, 2017 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015180309/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/903030/pinol\-is\-3rd\-duterte\-cabinet\-exec\-to\-join\-pdp\-laban \\|archive\-date\=October 15, 2021}} He was also named as the point person for [North Cotabato](/wiki/North_Cotabato "North Cotabato"). He was the third member of President [Rodrigo Duterte](/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte "Rodrigo Duterte")'s Cabinet to join PDP–Laban, along with Justice Secretary [Vitaliano Aguirre](/wiki/Vitaliano_Aguirre "Vitaliano Aguirre") and Energy Secretary [Alfonso Cusi](/wiki/Alfonso_Cusi "Alfonso Cusi"). He was [Secretary of Agriculture](/wiki/Secretary_of_Agriculture_%28Philippines%29 "Secretary of Agriculture (Philippines)") from 2016 to 2019\. He became chair of the [Mindanao Development Authority](/wiki/Mindanao_Development_Authority "Mindanao Development Authority") (MinDA) after being appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte to replace [Abul Khayr Alonto](/wiki/Abul_Khayr_Alonto "Abul Khayr Alonto"), who died on May 9, 2019, due to lung and heart complications. On October 5, 2021, Piñol resigned from MinDA and PDP–Laban to file his candidacy for the [2022 Senate election](/wiki/2022_Philippine_Senate_election "2022 Philippine Senate election"); he rejoined the [Nationalist People's Coalition](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition "Nationalist People's Coalition") (NPC).{{cite news \\|last1\=Mendoza \\|first1\=John Eric \\|title\=Former DA, MinDa chief Manny Piñol files COC for senator \\|url\=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1499018/manny\-pinol\-files\-candidacy\-for\-senator \\|access\-date\=November 4, 2021 \\|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer \\|date\=October 8, 2021 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010202305/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1499018/manny\-pinol\-files\-candidacy\-for\-senator \\|archive\-date\=October 10, 2021}}{{cite news \\|last1\=Sumangil \\|first1\=Franz \\|title\=3 Mindanaoans vie for seat in Senate \\|url\=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/06/news/regions/3\-mindanaoans\-vie\-for\-seat\-in\-senate/1817304 \\|access\-date\=November 4, 2021 \\|work\=The Manila Times \\|date\=October 6, 2021 \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20211104165541/https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/06/news/regions/3\-mindanaoans\-vie\-for\-seat\-in\-senate/1817304 \\|archive\-date\=November 4, 2021 \\|url\-status\=live }} In October 2024, he filed his candidacy to run again for governor of Cotabato in the [2025 Philippine general election](/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election "2025 Philippine general election").{{cite news \\|last1\=Rebollido \\|first1\=Rommel \\|title\=Ex\-agriculture chief challenges Cotabato governor’s reelection bid \\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/ex\-agriculture\-chief\-manny\-pinol\-challenges\-cotabato\-governor\-emmylou\-mendoza\-reelection\-bid/ \\|access\-date\=October 9, 2024 \\|work\=Rappler \\|date\=October 9, 2024 }}	[ "Government service\n------------------", "{{Expand section\\\|with\\=his time as Agriculture Secretary and MinDA chairman\\\|small\\=no\\\|date\\=November 2021}}\nPiñol first entered government service in 1978 as a public relations officer of the [National Grains Authority](/wiki/National_Food_Authority_%28Philippines%29 \"National Food Authority (Philippines)\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.ndbcnews.com.ph/news/features\\-pi\\-ol\\-best\\-fits\\-as\\-an\\-agriculturist\\\|title\\=Piñol best fits as an agriculturist\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Notre Dame Broadcasting Corporation]]\\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2016\\\|archive\\-date\\=March 7, 2019\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173739/http://www.ndbcnews.com.ph/news/features\\-pi\\-ol\\-best\\-fits\\-as\\-an\\-agriculturist\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In the same year, he became an editor for the [Philippine News Agency](/wiki/Philippine_News_Agency \"Philippine News Agency\") where he worked for 4 years. His career in media also includes serving as senior copy editor and sports columnist for [Tempo](/wiki/Manila_Bulletin \"Manila Bulletin\"). He was also a writer for [Interior Secretary](/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government \"Secretary of the Interior and Local Government\") Rafael Alunan III and President [Fidel Ramos](/wiki/Fidel_Ramos \"Fidel Ramos\") prior to becoming mayor of M'lang.", "### Political career", "Piñol was first elected into public office in 1995 when he ran for mayor as a substitute to his father, former Cotabato Provincial Board member Bernardo Piñol Sr., in their hometown of [M'lang](/wiki/M%27lang%2C_Cotabato \"M'lang, Cotabato\"), [Cotabato](/wiki/Cotabato \"Cotabato\"). In 1998, he was elected as Cotabato's provincial governor, a position he held for three consecutive terms. During his term as governor, he supported several agriculture programs such as the [Malitubog](/wiki/Malitubog_River \"Malitubog River\")–[Maradugao](/wiki/Maradugao_River \"Maradugao River\") irrigation and bottom\\-up planning for the province's rubber, oil palm, banana, and coconut industries.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in\\-depth/133357\\-manny\\-pinol\\-rodrigo\\-duterte\\-agriculture\\-secretary \\\|title\\=Duterte's agri secretary: Cotabato's Manny Piñol \\\|author\\=Gavilan, J. \\\|work\\=Rappler\\\|date\\=May 17, 2016 \\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2016}}", "Barred from seeking another term in 2007, Piñol ran as vice governor of Cotabato and won with his former vice governor Jesus Sacdalan becoming the new governor. He is credited with having reduced the province's poverty incidence from 41\\.6% in 2000 to 25\\.6% in 2009\\. He was also known for his opposition to the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MOA\\-AD) between the government under President [Gloria Arroyo](/wiki/Gloria_Arroyo \"Gloria Arroyo\") and the [Moro Islamic Liberation Front](/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front \"Moro Islamic Liberation Front\").", "During the [2010 gubernatorial elections](/wiki/2010_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections \"2010 Philippine gubernatorial elections\"), Piñol was again a candidate for governor of Cotabato but eventually lost to [Emmylou Taliño\\-Mendoza](/wiki/Emmylou_Tali%C3%B1o-Mendoza \"Emmylou Taliño-Mendoza\"). In the [2013 elections](/wiki/2013_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections \"2013 Philippine gubernatorial elections\"), he again ran for the same position and lost again to the reelectionist governor.", "In June 2017, Piñol took oath as a member of the ruling party [PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban \"PDP–Laban\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/903030/pinol\\-is\\-3rd\\-duterte\\-cabinet\\-exec\\-to\\-join\\-pdp\\-laban\\\|title\\=Piñol is 3rd Duterte Cabinet exec to join PDP–Laban\\\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\\\|last\\=Ager\\\|first\\=Maila\\\|date\\=June 6, 2017\\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2017 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015180309/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/903030/pinol\\-is\\-3rd\\-duterte\\-cabinet\\-exec\\-to\\-join\\-pdp\\-laban \\\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2021}} He was also named as the point person for [North Cotabato](/wiki/North_Cotabato \"North Cotabato\"). He was the third member of President [Rodrigo Duterte](/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte \"Rodrigo Duterte\")'s Cabinet to join PDP–Laban, along with Justice Secretary [Vitaliano Aguirre](/wiki/Vitaliano_Aguirre \"Vitaliano Aguirre\") and Energy Secretary [Alfonso Cusi](/wiki/Alfonso_Cusi \"Alfonso Cusi\").", "He was [Secretary of Agriculture](/wiki/Secretary_of_Agriculture_%28Philippines%29 \"Secretary of Agriculture (Philippines)\") from 2016 to 2019\\.", "He became chair of the [Mindanao Development Authority](/wiki/Mindanao_Development_Authority \"Mindanao Development Authority\") (MinDA) after being appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte to replace [Abul Khayr Alonto](/wiki/Abul_Khayr_Alonto \"Abul Khayr Alonto\"), who died on May 9, 2019, due to lung and heart complications.", "On October 5, 2021, Piñol resigned from MinDA and PDP–Laban to file his candidacy for the [2022 Senate election](/wiki/2022_Philippine_Senate_election \"2022 Philippine Senate election\"); he rejoined the [Nationalist People's Coalition](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition \"Nationalist People's Coalition\") (NPC).{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Mendoza \\\|first1\\=John Eric \\\|title\\=Former DA, MinDa chief Manny Piñol files COC for senator \\\|url\\=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1499018/manny\\-pinol\\-files\\-candidacy\\-for\\-senator \\\|access\\-date\\=November 4, 2021 \\\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer \\\|date\\=October 8, 2021 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010202305/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1499018/manny\\-pinol\\-files\\-candidacy\\-for\\-senator \\\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2021}}{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Sumangil \\\|first1\\=Franz \\\|title\\=3 Mindanaoans vie for seat in Senate \\\|url\\=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/06/news/regions/3\\-mindanaoans\\-vie\\-for\\-seat\\-in\\-senate/1817304 \\\|access\\-date\\=November 4, 2021 \\\|work\\=The Manila Times \\\|date\\=October 6, 2021 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20211104165541/https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/06/news/regions/3\\-mindanaoans\\-vie\\-for\\-seat\\-in\\-senate/1817304 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 4, 2021 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In October 2024, he filed his candidacy to run again for governor of Cotabato in the [2025 Philippine general election](/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election \"2025 Philippine general election\").{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Rebollido \\\|first1\\=Rommel \\\|title\\=Ex\\-agriculture chief challenges Cotabato governor’s reelection bid \\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/ex\\-agriculture\\-chief\\-manny\\-pinol\\-challenges\\-cotabato\\-governor\\-emmylou\\-mendoza\\-reelection\\-bid/ \\\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2024 \\\|work\\=Rappler \\\|date\\=October 9, 2024 }}", "" ]
### Political career Piñol was first elected into public office in 1995 when he ran for mayor as a substitute to his father, former Cotabato Provincial Board member Bernardo Piñol Sr., in their hometown of [M'lang](/wiki/M%27lang%2C_Cotabato "M'lang, Cotabato"), [Cotabato](/wiki/Cotabato "Cotabato"). In 1998, he was elected as Cotabato's provincial governor, a position he held for three consecutive terms. During his term as governor, he supported several agriculture programs such as the [Malitubog](/wiki/Malitubog_River "Malitubog River")–[Maradugao](/wiki/Maradugao_River "Maradugao River") irrigation and bottom\-up planning for the province's rubber, oil palm, banana, and coconut industries.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in\-depth/133357\-manny\-pinol\-rodrigo\-duterte\-agriculture\-secretary \\|title\=Duterte's agri secretary: Cotabato's Manny Piñol \\|author\=Gavilan, J. \\|work\=Rappler\\|date\=May 17, 2016 \\|access\-date\=June 24, 2016}} Barred from seeking another term in 2007, Piñol ran as vice governor of Cotabato and won with his former vice governor Jesus Sacdalan becoming the new governor. He is credited with having reduced the province's poverty incidence from 41\.6% in 2000 to 25\.6% in 2009\. He was also known for his opposition to the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MOA\-AD) between the government under President [Gloria Arroyo](/wiki/Gloria_Arroyo "Gloria Arroyo") and the [Moro Islamic Liberation Front](/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front "Moro Islamic Liberation Front"). During the [2010 gubernatorial elections](/wiki/2010_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections "2010 Philippine gubernatorial elections"), Piñol was again a candidate for governor of Cotabato but eventually lost to [Emmylou Taliño\-Mendoza](/wiki/Emmylou_Tali%C3%B1o-Mendoza "Emmylou Taliño-Mendoza"). In the [2013 elections](/wiki/2013_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections "2013 Philippine gubernatorial elections"), he again ran for the same position and lost again to the reelectionist governor. In June 2017, Piñol took oath as a member of the ruling party [PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban "PDP–Laban").{{cite news\\|url\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/903030/pinol\-is\-3rd\-duterte\-cabinet\-exec\-to\-join\-pdp\-laban\\|title\=Piñol is 3rd Duterte Cabinet exec to join PDP–Laban\\|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\\|last\=Ager\\|first\=Maila\\|date\=June 6, 2017\\|access\-date\=June 7, 2017 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015180309/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/903030/pinol\-is\-3rd\-duterte\-cabinet\-exec\-to\-join\-pdp\-laban \\|archive\-date\=October 15, 2021}} He was also named as the point person for [North Cotabato](/wiki/North_Cotabato "North Cotabato"). He was the third member of President [Rodrigo Duterte](/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte "Rodrigo Duterte")'s Cabinet to join PDP–Laban, along with Justice Secretary [Vitaliano Aguirre](/wiki/Vitaliano_Aguirre "Vitaliano Aguirre") and Energy Secretary [Alfonso Cusi](/wiki/Alfonso_Cusi "Alfonso Cusi"). He was [Secretary of Agriculture](/wiki/Secretary_of_Agriculture_%28Philippines%29 "Secretary of Agriculture (Philippines)") from 2016 to 2019\. He became chair of the [Mindanao Development Authority](/wiki/Mindanao_Development_Authority "Mindanao Development Authority") (MinDA) after being appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte to replace [Abul Khayr Alonto](/wiki/Abul_Khayr_Alonto "Abul Khayr Alonto"), who died on May 9, 2019, due to lung and heart complications. On October 5, 2021, Piñol resigned from MinDA and PDP–Laban to file his candidacy for the [2022 Senate election](/wiki/2022_Philippine_Senate_election "2022 Philippine Senate election"); he rejoined the [Nationalist People's Coalition](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition "Nationalist People's Coalition") (NPC).{{cite news \\|last1\=Mendoza \\|first1\=John Eric \\|title\=Former DA, MinDa chief Manny Piñol files COC for senator \\|url\=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1499018/manny\-pinol\-files\-candidacy\-for\-senator \\|access\-date\=November 4, 2021 \\|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer \\|date\=October 8, 2021 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010202305/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1499018/manny\-pinol\-files\-candidacy\-for\-senator \\|archive\-date\=October 10, 2021}}{{cite news \\|last1\=Sumangil \\|first1\=Franz \\|title\=3 Mindanaoans vie for seat in Senate \\|url\=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/06/news/regions/3\-mindanaoans\-vie\-for\-seat\-in\-senate/1817304 \\|access\-date\=November 4, 2021 \\|work\=The Manila Times \\|date\=October 6, 2021 \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20211104165541/https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/06/news/regions/3\-mindanaoans\-vie\-for\-seat\-in\-senate/1817304 \\|archive\-date\=November 4, 2021 \\|url\-status\=live }} In October 2024, he filed his candidacy to run again for governor of Cotabato in the [2025 Philippine general election](/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election "2025 Philippine general election").{{cite news \\|last1\=Rebollido \\|first1\=Rommel \\|title\=Ex\-agriculture chief challenges Cotabato governor’s reelection bid \\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/ex\-agriculture\-chief\-manny\-pinol\-challenges\-cotabato\-governor\-emmylou\-mendoza\-reelection\-bid/ \\|access\-date\=October 9, 2024 \\|work\=Rappler \\|date\=October 9, 2024 }}	[ "### Political career", "Piñol was first elected into public office in 1995 when he ran for mayor as a substitute to his father, former Cotabato Provincial Board member Bernardo Piñol Sr., in their hometown of [M'lang](/wiki/M%27lang%2C_Cotabato \"M'lang, Cotabato\"), [Cotabato](/wiki/Cotabato \"Cotabato\"). In 1998, he was elected as Cotabato's provincial governor, a position he held for three consecutive terms. During his term as governor, he supported several agriculture programs such as the [Malitubog](/wiki/Malitubog_River \"Malitubog River\")–[Maradugao](/wiki/Maradugao_River \"Maradugao River\") irrigation and bottom\\-up planning for the province's rubber, oil palm, banana, and coconut industries.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in\\-depth/133357\\-manny\\-pinol\\-rodrigo\\-duterte\\-agriculture\\-secretary \\\|title\\=Duterte's agri secretary: Cotabato's Manny Piñol \\\|author\\=Gavilan, J. \\\|work\\=Rappler\\\|date\\=May 17, 2016 \\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2016}}", "Barred from seeking another term in 2007, Piñol ran as vice governor of Cotabato and won with his former vice governor Jesus Sacdalan becoming the new governor. He is credited with having reduced the province's poverty incidence from 41\\.6% in 2000 to 25\\.6% in 2009\\. He was also known for his opposition to the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MOA\\-AD) between the government under President [Gloria Arroyo](/wiki/Gloria_Arroyo \"Gloria Arroyo\") and the [Moro Islamic Liberation Front](/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front \"Moro Islamic Liberation Front\").", "During the [2010 gubernatorial elections](/wiki/2010_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections \"2010 Philippine gubernatorial elections\"), Piñol was again a candidate for governor of Cotabato but eventually lost to [Emmylou Taliño\\-Mendoza](/wiki/Emmylou_Tali%C3%B1o-Mendoza \"Emmylou Taliño-Mendoza\"). In the [2013 elections](/wiki/2013_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections \"2013 Philippine gubernatorial elections\"), he again ran for the same position and lost again to the reelectionist governor.", "In June 2017, Piñol took oath as a member of the ruling party [PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban \"PDP–Laban\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/903030/pinol\\-is\\-3rd\\-duterte\\-cabinet\\-exec\\-to\\-join\\-pdp\\-laban\\\|title\\=Piñol is 3rd Duterte Cabinet exec to join PDP–Laban\\\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\\\|last\\=Ager\\\|first\\=Maila\\\|date\\=June 6, 2017\\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2017 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015180309/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/903030/pinol\\-is\\-3rd\\-duterte\\-cabinet\\-exec\\-to\\-join\\-pdp\\-laban \\\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2021}} He was also named as the point person for [North Cotabato](/wiki/North_Cotabato \"North Cotabato\"). He was the third member of President [Rodrigo Duterte](/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte \"Rodrigo Duterte\")'s Cabinet to join PDP–Laban, along with Justice Secretary [Vitaliano Aguirre](/wiki/Vitaliano_Aguirre \"Vitaliano Aguirre\") and Energy Secretary [Alfonso Cusi](/wiki/Alfonso_Cusi \"Alfonso Cusi\").", "He was [Secretary of Agriculture](/wiki/Secretary_of_Agriculture_%28Philippines%29 \"Secretary of Agriculture (Philippines)\") from 2016 to 2019\\.", "He became chair of the [Mindanao Development Authority](/wiki/Mindanao_Development_Authority \"Mindanao Development Authority\") (MinDA) after being appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte to replace [Abul Khayr Alonto](/wiki/Abul_Khayr_Alonto \"Abul Khayr Alonto\"), who died on May 9, 2019, due to lung and heart complications.", "On October 5, 2021, Piñol resigned from MinDA and PDP–Laban to file his candidacy for the [2022 Senate election](/wiki/2022_Philippine_Senate_election \"2022 Philippine Senate election\"); he rejoined the [Nationalist People's Coalition](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition \"Nationalist People's Coalition\") (NPC).{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Mendoza \\\|first1\\=John Eric \\\|title\\=Former DA, MinDa chief Manny Piñol files COC for senator \\\|url\\=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1499018/manny\\-pinol\\-files\\-candidacy\\-for\\-senator \\\|access\\-date\\=November 4, 2021 \\\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer \\\|date\\=October 8, 2021 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010202305/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1499018/manny\\-pinol\\-files\\-candidacy\\-for\\-senator \\\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2021}}{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Sumangil \\\|first1\\=Franz \\\|title\\=3 Mindanaoans vie for seat in Senate \\\|url\\=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/06/news/regions/3\\-mindanaoans\\-vie\\-for\\-seat\\-in\\-senate/1817304 \\\|access\\-date\\=November 4, 2021 \\\|work\\=The Manila Times \\\|date\\=October 6, 2021 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20211104165541/https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/06/news/regions/3\\-mindanaoans\\-vie\\-for\\-seat\\-in\\-senate/1817304 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 4, 2021 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In October 2024, he filed his candidacy to run again for governor of Cotabato in the [2025 Philippine general election](/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election \"2025 Philippine general election\").{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Rebollido \\\|first1\\=Rommel \\\|title\\=Ex\\-agriculture chief challenges Cotabato governor’s reelection bid \\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/ex\\-agriculture\\-chief\\-manny\\-pinol\\-challenges\\-cotabato\\-governor\\-emmylou\\-mendoza\\-reelection\\-bid/ \\\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2024 \\\|work\\=Rappler \\\|date\\=October 9, 2024 }}", "" ]
Operation --------- ### 1975 The deployment was completed by 9 February. The guerrillas who had laid low when the mountain brigade first arrived, soon began to strike at the commando units. It was during the second week of February that a platoon from the commando companies was ambushed at [Río Pueblo Viejo](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Pueblo_Viejo "Río Pueblo Viejo"), resulting in the deaths of an NCO and two guerrillas. On 24 February, while supporting troops on the ground, a Piper PA\-18 crashed near the town of Ingenio Santa Lucía, killing its two crewmen.First Lieutenant Carlos María Casagrande and Second Lieutenant Gustavo Pablo López On 28 February, an army corporal was killed while inspecting an abandoned car rigged with an explosive charge in the city of Famaillá. Three months of constant patrolling and 'cordon and search' operations with helicopter\-borne troops, soon reduced the ERP's effectiveness in the Famaillá area, and so in June, elements of the 5th Brigade moved to the frontiers of Tucumán to guard against ERP and [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros "Montoneros") guerrillas crossing into the province from [Catamarca](/wiki/Catamarca_Province "Catamarca Province"), and [Santiago del Estero](/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero "Santiago del Estero"). On 11 May, an Army NCO was killed during a fierce exchange of fire with guerrillas on Route 301 in Tucumán. That month, ERP representative Amílcar Santucho, brother of Roberto, was captured along with [Jorge Fuentes Alarcón](/wiki/Jorge_Fuentes_Alarc%C3%B3n "Jorge Fuentes Alarcón"), a member of the Chilean [Revolutionary Left Movement](/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_%28Chile%29 "Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)") (MIR), trying to cross into Paraguay to promote the [Revolutionary Coordinating Junta](/wiki/Revolutionary_Coordinating_Junta "Revolutionary Coordinating Junta") (JCR) unity effort with the MIR, the Uruguayan [Tupamaros](/wiki/Tupamaros "Tupamaros") and the Bolivian [National Liberation Army](/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_%28Bolivia%29 "National Liberation Army (Bolivia)"). During his interrogation, he provided information that helped the Argentine security agencies destroy the ERP. On 28 May, an eight\-hour gun battle took place between 114 guerrillas and 14 soldiers in Manchalá, without casualties on either side. Nevertheless, the guerrillas hastily escaped, leaving behind vehicles, weapons and documentation, which enabled the army to take the upper hand. By July, the commandos were carrying out [search\-and\-destroy](/wiki/Search-and-destroy "Search-and-destroy") missions in the mountains. Army special forces discovered Santucho's hideout in August, then raided the ERP urban headquarters in September. Nevertheless, the military was not to have everything its way. On 28 August, [a bomb was planted](/wiki/Operation_Gardel "Operation Gardel") at the Tucumán air base airstrip by [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros "Montoneros"), in a support action for their comrades in the ERP. The blast destroyed an Air Force [C\-130](/wiki/C-130 "C-130") transport carrying 114 anti\-guerrilla Gendarmerie commandos heading for home leave, killing six and wounding 29\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.informadorpublico.com/100226\.html \\|title\=35 años del atentado al Hércules en Tucumán \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124012819/http://www.informadorpublico.com/100226\.html \\|archive\-date\=January 24, 2012 }} The following day saw the derailment of a train carrying troops back from the guerrilla front about 64 kilometers south of the city of Tucumán, this time without any casualties.{{cite web \\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=\_sdOAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=NwIEAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5047,6228885 \\|title\=Airport Terrorists Sought In Argentina \\|publisher\=Toledo Blade \\|date\=29 August 1975}} Most of the Compañía de Monte's general staff were killed in a special forces raid in October, but the guerrilla units continued to fight. Between 7 and 8 October, six soldiers were killed during an ambush. On 10 October, a UH\-1H helicopter was hit by small arms fire during an offensive reconnaissance mission near Acheral, killing its door gunner. After an emergency landing, other helicopters carried out rocket attacks on the reedbed. A total of 13 guerrillas were killed in the ensuing firefight.{{cite web \\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=K\-0cAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=JGcEAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5886,4683553\&dq\= \\|title\=Argentine Army Claims 13 Leftist Guerrillas Killed \\|publisher\=Sarasota Herald\-Tribune \\|date\=12 October 1975}} On 17 October, near Los Sosas, an army platoon was ambushed losing four men. On 24 October, during a night mission that took place on the banks of Fronterista River, three men from the 5th Brigade were killed. Between 8 and 16 November 1975, there were other engagements in which the 5th Brigade suffered another three losses. On 18 December, Acdel Vilas was relieved from his post and Antonio Domingo Bussi assumed command of the operations. Shortly afterwards, Bussi told Vilas over the phone: "Vilas, you have left me nothing to do." On 29 December, Bussi launched Operation La Madrid I, the first of a series of four [search and destroy](/wiki/Search_and_destroy "Search and destroy") operations. ### 1976 The mountain and parachute units remained essential as military support for the local police and gendarmerie security forces, as well as the apprehension of several hundred ERP and [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros "Montoneros") guerrillas who were still operating in the jungles and mountains, and sympathizers hidden among the civilian population in what was described by the American newspaper Baltimore Sun as a "growing 'Viet war'"{{cite news \\|title\='Viet war' growing in Argentina \\|author\=James Nelson Goodsell \\|work\=The Baltimore Sun \\|date\=18 January 1976 }} During the first week of January, the army commandos discovered seven guerrilla hideouts. During February 1976, in an effort to rekindle the rural front in Tucumán, [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros "Montoneros") sent in reinforcements in the form of a company of their elite "Jungle Troops", which was initially commanded by Juan Carlos Alsogaray (El Hippie), son of General [Julio Alsogaray](/wiki/Julio_Rodolfo_Alsogaray "Julio Rodolfo Alsogaray"), who had served as head of the [Argentine Army](/wiki/Argentine_Army "Argentine Army") from 1966 to 1968\. The ERP also sent reinforcements to Tucumán in the form of their elite Decididos de Córdoba Company from Córdoba.{{cite book \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NtZ3EvNYxjYC\&dq\=general\+vila%27s\+forces\+numbered\&pg\=PA107 \\|last\=Lewis \\|first\=Paul H. \\|title\=Guerrillas and Generals: The Dirty War in Argentina \\|page\=125 \\|publisher\=Greenwood Publishing Group \\|year\=2002\\|isbn\=9780275973605 }}] Bussi achieved a major success on 13 February when the 14th Airborne Infantry Regiment killed "el Hippie" and ambushed his elite [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros "Montoneros") company. Two soldiers and some 10 guerrillas were killed in this action. On 30 March, a police officer was gunned down while patrolling in downtown Tucumán. On 10 April, a private was killed in a guerrilla ambush and a policeman was gunned down while standing guard at a hospital. In mid\-April, in a major operation conducted against the ERP underground network in the province of Córdoba, the 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade took into custody and forcibly disappeared some 300 activists.{{cite book \\|last\=Robben \\|first\=Antonius C. G. M. \\|title\=Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina \\|page\= 201 \\|publisher\=University of Pennsylvania Press \\|year\=2005}} On 26 April, inspector general Juan Sirnio of the Tucumán Police was shot dead in his car by unknown perpetrators. The same day, the Montoneros guerrillas also killed a retired colonel outside his home in Tucumán.Las Cifras de la Guerra Sucia, Graciela Fernández Meijide, Page 52, Asamblea Permanente por los Derechos Humanos, (1988\)Documentos, 1976\-1977: Golpe Militar y Resistencia Popular, Roberto Baschetti, Page 21, De la Campana (2001\) "Un comando montonero abate al coronel (RE) Abel Héctor Elías Cavagnaro en la puerta de su casa." On 5 May, during an armed reconnaissance mission, an army UH\-1H crashed on the banks of Río Caspichango, killing five of its seven crew members. On 7 May, in a gunfight close to a river, another corporal was killed in a guerrilla ambush. On 10 May, a private was shot dead by nervous sentries while stationed in Famaillá or died by suicide, although journalist Marcos Taire suggested that the Argentine Army was involved in a dastardly action.[guerra que no tuvo héroes](http://www.elortiba.org/notapas1545.html){{full short\\|date\=July 2019}} On 17 May, two soldiers died in a remote\-controlled bomb blast near the town of Caspinchango.Guerrillas and Generals: The "Dirty War" in Argentina, Paul H. Lewis, Page 126, Greenwood Publishing Group (2002\) "Throughout April and May, the Mountain Company tried to regain the initiative by shooting down a helicopter, blowing up an army ambulance, executing an army scout, and raking with gunfire a squad of soldiers in a truck, but the army's pressure was inexorable."ISLA, Volume 12, Page 126, ISLA Clipping Service (1976\) "Elsewhere, the dynamiting of an army ambulance and a shootout left Seven guerrillas and three soldiers dead."[Peron faces interrogation (May 19,1976\)](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19760519&id=dIY1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=z6EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1876,737242&hl=en) In 2013, journalist [Marcos Taire](/wiki/Marcos_Taire "Marcos Taire") who appeared in the [El Azúcar y la Sangre](/wiki/El_Az%C3%BAcar_y_la_Sangre "El Azúcar y la Sangre") 2007 documentary praising the leftist militants in Tucumán, wrote that the Argentine military campaign in the province was a hoax and that the ambulance was blown up on purpose in an Argentine Army false\-flag incident. On 19 October, the Compañía de Monte's commander, Lionel MacDonald, was gunned down along two other fighters. Throughout 1976, a total of 24 patrol battles took place, resulting in the deaths of at least 74 guerrillas and 18 soldiers and policemen in Tucumán Province.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.aeromilitaria.com.ar/cmp/subversion/pagina3\.htm \\|title\=Operativo Independencia \\|language\=es \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328140137/http://www.aeromilitaria.com.ar/cmp/subversion/pagina3\.htm \\|archive\-date\=2010\-03\-28 }}	[ "Operation\n---------", "### 1975", "The deployment was completed by 9 February. The guerrillas who had laid low when the mountain brigade first arrived, soon began to strike at the commando units. It was during the second week of February that a platoon from the commando companies was ambushed at [Río Pueblo Viejo](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Pueblo_Viejo \"Río Pueblo Viejo\"), resulting in the deaths of an NCO and two guerrillas.\nOn 24 February, while supporting troops on the ground, a Piper PA\\-18 crashed near the town of Ingenio Santa Lucía, killing its two crewmen.First Lieutenant Carlos María Casagrande and Second Lieutenant Gustavo Pablo López On 28 February, an army corporal was killed while inspecting an abandoned car rigged with an explosive charge in the city of Famaillá.", "Three months of constant patrolling and 'cordon and search' operations with helicopter\\-borne troops, soon reduced the ERP's effectiveness in the Famaillá area, and so in June, elements of the 5th Brigade moved to the frontiers of Tucumán to guard against ERP and [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros \"Montoneros\") guerrillas crossing into the province from [Catamarca](/wiki/Catamarca_Province \"Catamarca Province\"), and [Santiago del Estero](/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero \"Santiago del Estero\").", "On 11 May, an Army NCO was killed during a fierce exchange of fire with guerrillas on Route 301 in Tucumán. That month, ERP representative Amílcar Santucho, brother of Roberto, was captured along with [Jorge Fuentes Alarcón](/wiki/Jorge_Fuentes_Alarc%C3%B3n \"Jorge Fuentes Alarcón\"), a member of the Chilean [Revolutionary Left Movement](/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_%28Chile%29 \"Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)\") (MIR), trying to cross into Paraguay to promote the [Revolutionary Coordinating Junta](/wiki/Revolutionary_Coordinating_Junta \"Revolutionary Coordinating Junta\") (JCR) unity effort with the MIR, the Uruguayan [Tupamaros](/wiki/Tupamaros \"Tupamaros\") and the Bolivian [National Liberation Army](/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_%28Bolivia%29 \"National Liberation Army (Bolivia)\"). During his interrogation, he provided information that helped the Argentine security agencies destroy the ERP.", "On 28 May, an eight\\-hour gun battle took place between 114 guerrillas and 14 soldiers in Manchalá, without casualties on either side. Nevertheless, the guerrillas hastily escaped, leaving behind vehicles, weapons and documentation, which enabled the army to take the upper hand. By July, the commandos were carrying out [search\\-and\\-destroy](/wiki/Search-and-destroy \"Search-and-destroy\") missions in the mountains. Army special forces discovered Santucho's hideout in August, then raided the ERP urban headquarters in September.", "Nevertheless, the military was not to have everything its way. On 28 August, [a bomb was planted](/wiki/Operation_Gardel \"Operation Gardel\") at the Tucumán air base airstrip by [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros \"Montoneros\"), in a support action for their comrades in the ERP. The blast destroyed an Air Force [C\\-130](/wiki/C-130 \"C-130\") transport carrying 114 anti\\-guerrilla Gendarmerie commandos heading for home leave, killing six and wounding 29\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.informadorpublico.com/100226\\.html \\\|title\\=35 años del atentado al Hércules en Tucumán \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124012819/http://www.informadorpublico.com/100226\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2012 }} The following day saw the derailment of a train carrying troops back from the guerrilla front about 64 kilometers south of the city of Tucumán, this time without any casualties.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=\\_sdOAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=NwIEAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5047,6228885 \\\|title\\=Airport Terrorists Sought In Argentina \\\|publisher\\=Toledo Blade \\\|date\\=29 August 1975}} Most of the Compañía de Monte's general staff were killed in a special forces raid in October, but the guerrilla units continued to fight. Between 7 and 8 October, six soldiers were killed during an ambush.", "On 10 October, a UH\\-1H helicopter was hit by small arms fire during an offensive reconnaissance mission near Acheral, killing its door gunner. After an emergency landing, other helicopters carried out rocket attacks on the reedbed. A total of 13 guerrillas were killed in the ensuing firefight.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=K\\-0cAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=JGcEAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5886,4683553\\&dq\\= \\\|title\\=Argentine Army Claims 13 Leftist Guerrillas Killed \\\|publisher\\=Sarasota Herald\\-Tribune \\\|date\\=12 October 1975}} On 17 October, near Los Sosas, an army platoon was ambushed losing four men. On 24 October, during a night mission that took place on the banks of Fronterista River, three men from the 5th Brigade were killed. Between 8 and 16 November 1975, there were other engagements in which the 5th Brigade suffered another three losses.", "On 18 December, Acdel Vilas was relieved from his post and Antonio Domingo Bussi assumed command of the operations. Shortly afterwards, Bussi told Vilas over the phone: \"Vilas, you have left me nothing to do.\" On 29 December, Bussi launched Operation La Madrid I, the first of a series of four [search and destroy](/wiki/Search_and_destroy \"Search and destroy\") operations.", "### 1976", "The mountain and parachute units remained essential as military support for the local police and gendarmerie security forces, as well as the apprehension of several hundred ERP and [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros \"Montoneros\") guerrillas who were still operating in the jungles and mountains, and sympathizers hidden among the civilian population in what was described by the American newspaper Baltimore Sun as a \"growing 'Viet war'\"{{cite news \\\|title\\='Viet war' growing in Argentina \\\|author\\=James Nelson Goodsell \\\|work\\=The Baltimore Sun \\\|date\\=18 January 1976 }} During the first week of January, the army commandos discovered seven guerrilla hideouts.", "During February 1976, in an effort to rekindle the rural front in Tucumán, [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros \"Montoneros\") sent in reinforcements in the form of a company of their elite \"Jungle Troops\", which was initially commanded by Juan Carlos Alsogaray (El Hippie), son of General [Julio Alsogaray](/wiki/Julio_Rodolfo_Alsogaray \"Julio Rodolfo Alsogaray\"), who had served as head of the [Argentine Army](/wiki/Argentine_Army \"Argentine Army\") from 1966 to 1968\\. The ERP also sent reinforcements to Tucumán in the form of their elite Decididos de Córdoba Company from Córdoba.{{cite book \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NtZ3EvNYxjYC\\&dq\\=general\\+vila%27s\\+forces\\+numbered\\&pg\\=PA107 \\\|last\\=Lewis \\\|first\\=Paul H. \\\|title\\=Guerrillas and Generals: The Dirty War in Argentina \\\|page\\=125 \\\|publisher\\=Greenwood Publishing Group \\\|year\\=2002\\\|isbn\\=9780275973605 }}]\nBussi achieved a major success on 13 February when the 14th Airborne Infantry Regiment killed \"el Hippie\" and ambushed his elite [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros \"Montoneros\") company. Two soldiers and some 10 guerrillas were killed in this action. On 30 March, a police officer was gunned down while patrolling in downtown Tucumán.", "On 10 April, a private was killed in a guerrilla ambush and a policeman was gunned down while standing guard at a hospital.\nIn mid\\-April, in a major operation conducted against the ERP underground network in the province of Córdoba, the 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade took into custody and forcibly disappeared some 300 activists.{{cite book \\\|last\\=Robben \\\|first\\=Antonius C. G. M. \\\|title\\=Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina \\\|page\\= 201 \\\|publisher\\=University of Pennsylvania Press \\\|year\\=2005}}\nOn 26 April, inspector general Juan Sirnio of the Tucumán Police was shot dead in his car by unknown perpetrators. The same day, the Montoneros guerrillas also killed a retired colonel outside his home in Tucumán.Las Cifras de la Guerra Sucia, Graciela Fernández Meijide, Page 52, Asamblea Permanente por los Derechos Humanos, (1988\\)Documentos, 1976\\-1977: Golpe Militar y Resistencia Popular, Roberto Baschetti, Page 21, De la Campana (2001\\) \"Un comando montonero abate al coronel (RE) Abel Héctor Elías Cavagnaro en la puerta de su casa.\"", "On 5 May, during an armed reconnaissance mission, an army UH\\-1H crashed on the banks of Río Caspichango, killing five of its seven crew members. On 7 May, in a gunfight close to a river, another corporal was killed in a guerrilla ambush.\nOn 10 May, a private was shot dead by nervous sentries while stationed in Famaillá or died by suicide, although journalist Marcos Taire suggested that the Argentine Army was involved in a dastardly action.[guerra que no tuvo héroes](http://www.elortiba.org/notapas1545.html){{full short\\\|date\\=July 2019}}", "On 17 May, two soldiers died in a remote\\-controlled bomb blast near the town of Caspinchango.Guerrillas and Generals: The \"Dirty War\" in Argentina, Paul H. Lewis, Page 126, Greenwood Publishing Group (2002\\) \"Throughout April and May, the Mountain Company tried to regain the initiative by shooting down a helicopter, blowing up an army ambulance, executing an army scout, and raking with gunfire a squad of soldiers in a truck, but the army's pressure was inexorable.\"ISLA, Volume 12, Page 126, ISLA Clipping Service (1976\\) \"Elsewhere, the dynamiting of an army ambulance and a shootout left Seven guerrillas and three soldiers dead.\"[Peron faces interrogation (May 19,1976\\)](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19760519&id=dIY1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=z6EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1876,737242&hl=en) In 2013, journalist [Marcos Taire](/wiki/Marcos_Taire \"Marcos Taire\") who appeared in the [El Azúcar y la Sangre](/wiki/El_Az%C3%BAcar_y_la_Sangre \"El Azúcar y la Sangre\") 2007 documentary praising the leftist militants in Tucumán, wrote that the Argentine military campaign in the province was a hoax and that the ambulance was blown up on purpose in an Argentine Army false\\-flag incident.", "On 19 October, the Compañía de Monte's commander, Lionel MacDonald, was gunned down along two other fighters. Throughout 1976, a total of 24 patrol battles took place, resulting in the deaths of at least 74 guerrillas and 18 soldiers and policemen in Tucumán Province.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.aeromilitaria.com.ar/cmp/subversion/pagina3\\.htm \\\|title\\=Operativo Independencia \\\|language\\=es \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328140137/http://www.aeromilitaria.com.ar/cmp/subversion/pagina3\\.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-03\\-28 }}", "" ]
### 1975 The deployment was completed by 9 February. The guerrillas who had laid low when the mountain brigade first arrived, soon began to strike at the commando units. It was during the second week of February that a platoon from the commando companies was ambushed at [Río Pueblo Viejo](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Pueblo_Viejo "Río Pueblo Viejo"), resulting in the deaths of an NCO and two guerrillas. On 24 February, while supporting troops on the ground, a Piper PA\-18 crashed near the town of Ingenio Santa Lucía, killing its two crewmen.First Lieutenant Carlos María Casagrande and Second Lieutenant Gustavo Pablo López On 28 February, an army corporal was killed while inspecting an abandoned car rigged with an explosive charge in the city of Famaillá. Three months of constant patrolling and 'cordon and search' operations with helicopter\-borne troops, soon reduced the ERP's effectiveness in the Famaillá area, and so in June, elements of the 5th Brigade moved to the frontiers of Tucumán to guard against ERP and [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros "Montoneros") guerrillas crossing into the province from [Catamarca](/wiki/Catamarca_Province "Catamarca Province"), and [Santiago del Estero](/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero "Santiago del Estero"). On 11 May, an Army NCO was killed during a fierce exchange of fire with guerrillas on Route 301 in Tucumán. That month, ERP representative Amílcar Santucho, brother of Roberto, was captured along with [Jorge Fuentes Alarcón](/wiki/Jorge_Fuentes_Alarc%C3%B3n "Jorge Fuentes Alarcón"), a member of the Chilean [Revolutionary Left Movement](/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_%28Chile%29 "Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)") (MIR), trying to cross into Paraguay to promote the [Revolutionary Coordinating Junta](/wiki/Revolutionary_Coordinating_Junta "Revolutionary Coordinating Junta") (JCR) unity effort with the MIR, the Uruguayan [Tupamaros](/wiki/Tupamaros "Tupamaros") and the Bolivian [National Liberation Army](/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_%28Bolivia%29 "National Liberation Army (Bolivia)"). During his interrogation, he provided information that helped the Argentine security agencies destroy the ERP. On 28 May, an eight\-hour gun battle took place between 114 guerrillas and 14 soldiers in Manchalá, without casualties on either side. Nevertheless, the guerrillas hastily escaped, leaving behind vehicles, weapons and documentation, which enabled the army to take the upper hand. By July, the commandos were carrying out [search\-and\-destroy](/wiki/Search-and-destroy "Search-and-destroy") missions in the mountains. Army special forces discovered Santucho's hideout in August, then raided the ERP urban headquarters in September. Nevertheless, the military was not to have everything its way. On 28 August, [a bomb was planted](/wiki/Operation_Gardel "Operation Gardel") at the Tucumán air base airstrip by [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros "Montoneros"), in a support action for their comrades in the ERP. The blast destroyed an Air Force [C\-130](/wiki/C-130 "C-130") transport carrying 114 anti\-guerrilla Gendarmerie commandos heading for home leave, killing six and wounding 29\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.informadorpublico.com/100226\.html \\|title\=35 años del atentado al Hércules en Tucumán \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124012819/http://www.informadorpublico.com/100226\.html \\|archive\-date\=January 24, 2012 }} The following day saw the derailment of a train carrying troops back from the guerrilla front about 64 kilometers south of the city of Tucumán, this time without any casualties.{{cite web \\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=\_sdOAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=NwIEAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5047,6228885 \\|title\=Airport Terrorists Sought In Argentina \\|publisher\=Toledo Blade \\|date\=29 August 1975}} Most of the Compañía de Monte's general staff were killed in a special forces raid in October, but the guerrilla units continued to fight. Between 7 and 8 October, six soldiers were killed during an ambush. On 10 October, a UH\-1H helicopter was hit by small arms fire during an offensive reconnaissance mission near Acheral, killing its door gunner. After an emergency landing, other helicopters carried out rocket attacks on the reedbed. A total of 13 guerrillas were killed in the ensuing firefight.{{cite web \\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=K\-0cAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=JGcEAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5886,4683553\&dq\= \\|title\=Argentine Army Claims 13 Leftist Guerrillas Killed \\|publisher\=Sarasota Herald\-Tribune \\|date\=12 October 1975}} On 17 October, near Los Sosas, an army platoon was ambushed losing four men. On 24 October, during a night mission that took place on the banks of Fronterista River, three men from the 5th Brigade were killed. Between 8 and 16 November 1975, there were other engagements in which the 5th Brigade suffered another three losses. On 18 December, Acdel Vilas was relieved from his post and Antonio Domingo Bussi assumed command of the operations. Shortly afterwards, Bussi told Vilas over the phone: "Vilas, you have left me nothing to do." On 29 December, Bussi launched Operation La Madrid I, the first of a series of four [search and destroy](/wiki/Search_and_destroy "Search and destroy") operations.	[ "### 1975", "The deployment was completed by 9 February. The guerrillas who had laid low when the mountain brigade first arrived, soon began to strike at the commando units. It was during the second week of February that a platoon from the commando companies was ambushed at [Río Pueblo Viejo](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Pueblo_Viejo \"Río Pueblo Viejo\"), resulting in the deaths of an NCO and two guerrillas.\nOn 24 February, while supporting troops on the ground, a Piper PA\\-18 crashed near the town of Ingenio Santa Lucía, killing its two crewmen.First Lieutenant Carlos María Casagrande and Second Lieutenant Gustavo Pablo López On 28 February, an army corporal was killed while inspecting an abandoned car rigged with an explosive charge in the city of Famaillá.", "Three months of constant patrolling and 'cordon and search' operations with helicopter\\-borne troops, soon reduced the ERP's effectiveness in the Famaillá area, and so in June, elements of the 5th Brigade moved to the frontiers of Tucumán to guard against ERP and [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros \"Montoneros\") guerrillas crossing into the province from [Catamarca](/wiki/Catamarca_Province \"Catamarca Province\"), and [Santiago del Estero](/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero \"Santiago del Estero\").", "On 11 May, an Army NCO was killed during a fierce exchange of fire with guerrillas on Route 301 in Tucumán. That month, ERP representative Amílcar Santucho, brother of Roberto, was captured along with [Jorge Fuentes Alarcón](/wiki/Jorge_Fuentes_Alarc%C3%B3n \"Jorge Fuentes Alarcón\"), a member of the Chilean [Revolutionary Left Movement](/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_%28Chile%29 \"Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)\") (MIR), trying to cross into Paraguay to promote the [Revolutionary Coordinating Junta](/wiki/Revolutionary_Coordinating_Junta \"Revolutionary Coordinating Junta\") (JCR) unity effort with the MIR, the Uruguayan [Tupamaros](/wiki/Tupamaros \"Tupamaros\") and the Bolivian [National Liberation Army](/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_%28Bolivia%29 \"National Liberation Army (Bolivia)\"). During his interrogation, he provided information that helped the Argentine security agencies destroy the ERP.", "On 28 May, an eight\\-hour gun battle took place between 114 guerrillas and 14 soldiers in Manchalá, without casualties on either side. Nevertheless, the guerrillas hastily escaped, leaving behind vehicles, weapons and documentation, which enabled the army to take the upper hand. By July, the commandos were carrying out [search\\-and\\-destroy](/wiki/Search-and-destroy \"Search-and-destroy\") missions in the mountains. Army special forces discovered Santucho's hideout in August, then raided the ERP urban headquarters in September.", "Nevertheless, the military was not to have everything its way. On 28 August, [a bomb was planted](/wiki/Operation_Gardel \"Operation Gardel\") at the Tucumán air base airstrip by [Montoneros](/wiki/Montoneros \"Montoneros\"), in a support action for their comrades in the ERP. The blast destroyed an Air Force [C\\-130](/wiki/C-130 \"C-130\") transport carrying 114 anti\\-guerrilla Gendarmerie commandos heading for home leave, killing six and wounding 29\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.informadorpublico.com/100226\\.html \\\|title\\=35 años del atentado al Hércules en Tucumán \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124012819/http://www.informadorpublico.com/100226\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2012 }} The following day saw the derailment of a train carrying troops back from the guerrilla front about 64 kilometers south of the city of Tucumán, this time without any casualties.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=\\_sdOAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=NwIEAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5047,6228885 \\\|title\\=Airport Terrorists Sought In Argentina \\\|publisher\\=Toledo Blade \\\|date\\=29 August 1975}} Most of the Compañía de Monte's general staff were killed in a special forces raid in October, but the guerrilla units continued to fight. Between 7 and 8 October, six soldiers were killed during an ambush.", "On 10 October, a UH\\-1H helicopter was hit by small arms fire during an offensive reconnaissance mission near Acheral, killing its door gunner. After an emergency landing, other helicopters carried out rocket attacks on the reedbed. A total of 13 guerrillas were killed in the ensuing firefight.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=K\\-0cAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=JGcEAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5886,4683553\\&dq\\= \\\|title\\=Argentine Army Claims 13 Leftist Guerrillas Killed \\\|publisher\\=Sarasota Herald\\-Tribune \\\|date\\=12 October 1975}} On 17 October, near Los Sosas, an army platoon was ambushed losing four men. On 24 October, during a night mission that took place on the banks of Fronterista River, three men from the 5th Brigade were killed. Between 8 and 16 November 1975, there were other engagements in which the 5th Brigade suffered another three losses.", "On 18 December, Acdel Vilas was relieved from his post and Antonio Domingo Bussi assumed command of the operations. Shortly afterwards, Bussi told Vilas over the phone: \"Vilas, you have left me nothing to do.\" On 29 December, Bussi launched Operation La Madrid I, the first of a series of four [search and destroy](/wiki/Search_and_destroy \"Search and destroy\") operations.", "" ]
History ------- ### Campionato Italiano di Football [right\\|thumb\\|[Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC"), 1903 runners\-up](/wiki/Image:Juventus_FC_in_1903.gif "Juventus FC in 1903.gif") The first official national football tournament was organised in 1898 by the [Italian Football Federation](/wiki/Italian_Football_Federation "Italian Football Federation") (Italian: Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio, FIGC).{{Cite web \\|url \= http://www.figc.it/english/storia/storia\_completa.htm\#1898 \\|title \= FIGC History – 1898 \\|access\-date \= 26 April 2007 \\|publisher \= FIGC \\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070423025820/http://www.figc.it/english/storia/storia\_completa.htm\#1898 \\|archive\-date \= 23 April 2007 \\|url\-status \= dead }} This tournament, the final matches of the first [Italian Football Championship](/wiki/Italian_Football_Championship "Italian Football Championship"), were held in a single day on 8 May 1898 in [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin"). [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C. "Genoa C.F.C.") were crowned as champions, defeating [Internazionale F.C. Torino](/wiki/Internazionale_F.C._Torino "Internazionale F.C. Torino") by 3–1, following extra time. In the following years, the tournament was structured into regional groups with the winners of each group participating in a playoff with the eventual winners being declared champions. From 1904, the championship was called Prima Categoria. ### Prima Categoria In November 1907, the FIF organised two championships in the same season:Chiesa, p. 18\. 1. Italian Championship, the main tournament where only Italian players were allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni d'Italia (Italian Champions) and would be awarded the Coppa Buni 2. Federal Championship, a secondary tournament where foreign players (if they lived in Italy) were also allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni Federali (Federal Champions) and would be awarded the Coppa Spensley{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com\_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1204\_01\_1908\_0053\_0005\_17763765/anews,true/\\|publisher\=La Stampa\\|title\=La gran finale del Campionato Federale\\|page\=5\\|date\=22 February 1908\\|access\-date\=17 April 2012\\|archive\-date\=29 July 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729200643/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com\_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1204\_01\_1908\_0053\_0005\_17763765/anews,true/\\|url\-status\=live}} The FIF wanted to organize two championships in order to allow weaker clubs composed only of Italian players ("squadre pure italiane", "pure Italian teams") to win the national title, and to relegate simultaneously the big clubs composed mostly of stronger foreign players ("squadre spurie internazionali", "spurious international teams") in a minor competition for a "consolation prize".{{cite news\\|language\=it\\|url\=http://www.byterfly.eu/islandora/object/libria:38456\#page/10/mode/2up\\|author\=Giulio Corradino Corradini\\|title\=Federazione acefala\\|publisher\=La Stampa Sportiva\\|date\=7 June 1908\\|pages\=10–11\\|access\-date\=24 August 2018\\|archive\-date\=29 August 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829110124/http://www.byterfly.eu/islandora/object/libria:38456\#page/10/mode/2up\\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\\|language\=it\\|url\=http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/mauto:ssport\-00334\-0008\\|author\=Giulio Corradino Corradini\\|title\=Ancora sulla questione dei Campionati. La parola ad un dissidente\\|publisher\=La Stampa Sportiva\\|date\=5 July 1908\\|pages\=7–8\\|access\-date\=24 August 2018\\|archive\-date\=30 August 2017\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830194022/http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/mauto:ssport\-00334\-0008\\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\\|language\=it\\|url\=http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/mauto:ssport\-00343\-0004\\|author\=Giulio Corradino Corradini\\|title\=Vexata quaestio\\|publisher\=La Stampa Sportiva\\|date\=6 September 1908\\|page\=4\\|access\-date\=24 August 2018\\|archive\-date\=23 September 2015\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215303/http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/mauto:ssport\-00343\-0004\\|url\-status\=live}} The majority of big clubs (Genoa, Torino and Milan) withdrew from both the championships in order to protest against the [autarchical](/wiki/Autarky "Autarky") policy of the FIF. The Federal Championship was won by Juventus against Doria,{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com\_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0004/articleid,1205\_01\_1908\_0126\_0004\_17764343/anews,true/\\|publisher\=La Stampa\\|title\=La Finale di Campionato a Torino.\\|page\=4\\|date\=7 May 1908\\|access\-date\=17 April 2012\\|archive\-date\=12 March 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312204938/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com\_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0004/articleid,1205\_01\_1908\_0126\_0004\_17764343/anews,true/\\|url\-status\=live}} while The Italian Championship 1908 and Coppa Buni were won by Pro Vercelli, beating Juventus, Doria and US Milanese. However, the Federal Championship won by Juventus was later forgotten by FIGC, due to the boycott made by the dissident clubs. In the 1909 season, the two championships were organised again, with Coppa Oberti in lieu of Coppa Spensley for the Federal Championship. This time, the majority of big clubs decided to only withdraw from the Italian Championship in order to make the Federal competition the most relevant tournament, and to diminish the Italian one. The Federal Championship was won by Pro Vercelli, beating US Milanese in the Final, while the Italian Championship was won by Juventus, again beating US Milanese in the Final.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com\_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1202\_01\_1909\_0156\_0005\_24222738/anews,true/\\|publisher\=La Stampa\\|title\=Il F.C. Juventus vince il Campionato Italiano.\\|page\=5\\|date\=7 June 1909\\|access\-date\=17 April 2012\\|archive\-date\=17 July 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717231631/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com\_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1202\_01\_1909\_0156\_0005\_24222738/anews,true/\\|url\-status\=live}} However, the dissenters' strategy worked out: the failure of the Italian Championship won by Juventus forced the FIGC to later recognize the Federal Champions of Pro Vercelli as "Campioni d'Italia 1909", disavowing the other tournament. The format was modified for the [1909–10 season](/wiki/1909%E2%80%9310_Prima_Categoria "1909–10 Prima Categoria") which was played in a league format. Nine clubs participated, playing each other both home and away. The split between Federal and Italian championship was not completely abolished, because, while unifying these tournaments, it was decided for the last time to assign two titles at the end of the season, In fact, the FIGC established that the first placed club in the general classification would be proclaimed Federal Champions (now turned into the main title), while the best placed club among the four "pure Italian teams" would be recognized as Italian Champions (now the secondary title), depending on the head\-to\-head matches.Chiesa, pp. 24\-25 At the end of the season, Pro Vercelli and Inter finished equal first, so a playoff was needed to assign the Federal title (the Italian one was won by Pro Vercelli). This season was the first victory for [Internazionale](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan"), who defeated [Pro Vercelli](/wiki/U.S._Pro_Vercelli_Calcio "U.S. Pro Vercelli Calcio") 10–3 in the final. Even the Italian title won by Pro Vercelli was later forgotten.{{Cite web\\| url \= https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italhist98\-25\.html\\| title \= Italy – Championship History 1898–1923\\| website \= \[\[RSSSF]]\\| access\-date \= 26 April 2007\\| archive\-date \= 2 December 2022\\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20221202003729/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italhist98\-25\.html\\| url\-status \= live}} In the [1910–11](/wiki/1910%E2%80%9311_Prima_Categoria "1910–11 Prima Categoria") season, teams from Veneto and Emilia were admitted for the first time. The championship was divided into two groups: Liguria\-Piemonte\-Lombardia group, the most important, and the Veneto\-Emilia group. The winners of each group qualified to the Final for the title. The [1912–13](/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_Prima_Categoria "1912–13 Prima Categoria") season saw the competition nationalised with North and South divisions.{{Cite web \\|url \= http://www.figc.it/english/storia/storia\_completa.htm\#1913 \\|title \= FIGC History – 1913 \\|access\-date \= 26 April 2007 \\|publisher \= FIGC \\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070423025820/http://www.figc.it/english/storia/storia\_completa.htm\#1913 \\|archive\-date \= 23 April 2007 \\|url\-status \= dead }} The 1914–1915 Championship was suspended because of World War I while Genoa was first in the Northern Italy Finals and only when the war ended, in 1919, did the FIGC decide to award the 1915 title to Genoa. In 1916, [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan") won the Coppa Federale, which for that season was a substitute for the championship, which had been suspended because of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").{{Cite web \\| url \= https://www.rsssf.org/tablesj/juvemilan.html \\| title \= Juventus vs Milan \\| website \= \[\[RSSSF]] \\| access\-date \= 26 April 2007 \\| archive\-date \= 21 April 2023 \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20230421134955/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesj/juvemilan.html \\| url\-status \= live }} The tournament that year was limited to clubs from the north, with the exception of Pro Vercelli, but was not treated as an official trophy or recognised by the FIGC as an Italian title. ### Prima Divisione Controversy hit the Championship in the 1921–22 season which saw the major clubs (including Pro Vercelli, [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909 "Bologna F.C. 1909") and Juventus) in dispute with the FIGC. The best 24 teams had asked for a reduction in clubs in the top division in accordance with a plan drawn up by [Vittorio Pozzo](/wiki/Vittorio_Pozzo "Vittorio Pozzo"), the [Italy national team](/wiki/Italy_national_football_team "Italy national football team") coach. Pozzo's plan was dismissed and the CCI (Italian: Confederazione Calcistica Italiana) was founded and organised a [1921–22 CCI league](/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_Prima_Divisione_%28CCI%29 "1921–22 Prima Divisione (CCI)") (Prima Divisione) to run concurrently with the [1921–22 season](/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_Prima_Categoria_%28FIGC%29 "1921–22 Prima Categoria (FIGC)") (Prima Categoria) organised by the FIGC.{{Cite web \\| url \= https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italchamp.html \\| title \= Italy – List of Champions \\| website \= \[\[RSSSF]] \\| access\-date \= 26 April 2007 \\| archive\-date \= 2 September 2011 \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110902044552/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/italchamp.html \\| url\-status \= live }} Therefore, that season saw two champions: Novese (FIGC) and Pro Vercelli (CCI). The schism ended when FIGC agreed to reduce the Northern Championship of 1922–23 to only 36 clubs ("Compromesso Colombo/Colombo compromise"); from 1923–24 the Northern Championship was reduced to 24 clubs divided into two groups.[Annuario 1931](http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&f=38&p=1&c=1#page/20/mode/2up) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715025904/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?\&f\=38\&p\=1\&c\=1\#page/20/mode/2up \\|date\=15 July 2014 }}, pp. 18–19\. ### Divisione Nazionale The Carta di Viareggio/[Viareggio](/wiki/Viareggio "Viareggio") charter (1926\) was drawn up to legalise professionalism, ban foreign players, and rationalise the championship creating a new national top league where Northern and Southern teams would play in the same championship: Divisione Nazionale. 17 teams from Lega Nord (Northern League) were admitted to the new Championship along with 3 teams from Lega Sud (Southern League) for 20 teams, divided into two national groups of 10 teams each. Further scandal followed in the [1926–27 season](/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_Divisione_Nazionale "1926–27 Divisione Nazionale") when title\-winners [Torino Football Club](/wiki/Torino_F.C. "Torino F.C.") were stripped of their Scudetto following an FIGC investigation. A Torino official was found to have bribed opposing defender [Luigi Allemandi](/wiki/Luigi_Allemandi "Luigi Allemandi") in Torino's match against Juventus on 5 June 1927, and thus the season finished with no declared champions. {{Cite web \\|url\=http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/internationals/article1166526\.ece \\|title\=Italy are fabulously flawed \\|author\=James Lawton \\|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \\|date\=8 July 2006 \\|access\-date\=17 April 2007 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194228/http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/internationals/article1166526\.ece \\|archive\-date\=27 September 2007 }} ### Serie A In 1929 Divisione Nazionale (two groups of 16 teams each) split into two Championships: Divisione Nazionale [Serie A](/wiki/Serie_A "Serie A") (the new Top Division) and Divisione Nazionale [Serie B](/wiki/Serie_B "Serie B") (the new second level of Italian Football).[Annuario 1931, p. 40\.](http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&f=38&p=1&c=1#page/42/mode/2up) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715025904/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?\&f\=38\&p\=1\&c\=1\#page/42/mode/2up \\|date\=15 July 2014 }} "Il campionato di Divisione Nazionale è diviso in due serie: A e B" (The Championship of Divisione Nazionale is divided into two Serie: A and B").{{Cite book \\| title \= Calcio – a history of Italian Football \\| author \= John Foot \\| year \= 2006 \\| isbn \= 0007175744 \\| publisher \= Fourth Estate }} The [1929–30 season](/wiki/1929%E2%80%9330_Serie_A "1929–30 Serie A") was the inaugural Serie A season and was won by [Internazionale](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") (called Ambrosiana at the time). The next 11 years were also dominated by [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") and [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909 "Bologna F.C. 1909"), when all of the Scudetti were won between the three of them, Juventus winning five times in a row, a record equalled by [Grande Torino](/wiki/Grande_Torino "Grande Torino") in 1949, by Internazionale in 2010, and Juventus itself in 2016, until they won again the next season in 2017 to overtake the record at six league titles in a row. The competition was truncated as the Championship was suspended in 1943 due to [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). A Championship was held in 1944, the [Campionato Alta Italia](/wiki/Campionato_Alta_Italia_1944 "Campionato Alta Italia 1944"), and won by [Spezia](/wiki/Spezia_Calcio "Spezia Calcio").{{Cite web\\| url \= https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital44\.html\\| title \= Italy 1943/44 (War Championship)\\| website \= \[\[RSSSF]]\\| access\-date \= 26 April 2007\\| archive\-date \= 25 April 2023\\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062950/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital44\.html\\| url\-status \= live}} The title was officially recognised as a decoration by FIGC in 2002\. Spezia is authorized by the Italian Federation to exhibit a tricolour badge on the official jerseys which is unique, being the only permanent one in Italy.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.acspezia1906\.it/LaStoria/lo\_scudetto\_del\_44\_4p.asp\\|language\=it\\|publisher\=Spezia Calcio 1906\\|access\-date\=26 April 2007\\|title\=Lo scudetto del '44 – 4a parte\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009063156/http://www.acspezia1906\.it/LaStoria/lo\_scudetto\_del\_44\_4p.asp \\|archive\-date\=9 October 2007}} The post\-war years were dominated by a [Torino](/wiki/Torino_F.C. "Torino F.C.") side known as Il Grande Torino ("The Great Torino"), a team which found a dramatic end in the [Superga](/wiki/Superga "Superga") air disaster in 1949\. The 1950s saw the gradual emergence of [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan"), with the help of [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") striker [Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl "Gunnar Nordahl"), who was Serie A's leading scorer (Italian: Capocannonieri) for five out of six seasons. [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") began to dominate throughout the 1970s and early 1980s with nine Scudetti in fifteen seasons while the 1990s saw Milan come to prominence. Serie A was dealt another blow by the [2006 Italian football scandal](/wiki/2006_Italian_football_scandal "2006 Italian football scandal") which involved alleged widespread match fixing implicating league champions [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC"), and other major teams including [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan"), [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina "ACF Fiorentina"), [Lazio](/wiki/S.S._Lazio "S.S. Lazio"), and [Reggina](/wiki/Reggina_Calcio "Reggina Calcio").{{Cite web \\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/4993482\.stm \\| title \= Serie A quartet will stand trial \\| publisher \= \[\[BBC Sport]] \\| date \= 23 June 2006 \\| access\-date \= 26 April 2007 \\| archive\-date \= 14 June 2006 \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20060614221732/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/4993482\.stm \\| url\-status \= live }} The FIGC ruled Juventus be stripped of their title, relegated to [Serie B](/wiki/Serie_B "Serie B"), and start the following season with a nine\-point deduction. The other clubs involved suffered similarly with relegation and points deduction.{{Cite web \\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/5164194\.stm \\| title \= Italian trio relegated to Serie B \\| publisher \= \[\[BBC Sport]] \\| date \= 14 July 2006 \\| access\-date \= 26 April 2007 \\| archive\-date \= 12 January 2016 \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160112135834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/5164194\.stm \\| url\-status \= live }}	[ "History\n-------", "### Campionato Italiano di Football", "[right\\\|thumb\\\|[Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\"), 1903 runners\\-up](/wiki/Image:Juventus_FC_in_1903.gif \"Juventus FC in 1903.gif\")\nThe first official national football tournament was organised in 1898 by the [Italian Football Federation](/wiki/Italian_Football_Federation \"Italian Football Federation\") (Italian: Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio, FIGC).{{Cite web\n \\\|url \\= http://www.figc.it/english/storia/storia\\_completa.htm\\#1898\n \\\|title \\= FIGC History – 1898\n \\\|access\\-date \\= 26 April 2007\n \\\|publisher \\= FIGC\n \\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070423025820/http://www.figc.it/english/storia/storia\\_completa.htm\\#1898\n \\\|archive\\-date \\= 23 April 2007\n \\\|url\\-status \\= dead\n}} This tournament, the final matches of the first [Italian Football Championship](/wiki/Italian_Football_Championship \"Italian Football Championship\"), were held in a single day on 8 May 1898 in [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\"). [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C. \"Genoa C.F.C.\") were crowned as champions, defeating [Internazionale F.C. Torino](/wiki/Internazionale_F.C._Torino \"Internazionale F.C. Torino\") by 3–1, following extra time. In the following years, the tournament was structured into regional groups with the winners of each group participating in a playoff with the eventual winners being declared champions. From 1904, the championship was called Prima Categoria.", "### Prima Categoria", "In November 1907, the FIF organised two championships in the same season:Chiesa, p. 18\\.\n1. Italian Championship, the main tournament where only Italian players were allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni d'Italia (Italian Champions) and would be awarded the Coppa Buni\n2. Federal Championship, a secondary tournament where foreign players (if they lived in Italy) were also allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni Federali (Federal Champions) and would be awarded the Coppa Spensley{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com\\_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1204\\_01\\_1908\\_0053\\_0005\\_17763765/anews,true/\\\|publisher\\=La Stampa\\\|title\\=La gran finale del Campionato Federale\\\|page\\=5\\\|date\\=22 February 1908\\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2012\\\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729200643/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com\\_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1204\\_01\\_1908\\_0053\\_0005\\_17763765/anews,true/\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nThe FIF wanted to organize two championships in order to allow weaker clubs composed only of Italian players (\"squadre pure italiane\", \"pure Italian teams\") to win the national title, and to relegate simultaneously the big clubs composed mostly of stronger foreign players (\"squadre spurie internazionali\", \"spurious international teams\") in a minor competition for a \"consolation prize\".{{cite news\\\|language\\=it\\\|url\\=http://www.byterfly.eu/islandora/object/libria:38456\\#page/10/mode/2up\\\|author\\=Giulio Corradino Corradini\\\|title\\=Federazione acefala\\\|publisher\\=La Stampa Sportiva\\\|date\\=7 June 1908\\\|pages\\=10–11\\\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=29 August 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829110124/http://www.byterfly.eu/islandora/object/libria:38456\\#page/10/mode/2up\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\\|language\\=it\\\|url\\=http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/mauto:ssport\\-00334\\-0008\\\|author\\=Giulio Corradino Corradini\\\|title\\=Ancora sulla questione dei Campionati. La parola ad un dissidente\\\|publisher\\=La Stampa Sportiva\\\|date\\=5 July 1908\\\|pages\\=7–8\\\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=30 August 2017\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830194022/http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/mauto:ssport\\-00334\\-0008\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\\|language\\=it\\\|url\\=http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/mauto:ssport\\-00343\\-0004\\\|author\\=Giulio Corradino Corradini\\\|title\\=Vexata quaestio\\\|publisher\\=La Stampa Sportiva\\\|date\\=6 September 1908\\\|page\\=4\\\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2015\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215303/http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/mauto:ssport\\-00343\\-0004\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The majority of big clubs (Genoa, Torino and Milan) withdrew from both the championships in order to protest against the [autarchical](/wiki/Autarky \"Autarky\") policy of the FIF. The Federal Championship was won by Juventus against Doria,{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com\\_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0004/articleid,1205\\_01\\_1908\\_0126\\_0004\\_17764343/anews,true/\\\|publisher\\=La Stampa\\\|title\\=La Finale di Campionato a Torino.\\\|page\\=4\\\|date\\=7 May 1908\\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2012\\\|archive\\-date\\=12 March 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312204938/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com\\_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0004/articleid,1205\\_01\\_1908\\_0126\\_0004\\_17764343/anews,true/\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} while The Italian Championship 1908 and Coppa Buni were won by Pro Vercelli, beating Juventus, Doria and US Milanese. However, the Federal Championship won by Juventus was later forgotten by FIGC, due to the boycott made by the dissident clubs.", "In the 1909 season, the two championships were organised again, with Coppa Oberti in lieu of Coppa Spensley for the Federal Championship. This time, the majority of big clubs decided to only withdraw from the Italian Championship in order to make the Federal competition the most relevant tournament, and to diminish the Italian one. The Federal Championship was won by Pro Vercelli, beating US Milanese in the Final, while the Italian Championship was won by Juventus, again beating US Milanese in the Final.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com\\_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1202\\_01\\_1909\\_0156\\_0005\\_24222738/anews,true/\\\|publisher\\=La Stampa\\\|title\\=Il F.C. Juventus vince il Campionato Italiano.\\\|page\\=5\\\|date\\=7 June 1909\\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2012\\\|archive\\-date\\=17 July 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717231631/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com\\_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1202\\_01\\_1909\\_0156\\_0005\\_24222738/anews,true/\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} However, the dissenters' strategy worked out: the failure of the Italian Championship won by Juventus forced the FIGC to later recognize the Federal Champions of Pro Vercelli as \"Campioni d'Italia 1909\", disavowing the other tournament.", "The format was modified for the [1909–10 season](/wiki/1909%E2%80%9310_Prima_Categoria \"1909–10 Prima Categoria\") which was played in a league format. Nine clubs participated, playing each other both home and away. The split between Federal and Italian championship was not completely abolished, because, while unifying these tournaments, it was decided for the last time to assign two titles at the end of the season, In fact, the FIGC established that the first placed club in the general classification would be proclaimed Federal Champions (now turned into the main title), while the best placed club among the four \"pure Italian teams\" would be recognized as Italian Champions (now the secondary title), depending on the head\\-to\\-head matches.Chiesa, pp. 24\\-25 At the end of the season, Pro Vercelli and Inter finished equal first, so a playoff was needed to assign the Federal title (the Italian one was won by Pro Vercelli). This season was the first victory for [Internazionale](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\"), who defeated [Pro Vercelli](/wiki/U.S._Pro_Vercelli_Calcio \"U.S. Pro Vercelli Calcio\") 10–3 in the final. Even the Italian title won by Pro Vercelli was later forgotten.{{Cite web\\\| url \\= https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italhist98\\-25\\.html\\\| title \\= Italy – Championship History 1898–1923\\\| website \\= \\[\\[RSSSF]]\\\| access\\-date \\= 26 April 2007\\\| archive\\-date \\= 2 December 2022\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20221202003729/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italhist98\\-25\\.html\\\| url\\-status \\= live}}", "In the [1910–11](/wiki/1910%E2%80%9311_Prima_Categoria \"1910–11 Prima Categoria\") season, teams from Veneto and Emilia were admitted for the first time. The championship was divided into two groups: Liguria\\-Piemonte\\-Lombardia group, the most important, and the Veneto\\-Emilia group. The winners of each group qualified to the Final for the title. The [1912–13](/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_Prima_Categoria \"1912–13 Prima Categoria\") season saw the competition nationalised with North and South divisions.{{Cite web\n \\\|url \\= http://www.figc.it/english/storia/storia\\_completa.htm\\#1913\n \\\|title \\= FIGC History – 1913\n \\\|access\\-date \\= 26 April 2007\n \\\|publisher \\= FIGC\n \\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070423025820/http://www.figc.it/english/storia/storia\\_completa.htm\\#1913\n \\\|archive\\-date \\= 23 April 2007\n \\\|url\\-status \\= dead\n}} The 1914–1915 Championship was suspended because of World War I while Genoa was first in the Northern Italy Finals and only when the war ended, in 1919, did the FIGC decide to award the 1915 title to Genoa. In 1916, [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\") won the Coppa Federale, which for that season was a substitute for the championship, which had been suspended because of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\").{{Cite web\n\\\| url \\= https://www.rsssf.org/tablesj/juvemilan.html\n\\\| title \\= Juventus vs Milan\n\\\| website \\= \\[\\[RSSSF]]\n\\\| access\\-date \\= 26 April 2007\n\\\| archive\\-date \\= 21 April 2023\n\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20230421134955/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesj/juvemilan.html\n\\\| url\\-status \\= live\n}} The tournament that year was limited to clubs from the north, with the exception of Pro Vercelli, but was not treated as an official trophy or recognised by the FIGC as an Italian title.", "### Prima Divisione", "Controversy hit the Championship in the 1921–22 season which saw the major clubs (including Pro Vercelli, [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909 \"Bologna F.C. 1909\") and Juventus) in dispute with the FIGC. The best 24 teams had asked for a reduction in clubs in the top division in accordance with a plan drawn up by [Vittorio Pozzo](/wiki/Vittorio_Pozzo \"Vittorio Pozzo\"), the [Italy national team](/wiki/Italy_national_football_team \"Italy national football team\") coach. Pozzo's plan was dismissed and the CCI (Italian: Confederazione Calcistica Italiana) was founded and organised a [1921–22 CCI league](/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_Prima_Divisione_%28CCI%29 \"1921–22 Prima Divisione (CCI)\") (Prima Divisione) to run concurrently with the [1921–22 season](/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_Prima_Categoria_%28FIGC%29 \"1921–22 Prima Categoria (FIGC)\") (Prima Categoria) organised by the FIGC.{{Cite web\n\\\| url \\= https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italchamp.html\n\\\| title \\= Italy – List of Champions\n\\\| website \\= \\[\\[RSSSF]]\n\\\| access\\-date \\= 26 April 2007\n\\\| archive\\-date \\= 2 September 2011\n\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110902044552/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/italchamp.html\n\\\| url\\-status \\= live\n}} Therefore, that season saw two champions: Novese (FIGC) and Pro Vercelli (CCI). The schism ended when FIGC agreed to reduce the Northern Championship of 1922–23 to only 36 clubs (\"Compromesso Colombo/Colombo compromise\"); from 1923–24 the Northern Championship was reduced to 24 clubs divided into two groups.[Annuario 1931](http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&f=38&p=1&c=1#page/20/mode/2up) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715025904/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?\\&f\\=38\\&p\\=1\\&c\\=1\\#page/20/mode/2up \\\|date\\=15 July 2014 }}, pp. 18–19\\.", "### Divisione Nazionale", "The Carta di Viareggio/[Viareggio](/wiki/Viareggio \"Viareggio\") charter (1926\\) was drawn up to legalise professionalism, ban foreign players, and rationalise the championship creating a new national top league where Northern and Southern teams would play in the same championship: Divisione Nazionale. 17 teams from Lega Nord (Northern League) were admitted to the new Championship along with 3 teams from Lega Sud (Southern League) for 20 teams, divided into two national groups of 10 teams each.", "Further scandal followed in the [1926–27 season](/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_Divisione_Nazionale \"1926–27 Divisione Nazionale\") when title\\-winners [Torino Football Club](/wiki/Torino_F.C. \"Torino F.C.\") were stripped of their Scudetto following an FIGC investigation. A Torino official was found to have bribed opposing defender [Luigi Allemandi](/wiki/Luigi_Allemandi \"Luigi Allemandi\") in Torino's match against Juventus on 5 June 1927, and thus the season finished with no declared champions.\n{{Cite web\n \\\|url\\=http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/internationals/article1166526\\.ece \n \\\|title\\=Italy are fabulously flawed \n \\\|author\\=James Lawton \n \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \n \\\|date\\=8 July 2006 \n \\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2007 \n \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194228/http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/internationals/article1166526\\.ece \n \\\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2007 \n}}", "### Serie A", "In 1929 Divisione Nazionale (two groups of 16 teams each) split into two Championships: Divisione Nazionale [Serie A](/wiki/Serie_A \"Serie A\") (the new Top Division) and Divisione Nazionale [Serie B](/wiki/Serie_B \"Serie B\") (the new second level of Italian Football).[Annuario 1931, p. 40\\.](http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&f=38&p=1&c=1#page/42/mode/2up) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715025904/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?\\&f\\=38\\&p\\=1\\&c\\=1\\#page/42/mode/2up \\\|date\\=15 July 2014 }} \"Il campionato di Divisione Nazionale è diviso in due serie: A e B\" (The Championship of Divisione Nazionale is divided into two Serie: A and B\").{{Cite book\n\\\| title \\= Calcio – a history of Italian Football\n\\\| author \\= John Foot\n\\\| year \\= 2006\n\\\| isbn \\= 0007175744\n\\\| publisher \\= Fourth Estate\n}} The [1929–30 season](/wiki/1929%E2%80%9330_Serie_A \"1929–30 Serie A\") was the inaugural Serie A season and was won by [Internazionale](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") (called Ambrosiana at the time). The next 11 years were also dominated by [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") and [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909 \"Bologna F.C. 1909\"), when all of the Scudetti were won between the three of them, Juventus winning five times in a row, a record equalled by [Grande Torino](/wiki/Grande_Torino \"Grande Torino\") in 1949, by Internazionale in 2010, and Juventus itself in 2016, until they won again the next season in 2017 to overtake the record at six league titles in a row. The competition was truncated as the Championship was suspended in 1943 due to [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). A Championship was held in 1944, the [Campionato Alta Italia](/wiki/Campionato_Alta_Italia_1944 \"Campionato Alta Italia 1944\"), and won by [Spezia](/wiki/Spezia_Calcio \"Spezia Calcio\").{{Cite web\\\| url \\= https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital44\\.html\\\| title \\= Italy 1943/44 (War Championship)\\\| website \\= \\[\\[RSSSF]]\\\| access\\-date \\= 26 April 2007\\\| archive\\-date \\= 25 April 2023\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062950/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital44\\.html\\\| url\\-status \\= live}} The title was officially recognised as a decoration by FIGC in 2002\\.", "Spezia is authorized by the Italian Federation to exhibit a tricolour badge on the official jerseys which is unique, being the only permanent one in Italy.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.acspezia1906\\.it/LaStoria/lo\\_scudetto\\_del\\_44\\_4p.asp\\\|language\\=it\\\|publisher\\=Spezia Calcio 1906\\\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2007\\\|title\\=Lo scudetto del '44 – 4a parte\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009063156/http://www.acspezia1906\\.it/LaStoria/lo\\_scudetto\\_del\\_44\\_4p.asp \\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2007}}", "The post\\-war years were dominated by a [Torino](/wiki/Torino_F.C. \"Torino F.C.\") side known as Il Grande Torino (\"The Great Torino\"), a team which found a dramatic end in the [Superga](/wiki/Superga \"Superga\") air disaster in 1949\\. The 1950s saw the gradual emergence of [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\"), with the help of [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") striker [Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl \"Gunnar Nordahl\"), who was Serie A's leading scorer (Italian: Capocannonieri) for five out of six seasons. [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") began to dominate throughout the 1970s and early 1980s with nine Scudetti in fifteen seasons while the 1990s saw Milan come to prominence.", "Serie A was dealt another blow by the [2006 Italian football scandal](/wiki/2006_Italian_football_scandal \"2006 Italian football scandal\") which involved alleged widespread match fixing implicating league champions [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\"), and other major teams including [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\"), [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina \"ACF Fiorentina\"), [Lazio](/wiki/S.S._Lazio \"S.S. Lazio\"), and [Reggina](/wiki/Reggina_Calcio \"Reggina Calcio\").{{Cite web\n\\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/4993482\\.stm\n\\\| title \\= Serie A quartet will stand trial\n\\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[BBC Sport]]\n\\\| date \\= 23 June 2006\n\\\| access\\-date \\= 26 April 2007\n\\\| archive\\-date \\= 14 June 2006\n\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060614221732/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/4993482\\.stm\n\\\| url\\-status \\= live\n}} The FIGC ruled Juventus be stripped of their title, relegated to [Serie B](/wiki/Serie_B \"Serie B\"), and start the following season with a nine\\-point deduction. The other clubs involved suffered similarly with relegation and points deduction.{{Cite web\n\\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/5164194\\.stm\n\\\| title \\= Italian trio relegated to Serie B\n\\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[BBC Sport]]\n\\\| date \\= 14 July 2006\n\\\| access\\-date \\= 26 April 2007\n\\\| archive\\-date \\= 12 January 2016\n\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160112135834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/5164194\\.stm\n\\\| url\\-status \\= live\n}}", "" ]
Career ------ ### Performing arts Latham spent a year with the Sammy Davis Jr touring company and then first appeared in [The Dean Martin Show](/wiki/The_Dean_Martin_Show "The Dean Martin Show") as a dancer in 1969 in the fifth season. In 1970 she auditioned alongside hundreds of applicants for a spot with the Ding\-a\-Lings on the show. She was chosen to be one of the four Ding\-a\-ling Sisters for the 1971\-1972 season and as the oldest of the four was sometimes called by her fellow Ding\-a\-Lings "mother". Latham was also interviewed by [Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson "Johnny Carson") after landing the role. She remained through the first half of the 1972\-1973 season. In 1976 Latham appeared in nine episodes of [The Brady Bunch Variety Hour](/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch_Variety_Hour "The Brady Bunch Variety Hour") working as a synchronized swimmer on television with [The Krofftettes](/wiki/The_Krofftettes "The Krofftettes"), and also in [The Big Show](/wiki/The_Big_Show_%28TV_series%29 "The Big Show (TV series)"). She was then cast as an immortal muse in the film [Xanadu](/wiki/Xanadu_%28film%29 "Xanadu (film)") (1980\) starring opposite [Olivia Newton\-John](/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John "Olivia Newton-John").Parish, J. R., Pitts, M. R. (1992\). The Great Hollywood Musical Pictures. p772, United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press. Roles then followed in the films [History of the World: Part I](/wiki/History_of_the_World:Part_I "Part I") (1981\), [The Great Muppet Caper](/wiki/The_Great_Muppet_Caper "The Great Muppet Caper") (1981\) and [Annie](/wiki/Annie_%281982_film%29 "Annie (1982 film)") (1982\). However, in the mid\-80s, Latham moved behind the camera for a time working with casting and production and moved more firmly into fashion design. ### Later career \- fashion and design Before Latham had joined the Dean Martin Show, she already had keen hobby, designing her own clothes. She began mixing fashion design with acting. She was making her own costumes and whilst on the road was sewing for her dancing teammates. She then moved on to making chamois skin bikinis in her hotel room between shows. She then expanded to recycled denim and T\-shirts jazzed up with rhinestones. By 1974 these were being sold at a number of shops under her label "LL". In 1974 she also moved into designing tailored sportswear. At the same time, she continued to work in the theatrical business.Ding\-A\-Ling hits the fashion bell, The Los Angeles Times, March 15, 1974, p71 Lynne later lived in India for several years as a colorist. Latham became an accomplished pattern maker, and built her experience and construction expertise in leather goods, luggage, briefcases, wallets, and other accessories. She did freelance work, designing designing jeans for Guess and also wardrobe for celebrities, amongst whom included [Cher](/wiki/Cher "Cher").[Zandra Rhodes Handbag Launch, 2007](https://www.apparelsearch.com/news/articles/fashion/2007/3.22.07/zandra_rhodes_handbag_collection_launch.htm#:~:text=Lynne%20Latham%20will%20head%20up%20the%20design%20team%20and%20shares) She then became Designer and Product Development Manager for Junior Drake Handbags before moving to California based Girari Design. With Girari, she headed up the design team to collaborate with [Zandra Rhodes](/wiki/Zandra_Rhodes "Zandra Rhodes") in designing the 2007 Handbag collection. Latham became a certified Permaculture Designer and LEED Accredited Professional, specializing in sustainable design after studying architecture and interior design at [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA") in the 2000s.	[ "Career\n------", "### Performing arts", "Latham spent a year with the Sammy Davis Jr touring company and then first appeared in [The Dean Martin Show](/wiki/The_Dean_Martin_Show \"The Dean Martin Show\") as a dancer in 1969 in the fifth season. In 1970 she auditioned alongside hundreds of applicants for a spot with the Ding\\-a\\-Lings on the show. She was chosen to be one of the four Ding\\-a\\-ling Sisters for the 1971\\-1972 season and as the oldest of the four was sometimes called by her fellow Ding\\-a\\-Lings \"mother\". Latham was also interviewed by [Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson \"Johnny Carson\") after landing the role. She remained through the first half of the 1972\\-1973 season. In 1976 Latham appeared in nine episodes of [The Brady Bunch Variety Hour](/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch_Variety_Hour \"The Brady Bunch Variety Hour\") working as a synchronized swimmer on television with [The Krofftettes](/wiki/The_Krofftettes \"The Krofftettes\"), and also in [The Big Show](/wiki/The_Big_Show_%28TV_series%29 \"The Big Show (TV series)\").", "She was then cast as an immortal muse in the film [Xanadu](/wiki/Xanadu_%28film%29 \"Xanadu (film)\") (1980\\) starring opposite [Olivia Newton\\-John](/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John \"Olivia Newton-John\").Parish, J. R., Pitts, M. R. (1992\\). The Great Hollywood Musical Pictures. p772, United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press. Roles then followed in the films [History of the World: Part I](/wiki/History_of_the_World:Part_I \"Part I\") (1981\\), [The Great Muppet Caper](/wiki/The_Great_Muppet_Caper \"The Great Muppet Caper\") (1981\\) and [Annie](/wiki/Annie_%281982_film%29 \"Annie (1982 film)\") (1982\\).", "However, in the mid\\-80s, Latham moved behind the camera for a time working with casting and production and moved more firmly into fashion design.", "### Later career \\- fashion and design", "Before Latham had joined the Dean Martin Show, she already had keen hobby, designing her own clothes. She began mixing fashion design with acting. She was making her own costumes and whilst on the road was sewing for her dancing teammates. She then moved on to making chamois skin bikinis in her hotel room between shows. She then expanded to recycled denim and T\\-shirts jazzed up with rhinestones. By 1974 these were being sold at a number of shops under her label \"LL\". In 1974 she also moved into designing tailored sportswear. At the same time, she continued to work in the theatrical business.Ding\\-A\\-Ling hits the fashion bell, The Los Angeles Times, March 15, 1974, p71", "Lynne later lived in India for several years as a colorist. Latham became an accomplished pattern maker, and built her experience and construction expertise in leather goods, luggage, briefcases, wallets, and other accessories. She did freelance work, designing designing jeans for Guess and also wardrobe for celebrities, amongst whom included [Cher](/wiki/Cher \"Cher\").[Zandra Rhodes Handbag Launch, 2007](https://www.apparelsearch.com/news/articles/fashion/2007/3.22.07/zandra_rhodes_handbag_collection_launch.htm#:~:text=Lynne%20Latham%20will%20head%20up%20the%20design%20team%20and%20shares)", "She then became Designer and Product Development Manager for Junior Drake Handbags before moving to California based Girari Design. With Girari, she headed up the design team to collaborate with [Zandra Rhodes](/wiki/Zandra_Rhodes \"Zandra Rhodes\") in designing the 2007 Handbag collection.", "Latham became a certified Permaculture Designer and LEED Accredited Professional, specializing in sustainable design after studying architecture and interior design at [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\") in the 2000s.", "" ]
Plot ---- Formerly successful record label executive Dan Mulligan lives in New York City, estranged from his wife Miriam and struggling to keep up with the changing music industry. After being fired, he goes on a drinking binge, leading him to a bar on the [Lower East Side](/wiki/Lower_East_Side "Lower East Side") where he encounters Gretta James. Gretta is a young, fiercely independent songwriter from England, who just broke up with her longtime boyfriend and songwriting partner, Dave Kohl. A newly successful musician, he has had an affair with a production assistant. Captivated by Gretta's music, Dan offers to sign her to his former record label, and although initially refusing, she reconsiders and agrees. Dan and Gretta meet with Saul, Dan's business partner and co\-founder of the record label, but he does not see the same potential in her, turning her away. Undeterred, Dan proposes they produce their own album together, to be recorded live during the summer at various public locations around the city. Recruiting a team of talented musicians, including Steve (a [busker](/wiki/Street_performance "Street performance") and an old best friend of Gretta's), Dan sets out to make an album worthy of being published. During this time, Dan and Gretta bond both personally and professionally, and she takes his teenage daughter Violet, a fledgling guitarist, under her wing and encourages her to play on the album. When Gretta sees Dave accepting an award on television, she criticizes him for selling out to the music industry and, with the help of Steve, she expresses her grievances with him in a song which she records on his voicemail. A remorseful Dave, back in New York promoting his new album, returns her call and asks to see her. After some consideration, she decides to meet with him and they critique each other's albums. Gretta feels betrayed by Dave's heavily commercialized rendition of "[Lost Stars](/wiki/Lost_Stars "Lost Stars")" (a love ballad she had written and composed for him as a Christmas present) and believes the true meaning of the song has been lost. He tells her the audiences love the way he plays it, and that their energy fills the room. He believes that music is about sharing it with people, but Gretta insists it is not what she intended for that song. Nevertheless, Dave invites her to come and hear him play the song at the [Gramercy Theatre](/wiki/Gramercy_Theatre "Gramercy Theatre") that weekend so that she can see how his fans react to it. When the album is finished, Dan and Gretta meet again with Saul, who is very impressed with their collaboration. She demands Saul give Dan his job back and her a bigger share in the deal. They leave without reaching an agreement, but Dan feels confident that Saul will eventually sign on Gretta. Later, after receiving a text message from Dave reminding her of his concert and much consideration, Gretta arrives at the venue just in time to watch Dave play her original arrangement of the song. Watching him play, Gretta is initially happy to hear their song as she envisioned, but when the audience starts to cheer as it climaxes, she realizes that too much has changed. She leaves the concert and cycles through the city with a feeling of newfound hope and closure as a dejected Dave continues to perform. Afterward, Gretta visits Dan at his apartment as he prepares to move back home, having made amends with his wife. She tells him she does not want him to release her album, instead preferring to distribute it online for $1\. Although Dan returns to work with Saul, he agrees to let Gretta release the album online and helps her to promote the release. The next day, Saul jokingly fires Dan for promoting Gretta's album and informs him that it sold 10,000 copies on its first day of release.	[ "Plot\n----", "Formerly successful record label executive Dan Mulligan lives in New York City, estranged from his wife Miriam and struggling to keep up with the changing music industry. After being fired, he goes on a drinking binge, leading him to a bar on the [Lower East Side](/wiki/Lower_East_Side \"Lower East Side\") where he encounters Gretta James.", "Gretta is a young, fiercely independent songwriter from England, who just broke up with her longtime boyfriend and songwriting partner, Dave Kohl. A newly successful musician, he has had an affair with a production assistant. Captivated by Gretta's music, Dan offers to sign her to his former record label, and although initially refusing, she reconsiders and agrees.", "Dan and Gretta meet with Saul, Dan's business partner and co\\-founder of the record label, but he does not see the same potential in her, turning her away. Undeterred, Dan proposes they produce their own album together, to be recorded live during the summer at various public locations around the city. Recruiting a team of talented musicians, including Steve (a [busker](/wiki/Street_performance \"Street performance\") and an old best friend of Gretta's), Dan sets out to make an album worthy of being published. During this time, Dan and Gretta bond both personally and professionally, and she takes his teenage daughter Violet, a fledgling guitarist, under her wing and encourages her to play on the album.", "When Gretta sees Dave accepting an award on television, she criticizes him for selling out to the music industry and, with the help of Steve, she expresses her grievances with him in a song which she records on his voicemail. A remorseful Dave, back in New York promoting his new album, returns her call and asks to see her. After some consideration, she decides to meet with him and they critique each other's albums.", "Gretta feels betrayed by Dave's heavily commercialized rendition of \"[Lost Stars](/wiki/Lost_Stars \"Lost Stars\")\" (a love ballad she had written and composed for him as a Christmas present) and believes the true meaning of the song has been lost. He tells her the audiences love the way he plays it, and that their energy fills the room. He believes that music is about sharing it with people, but Gretta insists it is not what she intended for that song. Nevertheless, Dave invites her to come and hear him play the song at the [Gramercy Theatre](/wiki/Gramercy_Theatre \"Gramercy Theatre\") that weekend so that she can see how his fans react to it.", "When the album is finished, Dan and Gretta meet again with Saul, who is very impressed with their collaboration. She demands Saul give Dan his job back and her a bigger share in the deal. They leave without reaching an agreement, but Dan feels confident that Saul will eventually sign on Gretta. Later, after receiving a text message from Dave reminding her of his concert and much consideration, Gretta arrives at the venue just in time to watch Dave play her original arrangement of the song.", "Watching him play, Gretta is initially happy to hear their song as she envisioned, but when the audience starts to cheer as it climaxes, she realizes that too much has changed. She leaves the concert and cycles through the city with a feeling of newfound hope and closure as a dejected Dave continues to perform.", "Afterward, Gretta visits Dan at his apartment as he prepares to move back home, having made amends with his wife. She tells him she does not want him to release her album, instead preferring to distribute it online for $1\\. Although Dan returns to work with Saul, he agrees to let Gretta release the album online and helps her to promote the release. The next day, Saul jokingly fires Dan for promoting Gretta's album and informs him that it sold 10,000 copies on its first day of release.", "" ]
History ------- The school was first opened in 1893 for 20 students. It was founded by Civil War Medal of Honor recipient Rev. William Pittenger. {{Cite web \\|date\=2018\-07\-29 \\|title\=Pittenger House – History \\|url\=https://www.fallbrookhistoricalsociety.org/fallbrook\-historical\-society\-home/museums/the\-heritage\-center/pittengerhouse/pittenger\-house\-2/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-13 \\|website\=Fallbrook Historical Society \\|language\=en}} In 1911, the Fallbrook High School board voted for a $20,000 20\-year bond for construction of a new high school. In the 1930s, the Public Works Administration Project approved a grant of $34,000, 45% of the cost of a new auditorium\-gymnasium\-cafeteria, a pool and grading of a sports field. In 1934–1938, the student body voted on the school colors of red and white. The athletic teams were named "The Warriors" in honor of the large number of Native\-Americans in the student body.{{citation needed\\|date\=December 2018}} In 1939, Fallbrook Union High School was rated the most outstanding high school in the country by Chicago Farm Foundation.{{citation needed\\|date\=December 2018}} In 1946, the State Department of Education rated Fallbrook to be the best small high school in California. In 1948, the State of California declared that the main part of the school building did not meet earthquake standards and was condemned. A new building was built the following year. In 1953, a $325,000 bond was passed to move the school to a site south of town. The 46,000\-square\-foot project was delayed due to county\-wide strikes by brick masons and an unusually rainy year. In 1967, a $900,000 bond was passed to add a cafeteria, classrooms and bus\-loading facilities. In 1994, a $23 million bond to improve the facilities and to ease the overcrowding problem was approved by Fallbrook voters. The project included a new gym, performing arts center, agriculture center, media center and vocational arts buildings. Dr. Robert Thomas also retired in 1994 and Joe Diminicantanio was appointed superintendent. Enrollment had reached an all\-time record of 2,300 students. Construction began during summer 1996 on the five new buildings. Included are a $3\.3 million, 27,000\-square\-foot gymnasium; $5 million performing arts center; $834,000 agricultural center; $4\.5 million media center and a $2 million vocational arts building. The project took almost 6 years to complete with the last building opening in the fall of 2000\. The impressive Bob Burton Center for the Performing Arts is a joint community\-school facility and is named after Bob Burton, the Student Activities Director of thirty years. In 1997, Diminicantanio retired and Thomas Anthony was appointed as superintendent. As of 2007, the Fallbrook High School campus is home to a wide range of comprehensive high school offerings and is also home to Oasis and Ivy High School. Collectively the campus provides educational facilities for more than 3,000 students. {{cite web\\|url\=http://www.fallbrookhs.org/FHS/1204\-Untitled.html\\|title\=FHS History • Page \- Fallbrook High School\\|publisher\=}} In 2016, district residents approved issuing $45 million in bonds for upgrading classrooms and facilities and improving school security. The initiative was passed by 64\.75% of voters. {{cite web\\|url\=https://ballotpedia.org/Fallbrook\_Union\_High\_School\_District,\_California,\_Bond\_Issue,\_Measure\_AA\_(November\_2016\)\\|title\=Fallbrook Union High School District, California, Bond Issue, Measure AA (November 2016\) \- Ballotpedia\\|publisher\=}} ### Student population * 1893: 20 students * 1934–1938: 160 students * 1950: 244 students * 1953: 539 students * 1958: 750 students * 1978: 1875 students * 1994: 2300 students * 2007: more than 3000{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.fuhsd.net/FHS/1204\-Untitled.html\\|title\=FHS History • Page \- Fallbrook High School\\|publisher\=}} * 2015–2016: 2071 students{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.fuhsd.net/files/user/217/file/SARC%20FHS.pdf \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=October 9, 2017 \\|archive\-date\=October 10, 2017 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010104435/http://www.fuhsd.net/files/user/217/file/SARC%20FHS.pdf \\|url\-status\=dead }}	[ "History\n-------", "The school was first opened in 1893 for 20 students. It was founded by Civil War Medal of Honor recipient Rev. William Pittenger. {{Cite web \\\|date\\=2018\\-07\\-29 \\\|title\\=Pittenger House – History \\\|url\\=https://www.fallbrookhistoricalsociety.org/fallbrook\\-historical\\-society\\-home/museums/the\\-heritage\\-center/pittengerhouse/pittenger\\-house\\-2/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-13 \\\|website\\=Fallbrook Historical Society \\\|language\\=en}}", "In 1911, the Fallbrook High School board voted for a $20,000 20\\-year bond for construction of a new high school.", "In the 1930s, the Public Works Administration Project approved a grant of $34,000, 45% of the cost of a new auditorium\\-gymnasium\\-cafeteria, a pool and grading of a sports field.", "In 1934–1938, the student body voted on the school colors of red and white. The athletic teams were named \"The Warriors\" in honor of the large number of Native\\-Americans in the student body.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=December 2018}}", "In 1939, Fallbrook Union High School was rated the most outstanding high school in the country by Chicago Farm Foundation.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=December 2018}}", "In 1946, the State Department of Education rated Fallbrook to be the best small high school in California.", "In 1948, the State of California declared that the main part of the school building did not meet earthquake standards and was condemned. A new building was built the following year.", "In 1953, a $325,000 bond was passed to move the school to a site south of town. The 46,000\\-square\\-foot project was delayed due to county\\-wide strikes by brick masons and an unusually rainy year.", "In 1967, a $900,000 bond was passed to add a cafeteria, classrooms and bus\\-loading facilities.", "In 1994, a $23 million bond to improve the facilities and to ease the overcrowding problem was approved by Fallbrook voters. The project included a new gym, performing arts center, agriculture center, media center and vocational arts buildings.", "Dr. Robert Thomas also retired in 1994 and Joe Diminicantanio was appointed superintendent. Enrollment had reached an all\\-time record of 2,300 students.", "Construction began during summer 1996 on the five new buildings. Included are a $3\\.3 million, 27,000\\-square\\-foot gymnasium; $5 million performing arts center; $834,000 agricultural center; $4\\.5 million media center and a $2 million vocational arts building. The project took almost 6 years to complete with the last building opening in the fall of 2000\\. The impressive Bob Burton Center for the Performing Arts is a joint community\\-school facility and is named after Bob Burton, the Student Activities Director of thirty years.", "In 1997, Diminicantanio retired and Thomas Anthony was appointed as superintendent.", "As of 2007, the Fallbrook High School campus is home to a wide range of comprehensive high school offerings and is also home to Oasis and Ivy High School. Collectively the campus provides educational facilities for more than 3,000 students.\n{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.fallbrookhs.org/FHS/1204\\-Untitled.html\\\|title\\=FHS History • Page \\- Fallbrook High School\\\|publisher\\=}}", "In 2016, district residents approved issuing $45 million in bonds for upgrading classrooms and facilities and improving school security. The initiative was passed by 64\\.75% of voters.\n{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://ballotpedia.org/Fallbrook\\_Union\\_High\\_School\\_District,\\_California,\\_Bond\\_Issue,\\_Measure\\_AA\\_(November\\_2016\\)\\\|title\\=Fallbrook Union High School District, California, Bond Issue, Measure AA (November 2016\\) \\- Ballotpedia\\\|publisher\\=}}", "### Student population", "* 1893: 20 students\n* 1934–1938: 160 students\n* 1950: 244 students\n* 1953: 539 students\n* 1958: 750 students\n* 1978: 1875 students\n* 1994: 2300 students\n* 2007: more than 3000{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.fuhsd.net/FHS/1204\\-Untitled.html\\\|title\\=FHS History • Page \\- Fallbrook High School\\\|publisher\\=}}\n* 2015–2016: 2071 students{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.fuhsd.net/files/user/217/file/SARC%20FHS.pdf \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2017 \\\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2017 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010104435/http://www.fuhsd.net/files/user/217/file/SARC%20FHS.pdf \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}" ]
War history ----------- ### 1863 #### 6 March On 6 March, the Fifty\-third was ordered to [Baton Rouge](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana "Baton Rouge, Louisiana") and, on the 12th, was sent on a [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance "Reconnaissance") up the river, where it encountered, and drove in, the enemy's [pickets](/wiki/Picket_%28military%29 "Picket (military)"). On the 13th, it marched with the division in the expedition to [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana "Port Hudson, Louisiana"); but arriving after the object of the expedition was accomplished, it returned to Baton Rouge. On 1 April it was ordered to [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers%2C_Louisiana "Algiers, Louisiana") with the rest of the division, and, on the 9th, took passage for Brashear City, to join in the movement through the [Teche](/wiki/Bayou_Teche "Bayou Teche") country, which began 11 April. The enemy having been encountered at Pattersonville on the 13th, the Fifty\-third was engaged in supporting a [battery](/wiki/Artillery_battery "Artillery battery"), and skirmishing towards the fortifications, when it was under fire of [musketry](/wiki/Musket "Musket") and [shell](/wiki/Shell_%28projectile%29 "Shell (projectile)") for five hours. The flag of the Fifty\-third was the first to be placed upon the ramparts of Fort Brisland. The regiment lost in this action one officer and thirteen privates, killed and wounded. But eight companies were engaged, two being on detached service. #### 15 March On the 15th, it marched with the division in pursuit of the retreating enemy, with an occasional skirmish, and reached [Opelousas](/wiki/Opelousas%2C_Louisiana "Opelousas, Louisiana") on the 20th, where it remained a fortnight, employed in drill and picket duty. #### 24 May The army having moved towards [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana "Port Hudson, Louisiana"), the Fifty\-third was detailed as guard for the engineer corps, and led the column. Encountering the enemy's skirmishers, the regiment was immediately moved forward; three companies, thrown out as skirmishers, soon became engaged with the enemy, and succeeded in driving them back, so that the engineer corps could proceed in its labours. #### 27 May The day of the general attack upon [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana "Port Hudson, Louisiana"), the regiment was ordered forward, and was soon under fire of shot and shell. It moved to the front to support a battery, and to the front line of skirmishers. By this time, it had lost thirty killed and wounded. #### 28 May It joined the brigade, and remained until 1 June, engaged in picket duty, and fortifying the position; it was then ordered to occupy rifle pits at the front, and sustained a loss of five men, killed and wounded. #### 5 June It marched as a part of the expedition to [Clinton](/wiki/Clinton%2C_Louisiana "Clinton, Louisiana"), which occupied four days, and resulted in driving the enemy from that locality. On the 13th it was ordered to join in the assault upon the fortifications at [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana "Port Hudson, Louisiana"). This assault cost the regiment heavily. Of the three hundred officers and men (being but eight companies) who were sent in, seven officers and seventy\-nine men were killed and wounded. #### 19 June The Fifty\-third was ordered to the front in support of a battery, where it remained till the surrender of Port Hudson, 9 July. It was then ordered on picket duty five miles from Port Hudson, when it marched with the brigade to Baton Rouge. On the 15th it embarked for [Donaldsonville](/wiki/Donaldsonville%2C_Louisiana "Donaldsonville, Louisiana") and remained in camp, engaged in drill and picket duty until 2 August when it returned to Baton Rouge, and, on the 12th, was ordered to [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") by way of [Cairo, Illinois](/wiki/Cairo%2C_Illinois "Cairo, Illinois"). It arrived at Cairo 19 August, and at [Fitchburg, Massachusetts](/wiki/Fitchburg%2C_Massachusetts "Fitchburg, Massachusetts"), the 24th, where, after a public reception, it was furloughed one week, and mustered out of service 2 September, by Captain I. R. Lawrence.	[ "War history\n-----------", "### 1863", "#### 6 March", "On 6 March, the Fifty\\-third was ordered to [Baton Rouge](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana \"Baton Rouge, Louisiana\") and, on the 12th, was sent on a [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance \"Reconnaissance\") up the river, where it encountered, and drove in, the enemy's [pickets](/wiki/Picket_%28military%29 \"Picket (military)\"). On the 13th, it marched with the division in the expedition to [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana \"Port Hudson, Louisiana\"); but arriving after the object of the expedition was accomplished, it returned to Baton Rouge. On 1 April it was ordered to [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers%2C_Louisiana \"Algiers, Louisiana\") with the rest of the division, and, on the 9th, took passage for Brashear City, to join in the movement through the [Teche](/wiki/Bayou_Teche \"Bayou Teche\") country, which began 11 April. The enemy having been encountered at Pattersonville on the 13th, the Fifty\\-third was engaged in supporting a [battery](/wiki/Artillery_battery \"Artillery battery\"), and skirmishing towards the fortifications, when it was under fire of [musketry](/wiki/Musket \"Musket\") and [shell](/wiki/Shell_%28projectile%29 \"Shell (projectile)\") for five hours. The flag of the Fifty\\-third was the first to be placed upon the ramparts of Fort Brisland.", "The regiment lost in this action one officer and thirteen privates, killed and wounded. But eight companies were engaged, two being on detached service.", "#### 15 March", "On the 15th, it marched with the division in pursuit of the retreating enemy, with an occasional skirmish, and reached [Opelousas](/wiki/Opelousas%2C_Louisiana \"Opelousas, Louisiana\") on the 20th, where it remained a fortnight, employed in drill and picket duty.", "#### 24 May", "The army having moved towards [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana \"Port Hudson, Louisiana\"), the Fifty\\-third was detailed as guard for the engineer corps, and led the column. Encountering the enemy's skirmishers, the regiment was immediately moved forward; three companies, thrown out as skirmishers, soon became engaged with the enemy, and succeeded in driving them back, so that the engineer corps could proceed in its labours.", "#### 27 May", "The day of the general attack upon [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana \"Port Hudson, Louisiana\"), the regiment was ordered forward, and was soon under fire of shot and shell. It moved to the front to support a battery, and to the front line of skirmishers. By this time, it had lost thirty killed and wounded.", "#### 28 May", "It joined the brigade, and remained until 1 June, engaged in picket duty, and fortifying the position; it was then ordered to occupy rifle pits at the front, and sustained a loss of five men, killed and wounded.", "#### 5 June", "It marched as a part of the expedition to [Clinton](/wiki/Clinton%2C_Louisiana \"Clinton, Louisiana\"), which occupied four days, and resulted in driving the enemy from that locality. On the 13th it was ordered to join in the assault upon the fortifications at [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana \"Port Hudson, Louisiana\"). This assault cost the regiment heavily. Of the three hundred officers and men (being but eight companies) who were sent in, seven officers and seventy\\-nine men were killed and wounded.", "#### 19 June", "The Fifty\\-third was ordered to the front in support of a battery, where it remained till the surrender of Port Hudson, 9 July. It was then ordered on picket duty five miles from Port Hudson, when it marched with the brigade to Baton Rouge. On the 15th it embarked for [Donaldsonville](/wiki/Donaldsonville%2C_Louisiana \"Donaldsonville, Louisiana\") and remained in camp, engaged in drill and picket duty until 2 August when it returned to Baton Rouge, and, on the 12th, was ordered to [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") by way of [Cairo, Illinois](/wiki/Cairo%2C_Illinois \"Cairo, Illinois\"). It arrived at Cairo 19 August, and at [Fitchburg, Massachusetts](/wiki/Fitchburg%2C_Massachusetts \"Fitchburg, Massachusetts\"), the 24th, where, after a public reception, it was furloughed one week, and mustered out of service 2 September, by Captain I. R. Lawrence.", "" ]
### 1863 #### 6 March On 6 March, the Fifty\-third was ordered to [Baton Rouge](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana "Baton Rouge, Louisiana") and, on the 12th, was sent on a [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance "Reconnaissance") up the river, where it encountered, and drove in, the enemy's [pickets](/wiki/Picket_%28military%29 "Picket (military)"). On the 13th, it marched with the division in the expedition to [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana "Port Hudson, Louisiana"); but arriving after the object of the expedition was accomplished, it returned to Baton Rouge. On 1 April it was ordered to [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers%2C_Louisiana "Algiers, Louisiana") with the rest of the division, and, on the 9th, took passage for Brashear City, to join in the movement through the [Teche](/wiki/Bayou_Teche "Bayou Teche") country, which began 11 April. The enemy having been encountered at Pattersonville on the 13th, the Fifty\-third was engaged in supporting a [battery](/wiki/Artillery_battery "Artillery battery"), and skirmishing towards the fortifications, when it was under fire of [musketry](/wiki/Musket "Musket") and [shell](/wiki/Shell_%28projectile%29 "Shell (projectile)") for five hours. The flag of the Fifty\-third was the first to be placed upon the ramparts of Fort Brisland. The regiment lost in this action one officer and thirteen privates, killed and wounded. But eight companies were engaged, two being on detached service. #### 15 March On the 15th, it marched with the division in pursuit of the retreating enemy, with an occasional skirmish, and reached [Opelousas](/wiki/Opelousas%2C_Louisiana "Opelousas, Louisiana") on the 20th, where it remained a fortnight, employed in drill and picket duty. #### 24 May The army having moved towards [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana "Port Hudson, Louisiana"), the Fifty\-third was detailed as guard for the engineer corps, and led the column. Encountering the enemy's skirmishers, the regiment was immediately moved forward; three companies, thrown out as skirmishers, soon became engaged with the enemy, and succeeded in driving them back, so that the engineer corps could proceed in its labours. #### 27 May The day of the general attack upon [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana "Port Hudson, Louisiana"), the regiment was ordered forward, and was soon under fire of shot and shell. It moved to the front to support a battery, and to the front line of skirmishers. By this time, it had lost thirty killed and wounded. #### 28 May It joined the brigade, and remained until 1 June, engaged in picket duty, and fortifying the position; it was then ordered to occupy rifle pits at the front, and sustained a loss of five men, killed and wounded. #### 5 June It marched as a part of the expedition to [Clinton](/wiki/Clinton%2C_Louisiana "Clinton, Louisiana"), which occupied four days, and resulted in driving the enemy from that locality. On the 13th it was ordered to join in the assault upon the fortifications at [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana "Port Hudson, Louisiana"). This assault cost the regiment heavily. Of the three hundred officers and men (being but eight companies) who were sent in, seven officers and seventy\-nine men were killed and wounded. #### 19 June The Fifty\-third was ordered to the front in support of a battery, where it remained till the surrender of Port Hudson, 9 July. It was then ordered on picket duty five miles from Port Hudson, when it marched with the brigade to Baton Rouge. On the 15th it embarked for [Donaldsonville](/wiki/Donaldsonville%2C_Louisiana "Donaldsonville, Louisiana") and remained in camp, engaged in drill and picket duty until 2 August when it returned to Baton Rouge, and, on the 12th, was ordered to [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") by way of [Cairo, Illinois](/wiki/Cairo%2C_Illinois "Cairo, Illinois"). It arrived at Cairo 19 August, and at [Fitchburg, Massachusetts](/wiki/Fitchburg%2C_Massachusetts "Fitchburg, Massachusetts"), the 24th, where, after a public reception, it was furloughed one week, and mustered out of service 2 September, by Captain I. R. Lawrence.	[ "### 1863", "#### 6 March", "On 6 March, the Fifty\\-third was ordered to [Baton Rouge](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana \"Baton Rouge, Louisiana\") and, on the 12th, was sent on a [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance \"Reconnaissance\") up the river, where it encountered, and drove in, the enemy's [pickets](/wiki/Picket_%28military%29 \"Picket (military)\"). On the 13th, it marched with the division in the expedition to [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana \"Port Hudson, Louisiana\"); but arriving after the object of the expedition was accomplished, it returned to Baton Rouge. On 1 April it was ordered to [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers%2C_Louisiana \"Algiers, Louisiana\") with the rest of the division, and, on the 9th, took passage for Brashear City, to join in the movement through the [Teche](/wiki/Bayou_Teche \"Bayou Teche\") country, which began 11 April. The enemy having been encountered at Pattersonville on the 13th, the Fifty\\-third was engaged in supporting a [battery](/wiki/Artillery_battery \"Artillery battery\"), and skirmishing towards the fortifications, when it was under fire of [musketry](/wiki/Musket \"Musket\") and [shell](/wiki/Shell_%28projectile%29 \"Shell (projectile)\") for five hours. The flag of the Fifty\\-third was the first to be placed upon the ramparts of Fort Brisland.", "The regiment lost in this action one officer and thirteen privates, killed and wounded. But eight companies were engaged, two being on detached service.", "#### 15 March", "On the 15th, it marched with the division in pursuit of the retreating enemy, with an occasional skirmish, and reached [Opelousas](/wiki/Opelousas%2C_Louisiana \"Opelousas, Louisiana\") on the 20th, where it remained a fortnight, employed in drill and picket duty.", "#### 24 May", "The army having moved towards [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana \"Port Hudson, Louisiana\"), the Fifty\\-third was detailed as guard for the engineer corps, and led the column. Encountering the enemy's skirmishers, the regiment was immediately moved forward; three companies, thrown out as skirmishers, soon became engaged with the enemy, and succeeded in driving them back, so that the engineer corps could proceed in its labours.", "#### 27 May", "The day of the general attack upon [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana \"Port Hudson, Louisiana\"), the regiment was ordered forward, and was soon under fire of shot and shell. It moved to the front to support a battery, and to the front line of skirmishers. By this time, it had lost thirty killed and wounded.", "#### 28 May", "It joined the brigade, and remained until 1 June, engaged in picket duty, and fortifying the position; it was then ordered to occupy rifle pits at the front, and sustained a loss of five men, killed and wounded.", "#### 5 June", "It marched as a part of the expedition to [Clinton](/wiki/Clinton%2C_Louisiana \"Clinton, Louisiana\"), which occupied four days, and resulted in driving the enemy from that locality. On the 13th it was ordered to join in the assault upon the fortifications at [Port Hudson](/wiki/Port_Hudson%2C_Louisiana \"Port Hudson, Louisiana\"). This assault cost the regiment heavily. Of the three hundred officers and men (being but eight companies) who were sent in, seven officers and seventy\\-nine men were killed and wounded.", "#### 19 June", "The Fifty\\-third was ordered to the front in support of a battery, where it remained till the surrender of Port Hudson, 9 July. It was then ordered on picket duty five miles from Port Hudson, when it marched with the brigade to Baton Rouge. On the 15th it embarked for [Donaldsonville](/wiki/Donaldsonville%2C_Louisiana \"Donaldsonville, Louisiana\") and remained in camp, engaged in drill and picket duty until 2 August when it returned to Baton Rouge, and, on the 12th, was ordered to [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") by way of [Cairo, Illinois](/wiki/Cairo%2C_Illinois \"Cairo, Illinois\"). It arrived at Cairo 19 August, and at [Fitchburg, Massachusetts](/wiki/Fitchburg%2C_Massachusetts \"Fitchburg, Massachusetts\"), the 24th, where, after a public reception, it was furloughed one week, and mustered out of service 2 September, by Captain I. R. Lawrence.", "" ]
History ------- Flake formed in late 1968 in Sydney with the line\-up of Lindsay Askew on guitar, Mick Gaul on bass guitar, Geoff Gray on lead vocals (ex\-Eli), Sharon Sims on lead vocals, Wayne Thomas on drums (ex\-Plastic Tears) and Rob Toth on keyboards.{{cite book \\| last1 \= McFarlane \\| first1 \= Ian \\| author\-link1 \= Ian McFarlane \\| title \= Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop \\| chapter \= Encyclopedia entry for 'Flake' \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20040901025716/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid\=604 \\| chapter\-url \= http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid\=604 \\| year \= 1999 \\| publisher \= \[\[Allen \& Unwin]] \\| location \= \[\[St Leonards, New South Wales\\|St Leonards, NSW]] \\| archive\-date \= 1 September 2004 \\| isbn \= 1\-86508\-072\-1 \\| title\-link \= Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop }} They were named for the Small Faces' album, [Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake](/wiki/Ogdens%27_Nut_Gone_Flake "Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake") (May 1968\) and performed their first gig at Shrublands Hall, [Marrickville](/wiki/Marrickville%2C_New_South_Wales "Marrickville, New South Wales") on 14 November of that year.{{cite web \\| archive\-url \= https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20100314214800/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/35967/20100315\-0848/www.milesago.com/artists/flake\-3\.html \\| url \= http://www.milesago.com/artists/flake\-3\.html \\| title \= Groups \& Solo Artists – Flake \\| last \= Kimball \\| first \= Duncan \\| work \= MilesAgo \\| archive\-date \= 14 March 2010 \\| access\-date \= 9 January 2017 }}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} The first addition to this lineup was Dave Allen, on flute and sax, in 1969\. Subsequently the group underwent regular changes to its line\-up. Australian musicologist, [Ian McFarlane](/wiki/Ian_McFarlane "Ian McFarlane"), described their musical style "From swinging 1960s pop'n'soul to early 1970s progressive rock, Sydney band Flake tried its hand at just about every musical genre of the day. Flake was one of the first Sydney club bands to play note\-for\-note renditions of early Traffic, Spooky Tooth, Deep Purple and Vanilla Fudge material. Certainly possessed of a wealth of talent, the band mostly found success with a string of glossy pop singles." During 1970 Flake signed with the Du Monde label's imprint, Violet's Holiday, which was distributed by [Festival Records](/wiki/Festival_Records "Festival Records"). Their first charting single, "[Wheels on Fire](/wiki/This_Wheel%27s_on_Fire%23Covers "This Wheel's on Fire#Covers")" (July 1970\), is a cover version of Bob Dylan's original.{{cite web \\| url \= http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1970/19701205\.html \\| last1 \= Nimmervoll \\| first1 \= Ed \\| author\-link1 \= Ed Nimmervoll \\| work \= \[\[Go\-Set]] \\| title \= National Top 60 \\| publisher \= Waverley Press \\| date \= 5 December 1970 \\| access\-date \= 9 January 2017 }} It peaked at No. 20 on the [Go\-Set](/wiki/Go-Set "Go-Set") National Top 60 and remained on the charts for 22 weeks. According to McFarlane "Flake's rise on the pop charts coincided with the 1970 radio ban on British and major\-label Australian records which lasted for six months" (see [1970 radio ban](/wiki/1970_radio_ban "1970 radio ban")). "Wheels on Fire" also appeared on Go\-Set{{'}}s end of year singles chart at No. 44\.{{cite web \\| url \= http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1970/top1970\.html \\| last1 \= Nimmervoll \\| first1 \= Ed \\| work \= Go\-Set \\| title \= Top Records for the Year of 1970 \\| publisher \= Waverley Press \\| date \= 7 August 1971 \\| access\-date \= 9 January 2017 }} Note: charting for "Life Is Getting Better" only. Their second charting single was a cover version of Marmalade's "[Reflections of My Life](/wiki/Reflections_of_My_Life "Reflections of My Life")" (January 1971\), which reached No. 31\.{{cite web \\| url \= http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1971/19710403\.html \\| last1 \= Nimmervoll \\| first1 \= Ed \\| work \= Go\-Set \\| title \= National Top 60 \\| publisher \= Waverley Press \\| date \= 3 April 1971 \\| access\-date \= 9 January 2017 }} It was followed by their version of [Vanda \& Young](/wiki/Vanda_%26_Young "Vanda & Young")'s "Life Is Getting Better" (June), which peaked at No. 48, and then by a cover of [Honeybus](/wiki/Honeybus "Honeybus")' "Under the Silent Tree" (November).{{cite web \\| url \= http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1971/19710807\.html \\| last1 \= Nimmervoll \\| first1 \= Ed \\| work \= Go\-Set \\| title \= National Top 60 \\| publisher \= Waverley Press \\| date \= 7 August 1971 \\| access\-date \= 9 January 2017 }} Note: charting for "Life Is Getting Better" only.{{cite web \\| url \= http://www.poparchives.com.au/435/flake/under\-the\-silent\-tree \\| title \= 'Under the Silent Tree' – Flake (1971\) \\| work \= Pop Archives – Sources of Australian Pop Records from the 50s, 60s and 70s \\| publisher \= Lyn Nuttall \\| access\-date \= 9 January 2017 }} Flake's debut album, How's Your Mother!, was released in December 1971 using the line\-up of Gray, Sims and Thomas with Greg Higgs on bass guitar and vocals, John Russell on guitar and Billy Taylor on guitar (ex\-Purple Vision).Dave Allen, Denise Caines, Denis Moore, were on various pre\-recorded tracks. McFarlane described it as "schizophrenic" with "one side of the band's lightweight pop hits and one side of hard rock tracks spiced with touches of fuzz\-drenched psychedelia." In November 2006 Du Monde Records re\-issued the album on CD.{{Citation \\|title\=How's your mother \\|date\=2006 \\|website\=Trove \\|type\=Catalog record \\|publisher\=\[\[National Library of Australia]] \\|url\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/31592804 \\|access\-date\=10 January 2017}} Note: source has band named "Flakes". At the end of 1972 Thomas left to form a new group, Mr Madness, with three former Flake members, Askew on guitar, Gaul on bass guitar and Toth on keyboards. Flake, however, continued with a changeable line\-up and by July 1973 comprised Russell and Taylor with Neale Johns on lead vocals (ex\-[Blackfeather](/wiki/Blackfeather "Blackfeather")), Jim Penson on drums (ex\-Blackfeather) and Warren Ward on bass guitar (ex\-[the Flying Circus](/wiki/The_Flying_Circus_%28band%29 "The Flying Circus (band)"), Blackfeather). They released a single, "Scotch on the Rocks", in February 1974 via Festival Records' label, Infinity Records and disbanded late that year. Flake reformed in 1989 with Thomas and Lindsay Askew joined by the latter's brother Rob Askew on bass guitar, Gordon Sheard on guitar and Anna Medley on lead vocals. Festival had issued a compilation album, Reflections: The Festival File Volume Thirteen, in that year. The group continued on the Sydney pub and club circuit until 1991\.	[ "History\n-------", "Flake formed in late 1968 in Sydney with the line\\-up of Lindsay Askew on guitar, Mick Gaul on bass guitar, Geoff Gray on lead vocals (ex\\-Eli), Sharon Sims on lead vocals, Wayne Thomas on drums (ex\\-Plastic Tears) and Rob Toth on keyboards.{{cite book \\\| last1 \\= McFarlane \\\| first1 \\= Ian \\\| author\\-link1 \\= Ian McFarlane \\\| title \\= Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop \\\| chapter \\= Encyclopedia entry for 'Flake' \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20040901025716/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid\\=604 \\\| chapter\\-url \\= http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid\\=604 \\\| year \\= 1999 \\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Allen \\& Unwin]] \\\| location \\= \\[\\[St Leonards, New South Wales\\\|St Leonards, NSW]] \\\| archive\\-date \\= 1 September 2004 \\\| isbn \\= 1\\-86508\\-072\\-1 \\\| title\\-link \\= Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop }} They were named for the Small Faces' album, [Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake](/wiki/Ogdens%27_Nut_Gone_Flake \"Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake\") (May 1968\\) and performed their first gig at Shrublands Hall, [Marrickville](/wiki/Marrickville%2C_New_South_Wales \"Marrickville, New South Wales\") on 14 November of that year.{{cite web \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20100314214800/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/35967/20100315\\-0848/www.milesago.com/artists/flake\\-3\\.html \\\| url \\= http://www.milesago.com/artists/flake\\-3\\.html \\\| title \\= Groups \\& Solo Artists – Flake \\\| last \\= Kimball \\\| first \\= Duncan \\\| work \\= MilesAgo \\\| archive\\-date \\= 14 March 2010 \\\| access\\-date \\= 9 January 2017 }}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}} The first addition to this lineup was Dave Allen, on flute and sax, in 1969\\. Subsequently the group underwent regular changes to its line\\-up.", "Australian musicologist, [Ian McFarlane](/wiki/Ian_McFarlane \"Ian McFarlane\"), described their musical style \"From swinging 1960s pop'n'soul to early 1970s progressive rock, Sydney band Flake tried its hand at just about every musical genre of the day. Flake was one of the first Sydney club bands to play note\\-for\\-note renditions of early Traffic, Spooky Tooth, Deep Purple and Vanilla Fudge material. Certainly possessed of a wealth of talent, the band mostly found success with a string of glossy pop singles.\"", "During 1970 Flake signed with the Du Monde label's imprint, Violet's Holiday, which was distributed by [Festival Records](/wiki/Festival_Records \"Festival Records\"). Their first charting single, \"[Wheels on Fire](/wiki/This_Wheel%27s_on_Fire%23Covers \"This Wheel's on Fire#Covers\")\" (July 1970\\), is a cover version of Bob Dylan's original.{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1970/19701205\\.html \\\| last1 \\= Nimmervoll \\\| first1 \\= Ed \\\| author\\-link1 \\= Ed Nimmervoll \\\| work \\= \\[\\[Go\\-Set]] \\\| title \\= National Top 60 \\\| publisher \\= Waverley Press \\\| date \\= 5 December 1970 \\\| access\\-date \\= 9 January 2017 }} It peaked at No. 20 on the [Go\\-Set](/wiki/Go-Set \"Go-Set\") National Top 60 and remained on the charts for 22 weeks. According to McFarlane \"Flake's rise on the pop charts coincided with the 1970 radio ban on British and major\\-label Australian records which lasted for six months\" (see [1970 radio ban](/wiki/1970_radio_ban \"1970 radio ban\")). \"Wheels on Fire\" also appeared on Go\\-Set{{'}}s end of year singles chart at No. 44\\.{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1970/top1970\\.html \\\| last1 \\= Nimmervoll \\\| first1 \\= Ed \\\| work \\= Go\\-Set \\\| title \\= Top Records for the Year of 1970 \\\| publisher \\= Waverley Press \\\| date \\= 7 August 1971 \\\| access\\-date \\= 9 January 2017 }} Note: charting for \"Life Is Getting Better\" only.", "Their second charting single was a cover version of Marmalade's \"[Reflections of My Life](/wiki/Reflections_of_My_Life \"Reflections of My Life\")\" (January 1971\\), which reached No. 31\\.{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1971/19710403\\.html \\\| last1 \\= Nimmervoll \\\| first1 \\= Ed \\\| work \\= Go\\-Set \\\| title \\= National Top 60 \\\| publisher \\= Waverley Press \\\| date \\= 3 April 1971 \\\| access\\-date \\= 9 January 2017 }} It was followed by their version of [Vanda \\& Young](/wiki/Vanda_%26_Young \"Vanda & Young\")'s \"Life Is Getting Better\" (June), which peaked at No. 48, and then by a cover of [Honeybus](/wiki/Honeybus \"Honeybus\")' \"Under the Silent Tree\" (November).{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1971/19710807\\.html \\\| last1 \\= Nimmervoll \\\| first1 \\= Ed \\\| work \\= Go\\-Set \\\| title \\= National Top 60 \\\| publisher \\= Waverley Press \\\| date \\= 7 August 1971 \\\| access\\-date \\= 9 January 2017 }} Note: charting for \"Life Is Getting Better\" only.{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://www.poparchives.com.au/435/flake/under\\-the\\-silent\\-tree \\\| title \\= 'Under the Silent Tree' – Flake (1971\\) \\\| work \\= Pop Archives – Sources of Australian Pop Records from the 50s, 60s and 70s \\\| publisher \\= Lyn Nuttall \\\| access\\-date \\= 9 January 2017 }}", "Flake's debut album, How's Your Mother!, was released in December 1971 using the line\\-up of Gray, Sims and Thomas with Greg Higgs on bass guitar and vocals, John Russell on guitar and Billy Taylor on guitar (ex\\-Purple Vision).Dave Allen, Denise Caines, Denis Moore, were on various pre\\-recorded tracks. McFarlane described it as \"schizophrenic\" with \"one side of the band's lightweight pop hits and one side of hard rock tracks spiced with touches of fuzz\\-drenched psychedelia.\" In November 2006 Du Monde Records re\\-issued the album on CD.{{Citation \\\|title\\=How's your mother \\\|date\\=2006 \\\|website\\=Trove \\\|type\\=Catalog record \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Library of Australia]] \\\|url\\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/31592804 \\\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2017}} Note: source has band named \"Flakes\".", "At the end of 1972 Thomas left to form a new group, Mr Madness, with three former Flake members, Askew on guitar, Gaul on bass guitar and Toth on keyboards. Flake, however, continued with a changeable line\\-up and by July 1973 comprised Russell and Taylor with Neale Johns on lead vocals (ex\\-[Blackfeather](/wiki/Blackfeather \"Blackfeather\")), Jim Penson on drums (ex\\-Blackfeather) and Warren Ward on bass guitar (ex\\-[the Flying Circus](/wiki/The_Flying_Circus_%28band%29 \"The Flying Circus (band)\"), Blackfeather). They released a single, \"Scotch on the Rocks\", in February 1974 via Festival Records' label, Infinity Records and disbanded late that year.", "Flake reformed in 1989 with Thomas and Lindsay Askew joined by the latter's brother Rob Askew on bass guitar, Gordon Sheard on guitar and Anna Medley on lead vocals. Festival had issued a compilation album, Reflections: The Festival File Volume Thirteen, in that year. The group continued on the Sydney pub and club circuit until 1991\\.", "" ]
Public life ----------- Mr. Sanjay Kaul was a former BJP Spokesperson for both national and state issues; with his primary strengths being strategy and thought leadership. Mr. Kaul worked in a professional capacity as a strategist for BJP's successful Lok Sabha election campaign in 1999, which also introduced him to politics for the first time. He led and managed the entire election war room strategies and tactics for the winning elections. He has federated a number of BJP volunteers and supporters at various levels and has infused the party with new and youthful membership. Mr. Kaul is the only politician in Delhi to have travelled across all 70 constituencies of Delhi on foot covering 400 kilometres over 23 days in 2011\. He has a formidable reputation as an opponent and is best known for leading a powerful civil society movement against the Sheila Dixit's government on the issue of the power tariff hike in 2005 and forced the Delhi government to roll back the 10% tariff hike. He is also well known for having built up an independent alliance of resident associations across Delhi to counter the erstwhile CM's controversial Bhagidari scheme. Later, he objected to and forced the Delhi government to stall the illogical BRT scheme. As well as the dangerous Blueline bus menace, resulting in the introduction of the low floor buses. Mr. Sanjay Kaul was the first to warn against wasteful CWG spending and argue for housing rights for slum residents instead, long before the scam was busted. Mr. Kaul, by profession – an advertising, marketing and communication expert, first established his credentials as a crusader for consumer and resident rights as founder of People's Action, an advocacy group that works on citizen empowerment. He has remarkable organizational skills and his ability to work with people and inspire them is evidenced by the large scale organizations he has created. He has one of the largest base of supporters (over 2 lakhs), which are drawn from various resident associations, market and trade associations, student groups and resettlement colony mandals. He initiated the path breaking public participation model \- Resident Ward Committee \[RWC] scheme in collaboration with the Municipal Corporation of Delhi to establish Committees in all wards of Delhi. With the distinction of taking his campaigns to the end, Mr. Kaul has a number of successful campaigns to his credit and his particular style of working and mentorship has created a number of activists and responsible citizens across the city. He is well respected for his ideas, his progressive views on civic, state and national issues and is well entrenched in academic, trade and civil society groups in the city. He is also the founder of the independent student group, United Students, in Delhi University. He was the one who started the campaign against arbitrary power tariff hikes in 2005\. \[This held back tariff increases for three years running, until Congress came back in power in 2008\.] He campaigned against water privatization demanding public consultation. \[Water privatization was stalled until 2009]. He is the one who forced the Delhi cabinet to order a CAG audit of DISCOMS in 2011 after walking across Delhi and petitioning MLAs. Mr. Kaul through his RWA front, United Residents Joint Action (URJA) was the petitioner in the matter against power companies in the High Court where Mr. Prashant Bhushan represented him in the case. In 2006, he organized residents of Gurgaon to float a political party, ‘Gurgaon Residents Party’ (GRP) to bring in clean candidature in politics. He organized the country's first primaries and helped to select a candidate through referendum for GRP. The Mohalla Sabha idea of the AAP is a direct derivative of Mr. Kaul's RWC scheme which was implemented in the MCD in 2010\. He got featured in the Limca Book of Records, for the feat and was nominated by the India Today group's Today newspaper.	[ "Public life\n-----------", "Mr. Sanjay Kaul was a former BJP Spokesperson for both national and state issues; with his primary strengths being strategy and thought leadership. Mr. Kaul worked in a professional capacity as a strategist for BJP's successful Lok Sabha election campaign in 1999, which also introduced him to politics for the first time. He led and managed the entire election war room strategies and tactics for the winning elections. He has federated a number of BJP volunteers and supporters at various levels and has infused the party with new and youthful membership. Mr. Kaul is the only politician in Delhi to have travelled across all 70 constituencies of Delhi on foot covering 400 kilometres over 23 days in 2011\\.", "He has a formidable reputation as an opponent and is best known for leading a powerful civil society movement against the Sheila Dixit's government on the issue of the power tariff hike in 2005 and forced the Delhi government to roll back the 10% tariff hike. He is also well known for having built up an independent alliance of resident associations across Delhi to counter the erstwhile CM's controversial Bhagidari scheme. Later, he objected to and forced the Delhi government to stall the illogical BRT scheme. As well as the dangerous Blueline bus menace, resulting in the introduction of the low floor buses. Mr. Sanjay Kaul was the first to warn against wasteful CWG spending and argue for housing rights for slum residents instead, long before the scam was busted.", "Mr. Kaul, by profession – an advertising, marketing and communication expert, first established his credentials as a crusader for consumer and resident rights as founder of People's Action, an advocacy group that works on citizen empowerment. He has remarkable organizational skills and his ability to work with people and inspire them is evidenced by the large scale organizations he has created. He has one of the largest base of supporters (over 2 lakhs), which are drawn from various resident associations, market and trade associations, student groups and resettlement colony mandals. He initiated the path breaking public participation model \\- Resident Ward Committee \\[RWC] scheme in collaboration with the Municipal Corporation of Delhi to establish Committees in all wards of Delhi. With the distinction of taking his campaigns to the end, Mr. Kaul has a number of successful campaigns to his credit and his particular style of working and mentorship has created a number of activists and responsible citizens across the city. He is well respected for his ideas, his progressive views on civic, state and national issues and is well entrenched in academic, trade and civil society groups in the city. He is also the founder of the independent student group, United Students, in Delhi University.", "He was the one who started the campaign against arbitrary power tariff hikes in 2005\\. \\[This held back tariff increases for three years running, until Congress came back in power in 2008\\.] He campaigned against water privatization demanding public consultation. \\[Water privatization was stalled until 2009]. He is the one who forced the Delhi cabinet to order a CAG audit of DISCOMS in 2011 after walking across Delhi and petitioning MLAs. Mr. Kaul through his RWA front, United Residents Joint Action (URJA) was the petitioner in the matter against power companies in the High Court where Mr. Prashant Bhushan represented him in the case.", "In 2006, he organized residents of Gurgaon to float a political party, ‘Gurgaon Residents Party’ (GRP) to bring in clean candidature in politics. He organized the country's first primaries and helped to select a candidate through referendum for GRP. The Mohalla Sabha idea of the AAP is a direct derivative of Mr. Kaul's RWC scheme which was implemented in the MCD in 2010\\. He got featured in the Limca Book of Records, for the feat and was nominated by the India Today group's Today newspaper.", "" ]
Asia ---- {{See also\\|High\-speed rail\#Asia}} ### Bangladesh {{Main\\|Dhaka–Chittagong high\-speed railway}} [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh") considered building a high\-speed rail link between [Dhaka](/wiki/Dhaka "Dhaka") and [Chittagong](/wiki/Chittagong "Chittagong") in 2005\. The government short\-listed France's [SNCF](/wiki/SNCF "SNCF") and [Japan Railways](/wiki/Japan_Railways "Japan Railways") for the project,{{Cite news \\| url\=https://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl\=story\&u\=/afp/20050501/wl\_sthasia\_afp/bangladeshjapanfrancetrain\_050501104848 \\|title \= Yahoo News – Latest News \& Headlines}} which was ultimately abandoned. In 2014, Spain and China were interested in developing the [Bangladesh Railway](/wiki/Bangladesh_Railway "Bangladesh Railway") into a high\-speed network.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.banglanews24\.com/en/fullnews/bn/92347 \\|title\=Spain keen to invest in rail sector \\|access\-date\=16 September 2014 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140916215603/http://www.banglanews24\.com/en/fullnews/bn/92347 \\|archive\-date\=16 September 2014 }} Seven years later, Chinese ambassador Li Jiming said that China was interested in investing in the line's construction.{{Cite news \\|title\=China wants to invest in Dhaka\-Ctg high\-speed train \\|url\=https://www.newagebd.net/article/140209/china\-wants\-to\-invest\-in\-dhaka\-ctg\-high\-speed\-train \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-08 \\|work\=New Age \\|language\=en}} In March 2022, Russian\-based [RZD International](/wiki/Russian_Railways "Russian Railways") approached Bangladesh Railway about financing the project after feasibility and design studies had been completed; the {{convert\\|225\\|km\\|adj\=on}} route would cost an estimated $11\.1 billion.{{Cite news \\|last\=Adhikary \\|first\=Tuhin Shubhra \\|date\=2022\-03\-03 \\|title\=Russia keen on funding three rail projects \\|url\=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/transport/news/russia\-keen\-funding\-three\-rail\-projects\-2974341 \\|access\-date\=2022\-03\-16 \\|work\=The Daily Star \\|language\=en}} Chinese ambassador to Bangladesh Li Jiming wrote to Railways Minister Nurul Islam Sujan in June 2022 about signing a memorandum of understanding between [China Railway Group](/wiki/China_Railway_Group_Limited "China Railway Group Limited") and Bangladesh Railways under a government\-to\-government [public–private partnership](/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership "Public–private partnership").{{Cite news \\|last\=Adhikary \\|first\=Tuhin Shubhra \\|date\=2022\-06\-08 \\|title\=High\-speed rail network: China seeks MoU ASAP \\|url\=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/transport/news/high\-speed\-rail\-network\-china\-seeks\-mou\-asap\-3041786 \\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-21 \\|work\=The Daily Star \\|language\=en}} Ninety percent of the country's trade passes through Chittagong and 80 percent of its exports are carried on the Dhaka\-Chattogram highway, incentivizing the creation of a freight rail line. A {{convert\\|300\\|km/h\\|adj\=on}} passenger journey would take 55 minutes{{snd}} 75 minutes with stops in [Narayanganj](/wiki/Narayanganj "Narayanganj"), [Comilla](/wiki/Comilla "Comilla"), and [Feni](/wiki/Feni%2C_Bangladesh "Feni, Bangladesh"); the current travel time is six hours. In February 2023, Whip [Iqbalur Rahim](/wiki/Iqbalur_Rahim "Iqbalur Rahim") promised a bullet train between [Dinajpur](/wiki/Dinajpur "Dinajpur") and Dhaka by 2027 if the [Awami League](/wiki/Awami_League "Awami League") agreed.{{Cite news \\|date\=2023\-02\-04 \\|title\=JS whip: Bullet train on Dinajpur\-Dhaka route by 2027 \\|url\=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2023/02/04/js\-whip\-bullet\-train\-on\-dinajpur\-dhaka\-route\-by\-2027 \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-01 \\|work\=Dhaka Tribune \\|language\=en}} ### Cambodia [thumb\\|upright\=1\.5\\|alt\=Color\-coded rail map of Cambodia\\|Planned high speed rail by Cambodia in 2023](/wiki/File:Cambodia_HSR_2023.svg "Cambodia HSR 2023.svg") [Cambodian](/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia") Prime Minister [Hun Sen](/wiki/Hun_Sen "Hun Sen") confirmed in December 2021 that his government was interested in high\-speed\-rail, with a feasibility study for upgrading the {{convert\\|266\\|km\\|adj\=on}} line from [Phnom Penh](/wiki/Phnom_Penh "Phnom Penh") to [Sihanoukville](/wiki/Sihanoukville_%28city%29 "Sihanoukville (city)") and the {{convert\\|386\\|km\\|adj\=on}} line to [Poipet](/wiki/Poipet "Poipet").{{Cite web \\|date\=2021\-12\-17 \\|title\=Cambodia to examine possibility of developing and expanding existing railways into high\-speed railways – Khmer Times \\|url\=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50990272/cambodia\-to\-examine\-possibility\-of\-developing\-and\-expanding\-existing\-railways\-into\-high\-speed\-railways/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-08 \\|language\=en\-US}} Sen indicated an intent to build new rail lines by continuing from Poipet through [Siem Reap](/wiki/Siem_Reap "Siem Reap") to [Kampong Thom](/wiki/Kampong_Thom_city "Kampong Thom city"), and building a line from Phnom Penh to [Bavet](/wiki/Bavet_municipality "Bavet municipality") on the Vietnamese border.{{Cite web \\|date\=2021\-12\-16 \\|title\=PM Mulls High Speed Rail Plan ⋆ Cambodia News English \\|url\=https://cne.wtf/2021/12/16/pm\-mulls\-high\-speed\-rail\-plan/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-08 \\|website\=Cambodia News English \\|language\=en\-US}} The current railways can operate at only {{convert\\|20\\|to\\|30\\|km/h}}, largely due to damage from the 1970s [civil war](/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War "Cambodian Civil War"). The line to Sihanoukville was rehabilitated in 2016; the line to Poipet was rehabilitated in 2018, and was reconnected with the [Thai](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") rail network across the border the following year.{{Cite web \\|last\=Pisei \\|first\=Hin \\|title\=Cambodia\-Thailand rail reconnected after 45 years \\|url\=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/cambodia\-thailand\-rail\-reconnected\-after\-45\-years \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-08 \\|website\=www.phnompenhpost.com \\|language\=en}} Cambodia's prime minister has tasked the Minister of Public Works and Transport with finding an international development partner.{{Cite web \\|date\=2022\-04\-04 \\|title\=Cambodia considers high\-speed rail development – Khmer Times \\|url\=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501052598/cambodia\-considers\-high\-speed\-rail\-development/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-08 \\|language\=en\-US}} In early 2023, Sen traveled to China and signed a $44 million agreement ({{CNY\\|link\=yes\\|300 million}}) with [CCP general secretary](/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party") [Xi Jinping](/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping"), [Chinese premier](/wiki/Premier_of_China "Premier of China") [Li Keqiang](/wiki/Li_Keqiang "Li Keqiang") and [NPCSC chairman](/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress "Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress") [Li Zhanshu](/wiki/Li_Zhanshu "Li Zhanshu") to upgrade the Phnom Penh\-Poipet railway to 160\-km/h operation after a [China Road and Bridge Corporation](/wiki/China_Road_and_Bridge_Corporation "China Road and Bridge Corporation") (CRBC) feasibility study of the line; the project is estimated to cost a total of $4 billion.{{Cite web \\|date\=2023\-02\-11 \\|title\=PM on his way back to Cambodia after successful China trip – Khmer Times \\|url\=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501236967/pm\-on\-his\-way\-back\-to\-cambodia\-after\-successful\-china\-trip/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-01 \\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \\|last\=Smith \\|first\=Kevin \\|date\=2023\-02\-13 \\|title\=China pledges funding for Cambodian railway upgrade \\|url\=https://www.railjournal.com/regions/asia/china\-pledges\-funding\-for\-cambodian\-railway\-upgrade/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-01 \\|website\=International Railway Journal \\|language\=en\-GB}} In July 2023, Minister of Public Works and Transport [Sun Chanthol](/wiki/Sun_Chanthol "Sun Chanthol") announced the start of a feasibility study to convert the Phnom Penh\-Sihanoukville railway to higher\-speed rail.{{Cite web \\|last\=Kunmakara \\|first\=May \\|date\=4 July 2023 \\|title\=Study underway for Phnom Penh\-S'ville high\-speed rail \\|url\=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/study\-underway\-phnom\-penh\-sville\-high\-speed\-rail \\|access\-date\=6 July 2023 \\|website\=The Phnom Penh Post}} ### India {{See also\\|High\-speed rail in India}} [thumb\\|Map showing proposed high speed corridors](/wiki/File:Map_of_India_high-speed_rail_corridors_according_to_National_Rail_Plan.JPG "Map of India high-speed rail corridors according to National Rail Plan.JPG") The [Ministry of Railways](/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_%28India%29 "Ministry of Railways (India)") of the [Government of India](/wiki/Government_of_India "Government of India") has proposed to build {{convert\\|8834\.78\\|km\\|mi\\|0\\|abbr\=on}} of high\-speed rail lines across fifteen corridors, with average operating speeds of up to {{convert\\|320\\|km/h\\|mph\\|abbr\=on}}.{{Cite web\\|title\=Railways likely to propose creation of four new bullet train corridors taking total to 12 – The New Indian Express\\|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2021/dec/31/railways\-likely\-to\-propose\-creation\-of\-four\-new\-bullet\-train\-corridors\-taking\-total\-to\-12\-2401643\.html\\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-25\\|website\=www.newindianexpress.com\\|date\=8 December 2021 }} Formation of the National High Speed Rail Authority (NHSRA) was announced in the 2012–2013 rail budget, although no firm date was set for construction. The [Central Japan Railway Company](/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company "Central Japan Railway Company") has promoted a [Shinkansen](/wiki/Shinkansen "Shinkansen") for India,{{Cite web \\|title\=Japan hopes to sell bullet trains to India \\| Local \\| House of Japan – Japan News Technology Autos Culture Life Style \\|url\=http://www.houseofjapan.com/local/japan\-hopes\-to\-sell\-bullet\-trains\-to\-india \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115071330/http://www.houseofjapan.com/local/japan\-hopes\-to\-sell\-bullet\-trains\-to\-india \\|archive\-date\=15 November 2011 \\|access\-date\=27 February 2012}}{{Cite web \\|title\=India to get shinkansen sales blitz \\| the Japan Times Online \\|url\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20111102a6\.html \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423023954/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20111102a6\.html \\|archive\-date\=23 April 2012 \\|access\-date\=27 February 2012}} and France has expressed interest in collaborating on long\-term development of the [Pune](/wiki/Pune "Pune")\-Mumbai\-Ahmedabad route.{{Cite web \\|title\=France to help India realise high\-speed train dream \\| mydigitalfc.com \\|url\=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/france\-help\-india\-realise\-high\-speed\-train\-dream\-600 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101181545/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/france\-help\-india\-realise\-high\-speed\-train\-dream\-600 \\|archive\-date\=1 January 2013 \\|access\-date\=27 February 2012}} Spain's [Talgo](/wiki/Talgo "Talgo") has also expressed interest in the projects, and plans to open an office in India to promote its technology.{{Cite web \\|date\=6 October 2011 \\|title\=Spains Talgo eyes high\-speed train biz, plans office in India \\|url\=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Spain\-s\-Talgo\-eyes\-high\-speed\-train\-biz\-\-plans\-office\-in\-India/856454/}} In collaboration with [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), India is building the [Mumbai–Ahmedabad high\-speed rail corridor](/wiki/Mumbai%E2%80%93Ahmedabad_high-speed_rail_corridor "Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor") (its first high\-speed railway) on a {{cvt\\|508\\|km\\|mi\\|adj\=mid\\|\-long}} route between [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai") and the western city of [Ahmedabad](/wiki/Ahmedabad "Ahmedabad"). On 12 December 2015, India and Japan signed a US$15 billion agreement to build a high\-speed line between the cities in which Japan will provide a US$12 billion low\-interest loan. The agreement was part of a memorandum of understanding involving the transfer of defense technology and civil nuclear cooperation.{{Cite web\\|title\=Japan and India agree bullet train, nuclear deals\\|url\=http://news.yahoo.com/japan\-build\-indias\-first\-bullet\-train\-india\-pm\-071104329\.html\\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-25\\|website\=news.yahoo.com\\|language\=en\-US}} Preparatory work began in the third quarter of 2017, and was expected to be completed in December 2023\.{{Cite web \\|title\=First glimpse of Mumbai\-Ahmedabad bullet train – Mumbai\-Ahmedabad bullet train \\|url\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/first\-glimpse\-of\-mumbai\-ahmedabad\-bullet\-train/to\-be\-completed\-by\-2023/slideshow/79812039\.cms \\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-25\\|website\=The Economic Times}} Due to slow land acquisition in [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra") and the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "COVID-19 pandemic in India"), the expected date of completion for the portion from [Surat](/wiki/Surat "Surat") to [Bilimora](/wiki/Bilimora "Bilimora") in [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat "Gujarat") has been postponed to 2026 and the entire corridor will be completed by October 2028\.{{Cite web\\|title\=India's First\-ever Bullet Train Set to Roll by 2026, says Railway Minister \\|url\=https://www.news18\.com/news/india/indias\-first\-ever\-bullet\-train\-set\-to\-roll\-by\-2026\-says\-railway\-minister\-4529807\.html\\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-25\\|website\=News18\\|date\=8 December 2021 \\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\\|date\=2020\-09\-06\\|title\=India's bullet train faces 5\-year delay: High costs, Japan firms not so keen\\|website\=The Indian Express \\|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bullet\-train\-delay\-japanese\-investment\-6583678/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-25 \\|language\=en}} The [National High Speed Rail Corporation](/wiki/National_High_Speed_Rail_Corporation_Limited "National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited") (NHSRC) plans to operate [E5 Series Shinkansen](/wiki/E5_and_H5_Series_Shinkansen "E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen") trains at speeds up to {{cvt\\|320\\|km/h\\|mph}}. It is expected to cost about {{INRConvert\\|1\.1\\|t\\|year\=2017\\|to\=USD}}, of which 81 percent is financed by the [Japan International Cooperation Agency](/wiki/Japan_International_Cooperation_Agency "Japan International Cooperation Agency").{{Cite web \\|date\=2022\-06\-06 \\|title\=Confident Of Running First Bullet Train In 2026: Ashwini Vaishnaw \\|url\=https://odishabytes.com/confident\-of\-running\-first\-bullet\-train\-in\-2026\-ashwini\-vaishnaw/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02 \\|website\=odishabytes \\|language\=en\-US}} The [Government of Kerala](/wiki/Government_of_Kerala "Government of Kerala") has proposed a high\-speed rail corridor known as the [Silver Line](/wiki/Silver_Line_%28K-Rail%29 "Silver Line (K-Rail)") to carry freight and passengers from [Kasargod](/wiki/Kasargod "Kasargod") in the north to [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala")'s capital, [Thiruvananthapuram](/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram "Thiruvananthapuram"), in the south. The {{convert\\|532\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\=on\\|adj\=on}} project reduces the 12\-hour travel time to less than four hours, with a maximum design speed of {{convert\\|220\\|km/h\\|mph\\|abbr\=on}}; the current average speed is {{convert\\|45\\|km/h}}.{{Cite web \\|date\=2021\-12\-22 \\|title\=Kerala's SilverLine: why it has been planned, why it is facing protests \\|website\=The Indian Express \\|language\=en \\|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/kerala\-silverline\-planned\-why\-facing\-protests\-7685934/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02}} The project, estimated to be completed by 2025, is expected to cost {{INRConvert\\|0\.66\\|t\\|year\=2021\\|to\=USD}}.{{Cite web \\|url\=https://keralarail.com/projects/thiruvananthapuram\-kasaragod\-semi\-high\-speed\-rail\-shsr\-project/project\-at\-a\-glance/ \\|title\=Project at a glance\\|access\-date\=25 November 2021\\|archive\-date\=25 November 2021\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152635/https://keralarail.com/projects/thiruvananthapuram\-kasaragod\-semi\-high\-speed\-rail\-shsr\-project/project\-at\-a\-glance/\\|url\-status\=dead}} The Kerala government and the [Union Ministry of Railways](/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_%28India%29 "Ministry of Railways (India)") (as the [Kerala Rail Development Corporation](/wiki/Kerala_Rail_Development_Corporation "Kerala Rail Development Corporation")) plan intermediate stations in [Kannur](/wiki/Kannur "Kannur"), [Kozhikode](/wiki/Kozhikode "Kozhikode"), [Tirur](/wiki/Tirur "Tirur"), [Thrissur](/wiki/Thrissur "Thrissur"), [Cochin Airport](/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport "Cochin International Airport"), [Ernakulam](/wiki/Ernakulam "Ernakulam"), [Kottayam](/wiki/Kottayam "Kottayam"), [Chengannur](/wiki/Chengannur "Chengannur"), and [Kollam](/wiki/Kollam "Kollam"). Of the {{convert\\|1,383\\|ha\\|sqmi}} required for the project, {{convert\\|1,198\\|ha\\|sqmi}} is private land; the project would displace 30,000 families. Other issues affecting the project include the planned [standard gauge](/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway "Standard-gauge railway") in a system which uses [Indian gauge](/wiki/Indian_gauge "Indian gauge"), low ridership estimates, hydrological problems, and stations distant from city centers.{{Cite web \\|title\=SilverLine debate: Has K\-Rail fallen for the trap set by Japan? \\|url\=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/05/04/second\-silverline\-debate\-today\-\-k\-rail\-\-systra\-boycott.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02 \\|website\=OnManorama}} The project missed a mid\-July 2022 deadline for completing its social\-impact assessments (having consulted 45 out of 190 villages involved), leaving the project in legal limbo before the [Kerala High Court](/wiki/Kerala_High_Court "Kerala High Court").{{Cite web \\|title\=Deadline for social impact study over, SilverLine loses steam \\|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jul/27/deadline\-for\-social\-impact\-study\-over\-silverline\-loses\-steam\-2481001\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02 \\|website\=The New Indian Express\\|date\=27 July 2022 }} Railway Minister [Ashwini Vaishnaw](/wiki/Ashwini_Vaishnaw "Ashwini Vaishnaw") expressed doubt about the Silver Line project's feasibility on 29 July 2022\.{{Cite web \\|title\=SilverLine a burden on Kerala, Indian Railways: Ashwini Vaishnaw \\|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jul/29/silverline\-a\-burden\-on\-kerala\-indian\-railways\-ashwini\-vaishnaw\-2481736\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02 \\|website\=The New Indian Express\\|date\=29 July 2022 }} A third high\-speed rail project, between Delhi and Varanasi, is under construction and will cover {{convert\\|813\\|km}} in less than four hours at a speed of {{convert\\|330\\|km/h}}; the present travel time is 10 hours.{{Cite web \\|title\=Delhi\-Varanasi Bullet Train to Cover 800km distance in less than 4 hours \\|url\=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhi\-varanasi\-bullet\-train\-to\-cover\-800km\-distance\-in\-less\-than\-4\-hours\-article\-93188540 \\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02 \\|website\=TimesNow \\|date\=28 July 2022 \\|language\=en}} The project is planned to have service at 22\-minute intervals and thirteen stations, including [Delhi (Kale Khan)](/wiki/Delhi "Delhi"), [Noida](/wiki/Noida "Noida"), [Jewar Airport](/wiki/Noida_International_Airport "Noida International Airport"),{{Cite web \\|last\=Sikarwar \\|first\=Ayushi \\|date\=2022\-07\-28 \\|title\=Delhi\-Varanasi Bullet Train: 10 hours long journey confined for 3, Railway's mega plan on floor \\|url\=https://newsroompost.com/auto/delhi\-varanasi\-bullet\-train\-10\-hours\-long\-journey\-confined\-for\-3\-railways\-mega\-plan\-on\-floor/5148871\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02 \\|website\=NewsroomPost \\|language\=en\-US}} [Mathura](/wiki/Mathura "Mathura"), [Agra](/wiki/Agra "Agra"), [Etawah](/wiki/Etawah "Etawah"), [South Kannauj](/wiki/Kannauj "Kannauj"), [Lucknow](/wiki/Lucknow "Lucknow"), [Ayodhya](/wiki/Ayodhya "Ayodhya"), [Rae Bareli](/wiki/Raebareli "Raebareli"), [Prayagraj](/wiki/Prayagraj "Prayagraj"), [Bhadoi](/wiki/Bhadohi "Bhadohi"), [Banaras](/wiki/Banaras_railway_station "Banaras railway station") and [Varanasi](/wiki/Varanasi "Varanasi"), with a railway bridge over the [Ganges River](/wiki/Ganges "Ganges").{{Cite news \\|last\=Tekwani \\|first\=Muskaan \\|title\=Aerial inspection of New Delhi\-Lucknow\-Varanasi bullet train's elevated tracks underway \\|language\=en \\|work\=Knocksense \\|url\=https://www.knocksense.com/lucknow/aerial\-inspection\-of\-new\-delhi\-lucknow\-varanasi\-bullet\-trains\-elevated\-tracks\-underway \\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02}} A fourth high\-speed rail project proposed by the [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka") government would run {{convert\\|485\\|km}} from [Mysuru](/wiki/Mysore "Mysore") (Mysore) through [Bengaluru](/wiki/Bangalore "Bangalore") (Bangalore) to [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai"), cutting the current nine\-hour travel time to three hours (45 minutes between Mysuru and Bengaluru) at a cost of {{INRConvert\\|1\.15\\|t\\|year\=2022}}.{{Cite web \\|date\=30 July 2022 \\|title\=Mysuru\-Chennai High\-Speed Rail: Govt. To Acquire Land \\|url\=https://starofmysore.com/mysuru\-chennai\-high\-speed\-rail\-govt\-to\-acquire\-land/ \\|access\-date\=2 August 2022 \\|website\=Star of Mysore}} By the summer of 2022, the state government had begun acquiring land for the [right\-of\-way](/wiki/Right-of-way_%28transportation%29 "Right-of-way (transportation)") and is awaiting a memorandum of understanding with neighboring [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu") to facilitate land acquisition for the project. {{:High\-speed rail in India\\|transcludesection\=Overview}} ### Iran {{Main\\|Tehran–Qom–Isfahan high\-speed rail}} Iran has high\-speed rail under construction to connect the three major cities of [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran "Tehran"), [Qom](/wiki/Qom "Qom") and [Isfahan](/wiki/Isfahan "Isfahan"), with a station at [Imam Khomeini International Airport](/wiki/Imam_Khomeini_International_Airport "Imam Khomeini International Airport"). The route will be 422 km (262 mi) with an operating speed of {{convert\\|350\\|km/h}}, reducing travel time from five hours to 90 minutes. The project, costing over €7 billion, is being built by [China Railway Engineering Corporation](/wiki/China_Railway_Engineering_Corporation "China Railway Engineering Corporation").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://news.mrud.ir/news/26779/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2586\-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1\-%25DB%25B2\-%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF\-%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25DB%258C\-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1\-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D9%2587\-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D9%2584\-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B9%25D9%2587\-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587\-%25D8%25A2%25D9%2587%25D9%2586\-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586\-%25D9%2582%25D9%2585\\|title\=تامین اعتبار ۲ میلیارد یورویی در مرحله اول توسعه راهآهن تهران\-قم\- اصفهان/ تکمیل آزادراه کنارگذر شرق اصفهان/ عقد قرارداد توسعه فرودگاه اصفهان با چهارمین شرکت عمرانی جهان\\|date\=24 August 2016\\|language\=fa\\|access\-date\=12 September 2016 \\|trans\-title\=The most important developments in Isfahan province during the 3 years of operation of Tadbir and Omid government: Financing of 2 billion euros in the first stage of Tehran\-Qom\-Isfahan railway development/completion of East Isfahan bypass freeway/contracting of Isfahan airport development contract with the world's fourth construction company}}{{Cite web\\|title\=Pandemic Not Likely to Stop China From Building Influence in Iran\\|url\=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle\-east\_voa\-news\-iran\_pandemic\-not\-likely\-stop\-china\-building\-influence\-iran/6186719\.html\\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-02\\|website\=VOA\\|date\=31 March 2020 \\|language\=en}} A 117\-km (73\-mi), {{convert\\|300\\|km/h\\|adj\=on}} double\-track [branch from Qom to Arak](/wiki/Arak%E2%80%93Qom_high-speed_rail "Arak–Qom high-speed rail") will be built at a cost of €1\.2 billion (including the [Arak](/wiki/Arak%2C_Iran "Arak, Iran") station and six viaducts) with a contract the [Islamic Republic of Iran Railways](/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways "Islamic Republic of Iran Railways") initially awarded to Italian\-based [Ferrovie dello stato](/wiki/Ferrovie_dello_Stato_Italiane "Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane") in 2017\.{{Cite web\\|date\=2017\-07\-11\\|title\=Iran, Italy Sign High\-Speed Rail Deal\\|url\=https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy\-domestic\-economy/68128/iran\-italy\-sign\-high\-speed\-rail\-deal\\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-02\\|website\=Financial Tribune\\|language\=En}}{{Cite news\\|date\=2016\-02\-09\\|title\=Italy's state train company to help Iran develop rail system\\|language\=en\\|work\=Reuters\\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/italy\-iran\-railway\-idUSL8N15O3XC\\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-02}} The contract was re\-awarded to Chinese corporations with the imposition of [US\-led sanctions](/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") the following year,{{Cite web\\|title\=Chinese firms to build Qom\-Arak railway line\\|url\=https://irandaily.ir/News/220018\.html\\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-02\\|website\=irandaily.ir}} with other rail projects.{{Cite web\\|title\=Iranian Railway Projects In Jeopardy Of Being Canned, Due To Trump's Sanctions\\|url\=https://caspiannews.com/news\-detail/iranian\-railway\-projects\-in\-jeopardy\-of\-being\-canned\-due\-to\-trumps\-sanctions\-2018\-8\-5\-19/\\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-02\\|website\=caspiannews.com\\|language\=en}} High\-speed rail was planned to link Tehran to [Mashhad](/wiki/Mashhad "Mashhad"), Iran's second\-largest city. The planned 2016 {{convert\\|800\\|km}}, {{convert\\|400\\|km/h\\|adj\=on}} would have decreased travel time from eight to 3\.5 hours.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1174024/%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1\-%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA\-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2586\-%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%258C\-%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AD\-%25D9%2582%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1\-%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA\-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1\-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586\-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25AF\-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7\-%25D9%25BE%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC\-%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584\-%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1\-3\-%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA\-%25D9%2588\-%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%2587\-%25D9%2585%25DB%258C\-%25D8%25B4%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF\\|title\=در صورت تامین مالی طرح قطار پرسرعت، مسیر تهران – مشهد تا پنج سال دیگر 3 ساعت و نیمه می شود\\|trans\-title\=Dana news agency's interview with the executive of the national high\-speed train project; If the high\-speed train project is financed, the Tehran\-Mashhad route will be 3 and a half hours in five years\\|website\=danakhabar.com\\|access\-date\=12 September 2016}} A reduced $1\.5 billion plan for electrification and upgrading of the existing {{convert\\|967\\|km\\|adj\=on}} line, with speeds increasing from {{convert\\|160\\|to\\|200\\|km/h}}, was signed by a consortium of the Iranian [MAPNA Group](/wiki/MAPNA_Group "MAPNA Group") and Chinese companies in July 2017; China backed out in January 2021\.{{Cite web\\|date\=2021\-01\-23\\|title\=China quits Tehran\-Mashhad railway electrification project\\|url\=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/168894/China\-quits\-Tehran\-Mashhad\-railway\-electrification\-project\\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-02\\|website\=Mehr News Agency\\|language\=en}} ### Israel In 2020, Israel's National Infrastructure Committee approved high\-speed rail links between the country's four metropolitan cities: [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"), [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv"), [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") and [Beersheba](/wiki/Beersheba "Beersheba"). The project is slated for completion by 2040, with a top speed of 250 km/h.{{cite news\\|url\=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article\-the\-goal\-tel\-aviv\-to\-beersheva\-by\-train\-in\-35\-minutes\-1001349730\\|title\=The goal: Tel Aviv to Beersheva by train in 35 minutes\\|author\=Mirovsky, Arik\\|work\=\[\[Globes (newspaper)\\|Globes]]\\|date\=17 November 2020\\|access\-date\=20 November 2020}} The high\-speed electrified connection between Tel Aviv and Haifa, which will cost $3\.8 billion and reduce travel time from one hour to 30 minutes, is due to be completed by 2030 but has no budget for rolling stock.{{Cite web \\|title\=Israel Plans 30\-Minute High\-Speed Train From Haifa to Tel Aviv \\|url\=https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/12/15/israel\-plans\-30\-minute\-high\-speed\-train\-from\-haifa\-to\-tel\-aviv/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-03\-16 \\|website\=The Algemeiner \\|language\=en\-US}} Further plans for completion by 2040 include an extension north of Haifa, a continuation from Tel Aviv through [Ben Gurion Airport](/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport "Ben Gurion Airport") to Jerusalem, and a connection to Beersheva. ### Japan {{Main\\|Chūō Shinkansen}} [thumb\\|alt\=A long, streamlined train\\|L0 series maglev train on the [Yamanashi](/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture "Yamanashi Prefecture") test track](/wiki/File:Series_L0.JPG "Series L0.JPG") [thumb\\|upright\=1\.35\\|alt\=Color\-coded rail map of Japan\\|Proposed Shinkansen lines as defined in the Nationwide Shinkansen Development Act](/wiki/File:Planned_Shinkansen_Map_English_2021.svg "Planned Shinkansen Map English 2021.svg") A [maglev](/wiki/Maglev "Maglev") line between Tokyo and Osaka, the Chūō Shinkansen, is under construction by the [Central Japan Railway Company](/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company "Central Japan Railway Company") (JR Central). The [Nagoya](/wiki/Nagoya "Nagoya")\-Tokyo section is planned to open in 2027, and the [Nagoya](/wiki/Nagoya "Nagoya")\-[Osaka](/wiki/Osaka "Osaka") section is projected for completion in 2037\. The route is to be privately financed through bond sales by JR Central, and the intermediate stations will be financed by local governments. JR Central expects that it will need at least eight years between the completion of the Tokyo section and the beginning of construction of the [Osaka](/wiki/Osaka "Osaka") section to rebuild its financial position. The federal government is exploring options to accelerate the project.{{cite web \\|url\=http://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160602/p2g/00m/0dm/007000c \\|title\=Abe says gov't will bring forward Tokyo\-Osaka maglev train service – the Mainichi \\|access\-date\=13 June 2016 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602092117/http://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160602/p2g/00m/0dm/007000c \\|archive\-date\=2 June 2016 }} Research on high\-speed rail systems based on [magnetic levitation](/wiki/Magnetic_levitation "Magnetic levitation"), led by JR Central, has been ongoing since the 1970s. The trains and guideways are technologically ready, and over 100,000 passengers have ridden them. Pre\-Series [L0](/wiki/L0_series "L0 series") crewed trains on the Yamanashi test line have reached speeds of {{Convert\\|603\\|km/h\\|mph}}, making them the fastest trains in the world.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/japanese\-maglev\-train\-breaks\-600\-kph\-record\-last\-test\-runs\-1497495\\|title\=Japanese maglev train breaks 600 kph record in last of test runs\\|date\=21 April 2015\\|website\=International Business Times UK}} The Yamanashi test track is to be incorporated into the under\-construction Tokyo–Osaka maglev route. Extensions to the current network expansions, notably from [Hakodate](/wiki/Hakodate "Hakodate") to [Sapporo](/wiki/Sapporo "Sapporo"), have been approved for construction.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T120629006237\.htm \\|title\=Shinkansen to get 3 new sections : National : DAILY YOMIURI ONLINE (The Daily Yomiuri) \\|access\-date\=30 June 2012 \\|archive\-date\=7 July 2012 \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120707022414/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T120629006237\.htm \\|url\-status\=dead }} The route of the final extension of the [Hokuriku Shinkansen](/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen "Hokuriku Shinkansen") has not been finalised. It will ultimately provide a northern route to Osaka. Conventional routes planned in 1973 are on hold, to be built after the current lines open. A [Hokkaido Shinkansen](/wiki/Hokkaido_Shinkansen "Hokkaido Shinkansen") extension was proposed during the 1970s to the Russian border via tunnel. A tunnel to South Korea has also been proposed. \| Line \| Speed \| Length \| Construction start \| Expected start of revenue service \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Hokkaido Shinkansen extension (Sapporo–Asahikawa) \| 320\+ km/h \| 130 km \| on hold \| 2045 \| \| Sapporo–Oshamambe \| 200\+ km/h \| 180 km \| on hold \| 2045 \| \| Uetsu Shinkansen (Toyama–Aomori via Niigata) \| 200\+ km/h \| 560 km \| on hold \| 2030\+ \| \| Ōu Shinkansen (Fukushima–Akita via Yamagata) \| 200\+ km/h \| 270 km \| on hold \| 2030\+ \| \| [Hokuriku Shinkansen](/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen "Hokuriku Shinkansen") (Tokyo–Osaka via Kanazawa) \| 200\+ km/h \| 50 km \| Tokyo to Tsuruga via Kanazawa in operation,Tsuruga to Osaka planned \| 2045 \| \| Trans\-Chūgoku Shinkansen (Okayama–Matsue) \| 260 km/h \| 150 km \| on hold \| 2030\+ \| \| San'in Shinkansen (Osaka–Shimonoseki via Tottori \& Matsue) \| 260 km/h \| 550 km \| on hold \| 2030\+ \| \| Shikoku Shinkansen (Osaka–Oita via Matsuyama) \| 260 km/h \| 440 km \| on hold \| 2045 \| \| Trans\-Shikoku Shinkansen (Okayama–Kōchi) \| 260 km/h \| 150 km \| on hold \| 2045 \| \| East [Kyūshū Shinkansen](/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB_Shinkansen "Kyūshū Shinkansen") (Hakata–Kagoshima\-Chūō via Ōita) \| 260 km/h \| 390 km \| on hold \| 2045 \| \| Trans\-Kyūshū Shinkansen (Ōita–Kumamoto) \| 260 km/h \| 120 km \| on hold \| 2045 \| ### Kazakhstan {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in Kazakhstan}} [Qazaqstan Temir Zholy](/wiki/Qazaqstan_Temir_Zholy "Qazaqstan Temir Zholy"), Kazakhstan's national rail company, has awarded a contract to oversee the design and construction of a high\-speed line from [Astana](/wiki/Astana "Astana") (the country's capital) to [Almaty](/wiki/Almaty "Almaty") (its largest city).{{cite news\\| url\=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/projects\-infrastructure/single\-view/view/kazakhstan\-plans\-1000\-km\-high\-speed\-line.html\\| title\=Kazakhstan plans 1 000 km high speed line\\| newspaper\=\[\[Railway Gazette International]]\\| date\=13 March 2013\\| access\-date\=16 March 2013\\| archive\-date\=17 March 2013\\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317043037/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/projects\-infrastructure/single\-view/view/kazakhstan\-plans\-1000\-km\-high\-speed\-line.html\\| url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\\| url\=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high\-speed/kazakhstan\-to\-build\-first\-high\-speed\-line.html?channel\=523\\| title\=Kazakhstan to build first high\-speed line\\| newspaper\=\[\[International Railway Journal]]\\| date\=13 March 2013 }} The line, expected to be {{convert\\|1,011\\|km\\|abbr\=on}} long, will run via [Karaganda](/wiki/Karaganda "Karaganda") and [Balkhash](/wiki/Balkhash_%28city%29 "Balkhash (city)"). A {{convert\\|10\\|km\\|adj\=on}} viaduct across [Lake Balkhash](/wiki/Lake_Balkhash "Lake Balkhash") is planned near [Sayaq](/wiki/Sayaq "Sayaq"). The trains are expected by be built by Tulpar\-Talgo (a joint venture established in 2011 between Qazaqstan Temir Zholy and the Spanish company [Talgo](/wiki/Talgo "Talgo")),{{cite web\\| url\=http://www.astana.kz/en/node/48062\\| title\=President Opens Train Manufacturing Plant "Tulpar\-Talgo"\\| date\=9 December 2011}}{{dead link\\|date\=March 2018 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }} will have a maximum speed of {{convert\\|250\\|km/h\\|0\\|abbr\=on}} and make the trip in five\-and\-a\-half hours. The system will use [Russian gauge](/wiki/Russian_gauge "Russian gauge"), like Kazakhstan's existing conventional lines. In 2021, Kazakh Prime Minister [Asqar Mamin](/wiki/Asqar_Mamin "Asqar Mamin") announced plans for high\-speed rail line to [Tashkent](/wiki/Tashkent "Tashkent"), [Uzbekistan](/wiki/Uzbekistan "Uzbekistan"), via [Shymkent](/wiki/Shymkent "Shymkent") and [Turkistan](/wiki/Turkistan_%28city%29 "Turkistan (city)") in Kazakhstan.{{Cite web \\|last\=Hashimova \\|first\=Umida \\|title\=What a New High\-Speed Railway Tells Us About Kazakhstan\-Uzbekistan Relations \\|url\=https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/what\-a\-new\-high\-speed\-railway\-tells\-us\-about\-kazakhstan\-uzbekistan\-relations/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-20 \\|website\=thediplomat.com \\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \\|date\=2021\-01\-28 \\|title\=Ташкент и Туркестан свяжет высокоскоростная ж/д магистраль \\|url\=https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/01/28/train/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-20 \\|website\=Газета.uz \\|language\=ru\-UZ}} ### North Korea Attempts were made during the 1970s to speed up [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea")'s network, when one electric trainset (using bullet\-train design) was built. The trainset never entered regular service due to the economic crisis which followed the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union "Dissolution of the Soviet Union"). The Chinese government proposed a high\-speed railway for the country during the 2000s, but the proposal is still far from the planning stage. Changes in foreign policy in during 2017 and 2018 encouraged both Koreas to begin international railway projects, and the chair of the [State Affairs Commission](/wiki/State_Affairs_Commission_of_North_Korea "State Affairs Commission of North Korea") has shown an interest in high\-speed rail technology.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.rzd\-partner.ru/zhd\-transport/news/kim\-chen\-yn\-prokatitsya\-na\-poezde\-vsm/\\|title\=Ким Чен Ын прокатится на поезде ВСМ\\|website\=www.rzd\-partner.ru}} ### Malaysia {{Main\\|Kuala Lumpur–Singapore high\-speed rail}} A high\-speed rail running at 300 km/h (186 mph) to link Kuala Lumpur and [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") was proposed in 2006 by [YTL Corporation](/wiki/YTL_Corporation "YTL Corporation"), operator of the [KLIA Express](/wiki/KLIA_Express "KLIA Express") in Malaysia; the company also proposed a similar system during the late 1990s. Plans for the project were put on hold in April 2008 due to the high cost to the government, estimated at RM8 billion.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=/2008/4/23/nation/21036253\&sec\=nation\\|title\=KL\-Singapore bullet train derailed by high cost\\|date\=23 April 2008\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423122125/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=/2008/4/23/nation/21036253\&sec\=nation\\|archive\-date\=23 April 2008}} The project has been opposed by rail\-operator rivals such as [Keretapi Tanah Melayu](/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu "Keretapi Tanah Melayu"), and the liberalisation of the Kuala Lumpur\-Singapore air route also dampened its prospects for the proposal. In 2007, [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens "Siemens") expressed interest in providing technology for the proposed rail link.{{cite news\\|title\=Siemens keen on Kuala Lumpur\-Singapore high\-speed train deal \\|url\=http://crgp.stanford.edu/news/global\_projects\_realnews\_siemens\_keen\_on\_kuala\_lumpursingapore\_highspeed\_train\_deal.html \\|date\=7 April 2007 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717085326/http://crgp.stanford.edu/news/global\_projects\_realnews\_siemens\_keen\_on\_kuala\_lumpursingapore\_highspeed\_train\_deal.html \\|archive\-date\=17 July 2010 }} By the middle of 2009, YTL revived talk about the project and expressed hope that the Malaysian government would reexamine the proposal{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsbusiness.php?id\=422054 \\|title\=BERNAMA – YTL Hopes for Bullet Train Project to Materialise \\|access\-date\=17 December 2009 \\|archive\-date\=4 June 2011 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035025/http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsbusiness.php?id\=422054 \\|url\-status\=dead }} since delays in the project have increased development costs.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=/2009/7/3/focus/4236128\&sec\=focus\\|title\=Fast track the Sípore bullet train project\\|date\=4 July 2009\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704202140/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=/2009/7/3/focus/4236128\&sec\=focus\\|archive\-date\=4 July 2009}} In 2010, Malaysia made a proposal to revive the project.[http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id\=47759{{dead link\\|date\=September 2018 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }}](http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id=47759{{dead link\|date=September 2018 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}) In the new proposal, the route will be in two phases: the first from Kuala Lumpur to Singapore, and the second from Kuala Lumpur to [Penang](/wiki/Penang "Penang"). On 19 February 2013, Singapore and Malaysia announced an agreement to build a high\-speed rail link between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore by 2020\.{{Cite news \\| title \= KL\-Singapore high\-speed link to kick off \\| publisher \= Investvine.com \\| date \= 20 February 2013 \\| url \= http://investvine.com/kl\-singapore\-high\-speed\-link\-to\-kick\-off/ \\| access\-date \= 27 February 2013 \\| archive\-date \= 5 March 2013 \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130305044511/http://investvine.com/kl\-singapore\-high\-speed\-link\-to\-kick\-off/ \\| url\-status \= dead }} The KL–Singapore section, planned to be about 380 km long, would have an estimated travel time of 90 minutes.{{cite news \\|url\=http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=/2011/6/25/business/8923898\&sec\=business \\|title\=High\-speed rail will spur growth in hub cities \\|author\=Senator Datuk Abdul Rahim Rahman \\|work\=The Star\\|date\=25 June 2011}} The high\-speed railway terminus for Singapore would be in [Jurong East](/wiki/Jurong_East "Jurong East"), at the Jurong Country Club site, and the terminus for Malaysia would be at the former [RMAF Kuala Lumpur Air Base](/wiki/RMAF_Kuala_Lumpur_Air_Base "RMAF Kuala Lumpur Air Base"). After the landslide defeat of Prime Minister [Najib Razak](/wiki/Najib_Razak "Najib Razak") in May 2018, his successor [Mahathir Mohamad](/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad "Mahathir Mohamad") told the [Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times") that the project would be delayed in favor of cheaper alternatives such as spending RM 20 billion to upgrade the [Keretapi Tanah Melayu](/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu "Keretapi Tanah Melayu") (KTM) line to 200 km/h and extending it to Jurong East.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1642918/report\-kl\-singapore\-rail\-link\-could\-be\-rm50b\-cheaper\\|title\=Report: KL\-Singapore rail link could be RM50b cheaper {{!}} Malay Mail\\|website\=www.malaymail.com\\|access\-date\=19 June 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140049/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1642918/report\-kl\-singapore\-rail\-link\-could\-be\-rm50b\-cheaper\\|archive\-date\=19 June 2018}} On 5 September 2018, an agreement to postpone the project until 31 May 2020 was signed between Singapore and Malaysia. Completion was pushed back to 1 January 2031 from 31 December 2026 after initial plans to scrap it.{{Cite web \\|last1\=Yong \\|first1\=Charissa \\|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/malaysia\-singapore\-ink\-agreement\-to\-defer\-high\-speed\-rail\-project\-for\-two\-years \\|title\=Malaysia, Singapore ink agreement to defer high\-speed rail project for 2 years; KL to pay S$15m for suspending work \\|website\=The Straits Times \\|access\-date\=1 October 2018 \\|date\=5 September 2018}} Malaysia also paid Singapore [S$](/wiki/S%24 "S$")15 million on 31 January 2019 as compensation for suspending the project.{{Cite web \\|last1\=Lim \\|first1\=Adrian \\|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/malaysia\-remits\-15\-million\-in\-abortive\-costs\-to\-singapore\-for\-deferred\-high\-speed\-rail \\|title\=Deferred High\-Speed Rail deal: Malaysia informs Singapore of $15m remittance \\|website\=The Straits Times \\|access\-date\=1 October 2018 \\|date\=31 January 2019}} On 31 May 2020, Singapore agreed to Malaysia's request to delay the project to discuss and clarify proposed changes by 31 December of that year.{{cite web \\|last1\=Yusof \\|first1\=Amir \\|title\=Malaysia, Singapore agree to defer HSR project until Dec 31: Khaw Boon Wan \\|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/malaysia\-singapore\-agree\-to\-defer\-hsr\-project\-until\-dec\-31\-khaw\-12788878 \\|website\=CNA \\|access\-date\=16 July 2021 \\|date\=31 May 2020 \\|archive\-date\=11 June 2020 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132536/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/malaysia\-singapore\-agree\-to\-defer\-hsr\-project\-until\-dec\-31\-khaw\-12788878 \\|url\-status\=dead }} Since no agreement was reached by that date, the HSR project was terminated on 1 January 2021\. As a result, Malaysia paid about S$102\.8 million to Singapore on 29 March 2021\.{{cite web \\|last1\=Tham \\|first1\=Yuen\-C \\|title\=KL\-Singapore High Speed Rail terminated after both countries fail to reach agreement on M'sia's proposed changes to project \\|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/kl\-singapore\-high\-speed\-rail\-terminated\-after\-singapore\-and\-malaysia\-fail\-to \\|website\=The Straits Times \\|access\-date\=1 January 2021 \\|date\=1 January 2021}}{{cite web \\|last1\=Baharudin \\|first1\=Hariz \\|title\=Malaysia pays S'pore $102\.8 million for costs incurred in terminated HSR project \\|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/malaysia\-reimburses\-singapore\-102\-million\-for\-costs\-incurred\-in\-terminated\-kl\-spore\-hsr \\|website\=The Straits Times \\|access\-date\=16 July 2021 \\|date\=29 March 2021}} In March 2022, talks were scheduled again between the Malaysian and Singaporean governments to revive the high\-speed rail project with new terms.{{Cite web \\|last\=Azman \\|first\=Nur Hanani \\|date\=16 March 2022 \\|title\=KL\-Bangkok HSR may not be economically viable \\|url\=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2022/03/16/kl\-bangkok\-hsr\-may\-not\-be\-economically\-viable/ \\|access\-date\=16 March 2022 \\|website\=The Malaysian Reserve}} On 26 February 2022, Thailand and Malaysia agreed to conduct a feasibility study of a line between Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok. On 17 May of that year, the countries established a joint committee to coordinate the planning of a Bangkok\-Kuala Lumpur HSR project.{{Cite web \\|last\=Jaafar \\|first\=Fayyadh \\|date\=19 July 2022 \\|title\=Govt to continue high\-speed rail projects \\|url\=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2022/07/19/govt\-to\-continue\-high\-speed\-rail\-projects/ \\|access\-date\=23 July 2022 \\|website\=The Malaysian Reserve}} The project was still under discussion by May 2023, with no concrete plans.{{Cite news \\|last\=Shadique \\|first\=Jassmine \\|date\=11 May 2023 \\|title\=Malaysia and Singapore keen to revive KL\-Singapore HSR project \\|work\=New Straits Times \\|url\=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/908276/malaysia\-and\-singapore\-keen\-revive\-kl\-singapore\-hsr\-project \\|access\-date\=16 May 2023}} ### Myanmar Plans have been announced to build a high\-speed railway between [Yangon](/wiki/Yangon "Yangon") and [Kunming](/wiki/Kunming "Kunming") in China, a distance of 1920 km. Construction was planned to begin after agreements with China were signed in 2011\.\[11] The project, put on hold in 2014 due to financial feasibility and national\-security concerns, was revived in 2019\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/02/article/full\-speed\-ahead\-for\-china\-myanmar\-high\-speed\-railway/\\|title\=Full steam ahead for China\-Myanmar high\-speed railway \\|website\=Asia Times Online\\|date\=21 February 2019\\|access\-date\=31 August 2019}}{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/china\-myanmar\-high\-speed\-railway\-quietly\-back\-track.html\\|title\=China\-Myanmar high\-speed railway quietly back on track\\|date\=6 July 2018\\|website\=The Myanmar Times\\|access\-date\=31 August 2019\\|archive\-date\=27 January 2022\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127075629/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/china\-myanmar\-high\-speed\-railway\-quietly\-back\-track.html\\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Oman Oman has planned a 2,144\-km high\-speed rail network connecting the seaports of [Salalah](/wiki/Salalah "Salalah"), [Duqm](/wiki/Duqm "Duqm"), and [Sohar](/wiki/Sohar "Sohar"), and linking with the [Gulf Railway](/wiki/Gulf_Railway "Gulf Railway") at [Hafeet](/wiki/Jebel_Hafeet "Jebel Hafeet") on its border with the [United Arab Emirates](/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates").{{Cite web \\|last1\=Prabhu \\|first1\=Conrad \\|last2\=Observer \\|first2\=Oman Daily \\|title\=Nod for GCC Railway Authority spurs hopes for revival of Omani rail project \\|url\=https://www.zawya.com/en/business/nod\-for\-gcc\-railway\-authority\-spurs\-hopes\-for\-revival\-of\-omani\-rail\-project\-h5jocdtq \\|access\-date\=2022\-05\-06 \\|website\=www.zawya.com \\|language\=en}} The project was put on hold in 2014 due to falling oil prices, and the link to the Gulf Railway was suspended in 2016\.{{Cite web \\|date\=2016\-05\-04 \\|title\=Oman halts work on trans\-Gulf rail link \\|url\=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/oman\-halts\-work\-tran7s\-gu7lf\-r7ail\-li7nk/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-05\-06 \\|website\=Global Construction Review \\|language\=en\-GB}} The planned network would be double\-tracked, non\-electrified, with a speed of 220 km/h passenger traffic with a planned increase to 350 km/h, and international connections with Yemen through [Mazyounah](/wiki/Al-Mazyunah "Al-Mazyunah") and to the United Arab Emirates through [Al\-Buraimi](/wiki/Al-Buraimi "Al-Buraimi").{{Cite web \\|date\=2017\-02\-12 \\|title\=Oman Rail \\|url\=https://www.omanrail.om/project.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-05\-06 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212164952/https://www.omanrail.om/project.html \\|archive\-date\=12 February 2017 \\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Pakistan Pakistan's railway minister said in 2016 that when the ministry asked about high\-speed rail in Pakistan as part of the [CPEC Project](/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor "China–Pakistan Economic Corridor"), the Chinese recommended a 160\-km/h semi\-high\-speed service instead. The minister added that there was no market for such a project, and the country could not afford it.{{Cite news \\|date\=2016\-11\-30 \\|title\=Pakistan can't afford to have bullet trains: Railway minister \\|work\=The Times of India \\|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan\-cant\-afford\-to\-have\-bullet\-trains\-railway\-minister/articleshow/55704953\.cms \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-20 \\|issn\=0971\-8257}} In 2021, [Haier Pakistan](/wiki/Haier_Pakistan "Haier Pakistan") suggested a 1,872\-km passenger line between [Peshawar](/wiki/Peshawar "Peshawar") and [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi "Karachi") along the motorway which could run at 350 km/h and reduce travel time to five hours and 30 minutes.{{Cite web \\|date\=2021\-01\-15 \\|title\=Javed Afridi hints at introducing bullet train from Peshawar to Karachi \\|url\=https://www.globalvillagespace.com/javed\-afridi\-hints\-at\-introducing\-bullet\-train\-from\-peshawar\-to\-karachi/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-05\-06 \\|website\=Global Village Space \\|language\=en\-GB}} ### {{anchor\\|Persian Gulf Countries}}Persian Gulf countries {{Main\\|Gulf Railway}} The countries of the [Gulf Cooperation Council](/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council "Gulf Cooperation Council") (UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia) plan a 2,200\-kilometre rail network,{{cite web \\|title\=2010\-10\-01 \\|url\=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single\-view/view/pointers\-october\-2010\.html \\|access\-date\=12 October 2010}} [Etihad Railway](/wiki/Etihad_Railway "Etihad Railway"), which may include high\-speed rail from [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai "Dubai") to [Abu Dhabi](/wiki/Abu_Dhabi "Abu Dhabi").{{cite web \\|title\=High speed Dubai to Abu Dhabi rail plan revealed \\|url\=http://www.arabiansupplychain.com/article\-3834\-high\-speed\-dubai\-to\-abu\-dhabi\-rail\-plan\-revealed/ \\|access\-date\=12 October 2010 \\|work\=arabiansupplychain.com \\|archive\-date\=6 October 2011 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006225238/http://www.arabiansupplychain.com/article\-3834\-high\-speed\-dubai\-to\-abu\-dhabi\-rail\-plan\-revealed/ \\|url\-status\=dead }} A freight line currently exists. In 2010, the government of Qatar announced that it planned to have high\-speed rail links to Bahrain and Saudi Arabia built in time for the [2022 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup "2022 FIFA World Cup").{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.railwaygazette.com/urban\-rail\-network\-to\-underpin\-qatar\-world\-cup/35535\.article\\|title\=Urban rail network to underpin Qatar World Cup\\|first\=Railway Gazette\\|last\=International2010\-12\-09T11:18:00\\|website\=Railway Gazette International}} The project was sidetracked by the [Qatar crisis](/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis "Qatar diplomatic crisis"), but in early 2022 the Qatari and Saudi ministers of transport resumed talks about the proposed high\-speed rail link.{{Cite web \\|date\=2022\-01\-11 \\|title\=Saudi\-Qatar reconciliation, from a divisive canal to a railroad connection \\|url\=https://www.dohanews.co/saudi\-qatar\-reconciliation\-from\-a\-divisive\-canal\-to\-a\-railroad\-connection/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-14 \\|website\=Doha News {{!}} Qatar \\|language\=en\-US}} In 2022, the Saudi Crown Prince proposed [The Line](/wiki/The_Line%2C_Saudi_Arabia "The Line, Saudi Arabia"): a 500\-km/h rail line in [Tabuk Province](/wiki/Tabuk_Province "Tabuk Province").{{Cite web \\|date\=2022\-08\-01 \\|title\=Saudi Arabia's The Line is what happens when tech bro culture meets Middle Eastern autocracy \\|url\=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/middle\-east/2022/08/saudi\-arabia\-the\-line\-city\-autocracy \\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02 \\|website\=New Statesman \\|language\=en\-US}} Saudi transportation authorities were studying a high\-speed link in September 2022 between Riyadh and the [Eastern Province](/wiki/Eastern_Province%2C_Saudi_Arabia "Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"), with a planned travel time of one hour and 15 minutes.{{Cite web \\|date\=2022\-09\-05 \\|title\=Ministry studies project linking Riyadh and Eastern Province with a fast train \\|url\=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/624647/SAUDI\-ARABIA/Ministry\-studies\-project\-linking\-Riyadh\-and\-Eastern\-Province\-with\-a\-fast\-train \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-01 \\|website\=Saudigazette \\|language\=English}} In May 2023, the [Kuwaiti government](/wiki/Government_of_Kuwait "Government of Kuwait") proposed a $3\.25 million feasibility study for a 111\-km line from [Nuwaiseeb Point](/wiki/Al-Nuwaiseeb "Al-Nuwaiseeb") to Al\-Shaddadiyah ([Kuwait City](/wiki/Kuwait_City "Kuwait City")) which would link its network to Saudi Arabia's.{{Cite web \\|author\= \\|title\=Systra tasked with studying railway link between Saudi Arabia \& Kuwait \\|url\=https://www.zawya.com/en/world/middle\-east/systra\-tasked\-with\-studying\-railway\-link\-between\-saudi\-arabia\-and\-kuwait\-ajp1oj0y \\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-09 \\|website\=www.zawya.com \\|language\=en}} ### Philippines {{Main\\|Rail transportation in the Philippines}} The [San Miguel Corporation](/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation "San Miguel Corporation") proposed building a bullet\-train system connecting [Laoag](/wiki/Laoag "Laoag") in northern [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon") island with [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") and the [Bicol Region](/wiki/Bicol_Region "Bicol Region") in southeastern Luzon. By 2010, the project had been put on hold.{{cite web\\|title\=San Miguel mulls bullet train project\\|url\=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId\=561232\&publicationSubCategoryId\=66\\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120906171229/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId\=561232\&publicationSubCategoryId\=66\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=6 September 2012\\|work\=\[\[Philippine Star\\|Philstar.com (The Philippine Star Online)]]\\|date\=26 March 2010}}{{cite web\\|title\=Philippine San Mig eyes airport, bullet train deals for infrastructure \\|url\=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/business/57627\-philippine\-san\-mig\-eyes\-airport\-bullet\-train\-deals \\|work\=\[\[The Malaysian Insider]] \\|date\=11 April 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328064438/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/business/57627\-philippine\-san\-mig\-eyes\-airport\-bullet\-train\-deals \\|archive\-date\=28 March 2010 }} In April 2013, the [National Economic and Development Authority](/wiki/National_Economic_and_Development_Authority "National Economic and Development Authority") (NEDA) announced plans by [Metro Pacific Investments](/wiki/Metro_Pacific_Investments "Metro Pacific Investments") to fund a [Clark](/wiki/Clark_International_Airport "Clark International Airport")\-[Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila "Metro Manila") high\-speed train project as part of a [build–operate–transfer](/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer "Build–operate–transfer") scheme. The project, Express Airport Trains, will have at least three stops in Metro Manila and will be built between lanes of the [North Luzon Expressway](/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway "North Luzon Expressway") (NLEx). The trains are planned to stop in [Quezon City](/wiki/Quezon_City "Quezon City"), [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila"), and [Makati](/wiki/Makati "Makati").{{cite news \\| title\=NEDA says MRT\-7 and bullet train projects under BOT \\| url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/article.php?aid\=7983\&sid\=1\&subid\=2 \\| work\=\[\[Manila Bulletin]] \\|date\=17 April 2013}} It would be [higher\-speed rail](/wiki/Higher-speed_rail "Higher-speed rail"), similar to the [Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway](/wiki/Tel_Aviv%E2%80%93Jerusalem_railway "Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway") (which was also marketed during its planning stage as a high\-speed line). The [PNR South Main Line](/wiki/PNR_South_Main_Line "PNR South Main Line") reconstruction project, [South Long Haul](/wiki/PNR_South_Long_Haul "PNR South Long Haul"), will have express trains with the same maximum speed.{{cite web \\|title\=Towards Improving Connectivity Between the Bicol and Calabarzon Regions \\|url\=http://nro5\.neda.gov.ph/towards\-improving\-connectivity\-between\-the\-bicol\-and\-calabarzon\-regions/ \\|website\=nro5\.neda.gov.ph \\|publisher\=National Economic and Development Authority \\|access\-date\=8 February 2020 \\|archive\-date\=14 November 2019 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114164301/http://nro5\.neda.gov.ph/towards\-improving\-connectivity\-between\-the\-bicol\-and\-calabarzon\-regions/ \\|url\-status\=dead }} Projects such as PNR South Long Haul are being designed for an eventual upgrade to high\-speed rail.{{Cite news \\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/news/10/19/18/fact\-check\-no\-this\-is\-not\-a\-map\-of\-the\-philippines\-high\-speed\-rail\-system \\|title\=FACT CHECK: No, this is not a map of the Philippines' high\-speed rail system \\|author\=Agence France\-Presse \\|website\=ABS\-CBN News \\|access\-date\=8 February 2019}} There are also plans for a high\-speed rail network in [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao "Mindanao") as part of future upgrades to the proposed [Mindanao Railway](/wiki/Mindanao_Railway "Mindanao Railway") network, with a top speed of {{Convert\\|250\\|km/h\\|mph\\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite news \\|first1\=Bong \\|last1\=Sarmiento \\|title\=Dream train for Mindanao still in the doldrums \\|url\=https://www.mindanews.com/special\-reports/2019/11/dream\-train\-for\-mindanao\-still\-in\-the\-doldrums/ \\|date\=27 November 2019 \\|newspaper\=MindaNews \\|access\-date\=1 February 2020}} ### Singapore See [Malaysia](/wiki/%23Malaysia "#Malaysia"), above. ### Thailand {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in Thailand}} [thumb\\|alt\=Color\-coded rail map of Thailand\\|Planned Thai high speed rail system in 2022](/wiki/File:Thailand_HSR_2022.svg "Thailand HSR 2022.svg") The State Railway of Thailand and the Thai Ministry of Transport have plans for several high\-speed rail lines. An HSR line to the eastern seaboard was first proposed in 1996, but there was no progress for over a decade. In 2009, the government asked the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) to create a plan for a new HSR network which included an eastern line to [Rayong](/wiki/Rayong "Rayong"). In October 2009, it was reported that funding was being sought for four lines linking [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok") to [Chiang Mai](/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai") (711 km), [Nong Khai](/wiki/Nong_Khai "Nong Khai") (600 km), [Chanthaburi](/wiki/Chanthaburi "Chanthaburi") (330 km), and [Padang Besar](/wiki/Padang_Besar_%28Thailand%29 "Padang Besar (Thailand)") (983 km).{{cite web\\|title\=SRT to seek funds for infrastructure\\|url\=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2009/10/29/business/business\_30115460\.php\\|work\=\[\[The Nation (Thailand)\\|The Nation]]\\|date\=29 October 2009\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008113811/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2009/10/29/business/business\_30115460\.php\\|archive\-date\=8 October 2012}} The Thai cabinet reportedly approved the plan the following month, with the shorter eastern route to Chanthaburi intended for construction first.{{cite web\\|title\=SCabinet approves Bt100 billion hi\-speed rail construction plan \\|url\=http://enews.mcot.net/view.php?id\=12751 \\|work\=MCOT English News \\|date\=11 November 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119224644/http://enews.mcot.net/view.php?id\=12751 \\|archive\-date\=19 November 2009 }} The total cost of all routes is [฿](/wiki/Thai_baht "Thai baht")800 billion (US$25 billion). In October 2010, the Thai parliament approved initial proposals for a high\-speed rail network to be built with Chinese industrial partners; five lines capable of 250 km/h would radiate from Bangkok, with the line to [Ubon Ratchathani](/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani "Ubon Ratchathani") later dropped.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.railjournal.com/newsflash/thailand\-to\-negotiate\-with\-china\-on\-high\-speed\-proposal.html \\|access\-date\=30 October 2010 \\|title\=Thailand to negotiate with China on high\-speed proposal – International Railway Journal \\|date\=30 October 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101061026/http://www.railjournal.com/newsflash/thailand\-to\-negotiate\-with\-china\-on\-high\-speed\-proposal.html \\|archive\-date\=1 November 2010 }} The routes were finalized before the 2011 election, with a promise to begin construction the following year if the government was re\-elected; they lost the election. After the 2011 election of opposition leader [Yingluck Shinawatra](/wiki/Yingluck_Shinawatra "Yingluck Shinawatra"), the new government reviewed all HSR plans. It divided them into phases, prioritizing service between Bangkok and [Pattaya](/wiki/Pattaya "Pattaya"), [Hua Hin](/wiki/Hua_Hin_railway_station "Hua Hin railway station"), and [Nakhon Ratchasima](/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima "Nakhon Ratchasima"), and expected to tender the lines in 2014\.{{Cite news \\|last\=Marukatat \\|first\=Saritdet \\|date\=13 May 2013 \\|title\=Rayong added to high\-speed rail link \\|website\=Bangkok Post \\|url\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/349793/quick\-move\-on\-high\-speed\-train\-to\-rayong \\|access\-date\=23 July 2022}} There were further delays while the military government reviewed all HSR lines after the [May 2014 coup](/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "2014 Thai coup d'état"), and it initially deferred all projects. Transport Minister Prajin Juntong and his Japanese counterpart, [Akihiro Ota](/wiki/Akihiro_Ota "Akihiro Ota"), signed an agreement on 27 May 2015 to conduct a feasibility study of the northern HSR.{{cite news \\|title\=Japan sets high\-speed railway survey \\|date\=29 July 2015 \\|work\=Bangkok Post \\|url\=http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/637156/}} The [NCPO](/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order "National Council for Peace and Order") agreed in early 2016 to proceed with the eastern HSR route and suggested that it could be extended to [Don Mueang International Airport](/wiki/Don_Mueang_International_Airport "Don Mueang International Airport") beyond the terminus at [Bang Sue Grand Station](/wiki/Krung_Thep_Aphiwat_Central_Terminal "Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal"), providing direct links between Bangkok's three major airports (including [Suvarnabhumi Airport](/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport "Suvarnabhumi Airport") and [U\-Tapao International Airport](/wiki/U-Tapao_International_Airport "U-Tapao International Airport")).{{Cite news \\|last\=Mahitthirook \\|first\=Amornrat \\|date\=25 January 2016 \\|title\=Military government set to link 3 airports \\|website\=Bangkok Post \\|url\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/837492/military\-government\-set\-to\-link\-3\-airports \\|access\-date\=23 July 2022}} In 2017, the Office of Traffic Policy and Planning, the Ministry of Transport and the [State Railway of Thailand](/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand "State Railway of Thailand") agreed to the revised plan. In October of that year, the Eastern Economic Corridor Office finalized plans to build a 10\-station Eastern HSR line linking Don Mueang Airport, Bang Sue, [Makkasan](/wiki/Makkasan_railway_station "Makkasan railway station"), Suvarnabhumi Airport, [Chonburi](/wiki/Chonburi "Chonburi"), [Si Racha](/wiki/Si_Racha "Si Racha"), Pattaya, U\-Tapao Airport, and Rayong. The section to Rayong was excluded in early 2018 due to environmental and safety concerns, and it was decided that the line would end at U\-Tapao Airport.{{Cite news \\|last1\=Theparat \\|first1\=Chatrudee \\|last2\=Chantanusornsiri \\|first2\=Wichit \\|date\=14 February 2018 \\|title\=EEC high\-speed railway to steer clear of Rayong on safety fears \\|url\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1411987/eec\-high\-speed\-railway\-to\-steer\-clear\-of\-rayong\-on\-safety\-fears \\|access\-date\=23 July 2022 \\|website\=Bangkok Post}} In October 2019, after months of delay, the Thai government signed a $7\.4 billion agreement with a [Charoen Pokphand](/wiki/Charoen_Pokphand "Charoen Pokphand")\-[China Railway Construction](/wiki/China_Railway_Construction_Corporation "China Railway Construction Corporation") consortium to build eastern HSR from Bangkok to Pattaya in a public\-private partnership, with assets reverting to the state after 50 years.{{Cite web \\|date\=2019\-10\-24 \\|title\=Thailand signs agreement to build Bangkok\-Pattaya rail link \\|url\=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast\-asia/article/3034467/thailand\-gives\-green\-light\-us74\-billion\-high\-speed\-rail \\|access\-date\=2022\-07\-23 \\|website\=South China Morning Post \\|language\=en}} The Japan International Cooperation Agency conducted a feasibility study of northern HSR to Chiang Mai, and reported in 2018 that passenger projections were too low for economic viability.{{Cite news \\|last\=Hongtong \\|first\=Thodsapol \\|date\=25 July 2018 \\|title\=Losses predicted for high\-speed railway \\|website\=Bangkok Post \\|url\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1509418/losses\-predicted\-for\-high\-speed\-railway \\|access\-date\=23 July 2022}} The 670\-kilometer line was estimated to cost ฿400 billion, and private investors and the Japanese government declined the project.{{Cite news \\|last\=Hongtong \\|first\=Thodsapol \\|date\=27 September 2019 \\|title\=Govt mulls end of fast train plan \\|url\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1759399/govt\-mulls\-end\-of\-fast\-train\-plan \\|access\-date\=23 July 2022 \\|website\=Bangkok Post}} The [Ministry of Transport](/wiki/Office_of_Transport_and_Traffic_Policy_and_Planning "Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning") denied that Japan cancelled the project.{{Cite web\\|date\=October 27, 2018\\|website\=thaipbs.or.th \\|url\=https://www.thaipbs.or.th/news/content/275346 \\|title\=ก.คมนาคม ยันญี่ปุ่นไม่ยกเลิกลงทุนรถไฟความเร็วสูง\\|language\=th}} On 14 December 2022, the Department of Railways and [MLIT](/wiki/MLIT "MLIT")\-[JICA](/wiki/JICA "JICA") discussed speeding up feasibility studies for the Bangkok\-Chiang Mai HSR to March 2023, and requested a study on the economic impact of the station\-area development.{{cite web \\|title\="กรมราง" ถก "ญี่ปุ่น" เร่งศึกษาลงทุนรถไฟความเร็วสูง "กรุงเทพฯ\-เชียงใหม่" จบใน มี.ค. 66\\|date\=December 14, 2022 \\|url\=https://mgronline.com/business/detail/9650000118563}} The Southern HSR to Hua Hin would be 211 km, with an estimated cost of ฿152 billion, and an extension to the Malaysian border was discussed in September 2021\.{{Cite web \\|title\=Muhyiddin floats idea of KL\-Bangkok high\-speed rail in Parliament {{!}} Coconuts \\|url\=https://coconuts.co/kl/news/muhyiddin\-floats\-idea\-of\-kl\-bangkok\-high\-speed\-rail\-in\-parliament/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-07\-23 \\|website\=coconuts.co/ \\|language\=en\-US}} Malaysia and Thailand agreed in 2022 to set up a joint committee to coordinate a Bangkok\-Kuala Lumpur high\-speed rail project, beginning a feasibility study in February.{{Cite web \\|last\=Bernama \\|date\=17 May 2022 \\|title\=Malaysia, Thailand agree to set up special committee on HSR project \\|website\=Free Malaysia Today \\|url\=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2022/05/17/malaysia\-thailand\-agree\-to\-set\-up\-special\-committee\-on\-hsr\-project/ \\|access\-date\=23 July 2022}} In summer 2022, Thailand was committed to build a $12 billion northeastern HSR line to the Laotian border by 2028 at 250 km/h double\-tracked standard gauge.{{Cite web \\|title\=Thailand Sets 2028 Target to Finish High\-Speed Rail Link with China \\|url\=https://www.voanews.com/a/thailand\-sets\-2028\-target\-to\-finish\-high\-speed\-rail\-link\-with\-china/6662154\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-07\-23 \\|website\=VOA \\|date\=17 July 2022 \\|language\=en}} In March 2023, Japan and Thailand continued to discuss beginning construction between Bangkok and Chiang Mai.{{Cite news \\|date\=8 March 2023 \\|title\=Bangkok\-Chiang Mai rail project gears up \\|website\=Bangkok Post \\|url\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2523376/bangkok\-chiang\-mai\-rail\-project\-gears\-up \\|access\-date\=1 April 2023}} Thailand agreed to a technology\-transfer deal with China in May, with Chinese rail standards.{{Cite web \\|last\=Chen \\|first\=Stephen \\|date\=2023\-05\-15 \\|title\=China will transfer high\-speed railway tech to Thailand, engineers say \\|url\=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3220383/china\-will\-transfer\-high\-speed\-railway\-tech\-thailand\-engineers\-say \\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-16 \\|website\=South China Morning Post \\|language\=en}} Local opposition in Nakhon Ratchasima led to a change in design adding $131 million in costs and 28 months to the construction schedule to add an 8 km viaduct; problems are ongoing for the Ayutthaya station.{{Cite web \\|last\=Rogers \\|first\=David \\|date\=26 February 2024 \\|title\=Local complaints delay Thailand's high\-speed China link by two years \\|url\=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/thailands\-high\-speed\-railway\-china\-link/ \\|access\-date\=2 March 2024 \\|website\=Global Construction Review}} ### Turkey The Turkish government has invested in high\-speed rail. The [Ankara\-Konya high\-speed railway](/wiki/Ankara-Konya_high-speed_railway "Ankara-Konya high-speed railway") opened in 2011, and an extension to [Karaman](/wiki/Karaman "Karaman") opened in winter 2022; the [Ankara–Istanbul high\-speed railway](/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Istanbul_high-speed_railway "Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway") opened in 2014\. Continuation of the line from Karaman to [Ulukışla](/wiki/Uluk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla "Ulukışla") was under construction in 2022; a planned link with [Aksaray](/wiki/Aksaray "Aksaray"), Ulukışla, and [Mersin](/wiki/Mersin "Mersin") have an anticipated opening in 2024, but has not yet been tendered. The Turkish government intends to connect 52 provinces with high\-speed rail networks by 2053, and will develop further lines as current construction is completed. The [Ankara–Sivas high\-speed railway](/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Sivas_high-speed_railway "Ankara–Sivas high-speed railway"), originally planned to open in late 2021, was delayed initially to 2022 and will reduce travel time from 12 hours to under two hours.{{Cite web \\|date\=2020\-03\-09 \\|title\=Testing underway on Ankara – Sivas high speed line \\|website\=Railway Gazette International \\|language\=en \\|url\=https://www.railwaygazette.com/high\-speed/testing\-underway\-on\-ankara\-sivas\-high\-speed\-line/55979\.article \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-20}}{{Cite web \\|date\=January 1, 2020 \\|title\=Ankara Sivas High Speed Train Project Completion Date Announced \\|url\=https://www.raillynews.com/2020/01/ankara\-sivas\-high\-speed\-train\-project\-has\-been\-completed/ \\|access\-date\=April 20, 2022 \\|website\=Raillynews}}{{Cite web \\|title\=Ankara\-Sivas YHT hattı yıl sonunda hizmete alınacak \\|url\=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/ekonomi/ankara\-sivas\-yht\-hatti\-yil\-sonunda\-hizmete\-alinacak\-672489\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-20 \\|website\=www.trthaber.com \\|date\=14 April 2022 \\|language\=tr}} The 405\-km line was planned to open in April 2023, with stations at [Elmadağ](/wiki/Elmada%C4%9F%2C_Ankara "Elmadağ, Ankara"), [Kırıkkale](/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale "Kırıkkale"), [Yerköy](/wiki/Yerk%C3%B6y_YHT_railway_station "Yerköy YHT railway station"), [Yozgat](/wiki/Yozgat "Yozgat"), [Sorgun](/wiki/Sorgun%2C_Yozgat "Sorgun, Yozgat"), [Akdağmadeni](/wiki/Akda%C4%9Fmadeni "Akdağmadeni"), [Yıldızeli](/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1zeli "Yıldızeli"), and [Sivas](/wiki/Sivas "Sivas"). It has 49 km of tunnels and 49 km of viaducts designed for 250\-km/h operation.{{Cite web \\|date\=16 March 2023 \\|title\=Domestic Rail Used for the First Time on Ankara Sivas High Speed Train Line \\|url\=https://raillynews.com/2023/03/ankara\-sivas\-hizli\-tren\-hattinda\-ilk\-defa\-yerli\-ray\-kullanildi/ \\|access\-date\=1 April 2023}}{{Cite web \\|date\=22 November 2022 \\|title\=99,67 percent physical progress was achieved in Ankara\-Sivas High Speed Line \\|url\=https://raillynews.com/2022/11/9967\-percent\-physical\-progress\-was\-achieved\-on\-the\-Ankara\-Sivas\-high\-speed\-train\-line/ \\|access\-date\=1 April 2022}} A 247\-km extension from Sivas to Kars is concretely planned as an electrified, double\-track line with a design speed of 250 km/h, and a five\-station design study between Sivas and [Erzincan](/wiki/Erzincan "Erzincan") was completed in July 2021\.{{Cite web \\|title\=The design of the high\-speed railroad Sivas\-Erzincan in Turkey was completed {{!}} RailTarget \\|url\=https://www.railtarget.eu/technologies\-and\-infrastructure/the\-design\-of\-the\-highspeed\-railroad\-sivaserzincan\-in\-turkey\-was\-completed\-589\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-20 \\|website\=www.railtarget.eu \\|language\=en}} A spur from [Yerköy](/wiki/Yerk%C3%B6y_YHT_railway_station "Yerköy YHT railway station") to [Kayseri](/wiki/Kayseri "Kayseri") has not yet been tendered but is planned to be completed by 2025, reducing travel time between Ankara and Kayseri from seven hours to two hours. The 142\-km spur to Kayseri would be double\-track electrified rail designed for 250\-km/h operation, with nine tunnels totaling 12\.9 km.{{Cite web \\|date\=2021\-12\-16 \\|title\=Bakan Karaismailoğlu'ndan Kayseri'ye hızlı tren müjdesi – Son Dakika Haberler \\|url\=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/bakan\-karaismailoglundan\-kayseriye\-hizli\-tren\-mujdesi\-41962454 \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-20 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216153243/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/bakan\-karaismailoglundan\-kayseriye\-hizli\-tren\-mujdesi\-41962454 \\|archive\-date\=16 December 2021 \\|url\-status\=dead}} Construction on the spur began in July 2022,{{Cite web \\|last\=Preston \\|first\=Robert \\|date\=2022\-07\-30 \\|title\=Work starts on Yerköy – Kayseri high\-speed line in Turkey \\|url\=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high\-speed/work\-starts\-on\-yerkoy\-kayseri\-high\-speed\-line\-in\-turkey/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02 \\|website\=International Railway Journal \\|language\=en\-GB}} and will include stations at [Şefaatli](/wiki/%C5%9Eefaatli "Şefaatli"), [Yenifakılı](/wiki/Yenifak%C4%B1l%C4%B1 "Yenifakılı"), and Himmetdede.{{Cite web \\|title\=Turkey breaks ground for new high\-speed line \\|url\=https://www.railtech.com/infrastructure/2022/07/25/turkey\-breaks\-ground\-for\-new\-high\-speed\-line/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02 \\|website\=RailTech.com \\|date\=25 July 2022 \\|language\=en\-GB}} The [Ankara\-Izmir high\-speed railway](/wiki/Polatl%C4%B1%E2%80%93%C4%B0zmir_high-speed_railway "Polatlı–İzmir high-speed railway") is a planned 588\-km double\-track, electrified railway built for 250\-km/h operation whose initial section to [Afyonkarahisar](/wiki/Afyonkarahisar "Afyonkarahisar") was scheduled to open in 2022,{{Cite web \\|date\=2020\-06\-29 \\|title\=Ankara İzmir YHT 2022 Yılı Sonunda Tamamlanıyor {{!}} RayHaber {{!}} RaillyNews \\|url\=https://rayhaber.com/2019/11/ankara\-izmir\-yht\-2022\-yili\-sonunda\-tamamlaniyor/ \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629124817/https://rayhaber.com/2019/11/ankara\-izmir\-yht\-2022\-yili\-sonunda\-tamamlaniyor/ \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=2020\-06\-29 \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-20 }} but construction was interrupted in 2018 and resumed in 2022\. The extension to Izmir will contain 49 tunnels totaling 41 km, 56 viaducts totaling 23 km and six new stations, reducing the current nine\-hour trip to three\-and\-a\-half hours.{{Cite web \\|title\=Ankara\-İzmir Yüksek Hızlı Tren Hattı'nda çalışmalar hızlanıyor \\|url\=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/turkiye/ankara\-izmir\-yuksek\-hizli\-tren\-hattinda\-calismalar\-hizlaniyor\-665860\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-20 \\|website\=www.trthaber.com \\|date\=22 March 2022 \\|language\=tr}} A 106\-km spur off the Istanbul\-Ankara line from [Osmaneli](/wiki/Osmaneli "Osmaneli") to [Bursa](/wiki/Bursa "Bursa") is planned to open by 2023, after construction delays due to earthquake risk and expropriation lawsuits; a further extension to [Bandirma](/wiki/Band%C4%B1rma "Bandırma") was tendered in 2020\. The full 201\-km line will be built for 200\-km/h operation and will cost {{TRY\\|9\.5\\|link\=yes}} billion (US$650 million), reducing travel time between Ankara and Bursa to two hours and ten minutes.{{Cite web \\|last\=Ozarfat \\|first\=Esra \\|date\=April 1, 2021 \\|title\=Bursa'nın hızlı treni 2023'te raylarda \\|url\=https://www.dunya.com/sehirler/bursanin\-hizli\-treni\-2023te\-raylarda\-haberi\-616468 \\|access\-date\=April 20, 2022 \\|website\=Dunya \\|archive\-date\=1 April 2021 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401120857/https://www.dunya.com/sehirler/bursanin\-hizli\-treni\-2023te\-raylarda\-haberi\-616468 \\|url\-status\=dead }} A 229\-km high\-speed rail line on the European side of the [Bosporus](/wiki/Bosporus "Bosporus") will link the [Halkalı railway station](/wiki/Halkal%C4%B1_railway_station "Halkalı railway station") in Istanbul with the [Kapıkule railway station](/wiki/Kap%C4%B1kule_railway_station "Kapıkule railway station") in [Edirne](/wiki/Edirne "Edirne"), with an anticipated opening of 2023, and will decrease travel time from four hours to one hour and 20 minutes. The double\-track, electrified railway will be built for 200\-km/h operation and cost {{TRY\\|10\.5}} billion ($716 million), of which over half is a [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") grant.{{Cite web \\|title\=Halkalı\-Kapıkule 'hızlı' demir yolu hattının yapımı sürüyor \\|url\=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/halkali\-kapikule\-hizli\-demir\-yolu\-hattinin\-yapimi\-suruyor/1973675 \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-20 \\|website\=www.aa.com.tr}}{{Cite web \\|title\=Halkalı\-Kapıkule Demir Yolu Projesi'nin Edirne'deki viyadük çalışmaları sürüyor \\|url\=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/halkali\-kapikule\-demir\-yolu\-projesinin\-edirnedeki\-viyaduk\-calismalari\-suruyor/2370421 \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-20 \\|website\=www.aa.com.tr}} In early 2024, the country's Minister of Transport [Abdulkadir Uraloğlu](/wiki/Abdulkadir_Uralo%C4%9Flu "Abdulkadir Uraloğlu") announced plans to build an additional line from Delice to [Sungurlu](/wiki/Sungurlu "Sungurlu"), Çorum OSB, [Çorum](/wiki/%C3%87orum "Çorum"), [Mecitözü](/wiki/Mecit%C3%B6z%C3%BC "Mecitözü"), [Merzifon](/wiki/Merzifon "Merzifon"), [Havza](/wiki/Havza "Havza"), [Kavak](/wiki/Kavak%2C_Samsun "Kavak, Samsun"), and ending in [Samsun](/wiki/Samsun "Samsun") on the coast of the [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea "Black Sea"). This will cut travel time of the 509 km segment between Ankara and Samsun from 7 hours to 2:45 hours.{{Cite web \\|date\=28 February 2024 \\|title\=High Speed Train Network Reaches the Black Sea \\|url\=https://raillynews.com/2024/02/high\-speed\-train\-network\-reaches\-the\-Black\-Sea/ \\|access\-date\=2 March 2024 \\|website\=High Speed Train Network Reaches the Black Sea}} ### Turkmenistan President Gurbanguli Berdimuhamedov announced that Turkmenistan would build a high\-speed train between [Turkmenbashi](/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy%2C_Turkmenistan "Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan") and [Turkmenabat](/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat "Türkmenabat") in 2012\.{{Cite web \\|date\=January 5, 2012 \\|title\=Turkmenistan will build high\-speed train line \\|url\=https://en.rayhaber.com/2012/01/turkmenistan\-hizli\-tren\-hatti\-insa\-edecek/ \\|access\-date\=April 20, 2022 \\|website\=Railly News}} ### Uzbekistan In addition to the [high\-speed network](/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Uzbekistan "High-speed rail in Uzbekistan") from [Tashkent](/wiki/Tashkent "Tashkent") through [Samarkand](/wiki/Samarkand "Samarkand") to [Bukhara](/wiki/Bukhara "Bukhara"), in December 2021 the [Asian Development Bank](/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank "Asian Development Bank") approved a $162 million loan for electrification between Bukhara and [Khiva](/wiki/Khiva "Khiva") which was 60 percent of the anticipated cost.{{Cite web \\|last\=Asian Development Bank \\|date\=29 December 2021 \\|title\=Loan Agreement (Ordinary Operations) for Loan 4170\-UZB: Central Asia Regional Economic Coperation (sic) Corridor 2 (Bukhara\-Miskin\-Urgench\-Khiva) Railway Electrification Project \\|url\=https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/uzb\-53271\-001\-lna \\|access\-date\=21 June 2022 \\|website\=Asian Development Bank}} The 452\-km line has a design speed of 250 km/h, and needs electrification for high\-speed rail service. A contract was awarded in July 2022 to [DB E\&C](/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn "Deutsche Bahn") for electrification; construction was scheduled to begin in fall 2022, with stops at Navbokhar, Parvoz, Kiyikli, Zhaikhun, Turon, [Khazarasp](/wiki/Hazorasp "Hazorasp"), and [Urgench](/wiki/Urgench "Urgench").{{Cite web \\|last\=Allan \\|first\=Keri \\|date\=2022\-08\-02 \\|title\=DB Engineering and Consulting to Oversee Rail Electrification Project in Uzbekistan \\|url\=https://railway\-news.com/db\-engineering\-and\-consulting\-to\-oversee\-rail\-electrification\-project\-in\-uzbekistan/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02 \\|website\=Railway\-News \\|language\=en\-gb}} High\-speed rail service to Khiva is planned to begin in 2024, reducing travel time between Bukhara and Khiva from eight to three hours; in November 2022, President [Shavkat Mirziyoyev](/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev "Shavkat Mirziyoyev") announced an electrification extension from Khiva to [Nukus](/wiki/Nukus "Nukus").{{Cite web \\|title\=High\-speed trains to Nukus to be launched in Uzbekistan \\|website\=m.akipress.com \\|url\=https://m.akipress.com/news:687210:High\-speed\_trains\_to\_Nukus\_to\_be\_launched\_in\_Uzbekistan/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-01}} ### Vietnam {{Main\\|North–South express railway}} Vietnam's national railway company, [Vietnam Railways](/wiki/Vietnam_Railways "Vietnam Railways"), has proposed a {{convert\\|1630\\|km\\|mi\\|0\\|adj\=on}} high\-speed rail link between [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi "Hanoi") and [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City "Ho Chi Minh City") capable of running at {{convert\\|250\\|to\\|300\\|km/h\\|mph\\|0\\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite web\\|title\=The hare and the tortoise\\|url\=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single\-view/view/10/the\-hare\-and\-the\-tortoise.html \\| work\=\[\[Railway Gazette International]] \\|date\=21 September 2009}} Funding of the $56 billion line would be primarily by the Vietnamese government, with Japanese aid. Technology used on the Japanese [Shinkansen](/wiki/Shinkansen "Shinkansen") has been suggested for the new railway.{{cite web\\|title\=Vietnam to build high\-speed rail with Japan aid\\|url\=http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/CrisesArticle.aspx?storyId\=HAN159060\&WTmodLoc\=World\-R5\-Alertnet\-5\\|agency\=Reuters News\\|date\=20 July 2006\\|access\-date\=20 July 2006}}{{dead link\\|date\=July 2021\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} Current technology allows trains travelling on the current, single\-track [Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City line](/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_railway_%28Vietnam%29 "North–South railway (Vietnam)") to complete the journey in about thirty hours.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.vr.com.vn/English/\\|title\=Vietnam Railways Website (English)\\|work\=Vietnam Railways\\|access\-date\=10 May 2008\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510213804/http://www.vr.com.vn/English/\\|archive\-date\=10 May 2008}} Check the timetable from Ha Noi to Sai Gon (or vice versa) to see journey times. The high\-speed rail line would have two [standard gauge](/wiki/Standard_gauge "Standard gauge") tracks with no direct road crossings, and would allow trains to complete the Hanoi–Ho Chi Minh City journey in about six hours. The existing line uses [narrow\-gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway "Narrow gauge railway") tracks, common in Southeast Asia.{{cite web\\|url\=http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num\=05SOC200706\\|title\=Railway plans to build 880 km express line\\|work\=Viet Nam News\\|date\=20 July 2006\\|access\-date\=20 July 2006}} Vietnamese Prime Minister [Nguyễn Tấn Dũng](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%E1%BA%A5n_D%C5%A9ng "Nguyễn Tấn Dũng") had planned to complete the line by 2013, three years sooner than the previously\-announced nine\-year construction time.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia\-pacific/6334117\.stm\\|title\=Vietnam plans new railway link\\|author\=Bill Hayton\\|work\=BBC News\\|date\=20 July 2006\\|access\-date\=20 July 2006}} Later reports suggested that Japanese development aid would only be available in stages, with completion of the line not expected until the mid\-2030s and aid contingent on the use of Shinkansen technology. On 19 June 2010, after a month of deliberation, Vietnam's National Assembly rejected the high\-speed rail proposal due to its cost. The project's future was in doubt, with National Assembly deputies reportedly asking for further study.{{cite news\\|url\=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/201006/National\-Assembly\-rejects\-express\-railway\-project\-917324/\\|title\=National Assembly rejects express railway project\\|publisher\=VietNamNet Bridge\\|date\=21 June 2010\\|access\-date\=21 June 2010\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628061127/http://www.english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/201006/National\-Assembly\-rejects\-express\-railway\-project\-917324/\\|archive\-date\=28 June 2010}}{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.metronews.ca/vancouver/world/article/557979\-\-vietnamese\-legislators\-reject\-56b\-bullet\-train\-in\-rare\-move\-against\-communist\-leaders\\|title\=Vietnamese legislators reject $56B bullet train in rare move against Communist leaders\\|agency\=Associated Press\\|publisher\=Metro News Vancouver\\|date\=21 June 2010\\|access\-date\=21 June 2010}}{{dead link\\|date\=March 2018 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }} In January 2011, Vietnamese Minister of Transport Hồ Nghĩa Dũng suggested that the line might be completed by 2030\. The line was 1,555 km long, with trains running at 300 km/h. After the original plan was rejected by the National Assembly, Dũng asked for a new feasibility plan by the end of 2011; the Japanese development agency suggested an interim solution in which the line could be built in separate north and south sections.{{Cite web \\| url\=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single\-view/view/cross\-border\-upgrading\-advances.html \\|title \= Cross\-border upgrading advances}} In 2021, the Vietnamese Ministry of Transport announced plans to begin a 250\-km segment from Hanoi to [Vinh](/wiki/Vinh "Vinh") and a 450\-km segment between Ho Chi Minh City and [Nha Trang](/wiki/Nha_Trang "Nha Trang") in 2028, with a total cost of $5 billion and a design speed of 320 km/h.{{Cite web \\|date\=2021\-11\-02 \\|title\=Vietnam announces start date for 1,500km North–South railway \\|website\=Global Construction Review \\|url\=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/vietnam\-announces\-start\-date\-for\-1500km\-north\-south\-railway/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-03\-20 \\|language\=en\-GB}} In July 2022, Prime Minister [Phạm Minh Chính](/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Minh_Ch%C3%ADnh "Phạm Minh Chính") requested $10 billion in aid from the [Japan Bank for International Cooperation](/wiki/Japan_Bank_for_International_Cooperation "Japan Bank for International Cooperation") for the project.{{Cite web \\|last\=Tuan \\|first\=Viet \\|date\=22 July 2022 \\|title\=PM requests Japan's help for north\-south high speed railway \\|url\=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/pm\-requests\-japan\-s\-cooperation\-in\-constructing\-north\-south\-high\-speed\-railway\-4491033\.html \\|access\-date\=23 July 2022 \\|website\=VN Express}} The Communist Party reaffirmed the strategic importance in March 2023 that the north\-south high\-speed rail project begin construction by 2030 and finish by 2045, focusing on the Hanoi\-Vinh and Ho Chi Minh\-Nha Trang sections; the project is estimated to cover 1,559 km, with a speed over 320 km/h and a cost of over $58 billion.{{Cite web \\|last\=VnExpress \\|title\=Trans\-Vietnam high\-speed railway work to start by 2030 – VnExpress International \\|url\=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/traffic/trans\-vietnam\-high\-speed\-railway\-work\-to\-start\-by\-2030\-4576587\.html \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-01 \\|website\=VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam \\|language\=en}} In April 2024, Vietnam announced plans to create high\-speed lines from [Haiphong](/wiki/Haiphong "Haiphong") and [Quang Ninh](/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh_province "Quảng Ninh province") province through Hanoi to [Lao Cai](/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai "Lào Cai") in order to cross into the [Yunnan](/wiki/Yunnan "Yunnan") province of China, as well as another line from Hanoi through [Lang Son](/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n "Lạng Sơn") to cross into the [Guangxi](/wiki/Guangxi "Guangxi") province of China.{{Cite web \\|title\=Vietnam aims to start work on high\-speed rail lines to China by 2030 \\|url\=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Transportation/Vietnam\-aims\-to\-start\-work\-on\-high\-speed\-rail\-lines\-to\-China\-by\-2030 \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-16 \\|website\=Nikkei Asia \\|language\=en\-GB}}	[ "Asia\n----", "{{See also\\\|High\\-speed rail\\#Asia}}", "### Bangladesh", "{{Main\\\|Dhaka–Chittagong high\\-speed railway}}\n[Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\") considered building a high\\-speed rail link between [Dhaka](/wiki/Dhaka \"Dhaka\") and [Chittagong](/wiki/Chittagong \"Chittagong\") in 2005\\. The government short\\-listed France's [SNCF](/wiki/SNCF \"SNCF\") and [Japan Railways](/wiki/Japan_Railways \"Japan Railways\") for the project,{{Cite news \\\| url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl\\=story\\&u\\=/afp/20050501/wl\\_sthasia\\_afp/bangladeshjapanfrancetrain\\_050501104848 \\\|title \\= Yahoo News – Latest News \\& Headlines}} which was ultimately abandoned. In 2014, Spain and China were interested in developing the [Bangladesh Railway](/wiki/Bangladesh_Railway \"Bangladesh Railway\") into a high\\-speed network.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.banglanews24\\.com/en/fullnews/bn/92347 \\\|title\\=Spain keen to invest in rail sector \\\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2014 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140916215603/http://www.banglanews24\\.com/en/fullnews/bn/92347 \\\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2014 }} Seven years later, Chinese ambassador Li Jiming said that China was interested in investing in the line's construction.{{Cite news \\\|title\\=China wants to invest in Dhaka\\-Ctg high\\-speed train \\\|url\\=https://www.newagebd.net/article/140209/china\\-wants\\-to\\-invest\\-in\\-dhaka\\-ctg\\-high\\-speed\\-train \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-08 \\\|work\\=New Age \\\|language\\=en}} In March 2022, Russian\\-based [RZD International](/wiki/Russian_Railways \"Russian Railways\") approached Bangladesh Railway about financing the project after feasibility and design studies had been completed; the {{convert\\\|225\\\|km\\\|adj\\=on}} route would cost an estimated $11\\.1 billion.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Adhikary \\\|first\\=Tuhin Shubhra \\\|date\\=2022\\-03\\-03 \\\|title\\=Russia keen on funding three rail projects \\\|url\\=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/transport/news/russia\\-keen\\-funding\\-three\\-rail\\-projects\\-2974341 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-16 \\\|work\\=The Daily Star \\\|language\\=en}} Chinese ambassador to Bangladesh Li Jiming wrote to Railways Minister Nurul Islam Sujan in June 2022 about signing a memorandum of understanding between [China Railway Group](/wiki/China_Railway_Group_Limited \"China Railway Group Limited\") and Bangladesh Railways under a government\\-to\\-government [public–private partnership](/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership \"Public–private partnership\").{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Adhikary \\\|first\\=Tuhin Shubhra \\\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-08 \\\|title\\=High\\-speed rail network: China seeks MoU ASAP \\\|url\\=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/transport/news/high\\-speed\\-rail\\-network\\-china\\-seeks\\-mou\\-asap\\-3041786 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-21 \\\|work\\=The Daily Star \\\|language\\=en}}", "Ninety percent of the country's trade passes through Chittagong and 80 percent of its exports are carried on the Dhaka\\-Chattogram highway, incentivizing the creation of a freight rail line. A {{convert\\\|300\\\|km/h\\\|adj\\=on}} passenger journey would take 55 minutes{{snd}} 75 minutes with stops in [Narayanganj](/wiki/Narayanganj \"Narayanganj\"), [Comilla](/wiki/Comilla \"Comilla\"), and [Feni](/wiki/Feni%2C_Bangladesh \"Feni, Bangladesh\"); the current travel time is six hours. In February 2023, Whip [Iqbalur Rahim](/wiki/Iqbalur_Rahim \"Iqbalur Rahim\") promised a bullet train between [Dinajpur](/wiki/Dinajpur \"Dinajpur\") and Dhaka by 2027 if the [Awami League](/wiki/Awami_League \"Awami League\") agreed.{{Cite news \\\|date\\=2023\\-02\\-04 \\\|title\\=JS whip: Bullet train on Dinajpur\\-Dhaka route by 2027 \\\|url\\=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2023/02/04/js\\-whip\\-bullet\\-train\\-on\\-dinajpur\\-dhaka\\-route\\-by\\-2027 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-01 \\\|work\\=Dhaka Tribune \\\|language\\=en}}", "### Cambodia", "[thumb\\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\\|alt\\=Color\\-coded rail map of Cambodia\\\|Planned high speed rail by Cambodia in 2023](/wiki/File:Cambodia_HSR_2023.svg \"Cambodia HSR 2023.svg\")\n[Cambodian](/wiki/Cambodia \"Cambodia\") Prime Minister [Hun Sen](/wiki/Hun_Sen \"Hun Sen\") confirmed in December 2021 that his government was interested in high\\-speed\\-rail, with a feasibility study for upgrading the {{convert\\\|266\\\|km\\\|adj\\=on}} line from [Phnom Penh](/wiki/Phnom_Penh \"Phnom Penh\") to [Sihanoukville](/wiki/Sihanoukville_%28city%29 \"Sihanoukville (city)\") and the {{convert\\\|386\\\|km\\\|adj\\=on}} line to [Poipet](/wiki/Poipet \"Poipet\").{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-17 \\\|title\\=Cambodia to examine possibility of developing and expanding existing railways into high\\-speed railways – Khmer Times \\\|url\\=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50990272/cambodia\\-to\\-examine\\-possibility\\-of\\-developing\\-and\\-expanding\\-existing\\-railways\\-into\\-high\\-speed\\-railways/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-08 \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Sen indicated an intent to build new rail lines by continuing from Poipet through [Siem Reap](/wiki/Siem_Reap \"Siem Reap\") to [Kampong Thom](/wiki/Kampong_Thom_city \"Kampong Thom city\"), and building a line from Phnom Penh to [Bavet](/wiki/Bavet_municipality \"Bavet municipality\") on the Vietnamese border.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-16 \\\|title\\=PM Mulls High Speed Rail Plan ⋆ Cambodia News English \\\|url\\=https://cne.wtf/2021/12/16/pm\\-mulls\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-plan/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-08 \\\|website\\=Cambodia News English \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The current railways can operate at only {{convert\\\|20\\\|to\\\|30\\\|km/h}}, largely due to damage from the 1970s [civil war](/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War \"Cambodian Civil War\"). The line to Sihanoukville was rehabilitated in 2016; the line to Poipet was rehabilitated in 2018, and was reconnected with the [Thai](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\") rail network across the border the following year.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Pisei \\\|first\\=Hin \\\|title\\=Cambodia\\-Thailand rail reconnected after 45 years \\\|url\\=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/cambodia\\-thailand\\-rail\\-reconnected\\-after\\-45\\-years \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-08 \\\|website\\=www.phnompenhpost.com \\\|language\\=en}} Cambodia's prime minister has tasked the Minister of Public Works and Transport with finding an international development partner.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-04 \\\|title\\=Cambodia considers high\\-speed rail development – Khmer Times \\\|url\\=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501052598/cambodia\\-considers\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-development/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-08 \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} In early 2023, Sen traveled to China and signed a $44 million agreement ({{CNY\\\|link\\=yes\\\|300 million}}) with [CCP general secretary](/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party\") [Xi Jinping](/wiki/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\"), [Chinese premier](/wiki/Premier_of_China \"Premier of China\") [Li Keqiang](/wiki/Li_Keqiang \"Li Keqiang\") and [NPCSC chairman](/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress \"Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress\") [Li Zhanshu](/wiki/Li_Zhanshu \"Li Zhanshu\") to upgrade the Phnom Penh\\-Poipet railway to 160\\-km/h operation after a [China Road and Bridge Corporation](/wiki/China_Road_and_Bridge_Corporation \"China Road and Bridge Corporation\") (CRBC) feasibility study of the line; the project is estimated to cost a total of $4 billion.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2023\\-02\\-11 \\\|title\\=PM on his way back to Cambodia after successful China trip – Khmer Times \\\|url\\=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501236967/pm\\-on\\-his\\-way\\-back\\-to\\-cambodia\\-after\\-successful\\-china\\-trip/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-01 \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Smith \\\|first\\=Kevin \\\|date\\=2023\\-02\\-13 \\\|title\\=China pledges funding for Cambodian railway upgrade \\\|url\\=https://www.railjournal.com/regions/asia/china\\-pledges\\-funding\\-for\\-cambodian\\-railway\\-upgrade/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-01 \\\|website\\=International Railway Journal \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} In July 2023, Minister of Public Works and Transport [Sun Chanthol](/wiki/Sun_Chanthol \"Sun Chanthol\") announced the start of a feasibility study to convert the Phnom Penh\\-Sihanoukville railway to higher\\-speed rail.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Kunmakara \\\|first\\=May \\\|date\\=4 July 2023 \\\|title\\=Study underway for Phnom Penh\\-S'ville high\\-speed rail \\\|url\\=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/study\\-underway\\-phnom\\-penh\\-sville\\-high\\-speed\\-rail \\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2023 \\\|website\\=The Phnom Penh Post}}", "### India", "{{See also\\\|High\\-speed rail in India}}\n[thumb\\\|Map showing proposed high speed corridors](/wiki/File:Map_of_India_high-speed_rail_corridors_according_to_National_Rail_Plan.JPG \"Map of India high-speed rail corridors according to National Rail Plan.JPG\")\nThe [Ministry of Railways](/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_%28India%29 \"Ministry of Railways (India)\") of the [Government of India](/wiki/Government_of_India \"Government of India\") has proposed to build {{convert\\\|8834\\.78\\\|km\\\|mi\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on}} of high\\-speed rail lines across fifteen corridors, with average operating speeds of up to {{convert\\\|320\\\|km/h\\\|mph\\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Railways likely to propose creation of four new bullet train corridors taking total to 12 – The New Indian Express\\\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2021/dec/31/railways\\-likely\\-to\\-propose\\-creation\\-of\\-four\\-new\\-bullet\\-train\\-corridors\\-taking\\-total\\-to\\-12\\-2401643\\.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-25\\\|website\\=www.newindianexpress.com\\\|date\\=8 December 2021 }} Formation of the National High Speed Rail Authority (NHSRA) was announced in the 2012–2013 rail budget, although no firm date was set for construction. The [Central Japan Railway Company](/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company \"Central Japan Railway Company\") has promoted a [Shinkansen](/wiki/Shinkansen \"Shinkansen\") for India,{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Japan hopes to sell bullet trains to India \\\| Local \\\| House of Japan – Japan News Technology Autos Culture Life Style \\\|url\\=http://www.houseofjapan.com/local/japan\\-hopes\\-to\\-sell\\-bullet\\-trains\\-to\\-india \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115071330/http://www.houseofjapan.com/local/japan\\-hopes\\-to\\-sell\\-bullet\\-trains\\-to\\-india \\\|archive\\-date\\=15 November 2011 \\\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2012}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=India to get shinkansen sales blitz \\\| the Japan Times Online \\\|url\\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20111102a6\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423023954/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20111102a6\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=23 April 2012 \\\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2012}} and France has expressed interest in collaborating on long\\-term development of the [Pune](/wiki/Pune \"Pune\")\\-Mumbai\\-Ahmedabad route.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=France to help India realise high\\-speed train dream \\\| mydigitalfc.com \\\|url\\=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/france\\-help\\-india\\-realise\\-high\\-speed\\-train\\-dream\\-600 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101181545/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/france\\-help\\-india\\-realise\\-high\\-speed\\-train\\-dream\\-600 \\\|archive\\-date\\=1 January 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2012}} Spain's [Talgo](/wiki/Talgo \"Talgo\") has also expressed interest in the projects, and plans to open an office in India to promote its technology.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=6 October 2011 \\\|title\\=Spains Talgo eyes high\\-speed train biz, plans office in India \\\|url\\=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Spain\\-s\\-Talgo\\-eyes\\-high\\-speed\\-train\\-biz\\-\\-plans\\-office\\-in\\-India/856454/}}", "In collaboration with [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), India is building the [Mumbai–Ahmedabad high\\-speed rail corridor](/wiki/Mumbai%E2%80%93Ahmedabad_high-speed_rail_corridor \"Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor\") (its first high\\-speed railway) on a {{cvt\\\|508\\\|km\\\|mi\\\|adj\\=mid\\\|\\-long}} route between [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\") and the western city of [Ahmedabad](/wiki/Ahmedabad \"Ahmedabad\"). On 12 December 2015, India and Japan signed a US$15 billion agreement to build a high\\-speed line between the cities in which Japan will provide a US$12 billion low\\-interest loan. The agreement was part of a memorandum of understanding involving the transfer of defense technology and civil nuclear cooperation.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Japan and India agree bullet train, nuclear deals\\\|url\\=http://news.yahoo.com/japan\\-build\\-indias\\-first\\-bullet\\-train\\-india\\-pm\\-071104329\\.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-25\\\|website\\=news.yahoo.com\\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Preparatory work began in the third quarter of 2017, and was expected to be completed in December 2023\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=First glimpse of Mumbai\\-Ahmedabad bullet train – Mumbai\\-Ahmedabad bullet train \\\|url\\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/first\\-glimpse\\-of\\-mumbai\\-ahmedabad\\-bullet\\-train/to\\-be\\-completed\\-by\\-2023/slideshow/79812039\\.cms \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-25\\\|website\\=The Economic Times}} Due to slow land acquisition in [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\") and the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"COVID-19 pandemic in India\"), the expected date of completion for the portion from [Surat](/wiki/Surat \"Surat\") to [Bilimora](/wiki/Bilimora \"Bilimora\") in [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat \"Gujarat\") has been postponed to 2026 and the entire corridor will be completed by October 2028\\.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=India's First\\-ever Bullet Train Set to Roll by 2026, says Railway Minister \\\|url\\=https://www.news18\\.com/news/india/indias\\-first\\-ever\\-bullet\\-train\\-set\\-to\\-roll\\-by\\-2026\\-says\\-railway\\-minister\\-4529807\\.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-25\\\|website\\=News18\\\|date\\=8 December 2021 \\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\\|date\\=2020\\-09\\-06\\\|title\\=India's bullet train faces 5\\-year delay: High costs, Japan firms not so keen\\\|website\\=The Indian Express \\\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bullet\\-train\\-delay\\-japanese\\-investment\\-6583678/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-25 \\\|language\\=en}} The [National High Speed Rail Corporation](/wiki/National_High_Speed_Rail_Corporation_Limited \"National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited\") (NHSRC) plans to operate [E5 Series Shinkansen](/wiki/E5_and_H5_Series_Shinkansen \"E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen\") trains at speeds up to {{cvt\\\|320\\\|km/h\\\|mph}}. It is expected to cost about {{INRConvert\\\|1\\.1\\\|t\\\|year\\=2017\\\|to\\=USD}}, of which 81 percent is financed by the [Japan International Cooperation Agency](/wiki/Japan_International_Cooperation_Agency \"Japan International Cooperation Agency\").{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-06 \\\|title\\=Confident Of Running First Bullet Train In 2026: Ashwini Vaishnaw \\\|url\\=https://odishabytes.com/confident\\-of\\-running\\-first\\-bullet\\-train\\-in\\-2026\\-ashwini\\-vaishnaw/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02 \\\|website\\=odishabytes \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "The [Government of Kerala](/wiki/Government_of_Kerala \"Government of Kerala\") has proposed a high\\-speed rail corridor known as the [Silver Line](/wiki/Silver_Line_%28K-Rail%29 \"Silver Line (K-Rail)\") to carry freight and passengers from [Kasargod](/wiki/Kasargod \"Kasargod\") in the north to [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\")'s capital, [Thiruvananthapuram](/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram \"Thiruvananthapuram\"), in the south. The {{convert\\\|532\\\|km\\\|mi\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|adj\\=on}} project reduces the 12\\-hour travel time to less than four hours, with a maximum design speed of {{convert\\\|220\\\|km/h\\\|mph\\\|abbr\\=on}}; the current average speed is {{convert\\\|45\\\|km/h}}.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-22 \\\|title\\=Kerala's SilverLine: why it has been planned, why it is facing protests \\\|website\\=The Indian Express \\\|language\\=en \\\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/kerala\\-silverline\\-planned\\-why\\-facing\\-protests\\-7685934/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02}} The project, estimated to be completed by 2025, is expected to cost {{INRConvert\\\|0\\.66\\\|t\\\|year\\=2021\\\|to\\=USD}}.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://keralarail.com/projects/thiruvananthapuram\\-kasaragod\\-semi\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-shsr\\-project/project\\-at\\-a\\-glance/ \\\|title\\=Project at a glance\\\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2021\\\|archive\\-date\\=25 November 2021\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152635/https://keralarail.com/projects/thiruvananthapuram\\-kasaragod\\-semi\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-shsr\\-project/project\\-at\\-a\\-glance/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The Kerala government and the [Union Ministry of Railways](/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_%28India%29 \"Ministry of Railways (India)\") (as the [Kerala Rail Development Corporation](/wiki/Kerala_Rail_Development_Corporation \"Kerala Rail Development Corporation\")) plan intermediate stations in [Kannur](/wiki/Kannur \"Kannur\"), [Kozhikode](/wiki/Kozhikode \"Kozhikode\"), [Tirur](/wiki/Tirur \"Tirur\"), [Thrissur](/wiki/Thrissur \"Thrissur\"), [Cochin Airport](/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport \"Cochin International Airport\"), [Ernakulam](/wiki/Ernakulam \"Ernakulam\"), [Kottayam](/wiki/Kottayam \"Kottayam\"), [Chengannur](/wiki/Chengannur \"Chengannur\"), and [Kollam](/wiki/Kollam \"Kollam\"). Of the {{convert\\\|1,383\\\|ha\\\|sqmi}} required for the project, {{convert\\\|1,198\\\|ha\\\|sqmi}} is private land; the project would displace 30,000 families. Other issues affecting the project include the planned [standard gauge](/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway \"Standard-gauge railway\") in a system which uses [Indian gauge](/wiki/Indian_gauge \"Indian gauge\"), low ridership estimates, hydrological problems, and stations distant from city centers.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=SilverLine debate: Has K\\-Rail fallen for the trap set by Japan? \\\|url\\=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/05/04/second\\-silverline\\-debate\\-today\\-\\-k\\-rail\\-\\-systra\\-boycott.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02 \\\|website\\=OnManorama}} The project missed a mid\\-July 2022 deadline for completing its social\\-impact assessments (having consulted 45 out of 190 villages involved), leaving the project in legal limbo before the [Kerala High Court](/wiki/Kerala_High_Court \"Kerala High Court\").{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Deadline for social impact study over, SilverLine loses steam \\\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jul/27/deadline\\-for\\-social\\-impact\\-study\\-over\\-silverline\\-loses\\-steam\\-2481001\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02 \\\|website\\=The New Indian Express\\\|date\\=27 July 2022 }} Railway Minister [Ashwini Vaishnaw](/wiki/Ashwini_Vaishnaw \"Ashwini Vaishnaw\") expressed doubt about the Silver Line project's feasibility on 29 July 2022\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=SilverLine a burden on Kerala, Indian Railways: Ashwini Vaishnaw \\\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jul/29/silverline\\-a\\-burden\\-on\\-kerala\\-indian\\-railways\\-ashwini\\-vaishnaw\\-2481736\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02 \\\|website\\=The New Indian Express\\\|date\\=29 July 2022 }}", "A third high\\-speed rail project, between Delhi and Varanasi, is under construction and will cover {{convert\\\|813\\\|km}} in less than four hours at a speed of {{convert\\\|330\\\|km/h}}; the present travel time is 10 hours.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Delhi\\-Varanasi Bullet Train to Cover 800km distance in less than 4 hours \\\|url\\=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhi\\-varanasi\\-bullet\\-train\\-to\\-cover\\-800km\\-distance\\-in\\-less\\-than\\-4\\-hours\\-article\\-93188540 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02 \\\|website\\=TimesNow \\\|date\\=28 July 2022 \\\|language\\=en}} The project is planned to have service at 22\\-minute intervals and thirteen stations, including [Delhi (Kale Khan)](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\"), [Noida](/wiki/Noida \"Noida\"), [Jewar Airport](/wiki/Noida_International_Airport \"Noida International Airport\"),{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Sikarwar \\\|first\\=Ayushi \\\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-28 \\\|title\\=Delhi\\-Varanasi Bullet Train: 10 hours long journey confined for 3, Railway's mega plan on floor \\\|url\\=https://newsroompost.com/auto/delhi\\-varanasi\\-bullet\\-train\\-10\\-hours\\-long\\-journey\\-confined\\-for\\-3\\-railways\\-mega\\-plan\\-on\\-floor/5148871\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02 \\\|website\\=NewsroomPost \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} [Mathura](/wiki/Mathura \"Mathura\"), [Agra](/wiki/Agra \"Agra\"), [Etawah](/wiki/Etawah \"Etawah\"), [South Kannauj](/wiki/Kannauj \"Kannauj\"), [Lucknow](/wiki/Lucknow \"Lucknow\"), [Ayodhya](/wiki/Ayodhya \"Ayodhya\"), [Rae Bareli](/wiki/Raebareli \"Raebareli\"), [Prayagraj](/wiki/Prayagraj \"Prayagraj\"), [Bhadoi](/wiki/Bhadohi \"Bhadohi\"), [Banaras](/wiki/Banaras_railway_station \"Banaras railway station\") and [Varanasi](/wiki/Varanasi \"Varanasi\"), with a railway bridge over the [Ganges River](/wiki/Ganges \"Ganges\").{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Tekwani \\\|first\\=Muskaan \\\|title\\=Aerial inspection of New Delhi\\-Lucknow\\-Varanasi bullet train's elevated tracks underway \\\|language\\=en \\\|work\\=Knocksense \\\|url\\=https://www.knocksense.com/lucknow/aerial\\-inspection\\-of\\-new\\-delhi\\-lucknow\\-varanasi\\-bullet\\-trains\\-elevated\\-tracks\\-underway \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02}}", "A fourth high\\-speed rail project proposed by the [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka \"Karnataka\") government would run {{convert\\\|485\\\|km}} from [Mysuru](/wiki/Mysore \"Mysore\") (Mysore) through [Bengaluru](/wiki/Bangalore \"Bangalore\") (Bangalore) to [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\"), cutting the current nine\\-hour travel time to three hours (45 minutes between Mysuru and Bengaluru) at a cost of {{INRConvert\\\|1\\.15\\\|t\\\|year\\=2022}}.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=30 July 2022 \\\|title\\=Mysuru\\-Chennai High\\-Speed Rail: Govt. To Acquire Land \\\|url\\=https://starofmysore.com/mysuru\\-chennai\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-govt\\-to\\-acquire\\-land/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2022 \\\|website\\=Star of Mysore}} By the summer of 2022, the state government had begun acquiring land for the [right\\-of\\-way](/wiki/Right-of-way_%28transportation%29 \"Right-of-way (transportation)\") and is awaiting a memorandum of understanding with neighboring [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\") to facilitate land acquisition for the project.\n{{:High\\-speed rail in India\\\|transcludesection\\=Overview}}", "### Iran", "{{Main\\\|Tehran–Qom–Isfahan high\\-speed rail}}", "Iran has high\\-speed rail under construction to connect the three major cities of [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran \"Tehran\"), [Qom](/wiki/Qom \"Qom\") and [Isfahan](/wiki/Isfahan \"Isfahan\"), with a station at [Imam Khomeini International Airport](/wiki/Imam_Khomeini_International_Airport \"Imam Khomeini International Airport\"). The route will be 422 km (262 mi) with an operating speed of {{convert\\\|350\\\|km/h}}, reducing travel time from five hours to 90 minutes. The project, costing over €7 billion, is being built by [China Railway Engineering Corporation](/wiki/China_Railway_Engineering_Corporation \"China Railway Engineering Corporation\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://news.mrud.ir/news/26779/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2586\\-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1\\-%25DB%25B2\\-%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF\\-%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25DB%258C\\-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1\\-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D9%2587\\-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D9%2584\\-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B9%25D9%2587\\-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587\\-%25D8%25A2%25D9%2587%25D9%2586\\-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586\\-%25D9%2582%25D9%2585\\\|title\\=تامین اعتبار ۲ میلیارد یورویی در مرحله اول توسعه راهآهن تهران\\-قم\\- اصفهان/ تکمیل آزادراه کنارگذر شرق اصفهان/ عقد قرارداد توسعه فرودگاه اصفهان با چهارمین شرکت عمرانی جهان\\\|date\\=24 August 2016\\\|language\\=fa\\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2016 \\\|trans\\-title\\=The most important developments in Isfahan province during the 3 years of operation of Tadbir and Omid government: Financing of 2 billion euros in the first stage of Tehran\\-Qom\\-Isfahan railway development/completion of East Isfahan bypass freeway/contracting of Isfahan airport development contract with the world's fourth construction company}}{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Pandemic Not Likely to Stop China From Building Influence in Iran\\\|url\\=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle\\-east\\_voa\\-news\\-iran\\_pandemic\\-not\\-likely\\-stop\\-china\\-building\\-influence\\-iran/6186719\\.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-02\\\|website\\=VOA\\\|date\\=31 March 2020 \\\|language\\=en}}", "A 117\\-km (73\\-mi), {{convert\\\|300\\\|km/h\\\|adj\\=on}} double\\-track [branch from Qom to Arak](/wiki/Arak%E2%80%93Qom_high-speed_rail \"Arak–Qom high-speed rail\") will be built at a cost of €1\\.2 billion (including the [Arak](/wiki/Arak%2C_Iran \"Arak, Iran\") station and six viaducts) with a contract the [Islamic Republic of Iran Railways](/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways \"Islamic Republic of Iran Railways\") initially awarded to Italian\\-based [Ferrovie dello stato](/wiki/Ferrovie_dello_Stato_Italiane \"Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane\") in 2017\\.{{Cite web\\\|date\\=2017\\-07\\-11\\\|title\\=Iran, Italy Sign High\\-Speed Rail Deal\\\|url\\=https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy\\-domestic\\-economy/68128/iran\\-italy\\-sign\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-deal\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-02\\\|website\\=Financial Tribune\\\|language\\=En}}{{Cite news\\\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-09\\\|title\\=Italy's state train company to help Iran develop rail system\\\|language\\=en\\\|work\\=Reuters\\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/italy\\-iran\\-railway\\-idUSL8N15O3XC\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-02}} The contract was re\\-awarded to Chinese corporations with the imposition of [US\\-led sanctions](/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\") the following year,{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Chinese firms to build Qom\\-Arak railway line\\\|url\\=https://irandaily.ir/News/220018\\.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-02\\\|website\\=irandaily.ir}} with other rail projects.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Iranian Railway Projects In Jeopardy Of Being Canned, Due To Trump's Sanctions\\\|url\\=https://caspiannews.com/news\\-detail/iranian\\-railway\\-projects\\-in\\-jeopardy\\-of\\-being\\-canned\\-due\\-to\\-trumps\\-sanctions\\-2018\\-8\\-5\\-19/\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-02\\\|website\\=caspiannews.com\\\|language\\=en}}", "High\\-speed rail was planned to link Tehran to [Mashhad](/wiki/Mashhad \"Mashhad\"), Iran's second\\-largest city. The planned 2016 {{convert\\\|800\\\|km}}, {{convert\\\|400\\\|km/h\\\|adj\\=on}} would have decreased travel time from eight to 3\\.5 hours.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1174024/%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1\\-%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA\\-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2586\\-%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%258C\\-%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AD\\-%25D9%2582%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1\\-%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA\\-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1\\-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586\\-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25AF\\-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7\\-%25D9%25BE%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC\\-%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584\\-%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1\\-3\\-%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA\\-%25D9%2588\\-%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%2587\\-%25D9%2585%25DB%258C\\-%25D8%25B4%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF\\\|title\\=در صورت تامین مالی طرح قطار پرسرعت، مسیر تهران – مشهد تا پنج سال دیگر 3 ساعت و نیمه می شود\\\|trans\\-title\\=Dana news agency's interview with the executive of the national high\\-speed train project; If the high\\-speed train project is financed, the Tehran\\-Mashhad route will be 3 and a half hours in five years\\\|website\\=danakhabar.com\\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2016}} A reduced $1\\.5 billion plan for electrification and upgrading of the existing {{convert\\\|967\\\|km\\\|adj\\=on}} line, with speeds increasing from {{convert\\\|160\\\|to\\\|200\\\|km/h}}, was signed by a consortium of the Iranian [MAPNA Group](/wiki/MAPNA_Group \"MAPNA Group\") and Chinese companies in July 2017; China backed out in January 2021\\.{{Cite web\\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-23\\\|title\\=China quits Tehran\\-Mashhad railway electrification project\\\|url\\=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/168894/China\\-quits\\-Tehran\\-Mashhad\\-railway\\-electrification\\-project\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-02\\\|website\\=Mehr News Agency\\\|language\\=en}}", "### Israel", "In 2020, Israel's National Infrastructure Committee approved high\\-speed rail links between the country's four metropolitan cities: [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"), [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\"), [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\") and [Beersheba](/wiki/Beersheba \"Beersheba\"). The project is slated for completion by 2040, with a top speed of 250 km/h.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article\\-the\\-goal\\-tel\\-aviv\\-to\\-beersheva\\-by\\-train\\-in\\-35\\-minutes\\-1001349730\\\|title\\=The goal: Tel Aviv to Beersheva by train in 35 minutes\\\|author\\=Mirovsky, Arik\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Globes (newspaper)\\\|Globes]]\\\|date\\=17 November 2020\\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2020}} The high\\-speed electrified connection between Tel Aviv and Haifa, which will cost $3\\.8 billion and reduce travel time from one hour to 30 minutes, is due to be completed by 2030 but has no budget for rolling stock.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Israel Plans 30\\-Minute High\\-Speed Train From Haifa to Tel Aviv \\\|url\\=https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/12/15/israel\\-plans\\-30\\-minute\\-high\\-speed\\-train\\-from\\-haifa\\-to\\-tel\\-aviv/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-16 \\\|website\\=The Algemeiner \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Further plans for completion by 2040 include an extension north of Haifa, a continuation from Tel Aviv through [Ben Gurion Airport](/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport \"Ben Gurion Airport\") to Jerusalem, and a connection to Beersheva.", "### Japan", "{{Main\\\|Chūō Shinkansen}}\n[thumb\\\|alt\\=A long, streamlined train\\\|L0 series maglev train on the [Yamanashi](/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture \"Yamanashi Prefecture\") test track](/wiki/File:Series_L0.JPG \"Series L0.JPG\")\n[thumb\\\|upright\\=1\\.35\\\|alt\\=Color\\-coded rail map of Japan\\\|Proposed Shinkansen lines as defined in the Nationwide Shinkansen Development Act](/wiki/File:Planned_Shinkansen_Map_English_2021.svg \"Planned Shinkansen Map English 2021.svg\")", "A [maglev](/wiki/Maglev \"Maglev\") line between Tokyo and Osaka, the Chūō Shinkansen, is under construction by the [Central Japan Railway Company](/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company \"Central Japan Railway Company\") (JR Central). The [Nagoya](/wiki/Nagoya \"Nagoya\")\\-Tokyo section is planned to open in 2027, and the [Nagoya](/wiki/Nagoya \"Nagoya\")\\-[Osaka](/wiki/Osaka \"Osaka\") section is projected for completion in 2037\\.", "The route is to be privately financed through bond sales by JR Central, and the intermediate stations will be financed by local governments. JR Central expects that it will need at least eight years between the completion of the Tokyo section and the beginning of construction of the [Osaka](/wiki/Osaka \"Osaka\") section to rebuild its financial position. The federal government is exploring options to accelerate the project.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160602/p2g/00m/0dm/007000c \\\|title\\=Abe says gov't will bring forward Tokyo\\-Osaka maglev train service – the Mainichi \\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2016 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602092117/http://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160602/p2g/00m/0dm/007000c \\\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2016 }}", "Research on high\\-speed rail systems based on [magnetic levitation](/wiki/Magnetic_levitation \"Magnetic levitation\"), led by JR Central, has been ongoing since the 1970s. The trains and guideways are technologically ready, and over 100,000 passengers have ridden them. Pre\\-Series [L0](/wiki/L0_series \"L0 series\") crewed trains on the Yamanashi test line have reached speeds of {{Convert\\\|603\\\|km/h\\\|mph}}, making them the fastest trains in the world.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/japanese\\-maglev\\-train\\-breaks\\-600\\-kph\\-record\\-last\\-test\\-runs\\-1497495\\\|title\\=Japanese maglev train breaks 600 kph record in last of test runs\\\|date\\=21 April 2015\\\|website\\=International Business Times UK}} The Yamanashi test track is to be incorporated into the under\\-construction Tokyo–Osaka maglev route.", "Extensions to the current network expansions, notably from [Hakodate](/wiki/Hakodate \"Hakodate\") to [Sapporo](/wiki/Sapporo \"Sapporo\"), have been approved for construction.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T120629006237\\.htm \\\|title\\=Shinkansen to get 3 new sections : National : DAILY YOMIURI ONLINE (The Daily Yomiuri) \\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2012 \\\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2012 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120707022414/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T120629006237\\.htm \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The route of the final extension of the [Hokuriku Shinkansen](/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen \"Hokuriku Shinkansen\") has not been finalised. It will ultimately provide a northern route to Osaka.", "Conventional routes planned in 1973 are on hold, to be built after the current lines open. A [Hokkaido Shinkansen](/wiki/Hokkaido_Shinkansen \"Hokkaido Shinkansen\") extension was proposed during the 1970s to the Russian border via tunnel. A tunnel to South Korea has also been proposed.", "\| Line \| Speed \| Length \| Construction start \| Expected start of revenue service \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Hokkaido Shinkansen extension (Sapporo–Asahikawa) \| 320\\+ km/h \| 130 km \| on hold \| 2045 \|\n\| Sapporo–Oshamambe \| 200\\+ km/h \| 180 km \| on hold \| 2045 \|\n\| Uetsu Shinkansen (Toyama–Aomori via Niigata) \| 200\\+ km/h \| 560 km \| on hold \| 2030\\+ \|\n\| Ōu Shinkansen (Fukushima–Akita via Yamagata) \| 200\\+ km/h \| 270 km \| on hold \| 2030\\+ \|\n\| [Hokuriku Shinkansen](/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen \"Hokuriku Shinkansen\") (Tokyo–Osaka via Kanazawa) \| 200\\+ km/h \| 50 km \| Tokyo to Tsuruga via Kanazawa in operation,Tsuruga to Osaka planned \| 2045 \|\n\| Trans\\-Chūgoku Shinkansen (Okayama–Matsue) \| 260 km/h \| 150 km \| on hold \| 2030\\+ \|\n\| San'in Shinkansen (Osaka–Shimonoseki via Tottori \\& Matsue) \| 260 km/h \| 550 km \| on hold \| 2030\\+ \|\n\| Shikoku Shinkansen (Osaka–Oita via Matsuyama) \| 260 km/h \| 440 km \| on hold \| 2045 \|\n\| Trans\\-Shikoku Shinkansen (Okayama–Kōchi) \| 260 km/h \| 150 km \| on hold \| 2045 \|\n\| East [Kyūshū Shinkansen](/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB_Shinkansen \"Kyūshū Shinkansen\") (Hakata–Kagoshima\\-Chūō via Ōita) \| 260 km/h \| 390 km \| on hold \| 2045 \|\n\| Trans\\-Kyūshū Shinkansen (Ōita–Kumamoto) \| 260 km/h \| 120 km \| on hold \| 2045 \|", "", "### Kazakhstan", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in Kazakhstan}}\n[Qazaqstan Temir Zholy](/wiki/Qazaqstan_Temir_Zholy \"Qazaqstan Temir Zholy\"), Kazakhstan's national rail company, has awarded a contract to oversee the design and construction of a high\\-speed line from [Astana](/wiki/Astana \"Astana\") (the country's capital) to [Almaty](/wiki/Almaty \"Almaty\") (its largest city).{{cite news\\\| url\\=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/projects\\-infrastructure/single\\-view/view/kazakhstan\\-plans\\-1000\\-km\\-high\\-speed\\-line.html\\\| title\\=Kazakhstan plans 1 000 km high speed line\\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Railway Gazette International]]\\\| date\\=13 March 2013\\\| access\\-date\\=16 March 2013\\\| archive\\-date\\=17 March 2013\\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317043037/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/projects\\-infrastructure/single\\-view/view/kazakhstan\\-plans\\-1000\\-km\\-high\\-speed\\-line.html\\\| url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\\| url\\=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high\\-speed/kazakhstan\\-to\\-build\\-first\\-high\\-speed\\-line.html?channel\\=523\\\| title\\=Kazakhstan to build first high\\-speed line\\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[International Railway Journal]]\\\| date\\=13 March 2013 }} The line, expected to be {{convert\\\|1,011\\\|km\\\|abbr\\=on}} long, will run via [Karaganda](/wiki/Karaganda \"Karaganda\") and [Balkhash](/wiki/Balkhash_%28city%29 \"Balkhash (city)\"). A {{convert\\\|10\\\|km\\\|adj\\=on}} viaduct across [Lake Balkhash](/wiki/Lake_Balkhash \"Lake Balkhash\") is planned near [Sayaq](/wiki/Sayaq \"Sayaq\"). The trains are expected by be built by Tulpar\\-Talgo (a joint venture established in 2011 between Qazaqstan Temir Zholy and the Spanish company [Talgo](/wiki/Talgo \"Talgo\")),{{cite web\\\| url\\=http://www.astana.kz/en/node/48062\\\| title\\=President Opens Train Manufacturing Plant \"Tulpar\\-Talgo\"\\\| date\\=9 December 2011}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=March 2018 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} will have a maximum speed of {{convert\\\|250\\\|km/h\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on}} and make the trip in five\\-and\\-a\\-half hours. The system will use [Russian gauge](/wiki/Russian_gauge \"Russian gauge\"), like Kazakhstan's existing conventional lines. In 2021, Kazakh Prime Minister [Asqar Mamin](/wiki/Asqar_Mamin \"Asqar Mamin\") announced plans for high\\-speed rail line to [Tashkent](/wiki/Tashkent \"Tashkent\"), [Uzbekistan](/wiki/Uzbekistan \"Uzbekistan\"), via [Shymkent](/wiki/Shymkent \"Shymkent\") and [Turkistan](/wiki/Turkistan_%28city%29 \"Turkistan (city)\") in Kazakhstan.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Hashimova \\\|first\\=Umida \\\|title\\=What a New High\\-Speed Railway Tells Us About Kazakhstan\\-Uzbekistan Relations \\\|url\\=https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/what\\-a\\-new\\-high\\-speed\\-railway\\-tells\\-us\\-about\\-kazakhstan\\-uzbekistan\\-relations/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-20 \\\|website\\=thediplomat.com \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-28 \\\|title\\=Ташкент и Туркестан свяжет высокоскоростная ж/д магистраль \\\|url\\=https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/01/28/train/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-20 \\\|website\\=Газета.uz \\\|language\\=ru\\-UZ}}", "### North Korea", "Attempts were made during the 1970s to speed up [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea \"North Korea\")'s network, when one electric trainset (using bullet\\-train design) was built. The trainset never entered regular service due to the economic crisis which followed the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Dissolution of the Soviet Union\"). The Chinese government proposed a high\\-speed railway for the country during the 2000s, but the proposal is still far from the planning stage. Changes in foreign policy in during 2017 and 2018 encouraged both Koreas to begin international railway projects, and the chair of the [State Affairs Commission](/wiki/State_Affairs_Commission_of_North_Korea \"State Affairs Commission of North Korea\") has shown an interest in high\\-speed rail technology.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.rzd\\-partner.ru/zhd\\-transport/news/kim\\-chen\\-yn\\-prokatitsya\\-na\\-poezde\\-vsm/\\\|title\\=Ким Чен Ын прокатится на поезде ВСМ\\\|website\\=www.rzd\\-partner.ru}}", "### Malaysia", "{{Main\\\|Kuala Lumpur–Singapore high\\-speed rail}}\nA high\\-speed rail running at 300 km/h (186 mph) to link Kuala Lumpur and [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") was proposed in 2006 by [YTL Corporation](/wiki/YTL_Corporation \"YTL Corporation\"), operator of the [KLIA Express](/wiki/KLIA_Express \"KLIA Express\") in Malaysia; the company also proposed a similar system during the late 1990s. Plans for the project were put on hold in April 2008 due to the high cost to the government, estimated at RM8 billion.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=/2008/4/23/nation/21036253\\&sec\\=nation\\\|title\\=KL\\-Singapore bullet train derailed by high cost\\\|date\\=23 April 2008\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423122125/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=/2008/4/23/nation/21036253\\&sec\\=nation\\\|archive\\-date\\=23 April 2008}} The project has been opposed by rail\\-operator rivals such as [Keretapi Tanah Melayu](/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu \"Keretapi Tanah Melayu\"), and the liberalisation of the Kuala Lumpur\\-Singapore air route also dampened its prospects for the proposal.", "In 2007, [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens \"Siemens\") expressed interest in providing technology for the proposed rail link.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Siemens keen on Kuala Lumpur\\-Singapore high\\-speed train deal \\\|url\\=http://crgp.stanford.edu/news/global\\_projects\\_realnews\\_siemens\\_keen\\_on\\_kuala\\_lumpursingapore\\_highspeed\\_train\\_deal.html \\\|date\\=7 April 2007 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717085326/http://crgp.stanford.edu/news/global\\_projects\\_realnews\\_siemens\\_keen\\_on\\_kuala\\_lumpursingapore\\_highspeed\\_train\\_deal.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=17 July 2010 }} By the middle of 2009, YTL revived talk about the project and expressed hope that the Malaysian government would reexamine the proposal{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsbusiness.php?id\\=422054 \\\|title\\=BERNAMA – YTL Hopes for Bullet Train Project to Materialise \\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2009 \\\|archive\\-date\\=4 June 2011 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035025/http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsbusiness.php?id\\=422054 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} since delays in the project have increased development costs.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=/2009/7/3/focus/4236128\\&sec\\=focus\\\|title\\=Fast track the Sípore bullet train project\\\|date\\=4 July 2009\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704202140/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=/2009/7/3/focus/4236128\\&sec\\=focus\\\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2009}}", "In 2010, Malaysia made a proposal to revive the project.[http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id\\=47759{{dead link\\\|date\\=September 2018 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}](http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id=47759{{dead link\|date=September 2018 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}) In the new proposal, the route will be in two phases: the first from Kuala Lumpur to Singapore, and the second from Kuala Lumpur to [Penang](/wiki/Penang \"Penang\").", "On 19 February 2013, Singapore and Malaysia announced an agreement to build a high\\-speed rail link between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore by 2020\\.{{Cite news\n\\\| title \\= KL\\-Singapore high\\-speed link to kick off\n\\\| publisher \\= Investvine.com\n\\\| date \\= 20 February 2013\n\\\| url \\= http://investvine.com/kl\\-singapore\\-high\\-speed\\-link\\-to\\-kick\\-off/\n\\\| access\\-date \\= 27 February 2013\n\\\| archive\\-date \\= 5 March 2013\n\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130305044511/http://investvine.com/kl\\-singapore\\-high\\-speed\\-link\\-to\\-kick\\-off/\n\\\| url\\-status \\= dead\n}} The KL–Singapore section, planned to be about 380 km long, would have an estimated travel time of 90 minutes.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=/2011/6/25/business/8923898\\&sec\\=business \\\|title\\=High\\-speed rail will spur growth in hub cities \\\|author\\=Senator Datuk Abdul Rahim Rahman \\\|work\\=The Star\\\|date\\=25 June 2011}} The high\\-speed railway terminus for Singapore would be in [Jurong East](/wiki/Jurong_East \"Jurong East\"), at the Jurong Country Club site, and the terminus for Malaysia would be at the former [RMAF Kuala Lumpur Air Base](/wiki/RMAF_Kuala_Lumpur_Air_Base \"RMAF Kuala Lumpur Air Base\").", "After the landslide defeat of Prime Minister [Najib Razak](/wiki/Najib_Razak \"Najib Razak\") in May 2018, his successor [Mahathir Mohamad](/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad \"Mahathir Mohamad\") told the [Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\") that the project would be delayed in favor of cheaper alternatives such as spending RM 20 billion to upgrade the [Keretapi Tanah Melayu](/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu \"Keretapi Tanah Melayu\") (KTM) line to 200 km/h and extending it to Jurong East.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1642918/report\\-kl\\-singapore\\-rail\\-link\\-could\\-be\\-rm50b\\-cheaper\\\|title\\=Report: KL\\-Singapore rail link could be RM50b cheaper {{!}} Malay Mail\\\|website\\=www.malaymail.com\\\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140049/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1642918/report\\-kl\\-singapore\\-rail\\-link\\-could\\-be\\-rm50b\\-cheaper\\\|archive\\-date\\=19 June 2018}} On 5 September 2018, an agreement to postpone the project until 31 May 2020 was signed between Singapore and Malaysia. Completion was pushed back to 1 January 2031 from 31 December 2026 after initial plans to scrap it.{{Cite web \\\|last1\\=Yong \\\|first1\\=Charissa \\\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/malaysia\\-singapore\\-ink\\-agreement\\-to\\-defer\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-project\\-for\\-two\\-years \\\|title\\=Malaysia, Singapore ink agreement to defer high\\-speed rail project for 2 years; KL to pay S$15m for suspending work \\\|website\\=The Straits Times \\\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2018 \\\|date\\=5 September 2018}} Malaysia also paid Singapore [S$](/wiki/S%24 \"S$\")15 million on 31 January 2019 as compensation for suspending the project.{{Cite web \\\|last1\\=Lim \\\|first1\\=Adrian \\\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/malaysia\\-remits\\-15\\-million\\-in\\-abortive\\-costs\\-to\\-singapore\\-for\\-deferred\\-high\\-speed\\-rail \\\|title\\=Deferred High\\-Speed Rail deal: Malaysia informs Singapore of $15m remittance \\\|website\\=The Straits Times \\\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2018 \\\|date\\=31 January 2019}}", "On 31 May 2020, Singapore agreed to Malaysia's request to delay the project to discuss and clarify proposed changes by 31 December of that year.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Yusof \\\|first1\\=Amir \\\|title\\=Malaysia, Singapore agree to defer HSR project until Dec 31: Khaw Boon Wan \\\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/malaysia\\-singapore\\-agree\\-to\\-defer\\-hsr\\-project\\-until\\-dec\\-31\\-khaw\\-12788878 \\\|website\\=CNA \\\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2021 \\\|date\\=31 May 2020 \\\|archive\\-date\\=11 June 2020 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132536/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/malaysia\\-singapore\\-agree\\-to\\-defer\\-hsr\\-project\\-until\\-dec\\-31\\-khaw\\-12788878 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Since no agreement was reached by that date, the HSR project was terminated on 1 January 2021\\. As a result, Malaysia paid about S$102\\.8 million to Singapore on 29 March 2021\\.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Tham \\\|first1\\=Yuen\\-C \\\|title\\=KL\\-Singapore High Speed Rail terminated after both countries fail to reach agreement on M'sia's proposed changes to project \\\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/kl\\-singapore\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-terminated\\-after\\-singapore\\-and\\-malaysia\\-fail\\-to \\\|website\\=The Straits Times \\\|access\\-date\\=1 January 2021 \\\|date\\=1 January 2021}}{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Baharudin \\\|first1\\=Hariz \\\|title\\=Malaysia pays S'pore $102\\.8 million for costs incurred in terminated HSR project \\\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/malaysia\\-reimburses\\-singapore\\-102\\-million\\-for\\-costs\\-incurred\\-in\\-terminated\\-kl\\-spore\\-hsr \\\|website\\=The Straits Times \\\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2021 \\\|date\\=29 March 2021}} In March 2022, talks were scheduled again between the Malaysian and Singaporean governments to revive the high\\-speed rail project with new terms.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Azman \\\|first\\=Nur Hanani \\\|date\\=16 March 2022 \\\|title\\=KL\\-Bangkok HSR may not be economically viable \\\|url\\=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2022/03/16/kl\\-bangkok\\-hsr\\-may\\-not\\-be\\-economically\\-viable/ \\\|access\\-date\\=16 March 2022 \\\|website\\=The Malaysian Reserve}}", "On 26 February 2022, Thailand and Malaysia agreed to conduct a feasibility study of a line between Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok. On 17 May of that year, the countries established a joint committee to coordinate the planning of a Bangkok\\-Kuala Lumpur HSR project.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Jaafar \\\|first\\=Fayyadh \\\|date\\=19 July 2022 \\\|title\\=Govt to continue high\\-speed rail projects \\\|url\\=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2022/07/19/govt\\-to\\-continue\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-projects/ \\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2022 \\\|website\\=The Malaysian Reserve}} The project was still under discussion by May 2023, with no concrete plans.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Shadique \\\|first\\=Jassmine \\\|date\\=11 May 2023 \\\|title\\=Malaysia and Singapore keen to revive KL\\-Singapore HSR project \\\|work\\=New Straits Times \\\|url\\=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/908276/malaysia\\-and\\-singapore\\-keen\\-revive\\-kl\\-singapore\\-hsr\\-project \\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2023}}", "### Myanmar", "Plans have been announced to build a high\\-speed railway between [Yangon](/wiki/Yangon \"Yangon\") and [Kunming](/wiki/Kunming \"Kunming\") in China, a distance of 1920 km. Construction was planned to begin after agreements with China were signed in 2011\\.\\[11] The project, put on hold in 2014 due to financial feasibility and national\\-security concerns, was revived in 2019\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/02/article/full\\-speed\\-ahead\\-for\\-china\\-myanmar\\-high\\-speed\\-railway/\\\|title\\=Full steam ahead for China\\-Myanmar high\\-speed railway \\\|website\\=Asia Times Online\\\|date\\=21 February 2019\\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2019}}{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/china\\-myanmar\\-high\\-speed\\-railway\\-quietly\\-back\\-track.html\\\|title\\=China\\-Myanmar high\\-speed railway quietly back on track\\\|date\\=6 July 2018\\\|website\\=The Myanmar Times\\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2019\\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2022\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127075629/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/china\\-myanmar\\-high\\-speed\\-railway\\-quietly\\-back\\-track.html\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Oman", "Oman has planned a 2,144\\-km high\\-speed rail network connecting the seaports of [Salalah](/wiki/Salalah \"Salalah\"), [Duqm](/wiki/Duqm \"Duqm\"), and [Sohar](/wiki/Sohar \"Sohar\"), and linking with the [Gulf Railway](/wiki/Gulf_Railway \"Gulf Railway\") at [Hafeet](/wiki/Jebel_Hafeet \"Jebel Hafeet\") on its border with the [United Arab Emirates](/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates \"United Arab Emirates\").{{Cite web \\\|last1\\=Prabhu \\\|first1\\=Conrad \\\|last2\\=Observer \\\|first2\\=Oman Daily \\\|title\\=Nod for GCC Railway Authority spurs hopes for revival of Omani rail project \\\|url\\=https://www.zawya.com/en/business/nod\\-for\\-gcc\\-railway\\-authority\\-spurs\\-hopes\\-for\\-revival\\-of\\-omani\\-rail\\-project\\-h5jocdtq \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-06 \\\|website\\=www.zawya.com \\\|language\\=en}} The project was put on hold in 2014 due to falling oil prices, and the link to the Gulf Railway was suspended in 2016\\.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-04 \\\|title\\=Oman halts work on trans\\-Gulf rail link \\\|url\\=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/oman\\-halts\\-work\\-tran7s\\-gu7lf\\-r7ail\\-li7nk/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-06 \\\|website\\=Global Construction Review \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} The planned network would be double\\-tracked, non\\-electrified, with a speed of 220 km/h passenger traffic with a planned increase to 350 km/h, and international connections with Yemen through [Mazyounah](/wiki/Al-Mazyunah \"Al-Mazyunah\") and to the United Arab Emirates through [Al\\-Buraimi](/wiki/Al-Buraimi \"Al-Buraimi\").{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-12 \\\|title\\=Oman Rail \\\|url\\=https://www.omanrail.om/project.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-06 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212164952/https://www.omanrail.om/project.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=12 February 2017 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Pakistan", "Pakistan's railway minister said in 2016 that when the ministry asked about high\\-speed rail in Pakistan as part of the [CPEC Project](/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor \"China–Pakistan Economic Corridor\"), the Chinese recommended a 160\\-km/h semi\\-high\\-speed service instead. The minister added that there was no market for such a project, and the country could not afford it.{{Cite news \\\|date\\=2016\\-11\\-30 \\\|title\\=Pakistan can't afford to have bullet trains: Railway minister \\\|work\\=The Times of India \\\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan\\-cant\\-afford\\-to\\-have\\-bullet\\-trains\\-railway\\-minister/articleshow/55704953\\.cms \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-20 \\\|issn\\=0971\\-8257}} In 2021, [Haier Pakistan](/wiki/Haier_Pakistan \"Haier Pakistan\") suggested a 1,872\\-km passenger line between [Peshawar](/wiki/Peshawar \"Peshawar\") and [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi \"Karachi\") along the motorway which could run at 350 km/h and reduce travel time to five hours and 30 minutes.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-15 \\\|title\\=Javed Afridi hints at introducing bullet train from Peshawar to Karachi \\\|url\\=https://www.globalvillagespace.com/javed\\-afridi\\-hints\\-at\\-introducing\\-bullet\\-train\\-from\\-peshawar\\-to\\-karachi/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-06 \\\|website\\=Global Village Space \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "### {{anchor\\\|Persian Gulf Countries}}Persian Gulf countries", "{{Main\\\|Gulf Railway}}", "The countries of the [Gulf Cooperation Council](/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council \"Gulf Cooperation Council\") (UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia) plan a 2,200\\-kilometre rail network,{{cite web \\\|title\\=2010\\-10\\-01 \\\|url\\=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single\\-view/view/pointers\\-october\\-2010\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2010}} [Etihad Railway](/wiki/Etihad_Railway \"Etihad Railway\"), which may include high\\-speed rail from [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") to [Abu Dhabi](/wiki/Abu_Dhabi \"Abu Dhabi\").{{cite web \\\|title\\=High speed Dubai to Abu Dhabi rail plan revealed \\\|url\\=http://www.arabiansupplychain.com/article\\-3834\\-high\\-speed\\-dubai\\-to\\-abu\\-dhabi\\-rail\\-plan\\-revealed/ \\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2010 \\\|work\\=arabiansupplychain.com \\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2011 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006225238/http://www.arabiansupplychain.com/article\\-3834\\-high\\-speed\\-dubai\\-to\\-abu\\-dhabi\\-rail\\-plan\\-revealed/ \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} A freight line currently exists.", "In 2010, the government of Qatar announced that it planned to have high\\-speed rail links to Bahrain and Saudi Arabia built in time for the [2022 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup \"2022 FIFA World Cup\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.railwaygazette.com/urban\\-rail\\-network\\-to\\-underpin\\-qatar\\-world\\-cup/35535\\.article\\\|title\\=Urban rail network to underpin Qatar World Cup\\\|first\\=Railway Gazette\\\|last\\=International2010\\-12\\-09T11:18:00\\\|website\\=Railway Gazette International}} The project was sidetracked by the [Qatar crisis](/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis \"Qatar diplomatic crisis\"), but in early 2022 the Qatari and Saudi ministers of transport resumed talks about the proposed high\\-speed rail link.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2022\\-01\\-11 \\\|title\\=Saudi\\-Qatar reconciliation, from a divisive canal to a railroad connection \\\|url\\=https://www.dohanews.co/saudi\\-qatar\\-reconciliation\\-from\\-a\\-divisive\\-canal\\-to\\-a\\-railroad\\-connection/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-14 \\\|website\\=Doha News {{!}} Qatar \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In 2022, the Saudi Crown Prince proposed [The Line](/wiki/The_Line%2C_Saudi_Arabia \"The Line, Saudi Arabia\"): a 500\\-km/h rail line in [Tabuk Province](/wiki/Tabuk_Province \"Tabuk Province\").{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-01 \\\|title\\=Saudi Arabia's The Line is what happens when tech bro culture meets Middle Eastern autocracy \\\|url\\=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/middle\\-east/2022/08/saudi\\-arabia\\-the\\-line\\-city\\-autocracy \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02 \\\|website\\=New Statesman \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Saudi transportation authorities were studying a high\\-speed link in September 2022 between Riyadh and the [Eastern Province](/wiki/Eastern_Province%2C_Saudi_Arabia \"Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia\"), with a planned travel time of one hour and 15 minutes.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2022\\-09\\-05 \\\|title\\=Ministry studies project linking Riyadh and Eastern Province with a fast train \\\|url\\=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/624647/SAUDI\\-ARABIA/Ministry\\-studies\\-project\\-linking\\-Riyadh\\-and\\-Eastern\\-Province\\-with\\-a\\-fast\\-train \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-01 \\\|website\\=Saudigazette \\\|language\\=English}} In May 2023, the [Kuwaiti government](/wiki/Government_of_Kuwait \"Government of Kuwait\") proposed a $3\\.25 million feasibility study for a 111\\-km line from [Nuwaiseeb Point](/wiki/Al-Nuwaiseeb \"Al-Nuwaiseeb\") to Al\\-Shaddadiyah ([Kuwait City](/wiki/Kuwait_City \"Kuwait City\")) which would link its network to Saudi Arabia's.{{Cite web \\\|author\\= \\\|title\\=Systra tasked with studying railway link between Saudi Arabia \\& Kuwait \\\|url\\=https://www.zawya.com/en/world/middle\\-east/systra\\-tasked\\-with\\-studying\\-railway\\-link\\-between\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-and\\-kuwait\\-ajp1oj0y \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-09 \\\|website\\=www.zawya.com \\\|language\\=en}}", "### Philippines", "{{Main\\\|Rail transportation in the Philippines}}\nThe [San Miguel Corporation](/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation \"San Miguel Corporation\") proposed building a bullet\\-train system connecting [Laoag](/wiki/Laoag \"Laoag\") in northern [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\") island with [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") and the [Bicol Region](/wiki/Bicol_Region \"Bicol Region\") in southeastern Luzon. By 2010, the project had been put on hold.{{cite web\\\|title\\=San Miguel mulls bullet train project\\\|url\\=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId\\=561232\\&publicationSubCategoryId\\=66\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120906171229/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId\\=561232\\&publicationSubCategoryId\\=66\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=6 September 2012\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Philippine Star\\\|Philstar.com (The Philippine Star Online)]]\\\|date\\=26 March 2010}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=Philippine San Mig eyes airport, bullet train deals for infrastructure \\\|url\\=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/business/57627\\-philippine\\-san\\-mig\\-eyes\\-airport\\-bullet\\-train\\-deals \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Malaysian Insider]] \\\|date\\=11 April 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328064438/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/business/57627\\-philippine\\-san\\-mig\\-eyes\\-airport\\-bullet\\-train\\-deals \\\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2010 }}", "In April 2013, the [National Economic and Development Authority](/wiki/National_Economic_and_Development_Authority \"National Economic and Development Authority\") (NEDA) announced plans by [Metro Pacific Investments](/wiki/Metro_Pacific_Investments \"Metro Pacific Investments\") to fund a [Clark](/wiki/Clark_International_Airport \"Clark International Airport\")\\-[Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila \"Metro Manila\") high\\-speed train project as part of a [build–operate–transfer](/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer \"Build–operate–transfer\") scheme. The project, Express Airport Trains, will have at least three stops in Metro Manila and will be built between lanes of the [North Luzon Expressway](/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway \"North Luzon Expressway\") (NLEx). The trains are planned to stop in [Quezon City](/wiki/Quezon_City \"Quezon City\"), [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\"), and [Makati](/wiki/Makati \"Makati\").{{cite news \\\| title\\=NEDA says MRT\\-7 and bullet train projects under BOT \\\| url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/article.php?aid\\=7983\\&sid\\=1\\&subid\\=2 \\\| work\\=\\[\\[Manila Bulletin]] \\\|date\\=17 April 2013}} It would be [higher\\-speed rail](/wiki/Higher-speed_rail \"Higher-speed rail\"), similar to the [Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway](/wiki/Tel_Aviv%E2%80%93Jerusalem_railway \"Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway\") (which was also marketed during its planning stage as a high\\-speed line). The [PNR South Main Line](/wiki/PNR_South_Main_Line \"PNR South Main Line\") reconstruction project, [South Long Haul](/wiki/PNR_South_Long_Haul \"PNR South Long Haul\"), will have express trains with the same maximum speed.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Towards Improving Connectivity Between the Bicol and Calabarzon Regions \\\|url\\=http://nro5\\.neda.gov.ph/towards\\-improving\\-connectivity\\-between\\-the\\-bicol\\-and\\-calabarzon\\-regions/ \\\|website\\=nro5\\.neda.gov.ph \\\|publisher\\=National Economic and Development Authority \\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2020 \\\|archive\\-date\\=14 November 2019 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114164301/http://nro5\\.neda.gov.ph/towards\\-improving\\-connectivity\\-between\\-the\\-bicol\\-and\\-calabarzon\\-regions/ \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Projects such as PNR South Long Haul are being designed for an eventual upgrade to high\\-speed rail.{{Cite news \\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/news/10/19/18/fact\\-check\\-no\\-this\\-is\\-not\\-a\\-map\\-of\\-the\\-philippines\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-system \\\|title\\=FACT CHECK: No, this is not a map of the Philippines' high\\-speed rail system \\\|author\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News \\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2019}} There are also plans for a high\\-speed rail network in [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao \"Mindanao\") as part of future upgrades to the proposed [Mindanao Railway](/wiki/Mindanao_Railway \"Mindanao Railway\") network, with a top speed of {{Convert\\\|250\\\|km/h\\\|mph\\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite news \\\|first1\\=Bong \\\|last1\\=Sarmiento \\\|title\\=Dream train for Mindanao still in the doldrums \\\|url\\=https://www.mindanews.com/special\\-reports/2019/11/dream\\-train\\-for\\-mindanao\\-still\\-in\\-the\\-doldrums/ \\\|date\\=27 November 2019 \\\|newspaper\\=MindaNews \\\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2020}}", "### Singapore", "See [Malaysia](/wiki/%23Malaysia \"#Malaysia\"), above.", "### Thailand", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in Thailand}}\n[thumb\\\|alt\\=Color\\-coded rail map of Thailand\\\|Planned Thai high speed rail system in 2022](/wiki/File:Thailand_HSR_2022.svg \"Thailand HSR 2022.svg\")\nThe State Railway of Thailand and the Thai Ministry of Transport have plans for several high\\-speed rail lines. An HSR line to the eastern seaboard was first proposed in 1996, but there was no progress for over a decade. In 2009, the government asked the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) to create a plan for a new HSR network which included an eastern line to [Rayong](/wiki/Rayong \"Rayong\"). In October 2009, it was reported that funding was being sought for four lines linking [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok \"Bangkok\") to [Chiang Mai](/wiki/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\") (711 km), [Nong Khai](/wiki/Nong_Khai \"Nong Khai\") (600 km), [Chanthaburi](/wiki/Chanthaburi \"Chanthaburi\") (330 km), and [Padang Besar](/wiki/Padang_Besar_%28Thailand%29 \"Padang Besar (Thailand)\") (983 km).{{cite web\\\|title\\=SRT to seek funds for infrastructure\\\|url\\=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2009/10/29/business/business\\_30115460\\.php\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Nation (Thailand)\\\|The Nation]]\\\|date\\=29 October 2009\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008113811/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2009/10/29/business/business\\_30115460\\.php\\\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2012}} The Thai cabinet reportedly approved the plan the following month, with the shorter eastern route to Chanthaburi intended for construction first.{{cite web\\\|title\\=SCabinet approves Bt100 billion hi\\-speed rail construction plan \\\|url\\=http://enews.mcot.net/view.php?id\\=12751 \\\|work\\=MCOT English News \\\|date\\=11 November 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119224644/http://enews.mcot.net/view.php?id\\=12751 \\\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2009 }} The total cost of all routes is [฿](/wiki/Thai_baht \"Thai baht\")800 billion (US$25 billion). In October 2010, the Thai parliament approved initial proposals for a high\\-speed rail network to be built with Chinese industrial partners; five lines capable of 250 km/h would radiate from Bangkok, with the line to [Ubon Ratchathani](/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani \"Ubon Ratchathani\") later dropped.{{cite web\n \\\|url\\=http://www.railjournal.com/newsflash/thailand\\-to\\-negotiate\\-with\\-china\\-on\\-high\\-speed\\-proposal.html\n \\\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2010\n \\\|title\\=Thailand to negotiate with China on high\\-speed proposal – International Railway Journal\n \\\|date\\=30 October 2010\n \\\|url\\-status\\=dead\n \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101061026/http://www.railjournal.com/newsflash/thailand\\-to\\-negotiate\\-with\\-china\\-on\\-high\\-speed\\-proposal.html\n \\\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2010\n}} The routes were finalized before the 2011 election, with a promise to begin construction the following year if the government was re\\-elected; they lost the election.", "After the 2011 election of opposition leader [Yingluck Shinawatra](/wiki/Yingluck_Shinawatra \"Yingluck Shinawatra\"), the new government reviewed all HSR plans. It divided them into phases, prioritizing service between Bangkok and [Pattaya](/wiki/Pattaya \"Pattaya\"), [Hua Hin](/wiki/Hua_Hin_railway_station \"Hua Hin railway station\"), and [Nakhon Ratchasima](/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima \"Nakhon Ratchasima\"), and expected to tender the lines in 2014\\.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Marukatat \\\|first\\=Saritdet \\\|date\\=13 May 2013 \\\|title\\=Rayong added to high\\-speed rail link \\\|website\\=Bangkok Post \\\|url\\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/349793/quick\\-move\\-on\\-high\\-speed\\-train\\-to\\-rayong \\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2022}}", "There were further delays while the military government reviewed all HSR lines after the [May 2014 coup](/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"2014 Thai coup d'état\"), and it initially deferred all projects. Transport Minister Prajin Juntong and his Japanese counterpart, [Akihiro Ota](/wiki/Akihiro_Ota \"Akihiro Ota\"), signed an agreement on 27 May 2015 to conduct a feasibility study of the northern HSR.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Japan sets high\\-speed railway survey \\\|date\\=29 July 2015 \\\|work\\=Bangkok Post \\\|url\\=http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/637156/}} The [NCPO](/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order \"National Council for Peace and Order\") agreed in early 2016 to proceed with the eastern HSR route and suggested that it could be extended to [Don Mueang International Airport](/wiki/Don_Mueang_International_Airport \"Don Mueang International Airport\") beyond the terminus at [Bang Sue Grand Station](/wiki/Krung_Thep_Aphiwat_Central_Terminal \"Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal\"), providing direct links between Bangkok's three major airports (including [Suvarnabhumi Airport](/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport \"Suvarnabhumi Airport\") and [U\\-Tapao International Airport](/wiki/U-Tapao_International_Airport \"U-Tapao International Airport\")).{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Mahitthirook \\\|first\\=Amornrat \\\|date\\=25 January 2016 \\\|title\\=Military government set to link 3 airports \\\|website\\=Bangkok Post \\\|url\\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/837492/military\\-government\\-set\\-to\\-link\\-3\\-airports \\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2022}} In 2017, the Office of Traffic Policy and Planning, the Ministry of Transport and the [State Railway of Thailand](/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand \"State Railway of Thailand\") agreed to the revised plan. In October of that year, the Eastern Economic Corridor Office finalized plans to build a 10\\-station Eastern HSR line linking Don Mueang Airport, Bang Sue, [Makkasan](/wiki/Makkasan_railway_station \"Makkasan railway station\"), Suvarnabhumi Airport, [Chonburi](/wiki/Chonburi \"Chonburi\"), [Si Racha](/wiki/Si_Racha \"Si Racha\"), Pattaya, U\\-Tapao Airport, and Rayong. The section to Rayong was excluded in early 2018 due to environmental and safety concerns, and it was decided that the line would end at U\\-Tapao Airport.{{Cite news \\\|last1\\=Theparat \\\|first1\\=Chatrudee \\\|last2\\=Chantanusornsiri \\\|first2\\=Wichit \\\|date\\=14 February 2018 \\\|title\\=EEC high\\-speed railway to steer clear of Rayong on safety fears \\\|url\\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1411987/eec\\-high\\-speed\\-railway\\-to\\-steer\\-clear\\-of\\-rayong\\-on\\-safety\\-fears \\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2022 \\\|website\\=Bangkok Post}} In October 2019, after months of delay, the Thai government signed a $7\\.4 billion agreement with a [Charoen Pokphand](/wiki/Charoen_Pokphand \"Charoen Pokphand\")\\-[China Railway Construction](/wiki/China_Railway_Construction_Corporation \"China Railway Construction Corporation\") consortium to build eastern HSR from Bangkok to Pattaya in a public\\-private partnership, with assets reverting to the state after 50 years.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-24 \\\|title\\=Thailand signs agreement to build Bangkok\\-Pattaya rail link \\\|url\\=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast\\-asia/article/3034467/thailand\\-gives\\-green\\-light\\-us74\\-billion\\-high\\-speed\\-rail \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-23 \\\|website\\=South China Morning Post \\\|language\\=en}}", "The Japan International Cooperation Agency conducted a feasibility study of northern HSR to Chiang Mai, and reported in 2018 that passenger projections were too low for economic viability.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Hongtong \\\|first\\=Thodsapol \\\|date\\=25 July 2018 \\\|title\\=Losses predicted for high\\-speed railway \\\|website\\=Bangkok Post \\\|url\\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1509418/losses\\-predicted\\-for\\-high\\-speed\\-railway \\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2022}} The 670\\-kilometer line was estimated to cost ฿400 billion, and private investors and the Japanese government declined the project.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Hongtong \\\|first\\=Thodsapol \\\|date\\=27 September 2019 \\\|title\\=Govt mulls end of fast train plan \\\|url\\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1759399/govt\\-mulls\\-end\\-of\\-fast\\-train\\-plan \\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2022 \\\|website\\=Bangkok Post}} The [Ministry of Transport](/wiki/Office_of_Transport_and_Traffic_Policy_and_Planning \"Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning\") denied that Japan cancelled the project.{{Cite web\\\|date\\=October 27, 2018\\\|website\\=thaipbs.or.th \\\|url\\=https://www.thaipbs.or.th/news/content/275346 \\\|title\\=ก.คมนาคม ยันญี่ปุ่นไม่ยกเลิกลงทุนรถไฟความเร็วสูง\\\|language\\=th}} On 14 December 2022, the Department of Railways and [MLIT](/wiki/MLIT \"MLIT\")\\-[JICA](/wiki/JICA \"JICA\") discussed speeding up feasibility studies for the Bangkok\\-Chiang Mai HSR to March 2023, and requested a study on the economic impact of the station\\-area development.{{cite web \\\|title\\=\"กรมราง\" ถก \"ญี่ปุ่น\" เร่งศึกษาลงทุนรถไฟความเร็วสูง \"กรุงเทพฯ\\-เชียงใหม่\" จบใน มี.ค. 66\\\|date\\=December 14, 2022 \\\|url\\=https://mgronline.com/business/detail/9650000118563}}", "The Southern HSR to Hua Hin would be 211 km, with an estimated cost of ฿152 billion, and an extension to the Malaysian border was discussed in September 2021\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Muhyiddin floats idea of KL\\-Bangkok high\\-speed rail in Parliament {{!}} Coconuts \\\|url\\=https://coconuts.co/kl/news/muhyiddin\\-floats\\-idea\\-of\\-kl\\-bangkok\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-in\\-parliament/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-23 \\\|website\\=coconuts.co/ \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Malaysia and Thailand agreed in 2022 to set up a joint committee to coordinate a Bangkok\\-Kuala Lumpur high\\-speed rail project, beginning a feasibility study in February.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Bernama \\\|date\\=17 May 2022 \\\|title\\=Malaysia, Thailand agree to set up special committee on HSR project \\\|website\\=Free Malaysia Today \\\|url\\=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2022/05/17/malaysia\\-thailand\\-agree\\-to\\-set\\-up\\-special\\-committee\\-on\\-hsr\\-project/ \\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2022}}", "In summer 2022, Thailand was committed to build a $12 billion northeastern HSR line to the Laotian border by 2028 at 250 km/h double\\-tracked standard gauge.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Thailand Sets 2028 Target to Finish High\\-Speed Rail Link with China \\\|url\\=https://www.voanews.com/a/thailand\\-sets\\-2028\\-target\\-to\\-finish\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-link\\-with\\-china/6662154\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-23 \\\|website\\=VOA \\\|date\\=17 July 2022 \\\|language\\=en}} In March 2023, Japan and Thailand continued to discuss beginning construction between Bangkok and Chiang Mai.{{Cite news \\\|date\\=8 March 2023 \\\|title\\=Bangkok\\-Chiang Mai rail project gears up \\\|website\\=Bangkok Post \\\|url\\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2523376/bangkok\\-chiang\\-mai\\-rail\\-project\\-gears\\-up \\\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2023}} Thailand agreed to a technology\\-transfer deal with China in May, with Chinese rail standards.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Chen \\\|first\\=Stephen \\\|date\\=2023\\-05\\-15 \\\|title\\=China will transfer high\\-speed railway tech to Thailand, engineers say \\\|url\\=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3220383/china\\-will\\-transfer\\-high\\-speed\\-railway\\-tech\\-thailand\\-engineers\\-say \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-16 \\\|website\\=South China Morning Post \\\|language\\=en}} Local opposition in Nakhon Ratchasima led to a change in design adding $131 million in costs and 28 months to the construction schedule to add an 8 km viaduct; problems are ongoing for the Ayutthaya station.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Rogers \\\|first\\=David \\\|date\\=26 February 2024 \\\|title\\=Local complaints delay Thailand's high\\-speed China link by two years \\\|url\\=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/thailands\\-high\\-speed\\-railway\\-china\\-link/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2 March 2024 \\\|website\\=Global Construction Review}}", "### Turkey", "The Turkish government has invested in high\\-speed rail. The [Ankara\\-Konya high\\-speed railway](/wiki/Ankara-Konya_high-speed_railway \"Ankara-Konya high-speed railway\") opened in 2011, and an extension to [Karaman](/wiki/Karaman \"Karaman\") opened in winter 2022; the [Ankara–Istanbul high\\-speed railway](/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Istanbul_high-speed_railway \"Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway\") opened in 2014\\. Continuation of the line from Karaman to [Ulukışla](/wiki/Uluk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla \"Ulukışla\") was under construction in 2022; a planned link with [Aksaray](/wiki/Aksaray \"Aksaray\"), Ulukışla, and [Mersin](/wiki/Mersin \"Mersin\") have an anticipated opening in 2024, but has not yet been tendered. The Turkish government intends to connect 52 provinces with high\\-speed rail networks by 2053, and will develop further lines as current construction is completed.", "The [Ankara–Sivas high\\-speed railway](/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Sivas_high-speed_railway \"Ankara–Sivas high-speed railway\"), originally planned to open in late 2021, was delayed initially to 2022 and will reduce travel time from 12 hours to under two hours.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2020\\-03\\-09 \\\|title\\=Testing underway on Ankara – Sivas high speed line \\\|website\\=Railway Gazette International \\\|language\\=en \\\|url\\=https://www.railwaygazette.com/high\\-speed/testing\\-underway\\-on\\-ankara\\-sivas\\-high\\-speed\\-line/55979\\.article \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-20}}{{Cite web \\\|date\\=January 1, 2020 \\\|title\\=Ankara Sivas High Speed Train Project Completion Date Announced \\\|url\\=https://www.raillynews.com/2020/01/ankara\\-sivas\\-high\\-speed\\-train\\-project\\-has\\-been\\-completed/ \\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2022 \\\|website\\=Raillynews}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Ankara\\-Sivas YHT hattı yıl sonunda hizmete alınacak \\\|url\\=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/ekonomi/ankara\\-sivas\\-yht\\-hatti\\-yil\\-sonunda\\-hizmete\\-alinacak\\-672489\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-20 \\\|website\\=www.trthaber.com \\\|date\\=14 April 2022 \\\|language\\=tr}} The 405\\-km line was planned to open in April 2023, with stations at [Elmadağ](/wiki/Elmada%C4%9F%2C_Ankara \"Elmadağ, Ankara\"), [Kırıkkale](/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale \"Kırıkkale\"), [Yerköy](/wiki/Yerk%C3%B6y_YHT_railway_station \"Yerköy YHT railway station\"), [Yozgat](/wiki/Yozgat \"Yozgat\"), [Sorgun](/wiki/Sorgun%2C_Yozgat \"Sorgun, Yozgat\"), [Akdağmadeni](/wiki/Akda%C4%9Fmadeni \"Akdağmadeni\"), [Yıldızeli](/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1zeli \"Yıldızeli\"), and [Sivas](/wiki/Sivas \"Sivas\"). It has 49 km of tunnels and 49 km of viaducts designed for 250\\-km/h operation.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=16 March 2023 \\\|title\\=Domestic Rail Used for the First Time on Ankara Sivas High Speed Train Line \\\|url\\=https://raillynews.com/2023/03/ankara\\-sivas\\-hizli\\-tren\\-hattinda\\-ilk\\-defa\\-yerli\\-ray\\-kullanildi/ \\\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2023}}{{Cite web \\\|date\\=22 November 2022 \\\|title\\=99,67 percent physical progress was achieved in Ankara\\-Sivas High Speed Line \\\|url\\=https://raillynews.com/2022/11/9967\\-percent\\-physical\\-progress\\-was\\-achieved\\-on\\-the\\-Ankara\\-Sivas\\-high\\-speed\\-train\\-line/ \\\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2022}} A 247\\-km extension from Sivas to Kars is concretely planned as an electrified, double\\-track line with a design speed of 250 km/h, and a five\\-station design study between Sivas and [Erzincan](/wiki/Erzincan \"Erzincan\") was completed in July 2021\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=The design of the high\\-speed railroad Sivas\\-Erzincan in Turkey was completed {{!}} RailTarget \\\|url\\=https://www.railtarget.eu/technologies\\-and\\-infrastructure/the\\-design\\-of\\-the\\-highspeed\\-railroad\\-sivaserzincan\\-in\\-turkey\\-was\\-completed\\-589\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-20 \\\|website\\=www.railtarget.eu \\\|language\\=en}}", "A spur from [Yerköy](/wiki/Yerk%C3%B6y_YHT_railway_station \"Yerköy YHT railway station\") to [Kayseri](/wiki/Kayseri \"Kayseri\") has not yet been tendered but is planned to be completed by 2025, reducing travel time between Ankara and Kayseri from seven hours to two hours. The 142\\-km spur to Kayseri would be double\\-track electrified rail designed for 250\\-km/h operation, with nine tunnels totaling 12\\.9 km.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-16 \\\|title\\=Bakan Karaismailoğlu'ndan Kayseri'ye hızlı tren müjdesi – Son Dakika Haberler \\\|url\\=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/bakan\\-karaismailoglundan\\-kayseriye\\-hizli\\-tren\\-mujdesi\\-41962454 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-20 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216153243/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/bakan\\-karaismailoglundan\\-kayseriye\\-hizli\\-tren\\-mujdesi\\-41962454 \\\|archive\\-date\\=16 December 2021 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Construction on the spur began in July 2022,{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Preston \\\|first\\=Robert \\\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-30 \\\|title\\=Work starts on Yerköy – Kayseri high\\-speed line in Turkey \\\|url\\=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high\\-speed/work\\-starts\\-on\\-yerkoy\\-kayseri\\-high\\-speed\\-line\\-in\\-turkey/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02 \\\|website\\=International Railway Journal \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} and will include stations at [Şefaatli](/wiki/%C5%9Eefaatli \"Şefaatli\"), [Yenifakılı](/wiki/Yenifak%C4%B1l%C4%B1 \"Yenifakılı\"), and Himmetdede.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Turkey breaks ground for new high\\-speed line \\\|url\\=https://www.railtech.com/infrastructure/2022/07/25/turkey\\-breaks\\-ground\\-for\\-new\\-high\\-speed\\-line/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02 \\\|website\\=RailTech.com \\\|date\\=25 July 2022 \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "The [Ankara\\-Izmir high\\-speed railway](/wiki/Polatl%C4%B1%E2%80%93%C4%B0zmir_high-speed_railway \"Polatlı–İzmir high-speed railway\") is a planned 588\\-km double\\-track, electrified railway built for 250\\-km/h operation whose initial section to [Afyonkarahisar](/wiki/Afyonkarahisar \"Afyonkarahisar\") was scheduled to open in 2022,{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-29 \\\|title\\=Ankara İzmir YHT 2022 Yılı Sonunda Tamamlanıyor {{!}} RayHaber {{!}} RaillyNews \\\|url\\=https://rayhaber.com/2019/11/ankara\\-izmir\\-yht\\-2022\\-yili\\-sonunda\\-tamamlaniyor/ \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629124817/https://rayhaber.com/2019/11/ankara\\-izmir\\-yht\\-2022\\-yili\\-sonunda\\-tamamlaniyor/ \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-29 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-20 }} but construction was interrupted in 2018 and resumed in 2022\\. The extension to Izmir will contain 49 tunnels totaling 41 km, 56 viaducts totaling 23 km and six new stations, reducing the current nine\\-hour trip to three\\-and\\-a\\-half hours.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Ankara\\-İzmir Yüksek Hızlı Tren Hattı'nda çalışmalar hızlanıyor \\\|url\\=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/turkiye/ankara\\-izmir\\-yuksek\\-hizli\\-tren\\-hattinda\\-calismalar\\-hizlaniyor\\-665860\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-20 \\\|website\\=www.trthaber.com \\\|date\\=22 March 2022 \\\|language\\=tr}}", "A 106\\-km spur off the Istanbul\\-Ankara line from [Osmaneli](/wiki/Osmaneli \"Osmaneli\") to [Bursa](/wiki/Bursa \"Bursa\") is planned to open by 2023, after construction delays due to earthquake risk and expropriation lawsuits; a further extension to [Bandirma](/wiki/Band%C4%B1rma \"Bandırma\") was tendered in 2020\\. The full 201\\-km line will be built for 200\\-km/h operation and will cost {{TRY\\\|9\\.5\\\|link\\=yes}} billion (US$650 million), reducing travel time between Ankara and Bursa to two hours and ten minutes.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Ozarfat \\\|first\\=Esra \\\|date\\=April 1, 2021 \\\|title\\=Bursa'nın hızlı treni 2023'te raylarda \\\|url\\=https://www.dunya.com/sehirler/bursanin\\-hizli\\-treni\\-2023te\\-raylarda\\-haberi\\-616468 \\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2022 \\\|website\\=Dunya \\\|archive\\-date\\=1 April 2021 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401120857/https://www.dunya.com/sehirler/bursanin\\-hizli\\-treni\\-2023te\\-raylarda\\-haberi\\-616468 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "A 229\\-km high\\-speed rail line on the European side of the [Bosporus](/wiki/Bosporus \"Bosporus\") will link the [Halkalı railway station](/wiki/Halkal%C4%B1_railway_station \"Halkalı railway station\") in Istanbul with the [Kapıkule railway station](/wiki/Kap%C4%B1kule_railway_station \"Kapıkule railway station\") in [Edirne](/wiki/Edirne \"Edirne\"), with an anticipated opening of 2023, and will decrease travel time from four hours to one hour and 20 minutes. The double\\-track, electrified railway will be built for 200\\-km/h operation and cost {{TRY\\\|10\\.5}} billion ($716 million), of which over half is a [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") grant.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Halkalı\\-Kapıkule 'hızlı' demir yolu hattının yapımı sürüyor \\\|url\\=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/halkali\\-kapikule\\-hizli\\-demir\\-yolu\\-hattinin\\-yapimi\\-suruyor/1973675 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-20 \\\|website\\=www.aa.com.tr}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Halkalı\\-Kapıkule Demir Yolu Projesi'nin Edirne'deki viyadük çalışmaları sürüyor \\\|url\\=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/halkali\\-kapikule\\-demir\\-yolu\\-projesinin\\-edirnedeki\\-viyaduk\\-calismalari\\-suruyor/2370421 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-20 \\\|website\\=www.aa.com.tr}}", "In early 2024, the country's Minister of Transport [Abdulkadir Uraloğlu](/wiki/Abdulkadir_Uralo%C4%9Flu \"Abdulkadir Uraloğlu\") announced plans to build an additional line from Delice to [Sungurlu](/wiki/Sungurlu \"Sungurlu\"), Çorum OSB, [Çorum](/wiki/%C3%87orum \"Çorum\"), [Mecitözü](/wiki/Mecit%C3%B6z%C3%BC \"Mecitözü\"), [Merzifon](/wiki/Merzifon \"Merzifon\"), [Havza](/wiki/Havza \"Havza\"), [Kavak](/wiki/Kavak%2C_Samsun \"Kavak, Samsun\"), and ending in [Samsun](/wiki/Samsun \"Samsun\") on the coast of the [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea \"Black Sea\"). This will cut travel time of the 509 km segment between Ankara and Samsun from 7 hours to 2:45 hours.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=28 February 2024 \\\|title\\=High Speed Train Network Reaches the Black Sea \\\|url\\=https://raillynews.com/2024/02/high\\-speed\\-train\\-network\\-reaches\\-the\\-Black\\-Sea/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2 March 2024 \\\|website\\=High Speed Train Network Reaches the Black Sea}}", "### Turkmenistan", "President Gurbanguli Berdimuhamedov announced that Turkmenistan would build a high\\-speed train between [Turkmenbashi](/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy%2C_Turkmenistan \"Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan\") and [Turkmenabat](/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat \"Türkmenabat\") in 2012\\.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=January 5, 2012 \\\|title\\=Turkmenistan will build high\\-speed train line \\\|url\\=https://en.rayhaber.com/2012/01/turkmenistan\\-hizli\\-tren\\-hatti\\-insa\\-edecek/ \\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2022 \\\|website\\=Railly News}}", "### Uzbekistan", "In addition to the [high\\-speed network](/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Uzbekistan \"High-speed rail in Uzbekistan\") from [Tashkent](/wiki/Tashkent \"Tashkent\") through [Samarkand](/wiki/Samarkand \"Samarkand\") to [Bukhara](/wiki/Bukhara \"Bukhara\"), in December 2021 the [Asian Development Bank](/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank \"Asian Development Bank\") approved a $162 million loan for electrification between Bukhara and [Khiva](/wiki/Khiva \"Khiva\") which was 60 percent of the anticipated cost.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Asian Development Bank \\\|date\\=29 December 2021 \\\|title\\=Loan Agreement (Ordinary Operations) for Loan 4170\\-UZB: Central Asia Regional Economic Coperation (sic) Corridor 2 (Bukhara\\-Miskin\\-Urgench\\-Khiva) Railway Electrification Project \\\|url\\=https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/uzb\\-53271\\-001\\-lna \\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2022 \\\|website\\=Asian Development Bank}} The 452\\-km line has a design speed of 250 km/h, and needs electrification for high\\-speed rail service. A contract was awarded in July 2022 to [DB E\\&C](/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn \"Deutsche Bahn\") for electrification; construction was scheduled to begin in fall 2022, with stops at Navbokhar, Parvoz, Kiyikli, Zhaikhun, Turon, [Khazarasp](/wiki/Hazorasp \"Hazorasp\"), and [Urgench](/wiki/Urgench \"Urgench\").{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Allan \\\|first\\=Keri \\\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-02 \\\|title\\=DB Engineering and Consulting to Oversee Rail Electrification Project in Uzbekistan \\\|url\\=https://railway\\-news.com/db\\-engineering\\-and\\-consulting\\-to\\-oversee\\-rail\\-electrification\\-project\\-in\\-uzbekistan/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02 \\\|website\\=Railway\\-News \\\|language\\=en\\-gb}} High\\-speed rail service to Khiva is planned to begin in 2024, reducing travel time between Bukhara and Khiva from eight to three hours; in November 2022, President [Shavkat Mirziyoyev](/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev \"Shavkat Mirziyoyev\") announced an electrification extension from Khiva to [Nukus](/wiki/Nukus \"Nukus\").{{Cite web \\\|title\\=High\\-speed trains to Nukus to be launched in Uzbekistan \\\|website\\=m.akipress.com \\\|url\\=https://m.akipress.com/news:687210:High\\-speed\\_trains\\_to\\_Nukus\\_to\\_be\\_launched\\_in\\_Uzbekistan/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-01}}", "### Vietnam", "{{Main\\\|North–South express railway}}\nVietnam's national railway company, [Vietnam Railways](/wiki/Vietnam_Railways \"Vietnam Railways\"), has proposed a {{convert\\\|1630\\\|km\\\|mi\\\|0\\\|adj\\=on}} high\\-speed rail link between [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi \"Hanoi\") and [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City \"Ho Chi Minh City\") capable of running at {{convert\\\|250\\\|to\\\|300\\\|km/h\\\|mph\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite web\\\|title\\=The hare and the tortoise\\\|url\\=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single\\-view/view/10/the\\-hare\\-and\\-the\\-tortoise.html \\\| work\\=\\[\\[Railway Gazette International]] \\\|date\\=21 September 2009}} Funding of the $56 billion line would be primarily by the Vietnamese government, with Japanese aid. Technology used on the Japanese [Shinkansen](/wiki/Shinkansen \"Shinkansen\") has been suggested for the new railway.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Vietnam to build high\\-speed rail with Japan aid\\\|url\\=http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/CrisesArticle.aspx?storyId\\=HAN159060\\&WTmodLoc\\=World\\-R5\\-Alertnet\\-5\\\|agency\\=Reuters News\\\|date\\=20 July 2006\\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2006}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=July 2021\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "Current technology allows trains travelling on the current, single\\-track [Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City line](/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_railway_%28Vietnam%29 \"North–South railway (Vietnam)\") to complete the journey in about thirty hours.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.vr.com.vn/English/\\\|title\\=Vietnam Railways Website (English)\\\|work\\=Vietnam Railways\\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2008\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510213804/http://www.vr.com.vn/English/\\\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2008}} Check the timetable from Ha Noi to Sai Gon (or vice versa) to see journey times. The high\\-speed rail line would have two [standard gauge](/wiki/Standard_gauge \"Standard gauge\") tracks with no direct road crossings, and would allow trains to complete the Hanoi–Ho Chi Minh City journey in about six hours. The existing line uses [narrow\\-gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway \"Narrow gauge railway\") tracks, common in Southeast Asia.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num\\=05SOC200706\\\|title\\=Railway plans to build 880 km express line\\\|work\\=Viet Nam News\\\|date\\=20 July 2006\\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2006}}", "Vietnamese Prime Minister [Nguyễn Tấn Dũng](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%E1%BA%A5n_D%C5%A9ng \"Nguyễn Tấn Dũng\") had planned to complete the line by 2013, three years sooner than the previously\\-announced nine\\-year construction time.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia\\-pacific/6334117\\.stm\\\|title\\=Vietnam plans new railway link\\\|author\\=Bill Hayton\\\|work\\=BBC News\\\|date\\=20 July 2006\\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2006}} Later reports suggested that Japanese development aid would only be available in stages, with completion of the line not expected until the mid\\-2030s and aid contingent on the use of Shinkansen technology. On 19 June 2010, after a month of deliberation, Vietnam's National Assembly rejected the high\\-speed rail proposal due to its cost. The project's future was in doubt, with National Assembly deputies reportedly asking for further study.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/201006/National\\-Assembly\\-rejects\\-express\\-railway\\-project\\-917324/\\\|title\\=National Assembly rejects express railway project\\\|publisher\\=VietNamNet Bridge\\\|date\\=21 June 2010\\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2010\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628061127/http://www.english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/201006/National\\-Assembly\\-rejects\\-express\\-railway\\-project\\-917324/\\\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2010}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.metronews.ca/vancouver/world/article/557979\\-\\-vietnamese\\-legislators\\-reject\\-56b\\-bullet\\-train\\-in\\-rare\\-move\\-against\\-communist\\-leaders\\\|title\\=Vietnamese legislators reject $56B bullet train in rare move against Communist leaders\\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\\|publisher\\=Metro News Vancouver\\\|date\\=21 June 2010\\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2010}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=March 2018 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "In January 2011, Vietnamese Minister of Transport Hồ Nghĩa Dũng suggested that the line might be completed by 2030\\. The line was 1,555 km long, with trains running at 300 km/h. After the original plan was rejected by the National Assembly, Dũng asked for a new feasibility plan by the end of 2011; the Japanese development agency suggested an interim solution in which the line could be built in separate north and south sections.{{Cite web \\\| url\\=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single\\-view/view/cross\\-border\\-upgrading\\-advances.html \\\|title \\= Cross\\-border upgrading advances}} In 2021, the Vietnamese Ministry of Transport announced plans to begin a 250\\-km segment from Hanoi to [Vinh](/wiki/Vinh \"Vinh\") and a 450\\-km segment between Ho Chi Minh City and [Nha Trang](/wiki/Nha_Trang \"Nha Trang\") in 2028, with a total cost of $5 billion and a design speed of 320 km/h.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-02 \\\|title\\=Vietnam announces start date for 1,500km North–South railway \\\|website\\=Global Construction Review \\\|url\\=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/vietnam\\-announces\\-start\\-date\\-for\\-1500km\\-north\\-south\\-railway/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-20 \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} In July 2022, Prime Minister [Phạm Minh Chính](/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Minh_Ch%C3%ADnh \"Phạm Minh Chính\") requested $10 billion in aid from the [Japan Bank for International Cooperation](/wiki/Japan_Bank_for_International_Cooperation \"Japan Bank for International Cooperation\") for the project.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Tuan \\\|first\\=Viet \\\|date\\=22 July 2022 \\\|title\\=PM requests Japan's help for north\\-south high speed railway \\\|url\\=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/pm\\-requests\\-japan\\-s\\-cooperation\\-in\\-constructing\\-north\\-south\\-high\\-speed\\-railway\\-4491033\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2022 \\\|website\\=VN Express}} The Communist Party reaffirmed the strategic importance in March 2023 that the north\\-south high\\-speed rail project begin construction by 2030 and finish by 2045, focusing on the Hanoi\\-Vinh and Ho Chi Minh\\-Nha Trang sections; the project is estimated to cover 1,559 km, with a speed over 320 km/h and a cost of over $58 billion.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=VnExpress \\\|title\\=Trans\\-Vietnam high\\-speed railway work to start by 2030 – VnExpress International \\\|url\\=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/traffic/trans\\-vietnam\\-high\\-speed\\-railway\\-work\\-to\\-start\\-by\\-2030\\-4576587\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-01 \\\|website\\=VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam \\\|language\\=en}}", "In April 2024, Vietnam announced plans to create high\\-speed lines from [Haiphong](/wiki/Haiphong \"Haiphong\") and [Quang Ninh](/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh_province \"Quảng Ninh province\") province through Hanoi to [Lao Cai](/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai \"Lào Cai\") in order to cross into the [Yunnan](/wiki/Yunnan \"Yunnan\") province of China, as well as another line from Hanoi through [Lang Son](/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n \"Lạng Sơn\") to cross into the [Guangxi](/wiki/Guangxi \"Guangxi\") province of China.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Vietnam aims to start work on high\\-speed rail lines to China by 2030 \\\|url\\=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Transportation/Vietnam\\-aims\\-to\\-start\\-work\\-on\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-lines\\-to\\-China\\-by\\-2030 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-16 \\\|website\\=Nikkei Asia \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "" ]
Europe ------ {{See also\\|High\-speed rail in Europe}} ### Belarus In 2017, [Belarusian](/wiki/Belarus "Belarus") authorities agreed to offer land to [CRCC Asia](/wiki/CRCC_Asia "CRCC Asia") for construction of a high\-speed corridor between the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU) and [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia"). [Chinese](/wiki/China "China") engineering companies are also interested in building highways and Russian high\-speed railways in connection with this route, with a possible interchange with the [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow")–[Kazan](/wiki/Kazan "Kazan") high\-speed rail corridor.{{Cite web\\|date\=22 May 2017\\|title\=ЗА ЧАС ИЗ СМОЛЕНСКА ДО МИНСКА: КИТАЙЦЫ ПЛАНИРУЮТ ПОСТРОИТЬ В БЕЛАРУСИ СКОРОСТНУЮ ЖЕЛЕЗНУЮ ДОРОГУ (in Russian) An hour from Smolensk to Minsk: The Chinese plan to build a high\-speed railway in Belarus\\|url\=https://rus\-bel.online/4343\-za\-chas\-iz\-smolenska\-do\-minska\-kitajcy\-planiruyut\-postroit\-v\-belarusi\-skorostnuyu\-zheleznuyu\-dorogu/\\|access\-date\=25 January 2022\\|website\=rus\-bel.online\\|archive\-date\=25 January 2022\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125075220/https://rus\-bel.online/4343\-za\-chas\-iz\-smolenska\-do\-minska\-kitajcy\-planiruyut\-postroit\-v\-belarusi\-skorostnuyu\-zheleznuyu\-dorogu/\\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Belgium {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in Belgium}} The 25N line (opened between 2012 and 2018\) is designed for speeds up to 220 km/h, but is limited to 160 km/h. To reduce traffic and travel time, an existing line from [Mechelen](/wiki/Mechelen "Mechelen") to [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp") has been upgraded. Construction began in June 2013 and was completed in November 2021, and it was opened on 14 December of that year.{{Cite web\\|date\=2020\-12\-09\\|title\=Infrabel and SNCB to open Mechelen rail bypass\\|url\=https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/infrabel\-and\-sncb\-to\-open\-new\-mechelen\-rail\-improvements/\\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-25\\|website\=International Railway Journal\\|language\=en}} ### Czech Republic In 2017, the [government of the Czech Republic](/wiki/Government_of_the_Czech_Republic "Government of the Czech Republic") approved a high\-speed rail development program predicted to cost 645 billion [Kč](/wiki/Czech_koruna "Czech koruna") (over €25 billion).{{Cite web\\|title\=Vláda schválila více peněz pro vědu i školství a plán rozvoje vysokorychlostní železnice v ČR\\|url\=http://www.vlada.cz/cz/media\-centrum/tiskove\-zpravy/vlada\-schvalila\-vice\-penez\-pro\-vedu\-i\-skolstvi\-a\-plan\-rozvoje\-vysokorychlostni\-zeleznice\-v\-cr\-156501/\\|access\-date\=26 January 2021\\|website\=www.vlada.cz\\|language\=cs}} The network will cover about 660 kilometers, and will include the construction of new lines and upgrading existing lines to 200 km/h. * RS1 – [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague")–[Brno](/wiki/Brno "Brno")–[Ostrava](/wiki/Ostrava "Ostrava"), with a possible extension to [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice "Katowice") in [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland") * RS2 – Brno–[Breclav](/wiki/B%C5%99eclav "Břeclav"), with possible extensions to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") in [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria") and [Bratislava](/wiki/Bratislava "Bratislava") in [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia") * RS3 – Prague–[Plzen](/wiki/Plze%C5%88 "Plzeň"), with a possible extension to [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") * RS4 – Prague–[Ústí nad Labem](/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem "Ústí nad Labem"), with a possible extension to [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden "Dresden") in Germany * RS5 – Prague–[Liberec](/wiki/Liberec "Liberec") or [Hradec Králové](/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9 "Hradec Králové"), with a possible extension to [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw "Wrocław") in Poland In 2018, [Správa železnic](/wiki/Spr%C3%A1va_%C5%BEeleznic "Správa železnic") (the Czech railway infrastructure manager) began work on three pilot projects to increase speed on existing lines.{{Cite web\\|last\=Sura\\|first\=Jan\\|date\=23 April 2018\\|title\=Polabí či Moravská Brána. SŽDC začala řešit "izolované" vysokorychlostní tratě\\|url\=https://zdopravy.cz/polabi\-ci\-moravska\-brana\-szdc\-zacala\-resit\-izolovane\-vysokorychlostni\-trate\-10628/\\|access\-date\=25 January 2021}} These include the sections between Prague and [Poříčany](/wiki/Po%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8Dany "Poříčany") (30 km), Brno and [Vranovice](/wiki/Vranovice_%28Brno-Country_District%29 "Vranovice (Brno-Country District)") (25 km), and [Přerov](/wiki/P%C5%99erov "Přerov") and Ostrava (60 km). In 2020, [Deutsche Bahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn "Deutsche Bahn") and the Czech government began feasibility studies of a high\-speed rail link (RS4\) between Prague and Dresden. The project, projected to cost €5\.4 billion, and will include a 25\-km tunnel beneath the [Ore Mountains](/wiki/Ore_Mountains "Ore Mountains"). Travel time on the current route is two hours and 15 minutes, with the new link predicted to reduce travel time between Prague and Dresden to 60 minutes. The first section (between Prague and [Lovosice](/wiki/Lovosice "Lovosice")) is predicted to be completed by 2035, with the remainder completed by 2050\.{{Cite web\\|last\=Hayes\\|first\=Mike\\|date\=3 March 2020\\|title\=Dresden\-Prague high\-speed rail gets nod\\|url\=https://www.khl.com/news/Dresden\-Prague\-high\-speed\-rail\-gets\-nod/1142651\.article\\|website\=khl}} ### Denmark {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in Denmark}} A high\-speed rail line was built as a double track on the [Copenhagen–Ringsted Line](/wiki/Copenhagen%E2%80%93Ringsted_Line "Copenhagen–Ringsted Line"), which opened in 2019\. It initially allowed 180 km/h, increasing to 200 km/h in 2023 when signalling was upgraded. The rail infrastructure is being prepared for 250 km/h. An upgrade of the Ringsted–[Odense](/wiki/Odense "Odense") line to 200 km/h is planned. The Ringsted–[Rødbyhavn](/wiki/R%C3%B8dbyhavn "Rødbyhavn") line is being upgraded to 200 km/h in preparation for the completion of the [Fehmarn tunnel](/wiki/Fehmarn_Belt_fixed_link "Fehmarn Belt fixed link"), allowing a fast connection between Copenhagen and Hamburg. Construction began on the [Vestfyn Line](/wiki/Vestfyn_Line "Vestfyn Line"), a 250\-km/h line connecting [Odense](/wiki/Odense "Odense") on the island of [Funen](/wiki/Funen "Funen") to the bridge to [Jutland](/wiki/Jutland "Jutland") in 2021, allowing alignment to a future bridge for high\-speed crossing. A 250\-km/h railway from [Fredericia](/wiki/Fredericia "Fredericia")–[Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus "Aarhus") is planned. The [Hobro](/wiki/Hobro "Hobro")\-[Aalborg](/wiki/Aalborg "Aalborg") line is planned to be upgraded to 200 km/h with new signalling. The projects are planned to reduce travel time between Copenhagen and Aalborg to three hours, compared to four hours and 20 minutes in 2018\. ### Estonia An undersea [Helsinki–Tallinn Tunnel](/wiki/Helsinki%E2%80%93Tallinn_Tunnel "Helsinki–Tallinn Tunnel") is a proposed high\-speed rail connection between [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki "Helsinki") and [Tallinn](/wiki/Tallinn "Tallinn") with planned maximum speed of {{convert\\|250\\|km/h\\|abbr\=on}}. This high speed connection would cut the travel time from about 3 hours to half an hour. ### Finland {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in Finland}} The [Helsinki–Turku high\-speed railway](/wiki/Helsinki%E2%80%93Turku_high-speed_railway "Helsinki–Turku high-speed railway") is a proposed link between [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki "Helsinki") and [Turku](/wiki/Turku "Turku") with planned maximum speed of {{convert\\|300\\|km/h\\|abbr\=on}}. A high\-speed connection between Helsinki and [Tampere](/wiki/Tampere "Tampere") with a travel time of one hour through the planned [Lentorata](/wiki/Lentorata "Lentorata") tunnel from Helsinki to [Kerava](/wiki/Kerava "Kerava") via [Helsinki Airport station](/wiki/Helsinki_Airport_station "Helsinki Airport station") is planned, with an upgrade of the [Riihimäki–Tampere railway](/wiki/Riihim%C3%A4ki%E2%80%93Tampere_railway "Riihimäki–Tampere railway") to high speed or construction of a parallel line. [Itärata](/wiki/It%C3%A4rata "Itärata"), an eastern high\-speed line between Helsinki and [Kouvola](/wiki/Kouvola "Kouvola") via the airport and [Porvoo](/wiki/Porvoo "Porvoo"), is also planned. ### Hungary On 28 January 2020, a call for tenders was issued for a detailed feasibility study of the proposed line between [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest "Budapest") and [Cluj\-Napoca](/wiki/Cluj-Napoca "Cluj-Napoca") in Romania. The Hungarian section is expected to allow speeds of {{convert\\|250\\|to\\|350\\|km/h}}, and the Romanian section will have a speed of 160 km/h.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high\-speed/budapest\-cluj\-high\-speed\-design\-tender\-gets\-underway/\\|title\=Budapest – Cluj high\-speed design tender gets underway\\|date\=3 February 2020\\|website\=International Railway Journal\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=4 February 2020}} ### Iceland {{See also\\|High\-speed rail in Europe\#Iceland}} The Lava Express, an airport rail link passing southeastern Iceland's lava fields, is planned. The line will be 49 km long, of which 14 km will be underground near [Reykjavík](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk "Reykjavík"). Average speed will be 180 km/h, with a maximum speed of 250 km/h. Construction was postponed by 2021 due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland "COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland"). ### Ireland The Irish government said in 2020 that it would begin a study of a 500\-km high\-speed railway from [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast") via [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") to [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 "Cork (city)") and [Limerick](/wiki/Limerick "Limerick"),{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high\-speed/study\-to\-investigate\-belfast\-dublin\-cork\-high\-speed\-line/\\|title\=Study to investigate Belfast – Dublin – Cork high\-speed line\\|website\=International Railway Journal\\|date\=4 August 2020\\|access\-date\=26 September 2020}} which could cost about €15 billion.{{cite web\\|url\= https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish\-news/review\-of\-15bn\-high\-speed\-rail\-line\-linking\-dublin\-belfast\-cork\-1\.4321928?mode\=amp\\|title\=Review of €15bn high\-speed rail line linking Dublin, Belfast, Cork\\|website\=Irish Times\\|date\=5 August 2020\\|access\-date\=26 September 2020}} ### Netherlands {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in the Netherlands}} The proposed HSL\-Oost line was cancelled in 2009\. The section of that line between Amsterdam and Utrecht is four\-tracked. Two of the four tracks can accommodate 200 km/h, but the voltage is insufficient and the line is planned to be re\-electrified to 25 kV AC. Like much of the Netherlands, also, the ground is not stable enough for higher speeds due to [peat](/wiki/Peat "Peat") deposits.{{Cite news\\|last\=treinreiziger.nl\\|date\=2021\-12\-14\\|title\=Spoorbodem zorgt voor problemen: snelheidsbeperkingen voor nieuwe treinen dreigen\\|url\=https://www.treinreiziger.nl/spoorbodem\-zorgt\-voor\-problemen\-snelheidsbeperkingen\-voor\-nieuwe\-treinen\-dreigen/\\|access\-date\=2022\-02\-10\\|website\=Treinreiziger.nl\\|language\=nl}} ### Norway {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in Norway}} The Norwegian government has studied five long\-distance high\-speed lines radiating from Oslo to Bergen, Kristiansand/Stavanger, Trondheim, Gothenburg, and Stockholm. A sixth line would run along the coast, connecting Bergen, Haugesund and Stavanger. Cost and benefit studies were published in 2007 and 2012\.[Jernbaneverket: Oppsummering og hovedkonklusjoner for høyhastighetsutredningen](http://www.jernbaneverket.no/no/Prosjekter/Hoyhastighetsutredningen/Nyhetsarkiv/Oppsummering-Hovedkonklusjoner/) (Norwegian) ### Poland {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in Poland}} The [Central Rail Line](/wiki/Grodzisk_Mazowiecki%E2%80%93Zawiercie_railway "Grodzisk Mazowiecki–Zawiercie railway") was designed for speeds up to 250 km/h. Although 200 km/h is used for commercial service, higher speeds are planned. ### Portugal {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in Portugal}} Portuguese prime minister [António Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa "António Costa") announced in September 2022 a $4\.7 billion passenger rail line running about 300 km (185 miles) from [Lisbon](/wiki/Lisbon "Lisbon")\-[Oriente](/wiki/Gare_do_Oriente "Gare do Oriente") to [Porto](/wiki/Porto "Porto")\-[Campanhã](/wiki/Campanh%C3%A3_railway_station "Campanhã railway station"), cutting travel time by over 50 percent to 75 minutes non\-stop and 105 minutes with stops in [Leiria](/wiki/Leiria "Leiria"), [Coimbra](/wiki/Coimbra "Coimbra") and [Aveiro](/wiki/Aveiro%2C_Portugal "Aveiro, Portugal").{{Cite web \\|last1\=Russell \\|first1\=Edward \\|last2\=September 29th \\|first2\=Skift \\|last3\=EDT \\|first3\=2022 at 6:48 AM \\|title\=Portugal Plans $4\.7 Billion Lisbon\-Porto High\-Speed Rail Line \\|url\=https://skift.com/blog/portugal\-plans\-4\-7\-billion\-lisbon\-porto\-high\-speed\-rail\-line/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-10\-24 \\|website\=Skift \\|language\=en\-US}} A second phase would include another 150\-km (100 miles) line to [Porto Airport](/wiki/Porto_Airport "Porto Airport"), [Braga](/wiki/Braga "Braga"), [Valença](/wiki/Valen%C3%A7a%2C_Portugal "Valença, Portugal"), and a connection to [Vigo](/wiki/Vigo "Vigo") in [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"). A [Lisbon–Porto high\-speed rail line](/wiki/Lisbon%E2%80%93Porto_high-speed_rail_line "Lisbon–Porto high-speed rail line") was proposed in 2020\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/economia/governo\-quer\-linha\-ferroviaria\-de\-alta\-velocidade\-entre\-lisboa\-e\-porto\_a1269081\\|title\=Governo quer linha ferroviária de Alta Velocidade entre Lisboa e Porto\\|first\=Rádio e Televisão de\\|last\=Portugal\\|website\=Governo quer linha ferroviária de Alta Velocidade entre Lisboa e Porto\\|date\=22 October 2020 }} The Spanish company [Renfe](/wiki/Renfe "Renfe") has confirmed that the desire to extend the Madrid\-Extremadura high\-speed rail line under construction across the border to [Evora](/wiki/%C3%89vora "Évora").{{Cite web \\|date\=2023\-08\-17 \\|title\=Is a new high\-speed train route launching between Madrid and Lisbon? \\|url\=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/08/17/spain\-to\-portugal\-by\-train\-is\-a\-madrid\-to\-lisbon\-high\-speed\-line\-on\-the\-horizon \\|access\-date\=2023\-09\-15 \\|website\=euronews \\|language\=en}} An update in early 2024 revealed that the project has been recast in three stages, with the first section between Porto and Oiã near [Aveiro](/wiki/Aveiro%2C_Portugal "Aveiro, Portugal") for 1\.9 billion euros, and the second section between Aveiro and [Soure](/wiki/Soure%2C_Portugal "Soure, Portugal") to cost 1\.7 billion euros.{{Cite web \\|last\=International2024\-02\-13T14:00:00\+00:00 \\|first\=Railway Gazette \\|title\=Procurement of Portugal's broad gauge high speed line begins \\|url\=https://www.railwaygazette.com/high\-speed/procurement\-of\-portugals\-broad\-gauge\-high\-speed\-line\-begins/65921\.article \\|access\-date\=2024\-02\-16 \\|website\=Railway Gazette International \\|language\=en}} The second phase extends the line southwards from Soure to [Carregado](/wiki/Carregado "Carregado") at a cost of 1\.5 billion euros, scheduled for 2030\. The third phase would connect Carregado to Lisbon, bringing the total journey time to 1 h 15 minutes at 300 km/h over 290 kilometers. ### Romania The [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") approved €3\.9 billion for rail in Romania's National Recovery and Resilience Plan in 2021, which will modernize railways, rolling stock, and signaling systems. A €120 million feasibility study of a high\-speed line between [Constanta](/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba "Constanța") through [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest") to the Hungarian border was begun in 2022, and is expected to be completed by 2026\. Options include a high\-speed 590\-km route through [Sibiu](/wiki/Sibiu "Sibiu"), [Cluj](/wiki/Cluj-Napoca "Cluj-Napoca"), and [Oradea](/wiki/Oradea "Oradea"), which could cost €17 billion euros; another possibility is a hybrid line with some sections at 200 km/h, and others at 160 km/h.{{Cite web \\|title\=Romania to study first high\-speed railway and revamp rail infrastructure \\|url\=https://www.railtech.com/infrastructure/2022/04/28/romania\-plans\-to\-study\-first\-high\-speed\-railway\-and\-revamps\-rail\-infrastructure/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-29 \\|website\=RailTech.com \\|date\=28 April 2022 \\|language\=en\-GB}} ### Russia {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in Russia}} Since the 1980s, several high\-speed rail networks have been proposed. [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") announced plans at a 2013 St. Petersburg economic forum to build a 770\-km [high\-speed line](/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Kazan_high-speed_railway "Moscow–Kazan high-speed railway") which would connect Kazan and Moscow. Russia's first high\-speed line, trains would operate at up to 350 km/h and travel time would be reduced from 13 hours to 3\.5\. Trains on the [Moscow–St. Petersburg line](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg%E2%80%93Moscow_railway "Saint Petersburg–Moscow railway") run at up to 250 km/h.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/potential\-investors\-get\-preview\-of\-moscow\-kazan\-high\-speed\-rail\-project\-32677\\|title\=Potential Investors Get Preview of Moscow\-Kazan High\-Speed Rail Project\\|date\=4 March 2014\\|access\-date\=5 August 2016}} In September 2023, President Putin announced a 1\.7 trillion ruble (US$18 billion) new project to build two new tracks between Moscow and St. Petersburg, increasing train speeds to 400 km/h over the 650 km journey, with financing by [VEB.RF](/wiki/VEB.RF "VEB.RF") and [Gazprombank](/wiki/Gazprombank "Gazprombank") for a proposed operation date of 2028\.{{Cite web \\|last\=Briefing \\|first\=Russia \\|date\=2023\-08\-27 \\|title\=Putin Signs Off US$18 Billion On Europe's Largest High\-Speed Rail Project \\|url\=https://www.russia\-briefing.com/news/putin\-signs\-off\-us\-18\-billion\-on\-europe\-s\-largest\-high\-speed\-rail\-project.html/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-09\-15 \\|website\=Russia Briefing News \\|language\=en}} The long\-stalled plans for a line between Moscow and Kazan have been resumed, with Chinese [CRRC](/wiki/CRRC "CRRC") contracted to build part of the track and supply the trainsets at a Russian\-owned [Ural Locomotives](/wiki/Ural_Locomotives "Ural Locomotives") plant, with the full project expected to be completed by 2024\. The final proposed line is between Moscow and [Rostov\-on\-Don](/wiki/Rostov-on-Don "Rostov-on-Don"), by the Ukrainian border. In early 2024, the master plan for the Moscow\-St. Petersburg high speed railway was approved.{{Cite web \\|date\=2024\-02\-16 \\|title\=Project of high\-speed railroad connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg approved \\|url\=https://www.azernews.az/region/221928\.html \\|access\-date\=2024\-02\-16 \\|website\=Azernews.Az \\|language\=en}} ### Spain {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in Spain}} As of March 2024, the following lines are under construction: * [Basque Country HSR](/wiki/Basque_Y "Basque Y"): between [Bilbao](/wiki/Bilbao "Bilbao"), [Donostia\-San Sebastián](/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n "San Sebastián") and [Vitoria\-Gasteiz](/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz "Vitoria-Gasteiz"). This line is part of the [European Atlantic Corridor](/wiki/Atlantic_Core_Network_Corridor "Atlantic Core Network Corridor"). * [Extremadura HSR](/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Extremadura_high-speed_rail_line "Madrid–Extremadura high-speed rail line"): (Phase 1 opened in 2022 between [Plasencia](/wiki/Plasencia "Plasencia"), [Cáceres](/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres%2C_Spain "Cáceres, Spain") and [Badajoz](/wiki/Badajoz "Badajoz")), Phase 2 under construction between [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spain "Toledo, Spain") and [Plasencia](/wiki/Plasencia "Plasencia"). * Cantabria HSR: between [Palencia](/wiki/Palencia "Palencia") and [Santander](/wiki/Santander%2C_Spain "Santander, Spain"), although the line will only reach [Reinosa](/wiki/Reinosa "Reinosa"). * [European Mediterranean Corridor](/wiki/Mediterranean_Corridor "Mediterranean Corridor"), under construction along the line with different opening dates, the [French Border](/wiki/Perthus_Tunnel "Perthus Tunnel") \- [Almería](/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa "Almería") section is expected in 2026 and the whole line to [Algeciras](/wiki/Bay_of_Gibraltar "Bay of Gibraltar") in 2030\. * [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza "Zaragoza") \- [Navarra](/wiki/Navarre "Navarre") \- [Vitoria\-Gasteiz](/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz "Vitoria-Gasteiz") HSR: is the connection between the Basque Country HSR and the [Madrid \- Barcelona HSR](/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line "Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line"). * HSR Connection to [Madrid Barajas international Airport](/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Barajas_Airport "Madrid–Barajas Airport"), it will connect the Airport with [Madrid Chamartín](/wiki/Madrid_Chamart%C3%ADn_railway_station "Madrid Chamartín railway station"), which is now being expanded and updated. In the summer of 2023, the Spanish government pledged €2\.3 million for a design study of a high\-speed rail tunnel across the [Strait of Gibraltar](/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar "Strait of Gibraltar") to connect to Moroccan high\-speed rail in [Tangier](/wiki/Tangier "Tangier"). ### Sweden {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in Sweden}} [thumb\\|alt\=\\|Swedish [X 2000](/wiki/X_2000 "X 2000") launched in 1990 and it has a top speed of 210 km/h](/wiki/File:SJ_X2_in_snow_Jonsered_2007-01.jpg "SJ X2 in snow Jonsered 2007-01.jpg") Many new railway lines in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), including [Botniabanan](/wiki/Botniabanan "Botniabanan"), [Grödingebanan](/wiki/Gr%C3%B6dingebanan "Grödingebanan"), [Mälarbanan](/wiki/M%C3%A4larbanan "Mälarbanan"), [Svealandsbanan](/wiki/Svealandsbanan "Svealandsbanan"), [Västkustbanan](/wiki/V%C3%A4stkustbanan "Västkustbanan"), [Vänernbanan](/wiki/V%C3%A4nernbanan "Vänernbanan") ([Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg "Gothenburg")–[Trollhättan](/wiki/Trollh%C3%A4ttan "Trollhättan")), can accommodate speeds up to 250 km/h.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www22\.vv.se/bv\_templates/default\_\_\_\_22042\.aspx \\|title\=BanaVäg i Väst – BanaVäg i Väst \\|access\-date\=17 September 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027112757/http://www22\.vv.se/bv\_templates/default\_\_\_\_22042\.aspx \\|archive\-date\=27 October 2010 }} The country's signaling system ([ATC](/wiki/Automatic_train_control "Automatic train control")), however, does not allow speeds over 200 km/h. It is being replaced by the [European Rail Traffic Management System](/wiki/European_Rail_Traffic_Management_System "European Rail Traffic Management System") (ERTMS), allowing speeds up to 250 km/h.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.trafikverket.se/Om\-Trafikverket/Spraksida/English\-Engelska/The\-Swedish\-ERTMS\-Programme/ \\|title\=The Swedish ERTMS Programme – Trafikverket \\|access\-date\=17 September 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825132302/http://www.trafikverket.se/Om\-Trafikverket/Spraksida/English\-Engelska/The\-Swedish\-ERTMS\-Programme/ \\|archive\-date\=25 August 2010 }} ERTMS level 2 has been installed and is being tested on Botniabanan, which allows 250 km/h although passenger trains operate at 200\. The [Bombardier Regina](/wiki/Bombardier_Regina "Bombardier Regina") X55 has been delivered to the [SJ](/wiki/SJ_AB "SJ AB") rail corporation with a maximum speed of 200 km/h and an option to upgrade the [EMU](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit "Electric multiple unit") to 250 km/h.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.jarnvag.net/index.php/vagnguide/motorvagnar\-i\-trafik/x55 \\|title\=Vagnguide – Motorvagn X55 \\| Järnväg.net – guiden till Sveriges tåg och järnvägar \\|access\-date\=17 September 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818043810/http://www.jarnvag.net/index.php/vagnguide/motorvagnar\-i\-trafik/x55 \\|archive\-date\=18 August 2012 }} Four major high\-speed projects have been proposed in Sweden with speeds between 250 and 350 km/h: * [Norrbotniabanan](/wiki/Norrbotniabanan "Norrbotniabanan") ([Umeå](/wiki/Ume%C3%A5 "Umeå")–[Luleå](/wiki/Lule%C3%A5 "Luleå")) will be built for 250 km/h with mixed passenger and freight traffic in northern Sweden to relieve the congested, outdated single\-track [Main Line Through Upper Norrland](/wiki/Main_Line_Through_Upper_Norrland "Main Line Through Upper Norrland"), increase freight traffic, and speed up passenger traffic along the coast.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Projekt/Norrbotten/Norrbotniabanan/ \\|title\=Norrbotniabanan – Trafikverket \\|access\-date\=28 March 2015 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121001/http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Projekt/Norrbotten/Norrbotniabanan/ \\|archive\-date\=2 April 2015 }} + Umeå–Dåva (15 km): Under construction since 2018, it is expected to be ready in 2024 initially for firewood freight to the main heating plant in Umeå. + Dåva–Skellefteå: Construction is planned to begin by 2030\. * [Ostlänken](/wiki/Ostl%C3%A4nken "Ostlänken") ([Järna](/wiki/J%C3%A4rna "Järna")–[Linköping](/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping "Linköping")) would relieve the congested, slow main lines on the Järna\-Linköping section of the [Southern Main Line](/wiki/Southern_Main_Line "Southern Main Line").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Projekt/Vastra\-Gotaland/Gotalandsbanan/delprojekt/ostlanken/ \\|title\=Ostlänken – Trafikverket \\|access\-date\=17 September 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916015202/http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Projekt/Vastra\-Gotaland/Gotalandsbanan/delprojekt/ostlanken/ \\|archive\-date\=16 September 2012 }}{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.trafikverket.se/contentassets/36f322025bff47cc80b8a07fcb801a1a/kapacitetssituation\-2009\.pdf\\|title\=Kapacitetssituationen 2009 Banverkets järnvägsnät\\|language\=Swedish\\|access\-date\=9 September 2023\\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032846/http://www.trafikverket.se/contentassets/36f322025bff47cc80b8a07fcb801a1a/kapacitetssituation\-2009\.pdf\\|url\-status\=bot: unknown}} Construction is planned to begin around 2025\. * [Götalandsbanan](/wiki/G%C3%B6talandsbanan "Götalandsbanan") (Gothenburg–[Jönköping](/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping "Jönköping")–[Linköping](/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping "Linköping") to Stockholm via Ostlänken) would reduce travel time from Gothenburg to Stockholm from three hours and five minutes to two hours.{{cite web \\|title\=Götalandsbanan – Trafikverket \\|url\=http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Projekt/Vastra\-Gotaland/Gotalandsbanan/ \\|access\-date\=20 July 2010 \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120525145506/http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Projekt/Vastra\-Gotaland/Gotalandsbanan/ \\|archive\-date\=25 May 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead}} * [Europabanan](/wiki/Europabanan "Europabanan") (Jönköping–[Lund](/wiki/Lund "Lund")), with a speed of 320 km/h{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.europabanan.nu/ \\|title\=Europabanan \\|access\-date\=11 November 2010 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923131508/http://www.europabanan.nu/ \\|archive\-date\=23 September 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead }} The first three have been studied in detail by the [Swedish Transport Administration](/wiki/Swedish_Transport_Administration "Swedish Transport Administration"), and some alignments have been decided. There is political interest in building all four. The [Moderate Party](/wiki/Moderate_Party "Moderate Party") government decided in 2012 to build Ostlänken with a maximum speed of 250 km/h after putting all projects on hold in the 2011 budget.{{Cite web \\|title\=Statens budget 2011 \\|website\=Government.se \\|trans\-title\=State Budget 2011 \\|publisher\=Regeringskansliet \\|language\=sv \\|url\=http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/13561 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322035951/http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/13561 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-03\-22 \\|url\-status\=deviated}} #### Planned lines \| Line \| Speed \| Length \| Construction began \| Expected start of revenue services \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [The North Bothnia Line](/wiki/North_Bothnia_Line "North Bothnia Line") Norrbotniabanan \| {{convert\\|250\\|km/h\\|abbr\=on\\|round\=5}} \| 270 km \| August 2018 (Umeå–Dåva section) \| 2024 (the rest after 2030\) \| \| [The West Link](/wiki/West_Link "West Link") Västlänken \| {{convert\\|100\\|km/h\\|0\\|abbr\=on}} \| 6 km \| May 2018 \| 2030 (estimated) \| \| [The East Link](/wiki/East_Link_Project "East Link Project") Ostlänken \| {{convert\\|250\\|km/h\\|abbr\=on\\|round\=5}} \| 160 km \| 2023–2024 (estimated) \| 2033–2035 \| \| [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg "Gothenburg")–[Borås](/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s "Borås") Double Tracks \| {{convert\\|250\\|km/h\\|abbr\=on\\|round\=5}}? \| 60 km \| 2038 (estimated) \| ? \| \| [Hässleholm](/wiki/H%C3%A4ssleholm "Hässleholm")–[Lund](/wiki/Lund "Lund") Quad Tracks \| {{convert\\|250\\|km/h\\|abbr\=on\\|round\=5}}? \| 60 km \| Not yet been decided \| \| ### Ukraine During the early 2000s, Ukraine planned to build 2,593 km of high\-speed rail tracks between 2005 and 2015\.{{Cite web \\| url\=https://zatramvaj.org.ua/railway/hi\-speed/ \\| title\=Скоростной железнодорожный транспорт в Украине \\| Харьковчане за электротранспорт \\| access\-date\=11 February 2019 \\| archive\-date\=16 April 2019 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416120629/https://zatramvaj.org.ua/railway/hi\-speed/ \\| url\-status\=dead }} Rolling stock was purchased in 2010\. The maximum operating speed in Ukraine is still 160 km/h, however, and lack of maintenance has caused a number of derailments. A Moscow\-Kyiv high\-speed line was proposed in 2011, but Ukraine canceled the project after the 2014 [annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation](/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation "Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation"). Russia, which had purchased rolling stock for the planned rail line to Kyiv, used the trains on its Moscow\-Nizhny Novgorod line. In January 2023, Ukraine Railways signed an agreement with the Polish government to develop a standard\-gauge high\-speed rail line from Warsaw through [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv "Lviv") to [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv") with a 250\-km/h operating speed.{{Cite web \\|title\=Ukrainian Railways to study first high\-speed rail line to Poland in European gauge \\|url\=https://www.railtech.com/infrastructure/2023/01/20/ukrainian\-railways\-to\-study\-first\-high\-speed\-rail\-line\-to\-poland\-in\-european\-gauge/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-01 \\|website\=RailTech.com \\|date\=20 January 2023 \\|language\=en\-GB}} ### United Kingdom {{Main\\|High\-speed rail in the United Kingdom}} [High Speed 2](/wiki/High_Speed_2 "High Speed 2") (HS2\) is a planned high\-speed rail line from [London](/wiki/London "London") to [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham"), which will connect to the existing British railway network. Its first phase, which will connect London and [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham"), is expected to be completed between 2029 and 2033\.{{cite web \\|title\=HS2 Phase One full business case \\|website\=GOV.UK \\|url\=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hs2\-phase\-one\-full\-business\-case \\|access\-date\=17 April 2020 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419044453/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hs2\-phase\-one\-full\-business\-case \\|archive\-date\=19 April 2020 \\|url\-status\=live}} The second phase, which was planned to connect Birmingham to Manchester, was cancelled in 2023\. A proposed [East Midlands Hub](/wiki/East_Midlands_Hub "East Midlands Hub") station to serve [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham "Nottingham") and [Derby](/wiki/Derby "Derby") as part of HS2 was also cancelled in 2021\.{{Cite web\\|date\=2021\-11\-18\\|title\=Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands\\|url\=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\_data/file/1034360/integrated\-rail\-plan\-for\-the\-north\-and\-midlands.pdf\\|url\-status\=live\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-18\\|website\=Department for Transport\\|page\=81\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118113149/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\_data/file/1034360/integrated\-rail\-plan\-for\-the\-north\-and\-midlands.pdf \\|archive\-date\=18 November 2021 }} The first phase is currently under construction. [Northern Powerhouse Rail](/wiki/Northern_Powerhouse_Rail "Northern Powerhouse Rail") is a proposed east–west line connecting [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool"), Manchester and Leeds. [Greengauge 21](/wiki/Greengauge_21 "Greengauge 21") released its "Beyond HS2" report in May 2018, which examined how the rail network could develop by 2050\. It proposed a number of projects:{{cite report \\|author\=Greengauge 21 \\|date\=May 2018 \\|title\=Beyond HS2 \\|url\=http://www.greengauge21\.net/wp\-content/uploads/Beyond\_HS2WEB.pdf}} * A new high\-speed line from Colchester and Cambridge (via Stansted) to Stratford, possibly extending to Canary Wharf * A new higher\-speed line from Perth and Dundee to the [Shotts Line](/wiki/Shotts_Line "Shotts Line") * A new high\-speed line bypassing [Motherwell](/wiki/Motherwell "Motherwell") * A new connection between the HS2 eastern leg and Kingsbury, serving Bristol, Cardiff and Plymouth via Cheltenham Spa * A new link between the [West Coast Main Line](/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line "West Coast Main Line") and [Crossrail](/wiki/Crossrail "Crossrail") * A new link between Langley and Heathrow * A new link between Richmond and Waterloo to Heathrow Terminal 2 * A new link between Heathrow and Staines * Northern Powerhouse Rail * A new line between Darlington and Newcastle	[ "Europe\n------", "{{See also\\\|High\\-speed rail in Europe}}", "### Belarus", "In 2017, [Belarusian](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\") authorities agreed to offer land to [CRCC Asia](/wiki/CRCC_Asia \"CRCC Asia\") for construction of a high\\-speed corridor between the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") (EU) and [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"). [Chinese](/wiki/China \"China\") engineering companies are also interested in building highways and Russian high\\-speed railways in connection with this route, with a possible interchange with the [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\")–[Kazan](/wiki/Kazan \"Kazan\") high\\-speed rail corridor.{{Cite web\\\|date\\=22 May 2017\\\|title\\=ЗА ЧАС ИЗ СМОЛЕНСКА ДО МИНСКА: КИТАЙЦЫ ПЛАНИРУЮТ ПОСТРОИТЬ В БЕЛАРУСИ СКОРОСТНУЮ ЖЕЛЕЗНУЮ ДОРОГУ (in Russian) An hour from Smolensk to Minsk: The Chinese plan to build a high\\-speed railway in Belarus\\\|url\\=https://rus\\-bel.online/4343\\-za\\-chas\\-iz\\-smolenska\\-do\\-minska\\-kitajcy\\-planiruyut\\-postroit\\-v\\-belarusi\\-skorostnuyu\\-zheleznuyu\\-dorogu/\\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\\|website\\=rus\\-bel.online\\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2022\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125075220/https://rus\\-bel.online/4343\\-za\\-chas\\-iz\\-smolenska\\-do\\-minska\\-kitajcy\\-planiruyut\\-postroit\\-v\\-belarusi\\-skorostnuyu\\-zheleznuyu\\-dorogu/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Belgium", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in Belgium}}", "The 25N line (opened between 2012 and 2018\\) is designed for speeds up to 220 km/h, but is limited to 160 km/h. To reduce traffic and travel time, an existing line from [Mechelen](/wiki/Mechelen \"Mechelen\") to [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\") has been upgraded. Construction began in June 2013 and was completed in November 2021, and it was opened on 14 December of that year.{{Cite web\\\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-09\\\|title\\=Infrabel and SNCB to open Mechelen rail bypass\\\|url\\=https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/infrabel\\-and\\-sncb\\-to\\-open\\-new\\-mechelen\\-rail\\-improvements/\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-25\\\|website\\=International Railway Journal\\\|language\\=en}}", "### Czech Republic", "In 2017, the [government of the Czech Republic](/wiki/Government_of_the_Czech_Republic \"Government of the Czech Republic\") approved a high\\-speed rail development program predicted to cost 645 billion [Kč](/wiki/Czech_koruna \"Czech koruna\") (over €25 billion).{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Vláda schválila více peněz pro vědu i školství a plán rozvoje vysokorychlostní železnice v ČR\\\|url\\=http://www.vlada.cz/cz/media\\-centrum/tiskove\\-zpravy/vlada\\-schvalila\\-vice\\-penez\\-pro\\-vedu\\-i\\-skolstvi\\-a\\-plan\\-rozvoje\\-vysokorychlostni\\-zeleznice\\-v\\-cr\\-156501/\\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2021\\\|website\\=www.vlada.cz\\\|language\\=cs}} The network will cover about 660 kilometers, and will include the construction of new lines and upgrading existing lines to 200 km/h.", "* RS1 – [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\")–[Brno](/wiki/Brno \"Brno\")–[Ostrava](/wiki/Ostrava \"Ostrava\"), with a possible extension to [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice \"Katowice\") in [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\")\n* RS2 – Brno–[Breclav](/wiki/B%C5%99eclav \"Břeclav\"), with possible extensions to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") in [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") and [Bratislava](/wiki/Bratislava \"Bratislava\") in [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\")\n* RS3 – Prague–[Plzen](/wiki/Plze%C5%88 \"Plzeň\"), with a possible extension to [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\")\n* RS4 – Prague–[Ústí nad Labem](/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem \"Ústí nad Labem\"), with a possible extension to [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden \"Dresden\") in Germany\n* RS5 – Prague–[Liberec](/wiki/Liberec \"Liberec\") or [Hradec Králové](/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9 \"Hradec Králové\"), with a possible extension to [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw \"Wrocław\") in Poland", "In 2018, [Správa železnic](/wiki/Spr%C3%A1va_%C5%BEeleznic \"Správa železnic\") (the Czech railway infrastructure manager) began work on three pilot projects to increase speed on existing lines.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Sura\\\|first\\=Jan\\\|date\\=23 April 2018\\\|title\\=Polabí či Moravská Brána. SŽDC začala řešit \"izolované\" vysokorychlostní tratě\\\|url\\=https://zdopravy.cz/polabi\\-ci\\-moravska\\-brana\\-szdc\\-zacala\\-resit\\-izolovane\\-vysokorychlostni\\-trate\\-10628/\\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2021}} These include the sections between Prague and [Poříčany](/wiki/Po%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8Dany \"Poříčany\") (30 km), Brno and [Vranovice](/wiki/Vranovice_%28Brno-Country_District%29 \"Vranovice (Brno-Country District)\") (25 km), and [Přerov](/wiki/P%C5%99erov \"Přerov\") and Ostrava (60 km).", "In 2020, [Deutsche Bahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn \"Deutsche Bahn\") and the Czech government began feasibility studies of a high\\-speed rail link (RS4\\) between Prague and Dresden. The project, projected to cost €5\\.4 billion, and will include a 25\\-km tunnel beneath the [Ore Mountains](/wiki/Ore_Mountains \"Ore Mountains\"). Travel time on the current route is two hours and 15 minutes, with the new link predicted to reduce travel time between Prague and Dresden to 60 minutes. The first section (between Prague and [Lovosice](/wiki/Lovosice \"Lovosice\")) is predicted to be completed by 2035, with the remainder completed by 2050\\.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Hayes\\\|first\\=Mike\\\|date\\=3 March 2020\\\|title\\=Dresden\\-Prague high\\-speed rail gets nod\\\|url\\=https://www.khl.com/news/Dresden\\-Prague\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-gets\\-nod/1142651\\.article\\\|website\\=khl}}", "### Denmark", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in Denmark}}", "A high\\-speed rail line was built as a double track on the [Copenhagen–Ringsted Line](/wiki/Copenhagen%E2%80%93Ringsted_Line \"Copenhagen–Ringsted Line\"), which opened in 2019\\. It initially allowed 180 km/h, increasing to 200 km/h in 2023 when signalling was upgraded. The rail infrastructure is being prepared for 250 km/h. An upgrade of the Ringsted–[Odense](/wiki/Odense \"Odense\") line to 200 km/h is planned. The Ringsted–[Rødbyhavn](/wiki/R%C3%B8dbyhavn \"Rødbyhavn\") line is being upgraded to 200 km/h in preparation for the completion of the [Fehmarn tunnel](/wiki/Fehmarn_Belt_fixed_link \"Fehmarn Belt fixed link\"), allowing a fast connection between Copenhagen and Hamburg.", "Construction began on the [Vestfyn Line](/wiki/Vestfyn_Line \"Vestfyn Line\"), a 250\\-km/h line connecting [Odense](/wiki/Odense \"Odense\") on the island of [Funen](/wiki/Funen \"Funen\") to the bridge to [Jutland](/wiki/Jutland \"Jutland\") in 2021, allowing alignment to a future bridge for high\\-speed crossing. A 250\\-km/h railway from [Fredericia](/wiki/Fredericia \"Fredericia\")–[Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus \"Aarhus\") is planned. The [Hobro](/wiki/Hobro \"Hobro\")\\-[Aalborg](/wiki/Aalborg \"Aalborg\") line is planned to be upgraded to 200 km/h with new signalling. The projects are planned to reduce travel time between Copenhagen and Aalborg to three hours, compared to four hours and 20 minutes in 2018\\.", "### Estonia", "An undersea [Helsinki–Tallinn Tunnel](/wiki/Helsinki%E2%80%93Tallinn_Tunnel \"Helsinki–Tallinn Tunnel\") is a proposed high\\-speed rail connection between [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki \"Helsinki\") and [Tallinn](/wiki/Tallinn \"Tallinn\") with planned maximum speed of {{convert\\\|250\\\|km/h\\\|abbr\\=on}}. This high speed connection would cut the travel time from about 3 hours to half an hour.", "### Finland", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in Finland}}", "The [Helsinki–Turku high\\-speed railway](/wiki/Helsinki%E2%80%93Turku_high-speed_railway \"Helsinki–Turku high-speed railway\") is a proposed link between [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki \"Helsinki\") and [Turku](/wiki/Turku \"Turku\") with planned maximum speed of {{convert\\\|300\\\|km/h\\\|abbr\\=on}}. A high\\-speed connection between Helsinki and [Tampere](/wiki/Tampere \"Tampere\") with a travel time of one hour through the planned [Lentorata](/wiki/Lentorata \"Lentorata\") tunnel from Helsinki to [Kerava](/wiki/Kerava \"Kerava\") via [Helsinki Airport station](/wiki/Helsinki_Airport_station \"Helsinki Airport station\") is planned, with an upgrade of the [Riihimäki–Tampere railway](/wiki/Riihim%C3%A4ki%E2%80%93Tampere_railway \"Riihimäki–Tampere railway\") to high speed or construction of a parallel line. [Itärata](/wiki/It%C3%A4rata \"Itärata\"), an eastern high\\-speed line between Helsinki and [Kouvola](/wiki/Kouvola \"Kouvola\") via the airport and [Porvoo](/wiki/Porvoo \"Porvoo\"), is also planned.", "### Hungary", "On 28 January 2020, a call for tenders was issued for a detailed feasibility study of the proposed line between [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest \"Budapest\") and [Cluj\\-Napoca](/wiki/Cluj-Napoca \"Cluj-Napoca\") in Romania. The Hungarian section is expected to allow speeds of {{convert\\\|250\\\|to\\\|350\\\|km/h}}, and the Romanian section will have a speed of 160 km/h.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high\\-speed/budapest\\-cluj\\-high\\-speed\\-design\\-tender\\-gets\\-underway/\\\|title\\=Budapest – Cluj high\\-speed design tender gets underway\\\|date\\=3 February 2020\\\|website\\=International Railway Journal\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2020}}", "### Iceland", "{{See also\\\|High\\-speed rail in Europe\\#Iceland}}", "The Lava Express, an airport rail link passing southeastern Iceland's lava fields, is planned. The line will be 49 km long, of which 14 km will be underground near [Reykjavík](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk \"Reykjavík\"). Average speed will be 180 km/h, with a maximum speed of 250 km/h. Construction was postponed by 2021 due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland\").", "### Ireland", "The Irish government said in 2020 that it would begin a study of a 500\\-km high\\-speed railway from [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\") via [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\") to [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\") and [Limerick](/wiki/Limerick \"Limerick\"),{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high\\-speed/study\\-to\\-investigate\\-belfast\\-dublin\\-cork\\-high\\-speed\\-line/\\\|title\\=Study to investigate Belfast – Dublin – Cork high\\-speed line\\\|website\\=International Railway Journal\\\|date\\=4 August 2020\\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2020}} which could cost about €15 billion.{{cite web\\\|url\\= https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish\\-news/review\\-of\\-15bn\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-line\\-linking\\-dublin\\-belfast\\-cork\\-1\\.4321928?mode\\=amp\\\|title\\=Review of €15bn high\\-speed rail line linking Dublin, Belfast, Cork\\\|website\\=Irish Times\\\|date\\=5 August 2020\\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2020}}", "### Netherlands", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in the Netherlands}}", "The proposed HSL\\-Oost line was cancelled in 2009\\. The section of that line between Amsterdam and Utrecht is four\\-tracked. Two of the four tracks can accommodate 200 km/h, but the voltage is insufficient and the line is planned to be re\\-electrified to 25 kV AC. Like much of the Netherlands, also, the ground is not stable enough for higher speeds due to [peat](/wiki/Peat \"Peat\") deposits.{{Cite news\\\|last\\=treinreiziger.nl\\\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-14\\\|title\\=Spoorbodem zorgt voor problemen: snelheidsbeperkingen voor nieuwe treinen dreigen\\\|url\\=https://www.treinreiziger.nl/spoorbodem\\-zorgt\\-voor\\-problemen\\-snelheidsbeperkingen\\-voor\\-nieuwe\\-treinen\\-dreigen/\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-10\\\|website\\=Treinreiziger.nl\\\|language\\=nl}}", "### Norway", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in Norway}}", "The Norwegian government has studied five long\\-distance high\\-speed lines radiating from Oslo to Bergen, Kristiansand/Stavanger, Trondheim, Gothenburg, and Stockholm. A sixth line would run along the coast, connecting Bergen, Haugesund and Stavanger. Cost and benefit studies were published in 2007 and 2012\\.[Jernbaneverket: Oppsummering og hovedkonklusjoner for høyhastighetsutredningen](http://www.jernbaneverket.no/no/Prosjekter/Hoyhastighetsutredningen/Nyhetsarkiv/Oppsummering-Hovedkonklusjoner/) (Norwegian)", "### Poland", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in Poland}}", "The [Central Rail Line](/wiki/Grodzisk_Mazowiecki%E2%80%93Zawiercie_railway \"Grodzisk Mazowiecki–Zawiercie railway\") was designed for speeds up to 250 km/h. Although 200 km/h is used for commercial service, higher speeds are planned.", "### Portugal", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in Portugal}}", "Portuguese prime minister [António Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa \"António Costa\") announced in September 2022 a $4\\.7 billion passenger rail line running about 300 km (185 miles) from [Lisbon](/wiki/Lisbon \"Lisbon\")\\-[Oriente](/wiki/Gare_do_Oriente \"Gare do Oriente\") to [Porto](/wiki/Porto \"Porto\")\\-[Campanhã](/wiki/Campanh%C3%A3_railway_station \"Campanhã railway station\"), cutting travel time by over 50 percent to 75 minutes non\\-stop and 105 minutes with stops in [Leiria](/wiki/Leiria \"Leiria\"), [Coimbra](/wiki/Coimbra \"Coimbra\") and [Aveiro](/wiki/Aveiro%2C_Portugal \"Aveiro, Portugal\").{{Cite web \\\|last1\\=Russell \\\|first1\\=Edward \\\|last2\\=September 29th \\\|first2\\=Skift \\\|last3\\=EDT \\\|first3\\=2022 at 6:48 AM \\\|title\\=Portugal Plans $4\\.7 Billion Lisbon\\-Porto High\\-Speed Rail Line \\\|url\\=https://skift.com/blog/portugal\\-plans\\-4\\-7\\-billion\\-lisbon\\-porto\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-line/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-24 \\\|website\\=Skift \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} A second phase would include another 150\\-km (100 miles) line to [Porto Airport](/wiki/Porto_Airport \"Porto Airport\"), [Braga](/wiki/Braga \"Braga\"), [Valença](/wiki/Valen%C3%A7a%2C_Portugal \"Valença, Portugal\"), and a connection to [Vigo](/wiki/Vigo \"Vigo\") in [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"). A [Lisbon–Porto high\\-speed rail line](/wiki/Lisbon%E2%80%93Porto_high-speed_rail_line \"Lisbon–Porto high-speed rail line\") was proposed in 2020\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/economia/governo\\-quer\\-linha\\-ferroviaria\\-de\\-alta\\-velocidade\\-entre\\-lisboa\\-e\\-porto\\_a1269081\\\|title\\=Governo quer linha ferroviária de Alta Velocidade entre Lisboa e Porto\\\|first\\=Rádio e Televisão de\\\|last\\=Portugal\\\|website\\=Governo quer linha ferroviária de Alta Velocidade entre Lisboa e Porto\\\|date\\=22 October 2020 }} The Spanish company [Renfe](/wiki/Renfe \"Renfe\") has confirmed that the desire to extend the Madrid\\-Extremadura high\\-speed rail line under construction across the border to [Evora](/wiki/%C3%89vora \"Évora\").{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2023\\-08\\-17 \\\|title\\=Is a new high\\-speed train route launching between Madrid and Lisbon? \\\|url\\=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/08/17/spain\\-to\\-portugal\\-by\\-train\\-is\\-a\\-madrid\\-to\\-lisbon\\-high\\-speed\\-line\\-on\\-the\\-horizon \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-15 \\\|website\\=euronews \\\|language\\=en}}", "An update in early 2024 revealed that the project has been recast in three stages, with the first section between Porto and Oiã near [Aveiro](/wiki/Aveiro%2C_Portugal \"Aveiro, Portugal\") for 1\\.9 billion euros, and the second section between Aveiro and [Soure](/wiki/Soure%2C_Portugal \"Soure, Portugal\") to cost 1\\.7 billion euros.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=International2024\\-02\\-13T14:00:00\\+00:00 \\\|first\\=Railway Gazette \\\|title\\=Procurement of Portugal's broad gauge high speed line begins \\\|url\\=https://www.railwaygazette.com/high\\-speed/procurement\\-of\\-portugals\\-broad\\-gauge\\-high\\-speed\\-line\\-begins/65921\\.article \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-16 \\\|website\\=Railway Gazette International \\\|language\\=en}} The second phase extends the line southwards from Soure to [Carregado](/wiki/Carregado \"Carregado\") at a cost of 1\\.5 billion euros, scheduled for 2030\\. The third phase would connect Carregado to Lisbon, bringing the total journey time to 1 h 15 minutes at 300 km/h over 290 kilometers.", "### Romania", "The [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission \"European Commission\") approved €3\\.9 billion for rail in Romania's National Recovery and Resilience Plan in 2021, which will modernize railways, rolling stock, and signaling systems. A €120 million feasibility study of a high\\-speed line between [Constanta](/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba \"Constanța\") through [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest \"Bucharest\") to the Hungarian border was begun in 2022, and is expected to be completed by 2026\\. Options include a high\\-speed 590\\-km route through [Sibiu](/wiki/Sibiu \"Sibiu\"), [Cluj](/wiki/Cluj-Napoca \"Cluj-Napoca\"), and [Oradea](/wiki/Oradea \"Oradea\"), which could cost €17 billion euros; another possibility is a hybrid line with some sections at 200 km/h, and others at 160 km/h.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Romania to study first high\\-speed railway and revamp rail infrastructure \\\|url\\=https://www.railtech.com/infrastructure/2022/04/28/romania\\-plans\\-to\\-study\\-first\\-high\\-speed\\-railway\\-and\\-revamps\\-rail\\-infrastructure/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-29 \\\|website\\=RailTech.com \\\|date\\=28 April 2022 \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "### Russia", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in Russia}}", "Since the 1980s, several high\\-speed rail networks have been proposed. [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") announced plans at a 2013 St. Petersburg economic forum to build a 770\\-km [high\\-speed line](/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Kazan_high-speed_railway \"Moscow–Kazan high-speed railway\") which would connect Kazan and Moscow. Russia's first high\\-speed line, trains would operate at up to 350 km/h and travel time would be reduced from 13 hours to 3\\.5\\. Trains on the [Moscow–St. Petersburg line](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg%E2%80%93Moscow_railway \"Saint Petersburg–Moscow railway\") run at up to 250 km/h.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/potential\\-investors\\-get\\-preview\\-of\\-moscow\\-kazan\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-project\\-32677\\\|title\\=Potential Investors Get Preview of Moscow\\-Kazan High\\-Speed Rail Project\\\|date\\=4 March 2014\\\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2016}}", "In September 2023, President Putin announced a 1\\.7 trillion ruble (US$18 billion) new project to build two new tracks between Moscow and St. Petersburg, increasing train speeds to 400 km/h over the 650 km journey, with financing by [VEB.RF](/wiki/VEB.RF \"VEB.RF\") and [Gazprombank](/wiki/Gazprombank \"Gazprombank\") for a proposed operation date of 2028\\.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Briefing \\\|first\\=Russia \\\|date\\=2023\\-08\\-27 \\\|title\\=Putin Signs Off US$18 Billion On Europe's Largest High\\-Speed Rail Project \\\|url\\=https://www.russia\\-briefing.com/news/putin\\-signs\\-off\\-us\\-18\\-billion\\-on\\-europe\\-s\\-largest\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-project.html/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-15 \\\|website\\=Russia Briefing News \\\|language\\=en}} The long\\-stalled plans for a line between Moscow and Kazan have been resumed, with Chinese [CRRC](/wiki/CRRC \"CRRC\") contracted to build part of the track and supply the trainsets at a Russian\\-owned [Ural Locomotives](/wiki/Ural_Locomotives \"Ural Locomotives\") plant, with the full project expected to be completed by 2024\\. The final proposed line is between Moscow and [Rostov\\-on\\-Don](/wiki/Rostov-on-Don \"Rostov-on-Don\"), by the Ukrainian border. In early 2024, the master plan for the Moscow\\-St. Petersburg high speed railway was approved.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-16 \\\|title\\=Project of high\\-speed railroad connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg approved \\\|url\\=https://www.azernews.az/region/221928\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-16 \\\|website\\=Azernews.Az \\\|language\\=en}}", "### Spain", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in Spain}}", "As of March 2024, the following lines are under construction:", "* [Basque Country HSR](/wiki/Basque_Y \"Basque Y\"): between [Bilbao](/wiki/Bilbao \"Bilbao\"), [Donostia\\-San Sebastián](/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n \"San Sebastián\") and [Vitoria\\-Gasteiz](/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz \"Vitoria-Gasteiz\"). This line is part of the [European Atlantic Corridor](/wiki/Atlantic_Core_Network_Corridor \"Atlantic Core Network Corridor\").\n* [Extremadura HSR](/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Extremadura_high-speed_rail_line \"Madrid–Extremadura high-speed rail line\"): (Phase 1 opened in 2022 between [Plasencia](/wiki/Plasencia \"Plasencia\"), [Cáceres](/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres%2C_Spain \"Cáceres, Spain\") and [Badajoz](/wiki/Badajoz \"Badajoz\")), Phase 2 under construction between [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spain \"Toledo, Spain\") and [Plasencia](/wiki/Plasencia \"Plasencia\").\n* Cantabria HSR: between [Palencia](/wiki/Palencia \"Palencia\") and [Santander](/wiki/Santander%2C_Spain \"Santander, Spain\"), although the line will only reach [Reinosa](/wiki/Reinosa \"Reinosa\").\n* [European Mediterranean Corridor](/wiki/Mediterranean_Corridor \"Mediterranean Corridor\"), under construction along the line with different opening dates, the [French Border](/wiki/Perthus_Tunnel \"Perthus Tunnel\") \\- [Almería](/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa \"Almería\") section is expected in 2026 and the whole line to [Algeciras](/wiki/Bay_of_Gibraltar \"Bay of Gibraltar\") in 2030\\.\n* [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza \"Zaragoza\") \\- [Navarra](/wiki/Navarre \"Navarre\") \\- [Vitoria\\-Gasteiz](/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz \"Vitoria-Gasteiz\") HSR: is the connection between the Basque Country HSR and the [Madrid \\- Barcelona HSR](/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line \"Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line\").\n* HSR Connection to [Madrid Barajas international Airport](/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Barajas_Airport \"Madrid–Barajas Airport\"), it will connect the Airport with [Madrid Chamartín](/wiki/Madrid_Chamart%C3%ADn_railway_station \"Madrid Chamartín railway station\"), which is now being expanded and updated.", "In the summer of 2023, the Spanish government pledged €2\\.3 million for a design study of a high\\-speed rail tunnel across the [Strait of Gibraltar](/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar \"Strait of Gibraltar\") to connect to Moroccan high\\-speed rail in [Tangier](/wiki/Tangier \"Tangier\").", "### Sweden", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in Sweden}}\n[thumb\\\|alt\\=\\\|Swedish [X 2000](/wiki/X_2000 \"X 2000\") launched in 1990 and it has a top speed of 210 km/h](/wiki/File:SJ_X2_in_snow_Jonsered_2007-01.jpg \"SJ X2 in snow Jonsered 2007-01.jpg\")", "Many new railway lines in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), including [Botniabanan](/wiki/Botniabanan \"Botniabanan\"), [Grödingebanan](/wiki/Gr%C3%B6dingebanan \"Grödingebanan\"), [Mälarbanan](/wiki/M%C3%A4larbanan \"Mälarbanan\"), [Svealandsbanan](/wiki/Svealandsbanan \"Svealandsbanan\"), [Västkustbanan](/wiki/V%C3%A4stkustbanan \"Västkustbanan\"), [Vänernbanan](/wiki/V%C3%A4nernbanan \"Vänernbanan\") ([Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg \"Gothenburg\")–[Trollhättan](/wiki/Trollh%C3%A4ttan \"Trollhättan\")), can accommodate speeds up to 250 km/h.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www22\\.vv.se/bv\\_templates/default\\_\\_\\_\\_22042\\.aspx \\\|title\\=BanaVäg i Väst – BanaVäg i Väst \\\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027112757/http://www22\\.vv.se/bv\\_templates/default\\_\\_\\_\\_22042\\.aspx \\\|archive\\-date\\=27 October 2010 }}\nThe country's signaling system ([ATC](/wiki/Automatic_train_control \"Automatic train control\")), however, does not allow speeds over 200 km/h. It is being replaced by the [European Rail Traffic Management System](/wiki/European_Rail_Traffic_Management_System \"European Rail Traffic Management System\") (ERTMS), allowing speeds up to 250 km/h.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.trafikverket.se/Om\\-Trafikverket/Spraksida/English\\-Engelska/The\\-Swedish\\-ERTMS\\-Programme/ \\\|title\\=The Swedish ERTMS Programme – Trafikverket \\\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825132302/http://www.trafikverket.se/Om\\-Trafikverket/Spraksida/English\\-Engelska/The\\-Swedish\\-ERTMS\\-Programme/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=25 August 2010 }} ERTMS level 2 has been installed and is being tested on Botniabanan, which allows 250 km/h although passenger trains operate at 200\\. The [Bombardier Regina](/wiki/Bombardier_Regina \"Bombardier Regina\") X55 has been delivered to the [SJ](/wiki/SJ_AB \"SJ AB\") rail corporation with a maximum speed of 200 km/h and an option to upgrade the [EMU](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit \"Electric multiple unit\") to 250 km/h.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.jarnvag.net/index.php/vagnguide/motorvagnar\\-i\\-trafik/x55 \\\|title\\=Vagnguide – Motorvagn X55 \\\| Järnväg.net – guiden till Sveriges tåg och järnvägar \\\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818043810/http://www.jarnvag.net/index.php/vagnguide/motorvagnar\\-i\\-trafik/x55 \\\|archive\\-date\\=18 August 2012 }}", "Four major high\\-speed projects have been proposed in Sweden with speeds between 250 and 350 km/h:\n* [Norrbotniabanan](/wiki/Norrbotniabanan \"Norrbotniabanan\") ([Umeå](/wiki/Ume%C3%A5 \"Umeå\")–[Luleå](/wiki/Lule%C3%A5 \"Luleå\")) will be built for 250 km/h with mixed passenger and freight traffic in northern Sweden to relieve the congested, outdated single\\-track [Main Line Through Upper Norrland](/wiki/Main_Line_Through_Upper_Norrland \"Main Line Through Upper Norrland\"), increase freight traffic, and speed up passenger traffic along the coast.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Projekt/Norrbotten/Norrbotniabanan/ \\\|title\\=Norrbotniabanan – Trafikverket \\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2015 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121001/http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Projekt/Norrbotten/Norrbotniabanan/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2015 }}\n\t+ Umeå–Dåva (15 km): Under construction since 2018, it is expected to be ready in 2024 initially for firewood freight to the main heating plant in Umeå.\n\t+ Dåva–Skellefteå: Construction is planned to begin by 2030\\.\n* [Ostlänken](/wiki/Ostl%C3%A4nken \"Ostlänken\") ([Järna](/wiki/J%C3%A4rna \"Järna\")–[Linköping](/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping \"Linköping\")) would relieve the congested, slow main lines on the Järna\\-Linköping section of the [Southern Main Line](/wiki/Southern_Main_Line \"Southern Main Line\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Projekt/Vastra\\-Gotaland/Gotalandsbanan/delprojekt/ostlanken/ \\\|title\\=Ostlänken – Trafikverket \\\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916015202/http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Projekt/Vastra\\-Gotaland/Gotalandsbanan/delprojekt/ostlanken/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2012 }}{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.trafikverket.se/contentassets/36f322025bff47cc80b8a07fcb801a1a/kapacitetssituation\\-2009\\.pdf\\\|title\\=Kapacitetssituationen 2009 Banverkets järnvägsnät\\\|language\\=Swedish\\\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2023\\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032846/http://www.trafikverket.se/contentassets/36f322025bff47cc80b8a07fcb801a1a/kapacitetssituation\\-2009\\.pdf\\\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown}} Construction is planned to begin around 2025\\.\n* [Götalandsbanan](/wiki/G%C3%B6talandsbanan \"Götalandsbanan\") (Gothenburg–[Jönköping](/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping \"Jönköping\")–[Linköping](/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping \"Linköping\") to Stockholm via Ostlänken) would reduce travel time from Gothenburg to Stockholm from three hours and five minutes to two hours.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Götalandsbanan – Trafikverket \\\|url\\=http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Projekt/Vastra\\-Gotaland/Gotalandsbanan/ \\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2010 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120525145506/http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Projekt/Vastra\\-Gotaland/Gotalandsbanan/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=25 May 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* [Europabanan](/wiki/Europabanan \"Europabanan\") (Jönköping–[Lund](/wiki/Lund \"Lund\")), with a speed of 320 km/h{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.europabanan.nu/ \\\|title\\=Europabanan \\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2010 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923131508/http://www.europabanan.nu/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The first three have been studied in detail by the [Swedish Transport Administration](/wiki/Swedish_Transport_Administration \"Swedish Transport Administration\"), and some alignments have been decided. There is political interest in building all four. The [Moderate Party](/wiki/Moderate_Party \"Moderate Party\") government decided in 2012 to build Ostlänken with a maximum speed of 250 km/h after putting all projects on hold in the 2011 budget.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Statens budget 2011 \\\|website\\=Government.se \\\|trans\\-title\\=State Budget 2011 \\\|publisher\\=Regeringskansliet \\\|language\\=sv \\\|url\\=http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/13561 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322035951/http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/13561 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-03\\-22 \\\|url\\-status\\=deviated}}", "#### Planned lines", "", "\| Line \| Speed \| Length \| Construction began \| Expected start of revenue services \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| [The North Bothnia Line](/wiki/North_Bothnia_Line \"North Bothnia Line\") Norrbotniabanan \| {{convert\\\|250\\\|km/h\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|round\\=5}} \| 270 km \| August 2018 (Umeå–Dåva section) \| 2024 (the rest after 2030\\) \|\n\| [The West Link](/wiki/West_Link \"West Link\") Västlänken \| {{convert\\\|100\\\|km/h\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on}} \| 6 km \| May 2018 \| 2030 (estimated) \|\n\| [The East Link](/wiki/East_Link_Project \"East Link Project\") Ostlänken \| {{convert\\\|250\\\|km/h\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|round\\=5}} \| 160 km \| 2023–2024 (estimated) \| 2033–2035 \|\n\| [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg \"Gothenburg\")–[Borås](/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s \"Borås\") Double Tracks \| {{convert\\\|250\\\|km/h\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|round\\=5}}? \| 60 km \| 2038 (estimated) \| ? \|\n\| [Hässleholm](/wiki/H%C3%A4ssleholm \"Hässleholm\")–[Lund](/wiki/Lund \"Lund\") Quad Tracks \| {{convert\\\|250\\\|km/h\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|round\\=5}}? \| 60 km \| Not yet been decided \| \|", "### Ukraine", "During the early 2000s, Ukraine planned to build 2,593 km of high\\-speed rail tracks between 2005 and 2015\\.{{Cite web \\\| url\\=https://zatramvaj.org.ua/railway/hi\\-speed/ \\\| title\\=Скоростной железнодорожный транспорт в Украине \\\| Харьковчане за электротранспорт \\\| access\\-date\\=11 February 2019 \\\| archive\\-date\\=16 April 2019 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416120629/https://zatramvaj.org.ua/railway/hi\\-speed/ \\\| url\\-status\\=dead }} Rolling stock was purchased in 2010\\. The maximum operating speed in Ukraine is still 160 km/h, however, and lack of maintenance has caused a number of derailments.", "A Moscow\\-Kyiv high\\-speed line was proposed in 2011, but Ukraine canceled the project after the 2014 [annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation](/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation \"Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation\"). Russia, which had purchased rolling stock for the planned rail line to Kyiv, used the trains on its Moscow\\-Nizhny Novgorod line. In January 2023, Ukraine Railways signed an agreement with the Polish government to develop a standard\\-gauge high\\-speed rail line from Warsaw through [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\") to [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\") with a 250\\-km/h operating speed.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Ukrainian Railways to study first high\\-speed rail line to Poland in European gauge \\\|url\\=https://www.railtech.com/infrastructure/2023/01/20/ukrainian\\-railways\\-to\\-study\\-first\\-high\\-speed\\-rail\\-line\\-to\\-poland\\-in\\-european\\-gauge/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-01 \\\|website\\=RailTech.com \\\|date\\=20 January 2023 \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "### United Kingdom", "{{Main\\\|High\\-speed rail in the United Kingdom}}", "[High Speed 2](/wiki/High_Speed_2 \"High Speed 2\") (HS2\\) is a planned high\\-speed rail line from [London](/wiki/London \"London\") to [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\"), which will connect to the existing British railway network. Its first phase, which will connect London and [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\"), is expected to be completed between 2029 and 2033\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=HS2 Phase One full business case \\\|website\\=GOV.UK \\\|url\\=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hs2\\-phase\\-one\\-full\\-business\\-case \\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2020 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419044453/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hs2\\-phase\\-one\\-full\\-business\\-case \\\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2020 \\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The second phase, which was planned to connect Birmingham to Manchester, was cancelled in 2023\\. A proposed [East Midlands Hub](/wiki/East_Midlands_Hub \"East Midlands Hub\") station to serve [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham \"Nottingham\") and [Derby](/wiki/Derby \"Derby\") as part of HS2 was also cancelled in 2021\\.{{Cite web\\\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-18\\\|title\\=Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands\\\|url\\=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\\_data/file/1034360/integrated\\-rail\\-plan\\-for\\-the\\-north\\-and\\-midlands.pdf\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-18\\\|website\\=Department for Transport\\\|page\\=81\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118113149/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\\_data/file/1034360/integrated\\-rail\\-plan\\-for\\-the\\-north\\-and\\-midlands.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2021 }}", "The first phase is currently under construction. [Northern Powerhouse Rail](/wiki/Northern_Powerhouse_Rail \"Northern Powerhouse Rail\") is a proposed east–west line connecting [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\"), Manchester and Leeds.", "[Greengauge 21](/wiki/Greengauge_21 \"Greengauge 21\") released its \"Beyond HS2\" report in May 2018, which examined how the rail network could develop by 2050\\. It proposed a number of projects:{{cite report \\\|author\\=Greengauge 21 \\\|date\\=May 2018 \\\|title\\=Beyond HS2 \\\|url\\=http://www.greengauge21\\.net/wp\\-content/uploads/Beyond\\_HS2WEB.pdf}}\n* A new high\\-speed line from Colchester and Cambridge (via Stansted) to Stratford, possibly extending to Canary Wharf\n* A new higher\\-speed line from Perth and Dundee to the [Shotts Line](/wiki/Shotts_Line \"Shotts Line\")\n* A new high\\-speed line bypassing [Motherwell](/wiki/Motherwell \"Motherwell\")\n* A new connection between the HS2 eastern leg and Kingsbury, serving Bristol, Cardiff and Plymouth via Cheltenham Spa\n* A new link between the [West Coast Main Line](/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line \"West Coast Main Line\") and [Crossrail](/wiki/Crossrail \"Crossrail\")\n* A new link between Langley and Heathrow\n* A new link between Richmond and Waterloo to Heathrow Terminal 2\n* A new link between Heathrow and Staines\n* Northern Powerhouse Rail\n* A new line between Darlington and Newcastle", "" ]
Services -------- The website was primarily an information resource, providing users with officially written advice and information targeted to specific topics (e.g. motoring, money) and audiences (e.g. disabled people, parents). It also provided directories of government departments, agencies and local councils. There was also a [Welsh language](/wiki/Welsh_language "Welsh language") version of the site. ### Document applications Over time, access to online government transactions and public services was added to the site. The site linked to a number of online transactions and forms such as applying for a [passport](/wiki/Passport "Passport"), buying a [television licence](/wiki/Television_licence "Television licence"), car licensing, registering to vote, and completing a [Self Assessment](/wiki/Tax_return_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Tax return (United Kingdom)") tax return. ### Local services From 2006, users in England were able to find out about a wide range of services provided by local councils in their area, from reporting illegally dumped rubbish to renewing a library book. Direct links to each type of service were collected from every local authority through the Local Directgov programme. ### Budget documents In a strategic partnership with [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury") and the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC"), Directgov hosted the [Budget Day](/wiki/Budget_Day "Budget Day") documents{{cite web\\|url\=http://direct.gov.uk/budget \\|archive\-url\=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121206162022/http://direct.gov.uk/budget \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=6 December 2012 \\|title\=Budget \\|publisher\=Directgov \\|access\-date\=27 August 2010 }} in March 2010 and June 2010\. On Budget Day Directgov also provided real time updates from the Chancellor's speech on Twitter with the account @Directgov and using a custom Twitter [widget](/wiki/Web_widget "Web widget").{{cite web \\|url\=http://innovate\-apps.direct.gov.uk/widgets/twitter/ \\|title\=Directgov Twitter Widget \\|publisher\=Directgov \\|access\-date\=27 August 2010 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620210915/http://innovate\-apps.direct.gov.uk/widgets/twitter/ \\|archive\-date\=20 June 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead }} This strategic partnership was extended to cover the [Comprehensive Spending Review](/wiki/Comprehensive_Spending_Review "Comprehensive Spending Review") on 20 October 2010\. Directgov ceased hosting documents for the Budget from 23 March 2011, with HM Treasury becoming the sole government host. Directgov focused instead on providing information for the public on how the Budget could affect them. ### Alternative versions A separate website branded as DirectgovKids was designed to help children aged 5 to 11 find out about the world around them, by exploring the places and people in their local community. The [Flash](/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player "Adobe Flash Player") animated site was based around a cartoon globe, with interactive buildings including a police station, a town hall and a school.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2186457/uk\-government\-launches\-site \\|title\=Directgov launches site for young citizens \\|author\=Ian Williams \\|date\=26 March 2007 \\|publisher\=VNuNet.com \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013075020/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2186457/uk\-government\-launches\-site \\|archive\-date\=2008\-10\-13 }} A version of Directgov for [mobile phones](/wiki/Mobile_phone "Mobile phone") was available by typing direct.gov.uk/mobile into the phone's [browser](/wiki/Mobile_browser "Mobile browser"). Directgov was also available through analogue [teletext](/wiki/Teletext "Teletext") pages as well as [digital interactive television](/wiki/Interactive_television "Interactive television") on [Freeview](/wiki/Freeview_%28UK%29 "Freeview (UK)") channel 106 until 1 July 2010, [Sky](/wiki/Sky_%28UK_%26_Ireland%29 "Sky (UK & Ireland)") until 22 December 2010{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2010/12/08/directgov\-shuts\-sky\-interactive\-service/\\|title\=Directgov shuts Sky interactive service\\|publisher\=Broadband TV News\\|date\=8 December 2010\\|access\-date\=23 December 2010\\|archive\-date\=13 December 2010\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213073533/http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2010/12/08/directgov\-shuts\-sky\-interactive\-service/\\|url\-status\=live}} and [Virgin Media](/wiki/Virgin_Media "Virgin Media") until 31 March 2011\. Directgov also provided a service that covered country\-wide customised maps for [blue badge](/wiki/Blue_badge "Blue badge") holders, In addition to council policies, this service also would pinpoint the location of features specific to the disabled community.{{cite web \\|url\=http://bluebadge.direct.gov.uk \\|title\=Blue Badge \\|publisher\=Directgov \\|access\-date\=28 August 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418200845/http://bluebadge.direct.gov.uk/ \\|archive\-date\=April 18, 2010 }} ### Social media and article comments Directgov was active on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"),{{cite web \\|url\=https://twitter.com/directgov \\|title\=Get short, timely messages from Directgov \\|publisher\=Twitter \\|access\-date\=27 August 2010 \\|archive\-date\=9 August 2010 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809081813/http://twitter.com/Directgov \\|url\-status\=live }} [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"){{cite web \\|url\=http://facebook.com/directgov \\|title\=This is the official Facebook page for Directgov \\|publisher\=Facebook \\|access\-date\=7 January 2011 \\|archive\-date\=25 November 2010 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125164625/http://www.facebook.com//Directgov \\|url\-status\=live }} and [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube").{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/directgovuk \\|title\=Like Sign In or Sign Up now! GCSE results 2010 \- advice on sixth form, A levels, NVQ, BTEC, diplomas, apprenticeships and jobs \\|date\=24 August 2010 \\|publisher\=YouTube \\|access\-date\=27 August 2010 \\|archive\-date\=10 November 2010 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110130908/http://www.youtube.com/directgovuk \\|url\-status\=live }} In April 2010 Directgov launched a "Comment on this Article" feature on each page allowing users to give articles one of five ratings ranging from "Very useful" to "Not at all useful". Users could also leave comments of up to 500 characters about how a page could be improved, but were asked not to include any [personally identifiable information](/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information "Personally identifiable information"). Directgov collected the data from the comments feature for use in customer insight and product improvement, and published an overview of monthly ratings online.	[ "Services\n--------", "The website was primarily an information resource, providing users with officially written advice and information targeted to specific topics (e.g. motoring, money) and audiences (e.g. disabled people, parents). It also provided directories of government departments, agencies and local councils. There was also a [Welsh language](/wiki/Welsh_language \"Welsh language\") version of the site.", "### Document applications", "Over time, access to online government transactions and public services was added to the site. The site linked to a number of online transactions and forms such as applying for a [passport](/wiki/Passport \"Passport\"), buying a [television licence](/wiki/Television_licence \"Television licence\"), car licensing, registering to vote, and completing a [Self Assessment](/wiki/Tax_return_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Tax return (United Kingdom)\") tax return.", "### Local services", "From 2006, users in England were able to find out about a wide range of services provided by local councils in their area, from reporting illegally dumped rubbish to renewing a library book. Direct links to each type of service were collected from every local authority through the Local Directgov programme.", "### Budget documents", "In a strategic partnership with [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\") and the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\"), Directgov hosted the [Budget Day](/wiki/Budget_Day \"Budget Day\") documents{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://direct.gov.uk/budget \\\|archive\\-url\\=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121206162022/http://direct.gov.uk/budget \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=6 December 2012 \\\|title\\=Budget \\\|publisher\\=Directgov \\\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2010 }} in March 2010 and June 2010\\. On Budget Day Directgov also provided real time updates from the Chancellor's speech on Twitter with the account @Directgov and using a custom Twitter [widget](/wiki/Web_widget \"Web widget\").{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://innovate\\-apps.direct.gov.uk/widgets/twitter/ \\\|title\\=Directgov Twitter Widget \\\|publisher\\=Directgov \\\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2010 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620210915/http://innovate\\-apps.direct.gov.uk/widgets/twitter/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} This strategic partnership was extended to cover the [Comprehensive Spending Review](/wiki/Comprehensive_Spending_Review \"Comprehensive Spending Review\") on 20 October 2010\\.", "Directgov ceased hosting documents for the Budget from 23 March 2011, with HM Treasury becoming the sole government host. Directgov focused instead on providing information for the public on how the Budget could affect them.", "### Alternative versions", "A separate website branded as DirectgovKids was designed to help children aged 5 to 11 find out about the world around them, by exploring the places and people in their local community. The [Flash](/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player \"Adobe Flash Player\") animated site was based around a cartoon globe, with interactive buildings including a police station, a town hall and a school.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2186457/uk\\-government\\-launches\\-site \\\|title\\=Directgov launches site for young citizens \\\|author\\=Ian Williams \\\|date\\=26 March 2007 \\\|publisher\\=VNuNet.com \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013075020/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2186457/uk\\-government\\-launches\\-site \\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-13 }}", "A version of Directgov for [mobile phones](/wiki/Mobile_phone \"Mobile phone\") was available by typing direct.gov.uk/mobile into the phone's [browser](/wiki/Mobile_browser \"Mobile browser\").", "Directgov was also available through analogue [teletext](/wiki/Teletext \"Teletext\") pages as well as [digital interactive television](/wiki/Interactive_television \"Interactive television\") on [Freeview](/wiki/Freeview_%28UK%29 \"Freeview (UK)\") channel 106 until 1 July 2010, [Sky](/wiki/Sky_%28UK_%26_Ireland%29 \"Sky (UK & Ireland)\") until 22 December 2010{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2010/12/08/directgov\\-shuts\\-sky\\-interactive\\-service/\\\|title\\=Directgov shuts Sky interactive service\\\|publisher\\=Broadband TV News\\\|date\\=8 December 2010\\\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2010\\\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2010\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213073533/http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2010/12/08/directgov\\-shuts\\-sky\\-interactive\\-service/\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and [Virgin Media](/wiki/Virgin_Media \"Virgin Media\") until 31 March 2011\\.", "Directgov also provided a service that covered country\\-wide customised maps for [blue badge](/wiki/Blue_badge \"Blue badge\") holders, In addition to council policies, this service also would pinpoint the location of features specific to the disabled community.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://bluebadge.direct.gov.uk \\\|title\\=Blue Badge \\\|publisher\\=Directgov \\\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418200845/http://bluebadge.direct.gov.uk/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=April 18, 2010 }}", "### Social media and article comments", "Directgov was active on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\"),{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/directgov \\\|title\\=Get short, timely messages from Directgov \\\|publisher\\=Twitter \\\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2010 \\\|archive\\-date\\=9 August 2010 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809081813/http://twitter.com/Directgov \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\"){{cite web \\\|url\\=http://facebook.com/directgov \\\|title\\=This is the official Facebook page for Directgov \\\|publisher\\=Facebook \\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2011 \\\|archive\\-date\\=25 November 2010 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125164625/http://www.facebook.com//Directgov \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} and [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\").{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/directgovuk \\\|title\\=Like Sign In or Sign Up now! GCSE results 2010 \\- advice on sixth form, A levels, NVQ, BTEC, diplomas, apprenticeships and jobs \\\|date\\=24 August 2010 \\\|publisher\\=YouTube \\\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2010 \\\|archive\\-date\\=10 November 2010 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110130908/http://www.youtube.com/directgovuk \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In April 2010 Directgov launched a \"Comment on this Article\" feature on each page allowing users to give articles one of five ratings ranging from \"Very useful\" to \"Not at all useful\". Users could also leave comments of up to 500 characters about how a page could be improved, but were asked not to include any [personally identifiable information](/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information \"Personally identifiable information\"). Directgov collected the data from the comments feature for use in customer insight and product improvement, and published an overview of monthly ratings online.", "" ]